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^iORARY of lONGfilt'SS 
 
 / 2 J- 9 66 
 
 COPY 3. 
 
 Copyright, 1905, by Katharine R. Crowell. 
 
FRICA for 
 JUNIORS 
 
 \ 
 
 By KATHARINE vf. CRO^YIL, Anther o/ "China 
 for Juniors," "Japan for Juniors," and "Alaska for Juniors" 
 
 THE hope for heathen and barbarous 
 races lies in their children ; and the 
 marvelous progress made by the African 
 boys and girls in accommodating them- 
 selves to the changed conditions, in 
 assimilating Christian ideas, and in 
 adopting the Western civilization, was 
 the most hopeful fact I observed during 
 my life in Africa. 
 
 Pioneering in Central Africa, page 129. 
 
 THE WILLETT PRESS, PUBLISHERS 
 5 WEST TWENTIETH STREET, NEW YORK 
 
 V 
 
 Price, paper, 25 cents ; cloth, 35 cents 
 

 Pictures furnished by the Church Missionary Society. 
 Cover and pages 12, 19, 21, 23, 46, 48, 79, 81. 
 
 From the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign 
 Missions. Pages 7, 81, 86. 
 
 From the Moravian Missions. Pages 27, 31, 35, 39, 45, 50, 
 61, 63, 70, 72, 78, 80, 82. 
 
 From the Societe des Missions Evangeliques. Pages 20, 
 26, 48, 80. 
 
 From the Livingstonia Mission. Pages 22, 31, 33^ 46, 51, 
 54, 5^, 59, 75, 77, ^6. 
 
 From the Mission at Blantyre. Page 84. 
 
 From the United Presbyterian Church of America. Pages 
 9, 18, 43, 83, 85. 
 
 From the American Baptist Missionary Union. Pages 41, 
 49, 55, 56, 57, 71, 79, 83. 
 
if 
 
 Many of the illustrations in Africa for Juniors have 
 been made for it from photographs most kindly furnished 
 by various Missionary Societies. They add much to the 
 value of the book, and very hearty thanks are given to all 
 who have thus helped to make vivid this story of Missionary 
 work. 
 
 Special acknowledgment of the picture used for the 
 cover is made to the Church Missionary Society of London. 
 In the radiant happiness of these children from its Mission 
 on the West Coast of Africa is expressed the whole story 
 of the change wrought by Christian Missions in the lives of 
 the *' Juniors" of Africa. 
 
 £asf Orange J A^. J.^ August^ ^9^5' 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 AFRICA A PARADISE FOR THE ^'JUNIOR." 
 
 ^kFRICA is "story-full," and the "Junior" loves a story. 
 
 ^% The hunter, the explorer, the soldier, the missionary in 
 
 j^^^ Africa have furnished stories in numbers, variety and 
 
 picturesqueness enough to satisfy even the appetite of a 
 
 "Junior." 
 
 The story of the lioness, of whom Campagnon writes, left on a 
 rubbish heap at St. Louis, Senegal, to die of lockjaw, who, when 
 found by a tender-hearted hunter, had her mouth full of dirt and 
 ants, but was cleansed and healed, and followed her humane deliverer 
 like a faithful dog, is no legend, but solid fact. 
 
 Hanno, the Carthaginian, with his " sixty ships and a multitude 
 of men and women," sailing as far as Sherboro Island, and report- 
 ing that he saw "wild men and women covered with hair," was 
 no sensational newsmonger of the fifth century before Christ but 
 a veritable truth teller, for the writer of these lines, sailing along 
 the same West Coast of Africa in the year of grace 1905, saw "wild 
 men and women with hair," namely, the almost human chim- 
 panzee. 
 
 At Old Calibar the former " King of Benim " is now in captivity. 
 The British soldiers who captured the King and destroyed the 
 "bloody city" tell of headless men tied to goats, of crucified men 
 seen on many trees, of a huge pit into which hundreds of slaves 
 — dead and alive — ^^vere thrown, all sacrifices to appease the wrath 
 of the spirit and defeat the army of invasion. The soldier fought 
 against demons in human form, and' the soldier's story reads like 
 a romance. 
 
 The explorer Stanley sent a letter from Uganda by the hands of 
 Linant de Bellefonde, a Belgian officer, to the London Telegraph. 
 The officer was killed. The letter was found concealed in the 
 dead man's boot and forwarded to its destination. It was an 
 appeal for missionaries. The appeal was answered by a group of 
 educated young Englishmen led by Lieutenant Shergold Smith. 
 His father, Major Smith, was in command of a British vessel, 
 which in 1832 captured a slaver off the West Coast of Africa. On 
 board the slaver was a young lad, Samuel Crowther, who after- 
 wards became the first colored bishop of the Niger. His sister 
 still teaches in a mission school at Sierra Leone. In Africa mission 
 fact is stranger than fiction. 
 
 Africa is a land of heroes, and the Junior worships a hero. 
 
 It is not difficult to find the heroic in the story of Africa. It 
 is writ large in the life of the Berber chief, Jibl el Tarik, whose 
 name is immortalized in Gibraltar. You can read it in that fas- 
 cinating history of the Netherland heiress, who, with mother and 
 aunt and two hundred and twenty servants and maids, explored 
 the Bahr el Ghazal region, visited Khartum and finally met a 
 
violent 4ieath at Lake Chad, her maids and servants i)eing sold into 
 captivity; or you can find it in the life of a merchant such as Sir 
 George Goldie, who by patient labors opened up vast regions in 
 Nigeria, struck the shackles from millions of slaves and made 
 possible the development of what promises to be one of the great 
 empires of Africa. 
 
 And what shall we say of the heroic in the life of the African 
 missionary? — Schmidt, who labored from 1737 to 1744, was then 
 driven out by a Christian (?) government and for forty years 
 ceased not to pray for Africa. His prayers were answered when 
 the Moravians in 1792 found old blind Magdalena with the new 
 Testament which Schmidt had given her: 
 
 Coillard, who after labors most abundant and trials manifold 
 went back in old age to his beloved Africa **that he might save 
 some ; " Moffat, whose message to the dying Mosilikatse, "I am 
 praying for you and your people," was the only solace to this 
 wild son of Africa as he faced the king of terrors; and the host 
 of others, some well known, as Livingstone and Mackay; others 
 known by a few, as Freeman and Scott; others almost unknown, 
 but the story of whose devotion to Africa is best described in the 
 one word — heroic. 
 
 Hard must be the Junior's heart that cannot be stirred in study- 
 ing the missionary heroes of Africa. 
 
 Africa is the sickly child in the human family. 
 
 The sick boy ever evokes the pity, the compassion and sympa- 
 thy of the strong and healthy children in the home. 
 
 The story of Africa is written in blood. Every page tells of 
 oppression, of suffering, of sorrow. The heart has been crushed 
 out of the race. The Junior has a tender heart. Africa will appeal 
 to him. 
 
 If, as Victor Hugo said: "The next century will make a man of 
 the African," the Junior of to-day must have his share in the 
 blessed work. The study of Africa is the sure method of awaken- 
 ing interest. 
 
 "I have always learned something new from Africa," wrote the 
 most learned of the Latin historians. We can still learn something 
 new from Africa. It is the "coming continent." 
 
 s4. y^.^icUf 
 
^^■irlS said that in those other islands to the south (Zanzibar 
 / -i and the East Coast of Africa) , which the ships are unable to 
 \fl visit because this strong current prevents their return, is 
 ^■^ found the bird Gryphon, which appears there at certain sea- 
 sons. Persons w^ho had been there and had seen it told 
 Messer Marco Polo that it was for all the world like an eagle, but 
 one indeed of enormous size; so big, in fact, that its wings covered 
 an extent of thirty paces, and its quills were twelve paces long, 
 and thick in proportion. And it is so strong that it will seize an 
 elephant in its talons and carry him high into the air, and drop him 
 so that he is smashed to pieces; having so killed him, the bird 
 gryphon swoops down upon him and eats him at leisure. The peo- 
 ple of those isles call the bird Rtic, and it has no other name. 
 
 The Great Khan sent to those parts to inquire about these 
 curious matters, and the story was told by those who went thither. 
 He also sent to procure the release of an envoy of his who had been 
 despatched thither, and had been detained; so both those envoys 
 had many wonderful things to tell the Great Khan about those 
 strange islands, and about the birds I have jtist mentioned. They 
 brought (as I heard) to the Great Khan a feather of the said Rue, 
 which was stated to measure ninety spans, whilst the quill part 
 was two palms in circumference — a marvellous object.* The Great 
 Khan was delighted with it, and gave great presents to those who 
 brought it. They also brought two boars' tusks, which weighed 
 more than fourteen pounds apiece; and you may gather how big 
 the boar must have been that had teeth like that! They related, 
 indeed, that there were some of these boars as big as a great buffalo. 
 There are also numbers of giraffes and wild asses; and, in fact, a 
 marvellous number of wild beasts of strange aspect. — Marco Polo, 
 1295 A. D. 
 
 *A span — nine inches ; a palm — four inches. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 AFRICA AS IT WAS THOUGHT TO BE. 
 
 /^L LAND of giants, and dragons, and horrible mon- 
 ^f\ sters; beyond it the awful mysterious ocean in 
 ^■^ which are all manner of unearthly and blood- 
 ^^ ^ curdling creatures. 
 
 This is Africa, as it was long thought to be. 
 And indeed, this is Africa. For still is it a land of 
 giants and dragons, horrible and terrible. With a differ- 
 ence, though. Then, those monsters were dreaded and 
 feared, so that no man dared to pass through the land. 
 Now, men go out to fight them, and the story of their 
 splendid fight and of magnificent victories already won, 
 though the battle is not yet fought out, is the real Africa 
 for Juniors. 
 
 But there is one part of Africa which has never been 
 thought of in this way. It is the northeast corner, so to 
 speak, and it has a name of its own, which, when you say 
 it, will, I am sure, instantly bring before you swiftly mov- 
 ing pictures — something like a kinetoscope ! Try it and see. 
 The name is Egypt! Now! don't you see first a long 
 line of camels, carrying spices and balm and myrrh, and 
 coming to a halt, so that the merchants may buy for a 
 slave a boy whom you know by his coat of many colors ? 
 
 The boy is sold again when the camels have made the 
 long journey into Egypt, and you see him in Potiphar's 
 house, in prison, telling Pharaoh the meaning of his dream, 
 and, finally having almost reached the throne of the 
 Pharaohs, he saves a world from famine. 
 
 And do you not see, as Joseph did, pyramids, obelisks 
 covered with strange figures, the mysterious sphinx, and 
 
 7 
 
that great statue, which, you remember, was always silent 
 except at sunrise? 
 
 The pictures move on — you see the river Nile, fringed 
 with papyrus, reeds and rushes, and half hidden among 
 them is there not a basket made of bullrushes floating on 
 the water? Now comes the princess down to the water's 
 edge. Do you hear a cry from the basket? And now see! 
 this great army marching out of the land; its guiding 
 pillar of cloud, changing as night comes on to a pillar of 
 fire. 
 
 More and more swiftl}^ the pictures pass until — What 
 is this you see? Is it not another Joseph fleeing with the 
 young child and His mother by night into Egypt? 
 
 Later — but this will be when you are Seniors — more 
 pictures will be added: of a great and wonderful lighthouse, 
 of libraries and universities; of a Christian Church, and 
 Christian martyrs, for all these belong to 
 Egypt. 
 
 I wonder if you have ever heard of 
 a curious stone — white inside, black 
 outside — which it is said fell from 
 heaven once on a time, and has been 
 considered a very sacred thing ever 
 since ? Or of the just as curious covering 
 sent from heaven to shield it ? Our 
 story seems to go far afield to find them 
 — across the Red Sea, and into Arabia. 
 
 They cannot have much to do with 
 Africa, you say? 
 
 Ah! but they have, and have given 
 much and desperate reason for the great 
 fight we have spoken of, as you will see 
 after a while. For this curious stone 
 had its share in drawing together 
 mighty hosts of men who soon come 
 into Egypt, and conquer it. You have 
 seen their swift Arabian horses, many 
 a time, doubtless, flying across the pages of '' Henty '' 
 or Sir Walter, " spurning the sand from behind them 
 and devouring the desert before them." You know 
 those flashing scimitars, too, with edge so delicate that 
 down cushions and gauze veils fall apart at their touch. 
 On fly their steeds through Northern Africa, the hosts 
 
 8 
 
 Egyptian Obelisk 
 
 ( Now i?i Central Park 
 
 New ro7'k). 
 
Girls' College at Assyut 
 ( A. U. Pres. Miss.). 
 
 conqnering as they go. They cross the Mediterranean and 
 press on into Spain. Ask the Alhambra if they conqtiered 
 Spain! Then they advance with terrible power into 
 France. It begins to look as though this queer black and 
 white stone and the Crescent flag, and Mohammed's sword 
 were going to con- 
 quer all Europe. 
 
 Some day you 
 will learn how 
 a man called 
 Charles the Ham- 
 mier stopped this 
 victorious army 
 on its march ; con- 
 quered it and 
 turned it back 
 from Europe. 
 But over half of 
 Africa Moham- 
 med's power re- 
 mains to this day. 
 
 His influence is felt in other places. You feel it! even 
 the very smallest boy or girl of you. ''How can the 
 Mohammedans make any difference to usf you say. 
 
 Do you ever use ''Arabic numerals?" Well, you little 
 tots, if it had not been for the Mohammedans, you might 
 be doing ''sums" to-day with the clumsy Roman num- 
 bers. You certainly ought to thank them that you are 
 not! 
 
 But more of you are probably studying algebra, and 
 your feelings of gratitude will be "plus" or "minus" in 
 proportion to your likes or dislikes. But whether you like 
 it or not, you will owe algebra to the Mohammedans. 
 
 Some of you may be architects — some day. At all 
 events you will be lovers of the beautiful, and you will 
 owe something to the Mohammedans for the Alhambra 
 and the exquisite Taj Mahal in India. 
 
 In the "Dark Ages" (of which more presently) the 
 Mohammedans had almost all the Hght there was. Some 
 of it, you see, still shines for you. Now their boys and 
 girls, and especially the girls, are in the darkness of igno- 
 rance. You have all knowledge, even that of the ''Light 
 of the World." You ought to "make good!" 
 
So much for Egypt and the north of Africa and the 
 Mohammedans. 
 
 As to the rest of Africa: 
 
 Once upon a time, oh, long, long ago — even if your 
 thoughts had wings they could not fly so far — there were 
 in the southern part of the continent gold mines so rich 
 that all the world came here for gold ; splendid cities having 
 magnificent buildings, and with knowledge so great that 
 their wise men really seem in some ways to have known 
 more than ours! This does not seem possible, does it? 
 Perhaps, though, we more than make up in other ways. 
 
 But as time went on the cities crumbled away and even 
 all knowledge of them was lost. 
 
 It happened after a while, that a king of Egypt, Necho, 
 I think his name was, for some reason became very curious 
 as to what the rest of Africa might be like ; he thought he 
 would find out by sending ships around it. 
 
 But he had no ships, and his people, naturally, were not 
 sailors. So he hired ships and sailors from a nearbv 
 country, whose men were famous for the long voyages they 
 had made. 
 
 And off they started, in boats we should consider little 
 better than tubs, to sail around Africa! 
 
 They were gone about three years. We can scarcely 
 wonder at this, though, for when provisions gave out, they 
 would draw up their ships upon land, plant corn, wait for it 
 to grow lip and ripen — then they set forth again upon their 
 voyage. 
 
 When they got back they said they had sailed all the 
 way around Africa, and that at a certain point upon their 
 journey they had seen the sun upon their right hand. 
 
 The men who listened to them, not feeling able to be- 
 lieve this remarkable tale, said their whole story was 
 "made up" and false. But now. just because they said 
 they had seen the sun upon their right hand, people believe 
 all they said was true ! 
 
 This is certainly curious. Do you suppose there can be 
 anything to account for such a change of opinion ? 
 
 Well, this long sail took place about 2,600 years ago. 
 And it was many and many a year before any one was brave 
 enough to try again ! Perhaps it was owing to this voyage 
 and the knowledge thus gained of the northern shores of 
 Africa that the City of Carthage was founded— it is not 
 
 10 
 
necessary to tell you boys and girls how Queen Dido got 
 the land on which to build it ! That famous bullock's hide, 
 vou already know well; or if not, you will when you read 
 Vergil! Carthage was destroyed, though, and knowledge 
 of Africa grew less and less. 
 
 For a while stories were told of lofty mountains and 
 great lakes somewhere in the interior of the country; of 
 very big men who lived there, and of some very little people 
 who were called pigmies. 
 
 Who first told these stories no one knows, but later on 
 Arabs who traded with the natives on the east coast might 
 have had something to say. It does not matter much who 
 told the stories, for no one believed them! 
 
 They are interesting though — especially some that our 
 old friend Marco Polo tells of — and it is just possible that 
 some of them were true ! 
 
 You may judge of this later on. 
 
 But at length even these stories faded out. All knov/1- 
 edge of the continent, except of a narrow strip at the north, 
 vanished away, and a cloud seemed to settle over Africa, so 
 black and heavy, that under its shadow all the land and 
 the fearful ocean became shrouded in darkness and filled 
 with terrors ; and woe now to the man who should venture 
 forth on land or sea ! 
 
 This darkness lasted for hundreds of years. But then 
 these years were not so very bright anywhere. Indeed, 
 they were so far from it that ever since they have been 
 called the Dark Ages. Perhaps as we look back at them, 
 out of our bright blaze of light and knowledge they seem 
 to us darker than they really were, and possibly the boys 
 and girls even then had very good times, but — think a 
 moment. Hardly any of them could read; and that did 
 not so much matter, for there would have been almost 
 nothing to read if they had known how — for printing was 
 not yet even thought of — except in China! 
 
 And they lived in such a little world ! Though it may 
 have seemed big to them, and certainly a long time was 
 needed to take one from end to end of it. • 
 
 But it is hard for us to think that people could be really 
 satisfied and happy while not even knowing that there was 
 America ! 
 
