II VII ARIA UE SOUZA E COMP. Rita dos Latoeiros N. 60. RIO DE JANEIRO. ■ -T- jj.yjj]jJ4qN |flSQB^j Glass Book pe~&6C£i f i Aj 4 EXERCISES UPON THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH OF THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE, REFERRING TO THE RULES OF MR. VIEYRA'S GRAMMAR. BY JACINTO DIAS DO CANTO, A NATIVE OF PORTUGAL, AND LATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA. LONDON: PRINTED FOR J. COLLINGWOOD IN THE STRAND, 1824. \J* ybfmc T. C. Hansard, Pater-noster-irow Press. IT will be sufficient, byway of Introduction, to ob- serve, that the following Exercises upon the Rules of Construction of the Portuguese Language, are ar- ranged in nearly the same Order in which those Rules are treated of in the excellent Grammar of Mr. Vieyra; Namely, Chapter I. — On the Accidence of Verbs page 1 II.— 0/ the Articles 12 III.— Of Substantives 21 TV .—Of Adjectives , 24 V. — Of Comparatives and Superlatives 30 VI. — Of Personal Pronouns . 36 VIL— Of Syntax of Verbs 73 VIII.— Of Moods 83 IX.— Of the Adverbs 100 X.— Of the Prepositions 102 XI.— Of the Portuguese Idioms 106 And the Work is concluded by some Geographical Extracts relating to Portugal and its Colonies, which the Student may translate, after having gone through the former part : in these Extracts, the Portuguese Words are introduced where it is supposed they may be necessary. The Author begs leave to observe, that he teaches the Por- tuguese Language on moderate terms ; and may be heard of at the Publisher's. PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH ELEMENTARY BOOKS, published by J. COLLINGWOOD. Vieyra's Dictionary of the Portuguese and English Language s,in two Parts, Portuguese and English, and English and Portuguese, in two large volumes, 8vo., a new Edition, carefully revised, and greatly improved, with upwards of 12,000 new Articles and Commercial Phrases, by Mr. J. P. Aillaud, and the Portuguese words properly accented, to facilitate the Pronunciation to Learners, 11. 16s. An Abridgment of the above Work, very beautifully printed, in a neat Pocket Volume. A New Grammar of the Portuguese and English Languages. By Mr. Vieyra, 8vo., a new Edition, greatly improved by Mr. Aillaud, with the Por- tuguese words properly accented, Is. 6d. Exercises upon the different Parts of Speech of the Portuguese Language, referring to Mr. Vieyra's Grammar. By J. D. Do Canto, new Edition, 12mo., 3s. 6d. Nova Grammatica Ingleza, a qual serve para Instruir aos Portuguezes na Lingua Ingleza. Par H. J. Da Costa. Nova Edi9ao, revista e augmentada, 4s. 6d. Historia de Portugal, por Antonio de Moraes Silva, natural do Rio de Janeiro, e continuada ate os nossos Tempos, por H. Jose Da Costa, 3 torn. 12mo. 12s. Historia de Gil Blas de Santillana, tra- duzida em Portuguez, 4 torn. 12mo. 14>s. Selections in Portuguese and English, with the Portuguese words properly accented, for the use of persons learning those languages. 5*. 6d. Fernandez's New Practical Grammar of the Spanish Language ; a new Edition, considerably en- larged with Vocabularies, Naval and Military Terms, Words of Command, Dialogues, Extracts from the best Spanish Writers, and a Grammar for Spaniards to learn English ; with an Appendix, containing the New System of Ortho- graphy, Accentuation, &c. as recently authorised by the Roy- al Spanish Academy, and now in general use. 8vo. 6s. 6d. bd. Exercises upon the Rules of Construction of the Spanish Language ; with References to the above Grammar. By M. Fernandez. A new Edition, greatly improved, with Illustrations and Exercises upon the Appen- dix to the Grammar, respecting Orthography, Accentua* tion, &c. as determined by the Royal Academy of Madrid. 12mo. 3s. 6d. bound* A Key to Fernandez's Spanish Exercises, Umo. 2s. 6d. EXERCISES EXERCISES ADAPTED TO VIEYRAS PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR. CHAPTER I. ON THE ACCIDENCE OF VERBS. REGULAR VERBS ON THE FIRST CONJUGATION, whose Participle ends in ado. [See Grammar, p. 58.] J. LOVE, thou playest, he surveys. amar jogar abalizar. We command, you build, they expel. mandar edeficar expulsar. I did wash, thou didst plough, he did spend. lavar lavrar gasiar. We did burn, you did intimate, they did sing. queimar intimar cantar. I loved, thou abandoned, he braved. amar abandonar desajfiar. We embraced, you spoke, they dined. abra$ar fallar jantar. I have declared, thou hast triumphed, he has declarar triunfur recompensed. recompensar. B 2 PORTUGUESE We have bought, you have jumped, they have comprar saltar relaxed. relaxar. I had inverted, thou hadst invented, he had voltar inventar irritated. irritar. We had signed, you had praised, they had marcar louvar impregnated. impregnar. I shall pay, thou shalt swear, he will swim. pagar jurar nadar. We shall load, you will discern, they will effect. carregar divisar effectnar. Let him look for. Let us dissipate. buscar dissipar. Shoot ye. Let them punish. Disparar castigar. I may gild, thou may est card, he may tame. dourar cardar domar. We may disguise, ye may reckon, they may disfar$ar contar cure. curar. I should inspire, thou shouldst instruct, he would inspirar ensinar. keep. guardar. We should hurt, ye would carry, they would lastimar levar. ballast. alastrar. I might limit, thou mightest dismiss, he might limitar licenciar scold. gritar. EXERCISES. 3 We might govern, ye might sew, they might governar costurar rejoice. regozijar-se. I may have settled, thou mayest have raised, he regular elevar may have insinuated. insinuar. We may have amended, you may have encumbered, emendar embara$ar they may have falsified. falsificar. I should have adorned, thou shouldst have re- adornar re- compensed, he would have beautified. compensar formosear. We would have professed, you would have professar triumphed, they would have prepared. triunfar preparar. I might have paved, thou mightest have inflamed,, collar inflamar he might have laid snares. enlagar. We might have finished, you might have warmed , acabar aquentar they might have abused. affrontar. When I shall imprecate, when thou shalt annul, Quando imprecar annullar when he shall subdue. avassalar. When we shall jump when you shall buy, wheu Quando saltar comprar they shall praise. louvar, B 2 4 PORTUGUESE When we shall have advanced, thou shalt have avanfar loved, when he shall have tamed. amar domar. When we shall have danced,you shall have dined, dancar jantar when they shall have sequestrated. sequestra?** SECOND CONJUGATION in ER, whose Participle ends in ido. [See Grammar, p, 64.] I learn, thou drinkest, he corrupts. Apprender beber corromper. We establish, you owe, they do. estdblecer dever fazer. I did provide, thou didst spread, he did perceive. prover estender eompreherider. We did describe, you did write, they did favour. descrever escrever favorecer. I separated, thou furnished, he suffered. dissolver guarnecer padecer. We claimed, you remitted, they required. pretender remeter requerer. I have forgotten, thou hast offended, he has taken. esquecer offender prender. We have remitted, you have feared, they have remeter temer. twisted. retrocer. I had reprehended, thou hadst hidden, he had reprehender esconder disliked. aborrecer. EXERCISES- 5 We had proceeded, ye had known, they had proceder saber trembled. tremer. I will undo, ye will not know, he will subdue. desfazer* desconhecer veneer* We shall live, you shall sell, they will claim. viver vender pretender. Eat thou, let him come down, let us descend. Comer descer descender. Answer ye, let them undertake. Responder emprehender I may attack, thou mayest provide, he may accometer prover bite. morder. We may stir, ye may invade, they may promise. remover arremeter prometer, I should learn, thou shouldst drink, he would apprender beber grant. conceder. We should receive, ye would spread, they would receber estender hide. esconder, V might require, thou mightest eat, he might requerer comer condescend. condescender. We might absolve, you might attack, they might absolver accometer abominate. aborrecer* * Observe, that the verbs fazer, desfazer, contrafazer, form their participles infeito, desfeito, contrafeito. 6 PORTUGUESE I may have foreseen, thou may est have drank, he antever* beber may have seen. ver. We may have suffered, ye may have spread, he padecer estender may have owed. dever. I should have provided, thou shouldst have prover turned, he would have drunk. resolver beber. We would have held,^ ye would have proceeded, ter proceder they would have sold. vender, I might have subdued, thou mightest have done, veneer fazer he might have untwisted. destorcer. We might have ruled, ye might have spilled, ^ reger verier they might have lived. viver. When I shall require, thou shalt know, he shall requerer conhecer attack, accometer. When I shall have sent, thou shalt have un- remeter done, when he shall have claimed. des fazer pretender* We shall have taken, ye shall have lost, they shall prender perder have preceded. precede?*. * The verbs ver prever antever rever have the participles in isto, asprevisto antevisto revisto, &c. and not in ido. EXERCISES. 7 The THIRD CONJUGATION in IR, whose Participle makes ido. [VieyrcCs Grammar, p. 87, 89.] I translate, thou admittest, he warns. traduzir admittir advertir. We gather, you dissent, they mix. colligir dissentir confundir, I did fall, thou didst define, he did sleep. cahir definir dormir. We did conclude, you did conduct, they did concluir conduzir confer. conferir, I assisted, thou conductedst, he accused. soccorrer conduzir arguir. We consented, you concealed, they divided. consentir encubrir dividir. I have construed, thou hast heard, he has reflected # construir ouvir reflectir. We have applauded, you have erected, they have applaudir erigir heard. ouvir, I had melted, thou hadst joined, he had divided, fundir reunir partir. We had produced, ye had supplied, they had produzir supprir instituted. instituir. I shall punish, thou wilt insist, he will refer. punir insistir referir. We will persuade, you will cover, they will omit. persuadir cobrir omitir. Introduce thou, let him gather, let us acquire, Introduzir franzir adquirir wound ye, let them open. firir abrir. 8 PORTUGUESE I may contribute, thou may est divert, he may fence* contribuir divertir esgrimir* We may exclude, you may shake, they may escluir brandir demolish. demolir, I should blacken, thou shouldst confer, he would denegrir conferir swallow, engulir. We would exhibit, you should consume, they exhibit consumir would repel. repelUr. I might resist, thou mightest reward, he might resistir retribuir transfer. transferir. We might redeem, ye might go out, they might remir safdr transgress. transgredir, I may have insisted, thou mightest have forced, insistir impellir he may have re-cast. refundir. We may have made void, you may have felt, recindir sentir they may have repaired. resarcir. I should have laughed, thou shouldst have rir resisted, he would have punched. resistir pungir. We would have supplied, you would have re- supprir fleeted, they would have served. reflectir servir* EXERCISES. 9 I might have destroyed, thou mightest have given destruir di- over, he might have examined. mitir discutir* We might have returned, you might have trans- restituir trans- mitted, they might have come near the shore. mitir surgir. When I shall warp, when thou shalt imprint, urdir imprimdr when he shall repress. reprimir. When we shall transfer, when you shall resume, trans ferir resumir when they shall invest. investir. When I shall have polished, thou shalt have polir argued, when he shall have consented. arguir consentir. When we shall have defined, ye shall have definir covered, when they shall have hindered. cubrir retrahir. ON THE ORDER OP WORDS, [See Grammar, p. 123.] I write three hours every day. Escrever horas cadadia. Thou art too troublesome to my friends. ser demasiado enfadonho amigo. He speaks like a Roman orator. foliar como Romano orador. B 5 10 PORTUGUESE We go out of town every spring. Sahirpara fora cidade primavera. You show your probity very plainly. mostrar probidade muito ( l ) elaramente. They think it is very fine weather to walk out. pensar hello tempo para passear. ^ I was extremely glad to see her again, ( 2 ) Estar extremamente allegrar tornar ver la. Thou wast generously rewarded, ser generosamente premiar. He bought many things to send abroad. compar muito cousa mandar para fora. We encouraged all arts and sciences. animar ( 2 ) todo arte e sciencia. They tempted our faithful subjects. tentar nosso fiel vassallo. You baffled his wicked design. frustrar seu perverso designio. I have enriched his numerous family. Ter enriquecer ( 3 ) numerosa familia. Thou hast many accounts to settle. ter muito eontas ajustar. He has renewed his promises to us. Elletemrenovar promessa nos. We have seen the chief curiosities. ter ver principal curiosidade. You have examined them carefulty. V. m. ter examinar atentamentt* They have declared their last will, ter declarar ultimo vontade. f. I had resolved to get rid of them. determinar-se livrar delles. C 1 ) See Yieyra's Grammar, p. 115, on the formation, of adverbs out of adjectives. ( 2 ) See Gram. p. 143, on the reciprocal verbs. ( s ) See Vieyra's Gram. p. 18, and 43, C) See Gram. p. 18. EXERCISES. 11 Thou hadst determined to say it plainly* resolver dizer sinceramente. He had fixed on that sort of diversion. Jixar em aquella sorte divertimento. We had sworn to love each other eternally, jurar amar-se eternamente. You had forsaken his acquaintance. deixar companhia. They had implored the king's clemency. implorar rey clemencia. I shall ever praise prudent people. sempre elogiar gente. Thou shalt publish that piece of news every publicar novidades em to da where. parte. He will return from France next month. voltar da Franca seguinte mez. We shall travel day and night till we arrive. viajar dia noite ate chegar. You will do yourself immortal honour. fazer vos mesmo honra. They will disgrace their noble family. deshonrar nobre familia. Bring me that bottle and a glass. Trazer garrafa copo. Let him gather all his things and then go. airanjar todas . cousas despois hir. Let us walk into the garden before dinner. passear em jardim antes junior. Go ye to our friends in the road. Hir amigo estrada. Let them answer all my questions. C 1 ) responder todo questoens. 