vn 
 
 ■/»<•*£ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ^ 
 
 w- 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 ■ 
 
 '4. ti 
 
 •TvA 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 'A 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 iv*^ 
 
 
 
 Mfe 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 'hi 
 
 ■ 
 
 I 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 tD/fz&ijj- vjQwm iM- ' ♦ ■■ ' : • « Y x..' ■ com 
 
 v7'':/ 
 
 ■ 
 
flass TG^Hoq 
 
 Book 
 
./ 
 
 /" 
 
 A NEW 
 
 SPANISH GRAMMAR,] 
 
 IN FIVE PARTS. 
 
 2 Of the Spanish Letters, their Cha- 
 racter, Sound, and Quantity. 
 
 jj. Of the Analogy, Prosody, the 
 various Sorts and Classes of Wordsj 
 their Declensions and Properties. 
 
 ill. Of the Syntax, and Govern- 
 ment of Prepositions. 
 
 IV. The Treasure of the Spanish 
 and English Languages. 
 
 V. Familiar Phrases and Dialogues, 
 extracted from the best Authors, 
 and carefully corrected, according 
 to the new Method, with, an ex- 
 tensive Vocabulary, and Idioms 
 used in Trade, Commercial Let- 
 ters, &c. With a Collection of 
 Idioms, Common Sayings, &c. 
 &c. most of them never befoie 
 published. 
 
 */ 
 
 By F. G. FERATJD, 
 
 TEACHER OF LANGUAGES, 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE AUTH<5)l, 
 
 V' Q -- 
 
 By R. Juigne, 17, Margaret-street, Cavendish-square, 
 
 Sold by Dulau and Co. Soho-square ; Law, Paternoster-? 
 row; Boos ey, Broad-street, Royal Exchange; Gale and 
 CuKTis,23,Paternoster-row;DEeoNCHY, New Bond-street; 
 Didier and Co. 75, St. James's-street ; and at the Au- 
 thor's, No. 1, Cross Key-square, Little Britain, 
 
 I8pg s 
 
*1*t 
 
 WUi 
 
PREFACE 
 
 AS the learning of the Spanish language is become 
 ti part of education amongst the gentry and merchants, 
 I have endeavoured to compose a useful Spanish Gram- 
 mar, upon all the principles of instruction, to render 
 easy and agreeable the attainment of this beautiful lan- 
 guage. 
 
 In the First Part of this Grammar, I have followed 
 Fernandez in his method of pronunciation of the alpha- 
 bet, as finding it the most correct. In the Second Part, 
 I have laid down certain rules for the genders of sub- 
 stantives, which are not to be found in any other 
 grammar published in this country. After the declen- 
 sions of the pronouns, I have laid down examples upon 
 all ; so that the student may easily comprehend the use 
 of them. Concerning the conjugations, I have con- 
 formed to the general method, beginning by the auxi- 
 liary ones, since they are essential to conjugate the 
 compound tenses of all the rest. The irregular verbs 
 will be found after the regulars, and each of them in 
 its proper place. The collection of adverbs I particu- 
 larly recommend the student to learn by heart, which 
 will be of great use. 
 
 The Third Part treats of the Syntax, which is ex- 
 plained in an easy and simple manner, as there is not 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 a rule without two, three, or more examples. The 
 Fourth Part contains the most extensive vocabulary ex- 
 tant. For the Fifth Part of my Grammar, I have select- 
 ed a variety of Familiar Phrases and Dialogues, which 
 I have carefully corrected ; as also a Commercial Voca- 
 bulary, Mercantile Idioms, Letters, &c. &c. 
 
 Observe, that some words will be found wrong spelt, 
 the most principal are — Page 8, for aguila, read aguila 
 page 30, for superir read superior ; page 43, for to inure 
 read inured; page 82, for ascendar read ascender. 
 
 There may be found some others which have escaped 
 my notice. — I have left out the present subjunctive of 
 the verb Poner, because it is not required, since it is 
 a general rule for all the verbs that the present sub- 
 junctive is formed of the third person singular of the 
 imperative, as I have already said, page 38. 
 
A NEW 
 
 SPANISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Of t fie Character, Sound, and Quantity of the 
 Spanish Letters, 
 
 The Spanish language has twenty -nine letters, viz, 
 
 a, b, c, ch, d, e, f, g, 
 
 ah. bay. thay. chay. day. a. ayfe. lihay. 
 
 h, i, j, k, 1, 11, m, n, 
 
 achey. e. hhota. ka. ayle. elye. eme. ene. 
 
 q, r, rr, s, t, u, 
 coo. aire. erre. esse. tay. oo. 
 
 y, z. 
 
 enye. 
 
 o, p, 
 
 o. pay 
 
 vay. 
 
 x, 
 
 ex or ekkis 
 
 e. 
 
 thatar. 
 
 There are five vowels ; viz. a, e, i, o, u, to which is 
 added y, when it does not come before any of the 
 vowels. All the rest are called consonants. 
 
 a sounds as in ar, far, master, &c. 
 
 h and v are entirely confounded in their pronuncia* 
 linn ; we do not differ the one from the other, conse- 
 quently one is written instead of the other; both must 
 be pronounced softer than the English v. 
 
 c, before a, o, and u, is pronounced like ha, ho, or 
 co, hu. 
 
 Before e and /', it sounds like th, as thorn, thick. 
 
 Ch sounds like Charles, charity; in the words that 
 come from the Greek, it sounds as h, charibdis. 
 
 B 
 
2 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 d, f, I, ?n, n, p, q, s, t, sound as in English, except 
 the final d, which sounds as th, in with, or rather 
 softer. 
 
 e sounds as a in make. 
 
 g before a, o, and it, sounds as in English; before e 
 and /, it sounds like the English h in hell, hill, &c. 
 
 h has no sound in Spanish. 
 
 2, and likewise y, (the latter when alone, or before a 
 consonant,) sound like ee; when the first is foun I,, c- 
 cording to the variation of the Spanish etymology, oe- 
 tween two vowels, or in the beginning of a wo, 1, it is to 
 be changed into y, except in the imperfect of ihenvlica- 
 tive ; and when y is a consonant, it is to he oundedas 
 g in elegy, apology. 
 
 j sounds before all the vowels like the Spanish g 
 before e and 'L 
 
 11 sounds as si in seraglio. 
 
 n sounds as gn, in poignant. 
 
 o sounds as in bone, more. 
 
 r has two pronunciations : one soft, signified by a 
 single r, and sounds as in ward, bard, card ; the other 
 sound is hard, as in rage, river, Rome, and is signified 
 by double rr, except on these occasions : 
 
 1st. In the beginning of a word it ought to be always 
 single, and pronounced as double. 
 
 2d. When the consonants /, n, s, are before the r, 
 either in a single or compound word, this letter must 
 never be doubled, and nevertheless it ought to be pro- 
 nounced hard, as in malrotar, to destroy ; e?iriquecer, 
 to grow rich ; honra, honour ; Israel desreglado, dis- 
 ordered. 
 
 3d. In the compounds ab,oh, and sub, the r after the 
 b ought to be pronounced hard ; it however ought to be 
 single, as abrogar, obrepcion, subreption. Observe, 
 that, excepting these cases, the r is liquid after b, and is 
 united to it, both forming a syllable with the following 
 vowel, as abreviar, to abridge ; abrigo, covering, &c. 
 and the single r is made use of when the pronunciation 
 is soft according to the general rule. 
 
Of the Letters. 3 
 
 4th, In the compounds of two nouns, or of one 
 noun or verb, and the preposition pre or pro, the r 
 is likewise single in the beginning of the second 
 part of the compound, though its sound is hard, as 
 in maniroto, prodigal; cariredondo, round-faced; 
 prorogar ; and though it is usual to put a line be- 
 tween the parts of these compounds, it may be omit- 
 ted, because it is not necessary in order to know their 
 composition. 
 
 The u, vowel, sounds as in cruel, druits; but it is 
 not to be pronounced between g or q, and e or i, then 
 it only signifies that g ought to be pronounced, as i i 
 get, give, and q like k: notwithstanding, when there 
 are two points upon ii, it ought to be pronounced as 
 in agiiero, omen ; question. 
 
 x sounds before all the vowels like the Spanish g 
 before e and i; except when it is followed by a conso- 
 nant,' and when there is a circumflex upon the v< wel 
 following, in these cases it sounds like ks, as, extender, 
 existir. 
 
 The sound of z before all vowels, and at the end of 
 words, is like that of th, in its sharp pronunciation, 
 as in thank, think, death, breath ; the same is that of 
 the ancient c before all vowels, and according to the 
 general opinion of the c, before e and U 
 
 
 
 CHAPTER II, 
 
 
 
 Syllabication. 
 
 ba, 
 
 be, bi, bo, bit. 
 
 giie, guL 
 
 ca, 
 
 CO, cu. 
 
 ja,je,ji,jo,ju. 
 
 
 ce, ci, 
 
 ha, ke, ki, ko, ku* 
 
 cha 
 
 , che, chi, cho, 
 
 chu. la, le. li, lo, lu. 
 
 da, 
 
 de, di, do. du. 
 
 lla, lie, Hi. llo, Uu. 
 
 f a >fe,ji.,fofu. 
 
 ma, me, mi, mo, ma* 
 
 S«* 
 
 g e > gh go, gu 
 
 na, ne, ni, no, mi. 
 
 
 gue, gut. 
 
 na, ne, ni } iio> nu* 
 B2 
 
i A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 pa, pe, pi, po, pu. tu, te, ti, to, tu. 
 
 qua, que, qui, quo. va, ve, vi, vo, vn. 
 
 que, qui. a a, xe, xi, xo, xu. 
 
 ra, re, ri, ro, ru. oca, x&, xi, xo, xu. 
 
 rra, rre, rri, rro, rru. ya, ye, yi, yo, yu. 
 
 sa, se, si, so, su. za, ze, zi, zo, xu. 
 
 Observe, that it is impossible to give better rules to 
 read and pronounce well the Spanish language ; no 
 man will ever be able to obtain by himself its true, 
 pronunciation, but by a proper master. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Of the Accents. 
 
 The Spanish language has but one accent, called 
 acute, which descends from the right to the left; as, 
 ('), serves to prolongate the pronunciation; as, amdr, 
 to love ; cantor, to sing. It is put over el, pronoun, 
 to distinguish it from el, article; over mi, when it is 
 a substantive, to distinguish it from mi pronoun; 
 upon the de, se, tenses of the verbs ddr and ser, to 
 distinguish them from the particle de, and the pro- 
 noun se. The particle affirmative si, requires also 
 an accent to make a difference of the conditional si. 
 On the vowels a, e, i, 6, u, when they are particles, to 
 shew that they do not belong to the preceding or fol- 
 lowing word. When the ch does not follow its general 
 sound, it must have that of k, and then the accent cir- 
 cumflex is put upon the following vowel ; as chilo, 
 chiron, chimia. The same must be put upon the 
 vowel next to x, when it is guttural, and pronounced 
 like cs ; as in exdcto, exdfnen. When the u, in the 
 syllables que, quo, qua, que, requires to be pronounced, 
 then the accent (dicer esis, or trema) must be put 
 upon the w; as, argilir, agiiero, question, frequent e. 
 
Of the SubstantiveSj S 
 
 PART II. 
 
 Of the Analogy.. 
 
 The Parts of Speech are the Substantive, the Ar- 
 ticle, the Pronoun, the Adjective, the Verb, the 
 Adverb, the Preposition, the Conjunction, and the 
 Interjection. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Of the Substantives. 
 
 Substantives are the names of such objects, either 
 real or imaginary, as are so distinguished by fixed 
 characters or ideas, that no additional word is required 
 to conceive their meaning. They are divided, by the 
 generality of grammarians, into three principal classes ; 
 viz. Common, Abstract, and Proper. 
 
 The Common, are those that aVe applicable to all 
 real objects of the same species or kind; thus, Dios, 
 God; hombre, man; muger, woman; drbol, tree; 
 cdsa, house, &c. may relatively denote any man or 
 any woman, &c. 
 
 The Abstract are those which signify objects that 
 have no habitual mark of existence but in our mind; 
 and which, consequently, can be conceived only by 
 the operation of the soul ; as angel, angel ; espiritu, 
 a spirit, &c. 
 
 The Proper, are words appropriated to denote the 
 single individuals or particular objects to which they 
 are applied ; as Pedro, Peter ; Jorge, George ; 
 Maria, Mary ; Londres, London ; el Ebro, the river 
 Ebro, &c. 
 
 The Substantive has Case, Number, and Gender- 
 
 The cases are, nominative, genitive, dative, accusa- 
 tive, vocative, and ablative. 
 
 The nominative expresses the name of a thing, of 
 
6 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 which another (thing or accident) is affirmed or de* 
 nied ; or it is th? object of a speech, or the patient of 
 a passive phrase, or the subject of the verb, and comes 
 before it ; as Dios es hue no, God is good ; el rey 
 vlene, the king is coming* 
 
 The genitive is the case of the owner of the thing 
 spoken of, and is known by the particle de, of; as, 
 la doctrina del maestro, the master's learning. 
 
 The dative is the case of the person to whom any 
 profit or damage occurs; and is known thus, para or 
 a, for, or to, as, doy el libro al maestro, I give the 
 book to the master. 
 
 Tiie accusative denotes the predicate, or rather the 
 patient in the active signification, in which terminates" 
 the action of the verb, and follows it, answering the 
 question whom ? or what ? hciblo al maestro, I speak 
 to the master. 
 
 The vocative is known by calling or speaking to ; 
 as, O maestro J 
 
 The ablative is the case for the doer in the passive 
 construction ; as, Soy amddo por el maestro, I am 
 loved by the master. 
 
 Appendix ; except entre, de, a, and para, all other 
 prepositions are used to form the ablative case ; entre 
 governs the nominative; de may be applied to geni- 
 tive and to ablative; a to dative and accusative, 
 and para only to dative, and to signify the end, or 
 the object of any action, for which a may be applied. 
 
 The Spanish nouns have no cases, and to distinguish 
 them, prepositions are made use of. 
 
 The variation of the nouns is only to distinguish 
 the numbers, the augmentatives, the diminutives, and 
 in some, that of the genders. 
 
 Number is the quantity of individuals, of one spe- 
 cies, denoted in a substantive. 
 
 The numbers are two, the singular and the plural. 
 The singular only signifies one number, or thing; as, 
 tin drbol, a tree. The plural signifies more than one ; 
 as, drbolcs, trees. 
 
Of the Substantives. 7 
 
 Nouns in singular have several terminations, but 
 in plural, all finish in s ; as, cdsa, house ; cdsas, 
 houses. 
 
 Those which end in a sharo vowel, make the plural 
 hies, as albald, cocket; albaldes ; borcegui, half-boot; 
 borceguies. Those which end in consonants likewise 
 make- their plural in es; as, verdad, truth ; verdades ; 
 cruz, cross ; cruces ; luz, li^hl ; luces. 
 
 Proper nouns have no plural ; as, Pedro, Peter. 
 Others have no singular ; as, vlveres, provisions, &c. 
 
 The augmentatives, and the diminutives, are form- 
 ed from substantives and adjectives ; there are so many 
 of both kinds, that it is impossible to reduce them to 
 rules. From hombre, a man, we say, hombron, ko?n* 
 hrazo, hombronazo; from muger, a woman, muggy 
 rona,.mugeraza, mugerackai from grande, gKeafo 
 granddte, grandon, grandazo. Those ending in azo, 
 signify two different things ; as, zapatazo, a bi<jvv 
 with a shoe. 
 
 From paldbra, a word, palabrofa, palabrdza, zas. 
 From mozo, a young man, mozeton, mozote, moze- 
 tacho. These are used sometimes for eulogie, some- 
 times for contempt, and sometimes for corpulency. 
 
 The diminutives are, from, hombre, hombreeito, 
 hombrecico, hombrecillo, hombrezuelo: from chico, lit- 
 tle, chiquillo, chlquito, chlcuelo r ckkfulluelq ; from 
 chica, a girl, chiquita, chiquiUa, chkuela, chiquu 
 tuela. Those ending m ito, it a, ico, and tea are to 
 signify friendship, and sometimes those ending m illo 
 and ilia; but those ending in elo, ela, always sig- 
 nify contejnpt ; as, mozuelo, mozuela. 
 
 Gender is the distinction^ of sexes applied to every 
 substantive. 
 
 The genders for the substantives are masculine or 
 feminine. 
 
 The varfation of Genders is, as from perro, -dog;. 
 perra, bitch ; from leon, lion ; leona, lioness. 
 
 Other nouns, which neither sigmfy male nor female,. 
 avebeen joined, by use, to the masculine andifemi- 
 
« A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 nine genders; and there is no other reason for saying 
 that an oak tree, is masculine, and enchia, 
 
 an holm oak, feminine. 
 
 There are some substantives common to masculine 
 and feminine, as el mar fir ; la martir el tesfigo, la 
 tesfigo, the witness-, el virgen, lavirgen, the maid. 
 
 There are also nouns among those of beasts which 
 are common to male and female, though by use they* 
 are both always masculine; as, raton, a mouse; mi- 
 lam, a kite; cuervo, a crow, which are always 
 masculine; and, aquila, an eagle; grulla, a crane; 
 perdiz, a partridge ; rata, a rat, which are always 
 feminine, though by their signification are common to 
 both sexes ; and when we wish to distinguish the male 
 from the female, we say, el mtiano hembra, a hen 
 kite; la perdiz macho, acock partridge; gorrion, a 
 sparrow ; el gorrion macho, a cock sparrow. 
 
 It is also to be observed, that use has not fixed the 
 gender of arte, the art ; mar, the sea ; puente, the 
 bridge; or den, the order; they are sometimes mas- 
 culine, and sometimes feminine. Mar and puente are 
 more frequently used as masculine; as, el mar oceano> 
 el magmjico puente. Arte is masculine when it sig- 
 nifies industry, as, el arte militar es necesario para 
 mantener la paz, military art is useful to preserve 
 peace ; el arte de escribir es dificil, the art of writing 
 is difficult; and it is feminine when it is used in the 
 plural to signify certain faculties; as, estudio las artes y 
 lie studied the arts. It is also feminine when we 
 say, that somebody made use of bad means to obtain 
 something ; el se valid de malas artes para logrdrla, 
 he made use of bad arts to obtain her. 
 
 Orden is masculine, when it signifies government, 
 method, or settlement • as, se restablecio el huen orden; 
 el biien orden pide que se trate antes de loj'acil que de 
 hi dijkil, they re-established good order ; good order 
 requires to treat of what is easy before that which is 
 more difficult; and it is feminine when it signifies a 
 
Of the Substantives. 9 
 
 precept; as, ha salido una orden, an act is published. 
 When it signifies some profession or institution; as, 
 las or denes religiosas; las orden es militares, but it is 
 common to say, el orden de Santiago ; de santo Domin- 
 go, de Calatrava, so that all substantives belong to the 
 masculine or feminine genders, or to both. The article la 
 is never applied but to feminine; nevertheless, to avoid 
 the concurrence of two similar vowels, the Spanish 
 academy says, el agua, el alma, el aguila, el ave, 
 though these nouns are feminine ; but to shew the gen- 
 ders in the plural, the proper gender must be applied; 
 as, las aguas, las almas, &c. 
 
 Rules for the Gender of Substantives. 
 
 I. 
 
 Nouns ending with a are feminine ; as p alma, palm; 
 venda, a fillet; teja, a title; ventana, a window. 
 
 Except 
 
 albacea, an executor of a will. epigrama ± epigram. 
 
 almea, red storax. Etna, mount Etna. 
 
 anagrama, anagram. fa, faw, a note in music. 
 
 antipoda, antipodes. idioma, idiom. 
 
 aporisma, aphorism. mana, manna. 
 
 apotegma, apothegm. mapa, map. 
 
 axioma, axiom. paradigma, an example. 
 
 clima, climate. planeta, a planet. 
 
 crisma, chrisme. poema, a poem. 
 
 dia, day. problema, problem. 
 
 dilema, dilemma. sintoma, symptom. 
 
 diploma, diploma. sistema, system. 
 
 dogma, dogma. sqfisma, sophism. 
 
 drama, drama. tenia, theme. 
 
 And their compounds; as, poeta, a poet. 
 entimena, an imperfect syl- comet a, a comet, 
 
 logism. teorema, theorem. 
 
 The following are used as masculine and feminine; as 
 albald, a receipt. anatema, anathema. 
 
 c 
 
10 
 
 A New Spanish Gramn 
 
 cisma, schism. cumbre, a top. 
 
 tenia, emblem. duicedumbre, sweetness. 
 
 hennaphrodita, an herma- especie, species. 
 
 ptjrodite, estirpe, a race. 
 
 nema, the seal upon a let- falange, falange. 
 
 fe, faith. 
 
 Jiebre, fever. 
 
 fuente, fountain. 
 
 hambre, hunger. 
 are hcrrumbre, rust of iron. 
 
 hojaldre, puff paste. 
 
 incertidumbre, uncertai nt y , 
 
 ingle, the groin. 
 
 lande, an acorn. 
 
 landre, glandule. 
 
 lari?ige } gum of the larch-. 
 Except the following ,which tree. 
 
 are leche, milk. 
 
 alache, & small fish. legumbrc, vegetable* 
 
 alsine, chick-weed. Have, key. 
 
 azianbre, two quarts mea- lumbra, light. 
 
 ter. 
 rheuma, rheum. 
 
 II. 
 
 Those ending in e 
 masculine, as, 
 
 conclave, a conclave. 
 lacre, sealing-wax. 
 poste, a jamb. 
 talle, shape. 
 
 sure. 
 Bar bar ie, Barbary. 
 base, base. 
 calle, street. 
 came, meat. 
 
 catastrophe, catastrophe. 
 certidumbre, certainty. 
 clase, class. 
 clave, ~) 
 
 6 \ the key-stone. 
 Have, } 
 
 clematide, a wild plant. 
 cohorte, a cohort. 
 corafnbre, a dicker. 
 corte, court. 
 costurhbre, custom. 
 ecreciente, crescent. 
 
 madre, mother. 
 
 manse dmnbre, meekness. 
 
 men gv ante, decrease. 
 
 mente, the mind. 
 
 muchedumbre, a multitude, 
 
 muerte, death. 
 
 mugre, nastiness. 
 
 nave, a ship. 
 
 nieve, snow. 
 
 noche, night. 
 
 nave, a cloud. 
 
 parte, part. 
 
 patente, patent. 
 
 pesadumbre, sorrow, 
 
 peste, plague. 
 
 piramide, pyramid, 
 
 plebe, plebe. 
 
Of the Substantives. 
 
 11 
 
 podre, rottenness. 
 
 podredumbre, great power. 
 
 pringiie, dripping. 
 
 progenie, progenity. 
 
 prole, issue. 
 
 quiet e, quietness. 
 
 ■salve, bless, preserve, (God J 
 
 sangre, blood. 
 
 sede, a seat. 
 
 serie, series. 
 
 servidumbre, servitude. 
 
 suerte, lot. 
 
 superficie, superficie. 
 
 tarde, late. 
 
 techumbre, tbe top roof. 
 
 tilde, a dash; as, n. 
 
 torre, tower. 
 
 trabe, a beam. 
 
 tripode, a tripod, 
 
 troxe, a granary. 
 
 ubre, bladder. 
 
 urdiembre, the wrap in a 
 
 loom, 
 And a few more. 
 Arte, art ; dote, portion ; 
 
 and puente, a bridge, are 
 
 uncertain. 
 
 III. 
 
 Those ending in i are 
 
 masculine ; as, 
 
 aleli, a violet ; maravedi, a 
 
 small Spanish coin ; taha- 
 
 li, a shoulder-belt. 
 
 Except Dioccsi, a dio- 
 cese ; gracia-dei, a sort of 
 herb; metropoli, a metro- 
 polis ; palmachristi, palm a - 
 christi, (a plant) ; parqfra- 
 si, paraph rasis; and some 
 others. 
 
 Those ending in o, are 
 masc; as, 
 arco, a bow ; cuello, neck ; 
 saco, a sack. Except ma- 
 no, hand ; and nao, a ship, 
 which are feminine. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Those ending in u, are 
 masc. ; as, 
 alaju, sweetmeat ; espiritv, 
 spirit; tribu, a tribu. The 
 last is more commonly used 
 as feminine. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Those ending in d, are 
 feminine ; as, 
 bondad, goodness ; merced, 
 favour ; lid, combat ; salud, 
 health ; except alamud, a 
 bolt; almvd, a small mea- 
 sure ; ardid, contrivance ; 
 ataud, a coffin; azvd, a 
 wheel to draw water ; laud, 
 a lute; sud, the south. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Those ending in 1, are mas- 
 culine ; as, 
 panal, a honey-comb ; cla- 
 vet, gi Hi flower; atril, a 
 stand ; facistol. a stand for 
 a book; except aguamiel, 
 v^iter and honey; cat, lime; 
 carcel, prison; col 9 cab- 
 bage; hiel, the gall ; miel, 
 honey ; piel, skin ; sal, salt, 
 and a few more. Canal, 
 channel, is used as mascu- 
 line and feminine. 
 
 C 2 
 
12 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 VIII. cenit, the zenith ; azimut, 
 
 Those ending in n, are azimuth. 
 
 masculine ; as, XII. 
 
 pan, bread; almacen, a Those ending in x, are fe- 
 
 warehouse, or magazine; minine, except 
 
 hollin, soot; baxon, a bas- carcax, a quiver for arrow's ; 
 
 soon; be/cm, bitumen. re/or, a watch ; almoradux, 
 
 Tlwse ending in ion, are sweet marjoram. 
 
 all feminine in Spanish. XIII. 
 
 Mar gen, margent; and 6r Those ending in z, are 
 
 den, order; are used as m masculine \ as, 
 
 masculine and feminine. antifaz, a veil ; almez, the 
 
 v lote; barniz, varnish ; ar- 
 
 mj 7 . . ros, rice; capuz, a mourn- 
 
 Those ending in r, are ing _ doak# Exce t those 
 
 masculine; as, ending in e*, which signify 
 
 collar, collar; ;>/acer, plea- property or qua ii ty; ° as , 
 sure; zafir, zaphir 5 ^«nor, ^rrecAw, narrowness; oo- 
 fear. Except fe* fl ar, the fi<fc pa i enesS3 andthefol- 
 bezoar-stone ; bezar to wi cervi the neck; 
 innnve; flor, flower; tor, ^^Hs, a scar; cbntrahaz, 
 work ; *e*^r, an axe. Ex- af . a kick . ^ 
 
 cept azucar, sugar, and mar cross . r face ^ the 
 the sea are used as mascu- face of the earth ^ &c & 
 line and feminine, but their dregs . u fi ht . ^^ 
 compounds are al ways femi- the matrix . narhy nose . 
 nine,; as, baxamar low wa- mV ^ chi i dhood; nttC ^ a 
 ter; pfcoiwar, the flood. nut; ^ Z) peace; ^2, pitch, 
 v also a fish ; pomez, the pu- 
 
 Those ending ins, are al- mice stone ; raiz, a root ; 
 mo^ always feminine, ™*>rehaz, superficies, a sur- 
 except pnee; wfe,time; w)*, voice. 
 
 arnes, armour; flnw, anni- Thelastrule is of the names 
 seed; mes, month, cutTs, whose gender has not been 
 the skin, which are used as yet established, and by the 
 masculine and feminine. same termination are found 
 
 sometimes masculine and 
 XI. sometimes feminine. They 
 
 Those ending in t, are are called ambiguous-, am- 
 masculine; as, b'°"~ n,! 
 
Of the Prosody. U 
 
 Of the Prosody. 
 
 Observe., that in Spanish the words have- but one 
 syllable long. 1. It is long in nouns ending in d, I, 
 n, r, x, and z ; as, bonddd, goodness ; badil, shovel ; 
 v alor, valour ; melon, melon ; re/or, a watch ; embria- 
 guez, intoxication. In the plural, the accent must 
 be put on the original syllable; as, bondddes, reloxes, 
 &c. The accent must be put in the infinitive of verbs ; 
 as, sir and estdr, to be, ver, to see, sufrir, to suffer. 
 The first syllable is long in dissyllables ; as, boda, wed- 
 ding ; veo, I see. The penultima is long in the parti- 
 ciples present and past of all the verbs; as, siendo, be- 
 ing ; ddndo, giving; sufriendo, suffering; sido, been; 
 dado, given ; siifrido, suffered. When the vowel of 
 the penultima is followed by two consonants, it is 
 commonly long ; as, madrdstra, step-mother ; padrd- 
 stro, step-father; encdxe, lace. Except when these 
 two consonants are a mute and a liquid," then the 
 vowel being short, the accent is put on the preceding 
 syllable ; as, algebra, algebra ; cdiedra, chair. 
 
 The penultima is commonly long in trisyllables and 
 polysyllables ; as, ventdna, window ; puerta, door. 
 The antepenultima is long in superlatives ; as, aman- 
 tisimo, very amiable; bonisimo, very good. It is long 
 in trisyllables ; as, cdndido, candid ; pdxaro, a bird, 
 &c. 
 
 By joining £he verbs with the conjunctive pronouns 
 me, te,se, les, melo, telo, selo, the accent is sometimes 
 on the fourth syllable, reckoning from the last ; as* 
 dmote, I love you ; amimosle, let us love him ; busca- 
 melo, look for it for me; dixoselo, he said it to him. 
 
 Notwithstanding these additions, the accent is kept 
 on the root; as, hablome, he spoke to me; darete, I 
 will give thee; enbiarios, I will send you; retird- 
 ranse, they will retire. The addition of mente or 
 amente to a noun, to form an adverb, does not change 
 the accent of the primitive; as, pacifico, pacificamente, 
 peaceably. 
 
14 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Of the Spanish Articles. 
 
 The Spanish language has three articles; viz. the 
 article masculine, feminine, and neuter. The mascu- 
 line is el, and is made use of before the nouns of the 
 masculine gender. The article feminine is la ; it is 
 put before the nouns of the feminine gender. The 
 neuter article is lo, and is usually placed before the. 
 nouns substantives formed from adjectives, for there is 
 no neuter nouns in Spanish, being all either of the 
 masculine or feminine gender. 
 
 Declination of the Masculine Article. 
 
 Singular Number. Plural Number. 
 
 Nom. el, the. Nom. los, the. 
 
 Gen. del, or de el, of the. Gen. de los, of the. 
 
 Dat. a el, or al, para el, to Dat. a los, to the. 
 
 the. Accu. los, the. 
 
 Accus. el, the. Abl. de los, from the, 
 Abl. del, de el, from the. 
 
 Feminine Article. 
 Singular Number. Plural Number. 
 
 Nom. la, the. Nom. las, the. 
 
 Gen. de la, of the. Gen. de las, of the. 
 
 Dat. a la, to the. Dat. a las, to the. 
 
 Accu. la, the. Accu. las, the. 
 
 Abl. de la, from the. Abl. de las, from the. 
 
 Neuter Article. 
 
 Nominative, lo, the. 
 Genitive, de lo, of the 
 Dative, d lo, to the. 
 Accusative, lo, the. 
 Ablative, de lo, from the. 
 
 (Neuter has no plural.) 
 
Of the Articles. U 
 
 A noun masculine declined with the articles. 
 
 Singular Number. Plural Number. 
 
 Nom. elrey, the king. Nom. los reyes, the kings. 
 Gen. del rey, of the king. Gen. de los reyes, of the 
 
 kings. 
 Dat. at rey, to the king. Dat. a los reyes, to the 
 
 kings. 
 Accu. el rey, the king. Accu. los reyes, the kings. 
 
 Abla. del rey, from the Abl. de los reyes, from the 
 king. kings. 
 
 A Noun Feminine, with the Articles. 
 
 Singular Number. Plural Number. 
 
 Nom. lareyna, the queen. N. las reynas, the queens. 
 
 Gen. de la reyna, of the Gen. de las reynas, of the 
 
 queen. queens. 
 
 Dat. a la reyna, to the Dat. d las reynas, to the 
 
 queen. queens. 
 
 Accu. lareyna, the queen. Ac. las reynas, the queens. 
 
 Abl. de la reyna, from the Abl. de las reynas, from 
 
 queen. the queens. 
 
 The substantives of the masculine and feminine gen- 
 der are declined with the articles el and la, singular ; 
 los and las, plural, except the proper nouns of men and 
 women, and the proper nouns of towns. 
 
 The adjectives made substantives, with the article lo, 
 neuter. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Nom. lo bueno, that which is good. 
 Gen. de lo bueno * of that which is good. 
 Dat. a lo bueno, to that which is good. 
 Accu. lo bueno, that which is good. 
 Abl. de lo, or para, con, lo bueno, from that which is 
 good. 
 
16 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 All the adjectives are made substantives in Spanish 
 by adding lo to the masculine gender. 
 
 The vocative takes no article, and it is designated 
 thus: 6 Dios! OGod! 6 Pedro! O Peter! 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Of Pronouns* 
 
 The pronoun is a word used instead of a noun, to 
 avoid the too frequent repetition of it, which would be 
 troublesome and unpleasant. 
 
 There are six sorts of pronouns, viz. personal, pos- 
 sessive, demonstrative, relative, interrogative, and inde- 
 finite. 
 
 Of Personal Pronouns. 
 
 Personal Pronouns are those that signify the person 
 in a positive and definitive manner ; they are declined 
 thus : 
 
 First Person, Masculine and Feminine. 
 
 Singular, Plural. 
 
 Nom. yo, I. nos, or nosotros, nosotras, 
 
 we. 
 Gen . de mi, of me. de nosotros, nosotras, of us . 
 
 Dat. a mi, to me. a nosotros, nosotras, to us. 
 
 Accu. me, me. nos, us. 
 
 Abl. de mi, from me. de nosotros, nosotras, from 
 
 us. 
 
 Second Person, Masculine and Feminine. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. tu, thou. vosotros, vosotras, ye. 
 
 Gen. de ti, of thee. de vosotros, vosotras, of ye. 
 
 Dat. a ti, to thee. a vosotros, vosotras, to ye. 
 
 Accu. te, thee. vosotros, vosotras, ye. 
 
 Abl. de ti, from thee. de vosotros, vosotras, from 
 
 ye. 
 
Of Pronouns. 1 7 
 
 Third Person. 
 
 Singular, masculine. Plural, masculine. 
 
 Norn. 41, he. ellos, they. 
 
 Gen. de el, of him. de ellos, of them. 
 Dat. d el, to him. d ellos, to them. 
 Accu. le, him. les, or to, them. 
 
 Abl. de el, from him. de ellos, from them. 
 
 Singular, Feminine. Plural, Feminine* 
 
 Nom. e//a, she. ellas, they. 
 
 Gen. de ella, of her. tfe e/to, of them. 
 
 Dat. d ella, to her. d ellas, to them. 
 
 Ace. la, her. to, them. 
 
 Abl. de ella, from her. de ellas, from them. 
 
 O/* the Possessive Pronouns. 
 They are so called, because they shew the possession 
 
 of a thing ; 
 
 and are thus declined : 
 
 
 
 For both 
 
 Genders. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 mi, 
 
 mis, 
 
 my. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 de mi, 
 
 de mis, 
 
 of my. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 d mi, 
 
 d mis, 
 
 to my. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 mi, 
 
 mis, 
 
 my. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 de mi, 
 
 de mis, 
 
 from my 
 
 
 Second Person. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 tu, 
 
 tus, 
 
 thy. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 de tu, 
 
 de tus, 
 
 of thy. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 d tu, 
 
 d tus, 
 
 to thy. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 tu, 
 
 tus, 
 
 thy. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 de tu, ' 
 
 de tus, 
 
 from thy 
 
18 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 nuestro. 
 
 tros, 
 
 our. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 de nuestro, 
 
 tros, 
 
 of our. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 a nuestro, 
 
 tros, 
 
 to our. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 nuestro, 
 
 tros, 
 
 our. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 de nnestro, 
 
 tros, 
 
 from our. 
 
 
 Femi 
 
 nine. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 nuestra, 
 
 tras, 
 
 our. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 de nuestra, 
 
 tras, 
 
 of our. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 a nuestra, 
 
 tras, 
 
 to our. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 nuestra, 
 
 tras, 
 
 our. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 de nuestra, 
 
 tras, 
 
 from ouiv 
 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 vuestro, 
 
 tros, 
 
 your. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 de vuestro, 
 
 tros, 
 
 of your. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 a vuestro, 
 
 tros, 
 
 to your. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 vuestro, 
 
 tros, 
 
 your. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 de vuestro, 
 
 tros, 
 
 from your. 
 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 vuestra, 
 
 tras, 
 
 your. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 de vuestra, 
 
 tras, 
 
 of your. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 a vuestra, 
 
 tras, 
 
 to your. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 vuestra, 
 
 tras, 
 
 your. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 de vuestra, 
 
 tras, 
 
 from your, 
 
 Third Person, Singular and Plural. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 su, 
 
 sus, 
 
 their. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 de su, 
 
 de sus, 
 
 of their. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 a su, 
 
 d sus, 
 
 to their. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 su. 
 
 sus, 
 
 their. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 de su, 
 
 de sus, 
 
 from their. 
 
Of Pronouns. 
 
 if) 
 
 l. 
 
 Absolute Pronoun Possessive, declined with the 
 
 
 definite 
 
 Article. 
 
 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Norn. 
 
 el mio, 
 
 los mios, 
 
 mine. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 del mio, 
 
 de los mios, 
 
 of mine. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 a I mio, 
 
 a los mios, 
 
 to mine. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 el mio, 
 
 los mios, 
 
 mine. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 del mio, 
 
 de los mios, 
 
 from mine. 
 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 la mia, 
 
 las mias, 
 
 mine. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 de la mia, 
 
 de las mias, 
 
 of mine. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 a la mia, 
 
 a las mias, 
 
 to mine. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 la mia, 
 
 las mias, 
 
 mine. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 de la mia, 
 
 de las mias, 
 
 from mine. 
 
 
 2. 
 Masculine. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 el tuyo, 
 
 los tuyos, 
 
 thine. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 del tuyo, 
 
 de los tuyos, 
 
 of thine. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 a I tuyo, 
 
 d los tuyos, 
 
 to thine. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 el tuyo, 
 
 los tuyos, 
 
 thine. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 del tuyo, 
 
 de los tuyos, 
 
 from thine 
 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Nom: 
 
 la tuya, 
 
 las tuyas, 
 
 thine. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 de la tuya, 
 
 de las tuyas, 
 
 of thine. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 a la tuya, 
 
 a las tuyas, 
 
 to thine. t 
 
 Ace. 
 
 la tuya, 
 
 las tuyas, 
 
 thine. 
 
 AW. 
 
 de la tuya, 
 
 3 
 
 de las tuyas. 
 
 D 2 
 
 , from thine 
 
30 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Nom, 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 Abl. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 Abl. 
 
 Singular, 
 el suyo, 
 del suyo, 
 al suyo, 
 el suyo, 
 del suyo, 
 
 Masculine, 
 
 Plural, 
 los suyos, 
 de los suyos, 
 a los suyos, 
 los suyos, 
 de los suyos, 
 
 Feminine. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 la suya, 
 de la suya, 
 a la suya, 
 la suya, 
 de la suya, 
 
 las suyas, 
 de las suyas, 
 a las suyas, 
 las suyas, 
 de las suyas, 
 
 his, hers, its. 
 of his. 
 to his. 
 his. 
 from. 
 
 her, hers, its. 
 of her. 
 to hers, 
 her, hers, its. 
 from her. 
 
 Demonstrative Pronouns. 
 
 The Demonstrative Pronouns are three. The first 
 is este, this; the second ese, that; and the third 
 aquel, that. Este shews the thing or person that is 
 just near ; ese shows the object that is a little farther, 
 or near the person to whom we speak ; and aquel ex- 
 presses an object at a distance from both, and are thus 
 declined : 
 
 1. 
 Singular 
 
 Masculine* 
 
 Feminine, 
 
 Neuter. 
 
 Nom. este, 
 
 est a. 
 
 esto. this 
 
 Gen. de este, 
 
 de esta, 
 
 de esto, of this. 
 
 Dat. a este, 
 
 a esta, 
 
 d esto, to this. 
 
 Ace. este, 
 
 esta, 
 
 esto, this. 
 
 Abl. de este, 
 
 de esta, 
 Plural. 
 
 de esto, from this. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 (No Neuter.) 
 
 Nom. est os, 
 
 estas, 
 
 these. 
 
 Gen. de estos, 
 
 de estas, 
 
 of these. 
 
 Dat. a estos, 
 
 a estas, 
 
 to these. 
 
 Ace. estos, 
 
 estas, 
 
 these. 
 
 Abl. de estos, 
 
 de estas, 
 
 from these. 
 

 Of Pronouns. 21 
 
 
 2. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Masculine, 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Neuter. 
 
 Norn, ese, 
 
 esa, 
 
 eso, that 
 
 Gen. de ese, 
 
 de esa, 
 
 de eso, of that. 
 
 Dat. a ese, 
 
 a esa, 
 
 a eso, to that. 
 
 Ace. ese, 
 
 esa, 
 
 eso, that, 
 
 Abl. de ese, 
 
 de esa, 
 Plural. 
 
 de eso, from that. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 (Neuter has no Plu.) 
 
 Nom. esos, 
 
 esas. 
 
 those. 
 
 Gen. de esos, 
 
 de esas, 
 
 of those. 
 
 Dat. d esos, 
 
 a esas, 
 
 to those. 
 
 Ace. em?, 
 
 esas, 
 
 those. 
 
 Abl. de esos, 
 
 de esas, 
 
 from those 
 
 3. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. 
 Nom. aquel, aquella, aquello, that, 
 
 Gen. de aquel, de aquella, de aquello, of that. 
 
 Dat. d aquel, d aquella, a aquello, to that. 
 Ace. aquel, aquella, aquello, that. 
 
