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PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 In the Young Men's Christian 
 Associations of North America 
 
 (REVISED EDITION) 
 
 ASSOCIATION PRESS 
 
 Nbw Yo»k: 347 Madison Avbnub 
 1920 
 

 Copyright, 1920, by 
 
 Thb International Committee of 
 
 Young Men's Christian Associations 
 
 ICI.A565523 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 Preface v 
 
 I History i 
 
 11 The Field and Scope 19 
 
 III Object and Principles 55 
 
 IV General Organization of the Depart- 
 
 ment 73 
 
 V Department Program 108 
 
 VI Program Continued 132 
 
 VII The Physical Director 149 
 
 VIII Amateur Athletics and Their Adminis- 
 tration 178 
 
 IX Training and Supervising Agencies . . 201 
 
 X Physical Training in the Army and Navy 217 
 
 Appendix I Hints on Organizing Summer Pro- 
 gram 230 
 
 Appendix II Amateur Athletics .... 257 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The present volume is a revision of " Physical Train- 
 ing," the Association textbook, written at the Lakehurst 
 Conference. As that volume was the work of a number 
 of different committees meeting separately with little 
 chance for consultation with each other it necessarily con- 
 tained many repetitions, and while some features of the 
 work were unduly emphasized others were not given the 
 space their importance demanded. 
 
 This revision is an attempt to correct those faults while 
 adhering to the principle laid down at that gathering. 
 The historical sketch and several of the chapters have 
 been rewritten but wherever possible the text of the for- 
 mer volume has been used. Many suggestions by M. I. 
 Foss and Dr. Geo. J. Fisher have added to the value and 
 clearness of the text and acknowledgment is given them 
 for their painstaking criticisms and for the parts written 
 by them. 
 
 Owing to the limit set for such a textbook, the treat- 
 ment of many subjects is necessarily brief and is sug- 
 gestive rather than exhaustive. 
 
 G. F. P. 
 
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 HISTORY 
 
 The Young Men's Christian Association was organ- 
 ized by George Williams, a clerk in a drapery establish- 
 ment at St. Paul's Churchyard, London, England, June 
 6, 1844. 
 
 This young man, an earnest Christian, and deeply in- 
 terested in the welfare of his fellows, invited a group of 
 associates in the same employ to meet in his room and 
 talk over ways and means to improve the conditions of 
 young clerks, especially their religious life. 
 
 The object of this parent Association was stated thus: 
 " The improvement of the spiritual condition of the 
 young men in the drapery and other trades." 
 
 This purpose was soon enlarged to include their 
 mental and social needs. Attractive rooms were secured 
 where reading matter was kept on file and popular lec- 
 tures given. Membership was limited to members of 
 churches and those that gave evidence of " converted 
 character." Young men not Christians were admitted 
 to associate membership, but took no part in the conduct 
 or management of the organization. In 1848 a library 
 was opened and a short time afterward the simpler 
 forms of educational work were attempted. Physical 
 training received no attention in this early movement. 
 
 The first Associations in America were organized in 
 
 I 
 
2 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Montreal and Boston in 185 1, on the same basis as the 
 English Association, the work being similar in character 
 and scope. 
 
 The first mention of physical work is found in the 
 Annual Report of Brooklyn, N. Y., Association in 1885, 
 as follows : " It is undeniably true that the young men 
 of our cities, especially those to whom the possession of 
 that physical development upon which health of body, 
 strength of mind, and even moral stamina are so neces- 
 sary, require the stimulus and recuperative energy of 
 recreation and manual exercises. . . . Relaxation, di- 
 version, and animated recreation are a pressing need." 
 
 At the third Annual Conference of the Associations 
 of North America, held in Montreal in 1856, the physical 
 work came up for discussion and a special committee, of 
 which George D. Bell of Brooklyn was chairman, was 
 appointed to consider and report on the matter. It sub- 
 mitted the following : 
 
 " I. That as bodily health is intimately connected with 
 mental and spiritual activity and development, anything 
 which conduces to the same must be beneficial per se. 
 
 2. That, when properly conducted, gymnasiums, baths, 
 and bowling alleys are beneficial to bodily health and de- 
 velopment. 
 
 3. That the public sentiment in many of our cities in 
 regard to bowling alleys renders it inexpedient for the 
 convention to recommend their establishment. 
 
 4. That the convention recommends, where practical, 
 the establishment of baths, to be as far as possible self- 
 supporting, that is, to be maintained apart from the reg- 
 ular dues of the Association." 
 
 These resolutions were tabled. 
 
 In Washington, D. C, in 1856, a committee was ap- 
 
HISTORY 3 
 
 pointed to consider and report plans for inaugurating 
 physical work, but nothing was done. 
 
 The sentiment in favor of this movement, however, 
 was gaining strength and could not be ignored. 
 
 In 1858 the Brooklyn Association reported a strong 
 pressure in favor of physical training and the installation 
 of bowling alleys. The Annual Report quotes the fol- 
 lowing from an address by Henry Ward Beecher: 
 " The amusement question must be faced ; men whose 
 principal occupation is brain work need muscular amuse- 
 ment; men whose principal occupation is muscular work 
 need brain amusement; two classes of amusement are 
 needed — a so-called social and a muscular.'' 
 
 At the National Convention held in New Orleans in 
 i860, four years after the Montreal resolutions were 
 tabled, the following was unanimously adopted : " That 
 the establishment of gymnasiums is desirable and ex- 
 pedient, provided they be in all cases under exclusive 
 control of such Associations as may choose to adopt this 
 feature as a safeguard against the allurements of ob- 
 jectionable places of resort, which have proved the ruin 
 of thousands of the youth of our country.'' 
 
 The Civil War rendered it impossible for the Associa- 
 tions to branch out into new lines and the agitation in 
 favor of the physical work was held in abeyance for a 
 time, but it was by no means eliminated. At the 
 National Convention held in Boston in 1864, the Reverend 
 H. C. Potter read an essay in which the following state- 
 ment appears: 
 
 " Any machinery, however, will be incomplete which 
 does not take in the whole man. ... If our Associa- 
 tions would make it a question of how much they can 
 afford toward giving healthful mental and perhaps phy- 
 
4 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 sical recreation, what machinery they could put in op- 
 eration." 
 
 All that was now needed was a leader of national 
 reputation to crystallize this sentiment into actual effort. 
 This leadership was found in Robert R. McBurney, the 
 General Secretary of the Twenty-third Street Associa- 
 tion, New York City, who, when planning the great 
 building at Twenty-third Street and Fourth Avenue, at 
 the suggestion of William Wood, who owned a private 
 gymnasium, included in the equipment a gymnasium, 
 bowling alleys, and baths. The plans were drawn by 
 Mr. Wood and the apparatus with which it was equipped 
 was designed and manufactured under his supervision. 
 
 In 1866 the Constitution of the New York City As- 
 sociation was changed to read, '* The object of this As- 
 sociation shall be the improvement of the spiritual, 
 mental, social, and physical condition of young men." 
 
 This building was opened in 1869 and Mr. Wood be- 
 came the first Physical Director. The same year the 
 San Francisco Association provided a gymnasium in its 
 new building, but this was a much smaller structure. 
 
 Mr. Wood had the distinction of being the pioneer and 
 forerunner of that splendid body of men who later be- 
 came not only the leaders in the physical work of the 
 Association, but of the physical training movement 
 throughout the entire country. He brought to the work 
 a large experience gained in conducting a private gym- 
 nasium, and under his enthusiastic and energetic man- 
 agement the movement was a success from the very first. 
 
 At this time physical training in the country was in a 
 chaotic state. The German and Swedish systems had 
 been imported unchanged, but except in isolated in- 
 stances, had not met with popular approval. Dr. Die 
 
HISTORY 5 
 
 Lewis with his system of light gymnastics had popular- 
 ized the lighter forms of exercise, but there was nothing 
 that could be called an American system. Athletics and 
 games were extensively indulged in, baseball, a distinctly 
 American game, being the favorite, while cricket, la- 
 crosse and football had many devotees. 
 
 Three colleges had built and equipped gymnasiums in 
 i860, namely, Amherst, Yale, and Harvard. 
 
 In 1861, Edward Hitchcock, M. D., a graduate of 
 Amherst College and Harvard Medical School, was 
 called to take charge of Amherst College Gymnasium and 
 the following appears in a report of his work made to 
 the Board of Trustees of the College in 1881. It is a 
 fairly accurate description of the character of physical 
 training carried on by colleges and schools in this early 
 period : 
 
 " Physical culture, as expressed to Amherst College 
 students by the experiences of the past twenty years, 
 means something besides, something in addition to, mus- 
 cular exercise. It includes cleanliness of skin, attention 
 to stomach and bowels, relaxation from daily mental 
 work, freedom from certain kinds of petty discipline, but 
 with so much requirement and restraint as will give co- 
 herence, respect, and stability to the methods of main- 
 taining health and the men employing them. The way 
 in which students here are called upon to secure health 
 and its correct and normal maintenance for college re- 
 quirements, is to be sure of some active, lively, and vig- 
 orous muscular exercise at stated periods ; not requiring 
 a rigid military or hardening drill of certain portions of 
 the body, but offering them such exercises as shall, while 
 regularly engaged in, be vigorous, pleasant, recreative, 
 and at the same time, even without a manifest conscious- 
 ness of it, be calling into exercise their powers in active, 
 vigorous, easy, and graceful movements. Light wooden 
 dumb-bells, weighing about one pound each, are placed 
 
6 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 in the hand, and then a series of movements are directed 
 and timed by music, occupying in all from 20 to 30 
 minutes each day, and are simultaneously performed by 
 a whole class under the lead of the captain. . . . 
 
 *' During the first few years of our work, the simpler 
 and easier forms of heavy gymnastic work were required 
 of all the classes ; every man was expected to practice 
 heavy gymnastics under the direction of the leader, one 
 of the class. This became very tedious work, irksome 
 and impossible for men to do except with such effort, 
 moral and physical as was injurious to be put on a large 
 part of the class. . . . But it was found out that the 
 men who were sound in all four of their limbs and eye- 
 sight could go through movements enough with wooden 
 dumb-bells to secure the necessary muscular waste and 
 development for healthful study, and hence no require- 
 ment for heavy gymnastic work has been made of any 
 student for the past fifteen years. At the same time 
 there are a few who take as naturally to heavy gym- 
 nastics, and as profitably too, as ducks to water, and 
 these are allowed and encouraged to reasonable efforts 
 in this direction. These at first are guided and watched, 
 but they are at length allowed and expected to go on 
 with their exercises in this direction at their own dis- 
 cretion, save with the aid of one of the members of the 
 older classes who has shown himself the best gymnast in 
 the college." 
 
 The type of work conducted by Mr. Wood was largely 
 of this character. A vigorous and rapid calisthenic 
 drill with wooden dumb-bells was followed by a few min- 
 utes on the apparatus, the period ending with a run around 
 the gymnasium floor, the indoor running track not hav- 
 ing been invented. Mr. Wood was not a promoter and 
 the influence of his work was not felt outside of New 
 York City. In a word, he was a gymnastic instructor 
 only and was in no sense an Association officer. To the 
 work of the other departments, and especially the re- 
 
HISTORY 7 
 
 ligious, he felt no responsibility. This was not at all 
 strange, for the attitude of the religious leaders of the 
 Associations was one of tolerance, if not active opposi- 
 tion to the physical work, and it was considered largely 
 in the light of an attraction to draw young men under 
 religious influence.^ 
 
 Physical work now became a permanent feature of the 
 Association activities and in nearly all the new buildings 
 erected accommodations were provided for its prosecu- 
 tion. At first grudgingly, but later, as its importance 
 was recognized, spacious and well-lighted and ventilated 
 rooms were planned. Brooklyn and Boston erected 
 gymnasiums which were models for their time. 
 
 The progress of the movement met with opposition 
 from many of the religious leaders of the Association 
 who could see no relation between the spiritual and phy- 
 sical natures of men. The conception of the unity of man 
 had found no place in the thought of the majority of its 
 secretaries and lay workers. The movement lacked the 
 essentials of Christian leadership. This introductory 
 period lasted for about fifteen years. 
 
 In 1877, the Boston Association engaged the services 
 of Robert J. Roberts, an earnest Christian young man, 
 as physical director, and it was largely through his efiforts 
 and those of the men whom he trained that the physical 
 work came to be recognized as an important adjunct to 
 the religious work. 
 
 Mr. Roberts entered the Association work at a critical 
 period. He was an enthusiast in physical training. 
 Previous to his employment by the Association his eve- 
 nings were given up entirely to gymnastics. He was a 
 
 1 Mr. Wood continued in charge at this Association until the fall of 
 1888, when he retired to take up business, having been twenty years in 
 the service. 
 
8 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 member of the Union Gymnasium, Dr. Winship's gym- 
 nasium, and the Association gymnasium, in each of 
 which places he spent two evenings every week. The 
 Association at Boston had been very much discouraged 
 with the results of its physical work and was contem- 
 plating discontinuing it when Mr. Roberts asked for a 
 trial as instructor. When he took charge the member- 
 ship was 226, but in 1885, nine years later, it had in- 
 creased to 1,270. 
 
 His enthusiasm was unbounded. He became dissatis- 
 fied with the type of work with which he had been fa- 
 miliar. The heavy work of Winship convinced him, he 
 says, " that health did not necessarily improve as 
 strength increased," and that the heavy lifting of Dr. 
 Winship's system did not yield the '' greatest good to 
 the greatest number, physically speaking," and Die 
 Lewis's exercises he considered too light. Dr. Leonard, 
 in '' Pioneers of Modern Physical Training," quotes him 
 as saying: 
 
 " I noticed that when I taught slow, heavy, fancy, and 
 more advanced work in acrobatics, gymnastics, athletics, 
 etc., that I would have a very large membership at the 
 first of the year, but that they would soon drop out be- 
 cause they could not do the work, and . . . the weak 
 members would not renew the next season. ... I give 
 most of my attention to those who need it most, the be- 
 jDfinners, and those who cannot for various reasons do 
 the more advanced work. By . . . pushing simple work 
 I can get more men to go into it, and find it easier to get 
 leaders to teach it, and also can run more classes in a 
 day. ... In the competitive work and the harder kind 
 of safe exercises the men leave the classes and become 
 spectators, but when I reach easier work the crowd do 
 the work and the few look on." 
 
HISTORY 9 
 
 Mr. Roberts also emphasized trunk exercises, rather 
 than those of the legs and arms, so as to influence the 
 respiration and circulation favorably and keep the ab- 
 dominal organs in a condition of healthy activity. He 
 gave special attention to the muscles which expand the 
 chest, draw back the head and shoulders and hold the 
 body erect. According to the *' Roberts Platform," as 
 it came to be known, all exercises should be safe, short, 
 easy, beneficial, and pleasing. They must be safe for 
 the man who does them, i. e., well within the limit of 
 his capacity at the time. When apparatus is employed 
 such work must be selected that the members of the 
 squad or class follow each other rapidly without tedious 
 waits. No exercise must represent more than a sHght 
 advance over others which have preceded it. " Each 
 must serve some definite and useful end," instead of be- 
 ing chosen at random and with nothing in mind beyond 
 the mere desire to keep the class busy. It must give 
 pleasure, if it is to exert its full eflfect and not degenerate 
 into a sort of monotonous and mechanical " grind." 
 These principles found illustration in the '' Roberts 
 Dumb-bell Drill," and the little volume of " Classified 
 Gymnasium Exercises, with Notes," which were very 
 generally used in Associations twenty years ago. 
 
 Not the least of the contributions of Mr. Roberts to 
 the physical work was the large number of men he 
 trained for the physical directorship. During the years 
 1885, 1886, and 1887 he sent no less than twenty-eight 
 meii into the work. Dr. L. H. Gulick thus sums up his 
 contribution to physical training in the Association : 
 
 "He developed a distinctive style of gymnastic work 
 which is exceedingly simple, is attractive, can be op- 
 erated in large classes, is effective in relation to the vital 
 
10 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 functions of digestion, circulation, and respiration, and 
 which can be successfully taught by teachers of mediocre 
 ability. The wholesome and helpful personality of the 
 man, his unswerving loyalty to his own platform, and the 
 enthusiasm for right living with which he inspires his 
 classes have made him a notable figure among his col- 
 leagues. The ' Health Hints ' and other short articles 
 published from time to time, chiefly in the Young Men's 
 Era and other Association organs, have been lay sermons 
 on his one text, * Hygienic body-building.' Among other 
 inventions and improvements in gymnasium equipment, 
 we owe to him the indoor shot, the medicine ball, the 
 thick felt mattress, and the felt and canvas running track. 
 The objective of Mr. Roberts' work can be summed up in 
 one word — Health." 
 
 Another man to whom not a little credit belongs for 
 breaking down the prejudices of the religious leaders 
 against physical work was J. Gardner Smith, a strong 
 Christian worker, who was in charge of the physical de- 
 partment at the Young Men's Institute, New York City, 
 while a student at the College of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons. He organized the first Leaders' Corps in the As- 
 sociation in 1885 and conducted a strong religious work 
 among the members of the Physical Department, his Sun- 
 day morning Bible class being especially popular and 
 successful. He spoke before many Association gather- 
 ings and to his influence the Physical Department owes 
 much of its earlier success. Dr. Smith remained in the 
 work for many years as Physical Director of the Harlem 
 Branch, New York City. He resigned to become Di- 
 rector of Physical Education of Public Schools in New 
 York City, which position he resigned to give his entire 
 time to the practice of medicine. 
 
 The Physical Department of the Association was now 
 entering upon a period of rapid expansion. In 1885 
 
HISTORY II 
 
 David Allen Reed, a clergyman in Springfield, Massa- 
 chusetts, organized a school for the training of secretaries 
 for the Association work. In 1887 this course was en- 
 larged and a Department of Physical Training was or- 
 ganized under the leadership of Dr. Luther H. Gulick 
 and associated with him was R. J. Roberts, who had been 
 called from Boston. ' 
 
 Dr. Gulick, while a student at Oberlin College in 1885, 
 where he had as roommate Thomas D. Wood (now Dr. 
 Wood of Columbia University), became interested in 
 physical training through a series of circumstances de- 
 scribed by himself thus : 
 
 " The advent of one of Dr. Sargent's graduates. Miss 
 Delphine Hanna, now Dr. Hanna, had brought to our 
 minds in a more vivid way than ever before, that there 
 really was such a thing as scientific teaching of gym- 
 nastics, genuine body building. We had both of us iDeen 
 very much interested in the gymnastics and athletics of 
 the college, had identified ourselves thoroughly with all 
 the work that was going on in these lines, and had read 
 as far as we were able to what had been written on the 
 subject at that time. Blaikie's ' How to Get Strong,' par- 
 ticularly the chapter entitled, ' What a College Gymna- 
 sium Might Be and Do,' filled us with enthusiasm. One 
 Sunday afternoon we took a long walk out into the woods, 
 and sitting beside a rail fence we looked forward to the 
 future of physical training. That day, that hour, was a 
 turning point for both of us ; and . . . the glimpse which 
 we secured that day of the future has remained ... a 
 prophecy of the work which each of us was to do." 
 
 Dr. Gulick was so impressed by the importance of the 
 subject and its immediate necessities and opportunities 
 that he gave up his studies at Oberlin to attend Dr. 
 Sargent's Normal School of Physical Training at Har- 
 vard. The following spring he became physical director 
 
12 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 of the gymnasium in the Association at Jackson, Michi- 
 gan, but resigned in the fall of the same year to take up 
 the study of medicine at the University of New York. 
 In the summer of 1887 he and R. J. Roberts, conducted 
 the first Summer School for Physical Directors at 
 Springfield, Massachusetts, and in the fall he organized 
 the Department of Physical Training in the School for 
 Christian Workers. At the same time he continued his 
 studies at the Medical College and gave part time to the 
 International Committee in an advisory capacity on the 
 physical work at large. He graduated in medicine in 
 1889 and then gave his entire effort to organizing the 
 work of the school and supervising the general work as 
 secretary of the Physical Department of the International 
 Committee. 
 
 To Dr. Gulick belongs the credit of establishing the 
 physical work of the Association upon a sane and scien- 
 tific basis. His studies and writings on the philosophy 
 of exercise, and the biology, psychology, and physiology 
 of adolescence, were not only a stimulus to the physical 
 work in the Association, but to the physical training 
 movement throughout the country. His writings cre- 
 ated an enlarged interest in the work for boys and his 
 paper on the '^ Psychological, Pedagogical and Religious 
 Aspect of Group Games," is one of the classics of the 
 literature of physical training. He laid particular em- 
 phasis on the unity of man and introduced the equilat- 
 eral triangle, base upward, as a symbol of this unity, the 
 sides of the triangle representing Mind and Body re- 
 spectively, the top. Spirit. This was adopted as the In- 
 ternational emblem for the whole Association move- 
 ment. 
 
HISTORY 13 
 
 The progress of the physical training movement was 
 now both rapid and permanent. 
 
 A Summer School for Physical Directors was con- 
 ducted from 1887 to 1891 by the Springfield School. In 
 this latter year basket ball was invented by Dr. Naismith, 
 then one of the students at the school. In 1892 it called 
 the first Summer Conference of Physical Directors, at 
 which the preparation of a gymnastic and calisthenic 
 nomenclature was begun. These conferences were the 
 birthplaces of many of the present successful features of 
 the physical work. 
 
 The discussion of anthropometry was one of the chief 
 features at the conferences, and out of these discussions 
 arose that extensive system of measurements and tests 
 which held for so long a time a large place in the physical 
 examination but which have now been almost discarded. 
 
 Emphasis was placed upon the all-round work, and Dr. 
 Gulick brought out the indoor and outdoor pentathlons, 
 which were received with immediate favor. He also in- 
 troduced the point system of scoring which has since 
 come into almost universal use. 
 
 At the International Convention in 1889 and 1891 the 
 advisability of forming an athletic league within the As- 
 sociation was discussed and at the International Conven- 
 tion of 1893 the Physical Department Committee of the 
 International Committee was instructed to present a 
 working plan for such an organization to the next con- 
 vention. 
 
 At the convention held in Springfield in 1895, the In- 
 ternational Committee was directed to proceed with the 
 organization, which it did, and on February 13, 1896, 
 the constitution of the Athletic League of North America 
 
14 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 was adopted, which placed the direction of the League 
 with the International Committee. The purpose of the 
 organization was stated as follows: 
 
 1. The furtherance of Association Physical Depart- 
 ment work. 
 
 2. The institution, regulation, and government of in- 
 ter-Association gymnastic and athletic meets of all 
 kinds. 
 
 3. The securing and maintenance of a genuine ama- 
 teur basis in Association sport. 
 
 In the first year of its existence 87 Associations joined 
 the League. It published its first handbook in 1897, 
 which contained, besides the Constitution and By-laws 
 of the League, rules for various athletic events, working 
 schemes for all-round competition, rules for marching, 
 dumb-bell drills, apparatus work, etc., all of which were 
 the result of the work of the Summer Conferences of 
 Physical Directors which were now called by the League. 
 
 In 1889 the League affiliated with the Amateur 
 Athletic Union, the national body controlling athletics 
 in the United States and Canada. 
 
 In 1884 a Western Conference was held at Lake Ge- 
 neva, Wisconsin, and in 1890 a Department of Physical 
 Training was organized at the Association Training 
 School at Chicago. 
 
 The Physical Directors' Conference up to this time 
 was in no sense a representative body, and all its recom- 
 mendations were subject to the approval of the Athletic 
 League. 
 
 In 1902 the first Physical Directors' Conference was 
 called at Jamestown, N. Y., by the directors themselves, 
 and the Physical Directors' Society was then organized. 
 This society has been the dominating factor in shaping 
 
HISTORY 15 
 
 the policies and standards of physical work in the As- 
 sociation in later years. 
 
 The Physical Department, now possessing a strong in- 
 ternal organization manned by a body of trained Christian 
 specialists, has entered upon a period of extension. 
 
 Physical Training, published monthly, has been able to 
 conduct a program of education which has been an effi- 
 cient means of unifying and propagating the various 
 Physical Department activities. 
 
 Dr. Gulick resigned both from the School at Springfield 
 and as Secretary of the Physical Department of the Inter- 
 national Committee to become head of the Department 
 of Physical Training in the public schools of New York 
 City.^ Dr. George J. Fisher, who had been Physical Di- 
 rector at Cincinnati and Brooklyn Central, was appointed 
 to succeed him. Dr. Fisher brought to the office the 
 qualities of leadership most needed at this time, those of 
 the promoter and organizer. Under his guidance the 
 work of the Association has been extended to include not 
 only those young men and boys within the Association, 
 but also the young men and boys of the community at 
 large. During his administration many phases of the 
 work have been organized on a national basis. A Na- 
 tional Health League has been founded; a National 
 Leaders' Corps organization effected; great campaigns 
 for teaching swimming have been conducted, and a new 
 religious emphasis has been given to the whole movement. 
 
 As president of the Physical Directors' Society he has 
 been the leading spirit in its gatherings and as editor of 
 
 2 When the United States entered the war, Dr. Gulick accepted a com- 
 mission from the War Work Council to go to France and make a report 
 on conditions in the camps of the American forces. On his return he 
 wrote his report and then went to his camp on Lake Sebago, Maine, for 
 a much needed rest. There he died suddenly on the morning of August 
 13, 19 1 8. His death leaves a large vacancy in the ranks of the apostles 
 of Physical Education and Hygiene. 
 
i6 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 its organ, Physical Training, he has wielded an influence 
 which cannot be overestimated. As secretary of the 
 Athletic League he has successfully championed the 
 " clean sport " propaganda and been the chief instrument 
 in changing the basis of amateur athletic organization 
 and competition. His influence has been widely felt 
 outside the Association movement and he has been called 
 upon to discharge many important duties in kindred or- 
 ganizations. In 1916 he was appointed by Governor 
 Whitman of New York to be one of the commission to 
 plan and put into operation a system of physical training 
 for all public schools in the State of New York, as pro- 
 vided for in the Compulsory Military Training Law. 
 
 In this later period great buildings have been con- 
 structed with magnificent equipment and splendid nata- 
 toriums. The whole work has taken on a magnitude 
 and completeness commensurate with its importance. 
 The Physical Department of the Association has fur- 
 nished the model in both equipment and method for a 
 large variety of similar institutions, churches, settle- 
 ments, boys' clubs, etc. Its work has been extended to 
 foreign lands where it has found an eager acceptance in 
 almost every country in the world. Oriental as well as 
 Occidental. Everywhere the call has come for the 
 American type of work and its spread is only limited by 
 the means to equip it and the men to supervise it. 
 
 A number of Summer Schools have been organized to 
 supplement the work of the regular training agencies at 
 Springfield and Chicago, and to aid in meeting the 
 greatly increased demand for physical directors. Those 
 at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, Silver Bay, New York, 
 Couchiching, Ontario, Black Mountain, North Carolina, 
 Estes Park, Colorado, Asilomar, California, and Seabeck, 
 
HISTORY 17 
 
 Washington, have been largely attended not only by those 
 already in the work who sought to supplement their 
 previous training, but by members of the leaders' corps 
 and others who were loSking forward to entering the field 
 of Chrstian service. 
 
 Meanwhile there had been a growing dissatisfaction 
 with the form of alliance with the Amateur Athletic 
 Union. Dr. Kallenberg of the Chicago School, in 1908, 
 with others organized the Cook County Amateur Athletic 
 Federation to solve a local problem, and this organization 
 proved such a success from the very first that the move- 
 ment spread into many other fields. 
 
 The Physical Directors' Conference held at Columbus, 
 Ohio, in July, 191 1, recommended to the International 
 Committee that the alliance with the Amateur Athletic 
 Union be terminated and the League be reorganized on 
 a basis more in keeping with the spirit of athletic com- 
 petition as conducted by the Association. (See "Ath- 
 letic League Handbook.") 
 
 The Physical Directors' Society in June, 1913, passed 
 a resolution that the time seemed ripe for a conference 
 of leaders to state objectives clearly, revise policies, and 
 establish higher standards. 
 
 Through the liberality of George D. Pratt, Chairman 
 of the Physical Department of the International Com- 
 mittee, A. A. Hyde of Wichita, Kansas, John Penman of 
 Paris, Ontario, John W. Ross of Montreal, and James 
 Stokes of New York, such a conference was called to 
 meet at Lakehurst, New Jersey. Twenty-five of the 
 representative leaders of physical training in the Asso- 
 ciation were brought together and spent eight days go-» 
 ing over the entire work of the Department. 
 
 This was a memorable occasion and marked a new 
 
i8 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 epoch in the work. The entire field of the Physical De- 
 partment was discussed, resulting in a unity of aim and 
 method and a new impetus in the whole movement. 
 The following pages are based largely upon the result 
 of the work of the various committees of that Confer- 
 ence and furnish a basis for the work in the local As- 
 sociations and for teaching Physical Department methods 
 in the various normal training agencies. 
 
 The great World War has just closed, during which the 
 Physical Department was called upon to furnish hun- 
 dreds of leaders to organize recreative work in the camps 
 and on the battle fronts of the Allied armies and it 
 responded nobly. A brief account of this is given by 
 Dr. Fisher in the last chapter of this volume. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 THE FIELD AND SCOPE 
 
 DEVELOPMENT 
 
 The Field and Scope of the Physical Department have 
 broadened in proportion to the vision which its leaders 
 have had of the influence exerted by physical training 
 upon the lives and characters of men. A study of its 
 history reveals five distinct steps in its advance to its 
 present important position in Association policy. 
 
 First: It was undertaken simply as a counter attrac- 
 tion to the increasing number of questionable amuse- 
 ments in the large cities and as a means of bringing men 
 under the religious influence of the Association. 
 
 Second: Health came to be recognized as a prime 
 factor in moral as well as business success. As the 
 population in the large cities became more and more con- 
 gested and the opportunities for healthful recreation and 
 exercise correspondingly decreased, the results were seen 
 in diminished vitality and an increase of viciousness in 
 the lives of young men. 
 
 Third : The urbanization and specialization of industry 
 also lead to a distinct loss in efficiency of the neuro- 
 muscular system and the need of organized gymnastics 
 and games was recognized for meeting this condition. 
 
 Fourth: The Association next came to recognize that 
 exercise was not the only factor in the maintenance of 
 health but that every phase of physical life must receive 
 proper attention if the best results were to be obtained, 
 
 19 
 
20 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 It therefore introduced its program of " Health Educa- 
 tion," which aimed to give instruction on all matters per- 
 taining to right living. 
 
 Fifth : With advancement of biological knowledge, the 
 large place which plays and games held in the develop- 
 ment of character opened before the Association a vision 
 of perhaps its broadest field of usefulness, that of using 
 its recreative features as a means of determining and 
 directing those varied racial traits which are funda- 
 mental to a fully developed Christian manhood. 
 
 The following from the address by Dr. Gulick at the 
 time of the formation of the Athletic League, puts the 
 matter concisely: 
 
 " Can the Young Men's Christian Association put 
 character above victory? If it can, it will find sport a 
 splendid auxiliary to the building up of character. If 
 it cannot, it will find in sport one of the most competent 
 means for the introduction of those elements which tend 
 to the breaking down of character." 
 
 Not only has the field and scope of the Physical De- 
 partment broadened in its eflforts to improve the Asso- 
 ciation member, but it has sensed its responsibility to all 
 the young men of the community in which it is organized. 
 The Association today is considered a community prop- 
 osition and by its supporters is held responsible for ex- 
 tending its various activities, as far as possible, to all 
 the young men and boys within the sphere of its in- 
 fluence. 
 
 The Physical Department, in harmony with this pro- 
 gram, has moved outside its great buildings and seeks 
 to propagate and conduct its work in schools, churches, 
 settlements, and playgrounds, either by direct control or 
 in an advisory capacity. 
 
THE FIELD AND SCOPE 21 
 
 The following was a presentment made at the Lake- 
 hurst Conference: 
 
 1. It being the special field of the Physical Depart- 
 ment, and because of the technical training of the phys- 
 ical director, it is their duty to promote the physical wel- 
 fare of the whole membership and they should plan and 
 inaugurate a comprehensive program for health educa- 
 tion in cooperation with the other departments. 
 
 2. It is the business oi the Physical Department not 
 only to plan and present a comprehensive and scientific 
 program which will meet all the physical needs of men and 
 boys within the membership, but also when this work is 
 sufficiently established, and as time and opportunity pre- 
 sents, project this program to those outside the member- 
 ship, by additional organization and cooperation with 
 existing agencies. 
 
 The Association was organized primarily to meet the 
 needs of city young men. It has come to realize in later 
 years that this need is just as great in industrial and 
 rural communities. The Physical Department has been 
 one of the most potent factors in opening these fields 
 to Association influence. Indeed, apart from the direct 
 physical benefits derived from physical training, the so- 
 cializing effect of organized games and athletics has been 
 one of the most marked features of this movement. 
 
 STUDY OF THE FIELD 
 
 One of the first essentials for occupying any field is a 
 knowledge of its needs. 
 
 The field of the Physical Department being the men 
 and boys of the community, the program of work pre- 
 sented must necessarily be of a character which will 
 meet their needs and appeal to their interests. Though 
 the principles of the work will remain the same, the 
 
22 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 adaptation of those principles must be made in light of 
 local conditions. 
 
 The following was presented at the Lakehurst Con- 
 ference : 
 
 Every community has certain fundamental character- 
 istics which have great significance to him who plans to 
 meet its physical needs. Among these are the following : 
 
 Industrial Character 
 
 There is always a prevailing industry. A town may 
 be given to heavy manufacturing involving a definite type 
 of laborers, or to industrial enterprise with men of radi- 
 cally different habits and impulses. Commercial pur- 
 suits may stamp another place, while another may be the 
 center of an agricultural district or a capital or a college 
 city. 
 
 It requires but a glance at these differences to recognize 
 that a single scheme of physical interest, or an arbitrary 
 method, cannot possibly be applicable to all places alike. 
 There must be adaptations. 
 
 Men of the rolling mills must be considered from the 
 standpoint of their physical habit. Evidently their chief 
 need is not muscle. Yet their impulses must be chal- 
 lenged in order to secure their attention. Again, the men 
 of mercantile houses would hardly be attracted by what 
 would appeal to the ironworker or the builder. Their 
 tastes and physical habits indicate a course of training 
 which will supplement the muscular inactivity of their 
 sedentary occupation. Men of the mines can be appealed 
 to most keenly by recreation and brightness. Men of the 
 store counter gladly work to acquire muscle where its need 
 is felt. It is not so much the specific work that is laid 
 out or offered as it is the establishing of a natural point 
 of contact with disinterested people who need help along 
 physical lines. 
 
 Temperament 
 
 Every community has a distinctive temperament. This 
 
THE FIELD AND SCOPE 23 
 
 may be recognized as conservative or progressive, moral 
 or depraved, athletic or phlegmatic ; but whatever it is, it 
 furnishes a basis upon which the intelligent director will 
 plan his work. 
 
 One would not think of establishing an extensive and 
 expensive athletic field where the athletic interest is not 
 pronounced ; and dry routine and classwork will have but 
 little appeal to those whose tastes and habits are em- 
 phatically athletic. 
 
 Clannish people are appealed to by group interests 
 which are more or less exclusive, while the attempt to 
 group others by classes will result in failure and offense. 
 
 Innovations, and frequent at that, are needed in some 
 places, while others will tenaciously cling to old standbys. 
 
 Nationality 
 
 It is obvious that a community with a prevailing foreign 
 population has traditions of its own, which the wise di- 
 rector should seize upon. Naturally a German commun- 
 ity reflects the Turn-Verein and its methods, while the 
 Scotch or English contingent will put emphasis upon 
 open-air interests and will with difficulty be persuaded to 
 accept routine work indoors. One can hardly expect a 
 community mainly composed of people of French ex- 
 traction to take enthusiastically to Swedish gymnastics, 
 or a Scandinavian people to emphatic fencing. 
 
 The whole problem sums itself up into finding the thing 
 men want, rather than what we think they want. To be 
 sure there Is their need, which may be at decided variance 
 with what they want, but their attention must be chal- 
 lenged before you can meet their need, and this means 
 winning their interest. Winning their confidence follows 
 soon after: then you can do the best work for the man 
 and he will accept it. But, after all, the work of the 
 Association is to win men's interest, then their confidence, 
 then themselves. 
 
 Accurate knowledge of the field can be secured best by 
 means of a carefully planned " survey." This should be 
 made even where the Association has been established for 
 years. It has particular value preceding the construction 
 
24 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 of a new building, as it may reveal facts which may have 
 a definite bearing upon the site and planning of the pro- 
 posed structure. 
 
 When the work has been conducted for some time with- 
 out such a study having been made, it should be under- 
 taken as soon as possible, to ascertain whether or not the 
 best type of work is being conducted both in the Associa- 
 tion and in the community. 
 
 Even where previous studies and surveys have been 
 made, there is need for keeping in touch with changing 
 conditions by constant study and observation. 
 
 In making the survey it should be kept in mind that the 
 accepted policy of the Association's Physical Department 
 is to consider as its field the physical need of every man 
 and boy in the community whose need is not being ade- 
 quately met by any other agency. Its policy should be, 
 however, not necessarily to meet the need directly, but 
 rather to see that it is met, and in many of these instances 
 certain of these needs can best be met by some other 
 agency. In such cases the Association should seek to 
 energize the existing agency, or if it does not exist en- 
 deavor to create it. 
 
 Hov7 to Conduct a Study of the Field 
 
 There are three methods of conducting a study of the 
 field: 
 
 1. The Physical Department committee and the phys- 
 ical director may make the study over an extended period 
 of time without any other organized cooperation. Vari- 
 ous phases are taken up in succession, as soon as one 
 study is completed another is begun. This is unsatis- 
 factory, as it does not create any great enthusiasm or in- 
 terest, necessitates a great deal of work and involves much 
 time on the part of a few men. 
 
 2. Under the direction and inspiration of the Physical 
 Department committee and physical director, or as a part 
 of the work of some organized class, the study is made 
 by a larger number of men working as committees for a 
 shorter period of time. 
 
 3. Although comparatively new, the ** campaign " 
 
THE FIELD AND SCOPE 25 
 
 method has given the best results. Under the direction 
 of the physical director or some other expert the survey 
 is conducted on the quick, short-term basis, in from four 
 days to two weeks. The dates are decided well in ad- 
 vance so as not to conflict with other important events in 
 the community. 
 
 At the ** setting up " meeting the plan and scope of the 
 survey is outlined in detail and the objective explained. 
 
 Every effort is made to secure the cooperation and at- 
 tendance of the most influential and best workers in the 
 community. A strong chairman is elected to preside at 
 the opening meeting, and all meetings of the group as a 
 whole. After the plan of the survey is outlined by the 
 director, chairmen are elected or appointed for the vari- 
 ous committees. These men together with the chairman, 
 secretary, and director, constitute an executive committee. 
 This committee draws up a list of sub-committees, placing 
 each man who is to participate on one or more. Care 
 should be exercised in appointing competent chairmen 
 and committeemen. The number of committees will vary 
 with local conditions and the number of men participating. 
 
 More than one phase of work may be assigned to one 
 committee. The following is a suggestive outline for five 
 committees : 
 
 1. Population and Vital Statistics. 
 
 2. School Hygiene. 
 
 3. Recreation and Amusements. 
 
 4. Public Hygiene. 
 
 5. Social Conditions and Sex Education. 
 
 Following the setting up meeting the various commit- 
 tees meet and are given a complete outline of the work 
 which they are to cover. Each committee is instructed 
 to make direct inquiry and report in writing upon the 
 things assigned to it, e. g., the committee on schools is 
 expected actually to visit all of the schools, or delegate 
 members to certain schools, and ascertain first-hand the 
 information called for. 
 
 The cooperation of state and local experts in the vari- 
 ous phases of the work should be secured if possible. 
 All data which can be charted to advantage should be 
 
26 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 so arranged. This will add greatly to the value of the 
 study. 
 
 At the closing meeting all committees report in writing 
 as to the conditions which they were to investigate and 
 also present a list of definite recommendations which 
 should be divided into two parts : 
 
 1. Those relating directly to the internal policy and 
 program of the work of the Physical Department. 
 
 2. Those relating to the health and recreation of the 
 community. The recommendations may be further classi- 
 fied as follows : 
 
 1. Those which can be carried out immediately. 
 
 2. Those which involve further investigation and later 
 action. 
 
 (See Appendix, page 257 for detailed program.) 
 
 WORK AMONG BOYS 
 
 The following has been written by M. I. Foss as a 
 general statement of the Boys' Work in the Association : 
 
 In their logical place will be found the principles 
 underlying all physical work which applies to boys and 
 men alike. Where they dififer, reference has been made 
 to that fact. The character of the work suited to boys 
 has also been presented. There are, however, certain 
 facts that relate to boys' and particularly to schoolboys' 
 work in a peculiar sense that require special treatment 
 which this chapter seeks to accomplish. 
 
 I. Use of Physical Department, The use of the Phys- 
 ical Department must be limited to given days and hours 
 and during this time there must be continuous adult sup- 
 ervision. It has grown into an accepted practice to 
 allow schoolboys the privilege of the Physical Depart- 
 ment not more than three periods per week. The em- 
 ployed boys may be given greater freedom. When it is 
 found that they visit the Department too frequently they 
 are urged to interest themselves in the social, educational. 
 
THE FIELD AND SCOPE 27 
 
 or Bible class features, since three vigorous work-outs 
 each week are sufficient to keep the growing youth in good 
 physical condition when added to the exercise of daily 
 routine. 
 
 2. Program of Activities. Inasmuch as the school- 
 boys are under constant direction, it is possible and alto- 
 gether desirable to plan a schedule of activities that leads 
 both to a well-rounded development and to a fair knowl- 
 edge of a wide variety of exercise. The physical director 
 must see to it, therefore, when outlining the season's 
 work that every boy gets calisthenics, marching, gym- 
 nastics, athletics, and swimming in a balanced and proper 
 proportion. He must also plan a recreative schedule 
 that includes a carefully selected variety of games and 
 play. Whatever specialization may be done in men's 
 work, we must plan general work for the growing boys. 
 Every year should see them broaden both in their ability 
 to do and in their knowledge of physical activities. 
 
 3. Use of Volunteers, It is undoubtedly wise to have 
 a separate Leaders' Club for each gymnasium group. 
 This will mean a number of organizations where there 
 is a large membership, but practice has proven its worth. 
 In the Appendix, page 250, are foamd the constitution 
 and regulations pertaining to the Standard Boys' Lead- 
 ers' Clubs. 
 
 The need for the use of adult volunteer workers 
 among boys is urgent. The boy is a hero worshiper and 
 frequent association with virile Christian adults is most 
 stimulating and wholesome. The wise physical director 
 will carefully select men who from time to time will 
 share with him the work with boys. Athletes, teachers, 
 physicians, musicians, expert swimmers, and gymnasts 
 can render efficient service and do much to keep the tone 
 
2i PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 of the Department on a high level. Let only men of un- 
 questioned character be selected, however, as much harm 
 will otherwise be done. 
 
 To coordinate the various classes, it may be wise to 
 have a council consisting of a representative from each 
 of the Leaders' Clubs, which shall map out the general 
 program of work under the direction of the physical di- 
 rector. 
 
 4. Cooperation with the Home. It is advisable that 
 regular reports of progress made by boys be sent to their 
 parents. Should the examination reveal some weakness 
 the parents should at once be informed. These points 
 of contact will unify the efforts of Association and home 
 and increase the value of the work. 
 
 Parents should be invited at stated occasions to inspect 
 the work and be made welcome at any time. 
 
 5. Relating the Boys to the Men's Work. To lead 
 boys through their department and into the men's de- 
 partment is a problem most difficult of solution. The 
 boy may be an efficient leader among his fellows but 
 when he passes on to associate with men he cannot at 
 first be used as a rule. 
 
 The older boy and the younger man seems a problem 
 in both departments, for a careful examination of sev- 
 eral Associations reveals the fact that from the ages of 
 twelve to fifteen and from twenty-two upward, we have 
 goodly numbers but from sixteen to twenty-one pro- 
 portionately less. It will undoubtedly require a special 
 program of work with close attention on the part of the 
 staff and we would urge a large place given to com- 
 petitive work and social features. Competitive work 
 must be interpreted in the broad sense and not the highly 
 organized specialized variety. 
 
THE FIELD AND SCOPE 29 
 
 The plan of graduating from the boys' division to the 
 men's department is effective, as is also the bringing of 
 groups of older boys to the men's department for a part in 
 exhibitions and other events to acclimate them before their 
 final separation. For volunteer workers among men to 
 visit the boys is a help. The keyword must ever be 
 individual attention, with special work for the younger 
 men and older boys. 
 
 6. Efficiency Tests, Because of unequal growth and 
 development, because of differences in temperament, be- 
 cause of environmental influences, and because of in- 
 herited traits, the formulation of a test or a series of 
 tests that serve as indices of physical efficiency is most 
 difficult if not altogether impossible. Certain broad 
 facts are, however, obtainable which the worker with 
 boys may use to splendid advantage. So called '' Stand- 
 ard Tests " are in use among the schools of most cities. 
 Boys able to pull up to broad and high jump and to run 
 within a required minimum receive an award. Thou- 
 sands of these awards are annually distributed. Sample 
 Standard Tests may be found on page 233 of the Ap- 
 pendix. 
 
 The attempt to relate the physical to other phases of 
 life and to make a scale for measurement is of recent 
 origin. The latest of these is known as the " American 
 Standard Program for Boys," which may be had 
 by sending twenty cents to the International Committee. 
 Quoting from the booklet, '' ( i ) The program must pro- 
 vide for all sides of the boy's Hfe ; (2) it must be graded 
 to meet the needs of boys of thirteen as well as nine- 
 teen; (3) it must be progressive, growing with the boy; 
 (4) it must provide for individual work and group work, 
 and be adapted to mass work; (5) it should provide for 
 
30 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 the country boy as well as the city boy, the schoolboy and 
 the boy who works; (6) it should be based on what is 
 best for the boy." 
 
 Charts for the purpose of scoring physical efficiency 
 alone are common. 
 
 7. Religious Work. It must always be uppermost in 
 the mind of the director of physical activities with boys 
 that they are at the impressionable age. They can be 
 won for the Christian life easier than at any other time. 
 Their religion is of the muscle type and hence intimately 
 associated with their physical life. Special emphasis 
 must be placed on clean athletics, right physical habits 
 of all kinds, and their relation to Christian living. Re- 
 spect for the human machine and its wonderful possi- 
 bilities when properly used naturally leads to respect and 
 love for the Creator. Thus sex education will become 
 a part of physical education and that in turn related to 
 Jesus as the great hero for all who would achieve suc- 
 cess. 
 
 The interview method, the mass teaching, the entire 
 membership spirit must savor of wholesome boyhood. 
 To bring this about requires leadership that itself centers 
 in the Almighty and close and constant contact and ob- 
 servation with all the boys. Bible classes, religious 
 meetings, personal interviews, all must hold an important 
 place, and the physical director will need to have a part 
 in them all ; but the easiest, most natural, and best way 
 to do effective work is through the play life of the boy 
 to teach him truth, justice, honor, service, and love, and 
 then make him realize that the life embodying these is 
 only possible to those who hold Jesus Christ as their 
 ideal. 
 
THE FIELD AND SCOPE 31 
 
 SPECIAL FIELDS 
 
 Industrial and Railroad 
 
 The industrial community of late years has assumed 
 great importance as a field of service for the Physical 
 Department. In no other is the need more manifest and 
 the opportunity for service greater. The character value 
 of recreative games and sports finds in this class the 
 widest application. 
 
 The following outline is taken from the handbook 
 " Among Industrial Workers," issued by the Industrial 
 Department of the International Committee, and includes 
 in addition to a description of the field and scope, an 
 outline of the various activities which may be conducted 
 by the Physical Department in these fields. 
 
 Definition 
 
 By " Industrial Workers " is meant those in any of the 
 groups and engaged in any of the occupations as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 Groups : 
 
 Artisans and apprentices. 
 
 Semi-skilled laborers and machine operators. 
 
 Unskilled laborers. 
 
 Foremen, superintendents, and works managers. 
 
 Persons engaged in clerical, professional, or manager- 
 ial work in operating or production departments. 
 
 I. The Field in General. The population is rapidly 
 massing in cities, and here is to be found the greatest 
 field, though by no means the only one, for the Associa- 
 tion's industrial work. 
 
 1880 1910 
 
 Urban Population 14,772,438 42,623,383 
 
 Rural Population 35,383,345 49,384,883 
 
32 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 2. The Field-Occupational. The ** industrial pyramid " 
 shows that apart from the eleven and a half million in 
 agriculture there were in 1910 eighteen and a half mil- 
 lion males in gainful occupations in the United States. 
 The growth in population and industry has increased this 
 number to probably 21,000,000. 
 
 3. The Field-Racial. Native: The native-born white 
 workers, numbering more than six and a quarter million 
 in 1915 (43.8 per cent of the total), have the same claim 
 upon the Association as the clerical and professonal 
 groups — to a smaller number of whom the largest part 
 of the Association has always been given. 
 
 Foreign : More than half of all the skilled and un- 
 skilled workers are foreign born or born of foreign par- 
 entage. Their peculiar needs are the strongest possible 
 challenge for Christian service. 
 
 Colored: What stronger appeal could be made than 
 that which comes from a knowledge of the needs of the 
 million or more colored workers in industry? Their 
 physical needs involve grave dangers and their education 
 along right lines is of national concern. Their religious 
 needs are great even though they are temperamentally re- 
 ligious. 
 
 To adequately occupy this field of skilled, unskilled, 
 native and foreign-born workers requires special atten- 
 tion and eflfort. It will also require readjustment of the 
 programs of most of the city and town Associations when 
 the work has been adapted particularly to the clerk, the 
 student, and the professional man. 
 
 4. The Field — in Relation to Organised Industry. 
 The Association's field of service in industry lies within 
 the zone of the agreements between employer and em- 
 ployes. It does not attempt to adjust issues, but it ere- 
 
X 
 
 THE FIELD AND SCOPE 33 
 
 ates a spirit which enlarges the field of agreement. It 
 creates an atmosphere in which adjustments of dif- 
 ferences become easier. The Association is not partisan, 
 and yet it is more than neutral, it is mutual. Its work 
 should be confined as a rule to those activities which 
 benefit both employers and employes or which have the 
 approval of both. 
 
 5. The Field — in Relation to Other Agencies, To 
 cooperate with and utilize other agencies is a basic prin- 
 ciple in the Association. Nowhere are there more op- 
 portunities for such cooperation than in the realm of in- 
 dustry. The practice should be to render first the As- 
 sociation's all-round service and deliver its full message. 
 Then it should help to strengthen and magnify every 
 other agency to the fullest extent consistent with main- 
 taining the Association's own service and message. 
 There should be no transfer to another agency of any 
 activity or responsibility, the removal of which from the 
 Association's program will diminish the service or im- 
 pair the message which the Association exists to give. 
 To divest itself of a given piece of service, whether phys- 
 ical, educational, religious, or social, will be a good or 
 bad thing for an Association to do, just to the extent 
 that the peculiar work for which the Association exists 
 is done or left undone. 
 
 Some Special Reasons for Attention to the Industrial 
 Field 
 
 L The Increasing Number and Influence of In- 
 dustrial Workers 
 
 I. Sixty-six and six-tenths per cent of all the male 
 population in Association cities of over 100,000 popula- 
 tion are industrial. 
 
34 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 2. Seventy and eight-tenths per cent of all the male 
 population in Association cities of 25,000 to 100,000 
 population are industrial workers. (This calculation 
 omits railroad employes in cities having railroad As- 
 sociations and colored workers in cities having Associa- 
 tions for colored men.) 
 
 3. As a rule, wherever populations between 8,000 and 
 25,000 are increasing rapidly, industry is the principal 
 cause and industrial workers are in the majority. 
 
 4. In populations under 8,000 the great majority of 
 company-controlled industrial communities are found, 
 and the trend of industry toward suburban and rural 
 territory is rapidly making many small towns and vil- 
 lages industrial. 
 
 The economic, social, and moral status of a growing 
 community is determined ultimately by the character of 
 the workers in its industries, who are the majority. 
 Therefore, by relating its service to industry, the Asso- 
 ciation can put the Christian character standard into the 
 life of the largest number of individuals and raise the 
 standard of the community life as well. 
 
 II. Their Accessibility 
 
 The industrial workers are massed. Most of them 
 are within reach of established Associations. Five per 
 cent of the manufacturing plants contain sixty-five per 
 cent of the workers, and most of these plants are in the 
 cities and towns where the Associations are. 
 
 Because the workers are massed in relation to a single 
 industry or group of industries, it is also possible to es- 
 tablish Association work right where they are. 
 
 III. Their Needs in General 
 
 They are men and boys just like others. They need 
 
THE FIELD AND SCOPE 35 
 
 the message of the Association, not because they are dif- 
 ferent from others, but just because they are men and 
 boys. 
 
 IV. Their Peculiar Needs 
 
 They do have peculiar needs, however, and these 
 afford additional reasons for special attention and effort. 
 
 As Groups: They have special needs as groups. 
 These needs are varied and include the physical, educa- 
 tional, social, and religious, but not all in the same pro- 
 portion. Each group needs the ultimate objective of the 
 Association-Christian character. The Association should 
 know these groups and plan its work with reference to 
 them: 
 
 Occupational Groups: Artisans, apprentices, semi- 
 skilled workers, unskilled workers, etc. 
 
 Racial Groups: English-speaking, non-English-speak- 
 ing, colored, Mexican, etc. 
 
 Other Groups: '* Blind Alley" workers, boys in in- 
 dustry, etc. 
 
 V. Because of Conditions 
 
 They also have special needs growing out of their 
 working, living, and leisure! conditions. These needs 
 may be met in many ways, including the following: 
 
 I. Working Conditions. Increasing wages by improv- 
 ing the workers' efficiency by education, etc. 
 
 Increasing the purchasing power of earnings by thrift 
 methods, etc. 
 
 Increasing safety by accident prevention; teaching 
 safety rules, first aid, and English to foreigners; popu- 
 larizing the U3e of safety devices; and making sugges- 
 
2,6 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 tions to employers concerning safety devices and 
 methods. 
 
 Improving health by sanitation, health talks, health ex- 
 hibits; installing baths, restaurants, hospitals, rest 
 rooms, etc. 
 
 2. Living Conditions. The conditions surrounding 
 the worker's family determine his working efficiency and 
 his character growth. Therefore the Association should 
 offer all possible service to improve them. Attention to 
 the sons of workers is especially desirable. 
 
 The hygienic conditions of the home may be the legiti- 
 mate concern of the Association — the need for whole- 
 some food in the home may justify teaching domestic 
 science to wives and daughters in the Association. 
 
 The character and sanitary conditions* of the home 
 should be a matter of special concern to the Association 
 connected with a company which owns the residences. 
 Crowded and immoral conditions in boarding houses of 
 workers should claim attention from the Association 
 everywhere. 
 
 3. Leisure Conditions. Recreation affects character 
 more than occupation. The intake of life determines its 
 output. Employers know that their interest and re- 
 sponsibility do not end when the whistle blows. The 
 right use of leisure is imperative, not only for the best 
 interests of the workers, but for the employer and so- 
 ciety. The leisure hours have always been, and should 
 continue to be, the Association's best seedtime and har- 
 vest. The Association should promote the constructive 
 use of leisure — affording recreation, not dissipation. 
 It should offer some compensation for the strain or mo- 
 notony of industry. It should draw out of men the best 
 
THE FIELD AND SCOPE 37 
 
 that is in them through wholesome environment, scien- 
 tific methods, and leadership. 
 
 VI. Work inside the Building 
 
 The physical needs and conditions of these men can be 
 met by work within the building, as follows : 
 
 1. Factory Leagues 
 
 A factory league for contests in indoor baseball, 
 basketball, and volley ball at the Association gymnasium 
 is now on the program of every alert physical director 
 located in an Association within the manufacturing zone. 
 In some cases a special night each week is set apart for 
 this purpose and no charge made for the privilege. 
 Contests between factories or shop departments follow 
 one another, to the edification of the factory crowd that 
 fills the running track and bleachers. 
 