0) Responder governs the dative case of the thing. 12 PORTUGUESE CHAPTER II. OF THE ARTICLES. [See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 8, 126.] Of the Definite article the, rendered in Portuguese by o, a> sing. o$> as, pi. Examples. The days of the month of January are very Os dias do mez de Janeiro sad muito short. curtos. The earth turns, and not the sun. A terra move-se e nao o sol. Practice. The Spring, the Summer, the Autumn, and the Prim aver a Verao Outono Winter, are the four seasons of the year. Inverno ser quatro esta$oens Anno* JYie sight, the hearing, the feeling, the taste, and vista ouvido tacto gosto the smell, are the five natural senses. olfacto sinco natural sentidos. The father, the mother, the sons, and the daugh- pay may JWto filha ters. EXERCISES. 13 The good, the bad. To open the book. To give bom mdo. abrir livro. dar the lesson. Head. Cases in which the Articles o, a, os, as, are used in Portuguese, and the Article the omitted in English. [See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 126, 130.] o, a, os, as, not the. Examples. Virtue is amiable. Vice is odious. A virtude he amavel, O vicio he detestaveU Practice. Clemency, wisdom, and courage, are finer orna- Clemencia sdbedoria coragem maisbellos — - mentsin a prince, than the jewels with which he U os em hum — pe joias com que adorned. adornar-se. Gold, silver, health, and pleasures cannot make Ouro prata saude prazeres nao poder fazer a man happy without wisdom and virtue. o homemfeliz sem sabedoria virtude. Custom is the legislator of languages. Charity Costume ser legislador lingtias caridade is the greatest of all Christian virtues. History, maior todas Cristas virtudes. historia geography, and mathematics are necessary sciences* geographia mathematicas ser necessario sciencia. Grammar and orthography are necessary studies Grammatica orthographia ser necessario estudos to speak and write well. foliar escrever hem. 14 PORTUGUESE Cases in which the Article the is used in English, and the Article o omitted in Portuguese. [See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 176.] Examples. Henry the first, Charles the second, George the Henrique primeiro. Carlos segundo, George third. terceiro. Volume the first. Chapter the sixth. Article Volume primeiro, capitulo sexto, Artigo the seventh. septimo. Practice. Charles the second king of Spain, son of Philip Rey Espanha Felipe the fourth, left his kingdom to Philip the fifth. deixar reino. a quinto. William the third, king of England, married the Guilherme Rey Inglaterra casar Princess Mary, daughter of James the second, and Princeza Maria Jilha Diogo (grand-daughter) of Charles the first. neta Book the third. Volume the fourth. Section the Ltivro Volume sessad second. Rule the tenth, chapter the fourth, article the Regra capitulo artigo fifth. EXERCISES. 15 Cases in which the Article is not used in either Language. No Article is used before proper names of Men, Women, Towns, Days, Months, &c> [See Vieyrds Grammar, p. 127.] Examples. God is merciful. Peter is dead. Deos he mizericordiozo Pedro he morto. Not, o Pedro he morto, or, o Deos he mizericor- diozo ; but we say, o Deos dos Cristaos, o Deos da guerra, &c. Practice. Aristotle and Plato flourished in the age of s ao jiorecer ?iq seculo Philip and Alexander. Felipe dre. London and Paris are the two greatest capitals res z ser duas maiores . es in Europe. da a. Come and see me on Friday. Vir ver-me sestafeira. September and October are two fine months U3 •m ro Outubro dots bonitos mez England. Inglaterra. Demosthenes and Cicero were two great orators ; _ mm . ser grande orador the former flourished at Athens, the latter at Rome, primeiro Jiorecer as segwido Rotna. 16 PORTUGUESE A or an rendered by o, a. [See Vieyra's Grammar ', p. 127.] The English use the indefinite Articles fa or an) before Nouns of measure and number, when they want to express how much a thing is worth, or sold for; the Portuguese, t on the contrary, use the definite Articles (o, a, os, as,) in such cases. Examples. A shilling a yard ; sixpence a pound. Hum shelim a vara seis vintens o arrateL (As if it were a shilling the yard ; six-pence the pound.) Practice. I sell sugar for five guineas a hundred weight ; Vender asucar sinco os quintal coffee, at seven shillings a pound ; and tobacco, o caffe a sete arratel tabaco threepence an ounce. tres vintens onca. Corn is sold for two crowns a bushel. O trigo vende-se por cor das alqueir This ribband costs a shilling a yard. This cheese fita custar vara quejv costs seven-pence a pound ; good wine is sold for sete vintens O bom vinho vende-se five-shillings a bottle. garrafa. How much a yard ? How much a pound ? How A como he a jar da a como he arratel a como much a dozen ? he a duzia ? EXERCISES. 17 Of the Indefinite Article de, rendered in English by of. [See Vieyra's Grammar ; p. 9. 128.] Examples, Man is exposed to all sorts o/'infirmitities. homem esta exposto a todas as sortes de infermidades. Practice. There are two kinds of curiosity, the one of Ha ' duas especies curiosidade huma interest, which incites us to desire to learn what ■ , ■ se aqual conduzir nos ao dezejo de apprender may be useful to us ; and the other of pride, which poder ser util nos outro orgulho proceeds from the desire of knowing what others are nascer dezejo saber ser ignorant of. ignorante. Old age is a sort of tyrant, who forbids, under A velhice sorte tirano prohibir debaixo pain of death, all the pleasures of youth. depena morte prazeres mocidade. The hieroglyphics of the Egyptians were figures hieroglyphicos Egypcios ser as of men , birds, animals, and reptiles. homem passaro ■ reptU. 1. — The Indefinite Article (a or an) used in Eng- lish, and hum or huma, omitted in Portuguese. Examples. A Portuguese grammar. An history of England. grammatica Portugueza. Historia de Inglaterra* 18 PORTUGUESE Practice. ' A discourse concerning the obligations of natural sobre obrigagoens natural religion, religiao. A Roman history from the foundation of Rome ; desde fundagao a to the destruction of the Roman empire. ate destruicao o imperio* 2. — After the word what used to express surprise. Examples. What a noise you make ! What a dreadful ac- Que bulha vos fazeis I que crrivel no- count ! ticia ! What an unhappy situation is that which obliges infeliz situagao ser que obrigat\ a father in his own defence, to expose the failings of o pai propria defeza expor crimes his children. Jilhos, &. — Before a Substantive, used to specify or explain the Noun preceding. Example. I come from Coimbra, a town of Portugal. Eu venho de Coimbra cidade de Portugal. Practice. Raphael excelled in expression ; a rare talent in exceder cxpressaQ — o nos painters. pintores* EXERCISES. 19 When the Adjective is used Substantively then, it must have the definite Portuguese Article o. [See Vieyra,p. 129.] White and black are two opposite colours. branco e o preto sad duas oppostas c6res. Practice. Black and blue are better colours than red and Preto azul ser melhor cor deque vermelho yellow, amarello. Good and bad seem to be blended together Bom mdo pareeer estar misturar through all nature ; and sometimes to be confounded em toda a natureza algumasvezes confundir with each other. hum com o outro. The wise man seeketh wisdom ; but the fool des- sdbio homem procurar sdbedoria louco des- piseth understanding. prezar razao. RECAPITULATORY EXERCISES UPON THE ARTICLES. The love o/life, and the fear of death, are natural amor vida temor morte • to men. ph homem. The Creator of heaven and earth, is the God of — — d6r ceo terra Deas Gods. Pi 20 PORTUGUESE Voltaire and Frederic the second, king of Prussia • o da — — were great friends. ser grande amigo. Exercise and temperance strengthen the constitu- ent) a fortalecer • tion. igao. The ant is the emblem of industry ; the lamb and formiga a ia cordeiro the dove, are the emblems of meekness and innocence. pombo suavidade — i«. Time is not the only master of experience. Tempo ser nao unico mestre ia. Books instruct. History is full of old generals, JLivro instruir - ia estar clteia velhos pi. conquered by young soldiers. veneidos mogos soldados. Fame, honours, and dignities, are precarious and Fama honras —dades precarias inconstant things* e coiza. The horror o/*vice, and the love of virtue are the ■ vicio amor —de delights of the wise. delicias sabio. The king of France had given Avignon to the rey Franca ter dar Avinhad Pope. Papa. The price of silk is extravagant. Lace will be prego seda ser enorme renda sold for fifteen shillings an ell ; butter for eighteen vender-se quinze vara manteiga dezoito pence a pound ; eggs a shilling a dozen. vintens arratel ovos doze vinlens duzia. Honour is due to kings and magistrates. Honra serdevida rey dos. EXERCISES. 21 Ignorance is the source of error, scruples, and ia origetn erros escrupulo superstition. supers Head. The sins, particularly forbidden in the Gospel pecddos particularmente p^ohibir Evangelho are sensual lusts, covetousness, anger, envy, hatred, i prazd res, avareza, colera, enveja, odio, pride, vanity, theft, and falsehood. soberba, vaidade, furto, falcidade. George the fourth King of England ; Lewis the Inglaterra Luiz eighteenth of France; John the sixth of Portugal, ■ ca Joao ■ and Ferdinand the seventh of Spain were contem- Fernando ■ poraneous. CHAPTER III. OF SUBSTANTIVES. [See Vieyrtfs Grammar, p. 131.] When two or more Substantives come together without a comma between them, they all govern each the next in the Genitive Case, 8cc. Observe, that when two Substantives come together so as to make a Compound Word, that which is the first in English, is put the second in Portuguese, preceded by the proposition de. Examples. Newton's philosophy. The Prince's Guards. Filosqfia de Neuton. As Guar das do Principe. £2 PORTUGUESE 2. De, used to express the use of the first Substantive. Examples. Silk worms. Wind-mill. Bed-room. Bichos de seda. moinho de vento. quarto de cama* Practice. PlutarcKs Biography is the best we know. Plutarco Biographia melhor conhecer, Camoens' poetry is translated into English. poezia traduzir Inglez. Here is my wife's brother's, partner's house. Ex a caza do companheiro do irmao de minha mulher. (As if it was, here is the house of the partner of the brother of my wife.) The soldiers of the King's guard are valiant men. soldados valente Jtomem. My father's country-house is a beautiful build- excelente edifi* ing. cio. My sister's bed-room is very small. irma cama quarto ser muito piquenoa There are a great many silk-worms in Italy. Ha grande numero em Italia. Many pretend that battles are not so bloody since Muitos pretender batalhasnao ser tad sanguinolenta the invention of fire-arms. depois inven$ao fogo armas. I always keep fire-arms in my bed-room for my sempre ter para safety during the night. seguranca noite. EXERCISES. 23 When two Substantives are nominative of a Verb, the Verb must be put in the plural. [See Vieyrds Grammar, p. 132.] Examples. My brother and my uncle are in the country. • Meo irmao eo meo tio estao no campo. Practice. You and your brother are in great danger. Vos vosso grande perigo. Your father and your master are very sorry about Pay mestre discontentes da your conduct. vossa t — a. My sister and yours are great friends. irma grande amigo. If the nominative is a collective name, the Verb is always put in the Singular. [See Vieyrds Grammar, p. 132.] Examples. All the people was present. to do o povo estava prezente. Practice. The army of the confederates was very powerful. exercito do poderozo. The society of men would soon be overturned, if dade homem depressa destruir every one could with impunity take from another cada hum poder impunemente tirar ao outro what he should think proper. o que pensar aproposito. 24 PORTUGUESE The people wish for peace ; but the parliament povo dezejar paz parlamento who know best the interest of the nation^ have voted conhecer melhor interesse na$ad ter votar for the continuation of the war. peUd ' — gad guerra. Sometimes the Dative Case must be rendered by the Portuguese Genitive Case. Examples. The impious are enemies to virtue, Os impios sad i?iimigos da virtude, (And not, os impios sa" inimigos a virtude ; but we can say oppostos a virtude.) Practice. Pleasure is often an enemy to reason and virtue. Oprazer muitas vezes razad virtude. CHAP. IV. OF ADJECTIVES. [See Vieyrtis Grammar 9 p. 18. 132.] Adjectives put after the Substantives. Adjectives of colour, figure, and quality, must be put after the Substantive, also Adjectives of Names of Nations. Examples. Cold weather. A round table. A white hat. Tempo frio. huma meza redonda. hum chapeo branco. EXERCISES. 25 An English philosopher. Humjilosofo biglez. Practice. Humility is the basis of Christian virtues. dade base • Cristad virtude. A prejudiced mind is the source of innumerable Hum preocupado animo origem vet errors. erro. The public good is preferable to private interest. o hem ivel particular se. Satirical minds are like small insects, whose Satirico espirito como piqueno insecto cuja existence is manifested only by the efforts which existencia manifest arse sonxente exforcos que they make to corrupt things. fazcr corromper coizas. Geography is the description of the terrestrial ia 'vaa tei'estre globe. globo. A silent awe, a doubtful eye, and a hesitating silenciozo respeito timido olho tremula voice, are the natural indications of a true and re- vos _— - indicios verdadeiro re- spectful love. speituozo amor. Observe, that the order of the preceding Example may be the same in Portuguese as it is in Eng- lish, as follows :* A silent awe, a doubtful eye, and a hesitating Hum silenciozo respeito , hum timido 6lho, e huma tremula See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 133. c 26 PORTUGUESE voice are the natural indications of a true and re- v6s sad indicios naturaes de hum verdadeiro c re- spectful love. speituozo amor. The central fire is the physical cause of the heat ■ fogo fysico causa color of the subterraneous springs. ■ — manancial. Newton was an English philosopher, Pleyel a - Inglez -o, ■ — German musician, and Camoens a Portuguese poet. Allemad muzico - ■ — « — — «r. The Monument of London is a round pillar. . o res redondo — When two or more Adjectives refer to the same Substantive, they are usually placed after it, and a Conjunction is put before the last, whether there be one or not in English. [See Vieyra's Grammar^. 