 Abl. de aquel, de aquella, de aquello, from that. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom, 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 Abl. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 aquelhs, 
 de aquellos, 
 
 a aquellos, 
 
 aquellos. 
 
 de aquellos, 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 aquellos, 
 de aquellos, 
 a aquellas, 
 
 aquellos, 
 de equellas, 
 
 those, 
 of those, 
 to those. 
 
 those, 
 from those. 
 
 Observe, that from the pronouns este and esse are 
 formed aqueste, aqitesta, aquesto, singular; aquestos, 
 aquestas, plural; aquese, aquesa, singular; and aque- 
 ^os, aquesas, for the plural. They are made us,e of 
 
aa A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 only by poets, instead of este or ese, and signify the 
 same ; but their use is old, and are never used in 
 prose. The pronouns otro, otra, otros, otras, are 
 often joined to este, ese, taking off the e of the two 
 first, but not of the third; as, estotro, esotro; esto- 
 tra, esotra ; estotros, estotras, this other ; aquel 
 otro, aquella otra, that other; aquellos otros, aquel- 
 las otras, them others; and aquello otro, that other. 
 The last is neuter, and it is never applied to any liv- 
 ing creature. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Estotro hombre, this other man. 
 Est otra niiia, this other girl. 
 
 Aquel and aquella are often joined with the personal 
 pronouns of the first person, yo and nos; then it gives 
 more energy to the said first person ; as, 
 
 Yo aquel que en tiempos pasados, I, the very same, 
 who in former times. 
 
 Yo aquella que en otros tiempos solia ir a verte, I, 
 the same, who in former times used to go and see you. 
 
 J\: is wo. misma, mismos, mismas; same, may be join- 
 ed with the three demonstrative pronouns ; as, 
 
 Esta misma casa quiero, I like this house; ese 
 mismo vino quiero, I like that wine ; este mismo 
 quiero, I will have this; estaban hablando de este y 
 de esotro ; they were talking of this and that ; en estas 
 y en esotras, in the mean while ; esto es mas de ad- 
 mirar que aquello, this is more surprising than that. 
 
 Relative Pronouns. 
 Declined with the indefinite Article, and common 
 to both Genders and Numbers. 
 
 1. 
 
 \oin. Ace. 
 
 que, 
 
 who, or that. 
 
 Cien. Abl. 
 
 de que, 
 
 of, or from what. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 a que, 
 
 to what. 
 
Of Pronouns. 23 
 
 2. 
 Common to both Genders, and relating to Persons only. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Ace. quien, quienes, who. 
 
 Gen. Abl. de quien, de quienes, of,or from whom . 
 Dat. a quien, a quienes, to whom. 
 
 Declined with the Definite Article, and relating to 
 Persons and Things. 
 
 1. 
 
 Singular. 
 Nom. Ace. el qual, la qual, which. 
 
 Gen. Abl. del qual, de la qual, of, from which* 
 
 Dat. al qual, a la qual, to which. 
 
 2. 
 Plural. 
 Nom. Ace. los quales, las quales, which. 
 Gen . Abl . de los qua les, de las qua les, of, fro m wh ich 
 Dat. d los quales, a las quales, to which. 
 
 Neuter, relating to Persons and Things. 
 
 Nom. Ace. lo qual, which. 
 
 Gen. Abl. de lo qual, of, or from. 
 
 Dat. a lo qual, to which. 
 
 Masculine. Feminine. 
 
 cuyo, citya, j whoge 
 
 cuyos, cuyas, J 
 
 Interrogative Pronouns, declined with the Indefinite 
 Article. 
 
 Common to both Genders, and relating to Persons only. 
 Nom. Ace. que ? what. 
 
 Gen. Abl. de que, of what. 
 
 Dat. a que', to what. 
 
 L Singular. Plural. 
 
 Non. Ace. quien, quines, who. 
 
 Gen. Abl. de quien, de quienes, of, from who. 
 
 Dat. d quien, a quienes, to whom. 
 
24 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Common to both Genders, 
 Norn. Ace. qual, quales, which. 
 
 Gen. Abl. dequal, de quales, of, from which 
 Dat. a qual, a quales, to which. 
 
 Relating to Persons and Things. 
 
 Masculine. Feminine. 
 
 cuyo, cuya, 1 whose 
 
 cuyos, cuyas, J 
 
 The Imperfect or Indefinite Pronouns are these : 
 
 Todo, todos, toda, todas, all ; cada uno, cada una, 
 (no plural), every one ; cierto, ciertos, cierta, ciertds, 
 certain ; alguno, algunos, alguna, algunas, some, or 
 somebody ; ninguno, ninguna, (no plural), none ; mu- 
 cho, ?nuchos, mucha, muchas, much, or many ; cada, 
 each; nada, nothing; algo, something; alguien, or 
 arguien, somebody ; nadie, nobody ; quienquiera, 
 whoever ; qualquiera, any one, or whichsoever ; qua- 
 lesquier a, whichsoever ; otro, otros, another; tal, ta- 
 les, such ; ni uno, ni una, not one ; ni uno, ni una, 
 ni otro, ni otra, ni unos, ni unas, ni otros, ni otras, 
 neither the one nor the other ; uno y otro, una y otra, 
 unos y otros, unas y otras, the one and the other ; 
 unos, unas, some; mismo, niisma, misnios, mismas, 
 same ; nulo, nula, nulos, nulas, none ; qualquier, 
 whenever; ambos, ambas, entrambos, entrambas, am- 
 bos a dos, ambas a dos, both ; fulano, fulana, such 
 one. Observe, that such one and such one, is translated 
 by fulano y zutano ; fulana y zutana. 
 
 Rules, Examples, and Observations on the Pronouns. 
 
 When the personal pronouns are governed by the 
 verbs, they generally precede not only the verbs, but 
 even the auxiliaries, when the tenses are compound, 
 jsmd then they are conjunctive. 
 
Of Pronouns. 
 
 25 
 
 el ipe dio el dinero. 
 
 el me quiere mucho/ 
 
 te quiero mucho. 
 
 te estimo poco. 
 
 el se leVarita. 
 
 ella se acuesta 
 
 ellos v ellas se van. 
 
 le ama vmd ? 
 
 yo la veo. 
 
 la embiar^mos a 'llamar. 
 
 lo niega como Pilatus. 
 
 no nas habie de eso. 
 
 nos ima con ternura. 
 
 vosos levantais, or usted se 
 
 levanta. 
 yo os lo dire, 
 les dixeron laverdrd. 
 les ha ido talqual. 
 les concedieron el perdon. 
 
 Examples : 
 
 he gave me the money. 
 
 he loves me much. 
 
 I love thee very much. 
 
 I esteem thee but a little. 
 
 he is getting up. 
 
 she goes to bed. 
 
 they are going away 
 
 do you love him ? 
 
 I see her. 
 
 ive shall send for her. 
 
 he denies it as Pilatus. 
 
 do not speak to us of that. 
 
 he or she loves us tenderly 
 
 you are getting 
 
 -g U P- 
 
 las a 
 
 azotaron 
 
 el tra 
 
 sero. 
 
 I will tell it you. 
 they told them the truth. 
 they have done pretty well, 
 they granted them their 
 
 pardon, 
 they whipped them on their 
 
 back. 
 
 Examples on Possessive Pronouns* 
 Su amo y el mio. his or her master and mine 
 
 su mad re y la mia. 
 susbienes y Sos riuos. 
 siis amigas y las mias. 
 
 mi padre y el suyo. 
 mi mad re y la suya. 
 mis parientes y les suyos. 
 
 mis parientas y las suyas. my female relations- and 
 
 yours. 
 
 his, her mother and mine 
 his, her property and mine 
 his, her female friends and 
 mine. 
 father and yours, 
 my mother and-yours. 
 my relations and yours. 
 
 tu campo y el suyo. 
 tu puerta y la suya. 
 tus libros y los suyos. 
 tus mulas y las suyas. 
 
 thy field, and his or hers, 
 thy door and his, hers. ■ 
 thy books and his, hers, 
 thy mules and his, hers. 
 
 B 
 
'2G A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 su valor y el nuestro. their valour and ours. 
 
 su victoria y la nuestra. their victory and ours. 
 
 stts cabal los y los nuestros. their horses and ours. 
 
 sus quex as y las nuestras. their complaints and ours. 
 
 nuestro vino y el vuestro. our wine and yours. 
 
 nuestra bodega y la vuestra. our celler and yours. 
 
 nuestros reyes y los vues- our kings and yours. 
 
 tros. 
 
 nuestras reynas y las vues- our queens and yours. 
 
 tras. 
 
 vuestro cura y el suyo. your curate and theirs. 
 
 vuestra casa y la suya. your house and theirs. 
 
 vuestros vecinos y los suyos your neighbours and theirs 
 
 vuestras cosasylas suyas. your things and theirs. 
 
 Rules and Examples on Demonstrative Pronouns. 
 
 The pronoun este denotes a person or thing near 
 him who speaks ; ese, a person or thing near him one 
 speaks to; and aquel expresses an object at a distance 
 from both. 
 
 Examples : 
 
 este pan £s bueno. this bread is good. 
 
 esta mesa es mia. this table is mine. 
 
 ese hombre es malo. that man is wicked. 
 
 esa puerta es nueva. that door is new. 
 
 Observe, that este and aquel are also Used in com- 
 parisons; and then este signifies the last person or 
 thing spoken of, and aquel the first; as (arlos Jue 
 trrande, Juan amhicioso, este valiente, y aquel pude- 
 roso ; Charles was great, John ambitious*; the first 
 powerful, the last courageous. Where it is seen, that 
 este represents John, and aquel Charles ; as, 
 Que quiere aquel hombre? What does thatrnanwant? 
 aquel cabalio corre bien. that horse runs well. 
 
 Examples on Relative Pronouns. 
 El hombre que he visto es The man whom I saw is a 
 rtiuy hombre de bien. very honest man. 
 
Of Pronouns. 27 
 
 La muger que vm. quiere the woman whom you love 
 
 es muy linda y joven. is beautiful and young. 
 
 las noticias que han llegado The news which are arriv- 
 
 son buenas. ed are good. 
 
 el es a quien yo veo. it is he whom I see. 
 
 ella es a* quien quiero. it is she whom I love. 
 
 el hombre cuy a genero- the man whose generosity 
 
 sida adrniro. I admire. 
 
 Londres cuyas casas son London J he houses of wMch 
 
 baxas. are low. 
 
 Examples and Rules on the Interrogative Pronouns. 
 
 Que quiere vm. ? What do you want ? 
 
 que me pregunta vm. ? ivhat do you ask me ? 
 
 que gente es esa ? what people is that ? . 
 
 que mugeres son estas ? what women are these ? 
 
 quien ha hecho tal cosa ? who has done such a thing? 
 
 qual es el mas viejo de los who is the oldest of both ? 
 
 dos? 
 
 quales son las mas bonitas ? which are the prettiest ? * 
 
 cuyo £s este alojamiento ? whose lodging is this ? 
 
 cuyas son estas casas ? whose houses are these ? 
 
 Observe, that que, whether relative or interrogative, 
 is of both genders and numbers, and relates to persons 
 and things. Quien makes in plural quienes, are of both 
 genders, and relates to persons only, whether relative or 
 interrogative. Qual singular, quales plural, when it is 
 relative, takes the definite article, and has the three 
 genders. Being interrogative, it takes the indefinite 
 article, and is common to both genders : it may be 
 used in either case, speaking of persons and things. 
 Cuyo, cuyos, masculine, cuy a, cuyas, feminine, whe- 
 ther interrogative or relative, are applied to persons and 
 things; they always agree with the object possessed, 
 and not with the possessor. 
 
 JfT 2 
 
3fl A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Examples : 
 
 El dinere que tengo, es The money which I have is 
 
 mio, y no tuyo. mine, and not thine. 
 
 a que parte quiere vm. ir r u&ich way will yon go ? 
 
 que tiempo haee hoy ? how is the weather to day? 
 
 que piensa vm. de esto r what do you thinh of this ? 
 
 El es a quien espero. it is he whom 1 slay for. 
 
 De quien es este jardin ? whose garden is this ? 
 
 qual de estas dos penis le which of these two pears 
 
 gustan mas ? do you like best ? 
 
 Juan, cuyo padre ha muer- John, whose father is 
 
 to. dead. 
 
 el maestro cuya doctrina The master, whose doc- 
 
 es buena. trine is good. 
 
 cuyo es este campo r whose field is this ? 
 
 la razon de la qua! se valio. the reason he made use oj. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Of the Adjectives. 
 
 An adjective is a word that expresses the quality of 
 persons and things, as bueno, good ; sabio, learned ; 
 milo. bad; are adjectives. An adjective must agree 
 with the substantive in gender, number, and case; as, 
 Dios es bueno, God is good ; hay homhres sabios. there 
 are learned men ; vienen ma las noticias, or noticias 
 ? as, bad news are coming. Adjectives ending in o, 
 form their feminine by changing o into a : as, from 
 bueno, buena. singular, buenos y buena?, plu I ; a 
 
 masculine adjective singular is made a s vith 
 
 the neuter article to ; as lo bueno, that which is good ; 
 to hermoso, that which is handsoi 
 used thus has neither feminine nor plural; but an ad- 
 jective used with the articlts el and Iq, may. have plu- 
 ral number; -as el hermoso, la hermosa, fos hermosos, 
 las hermosas, handsome; el hermoso ni no. the hand- 
 some child ; la I (he bar. woman: 
 
Of the Adjectives. 2$ 
 
 los hermosos caballos, the handsome horses ; las her- 
 7?wsas mugeres, the handsome women. The other 
 termination of adjectives, which can only be one of the 
 letters e, /, s, or z, are common to both genders; as, 
 un Pan caliente, a hot loaf; una mesa redonda, a round 
 table; casa "paternal, a paternal -house ; un hombre 
 feliz, a h ij)oy man. Except the following ones, though 
 ending with a consonant, form the feminine by the ad 
 dition of an a to the masculine ; as haragan, a, idle ; 
 holgazan, a, lazy ; haron, a, coward ; hampon, a P 
 vain. 
 
 Also the names of nations ; as Espaiiol, Espauola, 
 Spaniard; .Frances, French, Francesa ; Ingles, Eng- 
 lish, Inglesa; Portugues, Portuguese, Portuguese 
 The plural of adjectives is formed in the same manner 
 as the substantives ; as el hermoso, los hermosos, la 
 hermosa, las hermosos, handsome ; el triste, los tristes 
 la triste, las tristes, sad. The adjectives bueno, malo 9 
 alguno, primero, and postrero, lose the last vowel 
 when they are placed before a substantive; as un buen 
 maestro, a good master ; un mal hombre, a bad man ; 
 el primer plaio, the first di^h ; el postrer libro the 
 last book ; tercero and grande, may or not lose it ; 
 aseltercerortercerodia, the third day; ungran, or 
 grande cahallo, a great horse. Santo and ciento lose 
 the last syllable, the former before a proper name, the 
 latter before any substantive ; as, San Juan, Saint 
 John; San Pablo, Saint Paul; San Pedro, Saint 
 Peter. Except Santo Domingo, Saint Dominic; Santo 
 Tomas, Saint Thomas : and Santo Toribio. Many 
 adjectives may be placed either before or after substan- 
 tives ; but the following must be placed after, as, 
 
 un zapato estrecho. a straight shoe. 
 
 una torre aJjta, a high tower. 
 
 un tiempo frio. cold weather. 
 
 aire humedo. a damp air. 
 
 una casaca larga. a long coat. 
 
 un sombrero bianco. a white liat. 
 
30 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 nna casa derribada. a demolished house. 
 
 un vestido bianco. a white dress. 
 
 una capa corta, &c. a short cloak, fyc. 
 
 Comparison of Adjectives. 
 
 The comparison is formed by placing mas or menos 
 before the positive ; as, mas santo, more holy ; menos 
 capaz, less capable. There are some adjectives and 
 participles that do not admit of mas or ?ncnos before 
 them ; such as celeste, celestial ; nacido, born ; com- 
 prado, bought ; desterrado, banished, See. 
 
 The following adjectives make the comparative with- 
 out the addition of mas or menos ; as, 
 
 
 Positive. 
 
 
 Comparative. 
 
 hueno, 
 
 
 good. 
 
 mejor, 
 
 better, 
 
 malo, 
 
 
 bad. 
 
 peor, 
 
 worse. 
 
 grande, 
 
 
 great. 
 
 mayor, 
 
 greater. 
 
 pequefio, 
 
 
 little. 
 
 menor, 
 
 less. 
 
 mucho, 
 
 
 much. 
 
 mas, 
 
 more. 
 
 poco, 
 
 
 little. 
 
 menos, 
 
 less. 
 
 Super ir, superior ; inferior, inferior ; deter ior, worse, 
 and si few more. 
 
 Observe, that there can be no comparison without 
 
 the particle q ue expressed in English by than ; as, el 
 
 vino es mejor que el agua, wine is better than water ; 
 
 esto es peor que aquello, this is worse than that; el 
 
 cabcMo es menos pesado que el asno, the horse is least 
 
 heavy than the ass. Que is sometimes preceded by 
 
 the article de lo, in the following and similar phrases ; 
 
 as, eso es mejor de lo que parece, that is better than 
 
 what it appears ; £s mas discrelo de loque parece, he 
 
 wise than it appears. The comparatives supe~i 
 
 , inferior, and some others, do not require que 
 
 them, but govern the next noun or pronoun in 
 
 <ia*.i.ve ; as. el uno es inferior al otro, the one is in- 
 
 ■ >r to the other ; ese es superior a este, that is supe- 
 
 We make use of mucluo mas, a great deal* 
 
 jf much more ; as also of mucho menos, a great deab 
 
Of the Numbers, 
 
 31 
 
 less, or much less ; as, el amo is mucho mas rico que 
 el criado, the master is much richer than the servant ; 
 el is mucho mas discrete que vm, he is much more 
 wise than you are. The adjectives ending in o, by 
 taking off the o, and adding isimo to the masculine, 
 and isima to the feminine ; as from docto, learned ; 
 doctisimo, doct isima, very learned ; from claro, clear ; 
 clarisimo, clarisima, very clear. The same must be 
 observed on those ending in e, as excelente, excellent ; 
 excelentisimo, exceleniisima, excelentisimos, mas, most 
 excellent. 
 
 The comparatives and superlatives may be formed 
 by the simple addition of the adverbs mas and muy, as 
 mas bueno, better ; mas malo, worse ; mas grande, 
 greater ; muy bueno, very good ; muy malo, very bad ; 
 muy grande, very great, and so of the rest, except \evy 
 few. If the positive has another termination than o or 
 e, the superlative is formed by adding isimo, isimos, 
 isima, isimas, to it, without any thing else. Some 
 superlatives are also irregular, while some others have 
 both a regular and irregular form. Examples: bonis- 
 simo, or dptimo, very good, or the best of all ; mali- 
 simo, or ptsimo, very bad, or the worst of all ; gran- 
 disimo, or maxima, very great, or the greatest of all ; 
 pequenisimo, or minimo, least of all ; muchisimo, most 
 of all ; poqms'tmo, the least of all. 
 
 
 OF THE NUMBERS. 
 
 
 
 Cardinal Numbers. 
 
 
 Uno, una, 
 
 one. 
 
 di£z, 
 
 ten. 
 
 dos, 
 
 two. 
 
 once, 
 
 eleven. 
 
 tres, 
 
 three. 
 
 doce, 
 
 twelve. 
 
 quatro, 
 
 four. 
 
 trece, 
 
 thirteen. 
 
 cinco, 
 
 five. 
 
 catorce, 
 
 fourteen. 
 
 seis, 
 
 six. 
 
 quince, 
 
 fifteen. 
 
 siete, 
 
 seven. 
 
 diez y seiz 5 
 
 sixteen. 
 
 ocho, 
 
 eight. 
 
 diez y siete, 
 
 seventeen. 
 
 nueve, 
 
 a nine. 
 
 di£z y ocho, 
 
 eighteen* 
 
32 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar 
 
 diez y nueve, nineteen. 
 veinte. twenty. 
 
 veinte y uno, twenty-one. 
 veinte y dos, twenty-two. 
 
 treinta, 
 
 thirty. 
 
 quarenta, 
 
 forty. 
 
 cincuentla, 
 
 fifty* 
 
 sesenta, 
 
 sixty. 
 
 setenta, 
 
 seventy. 
 
 ochenta, 
 
 eighty. 
 
 noventa, 
 
 ninety. 
 
 ciento, cien, 
 
 hundred. 
 
 ciento y unc 
 
 >, a hundred 
 
 
 and one. 
 
 dociensos, 
 
 two hundred. 
 
 trecientos, three hundred. 
 
 qnatio ctentos, four hun- 
 dred. 
 
 quinientos, five hundred. 
 
 seiscientos, six hundred. 
 
 setecientos, seven hundred. 
 
 ocho cientos, eight hun- 
 dred. 
 
 nueve, or nove cientos^waVw? 
 hundred. 
 
 mil. a thousand. 
 
 dos mil, two thousand. 
 
 cien mil, an hundred thou- 
 sand. 
 
 un millon, a million. 
 
 Observe, that of all those numbers, only uno, una, 
 and ciento, are declined ; because we say, un hombre, 
 a man ; un libro, a book; una muger, a woman. 
 Plural, unos, masculine, unas, feminine, unos dicen 
 que si, otros dicen que no, some say yes, others say not; 
 unas dicen Men, y otras hacen mal, some say right, 
 and others do wrong. Ciento also loses to before a 
 noun, either masculine or feminine ; and so we say, 
 cien caballos, cien reales ; but it retains to when it is 
 followed by another number, as ciento y uno, ciento y 
 dos. Ciento is sometimes made a substantive, as un 
 ciento, or un centenar de clavos, one hundred of nails ; 
 and milieu has its plural millones. It is of the mascu- 
 line gender. 
 
 Ordinal Numbers. 
 
 Primer, or primero, first. 
 
 hdo, second. 
 
 tercero, third. 
 
 quarto, fourth. 
 
 qui n to, fifth- 
 
 sexto, sixth. 
 
 septimo, seventh. 
 
 octavo, eighth. 
 
 nono, 6 noveno, ninth* 
 decimo, 6 deceno, tenth. 
 undecimo, 6 one£no, ele- 
 venth. 
 duodecimo, 6 doceno, 
 
 twelfth. 
 decimo tercio, 6 trec6no, 
 thirteenth* 
 
Abbreviations. 
 
 $3 
 
 decimo quarto, 6 catorceno 
 fourteenth. 
 decimo quinto, 6 quinceno 
 fifteenth. 
 decimo sexto, sixteenth. 
 decimo sept i mo, seven- 
 teenth 
 decimo octavo, eighteenth. 
 decimo nono, nineteenth. 
 vigesimo, 6 veinteno, twen- 
 tieth. 
 trigesimo, 6 trenteno, 
 
 thirtieth. 
 
 quadragesimo, 6 quarente- 
 
 no, fortieth. 
 
 quinquagesimo, ocinquen- 
 
 teno, fiftieth. 
 
 sexagesimo, 6 sesenteno, 
 
 sixtieth. 
 
 septuage'simo, 6 setenteno, 
 seventieth. 
 octuagesimo, 6 ochent^no, 
 eightieth. 
 nonag^simo, 6 noventeno, 
 ninetieth. 
 centesimo, ocenteno, hun- 
 dredth. 
 doscientesimo, 6 docen- 
 teno, two hundredth. 
 trecentesimo, 6 trecenleno, 
 three hundredth. 
 quatrocentesimo, o quatro- 
 eenteno, four hundredth. 
 quingentesimo, 6 quinien- 
 teno, five hundredth. 
 milesimo, thousandth. 
 
 Abbreviations of the 
 
 A. As. Arroba, s, twenty- 
 five pounds. 
 
 A. A. an tores, authors. 
 admor. administrador, ad- 
 ministrator. 
 
 Ag t0 . Agosto, August. 
 An t0 . Antonio, Anthony. 
 app co . appa. apostolico, ca, 
 apostolical. 
 art, articulo, article. 
 
 arzbpo, arzobispo, arch- 
 bishop. 
 
 B. be&to, blessed. 
 B. (in quoting) vuelta, 
 
 turn over. 
 
 B. L. M . besa 6 beso las 
 
 manos, / hiss the hands. 
 
 Spanish Language. 
 
 B. L. P. Beso los pies, / 
 
 hiss the feet. 
 
 B mo . P e . beatissimo Padre 
 
 most blessed Father. 
 
 C. M. B. cuyas manos b£- 
 so, whose hands I hiss. 
 
 cam a . camara, chamber. 
 cap. capitulo, . chapter. 
 cap a . capitan, captain. 
 capp rt . capeflan, chaplain. 
 col. coltina, column. 
 
 comis . comisdrio, com- 
 missary. 
 comp a . compania, com- 
 pany. 
 cons , consejo, council. 
 cor te . corriente, current. 
 
 F 
 
34 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 D. d 3 . don dona, don, 
 dona. 
 
 D. D. doctores, doctors. 
 
 D r . d 6r . doctor, doctor. 
 
 I) s . B^os, God. 
 
 dho, dha, dicho, dicha, 
 said. 
 
 dro. derecho, duty. 
 
 En . Enero, January. 
 
 ex mo . ex ma . excelentissi- 
 mo, ma, most excellent. 
 
 exca, excelencia, excel- 
 lency. 
 
 fho,fha, fecho, fee ha, dated. 
 
 Feb . Febrero, February. 
 
 fol, folio, folio. 
 
 fr. fray, brother. 
 
 Fran co . Francisco, Francis 
 
 Fernz. Fernandez, Fer- 
 nandez. 
 
 gue, gde, guarde, save. 
 
 gra. gracia, grace. 
 
 Genl. general, general. 
 
 igla, igtesia, church. 
 
 ille, ilustre, illustrious. 
 
 illmo, illma, illustiissimo, 
 ma, most illustrious. 
 
 inqor. inquisid6r, inquisi- 
 tor. 
 
 Jhs. Jestis, Jesus, 
 
 Jph. Joseph, Joseph. 
 
 Jn. Juan, John. 
 
 Lib. libro, foo/t. 
 
 Lib s . librae, pounds. 
 
 Lin. linea, /irce. 
 
 M. P. S. may poderoso 
 
 senor, most powerful lord. 
 
 Me. madre, mother. 
 
 Mr. monsieur, master. 
 
 Ms,as,muchos, xnos,many 
 years. 
 
 Magd. magestad, majesty. 
 
 Migl. Miguel, Michael. 
 
 mnro. minfstio, minister. 
 
 mrd. merced, favour. 
 
 Mrn. Martin, Martin. 
 
 Mrnz. Martinez, Marti- 
 nez. 
 
 Mro. maestro, master. 
 
 Mrs. Maravedis, Mara- 
 vedis. 
 
 M. S. manuscrito, manu- 
 script. 
 
 M. S. manuscritos, manu- 
 scripts. 
 
 N. S. Nuestro Senor, our 
 Lord. 
 
 N. S a . NuestraSenora, our 
 Lady. 
 
 N r °. nra, nuestro, nuestra, 
 our. 
 
 Nov c . 9 re . Noviembre, iVb- 
 
 obpo. obispo, bishop. 
 
 Oct r e. 8re. Octubre, Octo- 
 ber. 
 on. onza, u onzas y ounce, 
 ounces. 
 ordn. ords, orden, ordenes, 
 order, orders. 
 P. D. posdata, postscript . 
 Pa. para, for. 
 
 Pe. padre, father. 
 
 Po. Pedro, Peter. 
 
 pr. rJor, for, or by. 
 
 ps. pies, feet. 
 
 pta. plata, silver, or plate. 
 pte. parte, /wrf. 
 
Abbreviations, 
 
 35 
 
 p» puerto, port. 
 
 pag. pagina, P&g e - 
 
 pi plana, trowel. 
 
 pbco. publico, public, 
 rL ys. veil, reales, ?^i/a/, 
 royals, 
 Rrao. reverendisimo, w<w£ 
 
 R&. recibi, 
 Q.-qe; que, 
 q&>. quando, 
 qn. quien, 
 q t0 . quanto 
 
 / received. 
 
 that, what. 
 
 when. 
 
 wlw. 
 
 how much. 
 
 S. san. 6 santo, saint. 
 S. M. su Mages tad, his 
 Majesty. 
 Sr. S or . S ra _. Sefior, Sefio- 
 ra, Sir, Lady. 
 Septe. 7 bre - Septiembre, 
 September. 
 Sermo. serma, serenisimo, 
 ma, most serene. 
 SS no . escribano, notary. 
 Supca, suplica, entreats. 
 supte. suplicante, peti- 
 tioner. 
 
 Tente.teniente, lieutenant 
 Tom. tomo, tome. 
 
 tpo. tiempo, time. 
 
 V. Ve. venerable, venera- 
 ble. 
 V. A. vuestra alteza. your 
 Highness. 
 V. E. vuecelencia, your 
 excellency. 
 V. G. verby gracia, for 
 example. 
 V. M. vuestra merc£d, 
 usted, you. 
 V. P. vuestra paternid&d, 
 your paternity. 
 V. S. I. vue senoria, usia, 
 your lordship. 
 V. S. I. vue senoria ilu- 
 strisima, your lordship. 
 von. vellon, bullion. 
 
 vol. volumen, volume. 
 Xmo. diezmo, tenth. 
 
 Xpto. Christo. Christ. 
 Xptno. Christiano, Chris- 
 tian. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Of Verbs. 
 
 A verb is a part of speech that signifies to be, to 
 do, or to suffer; as, scr hombre, to be a man ; dmo, I 
 love; soy amado\ I am loved. It is conjugated through 
 moods and tenses. By moods, the verb is changed 
 according to the circumstances.; as yo hablo, I speak, 
 is the indicative ; habto tu? speak thou, the impera- 
 • tive, &c. 
 
 f 2 
 
3 6 A New Spanish (h'ammar. 
 
 Tenses are the distinction and variety of times, as 
 amdba, I was loving ; ame*, I loved, &c. 
 
 Verbs are divided into personals, (so called because 
 they have persons), as yo amo, I love ; tu anlas, thou 
 lovest, &c. ; and impersonals, because they have no 
 persons, as conviene, it is convenient; const a, it is 
 plain. 
 
 They are divided into — 
 
 Active, Neuter, 
 
 Passive, Reciprocal. 
 
 Active signifies to do, as ensenar, to teach; leer, to 
 read ; and may be made passive by the auxiliary verb 
 ser, and the participle passive of the verb, as ser en- 
 senddo, soy enstnddo, &c. 
 
 Passive signifies to suffer; as soy amado, but observe 
 that in the third person singular, and in the third plu- 
 ral, they are conjugated not only with the auxiliary 
 ser, but even with the participle se; as, Dios es amd- 
 do, or Dios se ama, God is beloved : bueno es que la 
 virtud sea hdllada, or se halle en un rey, it is good 
 that virtue be found in a king ; que los buenos sean 
 amados, or se amen, that the virtuous may be loved. 
 By which you may see, that the participle passive is 
 varied in the conjugation of this verb, saying, yo soy 
 amado nosotros somas amados. 
 
 Neuter, properly, is that which signifies neither 
 action nor passion ; as, pintar, to paint ; colorear, to 
 give colour ; correr, to run ; asentir, to assent. This 
 verb makes a perfect sense by itself, in which it dif- 
 fers from the active ; as, dutrmo, I sleep ; nieva, it 
 knows. 
 
 The active verb says the same in the active and pas- 
 sive voices ; as, yo amo a Dios, or Dios es amado por 
 mi, which cannot be said by the neuter in a proper 
 manner, 
 
 The neuter is either substantive; as, ser, to be, or 
 absolute (so called for its making a sense by itself), by 
 action; as, bla*sfemar, to blaspheme; Uneve, it rains; 
 or by passion; as, colorear, enegrecer. ^ 
 
Of the Verhs. 37 
 
 The verb reciprocal is that which returns the sense 
 backward, and is conjugated thus : apercebtrse, to be 
 prepared or provided for; me apercibo, I prepare my- 
 self; tu te apercibes, thou preparest thyself ; and al- 
 ways takes the particple se in the infinitive. 
 
 Note, That in the Spanish language one verb may 
 be made active, passive, neuter, and reciprocal, by the 
 different senses that may be applied to it ; as, acostar, 
 to put one in his bed, is active, and is made passive by 
 the auxiliary estar and the participle passive ; as, estoy 
 acostddo, I am put in my bed, or I lie down. When 
 it signifies to follow one's party or opinion, or to de- 
 clare partially for a prince, it is neuter; as, Pedro 
 dexddo el servicio de Francia, acostd a la parte de 
 Espdna, Peter having left the French service, enlist- 
 ed himself in the Spanish service ; and when it signi- 
 fies to come near to a place; as, acostarse aqui, to 
 come near to this place, then it is reciprocal ; as, si te 
 acuestas aqui te pegare, if you come near to this place, 
 I will or shall beat you. 
 
 Some of the verbs are regular, (because they are con- 
 fined to rules), and others irregular, (because they have 
 no rule) ; their irregularity is so various, sometimes 
 in the present tense of the indicative ; in the preterit, 
 future, the imperative, in the preterim perfects, future 
 of subjunctive, and sometimes in their participles, there- 
 fore I shall take care to mention them in the conjuga- 
 tions, each of them will be found in its respective place. 
 
 ARTICLE THE FIRST. 
 
 Of Moods. 
 
 The Moods are the infinitive, indicative, impera- 
 tive, and subjunctive. 
 
 Of the Infinitive Mood. 
 Signifies to do, to suffer, or to be, has neither num~ 
 
3* A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 her, nor person, nor nominative case before; as, amar, 
 to love ; anddr, to walk. 
 
 The infinitive being preceded by the article el, it 
 becomes a substantive ; as, el amar, loving; el andar, 
 walking. When two verbs come together without any 
 nominative case between them, then the latter is put 
 in the infinitive mood; as, quiero amar, I desire to 
 love ; and oftentimes, the infinitive supplies thenomi? 
 native case ; as, amar a Dios, y hacer bien al p?*teimo t 
 son nuestras obligaciones, to love God, and do good 
 to our neighbours, are our obligations. 
 
 The indicative expresses its own affirmation; as, tu 
 amas a tu padre, thou lovest thy father. 
 
 The imperative commands, and is made of the third 
 person of the present indicative, and of the present of 
 the subjunctive ; as, lima tu, love thou ; ame SI, let 
 him love; pierde tu, lose thou; pier da SI, let him 
 lose, &c. And so the third person of the indicative is 
 the second of the imperative, the third of the impera- 
 tive is first of subjunctive ; the second plural is formed 
 from the infinitive by changing r into d ; as, of amar, 
 say amad, love ye ; perdtr, perdtd, pedir, pedid. 
 
 The subjunctive has always some conjunction annex- 
 ed ; as, si, como, que, quando, if, as, that, when; quando 
 7/0 dme, when I love ; but the tenses are all alike in 
 these three moods. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 Of Tenses. 
 
 Are, the present, the preterimperfect, preterperfect, 
 preterpluperfect, and future. 
 
 The present says what immediately happens; as, 
 soy, dmo, I am, I love. 
 
 The preterim perfect, which shews that something 
 was then a doing, or present at that time which we 
 speak of; as, cscribia quando vm. entrd, I was writing 
 when you came in. 
 
Of the Verbs. 39 
 
 The preterperfect, which expresses a precise and de- 
 termined time ; as, habit ayer d su padre de vm, I 
 spoke yesterday to your father. 
 
 The preterperfect compound, is that which shews 
 that something is entirely done and past, without men- 
 tioning any precise time ; as, he escrito ml carta, I 
 have written my letter; or else it expresses an action 
 done the same day that one speaks in ; as, lie comldo 
 un polio esta mandna, I have eaten a chicken this 
 morning. 
 
 The preterperfect, more distant, is also used with that 
 of the verb haber, and the participle of the verb want- 
 ed ; as, luego que hubo comido se fue, after he dined 
 he went away. 
 
 The preterpluperfect shews also that something had 
 been done before another thing that was done and past, 
 and besides, it has a precise and determined significa- 
 tion ; as, llegd ta carta at tiempo, que ya te habia 
 escrito, your letter arrived after I had written to you. 
 
 The future, shews that something is to come ; as, 
 mandna ire d verle, I shall go to-morrow to see 
 you. 
 
 Concerning the subjunctive, nothing particular can 
 be explained ; the three preterimperfects agreeing or 
 not one witb another, it is almost impossible to fix 
 their use : they want some help, that they may, in 
 the less equivocal manner, be directed to the proper 
 use of each. The Spanish Academy proposes the fol- 
 lowing rules : 
 
 1st. When any speech begins with a conditional 
 conjunction ; as, si, s'mo es que, sino es quando, sin 
 que, aunque, aun quando, con tal que; si, in a ques- 
 tion, ought to be with the termination ria\ as, le pre- 
 gunte si vendria, I asked him if he would come ; 
 otherwise the terminations ria or se ought to be used ; 
 as, si yojuera, ofuesefeliz en eljuego, jugaria, if I 
 was lucky at game I should play. 
 
 2d. If any speech begins without a conditional con- 
 junction, the termination ra or ria may be indistinct- 
 
40 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 \y used; as, bueno fuera, o seria que nevase, it would 
 be good that it should snow ; yo habldra, or hablaria 
 si me lo permit u sen, I should speak if I had leave. 
 
 3d. It joins sentences and words together; as, he 
 visto a tu padre yd tu madre, I have seen thy fa- 
 ther and mother; si sal go con la mia, vereis maravil- 
 las, if I can succeed, you shall or will see wonders ; 
 si usted auiere sera asi, y si no sera lo mismo, if you 
 will it will be so, and if not it will be the same; quan- 
 do usted sea cura, sere cardenal, when you shall be a 
 curate, I shall be a cardinal; si asisucede, no ird,mal 9 
 if it happens so, all will be right; si usted vd a su 
 tierra me escrivird vm. ? if you go to your country, 
 will you write to me ? 
 
 The Gerunds. 
 
 Gerund, by itself, signifies indefinitely, and requires 
 another verb which terminates it; as, llegando el rey 
 iodos se pardron, when the king arrived every body 
 stopt ; siendo Dios servido ire al bayle, if God be 
 pleased I shall go to the ball ; siendo eso verdad le 
 ayuddre d vm. if that be true, I shall help you. 
 
 It has the same value when preceded by the prepo- 
 sition en ; as, en escribiendola carta, la embiare, I 
 shall send the letter after writing it. And it is resolv- 
 ed by the conditional si ; as, Hi escribo la carta la em- 
 biare, if I write the letter I will send it. 
 
 Of the Participles. 
 
 The participle is a part of speech which takes from 
 the verb its formation and signification, and from the 
 nouns its declension. 
 
 There are active and passive participles : the active 
 signifies action ; as, amante $ corriente, escribiente. 
 The passive signifies passion ; as, amado, corrido, oido. 
 
 They are called active, or passive participles, even 
 those that are formed from the neutral and reciprocal 
 verbs,' in which there is neither action nor passion., in 
 
Of the Participles. 
 
 41 
 
 which the termination and use is more attended t(? 
 than the propriety ; and so durniiente is an active par- 
 ticiple, and dormido a passive one. 
 
 The passive participles which do not end in ado, or 
 in ido 9 are call irregular ; such are the following, and 
 their compounds. 
 
 Infinitive. Signification. 
 
 abrir, to open. 
 
 cubrir, cover. 
 
 decir, say. 
 
 escribir, write, 
 
 , ' > make, to do. 
 
 hacer, J 
 
 morir, die. 
 
 poner, put, 
 
 solver^ solve. 
 
 ver, see. 
 
 volver, turn. 
 
 and their compounds; as, compnesto, composed; con- 
 trahecho, counterfeited ; encubierto, hidden. 
 
 There are many verbs with two participles, one re- 
 gular, and the other irregular, and are the following: 
 
 Participles. 
 abierto, 
 cubiertOj 
 dicho, 
 escrito, 
 fecho, 
 hecho. 
 muerto, 
 puesto, 
 saelto, 
 visto, 
 vuelto, 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Ate tar, 
 
 Signification, 
 to surfeit. 
 
 Regular. 
 ahitado, 
 
 Irregular, 
 ahito. 
 
 ben decir, 
 
 bless. 
 
 bendecido, 
 
 bendito* 
 
 compel er, 
 concluir, 
 
 compel, 
 conclude. 
 
 compelido, 
 concluido, 
 
 compulso. 
 concluso. 
 
 confundir, 
 
 confound. 
 
 confundido, 
 
 confuso. 
 
 con veneer, 
 
 convince. 
 
 convencido; 
 
 convicto. 
 
 convertir, 
 
 convert. 
 
 con vert id o, 
 
 converse 
 
 despertar, 
 elegir, 
 
 awake, 
 elect. 
 
 despertado, 
 elegido, 
 
 despierto* 
 electo. 
 
 enjugar, 
 excluir, 
 
 dnj. 
 exclude. 
 
 enjugado, 
 excluido, 
 
 enjuto. 
 excluso. 
 
 expeler, 
 
 expel. 
 
 expelido, 
 
 expulso. 
 
 expresar, 
 extinguir, 
 fixar, 
 bar tar, 
 
 express. 
 
 extinguish. 
 
 fix, or fasten. 
 
 fin. 
 
 expresado, 
 extinguido, 
 fixado, 
 hartado, 
 
 G 
 
 expreso. 
 
 extinto. 
 
 fixo. 
 
 harto« 
 
4 4 J 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar 
 
 Injinitiiw 
 incluir, 
 
 Signification, 
 include. 
 