 2. Special Gymnasium Classes or Facilities for Work- 
 ing Men 
 
 A well regulated Physical Department makes provision 
 for industrial young men who, because they work on 
 shifts or for other reasons, cannot conveniently use the 
 gymnasium at regular class periods. 
 
 3. Special Physical Examinations for Industrial Men 
 In some Physical Departments that give particular at- 
 tention to the physical requirements for diflferent occu- 
 pations, a local physician cooperates with the physical 
 director in helping men secure and keep the physical 
 fitness which their work demands. The testing of the 
 eyesight and hearing of prospective chauflfeurs in con- 
 nection with automobile classes is an illustration. 
 
 4. Sex Instruction and Personal Hygiene Talks 
 These are usually given in a personal way by the 
 
38 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Christian physician or the physical director in the ex- 
 amining room. 
 
 Many working men are ignorant of the fundamentals 
 of the care of their bodies and have been misled in early 
 youth or grossly misinformed in later life on the vital 
 subjects of sex and sex hygiene. The examining room 
 is the ideal place to give this information. 
 
 5. Health Exhibits 
 
 At the entrance to the gymnasium or in places where 
 the men using the physical privileges can leisurely look 
 them over, health exhibits are used to good advantage. 
 They may be prepared especially or the traveling exhibit 
 of the national society may be borrowed. The anti- 
 tuberculosis movement, the cigarette evil, scientific tem- 
 perance, right and wrong foods, etc., are subjects that 
 interest. These exhibits are frequently supplemented by 
 health talks in the Association lobby or assembly room 
 at the close of the evening gymnasium classes. At this 
 time, too, literature bearing on the subject in question 
 is distributed. 
 
 VII. Work outside the Building 
 
 Important as is the work within the building in serving 
 industrial men and boys, the fact remains that the great 
 bulk of service that the Association can offer will have 
 to be done outside the building. The average American 
 city, particularly if it lies within " the workshop of the 
 nation" (i. e., north of the Ohio and east of the Missis- 
 sippi), has more than half its male workers classified as 
 industrial workers. In many communities the percentage 
 runs over seventy and in some over ninety. 
 
 If every classroom of the Association building were 
 fully occupied every night, if the gymnasiums were used 
 
THE FIELD AND SCOPE 39 
 
 to capacity all the time and all the other building fa- 
 cilities worked to their limit, it would still be impossible 
 to serve but a fraction . . . roughly less than ten per 
 cent ... of the men and boys of Association age. If 
 the Association is to make itself a community factor 
 of importance, it will have to project itself into the home, 
 work, and recreational life of the largest class of men 
 and boys that make up the community. 
 
 The places for making points of contact are not only 
 the shop or factory where the worker is employed, but 
 also the neighborhood in which he lives, the organiza- 
 tions to which he belongs, and the places where he rec- 
 reates. Every physical director should consider as a 
 part of his program, a line of work without the building 
 as well as within. Neither must be slighted. Where 
 possible, a specialist giving his entire time to this out- 
 side work is the most effective way of getting it done, 
 but no Association should feel that it is limited only to 
 what it can do for the membership because the funds 
 or the man are not available for this outside effort. It 
 is where real lay leaders should be enlisted and used to 
 the fullest extent. 
 
 Cooperation in Fighting Tuberculosis and Other 
 Contagious Diseases 
 
 Many Physical Departments of Associations located 
 in industrial communities cooperate in anti-tuberculosis 
 campaigns with national societies and local boards. Ex- 
 hibits, literature, motion pictures, lantern slides, public 
 lectures, and clinics are made use of in halls and vacant 
 stores. 
 
 The employment of visiting nurses. This is a service 
 rendered under particular conditions as to need, financial 
 
40 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 support that can be secured, and the nature of the com- 
 munity. In mining camps and textile manufacturing 
 villages a nurse has been found a valuable addition to 
 the secretarial staff. 
 
 Lectures on sanitation, hygiene, sex instruction, and 
 -first aid in shops. This is an important projection of 
 the Physical Department of a city Association and is 
 usually worked cooperatively with the religious shop 
 meetings committee. Sometimes it is the physical di- 
 rector who gives the instruction, but usually he counts 
 on the help of Christian physicians. Manikins, human 
 models, exhibit material and lantern slides, motion 
 pictures, etc., are valuable aids. There are national or- 
 ganizations on health promotion and prophylaxis that 
 issue in leaflet and pamphlet form valuable reading ma- 
 terial that can be distributed to advantage in connection 
 with these lectures. 
 
 Conducting -field day sports for industrial workers. 
 The Association can render good service in helping to 
 cut out the gambling and beer drinking that is too often 
 an unfortunate accompaniment of factory men's picnics. 
 The physical director who has secured a friendly hold 
 on the workingmen of the community or a given factory, 
 can organize and handle these gatherings and keep them 
 on right and wholesome lines. 
 
 Promotion of playgrounds. The Y. M. C. A. has as- 
 sumed a leadership on the playground question in many 
 cities. It has been responsible for starting the agitation 
 for open spaces and playground facilities in congested 
 districts and in addition has helped to furnish some of 
 the necessary supervision. There are few services that 
 the Association can render the community more appre- 
 
THE FIELD AND SCOPE 41 
 
 ciated than the securing of properly supervised play- 
 grounds for the children of the working people. 
 
 Athletic sports at noon hours in factories. By a phys- 
 ical director's visit to a factory at the noon hour and 
 holding an impromptu jumping contest, there developed 
 in one city a popular series of noon hour athletic con- 
 tests at the various shops and factories. Events such 
 as the standing broad jump and shot put, that did not 
 call for much space or equipment were used, and with 
 them a system of grading was worked out that made it 
 possible for small factories to compete with large ones. 
 This aroused such public interest that the daily papers 
 gave considerable space to reports of contests and pro- 
 vided handsome prizes for teams and individuals. En- 
 tering into these brought freshness and zest to the men 
 for their afternoon work. An incidental by-product 
 was the enrolment in the Physical Department of a large 
 number of industrial men. 
 
 Twilight or Saturday afternoon baseball leagues. 
 Gambling, profanity. Sabbath-breaking, and unclean 
 sports can be and have been overcome by the introduc- 
 tion of twilight or Saturday afternoon factory baseball 
 leagues. When successfully managed, such a league 
 gives the Association a strong hold on the city-wide in- 
 terest in the sport and saves the contests from becoming 
 tinged with professionalism. 
 
 Promoting an interest in accident prevention. The 
 Association may have a share in the widespread safety 
 movement by holding lectures, displaying exhibits, giving 
 demonstrations, and instructing foreign working people 
 in safety English, at the noon hour in shops and fac- 
 tories. One Association worker saved the industries al- 
 
42 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 most enough on their accident insurance premium to pay 
 his whole budget. 
 
 Interfactory athletic meets in armories. Where in- 
 terest in athletics has been well worked up among the 
 factories of a city, it might culminate in a large athletic 
 meet in a factory or hall with a contest conducted on 
 the same high grade basis as indoor intercollegiate 
 events. Not only athletics, but final indoor baseball 
 championships, or volley ball or basket ball games could 
 be played. 
 
 Outings and week-end camping trips for working boys. 
 This is an investment of time and effort that yields rich 
 dividends to the Association's employed officer. Not 
 only does it bring the working lad from the too often 
 sordid home surroundings and benumbing effects of 
 working at a dead-end job into contact with God's great 
 out-of-doors, but it also gives him a new outlook on life 
 through the intimate touch with a Christian leader as 
 they talk by the mellowing influence of the camp fire. 
 To many a working lad, life has taken on a new meaning 
 after such an experience. 
 
 Cooperation with gymnasium and athletic societies. 
 The various athletic organizations of the city that make 
 an appeal to working men may be cooperated with in de- 
 veloping high athletic standards and encouraging clean 
 sport. 
 
 Evening games in factory lots for working boys. For 
 an hour or two in the early evening after supper, group 
 games may be organized and supervised for factory boys 
 in the neighborhoods where they live. These serve to 
 satisfy a rational craving for recreation that otherwise 
 might find an outlet in mischief, " rough-house," or in- 
 dulgence in questionable amusements. 
 
THE FIELD AND SCOPE 43 
 
 Conducting a sane Fourth of July celebration. This 
 is a sensible bit of community cooperation in which every 
 Association might share. In some industrial communi- 
 ties the whole program has been handled by the local Y. 
 M. C. A. Especially has this been done in the isolated 
 industrial fields, such as lumber and construction camps, 
 mining towns, and sawmill villages. It is also being used 
 as Naturalization Day by Associations working among 
 immigrants. 
 
 Sex instruction in factories. In the attention now be- 
 ing given to sex education, the factory boy and man are 
 not being overlooked. In some cases Associations are 
 holding lectures at the noon hour in shops. These talks 
 are given by the physical director, physician, or other 
 qualified person. The sale or distribution of books or 
 pamphlets is also the means used in getting the subject 
 before married and unmarried men. Christian physi- 
 cians and physical directors give personal advice to 
 young men needing this kind of help by arranging for 
 private appointments. 
 
 Clean-up day. Many of the neighborhoods where 
 there are large numbers of unskilled workmen living 
 can generally stand an annual clean-up. The Associa- 
 tion cooperates with city authorities and other welfare 
 service agencies in a popular effort to gather up old tin 
 cans, rubbish, and anything that is unsightly or a menace 
 to health. When rightly organized, the efifort is ac- 
 companied with a good deal of enthusiasm and neighbor- 
 hood pride. 
 
 RAILROAD WORK 
 
 The work among railroad men is essentially an indus- 
 trial proposition and problems and conditions are not 
 
44 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 radically different from those stated in the previous ar- 
 ticle. 
 
 The first gymnasium equipped for railroad men, ex- 
 clusively, was the one in the " Railroad Men's Building," 
 New York City, which was completed in 1887. A phys- 
 ical director was employed to give part of his time, but 
 the work appealed chiefly to the office clerks employed 
 in the Grand Central Station. Very few of the other 
 workers made use of it. At present about fifty centers 
 conduct work in gymnasiums for railroad men while two 
 hundred report physical welfare work. The membership 
 in these Associations is roughly divided as follows : J4 
 are office men ; ^ shop men ; 3^, road men. 
 
 The most marked success has been made in the promo- 
 tion of group competition, organized by W. H. Ball, on 
 several of the great systems. Thousands of the men 
 have been reached and these gatherings have been notable 
 for the social spirit fostered. 
 
 Outside of the office employes the largest field of serv- 
 ice is presented in the recreative features of the physical 
 program, which appeal to all classes of workers, and in a 
 strong program for health promotion and education. 
 
 THE RURAL COMMUNITY 
 
 Heretofore there has been little athletic progress in 
 rural communities because there has been practically no 
 program. Here and there an interested and energetic 
 pastor, school teacher, college graduate, or city athlete 
 is putting his life into the play and athletics of his rural 
 community with telling effect. Yet as a whole physical 
 training is seldom associated, even in our thinking, with 
 the country. If we have thought of the rural community 
 in this connection at all it has been to make a passing 
 
THE FIELD AND SCOPE 45 
 
 observation on the healthfulness of the country and its 
 advantages to growing youth. This superficial thinking, 
 with no real study, on the part of both country and city 
 folk is largely responsible for the indifference regarding 
 health and recreation so characteristic of rural communi- 
 ties. 
 
 When we consider that in 1913 there were 45,000 com- 
 munities with 4,000 population and under in the United 
 States and Canada, with over 12,000,000 boys and young 
 men (or sixty per cent), representing 2,500 organizable 
 counties in the United States and 500 in Canada, one 
 can appreciate the breadth of the field open to this work. 
 
 Now let us consider briefly the actual conditions in 
 rural com.munities. For a long time we have accepted 
 the statement that the country is more healthful than 
 the city. We have taken it for granted that it must be 
 so because of the open spaces, the fresh air, the sunshine, 
 the fragrance of the fields, running water, and the songs 
 of birds. We have contrasted this with the congested 
 city; the narrow hard-paved streets teeming with people 
 and traffic, and walled in by skyscrapers shutting out the 
 sunshine and filling the air with dust and dirt. We have 
 contrasted the dirt and turmoil of the city with the tran- 
 quillity of the peaceful hamlet and village. Thus we 
 have become fixed in our idea of the healthfulness of 
 the country. But startling as the statement may appear, 
 the death rate in cities is being reduced much more 
 rapidly than in rural communities. 
 
 In the time of our forefathers the country was but 
 thinly populated, the vilrgin soil was not polluted, the 
 fresh waters were not contaminated, and the air was free 
 from many of the germs which cause some of the most 
 virulent diseases. Then, too, the manner of living was 
 
46 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 very different from that of men on the farm today. 
 Men of those days tilled the soil, felled the forest, hunted 
 the woods, fished and paddled the streams, not indirectly 
 through machinery as now, but personally, with only 
 simple tools which involved the use of both mind and 
 muscle. Theirs was a hardy life which developed a 
 rugged constitution well able to withstand disease. 
 
 But a change has taken place; although not as great 
 as in cities, it is nevertheless more dangerous, for in the 
 city the change has been so rapid and marked, and its in- 
 fluences so pronounced, that attention has been compelled 
 toward it. On the other hand, it has come so gradually 
 and insidiously in the rural community that men have 
 scarcely noticed it and they have continued to live as 
 they did when they were more isolated — when every 
 man was a law unto himself. Thus it is that the small 
 town or village is in the greatest danger to-day. 
 
 In the average rural community little or no attention is 
 paid to precautions against impure drinking water, and 
 soil pollution through improper disposal of sewage and 
 garbage. The location of the privy close to the house, 
 or well, in many instances, with a manure pile ofttimes 
 intervening, presents the most favorable conditions 
 imaginable for the spread of contagious and filth dis- 
 eases. This accounts for the prevalence of typhoid 
 fever, dysentery, diarrhea, and kindred diseases in the 
 country. 
 
 Dr. Charles E. North reports that sixty per cent of 
 wells examined on farms, both in the eastern and west- 
 ern parts of the United States, were seriously con- 
 taminated with bacteria which are identified with sewage. 
 Seldom does one find a screened privy or the use of dis- 
 infectants. 
 
THE FIELD AND SCOPE 47 
 
 In one of the communities recently observed the 
 sewage and garbage are emptied on the bank of a pond 
 in which the boys swim in summer, and from which ice 
 is taken in winter for general household use. 
 
 The majority of health officers await complaints of un- 
 sanitary conditions before taking any action, even when 
 they are aware of the violation of a health ordinance 
 and the danger which it occasions to the entire commun- 
 ity. This is due to the knowledge, gained from bitter 
 past experience, that action on their own initiative is 
 sure to bring them into disfavor with the offender and 
 with many of his family or political connections. 
 
 The same indifference is manifested in the lack of 
 consideration for the physical welfare of school children. 
 In some of the oldest states the sanitation of the rural 
 schools is little short of criminal, not only because of a 
 failure to provide for proper heating, lighting, ventilation, 
 seating, and drinking water, but also because of a lack 
 of anything approaching a proper and regular medical 
 examination of the pupils. Experience leads us to be- 
 lieve that the need for such medical examinations in rural 
 schools is as necessary as in the largest and most con- 
 gested cities. Too often one is impressed with the num- 
 ber of defective and backward children in a school with 
 an agricultural environment. 
 
 In one of the surveys thirty-six boys and girls of the 
 fifth and sixth grades in a rural school were examined 
 with the following results: Defective in vision, fifteen; 
 defective in nose and throat, seventeen; defective in 
 teeth, sixteen. 
 
 Only eight of the thirty-six were normal, while four 
 were defective in three points, fifteen in two, and nine 
 in one point. 
 
48 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Very little instruction is given in personal hygiene, and 
 practically none in sex hygiene. Seldom is a health edu- 
 cation talk given or literature on health distributed. 
 
 Practically no provision is made for recreation either 
 in or outside of the school. The play instinct is sup- 
 pressed and childhood is robbed of much of its normal 
 joy. In many homes the boys and girls are treated and 
 worked much like the hired help. 
 
 The athletics in the schools of the larger towns are 
 fashioned after the college type of specialization, with 
 little or no attention to the average boy; while the town 
 teams in the majority of instances are influenced by pro- 
 fessionalism, saloon control, Sunday games, and kindred 
 practices. 
 
 Ignorance on the part of leaders, officials, and com- 
 petitors is the one outstanding cause of most violations 
 •of amateur spirit. An adequate conception of the place 
 and value of athletics, and a readiness on the part of the 
 best element in the community to assume responsibility 
 for the promotion and conduct of athletics on an edu- 
 cational and wholesome basis, are practically unknown. 
 
 Cash prizes at county fairs and Sunday school picnics, 
 with a division of receipts, are typical examples of evils 
 in athletics in the country. 
 
 The problems in rural work are very different from 
 those confronting the city physical director. In the city 
 one of the problems is to adapt the work to large num- 
 bers, while in the country the problem is to discover 
 work suitable to small numbers. In addition it must 
 include both sexes of all ages, and those of the open 
 country as well as those who live in towns and villages. 
 Then, too, the type of work must be different. In 
 the city, emphasis is placed upon relaxation, and the rec- 
 
THE FIELD AND SCOPE 49 
 
 reational side of physical training; in the country the 
 emphasis must be placed upon that type of work which 
 will stimulate a quick reaction and develop coordination. 
 
 In spite of the small numbers usually found in the 
 average rural school, team play must be organized in 
 order to develop the social and moral qualities which 
 come through cooperation. This is best accomplished 
 through group games. To this end play demonstrations 
 are being given in the rural schools and at teachers' in- 
 stitutes by the county secretaries. Town picnics and 
 play days are being organized for young and old. 
 
 County school athletic league contests have been de- 
 veloped by the International Committee. Through this 
 league the schools of the county are organized to stimu- 
 late and supervise the play and athletics of the scholars. 
 
 The boys are classified by weight and each boy is en- 
 couraged to participate in all the events in his class, an ac- 
 curate record being kept of each boy's standing in all 
 events, and each boy's records counting in the school 
 standard. In some instances as many as ninety per cent 
 of the schoolboys of a county who are over sixty pounds 
 in weight are participating in all of the events in their 
 class. Details of the events may be found in the Oc- 
 tober (1911) number of Rural Manhood} 
 
 In this connection might be emphasized the principle 
 of cooperation with existing agencies, which is funda- 
 mental in all of this work. The church, school, grange, 
 farmers' institute, county fair and all such organizations 
 and institutes are the channels through which the work 
 of the county Association is projected. 
 
 The county leagues of town baseball, basket ball, and 
 other team games afford a splendid means of establish- 
 
 1 Published at 347 Madison Ave., New York City, 
 
50 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 ing clean sport on a strong basis. In a number of coun- 
 ties such leagues have supplanted the regular Sunday 
 semi-professional games by Saturday amateur games, 
 and have been the means of transforming the games 
 from occasions of debauchery into wholesome play days, 
 not only for the teams, but for the entire community. 
 
 Intertown relay races, Boy Scout organizations, first 
 aid classes, and '' hikes " are among the possible activi- 
 ties. Wherever a leader has had sufficient experience, 
 and equipment v^ill permit, calisthenic drills and appara- 
 tus work may be made a part of the regular season's 
 program. 
 
 A definite program of health education should be in- 
 augurated including the use of health lectures, slides, 
 films, and literature. Special attention should be given 
 to instruction in sex hygiene. Local physicians can be 
 secured to give addresses on preventable and com- 
 municable diseases, public hygiene, and first aid. 
 
 " Tin Can Day " and '' Clean-Up Day " have been or- 
 ganized in which the boys and men of the community 
 have united in ridding the streets, alleys, and yards of 
 garbage and refuse. 
 
 Shower baths and swimming pools have been installed, 
 school grounds equipped for playgrounds, and work and 
 play supervisors employed. 
 
 The county camps, of which there were thirty-four 
 in 1913, representing 236 different communities, with a 
 total attendance of 1,546, may be mentioned as a part 
 of the regular program of work. 
 
 Realizing the increasing necessity for a sane and pro- 
 gressive program of instruction in health education and 
 physical activities, and to determine actual conditions in 
 rural communities, surveys were conducted in 1912 in 
 
THE FIELD AND SCOPE 51 
 
 ten rural communities located in New York, Kansas, 
 and Colorado. From a local point of view the purpose 
 of these surveys was to have the men of the various 
 communities know their own locality by personal investi- 
 gation and study. 
 
 In making such a survey, statistics regarding popu- 
 lation, vitality, and morbidity, school attendance, etc., are 
 secured in advance. A general meeting of all men in- 
 terested in the survey is held, at which the purpose is 
 explained and committees appointed to make a personal 
 study, report, and offer recommendations under the fol- 
 lowing heads: Schools; public recreation, including 
 amusements, playgrounds, and bathing facilities; com- 
 munity hygiene; sex hygiene; churches and Sunday 
 schools; and living and working conditions. 
 
 During the two or three days of the survey these com- 
 mittees actually investigate the phases for which they 
 are responsible. In this way every man is brought per- 
 sonally into touch with some vital problem of community 
 interest and is compelled to give some definite thought 
 toward its solution. The leading men of the community 
 are not only made aware of conditions with which they 
 were not familiar, but are led to ask the latest and best 
 methods of meeting them. 
 
 At the final meeting each chairman presents the report 
 of his committee. This serves to educate every man 
 present, not only regarding the specific part which he 
 was investigating as a member of one of the committees, 
 but as to the entire scope of the survey. 
 
 Wherever possible facts are presented in graphic form 
 by the use of charts. 
 
 Following the report each committee presents its 
 definite recommendations, which are acted upon by the 
 
52 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 meeting as a whole. These recommendations constitute 
 a definite program of work which may cover a number 
 of years, although the survey itself takes but a few days. 
 
 For a complete story of such a survey, together A^ith 
 other material relating to rural health and recreations, 
 see the May (1912) number of Rural Manhood. 
 
 These surveys have proved an effective and quick way 
 of arousing local interest in vital issues. In every in- 
 stance very definite results have followed. 
 
 After such a survey one is not so apt to hear the oft- 
 quoted phrase, '' Well, this place is as good as any other, 
 and in fact I think it is just a little better than most 
 places of its size." Men have come to believe there are 
 some things to be done and that it is up to them to get 
 together and do them. They have realized the value of 
 health recreation from a social, moral, economic, and re- 
 ligious standpoint, and have planned to give it a larger 
 place in the home, school, and government. They have 
 sunk politics, creeds, traditional differences, and petty 
 quarrels in a common endeavor to perform some com- 
 mon task. 
 
 Practical suggestions are offered as to how the city 
 physical directors may be a factor in the program and 
 progress of physical training in rural communities. 
 
 In the first place, the county department of the Young 
 Men's Christian Association invites the heartiest coop- 
 eration of the city Associations. 
 
 Some city physical directors are so situated that they 
 do not come into contact with the rural field, while others 
 are located in agricultural centers. 
 
 We must ever recognize and conserve the dignity of 
 the farmer, and keep clearly in mind that he resents any 
 disposition on the part of city folk to practice missionary 
 
rnn field and scope S3 
 
 work on him. We must not undertake any form of ex- 
 tension work from our city Associations into the country, 
 with an idea of doing the farmer good. In fact, he feels 
 that he has been *' done good and plenty " by the city 
 folk too often. 
 
 We should consistently allow responsibility for all 
 work to remain where it rightly belongs — namely, with 
 the men of the local community, recognizing that a resi- 
 dent force must be the redemptive force, and that only 
 as the local consciousness is awakened to its needs and 
 led to make inquiry regarding the manner in which the 
 community itself can meet them will there be any per- 
 menent good accomplished. 
 
 Local responsibility and local leadership are needed. 
 This leadership must not only be discovered, but trained 
 and set to work. 
 
 Another fact that needs to be emphasized is that the 
 vital center is a personality and not a place. A building 
 and equipment instead of being essential are in many cases 
 a handicap. 
 
 Having carefully considered these few but important 
 points, we may now pass on to some concrete ways in 
 which the city physical director may find opportunities 
 for service. 
 
 First, by helping to set up play and athletic programs 
 and officiating at county meets, agricultural fairs, town 
 and church picnics, holiday occasions, etc. 
 
 Second, by assisting in the organization of school ath- 
 letic leagues, intertown leagues, relay races, etc. 
 
 Third, by the demonstration of calisthenics and play 
 games at teachers' institutes and rural schools. 
 
 It may not be out of place here to raise the question 
 as to whether or not we are justified in having city ath- 
 
54 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 letes and gymnasts give exhibitions in rural communities. 
 There is no doubt that they are entertaining and educa- 
 tional, and yet it may be questioned whether their per- 
 manent influence is for good. 
 
 Finally, the city physical director may render the 
 greatest service by cooperating in the training of rural 
 leaders for play and athletics, either by having these 
 leaders come to the city Association at regular intervals 
 or by meeting with them in some rural center. In this 
 way he may do much to impress upon them the place and 
 value of play and athletics, and to furnish them with 
 that theoretical and practical training which should in- 
 clude group games, athletics, team games, simple drills, 
 and apparatus work. 
 
 Thus in a simple manner it may be possible for many 
 city physical directors practically to double their influ- 
 ence, and help in bringing to the young men of the open 
 country and villages those advantages which go with 
 scientific physical training. 
 
 The present development of rural work is calling for 
 new specialization in physical training — a rural recre- 
 ation director, who by birth, rural community experience, 
 and training in rural sociology and psychology, will do 
 for the country what the Christian social worker and 
 physical director are doing for the city. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 OBJECT AND PRINCIPLES 
 
 The objective and principles of the Physical Depart- 
 ment of the Young Men's Christian Association had 
 never been officially stated previous to the Lakehurst 
 Conference. At the Physical Directors' Conference held 
 in Springfield, Massachusetts, 1892, Dr. Gulick presented 
 the object and aims of physical training as follows: 
 
 AIMS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE 
 
 This is a classification of the aims of exercise, and not 
 of the exercises themselves, for often an exercise may 
 be used at one time for one object and at another time 
 for some other. An exercise may at one time be recre- 
 ative, at another educative, or it may be used for its 
 hygienic or health eflfect. 
 
 I. Health 
 
 1. Cure of Disease 
 
 Spinal curvature, writer's cramp, articular rheuma- 
 tism, progressive muscular atrophy, gout, cardiac weak- 
 ness, some digestive disorders, constipation, neurasthenia. 
 
 It should be distinctly understood that exercise is not 
 used as the only nor the principal means of cure in these 
 diseases but it is often used with success in their treat- 
 ment, sometimes as the chief, and sometimes as an aux- 
 iliary remedy. 
 
 2. Prevention of Disease 
 
 To keep the body and its various organs in such con- 
 dition that the man can do the best work for the longest 
 period of time. 
 
 55 
 
56 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 II. Education 
 
 Training the body in the same sense that mental edu- 
 cation trains the mind, aiming to acquire : 
 
 1. Expression, as in gesture, elocution, etc., to enable 
 the body to express the thoughts, ideas and emotions of 
 the mind in the most intelligible way to others, through 
 the eye and ear. 
 
 2. Self-Possession, control of the mind over the entire 
 man, enabling him to act naturally in times of danger 
 and excitement. 
 
 3. Physical Courage, not a presumptuous daring, but 
 a natural result of the knowledge of ability gained 
 through experience. 
 
 4. Physical Judgment, a correlative of muscular con- 
 trol. Physical judgment tells a man what ought to be 
 done, muscular control enables him to do it ; either with- 
 out the other is practically worthless. 
 
 5. Muscular Control, a result of that training by which 
 the mind coordinates the muscles for any bodily action, 
 no matter how intricate, to the extent of muscular 
 strength. 
 
 6. Grace, fundamentally a question of power compar- 
 ing grace and symmetry; the one is beauty of form, and 
 the other beauty of action. 
 
 7. Agility, or quickness of action, largely an affair of 
 the central nervous system. 
 
 8. Endurance, also a matter of the heart, lungs, and 
 nervous system, as well as of the extrinsic muscles. 
 
 9. Muscular Strength, including strength of the arms, 
 legs, and body, and also of the heart and respiratory 
 muscles. 
 
 TO. Symmetry, harmonious or all-round development 
 of the body. 
 
OBJECT AND PRINCIPLES 57 
 
 III. Recreation 
 
 Differing from education primarily in the attitude of 
 the will. Fancy or caprice, not will, controls here. All 
 athletic games, gymnastic sports, and aquatic exercises are 
 included. 
 
 These are the objects and aims of physical training 
 wherever conducted, but the Young Men's Christian As- 
 sociation, because of its Christian character, seeks to do 
 more, and conducts its Physical Department as a means 
 for developing Christian manhood in the broadest sense. 
 
 In 1903, George W. Ehler, then Physical Director at 
 Chicago Central, presented a paper at the Mountain Lake 
 Employed Officers' Conference on the " Objects, Prin- 
 ciples, and Value of the Physical Work of the Young 
 Men's Christian Association." The object was stated as 
 follows : " The object of the Physical Work is to provide 
 an opportunity for men to secure that physical develop- 
 ment and training without which the highest mental and 
 moral efficiency are impossible." 
 
 At the Lakehurst Conference the following statement 
 of the objective of the Physical Department was pre- 
 sented and adopted. 
 
 The object of the Physical Department of the Young 
 Men's Christian Association is to promote by means of 
 exercise, recreation, and education the highest physical, 
 mental, and moral efficiency of men and boys essential 
 to the development of the best type of virile Christian 
 manhood. 
 
 Further, whereas the supreme objective of the Young 
 Men's Christian Association is to lead men and boys to 
 a definite acceptance of the Christian ideal, the Physical 
 Department committee, the physical director, and those 
 associated with them should cooperate with all other 
 agencies for the furtherance of the same. 
 
S8 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 The physical director, in all his physical work, should 
 constantly keep in mind the relationship of right neuro- 
 muscle habits to the development of character. Phys- 
 ical training as such does not lead to a personal accept- 
 ance of the Christian ideal, but because the physical di- 
 rector is a Christian leader in the Association and the 
 community, it is his highest privilege and duty to lead 
 men to acknowledge Jesus as their Saviour and Master. 
 
 The principles upon which the physical work of the 
 Young Men's Christian Association is founded are : 
 
 First : That health is fundamental to full development 
 and that during the entire life of the individual health is 
 dependent upon the proper functioning of the motor ap- 
 paratus, its work differing in amount and character ac- 
 cording to age and condition. 
 
 Second: That the full development of Christian char- 
 acter and sturdy manhood depends upon proper and ade- 
 quate physical training, especially during the period of 
 youth and young manhood. 
 
 Third: That fundamental physical and mental differ- 
 ences are recognized in the individual in the various 
 stages of his development, which represent the important 
 epochs in the life history of the race, and that at these 
 times the individual is peculiarly susceptible to influences 
 potent in the formation of character and that rightly 
 conducted physical training affords a most powerful 
 means for controlling the same. 
 
 Fourth: That physical training affords a means for 
 overcoming those subtle and vicious tendencies of modern 
 life developed through idle drifting, by providing health- 
 ful amusement and recreation for young men. 
 
 Fifth : Further, that physical training is a potent fac- 
 tor as a deterrent to the breaking down of the moral 
 and religious standards of men, brought about by lowered 
 efficiency in vital stamina through fatigue and prevent- 
 able disease. 
 
 Sixth : That the enlistment of men in volunteer serv- 
 ice for others is a basic principle in the Young Men's 
 Christian Association. 
 
OBJECT AND PRINCIPLES 59 
 
 These principles are based upon five fundamental 
 propositions : 
 
 First : That efficiency — physical, mental, and moral — 
 of the individual depends on the maintenance of health. 
 
 Second: That the maintenance of health depends 
 largely upon the normal development and functioning of 
 the muscular apparatus. 
 
 Third: That mental development also is dependent to 
 a large degree upon the adequate training of the neuro- 
 muscular system. 
 
 Fourth: That the development of sturdy Christian 
 manhood can be promoted by properly conducted phys- 
 ical training, especially during the periods of youth and 
 early manhood. 
 
 Fifth: That as service is the keynote of Christian 
 character the Physical Department offers large oppor- 
 tunities for its development among its membersi. 
 
 The efficiency of the individual depends on the main- 
 tenance of health, A man's value to society is deter- 
 mined by the amount of work which he can perform, 
 mental or physical. 
 
 Primarily the human body is a machine for the pro-» 
 duction of energy in the form of heat and motion and is 
 subject to the same chemical and mechanical laws as 
 any other power-producing plant. Normal adjustment 
 of intake of fuel to expenditure of energy, the scavenging 
 of waste products, and reduction of friction must all be 
 considered. 
 
 One of the most common experiences of men is their 
 diminished ability to do things when not feeling well. 
 A headache, a disordered stomach or liver cuts down the 
 amount of work as well as affecting its character. Un- 
 der the stress of ill health there is required an extra 
 
6o PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 effort of the will and an unnecessary expenditure of en- 
 ergy. 
 
 " In addition, at such times one is readily subject to 
 pessimism, blues, melancholy, indecision, irritability, 
 an^er, cowardice, etc., not to speak of worse things " 
 (Ehler). 
 
 Failure in business and other undertakings is more 
 often due to depression of one's powers from ill health 
 than any other cause. Gloomy views of life and religion 
 are usually the product of poor physical condition. Ab- 
 normal conditions of the body brought about by chronic 
 illness, fatigue, or addiction to drugs strike first at the 
 best that is in man. The higher judgments, the finer 
 sensibilities, and complex muscular adjustments, because 
 they are the latest acquired are the least stable and are 
 easiest disturbed. Under the influence of abnormal con- 
 ditions men are led into all sorts of evil, and yield to 
 temptations which in their normal condition would not 
 be even seriously considered. When a man's vitality is 
 at its height, his sensibilities, reactions, will power, judg- 
 ments, and moral tone are also at their highest level of 
 efficiency. Crime and criminal tendencies are now recog- 
 nized as being intimately associated with physical defects. 
 Dr. G. Stanley Hall writes as follows : 
 
 " When I see about me in the field of intellectual at- 
 tainment and culture, in the walks of business and in 
 family life, so many disasters and tragedies long drawn 
 out, of failing health and collapse of nerve, brain, and 
 muscle, I feel that health is the only bulwark upon which 
 everything we prize, intellectual culture and religious 
 affection can ever be reared." 
 
 Dr. Hall coins a new word — Euphoria — and char- 
 acterizes it as the superabundance of health. 
 
OBJECT AND PRINCIPLES 6i 
 
 '' It is that human energy which is the surplus over 
 and above that which we need to keep the heart beating, 
 the nerves strong, and the muscles tense. It is that su- 
 perfluity out of which all men and women achieve suc- 
 cess. It is the raw material out of which all forms of 
 success in life are made. I believe that Christian man- 
 hood is a product to a larger extent than we have ever 
 thought before, of good physical health.'' 
 
 The maintenance of health depends largely upon the 
 normal development and functioning of the muscular ap- 
 paratus. 
 
 The muscles are the organs which are largely con- 
 cerned in converting the potential energy of foods into 
 the dynamic forces of the body. They have been called 
 the master tissues. They compose one-half the body 
 weight, manufacture two-thirds of its heat, and expend 
 most of its energy. 
 
 The contractile tissues are the oldest biologically con- 
 sidered, and movement has ever been considered a prime 
 factor in the development of life forms. Dr. Hall puts 
 it eloquently: 
 
 '^ Thus muscles have done everything that man has ac- 
 complished. They have built the pyramids, reared every 
 edifice, constructed the roads, navigated the ocean, writ- 
 ten all the books, done everything in fact that man has 
 achieved. Without muscle, nothing is done. Complete 
 paralysis is death." 
 
 Theodore Hough, Professor of Physiology in the Uni- 
 versity of Virginia, speaking on the " Physiological Ef- 
 fects of Moderate Muscular Activity and Strain," says: 
 
 I 
 
 " It would be only to state a truism to say that the 
 human frame is constructed for a life of muscular ac- 
 tivity ; that the fact that until recently mankind supported 
 
(^2 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 itself by physical rather than mental exertion must have 
 led to the survival of those with bodies adapted to phys- 
 ical exertion. So essential was it that this adaptation 
 be of a hi^h order that we are not surprised to find that 
 it went to the extent of producing- a body not only cap- 
 able of sustaining-, but even of profiting by physical ex- 
 ertion." 
 
 He sums up the hygienic effect of muscular exercise as 
 follows : 
 
 " I. Muscular activity affords training to the heart, so 
 that it is not only equal to the emergencies of life, but is 
 also able to withstand the fatigue of moderate prolonged 
 exertion. No exercise can be enjoyed unless this fun- 
 damental condition is satisfied. 
 
 " 2. Muscular activity relieves vascular congestion in 
 the internal organs by bringing larger quantities of blood 
 to the skin. In doing this it improves the physiologic 
 condition of the skin as well as that of deeper organs. 
 
 " 3. As a result of the deepened and frequently quick- 
 ened respiration, all lobes of the lungs are used and the 
 species rendered less liable to attacks of disease. 
 
 '* 4. As a further result of the increased breathing 
 movements as well as of the pumping action of the con- 
 tracting muscles and movements in the joints the flow of 
 lymph along the lymphatics is greatly favored and this 
 improves the environmental conditions of all the cells of 
 the body. 
 
 *' 5. Muscular activity also afifords important training 
 to the heat-regulating mechanism of the body. 
 
 '' 6. Muscular activity exerts a favorable influence on 
 the digestive processes, promoting proper secretion and 
 absorption and tending to prevent the unhealthy condi- 
 tions leading to constipation. 
 
 '* 7. Muscular activity is conducive to refreshing slum- 
 ber. This is partly because of the maintenance of 
 normal conditions generally in the body and probably in 
 part because it is conducive to healthy fatigue which 
 facilitates the normal relaxation from nervous strain. 
 
OBJECT AND PRINCIPLES 63 
 
 Whatever may be the physiological explanation of the 
 phenomenon there can be no question of its existence and 
 of its hygienic value." 
 
 (It should be remembered, however, that the posses- 
 sion of large muscles does not insure normal health, and, 
 indeed, the over-training of the muscular system with 
 its attendant strain on heart, lungs, and vital organs may 
 be a source of distinct danger.) 
 
 The recent studies of Crile, Cannon, and others show 
 the large part that the kinetic system plays in emotion, 
 and prove that the glandular products secreted during 
 an emotional period have for their purpose an intensify- 
 ing of the muscular response and that unless this mus- 
 cular response is forthcoming, these products accumulate 
 in the body and are a direct menace to health. It is a 
 physical explanation of the saying, that all emotion 
 should find expression in motion if it is to remain healthy. 
 
 Mental development is dependent to a large degree 
 upon adequate training of the neuro-muscular system. 
 Modern psychology teaches that all thought brings about 
 a change in some part of the muscular system. It may 
 not result in actual movement, but always causes molec- 
 ular change in the muscles upon which the thought de- 
 pends for its full expression. The so-called thought 
 reading is nothing more than the interpreting of slight 
 muscular movements made unconsciously by the subject. 
 We cannot conceive of mind apart from its organ, the 
 brain. The development of the brain depends upon the 
 quantity and quality of incoming sensations and the re- 
 sulting reactions of the muscular apparatus. We have 
 noted how mental states are afifected by bodily condi- 
 tions. We know that mental activity is directly afifected 
 by blood supply. Serious loss of blood causes uncon- 
 
64 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 sciousness; increased blood pressure, mental excitement 
 and spasm. Any physical condition which interferes 
 with the normal blood supply of the brain or other parts 
 of the nervous system interferes with normal mental 
 activity, producing epilepsy, degeneracy, and all forms 
 of mental derangements. Increased mental action re- 
 quires an increased quantity of blood in the brain, shown 
 by increased weight of the head, and increased molecular 
 change, proved by increased temperature in the brain in 
 periods of mental effort. 
 
 Again the development of the mind depended upon the 
 development of its organ, the brain. Complexity of re- 
 sponse to environment demanded an increase in the com- 
 plexity of the responsive mechanism. Balliet says : 
 
 *' Mind, like organic life, no doubt, is the product of 
 evolution. As in organic evolution, while it is possible to 
 explain why the fittest should survive, so in the evolution 
 of the mind natural selection, heredity, and perhaps use 
 may explain why a psychic function of advantage to the 
 individual in the struggle for existence has been perpet- 
 uated and developed, but it cannot account for the first 
 origin of such functions. The struggle for existence 
 reduced to its lowest terms consists of the struggle for 
 the maintenance of the species. The first is essential to 
 the second. Hence the first problem of the lowest or- 
 ganism is to secure food and escape danger. Movement 
 is, therefore, fundamental. Movement toward food and 
 away from danger and purposive movements, no doubt, 
 antedate consciousness." 
 
 Feeling developed, no doubt, through chemical and 
 physical reactions in the environment. Intelligence re- 
 sulted from organic memory of such reactions whether 
 pleasurable and profitable, and reason by growth in the 
 complexity of reactions leading to modifications of move- 
 
OBJECT AND PRINCIPLES 65 
 
 ment in light of future conditions. The emotions were 
 also developed through racial experience in connection 
 with organic memory and resulted in the production of 
 an auxiliary mechanism for the intensifying of muscular 
 movement. 
 
 All cells in an individual brain are present at birth and 
 cannot be increased in number by growth or education. 
 Their development depends upon two factors, nutrition 
 and function; the latter brought about by stimulation 
 through appropriate incoming sensations. Function, 
 therefore, determines brain growth and motor cells can- 
 not be developed except through muscular exercise, and 
 lack of proper exercise means lack of proper cell de- 
 velopment. Dr. Balliet says: 
 
 " In man the size of the motor areas in the brain de- 
 pends far more on the complexity of the movements 
 affected by a group of muscles than upon the mass of 
 muscles involved. Physical energy implies a good motor 
 brain area. The man of energy must be the man of 
 brain. Physical laziness implies a deficiency in the motor 
 part of the brain." 
 
 In studying the growth of the motor cells we find that 
 those controlling the gross muscles which move the trunk 
 develop first, and that development proceeds from the 
 center outward to the finer muscles of the extremity. 
 Dr. Hall believes that the development of the human 
 brain followed the development of the finer muscles of 
 the human hand. 
 
 Motor ideas are developed by voluntary movement. 
 The muscular sense which guides in the production of 
 movement and results in efficient action forms the basis 
 of judgment for future conduct. Imbecility is the re- 
 sult of lack of ability to form proper motor ideas. 
 
(^ PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Another phase of the subject relates to the formation 
 of motor habits. We learn to do things by conscious 
 attention. Training enables us to relegate most of the 
 common movements of Hfe to the control of the lower 
 automatic centers in the brain, and whole complicated 
 series of movements may be gone through without in- 
 terfering with the stream of thought. Physical training 
 by reducing conscious processes, therefore, conserves 
 nerve power. 
 
 Physical training makes response to stimuli quicker 
 and more accurate and increases the number of re- 
 sponsive movements by multiplying the connections be- 
 tween cell areas. The brain power of an individual de- 
 pends not so much upon the number of its cells as upon 
 the complexity of their relationships. It should also be 
 remembered that the organization of cell areas ceases at 
 maturity and that cells which have not become active 
 and related to the mental activity before that time are 
 never afterwards of service to the individual. Brain 
 cell growth ceases at twenty-five or earlier and the 
 mental life of the individual can only be enriched after- 
 wards by increasing the activity of brain areas developed 
 before that period. Most, if not all, of the education of 
 the motor areas is complete before eighteen years of age, 
 and, therefore, physical education must find its greatest 
 usefulness during childhood and early youth. 
 
 The development of sturdy Christian manhood can he 
 promoted by properly conducted physical training es- 
 pecially during the periods of youth and early manhood. 
 The early years of childhood are spent in interpreting 
 incoming physical sensations and adjusting conduct in 
 the light of the results of such sensations. The child 
 early learns the laws of nature as they aflfect its physical 
 
OBJECT AND PRINCIPLES 67 
 
 comfort and advantage. The second period commences 
 with the dawn of personal consciousness. Dr. Tyler 
 says that the first ethical idea comes to a child when it 
 realizes that another child or individual is not playing 
 fair, and this is the fundamental basis upon which the 
 future character must be built. The rules of the plays 
 and games teach him the fundamental laws of social 
 contact which he must observe if he is to remain in 
 harmony with his playmates, as efficiently as his earlier 
 experience with physical law taught him what he could 
 and could not do with safety and comfort to himself. 
 
 Later in life the organized game of the group carries 
 him a step further and he learns that the law of group 
 must be submitted to if he is to remain a useful member. 
 
 Thus we see that there is a gradual development of 
 the individual as he comes into contact with an ever- 
 widening environment and each period must teach its 
 lessons perfectly if the lessons of the succeeding periods 
 are to be intelligently interpreted. 
 
 Modem biology teaches that all higher forms of life 
 are developed from lower forms and that in the em- 
 bryonic life of an individual structures, and even func- 
 tions, which were important in the development of the 
 species are reproduced in like order, and that no organ 
 or function which was essential to such development can 
 be suppressed without injury to the individual. Thus 
 we know from embryology that the human body passes, 
 while in utero, through all the important life changes 
 from the single cell organism upward, and that any in- 
 terference with the development of any of these embry- 
 onic structures causes deformity and monstrosities at 
 birth. 
 
 What is true of the physical life of man is probably 
 
68 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 also true of those mental, social, and religious experi- 
 ences which were of value in bringing man to his pres- 
 ent high state of efficiency. None must be suppressed 
 nor, indeed, must any be allowed to persist, but by train- 
 ing and education the higher phases of character must 
 be built upon the lower and powerful instincts of the 
 race. 
 
 A statement by Dr. Balliet in a paper on " Instinct and 
 Education," puts the matter very clearly : 
 
 '* Instincts are fundamental in the psychic life of man, 
 as well as the psychic life of animals. They form the 
 most fundamental, the deepest and the most unchanging 
 element in human nature. As compared with the in- 
 stinct the human reason is only a light w^hich can guide 
 and direct, but not a force which can compel and move ; 
 and the ethical will is little more than a combination of 
 the higher instincts controlling the lower under the 
 guidance of reason. The instincts, in other words, con- 
 stitute the chief elements of character; it is the function 
 of reason to distinguish between the higher and lower 
 instincts and that of the will to make the higher prevail. 
 It is the office of ethical ideals and of religion to serve 
 as guide and sources of inspiration in ethical develop- 
 ment. Indeed, it is highly probable that there are in- 
 stincts in the child mind which dominate his conscious 
 life and which have entirely disappeared in the adult 
 consciousness or occupy a wholly subordinate position. 
 As an illustration, the sucking instinct in the infant, the 
 instinctive desire for play in childhood and youth. 
 
 " Most instincts are strongest in youth and form the 
 basis of youthful temptation. Others persist and become 
 stronger in later life, such as the love of money and 
 antipathy to new ideas. 
 
 *' Selecting a few examples we find how the fishing and 
 hunting instinct is strong to middle life and sometimes to 
 old age. It is the survival of the early life of the race 
 when these practices were necessary to the maintenance 
 
OBJECT AND PRINCIPLES 69 
 
 of life and have registered themselves on the nervous 
 system and are transmitted by heredity. The killing in- 
 stinct was formed when killing was necessary as a means 
 of getting food and a means of self-defense. These in- 
 stincts tend to grow weaker through the growth of sym- 
 pathy and the development of altruistic feeling. Al- 
 ready, in many minds, these qualities rob even fishing 
 and hunting of their fascination and many people would 
 never eat flesh if they were compelled to kill it. Then 
 there is the fighting instinct formed by our animal an- 
 cestors w^hen food was scarce and when above all the 
 strong, vigorous, healthy body was necessary to survival. 
 
 *' The instinct of possession, the predatory instinct, 
 usually greatly reenforced by the fighting instinct can be 
 easily traced from the earliest struggle for food to the 
 modern accumulation of great fortunes. In essentials 
 it has not been much changed. 
 
 ** How are these instincts to be treated? First, we may 
 try to crush them, to root them out. This has been the 
 method in religious education in the past, fortunately 
 seldom accomplished. 
 
 ** Third, we may transform the lower instincts by lifting 
 them on a higher plane, by putting them under the dom- 
 inance of the higher instincts, linking them with the al- 
 truistic impulses and with the sense of duty. This 
 seems to be the mode of treatment indicated by the evo- 
 lution of the mind. The lower animal instincts of the 
 psychic life, like the rudimentary organs of the body, 
 are not lost, but are taken up by the higher forms and 
 become integral parts of them. They are absorbed, not 
 dropped ofif. These instincts constitute the driving and 
 impelling forces in our higher intellectual and moral life. 
 They add a glow of interest to our ideal, they fire our 
 ambition and they furnish the grit, nerve, and energy that 
 m.ake hard work a pleasure and render it efifective." 
 
 If you crush the fighting instinct you produce the 
 coward; if you let it grow wild, the brute; but if you 
 link it with the higher instincts you get the man of 
 
70 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 energy and force, the man of executive ability and af- 
 fairs. If you crush the instinct of possession, you get 
 the pauper; if you let it grow wild you produce the thief 
 or miser. Put it under the dominance of the conscience 
 and the altruistic feeling and you develop the man of 
 thrift, self-respect, independence, and industry. The 
 criminal gangs of a large city are an illustration of a 
 racial factor being allowed to persist undirected. 
 
 In view of these facts, it is of extreme importance that 
 the Association should recognize the periods at which 
 these instincts begin to develop, when they ripen and be- 
 come active forces in the formation of character in the 
 boys and young men of the Association, and be prepared 
 by proper methods of physical training to lead them 
 from the lower to higher levels, from the self-centered 
 youth to the altruistic Christian citizen. 
 
 In studying these periods of development we might 
 roughly divide the life of the individual into four peri- 
 ods : The first, from birth to seven or eight years of 
 age; the second, from seven or eight to the beginning 
 of pubescence, approximately twelve to fourteen; the 
 third, the adolescent period, from fourteen to twenty; 
 the fourth, the post-pubescent period. 
 
 Quoting freely from Dr. Gulick: 
 
 " We find that in the first period the activities of the 
 body are those of kicking, whole arm and body and hand 
 movements ; picking up and dropping things ; blocks and 
 sand plays, etc. They are progressive in complexity and 
 tend to become reflex. They are intensely individual- 
 istic. These continue into later life, but wdth constantly 
 decreasing interest as seen in the use of tools, swimming, 
 drawing, gymnastics, etc. 
 
 *' The second period begins with a shading oflf from this 
 group into interest in games of tag, marbles, and the like. 
 
OBJECT AND PRINCIPLES 71 
 
 The social element begins to be observed. There is a 
 transition from the exclusive self-interest to interest in 
 relation to others. These introduce consideration of the 
 element of competition ; formal rules by which one must 
 abide ; consideration of others, the beginning of ethics 
 and morality. This period shades into the third group 
 with its activities continuing with decreasing emphasis 
 as seen in track and field sports, hunting, fishing, wrest- 
 ling, etc. 
 
 ** The third period marks the most important change : 
 that from individualistic to group interests. The games 
 of interest in this period are such as require the coop- 
 eration with others ; games such as baseball, football, 
 gangs, pals, camping, and hero worship are prominent. 
 These activities are almost universally carried on in 
 groups and are characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon race. 
 The demand is for greater strength, endurance of dis- 
 comfort, cooperation, and subordination to a leader for 
 the success of the group. Here is the beginning of self- 
 sacrifice, altruism, and the giving of oneself for others, 
 which are fundamental characteristics of the Christian 
 life. The youth who retains the characteristics of the 
 preceding period predominantly, who does not learn the 
 lesson of cooperation, of the subserviency of self to the 
 interest of others, enters business and professional life 
 self-centered and out of harmony with modern social 
 ideals." 
 
 The physical director in the Young Men's Christian 
 Association should be deeply impressed by these facts, 
 and while he is striving to produce healthy and normal 
 bodies he should remember that his largest work is to 
 establish, through organization and guidance of the play 
 life of boys and young men, a basis upon which may be 
 built sterling Christian character. 
 
 As service is the keynote of Christian character, the 
 Physical Department offers large opportunities for its de- 
 velopment among its members. This statement is so fun- 
 
^2 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 damental to all Association policy that it needs no elabora- 
 tion. The Christian life finds its expression in service 
 and, therefore, the physical director will at all times 
 endeavor to develop this essential quality in the members 
 by seeking and affording opportunities for its develop- 
 ment. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPART- 
 MENT 
 
 The work of the Association as a whole is controlled 
 by a Board of Directors of which the general secretary 
 is the executive officer. 
 
 This Board of Directors is elected by the active mem- 
 bership in the way prescribed by the local Association's 
 constitution and by-laws. Active membership is limited 
 to those who are members in good standing of evangel- 
 ical churches. 
 
 In consultation with the general secretary and depart- 
 ment heads, the president of the Board appoints com- 
 mittees for the supervision and management of the 
 various departments. 
 
 The Physical Department committee is thus appointed 
 and may be composed entirely of members from the 
 Board of Directors, or may have some of its number 
 selected from business men in the membership. A ma- 
 jority, however, ought always to be from the Board of 
 Directors. Its members should, of course, be in intelli- 
 gent sympathy with the objective of the Department. 
 The general secretary and physical director are members 
 ex-officio. 
 
 This committee supervises and controls all the activi- 
 ties of the Department, but all its actions should be sub- 
 ject to the approval of the Board of Directors. 
 
 Its work includes : 
 
 I. The formation of the general policy of the Depart- 
 ment. 
 
74 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 2. The preparation and recommendation of the depart- 
 mental budget to the Board of Directors and the super- 
 vising of the receipts and expenditures therein provided. 
 
 3. The authorization of purchases as provided by the 
 budget and policy, supervision and upkeep of the equip- 
 ment. 
 
 4. The general oversight over all matters of service in 
 the Department, such as religious and health education, 
 membership promotion, financial solicitation, extension 
 v^ork, etc. 
 
 5. The employment of the physical director and his 
 staff. 
 
 Organization 
 
 This committee may from time to time appoint sub- 
 committees from its membership for special investigation 
 or the promotion of some particular service, but the ac- 
 tions of these sub-committees should be subject to the 
 approval of the whole committee. When their work is 
 complete and their report rendered they should be dis- 
 charged. 
 
 Meetings of this committee are usually held once a 
 month. The general secretary, because of his relation- 
 ship to the entire work, should, if possible, attend all 
 meetings of the committee and whenever matters are to 
 be discussed which have to do with general policy of 
 the Association, they should be taken up with him be- 
 fore the meeting. He should receive a copy of all re- 
 ports made to the committee, and also a copy of its 
 minutes. 
 
 At each meeting of the committee the physical director, 
 as its executive officer, should present a financial and 
 statistical report together with such recommendations as 
 
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 7S 
 
 he has to offer for the conduct of the work. When 
 adopted it becomes a part of the report of the committee 
 to the Board of Directors. 
 
 Every effort must be made to have the meetings of 
 the committee worth while. When new or unusual mat- 
 ters are to come up for consideration the members of the 
 committee should be informed of the same and written 
 copies of such business sent to them before the time of 
 the meeting. 
 
 To keep all parts of the work in right relation to each 
 other, committees may be appointed from the member- 
 ship to have charge of the various group activities of the 
 Department. 
 
 The chairmen of these sub-committees may be formed 
 into a council which should hold only an advisory re- 
 lation to the Physical Department committee. 
 
 The following is suggested as a form of departmental 
 organization : 
 
 ACTIVE MEMBERSHIP 
 
 i 
 
 Board of Directors 
 (General Secretary) 
 
 I 
 
 PHYSICAL DEP't 
 COMMITTEE 
 
 (Physical Director) 
 
 EDUCATIONAL 
 
 FINANCE 
 
 ETC. 
 
 Council 
 
 (Chairmen of 
 
 Standing Committees) 
 
 Religious 
 
 Educational 
 
 Social 
 
 Athletics 
 
 Aquatics 
 
 Medical Staff Special Committees 
 
 Basket Ball 
 Extension 
 Gymnasium Classes 
 Handball 
 
 Indoor baseball 
 Leaders 
 Volley Ball 
 Wrestling 
 
1(^ 
 
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 A more elaborate form of organization, suggested by 
 M. I. Foss, follows: 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS 
 
 I 
 
 Physical Department Committee 
 
 \ I 
 
 PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 
 
 GENERAL SECRETARY 
 
 PHYSICAL DEPARTMENT COUNCIL 
 
 Standing Committees Standing Committees 
 
 (Indoor) 
 Bowling 
 Indoor Baseball 
 Volley Ball 
 Basket Ball 
 Swimming 
 Athletics 
 
 (Outdoor) 
 Hiking 
 Tennis 
 Baseball 
 
 Special Committees 
 First Aid 
 Health Exhibition 
 Circus 
 
 Medical Staff 
 
 Gymnastics 
 
 
 
 Social — Educational - 
 
 -Religious 
 
 
 (Subcommittees of the above, each for 
 its own group.) 
 