 These years were certainly like a dark and very dull 
 night, when men's minds seemed really to go to sleep; but 
 
 11 
 
at length — towards morning, it must have been! — various 
 rousing things happened and people began to wake up. 
 
 Among those who quickly became very wide awake 
 was young Prince Henry of Portugal. You will see pres- 
 ently that he had a right to the name given him : Henry, 
 the Navigator. It meant something to be a navigator in 
 those days! Such miserable little vessels to venture out 
 in ! And nothing except the sun or stars to guide them — 
 but, yes, there was a queer little contrivance, brought over- 
 land from China by some adventurous traveler, that was 
 helping to put courage into the hearts of timorous seamen. 
 You know, of course, what it was. 
 
 It was no safeguard, though, against those terrifying 
 ghostly creatures of which the ocean was supposed to be 
 full. The sailors could be brave enough in attacking men, 
 but these ghosts were too much ! 
 
 And Prince Henry had a hard time in getting men to 
 help him to carry out his plans. The rich trade of that 
 time was with India. But India was so far, far away ! How 
 do you suppose people ever reached it in those days? What- 
 ever the route, each nation of Europe was "wild" to dis- 
 cover a shorter one — the shortest one, in fact, so as to be the 
 
 very first to get there. 
 Now, Prince Henry 
 had an idea that if he 
 could get ships around 
 Africa he might find 
 himself quite near to 
 India — after a very short 
 voyage, too; for by this 
 time, Africa, as it was 
 thought to be, was only 
 a strip of coast along the 
 Mediterranean Sea, and 
 back of it, a burning 
 desert. Beyond the 
 desert and surrounding 
 •it, was the boiling fiery ocean, and the aforesaid mon- 
 sters. Certainly then, a verv short sail might bring his 
 ships to India. 
 
 A short voyage, perhaps— but fearsome. Haven't vou 
 often stood with your friend Hawthorne on a certain little 
 islet in the Grecian Sea, looking off with him over the blue 
 
 12 
 
 Images at Obagun, West AjHca. 
 
Mediterranean toward mystic Africa, watching for the 
 moment when Perseus, aided by winged sandals and the 
 helmet which made him invisible — but not to us — and his 
 burnished shield should cut off the head of the horrible 
 Medusa of the Snaky Locks ? Near by stood that patient 
 giant Atlas, upholding the world on his shoulders, as he 
 had been doing for a thousand years. Perseus held up 
 before his eyes Medusa's head, and you have caught yout 
 breath as the giant instantly turned to a mountain of stone ! 
 
 And there, on the west coast of Africa, stands Mt. Atlas 
 to this day! And it was his hoarse mutterings that made 
 it so difficult for Prince Henry to induce men to start on 
 that voyage, for the superstitious seamen understood Atlas 
 to say not to venture by lest frightful calamities befall ! 
 
 But Prince Henry, wide awake himself, had the happy 
 faculty of arousing others, and at length he inspired a few 
 sailors with courage enough to set sail and start out. 
 
 They crept along the coast of Africa for a little way and 
 — came back to Portugal! But as nothing ver}^ terrible 
 had happened, in the following year another expedition 
 dared to sail to a farther point. The Madeira Islands and 
 the Canaries were reached in the year 141 8; but it took 
 years and years to get up courage sufficient to pass Cape 
 Bojador, for just beyond it lay, as they thought, that fiery 
 ocean and those unspeakable monsters! 
 
 So it was a great achievement when Cape Verd was 
 passed in 1446. 
 
 Nearly twenty years later Sierra Leone was reached. 
 If you know what "Sierra" and ''leone" mean, perhaps 
 you can guess the reason for this name! 
 
 Twenty years more — then there was a discovery — 
 nothing less than the mouth of the great Congo River. 
 By this time people had become quite courageous, but more 
 than courage was required to ascend the Congo — as you 
 will soon see — so that not very much could be learned about 
 it at that time. 
 
 Brave Prince Henry died before his ships could reach 
 the end of the continent, but at length — it was in i486 — 
 the end was reached, and called Stormy Cape. Later, as 
 the possibility of sailing on to India was seen, the name 
 was changed to the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 The year 1500 had almost come when Vasco da Gama 
 really did find the way to India; he also explored the east 
 
 13 
 
m 
 
 coast of Africa from Natal — so named because he stoppec^ 
 there on Christmas Day — to Cape Guardafui, opposite 
 Arabia. 
 
 All these discoveries were made by the Portuguese. 
 You can easily trace their voyages by the names they left 
 behind them ! 
 
 But at the end of the continent something seems to 
 have happened. Wackerstroom and Stellenhosch do not 
 sound exactly like Portuguese. Nor does Smithfield. Do 
 you suppose the Dutch and the English can by this time 
 have taken a hand in South Africa? 
 
 Now are seen the real size and shape of Africa, and there 
 is a little fringe of knowledge around the edges ! 
 
 But of what lies within this narrow border no man 
 knows. 
 
 H sball open up Hfrica, or perisb. 
 
 Suggested Programme. Chapter I. 
 
 I. Singing. The Crusader's Hymn. '' Fairest Lord Jesus." 
 
 II. Bible Reading: Africa in the Bible. 
 
 III. Prayer. Offering. 
 
 IV. Roll-call. 
 
 V. Singing: '' The Light of the World is Jesus." 
 
 VI. The Black-and- White Stone and the Kaaba. Three-minute 
 
 paper. 
 
 VII. A Pilgrimage to Mecca. Description. 
 
 VIII. Where Mohammed Prevails in Africa. Map Talk, 
 
 IX. Raymond Lull. First Missionary to Mohammedans. 
 
 Three-minute sketch. 
 
 X. The Bible in Arabic. How Wide is its Influence? Dis- 
 
 cussion. 
 
 XI. Boys and Girls in Cairo and Assyut. 
 
 XII. Singing: "All Hail the Power of Jesus' Name." 
 
 See Reports of the Church Missionary Society and of the 
 United Presbyterian Church of America. 
 
 14 
 
Questions. 
 
 Why has Egypt ahvays been so well known? 
 
 Give three reasons for the small knowledge of other parts of 
 
 Africa? 
 Why were the Africans not a sea-going people? 
 What people came into Africa from Arabia? 
 During the Dark Ages, how large was Africa thought to be? 
 Who was the first to learn its greater size? 
 What was the object of Prince Henry's voyages? 
 Why were seamen unwilling to undertake a voyage around 
 
 Africa? 
 When was the mouth of the Congo discovered? 
 In what year did Da Gama find the way to India ? 
 For Progressive Map Work. Rivers. 
 
 What do these dates stand for in Africa? 
 1497. 1817. 1732. 1848. 1861. 1858. 
 
 PUZZLE. 
 
 I have 97 letters: 
 
 My 59, 20, 5, 55, 15, was discovered by Livingstone. 
 
 My 6, 73, 97, 2, 80, is a great river in Africa. 
 
 My 49, I, 95, 26, 12, where Mungo Park died. 
 
 My 5i» 5' 3O' 3i» ^' 9» 40, 90, I, 70, 73, 53, 66, 5, 50, is in process of 
 making. 
 
 My 75, 85, 23, 93, 96, 7, 76, :i,^, an old and famous African city. 
 My 10, II, 12, 13, 14, 15, was long unexplored. 
 My 51, 33, 44, 82, 47, ^'settled the Nile." 
 My 4, 45, 67, 68, 78, was a celebrated explorer. 
 
 My 16, 24, 32, 2, 34, 28, 65, 57, 25, 48, was discovered by Burton 
 and Speke. 
 
 My 55, 18, 92, 91, 94, 28, 55, 3, 49, 19, 41, 27, 63, connects Nyasa 
 
 and Tanganyika. 
 My 86, 87, 60, 61, 58, 43, 4, 29, in whose country Livingstone died. 
 My 46, 39, 22, 83, 21, 52, 44, 71, the Black Bishop of the Niger. 
 My 72, 17, 81, 74, 93, 69, Crowther's country. 
 My 84, 5, 67, 55, 5, a tribe of Central Sudan. 
 My 30, 62, 95, 42, 13, 47, 55, were found by Stanley. 
 My 55, 46, 36, 79, 78, 88, 59, 37, 64, 81, 35, 77, the explorer of' the 
 
 Sudan. 
 
 My 37, 44, 56, 54, 51, 89, 13, 55, 42, has great influence in Africa. 
 My whole led to the establishment of the Universities' Mission. 
 Who said my whole f When f Where f 
 
 15 
 
What does the explorer owe to the missionary, and the mission- 
 ary to the explorer? The missionary contributes largely to ex- 
 ploration and discovery. He is generally first in the field, is there 
 to stay and is the only skilled observer available. His maps and 
 charts mean much to geography. Missionaries can collect facts, 
 though their leisure is far less than geographical societies suppose ; 
 but in the collation, comparison and investigation of these facts, 
 the geographer discharges his obligation to our missionary. But 
 there is another method in which the geographers may contribute 
 to missions — by the acknowledgment of missionary authorities 
 and the inculcation of missionary facts as a part of the ordinary 
 teaching of geography in schools. In a famous paper upon Africa, 
 written in 1879, out of sixty-one authorities quoted, forty-four were 
 missionaries. — From Ecumenical Missionary Conference Report, 
 Vol, /, p. 326. 
 
 Now those German brethren at the beginning said they did not 
 go out to be geographical discoverers, but to preach the gospel 
 to these dark people, but God has rewarded them as he rewarded 
 Solomon. Solomon asked not for riches and wealth, but for wis- 
 dom to govern the people, and God gave him that, and in addition 
 a tremendous fame all over the Eastern world ; and so God rewarded 
 these men by making them the initiators of all those wonderful 
 discoveries which have resulted to-day in the partition of Africa 
 among the European powers. — Ecumenical Missionary Conference 
 Report, Vol. I, p. 330. 
 
 David Livingstone led the way, and he has been followed by a 
 great force of explorers. . . . The moral element and mis- 
 sionary aim in Livingstone's work have been by far the most power- 
 ful factors in the production of real and lasting benefit to the hap- 
 less tribes of one-half of the forlorn continent. — Dawn in the Dark 
 Continent, p. 16. 
 
 \^ 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 HOW WE CAME TO KNOW IT BETTER. Part I. 
 
 Africa stands alone in a geographical view. Penetrated by no inland seas, nor over- 
 spread with extensive lakes, like those of North America, nor having, in common with 
 other continents, rivers running from the center to the extremities ; but, on the contrary, 
 its regions separated from each other by the least practicable of all boundaries, arid 
 deserts of such formidable extent as to threaten all those who traverse them with the 
 most horrible of all deaths, that arising from thirst ! — Statement put forth by the African 
 Association in the year 1788, A. D. 
 
 No rivers running from the center to the coasts ? And no 
 LAKES? hut mostly, dry and scorching deserts? Was that 
 what they thought of Africa in 1788? Well, there were 
 some mighty rivers at the edges; that much was certain. 
 
 There was the Nile, on the north; the Congo on the 
 west and the Zambesi on the east. 
 
 The mouths of these rivers they knew; but, according 
 to the African Association, there seemed not to be any 
 sources! 
 
 And there was the Niger. The trouble here was that 
 while its upper courses were known, they could not find 
 its source, or its mouth, either, though many men looked 
 hard for it and lost their lives in doing so. One of these 
 was Mungo Park, a famous traveler and a Scotchman, 
 though one might think from his name that he was a native 
 African. 
 
 Really, when we think of Africa as we know it now, it 
 does seem unbelievable almost that people could ever have 
 had such queer ideas about the Niger river. Why, they 
 thought that it was possibly the beginning of the Congo, or, 
 that it might even be the source of the Nile! Imagine the 
 course it would have to take, up hill and down dale, to be 
 that ! 
 
 You do not know what desperately hard work it was to 
 find out where the Niger really did empty itself into the 
 ocean. There were all kinds of obstacles in the way. 
 
 You remember, perhaps, that black and white stone, 
 and the people to whom it meant so much? They had 
 conquered North Africa, you know, and many of the native 
 tribes had become Mohammedans (they had to, or die by 
 the sword), and it was a most dangerous journey that the 
 explorers of the Niger undertook, for in those Mohammedan 
 countries ''Christian dogs " were sometimes horribly treated. 
 
 17 
 
There had been some curious stories told of this part of 
 Africa. One was about a beautiful city with a glorious 
 architecture and brilliant towers. Well, one of these Niger 
 explorers found the city and entered it; but the brilliant 
 toweis turned out to be only huts, black specks amid a 
 waste of dreary sand, low built, mud-walled, barbarian 
 settlements. 
 
 Can you guess the name of the city? You can find it, 
 brilliant towers, black specks and all, if you choose to look 
 
 sudaiu 
 
 Var JJanti- on I.ohok Iiirer, 
 
 in Tennyson's poems. But the mystery of the mouth of 
 the Niger was solved at last. Well solved too, for Landor 
 found it meandering into the Gulf of Benin by three mouths ! 
 
 But the Nile! One of the longest rivers in the world, 
 though they did not know it then — Where did it start ? 
 
 An English traveler named Bruce thought he had 
 found out, and so he had discovered the head waters of the 
 Blue Nile, after all only a branch of the great Nile itself. 
 But the real "sources," where were they? 
 
 Of course you know perfectly well — the sources of the 
 Nile and about all there is to know — in geography — beside! 
 
 This is just the difference between you and the boys 
 and girls of a hundred years ago — more or less. 
 
But wait a bit! It will not do to feel supercilious or 
 superior on this account, for you will see presently that it is 
 owing to these very boys — some of them — that you do 
 know. For though at this time "fellows," or only kids, 
 perhaps, or even mere babies, these boys afterwards be- 
 came famous African explorers to whom are due the great 
 discoveries of the last fifty or sixty years. 
 
 It needed tremendous energy and courage and endur- 
 ance and perseverance, and noble self-sacrifice to overcome 
 the obstacles in the way of finding out those fascinating 
 secrets! Don't you almost envy them the chance to do 
 such splendid things? 
 
 You need not, for there is brave work — oh, plenty of it — 
 yet to be done in Africa ! 
 
 You remember it was the Portuguese who sailed around 
 the greater part of the continent, making settlements at a 
 number of points on the coasts. We are coming now, you 
 know, to the exploration of the interior, and this has been 
 mainly done by the English, though the first European to 
 make his way into the interior from the east coast was a 
 German, but he went to Africa as a missionary of the Eng- 
 lish Church Missionary 
 Society, so it amounts 
 to much the same thing. 
 
 The name of this 
 missionary was John 
 Ludwig Krapf, and I 
 hope you can manage 
 to write it on your mind 
 in some unusual way so 
 that you can never for- 
 get it, for it is owing to 
 Krapf that we know — 
 ah — just wait a little 
 and you will see what! 
 
 There is but one name of greater importance to Africa, 
 and that is — David Livingstone. And even Livingstone might 
 not have done his greatest work if it had not been for Krapf! 
 
 When Krapf took his journey down the east coast, 
 Africa was like three great question marks : 
 
 Where does the Congo rise ? 
 
 What is the course of the Zambesi ? and 
 
 WHERE ARE THE sources of the NILE? 
 
 19 
 
 TJte First Missioiiary Grave in. ICast Africa. 
 Whose :^ 
 
A long time ago, hundreds and hundreds of years, a 
 famous Greek story teller mentioned in one of his tales the 
 "fountains" of the Nile. 
 
 You would hardly believe the number of weary miles 
 that have been tramped in the search for these fountains ! 
 For the smallest school-bo3'"s, the very babies almost, have 
 always known that the Nile ever}^ 3^ear overflows its banks 
 and spreads over the country far and wide, and if the 
 interior of Africa were a scorching desert as the wise men 
 then thought, where did all this water come from? 
 
 But you say I am making 3^ou forget Krapf. Oh, no, 
 indeed; just keep these Nile fountains in mind and you 
 will never forget John Ludwig Krapf ! 
 
 It may not be true that a boy or girl who is fond of 
 geography is sure to become a missionary. But a love of 
 geography certainly seems to lead that way, and if there 
 should be joined with it pleasure and skill in the study of 
 
 languages — well, at 
 least our John Lud- 
 wig was fascinated 
 by these studies, 
 and he became a 
 fine missionary. 
 
 About a third of 
 the way down the 
 east coast of Africa 
 is the island of Zan- 
 zibar; a little north 
 of it is another 
 island verynear the 
 coast. This is Mom- 
 basa, and here in 
 1846 we find Dr. 
 Krapf and his 
 companion mis- 
 sionary, John Reb- 
 mann. 
 
 They first studied a language called Swahili, a mixture 
 of Arabic and several African languages which is under- 
 stood by traders and even by natives from far distant 
 tribes, who have learned something of it in their trips to 
 the coast. 
 
 Then from Mombasa Krapf and Rebmann made many 
 
 20 
 
 In a Native Village, East Africa. 
 
Masai Warri07\^. 
 Britis/i East Africa. 
 
 trips to the mainland and traveled long distances into the 
 interior, to tell the gospel to the people and to prepare the 
 wav for those who should come after them. On these trips 
 and from traders who came to Mombasa, they learned 
 much about the surrounding country. They heard of a 
 
 ''great sea," and of a 
 mountain covered with 
 silver, but full of evil 
 spirits, and very dan- 
 gerous to approach. 
 
 Thinking with all the 
 rest of the world that 
 the interior of Africa 
 was mostly desert, they 
 were much surprised by 
 these stories, but great- 
 ly interested, as you 
 may suppose. Every- 
 where they went they 
 asked questions about 
 the "great sea," gathering together every scrap of 
 information. After a while they made a map of Central 
 Africa, drawing upon it this great inland sea, as they 
 supposed it to be. 
 
 Then they sent the map to the Church Missionary 
 Society in London. 
 
 As for the silver-topped mountain : — 
 Rebmann once went on a long journey into the 
 interior. These journeys were full of risks. There is 
 not time to say much about the dangers from robbers, 
 from fever, and from hunger and thirst — especially 
 from wild animals, for this region of Africa is full of 
 them. 
 