 Regular. 
 incluido, 
 
 Irregular. 
 incluso, 
 
 incurrir, 
 
 incur. 
 
 incurrido, 
 
 incurso. 
 
 insertnr, 
 
 insert. 
 
 insertado, 
 
 inserto. 
 
 invertir, 
 
 invert. 
 
 invertido, 
 
 in verso. 
 
 inxerir, 
 
 graft. 
 
 inxerido, 
 
 inxerto. 
 
 juntar, 
 maldecir, 
 
 join, 
 curse. 
 
 juntado, 
 maldecido, 
 
 junto, 
 maldito. 
 
 manifestar, 
 
 ?n an if est. 
 
 manifestado, 
 
 manifiesto. 
 
 ma re hi tar, 
 
 Jade. 
 
 marchitado, 
 
 marchito. 
 
 oinitir, 
 
 omit. 
 
 omitido, 
 
 omjso. 
 
 oprimir, 
 perfeccionar, 
 prender, 
 prescribir, 
 
 oppress. 
 
 perfection. 
 
 take. 
 
 prescribe. 
 
 oj)rimido, 
 perfeccionado, 
 prendido, 
 prescribido, 
 
 opreso. 
 
 pefecto. 
 
 preso. 
 
 prescrito. 
 
 proveer, 
 recluir, 
 
 provide, 
 recluse. 
 
 proveido, 
 recluido, 
 
 provisto. 
 recluso. 
 
 romper, 
 
 to break. 
 
 rompido, 
 
 roto. 
 
 soltar, 
 
 release. 
 
 soltado, 
 
 suelto. 
 
 suprimir, 
 
 suppress. 
 
 suprimido, 
 
 supreso. 
 
 The regular passive participles of the tl 
 
 iird colirma 
 
 are always used with the auxiliary verb haber to form 
 their compound tenses ; as, has conjundiolos papele&, 
 ihou hast mixed the papers; has despertado del sitefiQ, 
 thou hast awakened; se han hartado de fruta, they 
 have filled themselves with fruit; he incktido tus car- 
 fas; 1 have inclosed thy letters. The irregulars of the 
 fourth column are used as verbal and absolute adjec- 
 tives, and cannot form compound tenses with the .uwxit 
 liary verb haber, except the four following :. preso. 
 taken ; prescrito, prescribed ; provisto, provided ; ro/.o; 
 broken, {likewise it maybe said: 
 
 ha prendido, j I ha preso, "\ • (taken. 
 ha prescribido, ( ) ha prescrito, f ^ J prescribed." '] 
 ha proveido, f J | ha provisto, j *> \ provided. 
 ha rompido, J I. ha roto, J*' [broken. 
 
 lloto fe more in use than rompido. The following 
 are fometimes used with the auxiliary haber \ as, opr'e- 
 
Of the Participles, 
 
 43 
 
 so, inxerto, and supreso. 
 
 of passive termination and 
 
 are used as verbal adjectives 
 
 Acostumbrado, to inure. 
 
 agradecido, tJmnkfut. 
 
 atrevido, bold. 
 
 biencenado, well supped. 
 
 bien com ido, well dined. 
 
 bien hablado, well spoken 
 
 callado, 
 
 cansado, 
 
 comedido, 
 
 desesperado, 
 
 disimulado, 
 
 entendido, 
 
 There are other participles 
 active signification which 
 they are as follow : 
 
 silent, 
 tiring. 
 
 moderado, 
 
 ocasionado, 
 
 osado, 
 
 parado, 
 
 parecido, 
 
 part ido, 
 
 pausado, c 
 
 porfiado, 
 
 preciado, 
 
 precavido, 
 
 recatado, 
 
 sabido, 
 
 sacudido, 
 
 moderate. 
 
 disturber. 
 
 courageous. 
 
 slow. 
 
 like. 
 
 liberal. 
 
 heavy person. 
 
 positive. 
 
 a boaster. 
 
 cautious, 
 
 prudent. 
 
 learned, 
 
 dull. 
 
 sentido, a sensible person, 
 sufrido, patient. 
 
 trascendido, penetrating. 
 valido, a worthy man. 
 
 courteous, 
 desperate, 
 dissimulate, 
 sensible. 
 esforzado, brave, gallant. 
 fingido, Jeigned. 
 
 leido, one ivho has read 
 much. 
 medido, a moderate man. 
 mirado, considerate. 
 
 All these participles have passive significations in 
 other expressions ; as, when we say, hombre leido. a 
 man that has read much ; muger leida, a woman that 
 has been versed in reading; libro leido, a hook that 
 has been read; where it may be seen, that when these 
 participles refer to a man or woman, they have active 
 signification; and when, for libro, book, or carta, a 
 letter, they have the passive signification. If we say, 
 J), fa un hombre cansado, D. is a tiresome man, then 
 the: participle is in active signification ; but if we say, 
 este hombre estd cansado de. trabajar, this man is 
 tired of labour, its signification is passive, because the 
 person spoken of is that who receives or suffers the 
 fatigue. 
 
 Participle -Passive. s 
 
 The first and principal use of Passive Participles! is, 
 to t>e joined with the auxiliary verbjtaber, to form; tire 
 
 g 2 * 
 
44 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 compound tenses; as, he sido, I have been; lias esta- 
 do, thou hast been; habras amddo, thou shalt have 
 loved; cl hubiera renido, he should have come. When 
 it is thus employed it has no plural nor feminine ter- 
 mination, because it is considered as united to the verb 
 haber, to point out a tense of its verb ; as, ha prendido 
 les ladrones, he has taken the thieves; ban venido las 
 mugeres, the women are come. So that the participle 
 is invariable, and it becomes the same to the agent as 
 to the term of the action, of whatever gender and 
 number it might be. When it is joined to the auxi- 
 liary tener, to have; as, tengo escrito a mi padre, I 
 have written to my lather ; tengo hablado d las se- 
 nores, I have spoken to the gentlemen ; sus padres 
 t eman consent i do que su h/jo vendrla, his parents had 
 consented that their son should come. But if the 
 verb tener is used as active, the participle next to it 
 loses its property, and is made an adjective, it agrees in 
 gender, number, and case, with the substantive in 
 which the action of the verb terminates ; as, tengo 
 escrito itn papel, I have written a paper ; tengo escru 
 ta una carta, 1 have written a letter; los padres te- 
 nian consent ida la venida de su hijo, the parents had 
 consented that their son should come. The second of- 
 fice or employment of the passive participle is to be 
 joined with the auxiliary verb ser, to be, to supply the 
 passive voice of the verbs. Then it receives plural num- 
 ber in the feminine termination as adjective; as, la 
 riqueza es apetecida, riches are desired; los empleos 
 son deseados, employments are wished. 
 
 The third office of the participle passive is, to be 
 joined with substantives, and agree with them in gen- 
 der, number, and case, as adjective; as, hombre per- 
 dido, a lost man ; cosa acabada, a tiling finished ; 
 cauda les her edados, wealth inherited; haciendas ad- 
 quiridas, goods that have been acquired. 
 
 The fourth, and most proper use of the passive par- 
 ticiple is to be used as absolute ; as, tornado el gusto 
 al estudio no hay cosa que mas deleyte } the taste of 
 
Of the Auxiliary Verbs. 45 
 
 study being taken there is nothing more agreeable ; 
 sosegados los alborotos, se restablecid el buen-orden, 
 the tumult being calmed, good order was re-established. 
 (See the Syntax.) 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 Of the Numbers and Persons. 
 
 Person is a noun or pronoun which is the subject 
 of a speech. 
 
 The Persons are three: the first speaks of himself; 
 as, I, the present N. do hereby certify that, &c, yo el 
 presente N. certifico que, 8$c. We the underwritten 
 witnesses, &c. nosotros los testigos abaxo firmados, 
 8$c. The second Person is spoken to ; as, t u hiciste 
 bie?i 9 iu lo has hecho Men, thou madest good, thou hadst 
 done it right ; vosotros defendeis la razon, ye defend 
 the right ; el no quiere hacerlo, he will not do it; son 
 f elites los que se crten tales, they are happy who think 
 themselves so. 
 
 Of the Auxiliary Verbs. 
 
 Auxiliary Verbs take their etymology of the Latin 
 auxilium, auxilio, help; so called because they are 
 wanted for, and help to the conjugation of other 
 verbs. 
 
 There are auxiliary or helping verbs in all the living 
 languages, and in the Spanish there are perhaps more 
 than in any other ; as, poder, tener, soler, ir, &c, 
 without, we cannot rightly explain the meanings of 
 some senses ; but there are three principal ones, viz. 
 
 Haber, to have; instead of which we use likewise 
 the verb tener, to hold ; estar and ser, to be. The two 
 first serve for the active, neutral, and reciprocal verbs ; 
 haber serves also for the passive verbs in their coim- 
 pound tenses, as in the preterperfect, pluperfect, &,e. ; 
 and the verb ser serves for the passive verbs ; and as the 
 other verbs cannot be conjugated without these, we 
 think it proper to begin with them. 
 
46 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 THE CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 And first, of the Auxiliary Verb Haber, 
 
 habe>, 
 
 Infinitive Mood, 
 to have. 
 
 Future. 
 
 
 haber de haber, 
 
 to have hereafter. 
 
 
 
 Gerund. 
 
 
 habiendo, 
 
 having. Ml 
 Gerund Future. 
 
 
 * habiendo de haber, being about to have. 
 
 
 habido, 
 
 Passive Participle, 
 had. 
 
 
 haber habido, 
 
 Preterp erfect. 
 
 to have had. 
 
 
 Compound Gerund. 
 habiendo habido, having had. 
 
 Gerund Future Perfect. 
 * habiendo de haber ha- being obliged to have had. 
 bido, 
 
 * They may be used in every conjugation. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 Present Tense. Singular. 
 
 yo he, / have, 
 
 tu has, thou hast, 
 
 el ha he has. 
 
 Plural. 
 nosotroshemosiorhabemos, we have. 
 vosotros habeis, ye have. 
 
 ellos han they have. 
 
 Preter imperfect. 
 Singular. 
 yo habia, / had. 
 
 tu habias, tlwuhadst: 
 
 £1 habia, he had. 
 
Of the Auxiliary Verbs. 
 
 *T 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 nosotros habiamos, 
 
 we had. 
 
 vosotros habiais, 
 
 ye had. 
 
 ellos habian, 
 
 they had. 
 
 
 Peterperfcct. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 yo bube, 
 
 1 had. 
 
 tu hubiste, 
 
 thou hadst. 
 
 fl hubo, 
 
 he had. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 nosotros hubfmos, 
 
 we had. 
 
 vosotros hubisteis, 
 
 ye had. 
 
 ellos hubie>on, 
 
 they had. 
 
 
 Future. 
 
 yo habr£, 
 
 I shall, or will have. 
 
 tu habrds, 
 
 thou shalt, or wilt have* 
 
 el habra, 
 
 he shall, or will have. 
 
 nosotros habremos, 
 
 we 1 
 
 vosotros habr&s, 
 
 ye y shall, or will have. 
 
 ellos habr£n, 
 
 they J 
 
 Second Imperfect, or Conditional. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 yo habria, 
 
 I should 
 
 
 tu habrias, 
 
 thou shouldst 
 
 
 61 habria, 
 
 he should 
 
 
 
 Plural. yhave. 
 
 nosotros habriamos 
 
 we should 
 
 vosotros habriais, 
 
 ye should, 
 
 ellos habrian, 
 
 they should J 
 
 Compound Tenses. 
 
 **e,1 
 
 I have -J 
 
 has, Vhabido. 
 
 thou hadst > had. 
 
 ha, J 
 
 he has J 
 
 hemos, "j 
 
 we have j 
 
 hab&s, > habido* 
 han J 
 
 ye have > 
 they have J 
 
 had. 
 
48 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 habia, ^ 
 
 habiasj > habido. 
 habia, J 
 
 habiamos") 
 habiais, > habido. 
 habian, J 
 
 hube "^ 
 hubiste > habido. 
 hubo J 
 
 hubimos "j 
 hubisteis > habido. 
 hubieronj 
 
 { 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 lhad ^j 
 thou hadst > had. 
 he had ) 
 
 r we had "} 
 < ye had > had. 
 I t hey had) 
 
 Preterit. 
 
 rlhad ^| 
 < thou hadst > had. 
 [he had ) 
 
 ive "| 
 
 ye > had had. 
 
 they j 
 
 { 
 
 habre* "* 
 habras > habido. 
 habra J 
 
 habremosl 
 habreis > habido. 
 habran J 
 
 habria ") 
 
 habrias J> habido. 
 habria J 
 
 haDrian^s^ 
 habriais S» habido. 
 habrian J 
 
 Compound Future. 
 
 fl shall or will 
 < thou shalt or wilt 
 \_he shall, or will 
 
 [we shall 1 
 
 < ye shall > 
 
 L* hey shall j 
 
 or Conditional. 
 
 f / should 
 
 } 
 
 have 
 had. 
 
 or will have 
 had. 
 
 -{ thou shouldest > 
 
 
 had. 
 
 he de haber, 
 has de haber, 
 ha de haber, 
 
 hemos~] 
 
 habeis Ide haber. 
 
 han J 
 
 \_he should 
 we should } 
 ye should yhave had. 
 they should^ 
 
 Second Future. 
 
 i 1 
 
 thou >must have, 
 he J 
 
 we ~) 
 
 ye >mmt have. 
 
 they) 
 
Oj utiary V&rhs* 49 
 
 Third. Fut ure. 
 
 habia "| / was "] 
 
 habias J>de haber. thou wast J> to have. 
 
 habia J he was 
 
 habiamos") we "| 
 
 habiais j>de haber. ye )>were to have. 
 
 habian J they J 
 
 Fourth Future. 
 
 habrdsjde haber «*lj3 £ l^lS S 
 
 habra J k J 
 
 habremos 1 zre "| 
 
 habreis )>de haber. ?/e ^shall^c. 
 
 habran J t ne Uj 
 
 Imperative Mood. (Not used now.) 
 
 babe tu, have tlwu. 
 
 hay a el, let him have. 
 
 hayamos nosotros, let us have. 
 
 habed vosotros, have ye. 
 
 hayan ellos, let them have. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 aunque, como, quando, que, si, oxala,' 
 
 although. as. when. that. if. Godgrant. 
 
 plega a Dios, would to God. 
 
 Present. 
 
 f haya, "] f I may have, 
 
 que yo ^ hayas, > that <i thou may est have, 
 
 L haya, J (_he may have. 
 
 hayamos, we may have. 
 
 hayais, ye may have-. 
 
 hayan, they may have. 
 
 ,Preterimperfects . 
 hubiera, hubiese, / might have. 
 
 hubieras, hubieses, thou mightest have 
 
 hubiera, -hubiese, he might have. 
 
 H 
 
50 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 hubi^ramos, hubiesemos, we "J 
 
 hubie>ais, hubieseis, ye y might have. 
 
 hubieran, hubi£sen, they J 
 
 Future of the Present Subjunctive. 
 
 Si yo hubiere, hubieres, 1 
 
 hubiere, hubieremos, )> If I shall or will have. 
 hubiereis, hubieren, J &c. 
 
 Compound Subjunctive. 
 
 fhaya - f 
 
 que yo^ hayas 
 
 Lhaya I , , • , \ that I may have 
 
 hayamos j M had, &c. 
 
 hayais 
 hayan ff r* 
 
 7%e Three Imperfects Compound. 
 
 yo hubiera -. p 
 
 hubieVas J 
 
 / would or should have 
 
 hubiera It , . , ! / would 
 hubieramos j ' | had, &c. 
 
 hubieVais j 
 
 hubie>ais I 
 
 hubieran -* 
 
 hubiese, habria, 
 
 hubieses, habrias, | ^ j M } M 
 
 hubiese, habria, I habido,J ^ 0U if^. 
 
 hubiesemos, habriamos, \ &c. \ V ? « 
 
 hubieseis, habriais, | L/ ^> &c * 
 
 hubi&en, habrian^ 
 
 Future. 
 
 Si, or quando 
 yo hubiere, 
 
 hubilre, 8 ' | habido. • # °, r ^en I shall or 
 hubi&emoO \ will have had, k C . 
 
 hubiereis, > ^* 
 
 J 
 
 hubieren. 
 
Of the Auxiliary Verbs. 
 
 SER and ESTAR. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Present. 
 Ser, or estar, to be. 
 
 Future. 
 haber de ser, or estar, to be hereafter 
 
 Gerund. 
 siendo, or estando, being. 
 
 Passive Participle. 
 skio, or estado, been. 
 
 Prefer. 
 haber sido, or estado, to have been. . 
 
 Compound Gerund. 
 habiendo sido, or estado, having been. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 Present. 
 Singular. 
 soy, estoy, / am. 
 
 e*res, estds, thou art, 
 
 es, esta, he is. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 soraos, estdmos, we ~] 
 
 sois, estais, ye yare. 
 
 son, cstan, they J 
 
 Preter imperfect. 
 era, estaba, / was. 
 
 eras, estabas, thou wast. 
 
 era, estaba, he was. 
 
 eYamos, estabamos, we 1 
 erais, estdbais, ye )>were. 
 
 e>an/ estdban, they J 
 
 H 2 
 
A New Spanish Gramm 3 
 
 Preterperfect. 
 
 fui, estuve, _ 
 
 fuiste, estuviste, 
 
 fue, estuvo, T 
 
 luimos, estuvimos, 
 fuisteis, e^tuvfsteis, 
 
 fu^roi), estnvieron, ^ 
 
 Future. 
 
 sere, estare, 
 
 seras, estaras 
 
 
 sera, estara, ^2 shall or will be. 
 
 seremos, estareiuos, ( &c. 
 sereis, estareis, 
 serau, estaran 
 
 Imperfect, or Conditional* 
 seria,. or estaria, _ 
 
 serias, estarias, I 
 
 seria, estaria, ; j { r sholdd be , &c . 
 
 senamos, estanamos, f 
 serials, estariais, 
 serian, es tar ran, -* 
 
 Compound Tenses. 
 
 he sido, or estado, _ 
 has sido, estado, 
 
 ha sido estado \ ] have been, kc. 
 
 nemos sido, estado, f 
 habeis sido, estado, 
 
 han sido, estado, ^ 
 
 fmperfec* 
 
 habia sido, or estado,-. 
 
 habias sido, estado, 
 
 habia sido, estado, , 7 7 7 
 
 nabiamos sido, estado / ' 
 
 habiais sido, estado, 
 
 habian sido, estado, -* 
 
Of the Auxiliary Verbs. 53 
 
 Preterit. 
 
 hube sido, or estado, "] 
 
 hubiste sido, estado, 
 
 hubo sido, estado, J>7 had been, &c. 
 
 hubimcs sido, estado | 
 
 hubisteis sido, estado J 
 
 Future. 
 
 habre' sido, or estado,-. 
 
 habras sido, estado, I 
 
 habra sido, estado I j shM ^ b &c 
 
 ha bremos sido, estado \ 
 
 habreis sido, estado, 
 
 babran sido, estado, ^ 
 
 Conditional. 
 
 habria sido, or estado,-. 
 habrias sido, estado, 
 
 ,,/ • '■, . j V I should r have been. &c. 
 habnamossido,estado, [ 
 
 habriais sido, estado, \ 
 
 habrian sido, estado, -* 
 
 he<J de ser, or<[ estar, > I must he, &c. 
 
 Second Future. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 fde ser, f estar, 
 <j de ser, or<i estar, 
 l^de ser, |_ estar, 
 
 Plural. 
 
 [~de ser, f estar,") 
 hemos<( de ser, or <j estar, ywe must be, &c. 
 
 Lde ser, L estar, J 
 
 Third Future. 
 babia de ser, o?* estar, &c. / was to be, &c. 
 
 Fourth Future. 
 habre de ser, or estar, &c. I shall be obliged to be, &c. 
 
54 A New Spanish Gramnv> 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 se, or esta tu, be thou. 
 
 sea, or esX.ii el, let him be. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 seamos, or estemosnosotros let us be. 
 sed, or estad vosotros, be ye. 
 
 sean, or esten ellos, let them be. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 f sea, or este, 1 f I may be. 
 
 que yo<v seas, estes, )> that ^ thou may est be. 
 Lsea, este, J \hemay be. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 que f searnos, or estemos "| 
 
 noso-< seais, esteis, ^that we may be, &c. 
 
 tros L s ^ an > esten, J 
 
 Imperfects. 
 
 que, or si, &c. 
 yo fuera, fuese, seria, 
 fueras, fueses, serias, 
 fuera, fuese, seria, that I should, 
 
 que nosotros. S>icculd, or could 
 
 fu^ramos, fuesemos, seriamos, | be, &c. 
 fuerais, fueseis, seriais, 
 fueran, fuesen, serian, J 
 
 si yo estuviera, estuviese, estaria, _ rrT 
 
 J • / • , i ) If I were 
 
 estuvieras, estuvieses, estanas, ', < , , ' 
 
 estuviera, estuviese, estaria, I J 
 
 . .. • / * " •/ >was, or 
 
 estuvieramos.estuviesemos. estanamos [ /, 7 
 X, / . \ . , • . , • ,. could be, 
 
 estuvierais, estuvieseis, estanais, j « 
 
 estuvieran, estuviesen, estarian, -* 
 
Of the Auxiliary Verbs. 
 
 55 
 
 > 
 
 when I shall, or will 
 be, &,c. 
 
 that I may have 
 been, &c. 
 
 Future Subjunctive. 
 
 quando. 
 yo fuere, or estuviere, 
 fueres, estuvieres, 
 fuere, estuviere, 
 fueremos, estuvieVemos, 
 fueVeis, estuviereis, 
 fueren, estuvieren, 
 
 Compound Subjunctive 
 
 que yo haya sido, or estado, 
 
 hayas sido, or estado, 
 
 haya sido, or estado, 
 que nosotros 
 
 hayamos sido, or estado, 
 
 hayais sido, or estado, 
 
 hay an sido, or estado, 
 
 The Three Imperfects 
 
 si or que yo 
 
 hubiera r hubiese, habria, 
 
 hubieras, hubieses, habrias, 
 
 hubiera, hubiese, habria, 
 
 hubieramos,hubiesemos,habriamos 
 
 hubierais, hubi^seis, habriais, 
 
 hubieran, hubiesen, habrian, J 
 
 Future Compound, 
 Si or quando yo 
 
 hubiere^ hubieremos, ~) • , f if, or ivhen I shall 
 
 hubieres, hubiereis, J> Si *, ; 
 hubieVe, hubieren, J estado 
 
 (that I 
 
 •j would, 
 
 sido, or j, 9 
 
 j could, 
 
 * or should 
 
 have 
 
 been, he. 
 
 ^estado 
 
 &e 
 
 or will have been, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Observations upon tlie Verbs Ser and ILsl&r. 
 There is a great difference between these verbs, ; ser 
 and estdr, both signifying to be. Jn English,* there 
 is no other word to distinguish them. Ser signifies the 
 proper and inseparable essence of a thing, its quality, 
 or quantity ; as ser honihre, ser valiente, ser alto, ser 
 chico; but, estdr denotes a place, or any adjunct qua- 
 
o6 A New. Spanish Grammar. 
 
 lity ; as, estdr in Bcyixda, estdr in Madrid, to be in 
 Bey rede, in Madrid; estdr con salad, to be in good 
 health; estar en cama, to be ill in bed. So, estdr is 
 used to express and denote any affection or passion of 
 the soul, or any accidental quality of a thing; as, estar 
 en la coma, to be in bed; estacasa es nueva pero estd 
 en mal parage, this house is new, bui it is in a bad 
 situation ; where you may see the essential being of a 
 house expressed by the verb ser, and the accidental by 
 the verb estdr. 
 
 A General Scheme of the termination of Regular 
 Verhs of the three Spanish Conjugations in their 
 simple Tenses. 
 
 The figures 1, 2, 3, signify first, second, and third 
 conjugations. All the regular verbs of the three Spa- 
 nish conjugations are easily conjugated, by changing 
 the terminations dr, er, tr, of their infinitive, into 
 those expressed as follows : 
 
 Ljfinitive Mood. 
 Present. Gerund. Part. Pas. Part. Act. if any. 
 i. ar,~] ando, ado, ante. 
 
 2. &,}■ 
 
 3. ir,J iendo, ido, iente. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 
 Singular, Plural. 
 
 yo, tu, el, nosotros, vosotros, eilos. 
 l.*| o, as, a, dmos, Cs, an. 
 
 2. > femos, eis, en. 
 „ f o, es, e. ^ . 5 . ' 
 
 3. J ? ' ^ imos, is, en. 
 
 First Preicrhnperfect. 
 1. aba, abas, aba, abanios, abais, aban. 
 
 „* > ia, ias 3 ia, iamo c . 
 
 lan. 
 
Regular Conjugations. 5JT 
 
 Preterperfect. 
 I. £, &te, 6, £mos, asteis, arbn. 
 *'# i, iste, 16, imos, isCeis, ieron. 
 
 Future. 
 
 1. are", ras, ard, r^rnos, r&s, r&n. 
 
 2. ere, eras, erd, er£mos, erels, eran. 
 
 3. ir£, iras, ird, ir^mos, ireis, iran. 
 
 : 
 
 Imperative Mood, 
 1. a, e, emos, dd, en. 
 
 J; I e, a, amos, |?J' ™; 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 
 Singular. PluraL 
 
 que. 
 
 yo, tu, el, nosotros, vosotros, ellos. 
 
 1. e, es, e, emos &s, en. 
 
 ' > a, as, a, amos, ais, an. 
 
 First Preterimperfect.. 
 
 1. £ra, aras, aYa, aramos, arais, aVan, 
 
 ' > iera, ie>as, ieYa, ieramos, ieYais, ieran. 
 
 Second. 
 
 1. ase, fees!, dse, dsemos, aseis, 4sen. 
 
 2.) • , ., • , ., ., . 
 
 iese, leses, iese, lesemos, leseis, lesen. 
 
 Third. 
 
 1. aria, arias, aria, ariamos. arias, arian. 
 
 2. eria. erias, eria, eriamos, eriais, erian. 
 
 3. iria, irias, iria, iriamos, 
 
 X 
 
58 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Future of the Subjunctive. 
 1. a* re, ares, are, aremos, areis. aren. 
 * ? ieVe, ieVes, iere, ie>emos, ie*reis, i^ren. 
 
 Regular Conjugation, and thejirst in ar. 
 
 Infinite Mood. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 amar, to love. 
 
 Future. 
 haber de amar, to love hereafter. 
 
 Gerund. 
 amando, loving. 
 
 Passive Participle. 
 amado, loved. 
 
 Preter perfect. 
 haber amado, to have loved. 
 
 Compound Gerund. 
 habiendo amado, having loved. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 
 amo, / love. 
 
 amas, thou lovest. 
 
 ama, he loves. 
 
 armimos, we ^ 
 
 amais, ye \love. 
 
 aman, thet/J 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 amaba, / did love. 
 
 am abas, thou didst love. 
 
 am aba, he did love. 
 
 amabamos, we did love. 
 
 amabais, ye did love. 
 
 amaban, they did Jove. 
 
Regular Conjugations. 5g 
 
 Preterit. 
 
 am£, / loved. 
 
 amdste, thou lovedst. ; 
 
 amo, he loved. 
 
 amdmos, We "j 
 
 amdsteis, ye > loved. 
 
 amdron, they J ] 
 
 Second Imperfect, or Conditional, 
 
 amaria, ~ | 
 
 amarias, j 
 
 5 ^ I should love. kc. 
 
 amanamos, : ' 
 
 amariais, J 
 
 amarian, -* 
 
 Future Tense. 
 
 amar£, / shall or will love. 
 
 amards, thou shalt or wilt love. 
 
 amard, he shall or will love. 
 
 amar^mos, we 1 
 
 amar&s, ye > shall or will love. 
 
 amardn, they J 
 
 Compound of the Present. 
 
 has 
 
 hdrnos ^amado, <J / have loved, &c. 
 
 J 
 
 hab&s 
 ban, 
 
 Samado, ■< / 
 
 i I 
 
 Compound of the Imperfect. 
 
 habia, ~ p I had loved. 
 
 habias, j thou hadst loved. 
 
 habia, , J he had loved. 
 
 habiamos, f . ■ * | we 1 
 
 habiais, j lye \had lovtd. 
 
 habian, J ^*ta?y J 
 
 i 2 
 
6o 
 
 hube 
 hubiste 
 hubo 
 hubimos 
 
 hubisteis 
 hubieron 
 
 hahr^ 
 
 habrds 
 
 habrd 
 
 habr^mos 
 
 habr&s 
 
 habran 
 
 habria 
 habrias 
 
 habria^ 
 habriamos 
 habriais 
 habrian 
 
 hede, 
 has de, 
 ha de, 
 h£mos de, 
 
 habeis 
 han de 
 
 habia de, 
 habias de, 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 Compound of the Preterit. 
 
 A 
 
 j>amado, < / had loved, &c. 
 
 Compound of the Future. 
 ! , | I shall or will hw* loved. 
 
 Compound of the Conditional. 
 
 _ j j I should hope 
 
 Second Future. 
 
 t must love. 
 
 loved, 
 
 1 t 
 
 >ainar, < ; 
 
 Third Future. 
 
 habiais de, \. 
 
 habian de, 
 
Regular Conjugations. 
 
 €l 
 
 Fourth Future. 
 
 habre* de 
 habras de 
 habra de, 
 habremos de 
 habr&s de 
 habran de 
 
 que yo 
 dme 
 dmes 
 dme 
 am£mos 
 am&s 
 dmen 
 
 1 i> 
 
 >amar, < 
 
 shall be obliged to love, 
 &c. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 > that I may love y &c. 
 
 Tlie Imperfects. 
 amdra, amdse, amaria, 
 amaras, amdses, amarias, 
 amara, amase, amaria, 
 amdramos, amasemos, amariamos, 
 amdrais, amaseis, amariais, 
 amaran, amasen, amarian, 
 
 Future. 
 quando yo. 
 amdre, 
 
 that I mouldy 
 should, or could 
 
 love, &c. 
 
 amdres, 
 
 
 am are, 
 
 when I shall or will love, 
 > &c. 
 
 amaremos, 
 
 amdreis, 
 
 
 amaren, 
 
 
 Imperat 
 
 ive Mood. 
 
 Araa tu, 
 
 love tlwu. 
 
 dme el, 
 
 let him love. 
 
 amemos nosotros, 
 
 let us love. 
 
 am ad vosotros, 
 
 love ye. 
 
 dmen ellos, 
 
 let them love. 
 
62 A New Spanish Gramma ?\ 
 
 Compound of the Subjunctive Mood. 
 que, o?* quando 
 yo hay a ~ 
 
 hayas 
 
 shall or will havs 
 
 t^ a Umado, \ wk f n t/f 1 
 
 hayamos ' \ loved, kc. 
 
 hayais 
 hayan 
 
 J 
 
 The Three Imperfecta. 
 
 hubiera, hubi^se, habria, 
 
 hubieVas, hubieses, habrias, 
 
 hubiera, hubi^se, habria, I ama- 
 
 hubieramos, hubi^semos, habriamos, f do. J or 
 
 hubieVais, hubieseis, habrfais, 
 
 hubie>an, hubi^sen, habrian, J 
 
 that I 
 would, 
 could, 
 
 might 
 
 have 
 
 loved. 
 
 Compound Future. 
 
 si yo hubieVe ^ 
 
 hubieYes ( . C 
 
 L *./ >amado. < if I had loved, &c. 
 
 hubieremos [ * J J ' 
 
 hubiereis (,. 
 
 hubieren ^ 
 
 All regular verbs, whose infinitive is terminated in 
 ar, are conjugated in the same manner as this verb, 
 amdr, to love. 
 
Regular Conjugations. 
 
 63 
 
 The most necessary Verbs of the First Conjugation, 
 and regular, conjugated as Amdr, to love. 
 
 apartdr, 
 
 to set aside. 
 
 borr&r, 
 
 blot out. 
 
 allanar, 
 
 smooth. 
 
 bailar, 
 
 dance. 
 
 adorar, 
 
 adore. 
 
 bambalear, 
 
 totter. 
 
 ayunar, 
 
 fast. 
 
 baraj&r, 
 
 to quarrel. 
 
 acusaYj 
 
 accuse. 
 
 compraiy 
 
 buy. 
 
 acabar, 
 
 end,finish. 
 
 cenar, 
 
 sup. 
 
 acetdr, 
 
 accept. 
 
 contestar, 
 
 contest. 
 
 amprar, 
 
 borrow. 
 
 curar, 
 
 care. 
 
 andaV, 
 
 walk. 
 
 cortar, 
 
 cut. 
 
 apel&r, 
 
 appeal. 
 
 cabar, 
 
 dig. 
 
 acomodar, 
 
 adjust. 
 
 cazar, 
 
 hunt. 
 
 aprovechar^ 
 
 profit. 
 
 caminar, 
 
 walk. 
 
 arrastrdr, 
 
 drag. 
 
 cansar, 
 
 tire. 
 
 amenazar, 
 
 threaten. 
 
 can tar, 
 
 to sing: 
 
 afrentar, 
 
 affront. 
 
 callar, 
 
 to be silent. 
 
 aventurar. 
 
 venture. 
 
 condenai-j 
 
 condemn. 
 
 amedrentir, 
 
 frighten. 
 
 criar, 
 
 breed. 
 
 alzar, 
 
 take up. 
 
 casar, 
 
 marry. 
 
 atar, 
 
 tie. 
 
 con for mar, 
 
 cojiforrri. 
 
 azotar, 
 
 whip. 
 
 desparar, 
 
 discharge. 
 
 alumbrar, 
 
 light. 
 
 disfamar, 
 
 defame, 
 challenge. 
 
 alabar, 
 
 praise. 
 
 desafiar, 
 
 alquildr, 
 
 let. 
 
 desamparar, 
 
 forsake. 
 
 adelantar, 
 
 forward. 
 
 despreciar, 
 
 despise. 
 
 anim&r, 
 
 encourage. 
 
 dexar, 
 
 leave. 
 
 alejar, 
 
 remove. 
 
 desnudar^ 
 
 strip. 
 
 acusar, 
 
 accuse. 
 
 domar, 
 
 tame. 
 
 aparejar, 
 
 prepare. 
 
 danzar, 
 
 dance. 
 
 acabar, 
 
 finish. 
 
 desenganar, 
 
 undeceive. 
 
 amparar, 
 
 protect. 
 
 despojar, 
 
 strip. 
 
 apear, 
 
 alight. 
 
 devanear, 
 
 dream. 
 
 abordar, 
 
 board. 
 
 echar, 
 
 put out. 
 
 arrebatar, 
 
 snatch. 
 
 espantar, 
 
 freight. 
 
 amansar, 
 
 tame. 
 
 estimar, 
 
 esteem. 
 
 ayudar, 
 
 help. 
 
 encantar, 
 
 enchant. 
 
 adorar, 
 
 adore. 
 
 esternudar, 
 
 sneeze. 
 
 besdr, 
 
 kiss. 
 
 empenar, 
 
 engage, 
 
64 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 entrary 
 
 come in. 
 
 molestar, 
 
 molest. 
 
 ambiar, 
 
 send. 
 
 morar, 
 
 dwell. 
 
 enojar, 
 
 provoke. 
 
 mudar, 
 
 change. 
 
 ensanchar, 
 
 iv i den. 
 
 mutilar, 
 
 mingle, 
 swim. 
 
 'fiaY. 
 
 trust. 
 
 nadar, 
 
 JacilitaV, 
 
 facilitate. 
 
 narrar, 
 
 relate. 
 
 roin^ntar. 
 
 foment. 
 
 norabrar, 
 
 reckon. 
 
 forjar. 
 
 forge. 
 
 notar, 
 
 remark. 
 
 fonnar, 
 
 form. 
 
 olvidar, 
 
 forget. 
 
 forzar, 
 
 force. 
 
 operar, 
 
 operate. 
 
 fruslrar, 
 
 frustrate. 
 
 qjear, 
 
 ogle. 
 
 ganar, 
 
 gain. 
 
 observar, 
 
 observe. 
 
 ganar, 
 
 to gain. 
 
 ocultar, 
 
 conceal. 
 
 gasriir; 
 
 spend. 
 
 ocupar, 
 
 occupy. 
 
 galantear, 
 
 court. 
 
 odiar, 
 
 hate. 
 
 guardar, 
 
 keep. 
 
 olvidar, 
 
 forget. 
 
 r iar, 
 
 glory. 
 
 orar, 
 
 pray. 
 
 > r > 
 
 strike. 
 
 ordenar, 
 
 ordain. 
 
 
 enjoy. 
 
 orlar, 
 
 Item. 
 
 gtabar. 
 
 engrave. 
 
 ornar, 
 
 adorn. 
 
 huil-.r, 
 
 find. 
 
 osar, 
 
 dare. 
 
 hurtar, 
 
 steal. 
 
 ostentar, 
 
 shew. 
 
 honrar, 
 
 honour. 
 
 paliar, . 
 
 palliate. 
 
 hablar, 
 
 speak. 
 
 palpitar, 
 
 palpitate. 
 
 injuriar, 
 
 revile. 
 
 parar. 
 
 prepare. 
 
 ignorar, 
 
 to be ignorant. 
 
 pasear, 
 
 walk. 
 
 jurar, 
 
 swear. 
 
 procurar, 
 
 procure. 
 
 11a mar, 
 
 call. 
 
 porfiar. 
 
 contend. 
 
 llorar, 
 
 weep. 
 
 posar, 
 
 place. 
 
 levantar, 
 
 raise. 
 
 postrar, 
 
 humble* 
 
 lavar, 
 
 ivash. 
 
 postular, 
 
 postulate. 
 
 lisongear, 
 
 flatter. 
 
 preciar, 
 
 value. 
 
 matar, 
 
 kill. 
 
 preguntar, 
 
 ask. 
 
 manchar, 
 
 stain. 
 
 premiar, 
 
 reward. 
 
 mandar, 
 
 command. 
 
 prestar, 
 
 lend. 
 
 iriaitratar, 
 
 misuse. 
 
 principiar, 
 
 begin 
 
 mentar, 
 
 mention. 
 
 privar, 
 
 deprive. 
 
 mirar, 
 
 look. 
 
 procurar, 
 
 procure. 
 
 mofar, 
 
 mock. 
 
 profarrar, 
 
 profane. 
 
Of the Regular Conjugations. 
 
 65 
 
 rehusar, 
 
 refuge. 
 
 sitiar, 
 
 besiege. 
 
 recular, 
 
 draw back. 
 
 soli ci tar, 
 
 solicit. 
 
 rezar, 
 
 pray. 
 
 sondar, 
 
 sound. 
 
 retirar, 
 
 retire. 
 
 sudar, 
 
 sweaL 
 
 revelar., 
 
 reveal. 
 
 tachar, 
 
 stain. 
 
 rifar, 
 
 quarrel. 
 
 tajar, 
 
 cut. 
 
 robar, 
 
 steal. 
 
 tapar, 
 
 cover. 
 
 sal tar, 
 
 jump. 
 
 tardar, 
 
 tarry. 
 
 saludar, 
 
 salute. 
 
 temperar, 
 
 temper. 
 
 salvar, 
 
 save. 
 
 to mar, 
 
 take. 
 
 sanar, 
 
 cure. 
 
 trabajar, 
 
 work. 
 
 sangrar, 
 
 bleed. 
 
 trasladar, 
 
 translate. 
 
 saquear, 
 
 sack. 
 
 turbar, 
 
 disturb. 
 
 separar, 
 
 separte. 
 
 
 
 Second Conjugation in er, as, 
 
 vender, 
 
 vendiendo, 
 
 vendido, 
 
 to sell. 
 
 selling. 
 
 sold. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 Present Tense. 
 
 Singular, 
 yo vendo, I sell. 
 
 vendes, thou sellest. 
 vende, he sells. 
 
 Plural. 
 nosotros vendemos, we sell. 
 vendeis, ye sell. 
 venden, they sell. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Singular. 
 yo vendia, / did sell. 
 
 veadias, tlwu didst sell. 
 £1 vendia, he did sell. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 nosotros vendiamos, we did 
 
 sell. 
 
 vendiais, ye did sell. 
 
 vendian, they did sell. 
 
 Preterit. 
 yo vendi, 
 tu vendi ste^ 
 £1 vendio, 
 vendirnos, 
 vendisteis, 
 vendieron, 
 
 Future. 
 yo vender^ 
 tu vender&s, 
 6\ vende ri f / shall 
 vender^mos [ sell, &c. 
 vender&s 
 venderan 
 
 f / sold, 
 
66 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Conditional. 
 yo vender! a, 
 tu venderias, f 
 el venderia, * / should 
 venderidmos, ( sell, &c. 
 vender idis^ \ 
 venderian, 
 
 Imperative. 
 v^nde tu, sell thou. 
 
 venda el, let him sell. 
 
 vendamos, let us sell. 
 
 vended, sell ye. 
 
 v£ndan ellos, let them sell. 
 
 Imperfects. 
 
 que yo vendieVa, vendi^se, 
 vendi£ras, vendi^ses, 
 vendiera, vendi^se, 
 vendie>amos,vendiesemos, 
 vendieYais, vendieseis, 
 vendieran, vendiesen, 
 
 Subjunctive Mood, 
 
 queyo v£nda 
 tu vendas 
 el venda 
 venddmos 
 vendais 
 v£ndan 
 
 That I 
 may sell, 
 
 I could, should, or 
 would sell, &c. 
 
 Future. 
 Si, or que yo vendie>e, &c. if I shall or will sell, &c. 
 
 Compound Tenses. 
 Compound of the Present. 
 he vendido, / have sold. 
 
 Compound of the Imperfect. 
 habia vendido, I had cold, &c. 
 
 Compound Preterit. 
 hube vendido, f I had sold, &c. 
 
 Comfimnd Future. 
 habn* vendido, / shall have sold. 
 
 ■ 
 
Of the Regular Conjugations. 
 
 67 
 
 , , Compound Conditional. 
 
 habria "endido, / should have sold. 
 
 Compound Subjunctive. 
 
 Preterperfect. 
 
 " que yo hay a vendido, that I may have sold, &c. 
 
 Preterpluperfect. 
 
 yo hubieYa, or hubiese vendido, 1 had sold, &c. 
 
 Future. 
 hubi^re vendido, &c. I shall have sold, &c. 
 
 Regular Verbs of the Second Conjugation, conjugated 
 as vender, to sell. 
 