 
 The Year's Policy 
 
 In order to conduct the affairs of the Physical Depart- 
 ment in an orderly way, check up the progress of the 
 work during the year and make comparison with that of 
 former years; to note advances made it is essential that 
 there should be a written policy. This policy should 
 contain an outHne of all departmental activities, such as 
 plans for classes, leagues, competitions, religious work, 
 educational work, extension work, etc., and the budget 
 of receipts and expenditures for the ensuing year. 
 
 This policy should be formulated well in advance of 
 the meeting at which it is to be discussed and copies 
 
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 77 
 
 sent to each member of the Physical Department com- 
 mittee and to the general secretary. Only in this way 
 can intelligent action be secured, for when recommended 
 by them and accepted by the Board of Directors it be- 
 comes the basis of work for the ensuing year. 
 
 The following is suggested as a basis for such a policy : 
 
 1. Object 
 
 The objective of the Physical Department should be 
 fully stated (see page 57). It would be advisable 
 also to state the principles underlying the physical work, 
 so that the Physical Department committee and Board 
 of Directors may be fully informed thereof and be in 
 sympathy with its broad basis. 
 
 2. Committees 
 
 Under this heading should be enumerated a list of 
 those committees which are to promote the various ac- 
 tivities of the different groups in the Department, the 
 duties of each, and such other details of their organiza- 
 tion as may be deemed advisable. 
 
 3. Leaders' Corps 
 
 A general statement should be presented covering the 
 policy of the corps, dates of meetings, duties, and special 
 points to be emphasized during the year, also a schedule 
 of their work both in theory and practice. 
 
 4. Physical and Medical Examinations 
 
 It should be stated whether these are to be required 
 of all new members and what shall be the character of 
 the same. If personal interviews are to be undertaken, 
 
78 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 state their scope and the means for conducting them and 
 whether they shall be given in cooperation with the re- 
 ligious work department. If the physical and medical 
 examination is to be made by a volunteer medical staff, 
 their number, duties, and particulars regarding their or- 
 ganization should be stated. 
 
 5. Gymnasium Classes 
 
 Because of the great importance of class instruction 
 it should be given the largest place in the Department 
 program. Nothing should be allowed to interfere with 
 classwork. A complete schedule for the various groups 
 should be given, the dates for their beginning and closing, 
 and the days and hours of their sessions. 
 
 6. Special Instruction 
 
 Mention should be made of all special classes which 
 it is proposed to conduct, such as boxing, wrestling, 
 fencing, swimming, tumbling, etc. ; also what provision 
 is to be made for individual instruction in body building 
 and corrective and medical gymnastics. 
 
 7. Athletics, Tournaments, and Leagues 
 
 Under this heading should be included a statement as 
 to whether or not the Association shall join the Athletic 
 League and other athletic bodies, how clean athletics 
 shall be promoted, whether representative teams are to 
 be organized, and the policy governing the same, also 
 details regarding the organization of group games, 
 leagues, tournaments, tests, and meets. 
 
 If the Association has a swimming pool, the work to 
 be conducted in aquatics should be outlined — such as 
 
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 79 
 
 classes for beginners, the teaching of advanced swim- 
 ming, the holding of campaigns for teaching swimming 
 and life-saving, and the organization of water games and 
 sports. 
 
 8. Health Education 
 
 Under this heading should be outlined the various 
 methods to be used, such as health talks, first aid organ- 
 izations, use of printed matter on health subjects, the 
 organization of a health league, the holding of health ex- 
 hibits, etc. 
 
 9. Religious Work 
 
 This should include a statement of the policy for re- 
 ligious work in the Department, definite plans for the or- 
 ganization of Bible classes, their number and character, 
 and the method to be pursued in cooperation with the re- 
 ligious work department of the Association. 
 
 10. Extension Work 
 
 Here may be stated the general need of the commun- 
 ity for specific types of work which the Physical De- 
 partment can conduct, and the means which it has for 
 prosecuting the same. (See Appendix for extended 
 poHcies for large and small Associations.) 
 
 11. Budget 
 
 In planning the budget for the ensuing year a care- 
 ful study should be made of the expenditures and income 
 of the previous year, and the need of the Department for 
 improvements in equipment and supervision. The 
 figures of the various items of the budget must be as 
 
8o PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 exact as possible, allowance being made for emergencies. 
 Where large increases are to be made over the expendi- 
 tures of the previous season the reason for the same 
 should be fully stated. The items will, of course, vary 
 in different Associations, and while some include re- 
 ceipts from membership fees, others do not, but estimates 
 of such might well be included. The items will be ar- 
 ranged in accordance with the business policy of the local 
 Association. 
 
 The following is a suggested form: 
 
 RECEIPTS 
 
 Membership Fees charged Actual receipts Estimated budget 
 _, . for previous year for present year 
 Business men 
 
 Young men at W ......... ., 
 
 Grammar school 
 
 boys at 
 
 Employed boys at ... , 
 
 Students at 
 
 Special members ] \ 
 
 Special Fees 
 
 Boxing 
 
 Wrestling 
 
 Fencing 
 
 Aquatics 
 
 t^RivATE Instruction 
 
 Boxing 
 
 Wrestling 
 
 Fencing 
 
 Aquatics 
 
 Medical gymnastics 
 
 Massage and Special Baths 
 
 Massage 
 
 Special baths 
 
 Supplies 
 
 Gym clothing 
 
 Special supplies 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Towels and soap 
 
 Exhibitions and meets 
 
 Surplus to apply on over- 
 head charge 
 
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 8i 
 EXPENDITURES 
 
 Salaries Actual expenditures 
 
 Physical director and as- ^^^ previous year 
 
 sistants 
 
 Wages 
 
 Janitor 
 
 Locker clerks 
 
 Musician 
 
 Stenographers 
 
 Special instruction 
 
 Publicity 
 
 Advertising 
 
 Printing 
 
 Postage 
 
 Athletic Field 
 
 Equipment 
 
 Repairs 
 
 Laundry 
 
 Traveling 
 
 Conferences and summer 
 
 schools 
 
 Supplies 
 
 Gym clothing 
 
 Special suppiles 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Towels and soap 
 
 Exhibitions and meets 
 
 Total 
 
 In some Associations the budget is divided into 
 months. This is a wise plan as it serves as a frequent 
 check on the condition of finances. 
 
 Organization of Volunteer Work and Workers 
 
 A fundamental principle of the Physical Department, 
 in common with the avowed Association policy, is the 
 uniting of its members in service for their fellows. 
 In no other department are the opportunities greater. 
 The multiplicity of the various phases of the work offers 
 an unlimited field for interesting and using large numbers 
 
82 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 of men in volunteer service. In the past the Leaders' 
 Corps has stood out as the one group thoroughly organ- 
 ized for a specific work. Its importance has been mag- 
 nified, and rightly so, but every permanent feature should 
 be just as carefully organized, and as great care taken 
 in selecting its personnel. Certain general principles 
 should be observed in organizing committees : 
 
 1. All permanent committees, and this includes the 
 Leaders' Corps, should be appointed by the Physical De- 
 partment committee at the suggestion of the physical 
 director. Temporary committees may from time to time 
 be selected for any special service by the physical di- 
 rector, but when that service is completed, the committee 
 should be discontinued. 
 
 2. A comprehensive plan should be laid out for the 
 entire Department. 
 
 3. There should be a distinctive plan adapted for each 
 group of workers in each phase of the work. 
 
 4. As far as possible the organization of each group 
 should follow the same general plan, and should diflfer 
 only as may be found necessary to meet the needs of the 
 group. 
 
 5. Every permanent committee should have a definite 
 plan not only for its specific work among the members, 
 but for its own instruction and development, and, as in 
 the Leaders' Corps, faithful service and ability should 
 be recognized by appropriate insignia. 
 
 6. Only men of proven worth and sympathy with the 
 Association ideals should be appointed on permanent com- 
 mittees. Ample opportunities for testing may be found 
 in the temporary committees. 
 
 The following article on the Leaders' Club, prepared 
 
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 83 
 
 by W. H. Ball of the International Committee, contains 
 many suggestions which might to advantage be carried 
 into the various other organizations of the Department. 
 It must never be forgotten that the development of 
 • the personal character of the committeeman is the main 
 object to be kept in mind. 
 
 The Leaders' Club 
 
 The Leaders' Club is the title given to the group of 
 volunteer committeemen who serve as helpers to the phys- 
 ical director in the gymnasium classwork. Without ex- 
 aggeration it may be stated that a well-organized and 
 trained group of leaders is one of the most important 
 factors in determining the success of an Association's 
 physical work. 
 
 It is a settled principle of Association work that it is 
 better to put ten men to work than to do the work of 
 ten men yourself. In addition to this principle, early ex- 
 perience in physical work demonstrated that the physical 
 director could not handle with satisfaction the large 
 gymnasium classes without having numerous assistants. 
 The need of leaders has been both theoretical and prac- 
 tical. 
 
 Selection of Leaders 
 
 No other group of men within the Association should 
 be selected with greater care. These men come in close 
 personal contact with a large number of the members 
 and exert a strong influence for good or evil. Inas- 
 much as the Association seeks to lead men to the ideal 
 of Christian living, it is very apparent that the leaders 
 should be of the highest type of Christian manhood. 
 
84 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Christian character is the fundamental qualification, and 
 closely associated with this is the need of natural leader- 
 ship ability — of men of forceful personality whom others 
 admire and follow. Skill as a gymnast and athlete is 
 an important consideration, but not of first rank. As a 
 general rule star gymnasts or athletes do not make good 
 leaders. It is doubtful whether men having any question- 
 able habits should be accepted. Usually young un- 
 married men make the best leaders as they can more 
 readily give the time needed to make the work a success. 
 
 Such men are not easily found as they are not numer- 
 ous, and these qualities of character and leadership do 
 not appear upon the surface but are inherent and in many 
 instances dormant. To discover the right kind of men 
 requires determined search. 
 
 Men of sterling Christian character, imbued with the 
 spirit of service, who are known to be faithful to every- 
 thing they undertake, are needed. When found, their 
 names may be presented for consideration to the leaders 
 as possible new members. When satisfied that the pro- 
 posed member is well qualified for admission the physical 
 director is requested to interview him and present the 
 matter in a very full and frank manner, explaining to 
 him the qualifications for membership, including the 
 character and extent of the service required, time and 
 expense involved, and in fact, all matters of interest per- 
 taining to the club; concluding with a statement that if 
 he would care to become a member, a brief written state- 
 ment to that efifect be sent the club president with an 
 intimation that such a statement assures his acceptance 
 as a member. 
 
 This may appear like red tape, but it has been found a 
 very effective method of preventing apparently good 
 
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 85 
 
 men who were lacking in some essential qualification 
 from entering the club. In addition, such an interview 
 gives the new man a clear understanding of the spirit 
 and duties of a member and gives him an opportunity 
 to decide definitely whether he wants to line up with that 
 kind of men. 
 
 In many clubs a simple " initiation " takes place which 
 varies in form according to the desires of the members. 
 
 Duties of Leaders 
 
 The leaders are thoroughly organized into a club, pref- 
 erably a Standard Leaders' Club (see Standard Con- 
 stitution and By-laws, page 250). Each member pro- 
 vides himself with the official Leaders' gymnasium uni- 
 form and agrees to perform the specific club duties as- 
 signed him. These duties vary according to the local 
 needs. In most clubs the leaders serve in charge of ap- 
 paratus squads in the diflferent gymnasium classes. 
 Often a leader conducts the class marching or drill and 
 frequently takes full charge of the floor on other than a 
 class night. Leaders welcome new class members, as- 
 sist the awkward member and cooperate in the activities 
 and supervision of the gymnasium, dressing rooms, 
 baths, swimming pool, and Department office or examin- 
 ing room. 
 
 Each year an increasing number of leaders serve as 
 directors in some church or settlement gymnasium, thus 
 ever widening the sphere of the Association's service to 
 the community. A type of service that is mutually very 
 enjoyable is the promotion and participation by the lead- 
 ers of various classwork demonstrations, exhibitions, and 
 circuses. On these occasions the leaders rather than 
 the director fill the places of prominence. 
 
86 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Another phase of the club's activities that fills a large 
 and vital part in its work is the social life of the or- 
 ganization. Frequent social evenings in the building or 
 at the homes of members are very helpful. An annual 
 banquet with all the trimmings, camp outings, fishing 
 trips, group photos, all contribute to a spirit of friend- 
 ship and unity. 
 
 While membership in the club is somewhat exclusive 
 because of its high requirements, the spirit of the organ- 
 ization is thoroughly democratic. The physical director 
 is the leader of the club, not the boss. He holds no 
 office, except as an ex-officio member. 
 
 The Standard Leaders' Club 
 
 The Physical Directors' Society has developed and 
 adopted a model Constitution and By-laws for a Stand- 
 ard Leaders' Club, and the Society has recommended 
 that every group of leaders become a Standard Club, 
 which involves: 
 
 1. Adopting the Standard Club Constitution and By- 
 laws. 
 
 2. Electing officers as per Constitution. 
 
 3. Deciding to follow the course of study outlined 
 each year. 
 
 4. Requesting enrolment as a Standard Club, stating 
 that I, 2, and 3 have been done and sending a list of the 
 members and officers of the club to the Physical Depart- 
 ment of the International Committee. 
 
 Any club thus qualifying is entitled to use the Standard 
 Leaders' Club emblem without a star upon enrolment, 
 and also the gold safety-catch leaders' pin. Emblems 
 cost $2.50 per dozen in lots of six or more and pins cost 
 $2.50 per dozen in lots of six or more. 
 
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 87 
 
 BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 
 Fees 
 
 In determining the fees to be charged, an Association 
 must consider: First, the financial standing of the boys 
 and men in the community; second, cost of operation, 
 character and expense of equipment; third, the propor- 
 tion of the expenses of the Department which the fees 
 are expected to carry. 
 
 As a general principle, all matured men to whom the 
 Department can be of the least service should be charged 
 a fee sufficiently high to at least cover the entire cost of 
 the privilege accorded them, while the younger men and 
 boys, to whom the work will be of the largest value in 
 developing Christian character, should pay such fees as 
 will attract them in the largest numbers. 
 
 It is but fair also that when special privileges and in- 
 struction are provided, such as boxing, wrestling, and 
 massage, those using them should be required to pay the 
 full extra cost for providing the same. 
 
 The plan of charging membership fees may be classed 
 under two heads as follows : 
 
 I. A General Fee 
 
 In most Associations the full membership fee includes 
 the general privileges of the Physical Department, such 
 as the use of the gymnasium, locker, baths, and nata- 
 torium. 
 
 The fee may vary in amount according to the size 
 and location of the locker and the class of membership. 
 Where a separate fee is charged for the locker it should 
 cover the same time as that of membership in the As- 
 sociation. In some Associations the fee is arranged on 
 an age basis, as suggested above. 
 
88 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 All locker fees, together with deposits for keys, should 
 clear through the main office of the Association. This 
 fee may include ticket for the following groups: Gram- 
 mar school boys, high school boys, employed boys, young 
 men, business men. 
 
 Fees for special groups, such as students, firemen, 
 policemen, and ministers, may be arranged for stated 
 limited periods or privileges. 
 
 Short term full membership tickets are issued for the 
 summer months by many Associations. 
 
 Recently many Associations have adopted a special 
 business men's membership fee, which is in excess of 
 the regular full membership fee and for which special 
 dressing room accommodations and club features are 
 provided. 
 
 2. An " A-LA-CARTE " FeE 
 
 In a few Associations there is a fixed minimum fee 
 for all who join the Association and additional fees for 
 the following general privileges of the Physical Depart- 
 ment: a. Baths and lockers (not including natatorium) ; 
 b. gymnasium; c. natatorium. 
 
 These privileges may be secured once or oftener by 
 the payment of a single fee for each participation or for 
 stated periods. 
 
 3. Fees For Special Features, such as : 
 
 a. Class Instruction. Extra fees may be charged for 
 enrolment in special classes such as boxing, wrestling, 
 fencing, aquatics, advanced gymnastics, normal courses 
 in physical education, first-aid, lecture courses in eu- 
 genics and hygiene. 
 
 b. Private Instruction in boxing, wrestling, fencing, 
 
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 89 
 
 aquatics, body building, and corrective and medical gym- 
 nastics. 
 
 c. Massage and Special Baths and service connected 
 with the same. As has already been stated, the fees for 
 these special features should, at least, cover cost of 
 furnishing them. Finances for all special features 
 should clear through the main office and no money should 
 be received by instructors or attendants. 
 
 4. Fees of Clubs and Teams 
 
 Where there are membership fees in connection with 
 clubs or teams, the fees should be deposited by their 
 treasurer with the Association treasurer, who should 
 hold them as trust funds. The accounts of all clubs 
 and teams should include all receipts and expenditures 
 and be audited annually. All matters pertaining to the 
 financing of clubs should be subject to the approval of 
 the Physical Department committee, and their accounts 
 and records be kept on file in the office of the physical 
 director. Loose-leaf books of good quality and uniform 
 size are recommended for use by all clubs. This will 
 facilitate the typewriting of all minutes and statements 
 and also the permanent filing of their records and other 
 material. 
 
 Physical Department Records 
 
 Business ability is an essential qualification of the phys- 
 ical director. Nowhere is this shown to greater ad- 
 vantage than in the conduct of his office management. 
 His office should be neat and clean and fitted with 
 modern office furniture adapted to the needs of his work. 
 Letters, report cards, and the like should be kept in their 
 proper places and not scattered about the office. The 
 office should not be a dressing room. 
 
90 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Records of the Department should be accurate in every 
 detail. Guessing is not good business. They should be 
 simple but complete, recording all the essential operations 
 of the Department. Such records as are required by 
 City, State, and International Committees should be kept 
 and tabulated in conformity with the report sheets fur- 
 nished by those bodies, so that figures given may be uni- 
 form with those of other Associations. A special record 
 book is issued by Association Press. 
 
 I. Locker Room Records, There should be a tripli- 
 cate card index for members holding lockers in the Phys- 
 ical Department. On one, for filing alphabetically, 
 should appear the member's name, address, telephone 
 number, membership card number, locker number, date 
 of joining, date of expiration, and such other data as 
 may be found helpful. On another, for filing numeri- 
 cally, the name, date of joining, date of expiration, and 
 the calendar months and days of the year, so that attend- 
 ance can be kept. On a third, for filing according to 
 locker number (or if the box scheme is used, the num- 
 ber of the member's box), should be the name, date of 
 entrance, and date of expiration. All these cards should 
 be filed in a convenient cabinet and be available only to 
 the physical director and such of his stafif as may be re- 
 quired to consult them. No member should be allowed 
 to handle membership records. 
 
 If keys are used in connection with the locker or pad- 
 lock they 'should be hung on hooks in a cabinet which 
 can be securely locked. Small round cardboard tags 
 with metal rim, perforated near edge, one and one- 
 quarter inches in diameter, and of various colors, may 
 be hung with each key to give definite information re- 
 garding certain facts, for example : 
 
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 91 
 
 Red tag — Membership due. 
 
 Blue tag — Gymnasium member. 
 
 Yellow tag — Gymnasium and plunge. 
 
 Pink tag — Locker or box vacant. 
 
 White tag — Call at office. 
 On the above tag may be placed the member's number, 
 name, locker or box number. Lockers should be as- 
 signed at the Physical Department office. All fees and 
 deposits should be made at the general office. 
 
 Where the examinations are compulsory, and they al- 
 ways should be, no locker ought to be assigned without 
 presentation of a signed certificate of such examination. 
 If a combination lock is used a card with full directions 
 for the working of the combination should be given. 
 On the back of this card are given a few simple rules 
 for the use of the Physical Department. In all cases 
 the member should be furnished with a copy of the rules 
 under which he is to conduct himself while in the De- 
 partment. 
 
 At the time the lockers are assigned a record should 
 be made either on a duplicate pad or on the permanent 
 record cards. 
 
 Thirty days before the expiration of membership the 
 general office should write the member a letter mention- 
 ing the fact. This letter should be followed by others 
 as the case may demand. If the member does not re- 
 new within ten days after date of expiration of mem- 
 bership, or signify his intention of doing so, he should 
 be notified that his locker has been vacated. A record 
 of the clothing taken from the locker should be made on 
 cards kept for that purpose, or this may be printed on the 
 back of the record card of attendance. These cards 
 should be filed with the expiration cards and when goods 
 
92 PH YSICAL ED UCA TION 
 
 have been called for the card should be receipted and 
 filed. If goods are otherwise disposed of, a record of 
 the facts must be made. 
 
 The clothing taken from lockers should be put in bags 
 or tied in neat bundles and tagged with name, locker 
 number, and date of removal. Ordinarily these goods 
 should not be kept more than sixty days after date of 
 expiration, and this rule should be stated on the mem- 
 bership ticket or locker card. 
 
 2. Attendance Records, An accurate record of at- 
 tendance in the Department is essential. This may be 
 kept by means of the card mentioned under '' Locker 
 Room Records " on page 90. This, card contains the 
 year's calendar, and the attendance may be punched or 
 checked on the same. The member gives his number 
 when entering the Department, and the attendant, then or 
 later, checks it on the card. Visitors may be counted by 
 their pass cards.. Other methods are the use of the 
 Moore loose leaf filing system,^ and by taking record of 
 half -hour periods when men enter the Department. In 
 some Associations the membership ticket is deposited on 
 entering the Department and returned on leaving, a rec- 
 ord being kept of such ticket. To insure accuracy and 
 adequate control, all visitors should pass into the Depart- 
 ment through the same entrance. 
 
 An attendance record of members taking part in vari- 
 ous activities is very desirable. This may be easily ob- 
 tained by the following method: Have a long narrow 
 box divided into compartments marked class, swimming, 
 bath, handball, etc. The attendant asks a man his ac- 
 tivity and slips a card marked with the member's num- 
 ber into the appropriate compartment. The cards in the 
 
 1 John C. Moore Corporation, Rochester, N. Y. 
 
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 93 
 
 various compartments are counted the next morning and 
 can be checked on the member's card. These can be 
 used to follow up members and also for getting in touch 
 with individuals for games and athletics. 
 
 3. Records of Competition, Demonstration, etc. 
 These should be kept accurately and filed in suitable 
 cases in the Department under the following heads : 
 (a). Competitions: 
 
 (i). Group Contest; kind; number of teams; 
 
 number of contestants ; result of games ; date 
 
 and place ; number of spectators, etc. 
 
 (2). Athletics; name, date, place; event, record, 
 
 etc. 
 
 (b). Demonstrations: Date, character, number of 
 
 participants ; number of spectators, etc. 
 These records can be kept on the *' loose leaf " pre- 
 viously mentioned for keeping records of the other ac- 
 tivities. 
 
 Alphabetical files of men interested in special features 
 of work such as athletics, handball, aquatics, etc., will 
 be found helpful. 
 
 Similar records should be kept of all the activities con- 
 ducted under the extension policy of the Department. 
 
 Correspondence 
 
 A first essential is that all correspondence in connec- 
 tion with the Department be given prompt attention. 
 Letters should be filed either under the name of the 
 correspondent or according to their subject-matter or 
 both. Such correspondence should not be considered as 
 the personal property of the physical director and in the 
 event of his changing fields all material relating to the 
 local work should be left on file for his successor. 
 
g4 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 All periodicals, health literature, and similar matter 
 should be kept in separate files. An up-to-date filing 
 system should be installed. 
 
 Publicity 
 
 The importance of good advertising for extending the 
 use and influence of the Department cannot be overesti- 
 mated. 
 
 Money is often wasted here, but good advertising will 
 bring adequate returns. Avoid cheapness, be honest, do 
 not make exaggerated and extravagant statements. The 
 Association must be fully prepared to furnish the privi- 
 leges advertised. The part of the work that appeals to 
 the majority is class instruction, and in advertising, this 
 should receive emphasis. The Department activities 
 should be presented so as to create an impression in the 
 public mind of a well-balanced program, thoroughly scien- 
 tific and having for its purpose the maintenance of health 
 and the development of Christian manhood. 
 
 Descriptive material should be brief and all illustra- 
 tions made from good photographs of activities that best 
 represent the work. Pictures of circus performances or 
 special acrobatic stunts should be avoided except where 
 used to illustrate social features. Best printers only 
 should be employed. 
 
 I. Prospectus. If this material is to become a part 
 of an Association booklet, it should be given its proper 
 place from the standpoint of advertising value and sales- 
 manship and should be placed first in order, if the mem- 
 bership in the Association is found largely in this De- 
 partment. 
 
 The general Association prospectus can usually deal 
 with the departmental work only in brief; therefore its 
 
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 95 
 
 most attractive features should be given prominence. In 
 most of the large Associations a separate departmental 
 prospectus is issued. This should contain a detailed de- 
 scription of the work, profusely illustrated with the best 
 of halftone cuts and be attractively printed on good 
 paper. It should be carefully distributed. Leads and 
 requests for the prospectus may be obtained through the 
 liberal use of return postal cards, dodgers and leaflets, 
 and through newspaper advertising, requesting the reader 
 to write for further information. 
 
 The satisfied member is the best advertisement. A 
 large per cent of new members join because of having 
 friends in the Association and advantage should be taken 
 of this fact by requesting members to introduce their 
 friends to the officials of the Association, also by allow- 
 ing a member to extend to a friend who may be a pros- 
 pective member the use of the privileges free for a short 
 period, and by the informal '* get-one " campaign. 
 
 2. Newspaper Advertising. This should be under- 
 taken with care, as here money may be easily squandered. 
 If undertaken, it should be timely and the space used 
 sufficiently large to attract attention. The advertise- 
 ments should be inserted on the sporting page and it is 
 often best done through advertising agents. A study 
 made in one city of the results obtained from the same 
 advertisement inserted in the Sunday and in the week- 
 day issues showed twenty-two per cent more replies in 
 favor of the week-day issue. 
 
 The systematic cultivation of the press is one of the 
 best methods of keeping the Association before the pub- 
 lic. Unfortunately, basketball, athletics, and competitive 
 sports are the things mentioned most often in the news- 
 papers, whereas some things connected with the more 
 
96 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 important phases of the work receive limited mention, 
 as they are not considered news. Frequently this gives 
 the public a wrong impression. 
 
 The best methods of cultivating the press are: First, 
 having a reporter in the Association membership who is 
 in sympathy with the broad work of the Department; 
 second, cultivating the acquaintance of sporting editors; 
 third, cultivating reporters to whom material may be 
 sent; fourth, keeping the papers informed of special 
 events; fifth, systematically cultivating and constantly 
 keeping in touch with the press through the sending of 
 other material of public interest not strictly related to 
 the local Association. 
 
 3. Other Methods, The use of return postals on 
 which are stated some important facts of interest, and 
 asking the recipient to send the return part, with the 
 name and address, for fuller information; brief and 
 pointed personal letters to business and professional 
 men; liberal distribution of dodgers, cards and blotters 
 and novelty postal cards will prove of value. 
 
 In many cities the police or polling lists may be ob- 
 tained for circularizing. These give the age, occupation, 
 color, and address of all voters. 
 
 Well-placed attractive bulletin boards, posters, and 
 window cards may be made use of, especially at the open- 
 ing of the season's activities. 
 
 A Department *' bulletin board '' is valuable, if neat 
 and attractive. Make the headlines legible and " catchy.*' 
 Good and appropriate cartoons will be helpful. If type- 
 written material is used, let it be well spaced, in different 
 colored inks, if possible, and divided into sections each 
 with its own heading. Keep the board fresh, changing 
 often. 
 
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 97 
 
 A good visitors' gallery is another excellent means of 
 advertising, but should not be allowed to degenerate into 
 a loafing place. 
 
 Exhibitions held at regular intervals, open to the pub- 
 lic, in which is shown the regular work of the Depart- 
 ment, will be found of great help. Athletic meets may- 
 be made fruitful in the same manner. All printed pro- 
 grams should call attention to the Department privileges. 
 
 Inviting a group of men from a number of large busi- 
 ness houses, factories, offices, banks, or church clubs 
 and classes, for an evening in the Department, will, if 
 properly conducted, bring results. On these occasions 
 the program should include men from the stores, fac- 
 tories, or clubs from which the visiting groups come, if 
 there be such in the membership. 
 
 The cultivation of the membership and committees is 
 essential to the best results of the work in the Depart- 
 ment. Sending a letter or a nicely worded postal card 
 to the man who is not attending will show that he is not 
 forgotten. Sending notices and reports will be found 
 helpful. 
 
 Where possible, it is advisable to have all advertising 
 and printed matter clear through one man. Especially 
 is this true in the larger Associations. 
 
 The stereopticon has been found useful in advertising 
 campaigns in some cities. The apparatus, mounted on 
 some vehicle, is moved to dififerent advantageous points, 
 where the slides, cartoons, and printed matter are thrown 
 upon blank walls or canvas erected for the purpose. 
 Printed matter may be distributed among the onlookers. 
 
 Talks before men's church clubs and other men's or- 
 ganizations in the city give publicity to the work. 
 
98 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Following Up the Membership 
 
 Many members drop out through carelessness, others 
 through dissatisfaction with either the equipment or con- 
 duct of the work. Every effort should be made to dis- 
 cover by personal visitation or correspondence their rea- 
 sons for leaving, for many times a member can be re- 
 tained by reawakening his interest or by a frank discussion 
 of adverse criticisms. The physical director through 
 this means may also gain information which will aid him 
 in making the work of the Department more efficient. 
 
 Supervision of the Physical Department 
 
 1. Control. The cost of maintenance is an important 
 item and in planning a building this should be kept in 
 mind, so that it may be reduced to a minimum consistent 
 with efficiency. When this has not been done it may 
 be wise to change the construction even after the build- 
 ing has been erected, in order to secure the desired re- 
 sults. 
 
 The attempt should be made to have the same indi- 
 vidual control the entrance to the gymnasium, locker 
 rooms, and showers. The one in charge of the nata- 
 torium, however, should not be asked to look after any 
 other section during the hours when the pool is open 
 for use. This recommendation is made in order to guard 
 against possible drowning accidents. The attendant 
 should be a good swimmer and have passed a recognized 
 life-saving test. The door to the natatorium should be 
 locked when there is no water in the pool or when there 
 is no one in charge. 
 
 2. Inspection. The apparatus, especially that which is 
 suspended, should be frequently inspected for worn parts 
 or loose belts or screws. Flaws in the apparatus may 
 
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 99 
 
 result in serious accidents. A general inspection of the 
 whole department equipment every morning by the di- 
 rector or one of his assistants is advisable. Repairs 
 should be made promptly. Broken dumb-bells, wands, 
 and clubs or their hangings should either be removed 
 or replaced at once. Mats should be carefully looked 
 after as a few stitches will sometimes prevent serious 
 damage. When the tufting cords become broken they 
 should be either replaced or the mats taken out of com- 
 mission, for, if they are used in this condition the felt 
 will become broken and the mats rendered useless. 
 
 Repair promptly loose tiling, broken cement, leaky 
 shower heads and valves. 
 
 3. Janitors and Good Housekeeping. A director's 
 success is often measured by his housekeeping. A well- 
 kept place has a direct moral effect upon the members 
 and upon the employes as well. Uncleanness is inex- 
 cusable. If the organization is small and employs no 
 superintendent of buildings, the physical director shouK 
 have under his charge a janitor for a certain specified 
 period. If possible, the entire time of at least one jani- 
 tor should be assigned to the Physical Department. The 
 physical director, unless the janitor is very unusual, may 
 have to systematize and supervise his work, telling him 
 just what to do and how to do it. 
 
 In large Associations the janitorial force is under the 
 direction of an expert building superintendent, and all 
 matters pertaining to upkeep should be discussed with 
 him and not with the janitors personally. 
 
 4. Sanitation. The first esseritial of a gymnasium is 
 that it shall be clean. The floor should be swept thor- 
 oughly every day. Wet sawdust sprinkled on the floor 
 will lay the dust and make it cling to the broom or brush. 
 
100 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 An oil-soaked cover on the broom will also prevent the 
 dust from spreading and in addition give to the floor a 
 freshened appearance. The floor should be mopped 
 weekly or oftener, but the use of washing soda or powder 
 must never be allowed, as it dissolves the oil out of the 
 floor. The addition of an antiseptic to the water is ad- 
 visable. All the apparatus, both fixed and movable, 
 should be treated daily with a moist cloth or duster. 
 The running track and the mats should be gone over 
 daily, if possible, with a vacuum cleaner. Painted mats 
 do not absorb the dust and are easily cleaned. The mats 
 of every gymnasium should be sterilized frequently, as 
 infection may be spread by accumulated sweat and dirt. 
 
 At least once a year the walls of the gymnasium, baths, 
 etc., should be washed with a disinfecting solution and 
 every nook and corner thoroughly cleansed. A similar 
 application should be made to the lockers, which should 
 be scrubbed inside and out and all dusty clothes removed. 
 Where possible a thorough fumigation of the plant is 
 recommended. The use of non-spilling cuspidors, con- 
 taining a germicidal preparation, or better still, running 
 water cuspidors, should be furnished. These must be 
 cleansed daily. A shower bath with the use of soap by 
 members should be insisted upon before entering the 
 pool, and the wearing of swimming suits, trunks, or 
 other clothing should be strictly prohibited. 
 
 Many efficient filters are on the market and as a rule 
 the water may be kept clean and safe for a considerable 
 period through their installation. The occasional ad- 
 dition of hypochloride of lime or its continued applica- 
 tion through a chlorinator is recommended by many to 
 keep down the bacterial content. 
 
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT loi 
 
 Discolored tile may be cleansed by the use of a solution 
 of hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Watch must be kept to detect and eliminate venereal 
 disease. 
 
 Men with weak hearts and those subject to fainting 
 spells or epileptic fits should be denied the use of the 
 Department but especially of the pool unless closely super- 
 vised. 
 
 Bathroom and locker room floors should receive daily 
 mopping. 
 
 Urinals and closets should not only be kept scru- 
 pulously cleansed but the closet seats should be fre- 
 quently washed with an antiseptic preparation. Sanitary 
 fountains and individual towels only, should be fur- 
 nished. 
 
 The mouthpiece of the spirometer in the examination 
 room should be washed with a tasteless antiseptic so- 
 lution before using; such mouthpieces should be non- 
 absorbent, or wooden ones, which may be destroyed after 
 use, may be purchased at a small cost. 
 
 A sterilizing room may be installed where towels and 
 clothing can be submitted to thorough treatment. 
 
 Most gymnasiums are kept too warm. A temperature 
 of not over 65 degrees is advisable. The bathrooms 
 should be warm (over 70 degrees) and well- ventilated. 
 Baths should not be located in the same room with the 
 lockers, as the excessive humidity and heat make it un- 
 pleasant for those dressing and also prevent the clothing 
 in the lockers from drying properly. Every morning all 
 windows in the gymnasium and locker rooms and bath- 
 rooms should be opened for thorough ventilation. 
 
 Partitions and other obstacles that keep out sunlight 
 
I02 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 and prevent circulation of air should be avoided. Dirt, 
 darkness, and foul air are the enemies of health. 
 Cleanliness is a hygienic law. An equipment though not 
 elaborate will be exceedingly attractive if clean. 
 
 5. Supplies, a. Clothing. Unless the employed staff 
 is large, or a special clerk is in charge, it is better to 
 place gymnasium supplies on sale in a general Asso- 
 ciation store, where educational and other supplies are 
 handled. The question as to whether the Association 
 should sell gymnasium clothing is a debatable one. Its 
 advantages are : It is a convenience to members, aids in 
 establishing a uniform costume if desired, and is a source 
 of income. The possible disadvantages are those inci- 
 dental to selling goods. It is often unwise, especially in 
 small cities, to compete with business firms. Physical 
 directors or other employes should not manage such a 
 business venture as a form of personal income, or have 
 such apply on their salaries. A cash register is a con- 
 venient method of checking sales. 
 
 b. Clubs. All supplies for the wrestling, fencing, and 
 other clubs should be ordered through the general busi- 
 ness office of the Association. It is bad policy to allow 
 representatives of these organizations to contract bills in 
 the name of the Association. 
 
 c. Renting of Towels. Arrangements should be made 
 so that members can rent towels from the Association at 
 a cost not to exceed three cents each. Soap also should 
 be on sale. Many Associations now furnish small cakes 
 at a penny each, or include soap with the towel. The 
 charge for towel and soap are determined by the cost of 
 material and laundering. To insure the return of towels 
 by members, a common practice is to require a member 
 to bring back to the counter the used towel in return for 
 
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 103 
 
 the membership ticket which he left for deposit when 
 entering the locker room. Another method is to give 
 each member a brass check on which a deposit of twenty- 
 five cents is made. The member carries the check and 
 gives it to the clerk at the time of receiving the towel 
 and this check is returned when the towel is brought 
 back. Failure to return the towel causes forfeiture of 
 the check. 
 
 Handling the New Members 
 
 A systematic procedure should be followed in the As- 
 sociation office for introducing the new member into the 
 Physical Department. The importance of making an 
 early appointment for physical examination should be 
 emphasized. Where possible these appointments should 
 be made at the Department office, but in many Associ- 
 ations it will be found necessary to make them in the 
 general office. This appointment should be for a time 
 and date to suit the earliest convenience of the member. 
 The new member is given a '' Personal History " card 
 on which is wTitten at the time of appointment, his name, 
 m.aiHng address and telephone number, character of 
 privilege applied for, and the date and time of his ap- 
 pointment. This card the applicant is asked to fill out 
 and bring with him to his examination. It should call 
 for information about as follows : 
 
 Age. 
 
 Occupation (past and present). 
 Married or single. 
 
 Early education : grammar school, public or private, 
 hio-h school, college. 
 
 Personal history; past illness and injuries. 
 Past physical training. 
 
104 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Use of stimulants and narcotics; e. g., alcohol, tobacco, 
 tea, cofifee, etc. 
 
 Hours of work, sleep, recreation, and exercise. 
 
 Present condition. 
 
 (See Appendix, page 283, for sample card.) 
 
 Ample space should be left for noting any special matters 
 relating to physical life and habits of the applicant. 
 Mention should also be made that all the information 
 given will be kept strictly confidential. 
 
 One of the most important duties, if not the most im- 
 portant, of the physical director is the meeting of the new 
 members. The first impression of a young man in 
 strange surroundings are the most lasting. Carelessness 
 or indifference shown at this time may seriously affect 
 future relations. A courteous, dignified, and sympa- 
 thetic attitude removes much of his nervousness and 
 restraint. 
 
 The Physical Examination 
 
 Purpose. The purpose of the examination is four- 
 fold. 
 
 1. To discover the present condition of the applicant. 
 
 2. To discover his present need. 
 
 3. To guide in an intelligent application of the work 
 to meet these conditions and needs. 
 
 4. To relate the member to the work of the Depart- 
 ment and the Association as a whole, with reference to 
 his physical, mental, and moral needs and qualifications. 
 
 Arrangements should be made for the frequent exami- 
 nation of those members who are participating in active 
 and severe competition. 
 
 The examiner may be the physical director, if he is 
 fully qualified by training and experience, or one of a 
 
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 105 
 
 corps of physicians that volunteer their services for this 
 work. These volunteer examiners should be fully in- 
 structed as to the character of the examination and the 
 special points to be emphasized. Where many examina- 
 tions must be made within a short time, a large group 
 may be handled by a number of physicians, preferably 
 specialists, working together, each examining a particu- 
 lar function. In other cases a preliminary vital exami- 
 nation may be given and an appointment made for a 
 more complete study at a later period. 
 
 Routine to be Observed. The following routine is 
 suggested in making the examination : 
 
 1. Study of Personal History Data. While the mem- 
 ber is preparing for his examination, a careful study 
 should be made of the information furnished on the per- 
 sonal history blank. This may serve as an important 
 guide. 
 
 2. Questioning. By skillful questioning much addi- 
 tional information may be obtained regarding the mem- 
 ber's personal habits, peculiarities, and special reasons 
 for joining the Association. 
 
 3. Inspection. Look for superficial signs of defects 
 or disease, note the facial expression and contour, mode 
 of breathing, skin conditions, deformities, etc., also the 
 muscular development and tone, the degree of vitality, 
 amount of adipose tissue present, temperament, and any 
 other points which may have a bearing on the more de- 
 tailed examination. 
 
 4. The Examination. A careful examination should 
 be made of the following structures and in about the 
 order named: 
 
 a. Heart, bloodvessels, and circulation. 
 
io6 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 b. Respiratory tract, including lungs, nose, throat, and 
 teeth. 
 
 c. Special senses, eye and ear. 
 
 d. Spinal column for curvatures and faulty positions 
 of the head, shoulders, and trunk. 
 
 e. Feet and legs, signs of broken-down arches, etc. 
 
 f . External genitalia, for hernia, varicocele, hydrocele, 
 phimosis, and signs of present or past venereal diseases. 
 
 5. Personal Advice to Members should be based upon : 
 
 a. The defects found. 
 
 b. The general condition of health, kind and amount 
 of exercise required. 
 
 c. Social and educational needs. Relation to the work 
 of the Department. Daily occupation and personal de- 
 velopment. 
 
 d. Religious experience and needs. 
 
 In addition to the general specific advice given by the 
 examiner, arrangements may be made for a more exhaus- 
 tive discussion of the religious life of the member 
 through cooperation with the religious work department 
 in the organization of a committee composed of men 
 especially fitted for doing this work. The data for intel- 
 ligently dealing with the member should be handed to the 
 interviewer at the time of his introduction to him. 
 
 Assignment to Locker 
 
 At this time full information should be given to the 
 new member regarding the privileges to which he is enti- 
 tled and the location of the various rooms of the Depart- 
 ment. He should be furnished a copy of the rules of 
 the Department, a schedule of activities, and any other 
 literature which will be of help to him. 
 
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 107 
 
 Assignment to Work 
 
 The physical director should always attempt to place 
 the new member in some organized class or group, prefer- 
 ably one in which he will have an inherent interest. Ar- 
 range also to introduce him to the one in charge of the 
 group selected and if he has no friends in the Depart- 
 ment, see that he meets one or more clean men, Christian 
 if possible, who hold the Association viewpoint. In ad- 
 dition, personal instruction should be given in any exer- 
 cises he may require to meet his special needs. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 
 
 MEMBERSHIP GROUPINGS 
 
 In order adequately to meet the physical needs of the 
 men and boys in the membership and community the 
 program of the institution should be planned with refer- 
 ence to their ages or occupations or both, as follows : 
 
 1. According to Physiological Age: 
 
 a. Pre-pubescent, representing roughly ages 12-14, weight up 
 
 to 95 lbs. 
 
 b. Pubescent, representing roughly ages 14-16, weight up to 
 
 95-115 lbs. 
 
 c. Post-pubescent, representing roughly ages 16-21, weight up 
 
 to 1 15-125 lbs. 
 
 d. Younger matured, representing roughly ages 21-25, weight 
 
 125 lbs. and over. 
 
 e. Older matured, representing roughly ages 25 and over. 
 
 The findings of various investigators of age groupings 
 are not uniform and as considerable overlapping must 
 occur, latitude must be allowed when dividing the mem- 
 bership according to chronological age. 
 
 Wherever possible Dr. C. Ward Crampton's index 
 should be used as a most satisfactory and easy method 
 for determining groupings according to physiological age. 
 
 2. According to Natural Groupings: 
 Boys 
 
 a. Schoolboys 
 
 Grammar school 12-14 
 
 High school 
 
 Younger group 14-16 
 
 Older group 16-18 
 
 108 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 109 
 
 b. Employed Boys 
 
 Younger group 14-16 
 
 Older group 16-18 
 
 Men 
 
 a. Sedentary Workers 
 
 Office and store clerks 18-25 
 
 Younger business men 25-40 
 
 Older business men 40 and over 
 
 b. Those whose occupations demand vigorous use of 
 large general muscle groups. 
 
 c. Those whose occupations are more or less seden- 
 tary or limited as to space and require the use of small 
 and limited muscle groups. 
 
 J. Special Groups: 
 
 Leaders, clubs, college students, civil service men, 
 clergymen, newspaper men, wrestlers, fencers, etc. 
 
 Results Sought 
 
 In planning a program for the various groups certain 
 definite results are sought as follows : 
 
 1. Hygienic. Gaining and maintaining health and or- 
 ganic vigor, through exercise, and instruction in all mat- 
 ters pertaining to healthful living. 
 
 2. Educational. Gaining control of the neuro-mus- 
 cular apparatus through tactics, calisthenics, gymnastics, 
 and the more formal types of exercise. 
 
 3. Ethical and Social. The gaining of self-control, 
 respect for the rights of others, and cooperation for the 
 help of others, through group games and sports, and 
 general supervision of the conduct of the members in 
 the Department. 
 
 The following outline is suggested for arranging the 
 program according to the age of members to obtain the 
 above results: 
 
no 
 
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Pre- Pubescent Group (Roughly 12 to 14 years of age). 
 
 HYGIENIC 
 
 Results Sought 
 Securing of correct posture. 
 Moderate muscular effort. 
 Moderate effect on circula- 
 tion and respiration. 
 
 Type of Work 
 Calisthenics : 
 Corrective and general mus- 
 cular movements; jumping; 
 vaulting ; running ; folk 
 dancing; games for hygienic 
 effect. 
 
 In this period growth in weight and height is reduced 
 to the minimum. The boy tires easily and all work 
 should be moderate in amount with frequent periods of 
 rest. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL 
 
 1. Coordination of the large 
 
 muscle groups. 
 
 2. A sense of correct and exact 
 
 muscular movement (what 
 is popularly known as 
 form). 
 
 1. Calisthenics with or with- 
 
 out apparatus, including 
 fancy steps for coordina- 
 tion. 
 
 2. Swimming. 
 
 3. Jumping and vaulting and 
 
 exercises on apparatus re- 
 quiring momentary sup- 
 port with special refer- 
 ence to developing accu- 
 racy of movement. 
 
 ETHICAL AND SOCIAL 
 
 Obedience to law: 
 
 a. Of the department. 
 
 b. Of games and sports. 
 Respect for the rights of 
 
 others. 
 
 Informal games and sport in 
 individual contests : athletics ; 
 handball ; basket ball, etc., used 
 simply as play. 
 
 Pubescent Group (Roughly from 14 to 16 years of age). 
 
 HYGIENIC 
 
 Results Sought 
 I. Maintentince and securing 
 
 of correct posture. 
 
 2. Increased muscular power. 
 
 3. Increased vigor of heart 
 
 and lungs. 
 
 Type of Work 
 Calisthenics : 
 Corrective and vigorous ex- 
 ercise involving the large 
 muscle groups; jumping; 
 running; vaulting games, 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM in 
 
 As this is the period when there is a strong tendency 
 to overdo, incentives should be minimized and the need 
 of restraint be recognized. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL 
 
 1. Supply deficiency of train- Calisthenics : 
 
 ing in coordination and For coordination, including 
 
 accurate muscular sense fancy steps ; exercises on ap- 
 
 (form). paratus requiring moderate 
 
 2. Training in handling the length of support and in- 
 
 body by means of the arms creasing complexity, 
 
 and shoulders. 
 
 ETHICAL AND SOCIAL 
 
 1. Supply deficiency in training Games and sports in groups, 
 
 in obedience to the law of requiring cooperation (team 
 
 the individual. play), basket ball, baseball, 
 
 2. Obedience to group law. group athletics, etc. 
 
 3. Cooperation within the 
 
 group. 
 
 4. Subserviency of the indi- 
 
 vidual to the interest of 
 the group. 
 
 5. A keen sense of justice in 
 
 dealing with other groups. 
 
 Post-Pubescent Group (16 to 20 years of age). 
 
 HYGIENIC 
 
 Results Sought Type of Work 
 
 1. Correction and maintenance Calisthenics: 
 
 of posture. ^ Corrective and vigorous 
 
 2. Development and mainte- muscular movements; jump- 
 
 nance of full muscular ing, vaulting, running, 
 
 power and vitality. games, wrestling, boxing, etc. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL 
 Supply and^ continue training Calisthenics: 
 in coordination and accuracy of Fencing, apparatus work, 
 
 movement (grace). full program. 
 
 ETHICAL AND SOCIAL 
 
 Supply deficiency of previous i. Continuation of games and 
 training in personal and group sports of former groups, 
 
 relationships. 2. Development of leadership, 
 
 for basket ball, baseball 
 and groups. 
 
112 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Younger Matured Group (21 to 25 years of age). 
 
 HYGIENIC 
 
 Results Sought Type of Work 
 
 Maintenance of organic vigor. Calisthenics : 
 
 Corrective exercises and 
 continuation of same work 
 as in former group in 
 greater intensity. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL 
 
 Supplement and supply as Continuation of work of for- 
 much as possible deficient mer groups with diminishing 
 training of former periods. emphasis on exercises for edu- 
 
 cational effect. 
 
 ETHICAL AND SOCIAL 
 Development of social interest Continuation of the group 
 and cooperation in social ser- plan, emphasizing the social 
 vice. features. This is the period 
 
 in which loyalty to the organ- 
 ization may be developed. 
 
 Older Matured Group (25 years of age and over). 
 
 HYGIENIC 
 
 Results Sought Type of Work 
 
 Maintenance of organic vigor Main work of this group is the 
 and vitality. maintenance of health and vi- 
 
 tality by means of calisthenics, 
 games of individual interest 
 seeking pleasurable vigorous 
 exercises. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL 
 
 Only very limited results can Very small proportion of the 
 be expected after the age of purely educational factor 
 twenty-five in supplying lack should enter into the work, 
 of coordination due to defec- It is only incidental, 
 tive training in former periods, 
 but perhaps some attempt 
 should be made. 
 
 ETHICAL AND SOCIAL 
 Continuation of social service. Fair dealing. Social equality. 
 
 Association and community in- 
 terests. 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 113 
 
 DAY'S ORDER 
 
 It is essential to the successful and efficient operation 
 of any class session that it should have a definite order 
 of procedure arranged according to the needs of the 
 group. This has been called the day's order. 
 
 The exercises in every day's order should be arranged 
 to obtain the following results: 
 
 1. A gradual beginning. 
 
 2. An increasing intensity. 
 
 3. An increasing complexity. 
 
 4. A maximum intensity. 
 
 5. Gradually increasing intensity. 
 
 6. Recreation and relation. 
 
 7. Bath and rubdown. 
 
 This has reference to all the activities in any one ses- 
 sion. The session may be divided into four periods as 
 follows : 
 
 /. Calisthenic Period 
 
 a. Exercise to gain attention, tactics, marching, etc. 
 
 b. Introductory exercises ; to secure correct posture and 
 to increase the respiration and circulation. 
 
 c. Exercises for educational efifect largely, control and 
 coordination. 
 
 d. Exercises involving large muscle groups. Hygienic 
 effect. 
 
 e. Exercises of decreasing intensity or those involving 
 smaller and limited groups of muscles. 
 
 2. Apparatus and Athletic Period 
 
 Work in this period can be arranged with reference 
 to its hygienic or educational value or both, but in any 
 case it should be made to fit into the preceding outline, 
 and should be progressive from day to day. (This 
 
114 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 period may be eliminated in business men's and other 
 
 groups.) 
 
 5. Recreation Period 
 
 The work of this period should be planned to provide 
 complete relaxation, through simple, informal, massed 
 games and sports either in the gymnasium or pool or 
 both. 
 4. The Bath and Rtibdown 
 
 Division of Period * 
 
 Three class sessions a week are recommended for each 
 group. 
 
 The relative time given to the different periods in each 
 session are recommended to be approximately as follows : 
 
 1. Pre-pubescent Group. Age 12-14. 
 Total time of class session, i hour. 
 Calisthenics period, 20 per cent, 13 minutes. 
 Formal type, 20 " " 12 minutes. 
 Recreation period, 60 " '^ 35 minutes. 
 In natatorium, 20 minutes. 
 
 If the length of the session be increased the first period 
 in all cases should remain approximately the same, the 
 increase being distributed over the two later periods. 
 
 2. Pubescent Group. Age 14-16. 
 
 Total time of class session, i 1/4 hours. 
 
 Calisthenics, 20 per cent, 15 minutes. 
 
 Formal type, 25 " " 20 minutes. 
 
 Recreation, 55 " '' 40 minutes. 
 
 In natatorium, 20 '* 
 In this group provision may be made for the character- 
 istic difference between high school and employed groups 
 of the same age. 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 115 
 
 High school groups may be given more of the formal 
 types of work by means of athletics, etc., while for the 
 employed boy apparatus work may well be used. 
 
 It is especially important in this group that discipline 
 should be emphasized. 
 
 3. PosT-puBESCENT Group. Employed boys. Age 
 16-18. 
 
 Total time of class session, i 1/4 hours. 
 Calisthenics, 25 per cent, 20-25 minutes. 
 
 Formal type, 25 '* '' 20-25 minutes. 
 
 Recreation, 50 " " 35 minutes. 
 
 In natatorium, 20-25 minutes 
 
 4. Office and Store Clerks. Age 18-21. 
 Total time of class session, i hour. 
 Calisthenics 35 per cent, 20 minutes. 
 Formal type, 50 " " 30 minutes. 
 Recreation 17 '' " 10 minutes. 
 
 5. Younger Business Men. Age 21-25. 
 Total time of class session, 3/4 hour. 
 
 (a) Afternoon group: 
 
 Calisthenics, 70 per cent, 30 minutes. 
 
 Recreation, 30 '* '' 15 minutes. 
 
 (b) Evening group : 
 
 Same as above group or group 4. 
 
 6. Older Business Men. Age 25 and over. 
 Total time of class session, 3/4 hour. 
 
 1 (The following division of the day's order was suggested by M. I. 
 Foss at the Eastern District Conference, Atlantic Conference, January 
 8-11, 1919. 
 
 Calisthenics Apparatus Work Athletics 
 Schoolboys 22% 18% 13% 
 
 Working Boys 23% 18% 15% 
 
 Young Men 20% 17% 12% 
 
 Business Men 36% 2% 11% 
 
 Games 
 
 Swimming 
 
 26% 
 
 24% 
 
 24% 
 
 22% 
 
 29% 
 
 16% 
 
 43% 
 
 x6% 
 
ii6 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Calisthenics, 70 per cent, 30 minutes. 
 
 Recreation, 30 '' '' 15 minutes. 
 
 Year's Program 
 
 In harmony with the poHcy presented to the Board of 
 Directors, a program for the year should be prepared 
 covering all the features of the work. 
 
 In preparing the program care should be taken that the 
 necessary balance be maintained, that all features receive 
 their proper emphasis. Two considerations should 
 guide : First, the relative values of the various activities, 
 and, second, the predominating interest in the member- 
 ship. '' Needs " should not be sacrificed to '' Wants " 
 however. Calisthenics, recreative games, and massed 
 work of all kinds should be given the large place, spe- 
 cialized athletics, gymnastics, etc., a subordinate place. 
 
 The activities may be divided into: (i) Winter Pro- 
 gram and (2) Summer Program. 
 
 I. Winter Program. 
 
 Beginning October ist and ending May ist. It may 
 be divided into two terms, the first beginning October 
 1st and ending January 15th; the second beginning Jan- 
 uary 15th and ending May ist. Or three terms: Fall, 
 Winter, Spring. 
 
 The program of work should make provision for every 
 group of men and boys represented in the membership 
 and be in harmony with its need as suggested in the pre- 
 vious outline. 
 
 a. Graded classes, including calisthenics, apparatus or 
 athletic work, and recreation. 
 
 By " graded class " is meant one in which its mem- 
 bers are graded according to ability, and the exercises 
 are graded according to their educational value. The 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 117 
 
 Organization of this class should be carefully planned and 
 the following suggestions will be found helpful. 
 