 You should read about their adventures; they are ex- 
 citing enough, I can tell you — with lions and worse still, 
 the fierce rhinoceros and other animals on land and the 
 hippopotamus and crocodile in the rivers ! 
 
 But Rebmann came out of all these perils alive, and 
 one day looking up — far up — against the deep blue sky, 
 lie saw — in Africa! and almost on the equator! — shining, 
 glistening snow. 
 
 Greatly excited, they wrote home to Europe, telling 
 this amazing story, and do you know that, missionaries 
 
 21 
 
JSfgoni Warriors in Full Dress. 
 
 though they were — people would not believe them? 
 "Eternal snow at the equator " forsooth! 
 
 They said that it could not be snow, but must be 
 something else; they did not say what. 
 
 Rebmann was right, though — missionaries generally 
 
 are! — it was snow 
 he had seen and 
 later, when travel- 
 ers came out to ex- 
 plore it, the moun- 
 tain was found to 
 be nearly 20,000 
 feet high. 
 
 Soon after Reb- 
 mann 's discovery, 
 Krapf saw for the 
 first time another 
 s now - c ove red 
 peak, called Mt. 
 Kenia. 
 
 The evil spirits 
 of the mountains against which they had been warned 
 turned out to be "Jack Frost," who, when the natives 
 climbed the mountain to get some "silver," nipped off 
 their fingers and toes! 
 
 The excitement over the discovery of these mountains, 
 great as it was, did not begin to equal what people in Europe 
 felt when Krapf 's and Rebmann 's map came out in the 
 Church Intelligencer, the magazine published by the Church 
 Missionary Society. Was it possible that there was such an 
 enormous body of water in Africa ? 
 
 And if so — there was that great question about the 
 sources of the Nile to be settled, 3^ou know! 
 
 So the Royal Geographical Society of England sent out 
 two men to find whether the stories of the inland sea were 
 true. The men selected were Captain Burton and Captain 
 Speke. Please notice these naines, for " Burton and Speke" 
 mean much to Africa, as you will see. 
 
 Such a journey! Do ask some one who knows to tell 
 you where to find the very best account of it, so that you 
 may read it for yourself. This is the only way to really 
 understand what Burton felt when one day — it was Feb- 
 ruary 13, 1858 — having climbed a high hill, he saw spread 
 
 22 
 
out before him, to his great wonder and delight, the 
 beautiful Tanganyika Lake — its clear waters gleaming 
 against a background of magnificent mountains. 
 
 It was a great discovery — but Tanganyika was not the 
 ''great lake" of Krapf and Rebmann; this the natives 
 told them was a vast sheet of water lying farther north. 
 They said, too, that from it a great river flowed toward the 
 
 NORTH. 
 
 So they went back to Ujiji {Ujiji is worth looking up. 
 More than one thing has happened there!) Burton was 
 now too ill to go further. So Speke and his carriers set out 
 alone to search for the other lake. 
 
 And he found it — an Inland Sea, indeed, as Krapf had 
 said — and he named it the Victoria Nyanza (Nyanza 
 means lake). 
 
 When Burton and Speke got back to England, they found 
 
 that they were great 
 men, you may be sure.. 
 And you may be just 
 as sure that the discov- 
 eries did not end here. 
 
 There was that * * river 
 flowing north," you 
 remember. Speke re- 
 membered it too! And 
 very soon returned to 
 Africa to look for it. 
 
 Did he find it? Yes, 
 he did — he found it 
 pouring grandly forth 
 from the Victoria Lake, 
 in a series of beautiful 
 cascades. This is the 
 message he sent home 
 to England: the Nile 
 
 IS SETTLED. 
 
 You remember those 
 stories which might possibly "come true" some day? 
 V/ell, one of them — told about 150 A. D., by a 
 geographer named Ptolemy — was that the Nile issued 
 from two great lakes in the middle of Africa, and now, 
 after all these hundreds of years of unbelief, peoule 
 admit that old Ptolemy told the truth. 
 
 23 
 
 TJie King of Uganda at Lessons. C. 21. S. 
 
But what is that you say — two great lakes 9 
 
 Yes, for one thing leads to another, you know; after 
 
 Speke, came out another great traveler — Sir Samuel Baker 
 
 — who discovered the Albert Lake — finding that it had a 
 
 good deal to do with the Nile. 
 
 Yes, and after that Stanley found — but we have not 
 
 come to Stanley yet ! 
 
 H view tbc cjco^rapbical exploration as tbc beginning of 
 tbe missionary enterprise. H inclube in tbe latter term 
 cvcvQthinci in tbe wa^ of tbe amelioration of our race. 
 
 Suggested Programme. Chapter II. Part i. 
 
 I. Singing: '^ Galilee, Bright Galilee." 
 
 II. Bible Reading: By the Lake of Galilee. 
 
 III. Prayer. 
 
 rV. Singing: " Break Thou the Bread of Life." 
 
 V. The Silver-topped Mountain. 
 
 VI. The Great Lake, and How it Came to be Known. 
 
 VII. John Ludwig Krapf; How Much Did He Do for Africa? 
 
 Discussion. 
 
 VIII. The Victoria Lake Country, 1846; 1905. A contrast. (Story 
 
 of C. M. S. in East Africa.) 
 
 IX. Roll call (Responses: Discoveries in Africa. Offering). 
 
 X . Singing : ' ' Fling Out the B anner. ' ' 
 
 Questions. Chapter II. Part i. 
 
 1 . How was Africa thought of in i 788 ? 
 
 2. What four great questions had no answers at that time? 
 
 3. Who discovered the mouth of the Niger? 
 
 4. Who discovered the head waters of the Blue Nile (why called 
 
 '"Blue?") 
 
 5. Who was the first white man to explore Africa from the East 
 
 Coast ? 
 
 6. To what did hiis missionary journeys lead? 
 
 7. Who discovered Mount Kilimanjaro? 
 
 8. How was Lake Tanganyika discovered? 
 
 9. How did Speke find Krapf s Great Lake? 
 10. Who discovered the sources of the Nile? 
 
 Progressive Map. Lakes. 
 Why will these names long be famous in Africa? 
 
 Kuruman. luyanti. Freetown. Freretown. Ujiji. Ilala. 
 
 24 
 
HOW WE CAME TO KNOW IT BETTER. Part II. 
 
 It was in 1848 that Rebmann discovered Mount 
 Kilimanjaro in equatorial East Africa. 
 
 It is a long way from Mount Kilimanjaro to Koloheng, 
 in South Africa, and at that time it would have been al- 
 most as easy to go to the moon as from one of these places 
 to the other. 
 
 But we must manage to do it, for at Kolobeng is some- 
 one whom we have waited quite long enough to see. 
 
 Native Huts^ South Africao 
 
 He is a strongly built man, broad shouldered, deep 
 chested, strong and well; not very handsome, and his face 
 might be stern if it were not fpr the kindliness and fun in 
 his hazel eyes. Do you know him ? 
 
 He has been a missionary in South Africa. for some 
 years. The Dutch Boers are not friendly to missionaries 
 and have done all they can to stop him in his work. 
 
 They cannot stop him, though. He is on his way north- 
 ward to find a suitable place for a new station, and he says: 
 "Providence seems to call me to the regions beyond. I 
 
 25 
 
shall go, no matter who opposes me. We shall see who 
 will conquer — I, or they." 
 
 Before him lies the great Kalihari Desert, which no 
 white man has ever crossed, but this white man believes 
 that he can cross it, and that beyond it he will find — no 
 matter what the "stay-at-home geographers" may say — 
 lakes and rivers and forests and people, for he is a missionary 
 explorer, remember. 
 
 Two hunters — looking for game in the country beyond — 
 are going with him on this journey, and, thanks to the 
 generosity and forethought of one of them — whose name 
 is William Cotton Oswell — there is in readiness a caravan — 
 heavy Dutch wagons, eighty oxen, two horses and thirty 
 or forty men. 
 
 This man, as I said, looks remarkably well and strong, 
 yet as he suddenly raises his right arm you can see that for 
 a moment he is in sharp pain. Something must have hap- 
 pened to that arm! 
 Lions , perhaps ? 
 There ivere lions in 
 South Africa at that 
 time. Now, do you 
 know him ? 
 
 Well — they cross 
 the desert, six hun- 
 dred miles of it, and 
 '' tha/c most dreadful 
 of all deaths, that 
 arising from thirst," 
 seems very near 
 sometimes, for this 
 is the dry season 
 and the desert is 
 "arid" enough to 
 justify even the African Association's forebodings! If 
 they only knew of the water stored up in the roots of a 
 certain plant that grows here! 
 
 The end is reached at last. What lies beyond? A 
 beautiful fertile country, with forests and a lovely tree- 
 lined river — and blue Lake Ngami — the first of the many, 
 many discoveries of this explorer-missionary. 
 
 A vast population is in this country, and the hunters 
 find it crowded with game— all kinds, big and little! 
 
 26 
 
 Native Chief and Wives. 
 
But there is a ''big chief" in this country, too, whose 
 rule extends far and wide, and when our travelers ask per- 
 mission to cross the tree-lined river and explore the country 
 oil the other side they are refused ! 
 
 So to the Jews, old Canaan stood 
 While Jordan rolled between ! 
 
 Back again that weary way to Kolobeng! and the next 
 year a second journey to Lake Ngami. The chief says 
 "ves" this time, but sickness sends them back once more. 
 
 m^&t 
 
 
 
 ■"U,-^/; 
 
 m'J'_j^^l 
 
 % ^ ■.; 
 
 ^m 
 
 Listening to the Preacher. 
 
 This country of Lake Ngami is fertile and well watered 
 and lovely — beautiful to look upon — but here, too, were 
 sights of horror which burned into this missionary's very 
 heart-— and ever more through the story of Africa until the 
 work is finished that he began, shall we feel his great 
 heart throbbing — throbbing 
 
 He sees that there is only way to stop these horrors : 
 
 These regions must be opened up to commerce and 
 civilization, and this must be accomplished by finding a 
 waterway from the west or east coast; for the long journey, 
 the Dutch Boers and the Kalihari Desert prevent its being 
 done from Cape Town, in the Cape Colony. So this tire- 
 less explorer and missionary, and Oswell, the ''prince of 
 hunters," journey northwards for the third time. 
 
 One of those Question Marks — I hope you remember them 
 — has been rubbed out, but there are still two to be answered! 
 
 27 
 
No one has yet the faintest idea where the Zambesi 
 may be grandly flowing, while knowledge of the Congo 
 stands at zero! worse than that, even; for what the geog- 
 raphers mistakably thottghi they knew brings their knowl- 
 edge quite far over on the minus side! 
 
 Let us watch these plans for opening up the country 
 north of Lake Ngami. The}^- may lead to something inter- 
 esting ! 
 
 Our travelers in their third attempt cross the Zouga 
 and pass through the country of the Makololo to Liny an ti 
 (May 23, 1853). I wonder if they can feel beforehand 
 anything of what is coming — for soon after leaving Lin- 
 yanti, a magnificent scene bursts upon them. It is a great 
 river rolling, l)etween banks of white sand, through a won- 
 derfully beautiful country. 
 
 And so wei e discovered the upper courses of the Zambesi ! 
 
 The next thing is to find that waterway to the coast. 
 Eastward, shall it be? Or — Westward? Eastward or 
 Westward no white man has ever gone. There are track- 
 less forests, wild beasts, savage men, hunger and weariness, 
 all these dangers and many more. He knows them all, but 
 sets out — AVestward. "/ shall open tip Africa or perish,'' 
 he says. 
 
 Do you know him yet ? 
 
 The king of the Makololo — Sekeletu was his name — 
 was an intelligent man and became much interested in 
 these plans for bringing trade to his country, and gave per- 
 mission for some of his men to undertake the long journey 
 to the west. Oswell has returned to South Africa, so the 
 missionary starts alone with his followers. 
 
 For two months they ascend the Zambesi in canoes, 
 then they march through the pathless forests, and hills, and 
 plains, toward the western coast — crossing and crossing 
 again, river after river — for the interior of Africa turned out 
 to be a land of rivers — and in addition, the rainy season 
 came on, pouring rain, brimming rivers and swamps — more 
 rain, more rivers, more swamps, not exactly the waterless 
 desert of the geographers ! 
 
 But the sufferings and hardships of that tramp through 
 the wilderness who can tell? Hunger — almost to starva- 
 tion — there never was enough to eat — discomfort of every 
 kind — sleeping in water sometimes — chills and burning 
 fevers — would the long journey never, never end? 
 
 28 
 
One thing never failed: the courage and cheerfulness 
 of the leader of this little band. 
 
 Have I said that he was a m^rficaZ-missionary-explorer ? 
 You should have seen the sick people who came to him in 
 crowds from far and near; and you should have heard the 
 preaching and gentle teaching and pursuasion which led 
 many and many of these heathen men to become loyal 
 Christians. And how they loved him! Some travelers 
 carve their names on trees and rocks. This traveler wrote 
 his name on the hearts of the people ! And there it remains 
 to this day — handed down to children's children. As for 
 his followers — the 
 men who went with 
 him, and whom he 
 afterwards led safe- 
 ly back to their 
 homes — of their love 
 and fidelity to the 
 man whom they 
 loved to call 
 '* master" you may 
 hear more bye and 
 bye. 
 
 This 3 ourney end- 
 ed at Loanda in the 
 Portuguese territory 
 on the west coast, 
 May 31, 1854. But 
 the waterway had 
 not been found to 
 the Westward. 
 
 Then it must be discovered to the Eastward. Back 
 to Linyanti — then down the Zambesi to Quillimane on 
 the east coast! All the way across Africa! It must be 
 done. Loanda was left in September, 1854; Quillimane 
 was entered May, 1856! 
 
 Some day you will read this traveler's own accounts 
 of his journeys. This is the best way, for every day, sick 
 or well, he wrote in his journals, and you cannot think how 
 fresh and interesting they are. Some day, perhaps, you 
 will travel where he led the way! then you will see that 
 great sight of Africa — of all the world, for that matter — 
 which first met his eyes on this journey, the falls of the 
 
 29 
 
 The Victoria Falls. 
 
Zambesi, to whom their discoverer gave the name of 
 "Victoria Falls." 
 
 This great achievement of opening Central Africa was 
 met with a storm of applause in Europe, and it led to a vast 
 amount of further exploration in South and Central Africa. 
 At the same time the secrets of the Sudan were being 
 found out. 
 
 But this greatest of African explorers had not yet fin- 
 ished his work. 
 
 He discovered Lake Nyasa and Lake Bemba, or Bang- 
 weolo, many large rivers flowing south to the Zambesi, 
 and after a long time, a great river flowing toward the 
 north! This was the Lualaba river. Even here in the 
 heart of Africa it was a mighty stream. When it should 
 reach the ocean it must surely be the Congo — or the 
 Nile! 
 
 But the Nile was ''settled.'' Yes; that is so. Speke 
 settled the fact that it flowed out of the Victoria Nyanza. 
 But what waters feed the Victoria Nyanza? There must 
 be large streams flowing into the lake. Then might not 
 those streams be the long lost ''fountains" of the Nile? 
 
 Yet the mighty Congo must "rise" somewhere! So 
 this Lualaba had to be "settled" too. 
 
 The Congo, or the Nile? This sounds like "The Lad^^ 
 or the Tiger? " and for years and years it was as difficult to 
 say which. 
 
 While trying to settle it this great missionary-explorer 
 died ; but not before he had inspired another brave traveler 
 to take up his work where he laid it down. For when 
 "lost" in the pathless forests, Stanley had found him — now 
 you know him ! 
 
 And no English-speaking boy or girl needs to be told 
 that on that magnificent journey of one thousand days save 
 one from coast to coast, Stanley followed Livingstone's 
 mighty river out to the Western Sea, and so answered 
 Africa's last great Question — "Where does the Congo 
 rise?" 
 
 And 5^an/(?;v discovered those "fountains." 
 
 ir woul^ not consent to qo merely as a geographer, but 
 as a missionary, an^ to l)0 geocirapb^ b^ tbe wa^. 
 
 30 
 
Suggested Programme. Chapter II. Part II. 
 
 I. Singing: ''O God of Bethel." (Livingstone's favorite hymn.) 
 
 II. Bible Reading: The Perfect Medical Missionary. 
 
 III. Prayer. Offering. 
 
 IV. Singing: '' Hail to the Lord's Anointed," verses i, 2 and 3. 
 
 V. The First Journey Northward. Three-minute paper. 
 
 VI. View of the Zambesi and the Victoria Falls. Description. 
 
 VII. First Sight of the Slave Hunters. 
 
 VIII. Healing the Sick, and Making Friends. 
 
 IX. The First Journey 
 Across Africa. 
 
 X. ''Lost" and Found. 
 
 XI. Roll Call. 
 
 XII. Singing: '' Brightly 
 Gleams Our B anner. ' ' 
 (A favorite hymn 
 with Stanley.) 
 
 Questions. 
 
 Chapter II. Part II. 
 
 . , ,, , . r ,^ Ekwendeni Station, Nyasaland. 
 
 I. At the time of the 
 
 discovery of Mt. Kilimanjaro, who was pressing on into 
 
 Central Africa from the South? 
 What were his first great discoveries? 
 How often did he cross the Kalihari Desert? 
 When was the course of the Zambesi discovered? 
 Who was the first whi-te man to cross Africa and to give an 
 
 account of his journey? 
 Who discovered Lake Nyasa? 
 What great question still remained unanswered? 
 Who discovered the Lualaba river (called the Livingstone 
 
 river) ? 
 What river did it prove to be? How was this question settled ? 
 Who found the fountains of the Nile? 
 Progressive Map. Mountains. 
 Write 100-word sketches of: 
 Lull. Coillard. Lapsley. Mackay. Hannington. Good. 
 
 PUZZLE. 
 