133.] Examples. A iust and bountiful God. A long, tedious work. HumDeosjusto e bemfazejo. Huma obra longa e enfadonha. Practice. Great and extensive projects joined to a wise vasto o juntar sahio execution, constitute the great minister. execu$ad constituir —■ ro - A shallow argument has often persuaded those f raco w. o muitas vezes ■ ir whohad not been convinced by palpable and eviden t convencer • •vel proofs. prova* EXERCISES. 27 The Adjectives digyio, worthy ; capdx^ capable ; dotado, endowed ; estimado, esteemed ; accusado, charged, &c. always require either a Noun or Verb, which they govern, and these have always the particle de after them, rendered in English by the prepositions of by, from, or with. Observe, that the following Adjectives, which require the preposition de before the next infinitive, govern the Genitive Case. Examples. A virtuous man is worthy of praise. Worthy to O homem virtuozo he digno de lovor. Digno de be praised, ser lovado. Peter is endowed with virtue. Pedro he dotado de virtude. Practice. The vicious are unworthy foie esteemed ; on the viciozo indigno estimar contrary, the virtuous are loved by all. virtuoso armar todos. Human life is full of disappointments. o veda cheia revezes. A man endowed with virtue, pleases every body. Hum homem virtude agradar a todo o mundo. Human life is never free from troubles. I am « nunca livre trabalhos. fatigued with running. fatigar correr. You are loaded with honours. He is accused of cheio honra. acusar robbery. roubo. Riego was charged with treason by the royalists. • acusar traicao realista, c2 28 PORTUGUESE All Adjectives signifying inclination, submission, pleasure, &c. govern the Dative Case. [See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 134.] Example. Justice is obedience to written laws and constitu- Justica he a obediencia as leis e as constituipoens tions. escritas. Practice. The victory which Caesar obtained in the plains ia que Cesar obter campos of Pharsalia was baneful to his country, pernicious funesto paiz «zo to the Romans, and disastrous to human nature. os desastrozo genero humano. Men inclined to vice are hurtful to society. Homem vicio nocivo sociedade. Children must be submissive to their father, Menino percizar ser pay mother, and masters. may mestre* Adjectives of dimension may be rendered in Portu- guese by an Adjective or Substantive. Thus, high can be expressed by de alto or de altura ; long, by de comprido or de comprimento ; deep, by defundo or de prqfundidade ; wide, by de largo or de largura. Observe, that the Adjectives alto, largo, comprido, /undo, may be preceded equally by the Verbs svr, to be, or ter, to have ; but when we make use of the Substantives altura, largura, &c. these always require the Verb ter, to have. EXERCISES. 29 Remember also, to put de before the numbers hum, dots, tres, &c. when they are not preceded by the Verb ter, to have, in which case de is left out before the word of number, but always stands before the word of dimension. Examples. The Monument of London is a round pillar of O monumento de Londres he hunia coluna redotda the Doric order, two hundred feet high. de ordem Dorica, de duzentos pes de alto. My father's house is fifty feet high, A caza de meo pay tem cincoenta pes de altura. Practice. The room of the Tower, in which is the royal salla Torre em que estar real train of artillery, is an apartment three hundred and trem artelharia quarto trezentos e eighty feet long, oitenta pis. London Bridge is nine hundred feet long, forty Londres Ponte nove cento quarenta high, and seventeen wide* dezasete Adjectives followed by em rendered in English by in and to. Examples. You must be civil to every body. Vos deveis ser civil para com todo o mundo. The true Christian must be patient in suffering O verdadeiro Cristad deve ser paciente em soffrer as injuries. flk, injurias. 30 PORTUGUESE Practice. Scipio Africanus was respectful to his mother, Scipiad ~j o scr respeituozo may liberal to his sisters, good to his servants, and just irma bom criado o and affable to every body, r ■ vel 4odo o mundo. IV}erchants should be precise in fulfilling their Negociante rectos satisfazer engagements. palavra. CHAPTER V. OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES. [See VieyrcCs Grammar •, p. 19, 135.] The Comparative of equality is made by putting too, outro tanto, assim, before the Adjective; that of superiority, by putting mats, more ; and that of inferiority, by putting memos, less : when there are two or more Adjectives, the sign of comparison is repeated before every one. Than, expressed by que, do que, or de. The word than, which in English follows a Com- parative, is expressed in Portuguese by que or do que before a Noun or Pronoun, and by de before the Cardinal numbers que, two^ three* &c. EXERCISES. 31 Examples. He is taller than you. He is* more than Elle he mais alto que v6s. Elle tern mais de twenty years of age. vinte annos de idade. Practice. The simplicity of Nature is more amiable than all simplicidade ^—za agradavel the embellishments of art. # belezas e. Nothing is more pleasing to the mind than the Coiza nenhuma agradavel espirito light of truth. luz verdade. Is there any thing more natural than to love Ha pois alguma coiza anuxr those who do us good? fazer nos hem ? (Under the reign) of Tiberius guilt was less dan- No reinado o culpa pcri- gerous than innocence. gozo ia. Riches are oftentimes more dangerous than Riqueza quazi sempre poverty. pobreza. He is more than half ruined. estar meio arruinar. You are happier than if you were a bachelor. ser mais feliz solteiro. Your brother John is taller than James. irmao Joao Diogo. It is more noble to forgive than to revenge. nobre perdoar vingar-se. * The English make use of the verb to be when they speak of Age ; and the Portuguese make use of the verb ter, to have, as in the example above. 32 PORTUGUESE Your son is more learned and wise than I filho sabio e mats prudente thought. pensar. It is greater to overcome one's passions than to dominar as ?iossas paixoens conquer whole nations, conquistar todas nacao. My father is more than eighty years old. pay mais oitenta annos idade. Lewis the Fourteenth, in 1681, had sixty thou- JLuiz quatorze ter mil sand sailors, and more than a hundred men-of-war. maririheiros cem mil guerra* Though he had more than two hundred thousand Aindaque ter duzentos men, he could not beat the enemy. homem nadpoder hater inimigo. As expressed by Como. The word as used in English after a Comparative of equality or superiority, is always expressed in Portuguese by como; but when as occurs twice in a sentence, the first must be • expressed by tad. Examples, He is as learned as you. Elle he tao sabio como vos. I am not so young as he. JEu nad sou tad mo$o como elle. Practice. She has as much fortune as> her cousin. ter tanto riqueza prima. Impiety is as fatal to a state as to religion. Jmpiedade ,r estado •• ■ ■ ■ ■ pff.. EXERCISES. 33 The love of neighbour is as necessary in society amor proximo 7iecessario sociedade as Christianity for eternal salvation, &e. are placed after the Verb when the sentence is interroga- tive, and before it when it is not. Examples. I love ; do you love ? He is ready ; is he ready ? Eu amo ; amauvos ? Elle esta prompto ; estd elleprompto ? Practice /praise; thou eatest; he opens; we talk; you louvar comer abrlr falar drink. beber. Am. I accused ? do you learn Portuguese ? acusar apprender %.t Great warriors write their actions with simplicity, Grande guerreiros escrever atyoens simplicidade because they are prouder of what they have done porque ser mais soberbos fazer than (of what) they have said. We often (pass do que daquillo que ter dizer EXERCISES. 37 judgment) on men's actions according to our love julgar homem accao segundo amor or hatred of the persons who have peformed them. odio pes was ter comet ido-as. Personal Pronouns in the Genitive Case. The Personal Pronouns of me, of him, of us, of you, of them, are most frequently disjunctive in the Genitive Case, and expressed in Portuguese by de mim, delle, de nos, de vos, delles, or dellas, fern. [See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 25, 26, 27, of the Declension of Personal Pronouns.] Example. They often speak of fne ; but I never speak Elles fallao sempre de mim ; porem eu nunca fallo of them, m delles. Practice. When some one advised Philip to expel from his Quando aconcelharao e expulsar dominions a man who had spoken ill of him, " I will dominio homem fallar mat take care not to do it,'' replied he ; " he would ter cuidado fazer replicou go (every where) and speak ill ofme" hir por toda aparte If you (do not behave) better, I will complain of portar-se melhor queichar you to your father. vosso pay. We never spoke ill of them, and consequently do nunca fallar mal consequentemente not expect they will speak ill of us. esperar fallar 38 PORTUGUESE Of the Pronouns himself, herself, oneVself or itself The Pronouns himself herself themselves, oweV self are expressed in Portuguese by se, with a reflected Verb, and most frequently by elle, elle mesmo, ella mesma, simesmo, si mesma, &c. in other different cases. Examples. He is too proud ; he does not know himself Elle he muito soberbo ; elle nao se conhece sl si mesmo. {But we may also say, Elle mesmo se nao conheee.) He blames in others, faults he commits himself Elle reprehende nos outrosf altos que elle mesmo comete. Si mesmo is also used for one's-self or himself, in speaking of persons in general ; that is to say, in a vague sense, and without any specification Example. One ought not to speak of one's-self unless with Ninguem dtve fallar de si mesmo, se nao com modesty. modestia. Practice. (Every body) acts for himself Cada hum abrar When a man does not care for any person but Quando nao importar-se senad himself he does not deserve to live. nao merecer viver. It is not the part of a courageous man to (expose Nad he de hum corajozo homem expor-sc himself) to danger without necessity. perigo sem dade. EXERCISES. 39 They are easily pardoned, who endeavour to Facilmente se perdoa procurar (withdraw themselves) from their errors. retirar-se erro. To excuse in one's-self the faults which we cannot desculpar /alias que bear in others, is to (like better) to be foolish one's- soffrer outros preferir ser indiscreto self than to see others so. vir outros ser-lo. Your brother (knows himself) ; he often makes irmao conhecer-se muitas vezes fazer reflections upon himself, and I hope he will soon refleccoens (correct himself) of his bad habits. corregir mao habitas. The Pronoun itself expressed in Portuguese by si mesmo, mas. or si mesma, fem. Examples. Vice is hateful of itself O vicio he odiozo de si mesmo. The earth is fruitful of itself A terra he fertil de si mesma. Practice. The remedy which you propose is harmless of it- remedio que propor innocent e self Men often reject truth, though evident in itself Homem rejeitar verdade aindaque e because the sight (of it) displeases them. porque vista della desagradar Ihes. 40 PORTUGUESE Virtue is amiable of itself. de amavel Whatever is good in itself Nem tudo o que he bom proved. provar. is he not always sempre ap- op- OF CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS. [See VieyrcCs Grammar , p. 28, 137.] The Conjunctive Pronouns me, te, si, Ihe; [nos, vos, Ihes, rendered in English by to me, or me; to thee, or thee ; to himself to herself; to him, or him ; to us, or us ; to you, or you ; to them, or them, are joined to verbs after or before, and stand for Dative and Accusative Cases. Examples. This garden pleases me very much. Este jardim agrada-me muito She praises herself I will tell him. Ella louva-se a si mesma. Eu Ihe direi. I promise them. Eu lhes prometi ; or, Eu prometi-lhes. Practice. I gave them fine apples, and they did not give me dar excelentes macas nao any thing. I will tell her, voiza nenhuma dizer I know you, but you don't know me. conhecer mas nao Your dog is (very thirsty) (give it*) (something cad ter sede debeher to drink.) * When the pronouns it and them are in the dative case, and have reference to animals, they are expressed in Por- tuguese by Ihe and lhes, as the personal pronouns. EXERCISES. 41 Your horses are hungry, give them some hay. Vossos cavallos fome dar algumfeno. When truth appears (in all) its brightness, nobody Quando apparecer con todo brilhantismo> <:an resist it. poder resistir. Pearls would not (be worth) so much money, if Perolas valer tanto dinheiro luxury did not give value to them. - — ia dar valor Is there any thing more natural than to love ha por ventura colza mats — — amar those who do us good ? a quellesque hem? Riches make you unhappy. Riquezas fazer infeliz. My husband loves me. marido amar-me. 1 saw your brother in the park, but I could not ver irmao par que nao poder speak to him. fallar OF MIXED PRONOUNS. [See Vieyra*s Grammar, p. 29, 30.] There are some Pronouns in Portuguese which are composed of the Pronouns Personal and Conjunctive, and therefore are called mixed ; these Pronouns are put in Portuguese, as in English, after the Verb they are governed by. When it is in the Second Person Singular, or in the First or Second Plural of the Imperative Affirmative, then, instead of me, te, Ihe, we make use of mo, to, Mo, lha, &c. for the Dative and Accusative Cases. 