 AcometeY, to attach, esconder, : hide. 
 
 bever, drink, emprender, undertake. 
 
 barrer, sweep, meter, put in. 
 
 corresponded correspond, ofender, offend. 
 
 comet, eat. prometer, promise. 
 
 correr, run. responder, answer. 
 
 conceder, grant, reprehender, reprove. 
 
 cometer, commit, temer, fear. 
 
 dever, owe. 
 
 Regular Verbs of the Third Conjugation. 
 
 sufrir, 
 
 sufriendo, 
 
 sufrido, 
 
 yo sufro 
 sufnty 
 sufre 
 sufrimos 
 sufris 
 sufre n 
 
 to suffer. 
 
 suffering. 
 
 suffered. 
 
 \ 1 suffer, 
 
 
 K 2 
 
 Imperfect. 
 yo sufria 
 
 sufrias J 
 
 sufria f I did suf 
 
 sufriamos Tfer, &c. 
 
 sufriais, \ 
 
 sufrian, 
 
 £ Preterit. 
 yo sufri 
 
 sufnste 
 
 sufrio ( I suffer- 
 
 sufrimos- r edlUo 
 
 sufristeis 
 
 sufrieYon 
 
68 
 
 A New Spanish Gwmmdr . 
 
 Future. 
 yo sufrir£ 
 
 sufrir&s J 
 sufrira f / shall 
 sufrir^mos f suffer, &c. 
 sufrir^is \ 
 sufriran 
 
 Conditional. 
 yo sufriria 
 sufririas J 
 sufriria f I should 
 sufririamos ( suffer, &c. 
 sufririais \ 
 
 Imperative. 
 sufFre tu, suffer thou, 
 
 sufra el, let him suffer, 
 suframos, let us suffer # 
 sufrid, suffer ye. 
 
 sufran e\\os,letthem siffer. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood, 
 que yo sufra 
 
 sufras 
 
 sufra 
 
 suframps 
 
 sufrais 
 
 sufran 
 
 that J may 
 suffer, &c. 
 
 I could, would, or 
 should suffer, &c. ' 
 
 sufririan 
 
 Imperfects. 
 
 que yo sufriera, sufri&e, 
 sufrieras, sufri^ses, 
 sufriera, sufri^se, 
 sufrieramos, sufriesemos, 
 sufrieVais, sufrteseis, 
 sufrieVan, sufri£sen, 
 
 Future. 
 sufriere, sufrieres, sufriere, &c. 
 
 Compound Tenses. 
 Of the Present. 
 yo he sufrido, 1 have suffered, 
 
 Compound Imperfect. 
 
 XU)UOR 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 / mnq n 
 / AffJ suffered. >il00 
 
 habia sufrido, 
 
 Compound Preterit. 
 hube sufrido, / had suffered. 
 
 .tfaraci e ^ a Compound Future. 
 , c vK\\sv$iafcre' sufrido, I shall have suffered. 
 
 Compound Conditional. 
 habrfe sufrido*;; I should have suffered. 
 
Of the- Regular Conjugations. 
 
 69 
 
 Compound Subjunctive. 
 
 Prefer feet. 
 
 que yo hay a sufrido, &c. that I may have suffered, &c. 
 
 Preterpluperject. J 
 
 que yo hubi^ra sufrido, &c. that I might, woulg, 
 hubi£se, habria, &c. could, or should have 
 
 suffered, &c. 
 Future. 
 Si, or quando yo hubieVe 
 
 tubuses j A* or when I 
 
 elhubiere WridoJ shall have suf- 
 
 nosotros hubieVemos f ^ jered,^ 
 
 vosotros hubiereis \ ** 
 
 ellos hubi^ren 
 
 Regular Verbs of the Third Conjugation, conjugated 
 as the verb sufrir, to suffer. 
 
 * 
 
 Abatir, to abate, eludir, elude. 
 
 abrir, open, escribir, ivrite. 
 
 aburrir, molest, esgrimir, fence. 
 
 acudir, a PPty* exhibit*, exhibit. 
 
 anadir, add. existir, to exist. 
 
 apercibir, prepare, exprimir, express. 
 
 asistir, assist, fundir, melt. 
 
 aturdir, stun, ganfr, yelp* 
 
 batir, beat, henchir, fill. 
 
 combatir, .fight, hundir, sink. 
 
 comprimir, compress, imprimir, print. 
 
 concurrir, concur, infundfr, pour in. 
 
 consumir, consume, nutrir, nourish. 
 
 qonfundir, confound, parir, bring forth. 
 
 cubrir, cover, partir, depart. 
 
 curtir, tan. permitir, suffer, permit. 
 
 delinquir, transgress, presumjr, to/a :\jptiesiime. 
 
 discursir, discourse, prohibir, prohibit. 
 
 distinguir, distinguish, pcrMr, smooth. 
 
 dividir, - divide, te&dir, reside. 
 
70 A Nciv Spanish Grammar 
 
 snbir, go up. suplir, supply-. 
 
 subtlividir, subdivide, tenir, dye. 
 
 snbsistir, subsist, unir, unite. 
 
 sub*cribir, subscribe, urdir, warp. 
 
 subscrito, subscribed, vivir, live. 
 
 ARTICLE XIII. 
 Of the Irregular Verbs in General. 
 
 The Spanish Academy says, that the verbs ending 
 in car, cer, cir, and gar, are regular; though some 
 persons, of the three first, change the c into qu, or z. 
 Those in gar have an u after the g ; for the same rea- 
 son the verbs ending in ger and gir are not irregular, 
 though they change the g into j. This consists on the 
 distinct pronunciation the letters c and g h ve with a, 
 o, u, as with e and i. In the verbs tocar, veneer, re- 
 sarcir, pagar, coger, and jing'ir, we say, toque', ven~ 
 zo, resurzo, pague, c6jo,Ji?z/o; because, according to 
 the Spanish orthography, we cannot say, tocS, venco, 
 resarco, page, cogo, Jingo, but the suitable letters 
 must be applied in order to preserve the hard or soft 
 pronunciation in all the persons of the different tenses 
 and moods which the verbs have in the infinitive. For 
 the same reason the verb delinquir is not irregular, al- 
 though in some persons qu is changed into c, as delin- 
 co, delincanws, in order to preserve the strong pro-, 
 liunciation as already said. 
 
 The verbs of the first conjugation, whose infinitive 
 have an e for the last radical letter, are not irregular, 
 though it is doubled in some tenses; as, aguijonqar, 
 to prick forward, oguijonei ; alancdar, to wound with 
 a lance, alancee ; gorgedr, to warble, gorgte ; got- 
 pear, to strike, golpee. Because the first e is the radi- 
 cal one, and the second is the invariable termination of 
 all. the regular verbs of the first conjugation for the 
 same tenses. 
 
 Neither the verbs ending in aer, etr, are irregular, as 
 , creer^ leer 3 poseer, provecr ; because in the ter- i 
 
Of the Irregular Verbs. 7 1 
 
 initiations where they hold an i, change it into y, when 
 it is to be pronounced as double; as, cret, I thought ; 
 crei/6, he thought ; creyeron, they thought ; lei, ley- 
 era, leyhe\ posei, poseyese, poseyesemos. 
 * I think proper that part of the verbs afore-mention- 
 ed should be carefully conjugated, that the student may 
 see and learn how to make a good use of them, for it 
 would be impossible without it ; therefore I shall con- 
 jugate those which are required, in order that learners 
 may soon overcome them. 
 
 Of Reciprocal Verbs. 
 
 They have no conjugation peculiar to themselves. 
 In the simple tenses they are conjugated like the verbs 
 of the conjugation to which they belong; in th<- com- 
 pound tenses they are conjugated with the verb haber, 
 to have; and the participle is indeclinable. They are 
 always accompanied with the pronouns me, te, se, nos y 
 as. The pronouns nos and os, when they are after the 
 verb, take away its last letter; as, arrepintamonos no- 
 sotros, let us repent. 
 
 Lifinitive Mood. 
 Present Tense. 
 Arrepentirse, to repent ones self. 
 
 Future. 
 
 haber de arrenpentirse, or to be about to repent ones 
 haberse de arrepentir, self. 
 
 Gerund. 
 
 arrepintiendose, repenting one's self . 
 
 Participle Passive. 
 
 1 
 
 arrepentidose, repented one's sef 
 
 PreterperjecL 
 haberse arrepentido, to have repented one's sefi 
 
 Compound Gerund.- . ddi i^ihW/i 
 habiendose arrepentidoy a having repented one's self. 
 
72 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 Present Tense. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 yo me arrepie*nto, nosotros nos arrepentimos^ I repent 
 tu te arrepientes, vosotros os arrepentis, \niyself, 
 & se arrepi£nte, ellos se arrepi£nten. J &c. 
 
 Imperfect Tense. 
 
 me arrepentia, nos arrepentiamos, *) 1 did re- 
 
 te arrepentias, os arrepentiais, >pentmy- 
 
 se arrepentia, se arrepentian, J self, &c. 
 
 Preterperfect, or Preterit. 
 
 me arrepenti, nos arrepentimos, ^k I repent- 
 
 te arrepentiste, os arrepentisteis, >ed my- 
 
 se arrepintio, se arrepintieron, J self', &c. 
 
 Future. 
 
 yo me arrepentire, nos. nos arrepentir^mos, *} I shall or 
 tu te arrepentiras, vos. os arrepentireis, >will re- 
 
 6\ se arrepentird, ellos se arrepentiran, J pent, Sac. 
 
 Second Imperfect, or Conditional. 
 
 me arrepentiria, nos. nos arrepentiriamos, "\ I should 
 te arrpentirias, vos. os arrepentirias, \repent, 
 
 se arrepentiria, ellos se arrepentirian, J&c. 
 
 Compound of the Present. Compound of the Imperfect. 
 
 yo me he . yo me habia . 
 
 tu te has y^g tu te habias, ins 
 
 el se ha ' 'f fl se habia, f '"£ 
 
 nosotros nos hemosf ^ nosotros nos habiamos^ a, 
 
 vosotros os habeis \ £ vosotros os habiais \ £ 
 
 ellos se han rt ellos se habian, 
 
 Compound of the Preterperfect. 
 yo me hube arrepentido, &c. 
 
 Compound of the Future. 
 yo me habre" arrepentido, &c. 
 
Of the. Irregular Verbs. 73 
 
 Compound^ of the Conditional. 
 yo me habria arrepentido, &c. 
 
 Second Future. 
 yo me he de arrepentir, &c. 
 
 Third Future. 
 yo me habia de arrepentir, &c. 
 
 Fourth Future. 
 
 yo me habre de arrepentir, &c. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 arrepiente te tu, arrepientase el, arrepintamonos, arre- 
 pentidos, arrepientanse. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Present Tetise. 
 
 que yo me arrepienta, &c. that I may repent myself. 
 
 Supplement of the Passive Verbs. 
 
 Infinitive Mood. 
 Present Tense. 
 Ser amado, or amada, to be loved. 
 
 Future. 
 haber de ser amado, da, to be about to be .loved 
 
 Gerund. 
 siendo amado, amada, being loved. 
 
 Participle Passive. 
 sido amado, amada, been hved. 
 
 Preterperfect-. ^Ifc 
 
 haber si do amado, amada, to have J)een feved. 
 
 . 
 
 Compound Gervtnd. .. ra y 
 habiendosido amado, amada, having -keen loved 
 
 \ ; 
 
7* A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 yo soy ^ am ado, r 
 
 tu eres > or < I am loved, &c. 
 
 el, or ella, es, J amada, I 
 
 nosotros, tras somosl amados, f 
 
 vosotros, tras, sois > or < We are loved, kc 
 
 ellos, ellas son J amadas, (. 
 
 Imperfect Tense. 
 yo era amado, or amada, 7" was loved, &c. 
 
 Preter perfect. 
 yo fui amado, or amada, &c. / was loved. 
 
 Compound Preter perfect. 
 yo he sido amado, or amada, &c. I have been loved. 
 
 Preterpluperfect. 
 yo habia sido amado, or amada, / had been loved. 
 
 And so on through all moods and tenses. 
 
 ARTICLE XIV. 
 
 Irregular Verbs of the First Conjugation in ar. 
 
 alentar, to breathe. 
 
 The irregularity of this verb consists in its' having 
 an i before e in the three presents, except in the first 
 and second persons plural ; as, 
 
 Indicative Present. 
 Singular, aliento, alientas, alienta. — Plural, alientan. 
 
 Imperative Present. 
 Singular, alienta, aliente. — Plural, alienten. 
 
 Subjunctive Present. 
 Singular,, Wienie, alientes, aliente. — Plural, alienten. 
 
Of tlte L-rsgular f'etbs. 
 
 n- 
 
 Its other tenses an& persons are conjugated as regu- 
 lar. — The following verbs have the same irregularity : 
 
 Acertar, 
 
 to hit the mark, 
 
 '; acierta. 
 
 acrecentar, 
 
 increase, 
 
 acrecienta. 
 
 adestrar, 
 
 instruct, 
 
 adiestra. 
 
 apacentar, 
 
 feed, 
 
 apacierita. 
 
 apretar, 
 
 compress, 
 
 aprieta. 
 
 arrendar, 
 
 hire, 
 
 arrienda. 
 
 asentar, 
 
 place, 
 
 asienta. 
 
 atestar, 
 
 stuff', 
 
 atiesta. 
 
 atestar, or 1 
 atestiguar, J 
 
 testify, 
 
 f atesta, orYnoi rr~ 
 \ atestigua, j regular 
 
 aterrar, 
 
 cast down, 
 
 atierra. 
 
 atravesar, 
 
 cross, 
 
 atraviesa. 
 
 aventar, 
 
 fan, 
 
 avienta. 
 
 calentar, 
 
 tvarm, 
 
 calienta. 
 ciega. 
 
 cegar, 
 
 blind, 
 
 cerrar, 
 
 shut, 
 
 cierra. 
 
 comenzar, 
 
 begin, 
 
 comienza. 
 
 concertar, 
 
 agree, 
 
 concierta. 
 
 confesar, 
 
 confess, 
 
 conflesa. 
 
 decentar, 
 
 taste, 
 
 decienta. 
 
 derrengar, 
 
 break the back, 
 
 derrienga. 
 
 despertar, 
 
 aivake, 
 
 despierta. 
 
 despernar, 
 
 cut off the legs, 
 
 despierna. 
 
 desterrar. 
 
 banish, 
 
 destierra. 
 
 empedrar, 
 
 pave, 
 
 ernpiedra. 
 
 empezar, 
 
 begin, 
 
 ernpieza. v 
 
 encerrar,. 
 
 to lock up, 
 
 encierra. 
 
 encomendar, 
 
 recommend, 
 
 encomienda. 
 
 enmendar, 
 
 grow better, 
 
 cnmienda. 
 
 en terra r, 
 
 bury, 
 
 entierra. 
 
 errar., 
 
 err, 
 
 yerra. « 
 
 escarmentar, 
 
 take warning, escarmienta 
 
 fregar, 
 
 rub, 
 
 friega. 
 
 gobernar, 
 
 govern, 
 
 gobierna. 
 
 helar, 
 herrar, 
 
 freeze 
 shoe, ' 
 
 ' hiela. 
 hkrra. 
 
 t2 
 
"6 
 
 A Neiv Spanish Grammar. 
 
 i nfe mar, 
 
 damn, 
 
 infierna. 
 
 invernar, 
 
 ivinter, 
 
 invienia. 
 
 mentar, 
 
 mention, 
 
 mienta. 
 
 merendar, 
 
 take luncheon 
 
 , merienda. 
 
 negar, 
 
 deny, 
 
 niega. 
 
 nevar, 
 
 snow, 
 
 nieva. 
 
 pensar, 
 
 think, 
 
 piensa. 
 
 plegar, 
 
 plait, 
 
 pliega. 
 
 quebrar, 
 
 break, 
 
 quiebra. 
 
 recomendar, 
 
 recommend, 
 
 recoil* iencla 
 
 regar, 
 
 water, 
 
 rieoa. 
 
 renegar, 
 
 renounce oiie's 
 
 faitU, reniega. 
 
 reventar, 
 
 burst, 
 
 revienta. 
 
 segar. 
 
 cut down, 
 
 siega. 
 
 sembrar, 
 
 soiv, 
 
 siembra. 
 
 sentar, 
 
 sit, 
 
 sienta. 
 
 serrar, 
 
 saw, 
 
 sierra. 
 
 sosegar, 
 
 quiet, 
 
 sosiega. 
 
 soterrar, 
 
 bury, 
 tremble, 
 
 sotierra. 
 
 temblar, 
 
 tiembla. 
 
 tentar, 
 
 tempt, 
 
 tienta. 
 
 trasegar, 
 
 rack, 
 
 trasiega. 
 
 tropezar, 
 
 stumble, 
 
 tropieza. 
 
 arid their compounds; as, denegar, to refuse; desa- 
 lentar, to discourage ; retentar, to attempt again ; su- 
 barrendar,io hire again. Except, intentar, to endea- 
 vour. 
 
 Acostar, to lay down. 
 
 This verb changes the radical o into ue, in the Ame 
 tenses and persons in which the verb alentar hold* 
 an i. 
 
 Indicative Present. 
 
 Singular, acuesto, acuestas, acuesta,:. 
 Plural, acuestan. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Singular, acuesta, acueste. 
 
 Plural, acuesten. 
 
Of the Irregular Verbs. 
 
 4 i 
 
 Subjunctive Present. 
 
 Singular, acueste, acuestes, acueste. 
 Plural, acuesten. 
 
 The following verbs have the same irregularity as 
 the verb acostar. 
 
 A , f to agree, remem*\ A 
 
 Acordar, \ h \ acuerdsL 
 
 agorar, 
 
 divine, 
 
 agiiera. 
 
 almorzar, 
 
 breakfast, 
 
 almuerza. 
 
 amolar, 
 
 grind, 
 hoe, 
 
 amuela* 
 
 aporcar, 
 
 apuerca, 
 
 apostar, 
 
 lay a wager, 
 
 apuesta. 
 
 aprobar, 
 
 approve, 
 
 aprueba. 
 
 asolar, 
 
 waste, 
 
 asueta. 
 
 atronar, 
 
 thunder, 
 
 atruena. 
 
 avergonzar, 
 
 shame, 
 
 avergiienza. 
 
 colar, 
 
 strain through, 
 
 cue la. 
 
 eolgar, 
 
 hang up, 
 
 cuelga.. 
 
 consolar, 
 
 console, 
 
 eonsuela. 
 
 contar, 
 
 count, 
 
 euenta. 
 
 costar, 
 
 cost, 
 
 euesta. 
 
 descollar, 
 
 pride one's self, 
 
 descLiella, 
 
 desolar, 
 
 desolate, 
 
 desuela. 
 
 desollar, 
 
 skin, 
 
 desuella. 
 
 desvesgonzarse 
 
 B be dishonest, 
 
 se desverguenza 
 
 discordar, 
 
 discord, 
 
 discuerda. 
 
 emporcar, 
 
 dirty, 
 
 empuerca. 
 
 encordar, 
 
 string musical 
 
 
 . > 
 
 instruments, 
 
 encuerda. 
 
 encontrar, 
 
 meet, 
 
 encueutra, 
 
 engrosar, 
 
 engross. 
 
 engruesa. 
 
 forzar, 
 
 force, 
 
 fuerza. 
 
 holgar, 
 
 rest, 
 
 huelga. 
 
 hollar, 
 
 tread', 
 
 huella. 
 
 rnostrar, 
 
 shew, 
 
 muestra/ 
 
 poblar, 
 
 people > 
 
 puebla. 
 
 probar, - ; - 
 
 prove, 
 
 prueba. 
 
 reeordar, / remind, 
 
 recuerds 
 
73 
 
 A New Spanish Grammdr. 
 
 rccostar, 
 
 lie down, 
 
 recuesta. 
 
 regoldar, 
 
 belch, 
 
 regiielda. 
 
 renovar, 
 
 renew, 
 
 remieva. 
 
 rescontrar, 
 
 compensate, 
 
 rescuentra 
 
 resollar, 
 
 to breathe, 
 
 resuella. 
 
 revolcarse, 
 
 wallow, 
 
 revuelcase 
 
 rodar, 
 
 roll, 
 
 rued a. 
 
 rogar, 
 
 intrcat, 
 
 mega. 
 
 soldar, 
 
 solder, 
 
 suefda. 
 
 sol tar, 
 
 let go, 
 
 suelta. 
 
 sonar, 
 
 sound, 
 
 suena. 
 
 sonar, 
 
 dream, 
 
 suena. 
 
 tostar, 
 
 toast. 
 
 tuesta. 
 
 trocar, 
 
 barter, 
 
 tru'eca. 
 
 tronar, 
 
 thunder, 
 
 truena. 
 
 volar, 
 
 fiy> 
 
 vuela. 
 
 volcar, 
 
 overturn, 
 
 vuelca. 
 
 and their compounds ; as, comprobar, desconsolar, des- 
 contar, reprobar. Except arrogar, derogar, inter- 
 rogar , prorogar, subrogar, destronar, and entronar\ 
 
 Conjugation of the verb Andar^ to ivalk. 
 
 Indicative Preterite 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 yo anduve, anduvhnos. 
 
 tu anduviste, anduvisteis. 
 
 el anduvo, anduvieron. 
 
 Subjunctive Imperfect. 
 
 .0 U 
 
 anduviera, 
 and ivieramosj 
 
 a, -^uviese, 
 
 anduvieraSj 
 anduvierais, 
 atVduvieses, 
 .anduviesemos, ariduvieseis, 
 
 Future Subjunctive. 
 
 and; viere, amluvieres, 
 
 anduvieremos, anduviereis, 
 
 anduviera. 
 anduvieran. 
 anduviese, 
 andnviesen. 
 
 anduvierc. 
 anduvieren. 
 
Of the Irregular Verbs. 
 - 
 
 Dar, to give. 
 
 Indicative, 
 Present, yo doy, tu das, e*l da, &c. 
 Preterit, yo di, tu diste, £1 dio. 
 dimos, disteis, dieYon. 
 
 Subjunctive Imperfect. 
 
 diera, die>as, 
 
 diera. 
 
 dieraruos, dieYais, 
 
 dieYan. 
 
 diese, dieses, 
 
 di£se. 
 
 di^semos, di£seis, 
 
 diesen. 
 
 Future Subjunctive. 
 
 
 diere, dieVes, 
 
 diere. 
 
 dieremos, diereis, 
 
 dieren. 
 
 Jtfgar, to play. 
 
 
 Indicative Present. 
 
 
 Jue g°> juegas, 
 
 juega. 
 
 jugamos, jugais, 
 
 juegan. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 juega, 
 
 juegue. 
 
 ju quern os, jugad, 
 
 ' jueguenL 
 
 Subjunctive Present. 
 juegue, juegues, juegue. 
 
 juguemosj jugueis, jueguen. 
 
 ARTICLE XV. 
 
 Irregular Verbs of the Second Conjugation. 
 
 All the verbs ending in acer, ecer, and ocer; as, ??a- 
 cer>empobrecer, conocer* have a z before the radical c, 
 whenever this is followed by an a or o: except hacer, 
 cocer, torcer, and their compounds; as, nacer, nazco, 
 nazca i crecer } crezca, conocer, co?iozco r \ comzca. 
 

 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 Merecer, to merit. 
 
 Gerund, mereciendo. 
 Participle, merecido. 
 
 Indicative Present, yo merezco, mereces., merece. 
 
 merecemos, &c. 
 Imperative Singular, merezca el. 
 
 Plural, merezcamos, merezca rt 
 Subjunctive Pres. yo merezca, merezcas, merezca. 
 merezcamos, merezcais, merez- 
 
 can. 
 The following Verbs are conjugated as the Verb 
 merecer. 
 
 encallecer, grow hard. 
 encalvecer, grow bald. 
 encanecer, to grow grey- 
 headed. 
 encarecer, 
 encrudecerse, 
 endurecer, 
 enfiaquecer, 
 enfurecerse, 
 
 engrandecer, make bigger. 
 enloquecer, grow mad. 
 enmohecerse, grow moul- 
 dy. 
 enmudecer, grow damp. 
 ennoblecer, grow noble. 
 ennudecer, grow knotty. 
 ensoberbecerse, grow 
 
 proud. 
 entallecer, sprout. 
 
 enternecerse 3 move to coin- 
 passion. 
 entontecer, grow foolish. 
 entorpecerse, grow numb 
 
 aborrecer, 
 
 to hate. 
 
 acaecer, "^ 
 acontecer, J 
 
 happen. 
 
 adolecer, 
 
 gy^ow sick. 
 
 adormecer, 
 
 nap. 
 
 agradecer, 
 
 thank. 
 
 amanecer, 
 
 grow light, 
 
 amortecerse, 
 
 be in a swoon. 
 
 anochecer, 
 
 grow dark. 
 
 aparecer, 
 
 appear. 
 
 apetecer, 
 
 desire. 
 
 earecer, 
 
 iv ant. 
 
 compadecer, 
 
 pity. 
 
 com placer, 
 
 please. 
 
 conocer, 
 
 know. 
 
 grow dear, 
 grow raw. 
 groiv hard, 
 grow lean. 
 
 convalecer, recover Jiealth. 
 crecer, grow. 
 
 descaecer, decay. 
 
 desvanecerse, faint. 
 
 desvanecerse, vanish. 
 
 embravecerse, be fierce. 
 embrutecerse, be brutish. 
 empobrecer, grow poor. 
 enardecer, Jlre ivith pas- 
 sion. 
 
 entristecerse, grow 
 
 sad. 
 

 Of the Irregular Verbs. 
 
 81 
 
 entullecer, grow maimed. 
 entumecerse, swell. 
 
 mohecer, 
 nacer, 
 
 grow mouldy, 
 to be born. 
 
 envejecer, 
 
 enverdecer, 
 
 escarnecer, 
 
 grow old. 
 
 grow green. 
 
 scoff. 
 
 negrecer, 
 obedecer, 
 obscurecer, 
 
 blacken. 
 
 obey. 
 
 to darken. 
 
 esclarecer, 
 
 ennoble. 
 
 ofrecer, 
 
 offer. 
 
 espavorecer, 
 establecer, 
 
 fear, 
 establish. 
 
 pacer, 
 padecer, 
 
 feed, graze, 
 suffer. 
 
 estremecerse, quake. 
 fallecer, to die, or fall. 
 favorecer, favour. 
 fenecer, finish. 
 florecer, flourish. 
 fortalecer, strengthen. 
 
 parecer, 
 
 perecer, 
 
 pertenecer, 
 
 placer, 
 
 prevalecer, 
 
 reconocer, 
 
 appear. 
 
 perish. 
 
 belong. 
 
 please. 
 
 prevail. 
 
 acknowledge. 
 
 guarne'cer, 
 
 furnish. 
 
 remanecer, 
 
 rise. 
 
 humedeGer, 
 
 moisten. 
 
 remecer, 
 
 remove. 
 
 mecer, 
 
 stir. 
 
 restablecer, 
 
 restore. 
 
 merecer, 
 
 merit. 
 
 reverdecer, 
 
 revive, 
 
 Hacer, to make or to do. 
 
 Gerund, haciendo. 
 
 Participle, hecho. 
 
 Indicative Present, yo hago, ta haces, &c. 
 
 Preterit, hice, hiciste, hizo. 
 
 hieimos, hicisteis, hicieron. 
 
 Imperative, haz tu, haga el. 
 
 hagamos, haced, hagan ello. 
 
 Subjunctive Present, haga, hagas, haga. 
 
 hagamos, hagais, hagan, 
 
 TJie three Lnperf. yo hiciera, hicieras, hicieYa. 
 
 hicieramos, hicierais, hicieran. 
 yo hiciese, hicieses, hiciese. 
 
 hiciesemos, hicieseis, hiciesen. 
 yo haria, harias, haria. 
 
 hariamos, hariais, harian. 
 
 Future Subjunctive, hicie>e, hicieres, hic'ieVe. 
 
 Plural, hieieVemos, hiciereis, hicie*ren. 
 
 M 
 
82 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 The compounds of hacer have the same irregularity ; 
 as deshacer, rehacer ; except the imperative of satis- 
 facer, which is satisfaz, or satisface tu. 
 
 Ascendar, to ascend. 
 
 This verb holds an i before its radical e, in the same 
 tenses and persons as the verb acertar. The following 
 verbs have the same irregularity : 
 
 Atender, 
 
 to attend, 
 
 atiende. 
 
 cerner, 
 
 sift, 
 
 cierne. 
 
 con tender j 
 
 contend. 
 
 contiende. 
 
 defender, 
 
 defend, 
 
 defiende. 
 
 descender, 
 
 descent, 
 
 desciende. 
 
 encender, 
 
 light', 
 
 enciende. 
 
 entender, 
 
 to understand, 
 
 entiende. 
 
 extender, 
 
 extend, 
 
 extiende. 
 
 heder, 
 
 stink, 
 
 hiede. 
 
 bender, 
 
 cleave, 
 
 hiende. 
 
 perder, 
 
 lose, 
 
 pierde. 
 
 tender, 
 
 stretch out, 
 
 tiende. 
 
 transcender, 
 
 transcend, 
 
 transciende. 
 
 verter, 
 
 pour out, 
 
 vierte. 
 
 and their compounds; as condescender, desatender, 
 
 desente.Aer, 
 
 reverter, trascender, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Absolver, to absolve. — Part. Pas. absuelto. 
 
 This verb changes the radical o into ite in the same 
 tenses and persons as the verb acostar* The same ir- 
 regularity will be found in the following verbs: 
 
 Part. Pas. 
 
 cocer, 
 
 to boil. 
 
 cuece. 
 
 
 disolver, 
 
 dissolve. 
 
 disuelve, 
 
 disuelto. 
 
 doler, 
 
 grieve. 
 
 duele. 
 
 
 envolver, 
 
 involve. 
 
 envuelve, 
 
 envuelto. 
 
 Hover, 
 
 rain. 
 
 llueve. 
 
 
 moler, 
 
 grind. 
 
 muele. 
 
 
Of the Irregular Verbs, 
 
 83 
 
 m order, 
 
 mover, 
 
 resolver, 
 
 soler, 
 
 revolver, 
 
 solver, 
 
 torcer, 
 
 volver, 
 
 bite. 
 
 move. 
 
 resolve. 
 
 accustom. 
 
 devolve. 
 
 solve. 
 
 twist. 
 
 turn. 
 
 muerde. 
 
 mueve. 
 
 resuelve, 
 
 suele. 
 
 revuelve. 
 
 suele, 
 
 tuerce. 
 
 vuelve, 
 
 resuelto. 
 
 resuelto. 
 
 vuelto. 
 
 and their compounds; as, condoler, demoler, devolver, 
 promcver, remover, Ice. 
 
 Oler, to smell. 
 
 Indicative Pres. huelo, hueles, huele. 
 
 olemos, oleis, huelen. 
 Imperative. huele tu, huela el. 
 
 olamos, oled, huelan ellos. 
 Subjunctive. huela, huelas, huela. 
 
 olamos, olais, huelan. 
 
 Poder, to be able. 
 Gerund, pudiendo. 
 
 Indicative Pres. puedo, puedes, puede. 
 
 pueden. 
 Preterit. pude, pudiste, pudo. 
 
 pudimos, pudisteis, pudieron. 
 Future. podre\ podras, podra, 
 
 podremos^odre^s, podrdn. 
 Imperative. puede tu, pueda el, 
 
 podamos, poded, puedan ellos. 
 Subjunctive Pres. pueda, puedas, pueda. 
 
 puedan, 
 The three Imperfects. 
 yo pudiera, pudie>as, pudieVa. , 
 
 pudieramos, pudierais, pudieran. 
 
 yo pudi^se, pudieses, pudȣse. 
 
 pudiesemos, pudieseis, pudiesen. 
 
 yo podria, podrias, podria. 
 
 podriamos, podriais, podrian, 
 
 M 2 
 
84 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Future Subjunctive. 
 
 pudie>e, pudieres, 
 
 pudieremos, pudiereis, 
 
 Ver, to see. 
 Gerund, viendo. 
 Participle Passive, visto. 
 Indicative Pres. yo veo, 
 
 pudiere, 
 pudieren. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Preterit. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 tu ves, 
 vemos, veis, 
 
 yo via, tu vias, 
 
 viamos, viais, 
 or, yo veia, tu veias, 
 veiamos,veiais, 
 
 tu viste, 
 
 yo vi, 
 vimos, 
 
 veamos, 
 
 vea, 
 veamos, 
 
 visteis, 
 
 ve tu, 
 ved, 
 
 veas, 
 veais, 
 
 el ve. 
 ven. 
 
 el via, 
 vian. 
 el veia, 
 veian. 
 
 el vi6. 
 vieron. 
 
 vea el. 
 vean. 
 
 yea. 
 vean. 
 
 Caer, to fall. 
 
 Gerund, cayendo. 
 
 Indicative Pres. yo caygo, tu caes, &c. 
 
 Imperative. cayga el. 
 
 cay gam os, caed, caygan. 
 
 Subjunctive Pr. yo cayga, caygas, cayga. 
 
 caygamos,caygais, oaygan. 
 
 Caber, to be contained. 
 
 Indicative. Pres. yo quepo, tu cabes, &c. 
 
 Preterit. 
 
 yo cupe, tu cupiste, el cupo. 
 
 *ios. cupimos, vos, cupisteis, ellos cupieron. 
 
Of the Irregular Verbs, 
 
 83 
 
 yo cabre, 
 cabremos, 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 quepamos, 
 
 Subj. Pres. quepa, 
 
 quepamos, 
 
 The Imperf. cupiera, 
 
 cupieramos, 
 
 Future. 
 
 tu cabras, 
 cabreis, 
 
 cabe tu, 
 cabed, 
 
 Future. 
 
 cupiese, 
 cupiesemos, 
 cabria, &c. 
 cupiere, &c. 
 
 quepas, 
 quepa is, 
 
 cupieras, 
 cupierais, 
 cupieses, 
 cupieseis, 
 
 el cabra. 
 cabran. 
 
 quepa el. 
 quepan. 
 
 quepa. 
 quepan. 
 
 cupiera. 
 cupieran. 
 cupiese. 
 cupiesen, 
 
 Toner, to put, and its Compounds 
 
 Pas. Part, puesto. 
 
 Indie. Pres. yo pongo, tu pones, &c. 
 
 Preterit. yo puse, tu pusiste, 
 pusimos, pusisteis, 
 
 Future. pondre, pondras, 
 
 pondremos, pondreis, 
 
 Imp. pon tu, 
 
 pongamos, poned, 
 pusiera, pusieras, 
 
 The Imperf. pusi^ramos, pusierais, 
 pusiese, pusieses, 
 pusiesemos, pusieseis, 
 pondria, pondrias, 
 pondriamos,pondriais, 
 
 Future, pusiere, pusieres, 
 
 pusieremos, pusiereis, 
 
 Querer, to will, 
 Ind. Pres. quiero, quieres, 
 
 el puso. 
 pusieron. 
 
 pondra. 
 pondran. 
 
 ponga el. 
 
 pongan. 
 
 pusiera. 
 
 pusieran. 
 
 pusiese. 
 
 pusiesen. 
 
 pondria. 
 
 pondrian. 
 
 pusiere. 
 
 pusieren. 
 
 quiere. 
 quieren. 
 
86 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Preterit. 
 
 quise, 
 
 quisiste, 
 
 quiso. 
 
 x 
 
 quisimos, 
 
 quisiskis, 
 
 qciisieron. 
 
 Future. 
 
 querre, 
 
 querras, 
 
 querra\ 
 
 
 querremos, 
 
 qnerreis, 
 
 querran. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 
 (juiere tu, 
 
 quiera el. 
 quieran ellos. 
 
 Suhj. Pres 
 
 quiera. 
 
 quieras, 
 
 quiera. 
 
 
 queramos, 
 
 querais, 
 
 quieran. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 quisiera, 
 
 quisieras, 
 
 quisiera. 
 
 
 quisieramos ; 
 
 quifcierais, 
 
 quisieran. 
 
 
 quisiese, 
 
 quisieses, 
 
 quisiese. 
 
 
 quisi^semos. 
 
 quisie*eis, 
 
 quisi^sen. 
 
 
 querria, he. 
 
 
 
 future. 
 
 qui si ere, 
 
 quisieres, 
 
 quisie>e. 
 
 
 quisieremos, quisieVeis, 
 
 quisieVen. 
 
 
 Saber, 
 
 to know. 
 
 
 Indicat. Pt 
 
 es. yo se, 
 
 tu sabes, 
 
 el sabe. 
 
 
 nosotros sabemos, &c. 
 
 
 Preterit. 
 
 yo supe, 
 
 tu supiste, 
 
 el supo f 
 
 
 supimos, 
 
 supisteis, 
 
 supieron. 
 
 Future. 
 
 sabr£, 
 
 sabr&s, 
 
 sabra. 
 
 
 sabremos, 
 
 sabreis, 
 
 sabran. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 
 sabe tu, 
 
 sepa el. 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 sabed, 
 
 8epan ellos 
 
 Suhj. Pres. 
 
 yo sepa, 
 
 s£pas-, 
 
 sepa. 
 
 
 sepamos, 
 
 sepais, 
 
 sepan. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 supiera, 
 
 supieras, 
 
 supieVa. 
 
 
 supieramos, 
 
 supierais, 
 
 supieVan. 
 
 
 supiese 
 
 supieses, 
 
 supiese. 
 
 
 supiesemos^, 
 
 supieseis, 
 
 supiesen. 
 
 
 sabria. 
 
 sabrias, 
 
 sabria, 
 
 
 sabriamos, 
 
 sabriais, 
 
 sabrian. 
 
 Future Suhj. supie're, 
 
 supieVes, 
 
 supiere. 
 
 
 supieremos, 
 
 supieVeis, 
 
 supieren. 
 
Of the Irregular Verbs* 
 Tener, to have, or to hold, 
 
 87 
 
 This verb is often used as auxiliary, instead of the 
 verb haber. 
 
 Indie. Pres. 
 
 yo tengo, 
 
 tu tienes, 
 
 el tiene. 
 ellos tienen 
 
 Preterit. 
 
 yo tuve, 
 tuvimos, 
 
 tu tuviste, 
 tuv^steis, 
 
 el tuvo. 
 tuvieron. 
 
 Future. 
 
 tendre, 
 tend rem os, 
 
 tendras, 
 tendreis, 
 
 tendra. 
 tend ran. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 ten tu, 
 teilgamos, 
 
 ten<?;a el, 
 tened, 
 
 tengan. 
 
 Subj. Pres. 
 
 yo tenga, 
 ten gam os, 
 tuviera, 
 tuvit ramos, 
 
 tu ten gas, 
 tengais, 
 tuvieras, 
 tuvierais, 
 
 £1 tenga. 
 tengan. 
 tuviera. 
 tuvieran. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 tuviese, 
 tuviesemos, 
 tendria, 
 tendriamos, 
 
 tuvieses, 
 tuvieseis, 
 tendrias, 
 tendriais, 
 
 tuviese. 
 tuviesen. 
 tendria. 
 tendrian. 
 
 Future fiubj. yo tuviere, nos. tuvieVemos. 
 
 tu tuvieres, vos. tuviereis. 
 
 €\ tuviere, ellos tuvieren. 
 and its compounds ; as atener, contener, de tener, &c. 
 
 
 Traer, 
 
 to bring. 
 
 
 Gerund. 
 
 trayendo, 
 
 
 
 Indie. Pres. 
 
 tray go, 
 
 traes, &c. 
 
 
 Preterit. 
 
 traxe, 
 
 traxiste, 
 
 traxo. 
 
 
 traximos, 
 
 traxisteis, 
 
 traxeron. 
 
 or 
 
 truxe, 
 
 truxiste, 
 
 truxo. 
 
 
 truximos, 
 
 truxisteis, 
 
 truxeVon. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 
 trayga el. 
 
 traygatnos, or j d ^ 
 
 trayamos, J ' /& 
 
88 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Subj. Pres. 
 
 trayga, 
 
 traygas, 
 
 trayga. 
 
 
 traygamos, 
 
 traygais, 
 
 traygan. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 traxera, 
 
 traxeras, 
 
 traxera. 
 
 
 traxeramos, 
 
 traxeVais, 
 
 traxeran. 
 
 
 traxese, 
 
 traxeses, 
 
 traxese. 
 
 
 traxesemos, 
 
 traxeseis. 
 
 traxe?sen. 
 
 
 traeria, &c. 
 
 
 
 Future. 
 
 traxere, 
 
 traxeres, 
 
 traxere. 
 
 
 . traxeremos, 
 
 traxereis, 
 
 traxeren. 
 
 and its compounds, abstraer, to abstract ; atraer, to 
 allure; contrar, to contract, &c. 
 
 Valer, to be worth. 
 Indie. Pres. valgo, vales, &c. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Subj. Pres. 
 Imperf. 
 
 Future. 
 
 valdr£, 
 valdremos, 
 
 valgamos, 
 valga, &c. 
 
 valiera, &c. 
 valiese, &c. 
 valdria, &c. 
 
 valiere, &c. 
 
 valdras, 
 valdreis, 
 
 valdra . 
 valdran. 
 
 valga el. 
 yalgan. 
 
 and its compound equivaler, follow the same irregu- 
 larity. 
 
 ARTICLE XVI. 
 
 Irregular Verbs of the Third Conjugation. 
 
 The verbs ending in ucir have the same irregularity 
 as those ending in ecer ; they hold a z before the ra- 
 dical c, as it is said of the verb merecer, and the like ; 
 lucir, make ; luzco, luzco, to shine. Besides the said 
 irregularity, the verbs ending in ucir have another, as 
 will be. seen in the next example. 
 
Of the Irregular Verbs. 
 
 89 
 
 Conducir, to conduct. 
 Indicative Present. 
 
 Sing, conduzco, 
 Plu. conducimos, 
 
 Sing, conducia, 
 Plu. conduciamos. 
 
 conduces, 
 conducis, 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 conducias, 
 conduciais. 
 