 On a certain tree near a Lake in Central Africa is a brass pkitc, 
 with an inscription. What does it commemorate f What is the 
 inscription f Who put the plate on the tree f How ivas the tree 
 found f 
 
 31 
 
This country is not like Hawaii, which is gay; this is beautifully 
 solemn. There are many gorgeous flowers and superb trees. The 
 forest between Lolodorf and Batanga is not level; much of the way 
 the path lies among mountains. I have seen great forests before, 
 but never such deeps as here. Once we had set out, we made 
 steadily east, one after the other, up hills and down, over streams 
 or through them, in rain or sun, and always in the most beautiful 
 world I have ever seen. So palpably great was the forest that we 
 seemed to be sunk in a deep well, with all its green waters above us. 
 In the four days I saw more beauty than in all my life before. 
 
 Everywhere in the late afternoon the forest holds its breath. 
 Africa is very strange — even when I think how beautiful, I liave 
 misgivings; she has a secret, you would say. There is something 
 appalling about the shadows among the trees, they are so dark and 
 dead. 
 
 I attended service here, my first African service. There were 
 boys big and little, some women and girls as well — rather grand 
 people these last, for their pretty brown shoulders showed out of 
 real Indian Madras handkerchiefs. I did not dare look about very 
 much; but they sang tremendously solemn Scotch tunes, and said 
 "x^men" like thunder, after all the prayers. Coming out after- 
 wards, we were met by a sad little party, just in from one of the 
 out-stations — they had brought one of the missionaries to the 
 government hospital, ill with blackwater fever. The poor mans 
 wife was young and very sweet. 
 
 On the following Sunday we went up the river to a mission 
 station that would have broken your heart — well, no use talking 
 about that. The wife of the doctor down with fever, the minister 
 sitting by, looking at us out of deep, still eyes, thinking some sad 
 thoughts of his own. I was thinking, too. It was as if I were 
 walking a beam and had looked down long enough to be dizzy. In 
 this country one must see Christ, or perish; and I mean to keep my 
 face that way. It is not easy to tell how deep a sense of need 
 stirred in me, nor how sure a hope of deUverance; I am all right if 
 1 do my part. — Jean Kenyon Mackenzie in Woman's Work. 
 
 32 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 AFRICA AS IT REALLY IS. 
 
 SO you really know it better than you did ? Or, if you 
 were to own up ''honest," as you boys and girls say, 
 would you not have to admit that notwithstanding 
 all the lakes and rivers that have been found in it, 
 Africa, 5,000 miles long, and in its broadest part 
 nearly 5,000 miles wide, seems to you merely an enormous 
 stretch of hot, flat, barren, rather desolate and ** gravelly " 
 land, and generally a brownish kind of country, people and 
 all? Does it? 
 
 Well, investigation is the twentieth century way of 
 doing things. Suppose we investigate a little! 
 First then , as to being hot. 
 
 It must be admitted that the equator runs straight 
 through Africa, and near the middle of it, at that ! So that 
 the ''tropics" stretch away to the north of it, and down to 
 the south, leaving only a small portion of temperate zone 
 at either end. 
 
 But then — Africa is like a dish turned upside down. At 
 least so everyone says! Some say a "saucer" or a "soup 
 plate," or even 
 a" baking dish," 
 though this, I 
 think, is an un- 
 fortunate com- 
 parison, as you 
 will see. Those 
 who like long 
 words say "in- 
 verted," but 
 usually the ver- 
 dict is: "Afiica 
 is like a dish 
 turned upside 
 down." 
 
 For, you see, 
 around the coast 
 
 The New Road at Livingstonia. 
 
 is a strip — anywhere from fifty to two hundred miles wide 
 — of low-lying country. This is the rim of the dish. 
 
 Back of this strip the land rises, very suddenly and 
 steeply in some places — like the sides of the dish — to a 
 
 33 
 
height of three or four thousand feet, and the plateau thus 
 formed is the bottom of the dish. Boys, of course, do not 
 know, but girls do, the melancholy looking cake that would 
 result should the bottom of the pan it is baked in upheave 
 or sink down. 
 
 And this African plateau sinks toward the middle, and 
 in some places swells upward, occasionally soaring to a 
 height of say 20,000 feet! 
 
 It therefore seems wise to discard the baking-dish 
 notion. 
 
 But notice how many things are accounted for by this 
 peculiar shaping of Africa. 
 
 For one thing, it is not in all places so desperately hot. 
 Down on the coast it is pretty bad, very bad in fact, and 
 all the worse because of the great moisture in the air. And 
 the African sun everywhere blazes down with a fierce heat, 
 so that it is never safe for white people to stand under it 
 with uncovered head. 
 
 But the nights are not hot, and think of the high plateau, 
 of the breezy uplands, and the cool mountain tops! not to 
 speak of the icy cold tops of Kilimanjaro and Kenia, and 
 other snow-covered peaks. 
 
 Really it is true that because of this plateau, over great 
 stretches of country, the climate of Africa is delightful. 
 Indeed, I once heard a party of travelers from Africa, who 
 arrived in New York on a fervid July day, say that they 
 could scarcely endure its heat; they thought they would 
 have to go back to Africa to get cool ! And their home in 
 Africa was right over — or under — the equator. With our 
 idea of African heat, this was rather hard on New York, was 
 it not? 
 
 The line of greatest heat is not at the equator, though, 
 but some distance north of it, and I fancy the heat of the 
 Sahara exceeds that of New York's very hottest day! 
 
 And you remember the plateau sinks toward the mid- 
 dle, and surrounding this lower part are mountains. 
 
 Now you may have noticed that here at home water 
 runs down hill, and stops only when it reaches the lowest 
 spot it can find. And there it stays until something hap- 
 pens to make it ' ' move on. " 
 
 It is just so in Africa! And there must be many a 
 spring and fountain among those mountains, for after a 
 time the hollows fill up — and lo! besides many smaller 
 
 34 
 
lakes, we see Tanganyika and Nyasa; Albert, and Albert 
 Edward Nyanza, and the mighty Victoria Lake. 
 
 The streams keep running into these lakes, and out 
 from Nyasa pours the Shire river southwards to swell the 
 Zambesi; Albert and Albert Edward and the Victoria Lake 
 start the great Nile on its course of two thousand miles or 
 more to the north, while far, far away, in the west, the 
 Atlantic receives Tanganyika, by way of the Congo 
 river ! 
 
 Then, too, the plateau sheers off more or less suddenly, 
 shortly before reaching the coasts. 
 
 And so there are in Africa cataracts and cascades and 
 rapids and waterfalls whose wildness and beauty are be- 
 yond the power of words to describe; for when those 
 mighty rivers — those which are now old friends, and many 
 others beside — flowing oceanward, reach the edge of the 
 *'dish," they can, 
 of course, do nothing 
 but fall over it, 
 seething and boiling 
 over rocks which 
 lash them into white 
 foam, or in gleam- 
 ing, blue-green 
 sheets, with deafen- 
 ing roar, like the surf 
 of the sea; rising 
 again in veils and 
 towering columns of 
 silvery mist, shot 
 through and through 
 with rainbows! 
 
 And /Za^,did you 
 say? Oh, no! no! no! 
 Even in the worst 
 times when people 
 would believe almost 
 nothing about Af- 
 rica, they did not doubt there were mountains in it. There 
 was Mount Atlas; people always believed in it, and you re- 
 member those mutteringsfrom his head that so badly scared 
 Prince Henry's navigators! And you know the mountain 
 that stood so obstinately in front of Hercules when he was on 
 
 35 
 
 The Forest Path. 
 
his way to the gardens of the Hesperides to get those 
 golden apples? He struck it a blow with his club, you 
 remember, dividing it in two, and there were — and are — 
 the Pillars of Hercules — one of them in Africa! And the 
 Mountains of the Moon! Whatever other beliefs went 
 down in rack and ruin, people always hoped that the Moun- 
 tains of the Moon might loom up some day, and in Africa 
 as it really is, they do, indeed, loom up, their snowy heads 
 piercing through the clouds. And other ranges there are, 
 north, south, east and west; grassy, breeze-swept hills or 
 higher mountains, some having magnificent trees in scat- 
 tered groups, others covered with dense forests. Don't 
 think Africa is fiat! Though it may, perhaps, have its 
 level spaces. 
 
 And barren — nothing will grow, you think? 
 
 Did you ever hear of ground so fertile that if ''scratched 
 with a hoe" it will yield a harvest? Well, that is the way 
 it is in Africa ! And with such a hoe ! 
 
 You should see the fields of maize and sugar cane, and 
 the cassava gardens, the groves of plantains and bananas, 
 the rich pasturage of those grassy hills. 
 
 As to growing — why almost anything stuck into the 
 ground will grow — the fences sprout and presto ! they are 
 rows of trees ! And the very posts of the houses sometimes 
 take root and grow. I know more than one house sending 
 out limbs from its sides all green and leafy, and this is 
 better than the upward growth which sometimes happens, 
 for that is awkward for the roof. The legs of chairs and 
 tables have been known to sprout. A happy thing, too, 
 for the white ants will not touch anything that is green. 
 
 If you take in Africa from north to south, and from 
 the low coasts to the high table lands and the mountains, I 
 think you could hardly name anything that has the power 
 of growth that would not grow in some part of it, and 
 abundantly, too. So please rub out barren from your 
 mental picture! 
 
 ' ' Desolate ' ' and ''gravelly ? ' ' 
 
 You see now that Africa is not ''gravelly," excepting in 
 those regions where rain never, or scarcely ever, falls. 
 There are such places; parts of the great Sahara in the 
 north, and the smaller Kalihari desert in the south. Those 
 terrific sand storms in which travelers are sometimes 
 caught leave no doubt as to that. 
 
 36 
 
''Desolate" means without life, doesn't it? And very 
 quiet, with a kind of lonely stillness, as though there 
 had been life which has passed away. 
 
 It is desolate in some places, for Africa has been, above 
 all others, a sorrowful land. 
 
 But — what is that you see over in the Albert Lake 
 country ? 
 
 It looks like the rolling waves of a dark gray sea. It is 
 coming nearer, though — and it is not a sea at all, but a herd 
 of elephants coming down to the lake to drink. Now, they 
 
 Mochudi {Kaffir Town). 
 
 stop to feed. Do you hear that strange rumbling, like the 
 purr of a cat, but much, oh, much louder! That is the 
 sound an elephant makes when comfortable and happy, 
 and the whole herd — there must be fully a hundred 
 — mighty "tuskers" some of them are — are "rumbling" 
 now. 
 
 If you are a good shot, and if you have paid a hundred 
 dollars or so for a permit (it has come to this in Africa!) you 
 may shoot ov.e elephant. Aim right between his eyes. 
 This is a fatal spot; you do not want a wounded "tusker" 
 to charge furiously upon you! 
 
 37 
 
There! one is lifeless and quiet, but there remain ninety 
 and nine to plunge back into the forest bellowing, scream- 
 ing, trumpeting, roaring and shaking the very earth. 
 
 Considerable life — and considerable noise ! And, as even 
 experienced hunters admit, most terrifying and nerve- 
 racking noise. 
 
 Down in the Nyasa country it is not "lonely, " if zebras 
 can prevent it! What would you think of a herd number- 
 ing one hundred thousand ! They do not neigh like horses 
 nor bray like donkeys. The sound they make is more like 
 a sharp bark, but even barks — by the hundred thousand — 
 keep a place from being very silent. And sometimes, at 
 night, lions and hyenas and leopards and other animals 
 make the forests roar and howl and scream. 
 
 You may meet in your day's tramp a rhinoceros, prob- 
 ably two — they travel in pairs. There is danger that the 
 meeting may be unpleasant for yoiL Or, if you are canoe- 
 ing, a hippopotamus, coming up for fresh air, may capsize 
 your boat and you into the midst of a — herd? — of crocodiles. 
 Possibly there may be too much life, sometimes! 
 
 Hunters in Africa do not take time to say the whole 
 nauics of these last-mentioned creatures, but call them, for 
 short, "rhinos," "hippos," and "crocs." 
 
 There are giraffes and baboons and gorillas and ante- 
 lopes and ostriches — which seem half bird and half camel, 
 and — oh, yes, there are camels, but they are not really 
 African, having been brought in from Arabia, by the 
 Mohammedans, to be "ships of the desert." 
 
 And there are chattering parrots by the thousand, and 
 monkeys without number, swinging and climbing in the 
 forests and making, as Dr. Halsey says, as much noise as 
 a train of cars ! 
 
 There are snakes in Africa, too — very poisonous, some 
 of them are — and big lizards, and as for the insects — they 
 swarm in myriads, many kinds, but most of all, ants — 
 tiny yellow ants, red ants, their African name, meaning 
 "boiling water," describes their bite — huge black ants an 
 inch long — fortunately harmless; the kind called "vsiafu," 
 which bite, indeed, and never let go until killed. They 
 march along in their millions and nothing but fire will turn 
 them from their chosen course. A man will sometimes 
 burn down his house to get rid of them. 
 
 Finally there are the large white ants, the kind that 
 
 38 
 
devour almost everything in their way, and build those 
 huge hillocks, which are such a common sight in Africa. 
 
 I think you referred to a generally brownish sort of 
 country. 
 
 Well, in Africa there are "dry" and "rainy" seasons. 
 In the wet season, things sometimes seem a little too wet, 
 and it is possible that in the dry season they ma}" be rather 
 too dry — and perhaps, a trifle brownish, especially in those 
 sandy places we have spoken of. But just wait a little! 
 The wise men are finding out how to treat deserts. It 
 would surprise you to see how quickly Kalihari, when en- 
 couraged by a few little showers, becomes green and 
 pleasant, and when this desert and the Sahara are irri- 
 gated, you will surely see them blossom as the rose ! 
 
 But think of all those lakes and rivers and mountain 
 torrents, and — I regret to say it — those sadly numerous 
 
 ^r^^E^MRy*^p**'as»*'i«^^ia»P^P»H-''.5''- ; • ■ ' a >,^"'><] 
 
 -^^M^M^ 
 
 : :aji.^^^ 
 
 
 
 
 |ir^^ ' " 
 
 
 . ....m 
 
 A Halt in the Forest. 
 
 swamps, where the water is often up to a man's waist, or even 
 his neck ; the hot sun , and on the coasts the steaming moisture. 
 
 And in place of your brown land, behold a world of 
 beauty ! 
 
 The majestic rivers, and the clear lakes; mountains 
 blue in the distance, nearer by golden under the brilliant 
 sunshine, their ravines filled with deep pur])ling shadows. 
 
 Silvery topped are tliese mountains or rosy red where 
 
 39 
 
the setting sun glows in rich crimson upon granite peaks. 
 Sparkling water leaps down their sides, gleaming through 
 the dark green glades of the forests. Such beautiful for- 
 ests, the magnificent trees draped with rich vines and 
 orchids, while at their feet are graceful ferns and fragrant 
 and brilliant flowers of many colors. Do you see flying 
 among the trees gray and scarlet parrots, the weaver bird 
 with dazzling head of orange-gold, and the sun birds flash- 
 ing green and red through the air? Gorgeous butterflies 
 flit here and there — and look up, up, up through the trees; 
 what soft bright blue sky is there, and what lovely fleecy 
 white clouds float by! N'ot a brown land! 
 
 Yet it is old Africa still, the same mysterious, awe- 
 inspiring land — silent too, and still, save for sounds that 
 seem only to make it the more remote and melancholy. 
 
 And those dragons and monsters and fearful unseen 
 terrors — are they not in this Africa ? 
 
 See that heavy fog winding in and out on the river 
 courses, like some frightful serpent. Its real name is 
 fever, and many, many who have gone to Africa for Africa's 
 good have been slain by it. This serpent is hundred- 
 headed and hard to kill — but there are brave men in 
 Africa who have set out to kill him. There, to-day, is a 
 German — keeping his eye on him and patiently biding 
 his time! When the right moment comes he will strike 
 a crushing blow at those hundred heads. 
 
 What was it that Livingstone said: ''I would like to 
 devote a portion of my life to the discovery of a remedy 
 for that terrible disease, the African fever." He learned 
 much about it, and about how to prevent it, and the Liv- 
 ingstone College took up his work ''where he left it off." 
 This monster will be conquered some day, and those hor- 
 rible creatures — half bird, half beast — which seem to have 
 gone through and through Africa — their feet leaving ruin 
 and desolation wherever they touched. Their real name 
 is the slave trade! 
 
 In the old Africa there was that unseen monster, which 
 could be felt, but was the more fearful because it could not 
 be seen and grappled with. It terrified the bravest men. 
 
 But our present-day heroes, aye, and our present-day 
 heroines, the missionaries, meet it. It is worse than all 
 hardships — worse than the fever; but, with the help of 
 Christ, they conquer it. Its real name to the Germans is 
 
 40 
 
heimweh. We call it homesickness. So there is sadness and 
 gloom in the beauty of Africa, but when its new life shall 
 burst upon it, the gloom and sadness shall vanish away. 
 
 Hnigwbere, provi&e& it be forwav&. 
 
 Suggested Programme. Chapter III. 
 
 I. Singing: '' O God of Bethel." (Livingstone's favorite hymn.) 
 
 II. Bible Reading: Animals of the Bible. 
 
 III. Prayer. Offering. 
 
 IV. Singing: ''Peace, Perfect Peace." (Bishop Hannington's 
 
 favorite hymn.) 
 
 V. A Lion Story.* 
 
 VI. Stopped by Elephants. f 
 
 VII. Astonishment: A Tale of Two Lions t 
 
 VIII. A Fall into a Game Pit.f 
 
 IX. Rhinoceros, or?{ 
 
 X. Life in a Hammock. J Keeping Christmas under Difficulties. % 
 XL Roll Call (Responses. Animals of Africa.) 
 
 XIL Singing: '' Brightly Gleams Our Banner." (Stanley's hymn.) 
 Questions. Chapter III. 
 