42 PORTUGUESE Examples. Give it me. I bought it to give it to him* Dai-mo. Eu comprei-o para dar-mo. Practice. When I get tired of my horse, I will give it to you* Quando enfastiar cavaJlo I dare not tell it to him* atrever dizer He has sold it to him. vender I gave it to him, but I will take it back again. dar tomar outra vez. I sold it to him. vender I let it to her* alugar You arranged it for him* arranjar OF POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. [See Vieyrrfs Grammar , p. 31.] Possessive Pronouns are repeated. The Possessive Pronouns meu, minha ; teu, tua ; meuS) minhas; teus, tuas, are repeated in Portu- guese before every Substantive, and agree with each in Gender and Number. Examples. My father, mother, and sisters, are in the Meo pay, minha may, e minhas irmdas, estao no country. campo. EXERCISES. 43 (The English make the Pronouns his or her agree with the antecedent Noun ; the Portuguese, on the contrary, make seo, sua, seos, agree with the Noun following ; thus we say, speaking of a woman)* Her son is learned. Her brother is young. Seo Jilho he sabio. Seo irmao he mofo. And of a man, His mother is old. His sister is married. Sua may hevelha. Sua irmd he cazada. Practice. Such is man, his ingratitude is often the price Taes homem dad premio of our favours. beneficios, A good king does not (so much) consult his own tanto ar propria dignity and elevation as the advantage and happi- dade grandeza vantagem feifci- ness of his subjects. dade vassalo. The laborious man (shuts out) idleness from his laboriozo homem banir preguiga house ; he considers it as his greatest enemy ; he caza ar maior inimigo (rises) early ; he exercises his mind with contem- levantar-se sedo exercitar espirito ■ ■ plation, and his body with labour: the slothful gad corpo trabalho preguicozo man, (on the) contrary, is a burthen to himself; his homem pello contrario pezado a si mesmo J body is diseased for want of exercise ; his mind in corpo doente falta exercicio espirito * Observe, that it is a general rule, that seu is always plied to the masculine gender, and sua to the feminine* 44 PORTUGUESE darkness ; his thoughts are confused ; his house is escuridao pensamerUos confundir caza in disorder ; he deplores his fate, but he has no ' em deplorar sorte ter resolution to remedy it. cad para diar-o His mother is dead ; her father is dead ; his wife may morrer pay mulher is handsome ; her husband is young. His ambition linda marido moco gad is great ; her soul is elevated ; my history is short. grande vida elevado historia carta. His shame is great ; her hope is ill-grounded. ver gonna grand esperanca malfundado. Possessive Pronouns used in Portuguese, and not in English. When we speak to our relations or friends, we use the Possessive Pronouns meo, minha, mens, &c. before the words pay 7 may, irma, &c. Examples. Where are you, daughter ? Here I am, mother. Aonde estais, minha filha ? Estou aqui, minha may. (These Pronouns are left out in English.) (At last) the girl being come near the house, Enfin rapariga estando perto caza "Mother, mother," criedshe (come out), mother, come gritar vinde ca out, (here is) a gentleman who has brought us a aqui estd senhSr trazer letter from my father :" at that summons (out came eiirta dc pay chamados vm EXERCISES. 45 the mother). (« What is the matter) child?'' said a may que tendes filha she, seeing her daughter with a messenger, &c. vendo com mensageiro Senhor, &c. before seu or sua. The Portuguese prefix the qualifications of Senhor, Senhora, &c. to the Possessive Pronoun seu, or sua, when they speak to any of their re- lations or friends, unless they are their inferiors or intimate friends. These qualifications are not used in English. Examples. Your father. Your mother. senhor seo pay. A senhora sua may. Practice. 1 have invited your sisters and your cousin to convidar irma primo dine with us; I hope they will come. iantar esperar vir. Is your father at home ? How does your wife do ? em caza estar mulher Do your sisters learn geography? Is not your aprender ia nao ter mother returned from the country ? I saw yesterday voltado campo ver hontem your father and mother, but I did not see your porem ver sister ; is she sick ? doente. Possessive Pronouns used in place of the Personal. When the Possessive Pronouns are joined to a Verb, which denotes an action over any part of 46 PORTUGUESE the body, they are rendered in Portuguese by the Personal Pronouns — thus : my is expressed by me ,* his or her, by se, Ihe, or o ; our by nos ; your by vos, or os ; and their by se, Ihes, or os, before or after the verb ; and speaking of a finger, hand, or leg, &c. the word hum or huma must be put in the same place in which the Possessive Pronouns are in English. Examples.* He has cut his hand. Elle cortou huma mad, or, Elle cortou-se em huma mad. You have cut his hand. Vos o cortaste em huma mad, or, Cortaste -lhe a mad. Practice. My brother died last year in Germany ; it was I irmad morrer anno passado Allemanha ; fui eu who closed his eyes. fechar-\he olhos, I will pare your nails if you will cut my hair. cortar unhas cortar cabello. My brother broke his leg yesterday morning. irmad quebrar perna hontem pella manha Our carriage (ran) unfortunately (over his body), sege passar-Vae infelizmente por sima (broke his leg), and bruised his left shoulder. quebrar-VciQ perna pizar-lhe esquerdo ombro. Do not speak (so loud) you split my head. fallar tad alto quebrar cabega. If you do not take care, you will cut your fin- nad tomar cuidado cortar gers. dedos. • Observe, to express his and their bv se, when the verb is reflected ; and by lhe or Ihes, when it is not. EXERCISES- 47 A cannon-ball (shot off) my arm. canhao holla levar braco. Wash your hands. Warm your feet. Lavar mads* Aquentar pe. If, however, the phrase appear doubtful, that is to say, if the sentence do not sufficiently explain whose leg, feet, or arm, &c. we are speaking of, the Possessive Pronouns should be used in Portuguese as in English. Example. I see that my leg swells. JEu vejo que a mxnha perna incha. Practice. I see that my arm swells. ver braco inckar. Do you think my foot will ever (be cured ?} julgar pi curar I can take it with my hand. poder tomar-lo coin mad. Its, expressed by sen. When the Possessive Pronouns its and their relate to inanimate things, they are expressed by seu, sua, seus, suas — 1. When they relate to the Nominative of the preceding Verb. 2. When they are in the Genitive or Dative, or are pre- ceded by any preposition whatever. 3. When, being in the Nominative, they are joined to a Substantive, qualified by an Adjective, or 48 PORTUGUESE specified by some other words. 4. When, being in the Nominative, the next Verb is, or may be followed by the Preposition de. Examples. 1. London has its beauties. Londres tern suas belezas. % I admire the size of its streets. Eu admiro a grandeza de suas ruas. 3. Its regular buildings please at the first sight. Seus edificios regular es agradao ao primeiro golpe de vista. 4. Its ships bring the riches qfa\\ countries. Os seos navios trazem riquezas de todos os paizes. Its trade produces immense resources. Seu negocio produz imensos recursos. In any other occasion, its or their may be ex- pressed by o, as, or seu 9 sens, sua, suas, &c. So we should say, still speaking of London, Its situation is very convenient. A situapao he muita comoda t ox conveniente. Its squares appear to me beautiful. As pragas parecem-me lindissimas. I particularly admire its rich warehouses, Sobre tudo o que mats admiro sad os ricos armazens. Practice. This illness is dangerous ; I know its origin and doen$a perigoza conhecer cauza effects. effeito. Jealousy has Love for its father, and Fear for its Ciume amor pay temer mother. may This is a fine tree ; its fruit are delicious. A fruta desta linda arvore he delicioza. EXERCISES. 49 Nobles, remember that an illustrious birth re- Nobres julgar hum illustre nascimento re. ceives from virtue its most shining lustre. ceber virtude mais brilhante explendor. This water (is not °ood) for you ; I know all its agua naa ser bom conhecer todo qualities, and I would never recommend it in such qualidades nunca recomendar taes cases. cazos. Paris is a fine city ; but its streets are too nar- Hilda cidade rttas muito es- row, and its houses too high. treitas cazas alto. War has its theory, as other sciences. Guerra ia outra sciencia. The Pronouns mine, thine, his, hers, rendered in Portuguese by meu, ten, sen, sua, always take the Definite Article, o, a, os, as, before them, and agree in Gender and Number with the Substantive to which they have reference. Example. Your garden is larger than mine, but my house Q vosso jar dim he maior que o meu, mas a minha eaza is larger than yours. he maior que a vossa. Practice* Your book is better than mine, but my doves are hvro melhores m« ° inpag better than yours, que vosso. D 50 PORTUGUESE His action is blameable, yours (on the) contrary, procedimento culpavel pelo contrario is praiseworthy. ser digno de louvor. I have learned my lesson, but my sister has not ter apprender li^ao irmd ter nao learned hers, apprender OF DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. [See VieyrcCs Grammar, p. 35.] The Demonstrative Pronouns this or that, are expressed in Portuguese by este, esse, or aquelle, before a Noun Masculine, and by esta, essa, or aquella, before a Noun Feminine ; these and those, are rendered by estes, estas ; esses, essas, aquelles, aquellas. Examples. This carpet ; that tree ; these books. Este tapSte j aquella arvore ; estes livros. Those men ; those women. Aquelles homens ; aquellas mulheres. That town ; those rivers. Essa cidade ; esses rios. I will speak to that man and woman. Eu foliar ei aquelle homem e aqueUa mulher.* Practice. This picture is fine. That man is learned. Undo, homem sabio. * Observe, that the Demonstrative Pronouns are repeat- ed in Portuguese before every Substantive, though they are not in English. EXERCISES. 51 These oranges are not ripe. This bird is mine. laranjas maduro. passaro These houses are new. If you do not aiter your cazas nova. mudar conduct, and (make amends for) your former in- ■ a e se nab reparares primeira justice, this widow whom you have oppressed, this a viuva opprimir poor woman whom you have forsaken, these unfor- pobre mulher abandonar desgra- tunate beings whom you have despised, will accuse pados entes desprezar accusctr you (in the) day of judgment. no dia de juizo. The Demonstrative Pronouns this and that, when used to point out some object without naming it, are expressed by isto and mo, or aquillo. [See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 37.] Examples. This is for me, and that for you. Isto he para mim, e auqillo para v6s. Practice. Do not do that ; 1 will do it myself. nab fazer fazer mesmo. If you refuse me that, you will repent it. recuzar arrepender This is good, that is bad. bom m&o. This is for me, and that for you. para mim Why did you do that ? Porq?u>e fazer D 2 52 PORTUGUESE You should not speak of that before (any body.) dever fallar diante pessoa alguma. That is good to eat, horn comer. When the Personal Pronouns are the antecedents of who, what, or which, they are expressed in Portuguese thus,, He who, by aquelle que; She who, by aquella que ; They who, by aquelles que, &c. [See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 38.] Examples, He who loves virtue is happy. Aquelle que ama a vertude he feliz. They who despise learning, know not the value Aquelles que desprezad a sciencia, nad conhecem o valor of it. delta. t Practice. He who cannot keep a secret is incapable of go- nao poder guardar segredo incapaz go- verning. vernar. Nobody is more speedily oppressed than he who Ninguem depressa opprimir fears nothing, because security is often the begin- temer porque seguranca prin- ning of calami ty. cipio desgraca. They who are not satisfied with what they possess nad satisfazer-se possitir at present, will probably never be pleased with what e provavelmente content es they may possess in future. poder futuro. EXERCISES. 53 He who never was acquainted with adversity, say s experimental* dade> dizer Seneca, has seen the world but on one side, and is — — nao tern visto mundo senao de lado^ ignorant of half the scenes of nature* ignora a metado das natureza. They who overcome their passions, conquer their dominar paixoens conquistar greatest enemies. maior inimigo. When the Relative Pronouns who, that, or which, are separated in English from their antecedents he 9 she, or they, they must be joined in Portu- guese, and then the second part of the sentence is put first. Example. He is contemptible who encourages idleness. Aquelle que encoraja a preguica he despresivel. Not, Aquelle he despresivel que encoraja a preguica. Practice. They do not know the human heart who trust conhecer o coracao jiar-se to the vain promises of men. vas promessas humem. They do not always succeed who best take their sempre acertar melhor tomar measures. medida. He is happy who wants nothing. feliz falta nada. They are unworthy the glory of heaven, who (give indigno ia ceo themselves up) to the pleasures of this world. entregar-se prazer mundo. 54 PORTU GU E S E They are happy who are coatent with a little* feliz contentarse com pouco. The Pronouns that which and what are rendered in Portuguese by aquillo que, or o que ; the last is more frequently used. Example. What gratifies the senses, softens the heart. O que lisongea os sentidos, amolesse o coracad. Practice. What renders man miserable is cupidity. fazer homem vel cubica. What you say is true. dizer verdade. Consider, man ! what the law of God com- Considerar, oh ! lei Deos orde- mands, and what society requires of you. nar^ sociedade exige What I ask from you is a reciprocal friendship. exigir reciproca amizade. Tragedy excites terror ; it is that which renders ia — ar fazer it tragical. tragica. The epic poem excites admiration ; it is that epico a cad vjhich renders it heroical. fazer heroico. Education is to the mind what cleanliness is to cad espirito limpeza the body. corpo. What I fear most, is treason. tenner mais traicao. EXERCISES. 