 Sing, conduxe, 
 Plu. conduximos, 
 
 Sing, conducive 
 Plu. conduciremos, 
 
 Sing, conduce tu, 
 Plu. 
 
 Preterit. 
 
 conduxiste, 
 conduxlsteis, 
 
 Future. 
 
 conducir&s, 
 
 conducir&s. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 conduzca £1, 
 conducid, 
 
 Imperf Subjunctive. 
 
 conduce, 
 conducen. 
 
 conducia. 
 conducian. 
 
 conduxo. 
 conduxe>on. 
 
 conducira, 
 conducir&n. 
 
 conduzcamos. 
 conduzcan. 
 
 Sing, conduxera, 
 Pin. conduxe>amos, 
 Sing, conduxese, 
 Plu. conduxesemos, 
 
 Sing. conduxe>e, 
 Plu. conduxeremos, 
 
 conduxeras, conduxera. 
 
 conduxerais, conduxeran. 
 
 conduxeses, conduxese. 
 
 condux^seis, conduxesen. 
 
 Future. 
 
 conduxeVes, conduxere, 
 conduxereis, conduxeren. 
 
 The same irregularity will be found in the verbs 
 deducir, inducir, introdncir, producir, reducir, sedu- 
 cir, traducir, &c. 
 
 Sentir, to feel. 
 
 This verb holds an i before its radical e in some per-* 
 sons, and in others changes the e into i, as the follow- 
 ing example shews : 
 
 N 
 
no 
 
 -•/ A>m; Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Gerund. 
 
 
 sintiendo, 
 
 
 Indie. Pres. 
 
 siento, 
 
 sientes, 
 
 siente. 
 sienten. 
 
 Preterit. 
 
 
 
 sintio. 
 sintieVon. 
 
 Imperat. 
 
 
 siente tu, 
 
 sienta el. 
 
 
 sintamos, 
 
 sentid, 
 
 sientan. 
 
 Subj. Pres. 
 
 sienta, 
 
 sientas, 
 
 sienta. ' 
 
 
 sintamos, 
 
 sintais, 
 
 sientan. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 sintiera, 
 
 sintieras, 
 
 sintiera. 
 
 
 sintieramos, 
 
 sintierais, 
 
 sintieran. 
 
 
 sintiese, 
 
 sintieses, 
 
 sintiese. 
 
 
 sintiesemos, 
 
 sintieseis, 
 
 sinti^sen. 
 
 
 sentiria, &c. 
 
 
 
 Future. 
 
 sintiera, 
 
 sintieVes, 
 
 sintiere. 
 
 
 sinticremos, 
 
 sintiereis, 
 
 sintieren. 
 
 The same irregularity is 
 
 to be found 
 
 in the follow- 
 
 adherir, 
 
 to adhere. 
 
 adhiere, 
 
 adhirio, 
 
 advertir, 
 
 advert. 
 
 advierte, 
 
 advertio. 
 
 arrepentirse, 
 
 repent. 
 
 arrepientese, arrepintiose, 
 
 asentir, 
 
 assent. 
 
 asiente, 
 
 asintio, 
 
 conferir, 
 
 confer. 
 
 confiere, 
 
 confirio. 
 
 controvertir, 
 
 controvert. 
 
 controvierte, controvirtio, 
 
 convertir, 
 
 convert. 
 
 convierte, 
 
 convirtio. 
 
 deferir, 
 
 defer. 
 
 den* ere, 
 
 defirio, 
 
 diferir, 
 
 differ. 
 
 difiere, 
 
 difirio, 
 
 digerir, 
 
 digest. 
 
 digiere, 
 
 digirio, 
 
 herir, 
 
 wound. 
 
 hiere, 
 
 hirio. 
 
 hervir, 
 
 boil. 
 
 hierve, 
 
 hirvio. 
 
 inferir, 
 
 infer. 
 
 infiere, 
 
 inririo. 
 
 ingerir, 
 
 graft. 
 
 ingiere, 
 
 ingirio. 
 
 invertir, 
 
 invert. 
 
 invierte, 
 
 invirtio. 
 
 mentir, 
 
 lie. 
 
 miente. 
 
 mintio. 
 
 perverti r, 
 
 pervert. 
 
 pervierte, 
 
 pervirtio. 
 
 preferi v, 
 
 prefer. 
 
 prefiere, 
 
 preririo. 
 
Of the Irregular Verbs. 
 
 91 
 
 referir, 
 
 refer. 
 
 refiere. 
 
 refirio. 
 
 requerir, 
 
 require. 
 
 requiere, 
 
 requirio. 
 
 revertir, 
 
 revert. 
 
 revierte, 
 
 revirtio. 
 
 sugerir, 
 
 hint. 
 
 sugiere. 
 
 sugirio. 
 
 zaherir, 
 
 censure. 
 
 zahiere, 
 
 zahirio. 
 
 and their compounds ; as, consentir, to consent; des- 
 mentir, to belie; disentir, dissent; resentir, to re- 
 sent^ &c. 
 
 Argiiir, to argue. 
 
 This verb changes the i into y, when the u and i 
 form two syllables ; as, 
 
 Gerund. arguyendo. 
 
 Indie. Pres. yo arguyo, tu arguyes, el arguye. 
 
 ellos arguyen. 
 Preterit. 
 Sing. &[ arguyo. 
 
 Plu. ellos arguyeron. 
 
 Imperative. 
 Sing: arguye t% arguya el. 
 
 l O* 
 
 Plu. 
 
 arguy 
 
 amos, 
 
 arguyan. 
 
 Subjunctive Present. 
 
 Sing, arguya, arguy as, arguya. 
 
 Plu. arguy amos, arguyais, arguyan 
 Imperfects, arguyera, and arguyese, &c. 
 Future. arguyere, &e. 
 
 The same irregularity is to be found in the follow- 
 ing verbs, and in all those which terminate in uir ; as, 
 
 Atribuir, to attribute, atribuyo. 
 
 circuir, surround, circuyo. 
 
 concluir, conclude, concluyo. 
 
 constituir, constitute, constituyo. 
 
 contribuir, contribute, contribuyo. 
 
 construir, construe, construyo. . 
 
 destruir, destroy, destruyo. 
 
 disminuir, dimmish, disminuyo. 
 
 N 2 
 
92 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 distribuyo. 
 
 excluyo. 
 
 fluyo, 
 
 huyo, 
 
 imbuyo, 
 
 incluyo, 
 
 instituyo, 
 
 instruyo. 
 
 luyo. 
 
 muyo. 
 
 obstruyo. 
 
 prostituyo. 
 
 recluyo. 
 
 restituyo. 
 
 retribuyo. 
 
 substituyo. 
 
 Dormir, to sleep. 
 
 This verb changes the radical o sometimes into ue, 
 and sometimes into u\ as, 
 
 Gerund. durmiendo. 
 
 Indie. Pres. yo d tier mo, duermes, 
 
 Preterit. 
 
 distribuir, 
 
 distribute, 
 
 excluir, 
 
 exclude, 
 
 flair, 
 
 flow, 
 
 huir, 
 
 fiy> 
 
 imbuir, 
 
 imbue, 
 
 incluir, 
 
 include. 
 
 instituir, 
 
 institute, 
 
 instruir, 
 
 instruct, 
 
 luir, 
 
 rub, 
 
 muir, 
 
 milk, 
 
 obstruir, 
 
 obstruct, 
 
 prostituir, 
 
 prostitute, 
 
 reciuir, 
 
 shut up, 
 
 restituir, 
 
 restore, 
 
 retribuir, 
 
 return, 
 
 substituir, 
 
 substitute. 
 
 Imperative. 
 ■Subj. Pres. 
 Imperf. 
 
 duerme tu, 
 
 yo duerma, tu duermas, 
 dunnanos, durmais, 
 
 durmiera, durmieras, 
 durmieramos,durmierais., 
 durmiese, durmieses, 
 durmiesemos, &c. 
 
 Future.. durmiere, ike. 
 
 Morir, to die, is conjugated the same 
 mue/toi 
 
 duerme. 
 
 duermen. 
 
 durmio. 
 
 durmierom 
 
 duerma el. 
 
 duermanellos. 
 
 el duerma. 
 
 duerman. 
 
 durmiera. 
 
 durmieran. 
 
 durmiese. 
 
 Part. Pas. 
 
Of the Irregular '' Verbs. 
 
 93 
 
 Ped 
 
 ir. 
 
 to beg. 
 
 This verb has the irregularity of changing the einto 
 i in the following tenses and persons ; as, 
 
 Gerund. pidiendo. 
 
 tu pides, 
 
 Indie. Pres. ye pido, 
 Preterit. 
 
 Imperative. 
 Subj. Pres. 
 Imperf. 
 
 Future. 
 
 pidamos, 
 
 yo pida, 
 pidamos* 
 
 pidiera, 
 
 pide tu, 
 pedid, 
 
 pidas, 
 pidais, 
 
 pidieras, 
 
 pidieramos, pidieVais, 
 
 pidi^se, pidieses, 
 
 pidi^semos, pidieseis, 
 
 pidieVe, pidieVes, 
 
 pidieVemos, pidiereis, 
 
 el pide. 
 ellos piden, 
 pidio. 
 pidieron. 
 
 pida el. 
 pidan. 
 
 pida. 
 pidan. 
 
 pidiera. 
 pidieran. 
 pidi^se. 
 pidiesen. 
 
 pidieVe. 
 pidieren. 
 
 The following verbs follow the same irregularity as 
 the verb pedir 
 
 Arrecirse, 
 
 cenir, 
 
 colegir, 
 
 competir, 
 
 concebir, 
 constrefiir, 
 derretir, 
 desleir, 
 
 to benumbed 
 with cold, 
 belt, 
 collect, 
 stand in com- 
 petition, 
 conceive, 
 constrain, 
 melt, 
 dissolve. 
 
 to groan. 
 
 measure. 
 
 rule. 
 
 laugh. 
 
 render. 
 
 quarrel. 
 
 follow. 
 
 serve. 
 
 die. 
 
 dress. 
 
 and their compounds ; as, conseguir, descenir, expe- 
 dir> &c. 
 
 elegir, elect, 2d part irre. 
 
 elect 0. 
 embestir, assail. 
 
 engreir, 
 freir, fry. 
 
 frito. 
 gemir, 
 medir, 
 regir, 
 reir, 
 rendir, 
 refiir, 
 seguir^ 
 servir, 
 tefiir, 
 vestir, 
 
 be vain. 
 2d part irre. 
 
94 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Venir, to come. 
 
 This verb 
 
 is irregular 
 
 in the follow 
 
 ing tenses an 
 
 persons ; as, 
 
 
 
 
 Gerund. 
 
 veniendo. 
 
 
 
 Indie. Pres. 
 
 yo vengo, 
 
 tu vienes, 
 
 el viene. 
 
 
 venimos, 
 
 venis, 
 
 vienen. 
 
 Preterit. 
 
 vine, 
 
 viniste, 
 
 vino. 
 
 
 vinimos, 
 
 vinisteis, 
 
 vi nitron. 
 
 Future. 
 
 vendre, 
 vendremos, 
 
 vendras, 
 vendreis, 
 
 vendra. 
 vendran. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 vengamos, 
 
 ven tu, 
 venid, 
 
 venga el. 
 vengan. 
 
 Subj. Pres. 
 
 yo venga, tu vengas, 
 nos.vengamos vos. vengais 
 
 el venga. 
 , ellos vengan 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 viniera, 
 vinieramos, 
 
 vinieras, 
 vinierais, 
 
 viniera. 
 vinieran. 
 
 
 viniese, . 
 vendria, &c. 
 
 vinieses, &c. 
 
 
 Future Subj 
 
 . viniere, 
 
 vinieres, 
 
 viniere, 
 
 
 vinieremos, 
 
 viniereis, 
 
 vinieren. 
 
 tu asgas, 
 asgais, 
 
 asga el. 
 asgan ellos. 
 el asga. 
 
 Asir, to seize. 
 
 Indie. Pres. asgo, ases, &c. 
 
 Imper. Sing. 
 
 Plu. 
 
 Subj. Pres. yo asga, 
 asgamos, 
 
 These irregular tenses and persons of the verb asir 
 are very seldom used at this present time. 
 
 Decir, to say. 
 This verb holds the following irregularities: 
 Gerund. diciendo, 
 
 Part. Pas. dicho, 
 
Of the Irregular Verbs. 
 
 95 
 
 Indie Pres. 
 
 digo, 
 
 dices, 
 
 dice, 
 dicen. 
 
 Preterit. 
 
 dixe, 
 
 dixiste, 
 
 dixo. 
 
 
 diximos, 
 
 dixisteis. 
 
 dix£ron. 
 
 Future. 
 
 dir£, 
 
 diras, 
 
 dira. 
 
 
 diremos. 
 
 direis, 
 
 diran. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 di tu, 
 
 diga el. 
 
 
 digamos. 
 
 
 digan. 
 
 Subj. Pres. 
 
 diga, 
 
 digas, 
 
 diga. 
 
 
 digamos, 
 
 digais, 
 
 digan. 
 
 
 Imp erf. 
 
 dixera, 
 
 dixeras, 
 
 dixera. 
 
 
 dixeramos, 
 
 dixerais, 
 
 dixeran. 
 
 
 dixese, 
 
 dixeses, 
 
 dixese. 
 
 
 dixesemos, 
 
 dixeseis, 
 
 dixesen. 
 
 
 diria, 
 
 dirias, 
 
 diria. 
 
 
 diriamos, 
 
 diriais, 
 
 dirian. 
 
 'Future. 
 
 dixere, 
 
 dixeres, 
 
 dixere. 
 
 
 dixeremos, 
 
 dixereis, 
 
 dixeren. 
 
 Its compound predecir 
 
 is conjugated the same, 
 
 Bendecir, to bless. 
 Gerund. bendiciendo. 
 Part. Pas. Bendecido, or bendito. 
 
 Indicative Present Tense. 
 
 yo bendigo, tu bendices, el bendice. 
 
 nosotros bendecimos, vosotros bendecis, ellos bendicen 
 Imperfect. 
 
 bendecias, 
 bendeciais, 
 
 Preterit. 
 
 bendixiste, 
 bendixisteis. 
 
 Future. 
 
 bendeeiras, 
 bendecireis, 
 
 bendecia, 
 bendeciamos, 
 
 yo bendixe, 
 bendiximos, 
 
 bendecire, 
 bendecir£mos, 
 
 bendecia. 
 bendecian. 
 
 bendixo. 
 bendixeron. 
 
 bendecira. 
 bendeciran. 
 
«*• 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 bendice tu, bendiga el. 
 
 bendecid vosotros, bendigan ellos. 
 
 The rest are conjugated as in the verb decir. 
 
 Maldecir, to curse, follows the irregularity of ben~ 
 decir; contradecir, to contradict; and desdecir, to 
 disown, differ in the imperative ; as, contradice tu, 
 desdice tu; the rest are as in decir, 
 
 Oir, to hear. 
 
 This verb holds a g after i or y in some of the fol- 
 lowing tenses and persons : 
 
 Gerund. oyendo. 
 
 Active Part, oyente, he ivho is hearing. 
 
 Indie. Fres. 
 
 oygo, 
 
 oyes, 
 
 oye. 
 oyen. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 as regular. 
 
 
 
 Preterit. 
 
 oi, 
 
 oiste, 
 
 oyo, 
 oyeron. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 oye tu, 
 
 oygael. 
 
 
 oyamos, 
 
 oid, 
 
 oygan. 
 
 Sabj. Pres. 
 
 °yg*> 
 
 oygas, 
 
 oyga. 
 
 
 oygamos, 
 
 oygais, 
 
 organ. 
 
 Imp erf. 
 
 oyera, 
 
 oyeras, 
 
 oyera. 
 
 
 oyeramos, 
 
 oyerais, 
 
 oyeran. 
 
 
 oyese, 
 
 oyeses, 
 
 oyese. 
 
 
 oyesemos, 
 
 oyeseis, 
 
 oy^sen. 
 
 
 oiria, &c. 
 
 
 
 Future Subj 
 
 . oyere, 
 
 oyeres, 
 
 oyere. 
 
 
 oyeremos, 
 
 oyereis, 
 
 oyeren. 
 
 and its compound entreoir, to overhear. 
 
 Podrir, to rot. 
 
 This verb changes the racical o into u 3 in the fol- 
 lowing tenses and persons; as, 
 
Of the Irregular- Verhs* <^ 
 
 Gerund. pudriendo> ... 
 
 Indie. Pres. pudro, pud res, pudre. 
 
 podrimos, podris, pudren. 
 
 Preterit. pudrio. 
 
 pudrieron. 
 Future. podrire, &c. 
 
 Imperative. pudre tu, pudra el. 
 
 pudramos, pudran. 
 
 Subj. Pres. pudra, pudras, pudra. 
 
 pudramos, pudrais, pudran. 
 
 Imperf. pudriera, pudrieras, pudriera. 
 
 pudrieramos, pudrierais, pudrieram 
 
 pudriese, &c. 
 
 podriria, &c. 
 
 Future Subj. pudtiere, &c. and its Compound. 
 
 Salir, to go out. 
 Part. Act. Saliente, he who is going out. 
 
 Indie. Pres. salgo, 
 
 salimos, 
 
 sales, 
 
 salis, 
 
 safe, 
 salen. 
 
 Future. saldr£, 
 
 saldremos 
 
 saldras, 
 , saldr&s, 
 
 saldra. 
 saldran 
 
 Imperative, sal tu, saiga el. 
 
 salgamos, salid, salgan 
 
 Subjunctive, saiga, saigas, saiga, 
 salgamos, salgais, salgan. 
 All the rest as regular. 
 
 Sobresalir is 
 
 conjugated as 
 
 salir. 
 
 Ir, to go. 
 Gerund. yendo. 
 Part. Pass, ido. 
 
 Indicative Present Tense. 
 yo voy, tu vas, el va. 
 
 nosotros vamos, vosetros vais, ellos van. 
 o 
 
9*- 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 iba, 
 i bam os, 
 
 Imperfect, 
 ibas, 
 ibais, 
 
 iba. 
 iban. 
 
 
 Preterit. 
 
 
 fui, 
 fuimos, 
 
 fuiste, 
 fuisteis, 
 
 Future. 
 
 fue\ 
 fueron, 
 
 ire\ 
 irdmos, 
 
 irds, 
 ireis, 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 ira\ , 
 ir£n. 
 
 Sing. ve tu, 
 Plu. vamos, 
 
 vaya el. 
 nos. id vos. 
 
 vayan 
 
 Present of the Subjunctive. 
 
 yo vaya, tu vayas, & vaya. 
 
 nosotros vayamos, vosotros vayais, ellos vayan. 
 
 Imperfect* 
 
 fuera, 
 
 fueras, 
 
 fuera. 
 
 fueramos, 
 
 fuerais, 
 
 fuera n. 
 
 fuese, 
 
 fueses, 
 
 fuese. 
 
 fu^semos, 
 
 fu£seis, 
 
 fuesen. 
 
 iria, &c. 
 
 
 
 Future Subjunctive. 
 
 
 yo fuere, 
 
 tu fueres, 
 
 el fueYe. 
 
 fueYemos, 
 
 fueVeis, 
 
 fu^ren. 
 
 The verbs confesar, renovar, and defender, have 
 analogy with profesar, innovar y and (fender ; but not- 
 withstanding the three first are irregular, and the 
 others regular, there is no other reason but the use; 
 which decides the irregularity and not the analogy. 
 
 All the irregular verbs will be found in this Gram- 
 mar ; and if any one has escaped me, it is of very lit- 
 tle use, or nbt at all/ 
 
 •* 
 
Of: the- Impersonal Ferbs. 
 
 90 
 
 ARTICLE Xyil. 
 
 Of the Impersonal Verbs. 
 
 Impersonal Verbs are only used in the third person 
 singular, and in the infinitive mood ; as, 
 
 Amanecer, 
 anochecer, 
 escarchar, 1 
 
 to grow light, 
 grow dark, 
 
 freeze, 
 hail, 
 
 amanece. 
 anochece. 
 f escarcha. 
 \ hiela. 
 graniza. 
 llueve. 
 llovizna. 
 nieva. 
 
 relampaguea. 
 truena. 
 
 helar, 
 
 granizar, 
 
 Hover, rain, 
 
 lloviznar, mizzle, 
 
 nevar, snow, 
 
 relampaguear, lighten, 
 
 tronar, thunder. 
 
 The verbs amanecer and anochecer are used in the 
 three persons ; but then the person is not the doer of 
 the verb, and only shews where or how it was at the 
 break of day; as, yo amaneci en L ondres, I was m 
 London at the break of day ; yo anochtsi en Toledo, I 
 was in Toledo at the twilignt in the evening. 
 
 There are other verbs which sometimes are used as 
 im personals ; as, acaece, acontece, agrada, bast a, 
 duele, es menester, estd bien, gusta, hace, hay* impor- 
 ta, parece, sticede, in whose expressions the person to 
 whom the verb may be referred does not appear. W' J en 
 the verb haber is used impersonally in the third per- 
 son singular of several tenses, (but never in plural, it 
 has the propriety of agreeing in plural with the sub- 
 stantive : as, hay un hombre, there is a man ; hay dos 
 C muchos hombrcs, there are two, or many men. 
 
 ARTICLE XVIII. 
 
 The Impersonal Verbs are also called Defective, for 
 the want of some persons and tenses, which the i in per- 
 sonals have. Placer, to please. — Indicative Present 
 
 o 2 
 
convenia, it was conve- 
 nient. 
 
 100 A AVw Spanish Gramnwi . 
 
 me place, it pleases me. — Imperfect 9 placia. — Perfect. 
 plugo. — Present Subj. plegue. — Second Imperfect, 
 pluguiera und plug uiese. — Future Subj. si meplugiere. 
 Vacer, to lie. This verb has scarcely any other use 
 but in epitaphs ; as, aqui yace, here lie,, or lies ; a qui 
 yacen, Plural, here lies. 
 
 Impersonal Actives. 
 
 convenir, to be convenient. Preterit. 
 
 convino, it was convenient. 
 
 Indicative Present. ^ , 
 
 ... . . Future. 
 
 conviene, it is convenient. , , .. * u -j, , 
 
 3 convendra, it shall, will be 
 
 j p convenient 
 
 ^ f. ' Imperative. 
 
 convenga, let it be conve- 
 nient. 
 
 Observe, that convenir is given here as impersonal 
 only in the signification of being convenient or pro- 
 per; for convenir, when it signifies to agree, has all its 
 persons. 
 
 Of the Impersonal Passives. 
 
 Escribirse, to be written. 
 Indicative Present. Preterit. 
 
 escribe-se, it is written, escribiose, it was written. 
 
 Imperfect. Present Compound. 
 
 escribiase, it was written, se ha escrito, it has been 
 
 written. 
 Future. 
 escribirase, it will be written. 
 
 After the same manner are conjugated, 
 
 decirse, to be said. 
 
 se dice, 6 dicese, it is said. 
 
 Referirse, to be related. 
 The verbs of this conjugation are likewise conjuga- 
 ted with the verb estar; and the gerund ; as, 
 
Of the Impersonal Verbs. 101 
 
 estoy escribiendo, I*am writing. 
 
 estoy oy endo, / am hearing, 
 
 estoy comi^ndo, I am eating. 
 
 estoy refiriendo, I am relating, &c. 
 
 and so through all the persons, tenses, and moods. 
 
 Conjugation of the Impersonal Verb hay, there is. 
 
 Indicative Present. 
 hay, there is. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 habia, there ivas. 
 
 Preterit. 
 hubo, there was, 
 
 Compound. 
 ha habido, there has, or have been. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 habia habido, there had been. 
 
 Future. 
 habra, there shall, or zvill be. 
 
 Imperative. 
 que haya, let there be. 
 
 Second Future. 
 ha de haber, there must be. 
 
 Third Future. 
 habra de haber, there shall be obliged to be. 
 
 Fourth Future. 
 habia de haber, there was to be. 
 
 Subjunctive. si habia habido, if there 
 
 si hay, if there is. had been. 
 
 si hubiera, if there was. si habra, if there shall, or 
 
 si ha habido, if there has will be. 
 
 been. 
 
102 
 
 A Jffety Spanish Grammar, 
 
 With Negation. 
 
 no hay, there is not. 
 
 no habia, there was 
 
 no ha habido, there has 
 
 not been. 
 
 no habia habido, there had 
 
 not been. 
 
 no babra, there shall, or 
 
 will not be. 
 
 With affirmative Interro- 
 gation. 
 hay? is there? 
 
 habia? was there? 
 
 ha habido? lias there been? 
 habia habido? had there 
 been ? 
 habra ? will there be ? 
 hay ? are there ? 
 
 habia ? were there ? 
 
 With negative Interroga- 
 tion. 
 no hay ? is not there ? 
 no habia ? teas not there ? 
 no ha habido ? has not 
 there been ? 
 no habrd? willnot there be? 
 no hay ? are not there ? 
 
 Conjugation of the Verb 
 ser, taken impersonally. 
 
 Indicative, 
 
 with Affirmation. 
 
 es, it is. 
 
 esiifot < it was. 
 
 seraV it shall or will be. 
 ha sido, it lias been. 
 
 habia sido, it had been. 
 
 With Negation. 
 noes, it is not. 
 
 no era, it was not. 
 
 no sera, it will not be. 
 
 no ha sido, it has not been. 
 
 Imperative. 
 que sea, let it be. 
 
 que no sea, let it not be. 
 
 Subjunctive, &c. 
 si es, if it is, or be. 
 
 si era, if it was, cr were. 
 si sera, if it shall or will 
 
 be. 
 si ha sido, if it has been. 
 aunque pueda ser, though 
 it may be. 
 podia ser, it might be. 
 podria haber sido, it might 
 have been. 
 podra ser, it may be. 
 
 puede se>, it may be. 
 
 With affirmative Interro- 
 
 
 ga, 
 
 tton. 
 
 es? 
 
 
 is it f 
 
 era? 
 
 
 ivasit ? 
 
 ha sido? 
 
 
 has it been ? 
 
 serd? 
 
 
 will it be ? 
 
 Conjugation of the Impersonal Verb Hover, to rain. 
 
 This Verb, and the like, may be considered as ac- 
 tive ones. 
 
Of the Impersonal Verbs. 
 
 103 
 
 Hueve, it rains, or does 
 rain. 
 llovia, it was raining. 
 llovio, it rained, or did 
 rain. 
 ha llovido, it has rained. 
 habia llovido, it had rain- 
 ed. 
 lloverd, it will rain. 
 
 que llueva, let it rain. 
 puede Hover, it may rain. 
 podia Hover, it might rain. 
 podria haber llovido, it 
 might have rained. 
 podra Hover, it may rain. 
 sillueve, if it rain. 
 
 si llovio, if it rained. 
 
 si ha llovido, if it has 
 rained. 
 si hubiese llovido, if it had 
 rained, or had it rained. 
 si llovera, if it will rain. 
 antique pueda Hover, 
 
 though it may ram. 
 
 aunque podia Hover, though 
 
 it might ?ain. 
 
 The following verbs, and 
 gated in the same manner, 
 llovizna, it mizzles. 
 
 hace ay re, it blows. 
 
 escarcha, ) * freezes. 
 sederrite, it thaws. 
 
 aunque podria haber llovi- 
 do, though it might have 
 rained. 
 aunque podra Wover, though 
 it may rain. 
 aunque este lloviendo, 
 though it may he raining. 
 va a Hover, it is going to 
 rain. 
 
 With affirmative Interro- 
 gation. 
 Hueve ? does it rain ? 
 
 llovio, did it rain $ 
 
 ha llovido ? has it rained? 
 lloverd ? will it rain ? 
 
 With negative Interroga- 
 tion. 
 no Hueve ? does it not rain? 
 no llovi6 ? did not it rain? 
 no ha llovido ? has not it 
 rained % 
 no habia llovido ? had not 
 it rained? 
 no lloverd ? will not it 
 rain? 
 
 all of this class, are qonju- 
 
 nieva, it snows. 
 
 graniza, it hails. 
 
 truena, it thunders. 
 
 relampaguea, it lightens. 
 
 
10 x A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Of' the Adverbs. 
 
 The Adverbs are a part of speech indeclinable : they 
 are put before or after the verbs with the substantive, 
 adjective, and in other parts of speech; to affirm, to 
 deny, to augment, to diminish some circumstance be- 
 longing to the parts of speeeh ; as, estarde, it is late ; 
 escribe bien, he writes well; lee mal, he reads bad. 
 
 The property of the adverb is to be joined with the 
 verb expressed or supplied ; as, el hombre natural- 
 mente bueno, esfacil de enganar por los malos, a man 
 naturally good, is easily deceived by the wicked;. 
 where you may see, that the adverb naturalmente is 
 not joined with hombre nor with bueno, but with the. 
 verb ser, which ought to be understood in this man- 
 ner : el hombre que es naturalmente bueno, &c. 
 
 The adverbs are divided into simple and compound; 
 the simple, as mas, menos, lejos, cerca, macho, poco, 
 Men, mal, &c. ; the compound are composed of the 
 simple ones, or of some other syllable or words joined 
 to them ; as arnds, demas, ademas, asimismo, adonde, 
 buenamente, malamente, and, all ending in mente, 
 &c. 
 
 There are also some expressions composed of two 
 or more words ; because they have the signification of 
 adverbs they are called adverbial moods ; as, de 
 donde, desde donde, en donde, por donde, para donde, 
 hatia donde, hasta donde, de lejos, de cerca, de re- 
 pente, de veras, de valde, por ventura, par an r iha y 
 par ulaxo, a hurtadillas, a diestro y siniestro, a.rosa 
 if velloso, 8cc. 
 
 adverbs are divided into several classes, accord- 
 ; different signification ; as, 
 
 Adverbs of Place. 
 
 AfcuV there, aculla, yonder. 
 
 ffiflA, aca, . here, cerca, ?iear ? nigh. 
 
 alklj alii, there, lejos, far. 
 
Of the Adverbs, 
 
 105 
 
 donde, ai 
 
 where. 
 
 donde, 
 
 dentro, within, 
 
 fuera, out. 
 
 arriba, - above. 
 
 abaxo, below, down. 
 
 debaxo, underneath. 
 
 delante, before. 
 
 detr&s, behind. 
 
 encima, upon. 
 
 hasta alii 6 alia, thitherto. 
 
 hasta aqui, hitherto. 
 
 al rededor entorno u encon- 
 torno, round about. 
 
 al lado, & parte, aside. 
 
 acia, baxo, downward. 
 
 acia arriba, upward. 
 
 de atr&s, from behind. 
 
 de donde, from whence. 
 
 de aqui, frqni hence. 
 
 de alia, from thence. 
 
 cerca, a la mano, nigh, at 
 hand. 
 
 en alguna parte, some- 
 where. 
 
 en ninguna parte, no- 
 
 where. 
 
 en qualquiera parte, any- 
 ivhere. 
 
 entodolugar, every where. 
 
 en alguna otra parte, some- 
 where else. 
 
 en otra parte, elsewhere. 
 
 en ninguna otra parte, no- 
 where else. 
 
 aci-atras, backward. 
 
 acia adelante, forward. 
 
 acia el lado, side ways. 
 
 la parte interior, Me inside. 
 
 la parte exterior, the out- 
 side. 
 
 Adverbs of Time. 
 
 Ahora, now. 
 
 quando, when. 
 
 entonces, then. 
 
 hoy, to-day. 
 
 ayer, yesterday. 
 
 cad a dia, every day. 
 
 ayer manana, yesterday 
 morning:. 
 
 ayer tarde, yesterday even- 
 ing. 
 
 a noche, last night. 
 
 manana, to-morrow. 
 
 manana ala noche, to mor- 
 row night. 
 
 despues de manana, after 
 to-morrow. 
 
 el otro dia, the other day. 
 
 antes de ayer, the day be- 
 fore yesterday. 
 
 la semana pasada, last 
 week. 
 
 hoy en dia, now-a-days. 
 
 ulthnamente^ lately, new- 
 ly, of late. 
 
 ya, ' already. 
 
 aun, todavia, still, as yet. 
 
 ! u , n n ,°' } not yet. 
 todavia no, J J 
 
 de dia, in the day time. 
 
 de noche, in the night 
 
 time. 
 
 ahora al presente, now, at 
 
 present. 
 
 ahora justamente, just 
 
 now. 
 
io6 
 
 A New Spanish Grqjnmar. 
 
 luego, de aquilfo/ and by, 
 
 a poco, yanon. 
 
 immediatamente, immedi- 
 
 ately. 
 
 incontinente, presently. 
 
 aceleradamente, speedily. 
 
 prontamente, quickly. 
 
 brevemente, shortly. 
 
 tarde, late. 
 
 ternprano, early. 
 
 presto, soon. 
 
 contiempo, 61 L . . 
 , , i r bet lines. 
 
 a buena hora,) 
 
 tan presto comoJ as soon 
 
 6 luego que, J as. 
 
 demasiado presto, too soon. 
 
 demasiado tarde, too late. 
 
 antiguamente, formerly, 
 
 anciently. 
 
 en lo venidero, hereafter, 
 
 henceforth, 
 
 a jamas, for ever. 
 
 siempre, ever, always. 
 
 para siempre, for ever. 
 
 nunea jamas, never. 
 
 pocas veces, seldom. 
 
 muy de tarde,! very set- 
 
 en tarde, J dom. 
 
 a menudo, often. 
 
 m uchas veces, oftentimes. 
 
 algunas veces, 1 some- 
 
 6 a veces, J times. 
 
 de quando en quando, now 
 
 and then. 
 
 de tiempo en tiempo^rowi 
 
 time to time. 
 
 ya, all ready. 
 
 por algun tiempo, for some 
 
 while. 
 
 antes, befote. 
 
 despues, after. 
 
 desde, since. 
 
 mucho tiempo ha, long 
 ago. 
 otra vez, again. 
 
 para otra vez, for anotlier 
 time. 
 hasta, till, until. 
 
 continuamente, continual- 
 
 ly- 
 
 siempre, de 
 continuo, 
 
 ? ' > all along. 
 ;inuo, J ° 
 
 3d. Of Order. 
 sobre todo, above all. 
 
 ante todo, before all. 
 
 primeramente, first of all, 
 at first, or firstly. 
 por la primera vez, for the 
 first time. 
 en primer lugar, in the 
 first place. 
 en segundo lugar, secondly, 
 or in the second place. 
 en tercer lugar, thirdly, ox 
 in the third place. 
 en el quarto \ugdir, fourth- 
 ly, or in the fourth place. 
 el mas contiguo, next, or 
 nearest. 
 despues de esto, after- 
 wards. 
 alternativamente, by turns, 
 or alternatively. 
 todo junto, all together. 
 el uno despues del otro, 
 one after another. 
 a montones, in heaps. 
 
Of the Adverbs. 
 
 lo; 
 
 en orden, 6 \in order, 
 ordenadamente, J or order- 
 
 ly. 
 desordenadam&rte, dis- 
 orderly. 
 corrfitsamente, confusedly. 
 distintamente, distinctly. 
 sin difer£ncia, 6 1 indis- 
 distincion, j crimi- 
 
 nately. 
 imperceptible, indiscerni- 
 ble, imperceptible. 
 en fin, in fine. 
 
 por ultimo, at last. 
 
 en fila, in a file. 
 
 4th. Of Number. 
 Quantas veces? how often? 
 how many times ? 
 tantas veces, so often, so 
 many times* 
 una vez, once. 
 
 dos veces, twice. 
 
 tres veces, thrice, or three 
 times. 
 quatro veces, four times. 
 unos quantos, a few. 
 
 mas, aun mas, more, or 
 further. 
 a lo mas, at the most. 
 
 a lo menos, at least, or at 
 the least. 
 repetidamente, 61 several 
 repetidas veces, J times, 
 or repeatedly. 
 un dia si, otro no, every 
 other day, or every se- 
 cond day. 
 cada tercer dia,every third 
 day. 
 
 5 th. Of Quantity. 
 
 Mucho, much. 
 
 demasiado, too much. 
 
 poco, little. 
 
 demasiado poco, too little. 
 tanto como, as much as. 
 mas, nwre. 
 
 menos, less. 
 
 enteramente, quite, or en- 
 tirely. 
 casi, 61 1 
 
 quasi,/ almosL 
 
 nada, not at all. 
 
 ni uno, not even one. 
 
 surlcientemente, sufficient- 
 
 ly. 
 superfluamente, superflu- 
 ously. 
 totalmente, wholly, total- 
 
 ly. 
 en parte, partly. 
 
 separadamente, separate- 
 ly, or singly. 
 por mitades, by halves. 
 
 6th. Of Similitude and 
 
 Comparison. 
 como, like* 
 
 jus tarn en te, just so. 
 
 asi, aun asi, even so. 
 
 igualmente, equally. 
 
 similmente, 6 1 like- 
 del mismo modo, J wise. 
 antes mas que menos, ra- 
 ther more than Jess. 
 que, than. 
 
 mas que,l 
 mas de, J 
 
 more than. 
 
 v 2 
 
H>8 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 mas rico que, vm. richer 
 
 than you, 
 
 mas de quatro, more than 
 
 four, 
 
 men os, less. 
 
 menos con mucho, by far 
 
 less, 
 
 el menor de todos,*) the 
 
 la menor de todas, J least 
 
 of all. 
 
 7 th. Of Shewing. 
 
 Mirad ! ved ! look ! be- 
 
 hold I 
 
 \6 alia, see there. 
 
 ve, 6 he aqui, see here. 
 
 por lo que , 
 
 as jar 
 
 as I see. 
 
 lo que ^j 
 
 eo ; hasta a > 
 
 de v£o, J 
 
 yoveo 
 donde 
 a saber, viz. &c. 
 
 to wit. 
 
 8 th. Of Wishing. 
 
 Pluguiese a Dios, would 
 
 to God. 
 
 Dios quiera, God grant. 
 
 Dios quiera que sea asi, 
 
 God send it may be so. 
 
 oxala fuese eso, 1 wish it 
 
 was that. 
 
 el eielo lo permita, heaven 
 
 permit it. 
 
 O ! que si, O / that if 
 
 9th. Of Doubting. 
 
 Si, if. 
 
 puede se>, perhaps. 
 
 probablemente, probably. 
 a penas, scarce. 
 
 por acaso, per, by chance. 
 por ventura, per adven- 
 ture. 
 eso puede ser, that may be. 
 si sucedieVa, if it slwuld 
 happen. 
 queda en pie la duda, the 
 doubt subsists. 
 es muy contingente, it is 
 very contingent. 
 es demasiado arriesgado it 
 is very precarious. 
 es dudoso, it is doubtful. 
 
 10th. Of Interrogation. 
 
 como ? how ? 
 
 como pues ? how then ? 
 quando ? when ? 
 
 en donde ? where ? 
 
 a donde r whither ? 
 
 para que r to what pur- 
 pose ? 
 porque? why ? 
 
 que es 
 
 what is it ? 
 
 son ellos, ellas ? are they? 
 quien es ? who is it? 
 
 por que es eso ? why so ? 
 es asi ? is it so ? 
 
 11th. Of Affirmation. 
 
 Si, 
 
 #**• 
 
 en verdad, 61 .^^ 
 
 de yeras, J 
 verdaderamente, truly, or 
 
 verily. 
 en verdad, /w truth. 
 
 de todo modo, fo/ a// 
 
 weans. 
 
Of the Adverbs. 
 
 10$ 
 
 de todos modos, at all 
 events. 
 eso es de suponer, that is 
 to be supposed. 
 infaliblemente, infallibly. 
 inevitablemente, inevita- 
 bly. 
 que no se puede negar, un- 
 deniable. 
 sin duda, without doubt, 
 tindoubtedly, doubtless. 
 ciertamente, surely, assu- 
 redly, to be sure. 
 
 1 2th. Of Negation. 
 
 no, no, nay. 
 
 no, 6 ni, not. 
 
 en ninguna manera, not 
 
 at all. 
 
 de ningun modo, by no 
 
 means. 
 
 de ninguna suerte, in no 
 
 ivise. 
 
 nada, nothing. 
 
 negativamente, negatively. 
 
 aun no, not yet, or not as 
 
 yet. 
 
 ni la mas minima, not the 
 least. 
 #ada menos que eso, no- 
 thing less titan that. 
 
 1 5 th . Of Aggregation. 
 
 junto, together. 
 
 todo junto, altogether. 
 entre si, one among, or 
 amongst another. 
 unodentrodel otro, one 
 within another. 
 
 unoencima del otro, one 
 over the other. 
 uno con otro, one with an- 
 other. 
 de concierto. in concert. 
 en hatos, 6 febanes, in 
 droves. 
 en porciones, 1 . 7 
 
 opartidas, ')^ parcels. 
 
 en manadas, in flocks. 
 
 en cardume, in shoals. 
 
 promiscuamente, promis- 
 cuously. 
 
 en tropel, in crowds. 
 
 junta merite, jointly, con- 
 jointly. 
 
 contiguamente, contigu- 
 ously. 
 
 14th. Of Separation. 
 Separadamente, separate- 
 
 ly- 
 
 separado, partido, asun- 
 der. 
 a parte, apart. 
 
 al lado, aside. 
 
 fuera del camino, out of 
 the way. 
 fuera de mi vista, out of 
 . my sight. 
 
 15th. Of Choice. 
 
 Mejor, 6 mas bien ? rather 
 better. 
 mas.bien, sooner. 
 
 antes que, &c. before tfuxty i 
 
 sobre todo, above : alL e 
 
U6 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 prmcipalmente, chiefly, 
 principally. 
 especialmente, especially. 
 parricularmente, particu- 
 larly. 
 
 \6ih. Of Granting, or Al- 
 lowing. 
 