 1. What is yottr present idea of Africa? 
 
 2. What is the 
 real Africa's gen- 
 eral shape? 
 
 3. Why is its 
 heat less than that 
 of some tropical 
 countries? 
 
 4. Where is the 
 line of greatest 
 heat? 
 
 5. Why are 
 waterfalls very 
 numerous? 
 
 6. Name some 
 of the principal 
 mountains. 
 
 7. Some of the 
 natural products. 
 
 8. H o w did 
 camels come to 
 Africa ? 
 
 9. What part of 
 the year is ''dry?" 
 W hat par t " w et ? " 
 
 10. Name ten things which help to make Africa a beautiful land 
 Progressive Map. Political Divisicvi. 
 
 Write 50-word sketches of: 
 Africaner. Crowther. Sechele. Khama. Susi. Chuma 
 
 O?) the Congo. 
 S?fiaU Boyfi Clearittg the Path. 
 
 * See " Life of Livingstone." 
 
 tSee " Pioneering in Central Africa." Chapters XX\'l 1 1 ami 
 
 % See " Peril and Adventure in Central Africa," pp. 62 09. 
 
 41 
 
 xxx. 
 
^' There is always much congratulation when a girl is born, as 
 it means one more to cultivate the ground. 
 
 "The saddest faces we saw were those of the women and little 
 girls. The poor women and girls are sold just as the goats and 
 chickens are sold. I asked one of our Christian boatmen what was 
 the price of a woman in his town. He said when a man wanted a 
 wife he bought her from her father or brother, or the head man of 
 the town, or whoever owned her. The woman could do nothing. 
 She was sold at the price her owner asked. The women do most 
 of the work. We saw them early in the morning carrying heavy 
 loads, and often in addition a baby strapped to their backs. We 
 saw them hard at work in the gardens in the hot part of the day ; 
 we saw them at evening go out with their fishing nets or baskets 
 to catch fish. The husbands, meanwhile, were lazily smoking 
 their pipes or lounging in the 'Palaver House/ talking, or when 
 not too weary, hunting birds or animals which, when caught, the 
 wife had to cook, and rarely was given any of it to eat. Their 
 faces were very sad, and no wonder. Even little girls not over 
 ten or twelve years of age are sold by their parents or brothers." 
 
 "Some of the children are so stupefied by ill-treatment that 
 often it is weeks before their poor, dull little faces begin to smile. 
 They are lovable children, and they become very fond of those who 
 are kind to them." 
 
 "We passed some carriers. . . . The carrying of loads 
 does not encourage sightseeing, and by the day's end the eyes of a 
 carrier do not wander far from the path, so these women were pass- 
 ing me, heads down. But I spoke the word of greeting and they 
 looked up. ... It was very oppressively sad — there never 
 was one that smiled at me. And the younger the girl, the more 
 morose her gaze." 
 
 42 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 m 
 
 THE BOYS AND THE GIRLS. 
 
 rE know now where to find them. In the Nile 
 Valley; high up in the Lake country; where the 
 Zambesi flows; — along the Congo — east or west, 
 north or south — we know the way now to all the 
 boys and girls of Africa. 
 
 I wonder how they are living — what they are doing 
 and saying and thinking and feeling, this very day! 
 Because you know we — Americans, I mean, and Europeans 
 — have had a great deal to do with this matter; their 
 thoughts and actions and feelings might have been so 
 much higher and purer, and happier, if Christian na- 
 tions and people had not so fearfully disgraced the Name 
 they bear! 
 
 All that we can ever do for Africa cannot atone for this. 
 
 But we can undo some of the evil, and we can do so 
 much good ! 
 
 And this makes Africa for us 
 the greatest and most sacred mis- 
 sion field in all the world. Saying 
 "I am sorry," is not enough. It is 
 a case for doing. You boys and 
 girls have before you splendid 
 chances to do ! 
 
 You and the boys and girls of 
 Africa are, of course, about the same 
 age, and naturally, you will grow 
 along together and all reach man- 
 hood and womanhood about the 
 same time. 
 
 But by such a different course ! 
 And with such a different start in life. 
 
 Savagery, heathenism, cannibal- 
 ism, barbarism, the terror of witch- 
 craft and evil spirits, slavery, suffering — this is the in- 
 heritance of the boys and girls of Africa. 
 
 Not a bright or happy thing to lighten the weight. 
 How terribly handicapped they are! 
 
 Well, how are they living to-day? these boys and girls 
 in Africa. 
 
 48 
 
 Northern Sudan. 
 
Not that they could all live in the same way in a con- 
 tinent five thousand miles long and nearly as many broad! 
 They do not all look alike, either. 
 
 Some have black skins, others brown, and there are 
 many different shades of brown. The black and the dark- 
 est brown are more likely to be found in 
 the north, the lighter in the south. 
 
 (The question of how wf came by our 
 white skins puzzles these dark-skinned 
 people more than a little! The solution 
 that seems best to satisfy them is that we 
 got it by sleeping in water.) 
 
 They all have large brown eyes — there 
 may be some further mention of their 
 eyes — beautiful white teeth, and hair that 
 is more or less ''kinky " — generally more. 
 
 Unless changed by slavery, they have 
 strong, straight, and graceful bodies — erect 
 and graceful partly from carrying heavy 
 burdens on their heads, almost never in 
 their hands ! 
 
 The climate is warm and they do not 
 wear much clothing, but are generally 
 fond of ornaments, and they give much time and thought 
 to the arrangement and adornment of that kinky hair. 
 
 Plaits , braids , rolls — even ' ' Pompadours ' ' — flowers , 
 feathers of bright colors, ostrich plumes and beads — wonder- 
 ful, indeed, are some of their coiffures, and many and jing- 
 ling are their Vjracelets and rings. 
 
 All over Africa the people live in villages or ''towns." 
 Often there is a stockade for protection against enemies — 
 men or beasts. 
 
 Sometimes a broad "street" leads to the center of the 
 town, where, under some magnificent tree, the king — who 
 is also judge — holds court, and pronounces sentence against 
 criminals. Outside of the town are groves of plantains 
 and bananas, cassava gardens, and in some places fields of 
 maize and ground nuts. These things form the chief food 
 of the people. 
 
 In some parts of the country sheep and goats and 
 chickens are plentiful, and there are places where great 
 herds of fine cattle graze upon the hills. But you will see, 
 later, why this cannot be the case in all parts of Africa. 
 
 44 
 
Shall we watch a house going up in the Congo country ? 
 The "building" materials have all been brought from 
 the forest. Poles of a kind of tree that the white ants 
 are not fond of; bamboo, straight and without knots, 
 so as to split easily, and yards and yards of rattan 
 vine. 
 
 They have stuck the 
 poles in the ground, and 
 are tying to them long 
 strips of bamboo, plac- 
 ing them quite close to- 
 gether, so as to form with 
 the poles a sort of basket 
 work, which the girls 
 help to plaster with 
 mud made from red 
 clay. 
 
 This work is done 
 with that queer and 
 ever - useful hoe. The 
 roof is a network of bam- 
 boo strips tied with the 
 rattan "twine" to raft- 
 ers of stout bamboo 
 poles. Often it is 
 thatched with a long, 
 curely, but this house 
 neatly sewed together. 
 
 There! the house is finished. Not a nail in it, or a 
 window, either, nor any light or air save that which comes 
 through the open and very low doorway. There is no 
 furniture other than a mat or two, a few earthen jars and 
 some gourds for holding water or palm wine. 
 
 But this is quite elaborate arcliitecture. In many 
 parts of Africa "building a house" is merely a matter of 
 cutting some long saplings or strong withes, sticking them 
 into the ground, bending the ends together in the middle, 
 tying them with vine rope, and covering the frame thus 
 made with a thatch of grass. A hole is left in one side, so 
 low that one has to crawl in and out. 
 
 You think that this grass hut is not of much interest 
 to us, except for the reason that it, and others like it, form 
 a shelter for millions of our fellow-beings. 
 
 45 
 
 Xative Dress. 
 
 broad-bladed grass tied on se- 
 has a covering of palm leaves 
 
Ngoniland. 
 
 It is deeply interesting, though, and after a while, when 
 yoti know all of Africa's thrilling and touching story, the 
 mere mention of such a hut will, I think, bring tears to 
 
 your eyes and 
 very tender 
 thoughts will 
 stir in your 
 heart. 
 
 It will be so 
 with many 
 things and 
 places in Africa. 
 But not all 
 the boys and 
 girls are house- 
 building to-day! 
 The girls — 
 what sad faces 
 the}^ have — are 
 weeding, hoeing, sowing (but not sewing — that is boys* 
 work!) planting, cooking, or pounding cassava root in a 
 mortar. The boys, probably, are learning to hunt or fight. 
 You can hear to-day or any other day, the terrific din of 
 their great war drums and horns. 
 
 Some of them may be * 'learning a trade" — blacksmith- 
 ing, perhaps, for in Africa, too, '*the village smithy 
 stands," and the 
 blacksmith is an im- 
 portant man. He col- 
 lects native iron and 
 copper ores, smelts 
 them and then works 
 them up into hoes, 
 knives, battle axes, 
 rings, bracelets — 
 many things. His 
 work is well done, 
 too, but with such a 
 funny little anvil and 
 such very queer bel- 
 lows. Some of the people become merchants. The African 
 dearly loves to trade, and he is shrewd in ** buying at a 
 cheap market and selling at a dear one." 
 
 46 
 
 A Native Blacksmith. 
 
Then there is the manufacture of cloth from bark, from 
 plants like hemp or cotton, and from the soft young plants 
 of the palm tree. 
 
 Among some of the West African tribes mat making is 
 almost a fine art. Bamboo-palm is used for these, and the 
 patterns, which are in some cases really beautiful, are 
 colored with vegetable dyes. You might here and there 
 find a boy who is learning to be a carver or wood worker. 
 I don't know how it comes about, for they certainly have 
 never been taught geometry, but the perfection of some of 
 their geometrical figures is amazing, and they have such 
 poor little tools to work with. Yet with them, they do not 
 hesitate to attack a solid 
 block of ebony and make 
 a chair of it, and their 
 carving lasts for ages. 
 
 There are clever pot- 
 ters in some of the 
 tribes, who have not 
 even a potter's wheel, 
 but by means of a 
 wooden paddle, a piece 
 of broken gourd and a 
 knife, turn out well 
 shaped pots and jars. 
 They sift the sand for 
 these through a sieve 
 made with bamboo 
 splints. What would they do without the bamboo? 
 
 The vessels thus made stand hard usage, as when water, 
 weighing over seventy pounds, is carried in one of them 
 up a steep hill. A girl learns to do this; and though the 
 jar may stand a good deal, the endurance of her head is the 
 really amazing thing. 
 
 We wondered what boys and girls in Africa might be 
 saying to-day. The African loves to talk, and doubtless 
 there is much being said, but by the older people chiefly, 
 the boys and girls listening. With their inheritance in 
 mind, we should like to give them happier things to hear, to 
 talk about, and to think of. 
 
 You do not hear of many roads in Africa, but you do 
 hear of paths in all directions. 
 
 Shall we follow some children who are about starting 
 
 47 
 
 Preparing/ Hark (loth, r(j<i/nl(i. 
 
Pottery Vt'wlcs^ West Africa. 
 
 along one of these paths for a town far away in the forest? 
 
 Perhaps you may not have noticed some queer 
 
 little objects fastened to a string and hanging 
 
 at the necks of the boys and girls we have seen. 
 
 Nutshells, bones, 
 teeth or claws of 
 leop ard s, little 
 sticks, a shred of 
 cloth; oh, anything, 
 almost, it may be, 
 only a witch doc- 
 tor must have 
 "blessed" it and 
 thus made it the 
 home of some spirit. 
 Before they set 
 out on this journey 
 through the forest 
 they must see that 
 these fetiches are all in order. Now they start — but there! 
 on the path coming towards them is a man ! — the first of a 
 long line of carriers coming with their loads from far away 
 in the interior. It will never do to go on now, for meeting a 
 man at the start means that something evil is going to h appen ! 
 
 If it had been a wo- 
 man, all would be well. 
 So they return to their 
 own town and start 
 again. But a bird alights 
 on a branch above them. 
 Anxiously they look ; 
 ah, its wings are tipped 
 with white. This is a 
 good sign. Sothe^^goon. 
 They hope above all 
 things not to meet a 
 brown bird, always call- 
 ing out ''via, via." If 
 they should, their poor 
 little hearts would stand still with terror, for ''via" means 
 "witch-palaver," and that means "condemned to die in the 
 fire." They are so afraid a snake called " Nduma" may 
 cross the forest path. It would mean certain death to them. 
 
 48 
 
 Evening in Basvtoland. 
 
And there is the wild dog, Mbula. It means some ter- 
 rible calamity to meet Mbula. 
 
 So they go on — frightened, too, by the shaking of a leaf — 
 there are spirits in the leaves — or the dancing shadows on 
 the path — they are spirits; — terrified by the black shades 
 of the forest. 
 
 For they have been taught that the great Being who 
 made the world cares not for it or for them, but has given 
 control of all things to the spirits which they believe are 
 everywhere, all of them evil spirits who wish to hurt them. 
 Poor little souls ! They do what 
 the}^ can by making offerings and 
 by wearing the fetich to keep off 
 the bad spirits. 
 
 Look ! just ahead of them an 
 enormous tree has fallen across the 
 pathway. They believe a spirit 
 lives in this great tree. Watch them 
 now — they bow their heads, and 
 they must not speak. Silently, tim- 
 idly, they approach the tree, and as 
 they stoop to pass under, each one 
 places on the upper side a little 
 pebble, hoping it may please the 
 spirit that they remembered him. 
 See ! the log is covered with such 
 offerings — pebbles, shells, leaves, 
 perhaps. 
 
 All along the forest paths are such 
 offerings ; at the base of very large 
 trees, in deep caves, and on large 
 rocks. 
 
 There is one kind of spirit that 
 is more terrifying, perhaps, than all the rest. It is only 
 faintly seen — it never speaks, or stays in one place long 
 enough to be spoken to. It flits from spot to spot, and is 
 most likely to be met in dark places, in the shadows and 
 in the twilight. Most surely of all in the forest at night. 
 
 Did it ever happen, when you were a little tot, that 
 some thoughtless person frightened you with stories like 
 this? You can remember the terror of that dark night 
 when you started up from sleep feeling this horrid some- 
 thing near you. And you remember, too, that some one 
 
 49 
 
 Witch Doctor. 
 
with gentle voice and touch comforted you, telling you 
 
 there was nothing near you — nothing but love, and that all 
 
 would be bright in the morning. 
 
 So you go to sleep again, and all is bright and safe in the 
 
 morning. But there is no one to comfort the little 
 
 African chil- 
 dren, and when 
 morning comes 
 the}^ are in ter- 
 ror still. 
 
 We kn o w 
 that all these 
 things they so 
 much dread are 
 not real, and, of 
 course, cannot 
 hurt them; but, 
 as they near the 
 journey's end, 
 
 we can see, coming up the path, a line of men, tall 
 
 and powerful, dressed in loose white robes and carrying 
 
 guns, and — oh, what are those things? — forked sticks, are 
 
 they not ? 
 
 Oti7' hearts stand still now with dread. We can hardly 
 
 bear this. Those poor little children! for these men are 
 
 Arabs, and they are hunting for slaves. 
 
 A Basket Work in East Africa. 
 
 K?ou &on't hnow wbat ^ou can ^o until ^ou tr^^. 
 
 Suggested Programme. Chapter IV. 
 
 I. Singing: ^' I Think When I Read That Sweet Story of Old." 
 
 II. Bible Reading: Jesus Blessing Little Children. 
 
 III. Prayer. Offering. 
 
 IV. Singing: " There Is a Green Hill Far Away." 
 
 V. Boys and Girls in Africa.* Their ''Inheritance" and Ours 
 
 Informal talk. 
 
 VI. How They Live. 
 
 VII. What They Do. Items. 
 
 50 
 
VIII. What They Believe. Are They Happy?* Discussion. 
 
 IX. The Great Sorrow of Africa. Story. 
 
 X. Singing: ^^Once Again, Dear Lord, We Pray," ^'^r5^5 1,3,4 
 
 (^^ China for Juniors," p. 41). 
 
 Who said? And When? 
 "A score of us would never make a Mackay." 
 '*So much to do; so little done." 
 
 ** You might as well teach the baboons on the rocks." 
 ^'Do be in earnest, do.'' 
 **The greatest missionary since Livingstone (who)? " 
 
 '* Warrior of God, man's friend, not laid below, 
 But somewhere dead, far in the waste Sudan, 
 Thou livest in all hearts; for all men know 
 This earth has borne no simpler, better man." 
 
 Questions. Chapter IV. 
 
 1. Why are we in part responsible for the sorrows of Africa? 
 
 2. What is the inheritance of the boys and girls? 
 
 3. Write out your ''inheritance," in eight items. 
 
 4. What is a '' fetich?" 
 
 5. What is its purpose? 
 
 6. How do the African children try to keep bad spirits away ? 
 
 7. What do they most fear? 
 
 8. Why cannot their mothers comfort them? 
 
 9. What is the 
 greatest real terror 
 in Africa ? 
 
 10. What was the 
 use of the forked 
 sticks ? (see next 
 chapter.) 
 
 Progressive 
 Map. Towns. 
 
 PUZZLE. 
 
 Main Av(nue, Livingstonia Institution. 
 
 Where a slave 
 market used to 
 be there is now 
 a Church, its 
 
 altar standing over the spot where the whipping-post once was. 
 The Church was designed by a missionary and built by Africans. 
 What slave-market f Who was the Missionary architect f What is 
 the Church called f 
 
 *''Boys and Boys " and "Girls and Girls," published by the C. M. S., London, 
 Eng. ; also "A Trip on the ' Dorothy '," by Dr. A. \V. Halsey. 
 
 51 
 
One day I was called to see a boy who had been brought into 
 my hospital seriously ill. To my surprise no one could speak to 
 him in a language he could understand, though I had people with 
 me who could speak a great many languages. This was very sad, 
 as I could not make the little fellow understand that I wanted to 
 be kind to him, and he was in such a state of terror that even when 
 we tried to feed him he did not seem able to trust us. At first I 
 could not understand what the trouble was, but the next day I 
 discovered that the tall, stately Mohammedan negro, who had 
 brought him, was his master and that he was his slave. I was told 
 that only a few days before he had been torn from his home by a 
 heartless slave-catcher, that his father and mother had probably 
 been killed before his eyes, and that then he had been sold to the 
 man who had brought him to me. His master was very anxious 
 about him, because it would mean serious loss of money if he died. — 
 Boys and Boys, p. 113. 
 