55 OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. [See VieyroCs Grammar ', p. 40.] The Relative Pronouns who, that, and which, are expressed by quern, when they are in the No- minative Case; whom, that, and which, are expressed by que, when they are in the Accusa- tive. Examples. The man who speaks. O homem que /alia. The book ivhich is on the table. O livro que esta solre a meza. The woman whom I see. A mulher que eu vejo. The watch which I have. O relogio que eu tenho. Practice. Cicero was one of those who were sacrificed to the Cicero hum ser saerificar vengeance of the Triumvirs. vinganca ros. The woman whom God formed (with one) of mulher Deos formar de huma Adam's ribs, was the cause of his sin. 5 costella ser a pecado. The books which I read are good, but difficult livro ler ser bom, difficil to (be understood.) entender. Titus spent eighty millions on the public games o gastar oitenta milhoens . co jogo which he (once gave) to the Roman people. huma vez dar Romano povo, 56 PORTUGUESE The Relative Pronoun whose, rendered in Portu- guese by cujo. [See Vieyra's Grammar, /?. 41.] Example. He is a man whose discretion I dare not trust. JElle he hum homem a euja discri$ao eu nao ousojidr-me. Practice. The person whose reputation you admire, deserves pessSa — caa — >-ar merecer your praise. louvores. Alexander, to whose courage they give (so many) -re m tanto ^ praises, died at thirty-three years of age. louvdr morrer trinta e trez anno idade. The Relative Pronouns whom, which, and also the Conjunction that, are often understood in English ; but quern or que are never understood in Portuguese; and particular care must be taken to use them every time they could be used in English. Examples. I think he will come. It is to you I speak. Eupenso que elle vira* He convosco que eu folio* Practice. The exercise you have given me to write is toa thema dar escrever long and too difficult. grande difficultozp. The company I keep is very honest. Ida frequentar honesta* EXERCISES. 57 The wine we drank yesterday was very good. vinho Leber hontcm ser muito bom. The man I have spoken to is just come from homeni foliar acaba de chegar Portugal. The reasons I rely upon are solid. razad fundar sobre so lido. I think yon are in the right. pensar tendes razad. I will never forget the favour you have done me. nunca esquecer favor ter-me fcito. OF INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. [See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 39.] The* Interrogative Pronouns who, whose, to whom, 8$c. are expressed in Portuguese by quern. Examples. Who is there ? Of whom do you speak ? Quem esta ahi ? De quern falais v6s ? Whom will you consult ? Quem consultareis vos ? Practice. Who doubts that a (young man) who loves virtue duvidar mancebo que amor dr, and science, enjoys more solid happiness than he ~ ia gozar o felicidade que who spends his life in dissipation and pleasure ? passar vida cad prazer ? Who goes there? To whom do you speak ? Whom hir aid foliar shall I apply to ? Who is the man who can be dirigir homem D 5 58 PORTUGUESE certain of constant happiness ? Whom shall I believe certo . e felicidade ? erer henceforth ? para ofuturo ? When the word which is interrogatively used, it is always expressed in Portuguese by qaal for the singular, and by quaes for the plural, both for the Masculine and Feminine Genders, Examples. Which of your brothers is married ? Qual de vossos iivnaos he cazado ? Which of your sisters is married ? Qual de vossas irmas he cazada ? Practice. Of all these pictures, which should you (like quadros pre- best), and which do you think (is worth) most ferir pensais valer mats money ? dinheiro ? I have heard that one of your brothers is dead ; ouvir que irmao morto . pray tell me ivhich. rogar dizer Which of your sisters learns Portuguese? irma apprender ■ z ? Which of these horses will you buy ? cavallos comprar ? You have read Telemechus and Jerusalem Deli- ter lev o Liber- vered ; which of these two poems do you prefer > tada ; poema preferir ? EXERCISES. 59 When the Pronoun what is used in an interroga- tive sentence, it is always expressed by que or gual before a Substantive singular, and by quaes before a Substantive plural. Examples. What book do you read ? What lesson have you Que Uvro ledes vos ? Que Head tendes learned ? What are your reasons ? apprendido? Quaes sad vossas razoens ? Practice. What are your motives ? What dreadful news ? os ? terriveis novidades ? What crime has this man committed (that he — — — ter homem cometer para o should be) punished so severely ? punir severamentc ? What is the opinion of your father (on that Qual opiniad pay sobre aquelU affair ?) objecto ? What news have you learned in town to-day ? novidades saber cidade hoje ? What misfortune can we fear after we have lost desgracas teriier ter perder every thing ? iudo ? Observe, that the word what may be followed by a Substantive plural, and rendered by o que, when the Verb comes after a Substantive ; but when the Verb comes before, what must be ren- dered by quaes. €0 PORTUGUESE Examples. What are, your motives ? Quaes sad vossos motivos ? What motives have you ? Que motivos tendes vos ? It is not necessary to give any Exercises upon the above Examples, because the matter is sufficiently explained in the preceding page. OF IMPROPER PRONOUNS. [See Vieyrcts Grammar, p. 42.] Use of the Particle se. All vague and general expressions, such as one says, people say, it is said, it is reported, tyc. are rendered in Portuguese by the Particle se, with the Verb in the Third Person Singular of the Active voice. Example. They speak of peace. Falla-se de paz. Practice. When one has deviated from the paths of virtue, desviar caminho de y one ought to endeavour to get (into them) again. dever procurar recobrar~lo outra vez. It has been often lamented, that the origin of lamentar-se em almost every) nation is either lost in fables, «r quazi todas nacaa ou perder fabidas y buried in obscurity. -dade. EXERCISES. 61 People attribute the invention of (gun-powder) attribuir invencao polvora to Berthold Scheward of Friburgh. It is reported that Pythagoras required a silence contar-se exegir io (of five) years from those he instructed in philoso- por cinco anno instruir phy. The words the same'are expressed in Portuguese by o mesmo, or a mesma, for the Singular, and by os mesvios, or as mesmas, for the Plural. Example. Is that the same book which I have lent you ? — He aquelle o mesmo livro que eu vos imprestei ? Yes, it is the same. Sim, he o mesmo. Practice. The same manners which (are becoming) (when ma?ieiras que Jicar hem natural), are ridiculous when affected. sao naturaes ser rediculo afectado. It is rare to see two persons of the same temper, o ver pessoa genio, and of the same opinion. opiniad. Whatever misfortunes happen to a philosopher, Por mats desgracas que accontecer Jilosofo, he is always the same, sempre The same thing does not please (at all) times. couza agradar em todos tempo. 62 PORTUGUESE The words many and several, are usually expressed by muitos or muita immensos or immensas, as, Many people, muita gente ; Many persons, muitas pessoas ; Many books, muitos livros, fyc. Examples, I have several books for you. Tenho immensos livros para vos. I have many reasons to do it so. Tenho muitas razoens para assim o fazer. Practice. Many poems of the first merit appear obscure, poema primeiro o parecer o because the reader is not sufficiently acquainted leitdr -temente familiar with the ancient fables, historical facts, or natural antiga historico facto , objects, to which the poet alludes. Many had rather suffer the loss of life than of a pessoas antes soffrer perda vida, (good name.) reputacao. When we apply ourselves to several sciences, we applicar-se muitas seldom (succeed) in any. raras vezes fazer progresses The Pronoun another* is usually expressed by out- rem, when speaking of persons only; and by outro, speaking of animals, persons, or inani- mate things. [See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 43.] EXERCISES. 6:} Examples, I have lost my pen-knife; I must buy another, Euperdio meo canivete ; precizo comprar outro. Another's disgrace often deters a tender mind As desgracas d'outrem muitas vezes afastao hum espirito from many vices. fraco de muitos vicios. He is another man now. Elle he outro homem agora. I must buy another horse, because my carriage He me precizo comp r rar outro cavallo porque aminha sege is too heavy for one to draw it. he muito pezada para hum. Practice. Another would not forgive you so easily as I do. perdoar tad facilmente 1 will not admit another in my place. admitir meo lugar. Give me another pen-knife, because this is not Dar canivete, este sharp enough. amolado bem. The book of which I speak, is another book. livro /altar I want another plate. Precizar prato. Pray play another overture. Rogar tocar a. They came one after another. Vir hum depots The Pronouns one another, and each other, are expressed by hum ao outro, or huma a outra, when speaking of only two ; and by huns aos outros, humas as outras, when speaking of more 64 PORTUGUESE than two. The first of these Pronouns is al- ways in the Nominative ; hence, if there be any Preposition in English, it must be put between them in Portuguese. Examples. They speak ill of one another. Elles fallao mat hum do outro. They love one another. Miles amad-se hum ao outro. They killed one another. Elles matarad-se hum ao outro. PRx^CTICE. n The faculty of interchanging our thoughts (with • dade comunicar ideas huns one another J has always been considered as one of aos outros sempre considerar. the greatest privileges of reason, and that which maior io razao, o que more particularly (raises mankind above) the brute. particularmente fazer o homem superior ao o. We must be civil towards one another. Nos dever ser para com The word both is expressed in Portuguese by amboS) or hum e outro, and neither by nenhum, or nem hum nem outro; if there be any preposi- tion in English, it must be repeated in Portu- guese before hum and before outro. Example. I speak of neither of them. Eu nad folio nem de hum 'nem de outro. Or, as is more frequently used, Nem dhim nem d'outro. EXERCISES. 65 Practice. I love my father and mother ; I would do (every amar pay may fazet tudo thing) to please them both, ag radar Your brother and mine have great abilities, but irmao meo grande abilidade, they both make very bad use of them, fazer muito mao o Both suspect him, but neither will say why. suspeitar dizer porque. Nobody », expressed by Ninguzm. Example. Nobody loves mischief as mischief. Ninguem ama o mal como maL Practice. I know nobody so learned as you. conhecer instruido Nobody more impatiently suffers injuries than (he impacientemente soffrer injurias who) is most forward in doing them. primeiro fazer He who pleases nobody, is less unhappy than (he agradar menos infeliz aquelle whom) nobody pleases. a quern The Pronouns none, not o?ie, are expressed by nenhum, or nemhum. Examples. None of the judges were against you, Nenhum dos juises foi contra vgs. 66 PORTUGUESE All the soldiers have been taken prisoners ; not one Todos os soldados forao feitos prisioneiros ; nemhum has escaped. escapoui Practice. Of all the nations of the earth, there is none (but toda napao terra, nao ha que has an idea) of God. nao tenha idea Deos, (Of the great number) of friends who surround grande —ero amigo rodeiar us in prosperity, there often remains not one in nos 'dade restar adversity. dade, I had many friends, but yet not one has relieved muito amigo, contudo soccorrer me. me. The Pronouns every one and every body are expressed by cada hum, or cada huma^ and sometimes by todos, or todo o mundo, &c Examples. Every one thinks of himself. Cada hum pensa de si mesmo. Every seience has its principles. Cada sciencia temseus principios. The word eacA is an Adjective, which, being Sub- stantively used, is expressed by cada hum, and is always Singular. Examples. They have each a good place. Elles tern cada hum hum bom lugdr ,• Or, Cada hum delles tern hum bom lugar. EXERCISES. 67 Practice. Every one lives after his own way. viver segundo gosto. Every body has (his own) faults. tern seos defeito. We must give every one his own. He necessario dar o que he seu. After the ladies had danced all night, every one Depois que senhora dancar noite of them went home. Mr para caza. Every country has its customs and its laws. paiz ter times lei. Every one must take care of himself. dever tomar cuidade si mesmo. The epic poem of Voltaire, and that of Milton, have each their merit. ter merito, Every one has his own manner of thinking and ter maneira pensar acting. obrar. The Pronouns somebody, and any body, are both expressed by alguem, and are always Singular and Masculine. Example. Somebody has told it me. Alguem mo disse Practice. When we are (in town), we have almost (every na cidade ter quasi todos day) so?nebody to dine with us, os dias jantar 68 PORTUGUESE Has ever any body seriously doubted of the im- seriamente duvidar mortality of the soul ? dade alma ? The word some, or any, expressed in Portuguese by aigurrty alguma, sing, alguns, algumas, plural. Examples. There are some defects in your book. Ha alguns defeitos no vosso livro. Those pears are fine; I will take some. Aquellas per as sad optimas ; eu tomarei algumas. Practice. Of the magistrates, some voted for the death of • dos votar morte the admiral, and some for his banishment ; but the almeirante degredo majority was for (setting him) at liberty. maioridade liberdade. The vestal virgins were obliged to preserve their — em obrigar conservar virginity while they waited on the goddess Vesta ; -dade servir deoza if any sinned against that law, she was buried alive. pecar contra ley enterrar viva. I have some books for you, and some also for ter livro your brother. irmao. Give me some oranges. Give me some pears. Dqr laranjas, peras. EXERCISES. 