 Que sea a si, be it so, or let 
 it be so. 
 concediendo, 6 dado 1 al- 
 caso que fuese asi, J low- 
 ing it were so, grant- 
 ing it were so. 
 supongase, suppose. 
 
 supongdmos, let us sup- 
 pose. 
 que sea, vaya algo, &c. 
 done. 
 convengo en ello, I agree 
 to it. 
 
 j 7th. Of Rashness, Con- 
 fusion, and Haste. 
 
 desatinadamente, rashly. 
 inconsideramente, inconsi- 
 derately. 
 atropelladamente, confu- 
 sedly, disorderly. 
 a bulto y sin tino, at ran- 
 dom. 
 a troche "y moche, pelU 
 vie 11. 
 -reyueKoy " topsy turvy. 
 'trastrocadamente, prepos- 
 terously. 
 lneMx.raao, unawares. 
 de i m proviso, un expected- 
 
 al reves, the wrong side. 
 aceleradamente, quickly. 
 de repente, on a sudden, 
 all of a sudden. 
 prontamente, suddenly. 
 
 apnesa, 
 
 in haste. 
 
 en una guinada de ojo, in 
 the twinkling of an eye. 
 
 18th. Of Augmentation 
 
 and Ponderation. 
 Muy grande, very big. 
 demasiado, too much. 
 
 del todo, quite. 
 
 enteramente, entirely. 
 sin termino, without 
 
 bounds. 
 sin limites, without limits. 
 a demds, further, besides. 
 sin medida, beyond mea- 
 sure. 
 demasiado apretddo, too 
 close. 
 demasiddo largo, too long. 
 demasiddo corto, too short. 
 demasiado alto, too high. 
 demasiado baxo, too low. 
 demasiado ancho, too 
 
 broad, or wide. 
 demasiddo estrecho, too 
 narrow. 
 demasiado grueso, 6 espe- 
 so, too thick. 
 demasiado delgado, too 
 thin. 
 demasiado Hondo, too deep. 
 de poquisimofondo, too 
 shallow. 
 demasiado lexos, too far. 
 demasiado cerca, too near. 
 
Of ihe Adverbs. 
 
 m 
 
 demasiado calido, 6 cali- 
 ente, too hot. 
 
 demasiado frio, too cold. 
 
 prodigiosamente, hugely, 
 prodigiously* 
 
 grandiosam^nte, vastly, 
 or greatli/. 
 
 copiosamente, copiously, 
 abundantly. 
 
 extremadam^nte^rrretfie- 
 
 , M 
 
 poderosamente, mightily, 
 powerfully. 
 aventajada mente, exceed- 
 ingly. 
 excelentemente, excellent- 
 
 ly. 
 excesivam£nte, excessive- 
 
 ly. 
 elegantemente, elegantly. 
 pulidamente, neatly. 
 
 19th. Of Moderation and 
 Diminution. 
 
 Poco a* poco, by little and 
 little. 
 paso £ paso, step by step, 
 blandamente, softly. 
 
 suave mente, gently. 
 
 sabiamente, wisely, sagely 
 prudente mente, prudent- 
 
 ly. 
 paso a paso, 6 por, ~) by de- 
 suspasoscontados, J grees. 
 descansadamente, at ease. 
 por men or, minutely. 
 
 conparsimonia, sparingly, 
 parsimoniously. 
 
 frugalmente, frugally. 
 diminutivamente, diminu- 
 tively. 
 poco, little, smalL 
 
 muy pequeno, very small, 
 little. 
 
 muy pocoSj 
 
 vei 
 
 yfeiv. 
 
 20th . Of Conclusion. • 
 en fin, in fine, in short- 
 final mente, finally- 
 
 para abreviar palabras, in 
 short. 
 por ultimo, at last. 
 
 ultima mente, lastly. 
 
 en una palabra ; in a word. 
 
 2 1 st . Of Opportunity. 
 
 a tiempo, in time, timely. 
 
 al pun to mis-") in the nick 
 
 mo, 6 justo, j of time. 
 
 justamente como, just as. 
 
 muy a tiempo, very sea- 
 sonably. 
 
 convenientemente, conve- 
 niently. 
 
 a proposito, pat, aptly, 
 fitly. 
 
 22d. Of Difficulty. . 
 
 con dificultadj with diffi- 
 
 cidt'y. 
 
 apenas, hardly, scarce, 
 
 contrabajo, with much 
 
 ado. 
 
 contra mi vo\\irktnd,against 
 
 my will or grahu 
 
112 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 23d. Absolute, 24th. Comparatives. 
 
 Simplement, simply. Mas, more, 
 
 plainly, menos, less, 
 
 bien, well, encesivamente, exceeding* 
 
 mal, ill, bad. ly. 
 
 bravamente, bravely, tan malo, so bad. 
 
 felizmente, happily, tan bueno, so good. 
 &c. &c. 
 
 Observations upon the Adverbs. 
 
 The adverbs are united one with another, to modify 
 and qualify its sense. 
 
 Examples : 
 
 Muy mucho, very much. 
 
 demasiado poco, much too little. 
 
 nodemasiadoprudentemente, not very prudently. 
 muy raras veces, very seldom, or rarely. 
 
 perfectamente bien, perfectly well. 
 
 Advertisement for the Use of some of the Adverbs. 
 
 Jamas. 
 
 This adverb is sometimes used for nunca \ as, jam-as 
 vi tal hombre, I never saw such a man ; jamas lo dire, 
 I never will say it, or speak of it. It is frequently 
 united with the adverbs nunca, por siempre, or para 
 siempre, to strengthen and give energy to the expres- 
 sion; as, nunca jamas lo hare, I will never do it; por 
 siempre, or para siempre jamas me acorddre, I shall 
 remember all my- life time; but with this difference, 
 that when it is joined with siempre, signifies the con- 
 trary of when it is with nunca, that is, for ever, or at 
 any time. 
 
 Nunca. 
 
 This adverb denies in all the tenses of the verb to 
 which it is joined, and gives force to the negation when 
 it goes with jamas, as already said. 
 
&f the Adverbs. Il3 
 
 AT*. 
 
 This adverb sometimes is not negative, but rather 
 strengthens the affirmation, referring its negation upon 
 a contrary idea, as in comparison of another that goes 
 before ; as, mas qutero trabajar que no mendigar, I 
 would rather work than beg ; mejor es el trabajo que 
 ivo la ociosidad, it is better to work than to be idle ; 
 mas vale ayunar que no enfermar, it is better to fast 
 than to grow sick. In which expressions the adverb 
 no may be omitted, and the sense remains the same. 
 Two negative adverbs, or two verbs expressing nega-. 
 tion, deny with greater force in the Castilian language; 
 as, no quiero nada, no saiga ninguno, no sabe nadie, 
 I do not like any thing ; let no one go out ; nobody 
 knows. 
 
 ■ Mas, Minos. 
 
 The comparative adverbs mas and menos, besides the 
 common property to all of being joined with the verbs, 
 have that of accompanying the positive adjectives to 
 form the comparative expressions; as, el maestro es 
 mas docto que el discipulo, the master is more learned 
 than the scholar ; los ninos son menos prudentes que 
 los ancianos, children are less prudent than their 
 elders. They also join themselves with substantives 
 in comparison with other substantives ; as, es mas, 
 6 menos honibre que su hermano, he is more or less 
 intelligent than his brother; la hija es mas, 6 
 menos capaz que la madre, the daughter is more or less 
 capable than the mother. They join also the verbs 
 without substantive or adjective ; as, mas es hacer que 
 decir, it is more easy to do than to speak ; menos es 
 decir que hacer, it is less easy to speak than to do; in 
 which case the verbs are compared one with another. 
 Used with substantives, they also join with other ad- 
 verbs and adverbial moods; as, cant a mas bie?i,*he 
 sings better; se porta menos mal, he behaves better^ « 
 se empe-fid mas, 6 menos de veras, he engaged himself 
 more or less earnestly. 
 
 a 
 
114 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Muy. 
 
 This adverb has no signification by itself, but, annex- 
 ed to a positive adjective, expresses its superlative de- 
 gree; as, muy santo, very holy, which is the same as 
 santtsimo; il es muy docto, muy prudente, he is very 
 learned, very prudent, the same as doctisbno, pruden* 
 tisimo. It is also joined with other adverbs ; as, muy 
 Men, muy mal, muy saniamente, muy de verbs, muy 
 de mala gana, muy de priesa, muy par encima, very 
 well, very bad, very piously, very earnestly, very un- 
 willingly, very quick, very slightly. 
 
 Donde and Quando. 
 
 These adverbs serve to ask ; as, donde vlve vm ? 
 where do you live? quando vendrd a vermet when 
 will you come to see me ? They are also used affirma- 
 tively ; as, donde falta la virtud no hay amistad, 
 where there is no virtue there is no friendship ; quan- 
 do vengan las noticias, avise, when the news arrives, 
 let us know it. 
 
 Adverbs ending in mente. 
 
 These adverbs commonly point out the manner of 
 the action, or signification of the verbs with which they 
 are joined; as, toca diestramente, he plays skilfully ; 
 habla discretamente, he speaks discreetly. But some- 
 times with the Fame termination they express order or 
 time ; as, primer anient e, firstly ; ullimamente, lastly ; 
 or the affirmation ; as, ciertamente, certainly. When 
 there are several of these adverbs in a sentence, mente 
 may be omitted, except in the last; as, Ciceron hablo 
 sabia y eloquent emente, Cicero spoke wisely and elo- 
 quently; Cesar escribio clara, concisa y elegante- 
 mente, Cesar wrote clearly, concisely, and elegantly. 
 
 Many adverbs are made adjectives without changing 
 their terminations; also many adjectives are used as ad^ 
 verbs in the same manner with the masculine termina- 
 tion. They are easily known by the following exam- 
 
Of the Adverbs. 11 5 
 
 pies ; as, el dia estd claro, the day is clear. Cloro is 
 an adjective, because it conies with the substantive dia; 
 but if we say, Pedro hablo claro , Peter spoke clear, 
 claro is an adverb, because it comes with the verb ha- 
 bldr. The following are used in the same manner ; as, 
 mal, obscuro, baxo, alto, mejor, pedr, macho, poco, 
 quedo, redo, temprano, presto, pronto, and a few 
 others. There are some which are used as adverbs, 
 and sometimes as substantives ; as, no conoce el Men 
 que le hacen, he does not know the good they do him; 
 la tarde estd templada, the evening is mild ; la maiia- 
 na estd fresca, the morning is cold ; le daremos la en- 
 horabuena, we shall congratulate him. The word en- 
 Iwrabuena is composed of three ; as, eti is a preposi- 
 tion, hora a substantive, baena, an adjective, and it is 
 an adverbial mood ; as, sea en horabnena, let it be 
 so ; Dios hizo el mundo de la nada, God made the 
 world of nothing ; es necesario prevenir el mat, it is 
 necessary to prevent evil. In these expressions, Men, 
 enfwrabuena, nada, tarde, manana, and mal, are sub- 
 stantives, but they are adverbs on the following ; as, 
 Pedro respondio Men 6 mal, Peter gave a good or bad 
 answer; lie go tarde, he arrived late ; vendr-a manana 9 
 he will come to-morrow ; eso no import a mida, that is 
 no matter. 
 
 Lastly, as we have said of those ending in mente 9 
 there are some others which belong to two classes ; as, 
 luego, y despues, soon, and after, are adverbs of time ; 
 but when we say, luego ire, I will go presently ; ven- 
 drd despues, afterwards he will come, 4 ihey also belong 
 to those of place, and even of order ; as, el presidente 
 iba el primer o, despues el vice-presidente, luego el mas 
 antiguo, the first was the president, afterwards the vice- 
 president, and then the oldest. 
 
 a 2 
 
116 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Of Prepositions. 
 
 A Preposition is a part of speech commonly set 
 before nouns, pronouns, infinitives, gerunds, and 
 participles, to explain some particular circum- 
 stance ; and the cases are declined by them. The 
 prepositions are of two sorts : the first have significa- 
 tion only in the composition of other words; the se- 
 cond have it also in the composition of other words, 
 and out of them ; which are those that may be called 
 true prepositions, and are the following : a, ante, cada, 
 con, contra, de, desde, en, entre, Mcia, hasta, para, 
 por, segun, sin, sobre, tras. 
 
 A Collection of Prepositions in General. 
 
 Arriba, above, durante, during. 
 
 al rededor, cerca, about, por, 
 
 conforme, segun, accord- para, for. 
 
 tusa,J 
 
 mg. a causa 
 
 atras, detras, 1 r. por amor de, for the sake 
 
 despues, J of. 
 
 contra, against, de, from, of. 
 
 hacia, con, towards, along dentro, in, into, 
 
 with, en lugar de, instead of. 
 
 entre, among, amongst, a favor de, in behalf of . 
 
 en, in, at. cerca, near, nigh. 
 
 al lado de, at the side of. proximo, venidero, next, 
 ante, antes, before. after. 
 
 atras, detras, behind, sobre, 
 
 ademas, besides, encima, , 
 
 entre, between, betwixt, a, 
 
 alia, ^| al, 
 
 mas alia, > beyond, de esta parte, on this side. 
 
 } 
 
 allende, J de esa 6 aquella parte, on 
 
 por, by. that side. 
 
 por razon de^ by reason of fuera de, out of. 
 

 Of Prepositions. 
 
 117 
 
 sob re, 1 
 ademas 3 J 
 
 over, besides. 
 
 hacia, 
 debaxo, 
 
 towards, 
 under. 
 
 en frente, 
 
 over against, 
 
 hacia arriba, 
 
 up to. 
 
 
 over right. 
 
 encima sobre. 
 
 upon. 
 
 al reded or 
 entorno, 
 
 ' > round about. 
 
 con todo, 
 adentro, 
 
 with all. 
 within. 
 
 desde, 
 
 since. 
 
 at 11 era, 
 
 out, without. 
 
 de parte a 
 
 parte, through. 
 
 cada, 
 
 every. 
 
 hasta, 
 
 till, or until. 
 
 cada uno, 
 
 every one. 
 
 respecto, 
 
 regarding. 
 
 de cada una, 
 
 from every 
 
 a, para, al, 
 
 to, unto. 
 
 
 one. 
 
 tocante, 
 
 touching. 
 
 
 
 The following prepositions govern the genitive case ; 
 as, antes, before ; antes del dia, before day-break ; 
 antes de corner, before dinner time; delante de todos, 
 before all ; delante del palacio, before the palace ; 
 dentro, within ; dentro de casa, within the house; de- 
 tras, behind ; detras del castillo, behind the castle ; 
 debaxo, or baxo, under ; baxo de la mesa estd el gato, 
 the cat is under the table. 
 
 Estdba debaxo de un pino, quandb lluvid, I was un- 
 der a pine-tree when it rained. 
 
 Encima, upon; as, encima de la puerta, upon the 
 door. 
 
 Al rededdr, round about ; as, al derredor or rede- 
 dor de la casa, round about the house. Hemos pasea- 
 do al rededor deljardin, we have been walking round 
 about the garden. Estamos de compania al rededor de 
 quarenta, we are about forty in company. 
 
 Cerca, near ; as, Madrid estd cerca de la plaza de 
 los toros, Madrid is near the place of bull-fighting. 
 
 A cerca, concerning, or near ; as, hemos tratado 
 acerca de ciertos nogocios, we have treated concerning 
 certain affairs. 
 
 El dia de mi pago se acerca, the day of my payment 
 draws near. 
 
 Se acerca el enemigo y the enemy approaches, or 
 draws near. 
 
l is A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Fuera, out, or besides; as, vayafuera de 7ni casa, 
 go out of my house. He estado fuera de la corte, L 
 have been out of court. Fuera de esto no hay nada 
 que hacer, besides this, there is nothing to do. 
 
 En f rente, over against, facing ; as, en f rente de la 
 tot re, over against the tower; en f rente de la plaza, 
 facing the square. 
 
 Governing the Accusative. 
 
 Ante, before ; as, ayer pared ante el juez, yester- 
 day I appeared before the judge. 
 
 Entre, among, between ; as, entre vm. y yo no hay 
 discGrdia, there is no discord between you and I. 
 
 Entre Londres y Acton hay muchos pueblos, there 
 are many places between London and Acton. 
 
 Entre los grandes, hay muchos malos, y pocos hue- 
 nos, among the great, there are many wicked, and very 
 few good. 
 
 Sohre ; upon, as, mi sombrero estd sobre la mesa 
 alcanzemelo, my hat is upon the table, reach it me. 
 
 Segun, according to ; as, segun las noticias, accord- 
 ing to the news. 
 
 Hasta, until, even to ; as, me acostare hasta las dos, 
 I wilt lay down until two o'clock. I remos juntos hasta 
 Paris, we will go together as far as Paris. Hasta ma- 
 iiana, till to-morrow. Hasta la vista, until we meet 
 again. 
 
 Hacia, towards; as, hacia el Jin del mes de mayo, 
 towards the end of the month of May. Corre hacia 
 el nwnte. he ran towards the mountain. 
 
 Por, for, by, through ; as, por amor de Dios mucho 
 sepuede hacer, for the love of God, much may be 
 done. Past por el puente y t'l por la calle, I passed 
 by the bridge, and he passed by the street. Lo hard 
 por mi palabra, por mi honor, por mi vida, por hacer 
 favor a vmd, I shall do it for my word, for my ho- 
 nour, for my life to do, or render you a service. 
 
 En, in ; as, creo en Dios, I believe in God ; per ecu* 
 
Of Prepositions. 1 1 9 
 
 en la batalla, he perished in the battle. 
 
 Contra, against, as, mucho se habla contra vmd, they 
 speak much against you ; hablaron contra elgobierno, 
 they spoke against the government. 
 
 Rules and Observations. 
 
 As all languages have some peculiar expressions, 
 which cannot be expressed by the suitable word in an- 
 other tongue, therefore I shall mention some particu- 
 larities respecting several words and phrases of the Spa- 
 nish language. 
 
 1 . The preposition des is inseparable of some words, 
 and only used in composition, .having no meaning by 
 itself; but being joined to another word, deprives it of 
 its signification; as, dicha, good look; desdicha, mis- 
 fortune. Des has the same effect being joined to 
 verbs; as, hacer, to make, to do; deshacer, to undo. 
 
 En, generally signifies in; as, en Londres, in Lon- 
 don; en el rio, in the river; en casa, in the house, or 
 at home. But in the following expressions it has a 
 very different signification; as, estar en pie, to be on 
 foot; estar en carnes, to be quite naked; estar en 
 cuerpo, to be without a coat or cloak; estar en pier- 
 nas, to be bare-legged ; estar en cucros 9 to be quite 
 naked. 
 
 Observe, that when this preposition en is before an 
 infinitive in Spanish, then it is an English gerund; as, 
 consiste en hablar Men, it consists in speaking well, 
 but when it is found before a gerund, it signifies after ; 
 as, encenando, after supper, or at supper; en confesun- 
 do el delitoserd castigado, after he shall have confessed 
 the crime, he will be punished. 
 
 En also agrees with as soon as, en llegando a casa 
 comere, as soon as I get home I will dine. En aca- 
 bando me ire, when, or as soon as I'll have finished, I 
 shall go away. 
 
 Hidalgo, a gentleman of good birth, signifies hijo 
 de algo, son of something. This treatment is given to 
 
1 20 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 persons whose fathers, though poor, distinguished 
 themselves by some good actions, virtue, learning, 
 wisdom, or courage, and granted by the king. They 
 are distinguished in rank from the common people. 
 Some of them are rich, but very few, for it would be 
 a dishonour to them to follow any trade or commerce. 
 They enjoy some privileges, and in the army they are 
 made cadetes on entering the service, and in their 
 turn, or by protection, are made officers. 
 
 Vuestra merced is contracted into listed, and uste- 
 des, in speaking ; but in writing is expressed thus, 
 vmd. and vmds. This is the politest manner of speak- 
 ing. 
 
 Tu, thou, is commonly said between two intimate 
 friends of the same age, a master to his servants, pa- 
 rents to their children, and generally superiors to their 
 inferiors of the lower class. We make use of a respect- 
 ful civility by calling a man by his name, in termina- 
 ting the first verb as if we were to speak to a third per- 
 son, whilst we are speaking to a second ; as, sea ser- 
 vido de tentarse, be pleased to sit down; calle vmd. la 
 boca, hold your tongue; descuide de lo demas, do not 
 trouble yourself of the rest ; sea servido de sentarse 
 el senor don Pedro, may it please don Peter to sit 
 down. 
 
 Senor is either sir, or lord ; for we say, si seiior, yes 
 sir; si senor, yes, sir, or yes, my lord. Writing to the 
 king, we say, muy poderdso senor, most powerful lord, 
 or sire. 
 
 Observe, that most of the adverbs formed of the ad- 
 jectives are turned also into Spanish by the preposition 
 con, and the substantive ; as felizmente, happily, is 
 the same as con felicidad, with happiness; atrevida- 
 mente, boldly; con atrevimiento, with boldness. 
 
 The three degrees of comparison are also found 
 among the adverbs; as, hermosamente, handsomely, mas 
 hcrmosamente, hermosishnamente \ 
 
Of Prepositions. 121 
 
 Observations on Ay, Hay, and Ahi. 
 
 ay, alas, interjection, must have the accent upon 
 the d, and be pronounced long; the impersonal verb 
 hay, there is, requires the accent upon the a, and pro- 
 nounced long; ahi, there, adverb, has the accent upon 
 the /, and sounded long. 
 
 Para, for, signifies also to; being before the infini- 
 tive in Spanish, it serves to denote and to express the 
 utility of, or detriment to any thing; as, esta came es 
 para comer, this meat is to be eat; este dinero es para 
 el rey, this money is for the king. 
 
 The Spaniards make use of de, d para, or por, be- 
 fore the infinitive ; when only in English, to is made 
 use of, but it is with this distinction, that de is put 
 before the infinitive after the verbs venir, to come, 
 haher, to have, to hold ; tener, volver, &c^or a noun; 
 as, vengo de Madrid, I come from MadrioT; M de ir d 
 casa, I must go home; que tengo de hacer por vm ? 
 what must I do for you? vuelvo dela corte, I come 
 from the court ; cuidado de hacerlo Men, take care to 
 do it right. 
 
 A is used before the infinitive, when after a verb ex- 
 pressing motion ; as, voy d trabajar, I am going to 
 work. 
 
 Para is put before the infinitive of the verb, when 
 it expresses any habit, custom, use, &c. ; as, Dios nos 
 hizo para amdrle, God made us for to love him; tra- 
 bdjo para ganar mi pan, I am working to get my 
 bread; asi lo hago, para que guste a todos, I do it, 
 so that it may please every body. 
 
 Para que, for what; por que, why ; as, para que sirve 
 eso, for what, or what is that good for ; porque vienc 
 tan tarde? why do yo come so late? para que venga 
 d verme, that he may come and see me ; para poco 9 
 for little ; as, tenemos provisiones para poco tiempo, we 
 have provisions for a short time. 
 
 Con, with, is joined with the pronouns mi, ti, sL 
 in this manner: con migo, with me; con tigo, witn 
 
 » 
 
122 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 thee ; con sigo, with him or one's self. This preposi- 
 tion con is often preceded by para, towards; as, sea- 
 mos piadosos para con los pobres, let us be merciful 
 towards the poor. 
 
 Por often denotes that the thing is not yet done; 
 as, los libros es tun por venir, the books are not come 
 yet; por, for; voy por agon, I am going for water ; 
 por, to; voy por el, I am going to fetch it; basque 
 por mh libros, look for my books. 
 
 Por, though, although, &c. ; as, por grande que sea 
 puede scrvir, though it be ever so great, it will, or may 
 serve, &c. 
 
 Prepositions, as already said, are particles governing 
 a case. Some of them are separable, that is, may be 
 used separately in composition; some are inseparable, 
 and are made use of with the words of their composi- 
 tion, as already said. 
 
 1. A governs the dative case; as, d Dios solo add- 
 ro, I adore only God ; voy a casa,a Lbndres, d Indi- 
 as, &c. I am going home, to London, to the Indies^ 
 &c. Sometimes the accusative ; as, amo a Dios, I love 
 God. 
 
 2. A is also used before many adverbs and adverbial 
 dictions, expressing the quality of some action ; as, a 
 sabiendas, knowingly; a trueco, in change; a sazon, 
 at the time; as, a la sazon solo habia el suyo y dos 
 mas, at the time there was only his, and two more. 
 
 3. A is used sometimes instead of en, in-, as, a vista 
 de tal hecho, on seeing such an action. 
 
 4. A is a particle of composition : it expresses in 
 verbs the action of substantives or adjectives, and are 
 composed of; as, acanaldr, to channel ; ablanddr, to 
 appease; alar gar, to enlarge; apocar, to lessen, &c. 
 From the noUns canal, a channel ; blando, soft, peace- 
 able ; largo, long ; poco, little ; ante, before, is fre- 
 quently used in compositions, and expresses preceden- 
 cy either of time, place, situation, or action ; as, an- 
 teceder, to precede; antecdmara, antichamber; ante- 
 cesor, antecessor; ante, or anti, in composition, si g- 
 
Of Prepositions, 123 
 
 nify also contrary to; as, antechristo, antichrist; anti- 
 podas, antipodes; antimdnia, antimony. 
 
 Cow, with, is a preposition expressed always in 
 composition, in the beginning of words, nnion in ac- 
 tion, passion, &c. ; as, concurrir, to concur ; convenlr, 
 to agree; condescender, to condescend, &c. 
 
 Contra, against, is an adverb governing the accusa- 
 tive; it, is also used in composition. It expresses 
 contrariety, or opposition; as, contradecir, to contra- 
 dict; contravenir, to oppose, to transgress. When 
 en is joined with contra, it governs the genitive; as, 
 que dice vmd. en contra de esto ? What do you say 
 against this ? De, of, is used in composition before 
 nouns, verbs, and adverbs, where it changes their sig- 
 nification ; as, from pendencia > a quarrel : dependen- 
 cia, an affair ; from poner, to put ; deponer, to de- 
 pose; from fuer a, out; defuera, outwardly. This 
 preposition governs likewise the genitive and ablative; 
 as la ley de Dios, the law of God ; vengo de Francia, 
 I come from France; una casa de madera, a wooden 
 house. De is also made use of instead of por ; as, 
 pensd morir de vergilenza, he had like to die with 
 shame; es hora de comer, it is dinner-time. 
 
 En, in, being in composition, denotes growing or 
 making; as, cncarecer, to grow dearer. En is also 
 put sometimes before nouns adjective to make them 
 adverbs ; as, en particular instead of particularmente, 
 particularly ; en general for generalmente, generally, 
 &c. En is also used instead of sobre; as, en 6 sobre su 
 propria cahcza caerdn las maldiciones , the curses will 
 fall ypon his own head. 
 
 Prepositions inseparable are only used in composi- 
 tion with nouns and verbs, as follows : 
 
 Ad-, as, arnpdro, protection; amp a rddo, protected, 
 helped. 
 
 Co ; as, col i obit ar, to live together ; cohergdevo, co.« 
 heir ; co-operar, to co-operate, &c. 
 
 Com; as, compardr, to compare; comprok&ti^ to 
 compromise. 
 
 r 2 
 
1 24 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 Des, before nouns or verbs, implies commonly a 
 privative or negative signification ; as, desdichado de 
 mi, unhappy that I am ; desacitrto, mistake ; desha- 
 cer, to undo ; desenganar, to undeceive ; despidir, to 
 dismiss. 
 
 Ex ; extraer, to extract ; expeler, to expel ; expe- 
 dir, to dispatch. 
 
 In commonly has a negative or privative sense; as, 
 incapdz, unable, incapable ; inaction, inaction ; in- 
 tier to, uncertain. 
 
 Observe, that in before r is changed into ir; as, ir- 
 regular ; irregular ; irrational, irrational ; before I 
 intoi; as, ilegal, illegal, contrary to law; ilimitado, 
 unlimited. Before m, in is also changed into im; as, 
 immaterial, immaterial ; immaculado, spotless, &c. 
 Ob ; as, obtener, to obtain ; obviar, to prevent. 
 Pre, in composition, marks either priority of time 
 or rank ; as, preceder, to go before, to precede; frede- 
 cesdr, an ancestor. 
 
 Pro; as, proponer, to propose; proseguir, to pro- 
 secute. 
 
 Re is also an inseparable particle, to denote iteration 
 or retarded actions ; as, reedificar, to rebuild; realzar, 
 to raise up again. 
 
 Se; as, separar, to separate ; separado, separated. 
 So; as, socorrer, to help; solicitar, to solicit. 
 Sub, joined in composition, denotes a subordinate 
 degree; as, subalterno, subaltern; subdividir, to sub- 
 divide, &c. 
 
 Tras, signifies the order with which some things 
 follow after others; as, voy tras de vm,, I follow you. 
 It also signifies the same as ademasde, besides of; as, 
 trasser culpado } es el que mas levant a el grito, beside 
 being guilty, he remonstrates. 
 
Of Conjunctions. *25 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Of Conjunctions. 
 
 A Conjunction is a part of speech which serves to 
 join and connect the several parts of a discourse. 
 
 They are divided into several orders ; viz. 
 
 Copulative, Disjunctive, Adversative, Conditional, 
 Causal, Continuative, Comparative, and Conclusive. 
 
 Copulatives are those which merely join some words 
 one with another; as, y, ni, 4, que. Ex. el rey y la 
 reyna vienen, the king and the queen are coming ; los 
 minos rien y lloran facilmente, children easily laugh 
 and cry. The letter 6 is put instead of y when the 
 following word begins with an i; as, sabiduria k igno- 
 rancia son cosas opuestas, learning and ignorance are 
 opposed to each other. Ni requires another negation, 
 expressed or understood, and serves to join the two 
 negations ; as, no viniiron ni Pedro ni Juan, neither 
 Peter nor John came. 
 
 Que, serves to join the sense of two verbs, one de- 
 pending on the other ; as, dicen hs hombres que no 
 apetecen riquezas, men say that they do not covet 
 riches ; import a que cada uno mire por si, it is proper 
 that every one should look to himself. 
 
 Disjunctive points out a division, or an alternative 
 between the things; as, 6, u, ya; as, Juan 6 Fran- 
 cisco, John or Francis ; siete it ocho, seven or eight ; 
 ya no quiere trabajar, he will work no more ; ya di- 
 cen una cosa, ya otra, now they say one thing, now 
 another. The letter u is used instead of 6, when the 
 following word begins with 6. 
 
 Adversatives are those which express some opposi- 
 tion and contrariety between what has been said and 
 what is to be said ; as, mas, pero, quando, aunque, bien 
 que, dado que, sino. Ex. quisiera salir, mas no pue- 
 do ; el diner o hace a los hombres ricos, pero no diclio- 
 sos ; no haria una injusticia, quando le importdra un 
 tesoro ; el Juez, aunque severo, es justo ; la virtud, 
 
1 26 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 hien que perseguida, es amada ; dado que no sea muy 
 alabada, siempre es digna de la mayor alabanza ; no 
 se ha de vivir put*a comer, sino comer para vivir. 
 I wish to go out, but cannot; money makes men rich, 
 but not happy ; he would not do an injustice, though 
 he were to gain a treasure; the judge, although severe, 
 is just; virtue, though persecuted, is beloved; sup- 
 posing it is not much praised, it is worthy of the 
 greatest praise; one must not live to eat, but eat to 
 live. 
 
 Conditional, are those which denote any condition 
 or necessity pf some circumstance ; as, si, como, con 
 tal que. Ex. si vm. aspira a ser dodo, estudie, if 
 you aspire to be learned, you must study; como ellos 
 vengan, nos alegraremos, if they come, we shall be 
 glad ; tome este dinero, con tal que me lo vuelva, take 
 this money, on condition that you return it me. 
 
 Causal, are those which express some cause or. rea- 
 son of what is already said ; as, porque, pues,pues que. 
 Ex. no pndo asistir, porque estdha ausente, he could 
 not attend, because ,he-was absent; sufre la pena, 
 pues lo quieres, suffer thou the pain, since thou likest 
 it ; lo habrd examinado, pueS que lo ha l resuelto, he 
 must have examined it, since he has resolved it. 
 
 Continuative are those which serve to continue the 
 speech; <i$,'pues g mientras, asi que, puesto, supuerfo 
 que ; as, digo pues, ipue salid de aquel peligro, I £ay, 
 then, he escaped that danger ; mientras el hablaba, yo 
 comia. while he was speaking, I was eating; asi que, 
 como y a queda visto, no tuvo razon para ausentarse, 
 so that, as it is seen, he 'had no reason to absent him- 
 K'lf; puesto 6 supuesto que te favor ecen, muestrate 
 agradecido, suppose they favour thee, be thankful for 
 it. . 
 
 Comparatives are those which compare ,the things 
 and speeches one with another; as, como, an, asko- 
 mo. Ex. laimitacion %S] como 'el alma, de la poesia, 
 imitation resembles poetry ; asi como el alma anima el 
 mierpo, asi la imitacion dd alma y vida a las expres- 
 
 
Of Conjunctions. 127 
 
 tones, e ima genes de la poesia, as the soul animates 
 the body, so imitation, gives life and soul to the expres- 
 sions and images of poetry. 
 
 Conclusive, are those which denote the end and ob- 
 ject of the speech to which they give a principle; as, 
 para que, porque, a Jin de que. Ex. se proponen los 
 premios de la vlrtud, para que la amenos, the reward 
 of virtue is proposed, that we may love it ; el maestro 
 se ajana; porque adelanten sus discipulos : les repi*e- 
 senta los males de la oc'iosidad, a fin de que huyan de 
 ella, the master endeavours that his pupils should im- 
 prove, he represents to them the evils of laziness, that 
 they may shun it. 
 
 The Conjunctions are simple and compound. The 
 simple are; as, y, e, and; 6, u, or; ni, nor; que, 
 that; mas, per 0, but; quando, when; si, if; pices, 
 then. Compound are of two words or more; as, por- 
 que, that, to; sino, if not ; porque, what then ; anti- 
 que, although ; asique, as soon as ; a fin de que s so 
 that,&c. 
 
 There are other expressions which consist of two or 
 more separated words, and servers compound conjunc- 
 tions ; they are as follows: aim quando, a. la verdad, 
 d saber, d menos que, con tal que, fuera -de que, en- 
 tretanto que, mientras que, dado que, supuesto que, 
 como quiera que, and others similar. 
 
 The conjunctions not only serve to unite the words, 
 as already said, but also tajoin the parts of .speech one 
 with another. Ex. la virtud hacefelkes a los hom- 
 bres en la tierra, y bienaventurados en el cielo, vir- 
 tue makes men happy on earth, ancU fortunate in hea- 
 ven; es necesario veneer las pasiones, 6 vivir ent{a,in- 
 quietudes y peligros, it is necessary to overcome .our 
 passions, or to live in troubles and dangers;, como la 
 ambicion tiene por objeto las Jwnras, las dignldadesy 
 el mando, y la codicia las riquezas, nl lacuna se ^sa*. 
 tisface con medlana Jbrtuna, nl la otra con moderadajs 
 convenlenclas, as -ambition has for its object honours, 
 dignities, and power, avarice seeks for riches; neither 
 
 J 
 
128 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 the one is contented with a middling share, nor the 
 other with a moderate convenience. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Of the Interjections. 
 
 The Interjection is a part of speech that serves to 
 express the sudden motions and transports of the soul. 
 There are several sorts of interjections ; such as, 
 
 
 Of Grief. 
 
 Ay, ay! 
 
 
 A! 
 
 O desdichado ! 
 
 
 Alas! 
 
 Ay triste de mi ! 
 
 
 0, sad! 
 
 O cielo! 
 
 
 O, heaven! 
 
 Ay de mi ! 
 
 
 Wo€s me! 
 
 O desdichado de mi ! 
 
 
 Ah, unhappy that I am! 
 
 Of Indigation and Aversion. 
 
 El demontre lo lleve! 
 
 
 Deuce take it ! 
 
 Mudate! fuera! 
 
 
 Get you gone ! begone 
 away ! 
 
 Fuera! marcha! 
 
 
 Away with you ! 
 
 Que porqueria ! 
 
 
 Fie! fough! 
 
 Oue vergiienza ! 
 
 
 Fie for shame ! 
 
 Of Joy 
 
 and 
 
 Encouraging. 
 
 Ha ha ! gracias & Dios 
 
 t 
 
 Ha, ha ! thank God ! 
 
 Que alegria ! 
 Fuera tristeza ! 
 
 
 Oh joy ! 
 
 
 Hang sorrow ! 
 
 Alegrarse. Buen animo ! 
 
 Chear up ! 
 
 Te suplico! 
 
 
 Prithee ! 
 
 Bien, bien ! 
 
 
 Well, well! 
 
 Bien hecho ! 
 
 
 Well done! 
 
 Eso va bien ! 
 
 
 Thafs well! 
 
 Bravo ! 
 
 
 Oh brave! 
 
 Adelante! 
 
 
 Come on ! 
 
Of the Figures of Words. 129 
 
 
 Of 
 
 Fear. 
 
 Favor, favor! 
 
 
 Help, help! 
 
 O, Dios mio ! 
 
 
 O Lord! 
 
 Cuidado, cuidado ! 
 
 
 Have a care ! 
 
 Me mata, me mata 
 
 ,1 
 
 Murder, murder ! 
 
 Ta 5 ta ! ' 
 
 
 Ah! hush! 
 
 Poco a poco ! 
 
 
 Softly ! 
 
 
 Of Admiration. 
 
 Valgame Dios ! 
 
 
 Good God! 
 
 Corrjo pues ! 
 
 
 How then ! 
 
 Bead i to sea Dios ! 
 
 
 God be blessed ! 
 
 Etraiia cosa ! 
 
 
 strange ! rare ! 
 
 Jesus mil veces ! 
 
 
 Jesus a thousand times 
 
 
 Of Calling. 
 
 Ouien va ! 
 
 
 Holla ! ho there ! 
 
 Escucha tu muger 
 
 1 
 
 Hark you, woman! 
 
 Pillo ! 
 
 
 Sirrah ! 
 
 Veil aca ! 
 
 
 Come hither ! 
 
 
 Of 
 
 Silence. 
 
 Calla ! 
 
 
 Hold your tongue f 
 
 Ni una palabra ! 
 
 
 Not a word ? 
 
 Silencio ! 
 
 
 Silence ? 
 
 Quedo ! 
 
 
 Be quiet ? 
 
 Chiton! 
 
 
 Hush? hist, or'st? 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 Of the Figures of Words. 
 
 The figures of words are various licence* which have 
 been introduced in the use of some words, and are dis- 
 tinct from the figures of construction. They serve to 
 abridge or to lengthen the pronunciation, which will be 
 explained in the Syntax. 
 
 Metaplasmo is a figure by which some letters are) 
 changed, taken off, or added in a word ; but as this 
 
 s 
 
130 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 figure is of so great extension, it is limited to particu- 
 lar cases with other subaltern figures, as follows : 
 
 Metdtesis is a figure by which the ancients used fcr 
 change the order of letters corresponding to the origin 
 of a word ; as, perlado, devalde, hacelde, instead of 
 prelado, dexadle, and hacedle, as it is said now. 
 
 Synala>pha is a figure by which the last vowel is 
 sometimes omitted when the next word begins with 
 another vowel ; as, del, al, estotro, esotro, instead of 
 de el, a el, esto otro, eso otro. 
 
 jtferesis is a figure by which the first letter or sylla- 
 ble is omitted in a word; as, norabuena, noramala, in- 
 stead of enhorabuena, and enhoramala. 
 
 By the figure Sincopa, some letter or syllable is 
 omitted in the middle of a word ; as, cornado, hidalgo, 
 navidad, instead of coronado, hijodalgo, natividad. 
 
 Apocope, is when a letter or syllable is omitted at 
 the end of a word ; as, un, algun, ningun, gran, in- 
 stead of uno, alguno, ninguno, grande. 
 
 Pi^otesis, is when some letter is added in the begin- 
 ning of a word; as, abaxar, asentarse, instead of baxar, 
 sent arse* 
 
 Epentesis, is when any letter is added in the middle 
 of a word ; as, coronica instead of cr6?iica, chronicle. 
 
 Paragoge, when a letter is added in the end of a 
 word; as,Jelice, infelice y instead oifeliz, infeliz. 
 
 ARTICLE XIX. 
 
 Of Stops,. Marks, and Capital Letters. 
 
 The Stops are used to shew what distance of time 
 must be observed- in reading; and they are so absolute- 
 ly necessary: for the better understanding of what we 
 write and read, that without a strict attention to them 
 all writing would be confused, and liable to many mis- 
 constructions. 
 
Of Stops, Marks, and "Capital Letters. 131 
 
 Their characters are thus: 
 
 A comma , 
 
 A semicolon . -, 
 
 A colon : 
 
 A period, or fall stop . 
 A note of interrogation ? 
 
 A note of admiration . ! 
 A parenthesis . . . () 
 
 A Comma marks the little pauses one makes in a 
 discourse, both to render it graceful and clear to the 
 reader. 
 
 A Semicolon marks a short member of a sentence, 
 which, though it has a sense of itself, yet contri- 
 butes towards the completion of a full Period. 
 
 A Colon marks a sense that seems to be complete, 
 but so that something may still be added to it. 
 
 A Period, or full Stop, .shews that the sense of the 
 sentence is complete. 
 
 A Note of Interrogation is used when a question is 
 asked. 
 
 : A Note of Admiration, where one admires or cries 
 out for wonder ; it serves also to express grief, pain, and 
 other violent passions. 
 
 A Parenthesis incloses within its two figures a sen- 
 tence by itself, which may be either used or omitted, 
 and yet the sense remains entire. 
 
 Two inverted Commas (") are used in the margin of 
 
 books to mark quotations ; and several points, , or 
 
 a dash — , serves to denote a reticence, or a sense that 
 is imperfect. 
 
 An Obelisk -\- is used, as well as the Asterism *, to 
 refer the reader to the margin. 
 
 An gCl", the fore-finger pointing, signifies that 
 passage to be very remarkable against which it is 
 placed. 
 