 52 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 SLAVE HUNTERS. 
 
 ^^V^UNTING for slaves! How long^ it has been going 
 Jll^ on in Africa, the slave-hunting ground of the world ! 
 ^^J By Africans, Mohammedans, and — we can hardly 
 y^Wr^ think it — by Christians. 
 
 > Do you remember Prince Henry of Portugal, 
 
 who found Africa after it had been so long hidden and lost? 
 Henry, the Navigator! How much we admired him for 
 his courage and energy. 
 
 But — Henry, the slave hunter — for so he really was, 
 though the actual capturing was done b}^ other and rougher 
 men — this is a fearful name for a Christian man to bear. 
 Henry was the first to bear it, but many followed him. 
 
 You remember how suddenly, and all at once, the world 
 
 seemed to grow larger in ? Dates are ''horrid," but 
 
 I expect every boy and girl of you to fill this blank in grand 
 chorus ! 
 
 1492? Why, certainly; and you will remember Cap- 
 tain Christopher Columbus so steered his course that the 
 shout of Land! meant a tropical land, in which would 
 thrive, among other things, sugar and cotton. 
 
 And crops of sugar and cotton meant wealth; but the 
 natives of these tropical islands had not strength enough 
 for the toil of the plantations. It was discovered that the 
 African was stronger and better able to endure it; so for 
 more than three hundred years slave hunters traveled 
 through and through Africa, capturing the people and 
 driving them in gangs chained together, to the west coast. 
 There they were shipped to the plantations in America. 
 
 But not always in Portuguese ships, though this in- 
 famous trade had begun with the Portuguese (and a shvvc 
 market had been opened at Lisbon). 
 
 We need just here two snapshots at the English seas. 
 English, in this connection ? It is hard to believe it, is it not ? 
 
 Our first picture is a crescent-shaped line of great war- 
 ships sailing slowly toward the southern coasts of England. 
 They are sighted from Plymouth. Here is their "snapshot! " 
 '' For swift to east and swift to west the warning radiance spread; 
 High on St. Michael's Mount it shone, it shone on, on Beaehy Head; 
 Far o'er the deep the Spaniard sees, along each southern shire, 
 Cape beyond cape in endless range, those twinkling points of firc\" 
 
 53 
 
This is enough for English boys and girls, and their 
 
 American cousins as well (though we were all English then). 
 
 You know what happened after that, and you do not 
 
 forget the men who helped Queen Elizabeth — and the 
 
 vnnds — to defeat the great Armada. Hawkins was one of 
 
 the me n — m a d e Sir 
 John, for helping to save 
 England and Freedom 
 that glorious day! But 
 for years he was Captain 
 John Hawkins — the 
 slave hunter — the first 
 Englishman to become 
 one, and it is to him 
 we owe our second pic- 
 ture. Slave-ships in the 
 English seas — and it is 
 hard to believe that for 
 more than two hundred 
 years Christian England 
 stood at the head of 
 The Slave March, slave-trading nations; 
 
 and that in a single 
 year, one hundred and ninety-two of these ships sailed for 
 African ports, prepared to carry more than forty- seven thou- 
 sand slaves to the West Indies and the American colonies. 
 Some of the slave-dealers employed African kidnappers 
 to capture their slaves, paying them in rum. It is not 
 pleasant for us to think that much of it was New England 
 rum, made expressly for this purpose. 
 
 Poor Africa! it seems to know nothing but sorrow, for 
 this rum grew to be a curse second only to slavery. 
 
 It is hardly possible to write or to read very much of the 
 awful cruelties of the slave hunters. They are too awful. 
 Or of the terrible sufferings of the slave march to the sea. 
 Not all the poor creatures lived to reach the coast; all 
 along the march the weaker men, the mothers with babies, 
 and many, many little children, weary and sick and starv- 
 ing, were left to die by the way, and perhaps this was better 
 than to be crowded into the wretched ships for the un- 
 speakable tortures of the long voyage to America, which 
 could end only in death or in life-long bondage, often to 
 most cruel masters. 
 
 54 
 
All this went on, until in many parts of Africa there 
 were no more people to capture, for the slave hunters had 
 taken them all. But better times were coming. Not all 
 Englishmen — and not all Americans — were like Hawkins! 
 Some day you will want to hear the whole splendid story 
 of the stopping of the slave-trade in Africa — first on the 
 west coast. Happy are we that there are no Christian 
 slave hunters, or slave holders now. 
 
 Lagos — you will find it in about the middle of what 
 used to be called the Slave Coast — was the great center of 
 this west coast trade. There were other slave markets 
 farther down the coast, but Lagos was the worst of them 
 all, for many slave tracks from the far interior ended here, 
 and every year about 200,000 slaves were shipped 
 away. 
 
 But in 1 86 1 the British Government closed this old slave 
 market forever. 
 
 There is another place you already know by its Portu- 
 guese name. Sierra Leone — but now it has another name, 
 in good strong English — Freetown. In the midst of 
 slave hunters and hunted, yokes, chains and fetters, this 
 name is refreshing and astonishing. 
 
 Why is it called so? Because in 1807 the slave trade was 
 abolished; man-stealing became piracy (ask some one to tell 
 you the laws against piracy) and from this time on, English 
 gunboats patrolled the coast, seizing the slave ships and 
 recapturing the slaves, who were 
 taken to Sierra Leone and set 
 FREE. And this was the way that 
 something of the length of those 
 terrible slave marches came to 
 be known, for soon there were 
 gathered at Freetown people 
 from more than a hundred differ- 
 ent tribes. How long the march 
 for some of them ! There were 
 so many different languages! 
 and of course, the wretched, 
 terror-stricken, homesick people ^^ . ^^ ^ 
 
 11 ^ 1.1 Ilaj^piness Ahead. 
 
 could not understand one an- 
 other. Most desolate of all were the fatherless and 
 motherless boys and girls. But at least they had been 
 rescued from worse things; and little as it seemed so, 
 
 55 
 
there was happiness ahead. The cover of this book proves 
 it. For there were missionaries at Freetown, and by 
 degrees the terrified children and the older people, too, 
 began to understand that not all white men were 
 slavers. And how they did come to love those who cared 
 for their misery, and taught them happier things! It was 
 
 hard for them when 
 those kind friends had 
 to leave them, even for 
 a short visit to England. 
 Listen! as they say good- 
 bye — ''Massa! if no 
 water live here, we go 
 ivith yovt all the way, till 
 no feet more.''' 
 
 Sierra Leone has a 
 fine story after this. I 
 wish we could stay to see 
 the change in the people 
 when they become Chris- 
 tians, as many, many 
 do. Some of them find 
 their way back to their 
 old homes, and start life 
 again as Christian free- 
 men. There was a cer- 
 tain African clergyman 
 and bishop — Well, he 
 has a wonderful story, which, if you are wise, you will read. 
 No more slave hunters on the '^vest coast of Africa! 
 For this we are glad and thankful. 
 
 But of the east coast — what can we say? 
 Words fail to tell of the horrors of the Arab slave trade. 
 And it was the Arabs, you know, who captured our poor 
 little children in the forest. But once, in Nyasaland, some 
 missionaries rescued a slave caravan made up of more than 
 fifty little children, so little that they could give scarcely any 
 account of themselves. Perhaps they were our little children ! 
 It was the sight of the ghastly work of these Arabs that 
 stirred Livingstone to hot anger and also to Christlike com- 
 passion, and you will remember that when he made that 
 wonderful trip across Africa he wrote in his journals full 
 accounts of what he saw. 
 
 56 
 
 Six Girls as Received. 
 
This Arab trade had two objects, first to obtain ivory, 
 and then to secure slaves to carry it to the coast. When 
 the slavers had collected a large pile of tusks— you will re- 
 member the great herds of elephants and the numerous 
 ''hippos" in Central Africa— they would appear suddenly 
 in a village, seize a multitude of the defenceless natives- 
 men, women and chil- 
 dren — for slaves. There 
 were terrible scenes 
 then, when the merciless 
 drivers, to prevent the 
 possible escape of their 
 victims, thrust upon 
 their necks the huge 
 wooden yoke, made of a 
 young tree from which 
 all the branches were cut 
 awa}^ leaving a forked 
 end. Into this fork the 
 neck was thrust, and the 
 ends of the fork were 
 united by an iron pin. 
 The heavy log being thus 
 attached to his body, 
 the slave could not run 
 away. Having captured 
 these, the slave hunters 
 burn down the grass 
 huts, and kill all the peo- 
 ple who try to escape. Countless villages are thus swept away 
 and their inhabitants murdered or carried off into slavery. 
 
 And yet this tells almost nothing of what these bar- 
 barous cruelties were. 
 
 No wonder that Livingstone had declared from the 
 beginning of his journeys that the stopping of the slave 
 trade must be the very first step in the saving of Africa. 
 
 The accounts he sent home and his visits to England 
 and Scotland aroused Britain to a sense of the atrocities 
 of this awful Arab trade. Tlie British Government — if you 
 boys and girls (girls are sometimes supposed not to care 
 for such things, but they do, all the same), want to 
 see something soul-stirring and fi)ic, just watch the British 
 Government as it works in Africa from this time on — the 
 
 57 
 
 The Same Six, " Clothed and in their Bight 
 Minds, or Partly So.'' 
 
British Government, as a just and kind and mighty Power, 
 and its officers as brave, firm, kind and just ^nen. 
 
 And in Africa's story there is something finer than the 
 British Government. We are coming to it ! 
 
 The awakening of Africa has been called an '' Epic." If 
 you have made friends with Vergil and Homer, you have 
 learned that an epic must have a /z^ro. Africa has its hero, 
 and as the message that the British Government had taken 
 definite measures to put down the Arab slave trade was on 
 its way to him, his thirty years of noble living for Africa 
 ended. Kneeling in prayer beside his bed of sticks and 
 grass, in the little grass hut at Ilala, Livingstone died for 
 Africa. Cannot you hear his last words to us ? — but they 
 were written, not spoken — All I can add in my soliUide is, 
 may Heaven's rich blessing come down on everyone, American, 
 English, or Turk, who will help to heal this open sore of the 
 world. 
 
 Women Rescued from Slavery. 
 
 Now, indeed, as was said at his funeral in Westminster 
 Abbey, "the work of England for Africa must begin in 
 earnest where Livingstone left it off." It did begin in 
 earnest— and by the life and through the death of Africa's 
 
 58 
 
hero, the awful slave trade has at last been put down; but 
 not easily; it was a hard, hard fight. 
 
 Zanzibar then was to the east coast of Africa what 
 Lagos had been to the west: the end of the slave march 
 and the largest and worst of slave markets. 
 
 Now, in the height of all these horrors, English gun- 
 
 Steamer and Mission Boat on Lake Nyasa, 
 
 boats appear in the Indian Ocean ! We know what to ex- 
 pect of them, and just what we expect, they do! They 
 seize the slave dhows, and at first the rescued slaves are 
 sent to Bombay, India. Some are taken care of by the 
 Church Missionary Society at Nasik. We shall hear again 
 of some ''Nasik boys!" 
 
 Later, Freetown on the west coast is balanced by 
 Freretown (named for Sir Bartle Frere, whom you will 
 know some day) on the east. Here more ''liberated Afri- 
 cans" are cared for and taught. 
 
 (Freretown carries us back in thought all the way to 
 John Ludwig Krapf and his wife and little baby. Why 
 should it ?) 
 
 But closing the market at Zanzibar is not enough. The 
 infuriated Arabs find other ways to get their ivory to the 
 coast, and their slaves into Arabia, Turkey and Persia. 
 
 For a moment we leave the British Government and 
 its gunboats, to watch another little vessel, not a gunboat, 
 as it is taken up the Zambesi and the Shire, carried in 
 sections past the rapids in the river — then put together 
 
 59 
 
again. Now, look! it floats on Lake Nyasa! — Living- 
 stone's lake — and the day it first furrows the waters is 
 October 12th, 1875. ^^1 ^^^ world — at least all the mission- 
 ary and kind-hearted world — loves the little steamer Ilala, 
 and remembers this date, because from this day the slave 
 trade of Nyasaland was doomed. 
 
 Not only that — the boat and the date mean such good 
 for Africa that no words or even thoughts can measure it. 
 
 But for years the conflict continues between the slave 
 trade and those who would put it down. In Central Africa, 
 and in the Sudan, under Baker, and later under General 
 Gordon, who made a splendid fight against the slave hun- 
 ter Zebehr Rahama — known as the Black Pasha — with 
 whom were joined all the slave dealers of the eastern Sudan. 
 
 Military posts were formed at points where the trade 
 was worst, reaching all the way to the Victoria Nyanza, for 
 Gordon was Governor General of a district sixteen hundred 
 miles long and seven hundred wide. 
 
 You should have seen Gordon! He seemed every- 
 where at once — wherever were needed his strong arm and 
 cool judgment, there would he appear on his swift camicl. 
 There are many famous "rides" — you American boys and 
 girls straightway hear the thundering hoofs and see the 
 sparks fly — as Paul Revere, and Putnam, and Sheridan go 
 flashing by! But you should have seen Gordon's camel 
 ride to Dara, when the station was threatened by Zebehr's 
 son, with six thousand armed slaves — robbers and mur- 
 derers all. 
 
 Gordon's troops were greatly inferior to the legions 
 of the slave hunters, but they were always victorious when 
 "Chinese Gordon" led them. And indeed, Gordon could, 
 and did, win victories without an army. 
 
 Within nine months he captured sixty-three slave car- 
 avans, releasing over two thousand slaves, and drove out 
 the slave hunter from the land. But when his strong hand 
 was removed, the horrid dragon of the slave trade again 
 reared up his hideous head, and in Central Africa the 
 slavers seemed roused to more cruel and reckless work than 
 ever, and the horrors of it spread all over the land. 
 
 Year after year these things went on. At length — it 
 was in 1887 — the Arabs broke out in open war against 
 missionaries, traders — all Europeans. This war continues 
 for two years, and then something happens! 
 
 60 
 
I 
 
 We must go to Brussels to see it — a great Anti-Slavery 
 Conference, held at the suggestion of Queen Victoria. 
 Seventeen " Powers " are represented, and the result of the 
 conference is that they unanimously agree to prevent 
 by force the trade in slaves, arms and intoxicating liquors 
 in Africa. 
 
 Now Livingstone's dream comes true! English gun- 
 boats appear on the lakes, and British Indian troops are 
 brought in to break the power of the slave hunters. 
 
 It takes years to do it, but by 1895 there were rest and 
 peace and security in Nyasaland — the land where Living- 
 stone died; but not yet in the regions beyond from which 
 had sounded his first bugle-call. 
 
 There will be, though — watch for it! for in the next 
 chapter you will see a reason why it should be so. 
 
 In the meantime it helps mightily that the ivory trade 
 is now in Government control, and that in all but Moham- 
 medan lands the holding of slaves has ceased. 
 
 But there were representatives of Mohammedan Powers 
 at that Conference at Brussels, and when slavery ceases in 
 their countries, and when the tribes of Africa no longer 
 make slaves of one another, the slave hunter will be no 
 more! 
 
 
 
 ^mim,i^ 
 
 kPfn.^ U 
 
 ■1 F-- 
 
 •"W' W'^ • H 
 
 '^^ ' |fe%|i 
 
 '^BL.:^^^.!^^^ .^^^^^^H 
 
 
 r>j^ '^' 
 
 
 'I 
 
 Rescued. 
 
 B single gunboat on lake Itt^asa will ^o more to kill 
 tbe slave tra^e tban a fleet of warsbips on tbe coast. 
 
 61 
 
Suggested Programme. Chapter V. 
 
 I. Singing: " I Gave My Life for Thee." 
 
 II. Bible Reading: '*To set at Uberty them that are bruised. 
 
 Luke 4: 16-22. 
 in. Prayer. Offering. 
 
 IV. Singing: '' Hail to the Lord's Anointed." 
 
 V. Slavery on the West Coast. 
 
 I. Who started it? 2. Who stopped it and how? 
 
 VI. The Arab Slave Trade. 
 
 I. Its two-fold object. 2. Conquering the Conquerors. 
 
 VII. The Present Traffic. Where Is It ? Map talk. 
 VIII ''The Slave Boy who Became a Bishop." Story. 
 
 IX. Roll Call (Responses: Names of winners in this ''fight.") 
 
 X. Singing: 
 
 ''Christian, hearken! none has taught them 
 Of His love so deep and dear, 
 Of the precious price that bought them, 
 Of the nail, the thorn, the spear. 
 
 Ye who know Him, 
 Guide them from their darkness drear. 
 
 "Haste, oh! haste! and spread the tidings 
 Wide to earth's remotest strand; 
 Let no brother's bitter chidings 
 Rise against us — when we stand 
 
 In the judgment — 
 From some far forgotten land." 
 
 Questions. Chapter V. 
 
 1. Who was the first " Christian " slave-hunter? 
 
 2. What great discovery led to the demand for slaves? 
 
 3. What part had England in the slave trade? 
 
 4. What part had America? 
 
 62 
 
5- For what other curse is America largely responsible? 
 
 6. When was the West Coast traffic stopped? 
 
 7. Who first made known the horrors of the Arab trade? 
 
 8. To whom do we owe the stopping of these horrors? 
 
 9. In how many ways was the work taken up ''where Living- 
 
 stone left it off?" 
 10. In what parts of Africa is the slave trade ended? 
 Progressive Map. Railways. 
 What do these dates mean for Africa? 
 
 Nov. 4, 1897. 0-t. 12, 1875. Nov. 18, 1884. May i, 1873. 
 July 31, 1877. Oct. 12, 1900. 
 