69 The words all, and the whole, are expressed in Portuguese by todo, or o todo, for the sing. ; and todos, todas, for the Plural. Examples. I have eaten all the apples. Eu comi todos os peros. The whole is greater than its part. O todo he maior do que a parte. Practice. All the graudeur, wealth, and power of the earth grandeza riqueza poder terra cannot satisfy an ambitious mind. nuo poder satisfazer ambiciozo espirito. I will take the whole, tomar (How much) do you ask for the iv/iole? quanto pedir I will not sell the whole ; I must keep a part for vender he per do que eu guar dar - — e A myself. mint. The word every, expressed by todo, or toda sing. ; todoS) todas, plural. Example, Every man is mortal. Todo o homem he mortal. Practice. The passions of youth (are pliant) to every im- paijrad mocidade ceder im- pression. pressoens. 70 PORTUGUESE Come and see me every day. Vir ver diets. We naturally ascribe to God every kind of per- mente attrzbuir Deos fection, as wisdom, power, and goodness without — ipao sabedoria, poder, bondade sem bounds, existing (through) all ages, pervading lemite existir em seculos eneher all space, providing for all mankind in general, and espapo providenciar humanidade geral for every creature in particular, creatura ■■ ■ ■■ Every thing, all, all things, are expressed by tudo, without any Article, and in Compound Tenses, when in the Accusative, are placed be- tween the Auxiliary and the Participle. Examples. All is mutable in this world. Tudo he mudavel neste mundo. He has lost every thing* Elle perdeo tudo. Practice. The Pyrrhonians were philosophers, who doubted Pirroneos Jilosofo duvidar of every thing. Every thing is vanity in this world* vaidade mundo. Every thing displeases you. desagradar He takes every thing* tomar She has taken every thing for her. tomar etta. EXERCISES. 71 Piety refers all things to God ; self-love (on dade attribue tudo amor-proprio the) contrary, applies every thing to itself. pello < io attrzbuir a si. The word whatever, expressed by qualquer, for the Singular, and quaesquer for the Plural. Example: Whatever your faults may be, they will forgive Quaesquer que sejad vossas faltas, vos serab perdoadas. you. Practice. Whatever your birth may be, whatever your nascimento elevation and glory, you ought not to despise any eleva^ao ia nao dever despi'ezar nin- body. , guem. Whatever may be the power of the king, he poder rey cannot hope to increase nor even to preserve it, if he nao poder esperar augmentar mesmo conservar be not (particularly attentive) to gain the affections procurar grangear affecto of his subjects. vassalo. Whatever your motives may be, your conduct o ■ a will be condemned. When whomsoever is preceded by of, to, or any other Preposition, it is expressed by quemquer que ; or quemquer que seja, with the next Verb in the Subjunctive Mood. 72 PORTUGUESE Example. Of whomsoever he speaks, I do not believe him. De quemquer que seja que ellefalle, nao oacredito. Practice. Of whomsoever you speak, avoid calumny. evitar calicmnia. To whomsoever you apply, they will tell you the dirigir dizer (same thing.) o mesmo. The words all that, every thing that, and also whatever signifying all that, are expressed in Por- tuguese by tudo o que, or tudo aquillo que, and are always Masculine and Singular. Examples. All that you say is true. Tudo o que vois dizeis he verdade. All is not gold that glitters. Nem tudo o que luz he ouro. Practice. All that which does not tend to the glory of God, tender —ia Deos or to the good of society, is mere vanity. hem dade o vaidade. Every thing that is lofty, vast, or profound, ex- sublime profundo ex- pands the imagination, and dilates the heart. tender — cad dilatar coracad. Whatever is good in itself, (is not always) ap- si mesmo nem sempre he ap- proved. rovar. EXERCISES. 73 Such, expressed in Portuguese by tal for the sing, and taes for the plural. Example. Such a man must be punished. Hum hornem tal devt set punicb* (Observe, that the word tal may be put after or before substantives, as, Hum homem tal, or Hum tal hornem.) Practice. He made such a noise, that all the people came to fazer bulha gente vir the windows. ginella. I never in my life heard of such a thing. nunca ouvir colza, Such a power as a king. poder rey. Such as can send. Such a one. mandar. hum, Such a man ought not to speak on such topics. homem dever /altar topicos. Such a king is worthy of such subjects. rey digno vassalo, Such is the father, such the mother, and such are pay may theirchildren. filhos Such is the country, such are the people. paiz povo. Form your eloquence upon suoh models as Fortnar . , fa sobre oeomo Demosthenes and Cicero. E 74 PORTUGUESE CHAPTER VII. OF SYNTAX OF VERBS. ISee Vieyrcts Grammar, p. 139.] All the Personal Verbs agree in Portuguese with their Nominative Case, both in Number and Person ; as, I speak, eu fallo ; thou speakest* tuf alias; but sometimes the Nominative is un- derstood, as, fallo, j alias, &c. Examples. I speak ; thou speakest; he reads; we dine. Eu fallo; tu /alias; elle U; nosjantamos. All Substantives are of the Third Person ; and a Verb must always be put in the Third Person, Singular or Plural, when it has a Substantive for its Nominative Case. Examples. The master teaches. The scholars study. O mestre ensina. Os discipulos estudao. When a Noun is collective, the Verb must be in the Singular, not the Plural. Example. The people are looking. O povo esta olhando. EXERCISES. 75 Practice. 1 read the Bible. Thou speakest too fast. ler Eiblia. fallar depressa. He writes well. We are all mortal. escrever hem, • You are young. My sister and brother willdance. moco. irmoi irtnao danpar Virtue and Vice have different consequences. de io '— -e ■ ■ ■ ■ < ia> The people were alarmed, povo alvoracar. The parliament did not consent. parlamenlo ir. Of the Auxiliary Verbs. When the Verb haver is used impersonally, and signifies in English there is,* it must be express- ed in Portuguese by ha muito, ha pouco, &c. Example. There is a great quantity of gold in the Brazils. Ha muito ouro no Brazil. Practice. There are occasions wherein silence and sim- occaziao em que io . plicity are to be preferred to eloquence and osten- ■ dade preferir eloquencia ■ tation. cad. There is (a great deal) of satisfaction in teaching grande ■ cad ensinar See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 110. e2 76 PORTUGUESE diligent boys ; but there is a great deal of trouble . — e P° rem trabalhv in instructing idle scholars. ensinar preguicozo descipulo. There are four universities in Scotland, and in universidade Scocia Portugal there is but one. -*- ■ ■ nao ha huma. When the Verb ser is used impersonally, as, it is, it was, &c. it may be expressed by he, sad, era, or eram, according to the Number, Singular or Plural. Example. tt is love and reason that prescribe it. He amor e a razao que o ordenad. . Practice. It is very lamentable to see men of excellent ■ vel r parts prone to vice. prendas propenco —io. It is pleasant to remember past troubles. agradavel lembrar encomodos. It was very easy to do it. facil * fazer. It is necessary to be always prudent. i io ser sempre ■ e. It is easy to say how it might have been done, facil dizer como ter ser fazer but it was very difficult to do it. porem muito difficit EXERCISES. 11 Of the Impersonal and Reciprocal Verbs. [See VieyrcCs Grammar, p. 103,104.] The Impersonal Verbs trovejar, choviscar, gear, nevar, &c. have only the Third Person Singular expressed in Portugueze, sis,troveja, it thunders ; chovisca, it misles ; gea, it freezes. Examples. It rains so fast that nobody can go out. Chove tanto que ninguem pode sahir. It thunders in such a manner that it alarms me. Troveja de tal maneira que me faz medo Practice. I cannot go home, because it rains very much. nao poder ir chover muito. I am (very much) pleased when it freezes ; but gostar muito porem I am sorry when it rains, or when it thunders. disgostar-se trovejar. Those Verbs which are derived from the Active Verbs, and followed by the particle se, which renders them impersonal, are thus expressed : ama-se, louva-se, dt's-se, nota-se, &c. Examples. They speak of peace. They say so. Fala-se de paz. Dis-se. Practice. When one has deviated from the paths of virtue, Quando desviar-se caminho one ought to endeavour (to regain them.) esfor9ar-se adquiri-los. It is reported that Alcibiades was one of the most « — - ■ ■ ■ hum do mais valiant of men. valente 78 PORTUGUESE The Impersonal Verbs convir, cumprir^ aeontecer, bastar, &c. which have a great affinity to the Reciprocal Verbs, are conjugated with the Pro- nounk Conjunctive, me, te, se ; nos, vos, Ikes* [See VieyrcHs Grammar ^ p, 104, 150.} Examples. It is convenient to me. Isto convem-me. It is not convenient to me. Isto nao me convem, (Observe, that when the sentence is negative, the Pronouns me, fe, se, &c. must be put before the Verb.) Practice. This is convenient to every one, but that is not e a todo o mundo convenient to any one. e For a valiant and wise general, a few soldiers are valerozo sabio soldado sufficient to destroy great armies, bastar-lhe r— — wir exercito. My new coat becomes me, but your's does not casaca estar bem porem nao estar become you. bem It happens that my sister broke her leg, conse- acontecer irma quebrar perna^ conse* quently we cannot fulfil our engagement. fjuentemente naopoder satisfazer promessiu EXERCISES. 79 Of the Syntax of Verbs, Active, Passive, &c. [See Fieyra's Grammar, p. 141.] Verbs which govern the Genitive. Verbs signifying grief, compassion, want, re- membrance, forgetting, &c. as, compadecer-se, abuzar, lembrar-se, esquecer-se, percizar, dis- confiar, &c. and all the Reciprocal Verbs of jeering, boasting, and distrusting, invariably govern the Genitive Case, asjactar-se, goliar-se, picar-se, envergonhar-se, arrempender-se, &c. Examples. He perishes by hunger. Elle morre de/ome, I pitied him for his misfortunes. Eu compadeci-me das suas desfortunas. All this \ forgot. Esqueci-me de tudo. Practice. He repents his faults. She distrusts every body. arrepender-se falta. desconfiar The impious mock at virtue, and ridicule reli- impio escarnecer virtude ridicularizar reli- gion. giao. He grieves for the loss of his mother. pezar-lhe perda may* She remembers her sister with affection. lembrar-se irmd qflicgao. Po not forget what I once told you. esquecer-se huma vez dizer 80 PORTUGUESE Suffer them not to perish for want, if you can morrer necessidade poder help them, soccorrer. Do not laugh at others misfortunes, instead of zombar desgraca em lugar pitying them, eompadecer-se. You abuse the favours of fortune, and you do not abuzar favSr a use your victory with moderation, uzar — ria gad. Verbs which govern the Dative. The Verbs obedecer, desobedecer, agradar, desagra- dar 9 perdoar, resistir, succeder, subre-viver, assistir, ajudar, satisfazer, favorecer, ameafar, mandar, &c. invariably require a Dative in Por- tuguese. Examples. He obeys his master. „ Elle obedece a seo mestre. You please every body. V6s agradais a todo o mundo And not, Elle obedece seo mestre, nor vos agradais todos nor todo o mundo. Practice, Flattery can hurt nobody, but him whom it Lizonja danificar pleases. agradar. If we do not forgive others, we must not expect perdoar dever nao esperar that God will forgive us. JDeos EXERCISES. 81 Remember, O my son, the counsel I give thee ; Lembrar filho conselho dar it will profit thee much. Obey the law of God ; approveitar muito, Obedecer lei obey the king, and all the subordinate magistrates ; rex & todo -do ■ do; resist your passions ; forgive your enemies ; hurt resistir paixao ; inimigo ; offender nobody, and never yield to the allurements of ceder cUractivo pleasure. prmer. Verbs which govern the Accusative. All the Verbs which can be turned by the Passive voice, invariably govern the Accusative in Por- tuguese. Examples. I accept your offer. Eu aceito vossa offer ta. Tell me your opinion on this subject. Dai-?ne vosso parecer neste assumpto. Practice. God accepts of our endeavours after holiness, acceitar erforco para che gar santidade provided they be sincere. contanto sincero, " He who (was never acquainted with) adversity," nunca conheceo a dade, says Seneca, " knows the world but on one side." dizer nao conhecer mundo senad lado. If you seek for happiness (any where) butin God, procurar felicidade em outra parte que naoseja em Deos, you are sure to be disappointed. seguro ser enganado. E 5 82 PORTUGUESE Henry the Fourth looked upon good education a* Henrique considerar a bom cao a thing (upon which) depends the felicity of king- deque defender dade reino doms and people. povo. Accusative and Genitive. The Verbs absolver, accusar advertir, banir, cor- regir, dissuadir, excluir, expulsar, informar> and a few others, govern the Accusative of the Person, and the Genitive of the Thing. Examples. To expel the im pious from society. Expulsar os impios da sociedade. I will inform your father of your conduct. Eu enformarei vossopay da vossa conducta. Practice. It is the part of a fool to accuse another of a fault ser louco accusar falta of which he is himself guilty. culpado* Our infirmities often remind us of mortality ; infirmidade fazer lembrar « — dade; sickness warns us of death : adversity ought to doenca advertir nos morte ; dade dever admonish us of our duties, and make us think of advertir nos dever fazer pensar religion. religiao. Correct the mistaken and dissuade the imprudent ; Corregir enganar dissuadir ■ te but exclude the liar and banish the wicked from excluir mentiroso banir mao your society. dade. EXERCISES. 83 Accusative and Dative. The Verbs ddr, conceder, dirigir, trazer, atribuir, confessdr, communicar, confidr, aconcelhdr, rfc- clardr, dedicar, dever, dizer, escrever, ensinar, explicdr, tirdr, preferir, procurdr, prometer, recusdr, responder, and a few others, invariably govern in Portuguese the Dative of the Person, and the Accusative of the Thing. Examples. Take that sword from your 5011. Tirai aquella espada a vosso filho. Write to your brother what I say. Escrevei que digo a vosso irmad. Practice. We must give children an honest liberty, and dever dar menino honesta dade forgive them the faults which they commit through desculpar faltas cometdr por ignorance or levity. cia leviandade . Prefer virtue to riches. Perferir de Hqueza. If we were allowed to take away from others what- Se nos fosse permetido tirar outro ever we might think proper, the society of men julgar aproposito dade would be soon overturned. cedo destruir. Give to your brother prudent advice. D&r irmao ,, e concelho, 84 PORTUGUESE Always prefer honour to interest. Sempre preferir hour a inter esse. Justice gives (every body) his own. a d cada hum o que he sea. CHAPTER VIII. OF MOODS. [See Vieyrots Grammar, p. 14?.] Of the Indicative Mood. The Present of the Indicative Mood is used in Portuguese to express a thing present. Example. I see a man walking. Eu vejo hum homem passeando . I walk every day. Eupasseo todosos dias. Practice. History is the picture of times and men, and ia quadro tempo consequently the image of inconstancy and ca- . — entente —m ia, price. The rain-bow [is formed) by the beams of the sun arco-iris formar raw scl reflected by drops of rain. reftectlr gSta agua. EXERCISES. 