 A Caret y is placed underneath the line, and notes 
 that some letter, word, or sentence, is left out by 
 mistake, and must be taken in exactly where it points. 
 
 s 2 
 
132 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 If any word at the end of a line, for want of room, or 
 conveniency, must be divided, let it be done with this 
 mark(-). Example: sen-tence. 
 
 Capital Letters are used, 
 
 1st. In the beginning of a thing treated of, and in 
 the beginning of a speech and verses. 
 
 2d. After a full stop, and after a note of interroga*- 
 tion or admiration. 
 
 3d. For the first letter of proper names of persons, 
 provinces, kingdoms, districts, cities, towns, villages, 
 mountains, rivers, fountains, and nouns of sciences, arts, 
 and professions. 
 
 PART in. 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 Of the Syntax, or Construction. 
 
 The Syntax is that part of grammar which treats of 
 the right placing or joining words together in a sen- 
 tence. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The principal parts of sentences are, a nominative 
 and a verb; because, speaking something is said of 
 another ; as, Dios cs bueno, God is good ; where it is 
 said of God, that he is good. 
 
 Order of the Spanish Construction in the affirmative 
 Phrases. 
 
 1. The oblique cases, me, te, le, or la, nos, vos, les y 
 ox las, are placed either before or after the verbs , as, 
 Juan me quiere, or quiereme Juan, John loves me. 
 
Of the Syntax. 133 
 
 2. The sentence begins either with the nominative 
 or with the verb ; and when the personal pronoun is 
 the nominative, it may be omitted ; as, mi liermano 
 estd malo, or estd malo mi hermano,fuese, or sefue d 
 los banos, my brother is sick, he is gone to bathe. 
 
 3. The adverb is placed either before or after the 
 verb ; when before, the oblique cases must be put be- 
 fore the verb; as, mucho me gusta esta casa, I like this 
 house very much ; grandemente se kan portado, they 
 behaved themselves very well. 
 
 In the negative phrases, the negation must be placed 
 before the oblique cases, and both before the verb ; as, 
 no me quiere pagar, he will not pay me. 
 
 In the interrogative phrases, with or without nega- 
 tion, the nominative must be put immediately after the 
 verb ; as, estd mi madre en casa ? is my mother at 
 home ? No me quiere mi vecino ? Does not my neigh- 
 bour like me* 
 
 In the phrases with a relative, and without interro- 
 gation, the nominative and relative must be placed 
 before the first verb ; as, la muger que quiero es discre* 
 ta, the woman whom I love is wise. 
 
 With an interrogation and negation, the sentence is 
 begun with the negation and the predicate, orthat which 
 is said of one thing ; as, no es bast ante pequena la cam 
 en que vivo ? Is not the house I live in little enough ? 
 No se dice asi ? Don't they say thus ? 
 
 Observe, that the auxiliary, in the compound tense§ 
 of the verbs, always goes before the verb ; as, he reza- 
 do esta mafiana, I said my prayers this morning. The 
 interrogation in Spanish is more known in speaking by 
 the inflexion of the voice, and in writing by the note ; 
 as, vendra vmd. conmigo ? Will you come with me I 
 Vendra vmd. con ellos, you shall come with them. 
 
134 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Of the Use of the Articles. 
 
 The article must always agree with the common 
 iroun in gender and number, as I have said on exam- 
 ples of the pronouns. Page 23, 
 
 Therefore the article masculine el is put with the 
 nouns of the masculine gender ; and the article femi- 
 nine la, before the nouns of the femine gender. The 
 neuter to, before an adjective, changes it into a sub- 
 stantive, for there is no neuter nouns in Spanish, be- 
 ing all either of the masculine or feminine gender. 
 Lo, placed before que, signifies what ; as, haga lo que 
 quisicra, let him do what he likes. Loqual signifies 
 which ; as, el rey mando tales if tales cosas, loqual se 
 hizo luego, 6 decontado, the king ordered such and 
 such things, all which were done immediately. When 
 lo is after or before a verb, it signifies it or that ; as, 
 -Id hare debuena 6 mala gana, I will do it willingly, or 
 against my will ; haga lo, pues lo quiere ad, let him 
 do it, since he will have it so. 
 
 The article is never used before the proper names of 
 men, women, gods, goddesses, saints, months, towns 
 cities. 
 
 Example 1. 
 • Carlos Quarto Bey de Espaiia, Charles the Fourth, 
 King of Spain ; Jorge Tercero, Hey de Inglatcrra, 
 George the Third, King of England, &c.- Where you 
 must observe, that the article is not used before the 
 ordinal numbers, though we say, soy elprimero, I am 
 the first; ella es la tercera, she is the third; ellos son 
 (es ultimas, they are the last. 
 
 2. Pronouns possessive, absolute, have the article 
 la, singular, los. and las plural ; as, este es el mio, 
 this is mine ; esa es la de vmd. that is yours ; esos .son 
 lev nuestrbs, these are ours ; esas son las suyas, these 
 are theirs. Observe, if an adjective is before the pro- 
 per names expressing some action, pa^ion, or qualities 
 
Of the Syntax. 135 
 
 then the article is used before them ; as, el valerGso 
 Frederico, the courageous Frederick; el poderoso 
 Jorge, the powerful George, &,c. The article is never 
 used in Spanish, as it is in English, before the compa- 
 ratives: as, mas vivhnos, mas aprendemos, the longer 
 we live, the more we learn ; masse va a prlesa, menos 
 se adelanta, the more haste, the worse speed. When 
 we speak of substance, or things in general, as of gold, 
 silver, &c. we always make use of the article, for vir- 
 tues, vices, passions, arts, sciences, or plays ; the same 
 as, el oro y la plat a, todo lo pueden, gold and silver 
 do all things ; la necesidad es la madre de la htven- 
 clan, necessity is the mother of invention ; la caridad 
 no puede hallarse en el vicio, charity cannot be found 
 with vice ; laflosqfia es una ciencia may noble, philo- 
 sophy is a very noble science ; juguemos d los nay pes, 
 let us play at cards. Names of kingdoms, provinces, 
 rivers, and mountains, have generally the articles ; as, 
 la Francia es poderosa, France is powerful ; el Lan- 
 guedoc es ana bella provincia, el Taso, el Ebro, the 
 rivers Taso and Ebro ; los Alpes y los Pirentos, the 
 Alps and the Pyrenees ; la Galicia y las Andaluzlas, 
 Galicia and Andalousia. Names of kingdoms and pro- 
 vinces lose the article after the preposition a, to; as, 
 el va a Francia, he goes to France ; ellos van d Cata- 
 tuna, they go to Catalunia. Names of mountains lose 
 the article after the word monte ; as, el Monte Parna- 
 so, Mount Parnassus ; el Monte JEtna, Mount iEtna ; 
 el Monte Elicon, Mount Elicon. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Of the Construction of Nouns Substantives. 
 
 The construction of nouns substantives is almost the 
 same in Spanish as in English ; that is, when the sub- 
 stantives come together, so as one depends on the other, 
 then the latter requires the genitive ease ; as, la gratia 
 
136 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 de Dios, the grace of God ; la torre de Londres, the 
 tower of London. When there are several genitives 
 together, then the particle de is only put before the 
 first ; as, es profesor de lenguas, he is a professor of 
 languages. Sometimes the genitive is turned into an 
 adjective ; as, el amor paternal, paternal love ; la ter- 
 neza tnaterna, motherly tenderness. When two sub- 
 stantives singular are in the nominative of a verb, this 
 must be put in the plural ; as, mi padre y ml madre 
 estan en caso, my father and mother are at home. Jf 
 the nominative is a collective name, the verb must be 
 in the singular ; as, la gente In quierc asi, the people 
 will have it so ; toda la ciudad totno las armas, all the 
 city took up arms. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Of the Construction of Adjectives. 
 
 The adjectives ought to agree with the substantives 
 in gender and number ; as, ministro sabio, a wise mi- 
 nister; ley justa, a just law ; hombres valerosos, va- 
 liant men ■ mugeres hermosas, beautiful women. When 
 there are two substantives in the plural, with one ad- 
 jective alone., this ought to agree with the next; as, szjs 
 esperanzas, y temores eran vanos ; sus temores y es- 
 per'anzas ; eran vanas sus esperanzas y temores, his 
 hepes and fears were vain. It ought to be avoided, 
 that an adjective of tw r o terminations should agree with 
 two substantives, the one masculine, the other feminine; 
 the one in singular, the other in plural; as, los cau- 
 dales y hacienda eran quantiosos, or las haciendas y 
 caudal eran quant los as, the property and goods were 
 in great quantities; where you may see the adjective 
 agreeing with the substantive plural; but it is better 
 to chuse an adjective plural of one termination • as, los 
 cav doles y hacienda eran grandes. The phrase may 
 be changed, giving to each substantive a different 
 
Of the Syntax. VdJ 
 
 jective ; as, los caudales eran quantiosos, la hacienda 
 mucka. 
 
 Adjectives signifyingdesire, knowledge, remembrance, 
 ignorance, fear, and such others, require the genitive 
 after them, if a noun follows ; and the infinitive with 
 the particle de, if before a verb ; as, es muy desedso de 
 viajar, he is very desirous of travelling; soy deseoso 
 de verla, I am desirous to see her ; es muy ambiciose 
 de gloria, he is very ambitious of glory; es teme- 
 roso de su sombra, he is afraid of his shadow. The 
 adjectives expressing attention, application, or ne 
 gligence, have en after them; as, es cuidaddso en 
 sus negocios, he is careful of his affairs; es descuidado 
 en todo, he is careless of all ; es muy atento en sus 
 modales. he is very attentive of his manners. 
 
 The adjectives signifying worthiness or miworthi- 
 ness, sha:ne or joy, are followed by the sign of the 
 genitive de; as, el pobre es digno de compasion, the 
 poor are worthy of compassion ; el tnentiroso es indigno 
 de atencion, the liar is unworthy of attention ; es ver- 
 gonzo de su mala action, he is ashamed of his bad ac- 
 tion; es muy ami go de came, he is very fond of meat; 
 se alegrd mucho de verme, he was very glad to see 
 me. 
 
 The adjectives expressing certainty, innocence, ca- 
 pacity, doubt, jealousy, are also followed by the sign 
 of the genitive ; as, es inocente del crimen, he is inno- 
 cent of the crime; es vm. cierto de esto ? are you sure 
 of it ? Juan escapaz de enseiiar, John is capable to 
 teach ; es muy zeloso de su ?nuger, he is very jealous of 
 his wife. 
 
 Nouns partitives, and certain interrogates, require 
 the genitive; as, alguno, ninguno, una, qualqwier, 
 primero, segundo, Sac. — Examples: alguno deustedes, 
 someone of you ; ninguno de ellos, none of them ; 
 uno denosotros, one of us ; qualquier de vosoiros, some 
 one of you ; el primero de los reyes, the first of kings; 
 £e que se habla en la corte? what do they say at court? 
 de quie'n es esta casa ? whose house is this '? 
 
 T 
 
138 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Adjectives signifying fulness, emptiness, plenty, or 
 want, require also de ; as, lleno de disparates, full of 
 nonsense; falto de julcio, without his senses; pais 
 abundant e de pan, a country abounding in corn ; la 
 tierra est a llena de ladrones, the country is full of 
 thieves. 
 
 Adjectives where is signified profit, disprofit, like- 
 ness, unlikeness, pleasure, submission,, or belonging 
 to something, govern the dative case; as, esto es utild 
 la navigation, this is useful to navigation ; es prove- 
 choso a la salud, it is good for health ; a todos es gns- 
 tosa la noticia, the news is agreeable to all; esto es 
 igual a aquello, this is equal to that ; es pared do a su 
 padre, he is like his father; es leal a su rey, he is 
 loyal to his king; el es molesto a todos, he is plaguing 
 every body. Adjectives expressing the length, breadth, 
 or thickness of any thing, must be in the genitive ; as, 
 la ciudad tiene tres mi lias de largo, the city is three 
 miles long ; quanios pies de alto tiene aquclla torre ? 
 how many feet high is that tower? el pa-no es de dos 
 varus dc aneho, the cloth is two yards wide. 
 
 The adjectives signifying experience, knowledge, or 
 science, require e)i after them : as, es versado en las 
 ciencias, he is versed in sciences; esfe hombre es ex- 
 perio en medecina, this man is expert in medicine ; es 
 muy perito en la navegacion, he is very skilful in na- 
 vigation. All the numerals govern the genitive case. 
 Distributives; as, de dos en dos, two by two; parti- 
 tives; as, cada uno de ellos, every one of them. Col- 
 lectives; as, una dozcna de huevos, a dozen of eggs. 
 Of augmentation; as, lo doble, lo triple, &c. Uni- 
 versal ; as, ninguno, none ; nuda, nothing; as, nada dc 
 eso haif, there is nothing of that. 
 
Of the Syntax, 139 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Of Pronouns, and their Construction. 
 
 Pronouns are words substituted instead of nouns, to 
 express the person or thing before named, to avoid the 
 repetition of it. What has been already said is almost 
 sufficient to know the use of them. Pages 24, &c. 
 
 Consequently I shall only add what is absolutely re- 
 quired for their construction, in the best concise me- 
 thod. 
 
 Pronouns Personal express either the person who 
 speaks, to whom one speaks, or of whom we speak ; 
 as, 3/0, I ; tu 9 \ho\\ ; el, he; ella, she; nos, or nosotros, 
 tras, we; vos, or vosotros, tras, ye; ellos, ellas, they. 
 All nouns or pronouns, excepting the four personals, 
 yo, I; tu, thou; nosoiros, we; vosotros, ye; belong to 
 the third person. 
 
 The first pronoun personal, yo, I, is either put be- 
 fore the verb or not; because, in Spanish, the termina- 
 tions differ in the several persons of the tenses. The 
 same may be said of the other pronouns, excepting the 
 third pronoun el or ella, he and she, which are ex- 
 pressed in order to shew the difference of gender of the 
 nominative. 
 
 We seldom make use in Spanish of the second per- 
 son singular or plural, it is only through a great fami- 
 liarity among friends, or praying to God; a wife and 
 husband to themselves, a father and mother to their 
 children, and servants. Example. 
 
 O Dlos, vos sois nil padre verdadero, O God, thou 
 art my true father; eres tu vn baen criado, thou, art a 
 good servant. But when we speak in Spanish to others 
 than the above-mentioned, then, instead of tu and vos, 
 we make use of usted in singular, and of ustedes in 
 plural, which are a contraction of vuestra merced, and 
 vuestras mercedes, you, or your worship, your favour, 
 and are signs of the third person. In writing, usted is 
 expressed by vmd. in singular, and vmds. in plural. 
 
 T 2 
 
140 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 There are other contractions of titles made in speak- 
 ing, as, us to for vuestra seiioria, usencia, or vueshicia, 
 for vuestra excelencia, and are also signs of the third 
 person, therefore the following verbs must be in the 
 third person singular or plural ; as, 
 
 Como est a vmd. ? how do you do? vein vmds. (tea- 
 sa ? do you go home ? buenos dias tenga vmd., I wish 
 you a good day ; buenas tardes tengan vmds., I wish 
 you a good afternoon. Observe here, that when an 
 adjective comes after vuestra merced, vuestra seiioria, 
 excelencia, &c. it does not agree in gender with vmd., 
 va., sa., &c. but with the person we speak to, or we 
 speak of; as when to a man we say, vmd. 4s muy bue- 
 7io, you are very good ; va. exca. sea Men venido, your 
 excellency is welcome. Speaking to a lady thus : es 
 vmd. "muy hermosa, you are very beautiful ; son vmds. 
 muy discretas, you are very discreet ; 4s va. sa. gene- 
 rosisima, your ladyship is very generous. 
 
 'Nos is generally used by the king, a governor, a 
 bishop, and a notary, in their writings; as, nos man- 
 damos, &c. we command. Nos, before or after a verb 
 in Spanish, signifies us in English; as, nos ha conce- 
 dido el perdon, he has granted us the pardon ; de ?ios 
 tiempo para comer, give us time to dine ; no nos hable 
 de eso* do not speak to us of that. 
 
 Vos sometimes loses the v, as in the second person 
 plural of a reciprocal verb. Ex. vos os levantas tarde, 
 you get up late; also before the other verbs ; as, yo os 
 dare esto> I will give you this ; Pedro os entregard mi 
 carta, Peter will deliver you my letter ; id os con Dlos, 
 God send you, or God preserve you. Los and las are 
 sometimes construed with the first and second persons 
 plural ; as, los que amdmos a nuestro rey obedezca- 
 mosle, we that are loving our king, let us obey him ; 
 las que somas bonitas, debiamos de ser casddas, we, who 
 are pretty, ought to be married. 
 
 Mi, t\, si, are used after prepositions; as, cerca de 
 Mil, near to me ; para ti, for thee ; nor si, by himself; 
 but after con, with the syllable go, must be added to 
 
Of the Syntax. i4i 
 
 these pronouns ; as, conmigo, with me; contigo, with 
 thee; consigo, with himself or herself. 
 
 Me, te, se, are joined to verbs, and stand for the 
 dative and accusative cases ; as, didme, he gave me ; 
 dese'o servirle, I desire to serve you ; dmase, he loves 
 himself. They are also placed before some verbs, with- 
 out being reciprocal ; as, irse, to go ; pasearse, to 
 walk, Se, before the third person singular of a verb, 
 answers to the English passive impersonal ; as r se dice, 
 it is said; se decia, it was said, &c. then the verb has 
 no determinate nominative, and may be called passive 
 impersonal. Observe, that the oblique pronouns, le, 
 la, los, las, les, me, te, se, nos, vos, when placed 
 after the verbs, are joined to them ; as, dmole, I love 
 him; hable le, I spoke to him; hartlo, I will do it; 
 mirdrse, to look one's self. 
 
 Of Possessive Pronouns. 
 
 Pronouns Possessive are so called because they ex- 
 press the possession. They are of two sorts, viz. con- 
 junctives and absolutes. 
 
 The conjunctives have their names from being join- 
 ed to the substantives. They are six, as I have said, 
 mi, my ; tu, thy; su, his or her; nuestro, nuestra, 
 our ; vuestro, vuestra, your ; sit, their. Su signifies 
 also its. Their plural is made by adding an s ; as, mis, 
 tus, sus, &c. They are declined with the particles de 
 and a, and are applied to substantives singular, as well 
 as plural. See Example on these pronouns. 
 
 OJ Demonstrative Pronouns. 
 
 Are so called because they serve to shew the things 
 or persons, and their distance. See Examples on the 
 same. 
 
 The Examples which I have given on pronouns nre 
 sufficient to know the perfect use of them ; and 1 re- 
 commend the student to learn them by heart, which 
 will be of no little use to him. 
 
142 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Of I r erb$, and their Construction. 
 
 The verb must agree with its nominative in number 
 and person. When there are two nominatives singular 
 before a verb, it must be put in the plural number. 
 When a noun is collective, the verb requires the sin- 
 gular, not the plural, as in English ; as, la gente etfu 
 hablandO) people are talking. These are the general 
 rules of concord belonging to verbs. 
 
 The verbs are divided, as we have said, into per- 
 sonals and impersonals. The first are so called because 
 they generally express actions, passions, &c. of persons. 
 In Spanish, there are four sorts of verbs personal, viz. 
 active, passive, neuter, and reciprocal. 
 
 Active, expresses an action upon something ; as, co- 
 mo came, I eat meat. So the action of eating is di- 
 rected to meat, as to its object. 
 
 Passive, shews that the person or thing which is 
 spoken of, is the object of the action of another person 
 or thing ; as, Digs es amado, God is loved. But observe, 
 there is in Spanish another way of making the passive, 
 by adding the relative se to the third person singular 
 or plural. Ex. se ama a Dios, God is loved; se dice. 
 It is said. 
 
 Neuter, properly, is that which makes a perfect sense 
 by itself; as, corre'r, to run ; aserdlr, to assent; bias- 
 femdr, to blaspheme, &c. 
 
 Reciprocal is that which returns the sense backward, 
 when the action or passion remains in its subject ; as, 
 amdrse, to love one's self; perderse, to lose oue's self, 
 &e. 
 
 Observe, that in Spanish the same verb becomes ac- 
 tive, passive, neuter, or reciprocal, according to its 
 different senses ; as, acostar, to put one in his bed, is 
 active, and is made passive by conjugating it with the 
 verb estdr, and the participle acosfado ; as, mi padre 
 e*td acostado, mv father js a-bed. When it siguifies 
 
Of the Syntax. 143 
 
 to side, to take a party, to engage in a faction, then it 
 is neuter ; as, todo el mnndo acostd a nuestra parte 
 all the people took our party. When the same verb sig- 
 nifies to come near to one place, it is reciprocal ; as, 
 cstaba tanfurioso, que nunca pudieron acostarse a el, 
 he was so furious, that they never could come up with 
 him. 
 
 The verbs impersonal are divided into two classes, 
 the Actives and Passives. Actives are those which do 
 not admit of persons; as, heldr, to freeze; Hover, to 
 rain ; because you cannot say, hielo, I freeze ; llucvo, 
 I rain ; but we say, Mela, it freezes ; llaeve, it rains. 
 
 The Passive Jmpersonals are formed of the third per- 
 son singular of the verb made impersonal, by adding 
 the particle se; and it must be observed, that we make 
 more use of this way of expressing the passive in the 
 third person, than by the auxiliary verbs ser and estar, 
 with the participle passive of the verb conjugated; 
 therefore se cubit a is better for (it is reported,) than 
 escontado, as will be explained at large in speaking of 
 their construction. 
 
 Of the Auxiliary Verbs Haber, to have, Estar and Ser, 
 to be, 8§c, 
 
 The verb haber is made use of to conjugate all the 
 compound tenses of verbs; as, yo he amddo, yo habia 
 amddo, I have loved, I had loved. Sometimes the verb 
 tener, to hold, or to have, is also used to conjugate the 
 compound tenses ; as, yo tengo de it a casa, al ca?npo 
 I must go home to the country. 
 
 Haber signifies also to possess, to obtain ; but the 
 verb tener in Spanish is better, and more in use, to 
 express the possession of something; so it is better to 
 say tengo dinero, I have money, than he dinero : tiene 
 mucha habilidad, he has a great deal of capacity,, than 
 t?l ha mucha capaciddd. 
 
 Haber, in account books and trade, expresses credit 
 or discharge ; as, yo he* de haber en nuestra quenta cieu 
 pesos, I must have in our account of one hundred do!- 
 
144 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Jars. JIaber is also taken impersonally in Spanish, and 
 it signifies in English, there be; as, hay mucho dinero 
 en Mexico, there is a great quantity of money in 
 Mexico ; habia vwcha gente en la calle, there was a 
 great deal of people in the street. — See its conjugation, 
 page 101. 
 
 Haberse, made reciprocal, is the same as to be- 
 have, to act ; as, se habia portado tan bellamente, que 
 todos le admirdron, he behaved so well, that every body 
 admired him. 
 
 Haber, used as a substantive, means the wealth or 
 stock; as, eshombre de haberes, he is a wealthy man, 
 a rich man ; la virtud, el linage, y el haber, raras 
 veces se encuentran juntos, virtue, nobility, and riches, 
 seldom are found together. 
 
 Estdrzud ser, to be, must not be made use of in- 
 differently, though in English there is no word to dis- 
 tinguish between them; in Spanish their difference is 
 very considerable, ser signifying or denoting the essen- 
 tial and proper quality or quantity of a thing ; as, ser 
 buejio, to be good ; ser malo, to be bad, or wicked ; ser 
 grande, to be big; ser pequeno, to be little; sir horn- 
 bre, to be a man ; sir valiente, to be valiant. But 
 estdr signifies an accidental quality or quantity, and 
 serves to denote the place where a person or thing may 
 be found ; as, mi muger estd en Londres, my wife is 
 in London ; estarS encasa a las dos, I will be at home 
 at two o'clock ; a donde estd vmd. ? where are you } 
 estoy aqui, I am here. 
 
 Examples on Ser and Estar. 
 
 estoy satis fecho de su con- I am satisfied with his 
 
 ducta, conduct. 
 
 estoy indi spues to, I am indisposed. 
 
 estoy ma to, enfermo, I am ill, indisposed, sick. 
 
 estoy bueno a Dios gra- lam in good health, thank 
 
 cias. 
 
 God, 
 
 estoy, 6soy de parecer que I am of opinion that we 
 nos vayamos, should go away. 
 
Of the Syntax, 
 
 145 
 
 este Jiombre est a muy tris- 
 
 te, 
 estd muy alegre, 
 estd muyenojddo con migo, 
 mi vestido es bueno, pero 
 
 estd mat hecho, 
 este hombre 6s de un gen'to 
 
 muy apaclble, 
 ?)U muger es muy dili gent e, 
 mis amigos son muy codi- 
 
 ciosos, 
 a veces estd aUgre, a veces 
 
 triste, 
 estoy en lo mejor de mi 
 
 edad, 
 estoy en lo que vmd. dice, 
 en esto estd la dificultad, 
 
 estoy en que vendrd con 
 
 nosotros, 
 estd en que es muy sabio, 
 
 estoy comiendo mi almuer- 
 
 zo, 
 estoy leyendo, escribiendo, 
 estdr de priesa, 
 estdr de viage, 
 
 estoy en el campo, 
 
 estoy en ir a ve'rle, 
 
 estoy para salir de Lon- 
 
 dres, 
 esto estd por hacer, 
 esto estd por limpiar, 
 
 this man is very melan- 
 choly. 
 
 he is very merry. 
 
 he is very angry with me. 
 
 my cloaths are good, but 
 they are ill made. 
 
 this man is very good- 
 tempered. 
 
 my wife is very diligent. 
 
 my friends are very covet- 
 ous. 
 
 he is sometimes merry, 
 and sometimes dull. 
 
 I am in the prime of life* 
 
 I understand what you say. 
 the difficulty consists in 
 
 "this. 
 I hope he will come with 
 
 us. 
 he thinks himself rery 
 
 learned, 
 lam eating my breakfast, 
 
 I am reading, writing, &c, 
 
 to be in a hurry. 
 
 to be ready to go on a jour- 
 ney. 
 
 I am in the country. 
 
 I am to go to see him. 
 
 I am about to leave Lon- 
 don. 
 
 this is not done yet. 
 
 this is not yet cleaned. 
 
 Reciprocal, 
 por que se cstdvo tanto ? why did you stay so long ? 
 
 u 
 
146 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 .to be at hand, to express 
 
 when one thing is ready 
 
 estar a la mano, < to be made use of, or 
 
 when it is near to one 
 ^ who wants it. 
 estdr d punto, estar d to be ready, to be contain- 
 ray a, ed in the proper bounds 
 
 and limits. 
 estdr Men una cosa, is for a thing to fit, to suit 
 
 mi casaca me estd bien, well ; as, my coat fits 
 
 me very well. 
 
 Ser, to be. 
 
 la ciudad es del rey, the city belongs to the 
 
 king. 
 esta cava es mia, this house is mine. 
 
 ese campo es de vmd., that field is yours. 
 
 soy todo de vmd., I am wholly yours. 
 
 esehombre es quien es, that man is what he is. 
 
 Of the Construction, of Verbs Active, Passive, 8gc. 
 
 The Spanish verbs have four simple tenses in the in- 
 dicative mood, viz. the present, prater imperfect, pre- 
 terperfect, and future. The imperative has only the 
 present, but the subjunctive has the present, three im- 
 perfect, and the future. All the rest are compound 
 tenses, formed by circumlocution, putting several words 
 together to supply the defect of such tenses. 
 
 The present expresses the action done when one is 
 speaking ; as, yo me pasto, I walk ; yo v&igo, I come, 
 &c. Sometimes the present is made use of instead of 
 the first preterperfect ; as, como iba caminando, le en- 
 cuentra, le desnuda, y le roba lo que lleva, as he was 
 going he meets him, he strips him, and robs him of 
 every thing. 
 
 There is a difference between the first preterperfect 
 and the others : the former must express the time when 
 an action is passed, and the latter not ; besides, that 
 
Of the Syntax. 147 
 
 the fait extends itself farther than the others, which 
 are referred to time but lately past, as you may see, le 
 habit el afio pasadd, I spoke to him the last fear. The 
 first future expresses only that one thing shall be done; 
 as, irS, I shall go : but the compounds imply an obliga- 
 tion to do any thing ; as, hS de ir a cctsa, I must go 
 home ; habr6 de ir a Roma, I shall be obliged to go <o 
 Rome ; habia de hacer tal cosa, I was obliged to <$o 
 such a thing. 
 
 The subjunctive has always some signs annexed, or 
 rather adverbs ; as, oxala, would to God ; si, if; plega 
 a Dios, God grant ; que, that ; quando, when ; como, 
 as, &c. 
 
 The potential has no signs in Spanish as in English : 
 they are, can, may, might, could, and should ; though 
 some authors say, that puede que, and es menester que> 
 es preciso que, were the signs of this mood ; as, puede 
 sir que sia verdad, it may be true ; es menester que 
 vayamos de espdcio, we must go slowly. 
 
 Observe, that the two imperfects subjunctive are 
 very often preceded by some of the adverbs before said. 
 They are expressed in English by the auxiliary signs 
 could and should ; as, oxala amdra, la virtud, God 
 grant that I could love virtue ; si il amdse, le amari- 
 an, if he should love, they would love him ; si el tra- 
 bajdra mas, ganaria bastante para entretenerse, if 
 he could work more, he would gain enough to main- 
 tain himself. 
 
 When two verbs come together, with or without a 
 nominative case, then the latter must be in the infini- 
 tive mood ; as, quiere vmd. venir con migo ? Will you 
 come along with me ? ella desea mucho de casdrse, she 
 has a great desire to be married. 
 
 All verbs active govern the accusative; as, quiero la 
 musica, I love music ; hut if they are followed by a 
 proper name of God, man, or woman, or any noun ex- 
 pressing their qualities or title, then it governs the da- 
 tive case; asj dmo al maestro, I love the master' ; liaU 
 
 U 2 
 
148 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 laron a Pedro en el camino, they found Peter in the 
 road. 
 
 All verbs of gesture, moving, going, resting, or do- 
 ing, as also all the verbs that have the word going be- 
 fore, and the word that comes after, both belonging to 
 one thing, require the nominative after them ; as, 
 Pedro va err ado, Peter goes on wrong ; el pobre du6r- 
 me seguro, the poor sleep without care. Also the verbs 
 of the infinitive mood have the same cases, when verbs 
 of wishing, and the like, come after them ; as, tddos de- 
 sean ser ricos, every body wishes to be rich ; antes qui- 
 siera ser sabio, que parecerlo, I had rather be learned 
 than to be counted so. 
 
 Verbs governing the Genitive Case. 
 
 Verbs signifying grief, compassion, want, remem- 
 brance, forgetting, &c. require the genitive ; as, me 
 pesa mucho de la muerte de su padre, I am very sorry 
 for the death of your father ; me compadeci de sus des- 
 gracias, I pitied him for his misfortunes ; este hovibre 
 carece dejuicio, this man is out of his senses ; necesito 
 de dineros, I want money ; perece de mistria, he pe- 
 rishes by misery. De is thus put before the things 
 spoken of in the discourse ; as, acuerdese de lo que me 
 d'txo, remember what you said to me; me olvide de todo 
 lo que me dixo, I forgot all what you told me. 
 
 The reciprocal, of jeering, boasting, and distrust- 
 ing, govern also the genitive; as, jactarse de sus ha- 
 zanas, to boast of one's exploits ; gloria rse de su for- 
 tuna, to glory of one's fortune : picarse de valiente, to 
 value one's self upon courage ; picarse en eljuego, to 
 be dipt in play ; desconfiarse de algttno, to distrust of 
 any one ; avergonzarse de rnalos hechos, to be ashamed 
 of bad actions; correrse de veygiienza, to be quite 
 ashamed, &c. 
 
 Verbs governing the Dative. 
 
 All active verbs govern the dative, as we have said, 
 only when the substantive represents a person ; as, co- 
 nozcodsu amigo, I know his friend, &c. 
 
, Of the Syntax. 149 
 
 The following verbs follow the same rule : 
 
 Jugdr, to play ; as, juego a los naipes, I play at 
 cards ; jugare a los cientos, I will play at piquet; ju- 
 gar al axedrez, at chess, &c. 
 
 Obedece'r, desobedecer, complacer, agradar; as, 
 obedezco a Dios, y al rey, I obey God, and the king ; 
 complacio en todo a los jueces, in all he pleased the 
 judges. 
 
 Mandar, when it signifies to command an army, 
 company, &c. requires the accusative ; but when other 
 things, the dative; as, Cdro manddba los caballes, 
 Caro commanded the horse ; el rey mando a todos los 
 ciudaddnos de retirarse en sus casus, the king ordered 
 all the inhabitants to retire in their houses. 
 
 Ir, to go ; as, voyd Madrid, I go to Madrid ; ir£ 
 mandna aver a mi tio, I will go to-morrow to see my 
 uncle. 
 
 Asistir, ayuddr, socorrdr, to help, assist ; as, ayu- 
 dare al trabdjo, I will help to work. 
 
 Saluda r, to salute ; as, saluda may cortes a todos, 
 he salutes very civilly every body. 
 
 Habldr, to speak ; llamdr, to call ; satisfacer, to 
 satisfy ; servir, to serve ; Javoreccr, to favour ; desa- 
 fiar, to challenge; absolver, to absolve; aconsejar, 
 to give advice ; amenazdr, to threaten, &c. 
 
 The im personals acontecer, suceddr, avenir, conve- 
 ner, importdr, pertenecer, placer, and the like to 
 these, will have often two datives to a person; as, a 
 mi me sucedio, it happened to me ; a el le convidne, it 
 suits him, it is convenient for him; no le importa a 61, 
 it does not concern him, &c. 
 
 Verbs governing the Accusative. 
 
 The Latin verbs (according to some grammarians) 
 which govern the accusative of the thing:, and the da- 
 tive of the person, govern generally the same in Spa- 
 nish ; as, embie a su padre lo que digo, send to your 
 father what I say ; dare' el dinero a mi amigo, I will 
 give the money to my friend, &c, 
 
150 A New Spanish Grdmmar. 
 
 Verbs of asking, teaching, arraying, and most of 
 the verbs transitivism have after them the accusative 
 case of the doer or sufferer, whether they be active or 
 common ; and sometimes verbs neuter will have an ac- 
 cusative of the object or thing; as, Gozo salud, I en- 
 joy health ; pi do est a gracia, ntego este favor, I ask 
 this favour ; toca muy Men la flout a, el violin, &c. he 
 plays very well on the flute, the fiddle, &c. 
 
 Generally all the active verbs require an accusative, 
 and sometimes a dative, when the action is directed to 
 some person; as, matdr a uno, to kill one; llamdr a 
 uno> to call one ; hactr Men, do good ; curdr una en- 
 fermedad, to cure a sickness ; seguir las or denes del 
 rey, to follow the king's orders; descubrir la verdad, 
 to discover the truth ; gandr mucho credito, to get a 
 great credit. 
 
 Ser, to be, in the infinitive, sometimes governs an 
 accusative ; as, es bueno ser hombre de bie'n, it is a good 
 thing to be an honest man ; que ridiculo es ser cobarde! 
 how ridiculous it is to be a coward! 
 
 Verbs governing the Ablative. 
 
 Passive verbs, and the greatest part of the recipro- 
 cals, require the ablative with de or por ; as, fui lla- 
 mado del rey, or par el rey, I was called by the king; 
 me retire^ de la compaiiia, I retired from the company. 
 But these reciprocals, except aeostarse, recostarse,sen- 
 tarse, meterse, introducirse, &c. all which must have 
 the ablative with the preposition en, in. 
 
 The price of any thing bought or sold, or bartered, 
 will have the accusative, with por ; as, lo he comprado 
 por un real, 1 bought it for one real ; me lo vendio por 
 menos de lo que vmd. dice, he sold it to me for less 
 money than what you say ; troque mi caballo por el 
 suyo, I exchanged my horse for his. 
 
 Verbs of plenty, filling, emptying, loading, unload- 
 ing, require the ablative ; as, esta tierra abhnda de 
 trigo, this country abounds with corn ; el jarro esta 
 lleno de vino, the mug is full of wine ; esta Cargo jo de 
 
Of the Syntax. 15 i 
 
 miser ias, he is loaded with calamities. Verbs signify- 
 ing to receive, distance, or taking away, must have the 
 ablative; as, recibi tres duros de Pedro, I received 
 three dollars of Peter ; andujar dista cinquenta leguas 
 de Madrid, Andujar is fifty leagues from Madrid. 
 Verbs of arguing, quarrelling, fighting, &c. have the 
 ablative with con ; as, rind mas de una hora con su 
 hermano, he quarrelled more than one hour with his 
 brother ; peled con gran coraje, he fought with great 
 courage. 
 
 Lastly, observe that the following rules are always 
 observed for the verbs. 
 
 1st. If the word governed by the verb expresses a 
 thing animate, it is put in the dative case, being a par- 
 ticular idiom of the Spanish ; as, conozco a su primo, I 
 know his cousin ; llamd d las mugeres, he called the 
 women. 
 
 2d. The verbs of motion to a place always govern 
 the dative; as, v6y d la fuente, 1 go to the fountain; 
 but the verbs of motion from a place govern the abla- 
 tive with the particle de; as, vuelvo de la guerra, I re- 
 turn from the war. -If the motion or passion is through, 
 or for a thing, then the verbs govern the accusative with 
 por ; as, pasare'por Paris, I will come by the way of 
 Paris ; me han renido por vmd., they scolded me for 
 you. 
 
 3d. In Spanish, the accusative case is generally made 
 use of to express a thing indefinitely ; as, llevo todo lo 
 necesdrio, I carry all that which is necessary ; ha trcd 
 do todo su caudal, he brought over all his riches. 
 
 4th. The verb ver, to see, and mirdr, to look, dif- 
 fer, because ver requires an accusative; as, ver los cie- 
 lorabiertos, to see heaven opened, that is, to find the 
 occasion; but mirdr governs the dative and accusa- 
 tive; as, solo mira a su provecho, he only aims at his 
 profits. 
 
 Of the Particles governing the Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 "When the following particles are in a sentence be 
 
152 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 tween two verbs, the second is generally put in the 
 subjunctive mood, and likewise before a verb; as, qi$, 
 para que, porque, aunque, bienque, dxala, su puesto 
 <iue, puesto que, dado que, a Jin que, con que, pues 
 que, &c. as you may see in these examples: 
 
 Es menester, es pr echo que venga, he must come; 
 era preciso que viniise, it was necessary that he should 
 come ; me alegro que hay a venido, I am very glad he 
 is come; no se para que pueda servir esto, I do not 
 kuovv what this is good for; porque venga, in order 
 that he may come. But observe, that porque being 
 interrogative or causative, does not require the subjunc- 
 tive; 2iS,porqu6 viene vm. ? what do you come for? 
 
 Aunque, bienque, although, govern the subjunctive 
 mood, but before the imperfect it requires the indica- 
 tive ; as, aunque suplicaba tanto, though he entreated 
 so much. 
 
 exala requires always the subjunctive; but sic puesto 
 que, dado que, &c. in some tenses govern the indica- 
 tive ; as, su puesto que venia a pie', since he came on 
 foot; con que vendrd manana, so he will come to- 
 morrow. 
 
 The impersonal verbs generally govern the subjunc- 
 tive with que; but with this distinction, when the im- 
 personal is in the present tense, or future of the indi- 
 cative, then it requires the present subjunctive ; but 
 when the impersonal, or any other verb taken imper- 
 sonally, is in any of the preterites indicative,, then 
 it governs the i.» perfect, the perfect, or pluperfect of 
 the subjunctive, according to the meaning of the speech; 
 as, import a mucho que el rey vea todo, it is of great 
 matter that the king may see all : convmo que el prin- 
 cipefuese con el, it was convenient that the prince 
 should go with him. 
 
 The present subjunctive is likewise construed, when 
 the particle por is separated from que by an adjective, 
 as in this idiom : por grande, por admirable, por doc- 
 to, por sabio, que sea, though he be great, admirable, 
 
Qf the Syntax. 153 
 
 learned, &c. ; un enemigo, por pequeno que sda, sienx-. 
 pre daiia, an enemy, though little, always hurts. 
 
 An imperative often requires the present, preter- 
 imperfect, and future of the subjunctive; as, sda lo 
 que s£a, let it be what it will, or though it be so ; sace- 
 da lo que suced'dse, let happen what it would ; sda lo 
 quefuera, happen what will happen, at all events. 
 
 The tenses of the subjunctive mood follow generally 
 these: luego que, quando, si, como aunque, &c. ; as, 
 luego que venga saldremos a pasedr, as soon as he 
 comes, we will go and take a walk; quando vinidre, 
 estaremos prontos, when he comes we will be ready. 
 
 The imperfects of the subjunctive mood are required 
 after si quando, aunque, 6 y como, de gusto, con gusto, 
 de buena 6 mala gana, 6 quan de gana, por ventura, 
 acaso, &c; as, O, y como lo liaria yo ! how I would 
 do it ! De buena gana iria yo d Paris, I would go 
 with pleasure to Paris ; por ventura seria, 41 capaz de 
 esto % would he be able to do this ? acaso se enojaria, 
 por ello, perhaps he would be angry for it. 
 
 Observe, th&t pues, puesque, aunque, como, quan- 
 do, and luego, may also he construed with all the 
 tenses of the indicative mood ; as, quando el rey lo vd 
 todo, no le enganan, when the king sees every thing he 
 is not deceived ; luego que lie go, liable' con dl, as soon 
 as he came, I spoke with him. 
 
 In the Spanish language there is not a general s jo;q 
 before the infinitive, as the particle to in English ; but 
 there are several particles used before the infinitive, de- 
 noting the same, and they are governed by the preced- 
 ing verbs or nouns substantive. These particles made 
 use of in Spanish before the infinitive are, a, para, de, 
 con, en, por, hasta, despues de, and the article el, 
 when the infinitive serves as nominative to another 
 verb. 
 