 (i) Registration of its members: As this class is to 
 have an educational basis, its attendance must be as 
 regular as possible. Each member should be registered, 
 and examined so that he can be placed in a grade suited 
 to his ability. Where possible, men who are congenial 
 should be placed in the same group so that the social 
 spirit will be fostered. 
 
 (2) Grading the men. The class may be divided into 
 three or five grades, as may be thought best, and each 
 grade is again divided into divisions in which there 
 should not be more than twelve or fifteen men, and better, 
 ten. When divisions are large the wait between the in- 
 dividual exercises is too long and the interest is likely to 
 flag. 
 
 (3) Leadership. This class is usually in charge of 
 the Leaders' Corps and when the massed class is broken 
 up into divisions for instruction in gymnastics or ath- 
 letics, each division is placed in charge of one of the 
 members of the corps whose duty it is to teach the ex- 
 ercises planned for it by the director. A leader may be 
 appointed to a division for a single session or for a term, 
 the latter being the most satisfactory as it enables him 
 to become acquainted with the members of his division 
 and is of value in establishing an esprit de corps in the 
 group. 
 
 (4) Grading the work. There are several graded out- 
 lines of gymnastics published by Association Press, all 
 of which are good. When athletics are part of the 
 *' Day's Order," they should also be graded. The leader 
 should have received thorough instruction so that he will 
 be familiar with the exercises he is to teach. 
 
Ii8 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 (5) Examination for Promotion. At the close of 
 each term an examination should be held for the purpose 
 of promoting to higher grade those who have attained a 
 sufficient standard in the work of their grade. This 
 should be a real test and only those who come up to a 
 definite standard should be allowed to pass to a higher 
 grade. 
 
 (6) Class Day. It promotes interest to arrange, at the 
 close of the season, a program covering the various fea- 
 tures of the work of the class and invite the public and 
 especially the friends of the members of the class to be 
 present. Every member of the class should be urged to 
 take part and if properly prepared it may be made one 
 of the best means of acquainting the public with the work 
 of the Department. 
 
 b. Classes for Business Men or others who cannot at- 
 tend regularly, and to whom gymnastic work does not 
 appeal. 
 
 Classes for business men are usually held in the late 
 afternoon or at the noon hour. The work usually con- 
 sists of a sharp calisthenic drill, a recreative feature, and 
 a run. In classes conducted at the noon hour the work 
 should be light and largely recreative. They should be 
 held before rather than after the meal, so as not to in- 
 terfere with the digestive processes. 
 
 For young men who cannot come regularly, and who 
 do not care for the graded class program, an evening 
 class may be arranged, in which the activities are similar 
 to those in the business men's group. 
 
 c. Informal Recreation Periods. In these periods, any 
 member may take part and the activities are purely rec- 
 reational. These informal games should not be allowed 
 to fall into the control of cliques. The leaders in the 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM iiQ 
 
 various sports should be changed often and every effort 
 should be made to interest the new members (see In- 
 formal Compensation, p. 123). 
 
 d. Organized Recreative and Competitive Features — 
 tournaments and leagues, in games, athletics and 
 aquatics (for organization, etc., see Formal Competition, 
 p. 125). 
 
 e. Organized Work in Special Features, such as box- 
 ing, wrestling, dancing, etc. Success in these activities 
 depends upon competent leadership, and when this can 
 be secured they form an important part of any program. 
 
 f. Demonstrations and Entertainments. In the year's 
 program provision should be made for demonstrations 
 of the regular and special features of the work, and for 
 entertainments of gymnastic or athletic character, to 
 which the public and especially the friends of the partici- 
 pants are invited. The purpose of these gatherings 
 should be to acquaint the community with the varied 
 character of the activities of the Department, and for 
 the social value which such gatherings should have. The 
 greatest care should be exercised in arranging these pro- 
 grams so as to insure a proper conception of the work, 
 by those attending. They also have an excellent effect in 
 interesting the members and promoting loyalty to the As- 
 sociation. (For a further discussion of social value, see 
 Social Program, p. 132.) 
 
 g. Activities, outside the Building, Many attractive 
 features may be organized in the open air, such as skat- 
 ing, snowshoeing, tramps, etc., and often appeal to men 
 who are not interested in the indoor program. 
 
 h. Special Training. Private instruction in boxing, 
 fencing, wrestling, swimming, and medical g}^mnastics, 
 may be planned if competent instructor? can be secured. 
 
120 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 It is, as a rule, not advisable for the physical director to 
 do this work himself as it is too trying and requires 
 time out of all proportion to the number of men reached. 
 
 2. Summer Program 
 
 Heretofore the greatest activity in the physical work 
 has been in the winter months. Then the gymnasium 
 classes are crowded and the activities are at high tide. 
 We have assumed that with the warm season men would 
 cease taking active exercise and so have planned little 
 for them, though it is in the summertime when men and 
 boys have most leisure and seek recreation and when they 
 really enjoy exercise most. 
 
 In recent years it has been found that if the work has 
 been rightly planned, properly announced, and its char- 
 acter changed, work in the gymnasium can be continued 
 throughout the entire summer. The majority of young 
 men have very short vacations, and must remain in the 
 city the greater part of the summer, and as the Associ- 
 ation building is usually centrally located, it is most ac- 
 cessible. 
 
 Now, if an individual does certain types of work when 
 he has the least time, it is to be expected that he will do 
 more when he has more time. If he does not, there 
 must be some psychological reason. His great need is 
 not less to do, but different things to do. Not inactivity, 
 but a change in activity fitted to the summer spirit. 
 
 The ordinary gymnasium schedules are too suggestive 
 of winter and therefore not advisable. Just as we have 
 discovered that education should not be limited to winter 
 terms, and that summer provides unusual opportunities 
 by simply changing the environment of the classroom to 
 the park, the garden or the roof, so physical work can 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 121 
 
 be conducted in the building by changing the type of 
 work. Even in as hot a section as the downtown portion 
 of a city it has been proven that gymnasium classes can 
 be conducted, with modifications in the type of exercise, 
 throughout the entire summer. 
 
 First of all the Association building and its accessories 
 should suggest the spirit of summer. There should be a 
 change in the furnishings. Curtains and heavy up- 
 holstery .should be displaced by things more seasonable. 
 Electric and other fans, plants, flowers, bubbling foun- 
 tains with clear, clean, cool water for drinking purposes 
 should be available. The roof or an adjacent lot may 
 be appropriately equipped and electrically lighted for 
 recreative games. As accessories to the regular work, 
 baseball scores can be announced and ofttimes music 
 afforded. 
 
 The calisthenic drills should be brief, snappy, and 
 happy and should be followed by recreative games. 
 Spring and summer tournaments in handball, volley ball, 
 and even indoor baseball are popular and hold interest. 
 The swimming pool can be made very attractive, and there 
 may be special effort to give instruction in swimming 
 and lifesaving with other features for the more ad- 
 vanced swimmers. Of course, the ideal plan is to trans- 
 fer the indoor work to out-of-doors and simply continue 
 the winter schedule in a different environment and with 
 a different day's order. Where an athletic field with 
 adequate facilities for all forms of athletic games and 
 sports is available this is possible. But it must be re- 
 membered that simply having a field is not sufficient. It 
 must be well supervised and an active and varied pro- 
 gram of activities provided. 
 
 Experience proves that a field near a body of water 
 
122 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 where bathing and boating privileges are available is 
 most popular. If it is out of the city any considerable 
 distance a clubhouse with dormitories can be a part of 
 the equipment. 
 
 Many Associations by force of circumstances will be 
 unable to provide such equipment, but this does not mean 
 that summer activity is impossible. (See Appendix, p. 
 230, for hints on organizing.) 
 
 The following program is suggestive : 
 
 a. Work inside the Building 
 
 (i) Informal classes in calisthenics and gymnastics 
 may be held where interest can be sustained. 
 
 (2) Informal, and sometimes organized, games and 
 sports in the gymnasium and especially in the 
 natatorium. 
 
 b. Work outside the Building 
 (i) Association athletic fields 
 
 (a) A thorough organization should be planned 
 for a systematic program in the various athletic 
 sports and games. 
 
 (b) The promotion of leagues and contests in the 
 various outdoor sports. 
 
 Where no athletic fields are provided but use can be 
 made of public parks and fields, the same type of work 
 may be conducted as suggested above. 
 
 (2) Camps 
 
 Every Association should provide opportunities 
 for camping for longer or shorter periods, such 
 as: 
 
 (a) Summer residential camps for the entire sea- 
 son, or 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM I23 
 
 (b) For shorter periods and week-end trips. 
 Provision can be made at these camps for conducting 
 all or part of the athletic and aquatic programs. 
 
 (3) Camping Trips 
 
 These may vary from week-end or single-night 
 trips to those extending over longer periods. 
 All these camping parties should be thoroughly organ- 
 ized under competent Christian supervision. 
 
 (4) Outings 
 
 Frequent tramps or trips by boat, rail, or street 
 cars, to places of interest may be arranged. 
 Guides or leaders who can point out places and things 
 of interest, or can conduct nature studies make these 
 outings both pleasurable and profitable. 
 
 (5) Vacation Bureaus 
 
 The procuring, tabulating, and dissemination of in- 
 formation about all classes of summer resorts, camps, 
 etc., where men may spend their vacations, including 
 places where it may be possible for men of small means 
 to have a vacation and where part or the whole of the 
 expense may be met by working part of the time, will be 
 found very helpful. 
 
 Program for Recreation and Competition 
 
 I. Informal Competition 
 
 In a well-balanced program of physical work recre- 
 ative activity will have a large place. Each class period 
 should be arranged so as to make ample provision for 
 informal recreation. This can be secured in two ways. 
 First, by introducing the recreative element into the vari- 
 ous physical activities, and, second, by organizing more 
 formal recreative games. In the former, recreative exer- 
 
124 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 cise can be introduced in some of the calisthenic drills by 
 using various athletic, boxing, fencing, and wrestling at- 
 titudes or positions. The heavy apparatus can be used 
 to get over and around in rapid and informal fashion. 
 
 All forms of play can be introduced in connection with 
 the more formal work, such as jumping over the elephant, 
 relay races around the apparatus or around Indian clubs, 
 and using the medicine ball in various ways. While the 
 physical director will, in portions of his day's order, in- 
 sist upon erect carriage, and accuracy in executing ex- 
 ercises, he should also keep in mind that his work must 
 be interesting, pleasing, and attractive. 
 
 From these informal phases of exercise the director 
 can proceed to games that have some form of organi- 
 zation, such as volley ball, battle ball, indoor baseball, in- 
 door hockey, ring hockey, and basket ball. 
 
 For class purposes these games must be modified so 
 as to make use of the largest possible number of players, 
 provide adequate muscular activity, a minimum risk of 
 injury, and demand little skill. The fewer rules the 
 better. Such games have the value of completely ab- 
 sorbing the interest of the players and of stimulating 
 regular attendance. The games should not, however, dis- 
 place other forms of activity which are essential. 
 
 Occasional informal tournaments in different games 
 will add greatly to the enthusiasm. 
 
 Business men's classes can be divided into teams, and 
 short time games played covering a brief series. 
 Friendly rivalry is healthy and stimulates the social life 
 of the group. A carnival made up of several varieties 
 of games so as to encourage a wider range of interest, 
 and an all-around development, is an excellent plan. In 
 all such activity the participation of the least skilled 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 125 
 
 must be encouraged, and provision made for them in the 
 scheme of scoring and enrolment. The following is a 
 suggestive Hst of sports: 
 
 a. Inside the Building: 
 Volley ball Hockey 
 Indoor baseball Soccer 
 
 Basket ball .Gymnastic games 
 
 Handball Swimming 
 
 Athletics Bowling, etc. 
 Group games 
 
 b. Outside the Building: 
 
 Many times an informal program of sports can be ar- 
 ranged for at a convenient point outside the building 
 either with special groups or where the entire member- 
 ship is invited to participate. Games such as baseball, 
 soccer, lacrosse, tennis, athletics, cross-country running, 
 winter sports, aquatics, etc., can be used at such gather- 
 ings. 
 
 2. Formal Competition 
 
 General statement. Formal competitions are those in 
 which individuals or groups strive to win special recog- 
 nition in the winning of prizes or honorable mention. 
 
 From informal types of recreation, it is a natural step 
 to more formal competition. Many Associations find it 
 good practice to set aside a definite period for competitive 
 games, and provide for interclass competition, group 
 games, membership athletic meets, etc., with or without 
 trophies, to which friends of members are invited. 
 
 So long as competition is confined to the membership, 
 there is little difficulty in rnanaging it, and the results 
 are beneficial. 
 
126 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 When, however, competitive relations in athletics and 
 sports with other organizations are undertaken, the con- 
 ditions are altered and more careful supervision is needed. 
 The spirit of the contest often becomes tense, a higher 
 degree of specialization is demanded, and a system of 
 training on the part of the players required. 
 
 Whenever a policy of open competition is decided 
 upon, it should be approved and supported by the Phys- 
 ical Department committee. 
 
 The competitors and members of the team must be 
 made acquainted with the policy of the Association in 
 the regulation of such activities. Definite schedules for 
 practice periods for games must be arranged in advance 
 and faithfully adhered to in practice. Many Associ- 
 ations have suffered severely because policies have not 
 been framed in advance and conscientiously followed. 
 In adopting a policy in reference to competitive athletics, 
 the following should be insisted upon : 
 
 Only men who represent in fair degree the Association 
 ideals should be selected to represent the Association. 
 
 The number of games to be played both in the As- 
 sociation building and elsewhere must be decided. 
 The manner in which participants are to be selected 
 should be clear. In every case only members in good 
 standing for a reasonable period should be eligible. A 
 plain statement should be made of the policy followed in 
 the Association regarding traveling expenses, entry fees, 
 or honoraria of any sort. Too frequently groups or 
 cliques of young men have formed in Associations and 
 have demanded special privileges, undue attentions, and 
 discriminations, thus perverting the motive of such sports. 
 Athletics in the Association are justified only on the basis 
 that they make f pr health and character. 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 127 
 
 The physical director and Physical Department com- 
 mittee must be acquainted with the correspondence and 
 the plans of the managers of Association teams. Re- 
 lations with other teams should be in accordance with 
 the amateur platform and the spirit stated in the pro- 
 nouncement published in the Handbook of the Athletic 
 League of Young Men's Christian Associations of North 
 America of which League every Association should be 
 a member. The Association should have relations with 
 only those teams which are related to some reputable 
 governing body or institution except where special agree- 
 ment can be made with those not so related by which 
 their amateur standing is ascertained. 
 
 The members' welfare must be protected by the Asso- 
 ciation and care exercised that only those in good physical 
 condition participate. The zeal of some must be checked 
 lest they overdo or over-emphasize the importance of 
 sport, and permit it to take too much of their time, 
 strength, and attention. 
 
 When teams go away from the Association building 
 they should be in charge of a responsible leader or man- 
 ager. 
 
 The physical director himself must be particularly 
 careful not to allow the desire for victory to warp his 
 judgment, but should exemplify in his own conduct the 
 ideal sportsman he expects others to be. 
 
 When athletics are conducted in accordance with the 
 foregoing suggestions they stimulate good-fellowship, a 
 desirable social spirit, and loyalty to the Association. 
 
 Types 
 
 I. Group. Contests in which the record of the in- 
 dividual or team is credited to the score of the group of 
 
128 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 which the individual or team is a member. The en- 
 deavor is to enlist the largest number of members ir- 
 respective of ability. Systems of scoring are used which 
 give every individual credit for the record m^ade. Em- 
 phasis is placed upon individuals competing against their 
 own records, no matter how mediocre, rather than to 
 beat the records of other individuals. 
 
 2. Classification Meets. The great advantage of 
 these contests is that a large number can be induced to 
 enter. Classifications may be: (i) by ability, (2) by 
 weight, (3) by age, (4) by height, (5) by school grade. 
 
 3. Intramural. Contests between various groups 
 within the membership, as, (i) schoolboys, (2) work- 
 ing boys, (3) dormitory men, (4) business men, (5) 
 municipal employes, (6) interclass, (7) intraclass. 
 
 4. Representative. Contests of Association repre- 
 sentatives with other organizations. 
 
 5. Tournaments, (i) Intramural. These should be 
 run for a period not to exceed three months, in order 
 to give the individuals in the losing group an opportunity 
 of being selected for another term contest. As a rule 
 these contests are made part of the regular class ses- 
 sions. In some Associations special periods are set aside 
 for such contests. These tournaments stimulate interest 
 in the regular classwork, but it should be understood at 
 the outset that they should not interfere with the pro- 
 gram for the rank and file of the membership. (2) 
 Representative. The kind and amount of representative 
 competition will depend on local conditions. 
 
 6. Short-time Meets. These are contests which are 
 completed and decided within two or three hours' time, 
 and may be either intramural — coming at the close of 
 some tournament and serving as a climax ; or representa- 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 129 
 
 tive, to which one or more other organizations are invited 
 to take part. 
 
 a. Suggested Events: 
 (i) Individual 
 
 (a) Track athletics: dashes, middle distance 
 runs, distance runs, potato race, etc. 
 
 (b) Field athletics: pole vault, jumping, shot 
 put, etc. 
 
 (c) Aquatics: short distance swims, long dis- 
 tance swims, fancy diving, plunge for dis- 
 tance, etc. 
 
 (d) Miscellaneous: wrestling, fencing, boxing, 
 etc. 
 
 (2) Team Contests 
 
 Basketball, volley ball, soccer, lacrosse, tennis, 
 baseball, hockey (field and ring), water soc- 
 cer, handball, etc. 
 
 b. Scoring Methods, The Handbook of the Athletic 
 League of North America and the special pamphlet by 
 Dr. John Brown, " Athletic Tests for Boys," contain 
 many valuable suggestions for grouping individuals and 
 scoring table. 
 
 c. Awards. The giving of cups and medals should be 
 discouraged except possibly for special occasions. 
 Recognition may be given in various ways: (i) Hon- 
 orable mention by placing names of victors on tablets to 
 be kept in the trophy or clubroom ; (2) certificates or 
 diplomas; (3) ribbons; (4) buttons; (5) inexpensive 
 pins; (6) pin medals; (7) standard medals. 
 
 d. Organimng the Meet, In any contest, organiza- 
 tion is essential to success. This includes committee 
 service, publicity, printed matter, providing the neces- 
 
130 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 sary apparatus, and officials. Due forethought with 
 reference to these matters will economize time and ef- 
 fort and prevent confusion later. 
 
 Things to remember in advance are: Time of meet; 
 adequate accommodations for sports and spectators; 
 cost; character of prizes; an assurance of an adequate 
 number of entries ; selection of a date which does not con- 
 flict with other attractions and activities; the increased 
 effort which it will demand. These settled, then details 
 must be considered. 
 
 e. Printed Matter. Entry blanks must be sent to ath- 
 letic organizations and followed up and widely dis- 
 tributed. These should contain a clear statement of the 
 date, place, events, and the character and number of the 
 prizes. Provision must be made to carefully number and 
 file these entries as they come in. The date of the clos- 
 ing of the entries must be announced on the blank, and 
 should be strictly adhered to, it being long enough in 
 advance to allow for handicapping the events and the 
 making up of the program. If prominent athletes enter, 
 much can be made of this fact in good newspaper pub- 
 licity and is the best form of advertising. Posters and 
 street car signs may also be used to good advantage. 
 Upon the receipt of each entry the competitor should be 
 sent an admission card which will be an acknowledgment 
 of his entry. He should also be advised of the time for 
 starting the program and warned to be prepared to com- 
 pete when called upon. A careful record should be kept 
 in a separate book of each entrant, the fee paid, and the 
 events entered. 
 
 f. Officials. These should be selected with great care, 
 and with reference to efficiency rather than to honor 
 prominent individuals. Most meets have too many offi- 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 131 
 
 cials and frequently many that know nothing about offi- 
 ciating. Especial care should be used in selecting the 
 referee, the starter, the chief clerk of course, and the 
 judges of finish. 
 
 Weakness in any of these points will seriously affect 
 the success of the games, and leave a bad impression on 
 both contestants and spectators. 
 
 g, Apparatus. Days in advance the physical director 
 should go over each item of the program and check up 
 each article needed. Little items, like finish tape, whis- 
 tles, pistols and cartridges, stop watches, pins for com- 
 petitors' numbers, bars for the high jump standards, seem 
 insignificant, but the absence of any one of them will 
 cause delay and confusion. 
 
 h. Conduct of the Meet Itself. The games should 
 start on time and delays should not be tolerated. Some 
 one person ought to be selected as the director of games 
 whose sole duty it is to keep things moving. Many good 
 meets have been spoiled by long-drawn-out and needless 
 delays. The clerks should announce events long enough 
 in advance to insure the prompt appearance of athletes. 
 
 Marshals are an important element and should be effi- 
 cient. None but officials or competitors should be al- 
 lowed in the enclosure and even the latter must be sent 
 off the field as soon as their event is over, though care 
 should be taken to provide a place where they can wit- 
 ness the games. Visiting contestants should receive 
 courteous attention from the Association which is their 
 host. 
 
 A good announcer or bulletin board is an essential to 
 the success of the meet. 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 PROGRAM CONTINUED 
 
 Social Program 
 
 Nowhere is it more important that the social emphasis 
 should be prominent than in the Physical Department. 
 Man is essentially a social being and in every phase of 
 life demands congenial companionship, and this is espe- 
 cially true in his play life. Many educators believe that 
 the greatest value of competitive athletics and games is 
 found, not so much in their physical benefits as in their 
 socializing effect. The great baseball, football, and other 
 games are the greatest democratic gatherings found any- 
 where. Common interest breaks down social barriers. 
 Men will not stay where good-fellowship is not present. 
 On the first entrance of the member into the Department 
 he must find congenial surroundings and companionship. 
 If this is lacking the work may be ever so scientific, yet it 
 will fail to hold him for any great length of time. A 
 study made in a metropolitan Association showed that 
 more than one-half of the men who dropped out did so 
 within the first two months, and the principal reason 
 given was lack of congenial surroundings. New mem- 
 bers coming into the Department, if they have no friends, 
 should be introduced to those who will endeavor to make 
 things pleasant. Get them into some class or group and 
 put it up to the members of the group to make them feel 
 at home. 
 
 The '' day's order " should be socialized by introducing 
 
 132 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 133 
 
 into it at appropriate times, such features as will break 
 up formality without destroying values. The laugh, the 
 whistle, the song, if wisely used in any class drill will 
 add to its attractiveness and promote a social atmosphere. 
 
 The use of informal events of various types, such as 
 hops and walks during the after-class nm, hand wres- 
 tling, unique swimming and athletic contests, are desirable 
 at times. Pick-up group team contests and games are 
 likewise helpful. 
 
 Of the more formal affairs that may be conducted in 
 the interest of sociability the following list is suggested: 
 
 The circus with its variations; a carnival of sports in 
 the gymnasium and natatorium, including the great va- 
 riety of floor and water games ; races such as, relay, hur- 
 dle, tub, tgg and spoon, candle, three-leg, tandem; cross 
 tank swims, tgg blowing, etc. ; specials, such as tug-of- 
 war, bobbing for corks and apples, walking on the bottom 
 of pool with weights, ducking, and such aquatic games 
 as water basket ball, polo, soccer polo, fancy diving. 
 
 Monthly socials in the gymnasium with a special pro- 
 gram of games and sports, with or without refreshments. 
 Dime socials — members depositing a dime to pay for 
 cocoa, wafers, etc. — the entertainment consisting of 
 games, singing, talks ; holiday socials, on Hallowe'en, St. 
 Valentine's Day, April Fool's Day, etc. ; with character- 
 istic features of entertainment. Suppers for classes, 
 teams, committees, and clubs ; dinners and banquets to 
 celebrate the close of team games, tournaments, and 
 leagues ; and banquets at the end of a term or season's ac- 
 tivities. An apple social, marshmallow roast, press so- 
 cial, with an original paper edited by the members (per- 
 sonal references in such a paper should not be offensive), 
 are interesting. Local talent socials, where the entire 
 
134 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 entertainment is furnished by members of the class or 
 club; a union sociable, in which the members of the De- 
 partment combine with those of the Young Woman's 
 Christian Association. 
 
 Receptions to various groups of individuals, particu- 
 larly those who are interested in the physical features, 
 may be made to serve a social purpose, if properly ar- 
 ranged and conducted. 
 
 A committee on the visitation of the sick is a social 
 feature, and because of its great importance should cer- 
 tainly be included among the social activities of the 
 Physical Department. 
 
 To secure social value as well as to popularize the work 
 in the community, frequent demonstrations of the vari- 
 ous phases of physical activities should be held to which 
 the public are invited. To avoid the dangers of com- 
 mercialism admittance should usually be free and by in- 
 vitation card or ticket. The events in the program 
 should be demonstrations of the regular activities, so 
 that the public as well as the participants may be im- 
 pressed with the earnestness, wholesomeness as well as 
 the joyousness of the work. (See Winter Program, 
 p. ii6.) 
 
 Health Education Program 
 
 The human body is a complex and intricate machine. 
 That all men should have at least a general knowledge 
 of the laws governing the body is a self-evident fact. 
 The driver of an automobile must not only know the 
 workings of the steering gear, but if he is to get the most 
 service from the car he must know the operation of every 
 part, and be able at once to locate troubles that may 
 arise. He must also know what obstacles to avoid in 
 
 { 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 135 
 
 driving the machine. An auto may be able to run up a 
 curbstone and through ruts for a while, but its life will 
 be much shorter than if the chauffeur avoided such 
 obstacles. 
 
 In a similar way every man should know the human 
 machine, what it needs for growth and development, how 
 by constant and careful adjustments it can maintain a 
 maximum working efficiency, and what must be avoided. 
 The physical director, if he would be successful, must be 
 more than a mere director of physical activities. The 
 day is past when intelligent people are satisfied with one 
 who merely plans a course in physical exercise, no mat- 
 ter how scientific and practical, and does not provide in- 
 struction relating to the healthy maintenance of all func- 
 tions of the body. Men need to know more than simply 
 how to exercise. 
 
 At best the director will have his men in the gymna- 
 sium only four or five hours per week, and by a single 
 act of carelessness after leaving the exercise room they 
 may undo all the good results obtained there. The 
 physical director must be a physical educator, and teach 
 men not only how to handle their bodies in the gymna- 
 sium, on the athletic field, and in the swimming pool, but 
 also how to get the best results from their physical or- 
 ganism in their business or profession, what they may 
 do and what they must avoid to remain healthy. This 
 means that the laws of health must be taught, and when 
 we recognize the fact that one-half of all sickness might 
 be prevented, and that thousands of deaths might have 
 been postponed, the gravity of the problem becomes evi- 
 dent. Hygiene and prevention of disease are the latest 
 developments of science. 
 
 The relation of the physical director to the other de- 
 
136 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 partments of the Association, in the matter of health 
 education, should be that of an expert adviser. Should 
 the boys' division, the educational, or the religious work 
 department, institute or promote health education within 
 their respective memberships or in the community, the 
 physical director as a specialist, should cooperate by giv- 
 ing advice w^hen called upon and supplying qualified per- 
 sons for such committee service. 
 
 Three methods may be employed in the promotion of 
 health education: (i) the class; (2) the lecture; and 
 (3) the distribution of literature. 
 
 1. The class method includes the use of a textbook, 
 and demands considerable home and classroom work on 
 the part of the pupil, continuing through one or more 
 terms. 
 
 2. By the lecture method, the subjects are covered 
 singly or in courses, the material being largely handled 
 by the instructor. Classes or lectures may be separate 
 units of instruction, or they may be held in connection 
 with other activities, such as gymnastic, educational, or 
 Bible classes, or as a part of the Sunday afternoon meet- 
 ing. A special campaign may be conducted for a week 
 using a specialist on some particular phase of hygiene. 
 
 3. For the distribution of health education literature, 
 the following methods have been used with success : ( i ) 
 At the time of personal examinations; (2) at a subse- 
 quent special interview; (3) at lectures, classes and pub- 
 lic entertainments ; (4) through selected individuals, com- 
 mitteemen or institutions; (5) through the daily press or 
 certain periodicals: (6) through vacation and general in- 
 formation bureaus: (y) at public welfare exhibits: (8) 
 through special mailing lists. All material used should 
 be carefully selected and standard in quality. 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 137 
 
 The Physical Department has a definite obligation to 
 promote the study of personal hygiene, not only among 
 its own members but also among the members of the 
 Association as a whole and in the entire community. 
 For the general membership, there may be talks before 
 any related group of men or at more formal gatherings. 
 For the community at large the director should associate 
 with him a corps of local physicians and other specialists 
 in formulating a broad plan, with good backing, that will 
 ensure it being inaugurated and carried through with 
 success. 
 
 First Aid to the Injured 
 
 Through the joint arrangement of the International 
 Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations with 
 the American National Red Cross of the United States 
 Government, the members of every Association have the 
 special privilege of pursuing courses in first aid under the 
 joint sanction of these two organizations, and, if success- 
 ful in the examination, may receive the official Red Cross 
 certificate bearing the fac-simile signature of the Presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 These first aid courses are of two grades : 
 
 1. The Elementary Course, limited to those fifteen 
 years of age and over, requires a thorough course of 
 training in both theoretical and practice work. 
 
 2. The Advanced Course is limited to men who have 
 already passed the official elementary test. It involves 
 both written and practice work, requires much more of 
 the principles and reasons for methods pursued, and 
 needs full and explicit replies to questions given in the 
 test. 
 
 In addition to the above courses, the International 
 
138 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations con- 
 ducts independently a course in First Aid to the Injured 
 for boys under fifteen which involves the simple funda- 
 mental principles of first aid, and grants its own cer- 
 tificates to those successful in the examinations. 
 
 Teachers or leaders of first aid should usually be active, 
 successful physicians; though efficient physical directors 
 with special training in this work may make good leaders. 
 The course should involve ten to fifteen or more regular 
 sessions of the class with the leader. Much emphasis 
 should be given to the practice part of the course at each 
 session of the class, and special attention given to the 
 prevention of accidents. The thirty-cent textbook in 
 first aid by Major Charles Lynch of the American Red 
 Cross is used very largely in the best courses, but any 
 other efficient, modern text may be acceptable. It is 
 desirable that each student should own a textbook. 
 
 Sex Hygiene 
 
 The purpose of instruction in sex hygiene is to inspire 
 high ideals, to teach self-mastery, to properly guard 
 against the acquisition of wrong habits, and to correct 
 false ideas that may have been acquired. 
 
 All teaching should give chief emphasis to the moral 
 and religious rather than the physiologic, or pathologic 
 aspects of the subject. 
 
 Instruction should center first upon the relation of the 
 sex function to the growth and character of the indi- 
 vidual ; then to the relation of the individual to society. 
 
 The instructor should be a person of tested character 
 and ability, possessed of virile manhood and a personality 
 that will appeal to and command the respect of the 
 individual or group with which he is dealing. 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 139 
 
 The demand for information should be met according 
 to the physiologic and psychologic periods of growth. 
 Instruction should not arouse morbid curiosity. Ana- 
 tomic, physiologic, and pathologic material should be 
 used sparingly. The instruction should be given in very 
 short courses or in a single lecture ; it is best given as part 
 of a series of general health lectures or studies. 
 
 As to methods, the instruction should center upon the 
 parents, as they are the natural teachers of their chil- 
 dren. In the case of other adults, instruction may be 
 given to groups selected with reference to occupation, or 
 common interest and natural association, such as indus- 
 trial workers, college students, clerks, etc. 
 
 For boys, if lacking parents or neglected by them, in- 
 struction is best given through personal interview by 
 wise and careful men in whom they will have full confi- 
 dence. It may also properly be given to small groups or 
 classes, of similar intelligence and graded with reference 
 to physiological age. A special series of talks by a recog- 
 nized authority has proved very helpful. 
 
 Sex hygiene literature may be distributed under certain 
 restrictions, such as previous preparation of the person 
 or group and with a definite time stated for its return. 
 All such literature should be selected with great care, 
 and it should be strictly non-transferable. Putting such 
 literature into the hands of pre-pubescent boys is of very 
 questionable propriety, and it should be given to pubes- 
 cent boys with great caution. 
 
 Community Hygiene 
 
 The work in community hygiene will include instruc- 
 tion in sanitation — both indoor and outdoor. Through 
 public lectures, well-written articles in the daily press, 
 
140 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 and the distribution of attractive and illustrative leaflets, 
 public opinion regarding matters of household and com- 
 munity health may be enlightened and elevated. 
 
 To aid in starting and conducting a health campaign 
 material may be obtained from various sources : state 
 and city health boards ; such organizations as anti-tuber- 
 culosis societies, municipal research and moral prophy- 
 laxis societies and other welfare agencies ; libraries, in- 
 cluding their bibliographies ; school boards, information 
 regarding illness and absence of pupils; literature of in- 
 surance companies ; certain documents issued by the na- 
 tional government. 
 
 Material so gathered should be used in informing the 
 local society or club undertaking the v^^ork of community 
 publicity, furnishing ammunition for the use of home lec- 
 turers, newspaper writers, and for those charged with 
 editing any leaflet or pamphlet literature for general dis- 
 tribution. 
 
 The topics presented should be those adapted to the 
 local needs; ordinarily their scope would include, above 
 and beyond the hygienic care of the houses, yards, and 
 outbuildings of the residential sections, and buildings and 
 environment in the business and industrial parts of the 
 city, such general subjects as street cleaning, sewage, 
 public water supply, markets, milk, and other food sup- 
 plies ; also, sanitation of public buildings and street 
 cars, building laws regarding light, air, and density of 
 population, the location of parks, public baths, and recre- 
 ation centers. 
 
 In the prosecution of such a campaign the stereopticon 
 or the ^* movies " might be employed with excellent eflfect. 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 141 
 
 Program of Religious Education and Work 
 
 A fundamental aim of the Young Men's Christian As- 
 sociation is to study the life problems and religious needs 
 of young men and boys, and having ascertained these 
 attempt, directly or indirectly, to supply such as are not 
 being otherwise met. A leading feature of the Physical 
 Department should be the doing of this work in its own 
 peculiar sphere, a sphere broad in its scope and elastic in 
 its adaptability. The Physical Department, in its intimate 
 and continuous contact with its members, has large oppor- 
 tunities, with correspondingly large responsibilities. The 
 reHgious work of the Department is the one feature that 
 distinguishes it from all other physical training agencies. 
 
 A program for definite religious work must be in- 
 cluded in the Physical Department policy of every As- 
 sociation. It should be in harmony and coordinate with 
 that of the religious work department, and a special com- 
 mittee should be appointed to cooperate with it in pro- 
 moting the departmental religious activities. The pro- 
 gram may be under three heads: (i) Bible classes; (2) 
 religious meetings; (3) individual or personal work. 
 
 I. Bible Classes 
 
 The first consideration in any class is its leadership and 
 this is especially true of the Bible class. The teacher 
 should be one who is known and respected in the Depart- 
 ment. He should be familiar with the relation between 
 health, clean living, and the religious life. Another im- 
 portant factor in the success of the class will be its organ- 
 ization. A strong chairman and a committee on pub- 
 licity are essential. The social spirit should receive 
 strong emphasis. 
 
 In many Associations- Bible classes can be organized 
 
142 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 in natural groups, the courses and the hours being 
 adapted to the needs of those attending. Members quali- 
 fied to pursue advanced Bible study should be referred 
 to the regular courses of the Association. Religious edu- 
 cational work, such as life-problem courses, should have 
 a moral and religious application. 
 
 Because of the close relationship between the physical 
 and spiritual natures of the adolescent boy, and because 
 of the vital importance of this period in his life from 
 the viewpoint of religious education, it is urged that 
 evangelistic Bible study be specially promoted among 
 such boys with the view to obtaining definite decisions 
 for the acceptance of Jesus Christ as Saviour and Lord. 
 
 2. Religious Meetings 
 
 As a rule, the influence of the Department should be 
 used to promote the regular religious gatherings of the 
 Association rather than to conduct such as a Department 
 feature. The criticism that the physical work is being 
 used as a trap to force men into religious meetings should 
 be studiously avoided ; at the same time, the religious 
 emphasis should be given to all the work and the mem- 
 bership should feel that the closest sympathy and co- 
 operation exists between the Physical Department execu- 
 tives and those of the religious work department. 
 
 When religious meetings are held on the gymnasium 
 floor, they should be announced in advance, and if held 
 in connection with a gymnasium class they should be at 
 its beginning or close, so that the members may have 
 the choice of attending or not, and the men should have 
 opportunity to don proper clothing so as not to jeopard- 
 ize health. Regular definite periods may be arranged 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 143 
 
 for conducting religious meetings, but they should not 
 be allowed to interfere with the use of the equipment by 
 other members. It is better to use a room adjoining the 
 gymnasium or one easily accessible to it. The men who 
 conduct these meetings should be conversant and in sym- 
 pathy with the aims and spirit of the Department. 
 
 In cooperation with the religious work department, 
 special meetings may be arranged for gymnasium men on 
 occasions such as : Week of Prayer, Easter Week, and 
 Join-the-Church Day. 
 
 3. Work with the Individual 
 
 Plans for touching the religious life of the members 
 are not complete without adequate provision being made 
 for reaching them through personal contact. This can 
 be accomplished by a tactful method of personal inter- 
 views, conducted either at the time of the physical ex- 
 amination or through special appointments. These in- 
 terviews may be undertaken by the physical director or 
 by competent volunteer workers. 
 
 Each physical director must work out a plan which 
 will best fit in with the local program, and which can be 
 efficiently carried out. Cut and dried methods cannot 
 be successful but the following suggestions are given as 
 a working basis: First, all the information possible 
 should be secured which will give an intelligent estimate 
 of the man's activities, needs, and possibilities — whether 
 he is a church member, his affiliations with other organ- 
 izations, his business position and standing. Much of 
 this will be found on his application blank and Physical 
 Department questionnaire. This material should all be 
 in the hands of the interviewer before he meets the mem- 
 
144 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 ber. Second, a committee of strong, virile men should 
 be organized, the members of which will agree to give 
 definite periods for this work. 
 
 This committee should be thoroughly trained for this 
 special service and have definitely in mind the object of 
 the interview, namely that of establishing contact with 
 the incoming member, securing his interest, and advis- 
 ing with him about his needs in his business, social, and 
 religious relations. His physical needs should be taken 
 care of by the physical director. Every effort should be 
 made to secure his sympathy with the supreme objective 
 of the Association. If he is not a Christian he should 
 be the subject of earnest, tactful, and continuous effort. 
 It is questionable if a personal interview is possible or 
 even advisable with all incoming members. Due allow- 
 ance must be made for religious beliefs, business and 
 professional standing. In any plan the approach must 
 not seem obtrusive, and the member ought to be led to 
 feel that it will be a privilege to meet a man who will 
 be competent to advise with him on matters about which 
 he may be troubled, be they business, social, or religious. 
 
 Extension Work Program 
 
 The extension work program must be the outgrowth of 
 a strong internal program and should cooperate wnth 
 agencies already in the field so far as possible, in lines 
 of clearly defined need, and may include the entire As- 
 sociation program of health education, physical training, 
 and play activities. 
 
 Facts gathered from the study of any field will best 
 determine the policy to pursue in extension efforts. The 
 usual logical beginning is to organize a special class to 
 train men for work with general organizations. Such 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 145 
 
 training may be given to members who are preparing to 
 leach the extension features and also to men from 
 churches and clubs that may wish to send representatives 
 to the Association for instruction as leaders in their own 
 organizations. 
 
 The work of this class should cover principles and 
 methods of dealing with boys and men, class drills, rules 
 governing athletics and games, and other general topics. 
 Either in this class or in another group a school to train 
 officials for meets and contests is well worth undertaking. 
 
 I. Extension Work within the Building 
 
 The Association gymnasium may be used at stated in- 
 tervals for high school games, Sunday school athletic 
 leagues, commercial leagues, industrial leagues, and the 
 like. 
 
 Often arrangements can be made with churches or 
 high schools by which boys and young men are sent en 
 masse to the Association for class or athletic instruction, 
 a special fee or lump sum agreed upon being paid for this 
 service. 
 
 The bowling alleys are often rented to the same groups 
 as the above for league tournaments, thus placing such 
 activities under wholesome auspices and affording a 
 wholesome basis for contact. City restrictions regarding 
 tax exemptions, however, should be carefully observed. 
 
 Frequently the Association has the only swimming pool 
 in the city and it affords a valuable aid in ministering 
 to different groups in the community. Public swimming 
 campaigns can be conducted in which the natatorium is 
 thrown open to the public for a week or two. Sometimes 
 an arrangement can be made to teach swimming to pub- 
 lic school students, aquatic meets for hight school students 
 
14IS PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 may be held, and often special instruction given to groups 
 of municipal employes such as firemen, policemen, and 
 swimming bath attendants. 
 
 The Association in many communities bears an active 
 relation to the athletics of the community, both in the 
 holding of athletic meets in the gymnasium and through 
 the activities on the Association's grounds, where ath- 
 letic meets, baseball games, tournaments, and other 
 forms of outdoor sports are provided or organized. 
 Tennis courts may be made available through organized 
 tournaments and through a relationship established with 
 the churches, schools, and business houses. 
 
 Lecture courses on health subjects in the building may 
 make the Association a center for health information and 
 education. Caution should be exercised in all extension 
 work that the privileges of the members are not cur- 
 tailed, or that by the free use of privileges by non-mem- 
 bers the membership is not underrated. The members' 
 interests must be protected. 
 
 2. Extension Work outside the Building 
 
 Among the types of service open to Associations and 
 likely to win the confidence of the people of a community 
 are the following: 
 
 A cooperative and supplemental relation to the public 
 schools in pioneering the development of physical edu- 
 cation and medical examinations of school children, in the 
 organization and direction of public school athletic 
 leagues, in taking responsibility for securing Christian 
 leadership of physical education in the schools, and in 
 accepting direction of recess periods and athletic meets. 
 A cooperative relation to public recreation by creating 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 147 
 
 sentiment for playgrounds, by teaching the value of 
 playgrounds through actual demonstration, by enlisting 
 the cooperation of men in securing legislation, by giving 
 counsel in reference to the construction and equipment of 
 playgrounds, by providing the supervision or undertaking 
 the actual management of public playgrounds. 
 
 A cooperative relation to the Sunday schools and 
 churches, by providing trained leaders to direct physical 
 work in churches, or by training church leaders in the 
 Association gymnasium; by organizing Sunday school 
 athletic leagues through which summer camps, athletic 
 meets, physical tests, first aid classes and physical educa- 
 tion may be promoted by the churches. 
 
 A relation to the municipality through civil service 
 classes for city employes, physical training for police- 
 men and firemen, and the supervision of civic meets, 
 celebrations, and pageants. 
 
 The promotion of health education in shops, factories, 
 department stores, first aid classes for employes, public 
 lectures on health and eugenics, campaigns in sex educa- 
 tion, preparation of courses of study, and organization 
 of classes in public hygiene. 
 
 Promotion of industrial athletic leagues, gymnasium 
 classes, and swimming and life-saving instruction for 
 employed boys. 
 
 The federation of the permanent institutions of the 
 community, such as schools, churches, settlements, play- 
 grounds, and turners, in reference to the administration 
 of athletics, by which the sports of an entire city or 
 county may be placed upon a basis through which char- 
 acter and manhood will be developed. 
 
 Investigation, education, and cooperative eflforts in be- 
 
148 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 half of better housing, and Hving, and working conditioiib 
 of the men and boys, especially in industrial communi- 
 ties. 
 
 There is no limit to the possible service which may be 
 rendered in a given field except the limit of the ability 
 of the Physical Department committee, their acquaintance 
 with the needs of the community, and the confidence in 
 which they are held. 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 
 
 Physical Training has become in the last few years, a 
 profession ranking with the other great professions of 
 law, medicine, and the Christian ministry. The physical 
 director, in character, ability, and training must measure 
 up to the standards of his profession if he is to be suc- 
 cessful. The day has passed when the broken-down ath- 
 lete or gymnast, the unsuccessful physician or minister 
 can hope to hold a place in this great work. Twenty to 
 thirty-five per cent of the men who enter the physical 
 work of the Young Men's Christian Association leave it 
 within two years. The greater proportion of these do 
 so because of insufficient training or insufficient knowledge 
 of the qualifications demanded. 
 
 Physical directors in the field are largely responsible 
 for this condition and have been all too ready in ad- 
 vising members of Leaders' Corps and others to enter 
 this profession without due consideration of their quali- 
 fications to fill this office. Any one considering this pro- 
 fession as a life work should carefully study both the 
 qualifications demanded and the opportunities for service 
 which it offers. 
 
 Men already in the work would do well to examine 
 themselves and judge whether or not in the light of the 
 increased demand for men of the highest character, abil- 
 ity, and technical training they can reasonably expect to 
 succeed. 
 
 149 
 
150 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Many men who might succeed in other fields of physical 
 training will fail in the Association work because of its 
 peculiar demands. 
 
 His Qualifications 
 
 The following qualifications necessary to success in the 
 Physical Department of the Young Men's Christian As- 
 sociation were laid down by a Commission of which 
 L. Wilbur Messer was chairman : 
 
 1. Christian character and religious leadership. 
 
 2. Executive ability. 
 
 3. Cultural and technical training. 
 
 4. Attractive personality. 
 
 5. Athletic and gymnastic ability. 
 
 6. Business ability. 
 
 I. Christian Character and Religious Leadership 
 
 The physical director should be a man of unques- 
 tioned Christian character and spiritual vision; what- 
 ever else we may require in the way of equipment, this is 
 primary and fundamental and without this no man ought 
 to find a place as an employed officer of the Young Men's 
 Christian Association. He should be a man with large 
 faith in God, in himself, and in his f ellowmen — a man 
 of whole-hearted devotion, of deep and growing spiritual 
 life, the quality of which will be contagious. He should 
 be a man whose interest is in men and boys rather than 
 things. This interest should be concrete and directed 
 toward the individual, rather than simply general and 
 related to mass activities. 
 
 He should be a man of positive religious leadership. 
 Any other type is not only a negative element in Asso- 
 ciation work, but may be a distinct menace. Religious 
 
THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 151 
 
 leadership is the one thing that will be permanently dis- 
 tinctive of the Association physical directorship, and un- 
 less men enter into it with the primary purpose of render- 
 ing definite Christian and religious service to men and 
 boys and choose it because of the opportunity it afifords 
 for religious leadership, we cannot exipect them to be 
 permanently successful or to be willing to make the 
 sacrifices necessarily entailed in our work. To the man 
 interested simply in physical education as such, other 
 agencies can offer inducements that will sooner or later 
 win him away from us. This fact in itself is a safe- 
 guard of the peculiar quality of our work. 
 
 Physical training in the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
 ciation is more comprehensive in its scope than physical 
 training in any other agency; other forms of physical 
 training, as in schools, colleges, or on playgrounds, while 
 important, are, nevertheless, only specialized phases of 
 that subject. Association physical training includes them 
 all and therefore in its objective the Association physical 
 directorship ofifers the broadest opportunity, including 
 especially and specifically an opportunity to grow in re- 
 ligious work efficiency. 
 
 2. Executive Ability 
 
 The physical directorship demands men of promotive 
 and executive ability in organizing and effectively leading 
 a volunteer and employed stafif. Ability is needed to or- 
 ganize and lead the young men and boys of the commun- 
 ity during their leisure time into normal physical activi- 
 ties and altruistic religious service. Executive ability 
 becomes of increasing value as the size and scope of our 
 physical work increases, as the field of volunteer service 
 enlarges, and as the correlation of all the activities of 
 
152 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 the Association into a unified whole of religious education 
 progresses. There will probably always be need of men 
 who are simply gymnastic or athletic instructors (neces- 
 sarily young men) but no man without recognized execu- 
 tive ability can safely expect the physical directorship to 
 be a life work. 
 
 3. Cultural and Technical Training 
 
 The physical director should have as good an educa- 
 tional training and as great a degree of general culture 
 as any other employed officer in the Association. He 
 should have at least a high school education or its equiva- 
 lent, and if possible a college training. His training 
 should be broad and fundamental in bodily culture, in 
 social relationships, in intellectual breadth and clarity of 
 vision, and in spiritual insight and sympathy with indi- 
 viduals and groups. His social education should teach 
 him the personal social graces which adorn attractive per- 
 sonality in private and public life. The biological, social, 
 and psychological sciences should be emphasized in his 
 intellectual training. The demand is for those who know 
 men's interests and can guide their activities along nor- 
 mal lines. 
 
 In addition to this, he should not only have a thorough 
 technical training which should embody the ability to 
 lead or direct the various physical activities, but he 
 should be thoroughly equipped with a knowledge of the 
 scope, principles, and methods of physical education and 
 a knowledge of Association ideals, history, principles, and 
 methods of work. His technical training and general 
 culture should be such as to make him an inspiration and 
 example to the men and boys among whom he works. 
 
 The broadest education would include also a medical 
 
THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 153 
 
 course, but skill as a physician has become subordinate 
 to a man's ability as a teacher, organizer, and promoter. 
 The trend during the last ten years has been toward a 
 greater emphasis on the combination of the cultural and 
 technical rather than on the medical training. The 
 largest positions in the Associations and the educational 
 institutions are open to men without medical training. 
 
 In his religious training, he should study to know 
 man in his relationship to God and to men. His instincts, 
 will, and intellect should be trained to appreciate the 
 unity of man, body, mind, and spirit. His study should 
 reveal God's high purpose regarding man, and stimulate 
 a religious passion and fervor for the bringing of men 
 to a personal acceptance of Jesus Christ and a consecrated 
 life in his service. His training should include actual 
 observation of work in progress and clinical practice in 
 working out the problems during his course of training. 
 This should include clinical practice in religious, social, 
 and physical activities. 
 
 We recommend such technical instruction as is given 
 in the training schools and in summer institutes of the 
 Association, and advise that Associations make it possible 
 for physical directors to attend frequently conventions, 
 conferences, and summer schools. The director of 
 physical education should possess as high qualifications 
 of personality, general culture, and religious earnestness 
 as are required for the general secretaryship, or any 
 other branch of Association vocation. 
 
 4. Attractive Personality 
 
 The physical director should be a man of strong 
 character and contagious enthusiasm, with good physique, 
 neat appearance, frank countenance, gentlemanly man- 
 ners, self-respect, without apparent egotism and with 
 
154 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 abounding ability for friendship, a man whose attractive 
 personality makes others glad to be in his presence and 
 rejoice to be associated with him in service. 
 
 5. Athletic and Gymnastic Ability 
 
 His body should be organically sound. Its training 
 should develop both subjective and objective control 
 along gymnastic, athletic, and esthetic lines. Power, 
 pose, skill, and grace should result from his training. 
 
 Athletic and gymnastic ability is an essential qualifica- 
 tion of a physical director. Particularly is this true as he 
 comes into contact with boys and younger men. He 
 should not only be able to judge athletic and gymnastic 
 events, but he should have the faculty of teaching and 
 be able creditably to demonstrate the average event to the 
 average member. 
 
 6. Business Ability 
 
 It is inevitable that physical directors, as well as other 
 department heads should desire to have the responsibility 
 for the business management of their departments. 
 Such responsibility is likely to result in a greater sense of 
 responsibility in all phases of their work and the exercise 
 of a greater degree of initiative. *' But before such re- 
 sponsibility can be safely entrusted to a Physical Director, 
 he must be possessed of a good sense of commercial 
 values, good business judgment and caution and a fair 
 knowledge of ordinary business practice." Business 
 ability is a quality that deserves more attention than it 
 now receives both in the selecting of and training of 
 men for the physical directorship. 
 
 His Development 
 
 This has to do with the mental and spiritual culture of 
 
THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR I55 
 
 the physical director after he has entered the work. It 
 may not be amiss to preface the statement with a few 
 words in reference to the care of his own health, for 
 there are directors whose physical condition gives the lie 
 to the profession they represent. The physical director 
 must in his own life represent the things he stands for 
 in the community. 
 
 The desire to grow in efficiency must necessarily be in 
 the heart of every man who has within himself to any 
 degree the elements of success. There is no short cut 
 to growth and development, neither can these be attained 
 without an objective and some kind of a program of pro- 
 cedure. Three things are necessary. 
 
 1. The realization that continuous growth is necessary 
 for continuous efficiency. The physical director who 
 does not grow must give place to the one who will ; other- 
 wise he becomes an obstacle to progress. 
 
 2. There must be a large vision of his profession. 
 This alone will give courage and inspiration. It is vision 
 which makes possible a constructive program in the life 
 of any individual. " Where there is no vision, the people 
 perish.*' 
 
 3. The adoption of a schedule or system of training. 
 Such a program should contain the following items : 
 
 Reading. This may be grouped as follows : 
 (i) General, such as fiction, poetry, and history. 
 Good fiction portrays the various phases of life of the 
 times in which it was written, introduces bits of history, 
 illustrates eflfective methods of expression, and the best 
 use of language in general. Poetry appeals to the esthetic 
 sense, develops the power of imagination, and presents 
 ideals. History recalls the past, points out its lessons, 
 and in a measure forecasts the future, because it indicates 
 
156 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 what may reasonably be expected under similar condi- 
 tions. 
 
 (2) Technical. This should at least include general 
 biology, organic evolution, sociology, anatomy, physiol- 
 ogy, psychology of exercise, hygiene and sanitation, and 
 philosophy of physical education. It is highly desirable 
 that the physical director secure for his own library the 
 best books on these various technical subjects. Informa- 
 tion concerning the best literature may be obtained from 
 bibliographies and book references in the physical educa- 
 tion magazines and from teachers, physicians, and libra- 
 rians. 
 
 While books on fiction, poetry, and history are very 
 helpful for general culture, those books which have to 
 do with the problems of physical education and of the con- 
 servation of health are absolutely essential for the physi- 
 cal director's specific development, for these deal directly 
 with his work. A man in any of the older professions, 
 who wishes to keep posted, must study constantly. This 
 is even more true of the younger profession of physical 
 education which is still in its plastic and changing state. 
 Every physical director should be encouraged by his As- 
 sociation to pursue a definite line of reading. In the ap- 
 pendix a suggestive graded course in reading is pre- 
 sented. 
 
 Attendance upon Conferences and Conventions. 
 There is nothing that helps to broaden one's viewpoint 
 so much as contact with other men and their ideas. 
 Simply studying the problems in one's own small field 
 carries with it the danger of narrowness and provincial- 
 ism. Like solitary confinement, it leads to monotony, 
 which kills ambition. A man not only gets new ideas 
 at conferences, but more than that, he catches the spirit 
 
THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 157 
 
 of the times and gets an appreciation of the bigness of 
 the movement of which he is a part and is therefore in- 
 spired to do better and bigger things. 
 
 Every Association should encourage the physical di- 
 rector to go to at least one conference a year. Some 
 Associations not only do this, but also pay the conference 
 expenses of their physical director, making regular pro- 
 vision for it in the budget of the Department. Money 
 spent in this way will bring large returns to the Associa- 
 tion through the increased efificiency of the physical di- 
 rector as a result of his contact with men and his new 
 viewpoints. 
 
 Attendance upon Summer Schools, It would seem 
 almost unnecessary to mention the place of summer 
 schools in the life of a growing Association man. How- 
 ever, it might be well to recall the fact that the summer 
 schools bring together students from all parts of the 
 country and expert instructors who bring to the students 
 the best as well as the newest thought on any given sub- 
 ject. One of the most valuable features of a summer 
 school is the contact with men who have come from other 
 sections of the country. Here friendships are formed 
 and ideas exchanged which are almost as valuable as the 
 knowledge gained in the classroom. 
 
 Every physical director should plan to attend a summer 
 school at least two weeks every third year. This ad- 
 vice is not merely for the younger and newer men in 
 the work. For advanced and experienced men special 
 seminar courses in advanced subjects are prepared. 
 
 It is gratifying to note that some Associations are 
 planning to have their physical director do this and 
 all should do so. Furthermore, some Associations are 
 planning to adopt the policy of paying part or all of 
 
158 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 the physical director's expenses at such a summer 
 school. This is very desirable. The time spent at such 
 a school should not be taken out of the physical director's 
 vacation, but the time thus spent should rather be re- 
 garded just as other educational institutions regard the 
 sabbatical year, during which the instructors are given 
 leave of absence with pay for study. 
 