85 I (set out) for France to-morrow (if it be) fine partir —fa amanhd fizer bom weather. tempo. I learn Portuguese, and my sister learns Spanish, aprender -—— -z Espanhoh I go fo-night to the opera. ir esta noite Imperfect of the Indicative. The Imperfect of the Indicative is used to express a past but habitual action during a time not specified, and corresponds with the English ex- pression, fused to do. Example. Caesar was a great general. Cezar foi um grande general. The Imperfect expresses also a present with respect to something past, and then it exactly agrees with the English expression, / was doing. Example. I was dining when I heard that sad news. Eu estavajantando qnando sube a triste noticia. Practice. Orpheus, according to the fable, mingled so o segundo fabula unir agreeably his voice with his lute, that he stopped agradavclmente v6z luta parar the course of the rivers, calmed tempests, attracted corrente rio calmar ■ ode attrahu 86 PORTUGUESE the most savage beasts, and (gave motion) to the selvagem fera y emover trees and rocks, arvore penha* I was writing you a letter when I was informed escrever * carta informar of your arrival. chegada. What were you doing this morning in my room ? O que fazer esta manha quarto ? Alfred was a great king ; he possessed all the grande possuir virtues of a wise man, which were so well regulated, de sabio homem regular that each prevented the other (from exceeding) its impedir exceder proper bounds ; he knew how to unite the most Hmite ; conhecer unir enterprising spirit with the coolest moderation, and emprehendedor maior cad the most severe justice with the greatest lenity. , (i a suavidade. The walls of Babylon were two hundred feet high, muro Babilonia and fifty broad. Preterite of the Indicative. The Preterite of the Indicative is used to express a particular fact or event, happening but once, or very seldom, in time quite past. Examples. My father died yesterday. Meo pay morreo ontem. EXERCISES. 87 I satv the king last year. JEu vi o rey o anno passado. Practice. Caesar ascended to the throne by sanguinary subir throno io means. meio. Alexander, with forty thousand men, attacked > -re quarenta attacar Darius, who had six hundred thousand ; he gave — o; dar-lhe him battle twice, defeated him, and made his mo- batalha ducts vez derrotar fazer ther, wife, and daughters, prisoners. prizioneiro. Cato (killed himself) (lest he should) fall into the Catao matar-se J teniendo cahir nas hands of Caesar. mads Philocles asked leave to retire into a remote F pedir licensa ~—ar remoto place. ugar. Marius was (ill treated) by fortune ; however, he o maltratar «; contudo did not lose his courage, perder Hannibal went from rank to rank, and cheered ■ hir Jileira animar up his soldiers. The Greeks forbade women to be present at the prohibir estar € Olympic games. ' o jo go 68 PORTUGUESE Scipio forbade his ashes to be brought to his un- cmzas conduzir trim grateful native country. grato patria. The Future Tense denotes what is to be, or will happen, and is divided into the Perfect and Im- perfect. Examples. I shall soon go to France. CSdo irei a Franga. Practice. As soon as my education is finished, 1 will go gad concluida, into Italy to examine the Roman antiquities. . -ia o dade. I will write to you when I get to Brazil; escrerer chegar ■ When we are in Rome, we will go and visit Quando estiveres hir vizitar the Vatican. 0. There will always be* war among men, because haver entre porque they are ambitious. You will find the Portuguese language useful achar lingua util both iii the East and West Indies. tanto como The Lord said unto Cain, who had killed his Deos dizer a Cahim, matar brother Abel, " When thou tillest the ground, it trabalhar terra * In this sentence, the verb haver, to have, must be used in the Portuguese instead of ser, to be. EXERCISES. 89 shall not yield unto thee; a fugitive and vagabond produzir o mid* thou shalt be on the earth." terra. The Parliament will meet to-morrow. Parlamento juntar I shall be in London next month. estar res no mez que vein. I will dine with you to-morrow, and we uill go jantar amanJta kir in the evening to the Opera. serao\ I shall be happy in your company. ser feliz companhia. I will give you moneyrif you will not make a bad dar dinheiro fazer mdo use of it. The Nominative Case in the Imperative Mood ought to be placed after the Verb. Examples. Write your exercise. Ecrevei o vosso thema. Respect your masters. Respitai os vossos mestres. Practice. Respect the religion and laws of the couutry. Respeitar ad lei paiz. Love your relations, do them good if you can, parentes fazer-lhes bem you will never repent it. Repeat your lesson. arrependerse. Dizer licao. Keep honest company, and you will be honest. Frequentar boas mia honesto. 90 PORTUGUESE Succour the wretched. Soccorrer misero. Live according to reason. Of the Subjunctive Mood. The first Imperfect Subjunctive in Portuguese is also used in a sense that denotes the present, especially in sentences of wishing. Examples. I wish you were a better man. Eu quizera que vos fosses melhor homem. Though she ivere very rich and very handsome, I Ainda que ella fosse muito rica e muito formosa, eu would not marry her, nad cazaria com ella. Practice. I wish you would consider this matter. dezejar ar I would marry your cousin ; but, though her cazar prima ; amdaque father would consent to it, that could not be done pay consentir nad poder fazer, without my father's consent. sem consentimento. I ivould sell my horse, if I could find a pur- vender cavallo achar com- chaser. prador. We should be happy if you ivould come on my seriamos feliz vir no meo (birth-day.) dia de annos, EXERCISES. 91 After the Particle se 9 we make use of the Future Conjunctive, when we speak of a Future Action. Examples. He will become a learned man, if he will study. Elle se fara hum homem sabio y se estudar I will come to-morrow, if I have time. Eu virei a manhd, se tiver tempo. Practice. If I wish to dp good to (any body), no one can querer fazer bem alguem, ninguem prevent me. privar-me. Shall I be blamed if I do good to the poor ? sensurado fazer pobre ? If my master come before I finish my exercise, mestre vir acabar thema, I do not know what excuse I shall give him. saber desculpa dar-lhe, Iftvto things are equal to a third, they are equal dots couzas igual terceira ser to one another. entre si If you will do me that favour that I asked of you fazer favor pedire yesterday, I shall be obliged to you, - hontem ser obrigado I will do it if I can. fazer poder, $2 PORTUGUESE A Verb preceded by que, is always put in the Subjunctive, after the Impersonals he percizo, he justo, he injusto, &c, and in general after all the Impersonal Verbs. [See Vieyra's Grammar , p. 143,] Examples. You must do it. He percizo que ofassais. He must go. He percizo que elle va« Practice. It is convenient that this be done. -■ — e que fazer. It is right that the wicked be punished. justo que m&o punir. It is an unjust thing that those who well defend o hem defender their country, are not rewarded. patria premiar. It is impossible that he can succeed. — " vel hem succeder. There is nothing that disgusts me more, than to que desgostar mais, do que see rude and imprudent boys, ver rude e rapares. Though I cry, nobody pities me. Ainda que chorar coitar EXERCISES. 93 Of the Infinitive Mood. [See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 151.] The Infinitive without a Preposition. Example. Deign to answer my question. Dignai responder a minha qitestad* Practice. Should you be as rich as Craesus, if you do not rico i know how to set bounds to your desires, you will saber por Jim dezejo, be always poor. sempre pobre. (To keep acquaintance) with vicious people, acompanhar gente vicioza is to authorize vice. authorizar vicio. A wise Man desires (nothing but) what he can sabio homem dizejar senno poder get justly, use with sobriety, and distribute cheer- adquerirjustamente, uzar — dade, ir gosto- fuliy. zamente. Men ought to shun vice, and practise virUie. dever evitar to praticar de. Those who pretend to be learned, are very often pretender ser sabio ser muitas vezes ignorant. e. 94 PORTUGUESE O before the Verb in the Infinitive Mood, ren- dered in English by to. Example. To walk is wholesome. Opqssedr he (bom para a saude) saudavel. Practice. To complain is proper to a (sick person.) queixar proprio doente. To give advice is very easy, but to execute is dar conselho facil, ar difficult. difficultdzo. To correct men while they are young is very corregir em quanto mofo proper. propria. To speak the trut^h is not always convenient, fallar verdade ser nao sempre •€. To do evil is an abominable act. fazer mal vel accad. De or para before a Verb in the Infinitive Mood. Examples. It is time to set out. He tempo de partir. You have no cause to be angry with me. Nad tenes cauza para estar mal comigo. EXERCISES. 95 Practice. You have plenty of time to consider that ques- mitito tempo considerar nad — tion. — ad, Reading is the method of conferring with men, Leitura ■ o conferir homens, who, in every age, have been the most distinguished em todos seculos ter sido distinct os for their learning, of [becoming acquainted with) sciencia^ conhecer the result of their mature reflections, and of con- ado dura coens, con- templating at leisure the finished productions of templar com descanco melhor cad good authors. horn . He had not the courage to resist* ter nad m resistir. I have no reason to postpone my journey. ter nad razad transferir Jornada, He is worthy of being preferred for that employ - digno preferir em- ment. prego. A and para before the Infinitive, rendered in English by to. Examples. I am ready to go out. Estou prompta a sahir. This fruit is good to eat. Este fruto he bom para comer. 90 PORTUGUESE Practice. I have found a fine garden to let. ter achar lindojardim alugar* Is your house to sell or to let ? caza vender alugar? I have (so much) work to do that I must finish ter tanta obra fkzer percizar acabar the letter I have begun to write, carta principiar escrever. Happy the princes who have endeavoured to do Feliz — pe ter contribuir fazer good to their people. hem povo. Have you a book to lend me. livro eraprestar-me. The house which I have advised you to buy is caza aconcelhar comprar new. novo, I have not a moment to lose, ter o perder. Em, rendered in English by in. Example. I feel great pleasure in seeing you. Tenho grande prazer em vex-vos. Practice. Your courage consists in facing dangers. Your coragem consistir afrontar perigos. son spends all his time in laughing and playing. gastar to do tempo rir e tmjogar. EXERCISES. 97 A true Christian places all his happiness in re- verdadetro fazer prazer lieving the unfortunate, soccorrer desgracado. The true hero experiences an infinite satisfaction heroe experimentar a cao in {sacrificing himself) for his country, sacrificar-se patria. There is more glory in dying like Nelson, than in ha mats ia como , , living with unmerited honours. viver com nad merecidas honras. Infinitive instead of the Gertjnd. Examples. You cannot go there, without disobeying your V6s nad podeis hir sem desobedecer a vo$$& father. pay. I must begin by saying my lessons. He necessario que eu principle por dizer minhas licoens. Practice. After having terminated some affairs at home, I Depois de concluir negocio caza, shall begin by paying some visits ; and after having principiar pagar algumas a ; dined, I will spend the evening with you. jantar, passar serao Nobody can be happy without practising virtue. Ninguem poder ser feliz practicar _<&?. If Titus passed one day without doing good to Tito passar dia sem fazer bem & (any one), he used to say, " I have lost this day." alguem cus tumor dizer ter perder dia. 98 PORTUGUESE Of Participles and Gerunds. [See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 152.] The Active Participles which follow the Verb ter must end in o. Example, I have seen the king. Tenho visto o rey. Practice. The rule which I have begun to explain is not regra principiar expliear difficult, but you must pay attention to it. deficit devSr dar cad In war-time places are taken and retaken by force guerra tempo pracas tomar retomar fovea of arms. as. The book I have written is very useful ; I will Uvro escrever muito utih give you a copy. dar copia, I have dined. Your friends have supped. jantar. amigos ter cear. Of the Participle Passive. [See Vieyra's Grammar > p. 153.] Example. An honest man is praised by every body. Hum homem honesto he lovado por todos. Practice. My brother is esteemed by his mother and father. irmao estimar may pay. EXERCISES. 