 ■■ 
 
 ^^H 
 
 Wk 
 
 
 
 
 m0.Mmi 
 
 Sewing Class (Moravian Mssi(m\ German East Africa. 
 
 PUZZLE. 
 A House: built of brick, with doors, shutters and a staircase. 
 It has a telephone and electric bells. There are in it a typewriter 
 and a sewing machine. The owner — who helped to build the house — 
 rides a bicycle, has been to England, and has written a history of 
 his country. 
 
 Where is the house f Who is the owner ? 
 
 63 
 
Africa is the coming continent. It is the continent of the 
 twentieth century. The nations of the earth have entered it. 
 The old Africa must pass away. — A. W. Halsey, D. D., in Address 
 to the General Assembly. 
 
 All the appliances of modern civilization — schools, printing 
 presses, railways, telegraphs and towns — are excellent and neces- 
 sary. Many or all of these things can be found to-day in Central 
 Africa in places the very names of which we did not know thirty 
 years ago. Such things, however, only excite the native's cu- 
 riosity ; they do not move his heart or touch his springs of action ; 
 they are not strong enough to make the new continent, and the 
 new man to live in it. On the indurated mental and moral surface 
 of unbroken heathenism they make little or no abiding impression. 
 They are assigned to witchcraft; or they are put down amongst 
 many other unaccountable doings of these unaccountable men — 
 who are y^hiiQ. -!-D awn in the Dark Continent, p. 27. 
 
 64 
 
© 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 AFRICA TO-DAY. 
 
 UR story of Africa brings us up in unexpected 
 places, sometimes. This chapter starts in Berlin ! 
 Where we see, in November, 1884, a group of men 
 — very distinguished men they are, either emperors 
 kings or presidents, or their representatives. 
 
 or 
 
 What do you suppose this important gathering is for? 
 Why, for nothing more nor less than to cut up Africa and 
 distribute the pieces among the "Powers" in the way that 
 shall best suit the aforesaid emperors, kings and presidents, 
 and their governments. 
 
 Even when you shall have come to be Sophomores, I 
 venture to say that your knowledge will not include an- 
 other such cool action as this. 
 
 The Diamond Mines, 
 
 Well, the thing was done and done quickly — so suddenly 
 and quickly that the proceeding has been called the 
 ** Scramble for Africa." 
 
 This was the way they did it: 
 
 65 
 
There were eleven and a half millions of square miles 
 to be given (?) out. Each Power, of course, wanted to 
 secure the largest possible slice, urging such claims as 
 early exploration, present occupation, treaties obtained 
 from native chiefs, and sometimes the mere hoisting of a 
 flag in certain places! 
 
 When the Conference ended, Africa had been divided 
 about as follows : 
 
 Square Miles. Population. 
 
 To France 3,300,000 27,000,000 
 
 To Great Britain 2,500,000 40,000,000 
 
 To Germany 925,000 6,000,000 
 
 To Belgium 900,000 16,000,000 
 
 To Portugal 750,000 
 
 To Italy 420,000 
 
 To Spain 214,000 
 
 To Boer Republics 168,000 
 
 To Turkey 800,000 
 
 Amounts to about ten millions? You have quick eyes, 
 but, you see, this generous Conference really did leave 
 about a million and a half square miles to the original 
 owners! But mostly in the Sudan, where, perhaps, they 
 thought discretion might be the better part of valor, for 
 the tribes living in it were very fierce and warlike. 
 
 But it has since been distributed, or perhaps, more 
 
 Tabic Mountain. 
 
 accurately, it has since been gobbled up! Even the lakes 
 have been portioned out. And in this once-thought-to-be- 
 desert country they actually measure sixty-eight thousand 
 square — or should it be cubic? the lakes are very deep — 
 miles. 
 
 66 
 
Not all the Powers were present at that Conference, 
 and you must have noticed that one flag (the most beauti- 
 ful of all) does not wave over Africa — yet. 
 
 But Africa has been a good deal like a kaleidoscope — 
 a little shake, and what a different picture you see! So 
 ''Africa To-day " may possibly not be Africa to-morrow. 
 
 And there is a flag with thirteen stripes and one star 
 somewhere in Africa. Where? Suppose you look for it. 
 
 Africa To-day is tremendously different from Africa of 
 
 The Buffalo Eiver^ Smith Africa. 
 
 Yesterday. To-day meaning 1905, and Yesterday about 
 
 1855. . 
 
 Think a moment! Now — what are some of the hap- 
 penings which have helped to make the differences^ Ex- 
 ploration ? Yes, indeed ; but was exploration first ? 
 
 Who went down to Cape Town from Scotland in 181 7 — 
 it was a long, long journey then — and led the way toward 
 Central Africa from the South ? Was it an explorer ? No ; 
 it was Robert Moffat, the missionary, a man whom, fifty 
 years later, England delighted to honor for the great work 
 he had done in South Africa. And was it not Dr. Moffat 
 who persuaded David Livingstone — only these black let- 
 ters should be letters of gold — to devote his life to Africa ? 
 
 David Livingstone, medical missionary, who in opening 
 Africa so that the Gospel of Christ might come in, became 
 the greatest of explorers. 
 
 Btit don't you remember Burton and Spcke and Cameron 
 and Stanley? They were not missionaries. No; but don't 
 you remember those grand missionaries, Krapf and Reb- 
 mann? They led in the exploration from the east coast, 
 
 67 
 
The Bi-idges of ^''Africa Yesterday ^ 
 
 you know. And Captain Cameron's splendid journey 
 across Africa came from his' having been sent with supplies 
 for Dr. Livingstone! As for Stanley — some day you will 
 follow him as he "finds Livingstone" and learns from him 
 the art of exploration — and more than that — how to be a 
 
 Christian . You will 
 hear his clear call 
 for the Gospel to be 
 sent to Uganda (you 
 will learn of Ugan- 
 da, presently). 
 After his magnifi- 
 cent successes, this 
 is what Stanley 
 himself says : 
 
 '' If Livingstone 
 were alive, I would 
 take all the honors, 
 all the praises men have showered upon me, put them at 
 his feet and say : They are all yours.'' 
 
 You are right, though. Exploration — by mission- 
 aries or travelers — has made possible the Africa of to-day. 
 Among other things discovered was the fact that Africa 
 was not the poorest of the continents, all rock and burning 
 sand, but was rich in coal, copper, iron, gold and diamonds; 
 and if the gold fever burns high, what shall be said of the 
 diamond craze? 
 
 White men by thousands poured into 'the Transvaal, 
 and diamonds to the value of, well — somewhere in the 
 region of $350,000,000, have been dug out of the blue clay 
 of Kimberley. 
 
 The annual output of the gold mines at Johannesburg 
 is perhaps $50,000,000. The great coal fields are said to 
 measure about 40,000,000 tons, and there are rich copper 
 mines in the country north of the Zambesi river 
 
 You have certainly found two reasons for the Africa 
 of to-day — exploration, and mineral wealth, which is a very 
 recent discovery. It was only about twenty-five years 
 ago that the English thought of abandoning all of South 
 Africa, with the exception of a coaling station at the Cape 
 of Good Hope, which might be a convenience on the long 
 voyage to Australia. 
 
 Cape Town does not look that way now, as you see it, 
 
 68 
 
spreading out below Table Mountain, which quite likely 
 as you glance up is covered with a ''table cloth" of white 
 cloud. There are a good many attractive cities besides 
 Cape Town. Very near what was formerly Dr. Moffat's 
 mission station of Kuruman, lies ''Golden" Johannesburg. 
 
 Shall we pa}^ it a visit ? Going to it by train, for to-day, 
 in the Cape Colony, there are more than three thousand 
 miles of railway; though, having in mind Dr. Moffat's 
 wagon, drawn — sometimes dragged — by thirty or forty 
 yoke of oxen, and creeping along at a snail's pace, on no 
 road at all, we might be glad to make use of the ordinary 
 roads of which the Colony has now eight thousand miles. 
 
 But here w& are at Johannesburg, in the midst of — as 
 they would say — trams, 'busses, cabs, rikshas, motor-cars 
 and bikes, and in such a throng of people that the wide 
 pavements are scarcely wide enough. There will be a 
 crowd this evening, too, under a blaze of electric light. 
 
 These are fine streets, and the buildings are large and 
 handsome, with a great array of plate-glass windows, ex- 
 hibiting, it would seem, everything that man — or woman — 
 has ever thought of for wearing, eating, or using! These 
 are as they should be, but we do not feel so sure about 
 these "sky-scrapers" — in Africa? Shades of the mud 
 huts of the Hottentots! They occupied this very space 
 such a little time ago, and these buildings must be four- 
 teen stories high, at 
 least. Perhaps there is 
 no reason wh}^ we should 
 feel aggrieved, but it 
 does seem as though 
 there might still be room 
 to spread ovit — in Africa ! 
 
 Up to this time we 
 have thought of Africa 
 as more or less covered 
 with a network of nar- 
 row paths. From ports 
 on the west coast, and 
 the east, and back and 
 forth across the Sahara run these paths; the last chapter 
 gave sad reasons for many of them, but we are thinking now 
 of those which have been the freight routes of Africa ; along 
 them are moving continual lines of carriers, for almost 
 
 69 
 
 Hex River Pass^ Cape Colony. 
 
everything that goes into the interior or conies out of it 
 is borne on the heads of these men. 
 
 In the south there are oxen and the clumsy wagon- 
 much like our "prairie schooners" — of the Dutch Boers; 
 in the north where the tsetse fly does not bother them, 
 donkeys carry loads, and there are on the desert the famil- 
 iar camel caravans. Otherwise, men have been the freight 
 cars — and sometimes the passenger cars — of Africa. 
 
 But the ''Scramble" and its result, the ''Partition/* 
 are changing all this! 
 
 Each Power wants to open up its territory to com- 
 merce, so railroads have been or are soon to be built; there 
 is steam navigation on many of the rivers and lakes, and in 
 the Congo State the narrow crooked paths of the natives 
 are being replaced by broad roads with perfect drainage, 
 upon which heavy freight automobiles may be run the 
 year through, in the wet season and the dry, carrying 
 freight from Stanley Pool to Lake Mweru in less than a 
 
 month. By the river and 
 crooked land ways, these 
 points are two thousand 
 miles apart. 
 
 Some of the rubber that 
 goes out of the Congo State 
 in such quantities may come 
 back to it on the wheels of 
 the autos. 
 
 Railroads are expensive 
 in Africa, and they also give 
 their engineers some " aw- 
 fully" difficult problems to 
 tackle, for the sides of the 
 "dish" are hard to climb 
 and the tumultuous and 
 very numerous rivers are 
 not always easy to bridge. 
 
 The English have a rail- 
 way nearly six hundred miles 
 long between Mombasa and the Victoria Lake. During 
 1903 and 1904 there were carried on it sixteen thousand 
 tons of freight. This amount divided into "man loads" 
 would have required over five hundred thousand carriers. 
 The plan is to extend this road beyond the Victoria Lake, 
 
 70 
 
 
 ill 
 
 t-. '^'^ -i 
 
 m''^^ 
 
 - xP") 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' The Passenger Cars of Africa.'' 
 
In the Congo Country, A. B. M. U. 
 
 to show them how to succeed 
 
 westward, until it shall meet the Congo railway coming 
 eastward. This may be the first trans-continental line, 
 though Portugal, Germany and France has each its 
 scheme for roads to extend across Africa. 
 
 All these and many more will be needed some day to 
 carry the imports 
 and the exports, for 
 Africa will, in time, 
 make great demands 
 upon other coun- 
 tries, and is expected 
 to produce among 
 numerous other 
 things, great crops 
 of wheat and sugar, 
 and coffee and cocoa 
 and cotton. The 
 Germans are mak- 
 ing a specialty of 
 cotton , and have Yir d 
 to employ Tuskogee men 
 in raising it. 
 
 When you go to Africa, you may probably take your 
 choice of these roads, or if you prefer the route from south 
 to north (or vice versa), and if you do not make the trip 
 before 1910, you can start at Cape Town and go straight 
 through to Cairo. 
 
 Even to-day you could go from Cape Town to the Vic- 
 toria Falls, making the journey of nearly two thousand 
 miles in five days; and on a train with first-class sleeping 
 and dining cars and writing room. You would ride on steel 
 rails and over steel bridges (and I fancy you might see on 
 many of these things the names of American business firms), 
 passing fine towns, and elegant stations and hotels. You 
 would go through Matabeleland and Mashon aland, where 
 sixteen years ago Europeans could enter only at the peril 
 of their lives; but now you pass grain fields where white 
 men are harvesting wheat with a self-binding reaper. 
 
 You would pass the great Wankie coal fields which will 
 soon be worked by power "harnessed" at the Victoria 
 Falls. 
 
 And at last you will see — and hear — tlie Victoria Falls! 
 A mile wide and falling four hundred and fifty feet where 
 
 71 
 
Niagara falls one hundred and seventy- two. Its sublime 
 beauty and the glorious wild wood about it are to be pro- 
 tected and preserved for a permanent wilderness park, 
 so your vision will be much like Livingstone's first look, 
 fifty years ago. But — as Livingstone did not, you will 
 
 pass over the 
 gorge on the 
 highest arched 
 steel bridge in 
 the world. 
 
 Having tak- 
 en in the dia- 
 mond mines and 
 the gold rand 
 and the coal 
 fields, the road 
 is now pushing 
 on to the cop- 
 per mines, two 
 hundred miles to 
 the northwest. 
 
 In the mean- 
 time it is also 
 coming south- 
 ward from Cairo and is already open for traffic beyond 
 Khartoum. Some day soon the golden spike — studded 
 with diamonds, probably! — will be driven to show that 
 the Cape-to-Cairo Road, ''once the dream of one man," 
 is a finished fact. 
 
 It is a simple thing and an easy one to say that tele- 
 graphs and telephone lines are crossing and recrossing 
 Africa, but to get them there has not been, and is not easy. 
 You can fancy, perhaps, the great difficulties in the way, 
 but some of the more trifling annoyances may not occur 
 to you — such as the bother about the poles. If the con- 
 structors use wooden poles, white ants eat the parts in the 
 ground. If they substitute iron poles, the natives take 
 them to make tools of, and in either case the tropical 
 rains wash them out of their holes. Elephants use 
 them for scratching posts, thus pushing over any that 
 the torrents may have left standing. The monkeys 
 find that the wires make delightful swings, while the 
 jungle grows so fast, that it is no sooner cut down 
 
 72 
 
 Uhurch in East Africa. 
 
than it is up again, and to crown all, the wooden poles 
 sprout out into trees. 
 
 Notwithstanding all this and more, there are thou- 
 sands and thousands of miles of lines already in operation, 
 and soon will come true another of Cecil Rhodes' dreams, 
 "From the Cape to Cairo in a minute and a half." 
 
 It is thrilling to read of messages sent from some places 
 in Africa — Ujiji, for instance, or Mengo, or Barotseland. 
 Thrilling, that is, if you happen to know the whole story, 
 and it is only the whole story anyway that can bring out 
 the intense interest of Africa as it is now. 
 
 I wonder if you know where it was that Livingstone 
 was once given the only mail he had received for three 
 years, and when he opened his letters, he found they were 
 three years old? From that place on a certain recent 
 anniversary, a telegram was sent to Scotland and an answer 
 received in less than three hours. As for post offices, they 
 seem everywhere, though in some regions they are still 
 rather far apart. Yet in Rhodesia, in the very heart of 
 Africa, there were in 1904 ninety-nine offices; it is cer- 
 tainly safe to say there are one hundred now ! The letters 
 are carried by train, coach, carts, bicycles or runners, ac- 
 cording to the road. 
 
 We entered the old Africa by the door of Egypt; shall 
 we leave by the same door? 
 
 But it is not the old Egypt we see. Though, to be sure, 
 there is our old and now familiar friend the Nile ; and the 
 pyramids and the obelisks and the sphinx are there still — 
 looking on. 
 
 But what is that on the bank of the river? Something 
 they have waited long to see ! It is an electric trolley and 
 towing plant to draw the dahabiyehs back and forth, and to 
 multiply the present boats and commerce of the Nile thirty, 
 perhaps fifty fold ! This is so surprising that some explosive 
 remark seems really necessary. Such as "D/J you ever ?" 
 
 And these immense dams in the river, one at Assyut, 
 the other at Assouan at the first cataract, were not here upon 
 the occasion of our former visit! The first forms a lake 
 three-quarters of a mile wide reaching back for forty miles, 
 while the lake at the first cataract will extend one hundred 
 and forty miles back into Nubia. This is rather astonish- 
 ing, although we do know now where all this water comes 
 from. 
 
 78 
 
As to what these dams will do — you know we found 
 there were some ''arid deserts" in Africa. Well, millions 
 of acres of it will be transformed by these great dams into 
 ploughed land; cattle innumerable will find pasturage on 
 once sandy wastes, and about five millions of human beings 
 will enjoy the benefit. 
 
 So here we have part of the story: exploration and 
 mines and commerce and railways and telegraphs and 
 modern science. 
 
 But for a really new Africa there must be new men. 
 
 We are come now to the story of the making of these 
 new men and women, which is the very best thing in Africa 
 To-day. 
 
 If coult) forget all m^ col^, hunger, gufferings an^ toll, if 
 II coulb be tbc means of putting a stop to tbe cursed traffic. 
 
 Suggested Programme. Chapter VI. 
 
 I. Singing: '' Onward, Christian Soldiers." 
 
 II. Bible Reading: The Valleys shall be exalted and the Moun- 
 
 tains. 
 
 III. Prayer. Offering. 
 
 IV. Singing: '^Loyalty to Christ." 
 
 V. The Journey to Uganda. Map talk. 
 
 1. By the Old Routes (Mackay and Hannington). 
 
 2. By the Railway. 
 
 VI. '^Christian" Commerce and Civilization. 
 
 I. The Niger Company. 2. The African Lakes Company. 
 
 VII. Instead of the Ivory Trade. (Coffee, cotton, cocoa, etc.) 
 
 VIII. What is the Greatest Thing in Africa? Discussion. 
 
 IX. Roll Call (Responses : Products, especially of the New Africa.) 
 
 X. Singing: '* Stand up, Stand up, for Jesus." 
 For what are these names noted ? 
 
 Boma. Lovedale. Stanley Pool. Mengo. Blantyre. Living- 
 stonia. 
 