 Study of Physical Education as a Movement, There 
 is nothing so conducive to growth as a thorough study of 
 the profession in which one is engaged. The physical 
 director would find it broadening and stimulating if he 
 undertook a study of the physical work as conducted 
 under the auspices of various organizations, such as set- 
 tlements, churches, playgrounds, athletic clubs, turners, 
 schools, and colleges and to note where the emphasis is 
 being placed and the results produced. He should dis- 
 cern the trend of physical education in these agencies, 
 noting how and why they are departing from earlier 
 methods and adopting new ones. 
 
 Physical education is more and more relating itself to 
 the problems of efficiency, both mental and moral. Phys- 
 ical directors are more and more concerning themselves 
 with conditions and habits of life which make for or 
 against efficiency, and are therefore rapidly emerging 
 from the class of mere athletic coaches. The physical 
 directors are no longer merely concerned with gymnastic 
 and athletic activities, but are interested in the study of 
 such subjects as dietetics, fatigue, the relation between 
 fatigue and morality, health and efficiency, as well as 
 the physical basis of industrial, social, and educational 
 problems. 
 
 In no profession is there greater progress being made 
 
THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 159 
 
 or a more rapid shift of emphasis occurring than in physi- 
 cal education. For example, witness the shift of empha- 
 sis in physical examinations from bone and muscle 
 measurements to the examination of eyes, ears, nose, 
 throat, teeth, and vital organs ; from the emphasis upon 
 the development of muscles to the development of or- 
 ganic vigor ; from the teaching of athletic and gymnastic 
 stunts to the teaching of right-living habits. Physical 
 education stands for prevention rather than cure; for 
 formation rather than reformation; for conservation 
 rather than restoration. Because of these changing em- 
 phases the physical director must be a student of his 
 time. 
 
 Practice in Public Speech, Most physical directors 
 have opportunity upon occasion in schools and churches 
 and at conferences and conventions to present addresses 
 and papers upon topics of health, recreation, and exer- 
 cise. Such opportunities should not be neglected, as 
 they are of educational value. They exalt the director's 
 standing in the community and in his profession, develop 
 his power to think and marshal facts in orderly and ef- 
 fective fashion, and facilitate his efficiency in public 
 speech and address. The writing of articles for news- 
 papers and magazines is also very helpful, and should 
 be undertaken both from the standpoint of the good such 
 articles will do and for the development which will come 
 to the physical director through this kind of work. 
 
 Committee Work, Another very helpful means for 
 development is committee service in connection with local 
 societies, as the Society of Physical Education, Parents' 
 and Teachers' Association, Anti-Tuberculosis Society, 
 Playground Association, and the like, and also in con- 
 
i6o PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 nection with such national societies as the Physical Di- 
 rectors' Society of North America and the American 
 Physical Education Society. 
 
 Committees represent the harnessed energy of any 
 organization and most work is done by committees. Com- 
 mittee work develops the spirit of cooperation, the power 
 to bring things to pass, and offers oportunities for render- 
 ing service. It is taken for granted, therefore, that every 
 physical director will relate himself very intimately, 
 especially as a member, to local state and national move- 
 ments which deal with the problems of hygiene, physical 
 education, and sanitation. 
 
 Research Work. There is nothing that will stimulate 
 the mind and induce intellectual growth more than the 
 undertaking of a bit of research work, no matter how 
 insignificant it may appear. Important and interesting 
 research work can be conducted with very little or no 
 laboratory apparatus. It is well for a physical director 
 to study some one phase of his work intensively, be it 
 technical, social, or executive. Every physical director, 
 of course, should study his own field thoroughly, for only 
 an intimate knowledge of it will enable him adequately to 
 meet its needs. 
 
 Study of the Association Movement as a Whole. The 
 physical director should be familiar with the history, tra- 
 ditions, and policy of the Association Movement. He 
 should know something of the army, navy, student, in- 
 dustrial, county, as well as the city work, of the Asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 Furthermore, he should acquaint himself with the work 
 and organization of the International and State commit- 
 tees and the relation of these agencies to each other and 
 to the city and other forms of Association work. 
 
THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR i6i 
 
 His Relationships 
 
 To the Physical Department Committee 
 
 The work of a local Association is controlled by a 
 Board of Directors, of which the general secretary is 
 the executive officer. From or by this Board different 
 committees are appointed to have direct oversight over 
 the various departments of the work. 
 
 One of these is the Physical Department committee, 
 the executive officer of which is the physical director. 
 All legislative details of the Physical Department are un- 
 der the control of this committee. The promotion of 
 the various activities may be under the direction of sub- 
 committees. They look to the physical director to pre- 
 pare plans to meet the needs of the membership, to con- 
 duct the business affairs of the Department, and to keep 
 them in touch with its activities. They rely on his 
 knowledge of the theory and practice of Physical De- 
 partment methods to recommend and carry out a prac- 
 tical and scientific system of physical training, and on 
 his ability as an organizer of the forces resident in the 
 membership to promote the physical welfare of young 
 men. Through this committee, therefore, the physical 
 director is brought into direct relationship with the Board 
 of Directors. 
 
 To the General Secretary 
 
 What is the relationship of the physical director to the 
 general secretary? This depends for its answer on the 
 acceptance of three propositions: First, the general sec- 
 retary is the executive officer of the Board of Directors 
 and is an ex-officio member of all its committees. He 
 is the one whom the directors hold responsible for the 
 success of the work as a whole. He is to the Associ- 
 
i62 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 ation what the working president is to a college or large 
 corporation. Results are the criteria of his success, and 
 failure to achieve them is not put down so much to the 
 failure of the department heads as to improper manage- 
 ment on his part. Second, the general secretary is also 
 the correlator of the work; the one who must keep the 
 departments in their right relationship to one another. 
 He is the adjuster of the various activities of the Associ- 
 ation, the bond which binds all departments into one har- 
 monious whole. Third, the physical director is an ex- 
 pert, employed to take charge of a department. He is, 
 therefore, to the secretary what the superintendent or 
 consulting engineer is to a president. His work is the 
 work of an expert, and he must be looked upon as such. 
 Admitting this, the relationship of the two ofificers is 
 plain. All policies of the Physical Department which 
 bear on the work as a whole are properly subject to the 
 advice and approval of the general secretary, while tech- 
 nical matters in organization and operation of the Depart- 
 ment are under the control of the physical director work- 
 ing as the executive officer of the Physical Department 
 committee. 
 
 To Other Departments 
 
 The relationship which the physical director bears to 
 the other departments is one of sympathetic cooperation. 
 
 1. He should cooperate with the educational director in 
 planning classes in hygiene, first aid to the injured, and 
 other topics which bear on the physical welfare of young 
 men. 
 
 2. In conjunction with the religious work director he 
 should plan for the extension of the religious work 
 throughout the Department ; and he should not only be in 
 
THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 163 
 
 sympathy with, but should take an active part in, the 
 conduct of this important work of the Association. 
 
 3. In the social features of the Association he should 
 always be ready to cooperate in any way in which he, as a 
 department head, may be able. 
 
 4. To the boys' department he should bear the same re- 
 lationship as he does to the general work, and the physical 
 welfare of the boys should be under his control. Such a 
 large part of the Boys' Work activities is more or less 
 closely related to the special phases of work also included 
 under the direction of the Physical Department, that 
 there is need for particularly intimate cooperation be- 
 tween the Physical Department committee of the Asso- 
 ciation and the boys' division committee, in determining 
 the policy and initiating and promoting physical work as 
 related to the boys, in the Department and in the com- 
 munity. All matters pertaining to both departments 
 should be adjusted by the committees and heads of these 
 departments in conference with the general secretary. 
 
 While no amount of rules or regulations will make up 
 for a lack of frank and friendly cooperation, the follow- 
 ing are suggested as a few guiding principles : 
 
 a. The Boys' Work secretary is primarily responsible 
 for the general administration of the boys' division, of 
 the membership and the correlation of the various phases 
 of the work for the all-round development of the boy. 
 
 b. The physical director is responsible for the physical 
 examinations and the amount and character of physical 
 work done for the various classes of boys in the Associa- 
 tion and in the community. The arrangement and sched- 
 ule of classes in the gymnasium and swimming pool, and 
 the methods for discipline and control of the locker rooms 
 and the baths, should be arranged in joint conference. 
 
i64 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Such matters as Boy Scout work, sex education, and 
 health education should be under the joint supervision of 
 the Boys' Work secretary and the physical director. 
 
 c. It is important that the physical director give care- 
 ful consideration to all phases of physical work for boys 
 and, even if he has one or more assistants, he should con- 
 tinue his close personal relation by working out a compre- 
 hensive and adequate policy of physical education for 
 boys. He should personally lead many important physical 
 activities for boys. 
 
 d. The direction of the various physical activities 
 should be placed only in the hands of competent assist- 
 ants, specially trained and qualified to work with boys. 
 
 e. The standard of physical education for boys will 
 be raised by the enlisting of trained physical directors, 
 who shall devote all of their time to study and promotion 
 of work with boys. 
 
 Such a boys' physical director would sustain a dual rela- 
 tion to the Boys' Work committee and the Physical De- 
 partment committee, working under the direct super- 
 vision of the Boys' Work committee and the Boys' Work 
 secretary in harmony with the policy determined jointly 
 by the two committees. He would be under the direct 
 supervision of the Physical Department committee and 
 the physical director in reference to matters relating di- 
 rectly to the physical education of boys. 
 
 To Finances of the Association 
 
 His relation to the finances diflfers in various Associa- 
 tions. Some hold the physical director, with his commit- 
 tee, responsible for raising the entire amount of the 
 Physical Department budget. This may in some in- 
 stances prove a serious hindrance to his usefulness to the 
 
THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 165 
 
 membership, as his efforts may be looked upon as having 
 a mercenary basis, and, further, the worry and thought 
 given to the raising of funds may interfere with his best 
 efforts in the regular work of the Department. 
 
 The entire responsibility for the budget does not pre- 
 vail in most places. A growing number of Associations 
 now plan the raising of the entire Association budget in a 
 very limited period of time, and the physical director and 
 his committee usually cooperate in the canvass. The 
 physical director should always be ready, no matter what 
 the plan, to suggest ways and means toward helping to 
 bear the financial burden, and to suggest names of those 
 who would be good material for financial cultivation and 
 help to cultivate the same. 
 
 To the General Work 
 
 The attitude of the physical director to the work at 
 large should be one of cordial support. The welfare of 
 all the members should be his chief consideration and all 
 department partisanship should be set aside for the good 
 of the whole. 
 
 To Department Clubs and Committees 
 
 In his own Department the physical director, under the 
 Physical Department committee, is the organizer and di- 
 rector of all its activities. The various branches of the 
 work are usually organized either in the form of clubs 
 or under the supervision of committees. Whichever 
 form of organization may be decided upon, the physical 
 director should be in direct control and an ex-officio 
 member of every committee in the Department, and be 
 present at all of their meetings. 
 
 His relationship to these committees should be ad- 
 visory, never dictatorial, and in the formation of them he 
 
i66 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 should assist in the selection of such men as are in sym- 
 pathy with the general policy of the Association, so that 
 the welfare of the membership as a whole will control 
 in all matters of sectional interest. The interest of the 
 entire membership should always be kept in mind. The 
 action of all clubs and committees should be subject to 
 the approval of the Physical Department committee, and 
 by this means the physical director can maintain an ef- 
 ficient check on all their activities. 
 
 To Associates 
 
 His relationship to those associated with him in the 
 work, as assistants, should be one of helpfulness and 
 support. As far as possible they should be given direct 
 responsibility for various features of the work and should 
 be encouraged to develop the qualities of leadership. His 
 relationship to the members of the Association should 
 be one of recognized friendship, and he should hold the 
 position of adviser on all matters pertaining to their 
 physical welfare. His time, as far as possible, should be 
 at their disposal, and every member should be made to 
 feel that he will always be given a sympathetic hearing 
 on any matter of importance. 
 
 To Outside Agencies 
 
 His relationship to the physical welfare movement out- 
 side of the Association membership depends largely upon 
 the community in which he is placed. He should bear a 
 sympathetic and cooperative relation to all organized 
 movements which have for their object the physical wel- 
 fare of young men. If he is situated in a field where no 
 such organizations exist he should consider it his duty to 
 lead in their creation. These welfare movements can 
 usually be better handled by independent organizations 
 
THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 167 
 
 with which the Association works in hearty cooperation. 
 
 His relations to church, settlement, playground and 
 school athletic activities should be cooperative and ad- 
 visory, and he should rely upon leaders in the commun- 
 ity for the executive force in organizing and carrying out 
 the work in these institutions. 
 
 His relationship to the community at large should be 
 that of a specialist on all matters pertaining to their 
 physical welfare. The physical director should always 
 keep in mind that his first duty is to the Association, and 
 should never allow outside calls on his time to interfere 
 with the efficient administration of his Department. 
 
 The following on " The Physical Director and His 
 Community Work " was prepared by the Commission re- 
 ferred to: 
 
 To serve a field intelligently, the physical director 
 should know the traditions of the community as well as 
 its institutions and the leaders thereof. He should ap- 
 prehend the prevailing sentiment, whether progressive or 
 conser\^ative, the general character of the community in 
 its composition, also the prevailing sports and pastimes as 
 well as the status of physical education and health educa- 
 tion in the community. Such a knowledge requires resi- 
 dence in a local field for an extended period. The Asso- 
 ciations which have accomplished the most thorough and 
 permanent results are those in which the physical director 
 has remained for a long period of years. He is recog- 
 nized as a factor in community betterment. Among the 
 types of service open to men who secure the confidence of 
 the people of a community are the following : 
 
 A cooperative and supplemental relation to the public 
 schools in pioneering the development of physical educa- 
 tion and medical examinations of school children, in the 
 organization and direction of public school athletic 
 leagues, in taking responsibility for securing Christian 
 
i68 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 leadership of physical education in the schools and in 
 accepting direction of recess periods and athletic meets. 
 
 A cooperative relation to public recreation by creating 
 sentiment for playgrounds, by indicating the value of 
 playgrounds through clinical demonstration, by enHsting 
 the cooperation of men in securing public action, by giving 
 counsel in reference to the construction and equipment of 
 playgrounds, by providing the supervision or undertaking 
 the actual management. 
 
 A cooperative relation to the Sunday schools and 
 churches, by providing trained leaders to direct physical 
 work in churches, or by training church leaders in the As- 
 sociation gymnasium ; by organizing Sunday school ath- 
 letic leagues through which summer camps, athletic meets, 
 physical tests, first aid classes and physical education may 
 be promoted in the churches. 
 
 A relation to pubHc service through special civil service 
 classes for city employes, physical training for policemen 
 and firemen, and through the supervision of civic meets, 
 celebrations, and pageants. 
 
 The promotion of health education in ships, factories, 
 department stores, first aid classes for employes, public 
 lectures on health and eugenics, campaigns in sex educa- 
 tion, preparation of courses of study, and organization 
 of classes in public hygiene. 
 
 Promotion of industrial athletic leagues and gym- 
 nasium classes for employed boys. The promotion of 
 swimming and life saving. 
 
 The federation of the permanent institutions of the 
 community, such as schools, churches, settlements, play- 
 grounds, and turners, in reference to the administration 
 of athletic sports, by which the sports of an entire city or 
 county are placed upon a basis through which character 
 and manhood will be developed. 
 
 Investigation, education and cooperative eflforts in 
 behalf of better housing, living, and working conditions 
 among the men and boys, especially in industrial com- 
 munities. 
 
 There is no limit to the possible service in a given field 
 
THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 169 
 
 except the limit of the abiHty of the physical director, his 
 acquaintance with the needs of the community and the 
 confidence in which he is held. These qualities are nor- 
 mally all enhanced by long residence in a single locality. 
 Length of residence, continuous study of complex prob- 
 lems, the forming of many friendships, and the cultiva- 
 tion of leadership provide an acquaintance with the needs, 
 confidence in one's ability, maturity of judgment, and 
 efficiency in service. 
 
 The Organization of the Physical Director's Time 
 
 (from the Messer Report) 
 Many have held in times past that Association work 
 is fatiguing, that most employed officers overwork and 
 that many actually break down because of the excessive 
 demands made upon them incident to the requirements 
 of their office. This may be true of some men, but on 
 the other hand, many more do not meet with this experi- 
 ence. While it is true that unrestrained enthusiasm may 
 lead to underestimation of physical limitation and indis- 
 cretion with reference to ample time for rest and recrea- 
 tion, resulting in overfatigue, there is nothing necessarily 
 in the requirements of the office itself which need be over- 
 burdensome. There is nothing in the Association work 
 in general, or in the physical directorship in particular 
 which demands excessive strain or effort. Many indi- 
 viduals use up nervous energy needlessly. Fatigue re- 
 sults not from overwork, but from a failure to rightly set 
 up and organize work. Those physical directors whose 
 time is properly organized, whose efforts are limited to a 
 moderate working day, who place responsibility upon 
 volunteers and who have a systematic schedule of rest and 
 recreation, will find their work not overtaxing or burden- 
 some. Associations should protect their physical direc- 
 
I70 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 tors in this respect and insist that a proper schedule be 
 observed. In an increasing number of Associations this 
 is being done. This has resulted in the increased personal 
 efficiency and growth of the physical director as well as 
 in the general development of the work. Physical direc- 
 tors owe it to themselves and to their work to so arrange 
 their time as to provide for personal growth and develop- 
 ment and they further owe it to their families to maintain 
 wholesome home relationships. Where men are over- 
 taxed, there is a joint responsibility for proper adjust- 
 ment of the working schedule between the Association 
 and the man himself. 
 
 The following schedules are suggestive of a normal 
 program — the first in operation in one of the larger As- 
 sociations, in- which the men work forty-nine hours a 
 week, alternating the schedule so that where three men 
 are employed at least two of them are always on duty, and 
 usually three of them during the rush hours : 
 
 A. M. 
 
 Monday 9-1 
 
 Tuesday 8-1 
 
 Wednesday 
 
 Thursday 9-1 
 
 Friday 9-1 
 
 Saturday 
 
 49 
 
 The following schedule has worked fairly well in a 
 smaller Association where only a secretary and physical 
 director are employed. This schedule entails a working 
 week of fifty hours. Part of the season a boy was em- 
 ployed for a few hours each day, at $4 a week, to help in 
 taking charge of the reading room and some minor 
 duties. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Evening 
 
 Hours 
 
 2- 6 
 
 
 8 
 
 .... 
 
 6-10 
 
 9 
 
 I- 5 
 
 6-10 
 
 8 
 
 2-6 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 6-10 
 
 8 
 
 I- 5 
 
 6-10 
 
 8 
 
THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 171 
 
 SECRETARY 
 
 A. M. P. M. Evening Hours 
 
 Monday 12-6 7-10 9 
 
 Tuesday g-12 6-10 8 
 
 Wednesday 9-12 1-6 .... 8 
 
 Thursday .... 12-6 7-10 9 
 
 Friday 9-1 6-10 8 
 
 Saturday 9-12 1-6 8 
 
 50 
 
 PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 
 
 A. M. P. M. Evening Hours 
 
 Monday 9-12 1-6 8 
 
 Tuesday 12-6 7-10 9 
 
 Wednesday 9-1 6-10 8 
 
 Thursday gH-12 1-5 8 
 
 Friday I2- 6 7-10 9 
 
 Saturday 9-1 6-10 8 
 
 50 
 
 Local circumstances may make these particular sched- 
 ules seem inexpedient in some cases, but the following 
 general principles should always be adhered to : 
 
 1. Reasonable number of hours per week. 
 
 2. Not too many hours in any one day. 
 
 3. Leisure arranged in sufficiently large blocks to per- 
 
 mit best use of time for study and recreation. 
 
 Beginning in a New Field 
 
 Wherever it is possible, it is wise for a physical direc- 
 tor to be on the ground one or two months before the 
 season's work opens. During this period he should be- 
 come acquainted with his fellow-workers on the staff, the 
 members of the Physical Department committee, the 
 Leaders' Corps, and other committeemen, and as many 
 of the general membership as possible. It is essential to 
 know the past work of the Department and where prac- 
 ticable to build upon it. As far as possible in this limited 
 time, information should be secured of the physical work 
 
1/2 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 in the educational institutions, churches, settlements, and 
 clubs in the community and the relationship that exists 
 between them and the Association. 
 
 Upon the foregoing facts the policy and plans for the 
 Department can be outlined. The physical director 
 should avoid criticism of the work of his predecessor, in- 
 troduce changes in methods only after being convinced 
 that they are improvements, boast little, and make few 
 extravagant promises. Too much should not be attempted 
 at first. It is a good plan to start with doing a few things 
 w^ell and gradually broadening and enlarging the scope of 
 the work. If there is no Leaders' Corps, it is not wise to 
 organize a corps formally until the men are well enough 
 known to avoid mistakes in selection. It should be re- 
 membered that the physical director is one of the part- 
 ners in the Association firm, and as such should fit his 
 w^ork into the general work, with special reference to 
 the local policy. The selection of his church home and 
 place of residence should be determined with reference to 
 his position as an Association leader. The selection of 
 his church home should not be delayed beyond two 
 months. 
 
 Resignation and Application for a Change 
 
 Frequent changes are detrimental to both the physical 
 director and the Association. When considering the 
 matter of resigning the physical director should discuss 
 frankly the reasons for such action with the general sec- 
 retary or president and the Department committee. Suf- 
 ficient notice should be given to enable the Association to 
 meet the situation. It is decidedly advantageous in most 
 instances to remain in a position not less than three to five 
 years. Some conditions which may warrant a change 
 
THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 173 
 
 are : difference of opinion in matters of policy, ill health, 
 inability to fill the office, a call to a place of larger service, 
 a completed work. 
 
 It is customary for the purpose of record to present a 
 resignation in brief written form. Public discussion of 
 the reasons for leaving should be avoided. All the affairs 
 of the Department should be left in such order that the 
 succeeding officer can take up the work expeditiously. 
 When a change is decided upon and another field has not 
 been accepted, the method of procedure is to notify the 
 State office and the physical and secretarial departments 
 of the International Committee. 
 
 Before a new field is accepted the conditions which 
 prevail should be ascertained as accurately as possible, so 
 as to avoid later disappointment and misunderstanding. 
 There should be a clear understanding as to the character 
 and extent of the responsibilities of the position to be 
 filled, so as to insure efficient team work in Christian 
 service. Advance understanding may well be had in ref- 
 erence to attendance upon conferences, conventions, sum- 
 mxer schools, vacation period, and the like. A written 
 memorandum of the conditions under which a call is 
 accepted is desirable. 
 
 It is a matter of recognized Association courtesy for 
 employed offxers when corresponding regarding the pos- 
 sible changes of a physical director to a new field always 
 to communicate at the same time with both the physical 
 director and the general secretary involved in the change. 
 
174 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 CODE OF BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL ETH- 
 ICS FOR THE PHYSICAL DIRECTORS OF 
 THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSO- 
 CIATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA 
 
 (Adopted by the Physical Directors' Society, Columbus, 
 Ohio, June 5, 191 1) 
 
 Inasmuch as this society may be regarded as represent- 
 ing the physical directors in the Young Men's Christian 
 Association of North America, it is entirely fitting that 
 the organization should endeavor by all reasonable means 
 not only to encourage and promote practical and technical 
 efficiency, but also to emphasize the importance of schol- 
 arship, to elevate the moral tone, and to stimulate con- 
 secration to service on the part of its members. 
 
 In this connection a more or less definitely formulated 
 statement of principles and practices accepted by the so- 
 ciety will have a valuable educational influence not only 
 upon those already members of the profession, but espe- 
 cially upon those younger men just entering the profession 
 and not familiar with the standards which actuate the life 
 and conduct of the director in his professional capacity. 
 The following statements are therefore submitted as 
 guides in this connection : 
 
 1. Personal character and motive. The physical direc- 
 tor should be a man of upright and Christian character, 
 whose purpose is to use his personal influence and that 
 of his office for the service of humanity and the upbuild- 
 ing of God's Kingdom. 
 
 2. Relationships, a. To the Association employing 
 him. Every director should have as a joint memoran- 
 
THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR i75 
 
 dum and for mutual understanding, a definite agreement 
 with the committee supervising the work of the Physical 
 Department, specifying not only salary, vacations, and 
 other general matters, but also outlining specifically his 
 duties, hours of service, assistance provided, ordering of 
 supplies, responsibility to whom, and such other details as 
 may be peculiar to any particular field. He should then 
 in a spirit of Christian service and in hearty cooperation 
 with other employed officers do more than is called for 
 in the letter of the agreement. 
 
 Any work done or time spent by the director apart 
 from his regular duties as agreed upon, and for which 
 he receives money or any value consideration, should be 
 done with the knowledge and consent of the Association 
 employing him. 
 
 It is not regarded as wise for directors to act as agents 
 for or receive commissions from the sale or recommenda- 
 tions of gymnasium supplies, athletic and sporting goods, 
 etc., and directors are cautioned as to their procedure in 
 the matter of accepting samples of goods used in connec- 
 tion with their work, of giving testimonials concerning 
 same, etc., since injudicious procedure in these particu- 
 lars may result in undesirable complications. 
 
 b. To fellow-directors and the profession. Every di- 
 rector entering the profession thereby incurs an obliga- 
 tion to uphold its dignity and honor, to promote its 
 scholarship and efficiency, to elevate the moral tone, to 
 cooperate heartily in the collection and compilation of 
 useful material in the formulation, adoption and propa- 
 ganda of principles and regulations for the benefit of the 
 profession. Recognized business procedure and courte- 
 ous consideration of requests should be strictly observed 
 as matters of honor, e.g., in prompt attendance to corre- 
 
176 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 spondence, payment of dues, or other personal obliga- 
 tions. 
 
 Organized conferences, institutes, conventions, etc., 
 should receive his active support and be made instru- 
 mental for the cultivation of fellowship, the exchange of 
 experience, the advancement of scientific and practical 
 knowledge, and the maintenance of ethical standards. 
 
 The spirit of the relationship between directors or As- 
 sociations in competition as defined in the platform of 
 the Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
 ciation of North America and contained in its handbook 
 is hereby endorsed. 
 
 c. To those seeking his professional or personal advice. 
 Confidential information secured in the examining room 
 or from those seeking advice should be guarded with the 
 most scrupulous fidelity and honor, and the obligation to 
 secrecy should extend to even the privacy of individual or 
 domestic life, provided, however, that this does not 
 preclude the taking of proper measures for the protection 
 of individuals or institutions. 
 
 d. To the medical profession. The director's relation 
 to practicing physicians should be that of hearty coopera- 
 tion in all matters where the two professions have com- 
 mon interest ; for example, public health, instruction in 
 personal hygiene and sanitation, etc. 
 
 The director who is not a graduate in medicine, or 
 who is not practicing medicine, upon finding a member in 
 need of medical advice should first advise the applicant to 
 consult his own family physician. In case the member 
 has no family physician the director should advise him 
 to consult a responsible practitioner. It is suggested that 
 each director have a list of these men who are most ef- 
 ficient, and preferably Christian physicians, to whom he 
 
THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 177 
 
 will send members for professional consultation. This 
 list may with profit include general practitioners and 
 specialists, such as surgeons, nerve specialists, specialists 
 on eye, ear, nose, and foot, and whatever others his experi- 
 ence may indicate. 
 
 e. To the public. The director should exemplify in his 
 relations to the public the essentials of Christian charac- 
 ter in the keeping of appointments, in his general deport- 
 ment, in the promptness with which he meets business ob- 
 ligations, and in the interest which he takes in matters 
 relating to general public welfare. 
 
 f. To the church. Each director should unite himself 
 with and participate actively in the work of the local 
 church of his choice. 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND THEIR 
 ADMINISTRATION 
 
 One of the most troublesome and important problems 
 confronting a physical director is that of maintaining a 
 true amateur spirit among the members of the Associa- 
 tion; especially those competing with members of other 
 organizations that do not hold the Association viewpoint. 
 
 In the stress of competition the temptation to lower 
 standards is a real test of a physical director's fitness as a 
 leader in character building. Victory is so often made 
 the criterion of success that the more important benefits 
 of competition are forgotten. Therefore, a physical di- 
 rector should have a very clear definition of just what is 
 meant by amateur athletics and be thoroughly in sym- 
 pathy with the spirit of the following statements by Dr. 
 John Brown, Jr., presented to and accepted by the Ath- 
 letic Research Society: 
 
 Definition of an Amateur Athlete 
 
 " An amateur athlete is one who participates in competi- 
 tive physical sports only for the pleasure, and the phys- 
 ical, mental, moral, and social benefits directly derived 
 therefrom." 
 
 The Spirit of Amateurism 
 
 " The spirit of amateurism carries with it all that is in- 
 cluded in the definition of an amateur and much more. 
 
 ** The spirit of amateurism stands for a high sense of 
 honor, honesty, fair play, courtesy, and temperate living 
 on the part of the participants — hosts or guests — of- 
 ficials and spectators. It stoops to no petty technicalities 
 
AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION 179 
 
 to twist or avoid the rules or to take an unfair advantage 
 of opponents. 
 
 '* It implies a recognition of the marked influence of 
 athletics in developing organic vigor, physical fitness, in- 
 tellectual efficiency, moral qualities, and social habits. 
 It seeks to increase their value by exalting the standards 
 of all sports. 
 
 " It is opposed to all practices which are harmful to in- 
 dividuals or to amateur athletics in general, such as play- 
 ing for money or gain of any kind, betting, selling prizes, 
 proselyting, over-specialization of * star performers ' to 
 the exclusion of the ' rank and file/ etc. 
 
 " It recognizes the need of wise organization and super- 
 vision of athletics and cooperates in making these effi- 
 cient." 
 
 Every physical director should be familiar not only 
 with the organi2^ations governing athletics within the 
 Association, but also with the various organizations which 
 control athletics in other fields. The following study 
 by Dr. Geo. J. Fisher, somewhat condensed, was pre- 
 sented at the Annual Conference of the Physical Re- 
 search Society and presents the matter fully: 
 
 Athletic Administrative Bodies; Their Points of Re- 
 semblance and Difference 
 
 In surveying the field one finds at least the following 
 types of administrative bodies or organizations : 
 
 First, Local. This in turn is of two types: First, a 
 local organization in a single institution — social or edu- 
 cational — in which only the members of the institution 
 participate. This requires the simplest form of adminis- 
 tration, for as a rule the problems of amateurism are not 
 considered. All members of the institution are eligible 
 to compete; they compete only with each other, and do 
 not compete with any other institution. 
 
 The second type of local organization is that in which 
 
i8o PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 the institution competes with other institutions. This 
 immediately alters the situation and a more complex 
 form of athletic administration is required. Now, the 
 problems of eligibility, amateurism, number of games to 
 be played, expenses for traveling, relations with other 
 institutions and usually with a national or at least sec- 
 tional governing body, are involved. This local type of 
 organization is the unit of all athletic administration. 
 
 Second, Community. Next to the local we have the 
 community form of organization. This again may be a 
 more or less simple form of organization, or it may be 
 quite comprehensive. In the simple form we may find 
 a group of agencies in a city or county or district organ- 
 ized simply for the purpose of promoting a league in 
 some given sport like basket ball or baseball. This 
 league ceases when the series of games originally agreed 
 upon have been completed. Rules are arranged to gov- 
 ern the competition simply during a short period. 
 
 A second type of community organization is one that 
 is becoming quite common throughout the United States, 
 namely, a league composed of groups of organizations 
 similar in kind, such as a group of Sunday schools or- 
 ganized into a Sunday School Athletic League. This 
 kind of organization is usually permanent and in its most 
 approved form endeavors to direct all the athletics of 
 the institutions in its membership. This latter point is 
 one of its strongest features. Inasmuch as in this form 
 of administration institutions similar in kind are fed- 
 erated, the problem of administration is still relatively 
 simple. Such leagues may be independent. leagues with- 
 out relation to any higher athletic administrative body, 
 or they may be members of the Amateur Athletic Union 
 through a special dispensation of that body by which 
 such leagues, no matter how many local units there may 
 be in them become members of the Amateur Athletic 
 Union with freedom to the local units in such leagues 
 to compete with each other without the necessity of regis- 
 tration of the local athletes which is required where in- 
 dividual units become members. Just as soon, however, 
 as one of the units in the league desires to compete with 
 
AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION t8i 
 
 an institution outside the league, registration in the 
 Amateur Athletic Union is required, and such outside 
 competition is limited to A. A. U. organizations. This 
 form of federation of institutions similar in kind is some- 
 times permitted by the A. A. U. in a much more widely 
 extended form, extending beyond the local community 
 and including in one instance the Young Men's Christian 
 Associations of two states. The advantage of this form 
 of organization is that it is an advance over the plan of 
 individual membership in the A. A. U., as it dispenses 
 with the restrictions and annoyances of individual regis- 
 trations, which have never been popular, and recognizes 
 the desirability of having institutions similar in kind 
 closely related to each other. Some freedom in refer- 
 ence to legislation is permitted these leagues, but in the 
 main they must conform to the rules of the A. A. U. 
 
 The third type of community organization is, however, 
 far more independent and extensive. It is also per- 
 manent. It seeks to bring together in a mutual way all 
 agencies of a given community which should have or 
 do have athletic relations to each other. In recent years 
 this form of organization has become popular. We find 
 it in many instances including the churches. Young Men's 
 Christian Associations, Turner organizations, high 
 schools and playgrounds of a county, as in Cook County, 
 Illinois, Wayne County, Michigan, or St. Joseph County, 
 Indiana. A large number of such federations is limited 
 to a single city or community, for in many cases the 
 athletic administrative problem is a city or community 
 problem. With the rise of so many institutions in the 
 past few years which have entered into competitive play 
 it has been necessary, in order to establish standards of 
 amateurism and maintain them, to federate these 
 agencies and unite them upon some common platform. 
 Some of these organizations, unlike the colleges and the 
 Young Men's Christian Associations, do not have trained 
 physical directors to supervise their sports; hence the 
 need of close supervision through some form of athletic 
 administration that will have for its function not only 
 legislation, but education and promotion. When such an 
 
i82 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 administrative body is organized upon the basis of equal 
 representation such supervision is not resented, but wel- 
 comed. Another advantage of this form of organization 
 is that it is related to the administration of all sports 
 conducted by the several agencies included in the fed- 
 eration. One of the weaknesses of athletic administra- 
 tive bodies in the United States is that they limit their 
 jurisdiction to a few special sports. 
 
 Third, Special Sport. A third type of athletic ad- 
 ministration is that which pertains to some special sport 
 and which seeks to regulate and advance interest in such 
 sport. These are usually national or sectional in their 
 supervision and include special organization in such 
 sports as soccer football, ice hockey, skating, fencing, 
 golf, tennis, etc. 
 
 The advantages in such forms of administration are 
 that they create interest in the promotion of the respective 
 sports thus organized, bring together the devotees of such 
 sports, promote study and investigation and specific codes 
 of ethics. Some sports lend themselves more readily to 
 the development of high standards of conduct, as, for 
 illustration, in fencing, in which the highest ethical 
 standards of any sport prevail, and in tennis, which does 
 not involve the personal conduct of the players as is the 
 case in the team games. 
 
 These forms of administration, at least when applied 
 to the more popular sports, have certain disadvantages 
 when applied to a local organization which promotes sev- 
 eral such sports. This is a complaint frequently heard 
 in Canada where this form of organization prevails quite 
 extensively. Let us take, for illustration, a local college 
 or Young Men's Christian Association that desires to 
 compete in track athletics, ice hockey, and soccer foot- 
 ball. If each of these sports is administered by a na- 
 tional organization, each with its own standards, mem- 
 bership fees, and forms of legislation, confusion, or at 
 least complexity, results. The institutions would need 
 to unite with three administrative bodies. An athlete 
 may participate in several of these sports and be related 
 to as many national athletic administrative bodies. We 
 
AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION 183 
 
 find a most undesirable aspect developing in that country 
 where each of these bodies desires to establish different 
 standards in reference to amateurism. In the United 
 States we do not find a very close relation existing be- 
 tween the administrative bodies which regulate such spe- 
 cial forms of administration and those which are related 
 to the administration of track and field sports, Rugby 
 football, basket ball and swimming. This is a weakness 
 in our national athletic administration. 
 
 Fourth, Institutional. A fourth type of athletic ad- 
 ministration is found in the institutional forms. These 
 consist in organizations of colleges or Young Men's 
 Christian Associations or Turner organizations and are 
 usually national or sectional in scope. There is a second 
 grouping of institutions, such as churches, playgrounds, 
 and Scout organizations, which make competitive sport a 
 lesser part of their program than the former, but which 
 nevertheless are important factors in the play life of the 
 youth and need to be taken into consideration increas- 
 ingly as factors in standardizing sport. The advantages 
 of these institutional forms of athletic administration are 
 the following: 
 
 1. They have problems in common. 
 
 2. Athletics are but one aspect of a larger work. 
 
 3. Athletics, therefore, need to conform in principle 
 and standard to the educational — as in the colleges — 
 or the religious — as in the Young Men's Christian As- 
 sociations — standards of the institution. 
 
 4. Hence, colleges have eligibility and scholastic stand- 
 ards and Young Men's Christian Associations certain 
 specific character standards which are unique in these 
 institutions. 
 
 5. Such standards are best formulated by those within 
 these institutions. 
 
 6. Regular meetings are held throughout the year, 
 through conferences and conventions, which facilitate the 
 getting together of representatives of these institutions 
 for the discussion of their problems, which includes 
 the discussion of athletics. 
 
 This form of athletic administration has potentially 
 
i84 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 great advantages and in the history of athletic adminis- 
 tration has been a strong force in developing ideals and 
 in raising standards. This is particularly true in the col- 
 leges, the Turner organizations and the Young Men's 
 Christian Associations. 
 
 Fifth, National. A fifth type of administration is 
 found in the so-called national form of organization, as, 
 for illustration, in the Amateur Athletic Union. This 
 is organized upon the following plan. Any local organ- 
 ization, large or small, permanent or temporary, may 
 become a member of this body. These local organiza- 
 tions are part of a sectional or geographical group, such 
 as the Central Section, or the New England Section. 
 Each local unit has a vote in this section, which section 
 is known as an active member of the national body. 
 Meetings are held only annually and are largely political 
 and legislative. These active members have representa- 
 tion in the national governing board on the following 
 basis. Each active member, which may be composed of 
 a minimum of six local clubs, has one vote and one addi- 
 tional vote for each additional twenty-five clubs. 
 
 In addition the national body provides for allied mem- 
 bers which are organizations of the institutional type, 
 such as colleges and Young Men's Christian Associa- 
 tions and Turners, and of the '' special interest " type, 
 such as the National Skaters' Association and the Na- 
 tional Fencers' Association. These allied bodies have 
 a disproportionate representation in the governing board, 
 and have each only one vote, irrespective of the number of 
 units represented in them. 
 
 Inasmuch as this study is intended as a sur\^ey of ath- 
 letic administration from a national point of view and 
 from the point of view as to how existing national agen- 
 cies are related to the local athletic units and how these 
 national agencies are related to each other, we will con- 
 centrate our analysis upon the last two types — the in- 
 stitutional and the national — the former constituting in 
 particular the colleges, the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
 ciations, and the Turner organizations ; the latter, the 
 Amateur Athletic Union; for these are the more highly 
 
AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION 185' 
 
 organized, and endeavor to hold an administrative, if not 
 in all instances a legislative, relation to the members of 
 their constituency. 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN TURNERBUND 
 
 This organization promotes a great gymnastic and 
 athletic festival every five years and rules are made to 
 govern the participation of individuals in this notable 
 event. The Turners have no special rules to govern 
 competition with other organizations, though they have 
 an alliance with the Amateur Athletic Union which regu- 
 lates their athletes when they engage in A.A.U. games. 
 All contestants for prizes must engage in the parade and 
 mass exercises, as well as the athletic or gymnastic 
 events. The emphasis, therefore, is upon all-round exer- 
 cise rather than upon specialization. The. prizes are in- 
 significant in value. A professional, according to the 
 Turners' ruling, is one who earns his livelihood by any 
 particular sport ; for instance, if he is a professional 
 wrestler he cannot compete in wrestling contests. If he 
 is a teacher of fencing he cannot compete in fencing 
 contests. This, however, does not disqualify him from 
 competing in other gymnastic events ; the stand taken 
 being if a man perfects himself in one particular line 
 of sport he should not compete with others in this par- 
 ticular sport. A teacher, therefore, is not classed as a 
 professional. This ruling represents a radical depart- 
 ure from the stand taken by other organizations. 
 
 COLLEGES 
 
 The colleges have several administrative bodies, in- 
 cluding the National Collegiate Athletic Association of 
 the United States, which is becoming more and more the 
 truly national body ; the LA. A. A. A. wh/ich is composed 
 of a group of Eastern colleges, about twenty-eight in 
 number, and is designed in particular to govern track and 
 field sports and cross-country runs ; the Southern Inter- 
 collegiate Athletic Association, composed of twenty-five 
 members, which, as its name implies, is related to the 
 colleges of the South; the Western Conference, com- 
 
i86 PHYSICAL EDUCATION . 
 
 posed of nine of the largest colleges in the middle west, 
 and the Ohio Conference, made up of fifteen colleges, 
 including some of the colleges in the Western Confer- 
 ence. In addition to these there are other groupings. 
 Quite a wide difference exists in the method of adminis- 
 tration practiced by these bodies. 
 
 In the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the 
 agency with the widest and strongest influence, no man- 
 datory power is held over its constituency. It does not 
 seek to wield legislative power. '' Its discussions of ath- 
 letics are the most important in America, and its opinions 
 find expression in Rules Committees and in standards 
 of athletic games throughout the country." The Asso- 
 ciation encourages faculty control in athletics. No 
 statement of eligibility is required of its members, though 
 a minimum statement of desirable rules for a local mem- 
 ber is suggested. The home rule principle prevails. 
 
 The Western and Ohio conferences practically have 
 rules that are similar to each. These conferences differ 
 from the National Collegiate Athletic Association in that 
 they require adherence to prescribed rules and require 
 the individual athlete to subscribe to an amateur state- 
 ment and take drastic action against the individuals and 
 institutions violating them. 
 
 The I.A.A.A.A. seeks to promote solely intercol- 
 legiate track and field sports and cross-country runs. It, 
 too, promotes athletic legislation and takes responsibility 
 for enforcing its laws. Its relation to its constituency is 
 mandatory rather than advisory. It applies its legisla- 
 tion to the individual athlete and will take action against 
 him if he violates the rules. 
 
 Thus, we see a decided difference between the method 
 of administration used by the National Collegiate Ath- 
 letic Association and the I.A.A.A.A., or the Western 
 Conference. The national Association is advisory, non- 
 legislative. The other groups are mandatory and legis- 
 lative. The national organization believes in home rule. 
 The other organizations in centralized rule. The former 
 places chief responsibility upon the institution for carry- 
 ing out the rules. The latter upon the individual. This 
 
AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION 187 
 
 is a clear distinction which should be kept in mind and 
 which will be referred to again. 
 
 THE AMATEUR ATHLETIC UNION 
 
 This organization is legislative and mandatory and 
 the most highly centralized of all the athletic administra- 
 tive bodies in the United States. It is unique in that it 
 makes as its unit the individual athlete. Any athlete 
 may become identified with it, whether related to a local 
 organization or not. A fundamental element in its plan 
 of administration is the individual registration of athletes 
 and the official sanction for open games. Each athlete 
 must sign an amateur statement and pay a fee for regis- 
 tration. Open games are not permitted by any agen- 
 cies unless sanctioned by the A.A.U. and unless athletes 
 are registered. All agencies other than those with which 
 special alliances have been made are considered outlaws. 
 The national body alone reserves the right to reinstate 
 athletes who have unknowingly professionalized them- 
 selves. Registration is practically national. An ath- 
 lete is suspended by the A.A.U. without consultation with 
 the local organization with which he may be identified. 
 The athlete is the unit of organization rather than the 
 institution of which he is a member. The athlete, rather 
 than the institution is held responsible for the athlete's 
 conduct. An institution may be in good standing though 
 a number of the athletes in that institution may have 
 violated the amateur law. 
 
 This organization is most efficient in promoting and in 
 having promoted great national, sectional, and local ath- 
 letic meets. This practice gives it its greatest strength 
 and popularity. It claims jurisdiction over track and 
 field sports, gymnastics, basket ball, handball, swimming, 
 wrestling, and boxing, and makes rules for these events. 
 
 THE ATHLETIC LEAGUE OF NORTH AMERICA 
 
 The Athletic League of North America is the athletic 
 administrative body of the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
 ciation. For many years it was allied with the Amateur 
 Athletic Union, adopting its plan of registration and 
 
i88 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 sanction and practically its form of legislation. This 
 alliance was a happy one until changes took place in the 
 work of the Young Men's Christian Association, par- 
 ticularly when it entered into social service work and 
 sought to have relations with other agencies upon a less 
 highly specialized basis. In many isolated and smaller 
 communities a more simple form of athletic organization 
 was needed with considerable opportunity for home rule 
 and initiative which could not be secured under the exist- 
 ing alliance. In addition, in some of the larger com- 
 munities, notably Chicago, a different type of administra- 
 tion was worked out which demanded a different kind of 
 relation to the local units by the national body. Conse- 
 quently this alliance was discontinued in July, 191 1. 
 
 Then began in the A. L.N. A. a very complete change 
 in the form of administration. Individual registration 
 and sanctions for games were discontinued. The organ- 
 ization was completely decentralized; even the name of 
 the Governing Committee was changed to Executive 
 Committee, to more fully define its function, which be- 
 came largely educational and promotional rather than 
 legislative. Home rule was inaugurated. The honor sys- 
 tem was installed. Emphasis was placed upon intra- 
 mural sport. The amateur definition was restated in 
 positive rather than negative terms. A platform of high 
 ethical standards is the basis of membership. This is 
 subscribed by the representatives of the organization. 
 The organization is held responsible rather than the indi- 
 vidual. A Young Men's Christian Association in the 
 League. It may also plan any organization having a 
 reputable governing body or any individual club that will 
 subscribe to a statement of amateurism equal to that of 
 the platform of the Athletic League. Thus competition 
 is made very simple, but none the less wholesome. 
 
 Let us now review after this cursory and general de- 
 scription of these bodies how they have points in com- 
 mon and how they differ. First, however, let us state 
 what the outstanding elements are zvhich are common to 
 all these organizations. These seem to be at least the 
 following: 
 
AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION 189 
 
 1. An amateur definition. 
 
 2. Eligibility rules. 
 
 3. A method for holding their members to the observ- 
 ance of the rules. 
 
 4. Athletic rules. 
 
 5. A basis of representation for their members. 
 
 6. Certain promotional activities. 
 
 Under these six divisions what have the agencies in 
 common ? To shorten the list let us make this inquiry of 
 the following four agencies : the Amateur Athletic 
 Union, Athletic League of North America, National Col- 
 legiate Athletic Association, and North American Turner- 
 bund, because they represent four types of organization, 
 different kinds of agencies, and are national in their ad- 
 ministration. 
 
 First, all have an amateur definition, statement, or 
 law. This statement does not differ much in its declara- 
 tion of what constitutes an amateur. 
 
 All the administrative bodies agree upon the following: 
 That a professional is one who competes for money or 
 receives compensation for his skill in teaching athletics; 
 who enters competition under an assumed name or from 
 a club which is not in good standing ; who competes with 
 professionals or against professionals — except when an 
 all-amateur team competes with an all-professional team ; 
 w^ho pawns or sells a prize won in competition; who re- 
 ceives expenses above the actual outlay. 
 
 In addition the A.A.U. states the limit which should 
 be paid for expenses and for prizes, makes ineligible 
 those who compete with unregistered athletes, and those 
 who have any financial indebtedness to the club of which 
 they are or were members. 
 
 The A.L.N. A. has the same general definition, but in 
 addition to the negative definition of an amateur it has a 
 positive definition which is stated in the following terse 
 terms : 
 
 " An amateur athlete is one who participates in com- 
 petitive gymnastics or athletics for pleasure only and for 
 the physical, mental, moral, and social benefits directly 
 derived therefrom, A professional in athletics is a per* 
 
190 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 son who promotes or participates in gymnastics or ath- 
 letics for any other purpose than the above." 
 
 It differs also in its attitude toward the teacher of 
 gymnastics or athletics. Such an individual is called a 
 non-competing amateur and is eligible for reinstatement 
 when he ceases as a teacher. 
 
 The National Collegiate Athletic Association does not 
 differ from the general statement of amateurism. 
 
 The North American Turnerbund differs in one re- 
 spect — namely, that teachers of physical education are 
 not considered professional except in the particular sport 
 in which they may specialize. 
 
 In these exceptions in reference to the teacher of gym- 
 nastics which prevail in the A. L.N. A. and in the Turner- 
 bund, the motive does not seem to be the evasion of the 
 amateur law, but a more just application of it. To in- 
 flict a life sentence upon an individual who may have 
 taught simply for a season, as is done by the A.A.U., 
 does not seem by many to be justified, particularly as he 
 is not a true professional in the sense that he has received 
 money for competing. 
 
 The second common factor of these organizations is a 
 declaration upon eligibility, but in the statement of which 
 they differ necessarily according to the differences inher- 
 ent in the institutions which are involved. The A.A.U. 
 and the National Collegiate Athletic Association are fair 
 examples. 
 
 The A.A.U. requires that an athlete must be a bona 
 fide resident in the territory in which he competes for 
 four months. He cannot compete in a district champion- 
 ship unless he has been a resident six months. He can- 
 not compete for another organization for a year unless 
 the club has disbanded, except that he can compete un- 
 attached. 
 
 The National Collegiate Athletic Association approves 
 and stands for the special eligibility rules adopted by the 
 several college administrative bodies. These include 
 rules forbidding an athlete to compete unless he be a 
 bona fide undergraduate student, doing full work in a 
 regular or special course as defined in the curriculum of 
 
AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION igi 
 
 his college ; requiring attendance in college for one full 
 collegiate year; forbidding competition for more than 
 three years ; refusing participation if the athlete is de- 
 linquent in his studies. 
 
 We find here in the rules of these two bodies wide 
 variation. It indicates the strength and desirability of 
 the organization of athletic administrative bodies along 
 institutional lines. There are • factors involved in the 
 relation of an individual to the institution or organization 
 that he represents that have a bearing upon amateurism. 
 Eligibility and amateurism are closely related; in fact, 
 the former is an essential part of the latter. 
 
 Furthermore, these eligibility rules are an important 
 factor in relating athletics in an educational institution to 
 the work of education; in a religious institution to its 
 work of religious education, and in a social organization 
 to its work of developing social ethics in relation to its 
 own constituency. 
 
 Institutional athletic administrative bodies are most 
 important forms of administration. Such bodies know 
 most intimately the needs and are best qualified to de- 
 velop the special rules needed. 
 
 A third common factor is the method used by the ad- 
 ministrative bodies for holding their members to the ob- 
 servance of the rides. Here we find the widest diver- 
 gence among the several types of organizations. 
 
 The Amateur Athletic Union utilizes an individual 
 registration system. It takes the responsibility for issu- 
 ing cards to individuals, thus declaring them eligible to 
 compete. All competition is based upon this system. 
 The purpose is to limit competition to members of A.A.U. 
 organizations and to prevent individuals from competing 
 without consent of the club. However, an unclassified 
 individual, an unattached individual, may register. The 
 institution is not held responsible. Some institutions 
 regularly have individuals suspended, but are not them- 
 selves suspended. Naturally, by this system the re- 
 sponsibility for detecting violations is placed upon the 
 A.A.U. This has become in many places a police sys- 
 tem. Teams will play with other teams provided the 
 
192 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 members thereof are registered. Men will register in 
 order to play other teams. The athletes seem to have 
 little sense of obligation to see that the fundamental prin- 
 ciple involved is protected. They put it up to the ad- 
 ministrative body to discover error and enforce the rule. 
 
 The A. L.N. A. This same registration plan was ef- 
 fective for many years in the A. L.N. A. It always was a 
 difficult method to promote and was exceedingly unsatis- 
 factory. It was a method the very nature of which made 
 for debate. After years of faithful endeavor with this 
 method it was discontinued. Responsibility was shifted 
 from the individual to the institution back of the indi- 
 vidual. The honor system was substituted for the police 
 system. The results seem to have justified the change. 
 
 The National Collegiate Athletic Association. The 
 colleges have adopted the honor system. Particularly is 
 this true of the National Association. No body has ex- 
 erted a more profound influence upon college athletics 
 and yet it is not legislative. It makes pronouncements 
 of great ethical principles and holds the local unit respon- 
 sible for carrying them out in practice. It is the prin- 
 ciple of home rule, the principle of honor. 
 
 The Tumerbund has a history in the management of 
 its aflfairs which is commendable. Because of the lack 
 of intricate legislative machinery, because of the absence 
 of prizes of value, their large athletic meets are remark- 
 ably free from debate, protest, and discussion. Their 
 local organizations pay their own way to these meets and 
 hence simple rules are necessary to guide their affairs. 
 
 A fourth common factor is the practice of making rides 
 for the conduct of sport. All of these agencies make 
 rules. This makes for confusion. Within the colleges 
 alone there are different sets of rules on swimming and 
 track athletics. They have, however, come together on 
 basket ball and football. A further unification of rules 
 is desirable. We find a very desirable tendency in the 
 matter of standardizing rules in the recent coming to- 
 gether of the Young Men's Christian Associations, the 
 colleges, and the Amateur Athletic Union on the rules of 
 basket ball and volley ball. These rules are better than 
 
AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION 193 
 
 ever, more widely understood, and there is greater democ- 
 racy practiced in framing them. It would seem desir- 
 able that all the rules of the colleges should be made 
 through the subcommittees of the National Collegiate 
 Athletic Association. It would seem that the work now 
 done by the I.A.A.A.A. could be done preferably by a 
 committee on track athletics and cross-country running. 
 It would result in wider usage of the rules. There seems 
 to be confusion in the minds of the public in reference to 
 the relative function of these two bodies, and, in fact, 
 there is considerable overlapping. In addition to the 
 colleges the A.A.U. makes rules with reference to track 
 and field sports, gymnastics, wrestling, swimming, walk- 
 ing, and boxing. Their rules apply in all A.A.U. games, 
 in which frequently representatives from colleges and 
 other institutions take part. The opportunities for con- 
 fusion are very apparent. This was evidenced when 
 there were two sets of rules for basket ball. 
 
 A fifth common factor is a basis for representation of 
 their members. Here, as has already been indicated, 
 there is wide difference in method. In the A.A.U. the 
 governing body is made up of representatives from sec- 
 tional groups and from allied members. The former on 
 the basis of the number of individual units, the latter 
 representing groups, irrespective of number. The basis 
 of representation is not equal. The two types of mem- 
 bers can hardly be compared. As was stated before, the 
 allied members are included for advisory rather than 
 governmental purposes. Representation is not upon the 
 basis of equality or federation. A study of the alliances 
 made by the A.A.U. with its allied groups reveals that 
 each of these alliances is different. First, as to type 
 of organizations. Some are of national — as illustrated 
 by the North American Gymnastic Union — others of 
 purely sectional scope, as illustrated by the Military Ath- 
 letic League. Some are institutional, as the I.A.A. 
 A. A.; others are agencies dealing with a distinct sport, 
 such as the National Cycling Association. Some of the 
 alliances obligate the allied bodies to follow distinctly 
 the form of organization of the A.A.U. This was par- 
 
194 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 ticularly true of the alliance of the A. L.N. A. Some 
 allow very wide departures from the A.A.U. rules, as 
 illustrated by the rule of the Turners which admits teach- 
 ers in competition. Some alliances simply provide for 
 the government of athletes from the allied body when 
 they compete in A.A.U. games ; others provide for a co- 
 operative relation in athletic meets where both open and 
 closed events prevail, as in the alliance with the Mili- 
 tary Athletic League, where some events are held under 
 the A.A.U. rules and others under the Military Athletic 
 League. Some alliances, as, for illustration, the alliance 
 with the Cycling Association, place the control of all 
 cycling events under the control of the National Cycling 
 Association. 
 