99 The wicked are always tormented by their own mdos ser sempre atormentar propria consciences. to. Virtuous people are esteemed, and the impious zo estimar — despised. desprezar. My house was destroyed by fire. destmir fogo. (Black men) are sold in the Brazils like beasts. Pretos vender ■ como animal. When a word ending in ing 9 precedes a Sub- stantive in English^ it is placed after it in Por- tuguese, and is always declinable, like an Ad- jective. Examples. A man fearing God. Hum horn em temente a Deos. A convincing proof. Huma prova convencente. Charming women. Mulheres encantadoras. Practice. Your sister is a charming girl. irma rapariga. As on the margin of a brook, a zephyr, with Como margem ribeiro^ 90 miles from Figueira to Lisbon. You spend all the day in going from house to gastar dia ir caza house, from street to street, from place to place, rua lugar only to hear and see what (people say) and do. somente ouvir ver se diz e o que sefaz. It is not far from his house to the river. tinge rio* When the Prepositions from and to are used to express duration of time, from is expressed by desde, and to by ate. Example. I have been~in Scotland" from January to Octo- Eu tenho estado em Scocia desde Janeiro ate Octo- ber. bro. Practice. A poor ploughman, who works from morning to pobre trabalhador trabalhar manha night, when he is well paid for his labour, lives as a noite, quando pagar trabalho, viver content as a king. I walk from ten to twelve, and I study from six passear meio dia, estudar to eight, sometimes to nine. oito, ds vezes nove. EXERCISES. 105 The Prepositions de, em, contra, sem, &c. are usually repeated in Portuguese before every Noun, Pronoun, or Verb, whether they are repeated in English or not. Examples. He is in a state of doubt, fear, and distrust. Elle est a em hum estado de duvida,de temor, e de descon- fianga. Practice. Foreigners take pleasure in admiring at Amster- Estrangeiro fazer pruzer em admirar ■■. ■ darn the singular mixture formed by the ridges of n eombina$ao telhados bouses, the tops of trees, a^id the flags of ships, eazas pontas arvore bandeiras navios, which present, in the same place, an idea of the sea, presentar mesmo lugar, mar, the city, and the country. cidade, campo. Heroes formerly (sacrificed themselves) for their antigamente sacrificar-se country, or their mistresses ; at present nothing is patria dulcineas, nada done butybr fortune or pleasure. fazer senao diriheiro prazer. F S> 106 PORTUGUESE CHAPTER XL OF THE PORTUGUESE IDIOMS. To be, expressed by ter. The Verb to be is expressed by the Verb ter >; when it is followed by words signifying di- mension ; or the words hungry, dry, thirsty, hot, warm, cold; also, by the words in the right, in the wrong, ashamed or afraid; and in speaking of the age of persons or animals. Examples. He is six feet high. Elle tern seis pes de alt ur a, or alto* Are you hungry ? Tendes vosfome ? Are you cold ? Tendes frio ? You are in the right. Vos tendes razad ? How old are you ? Que idade tendes vos ? I am fifteen. Tenho quinze annos. Practice. Some whales are an hundred feet long ; their baleas comprimento, tails are more than twelve feet in circumference, rabo pe ; °, and their fins are about seven feet long. barbatanas pouco mais eomprido. EXERCISES. 107 How old was your father when he died ? He morrer ? was seventy.* And your mother ? She was almost setenta. perto eighty. oitenta. i do not remember to have ever been so thirsty lembrar nunca stde as I was yesterday. hontem. Warm yourself, if you are cold ; my feet are not Aquentar-vos frio ; pe cold, because I have walked much ; but my hands p or que passear muito, mao are so cold that I cannot write. escrever. There are some walks in your park which are lid passeos par que, three hundred feet loug. trezentos comprimento. You (are in the wrong), and he is in the right. nao ter razao razao. How old is your daughter ? She will be fifteen filha? iaz quinze next March. I did not think she was more than Mar go, pensar thirteen. treze. * The word anno, year, when speaking of age, must al- ways be used in Portuguese after the cardinal number, though it is not expressed in English. 108 EXERCISES. To be, expressed by faztf. The Verb to he is usually expressed by fazer> be- fore the words sol,vento 9 calor 9 frio 9 and generally when we speak of the appearance of the weather. Example. It is fine weather. Faz bom tempo. Practice. Is it cold this morning? Yes, Sir, it is very frio esta manha ? Sim, senhor, muito cold ; however, I do not think it is (quite so) cold contudo, penso tao as it was yesterday. hontem. The weather is very inconstant ; it was hot yes- e, caWr terday, iti* cold (to-day); it rained this morning, it hoje chover is fine weather now ; but perhaps it will rain again bom agora ; talvez chover outra before it be night. vez antes da noite. It is colder in London than in Lisbon. mais frio — res — — a It is finer weather at Brazil in the winter, than melhor tempo inverno do que in England in the summer. Inglaterra verao* ( 109) GEOGRAPHICAL EXTRACTS. OF THE KINGDOM OF PORTUGAL. Portugal, the most western country of Europe, , occidental paiz a is 350 miles long, and 120 broad ; bounded on the West and South by the Atlantic, and on the East Occident e Sul o, and North by Spain. It is divided into six pro- vinces, Estremadura, Beira, Entre Douro e Minho, Tras dos Montes, Alentejo, and Algarve. Though , ~ 9 e . Spain and Portugal are in the same climate, the Espanha « clima, air of the latter is more temperate than that of the segundo temperado former, on account of the neighbourhood of the primeiro, em consequencia proximidadc ocean. Corn is not plentiful ; little attention is o. Nad abunda em trigo paid to husbandry ; and maize, imported from agricuituraj milko, da Africa, is used by the peasants instead of wheat. — , camponeos em lugar There is plenty of olives, vines, oranges, lemons, nuts, almonds, figs, and raisins ; and Portugal is famous for excellent wines. Much salt is mads sal 110 PORTUGUESE also from the (sea-water) , especially in the Bay of St. agua salgada Se- Ubes, whence (a great deal) is exported. tubal, donde grande quantidade exportar-se. The manufactures are few and unimportant ; but as insignificant e ; the chief are those of woollen cloth. The foreign principal saragoca trade consists in the exportation of the produce of productos the country, and in the merchandise received from paiz, mercadorias its foreign settlements, as sugar, tobacco, rum, estrangeiro aguwdente, cotton, indigo, hides, brasil, and many excellent drugs. Beside these, it receives gold, silver, dia- Alem destas monds, &c. from America. In Portugal, there are mines of iron, copper, tin, and lead, and quarries of mar b re. The principal rivers are, the Tajo, Douro, Gua- Tejo, - , diana, Minho, and the Mondesfo. Lisbon is the capital city. OF LISBON. Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, is seated on the — ■ « sitiada ao north side of the Tajo, ten miles from its mouth, lado do Tejo pelo norte fos and is built on seven hills, not broad, but six miles construida montes largo EXERCISES. Ill in length. The city is walled round. The harbour comprimento, murada ribeira will contain one thousand ships in the greatest confer navios safety, the entrance of which is defended by two entrada defender forts ; and before the entrance to the city is the antes fort of Belem. Near this is a grand aqueduct Perto o between two hills, which conveys water to a great entre monies conduzir reservoir, rat one of the extremities of Lisbon. In reservatorio — ■ dade a, the middle of the city, on one of the hills, is a centro cidade citadel, which commands the whole place. The castelo dominar cathedral, on another eminence, is ancient and - cia gloomy ; but the riches of the Portuguese have feia riquezas rendered it magnificent. The royal palace fronts magnifico tern the river ; it is large and magnificent, and contains a front eir a para o rio ; contem a library, collected at a vast expense by John V. biblioteca grande somas Lisbon in 1755 was almost destroyed by an earthquake, but has been handsomely rebuilt. It terremoto re-edifiear. contains many beautiful edifices, forty parish- tern magnifico io ; freguezia churches, fifty convents, and about two hundred ■■ OS thousand inhabitants. There are public walks, habitantes, passeios 112 PORTUGUESE two theatres, and a circus for the bull-feasts. The os pra$as touros trade i3 very considerable, and many foreign mer- comercio chants reside here, this city being the grand maga- zine of all goods brought from Brazil and other co- lonies of Portugal. OF OPORTO, or PORTO, A city and sea-port of Portugal, in Entre Douro porto de mar »■" ■ e Minho, and is a (bishop's see.) It is by nature — — — bispado. almost impregnable, and is noted for its wines, of famigerada seos which large quantities are exported to England. - ■ dades Inglaterra. The other chief exports are oranges, lemons, &c. principal export acao and linen cloth to Brasil. Its commerce greatly pano de linho — -io increased after the earthquake at Lisbon, in 1755 ; augmentar depots em Lisboa before that time its population was estimated at calculada twenty thousand, and it is now said to be fifty thou- sand. It is seated on the side of a mountain, near sitiada lado huma montanha^ pert* the river Douro, which forms an excellent harbour, porto 147 miles N. by E. of Lisbon, v. EXERCISES. 113 OF BRASIL, A country of South America, which gives the paiz title of Prince to the heir-apparent of the crown of titulo herdeiro coroa Portugal, Its length, from the mouth of the river longitude fos rio Para to that of the river Plata, is upward of two do Para Prata mais thousand one hundred miles, and its breadth is from latitude ninety to one thousand. It was discovered in 1500 by Alvarez Cabral, a descobrir Portuguese, who was forced upon it by a tempest ; arribar com ade; and it received its name from the abundance of seo ia Brazil-wood found here. The Portuguese have not pao achar penetrated far into the country ; but the coast they penetrar interior pais costa have divided into the provinces of Para, Marannan, dividir Maranhao Seara, Rio Grande, Paraiba, Tamarica, Fernambuco, Sergippy, All Saints Bay, Ilheos, Porto Seguro, Spiritu Santo, Rio Janeiro, St. Paul, and Rev. The o , , Sao Paulo climate is temperate and mild ; the rivers annually suave ; overflow their banks, and the soil in many places is inundar terreno . lugar very rich. More sugar is brought from this coun- productivo. try than from all other parts of the world. It pro- mundo. pro- 114 PORTUGUESE duces tobacco, maize, several sorts of fruit, and thtzir tabaco, milko, qualidctde medicinal drugs. Beside the valuable Brasil wood, . drogas. Alem there are spacious woods of citron, ebony, mastic, spacozos matos cidreira cotton, and five species of palm trees. The mines especies palmeira mina of gold and diamonds, first opened in 1681, yield ouro i diamantes abrir above five millions sterling annually. The cattle assima annualmente* increase so prodigiously, that they are killed for propagar prodigiosamente matar their hides only; and there is great plenty of deer, pontas abundancia veado hares, and other game, and no country produces a lebre caca greater number of beautiful birds. The natives, lindissimo passaro. Os na turaes do pais who inhabit the inland parts, are people of different ilha povo languages ; they are of a copper colour, are strong, forte lively, and gay, love to adorn themselves with amavel) alegre, gostar enfeitar-se feathers, and are fond of feasts, at which they dance pluma amigo fhta dan car immoderately. Their huts are made of the branches of dezordenadamente, cabana ramo trees, covered with palm leaves. When they travel, arvore cobrir palmeira fdlha. viajar, they fasten their hammocks between two trees, and amarrar redes entre sleep all the night therein. The capital of the dormir alt. Portuguese settlements is St. Sebastian. colomnia • ' ' ■ 5. > EXERCISES. ^,115 RIO JANEIRO (River). Is the name of a river of Brasil, which enters the nome rio ■■ entrar Atlantic Ocean, at St. Sebastian. It is rather a — — • o o abemdizer small bay, as the water is salt ; at its mouth are piquena pois que agua salgada embocadura several small islands, which render the entrance muitas ilhas fazer entrada difficult and dangerous. On the east side is the fort oz a ptrigeza. nascente of Santa Cruz, and on the west that of St. Jago, , poente together with the capital. junta RIO JANEIRO (Province). Is also one of the richest provinces of Brazil, mais ricas lying near the tropic of Capricorn, on the river of perto o > io the same name ; it produces cotton, sugar, rum, produzir algodao, assucar, aguardente* coffee, cocoa, pepper, indigo, and tobacco, with eaffe y cacao, pimenta, anil, abundance of fruit and vegetables, but no bread- ia fructo vegetal corn, so that the people have no wheat-flour but trigo trigo farinha what is brought from Portugal ; as a substitute, trazer « — . there are yams and cassada in plenty, The riches ha mandioea of the country consist in mines of gold and in pre- cious stones. St. Sebastian is the capital. OP THE MONEY AND EXCHANGES OF PORTUGAL. Books and Accounts are kept in general throughout this Kingdom in Mill-reas and Reas, 1000 Reas making a Mill- rea, and they separate the Mill-reas from the Reas, by a Mark thus, 567 476, which is as much as to say 567 Mill-reas and 476 Reas. The principal current Coins are, viz. Copper. £. s. d.f. A Quarto Vintin, equal to 5 Reas '. l/ f — .Vintin 20 Do 1 If Silver. — Testoon (5 Vintins) = 100 Do 6 3 — Cruisade, or Crown (4 Testoons) = 400 Do, 2 30 — new Cruisade (24 Vintins, or j 1 ^ Moidbre) =480Do 2 8 If Gold. — Testoon Piece = 800 Do 4 60 — Moidore (48 Testoons) = 4800 Do 1 7 — Joanese (64 Testoons) = 6400 Do 1 16 Likewise 5 Moidore Pieces, 2|, J, -J, f Ditto. Also 4 Joanese, double Joanese, §, 3, and § Ditto. The Mill-rea and Rea are imaginary. A Mill-rea is 6s. 7±d. and a Rea T Vo °f a Farthing Sterling. England (as well as other Nations) exchanges with this Kingdom by the Mill-rea, and gives Pence and Parts of a Penny for it, according to the Course of Exchange, which is generally from 5s. 3d. to 5s. Sd. — The Par of the Mill- rea is 5s. l\d. and every Farthing that is given less or more for it, is 7*. 4§d. ±§ per Cent. Loss or Gain. — As England has generally a Balance due from thence, the Exchange is seldom higher than at the Rate of 5s, kd. per Mill-rea, which at this Price is 51. 3s. $£d. per Cent, under Par, as to England, and therefore so much Loss ; but to any par- ticular Merchant, being so much better Exchange, the less he gives for the Mill-rea, it is 51. 3s. 8§d. Gain per Cent. THE END. T. C. Hansard, Pater-noster-row Press. \BRP> RV OF C< "«tf l«\V\\\ 003 A79 860'