 Questions. Chapter VI. 
 
 1. What was the '' Scramble for Africa?" 
 
 2. Who '' opened up Africa " from the East? From the South? 
 
 3. What discovery has helped to make Africa what it is to-day? 
 
 4. Mention a great ''opener" of the continent 
 
 74 
 
5- What railway will soon connect the Victoria Lake with the 
 Congo River? 
 
 6. What one will join Cairo to Cape Town? 
 
 7. Name a great ''sight" in Africa. 
 
 8. What change has been made in Egypt? 
 
 9. Mention eight things which have helped to make the new 
 
 Africa? 
 [o. What is the ninth and greatest thing? 
 Progressive Map. Missionary Societies. 
 
 Carpenters at Livingstonia. 
 
 PUZZLE 
 
 It is two hundred miles long. It cost $20,000. 
 It was the first of its kind in Africa. 
 
 It cost the lives of some and has saved the lives of many. 
 Where is it f Who hiiilt it ? Who gave the money ? Who gave 
 his life ? 
 
 PUZZLE. 
 
 She had traveled over seven thousand miles u]) and down and 
 across Africa; had sailed the Victoria Lake, Tanganyika, and the 
 Congo River. At sunset of July 31, 1877, she Avas carried to a high 
 rock above a cataract and there abandoned to her fate! 
 Who was '*she?" And what zvas her fate ? 
 
 75 
 
School closed for a vacation to-day. I looked at the scholars 
 from where I sat back of the speakers. Half of them had been 
 beginners two months ago in the chart class: half of these had 
 learned to read in the interval — well, you can fancy the sort of 
 thing they read. But it is a promise. Believe me, there is a differ- 
 ence in their aspect — something more eager and alert, and at the 
 same time more disciplined; none of that timidity and suspicion 
 evinced at first. Above all, something more of joy. They made 
 off in different directions to their little home villages, into which 
 they will take a new and vital air. Indeed we may not guess what 
 they will take. One little Bulu boy from the school at Elat used, 
 during his vacation, to hold daily prayers in the palaver house of 
 his town, reading from his primer those lessons which were adapted 
 from the Bible. In my mind I see them in many little towns, sit- 
 ting under the low eaves of their houses, reading from their primers, 
 to the awe and admiration of their wistful elders. — Jean Kenyon 
 Mackenzie in Woman's Work. 
 
 At the tapping of the drum, it is good to see the boys, and a 
 sparse scattering of girls, from the villages and dormitories, coming 
 pell-mell to school with books and slates; and many of them are 
 clothed and in their right mind, or partly so. It is good to hear 
 their merry voices and funny remarks to each other, in the new 
 situation of stepping out from dense darkness; for, ten years ago, 
 there was no school for them except the general automatic school 
 of ignorance and sin, in session all the time and everywhere. When 
 the teacher stands up in his place and the ruler comes down, there 
 is silence, and the mass of beaming faces is like a dark cloud be- 
 decked with six or eight hundred velvety, sparkling, expectant 
 eyes. . . . The boys and girls are not angels, but are poten- 
 tially the stuff that real men and women are made of, and are to 
 the teacher like clay in the hands of the potter. The dominant 
 aim and delightful task is to mould this mass of crude material 
 into the image of Him who was made flesh and dwelt among us. — 
 Melvin Fraser in Woman's Work, 
 
 76 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE MISSIONARY SOCIETIES. 
 
 K," you sigh, ''names and dates, I suppose. 
 How very dry and poky.'' Yes, some names and 
 dates are dry, but not these! For they stand for 
 all the difference between savage and most wretched 
 heathen, and happy and useful Christians. 
 Besides we have not space for the dates, or even for 
 the names. With some of them you have already made 
 friends, but perhaps you may not know there are over one 
 hundred societies at work! Their work is the greatest 
 thing in Africa. 
 
 We can look at only one part of it now, and we are in 
 a hurry to see it, for it is nothing less than the making of 
 the boys and girls under their care into the *'new" men and 
 women needed for the New Continent. 
 
 Where are these boys and girls? Where you are — in 
 school! by the thousands and thousands, for school is 
 
 The Beginning of a School, 
 
 popular in Africa these days! So much so that in some 
 places, recess and holidays are declined. Can you believe 
 it.? 
 
 The schoolhouses are many and various. At this 
 very moment doubtless in many a spot in Africa is an eager 
 group of little brown children — and bigger brown children 
 
 Lore. ^^ 
 
— intently gazing upon something hanging from a large 
 tree. A boa-constrictor, perhaps, or a monkey? Not at 
 all! It is an alphabet sheet, with a teacher near by to 
 make it "talk" to the children. 
 
 This is the beginning of a school. Shall we watch it 
 grow ? 
 
 The first improvement is a straight, clean road leading 
 from the village out to this tree — two or three hundred 
 yards away. Then a large space under the tree is cleared 
 and caked over with white mud. After a time poles and a 
 trellis form a fence in which is a gate. Seats come next — 
 poles resting on forked stakes driven in the ground. 
 
 Alphabets and syllable charts 
 appear on the fence. There are 
 a few blackboards and slates, 
 and perhaps books for the older 
 scholars. 
 
 There are also school ' ' fees ; ' ' 
 we see them piled up along the 
 fence — bundles of poles, reeds 
 and grass which will, presently, 
 roof over the enclosed space, and 
 behold! a schoolhouse furnished, 
 in which the boys and girls per- 
 form wonders ! There are other 
 schoolhouses — ranging all the 
 way from grass-roofed sheds 
 or huts to brick buildings with 
 doors and windows, seats, maps, 
 globes and pictures. The last 
 named are few, however, and 
 very far between. 
 Watches and clocks are not yet plentiful in Africa, 
 nevertheless the people are beginning to learn that there 
 are hours and minutes in the day, and that school — and 
 church services, also — begin on the minute. The school or 
 church drum whose deep boom can be heard in villages two 
 hours away is teaching them this. 
 
 What do they study in these halls of learning? Well, 
 the studies are almost as varied as the schoolhouses — 
 but all the schools are alike in one thing. 
 
 The missionaries have done a wonderful thing for Africa. 
 Before they came only one or two tribes had a written 
 
 78 
 
 There are llie Tears of a Broken 
 Heart When the Slate Breaks.''^ 
 
The School Ho77ie, the Teacher and the Taught— all Xatives 
 of Congo Land. 
 
 language ; the missionaries have first put their languages into 
 writing, and then have, in many cases, translated for them 
 
 the whole Bible. 
 In all the 
 schools the study 
 of the Bible 
 comes first. You 
 may not think 
 it, and I do not 
 wish to be im- 
 polite ! But it is 
 possible that 
 some of these 
 African boys and 
 girls know more 
 of the Bible than 
 you do. They 
 may even care 
 more for it. You 
 have never been 
 in the terror of 
 bondage to evil spirits and witchcraft and the witch 
 doctor. They have, and they are happy beyond the 
 power of words to 
 tell in the joyful de- 
 liverance which the 
 Gospel of Jesus 
 brings them, and 
 they are learning the 
 meaning of prayer, 
 even the Lord 's 
 Prayer. Poor chil- 
 dren ! Their ' ' inher- 
 itance" makes it so 
 easy to dowrong 
 that they have much 
 need to pray, ''Lead 
 us not into temp- 
 tation, but deliver 
 us from evil." 
 
 There is singing 
 — in the schools and in the churches. And I can tell 
 you these boys and girls — and their elders, too — have 
 
 79 
 
 
 1 
 
 The Printing Press at Mrngo, Uganda, C. M. S. 
 
The "-Answer'' Won't Come. 
 
 voices and can sing! And they do sing — as you would 
 if only a little while ago you had been afraid even to 
 breathe lest the quiver of a grass-blade should betray 
 
 your "hiding-place to the slave 
 hunter. 
 
 All that is over now for these 
 happy children, and you should 
 hear them sing ''Wonderful 
 Words of Life," and many an- 
 other hymn, for the missionaries 
 have also given them hymn- 
 books in their own tongue. Then 
 comes the roll-call, and merry 
 laughter, for try as he may, the 
 missionary cannot pronounce 
 some of the queer names; the 
 missionary smiles, too, at their 
 meaning: "Head of a Leop- 
 ard," "Foot of an Elephant" 
 and others as comical. 
 
 As to what they study — well, 
 that depends! for they ma}^ be getting ready to be 
 preachers or teachers, or printers or carpenters, builders, 
 brickmakers, gardeners, laundresses, cooks, sewing teach- 
 ers, dressmakers. Many 
 kinds of workers are 
 needed for the New Af- 
 rica, and at Lovedaleand 
 Livingstonia, Blantyre, 
 Inanda — many places — 
 there are schools to teach 
 them all ! but always the 
 "Three R's" are taught, 
 and music. 
 
 And have you not 
 missed something ? In 
 a book about "Juniors," 
 for Juniors, not a word about playf So it has been 
 in Africa — no play except in a few rare cases ; but 
 the hard-worked little ex-slaves are learning to play 
 now, and it is the missionaries who are teaching 
 them! 
 
 For one thing they play football — sometimes with a 
 
 80 
 
 Kaffir Children. 
 
genuine ''goat's skin" made from a small goat stuffed 
 into a shape as near the ** Association" as possible. 
 
 The little girls are also taught to play — and their great- 
 est treasures come to them from England or America 
 as prizes for good work — as you have already seen. 
 
 Physical Culture at Umzmnbe IZome. 
 
 What will the boys and girls do with all this knowledge 
 and skill? Why, when they are a few years older they 
 will share it with others who are in the depths of 
 ignorance. And 
 they will make 
 splendid mis- 
 sionaries and 
 teachers. 
 
 Africa is still 
 a hard country 
 to travel in ; the 
 swamps, the hot 
 sun and the 
 scarcity of 
 pro per food 
 bring fever and 
 exhaustion to 
 the white man. 
 
 But these Af- 
 rican boys need 
 only one meal a 
 
 students from C. M. S. Training Institution, 
 Ogo, West Africa. 
 
 day (which is not saying that they might not enjoy four, if 
 they could get them), and can travel twenty miles or so 
 a day, carrying all their belongings on their heads, without 
 any fatigue to speak of; they can sleep without shelter 
 and can wade through rivers and swamps up to their 
 
 81 
 
1 
 
 necks for whole days and be none the worse for it, and they 
 really enjoy the tropical sun. 
 
 Presently — about the time you "come of age" — we 
 shall see them traveling all over Africa teaching the people. 
 They are capital teachers. Many of the first pupils in 
 the mission schools are now teaching. They usually go 
 by ''two and two" to the heathen villages. A while ago 
 two young men went to a place in Uganda where not one 
 person could read. After only nine months' work the}^ had 
 
 Christians at Kisokwe^ German East Africa* 
 
 taught one hundred people to read the New Testament 
 for themselves. Do you suppose you are likely ever to do 
 such a nine-months' work as that? 
 
 And you should see the perfect order in a certain pri- 
 mary classroom in Livingstonia, where the bright faces 
 and the hum of happy voices show that the young teacher 
 is succeeding in his work of making known the mysteries 
 of writing and counting and reading. 
 
 At many mission stations you may see on Friday nights 
 earnest faced young men, listening and taking notes as a 
 missionary talks to them. 
 
 Saturday morning these young men start off for vil- 
 lages twenty, thirty, perhaps forty miles away; and on 
 
 82 
 
Sunday the Bible is read and the Friday night talk given 
 in eighty or a hundred villages, while the missionary him- 
 self is preaching at the sta- 
 tion to thousands of hearers. 
 And graduates from the 
 training schools are going 
 out now, real " foreign " mis- 
 sionaries, telling the Gospel 
 among far away savage 
 tribes with strange languages 
 and customs. 
 
 Do you remember Stan- 
 ley's dark forest and the pig- 
 mies who lived in it ? Well 
 these African foreign mis- 
 sionaries have reached even 
 the dark forest and some of 
 the pigmies can already read 
 the New Testament! 
 The Congo missions have forged eastward and are about 
 to meet the Uganda men going westward. A chain of 
 missions from, east to west, as Krapf once said there would he. 
 
 In the Congo Country— their First Dresses. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 The Little Church on the Sobat. (Five Hundred Miles /w?n Ah// of/ur.) 
 
 There are missionaries now in the long-closed Sudan, 
 lonely and far, far away from home and friends. Medi- 
 cal missions there are, too, throughout Africa, and for 
 every patient cured there is likely to be one less believer 
 in the witch-doctor and his '* medicine." 
 
 83 
 
There are great missions now in the old slave country 
 of the west coast; ten thousand Christians now in Uganda, 
 where Stanley called and the Church Missionary Society 
 answered. 
 
 Not only in South Africa, but on Lake Tanganyika, are 
 the stations of the London Missionary Society under which 
 Moifat and Livingstone went out to Cape Town. 
 
 There are the west coast missions and the Zulu 
 churches and schools of the American Board. And there 
 is the great work in EgA^pt for the Mohammedans and the 
 mission in the Sudan under the United Presbyterian 
 Church of America. 
 
 The Congo missions of the Baptists are wonderful, and 
 far in the interior of the Congo State is the fine work of 
 the American Presbyterian Church, "South." In the 
 
 French Congo and 
 the German Kame- 
 roons is the mission 
 of the American 
 Presbyterian Church 
 ^' North." In South 
 Africa and east and 
 west, are the Morav- 
 ians and the German 
 societies. In East 
 Africa also is the 
 Friends' Industrial 
 Mission. In Liberia 
 is the mission of the 
 American Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 There is the 
 French Society in 
 Barotseland, where 
 Livingstone saw first 
 those slave gangs, and which has written over it ''Slavery 
 Suppressed.'' And there are the grand missions of the 
 Scotch Churches in Nyasaland, where Livingstone lived 
 and died, and there will be a station where was the 
 little grass hut at Ilala. 
 
 In all these missions the boys and the girls are being 
 trained who will help, after a little, in the making of 
 Christian Africa. 
 
 84 
 
 The New Church at Blantyre Near the Spot Where 
 Livingstone Entered the Country. 
 
 [Natives, raw and untutored, who had never seen a 
 brick or a trowel before, were trained to mould and 
 burn tlie bricks, to lay the courses, and use the plumb 
 and level, to adze the beams, and make the centres. 
 From early morn till sunset for nearly three years 
 the work went on till it was ready for worship] 
 
Here must close "Africa for Juniors" — after all telling 
 such a little part of the whole glowing, palpitating, living 
 story of the saving of Africa. 
 
 But you do not want to stop here or to miss any of it. 
 There never has been a story like it — there never again can 
 be — and it is going on now right before your eyes. Keep 
 them wide open, lest even while you are Juniors you 
 should miss some chance to help; and when you are 
 "Seniors" go yourselves to help win the fight, and to 
 gloriously finish the story. 
 
 /Il>arcb 19,— 3B(rtb&aig, /ID^g Jesus, m^ TRin^, m^ life, m^ 
 all, 11 again beMcate m^g wbole self to Ubee. Bccept me, 
 ant) grant, © gracious ifatber, tbat ere tbis ^ear is gone, 11 
 ma^ finisb m^ tasfe, Un Jesus' name H asft it. Hmcn. So 
 let it be. 
 
 David Livingstone. 
 
 Suggested Programme. Chapter VII. 
 
 I. Singing: '^ Wonderful Words of Life." 
 
 II. Bible Reading: "Made New." 
 
 III. Prayer. Offering. 
 
 IV. Singing: ''The Morning Light is Break- 
 
 ing." 
 
 V. Boys and Girls in School. 
 
 VI. Singing: ''The Children's Coronation." 
 
 (Tune, "Coronation.") 
 Hosanna! be the children's song 
 
 To Christ, the children's King. 
 His praise to whom our souls belong, 
 
 Let all the children sing. 
 Let every heart to Jesus bring 
 
 Its gift of grateful love, 
 And every voice in gladness sing. 
 
 As those in heaven above. 
 Hosanna! then our song shall be, 
 
 Hosanna to our King! 
 This is the children's jubilee, 
 
 Let all the children sing! 
 
 85 
 
 A Little ChUd Shall 
 Lead Themy 
 
VII. Twenty Questions Answered. Map exercise. 
 
 (Choose sides — one to name schools, the other to locate 
 them on the map.) 
 
 VIII. The "Nev/" Men and Women as: builders, nurses, musi- 
 sians, printers, teachers, helpers, road makers, mission- 
 aries, preachers, etc. 
 Items. (Give briskly. 
 Lose no time.) 
 
 IX. Roll Call (Responses: 
 Names of schools.) 
 
 X. Where the Need is 
 Greatest. Map talk. 
 (Very brief and 
 pointed.) 
 
 XL Singing: ''From 
 Greenland's Icy 
 Mountains," verses i, 
 3 and 4. 
 
 Questions. Chapter VII. 
 
 1. How many missionary 
 societies are at work in 
 Africa? 
 
 2. Make a list of twenty 
 missionaries to Africa. 
 
 3. Find the names of 
 twenty schools. 
 
 4. What is the chief study 
 in them all? 
 
 
 
 HPP 
 
 f-v- 
 
 jlP*!^ 
 
 }m 
 
 
 
 ■TF^w^^^^pr^]^^ 
 
 
 
 Christian Teachers., Nyasaland. 
 
 5. What studies come next? 
 
 6. What unusual "branch" is taught? 
 
 7. Why should the graduates make fine missionaries? 
 
 School at Esidumbini^ Natal. 
 
 8. How do you know they are good teachers? 
 
 9. How is Krapf's dream coming true? 
 
 10. How many memorials to Livingstone can you think of? 
 
 Progressive Map. Famous Schools. 
 Write 100-word sketches of: 
 Mary Moffat. Miss Whately. Mrs. Hinderer. 
 
^^^ " " iSSE °'' CONGRESS 
 
 020 126X7T>