 The National Collegiate Athletic Association gives its 
 members equal representation. It puts up to the institu- 
 tion the responsibility for carrying out the principles and 
 rules of the organization. 
 
 The A.L.N.A. has its members agree to an amateur 
 platform and then applies the home rule principle advo- 
 cating the organization of local federations of organiza- 
 tions different in kind, permitting the local unit to engage 
 in associated effort under its own rules within the terms 
 of the platform. 
 
 In addition to the several types of athletic administra- 
 tive bodies already mentioned in another section of this 
 book there are two additonal types that have come into 
 relation to amateur athletics within very recent times. 
 One, the National Federated Committee, is made up of 
 official representatives from more than a dozen prominent 
 and potentially strong national organizations which are 
 federated upon a platform of amateurism. During the 
 past year this organization has taken on a practical de- 
 velopment resulting in the bringing together of three in- 
 fluential bodies — the National Collegiate Athletic Asso- 
 ciation, the A.A.U. and the A.L.N.A. — on basket ball 
 rules. This, we believe, is the prophecy of a greater 
 practical federated effort and the germ, if you please, of 
 a possible National Federation. The strength of this 
 organization is that it has back of it the pronouncements 
 
AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION 195 
 
 and counsels of the Athletic Research Society, progress- 
 ing as scientific discussion and study point the way, thus 
 insuring progress on right lines. A second type of ath- 
 letic administration is that represented by the Interna- 
 tional Amateur Athletic Federation. This seeks to 
 standardize international athletics made necessary by the 
 growth of interest in the Olympic games. The A.A.U. 
 of this country is a member of this federation and be- 
 cause of this membership is making radical changes in 
 some of its athletic rules. It is interesting to note that 
 this federation includes a positive statement in its defini- 
 tion of an amateur. It also allows for considerable home 
 rule. 
 
 SUMMARY 
 
 1. Home rule and institutional responsibility are the 
 latest developments in athletic administration. 
 
 2. Individual registration and individual responsibility 
 have proven ineffective and are undesirable. 
 
 3. Institutional athletic administrative bodies are ex- 
 ceedingly important types and constitute effective forms 
 of administration. 
 
 4. It is highly desirable that the colleges of the country 
 unite on one set of rules for each standard sport. 
 
 5. The local or community federation of athletic or- 
 ganizations dififering in type is proving of excellent value 
 in regulating sports in the community. 
 
 6. It is highly desirable that some national organiza- 
 tion be perfected which would have in it the following 
 elements : 
 
 a. It would be formed of groups of organizations. In 
 other words, it would be a federation of institutional 
 groups. 
 
 b. These groups would be united by an agreement upon 
 an amateur platform. 
 
 c. Responsibility for carrying out the principles of 
 amateurism would rest with the institutional groups. 
 
 d. There would be rules committees on all standard 
 sports. 
 
 e. The individual organizations represented in the in- 
 
196 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 stitutional groups of the National Federation would be 
 privileged to unite in local, county, state, or district 
 federations. 
 
 7. Inasmuch as the UViited States is having and will 
 continue to have relations with other countries through 
 international federations, it is desirable that this country 
 should be represented by some national athletic adminis- 
 trative body that is truly representative. 
 
 8. Of the present organizations which might be con- 
 sidered best fitted potentially to represent the United 
 States, both nationally and internationally, we would 
 consider two: 
 
 The Amateur Athletic Union. 
 
 The National Federated Committee. 
 
 The A.A.U. This organization in part recognizes 
 some of the elements which have been suggested as be- 
 ing essential to a national organization. It recognizes in 
 part the grouping of organizations by institutions, both 
 in its local members and in its allied members. If it will 
 make this complete and become in reality a federation of 
 national institutional athletic bodies, dispense with the 
 system of individual registrations, except for unattached 
 athletes, allow home rule, and extend the privilege to or- 
 ganizations diflfering in kind to federate locally, it will 
 receive the unanimous support of the athletic leaders and 
 athletic organizations of the country and could then truly 
 represent all the agencies in international relations. 
 
 The National Federated Committee. If the A.A.U. 
 will not become such a representative and federated body, 
 then it would seem that the present National Federated 
 Committee would prove the best agency to become the 
 truly national body. To do this it should select subcom- 
 mittees on all rules and seek to bring together all im- 
 portant agencies in the country upon such rules follow- 
 ing the beginning made with the basket ball rules. It 
 should employ an executive secretary; it should plan a 
 campaign of publicity, promote nation-wide discussion of 
 the important administrative problems in sport, and seek 
 to develop international relationships. 
 
 9. While it is necessary to organize national adminis- 
 
 1 
 
AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION 197 
 
 trative bodies with reference to the regulation of certain 
 sports, these are hardly necessary in the more popular 
 sports. Such regulation could be done best through sub- 
 committees of the National Federation, and even where 
 they do exist their form of organization should be such 
 as to function through existing institutional organiza- 
 tions. 
 
 One of the most recent and successful organizations 
 formed to solve the athletic problem was the Cook 
 County Amateur Federation the principal leader in 
 which was Dr. Henry F. Kallenberg of the Chicago Y. M. 
 C. A, College, and it is thus described by him : 
 
 The Cook County A.A.F. was organized in December 
 of 1908 to solve local perplexing athletic problems pre- 
 sented in a large city such as Chicago with its many 
 groups as the Sunday schools, settlements, high schools, 
 Y. M. C. A.'s, playgrounds, and turners having athletic 
 relationships with each other. 
 
 While each organization had its own rules and regula- 
 tions there was confusion regarding amateur standards 
 and misunderstandings when these different groups com- 
 peted against each other. The problems of the various 
 groups were so different, each having its own peculiar 
 field, that uniformity in methods of control was impos- 
 sible. Therefore, a new form of organization and new 
 rules and regulations had to be evolved. 
 
 Plan of Organisation 
 
 The main features of the Cook County A.A.F. are as 
 follows : 
 
 First : Membership in the Federation is by groups or 
 organizations. By groups or organizations is meant col- 
 lectively the turners, playgrounds, settlements, or Y. M. 
 C. A.'s. By unit is meant a single Y. M. C. A., a turner 
 society, or a high school. There is no such individual in 
 the Federation as an unattached athlete. It should be 
 
198 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 noted that the Federation is composed of governing 
 bodies. 
 
 Second: There is no Federation registration scheme. 
 Each group, however, has its own registration plan. 
 
 Third: There is a Federation constitution and by- 
 laws containing only those features to which all the 
 groups can agree. However, each group may have in its 
 own constitution and by-laws any provision which it 
 deems necessary to serve most effectively its own con- 
 stituency. 
 
 Fourth : Each group honors the rules and regulations 
 of the other group. For example: If a high school or 
 a Y. M. C. A. athlete is disquahfied for competing on 
 Sunday, the turners and playgrounds which allow Sunday 
 competition will honor such disqualification. The posi- 
 tion is taken that an athlete must be loyal to and obey 
 the rules of the organization of which he is a member. 
 
 Fifth: The Federation as such does not suspend or 
 disqualify athletes. This is done by the groups. In 
 other words, the whole matter of control is placed on an 
 honor basis. The physical directors or coaches, i.e., the 
 men hack of the athletes, are held responsible by their 
 own organizations for the conduct of their charges. 
 
 Sixth : The executive committee is composed of rep- 
 resentatives from all the groups in the Federation. 
 
 Seventh: The Federation is a clearing house, a co- 
 ordinating and promoting body, and does not give time 
 to petty matters. These are taken care of by the groups 
 as already stated. The Federation does, however, con- 
 cern itself with charges of professionalism. 
 
 Objective 
 
 Briefly stated, the objective of the Cook County Fed- 
 eration is as follows : 
 
 1. To unite all organizations of a permanent character 
 conducting athletics and other forms of physical activi- 
 ties. 
 
 2. To maintain high standards in amateur athletic com- 
 
AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION 199 
 
 petition upon a physiological basis and to unify methods, 
 rules, and standards wherever possible and consistent 
 with efficiency. 
 
 3. To aid the various organizations in the Federation 
 in their efforts to place competitive play activity within 
 the reach of the largest number. 
 
 The objective of the Federation is again illustrated by 
 the following platform : 
 
 '' Recognizing the social and educational value of com- 
 petition in physical activities, the Cook County Amateur 
 Athletic Federation stands first and always for whole- 
 some, formal, and informal contests in gymnastics, ath- 
 letics, and aquatics for the many. The Federation de- 
 sires to serve those w^ho stand for ' sport for sport's 
 sake,' who desire to acquire those many virtues culti- 
 vated by sane competition, and who furthermore will be 
 loyal to the ideals of the organization they represent. 
 For the men who are looking merely for notoriety, for 
 medals and cups, or are ever ready to shift their alle- 
 giance whenever offered suitable (to them) material in- 
 ducement to do so, the Federation has nothing to offer 
 except to encourage such to come in and cooperate on 
 this other higher basis." 
 
 The Federation conducts conferences on basket ball, 
 clean sport, etc. Special lectures are presented at the 
 meetings held by the Federation monthly. For example, 
 at a recent meeting there was presented the topic, '' The 
 Effects of Training Down in Weight on the Growing 
 Boy." Later, " Military versus Physical Training," and 
 other topics of equal value are to be discussed. 
 
 The Grozvth of the Cook County Federation 
 
 The Cook County Federation began with six groups 
 and has grown steadily since 1908 until today it has in 
 its membership sixteen groups, which include all the Y. 
 M. C. A.'s, settlements, playgrounds, high schools, the 
 Cook County Sunday School Association, normal 
 schools, and turners, including German, Polish, Bohe- 
 mian, and Swedish societies. These 16 groups repre- 
 
200 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 sent over 50,000 men and boys participating in physical 
 work. 
 
 The Federation Movement has spread to other coun- 
 tries so that there are now well-organized Federations 
 in the Philippine Islands, China, South America, and in 
 Honolulu. The United States is practically on a Fed- 
 eration basis, although as yet there is no formal national 
 organization. However, 95 per cent of all the high 
 schools, colleges, Y. M. C. A.'s, and turners throughout 
 the country have athletic relationships with each other 
 on a basis similar to that of the Cook County Federation. 
 
 It is not possible for every city to adopt in every re- 
 spect the Cook County form of organization. Every 
 city can, however, adopt the fundamental principles and 
 modify the general plan of organization of the Cook 
 County Federation to meet local conditions. 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 TRAINING AND SUPERVISING AGENCIES 
 
 Every movement is dependent for its growth, effective- 
 ness and permanency upon the development of a specially 
 trained and educated leadership. This is especially true 
 of physical training in the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
 ciation. In its early period it drew its teachers from the 
 ranks of professional athletes and gymnasts or from 
 among the volunteer workers in the gymnasium. They 
 entered the work with little technical training and no 
 .knowledge of the theory of the profession. That this 
 training was inadequate was shown by the constantly 
 changing personnel of the physical directorate. The 
 physical work could not advance any faster than its lead- 
 ership and during the first twenty years of its history its 
 services were limited and its value not recognized by the 
 leaders in the Association Movement. 
 
 In 1885, Dr. David Allen Reed, a clergyman in Spring- 
 field, Mass., organized a school for the training of Chris- 
 tian lay workers and included a department for secre- 
 taries of the Young Men's Christian Association. In 
 1887 a course for physical directors was organized under 
 the leadership of Dr. Luther Gulick, then a medical 
 student in New York, and associated with him was 
 Robert J. Roberts, who was called from the Boston 
 Association. This was the beginning of the educational 
 movement in physical training which was destined to 
 become the chief factor in placing the physical work of 
 the Association upon a permanent and scientific basis. 
 
 201 
 
202 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 The growth of this department was a marked success 
 from its very beginning and in 1890 a separate school 
 was organized under the name of the International Young 
 Men's Christian Association Training School and a sepa- 
 rate property was purchased. In 1894 its first building 
 was erected, it being a model gymnasium. 
 
 In 1884 was held the first session of the Western Sec- 
 retarial Institute at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, and in 1886 
 it was incorporated under this title. 
 
 In 1898 a separate institution was organized in Chicago 
 and incorporated in Illinois under the name of The 
 Young Men's Christian Association Training School. 
 In 1896 the Lake Geneva and Chicago institutions were 
 united. 
 
 The progress and development of these two schools 
 was most remarkable. They have furnished the greater 
 proportion of the physical directors to the associations of 
 the country and many of their graduates have found 
 their way into other organizations — colleges, public 
 schools, and the like. 
 
 Both institutions are now classed as colleges and have 
 been given the power to grant the degree of Bachelor 
 of Physical Education (B. P. E.) for the completion 
 of their course and for post-graduate work the degree 
 of Master of Physical Education (M. P. E.). 
 
 In equipment, teaching staff, and curricula they com- 
 pare favorably with the training schools of the other 
 professions and their place in the Association movement 
 has been firmly established. 
 
 Summer Schools 
 
 The Conference on Professional Training has defined 
 Summer Schools as " Primarily for continuation study 
 
TRAINING AND SUPERVISING AGENCIES 203 
 
 and secondarily for introductory and preparatory study." 
 Physical directors and assistants will find in these schools 
 the opportunity for intensive study in the technique of 
 their profession — a deepening of their acquaintance with 
 the fundamental principles underlying physical education, 
 as well as with the philosophy of Association work. 
 While primarily schools of method, they serve as well 
 as means for quickening the intellectual and spiritual 
 life of the attendants. The fellowship, too. with like- 
 minded men and the contact with leaders of our Asso- 
 ciation Movement, as well as with men of prominence 
 in the field of general and special culture, are invaluable 
 aids to keeping the progressive director up to a high level 
 of efficiency. These schools are located at Asilomar, 
 Cal., Blue Ridge, N. C, Estes Park, Colo., Harper's 
 Ferry, W. Va., Hollister, Mo., Lake Couchiching, Ont., 
 Lake Geneva, Wis., Seabeck, Wash., and Silver Bay, 
 N. Y. While the course of instructions for physical 
 directors in these schools has not been completely stand- 
 ardized, it covers in general the following : 
 
 First Year: Bible study, athletics (games and calis- 
 thenics), anatomy, first aid, Association and Department 
 history, physiology or biology. 
 
 Second Year : Physical examinations, construction 
 and equipment, hygiene. 
 
 Advanced Work: Bible study, laboratory methods 
 (blood-count, medical diagnosis, etc.). 
 
 SUPERVISING AGENCIES 
 The International Committee, through its Physical 
 Department Committee advises, interprets, and stimulates 
 the work of the Physical Departments of the local Asso- 
 ciations. It attempts to standardize and correlate the 
 physical work of North America. Its employed secre- 
 
204 Physical education 
 
 taries are its executive officers. It functions in the 
 following ways: 
 
 1. Publishes Material. Through special printed mat- 
 ter, such as courses of study, handbooks, record blanks, 
 and books, the work is standardized. Statistics, facts, 
 and reports are gathered and published. New literature 
 is created and pronouncements made with reference to 
 its progress and development. Special service is ren- 
 dered in criticizing building plans, and by suggesting 
 valuable modifications in equipment. Service is rendered 
 in uniting Associations in the promotion of swimming 
 campaigns, sex education campaigns, and other forms 
 of united endeavor requiring executive leadership. 
 
 2. Makes National, State, and Local Surveys. Surveys 
 are made of communities and policies outlined based 
 upon the facts discovered. 
 
 3. Conducts and Promotes Research Work. The De- 
 partment creates new ideas and ideals in reference to 
 Association physical training. Special studies are made. 
 New types of possible service are discovered, so as to 
 keep the work abreast of the times. 
 
 4. Relates Association Work to Other Agencies. The 
 secretaries of the Department represent the physical work 
 of the Association in and to other agencies, and present 
 it at conferences and conventions. The relationship to 
 other agencies is defined and cooperation developed. 
 
 5. Operates the Health League and the Athletic League 
 of North America. Certain forms of service are dele- 
 gated to this Department by the International Conven- 
 tion, such as the direction of the Athletic League of 
 North America and the International Health League. 
 The Physical Department of the International Com- 
 mittee administers and reports upon these to the Inter- 
 
TRAINING AND SUPERVISING AGENCIES 205 
 
 national Convention and unofificially to the Physical Di- 
 rectors' Society. 
 
 6. Serves the Summer Schools and Physical Directors/' 
 Society of North America, its secretaries acting as deans 
 of three such schools, outlining the curriculums, and bear- 
 ing a teaching advisory relation to others. 
 
 7. Acts as a Clearing House. Physical directors, com- 
 mitteemen, and others are free to call upon the Depart- 
 ment for information and counsel in reference to the 
 physical work. Reports of work done in local fields are 
 given publicity so that each may profit by the progress 
 of all the others. 
 
 8. Recruits Men for and Places Men in the Physical 
 Directorship. Men are constantly sought who have the 
 potential qualifications for the physical directorship 
 and are advised with reference to study and train- 
 ing. Special efforts are made to secure men from 
 educational institutions. Cooperation is given the 
 training schools in securing students, direction is 
 given to the physical departments in three summer 
 schools, and a helpful relation sustained with all. Asso- 
 ciations are assisted in finding physical directors suited 
 to their need. Physical directors are assisted in trans- 
 ferring, where the wisdom of such transfer is agreed 
 to by the Associations and physical directors involved. 
 Every proper attempt is made to Secure promotion 
 for the deserving physical director and for the enlarge- 
 ment of the office so that men will find in it a life 
 function. 
 
 9. A Department of Conciliation and Arbitration. 
 Sometimes there are points of difference between an 
 Association and the physical director. These often are 
 referred to the International Committee for adjustment 
 
2o6 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 and for settlement. Often also points at variance in 
 definite policies are satisfactorily settled. 
 
 lo. A Department of Interpretation and Extension. 
 In addition to all the above, the Department seeks to 
 interpret the place and nature of physical training in 
 relation to existing special forms of Association work, 
 such as the county work, requiring unique departures in 
 administration and philosophy to meet the health and 
 recreation needs in rural communities ; the industrial 
 w^rk, where again special adaptation is needed; the rail- 
 road and army and navy work. In each of these special 
 adaptations of Association work different interpretations 
 of the physical work are required, and these must be 
 and are gfiven distinctive study and service. 
 
 State Committees function through Physical Depart- 
 ment subcommittees composed of volunteer workers. At 
 present no state Physical Department committee employs 
 the entire time of a secretary, though part of the time 
 of a staff secretary is sometimes assigned to pliysical 
 work. In nearly all the states annual conferences of 
 physical directors are held and in some monthly con- 
 ferences are promoted. These serve to unify and stand- 
 ardize the work. 
 
 ORGANIZATIONS OF THE ASSOCIATION 
 BROTHERHOOD 
 
 There are several existing organizations in the Young 
 Men's Christian Association which the physical director 
 should know and with which he should be identified and 
 cooperate. 
 
 The Employed Officers' Conference 
 
 This is a conference which practically meets each year 
 except the year in which the International Convention 
 
TRAINING AND SUPERVISING AGENCIES 207 
 
 occurs. The latter is held triennially. The Employed 
 Officers' Conference brings together the employed officers 
 of the Associations of the United States and Canada 
 for the discussion of their vocational problems. It 
 develops fraternity and unity. These conferences have 
 historic value. They have done much to promote the 
 efficiency of Association work and to dignify the position 
 of an Association secretary. 
 
 The conference is made up of groups of conferences 
 of the various specialists which are constituent members, 
 and each has representation on the program committee. 
 The programs of the Employed Officers' Conference con- 
 sist of general sessions in which all unite, and depart- 
 mental conferences at which time the societies or Asso- 
 ciations of general secretaries, physical directors, educa- 
 tional directors, boys' workers, county work secretaries, 
 and other groups meet. One of the important by-prod- 
 ucts of the Employed Officers' Conference is the insurance 
 Alliance. 
 
 Annual membership in the Employed Officers' Confer- 
 ence, including membership in the Physical Directors' 
 Society and subscription to Physical Training — the offi- 
 cial magazine of the Physical Directors' Society — is 
 $2.50. 
 
 The Physical Directors' Society of the Young 
 Men's Christian Association of North America 
 
 The Physical Directors' Society of the Young Men's 
 Christian Association of North America was organized 
 at Lakewood, N. Y., in June, 1903. It promotes fra- 
 ternity, unifies and standardizes the physical work, and 
 promotes original research. It issues the monthly maga- 
 zine. Physical Training, and holds an annual conference 
 
2o8 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 in conjunction with either the International Convention 
 or the Employed Officers' Conference. Every physical 
 director should be an active member of the society to 
 help and be helped. It is essential in order to keep in 
 touch with the new developments in the work. 
 
 Standing committees on Graded Gymnastics, Religious 
 Education, Health Education, Social Service, Bibliogra- 
 phy, Sexual Hygiene, etc., promote activity in the study 
 of these subjects throughout the year which results in 
 valuable original contributions. The Society has its own 
 executive committee and the usual officers. 
 
 Local physical directors' conferences are also held, 
 which are a source of inspiration and education to those 
 who attend them. In metropolitan cities like New York 
 and Chicago conferences are held bi-weekly and monthly. 
 In states like Massachusetts and New Jersey such con- 
 ferences for the men of an entire state are possible each 
 month. In other parts of the country, where distances 
 are great, such meetings are semi-annual or annual, and 
 in the latter case are held in connection with state con- 
 ventions. The programs of the more frequent confer- 
 ences include practical gymnastics as well as theoretical 
 studies. 
 
 The General Secretaries' Insurance Alliance 
 
 This is a fraternal organization in which only Asso- 
 ciation employed officers can be members. Its purpose 
 is to provide a fund which will go to the family of a 
 deceased employed officer. Upon the death of a mem- 
 ber of the Alliance each member is assessed $2.10. The 
 ten cents covers all expenses of the Alliance. The bal- 
 ance goes to the beneficiary. During the decade closing 
 December 31, 1911, the Insurance Alliance paid a total 
 
TRAINING AND SUPERVISING AGENCIES 209 
 
 of forty-seven benefits, an average per year of less than 
 five. The total amount paid out in benefits was $109,792. 
 During this time the average benefit increased from 
 $1,681 in 1902 to $3,299 in 191 1, and over $4,000 in 
 1913. Every physical director should join this Alliance, 
 not only for the benefits his family will derive, but be- 
 cause of the brotherhood and fraternity it promotes. 
 
 The Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian 
 Associations of North America 
 
 The Athletic League is the athletic administrative body 
 of the Young Men's Christian Associations of the United 
 States. Canada has its own Athletic League, described 
 elsewhere. This was formerly a part of the North 
 American League. The Athletic League retains its or- 
 iginal name abbreviated as A. L. N. A. 
 
 The purpose of the League is to set high standards of 
 conduct in athletic sport among Association members, to 
 create suitable legislation, to make rules uniform, to pro- 
 vide for a bureau of records, to establish a clearing house 
 for methods, to promote athletic federations, both among 
 local Associations and through them with other respon- 
 sible agencies. 
 
 In July, 191 1, at the request of the Physical Directors' 
 Society, the alliance of the Athletic League with the 
 Amateur Athletic Union, which had existed for fifteen 
 years or more, was terminated because this alliance 
 greatly hindered the Association in promoting its work 
 in more remote fields and limited its relations with other 
 reputable organizations. Then, too, the Association be- 
 lieved that the methods of administration still insisted 
 upon by the A. A. U. did not meet modern needs. 
 
 Since the alliance has been terminated the Athletic 
 
210 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 League organization has been entirely recast. The for- 
 mer system of registration of athletes and sanctions of 
 games has been abolished. The membership fee in the 
 League has been reduced to $2.50. An amateur platform 
 has been adopted and is the basis of membership and of 
 athletic conduct. A new amateur definition has been 
 made. The following extract from the platform indi- 
 cates the relationship in athletics of Young Men's 
 Christian Associations which are in the Athletic League 
 with each other and of such Associations with other 
 agencies : 
 
 Athletic Platform 
 Principles: We recognize in athletics, when wisely 
 directed : 
 
 a. A form of supplementary physical training for the 
 
 development of bodily vigor. 
 
 b. A great educational force developing the coordina- 
 
 tion of the muscular and nervous systems and con- 
 tributing quick motor reactions, muscular skill, 
 and precision. 
 
 c. An excellent means of teaching social ethics, of es- 
 
 tablishing right social relationships and social 
 cooperation, and of satisfying the play instinct. 
 
 d. A means for the development of character, through 
 
 self-control, temperate living, and fair play. 
 We do not favor: 
 
 a. The placing of emphasis upon prize-giving or prize- 
 
 winning and believe these should be secondary and 
 incidental. 
 
 b. Any form of commercialism, through bribes, or 
 
 special honoraria offered as inducements to men 
 to compete or demanded by them for competing. 
 
TRAINWG AND SUPERVISING AGENCIES 211 
 
 c. The recruiting of athletes by one organization from 
 
 another. 
 
 d. That high degree of speciaHzation in athletics which 
 
 interferes with the harmonious development of 
 the bodily functions. 
 
 e. That practice in competition which leads to ex- 
 
 cesses and undue nervous expenditure or which re- 
 sults in a state of mind not in keeping with true 
 sportsmanship. 
 
 All Young Men's Christian Associations which adopt 
 this platform and thus pledge themselves to conduct their 
 athletic competition in harmony with its principles are 
 eligible to membership in the League upon sending 
 written notice to the headquarters of the League together 
 with membership fee. 
 
 Such Young Men's Christian Associations may partici- 
 pate with all other organizations, clubs, teams, or fed- 
 erations, of whatsoever character, which in like manner 
 subscribe to this platform or adopt a platform similar 
 in principle. Those organizations, teams, or federations 
 which will not subscribe to this platform or adopt a plat- 
 form similar in principle, and practice these principles 
 in competition will not be eligible for competition with 
 Young Men's Christian Associations in this League. 
 
 The Athletic League has become decentralized and the 
 name of the Governing Committee has been changed 
 to that of Executive Committee, as its chief function 
 is now that of promotion and of education. The com- 
 mittee consists of the members of the Physical Depart- 
 ment Committee of the International Committee and 
 three members at large. 
 
 Furthermore, the emphasis is upon intra-Association 
 athletics, and measures are being adopted in the interests 
 
212 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 of quickening such efforts so that the largest good to the 
 largest number will result. 
 
 Since the reorganization of the League there has been 
 growth of favorable sentiment toward the federation 
 idea, not only in the Young Men's Christian Association, 
 but also in other organizations throughout the nation. 
 
 The Athletic League of Young Men's Christian 
 Associations of Canada 
 This body supervises the athletics of the Associations 
 in Canada and bears in essence the same relation to the 
 Canadian Associations as does the Athletic League of 
 North America to the Associations in the United States, 
 though different in form. The menibership is $5 for 
 Associations having a membership of more than two hun- 
 dred and $2.50 for those having less than two hundred 
 members. No registration fee is charged. The princi- 
 pal Associations in the Dominion are members. A Gov- 
 erning Committee elected by the Associations directs the 
 League. 
 
 Agencies with Which the Association Cooperates 
 
 Educational 
 
 I. The Health Education League, Devonshire Street, 
 Boston, Mass. This organization issues pamphlets on 
 various health topics, such as " Emergencies," a good 
 booklet for use in shops ; '* Mosquitoes and Flies " ; 
 "Milk"; "The Boy and the Cigarette"; "Colds"; 
 " Sexual Hygiene." The League will print the name of 
 the local Association on the cover. These pamphlets cost 
 from two to five cents each. They are cheaper in 
 quantities^ 
 
TRAINING AND SUPERVISING AGENCIES 213 
 
 2. Scientific Temperance Federation, 23 Trull Street, 
 Boston, Mass. This organization provides scientific 
 literature in reference to the effects of the use of alcohol. 
 Slides, charts, and lectures are furnished at low figures 
 and can be used with good results. 
 
 3. The American Red Cross, Washington, D. C. This 
 organization heretofore has acted only in time of war 
 or calamity, but recently has undertaken a campaign 
 for the promotion of the study of first aid to the in- 
 jured. The International Committee of Young Men's 
 Christian Associations has arranged a plan whereby both 
 unite in providing a diploma for successful students in 
 the subject. Other societies with which the Association 
 is related in a less official way are the National First 
 Aid Society, Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., and the New 
 York Society. The American Red Cross has recently 
 organized a National Life-Saving Department — promot- 
 ing instruction in swimming and life saving. The As- 
 sociation and Red Cross are in active cooperation in such 
 matters. 
 
 4. The American Social Hygiene Society, New York 
 City. This society promotes instruction in sexual 
 hygiene. It has issued the following pamphlets, which 
 can be used with good results : '* The Young Man's 
 Problem" (for young men) ; '* The Boy Problem" (for 
 parents); "What My Uncle Taught Me" (for boys, 
 11-14); '* The Relation of Social Diseases with Mar- 
 riage and Their Prophylaxis." The latter sells for 
 twenty-five cents, all the others are ten cents each. 
 
 5. The Society of Social Hygiene, Chicago, 111., is a 
 similar organization, and its literature can be used with- 
 out hesitation. 
 
 6. Local and State Boards of Health. These should 
 
214 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 be heartily cooperated with by the extensive use of their 
 literature. Many local Boards of Health issue splendid 
 illustrated material on such topics as " Fighting Flies " 
 and " The Care of the Baby/' 
 
 7. United States Government Experiment Stations. 
 These agencies publish much valuable material v^hich 
 can be secured free of charge. They invite cooperation 
 in getting their printed matter before the public. The 
 Treasury Department has also organized the United 
 States Public Health service which aims at the general 
 dissemination of such facts of sex as are essential for 
 the welfare of young people. 
 
 Legislative 
 
 While the Association as such is not a legislative or- 
 ganization, it nevertheless can participate in legislative 
 work through agencies which are specifically legislative. 
 Such agencies are: 
 
 1. The Society for the Suppression of Vice, Nassau 
 Street, New York City. Where foul literature is dis- 
 covered in a community and samples of it are sent this 
 society, steps will be taken to prosecute the publishers 
 and rid the community of it. It is particularly effective 
 in suppressing literature sent through the United States 
 mails and in securing convictions of those so using them. 
 
 2. Board of Health. If unsanitary buildings and un- 
 healthy conditions are reported, the Board of Health 
 will act quickly and effectively. Its laboratories can be 
 used for testing water or milk or for securing antitoxin. 
 
 3. American Humane Society, or its branches. The 
 home office is in New York City. This is practically 
 the only agency working in behalf of the maltreated and 
 undernourished child. This agency has autocratic power 
 
 I 
 
TRAINING AND SUPERVISING AGENCIES 215 
 
 and can act without police warrants in taking children 
 out of homes. Its department in behalf of maltreated 
 animals presents a splendid opportunity for educating 
 and enlisting boys with reference to the proper treat- 
 ment of animals. Its literature upon this subject is 
 valuable. 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 1. Charity Organizations, local and state. These 
 agencies should be used in any attempt to deal with 
 homeless or dependent people or the unemployed. 
 
 2. Tuberculosis Societies. Literature is issued freely. 
 Sanatoria lists are available. Often the exhibit can be 
 placed in the Association building. 
 
 3. National Playground and Recreation Association, 
 Metropolitan Building, New York City. Complete infor- 
 mation can be had in reference to playgrounds, includ- 
 ing literature, slides, exhibits, and lectures. 
 
 4. United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps. A 
 Young Men's Christian Association auxiliary depart- 
 ment has been provided. Buttons for membership and 
 instructions for organizing are furnished gratis. 
 
 5. Juvenile Courts. Cooperation can be had with this 
 agency by furnishing volunteer probation officers. 
 
 This is a day of cooperation. The Association should 
 seek to know the agencies in its community which are 
 at work, and use them, as well as lend them its coopera- 
 tion. 
 
 Other Physical Training Agencies 
 
 The Association physical director must not limit his 
 relations to organizations which have to do with the 
 Young Men's Christian Association alone. He needs 
 
2i6 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 the broadening influence of other national bodies re- 
 lated to physical education. 
 
 The American Physical Education Association. This 
 is the scientific body in physical education in North 
 America. It includes in its membership directors from 
 educational, municipal, social, and religious agencies. 
 This Association publishes a monthly Review which con- 
 tains original and scientific papers on physical education 
 and presents the news and progress of physical train- 
 ing the world over. Membership in the society, including 
 the Review, is three dollars annually. 
 
CHAPTER X 
 
 PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE ARMY AND 
 
 NAVY 
 
 When the great World War broke out in 1914 it 
 opened up an unprecedented opportunity for service by 
 the Young Men's Christian Associations at home and 
 abroad. The British National Committee and the Asso- 
 ciations of Canada and Australasia greatly expanded their 
 service as their national armies grew. Unique methods 
 were developed to meet the unusual needs. The British 
 Association developed the Association hut and originated 
 the plan of using women in connection with army service 
 which proved so popular in army Association service 
 overseas. 
 
 Before the United States entered the war the Interna- 
 tional Committee projected a very extensive service to the 
 prisoner-of-war camps in all the countries at war with the 
 exception of Turkey. In these camps plays and games 
 proved most beneficent and helpful in relieving the mo- 
 notony of prison life and in furthering the physical better- 
 ment of prisoners. 
 
 When the United States entered the war the first camps 
 that were organized at home were officers' training camps, 
 — sixteen in number. In each of these was placed an ex- 
 perienced Association physical director. When, later, the 
 large army was mobilized it was decided by the War 
 Work Council of the Y. M. C. A. to provide a building 
 for each brigade of men in each of the army camps and a 
 physical director on the staflf in each building. In the 
 
 217 
 
2i8 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 large cantonments where there were from six to fourteen 
 of such buildings a camp physical director was appointed 
 to standardize and coordinate the physical work of the As- 
 sociation in the camp and to sustain a relation to the mili- 
 tary officials. Later a regional director was appointed in 
 each of the six departments, corresponding to the organi- 
 zation of the war department, to supervise the Association 
 physical work in the respective regions. Fully six hun- 
 dred Association physical directors were in action at one 
 time in the home camps, indicating the great extent of 
 this work. 
 
 In the United States army the Association physical di- 
 rectors entered as civilians, in the Canadian army they 
 became commissioned officers. Each method had its par- 
 ticular merits and each proved successful. The very fact 
 that the Assocation physical directors were civilians gave 
 them an advantage because they were free to initiate, to 
 change, to approach military officials and to fit in where 
 and when they were most needed. They were not under 
 military orders. Their success depended not upon rank, 
 but upon their ability and efficiency. On the other hand 
 the Canadians found that during combat days they se- 
 cured better support from the army in such matters as 
 transport and in securing official backing because they 
 were militarized. 
 
 At the outbreak of the war and previous to that time, 
 physical training was not well organized nor generally 
 practiced in the U. S. army. When the new army was 
 mobilized, while a comprehensive plan of physical train- 
 ing was provided for, theoretically, no adequate corps of 
 instructors was available to teach the regulation setting 
 up exercises and to promote athletics. 
 
 At the outset, the Association physical directors found 
 
PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE ARMY AND NAVY 219 
 
 considerable difference of opinion on the part of com- 
 manding officers toward athletics and games. Some were 
 actually antagonistic. Each physical director was told to 
 study the needs of the soldiers carefully, to experiment, 
 and to endeavor to organize his work in such a way as 
 to meet the needs of the largest possible number. They 
 began in a very small way, but soon discovered wonderful 
 opportunities for promoting their program. 
 
 They made surveys of the camps and prepared plans 
 for the layout of athletic grounds which were submitted 
 to the military authorities and by them approved and 
 workmen frequently detailed to do the work. In several 
 camps the commanding officers, after having a plan sub- 
 mitted to them for teaching all the men in the camps to 
 swim, had the plans made official and ordered all the men 
 in the camp to report for examination in swimming, even 
 furnishing conveyances to take the men to distant points 
 where swimming pools were available. 
 
 More comprehensive plans began to take shape. Inter- 
 company and barracks baseball and basket ball leagues 
 were formed with as m,!any as fifteen to eighteen teams in 
 each. Mass pentathlon exercises, mass plays and games 
 soon followed. Requests were received to formulate 
 events of a military nature, such as mounted wrestling, 
 mounted tug of war, races in full military equipment, etc. 
 Monster athletic meets were planned for Memorial Day, 
 July 4th, and other holidays in which the adjoining towns 
 cooperated. A very effective method was worked out 
 for conducting mass athletics known as the file or line 
 method. Whole regiments went through these at the 
 same time under command. 
 
 Gradually athletics were incorporated into the military 
 program; many commanding officers asked Association 
 
220 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 physical directors to teach the calisthenic drills. When 
 the large camps were opened greatly increased opportunity 
 was afiforded for projecting athletic programs. 
 
 Officers became increasingly enthusiastic over the work. 
 In the winter season efforts were made to devise indoor 
 methods for promoting exercising. Recreation sheds 
 were built in several camps in the Northwest and in the 
 older forts drill halls were used. Schools for officers and 
 non-commissioned officers were organized. In one camp 
 instruction was given to twelve hundred officers twice each 
 week. In this carnp twenty thousand men were engaged 
 in sports at one time. There were two hundred football 
 teams organized. 
 
 In some camps as many as seventy per cent of the men 
 did not know how to play. Play leaders from among the 
 men were often selected in each company. These men 
 were trained in special groups in the simpler group games 
 and in turn helped to teach the others. One camp had an 
 athletic meet in which three thousand men took part and 
 a play day was officially assigned for each week. In sev- 
 eral other camps specific time was set aside for recreation 
 by the military officers. Some of the physical directors 
 reported better results with the play leaders than with the 
 regularly appointed athletic officers. 
 
 Briefly stated, the following constitute the principles 
 and aims of the physical training program of the Y. M. 
 C. A. in the army camps and naval stations. 
 
 I. To Occupy the Leisure Hours of the Men 
 
 This is a highly important field for it is the history of 
 armies, aside from actual combat, that most of the causes 
 of disability have been outside the line of duty. All man- 
 ner of activities can be used here, formal as well as infor- 
 
PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE ARMY AND NAVY 221 
 
 mal, and both indoors and outdoors. They are charac- 
 terized by original, unique, attractive, adaptable forms of 
 recreation. 
 
 II. To Widen the Opportunity for Participation in 
 
 Recreative Sports 
 To this end the Association athletic director seeks out 
 and has prepared play fields, athletic parks, outdoor plat- 
 forms for boxing and wrestling, adapts for recreative pur- 
 poses the Association huts and where owned in division 
 camps, the large auditoriums. He keeps on hand suitable 
 athletic equipment for the use of the men. 
 
 III. To Enlist Every Man in the Game 
 
 This includes every group of men in a camp — not only 
 the soldiers in active drill but those in hospitals, in quar- 
 antine, on hikes, at target ranges ; those in rest camps, 
 those in the supply department, those who serve in the 
 mess hall, the nurses ; not only every group but every man 
 in every group. This requires chief emphasis upon mass 
 athletics, upon informal sports. It requires organization 
 and the training of leaders and a varied program. 
 
 IV. To Cooperate Wherever Desired in the Actual 
 
 Training of the Men for Military Service 
 Many and diverse have been the requests made of As- 
 sociation athletic directors by the military and naval 
 officers. Setting up drills have been conducted, military 
 athletics directed, mass boxing taught, mass swimming and 
 life saving handled, special official recreation periods 
 supervised. 
 
 V. To Develop the Fighting Spirit 
 
 This is done through combative sports such as boxing 
 and wrestling, through competitive sports, and through 
 
222 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 exercises of speed, skill, force, and endurance, through 
 the promotion of those forms of sport which stimulate the 
 emotions. 
 
 VI. To Amuse Men, to Develop Good Humor and 
 
 Interest and the Cultivation of the Spirit 
 of Contentment 
 Athletics can be used as entertainment through athletic 
 meets, exhibition games, short boxing bouts, stunts, acts 
 of physical prowess, burlesque athletic events, the purpose 
 being to make military life attractive and to develop orig- 
 inality and spontaneity. 
 
 VII. To Develop Morale through the Promotion of 
 
 Clean Sport and Good Cheer 
 To teach the men to be good sportsmen, good team men, 
 good losers as well as good winners. To keep their heads 
 in time of contest, to throw themselves into competition 
 with vim and vigor but to maintain self-control. 
 
 VIII. To Use Recreation as a Moral Force 
 
 To make play stronger than vice. To substitute foot- 
 ball and other virile sports for vice, alcohol, and gambling. 
 Where wholesome attractve sports are provided men for- 
 get and lose their craving for the lower forms of pleasure. 
 Constructive recreative activities displace destructive 
 vicious indulgence. 
 
 IX. To Increase the Physical Efficiency of Every 
 
 Man 
 The various forms of athletic activities give opportuni- 
 ties for wider and more vigorous normal movements than 
 routine drills and marches at less expense of nerve en- 
 ergy, and the result is more vigorous action of the vital 
 organs, particularly those of circulation and respiration. 
 
PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE ARMY AND NAVY 223 
 
 The increase of general tone is seen in the better per- 
 formance of miHtary duties on the part of the individual. 
 
 X. To Cooperate in the Restoration of the Sick 
 AND Injured 
 
 Through carefully selected play activities and graded 
 physical exercises used in cooperation with the proper 
 official authorities, much can be done in the reeducation 
 of the wounded, in the development of the undersized, 
 and in the restoration of the convalescent to complete use- 
 fulness. Physical activities along with other forms of 
 treatment are most efficient in such restoration service, 
 which many Association athletic directors are qualified to 
 perform. 
 
 By the time the United States army was ready to sail 
 overseas the argument had been made for athletics and 
 the program was highly acceptable. The same was true 
 in the Canadian army. 
 
 Then came the transfer of troops overseas. Here con- 
 ditions were more difficult as the men were as a rule not 
 brought together in large camps but billeted in small vil- 
 lages. Considerable activity was promoted in the base 
 camps, where the troops landed in large numbers to be 
 rested for a few days, sometimes trained for a longer 
 time, then sent farther up the line. Essentially then the 
 w^ork was in the waves. 
 
 Most of the work had to be adapted to small groups. 
 Physical directors followed the men as they moved, trav- 
 eling also with division trains and meeting every conceiv- 
 able situation. Athletics were carried right up behind the 
 front lines of trenches. Many games were broken up by 
 falling shells. 
 
 Athletics and competitive games played a big part in the 
 
224 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 training of the Canadian troops in England and France. 
 All championships were placed on an organized basis, and 
 were promoted by the military authorities and the Y. M. 
 C. A. In the big training camps in England champion- 
 ships were decided in baseball (loi teams), soccer foot- 
 ball (65 teams), swimming, boxing, wrestling, tennis, 
 Rugby, and cross country running. In all the games 
 unit teams were insisted upon, and after winners were 
 decided in the seven different areas, they were brought to 
 one center and the championship decided in a small tour- 
 nament. Cross country running was very popular. 
 
 Vast quantities of athletic equipment were sent over- 
 seas by the War Work Councils of Canada and the United 
 States, amounting to fully two millions of dollars. 
 
 Naturally the great opportunity came with the signing 
 of the armistice. The Association in connection with the 
 army developed a remarkable program of sports, cover- 
 ing American Expeditionary Force championships in 
 practically all sports — boxing and wrestling, track and 
 field sports, baseball, tennis, football, basket ball, and the 
 all-point company championship, which is a pentathlon 
 including the 100 yard dash, 800 yard run, stand- 
 ing broad jump, putting the shell (i2j^ lbs.), and pull 
 up. Special Bulletins from General Headquarters were 
 issued describing the conditions under which the events 
 were to be held and how the teams or individuals were to 
 be selected. All team events were selected so as to deter- 
 mine the best team in the following units: General 
 Headquarters troops — one team. First Army, one 
 team. Second Army, one team. Third Army, one team. 
 Service Supplies, two teams. District of Paris, one 
 team. These teams were selected by a process of elimi- 
 nation in the different divisions. 
 
PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE ARMY AND NAVY 225 
 
 The proposed teamwork between the army and the 
 '' Y " was made the subject of an official order in General 
 Orders 241. This order contained the following opening 
 paragraph : " The Commander in Chief directs the atten- 
 tion of all concerned to the importance of encouraging the 
 development of general and competitive athletics and all 
 kinds of appropriate entertainment, for the purpose of 
 keeping up the morale, fostering the developing of organ- 
 ization esprit de corps, and improving the physical fitness 
 of the army." 
 
 It called attention to the fact that the Y. M. C. A., with 
 the approval of the Commander in Chief, had organized a 
 Department of Athletics and was prepared to give every 
 assistance in the development of general athletics and the 
 arrangement and management of competitions between 
 military units, and that it had a large number of specially 
 trained physical directors with wide experience in mass 
 play and in other athletic activities, one of whom would 
 be attached to the staff of each division and separate unit, 
 and designated in orders as Divisional (or Unit) Athletic 
 Director, and under the supervision of the Division Ath- 
 letic Officer, was charged with the responsibility of the ar- 
 rangement, management, and general conduct of athletic 
 activities throughout the unit. 
 
 To show the appreciation with which the army leaders 
 looked upon the value of athletics, Order 241 contained 
 the following interesting announcement : 
 
 " With a view to making it possible for all the men who 
 so desire to take part in the athletic activities herein pro- 
 vided for, G. O. No. 236 c.s. these headquarters, is so 
 rriodified as to authorize all commanding officers to excuse 
 from all military training in excess of four hours per day 
 all of the men of their commands who take part actively 
 
226 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 each day in any of the athletic sports approved by the 
 divisional or unit athletic officer/' 
 
 How greatly different this attitude on the part of the 
 army officials to that taken at the outset of the war by 
 some of them in the camps at home when athletic sports 
 seemed in their judgment foreign to the interests of mili- 
 tary training. 
 
 The Association definitely recommended that following 
 the A.E.F. championships there should be held a series of 
 great Inter-Allied games. In order to make the Inter- 
 Allied games a possibility the Association agreed to build 
 a stadium. This stadium is located at Joinville-le-Pont 
 near Paris. The stands and bleachers are of concrete 
 seating 22,000 people, and the cost was about $85,000. 
 The track measures 500 meters. The stadium was named 
 after General Pershing, who turned it over to the French 
 authorities as a permanent testimonial of the interest of 
 the A. E. F. in sports and as a reminder of the great 
 Army-Y. M. C. A. joint effort in athletics. The Allied 
 games were held June 22, 1919. 
 
 Invitations to participate in the games were sent by the 
 Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary 
 Forces to twenty-one Allied Nations. Belgium, France, 
 Italy, Greece, Roumania, China, Poland, Australia, Brazil, 
 Hedjaz, England, Canada, and other nations participated. 
 The meet proved a glorious success and was a fitting cli- 
 max to the war experience, as peace was signed when the 
 games were in progress. 
 
 The Association not only served the troops from North 
 America alone but of several of the Allied Nations. 
 Eight American athletic directors were sent upon request 
 to promote plays and games among the British soldiers. 
 
 Athletic directors were furnished to serve in the French 
 
PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE ARMY AND NAVY 227 
 
 Army through the medium of the Foyers du Soldat, the 
 name used for the huts. Twenty-one regional athletic 
 directors were appointed who constantly traveled through 
 the camps and provided athletic equipment and advised in 
 reference to the promotion of sport. The French re- 
 ceived the informal games with avidity. The Association 
 was officially requested to furnish an athletic director for 
 each of eight schools of physical education in which liter- 
 ally thousands of male teachers were given instruction in 
 American games and who in turn introduced them into 
 the schools throughout France, thus touching practically 
 the entire youth of France. 
 
 In Italy, likewise, American Association athletic direc- 
 tors served in relation to the Casa du Soldat and in the 
 cities and were enthusiastically received by the Italian 
 military officials. Considerable work was done in the 
 military schools and also in work for the wounded and 
 convalescent. A large and fundamental piece of work 
 was likewise established for the boys of Italy on the play- 
 ground, in schools and through the Boy Scouts. 
 
 Some of our directors in Rome were giving their days 
 to soldiers and their evenings from 5 : 30 on and Sundays 
 to the boys. The boys, like the men, received the Asso- 
 ciation athletic and recreative program with great enthu- 
 siasm. Army fields and city playgrounds were used for 
 the work with the boys. In Milan, the Association was 
 granted permission to use the Arena (built by Napoleon), 
 a large and beautiful place with a seating capacity of 
 30,000, for a demonstration and later for regular playing 
 of basket ball, volley ball and playground ball by the Ital- 
 ian young men and boys of that city. Italy had no games 
 in which throwing and batting were involved. 
 
 Basket ball and volley ball were likewise unknown. 
 
228 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Through these games alone the Association Physical De- 
 partment has made a real contribution to the health yield- 
 ing resources of the play life of the Italian nation. 
 
 No less romantic was the Russian work, which was 
 carried on amid great difficulties. Because of the Arctic 
 winters, limited facilities, the difficulty of obtaining sup- 
 plies, our physical directors were severely handicapped in 
 the development of a recreative and athletic program. 
 Yet in the face of all the obstacles a very creditable work 
 was accomplished and physical training filled a very im- 
 portant place in the needs of the Allied armies in Russia. 
 A most cosmopolitan population it was, comprising some 
 twenty-five nationalities, among which were som.e of the 
 following : 
 
 Americans, English, Canadians, Czechs, Serbians, 
 French, Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Italians, Letts, Poles, 
 Siamese, Africans, Indians, Filipinos, Koreans, Arme- 
 nians, etc. The Czech army became so interested in 
 American games, particularly Association football, that it 
 is reported that the future generation of Czechs will be 
 playing American games. This program of athletic recre- 
 ation was a vital factor in sustaining what was ordinarily 
 a high grade morale in the Czech army, but which under 
 the strain of indescribable suffering and hardships en- 
 tailed in the four years' Siberian campaign was rapidly 
 weakening. At Harbin, a program of athletic games, 
 basket ball, and skating was maintained for a group of 
 American engineers. An inter-company baseball league 
 played for the American championship of the Vladivostok 
 district. Wrestling and boxing tournaments and pro- 
 grams were conducted at many points. The work has 
 left its impress not on Russia alone, but on many of the 
 
PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE ARMY AND NAVY 229 
 
 twenty-five or more nationalities represented there, and 
 will doubtless be a great factor in the future development 
 of the physical work abroad. 
 
APPENDIX I 
 
 HINTS ON ORGANIZING SUMMER PROGRAM 
 
 The following experience may prove suggestive. It contains 
 a most important principle, namely, that the best way to create 
 interest is through democracy. Members enjoy what they 
 initiate. 
 
 To create unusual interest in summer recreation a " Summer 
 Recreation Rally" was announced. An interesting speaker on 
 "How to Enjoy a Vacation" was secured for a short address. 
 His name was sufficient to create interest. The meeting was 
 held in the large auditorium. There was a suggestion that a 
 crowd was expected. A man of prominence was asked to pre- 
 side. The stage was arranged to indicate summer vacation — a 
 tent was pitched, a make-believe camp fire introduced, and ath- 
 letic paraphernalia, such as fishing nets and rods, a canoe, tennis 
 rackets, balls, bats, and golf clubs were used for decoration. 
 
 Before the time for the program, cards were issued to the 
 members asking them to check the particular sports in which 
 they were interested and return the cards at least two weeks 
 before the night of the rally. On these cards were named all 
 the conceivable sports which the community might afford. The 
 list included track and field sports, tennis, baseball, rambling, 
 camera club, horseback riding, surf bathing, boating, tugboat 
 trips, trolley rides, golf. There was no idea how many of these 
 would be provided, but it was a method of making an inventory 
 of the members' desires. When the cards were collected the lists 
 were classified. Then a meeting of the various groups was 
 called. For illustration, a dozen men wanted golf. These were 
 called together to discuss how golf might be provided. The 
 Association had no golf grounds and could not afford them. A 
 committee was appointed from the group to investigate and to 
 find what the city provided in grounds and to report at the rally. 
 Similarly other groups were called together and sent out to find 
 facilities and to report definite methods for their use. These 
 
 230 
 
APPENDIX 231 
 
 succeeded admirably. The golfers found splendid golf links fur- 
 nished free by the city and organized the group to play on 
 them. The boating group found it could secure special rates 
 at the park if tickets were bought in quantities. The athletic 
 group found an athletic park which could be rented for $100, and 
 the money was secured by issuing athletic park tickets at one 
 dollar each to one hundred interested members. 
 
 All of these groups reported on rally night. First, the or- 
 chestra played, the address was given, and stereopticon views 
 of an Association summer school, the local and state camp for 
 boys, were shown — as well as pictures of local athletes. Then 
 came the reports, after which the groups got together, organ- 
 ized, and made plans. These were launched enthusiastically be- 
 cause the members had made the enterprise possible and a splen- 
 did season of many activities resulted. 
 
 For a program of outdoor activities one thinks of spring and 
 fall athletic meets, and all-round tests during the summer. The 
 following are suggested : Relay runs to a neighboring city, 
 cross-country runs and paper chases, twilight baseball leagues, 
 playground ball leagues for business men, handball and outdoor 
 baseball, bicycle runs, and when possible aquatic sports. 
 
 The Association should seek to sense the prevailing sport 
 in its commiunity and relate itself to it. For illustration, in one 
 city the favorite sport was sea bathing. On Saturday afternoon 
 many of the members were found on the beach, though the As- 
 sociation was not related to it. The Association made a study 
 of the situation. It was discovered that one of the large bathing 
 houses was most popular. A representative was sent to the 
 proprietor, who agreed to the suggestion that lockers be reserved 
 in a certain section of the building for Association men. This 
 segregated the men and brought them together at the beach at the 
 same time. Then the physical director related himself to the 
 group, directing the games on the beach, including three deep, 
 pyramids, and races. Later the group organized into an Associa- 
 tion swimming club, and thus through tact and study and adapt- 
 ability the Association became the directing force. In another 
 city the chief attraction was a camp on the river. The best loca- 
 tion on this river was occupied by drinking clubs. Investigation 
 revealed that the property was owned by a churchman. The 
 
2Z2 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 physical director called upon the owner, told him that if the 
 Association were given a portion of the property a boathouse 
 would be erected and the rest of the property would be super- 
 vised and leased to respectable persons. This he agreed to. 
 The objectionable persons were eliminated, better groups be- 
 came tenants, and the Association formed a stock company of 
 one hundred members at ten dollars each and erected a substan- 
 tial boathouse with sleeping accommodations. 
 
 SWIMMING CAMPAIGN 
 W. H. Ball 
 
 The Objective 
 
 To teach America to swim is a gigantic undertaking, but this 
 is the task that was undertaken by the Young Men's Christian 
 Association in 1909. A large proportion of the one hundred mil- 
 lion or more inhabitants of North America derive very little if 
 any pleasure from the water because they are not masters of it 
 and consequently fear it. In the United States alone, more than 
 seven thousand persons are accidentally drowned each year. 
 To help save these lives and to add materially to the wholesome 
 enjoyment of all the nation is a challenge that may well call 
 forth the best efforts of an organization like the Young Men's 
 Christian Association. 
 
 Conditions 
 
 Associations are found in nearly all the large communities 
 in the XJnited States and Canada, and more than four hundred 
 of these Associations have indoor swimming pools, while many 
 others conduct camps in the summer beside lakes or rivers. Each 
 of these organizations has a physical director who is an experi- 
 enced swimmer and instructor. In addition, thousands of the 
 Association members are expert swimmers. This, in addition to 
 the discovery of George H. Corsan, a skillful and enthusiastic 
 swimming specialist, by the International Committee which was 
 in a position to promote the continent-wide campaign, made it 
 possible to launch the effort. 
 
 In its earlier stages tTie campaign centered very largely about 
 Mr. Corsan, arrangements being made for him to spend one or 
 more weeks with an Association conducting a spectacular cam- 
 paign. The Association gives the widest possible publicity to the 
 
APPENDIX 233 
 
 campaign, freely using the mails, printed matter, and, most im- 
 portant, the local daily papers. In a large number of instances 
 instruction is given without charge to non-members. In many 
 cities all the school boys who can not swim receive two or 
 three lessons per week. 
 
 The details for caring for such a campaign are worked out 
 with great care well in advance. In addition to the publicity 
 features the finances are raised by private subscriptions of a few 
 or many, or by the Business Men's Club, or the School Board, 
 or by some newspaper. In some instances the expenses are cov- 
 ered by the swimming exhibition receipts, and instruction or 
 new members' fees. 
 
 In free campaigns the non-members are thoroughly examined 
 physically, and carefully supervised while receiving their instruc- 
 tion. The gratifying results of the campaign thus far are, in a 
 large measure, due to the methods of instruction which Mr. 
 Corsan has developed. Non-swimmers are taught in groups of 
 from ten to seventy-five. 
 
 The crawl stroke is used exclusively for beginners. The arm 
 movements of this stroke are first given to the group in the 
 " land drill." Each person is then supplied with a pair of water 
 wings and enters the water. After properly adjusting the wings, 
 he executes the arm movements practiced in the land drill and in 
 most instances learns to swim in one or two lessons, so that 
 thereafter the wings can be discarded. The entire group receives 
 instruction at once, the actual number depending upon the size 
 of the pool. Fifteen minutes is usually given as the period for 
 the water lesson. 
 
 In order to stimulate an interest in swimming and encourage 
 all grades of swimmers, the following tests and awards are in 
 very general use. Thousands of Association members qualify 
 for these awards each year. 
 
 Beginners' Test: Swim at least fifty feet (any stroke — with 
 or without turning). Award — oxidized silver finish button. 
 
 Swimmers' Test: Swim fifty yards (any stroke) ; dive prop- 
 erly from dock, side of pool, float or springboard; swim on back 
 fifty feet. Award — French gray finish button. 
 
 Leaders' Test: (i) Teach one person to swim fifty feet; (2) 
 swim two hundred yards ; (3) dive from surface of water and 
 
234 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 bring up objects from the bottom (opening eyes) ; (4) swim on 
 back fifty yards. Award — Roman gold finish button. 
 
 Life Savers' Test: (i) Dive into from seven to ten feet of 
 water and bring from the bottom to the surface a loose bag of 
 sand weighing ten pounds ; (2) swim two hundred yards, i.e., one 
 hundred yards on back, not using arms or hands, and one hun- 
 dred yards any other stroke; (3) demonstrate (a) on land — five 
 methods of release; (b) in water — two methods of release; (c) 
 rescue and tow person of own weight twenty yards, using two 
 different strokes (ten yards each) ; (d) Schaefer method of resus- 
 citation. Award — sterling silver watch fob, very neat and dur- 
 able.i 
 
 These awards are furnished by the Physical Department of the 
 International Committee at a small charge sufficient to cover the 
 actual cost. The various awards, however, are supplied with the 
 understanding that they are to be awarded only to those persons 
 who fully comply with the particular test in the presence of 
 three competent witnesses, one of whom is to be the physical 
 director or assistant. 
 
 An Association member who rescues another person from 
 drowning is eligible to receive the Life Saving Medallion, gold, 
 silver, or bronze, according to the degree of danger involved and 
 skill shown. These medallions are granted upon application of a 
 local Y. M. C. A. which furnishes full particulars of the rescue 
 and also cares for the cost. 
 
 As a development of the campaign, about two hundred swim- 
 ming and life-saving clubs have been organized during the past 
 five years. These clubs have for their object in general, to ad- 
 vance the interests of swimming, life saving, and other aquatic 
 sports, and particularly to teach swimming and life saving and 
 conduct swimming games, contests, and exhibitions. 
 
 There has also been developed a Swimming and Life Saving 
 Department of the Athletic League of North America for the 
 purpose of promoting, standardizing, and making permanent the 
 present interest in swimming and life saving. This organization 
 promotes annually the Life Saving Pentathlon Contest consisting 
 of five events — 50 yards on back, 75 yards any stroke, 220 yards 
 any stroke, towing person, and full dress swim. This contest has 
 
 1 See page 235 for prices, etc. 
 
APPENDIX 235 
 
 become a part of the activity policy of Associations having pools 
 and is doing much to perfect the life-saving ability of large 
 numbers of swimmers. 2 
 Campaign Results 
 
 Approximately 375,000 persons who could not swim are known 
 to have been taught to swim during the past ten years by the 
 Young Men's Christian Associations of North America. In ad- 
 dition, many thousand swimmers have become good swimmers, 
 and good swimmers expert swimmers and life savers. Several 
 hundred thousand spectators have listened to lectures and wit- 
 nessed demonstrations of swimming and life saving. About 125 
 swimming instructors are now (1916) giving part or full time in 
 local Associations, where there were none ten years ago. 
 
 Every new Association building contains a pool, larger and 
 better equipped than in former years. Students who complete 
 physical courses in Association Summer Schools or Training 
 Colleges are required to qualify in swimming and life saving. 
 
 Standard Swimming Program 
 
 Every Association with a building to have a swimming pool 
 and a Swimming and Life Saving Club with an annual program 
 of activities. 
 
 Every Association with a pool to have a full or part time swim- 
 ming instructor. 
 
 Every Association member to become a swimmer. 
 Every swimmer to become a better swimmer. 
 Every good swimmer to be trained as a life saver. 
 Every swimming pool to be equipped for refiltration and abso- 
 lute sanitation. 
 
 Every pool to be under constant supervision during hours the 
 pool is open. 
 
 Swimming Award Prices 
 Beginners: 5 cents each; cash with order, 50 at $2.25; 100 at 
 
 $4.00. 
 Swimmers: 10 cents each; cash with order, 50 at $4.25; 100 at 
 
 $8.00. 
 Leaders: 5 cents each; cash with order, 50 at $2.40; 100 at 
 
 $4.25. 
 Life Savers: One dollar each; cash with order, 25 or more at 
 $22.50. 
 
 2 See page 232 for details reg'arding this department. 
 
236 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Requests for awards should be sent to Physical Department, 
 International Committee, 347 Madison Avenue, New York. 
 
 SUGGESTED CONSTITUTION OF THE SWIMMING AND 
 
 LIFE SAVING CLUB OF THE YOUNG MEN'S 
 
 CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION 
 
 Article i. Name. — This organization is a branch of the 
 Young Men's Christian Association International Swimming and 
 Life Saving Corps and shall be known as ** The Swimming and 
 Life Saving Club of the Young Men's Christian Association." 
 
 Article 2. Object. — Its object shall be to advance the inter- 
 ests of swimming and life saving and aquatic sports in general, 
 and to that end to teach swimming and life saving, and to con- 
 duct games, competitions, and exhibitions, also to maintain and 
 regulate teams, therefore acting in harmony with the purposes of 
 the Association and under the jurisdiction of its Physical Com- 
 mittee. 
 
 Article 3. Membership. 
 
 Section i. QualiUcation. — Any member of the Young Men's 
 Christian Association who is entitled to the privileges of the 
 Physical Department may become a member of this Club by 
 signing this Constitution and paying the membership fee herein- 
 after prescribed. 
 
 Section 2. Fees. — The fees for membership in the Club shall 
 be fifty cents ($.50) a year, payable in advance. 
 
 Section 3. Renewals. — The renewal fees shall be fifty cents 
 ($.50) but, if paid on or before the annual meeting, the member 
 shall receive a renewal membership card, which will admit him- 
 self and lady to public exhibitions. 
 
 Section 4. Charter Members. — All persons becoming members 
 
 on or before shall be designated as Charter 
 
 Members. 
 
 Article 4. Officers. 
 
 Section i. The officers of this Club shall be : President, Vice- 
 President, Secretary-Treasurer, and two Directors, who shall be 
 elected by ballot at the annual meeting, for a term of one year 
 or until their successors are chosen, a majority of all votes cast 
 being necessary for election. 
 
 Section 2, Newly elected officers shall take office immediately 
 upon the adjournment of the meeting at which they are elected. 
 
 Section 3. It shall be the duty of the President to preside at 
 all business meetings and supervise the general work of the Club. 
 He shall be an ex-officio member of all committees. He shall ap- 
 point all committees not otherwise provided for, and shall have 
 power to dissolve any committee appointed by him, if in his 
 opinion it is not fulfilling the duties assigned to it. The presi- 
 dent shall during the month of March each year forward an 
 
APPENDIX 237 
 
 Annual Report for the Club to the Secretary of the National 
 Corps in New York. This report will include a presentation of 
 things accomplished and contemplated and also a brief financial 
 statement. 
 
 Section 4. The Vice-President, in the absence of the Presi- 
 dent, shall perform the usual duties of his office. 
 
 Section 5. The Secretary-Treasurer shall keep the official copy 
 of the constitution and an accurate record of all meetings, give 
 notice to members of meetings, and perform all other duties 
 which properly appertain to the office. As treasurer, he shall 
 receive all moneys belonging to the Club and disburse the same 
 on the order of the President, provided that no expense be in- 
 curred unless authorized by the Club or the Executive Committee. 
 He shall submit a monthly report to the Physical Board at their 
 meeting, such report to contain: (i) An account of the work 
 of the Club for the preceding month; (2) the plans made for 
 future work ; and (3) a financial statement of receipts and dis- 
 bursements for the month with vouchers attached. 
 
 Section 6. The two Directors, together with the President, 
 Vice-President, and Secretary-Treasurer, shall constitute the 
 Executive Committee, who shall transact all business of the Club 
 during the intervals between meetings. 
 
 Section 7. Vacancies in offices shall be filled by the Executive 
 Committee. Vacancies in team captainships may be declared by 
 the President, when necessary. His successor to be chosen by 
 the team. 
 
 Article 5. Meetings. 
 
 Section i. The annual meeting shall be held during the month 
 of April, and a semi-annual meeting in November. 
 
 Section 2. Special Meetings. Special meetings may be called 
 at any time at the discretion of the President or at the written 
 request of five members. 
 
 Section 3. Notice of M.eetings. The Secretary -Treasurer 
 shall mail members notice of all Club meetings. 
 
 Section 4. Quorum. Seven members shall constitute a 
 quorum at any meeting of the Club. 
 
 Article 6. Committees. 
 
 Such committees may be appointed by the Club or President, 
 as may be thought desirable. 
 
 Article 7. Colors and Uniforms. 
 
 Section i. Colors. The Club colors shall be the standard red, 
 white, and blue adopted by the Association. 
 
 Section 2. Uniform. The uniform shall be a one-piece red 
 bathing suit. 
 
 Article 8. 
 
 Section i. Teams. A representative swimming team for com- 
 petitive work against other teams shall be selected by the swim- 
 ming captain and the physical director. Representative water 
 
238 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 polo and life saving teams shall be selected in like manner by re- 
 spective captains and physical directors. 
 
 Section 2. Captains. The Captains for the various teams shall 
 be selected at the annual meeting by the Club members who have 
 represented the Association during the year in open events. 
 
 Article 9. Amendments. 
 
 This Constitution may be amended at any meeting by a three- 
 fourths vote of the members present, provided that the proposed 
 amendment shall have been submitted in writing at a meeting at 
 least two weeks previous and all members notified regarding the 
 
 LIFE-SAVING PENTATHLON 
 
 SCORING TABLES 
 
 A. L. N. A. League Letter XV. Supplement 
 
 A new method of scoring athletic events is here presented. It 
 is scientific and is based on the fact that it requires much more 
 ability to reduce the time or increase the distance of an event as 
 the " record " is approached ; therefore, to recognize fairly a 
 person's skill, every fifth of a second in time or inch in distance 
 should increase in scoring value as the " record " is neared. 
 
 The method of scoring is simple. Consult the table for the 
 particular event. Locate the time that was made and directly 
 opposite will be found the number of points it represents. 
 
 Swimming in pools presents a special problem, owing to the 
 matter of turns. Time can be gained from the turns and push 
 ofY. These tables are based on a standard 75 foot pool. Where 
 a pool is shorter and the required number of turns for an event 
 is more than is indicated on the table, the proper deduction for 
 each extra turn should be made as follows : 
 
 50 yds. on back 34 sec. 
 
 75 yds. ^ H sec. 
 
 25 yds. towing ^ sec. 
 
 220 yds. I sec. 
 
 Full Dress i sec. 
 
 In submitting reports of the contest the exact length of the 
 pool and the number of turns should be stated without fail. 
 Also mention whether deductions for turns have been made. 
 
 William H. Ball. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 239 
 
 SPECIAL REQUEST 
 
 For purposes of special study it will be greatly appreciated if 
 each Physical Director will send reports of all obtainable time or 
 distance made in any or all swimming events. Names are not 
 needed, but state length of pool and indicate boys' time by a 
 mark. 
 
 50 Yards on Back 
 
 
 
 
 One 
 
 Turn 
 
 
 
 
 30 sees. 
 
 1000 
 
 38 sees. 
 
 329 
 
 46 sees. 
 
 119 
 
 54 sees. 
 
 32 
 
 I 
 
 964 
 
 I 
 
 321 
 
 I 
 
 116 
 
 I 
 
 31 
 
 2 
 
 929 
 
 2 
 
 313 
 
 2 
 
 113 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 3 
 
 l?5 
 
 3 
 
 306 
 
 3 
 
 no 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 4 
 
 862 
 
 4 
 
 299 
 
 4 
 
 107 
 
 4 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 830 
 
 39 
 
 292 
 
 47 
 
 104 
 
 55 
 
 27 
 
 I 
 
 800 
 
 I 
 
 285 
 
 I 
 
 lOI 
 
 I 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 772 
 
 2 
 
 278 
 
 2 
 
 98 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 746 
 
 3 
 
 271 
 
 3 
 
 95 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 722 
 
 4 
 
 264 
 
 4 
 
 92 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 32 
 
 701 
 
 40 
 
 258 
 
 48 
 
 89 
 
 56 
 
 22 
 
 I 
 
 680 
 
 I 
 
 252 
 
 I 
 
 9,6 
 
 I 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 660 
 
 2 
 
 246 
 
 2 
 
 84 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 640 
 
 3 
 
 240 
 
 3 
 
 82 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 621 
 
 4 
 
 234 
 
 4 
 
 80 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 33 
 
 603 
 
 41 
 
 228 
 
 49 
 
 78 
 
 57 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 586 
 
 I 
 
 222 
 
 I 
 
 76 
 
 I 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 570 
 
 2 
 
 216 
 
 2 
 
 74 
 
 2 
 
 IS 
 
 3 
 
 SSS^ 
 
 3 
 
 211 
 
 3 
 
 72 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 543 
 
 4 
 
 206 
 
 4 
 
 I?, 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 34 
 
 529 
 
 42 
 
 201 
 
 SO 
 
 68 
 
 58 
 
 12 
 
 I 
 
 S16 
 
 I 
 
 196 
 
 I 
 
 66 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 2 
 
 503 
 
 2 
 
 ^V. 
 
 2 
 
 64 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 491 
 
 3 
 
 186 
 
 3 
 
 62 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 479 
 
 4 
 
 181 
 
 4 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 35 
 
 468 
 
 43 
 
 176 
 
 51 
 
 5? 
 
 59 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 457 
 
 I 
 
 171 
 
 I 
 
 56 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 446 
 
 2 
 
 167 
 
 2 
 
 54 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 436 
 
 3 
 
 163 
 
 3 
 
 52 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 430 
 
 4 
 
 159 
 
 4 
 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 36 
 
 416 
 
 44 
 
 155 
 
 52 
 
 48 
 
 60 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 406 
 
 I 
 
 151 
 
 I 
 
 46 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 397 
 
 2 
 
 147 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 388 
 
 3 
 
 143 
 
 3 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 379 
 
 4 
 
 139 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 370 
 
 45 
 
 I3S 
 
 53 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 361 
 
 I 
 
 131 
 
 I 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 353 
 
 2 
 
 128 
 
 2 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 345 
 
 3 
 
 125 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 337 
 
 4 
 
 122 
 
 4 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 75 Yard Swim 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Two Turns 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 sees. 
 
 1000 
 
 48 sees. 163 
 
 56 sees 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 935 
 
 I 
 
 158 
 
 I 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 877 
 
 2 
 
 153 
 
 2 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 824 
 
 3 
 
 148 
 
 3 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 776 
 
 4 
 
 143 
 
 4 
 
 38 
 
 
240 
 
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 [ 
 
 732 
 
 49 
 
 139 
 
 57 
 
 37 
 
 I 
 
 692 
 
 I 
 
 135 
 
 I 
 
 36 
 
 2 
 
 656 
 
 2 
 
 131 
 
 2 
 
 35 
 
 3 
 
 623 
 
 3 
 
 127 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 4 
 
 590 
 
 4 
 
 123 
 
 4 
 58 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 s 
 
 563 
 
 50 
 
 119 
 
 I 
 
 31 
 
 I 
 
 537 
 
 I 
 
 115 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 512 
 
 2 
 
 III 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 3 
 
 488 
 
 3 
 
 107 
 
 4 
 59 
 
 28 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 46s 
 
 4 
 
 103 
 
 I 
 
 26 
 
 { 
 
 443 
 
 51 
 
 100 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 I 
 
 422 
 
 I 
 
 97 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 402 
 
 2 
 
 94 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 
 383 
 
 3 
 
 91 
 
 60 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 365 
 
 4 
 
 88 
 
 I 
 
 21 
 
 t 
 
 348 
 
 52 
 
 85 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 I 
 
 332 
 
 I 
 
 82 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 317 
 
 2 
 
 79 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 303 
 
 3 
 
 76 
 
 I min 
 
 I sec. 17 
 
 4 
 
 290 
 
 4 
 
 73 
 
 I 
 
 16 
 
 ) 
 
 278 
 
 53 
 
 71 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 I 
 
 267 
 
 I 
 
 69 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 257 
 
 2 
 
 67 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 247 
 
 3 
 
 65 
 
 I min. 
 
 2 sec. 12 
 
 4 
 
 238 
 
 4 
 
 ^J 
 
 I 
 
 11 
 
 > 
 
 229 
 
 54 
 
 61 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 221 
 
 I 
 
 59 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 213 
 
 2 
 
 57 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 206 
 
 3 
 
 55 
 
 I min. 
 
 3 sec. 7 
 
 4 
 
 199 
 
 4 
 
 53 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 192 
 
 55 
 
 51 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 186 
 
 I 
 
 49 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 180 
 
 2 
 
 47 
 
 4 . 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 174 
 
 3 
 
 45 
 
 I min. 
 
 4 sec. 2 
 
 4 
 
 168 
 
 4 
 
 43 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 25 sees. 
 
 1000 
 
 I 
 
 935 
 
 2 
 
 877 
 
 3 
 
 824 
 
 4 
 
 776 
 
 26 
 
 732 
 
 I 
 
 692 
 
 2 
 
 656 
 
 3 
 
 623 
 
 4 
 
 590 
 
 27 
 
 563 
 
 I 
 
 537 
 
 2 
 
 512 
 
 3 
 
 488 
 
 4 
 
 46s 
 
 28 
 
 443 
 
 I 
 
 422 
 
 2 
 
 402 
 
 3 
 
 383 
 
 25 Yards Towing 
 No Turns 
 
 33 sees. 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 365 
 
 163 
 
 158 
 153 
 148 
 143 
 139 
 135 
 131 
 
 127 
 123 
 119 
 115 
 
 III 
 107 
 103 
 
 100 
 
 97 
 94 
 91 
 
 88 
 
 41 sees. 
 
 %2 
 
 45 
 
 42 
 41 
 40 
 39 
 38 
 37 
 36 
 35 
 34 
 33 
 32 
 31 
 30 
 29 
 28 
 27 
 26 
 25 
 24 
 23 
 22 
 21 
 
APPENDIX 241 
 
 
 29 
 
 348 
 
 
 37 
 
 85 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 332 
 
 
 I 
 
 82 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 317 
 
 
 2 
 
 79 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 303 
 
 
 3 
 
 76 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 290 
 
 
 4 
 
 72 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 278 
 
 
 38 
 
 71 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 267 
 
 
 I 
 
 69 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2S7 
 
 
 2 
 
 67 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2A7 
 
 
 3 
 
 65 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 238 
 
 
 4 
 
 63 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 229 
 
 
 39 
 
 61 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 221 
 
 
 I 
 
 59 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 213 
 
 
 2 
 
 57 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 206 
 
 
 3 
 
 55 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 199 
 
 
 4 
 
 53 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 192 
 
 
 40 
 
 51 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 186 
 
 
 I 
 
 49 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 180 
 
 
 2 
 
 47 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 174 
 
 
 3 
 
 45 
 
 
 49 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 168 
 
 
 4 
 
 43 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 220 Yards 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eight Turns 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 min. 
 
 
 2 min. 
 
 
 2 min. 
 
 
 2 min 
 
 
 
 3 min. 
 
 
 18 sees. 1000 
 
 28 sees, 
 
 . 640 
 
 38 sees 
 
 . 427 
 
 48 sees. 
 
 296 
 
 6 sees. 
 
 175 
 
 I 
 
 990 
 
 I 
 
 634 
 
 I 
 
 424 
 
 I 
 
 
 294 
 
 7 
 
 170 
 
 2 
 
 981 
 
 2 
 
 629 
 
 2 
 
 421 
 
 2 
 
 
 292 
 
 8 
 
 165 
 
 3 
 
 972 
 
 3 
 
 624 
 
 3 
 
 418 
 
 3 
 
 
 290 
 
 9 
 
 160 
 
 4 
 
 963 
 
 4 
 
 619 
 
 4 
 
 415 
 
 4 
 
 
 288 
 
 10 
 
 155 
 
 19 
 
 954 
 
 29 
 
 614 
 
 39 
 
 412 
 
 49 
 
 
 286 
 
 II 
 
 150 
 
 I 
 
 945 
 
 I 
 
 609 
 
 I 
 
 409 
 
 I 
 
 
 284 
 
 12 
 
 145 
 
 2 
 
 937 
 
 2 
 
 604 
 
 2 
 
 406 
 
 2 
 
 
 282 
 
 13 
 
 140 
 
 3 
 
 929 
 
 3 
 
 599 
 
 3 
 
 403 
 
 3 
 
 
 280 
 
 14 
 
 135 
 
 4 
 
 921 
 
 4 
 
 594 
 
 4 
 
 400 
 
 4 
 
 
 278 
 
 15 
 
 130 
 
 20 
 
 913 
 
 30 
 
 589 
 
 40 
 
 397 
 
 50 
 
 
 276 
 
 16 
 
 125 
 
 I 
 
 905 
 
 I 
 
 584 
 
 I 
 
 394 
 
 I 
 
 
 274 
 
 17 
 
 120 
 
 2 
 
 897 
 
 2 
 
 579 
 
 2 
 
 391 
 
 2 
 
 
 272 
 
 18 
 
 115 
 
 3 
 
 889 
 
 3 
 
 574 
 
 3 
 
 388 
 
 3 
 
 
 270 
 
 19 
 
 no 
 
 4 
 
 881 
 
 4 
 
 569 
 
 4 
 
 385 
 
 4 
 
 
 268 
 
 20 
 
 105 
 
 21 
 
 873 
 
 31 
 
 564 
 
 41 
 
 382 
 
 51 
 
 
 266 
 
 21 
 
 100 
 
 I 
 
 865 
 
 I 
 
 559 
 
 I 
 
 379 
 
 I 
 
 
 264 
 
 22 
 
 95 
 
 2 
 
 858 
 
 2 
 
 555 
 
 2 
 
 376 
 
 2 
 
 
 262 
 
 23 
 
 90 
 
 3 
 
 851 
 
 3 
 
 551 
 
 3 
 
 Z7Z 
 
 3 
 
 
 260 
 
 24 
 
 85 
 
 4 
 
 844 
 
 4 
 
 547 
 
 4 
 
 370 
 
 4 
 
 
 258 
 
 25 
 
 80 
 
 22 
 
 836 
 
 32 
 
 543 
 
 42 
 
 367 
 
 52 
 
 
 256 
 
 26 
 
 75 
 
 I 
 
 829 
 
 I 
 
 539 
 
 I 
 
 364 
 
 I 
 
 
 254 
 
 27 
 
 70 
 
 2 
 
 822 
 
 2 
 
 535 
 
 2 
 
 361 
 
 2 
 
 
 252 
 
 28 
 
 55 
 
 3 
 
 815 
 
 3 
 
 531 
 
 3 
 
 358 
 
 3 
 
 
 250 
 
 29 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 808 
 
 4 
 
 527 
 
 4 
 
 355 
 
 4 
 
 
 248 
 
 30 
 
 55 
 
 23 
 
 801 
 
 33 
 
 523 
 
 43 
 
 352 
 
 53 
 
 
 246 
 
 31 
 
 50 
 
 I 
 
 794 
 
 I 
 
 519 
 
 I 
 
 349 
 
 I 
 
 
 244 
 
 32 
 
 45 
 
 2 
 
 787 
 
 2 
 
 515 
 
 2 
 
 346 
 
 2 
 
 
 242 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 3 
 
 780 
 
 3 
 
 511 
 
 3 
 
 343 
 
 3 
 
 
 240 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 773 
 
 4 
 
 507 
 
 4 
 
 340 
 
 4 
 
 
 238 
 
 35 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 766 
 
 34 
 
 503 
 
 44 
 
 337 
 
 54 
 
 
 2^6 
 
 36 
 
 25 
 
 I 
 
 759 
 
 I 
 
 499 
 
 I 
 
 334 
 
 I 
 
 
 234 
 
 37 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 752 
 
 2 
 
 495 
 
 2 
 
 332 
 
 2 
 
 
 232 
 
 38 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 745 
 
 3 
 
 491 
 
 3 
 
 330 
 
 3 
 
 
 230 
 
 39 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 738 
 
 4 
 
 487 
 
 4 
 
 328 
 
 4 
 
 
 228 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 25 
 
 731 
 
 35 
 
 483 
 
 45 
 
 326 
 
 55 
 
 
 226 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 724 
 
 I 
 
 479 
 
 I 
 
 324 
 
 I 
 
 
 225 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 718 
 
 2 
 
 475 
 
 2 
 
 322 
 
 2 
 
 
 224 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 712 
 
 3 
 
 471 
 
 3 
 
 320 
 
 3 
 
 
 223 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 706 
 
 4 
 
 467 
 
 4 
 
 318 
 
 4 
 
 
 222 
 
 
 
242 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 26 
 
 700 
 
 36 
 
 463 
 
 46 
 
 316 
 
 56 
 
 221 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 694 
 
 I 
 
 459 
 
 I 
 
 314 
 
 57 
 
 216 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 688 
 
 2 
 
 455 
 
 2 
 
 312 
 
 58 
 
 211 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 682 
 
 3 
 
 451 
 
 3 
 
 310 
 
 59 . 
 
 206 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 676 
 
 4 
 
 447 
 
 4 
 
 308 
 
 3 mm. 
 
 201 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 670 
 
 37 
 
 443 
 
 47 
 
 306 
 
 I sec. 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 664 
 
 I 
 
 439 
 
 I 
 
 304 
 
 2 
 
 195 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 658 
 
 2 
 
 436 
 
 2 
 
 302 
 
 3 
 
 190 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 652 
 
 3 
 
 433 
 
 3 
 
 300 
 
 4 
 
 185 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 646 
 
 4 
 
 430 
 
 4 
 
 298 
 
 5 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Full Dress 
 
 Swim 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 One Turn 
 
 
 
 
 
 I min. 
 
 
 I min. 
 
 
 I min. 
 
 1 
 
 : min. 
 
 
 2 min. 
 
 
 25 sees. 
 
 1000 
 
 35 sees. 
 
 , 660 
 
 45 sees. 
 
 495 
 
 55 sees. 
 
 380 
 
 13 sees. 
 
 250 
 
 I 
 
 979 
 
 I 
 
 656 
 
 I 
 
 492 
 
 I 
 
 378 
 
 14 
 
 245 
 
 2 
 
 962 
 
 2 
 
 652 
 
 2 
 
 489 
 
 2 
 
 376 
 
 15 
 
 240 
 
 3 
 
 947 
 
 3 
 
 648 
 
 3 
 
 486 
 
 3 
 
 374 
 
 16 
 
 235 
 
 4 
 
 933 
 
 4 
 
 644 
 
 4 
 
 483 
 
 4 
 
 372 
 
 17 
 
 230 
 
 26 
 
 920 
 
 36 
 
 640 
 
 46 
 
 480 
 
 56 
 
 370 
 
 18 
 
 22s 
 
 I 
 
 908 
 
 I 
 
 636 
 
 I 
 
 477 
 
 I 
 
 368 
 
 19 
 
 220 
 
 2 
 
 897 
 
 2 
 
 632 
 
 2 
 
 474 
 
 2 
 
 366 
 
 20 
 
 215 
 
 3 
 
 887 
 
 3 
 
 628 
 
 3 
 
 471 
 
 3 
 
 364 
 
 21 
 
 210 
 
 4 
 
 878 
 
 4 
 
 624 
 
 4 
 
 468 
 
 4 
 
 362 
 
 22 
 
 205 
 
 27 
 
 870 
 
 37 
 
 620 
 
 47 
 
 465 
 
 57 
 
 360 
 
 23 
 
 200 
 
 I 
 
 863 
 
 
 616 
 
 I 
 
 462 
 
 I 
 
 358 
 
 24 
 
 195 
 
 2 
 
 856 
 
 2 
 
 612 
 
 2 
 
 459 
 
 2 
 
 356 
 
 25 
 
 190 
 
 3 
 
 849 
 
 3 
 
 608 
 
 3 
 
 456 
 
 3 
 
 354 
 
 26 
 
 185 
 
 4 
 
 842 
 
 4 
 
 604 
 
 4 
 
 453 
 
 4 
 
 352 
 
 27 
 
 180 
 
 28 
 
 ?^5 
 
 38 
 
 600 
 
 48 
 
 450 
 
 58 
 
 350 
 
 28 
 
 175 
 
 I 
 
 829 
 
 I 
 
 597 
 
 I 
 
 448 
 
 I 
 
 348 
 
 29 
 
 170 
 
 2 
 
 823 
 
 2 
 
 594 
 
 2 
 
 446 
 
 2 
 
 346 
 
 30 
 
 165 
 
 3 
 
 817 
 
 3 
 
 591 
 
 3 
 
 444 
 
 3 
 
 344 
 
 31 
 
 160 
 
 4 
 
 811 
 
 4 
 
 588 
 
 4 
 
 442 
 
 4 
 
 342 
 
 32 
 
 155 
 
 29 
 
 805 
 
 39 
 
 585 
 
 49 
 
 440 
 
 59 
 
 340 
 
 33 
 
 150 
 
 I 
 
 799 
 
 I 
 
 582 
 
 I 
 
 438 
 
 I 
 
 338 
 
 34 
 
 145 
 
 2 
 
 793 
 
 2 
 
 579 
 
 2 
 
 436 
 
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 336 
 
 35 
 
 140 
 
 3 
 
 787 
 
 3 
 
 576 
 
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 434 
 
 3 
 
 334 
 
 36 
 
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 4 
 
 781 
 
 4 
 
 573 
 
 4 
 
 432 
 
 4 . 
 
 332 
 
 37 
 
 130 
 
 30 
 
 775 
 
 40 
 
 570 
 
 50 
 
 430 
 
 2 mm. 
 
 330 
 
 38 
 
 I2S 
 
 I 
 
 770 
 
 I 
 
 567 
 
 I 
 
 428 
 
 I 
 
 328 
 
 40 
 
 120 
 
 2 
 
 765 
 
 2 
 
 564 
 
 2 
 
 426 
 
 2 
 
 326 
 
 42 
 
 IIS 
 
 3 
 
 760 
 
 3 
 
 561 
 
 3 
 
 424 
 
 3 
 
 324 
 
 44 
 
 no 
 
 4 
 
 755 
 
 4 
 
 558 
 
 4 
 
 422 
 
 4 
 
 322 
 
 46 
 
 los 
 
 31 
 
 750 
 
 41 
 
 555 
 
 51 
 
 420 
 
 I sec. 
 
 320 
 
 48 
 
 100 
 
 I 
 
 745 
 
 I 
 
 552 
 
 I 
 
 418 
 
 I 
 
 318 
 
 50 
 
 95 
 
 2 
 
 740 
 
 2 
 
 549 
 
 2 
 
 416 
 
 2 
 
 316 
 
 52 
 
 90 
 
 3 
 
 735 
 
 3 
 
 546 
 
 3 
 
 414 
 
 3 
 
 314 
 
 54 
 
 P 
 
 4 
 
 730 
 
 4 
 
 543 
 
 4 
 
 412 
 
 4 
 
 312 
 
 56 
 
 80 
 
 32 
 
 725 
 
 42 
 
 540 
 
 52 
 
 410 
 
 2 sees, 
 
 . 310 
 
 58 
 
 75 
 
 I 
 
 720 
 
 I 
 
 537 
 
 I 
 
 408 
 
 I 
 
 308 
 
 3 min. 
 
 70 
 
 2 
 
 715 
 
 2 
 
 534 
 
 2 
 
 406 
 
 2 
 
 306 
 
 3 sees. 65 
 
 3 
 
 710 
 
 3 
 
 531 
 
 3 
 
 404 
 
 3 
 
 304 
 
 6 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 705 
 
 4 
 
 528 
 
 4 
 
 402 
 
 4 
 
 302 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 33 
 
 700 
 
 43 
 
 525 
 
 S3 
 
 400 
 
 3 sees. 
 
 . 300 
 
 12 
 
 50 
 
 I 
 
 696 
 
 I 
 
 522 
 
 I 
 
 398 
 
 4 
 
 295 
 
 1 1; 
 
 45 
 
 2 
 
 692 
 
 2 
 
 519 
 
 2 
 
 396 
 
 5 
 
 290 
 
 18 
 
 40 
 
 3 
 
 688 
 
 3 
 
 516 
 
 3 
 
 394 
 
 6 
 
 285 
 
 21 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 684 
 
 4 
 
 513 
 
 4 
 
 392 
 
 7 
 
 280 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 34 
 
 680 
 
 44 
 
 510 
 
 54 
 
 390 
 
 8 
 
 275 
 
 27 
 
 25 
 
 I 
 
 676 
 
 I 
 
 507 
 
 I 
 
 388 
 
 9 
 
 270 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 672 
 
 2 
 
 504 
 
 2 
 
 386 
 
 10 
 
 265 
 
 33 
 
 IS 
 
 3 
 
 668 
 
 3 
 
 501 
 
 3 
 
 384 
 
 II 
 
 260 
 
 36 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 664 
 
 4 
 
 498 
 
 4 
 
 382 
 
 12 
 
 255 
 
 39 
 42 
 
 5 
 
 
 
APPENDIX 243 
 
 THE ATHLETIC LEAGUE OF THE YOUNG MEN'S 
 
 CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION OF NORTH 
 
 AMERICA 
 
 March, 1916 
 
 News Letter XV 
 
 LIFE SAVING PENTATHLON 
 
 Eligibility. Any Swimming or Life Saving organization 
 connected with a Young Men's Christian Association holding 
 membership in the Athletic League of North America may enter 
 the contest — A.L.N.A. membership including Life Saving De- 
 partment $2.50 per year or Swimming and Life Saving Depart- 
 ment only, $2.00 per year. 
 
 Any member of such Association entitled to Physical Depart- 
 ment privileges who will upon his honor sign the Amateur 
 Declaration may participate. 
 
 Entries. Club entries close March 31st, 1917, with William 
 H. Ball, 124 East 28th St., New York. Individual entries may be 
 accepted at any time before the local contest closes. There is no 
 entry fee. Simply fill out blank. 
 
 Each contestant is to sign the Amateur Declaration before 
 participating in any event. 
 
 Classification. Associations having a total membership 
 of 2,000 or over are in Class A, those under 2,000 and above 749 
 in Class B, while those under 750 are in Qass Q. 
 
 Any number of members may compete in one or more events. 
 In Class A the scores of the best ten contestants in each event 
 shall be recorded, in Class B the scores of the best eight, and in 
 Class C the scores of the best six. 
 
 Date and Conditions of Contest. Any days (except Sun- 
 day) may be selected between April 1-15 inclusive. 
 
 If there are twenty-five or less competitors the entire contest is 
 to be conducted in one three-hour period. 
 
 Where the number of participants exceeds twenty-five, one 
 three-hour period for each of two days may be used, and where 
 the number competing is more than fifty, three dates may be 
 used. 
 
 All five events are to be conducted during a period of three 
 consecutive hours on any one day. 
 
244 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 A competitor may try one or more events as desired. He 
 may try eacIT event but once. 
 
 In all matters not stated in this pamphlet the rules of the 
 A.L.N.A. shall govern this contest. 
 
 The distance of each event shall be measured by three thor- 
 oughly competent persons. 
 
 Events. The program of events may be arranged in any 
 way to suit local convenience. 
 
 75 yds. — Any stroke. To start the 75 and 220 yd. events each 
 competitor shall stand with one or both feet on the starting line, 
 and when the signal is given shall plunge. Stepping back, either 
 before or after the signal, will not be allowed. 
 
 50 3;^^. on hack — any stroke. Start in the water, facing the 
 starting mark, both hands and feet in contact with the end of the 
 pool. The push off at each turn to be from the foregoing 
 position. 
 
 220 yds. — any stroke. (See 75 yd. event.) 
 
 Towing Person 25 yds. — any stroke. The person to be towed 
 must weigh within 5 lbs. of the weight of the contestant and 
 wear a bathing suit (i or 2 piece). During the event his feet 
 shall be firmly tied at the ankles, his arms folded upon his chest, 
 the body rigid. Absolutely no movement shall be made by him, 
 either to assist or interfere with the swimmer. To start, stand 
 in the water at the shallow end of the pool grasping the person 
 to be towed. Any holds or strokes may be used but the person 
 must be towed, not pushed before the swimmer. 
 
 Full Dress Swim. Fully dressed in street apparel, i.e. : 
 
 1. One- or two-piece bathing suit. 
 
 2. Leather lace shoes with ten eyelets, four of which may be 
 
 hooks properly laced and securely fastened. 
 
 3. Socks. 
 
 4. Coat shirt with three or more sewn buttons and one collar 
 
 button, stiff collar properly attached and four-in-hand tie 
 properly tied. 
 
 5. Trousers fully buttoned and with belt passed through straps 
 
 or suspenders. 
 
 6. Vest, six buttons, fully buttoned. 
 
 7. Coat fully buttoned with at least three buttons. 
 
 Stand at one end of the pool with hands in coat pockets. At 
 starting signal remove coat and shoes and immediately plunge 
 
APPENDIX 245 
 
 from end of pool aiid swim 90 ft. At this point and without 
 delay dive from the surface to a depth of at least 6 ft. and bring 
 to the surface a bag of loose, clean sand. Drop sand bag and 
 remove all clothing but bathing suit. Swim 10 ft. to finish. 
 
 Bag of Sand: Seashore sand is recommended. Where not 
 available very small pebbles may be used. The bag to be 18 
 inches square and made of heavy white drilling. 
 
 In all events the finish mark to be one end of the pool or a 
 rope stretched taut across the pool 18 inches above level of 
 water. 
 
 Each competitor shall keep a straight course, parallel with the 
 course of the other competitors, from the starting station to 
 the opposite point in the finish line. Any competitor who, when 
 out of his own water, shall touch another competitor, is liable to 
 disqualification from that event, subject to the discretion of the 
 Referee. 
 
 Each competitor shall have finished the race when any part of 
 his person reaches the finish line. 
 
 Officials. The necessary officials shall be a referee, three 
 or more timekeepers, two or more judges, and a starter. 
 
 The conditions under which this contest will be conducted 
 make possible wide variations. It is therefore requested that 
 strict interpretation of rules be followed and that the greatest 
 care be exercised in the selection of officials. Accuracy must be 
 insisted upon in timing, measuring, and judging. (See Athletic 
 League Hand-book for rules governing officials.) 
 
 Reports. All reports are to be made on blanks furnished 
 by the A.L.N.A. and mailed to the New York Office not later 
 than April 20th. 
 
 Incomplete reports will not be accepted. 
 
 Trophy. A beautiful Shield Trophy will be presented to 
 the winning Swimming Organization in each Class, A, B and C. 
 
 Scoring. The Committee is developing scoring tables for 
 this contest on a new scientific basis. These tables are to be 
 ready by March 15th and will be forwarded to all clubs making 
 entry. Point scoring should be done with the utmost care. 
 If for any reason scoring tables are not received, the contest may 
 be conducted. 
 
 Suggestions. Take what sanitary precautions may seem 
 
246 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 necessary in connection with the use of street clothing, etc., in 
 the pool. 
 
 Provide a comfortable warm rest place for the contestant be- 
 tween events. He may compete in one or more events as 
 desired. 
 
 TITLES AND GRADING OF PHYSICAL DIRECTORS 
 
 John Brown, Jr., M.D., M.P.E. 
 
 (For the Committee of Ten) 
 
 At the meeting of the Committee of Ten on Titles and Classi- 
 fications of Physical Directors, held at LeRoy, Ohio, May, 1916, 
 the following requirements for the various titles were decided 
 upon. 
 
 All applicants for the title of " Director of Physical Educa- 
 tion *' must have the following minimum preliminary require- 
 ments : 
 
 1. High School education or its equivalent. 
 
 2. Full attendance upon at least one conference of the Physical 
 
 Directors* Society. 
 
 3. Full attendance and completion of at least one term at the 
 
 Physical Department School of an Association standard 
 Summer School. 
 
 4. Satisfactory experience of not less than two years as a 
 
 Physical Director in charge of the Physical Department of 
 an Association. 
 Experience in physical work outside the Association is rated 
 as equal to half time experience in the Association, provided 
 the experience is satisfactory to the Committee. 
 
 Except where specifically stated otherwise, experience as an 
 Assistant Director, or as a Boys' Department Physical Director 
 in the Association, counts the same as experience in charge of 
 the Physical Department of the Association. 
 
 The following are the requirements for the various grades and 
 titles as revised : 
 
 GRADE "A" 
 " Director of Physical Education " 
 I. 
 
 (a) High School education or its equivalent; 
 
 (b) Full attendance at one annual meeting of Physical 
 
 Directors' Society Conference; 
 
II. 
 
 III. 
 
 APPENDIX 247 
 
 (c) Full attendance and completion of one term in the 
 Physical Department School of a standard Associa- 
 tion Summer School covering four units of ten 
 periods each; 
 
 {d) Graduation from the regular course in physical educa- 
 tion in an Association College; 
 
 (e) Four years' experience as Physical Director in Asso- 
 ciation work, two years of which shall be as director 
 in full charge of the Physical Department. 
 
 (a) High School education or its equivalent; 
 
 {h) Full attendance at two annual meetings of Physical 
 Directors' Society Conference; 
 
 (c) Full attendance and completion of three years in a 
 standard Association Summer School ; 
 
 {d) Graduation from a reputable Medical School; 
 
 {e) Five years' experience as Physical Director in Asso- 
 ciation work, three years of which shall be as direc- 
 tor in full charge of the Physical Department. 
 
 (a) High School education or its equivalent; 
 
 (6) Full attendance at two annual meetings of Physical 
 
 Directors' Society Conference; 
 (c) Full attendance and completion of three years in a 
 
 standard Association Summer School; 
 {d) Graduation in Arts or Science from a reputable Col- 
 lege ; 
 {e) Five years' experience as Physical Director in Asso- 
 ciation work, three years of which shall be as 
 director in full charge of the Physical Department. 
 Note i — Where applicant has had both Association College, 
 Medical or Academic training, extra years may count for half 
 time in filling out the required years of experience. In no case, 
 however, shall the actual experience required be less than two 
 years. 
 
 Note 2 — Where an applicant has had less than the full course 
 in Association College, Medical or Academic training, one ad- 
 ditional year of experience shall be required in charge of an 
 Association Physical Department for each year's college work 
 lacking. 
 
248 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 IV. 
 
 (a) High School education or its equivalent; 
 
 {h) Ten years* experience as Physical Director in Associa- 
 tion work, five of which shall be as director in full 
 charge of the Physical Department ; 
 
 (c) A thesis of not less than 5,000 words on some subject 
 pertaining to physical education, to be determined by 
 the Examining Board ; 
 
 {d) K minimum requirement of attendance and comple- 
 tion of five seasons' work in a standard Association 
 Summer School; 
 
 (^) A minimum requirement of attendance upon four 
 annual conferences of the Physical Directors' So- 
 ciety ; 
 
 (/) A minimum requirement of reviews of five books 
 suggested by the Examining Board. 
 Note — The applicant must make a total of ten points by some 
 combination of the requirements of (cf), {e) and (/), allowing 
 points as follows : 
 
 Each year's attendance at Summer School i pt. 
 
 Attendance at Physical Directors' Society ^ pt. 
 
 Every five books reviewed i pt. 
 
 GRADE " B " 
 '' Director of Physical Activities " 
 Note — The minimum requirements for all applicants for 
 Grade " B " include High School education or its equivalent ; one 
 year's experience in Association Physical Work; attendance 
 upon one Summer School session, or a Physical Directors' So- 
 ciety Annual Conference. 
 I. 
 
 (o) Graduation from course in Physical Education of an 
 
 Association College ; 
 {h) One year's experience as Physical Director in Asso- 
 ciation work; 
 (cj One year's Summer School, or attendance upon one 
 Annual Conference of the Physical Directors' So- 
 ciety. 
 TI. 
 
 (a) Graduation from a reputable Medical College; 
 
APPENDIX 249 
 
 (b) Three years' experience as Physical Director in Asso- 
 
 ciation work; 
 
 (c) Two years' attendance at the Physical Institute of a 
 
 Standard Association Summer School. 
 
 (d) Attendance at one annual conference of the Physical 
 
 Directors^ Society. 
 
 III. 
 
 (a) Graduation in Arts or Science from a reputable col- 
 
 lege; 
 
 (b) Three years' experience as Physical Director in Asso- 
 
 ciation work; 
 
 (c) Full attendance and completion of two years in a 
 
 standard Association Summer School ; 
 
 (d) Attendance at one annual conference of the Physical 
 
 Directors' Society. 
 
 Note i — Where the applicant has had both Association Col- 
 lege, Medical or Academic training, the extra years may count 
 for half-time in filling out the required years of experience. 
 
 Note 2 — Where the applicant has less than the full course in 
 Association College, Medical or Academic training, one ad- 
 ditional year of experience shall be required to complete the qual- 
 ification. 
 IV. 
 
 (a) High School education or its equivalent; 
 
 (b) Seven years* experience as Physical Director in Asso- 
 
 ciation work, three years of which shall be as direc- 
 tor in full charge of the Physical Department; 
 
 (c) A thesis of not less than 3,000 words on some subject 
 
 pertaining to physical education to be determined by 
 the Examining Board; 
 
 (d) ^ minimum requirement of four years' attendance at 
 
 a standard Association Summer School ; 
 
 (e) A minimum requirement of attendance at two annual 
 
 conferences of the Physical Directors' Society; 
 (/) A minimum requirement of reviews of three books 
 suggested by the Examining Board. 
 Note — The applicant must make a total of ten points by some 
 combination of (d), (e) and (/), allowing points as follows: 
 Each year's Summer School attendance i point 
 
250 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Attendance at Physical Directors' Society Confer- 
 ence I point 
 
 Every three books reviewed i point 
 
 GRADE " C " 
 
 " Physical Instructor " 
 I. 
 
 (a) Graduates of Association Colleges, or of courses in 
 
 Medicine, Arts, or Science are granted this grade 
 upon entrance into the Association's Physical Direc- 
 torship in any capacity; 
 
 (b) Any combination of years of High School education, 
 
 years of attendance at Summer School, years of ex- 
 perience, or attendance upon Physical Directors' So- 
 ciety Annual Conference, making a total of ten 
 points, for example : 
 
 3 yrs. High School (3), 2 yrs. Summer School (2), 
 4 yrs. experience (4), attendance at one annual con- 
 ference of the Physical Directors' Society (i), 10. 
 
 GRADE " D " 
 "Gymnastic Instructor" 
 
 All those who do not qualify for any of the higher grades but 
 who have demonstrated their ability to organize, conduct, and 
 promote general physical activity and who are engaged in the 
 Physical Department of the Association. 
 
 Those who have not yet sent in their application blanks, should 
 send for them at once. 
 
 No application will be acted upon by the Committee unless the 
 applicant is a member of the Physical Directors' Society. 
 
 The application must be accompanied by a fee of $5.00, which 
 covers the cost of diplomas and other expenses incident to the 
 work of the Committee. No other fee is charged when request 
 for a higher grading is made, or additional diplomas granted. 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE LEADERS' CLUB 
 
 NAME 
 
 Article I. 
 
 This organization shall be known as the Leaders' Club of the 
 Young Men's Christian Association of 
 
APPENDIX 251 
 
 OBJECT 
 Article II. 
 
 The object of the Leaders' Club shall be to assist the Physical 
 
 Department committee and the Physical Director in carrying out 
 
 the objective of the Physical Department of the Young Men's 
 
 Christian Association, especially in the development of a high 
 
 standard of Christian manhood and the promotion of physical 
 
 education in general and among the members of the Young 
 
 Men's Christian Association in particular. 
 
 MEMBERSHIP 
 
 Article III. 
 
 Section i. The membership of this organization shall be re- 
 stricted to those who are full privilege members of the Physical 
 
 Department of Young Men's Christian 
 
 Association. 
 
 Section 2. Membership shall be classified as follows : hon- 
 orary, active, ex-leaders and boys. 
 
 (Note). The Leaders' Club in the Association may be organ- 
 ized as one club, the same to include the men's and boys' di- 
 visions. However, such divisions of the club may be organized 
 as is desired, and each division may have jurisdiction over its 
 own affairs, including the selection of its members, study course 
 and work, so long as they are in conformity with the general aim 
 of the club. 
 
 Section 3. Honorary leaders are those who have acquired one 
 or more gold stars and have retired from active service. The 
 club may also elect to the honorary membership men who have 
 contributed a special service to physical education. 
 
 Section 4. Active leaders are those who are engaged in the 
 active work of the Physical Department. 
 
 Section 5. Ex-leaders are those who have severed their con- 
 nection with the Leaders' Club before completing the four year 
 course. 
 
 Section 6. Boys' leaders are those who are engaged in the 
 activities of the physical work for boys and members of the 
 boys' division. 
 
 Section /. Election of any of the above classes of members 
 shall be by ballot upon recommendation to the club by the Physi- 
 cal Director and the Membership Committee. A unanimous vote 
 of active members present at any meeting of the club shall be 
 
252 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 necessary for election. It may be wise to nominate new members 
 one meeting before election. 
 
 Section 8. The annual dues of $ shall be paid by each 
 
 member upon election to the club and at the annual meetings 
 thereafter. 
 
 Section g. Any member who is unfaithful, or who absents 
 himself from the regular work of the club for one month, with- 
 out reasonable excuse, shall be dropped from the active mem- 
 bership of the club. 
 
 Section lo. Boys' leaders having served four years may be 
 elected to the men's section, when voted upon in the regular man- 
 ner, and shall receive the first year emblem of the men's division. 
 
 OFFICERS 
 Article IV. 
 
 Section i. The officers of the club shall be : President, Vice- 
 President, Secretary-Treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at 
 the annual meeting. 
 
 Section 2. The General Secretary, the Physical Director and 
 associates and the chairman of the Physical Department commit- 
 tee shall be members ex officio, and these with the regular in- 
 stalled officers shall compose the executive committee. 
 
 REQUIREMENTS FOR GRADING 
 Article V. 
 
 Section i. The requirements for active grading shall be reg- 
 ular attendance at the weekly meetings of the club on meeting 
 periods, and regular attendance on evenings selected by active 
 members as teaching periods, except when valid excuse for ab- 
 sence can be given. 
 
 Section 2. Verbal or written excuse shall be given to the 
 Physical Director when absence from weekly meeting is un- 
 avoidable ; if for an evening on which the leader is to have 
 charge of a squad, he shall secure a substitute, or notify the 
 Physical Director of his inability to secure one, as soon as said 
 leader has knowledge of his necessary absence. When such 
 notice is given, the member shall be given one-half mark for at- 
 tendance. The same method of marking shall be used for 
 attendance at business meetings. 
 
 Section 3. When any member of the Physical Department has 
 been elected as a leader he shall be presented to the club by the 
 
APPENDIX 253 
 
 President at the next business meeting. An initiation service 
 may be a part of the program. 
 
 EMBLEMS 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 Section i. The men's emblem shall be a 5" royal blue triangle, 
 sides 54" wide, with an interwoven English L, and shall be pre- 
 sented after the leader has fulfilled the requirements of the first 
 year. No emblem shall be worn by anyone who has not followed 
 the regular course as outlined for leaders. 
 
 Section 2. The first year leaders shall wear a single Ya" crim- 
 son star in the apex point of the triangle, which shall be pre- 
 sented with the emblem upon fulfilment of requirements of the 
 first year. 
 
 Section 3. The second year leaders shall wear 2 crimson stars, 
 one in each upper point of the triangle, which shall be presented 
 upon fulfilment of requirement of the second year. 
 
 Section 4. The third year leaders shall wear 3 crimson stars, 
 one in each point of the triangle, which shall be presented upon 
 fulfilment of the requirement of the third year. 
 
 Section 5. The fourth year leaders remove all crimson stars 
 and wear one gold star in the apex point of the triangle, which 
 shall be presented upon fulfilment of the requirements of the 
 fourth year. 
 
 Section 6. Each active leader who has passed the examina- 
 tions and the requirements and who has taught not less than 15 
 lessons of graded classes during the season shall receive the em- 
 blem or stars as provided for. These may be presented at the 
 annual meeting or at the gymnasium men's banquet. 
 
 Section 7. The boys' emblem shall be same as men's, size to be 
 4" and shall be presented after the leader has fulfilled the require- 
 ments of the first year. 
 
 Section 8. The first year boy leaders shall wear a single ^'' 
 crimson star in the base of the triangle. 
 
 Section 9. The second year boy leaders shall wear 2 crimson 
 stars, one in each upper point of triangle, which shall be pre- 
 sented upon fulfilment of requirements of the second year. 
 
 Section 10. The third year boy leaders shall wear 3 crimson 
 stars, one in each point of the triangle, which shall be presented 
 upon fulfilment of requirement of the third year. 
 
254 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Section ii. The fourth year leaders remove all crimson stars 
 and wear one gold star in the apex point of the triangle and this 
 shall be presented after fulfilment of the requirements of the 
 fourth year. 
 
 Section 12. Leaders remaining active after attaining the gold 
 star may retain the gold star and begin again v^ith crimson stars. 
 Should any remain 8 years, 2 gold stars shall be presented, one 
 gold star at each of the upper points of the triangle. These 
 leaders are exempt from all requirements except the weekly 
 meeting and the leading of squads or classes. 
 
 EXAMINATIONS 
 Article VII. 
 
 Section i. An examination shall be held annually under the 
 direction of the local Association; the examination questions to 
 be supplied by the Physical Department of the International 
 Committee. 
 
 Section 2, The examinations shall consist of three parts, each 
 part to be marked on the basis of 100 per cent, the parts to be 
 as follows : (a) an examination in theory (first aid, nomencla- 
 ture, hygiene, etc.) ; (b) an examination in the gymnasium to 
 determine the leaders' gymnastic ability; (c) an examination in 
 the gymnasium where the leader shall conduct squads or classes 
 to demonstrate his leadership and ability in drills, apparatus 
 work, etc. 
 
 Section 3. One year's work shall consist of 20 hours of the- 
 oretical work and 20 hours of practical work for grading. The 
 order in which the courses shall be taught shall be optional with 
 the physical director. It shall be understood, however, that not 
 less than 20 hours of theoretical and as many hours of practical 
 work be given each year. 
 
 Following is the outline of a course covering four years : 
 
 Theory 
 
 Hygiene 20 hours 
 
 First Aid 10 hours 
 
 Methods 20 hours 
 
 Association History 5 hours 
 
 Nomenclature 20 hours 
 
 History of physical training 5 hours — 80 hrs. 
 
APPENDIX 2SS 
 
 Practice 
 
 Marching and calisthenics 20 hours 
 
 Gymnastics 40 hours 
 
 Gymnastic dancing 5 hours 
 
 Rules of games and athletics 10 hours 
 
 Recreative games 5 hours— ^ hrs. 
 
 Section 4, That in addition to the possible 300 points as pro- 
 vided for above, 100 points be given for perfect attendance at the 
 leaders* club meetings (a proportionate number of points being 
 deducted for each absence) and 100 points for required attend- 
 ance at regular class sessions (proportionate number of points 
 being deducted for each absence). 
 
 Section 5. That the examination papers be forwarded to the 
 Physical Department of the International Committee for final 
 grading and that an average of 70 per cent be required for pro- 
 motion. 
 
 UNIFORMS 
 Article VIII. 
 
 Section i. The men's uniform shall consist of white sleeve- 
 less shirt, navy blue or white trousers, elastics at bottom, black 
 belt one inch wide and white shoes. 
 
 Section 2, The boys' uniform shall be the same as men's with 
 the exception that short pants may be worn. 
 Section 3. The leaders shall bear the expense of the uniform. 
 
 MEETINGS 
 Article IX. 
 
 Section i. The annual meeting of this club shall be held dur- 
 ing the month of 
 
 Section 2. The monthly business meeting of the club shall be 
 on of each month. 
 
 Section 3. The weekly meeting of the club for study, practical 
 
 work, etc., shall be held on , with the exception 
 
 of the day on which the monthly business meeting is held. 
 
 The following shall be the order of business : 
 
 1. Devotional period. 
 
 2. Reading of the minutes. 
 
 3. Unfinished business. 
 
 4. Report of committees. 
 
 5. New business. 
 
 6. Adjournment. 
 
256 
 
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Section 4. Special meetings may be called as the occasion de- 
 mands. 
 
 QUORUM 
 
 Article X. 
 
 active members of the club shall constitute a quorum 
 
 for the conduct of business. 
 
 Emblem for Leaders' Club 
 
APPENDIX II 
 
 AMATEUR ATHLETICS 
 
 The Athletic Research Society adopted the following high 
 standards : 
 
 Definition of an Amateur Athlete 
 
 An amateur athlete is one who participates in competitive 
 physical sports only for the direct pleasure of the game. 
 The Spirit of Amateurism 
 
 The Spirit of Amateurism carries with it all that is included 
 in the definition of an amateur athlete and much more. 
 
 The Spirit of Amateurism stands for a high sense of honor, 
 honesty, fair play, courtesy and temperate living on the part 
 of participants — hosts or guests — officials and spectators. It 
 stoops to no petty technicalities to twist or avoid the rules or to 
 take an unfair advantage of opponents. 
 
 It implies a recognition of the marked influence of athletics 
 in developing organic vigor, physical fitness, intellectual ef- 
 ficiency, moral qualities and social habits. It seeks to increase 
 their value by exalting the standards of all sports. 
 
 It is opposed to all practices which are harmful to individuals 
 or to amateur athletics in general, such as : playing for money 
 or gain of any kind, betting, selling prizes, proselyting, over- 
 specialization of " star performers " to the exclusion of the 
 " rank and file," etc. 
 
 It recognizes the need for wise organization and supervision 
 of athletics and cooperates in making these efficient. 
 
 OUTLINE OF SURVEY 
 General Hints 
 Look for other things than the outline suggests. Be sure to 
 get these, but let them lead out to other related subjects. In 
 answering questions give sources of information; either names 
 and addresses of individuals or the literature, as it may be 
 desired to verify or follow up the facts. 
 
 257 
 
258 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Population Statistics 
 
 1. Total population. Secure from latest census returns. 
 
 2. Young men and boys of Association age. Estimate by 
 counting one in five of the population as of Association age. 
 
 3. Male school population. Secure from local school authori- 
 ties. 
 
 4. Industrial population — Men and boys. Secure from state 
 labor report. 
 
 Vital Statistics 
 
 1. Mortality, (a) Classify deaths from principal causes ; (b) 
 classify deaths according to age; (c) classify deaths according 
 to locality. 
 
 Consult United States Vitality Statistics, also state and local 
 statistics. Secure cooperation of local health officers. 
 
 2. Morbidity. Secure copy of local ordinances which refer to 
 the reporting of contagious diseases, spitting, etc., and discover 
 to what extent they are enforced. Is ophthalmia neonatorum 
 reportable? Discover what diseases are more or less constant 
 in the community and in what section of the community they 
 are most prevalent. 
 
 School Hygiene 
 Medical Examinations 
 
 Are medical examinations made in the schools? 
 What do such examinations include? 
 
 Do they include tests of vision and hearing, inspection of 
 teeth, nose and throat and lungs? Examination of heart? 
 Who makes these tests? 
 When are they made, and how often? 
 
 Secure or compile statement as to number of defects dis- 
 covered. 
 If no examinations are made plan to have one hundred chil- 
 dren taken at random by a staff of expert physicians. 
 
 Physical Provision for Special Cases 
 
 How are medical examinations followed up? 
 
 Is there a system of notification of parents? A visiting 
 
 nurse? 
 What quarantine measures are used in reference to com- 
 municable diseases? 
 
APPENDIX 259 
 
 Are open-air schoolrooms provided? 
 
 Is there a class for backward children? 
 
 If so, describe curriculum and method of conducting. 
 
 Physical Training 
 
 What physical training is conducted? 
 
 By whom is it conducted? 
 
 What is its character and extent — 
 
 (a) calisthenics. 
 
 (b) games. 
 
 (c) apparatus work. 
 
 What physical training equipment is available? 
 
 What competitive athletics are conducted and what super- 
 vision is provided? (Secure schedule of different games 
 held during entire season.) Is there any supervision of 
 the recess period? Is there a Public School Athletic 
 League? Describe it. Is any instruction given in per- 
 sonal hygiene? If so, what subjects are taught and to 
 what extent? 
 
 V entilation 
 What method of ventilation is used? 
 At what temperature is the school room kept? 
 Is the air moistened? 
 
 Public Recreation 
 Games 
 What games do the boys and young men play? 
 What is the prevailing sport? (Watch them on the streets 
 
 and inquire of leaders.) 
 Are the games individualistic or group games? 
 To what extent are baseball, basket ball and other team 
 
 games played and by whom? 
 State number of teams. 
 Also secure last season's schedules. 
 State actual or approximate number on these teams. 
 What groups participate? 
 To what extent and under what conditions are track and 
 
 field sports practised? 
 What athletic meets, if any, were held during the past year? 
 
 Where? 
 
26o PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 What winter sports are engaged in? 
 
 Are there any prizes offered? What kind? 
 
 Are athletic meets held under sanction of the Amateur 
 
 Athletic Union? 
 Are there any professional sports? Describe. 
 Who manages them? Who participate? 
 What other opportimities are there for recreation? 
 Who are the leaders of sport in the community? 
 
 (a) Outings and picnics (describe by whom held, nature of 
 
 program). Secure printed matter. 
 
 (b) Moving Picture Shows. Number of, and approximate 
 
 number attending. Character of audience. What are 
 the legal restrictions? 
 
 (c) Number and Location of Saloons. To what extent do 
 
 they offer recreative activities ? 
 
 (d) Number of Pool Rooms. Number of young men fre- 
 
 quenting them and the general character of surround- 
 ings. 
 
 (e) Number of Bowling Alleys. Number of young men fre- 
 
 quenting them and the general character of surround- 
 ings. 
 
 (f) Number of Dance Halls, (i) Public; (2) Private. 
 
 Hours for closing. Any supervision? Number hav- 
 ing liquor connected. 
 
 (g) Number of Social and Athletic Clubs. Membership, 
 
 size, character and age. Functions held. 
 
 What is the principal recreation of the community? 
 
 What seems to be the prevailing need in reference to recrea- 
 tion in the community? How can it be met? 
 Churches 
 
 How many churches are there? State denominations. 
 
 To what extent do the churches and Sunday schools en- 
 gage in social and recreative life of the young men and 
 boys? 
 
 What equipment have they? 
 
 Is there a Sunday School Athletic League? Describe it. 
 
 Are there men's and boys' clubs in churches? Name them. 
 
 Number in membership. Character of activities of each 
 during a full year. Are they federated? 
 
APPENDIX 261 
 
 Playgrounds 
 Are there any public playgrounds? 
 Where located? 
 How supervised? 
 What is the daily attendance? 
 What is the daily program? 
 Under whose direction are they managed? 
 What further grounds are available? 
 Acreage ? 
 Who owns them? 
 
 To what extent is the school a social center? 
 Is there any natural local play center? 
 If so, describe it. 
 
 Bathing 
 What facilities are there for public bathing? 
 Indoor or outdoor? 
 To what extent used? 
 What supervision is there for bathing? 
 
 (a) In the homes. 
 
 (b) In private institutions. 
 
 Public Hygiene 
 Water Supply 
 
 What is the source of the community's supply? 
 
 What precautions are practiced to prevent pollution? 
 
 Is it filtered? 
 
 Have there been any typhoid epidemics? 
 
 Is there a constant supply of cases? 
 
 Sewage 
 Describe the method used by individual homes for the dis- 
 posal of sewage? Where is it deposited? 
 Are there open sewers? 
 Is there a community system of sewage? 
 Describe it. 
 What becomes of it finally? 
 
 Garbage 
 How is garbage disposed of? 
 How often is it collected? 
 
262 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 What kind of receptacles are used? 
 
 Source of the Food Supply 
 Is there official inspection? 
 Is any food on sale exposed? 
 State in detail : 
 
 What is the law in reference to foods? 
 
 Is it enforced? 
 
 What methods are used for protecting milk from con- 
 tamination ? 
 
 What is the sanitary condition of dairies? 
 
 What is the law and practice in reference to tuberculosis? 
 
 (See state laws on health. Find if local or county laws.) 
 
 Living and Working Conditions 
 What chief industries are located in the community? 
 What is the character of the work? 
 Are the sanitary conditions favorable? 
 To what extent are minors employed, and their ages? 
 What are the hours of work? 
 What opportunities are there for recreation? 
 What opportunities for lunches? 
 Are hot lunches available? 
 How do the workers use leisure hours? 
 Character of homes — 
 
 (a) How many one family. 
 
 (b) How many two family. 
 
 (c) How many three family. 
 
 Are there privies and to what extent? 
 
 Are there any houses that exceed in height the width of the 
 street? 
 
 Welfare Work 
 Character of physical work done — 
 
 (a) By manufacturing plants. 
 
 (b) In other places. 
 
 What laws are there in reference to buildings? 
 
 Sex Hygiene 
 
 1. Extent of the social evil. 
 
 2. Extent of impurity among boys. 
 
 3. What educational efforts are being used? 
 
APPENDIX 263 
 
 acenaes in the community doing physical betterment 
 
 Work 
 
 1. Describe the health organization. 
 
 2. Are there any organized efforts to combat tuberculo- 
 
 sis? 
 
 3. Are there any child welfare agencies? 
 
 4. Outdoor gardens? 
 
 5. Relief agencies? 
 
 6. Women's clubs, etc? 
 
 What Institutions Are There for Caring for the Sick and De- 
 pendent? 
 
 (a) hospitals. 
 
 (b) clinics. 
 
 (c) dispensaries. 
 
 (d) homes. 
 
 Immigrants 
 
 1. Number of each nationality. 
 
 2. Are there colonies of foreigners? Locate them. 
 
 3. Under what conditions do they live? 
 
 4. What educational efforts are being made in their behalf ? 
 
 Crime 
 Secure report of arrests for the year and ckssify them as to 
 causes and the age. 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS 
 
 The following are recommendations which were made in con- 
 nection with a survey in a city of 38,000 and are included 
 simply as a suggestion. 
 
 I. Specifically to the Association 
 I. That an extensive campaign of health education be con- 
 ducted in the Association building through practical 
 talks, lectures and study clubs. 
 II. That the Association organize a medical staff to assist 
 in the work of health education and physical ex- 
 aminations. 
 III. That no young man or boy be admitted to the physi- 
 cal department of the Association without a preliminary 
 physical examination. 
 
264 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 IV. That the Association plan an extensive campaign in 
 the teaching of First Aid to the Injured, and that classes 
 be formed to which employers shall be requested to send 
 their employes, especially foremen and others who are 
 in charge of groups of men. 
 V. That the Association continue the promotion of com- 
 munity campaigns in the teaching of elementary swim- 
 ming, making the lessons available to the public schools. 
 
 VI. That a Health League chapter be formed which will 
 take charge of these lectures and also promote such 
 work in churches and social organizations. (For such 
 work the material of the International Health League, 
 consisting of moving picture films and illustrated slides, 
 will be made available for use.) 
 VII. That the Physical Training Committee suggest an out- 
 line of ten lectures on health topics, based upon the 
 conditions revealed by the survey, together with the 
 names of qualified speakers, which lectures can be used 
 in the Association during the present season. 
 VIII. That a systematic effort be made by the Physical Train- 
 ing Committee to introduce health talks in the various 
 factories, and that the Committee notify these factories 
 that it holds itself in readiness to advise employers with 
 reference to the organization of physical welfare work 
 in their establishments. 
 
 IX. That a conference of Association leaders in the physi- 
 cal department and members of the executive staff of 
 the Health Board be called for the purpose of bringing 
 about a plan of cooperation between these two agencies 
 in health education in the community as it touches the 
 needs of young men and boys. 
 X. That the Department of Health be requested to publish 
 a monthly health bulletin dealing with the health prob- 
 lems of the city and that these be written in popular 
 language with reference to educating the people and be 
 given wide distribution. 
 
 XI. That the Department of Health be requested to issue 
 a special bulletin or pamphlet dealing particularly with 
 the general health conditions of the city and indicating 
 
APPENDIX 265 
 
 the line of education. That the Association assist in 
 giving wide distribution to these pamphlets. 
 XII. That the Department of Health place on its mailing 
 lists the names of the employed officers of the Associa- 
 tion, as well as the members of physical department 
 committees and leaders' corps. 
 
 II. General 
 
 XIII. That Professor be requested to write or suggest 
 
 a pamphlet on Sex Hygiene for boys and another for 
 men which can be used by the Association, and other 
 agencies in the community, for an extensive educa- 
 tional campaign in this subject. 
 
 XIV. That we commend the excellent work done by Pro- 
 fessor , the expert in sex education, in the special 
 
 work done by him in lecturing to mothers' conferences 
 and teachers' conferences and recommend the further 
 extension of this work. 
 
 That the series of special studies in sex education de- 
 signed for pre- and early-adolescent boys, prepared 
 by Dr. Winfield S. Hall, be suggested to churches 
 and other organizations for use in an educational propa- 
 ganda under competent leadership. That the special 
 committee outline a comprehensive plan of sex educa- 
 tion for the entire community, including appropriate 
 literature and a selected bibliography and carefully 
 selected lectures. 
 XV. That the special educational pamphlet on " Alcohol and 
 Its Effect Upon Mental and Physical Efficiency," writ- 
 ten specifically for Young Men's Christian Associations 
 by the Scientific Temperance Federation of Boston, be 
 circulated with reference to educating young men and 
 boys in this subject; and that a similar pamphlet be 
 secured on the cigarette and its effect upon the growing 
 boy. 
 
 XVI. That an endeavor be made to have life saving and swim- 
 ming taught in the public swimming places, and that an 
 attempt be made to furnish facilities to the public at the 
 places for swimming under supervision. 
 
 XVII. That the committee, through the combined efforts of the 
 
266 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 different social and educational agencies of the commu- 
 nity, plan an educational course of lectures and discus- 
 sions on public hygiene dealing with such topics as the 
 city's water supply, the sewerage system, garbage col- 
 lection, food inspection, street cleaning, etc. 
 That an expert be asked to direct the course and after 
 each subject is presented the official who is at the head 
 of the particular public utility being discussed be re- 
 quested to present to the study club conditions as they 
 obtain in the city, how they can be improved, and how 
 the members of the club in particular, or laymen in gen- 
 eral, may be of assistance. 
 XVIII. That in view of the growing number of athletic activi- 
 ties and athletic organizations in the city, the Committee 
 take steps to federate these existing athletic leagues and 
 agencies dealing with such sports as track and field 
 sports, swimming, football, baseball, etc., for the pur- 
 pose of standardizing and promoting clean sport, and 
 bringing athletic opportunities to the great masses of 
 boys and men not now interested. 
 XIX. That the following reforms be recommended: 
 
 (a) A more perfect and readily available statistical 
 record of diseases, deaths, and births. 
 
 (b) The codification and publication of the health laws. 
 
 (c) Rigid requirements for the reporting of tuberculosis 
 and other communicable diseases. 
 
 (d) The speedy abolition of open privies. 
 
 (e) The screening of manure piles. 
 
 (f) The waging of a community-wide campaign against 
 the house fly. 
 
 (g) The appointment of additional health inspectors, 
 (h) That the practice of midwifery be standardized and 
 
 that a license be required by the city for such prac- 
 tice, and only those qualified be given such a license. 
 That the Committee bring this recommendation to the 
 attention of the proper authorities. 
 XX. We approve the efforts now being made to furnish a 
 pure public water supply and in the building of a new 
 filtration plant. The system should, however, be con- 
 structed so as to be adequate whenever a large rain- 
 
APPENDIX 267 
 
 storm occurs. We recommend that if at all possible a 
 sewerage system be devised so that at no time shall 
 untreated sewage enter the river. 
 XXI. That the department of physical training in the public 
 and high schools be extended, looking toward the co- 
 ordination of the present forms of physical activity now 
 in force, e. g., medical examinations and athletics under 
 the direction of an expert director of technical training, 
 and that a graded course in systematic and scientific 
 body building, consisting of calisthenics, gymnastics, 
 play, personal and public hygiene, be developed. 
 That medical inspection be made of each child upon 
 entrance in school and at least once more in mid-term. 
 That the physical work of the high school be placed 
 under the direction of a special supervisor and that 
 physical training be required of at least the first two 
 classes. 
 
 That additional ungraded classes for backward children 
 be organized to meet an insistent demand. 
 That the Public School Athletic League be made active 
 and include in its program a comprehensive plan of 
 physical activity. 
 XXII. We recommend the organization of a Playground Asso- 
 ciation, composed of representatives of the permanent 
 organizations of the city to cooperate with the agencies 
 which have made the present playgrounds possible, that 
 they give the work their moral and financial support 
 and promote a campaign of education. 
 That the sum of at least one thousand dollars be raised 
 this season for the employment of a Supervisor and 
 enough assistants to man three or four centers ; and to 
 purchase some needed equipment for the different 
 centers. 
 
 That women assistants be selected for special lines of 
 work, one for games and folk dances, another for in- 
 dustrial lines, a third for kindergarten work. A sched- 
 ule of interchange of these specialists be arranged so 
 each specialty could be conducted at intervals in the 
 several centers. 
 That assistants be young men of athletic ability, able to 
 
268 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 conduct games and sports, and assist in conducting 
 baseball leagues for employed boys, and others. 
 That the Supervisor should visit the different centers, 
 organize baseball leagues for boys and men, interest 
 older men in playground ball, volley ball to be played 
 after supper. 
 
 We believe a moving picture machine, with pictures of 
 an educational value for use at the different centers on 
 scheduled nights announced in advance, would prove 
 popular and do much good. 
 XXIII. That the Sunday School Athletic League be more 
 closely supervised, and a wider variety of physical ac- 
 tivities introduced, including the teaching of personal 
 hygiene; and that the athletic work be more closely 
 correlated with the general work of the churches. 
 
 SUGGESTIVE FORMS OF FOLLOW-UP LETTERS 
 
 No. I. FoLLOw-up Letter to Former (1913) Physical Members 
 Dear Mr. . . . 
 
 I wrote you a few weeks ago about the renewal of your mem- 
 bership in this Department; and we have not heard from you. 
 If you find it impossible to continue your connection with this 
 department, I earnestly hope you will continue to be identified 
 with the Association in some of its many activities — a large 
 field of interests and diversions being open to you for the small 
 membership fee of two dollars. I enclose a leaflet setting forth 
 the general activities of the Boston Association. 
 
 As your name appears on a list of those who left articles of 
 clothing in the lockers, let me call your attention to the enclosed 
 slip which gives the rules governing the disposition of such. 
 
 Trusting to hear something from you at an early date, I am 
 Very sincerely yours. 
 
 No. 2. Letter to Time-expired Members (Recent) 
 
 Dear Mr. . . . 
 
 I find on looking through our records that your membership in 
 this Department has lapsed and has not been renewed. Of course 
 we are loth to lose a man from our Department, for we feel that 
 not only do we need you, but you need the good we can do for 
 
APPENDIX 269 
 
 you; so we are anxious to have you continue one of us. Espe- 
 cially now that we have such ample space and so many facilities 
 and means of enjoyment. 
 
 Since you were last among us, full use is being made of the 
 three handball and squash courts, with perfect ventilation. Also 
 a corking new game, Indoor Golf, has been installed, at consider- 
 able expense, for the free use of all Department members. 
 
 Our Summer arrangements include provision for several out- 
 door activities here on our own ground, besides our camp in New 
 Hampshire. Altogether, I feel that you have never had so much 
 that is beneficial and enjoyable placed within your reach as we 
 now have to offer. 
 
 I am anxious to have this Department serve the best interests 
 of the members, and will therefore welcome any constructive 
 criticism that you may have to make. 
 
 In case for any special reason you find it inconvenient at this 
 time to make the full annual payment, we shall be glad to have 
 you see the Membership Secretary, when an arrangement con- 
 venient to yourself can doubtless be made. 
 
 Hoping to hear from you, and with friendly regards, I am 
 Very sincerely yours, 
 
 No. 3. Letter to All Present Physical Dep't Members 
 (Enclosing a Return Postal) 
 Dear Mr. . . . 
 
 We are anxious to have this Association serve as large a con- 
 stituency as possible, and so are asking you as a special favor to 
 give on the enclosed card the names of such of your friends as 
 might be interested in the many privileges of the Department of 
 Recreation & Health. If there should be anyone among those 
 you name who might be influenced by a personal letter from your- 
 self, would you kindly indicate him by a check-mark against the 
 name? 
 
 Thanking you on behalf of the Association for your kindness 
 in this matter, I am 
 
 Very sincerely yours, 
 
 BIBLE AND CHRISTIAN LIFE COURSES 
 The above are the courses suggested for young men, whose 
 problems are mostly those of right living, overcoming temptation 
 and the adjustment of the difficulties of daily life. We would 
 
270 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 suggest that at as far as possible each be given a religious 
 emphasis. 
 
 (a) For Boys 
 
 1. Courses for Younger Boys: 
 
 4 What manner of man (Life of Christ) — W. D. 
 
 Murray 60 
 
 Men Who Dared (O. T. Biography) — C. G. Trum- 
 bull, Student's Ed., 10 ; Teacher's Ed 60 
 
 Heroes of the Faith — Herbert W. Gates 60 
 
 2. Courses for High School Boys: 
 
 The Campaign of Friendship — F. M. Harris, Stu- 
 dent's Ed., 10 ; Teacher's Ed 15 
 
 Life and Works of Jesus — W. D. Murray, Stu- 
 dent's Ed., .10 ; Teacher's Ed 75 
 
 Life of Paul — A. G. Leacock 75 
 
 Jesus the Leader (Advance Print) — F. O. Koehler, 
 
 Student's Ed., .10; Teacher's Ed 15 
 
 Athletes of the Bible — B. D. Brink & Paul Smith. . .60 
 Life Questions of School Boys — Prof. J. W. Jenks .50 
 
 3. Courses for Employed Boys: 
 
 Men Who Dared — C. G. Trumbull, Student's Ed., 
 .10; Teacher's Ed 60 
 
 Christian Teaching on Social and Economic Ques- 
 tions Confronting Boys — C. C. Robinson 50 
 
 Personal Problems of Boys Who Work — Prof. 
 J. W. Jenks 40 
 
 4. Courses for Sex Education: 
 
 (i) Boys II to 14, Life's Beginnings — Winfield S. 
 
 Hall, M.D., Ph.D 25 
 
 (2) Boys 15 to 19, Developing into Manhood — 
 
 Winfield S. Hall, M.D., Ph.D 25 
 
 (b) For Young Men 
 
 Life Problems — Burr-Doggett-Ball-Cooper 25* 
 
 How to Deal v^ith Temptation — R. E. Speer 25 
 
 Young Man's Questions — R. E. Speer 80 
 
 Principles of Jesus — R. E. Speer 70 
 
 Second Mile — H. E. Fosdick 50 
 
 Plain Man's Working View of Biblical Inspiration — 
 
 A. J. Lyman 25 
 
 Call for Character — E. L Bosworth ^5 
 
APPENDIX 271 
 
 APPROVED SEX EDUCATION LITERATURE 
 
 For Parents and Teachers 
 Training the Young in Laws of Sex — Honorable E. Lyt- 
 
 tleton, Headmaster of Eton College $1.00 
 
 How Shall I Tell My Child — Mrs. Wood-Allen Chapman .35 
 
 The Renewal of Life — Margaret W. Morley i.io 
 
 The Boy Problem — Society of Sanitary and Moral 
 
 Prophylaxis ID 
 
 The Biology of Sex — T. W. Galloway, Professor of Biol- 
 ogy, James Milliken University, Decatur, 111 i.oo 
 
 For Boys from Ten to Fourteen 
 
 Life's Beginnings — Winfield S. Hall, M.D., Ph.D 25 
 
 For Boys from Thirteen to Sixteen 
 From Youth Into Manhood — Winfield S. Hall, M.D., 
 
 Ph.D 60 
 
 Developing Into Manhood — Winfield S. Hall, M.D., Ph.D. .25 
 
 Almost a Man — Mary Wood Allen 50 
 
 For Young Men 
 
 Reproduction and Sexual Hygiene — Winfield S. Hall, 
 
 M.D., Ph.D 90 
 
 The Strength of Being Clean — A Study of the Quest for 
 
 Unearned Happiness — President David Starr Jordan.. .50 
 Health and Hygiene of Sex (For college students) — 
 
 Society of Sanitary and Moral Prophylaxis 10 
 
 Eugenics and Racial Poisons — Society of Sanitary and 
 
 Moral Prophylaxis 10 
 
 Sexual Hygiene — Health Education League 04 
 
 HEALTH TALKS 
 Suggestive Outline of Topics for Health Talks or Lectures 
 "Mouth Hygiene and Health" (stereopticon). 
 "The Relation of Health to Success in One's Vocation." 
 " Patent Medicines and Home Medication." 
 " Coughs, Colds and Catarrh." 
 " The Ear, Nose and Throat" 
 
 "Typhoid Fever — The American Infection" (stereopticon). 
 " The Latest Facts about Tobacco and Alcohol." 
 " Common Sense in Diet." 
 "What Surgery Can and Can Not Do." 
 " Sex and Health." 
 "Why Abuse Our Feet?" 
 
272 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 " Body and Mind — Trained for Efficiency." 
 
 "The Great White Plague — Consumption " (stereopticon). 
 
 " Sex Diseases." 
 
 " Wh^n to Consult a Physician." 
 
 "Accidents and Emergencies." 
 
 " Care of the Eyes." 
 
 " How the Skin May Become a Disease Fighter." 
 
 "How to Help a Drowning Person" (stereopticon). 
 

 
 may 
 
 compete 
 
 
 
 EVENTS 
 
 
 Group (i) 
 
 
 
 Event I. 
 
 50- Yard Dash. 
 
 
 Event 6. 
 
 " 2. 
 
 440- Yard Dash. 
 
 
 " 7. 
 
 " 3. 
 
 88o-Yard Dash. 
 
 
 " 8. 
 
 " 4. 
 
 Pole Vault. 
 
 
 " 9. 
 
 " 5. 
 
 Climbing for Height. 
 
 " 10. 
 
 THE SPORTSMEN'S CLUB OF AMERICA 
 
 Athletic Carnival, Coliseum, March 24-28 
 
 ENTRY BLANK 
 AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION NIGHT 
 
 Harry Berkman, Chairman of Athletic Committee 
 
 Wednesday, March 25, 19 14 
 
 TRACK AND FIELD EVENTS 
 Any athlete in good standing in his organization, affiliated with the A. A, F, 
 
 Group (2) 
 
 Running Broad Jump. 
 One-Mile Run. 
 Three Standing Jumps 
 Shot Put, 12 Pounds. 
 High Jump. 
 
 PRIZES 
 
 Individual Events 
 
 First, 9 X 12 Shield. Second, Silver Medal. Third, Bronze Medal. 
 
 An additional prize will be given in each event of Group 2 to 
 the one finishing first in his own group, such as the I. G. U., Y. M. 
 C. A., High Schools, etc., provided he is not among the first three 
 winners. 
 
 Entry Fee : First event, 35c ; 20c for each additional event. 
 
 RELAY RACES 
 Event II. One rnile, 5 men to run. Limited to units in the 
 following groups, and numbered according to color mentioned 
 below : 
 
 I. G. U.— Red West Parks — Orange and Black 
 
 Y. M. C. A.— Blue South Parks — White 
 
 Boy Scouts — Khaki North Parks — Purple 
 
 Sunday Schools — Orange Municipal Parks — Black 
 
 Settlements — Gray 
 
 Prize: Shield, 15x21. Entry Fee: $1.50 per Team. 
 
 No shield will be given unless two teams or more are entered. 
 
 Entries close Wednesday, March i8th, with Mr. Chas. T. Essig, 
 944 First National Bank Building. No entries will be considered 
 unless accompanied by fee. 
 
 Participants must report not later than 7:30 P. M. Track and 
 field events will take place at the same time. 
 
 The size of the track is ten laps to a mile; built of wood, 
 banked turns. Spike4 shoes allowed. 
 
 273 
 
274 
 
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 (Reverse of announcement on preceding page.) 
 The Sportsmen's Club of America 
 
 ENTRY BLANK 
 
 AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION NIGHT 
 
 Chicago, 1914 
 
 Please enter me in the following: 
 
 NAME 
 
 ADDRESS 
 
 EVENT 
 
 AMOUNT 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 Relay Team 
 
 NAME OF TEAM 
 
 ADDRESS 
 
 EVENT 
 
 AMOUNT 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 Enclosed please find 
 
 for $. 
 
 in payment. 
 
 Organization. 
 
 Entries Close March 18, 1914. 
 
 Mail Entries to Chas. T. Essig, Room 944 First National Bank 
 
 Building, Chic ago 
 
 Phone 
 
 .... Instructor. 
 
 Committee 
 
 H. Berkman, Chairman 
 
 J. S, Andersen, E. W. Brandenberg, H. J. Reynolds, E. C. Doty, 
 
 Chas. Cann, W. F. Hine. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 275 
 
 Amateur Athletic Federation Basket Ball 
 Championships 
 
 J35 lbs. CLASS 
 
 Dates Preliminariefi commencing Monday. March 16, 1914 
 Place Will be announced later. 
 
 Entrv Fee ^° entry fee of $2.50 will be required of each team. This fee must accompany each 
 7 application All applications must be made on this blank. 
 
 Prizes ^"*^ PIace~A handsome Shield and A. A.F. Championship Gold Medals for seven players. 
 Second Place — Silver Medals for seven players. 
 Third Place— Bronze Medals for seven players. 
 
 Name of Team Entering _ 
 Representing 
 
 Name of Manager 
 
 Address 
 
 -Business Phone No._ 
 . Home Phone No 
 
 FUYEn 
 
 1. Nflm<» 
 
 THUMB mmr 
 
 5. Name 
 
 AHdrftss 
 
 *XAYERS 
 
 THUMBPRINT. 
 
 AHHrAM 
 
 
 
 
 6, Namft .... 
 
 
 
 9 NflfTift 
 
 
 
 AdHrAAa 
 
 Addr^si" 
 
 
 
 7. N«T"'^ .,_. 
 
 
 
 a ffflmA 
 
 
 
 AHHrMA 
 
 Address _ 
 
 
 8. Name 
 
 Address— 
 
 
 
 A NflmP 
 
 
 
 AdHrMiJi 
 
 
 
 
 I, Director or Principal of _ 
 
 -certify that 
 
 the above named players are eligible to compete on this team in the Amateur Athletic Federation 
 Tournament under the rules of said organization. 
 
 Signed 
 
 Position- 
 
 Entries close vvith ^4r. A. Hammesfahr. 1415. No. 5 So. Wabash Ave.. Monday March 9th. at 6 P. M. Drawings for 
 the games will be conducted by the Basket Ball Ck)namittee on Thursday. March ]2th, at 12 o'clock noon at the Ctntral 
 Y. M. C. A. club room. 5th noor. At this time protests and appeals will be heatd by tl ' committee. Managers should be 
 at this meeting 
 
 Baakei Ball Committee 
 
 R. A. ALLEN. Y. M. C. A. R, G. REYNOLDS, Soyth P«rk 
 
 E. C. DOTY. C.Mer*. ^ '^'" '"''"^ L. E. HAYN. Muiueip.1 Park. 
 
 A. HAMMESFAHR, (Cook County c. C. WUXARO, Hiab Scho«h 
 
 imaAmj School A«tB.) ** 
 
276 
 
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Requirements and Information 
 
 Teams that are vouched for by the following organizations composing the Amatem- Athletic 
 Federation may enter South Parks. West Parks, North Parks, Municipal Playgrounds. Turner 
 Societies, Y. M. C. A^ Athletic Dept Cook Co. Sunday School Assn., Cook Co. High Schools, ChL 
 Public High Schools, Suburban High Schools, Boy Scouts, Social Centers and Settlements. 
 
 Not more than eight men may be entered as composing one team. 
 
 The right to reject any entry Is reserved by the Cotn^ 
 mittee* 
 
 No player or team may enter both the 135-pound class and the unlimited weight class. 
 
 Amateur Athletic Federation Rules will govern \vith such necessary changes aa shall from 
 time to time be made by the Conunittee. 
 
 Teams must furnish their own )[)all for prac^ce. The ball for tournament games will be 
 furnished. 
 
 Numbers for players will be furnished, and no player will be allowed to compete without a 
 number. 
 
 Players' ticket of admission are not good after the evening on which their team is eliminated 
 from the tournament 
 
 All players must be eligible in their own organization. 
 
 The eligibility rules are Section V., clauses d, e., and f. which read as follows: — 
 
 d. An athlete who has represented any organization within a year shall not be eligible 
 to represent any other organization without securing a written transfer signed by a respon- 
 sible oflBcial of the organization first represented. 
 
 e An athlete transferred shall not be eligible to compete in Federation championships 
 until thirty days after his transfer has been accepted by the organization receiving him. 
 
 f. An athlete transferred a second time shall not be eligible to compete in Federation 
 championships until six months after his transfer has been accepted by the organization 
 receiving him. 
 
APPENDIX 277 
 
 Locker Card 
 
 Locker No. 
 
 Com. or Key 
 
 Name 
 
 Individual No. 
 
 Date of Joining 
 
 Expiration 
 
 Index Card 
 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. etc. 
 
 Name 
 
 Residence Address Phone No. 
 
 Business Address Phone No. 
 
 Locker No. Date 
 
 No. of Individual Date of Membership Exp. 
 
 Interests — Class, Handball, Basketball, Athletics, 
 Wrestling, Fencing, Aquatic, Camp, etc. 
 
 Boxing, 
 
 
278 
 
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Goods Removal Notice 
 
 No. Locker No. 
 
 
 Name 
 
 
 
 Date goods removed 
 
 When Notified 
 
 Articles Removed 
 
 Pants Shirts Shoes 
 
 Supporters 
 
 
 
 Sweaters Balls 
 
 Gloves, 
 
 etc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Date When Called For 
 
 Disposition of Goods 
 
 Received from 
 
 
 YM. 
 
 C. 
 
 A. 
 
 Signed 
 
APPENDIX 27() 
 
 LOCKER NO. 
 
 TO UNLOCK. 
 
 1 — Push knob in and turn to the right or left (as the case may- 
 be) until it comes to a stop. 
 
 2 — Turn knob in opposite directions the following clicks 
 
 (no click for fractions). 
 
 3 — Pull out the knob with slight left turn, turn to right. 
 
 4 — Turn handle to the left and open the door. 
 
 TO LOCK. 
 
 1 — Close door, throw handle down hard. 
 
 2 — Turn knob left, push in and turn left and right. 
 
 Try locker before leaving so as to make sure it is locked. 
 
 Valuables should be left at the main office. Lockers are but a 
 means of convenience and the management does not hold itself 
 responsible for losses. 
 
 If you cannot open your locker, ask the clerk or one of directors 
 to assist you. 
 
 HINTS 
 
 1 — To get satisfactory results, one should plan to exercise not 
 less than three times per week in the gymnasium. 
 
 2 — Go to the bath immediately after exercise and take a warm 
 shower first, then cool the water gradually to cold. 
 
 3 — A three minute shower and a five minute rub produces ex- 
 cellent results. 
 
 4 — Exercise should be supplemented with sufficient sleep, good 
 ventilation everywhere and proper food properly eaten. 
 
280 
 
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 No... 
 
 Name... 
 
 Natatx>rium -- 
 
 fiuaness 
 
 Athletics 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 "T 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 n 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 ^ 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 ^ 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 S 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 ^ 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 Total 
 
 Jan. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feb. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mar. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Apr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 May 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 June 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 July 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aug. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sept. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oct. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nov. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dec. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jaa Pob • Mar Apr May Jun Jal Ati» Sop Oct Nov I>eo 
 
 Number LOCKER RECORD 
 
 Address 
 
 Privilege* 
 
 No. of locker or box 
 
 Key 
 
 Combination 
 
 Goods stored 
 
 ESPECIALLY INTERESTED INr— 
 
 CiMt Work, Apptntut Work. Tumbling. Fencing, Wtejtilng. Boxing. Baikot-8»ll, B«»e-B»ll.(indoor 
 or. outdoor) Handball, Tennis. Swimming. Summtf Camp, Indoor Athletics. Track and ricld. First Aid- 
 H/glon«, Gym.. Man's Bible Classes. 
 
 Willing to ghre t«*vlce7 , , 
 
 Hout» 0« gmpioymant 
 
 Signature tof good* received 
 
 0. V. M. C. A. 
 
 Physical Department Locker Blotter 
 
 DATE i 
 
 W 151 
 
 NAMB 
 
 AODitES» 
 
 Baa 
 
 Tkte 
 
 Ph^.,.. 
 
 Jt 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rA* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ikf^^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 k . „ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 281 
 
 DAILY CLASS RECORD 
 
 a: UJ 
 
 
 BOX RECORD 
 
 BOX NO. 
 
 LOCATION 
 
 KEY NO. 
 
 
 
 COMBINATION 
 
 .. 
 
 " 
 
 *• " . 
 
 - 
 
 .. .. 
 
 DATE 
 
 NAME 
 
 ADDRESS 
 
 
 NO. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
282 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 SUMMER INFORMATION BUREAU 
 
 Name of place. , 
 
 Post office address , Altitude 
 
 Proprietor — ., 
 
 Route: railroad boat • stage-... 
 
 Fare, round trip Rate of board 
 
 Character of board: milk eggs , 
 
 meat vegetables fruit 
 
 Accommodations for how many men women 
 
 Recreations: water lake 
 
 river sea shore 
 
 Rowing Cost Sailing. -v Cost-. 
 
 Kind of fishing 
 
 Kind of hunting , 
 
 License required Cost 
 
 Mountains Distance ~ Height- 
 Sports: Baseball Tennis Camping... 
 
 Side trips Cost 
 
 Music Liquor ~ Dancing 
 
 Other attractions 
 
 Mosquitoes - Flies Other pests 
 
 Average rain-fall--. i Average summer temperature-... 
 
 Neighbors: Private residences-. Hotels 
 
 Boarding-houses- -.i^ -.Saloons 
 
 Recommendations » ' 
 
 Information given by - 
 
 Member -.or promoter.... 
 
 Remarks - 
 
APPENDIX 283 
 
 MEMBERSHIP CENSUS 
 
 Seciired by 
 
 Personal Interview Record 
 
 OLSVELAKD YOUNG MEN'S CHBI8TIAN ASSOOIATION 
 
 "Kama _ Date 
 
 Besolts of Interview 
 
 .Secured.by-. 
 
284 
 
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
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APPENDIX 
 
 LEADER'S INSTRUCTION CARD 
 Leader's Card Name 
 
 DATE 
 
 CLASS 
 
 APPARATUS 
 
 GRADE 
 
 SERIES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 REGISTRATION CARD FOR GRADED CLASSES 
 
 Name Date 
 
 Address 
 
 Former Experience 
 
 Former Grade Div 
 
 Assigned Grade Div 
 
 Dropped Cause.... 
 
286 
 
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
APPENDIX 287 
 
 GRADED READING COURSE FOR PHYSICAL 
 DIRECTORS 
 
 Elementary 
 
 Bibliography of Physical Training — J. H. McCurdy 
 Bibliography of Physical Training — H. T. Bridges 
 Gymnastic Nomenclature — Physical Directors' Society 
 
 (a) Calisthenics 
 
 Classified Exercises — A. K. Jones 
 
 Graded Calisthenics — A. B. Wegener „ 
 
 Indian Club Swinging — A. K. Jones 
 
 (b) Gymnastics 
 Gymnastics — Jenkins 
 
 Light Gymnastics — Anderson 
 
 Best Methods of Teaching Gymnastics — Anderson 
 Graded Gymnasium Exercises — Physical Directors' Society 
 Koehler Method of Physical Drill — W. H, Wilbur 
 
 (c) Marching 
 
 Manual of Marching — E. Berry and G. Cornell 
 
 (d) Games 
 
 Indoor and Outdoor Games — A. M. Chesley 
 
 Games for School, Home and Playground — Jessie Bancroft 
 
 (e) Special 
 
 Stall Bar Exercises — Nissen 
 
 A Manual on Wrestling — W. W. Hastings & W. E. Cann 
 
 Boxing for Beginners (chap, on Bayonet Fighting) — 
 
 W. J. Jacomb 
 Art of Swimming — Nelligan 
 At Home in the Water — George H. Corsan 
 
 (f) Athletics 
 
 Basket Ball Rules — Spalding Library 
 
 Football Rules — Spalding Library 
 
 Athletic Primer — J. E. Sullivan — Spalding Library 
 
288 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Hand Ball Rules — Spalding Library 
 
 Volley Ball — Physical Directors' Society in A. L. N. A. 
 
 Handbook 
 Practical Track and Field Athletics — Graham and Clark 
 Training — McLaren 
 
 (g) Massage 
 
 Massage — Ostrum 
 
 Mechano-therapy — Mitchell and Gulick 
 
 (h) Philosophical 
 
 Physical Education by Muscular Exercise — Gulick 
 The Coming City — Ely 
 
 (i) Physical Diagnosis and Measurements 
 Anthropometry — J. W. Seaver 
 Physical Diagnosis — Cabot 
 
 (j) Anatomy and Physiology 
 Anatomy — Henry Gray 
 Textbook of Physiology — Howell 
 Human Body (Advanced Course) — Martin 
 Human Physiology — Starling 
 
 (k) First Aid and Medical Gymnastics 
 
 Immediate Care of the Injured — A. S. Morrow 
 The Human Mechanism — Hough and Sedgwick 
 Handbook of Medical Gymnastics — Dr. Anders Wide 
 
 (1) Personal Hygiene 
 
 The Efficient Life — Dr. L. H. Gulick 
 
 Making Life Worth While — Herbert Fisher 
 
 Good Health — Jewett 
 
 Reproduction and Sexual Hygiene — Dr. W. S. Hall 
 
 Health, Strength and Power — Sargent 
 
 (m) General 
 
 History of the North American Young Men's Christian 
 
 Associations — Morse 
 Life of Sir Geo. Williams 
 Life of Robert McBurney 
 
APPENDIX 289 
 
 (n) Societies and Journals 
 
 Physical Directors' Society of the Young Men's Christian 
 Association of North America including Physical Training 
 
 American Physical Education Association including Ameri- 
 can Physical Education Review 
 
 Advanced 
 
 (a) Biological 
 
 Growth and Education — John M. Tyler 
 
 The Child; a Study in the Evolution of Man — Chamberlain 
 
 Man and Woman — Havelock Ellis 
 
 Fundamentals of Child Study — Kirkpatrick 
 
 Outlines of Evolutionary Biology — Dendy 
 
 Man an Adaptive Mechanism — Crile 
 
 (b) Eugenics 
 
 Parenthood and Race Culture — C. W. Saleeby 
 
 Heredity — Thompson 
 
 Heredity and Environment — Conklin 
 
 Heredity in Relation to Eugenics — Davenport 
 
 Social Direction of Human Evolution — Kellicott 
 
 Natural Rights — Ritchie 
 
 Effects of Tropical Light on White Men — Woodruff 
 
 Coming Generation — Forbush 
 
 (c) Technical 
 
 Special Kinesiology of Educational Gymnastics — Baron Nils 
 
 Posse 
 Text-book of German-American Gymnastics — Wm. Stecher 
 Progressive Gymnastic Day's Orders — Enebuske 
 Public School Athletic League Official Handbook — Spalding 
 
 Library 
 
 (d) Physiological 
 
 Studies in Physiological Chemistry — Chittenden 
 The Growth of the Brain — Donaldson 
 
 (e) Psychological 
 
 Adolescence, 2 vols. — G. Stanley Hall 
 Outlines of Physiological Psychology — Ladd 
 
290 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Psychology — James (Advanced), 2 vols. 
 
 Brain and Personality — W. Hanna Thomson 
 
 Psychology of the Emotions — Ribot 
 
 Psychology — Angell 
 
 Psychology and Industrial Efficiency — Munsterburg 
 
 Psychology in Daily Life — Seashore 
 
 (f) Personal Hygiene 
 
 The Human Mechanism — Hough and Sedgwick 
 
 Rational Living — King 
 
 Manual of Personal Hygiene — Pyle 
 
 Physical Effects of Smoking — Fisher & Berry 
 
 Good Health; How to Get It and How to Keep It — A. H. 
 
 Doty, M.D. 
 How to Live — Fisher & Fiske 
 
 (g) Public Hygiene 
 
 Hygiene and Public Health — Parkes & Kenwood 
 
 (h) Sociological 
 
 Handicaps of Childhood — H. A. Bruce 
 
 The Boy Problem — Forbush 
 
 Christianity and the Sex Problem — Northcote 
 
 Christianity and the Social Crisis — Rauschenbusch 
 
 Constructive and Preventive Philanthropy — Lee 
 
 Town and City — Jewett 
 
 The Bitter Cry of the Children — John Spargo 
 
 On the Trail of the Immigrant — Steiner 
 
 The New Basis of Civilization — Patten 
 
 Social Elements — Henderson 
 
 The Criminal — Havelock Ellis 
 
 U. S. Mortality and Vitality Statistics 
 
 State and Local Board of Health Reports 
 
 Pure Sociology — Ward 
 
 General Sociology — Small 
 
 Elements of Sociology — Giddings 
 
 Social Organization — Cooley 
 
 (i) General 
 
 Elements of the Science of Nutrition — Graham Lusk 
 The Fundamental Basis of Nutrition — Lusk 
 
APPENDIX 291 
 
 Physiological Economy in Nutrition — Chittenden 
 
 Blood and Blood Pressure — Oliver 
 
 Physiology of Bodily Exercise — Lagrange 
 
 Fatigue — Angelo Mosso 
 
 Student's History of Philosophy — Rogers 
 
 Ethics — Dewey and Tufts 
 
 Origin and Growth of the Moral Instincts — Sutherland, 
 
 2 vols. 
 Education as Adjustment — O'Shea 
 Education in Religion and Morals — Coe 
 Education — Thorndike 
 
 (J) Play 
 
 Play of Animals — Karl Groos 
 Play of Man — Karl Groos 
 
 (k) Societies and Periodicals 
 
 American Physical Education Association including Ameri- 
 can Physical Education Review 
 
 American Association for the Advancement of Science and 
 the weekly periodical Science 
 
 American Youth 
 
 Popular Science Monthly 
 
 Survey 
 
 Physical Training 
 
 Association Men 
 
 Mind and Body 
 
INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 American Athletic Union 14, 180, 187 
 
 American Humane Society 214 
 
 American Physical Education Society 216 
 
 American National Red Cross Society 138, 213 
 
 American Social Hygiene Society 213 
 
 Appendix : 
 
 Amateur athletics , 257 
 
 Approved sex education literature 271 
 
 Athletic League of Y. M. C. A. of North America 243 
 
 Bible and Christian life courses 269 
 
 Graded reading course for Physical Directors 286 
 
 Health talks, outline of topics 271 
 
 Physical Director, title and grading of 246 
 
 Printed matter samples : 
 
 Athletic contest entry blanks, etc 274 
 
 Attendance and record cards 280 
 
 Box record 281 
 
 Daily class record 281 
 
 Follow-up letters to department members 2(:^ 
 
 Leaders' instruction card 285 
 
 Locker and index cards 277 
 
 Membership census 283 
 
 Monthly class schedule 284 
 
 Personal interview record 283 
 
 Registration card for graded classes 285 
 
 Sample posters 286 
 
 Summer information bureau 282 
 
 Swimming and Life Saving Club 236 
 
 Swimming campaign 232 
 
 Survey outline 257 
 
 Recommendations 26^ 
 
 Association Physical Work: 
 
 Day's order 113, 132 
 
 Diagrams showing organization ....* 75, 76 
 
 General scope classified 21 
 
 Policy 76 
 
 Principles 19, 58 
 
 292 
 
INDEX 293 
 
 Association Physical Work {continued) page 
 
 Supreme objective 57 
 
 Table showing results sought and type of work for groups no 
 Year's program Ii6 
 
 Athletic administrative bodies I79 
 
 Athletic League of Y. M. C. A. of North America 
 
 13, 16, 127, 187, 209 
 
 Athletic Research Society 168, 177 
 
 Boards of health, local and state 213, 214 
 
 Budget, suggested form 79 
 
 Charity organizations 215 
 
 Christian leadership 7, 150 
 
 Constitution of Leaders' Club 250 
 
 Department program 108 
 
 Employed officers' conference 206 
 
 Extension Work : 
 
 Within the building 144 
 
 Outside the building 146 
 
 General Secretaries' Insurance Alliance 208 
 
 Gulick, Dr. Luther H 9, 11 
 
 Health Education 134 
 
 Community hygiene 139 
 
 First aid to injured 137 
 
 Personal hygiene 137 
 
 Sex hygiene 138 
 
 Health Education League 212 
 
 Health League, National 15 
 
 History: 
 
 Beginning of the Young Men's Christian Association i 
 
 First Associations in America i 
 
 First gymnasiums in America 2 
 
 First International Physical Department secretary 11 
 
 First Physical Director 3 
 
 First summer school 121 
 
 Introduction of German and Swedish methods 4 
 
 Lewis's " new gymnastics " 4 
 
 New methods of Dr. Hitchcock and R. J. Roberts 5, 7 
 
 Physical work extends to foreign mission lands 16 
 
294 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 History {continued) page 
 
 Social service in the department i6 
 
 The " triangle *' emblem 12 
 
 Training schools and the physical work 16, 201 
 
 Hitchcock, Dr. Edward 5 
 
 Institute and Training School — Chicago and Lake Geneva 
 
 12, 16, 201 
 
 International Committee : 
 
 Clearing house 205 
 
 Conciliates and arbitrates 205 
 
 Conducts research work 204 
 
 Department of interpretation and extension 206 
 
 Makes surveys and operates helpful auxiliaries 204 
 
 Publishes needed material 204 
 
 Recruits and places men 205 
 
 Relating agency 204 
 
 Serves summer schools and other Association agencies . . . 205 
 
 Serves prisoners of war camps 217 
 
 International Training College, Springfield 12 
 
 Juvenile courts 215 
 
 Leaders* Corps 10, 15 
 
 Lewis, Dr. Diocletian 8 
 
 McBurney, Robert R 4 
 
 National Collegiate Athletic Association 186 
 
 National Life Saving Organizaton 213 
 
 National Playground and Recreation Association 215 
 
 North American Turnerbund 185 
 
 Other physical training agencies 215 
 
 Physical Department: ^ 
 
 Activities ■, 73 
 
 Day's order 113 
 
 Extension work ^ 79, 144 
 
 Health education y/y 79, 124 
 
 Object and principles ,. . . 55 
 
 Program 108 
 
 Recreation and competition y^^ 123 
 
INDEX 295 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Religious work 79, 141 
 
 Social work 132 
 
 Year's policy 76 
 
 Year's program 116 
 
 Business methods: 
 
 Budget, how made and used 79 
 
 Business habits 89 
 
 Control of department g8 
 
 Correspondence , 93 
 
 Fees: 
 
 A-la-carte 88 
 
 For clubs and teams 89 
 
 For special features 88 
 
 Full membership 87 
 
 Locker 88 
 
 Locker room records 90 
 
 Office records 89 
 
 Supplies I02f 
 
 Upkeep : 
 
 Inspection 98 
 
 Janitors and good housekeeping 99 
 
 Repairs 99 
 
 Sanitation 99 
 
 Leaders' Club 83 
 
 Constitution 250 
 
 Members : 
 
 Assignment to work 107 
 
 Examination 104 
 
 Introduction to department 103 
 
 Locker assignment 106 
 
 Personal advice 106 
 
 Organization 74, 81 
 
 Illustrative diagrams 75, 76 
 
 Policy 76 
 
 Supervision 98 
 
 Physical Department Committee 72,^ 148, 161 
 
 Physical Director : 
 
 Beginning in a new field 171 
 
 Changing positions 172 
 
 Code of ethics , 174 
 
 Development, some essentials to 154 
 
 Committee work 159 
 
 Conferences and conventions 156 
 
 Public speaking 159 
 
296 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Physical Director — Development {cont'd) page 
 
 Reading 155 
 
 Research work 160 
 
 Study of the movement 160 
 
 Summer schools , 157 
 
 Organization of time 169 
 
 Qualifications 150 
 
 Business and executive ability 151, 154 
 
 Christian character 150 
 
 Personality 153 
 
 Religious leadership 150 
 
 Technical skill 152 
 
 Training, general and technical 152 
 
 Relationships : 
 
 Board or committee of management 161 
 
 Church 167 
 
 Department clubs and committees 165 
 
 Finances 164 
 
 General secretary 161 
 
 General work 165 
 
 His associates 166 
 
 Other departments 161 
 
 Outside agencies 166 
 
 Title and grading of 246 
 
 Physical directors' conferences 14, 15, 17 
 
 Physical Directors' Society I5, I7, 207 
 
 Physical Training 15 
 
 Physical training in rural communities 44 
 
 ( 
 Recreation and athletic competition: 
 
 Formal competition 125 
 
 General statement 125 
 
 Types : 
 
 Classification meets 128 
 
 Group contests 127 
 
 Intramural contests 128 
 
 Representative meets 128 
 
 Short-time meets 128 
 
 Apparatus 131 
 
 Awards 129 
 
 Conduct of meet 131 
 
 Events 129 
 
 Officials 130 
 
 Organizing the meet 129 
 
INDEX 2g7 
 
 Recreation and athletic competition {cont'd) page 
 
 Printed matter 130 
 
 Scoring methods 129 
 
 Informal competition 123 
 
 Inside the building 125 
 
 Outside the building 125 
 
 Reed, David Allen 11, 201 
 
 Religious work 10, 12, 79, 141 
 
 Roberts, Robert J 7, 12 
 
 Rural Manhood 49, 52 
 
 Rural physical training: 
 
 Changing conditions in the country 45 
 
 Health education needed 46 
 
 Practical suggestions 53 
 
 Recreation problems 48 
 
 Sanitary requirements 46 
 
 School children neglected 47 
 
 Surveys 51 
 
 The " new athletics '' 49 
 
 Scientific Temperance Federation 212 
 
 Social features 132 
 
 Society of Social Hygiene 213 
 
 Society for the Suppression of Vice 214 
 
 Smith, Dr. J. Gardner 10 
 
 Standard Leaders' Club ^ 
 
 Study of the field : 
 
 Community characteristics 22 
 
 Conduct of a survey 24 
 
 Summer activities — suggestions 120, 230 
 
 Summer schools 12, 202 
 
 Sunday School Athletic League 147, 180 
 
 Supervising agencies ,,, 203 
 
 Surveys 51, 204, 257 
 
 Training schools 12, 16, 201 
 
 Tuberculosis societies 215 
 
 United States Experiment Stations 214 
 
 United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps 215 
 
 Work among boys 26 
 
 Winter activities , 116 
 
298 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 Willian s, Sir George 
 
 y. M. C A. organizations — general: 
 
 Athletic League of Y. M. C. A. of Canada 212 
 
 Athletic League of Y. M. C. A. of North America 
 
 13, 16, 127, 187, 209 
 
 Employed Officers' Conference 206 
 
 General Secretaries' Insurance Alliance 208 
 
 Physical Directors' Society I5, I7» 207 
 
 Physical Training ■ ^5 
 
 Physical Training in Army and Navy 217 
 
 State and International Committees 204, 206