 1. a coming between two verbs, denotes the second 
 as the object of the first ; as, la tardanza de nuestras 
 e&peranzas, nos ensena d mortificar nuestros de&cos, 
 
 x ' 
 
154 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 the delay of our hopes teaches us to mortify our de- 
 sires. 
 
 2. Para, notes the intention or usefulness; as, para 
 probar la paciencia slrve la adversidad, adversity 
 serves to try ones patience ; lo hizo para molest dr me , 
 he did it on purpose to plague me. 
 
 Para, after an adjective, denotes its object, as it is 
 also a sign of futurity ; as, aun estamos para descubrir 
 la causa, we are still to seek for the cause; estd pron- 
 to para obedecer, he is ready to obey. De is put be- 
 tween two verbs, if the first governs the genitive or ab- 
 lative ; and when the substantive or adjective governs 
 either of these two cases, de must go before the fol- 
 lowing verbs or infinitive ; as, acabo de ver a ml padre, 
 I have just seen my father; el en/ado de oirle causaba 
 misueiio, tired with hearing him, I fell asleep ; es tiem- 
 po de irse, it is time to go away. 
 
 Observe, that all these particles are used in Spanish 
 before the infinitive, on the same occasions where in 
 English, to, for, of, with, in, till, after, &c. are 
 placed before the participle present of the verb ; as, se 
 dicierte en cazdr, he delights in hunting; por trabajdr 
 mucho estd malo, by working too much, he is sick ; 
 pierde sutiempo enpasedr, he loses his time in walk- 
 ing ; por robdr le ahorcdron, for stealing, he was 
 hanged. 
 
 Sometimes the infinitive is construed with the article 
 el, the, serving as a nominative to another verb ; as, dl 
 habldr bien cuesta poco, to speak well costs but little; 
 el amcir d Dios y d nuestro proximo son nuestras obit- 
 gaciones, to love God and our neighbours are our obli- 
 gations ; el cantdr, singing; el dormir demasiado es 
 clanoso, too much sleeping is unwholesome. Where 
 you may see it answers to the participle gerund of the 
 English which ends in ing; as, nunca se cansadeju- 
 gdr, he is never weary of playing ; fueron a peledr, 
 they went to fighting ; venia de beber, he came from 
 drinking; he de irme, sbidespedtrme ? Shall I go away 
 without taking leave ? 
 
Of the Syhtax. 15f> 
 
 CHAPTER VIJ. 
 
 Of Figurative Syntax. 
 
 The Figurative Syntax, or Construction, is that 
 which, for the greater energy and elegance, separates 
 itself from the natural or regular; by changing the 
 order of some words, sometimes omitting, and some- 
 times adding or breaking the rules of concord. These 
 alterations are authorised by use,, and are Called Figures, 
 or ornament of the speech. 
 
 When the order of words is inverted, it is called 
 Hiperbaton, which signifies inversion. When the 
 words are omitted, it is called Ellipsis, which is the 
 same as want or defect. 
 
 When the words are augmented, it is by the figure 
 Pleonasm, or superfluity ; and wben the agreement is 
 broken, it is by the figure Syllepsis, or conception, 
 because the words agree better with the sense conceived 
 than with the value which they have. 
 
 The following example shews the difference of the 
 natural construction from the figurative one ; as, el 
 premio y el castigo son convenient es en la guerra, asi 
 como la justicia y la clemencia son convenientes en la 
 paz, reward and punishment are necessary in war, as 
 are justice and clemency in peace. 
 
 In this example, the rules of the natural construc- 
 tion are exactly observed. First, the substantives pre- 
 mio and castigo are preceded by their masculine arti- 
 cles, and united with the conjunction y in the' nomi- 
 native case. Secondly, the verb governed by these no- 
 minatives son is in the third person plural of the pre- 
 sent of the indicative mood, agreeing; with them in 
 number and person. Thirdly, the adjective convenientes 
 is in its proper place as a second nominative of the verb 
 ser, with which the first speech of the verb substantive 
 is formed, agreeing in gender, number, and case, with 
 the first nominative; holding two substantives, it be- 
 longs to the plural number and masculine gender, be- 
 cause the adjective aforesaid has but one termination; 
 
 x 2 
 
156 A New Spanish (Sptofomar. 
 
 common to the three genders, and are the two sub- 
 stantives of the masculine gender. Fourthly, the sub- 
 stantive guerra is with its feminine article la, and 
 preceded by the preposition en. Fifthly, the adverb 
 ast, and the conjunction como, are also united after the 
 first member, to form comparison with it, and with 
 the second or following one. Finally, the words de- 
 mentia, jusiicia, and paz, follow the regular order as 
 the first do. 
 
 The same example is found in the figurative con- 
 struction of one of the classic authors of the Spanish 
 language ; as, asi como son convenientes en la paz la 
 justitia y la clemencia } son en la guerra el premio y 
 el castigo. (Saavedra empres. 22.) 
 
 This example is of the figurative construction, for 
 two reasons; the first is, because the natural order is 
 altered, the verb being set before the nominative, and 
 the adjective before the three substantives, paz, justi- 
 cia, and dementia, in which the figure hiperbaton is 
 committed. Second, because, in the end of the pe- 
 period, the adjective convenientes is omitted by the 
 figure Ellipsis. 
 
 Of the Figure Hiperbaton. 
 
 We have said, that hiperbaton is the same as hi- 
 version or perturbation of the natural order of words. 
 It is already said, that there are certain words which 
 naturally precede others, in such a manner that their 
 order cannot be altered, nor even in the figurative con- 
 struction ; as, oriente y octidentc, east and west ; ma- 
 rido y muger, a man and his wife ; dia y noche, day 
 and night ; and others like this. 
 
 The order of the articles and prepositions cannot be 
 
 altered. When they are after nouns, their invariable 
 
 nature is; as, la villa de /Madrid, the town of Madrid;' 
 
 ttiigo de salir. I must go out ; dexar lo para maiiana, 
 
 •to'Teave it for to-morrow ; and it would be improper to 
 
 . la villa Madrid de, tengo salir de, dexar para 
 
 -man<rnb ' lo. The natural order must also be observed 
 
 '.md'-I^'pt-in conjunction^ which -cannot be changed 
 
Of the Syntax. 157 
 
 from their natural places where they join words and 
 sentences. Ex. Pedro y Francisco, Peter and John; 
 comer y beber, to eat and drink ; decir 6 hacer, to say 
 or to do ; si es conveniente, if it is convenient ; como sea 
 const ante que, &c. should it be constant or evident 
 that, visto pues, que el lugar no podia resistirse. See- 
 ing, then, that the place could not be resisted. Besides 
 this, the Hiperbaton teaches the authority of the clas- 
 sic authors, and the stile of those who speak with ele- 
 gance and energy. 
 
 The following expressions shew that all alteration is 
 founded on the greatest enegy, or in the most perfect 
 softness and harmony which the expression acquires by- 
 it, (the alteration.) 
 
 5. Examples : Dichosos los padres que tienen bue- 
 710s hijos, happy are the fathers that have good sons ; 
 feliz el reyno donde viven los hombres en paz, happy 
 is the kingdom, where the people live in peace; acer- 
 tadamente gobierna el que sabe evitar los delitos, the 
 man who knows how to govern avoids crimes. 
 
 The Hiperbaton is committed in the first example ; 
 because the adjectives dickosos and buenos are before the 
 substantives. In the second, because the adjectivejfe/zs 
 is before the substantive reyno, and the verb vivir be- 
 fore its nominative los hombres. In the third, because 
 the adverb acertadamente is put before the verb which 
 governs it. 
 
 If the three last examples are construed by the na- 
 tural order, the expressions will not be so elegant ; as, 
 los padres que tienen hijos buenos son dichosos, el rey- 
 no donde los hombres vive?i en paz esjeliz, el que sabe 
 evitar los danos gobierna acertadamente, they acquire 
 greater energy, because they begin by the words whose 
 signification is the principal object of the sentence. 
 When the author aforementioned, (Empresa Sg,) said, 
 tan terrible se mostrd en una audencia el rey Asvero d 
 la reyna Ester, que cayo desmayada, the king Asuero 
 shewed himself so terrible in an audience with the 
 queen Esther, that she fainted. He preferred the 
 
153 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 adjective terrible to the substantive Asuero, because 
 his principal intention was to express the terror that 
 the indignated aspect of Asuero caused in Esther ; he 
 might have said, as hereafter. Ex. El rey Asuero se 
 mostro tan terrible en una audiencia a la reyna Ester, 
 que cayo desmayada, but it would not have the same 
 force, because it does not begin with the idea of 
 terror. 
 
 From these examples it is inferred, that although 
 the use of this and other figures may appear sometimes 
 arbitrary and indifferent, it is commonly grounded in 
 some reason ; and so, to speak well, it it is necessary 
 to follow this use, founded in reason and authority. 
 
 Use or custom is so powerful, that it has made as 
 natural and common many figurative expressions, that 
 it would be a fault if they were construed by the natu- 
 ral order. 
 
 In the affirmative prepositions we always set before 
 the adjectives alguno and ninguno ; as, tengo algunos 
 libros, or algunos libros tengo, I have some books ; 
 ningun hombre sabio menos precia elestudio de las bel- 
 las letras, no wise man despises the learning of litera- 
 ture, and it would not be right to say, tengo libros al- 
 gunos, viene hombre ninguno. 
 
 The adjectives mucho and poco cannot be postponed 
 when they join the substantives; as, inuchos soldados ; 
 pocos viveres, many soldiers, little provisions ; but if a 
 verb is put between two nouns, it is tolerable to put 
 the substantive first, and so it is used to say, in the* 
 enumeration of several things ; as, soldados habia mil- 
 chos, there was many soldiers ; viveres tenian jk>cos, 
 they had but little provisions. The adjective cierto, 
 when it is used in a vague and indetermined sense al- 
 ways precedes the substantive; and so we say, cierto 
 amigo me vino a ver, a certain friend came to see me ; 
 cierta dama lo escribe, a certain lady writes it ; hay 
 ciertos Jtombres con quiencs no se puede tratar, there are 
 certain men with whom we cannot treat ; ciertas se- 
 Hales suelen anunciar lo que ha de suceder, certain signs 
 
Of the Syntax. 159 
 
 often foretel what will happen; but if the same adjec- 
 tive is used in a fixed and determinate sense, it is put 
 after the substantive; as, el favor ecer fulano a su ene* 
 mi go, es una serial cierta de su generosidad, it is a 
 certain sign of such one's generosity to favour his 
 enemy. 
 
 For the same reason that the adjectives precede the 
 substantives, the verbs sometimes precede their nomi- 
 natives, as on the following examples : En la guerra 
 puede mucho la autoridad de la sangre ; pero no se 
 vence con ella, sino con el valor y la industria. (Saa- 
 vedra, emp. If.) 
 
 Obran en el relox las ruedas con tan mudo y 
 oculto silencio, que ni se ven, ni se oyen, (Saav. 
 Empr. 57.) the w r heels of a clock work with such 
 silence and secrecy, that they are neither heard nor 
 seen ; no se contento el entendimiento humano con la 
 especulacion de las cosas terresires, (Saav. Empr. 
 8b'.) the human mind was not contented or satisfied 
 with the speculation of terrestrial things. In the first 
 example the natural order requires to say ; as, la 
 autoridad de la sangre puede mucho en la guerra, 
 pero no se vence con ella, sino con el valor y la m- 
 dustria ; but the energy and clearness requires another 
 collocation, because, preferring the noun autoridad to 
 the verb puede, it is not possible to give another place 
 to the pronoun ella than that which it occupies. In 
 this manner the sense would be obscure, and might be 
 referred to guerra instead of autoridad. In the second 
 example, the natural construction requires, as follows, 
 las ruedas obran en el y % elox con silencio tan mudo y 
 oculto. que ni se oyen ni se ven. 
 
 In the third example, the natural order requires 
 thus : el entendimiento humano no se contento con la 
 €speculacion de las cosas terrestres ; but the -figurative 
 construction is more elegant, because it avoids the con- 
 currence of the two syllables no no, of the words 
 humano no. For equal motives, the abverbs<are some- 
 times before the verbs, and the adjectives before their 
 
l6o A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 substantives, and so it is frequently said bien estd, it is 
 well ; muclio tarda de venir, he is very long coming ; 
 presto volvere, I shall soon return ; nada import a, it is 
 no matter ; nunca acaba, he never finishes; because, 
 in all these cases, and the like, we wish to anticipate 
 -the qualification of the verbs to their own significa- 
 tion. 
 
 Of the Figure Ellipsis. 
 
 This is a figure by which some words are omitted in 
 a discourse, though necessary to complete the gramma- 
 tical construction, are not required to express our 
 meaning; on the contrary, if such words were put in 
 their respective places, the sentence would be tedious 
 without grace and energy. This figure is frequently 
 used, and of great utility, because we endeavour to 
 express our thoughts with the greatest brevity, and con- 
 sequently we omit such words that may be understood, 
 as in the following examples. In the common manner 
 of speaking and saluting one another, we say, a Dios., 
 buenos dias, bien venido. In these expressions there is 
 no grammatical speech, because a verb is wanted ; hut 
 if the verb is put in its place, the sense will be perfect, 
 according to the general rules ; as, a Dios te encomi- 
 endo, good hye, or farewell ; buenos dias le dd dios, 
 good morning to you. When any one says, hears, or 
 does any thing, and wishes to know the opinion of 
 another, he asks, que talP the other replies, bien, or 
 bueno; ellipsis is committed in the question as well as in 
 the answer, because in the first it is understood que tal 
 le parece ? how does it appear to you r and in the 
 next, me parece bien, or bueno. When any one wishes 
 to shew himself thankful for some thing or favour that 
 he has received, we commonly say, gracias; it is un- 
 derstood le day gradus, or le doy las graeias, I give 
 you thanks. 
 
 When we take leave, with a mind of returning in a 
 short time, we say, a Dios, has fa luego, hast a mana- 
 na> where it is understood ; qucdese con Dios, God be 
 
Of the Syntax. 161 
 
 with you ; hast a que vuelva htego, or hasta man ana 
 que volvere*, until I'll come back, until I return to- 
 morrow. This figure is so frequently used, that we 
 cannot hardly read six lines in any book without find- 
 ing it. Let us see the use of it in some examples of 
 classic authors: un vasallo prodigo se deitruye d si 
 mismOy a prodigal vassal destroys himself; tin principe" 
 d si yd sus vasallos, a prince himself and his vassals. 
 In the second member of this period, the adjective pro- 
 d/go, the pronoun se, and twice the verb destruye, are 
 understood, since the grammatical integrity requires us 
 to say, un principe prodigo se destruye d si, y destruye 
 d sus vasallos. 
 
 When two or more substantives belonging to the 
 same thing are without a conjunction, the figure Ellip- 
 sis is committed, because a verb and some relative pro- 
 noun is understood ; as, Madrid capital de Espa?ia 9 
 Madrid and Capital are two substantives, but between 
 them the relative que and the verb es are understood, 
 and so it ought to be said, Madrid que es capital de 
 Espana, Madrid, which is the capital of Spain. 
 
 The knowledge of this figure is very necessary, for 
 the frequent use it has in the Castillian language. 
 It is a general rule of our grammar, that the proper 
 nouns should be without articles, notwithstanding there 
 are some authors who pretend that from this rule ought 
 to be excepted the proper names of some rivers, pro- 
 vinces, and even persons ; as, el Tajo, el Duero, el 
 Ebro, la Andalucia, el Petrarca, el Bocacio ; with- 
 out considering, that before these proper nouns are un- 
 derstood other common ones that admit articles; as, 
 rio, provincia, autor. For the same reason it might 
 be believed that the adverbs are joined not only with 
 verbs, but also with adjectives; as, los dnimos demusia- 
 damente recelosos por huir de un peligro, dan en vtros 
 mayores, fearful minds, in avoiding one danger fall 
 into a greater; but it must be observed, that after the 
 substantive animos the words que son are supplied by 
 the figure Ellipsis; and the adverb demasiaddmente h 
 
 Y 
 
1$2 A New Spaniel Grammar. 
 
 not joined with the adjective recelosos, but with the 
 verb supplied son* 
 
 Of the Figure Pleonasm. 
 
 This figure is vicious when it is used without neces- 
 sity, but it is very useful to give more force to the 
 expressions, and in order to remove all doubt to those 
 whom we wish to say asy thing. to; as, yolo vi por mis 
 ojos, I saw it with my own eyes; yo lo escribe de mi 
 mano, I wrote it with my own hand; we commit pleo- 
 nasm, because the words por mis ojos and de mi via no 
 are not necessary ; but, wishing to give greater force 
 and energy to the expressions, we make use of them. 
 The same figure is used when we say, volar por el 
 ay re, to fly in the air ; subir arriba, to ascend upwards; 
 baxar abaxo, to descend downwards. 
 
 This figure is also* used in adding the words mismo 
 and pr&pio, to give greater force to the nouns and pro- 
 nouns with which they are joined; as, tu padre mismo 
 lo ha mandado, thy father himself has commanded it ; 
 tu joropio lo pediste, thou thyself asked for it ; yo 
 mismo estuve presente, I myself was present. In the 
 said expressions, the words mismo and prop io are not 
 required for the natural order; as, tu padre lo ha man- 
 dado, thy father has commanded it ; tu lo pediste, 
 thou didst ask for it ; yo estuve presente, I was pre- 
 sent; but it is very common to add them, because they 
 give greater force to what is said and affirmed. For the 
 same reason the repetition of the personal pronouns is 
 found established ; as, d mime dicen, they tell me; 
 a vmd. te llama, he calls you ; a si mismos se agravian, 
 they aggravate one another ; where they are seen re- 
 peated for the greater clearness and energy of the ex- 
 pressions. 
 
 Of the Syllepsis. 
 
 We use this figure when we join words, not accord- 
 ing to the value which they have, but according to the 
 sense we conceive of them. For example, when we 
 
Of the Syntax. 163 
 
 30111 adjectives or participles with the attributes that 
 serve to treat of persons; as, v. m. esjis l o, your ma- 
 jesty is just; v. a. sea servido, your highness be 
 pleased; the substantives magestad and alteza being 
 feminine, the same as excelencia, excellency ; senoria, 
 Jordship ; merced, worship ; eminencia, eminency ; bea- 
 titud, holiness ; the adjectives justo and servido do not 
 agree with them, and others alike ; but with the sub- 
 stantives rey, infante, cardenal, papa, &c. which are 
 masculine, in which case the grammatical concordancy 
 is altered. 
 
 We use this figure when we do not put the verbs in 
 the singular with collective nouns of the same number, 
 but with the multitude of the collective ; for example : 
 Augusta, acabada la guerra, volvid a Cantabria donde 
 did per don u la muchedumbre ; pero porque de alii ade- 
 lante no se alterasen, conjiados en la, aspereza de los 
 lugares fragosos donde moraban, les mando pasasen a, 
 lo llano sus moradas, y diesen cierto numero de re- 
 henes. (Mariana Hist. lib. 3. cap. ult.) Augustus, 
 after having finished the war, returned to Cantabria, 
 where he granted pardon to the inhabitants ; but that 
 they might not revolt for the future, confiding in the 
 rough stony places where they dwelt, ordered them to 
 remove their dwellings to the plains, and give a certain 
 number of hostages. In this example the figure Syllep- 
 sis is put six times, because the words alUra.se>}, conjia- 
 dos moraban, les, pasasen, and diesen, are in the plural 
 number, agreeing with the substantive muchedumbre, 
 which is in the singular, because it signifies multitude. 
 
 These are the principal figures, and even the only 
 ones wanted in the construction; but to complete this 
 very essential part of the Grammar, and in order that we 
 may overcome with facility any doubt which might 
 occur in a point of so much variety, the following* is a 
 list of the various constructions of some words with 
 
 Y 2 
 
164 
 
 A Xcw Spanish Grammar 
 
 their prepositions, and the government of these to the 
 end of their signification. The active verhs are not 
 comprehended in it, (excepting those which change 
 their government with reciprocal pronouns, and of those 
 which, besides their principal, have another accessary), 
 because they are not construed with prepositions, ex- 
 cept when their action refers to persons or things taken 
 personally, in which case they are construed with the 
 preposition a, as already said. Nor are the passive par- 
 ticiples that follow the construction of their verbs com- 
 prehended, nor the verbs that admit after them some 
 preposition which do not form construction with them, 
 but it is part of some phrase or adverbial mood, or it is 
 used in its natural signification, without dependance of 
 the verb; as, adherir con gusto, porfuerza, de mala 
 gana, a otro dictamen, to adhere willingly, against 
 one's will, to another's opinion. The government of 
 the verb adherir is otro dictamen, with the preposition 
 a, ancl, not that of the prepositions con, par, de, with 
 whose terminations the £Overnment of the verb adherir 
 is not formed, because they depend entirely upon them- 
 selves without any dependence upon the verb, 
 
 Esta Lista va ordenada en 
 tres Columnas : la. de 
 las palabras que se con- 
 struyen con Preposi- 
 ciones ; 2a. de las Pre- 
 posiciones ; 3a. de las 
 palabras regidas de ellas. 
 
 A 
 
 Abalanzarse 
 
 abandonarse 
 
 abocarse 
 
 abochonarse 
 
 abogar 
 
 aborclar una nave 
 
 aborrecible 
 
 aborrecido 
 
 abrasarse 
 
 abrir^e 
 
 los pcligros, 
 
 a la sucTte, 
 
 con alguno, 
 
 de algo, 
 
 por alguno, 
 
 ii con otra, 
 
 alas gentes, 
 
 dc todos, 
 
 en deseos, 
 
 i, con los amigos, 
 
 This List is formed into 
 three Columns: 1st. the 
 words which are con- 
 strued with preposi- 
 tions ; 2dly. of the pre- 
 positions ; 3dly, of the 
 icordsgo vern ed by them , 
 
 To rush on danger. . 
 to abandon one's-self to chance, 
 to confer with somebody. 
 to*l'P stifled with any thing. 
 to plead for any one. 
 to aboard one ship with another, 
 hateful to the p( ople. 
 abhorred by all. 
 to be consumed with desiies. 
 to explain ones self tp one's confi- 
 dents 
 
Government of Prepositions, 
 
 165 
 
 abstenerse 
 
 de la fruta, 
 
 abundar, de, 
 
 en riquezas, 
 
 aburrido, 
 
 de las desgracias, 
 
 abusar 
 
 de laamistad, 
 
 acabar 
 
 de venir, 
 
 acaecer, 
 
 a alguno, 
 
 acaecer 
 
 en tal tiempo, 
 
 acalorarse 
 
 en, con, la disputa, 
 
 aceeder a 
 
 ia opinion de otro, 
 
 accesible 
 
 a. todos, 
 
 acertar a 
 
 con la casa, 
 
 acogerse 
 
 a sagrado, 
 
 acomodarse 
 
 con alguno, 
 
 acompanarse 
 
 con otros, 
 
 uconsejarse 
 
 con, de sabios, 
 
 aeontecer a los incautos, 
 
 acordarse de lo pasado, 
 
 acordarse con los contrarios, 
 
 aootsumbrarse a. trabajos, 
 
 acred itarse de necio, 
 
 acreedor a, de la confianza, 
 
 acreedor de alguno, 
 
 aetuarse de, en los negocios, 
 
 acusar a alguno, \ 
 
 de algan delito, ) 
 acusarse de . las culpas, 
 
 adelantarse a. otros, 
 
 adherirse a otro dictamen, 
 
 adolecer de alguna enfermedad, 
 aferrarse ,en> con su opinion, 
 aficionarse a de alguno, 
 
 afirmarse en lo dicho, 
 
 ageno de verdad, 
 
 agradecido 
 
 a 
 
 Dios, 
 
 agradable 
 
 al 
 
 paladar, 
 fcuguno, 
 
 agraviarse 
 
 de 
 
 agregarse, 
 
 a 
 
 otros, 
 
 agrio 
 
 al 
 
 gusto, 
 
 agudo 
 
 de 
 
 ingenio, 
 
 ahitarse 
 
 de 
 
 jnanjares, 
 
 ahogarse 
 
 en 
 
 el mar, 
 
 ahorrar 
 
 de 
 
 razones, 
 
 airarse con 
 
 
 alguno, 
 
 ajustarse con 
 
 
 el precio, 
 
 alabarse de 
 
 
 valiente, 
 
 alargarse a 
 
 
 la cuidad, 
 
 alegrarse de 
 
 
 las noticias, 
 
 alejarse de 
 
 
 • su tierra, 
 
 alimentarse de, con 
 
 yerbas, 
 
 alindar con 
 
 
 otra heredad, 
 
 allanarse a 
 
 
 lo justo, 
 
 alto de 
 
 
 cuerpo, 
 
 amable de 
 
 
 genio, 
 
 amancebarse 
 
 
 con madam a, 
 
 a m ancebarse con 
 
 los libros. 
 
 to abstain from fruit. 
 to abound with, or in riches, 
 weary with ones misfortunes, 
 to abuse friendship, 
 to be just come. 
 to happen to any one. 
 to happen at such a time, 
 to get warm in a dispute, 
 to yield to another's opinion ■ 
 accessible to all. 
 to find out the house, 
 to have recourse to the church. 
 to settle ones self with any one. 
 to keep company with others, 
 to be advised with, or by learned 
 
 men , 
 to happen to the careless, 
 to remember any thing passed, 
 to agree with ones contraries, 
 to accustom one's self to troubles, 
 to own one's folly, 
 to be worthy of confidence, 
 to be any one's creditor, 
 to get knowledge on business. 
 
 to accuse any one of some giimv, 
 
 to accuse one s faults. 
 
 to advance others. 
 
 to adhere to another s opinion, 
 
 ill, or vjith any infirmity. 
 
 positive in one's opinion. 
 
 to be fond of somebody. 
 
 to be positive of what is said. 
 
 ridiculous to truth. 
 
 grateful to God. 
 
 pleasant to the palate. 
 
 to be vexed with any one. 
 
 to unite ones self to others. 
 
 sour to the taste. 
 
 witty of genius. 
 
 to surfeit ones self with food. 
 
 to drown one's self in the sea. 
 
 to spare words. 
 
 get in passion ivith somebody , 
 
 to agree with, the price. 
 
 to boasirof bravery. 
 
 to hasten to the town. 
 
 rejoiced with news. 
 
 to go far from one's country. 
 
 to subsist upon vegetables. 
 
 contiguous to another's estate. 
 
 to submit to what is just. 
 
 tall. 
 
 to be of goodnature. 
 
 to keep company with -madam 
 
 to become studious. 
 
166 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 amanarse a 
 amoroso con 
 ampararse de 
 ancho de 
 andar con 
 andar en 
 andar en 
 andar en 
 andar del 
 andar por 
 angosto de 
 anhelar a, por 
 anticipate a 
 aovar en 
 aparecerse a 
 
 escribir, 
 
 los suyos, 
 
 algo, 
 
 boca, 
 
 el tiempo, 
 
 carnes, \ 
 
 cueros, J 
 
 cuerpo, 
 
 cuerpo, 
 
 tieira, 
 
 mange, 
 
 mayor fortuna, 
 
 ouo, 
 
 la ribera, 
 
 alguno, 
 
 aparecerse en el camino, 
 
 aparejarse para el trabajo, 
 
 apartarse de la ocasion, 
 
 apartarse a un lado, 
 apasionarse a, de, por, alguno, 
 
 apearse de su opinion, 
 
 apechugar con alguna cosa, 
 
 apschugar por los peligros, 
 
 apedrear con las palabras, 
 
 apegarse a alguna cosa, 
 
 ape'ar de la sentencia, 
 
 apelar a otro medio, 
 
 apercibirse de arm as, 
 
 apercibirse a, para la batalla. 
 
 apetecible al gusto, 
 
 apetecido de, por todos, 
 
 apiadarse de los pobres, 
 
 aplicarse a los estudios, 
 
 apedcrarse de la hacienda, 
 
 apostar a. correr, 
 
 apresurarse a venir, 
 
 apresurarse por alguna cosa, 
 
 apretar por la cintura, 
 aprobarse en alguna faculiad, 
 
 aprobado de cirujano; 
 
 aproptado para el oficio, 
 
 apropinqxiarse a alguno, 
 
 aprovecnarse en la virtud; 
 
 aprovecbarse de la ocasion, 
 
 apto para el empleo, 
 
 apurado de niedios, 
 
 aquietarse en la disputa, 
 
 arder en amores, 
 
 arderse en quimeras, 
 
 armarse de pacaencia, 
 
 arrecirse de frio, 
 
 arreglarse a . . las ley;-:, 
 arremeter a^con, contra el muro, 
 arrepentirsc de ... ias culpasy 
 
 apply one's self in writing. 
 fond of one 's relations, 
 to take possession of something, 
 wide-mouthed, 
 to conform ones self with the time 
 
 to go naked. 
 
 to go without a cloak. 
 
 to go to stool. 
 
 to go hu land. 
 
 stingy, not generous. 
 
 to covet letter fortune. 
 
 to anticipate with another. 
 
 to lay eggs on the hanks of a river. 
 
 present one's se suddenly before 
 
 any one. 
 to present one's self on the road, 
 to prepare for ivork. 
 to shun the occasion. 
 to stand on one side, 
 to be intimate with any one. 
 to change one's opinion. 
 to undertake any thing with good 
 spirits, 
 to brave dangers. 
 to he a great talker. 
 to stick to any thing. 
 to appeal from the sentence. 
 to have recourse to other measures, 
 to provide one's self icith arms. 
 to prepare one s self for the battle, 
 desirable to the taste, 
 wished ly alt. 
 to have pity en the poor. 
 to apply one's self to study. 
 to take possession of the goods, 
 to lay a wager on a race. 
 to come fast, quick, 
 to he quick at any thing. 
 to hold fast ly the waist, 
 to be approved in any faculty, 
 approved for a surgeon, 
 adapted for the office, 
 to approach (my one. 
 to make good use of virtue. 
 to seize the occasion, 
 fit for the employ?ncnt. 
 exhausted of means, 
 to he quiet in the dispute, 
 to burn with love. 
 to he quarrelsome, 
 to arm one s self with patience. 
 to he benumbed with cold. 
 to conform one's self to the laws, 
 to assault the wall, 
 to repent of one s faults. 
 
Government of Prepositions. 
 
 16/ 
 
 ammarse a 
 
 urrinconarse en 
 
 arrogarsel , 
 (alga) j l 
 
 arrqjarse a 
 
 arro parse con 
 
 asarse tie 
 
 ascender a 
 
 asegurarse tie 
 
 asentir a 
 
 asesorarse con 
 
 asistir a. 
 
 asistlr en 
 
 asociarse a, con 
 
 asomar.se a 
 
 asparse a 
 
 apar:e par , 
 
 aspero al 
 
 aspero en 
 
 aspirar a 
 
 atarse a 
 
 atemorizarse de 
 
 atender a 
 
 atenerse a 
 
 atento con 
 
 atestiguar con 
 
 atinar a, con 
 
 atollarse en 
 
 atrae'r a 
 atre verse a 
 at reverse con 
 atribuir a 
 atribularse en, 
 atropellarse en 
 atufarse en 
 atufarse de, poi 
 aunarse con 
 ausentarse de 
 avecindarse en 
 avenirse con 
 aventajarsc a 
 avergenzarse a 
 avergonzarse de 
 averiguarse con 
 aviarse de 
 avocarse con 
 
 la pared, 
 casa, 
 
 si mismo, 
 
 pelear, 
 
 la capa, 
 
 calor, 
 
 otro empleo, 
 
 su contrario, 
 
 otro dictamen, 
 
 letrados, 
 
 los enfermos, 
 
 tal cosa, 
 
 otro, 
 
 porla ventana, 
 
 gritos, 
 
 ^Iguna cosa, 
 
 gusto, 
 
 las palabras, 
 
 mayor fortuna, 
 
 una sola cosa, 
 
 por algo, 
 
 la conversacion, 
 
 lo seguro, 
 
 sus may ores, 
 
 otro, 
 
 la casa> 
 
 los caminos 
 
 si, 
 
 cos~s grandcs, 
 
 todos, 
 
 otro, 
 
 con los trabajos, 
 
 las acetones, 
 
 la conversacion, 
 
 poco, 
 
 otro, 
 
 Londrcs, 
 
 algun pueblo, 
 
 todos, 
 
 ctros, 
 
 pedir, 
 
 algo, 
 
 algwno, 
 
 ropa, 
 
 aiguno, 
 
 to stand near the wall. . 
 to keep one's self at home, 
 to appropriate something to one's" 
 self, 
 to rush one s self to fight. 
 to cover ones self with the cloak^ 
 to be burnt with heat, 
 to ascend to another business, 
 to be sure of one s adversary, 
 to yield to another s opinion, 
 to join with learned people, 
 to assist the sick, 
 to assist in such a thing. 
 to associate with another. 
 to look out at the window. 
 be exhausted with roaring, 
 be exhausted with any thing, 
 rough to the taste. 
 rude in conversation, 
 to aspire to greater fortune, 
 to tie ones self to one thing alone, 
 to be afraid of something. 
 to listen to the conversation, 
 to keep on the side of safety ! 
 respectful to one's superiors, 
 to testify with another, 
 to hit upon the house, 
 to stick fast in the bog. 
 
 to attract to one self. 
 
 to animate one self to great thing? 
 
 to dare with every body. 
 
 to attribute to another. 
 
 to be afflicted with labour. 
 
 to over has ten actions. 
 
 to take pet in conversation. 
 
 to be affronted at a trifle. 
 
 to unite icitk another. 
 
 to absent one" s self from London. 
 
 to take up ones abode in any town. 
 
 to agree with all. 
 
 to gain advantage over others. 
 
 to be ashamed of asking. 
 
 to be ashamed of any thing. 
 
 to agree with any one. 
 
 to provide one's self with deaths. 
 
 to confer with any one. 
 
 B. 
 
 Balancear a tal parte, to hesitate on such a side. 
 
 balancear en la duda, to fine tuate in doubt. 
 
 balar por dinero, to wish for money. 
 
 bambolear en ia maroma, to dance on the nope. 
 
 bafiarse en agua, to bathe one self in water, 
 
 barar en tierra, to run a-ground. 
 
168 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 tarbear con 
 bastardear de 
 bastardear en 
 batallar con 
 bax&r d 
 baxar de 
 baxar de 
 baxar hacia 
 baxo de 
 bene'fico a, para 
 bianco de 
 blando de 
 bias fern ar de 
 blasonar de 
 bordar algo 
 
 bordar algo al 
 
 bramar de 
 bregar con 
 brindar con 
 
 la pared, 
 su naturaieza. 
 sus accidnes, 
 
 los enemigos, 
 
 la cueva, 
 
 la torre, 
 
 la autoridad, 
 
 el valle. 
 
 cuerpo, 
 
 la salud, 
 
 cava, 
 
 corteza. 
 
 la virtud, 
 
 valiente, 
 
 de, con plata, 
 
 tambor, 
 
 corage, 
 alguno, 
 regalos, 
 
 brindar a la salud de alguno, 
 
 bueno de, para comer, 
 
 bufar de ira, 
 
 bullir en, por todas partes, 
 
 burlarse de alguno, u algo, 
 
 to reach a wall with oftr's chin, 
 to degenerate from ones nature. 
 to he degenerated in one's actions, 
 tojight with the enemy. 
 to go down to the cave, 
 to come down from the tower, 
 to recede from ones authority, 
 to descend towards the tal/ey. 
 low in stature, 
 lentficialto the health. 
 of a white face, 
 of a soft skin. 
 
 to blaspheme against virt/u-. 
 to boast of bravery, 
 to embroider any thing in or with 
 silver, 
 to embroider something on a tambour 
 frame, 
 to roar ivith rage. 
 to struggle with another, 
 to offer presents, 
 to toast to another's health, 
 good to eat. 
 to swell with anger, 
 to move in all parts, 
 to make a jest of any one, or thing* 
 
 Caber en 
 caer a, hacia 
 caer de 
 caer en 
 caer en 
 caer en 
 caer en 
 caer en 
 caer por 
 caer sobre 
 caiarse de 
 calentarse a 
 
 la mano, 
 
 tal parte, 
 
 lo alto, 
 
 tierra, 
 
 cuenta, 
 
 error, 
 
 tal tiempo, 
 
 lo que se dice, 
 
 pascua, 
 
 los enemigos, 
 
 agua, 
 
 la lumbre, 
 
 calificar a alguno de ddcto, 
 
 callar la verdad a otro, 
 
 callar de, por mieclo, 
 
 calumniar (a alguno) de injusto, 
 calzarse a. alguno, 
 
 cambiar (alguna «osa) con, por 
 
 otra, 
 caminar a para Burgos, 
 
 caminar a pie, 
 
 caminar por el monte, 
 
 cansarse de, con el trabajo, 
 
 cansarse de .pretender, 
 
 canearse en ei cam! no, 
 
 capaz de ^uatro antfbafc 
 
 to be contained in the hand. 
 
 to fall on such a si-de^ 
 
 to fall from on. high. 
 
 to fall upon the earth. 
 
 to comprehend. 
 
 to fall into a mistake. 
 
 to fall out at such a time. 
 
 to understand what is said. 
 
 to fall at Easter. 
 
 to fall upon the enemy. 
 
 to wet one's self with water. 
 
 to warm ones self at the fire. 
 
 to qualify anyone as a learned man. 
 
 to conceal the truth from another. 
 
 to be silent by fear. 
 
 to calumniate any one as unjust. 
 
 to lead another by the,nvsc. 
 
 to exchange something with another. 
 
 to travel to Burgos. 
 
 to ivalk on foot. 
 
 to walk by the mountain. 
 
 to fatigue one's self with labour. 
 
 ta be tired of pretending. 
 
 to be tired on the road. 
 
 cepclk of holding a hundred wt iglit. 
 
Government of Prepositions. 
 
 169 
 
 eapaz de, para el empleo, 
 
 capitular con el eneinigo, 
 
 capitular (a alguno) de maljuez, 
 
 cargarse de razon, 
 
 casar una persona, 6 cosa con otra, 
 
 catequizar a alguno para alguna 
 cosa, 
 causar (porjuicio) a alguno, 
 
 cautivar a alguno con, por bene- 
 ficios, 
 cavar la imaginacion en alguno, 
 cavar con la imaginacion en algu- 
 na cosa, 
 ceder a otro, 
 
 ceder a la autoridad, 
 
 censurar alguna cosa de ma! a, 
 
 cenirse a lo posible, 
 
 chancearse con alguno, 
 
 chapuzar algo en el agiia, 
 
 chico de cuerpo, 
 
 chocar lino con otro, 
 
 circunscribirse a. una cosa, 
 
 clamar a Dios, 
 
 clamar por dinero, 
 
 clamorear por los muertos, 
 
 coartar la facultad a alguno, 
 
 cobrar dinero de los deudores, 
 
 coligarse con alguno, 
 
 combatir con, contra el enemigo, 
 combinar una cosa con otra, 
 
 comedirse en las palabras, 
 
 comenzar a decir, 
 
 comerse de envidia, 
 
 compatible con lajusticia, 
 
 competir con alguno, 
 
 complacerse de, en alguna'cosa, 
 cornponerse con los duedores, 
 
 componerse de bueno y nialo, 
 
 comprar algo al, del vended6>, 
 comprehensible al entendimiento, 
 comprometerse con alguno, 
 
 comunicarluz a alguna parte, 
 
 comumcar uno con ' otro, 
 
 concebir alguna cosa de tal enodo, 
 
 concebir algo en el animo, 
 
 concebir una cosa de tal rifiodo, 
 conceder algo a otro, 
 
 conceptuar a alguno de, por sabio', 
 concertar una cosa con otra, 
 
 concordar la copia con cl original, 
 
 ooncurnr a 
 coucurrir a 
 
 algun fin, 
 alguna parte, 
 
 capable for the employment. 
 to capitulate with the enemy. 
 to impeach any one for heing a lad 
 yudge. 
 t insist iipon ones opinion. 
 to couple one person or thing vnili 
 another. 
 to suborn any one for something. 
 
 to be prejudiced to another, 
 
 to overcome any one with benefits. 
 
 to think seriously m any body, 
 to think seriously on any thing. 
 
 to yield to a?wther. 
 to yield to authority. 
 to censure any thing as bad. 
 to keep -within boimds 
 tojtst with any c ,c 
 to sink any thing in the ivatcr. 
 small in per soil, 
 drive one against another. 
 to confine oneself to one thing* 
 to pray God. 
 to cry out for money, 
 to ring a peal for the dead. 
 to shorten another's power, 
 to receive money from debtors, 
 to alliate ivith any one. 
 to fight against the enemy, 
 to combine one thing with another, 
 to be civil in ivords. 
 to begin to say. f 
 to pine zvith envy, 
 compatible with justice, 
 to rival any one. 
 to please oneself with some thing, 
 to compound ivith debtors, 
 to be contented with bad and good, 
 to buy something from the seller 
 eonrprehejisible to the mind 
 to compromise oneself with any one. 
 to communicate light to some part, 
 to communicate ow self with another. 
 to conceive any thing in such a man- 
 net: 
 to co??ip'-chcnd something. 
 to convive dine thing in stiel>. a light. 
 to grant something to another. 
 to look upon any one asa ' wise' man. 
 to concert' one thing' wit Iran (Ah cr. 
 to ynakethe copy agfe&mt$tffe&f$. 
 gna'. 
 to concnr't&sofne end. ^ - h ;*■•' 
 to concur to some part. 
 Z 
 
i?o 
 
 A Neiv Spanish Grammar. 
 
 concurnr con oiros, 
 
 concurrir muchos en un dictamen, 
 oondenar a uno a galeras, 
 
 condenar a uno en las costas, 
 
 condescended a los ruegos, 
 
 condolerse de los trabajos, 
 
 conducir algo a talparte^ 
 
 conducir una cosa al bien de otro, 
 r confabul4rse con los contrarios, 
 confederate con alguno, 
 
 conferir una cosa con otra, 
 
 conferir unnegocio con entre los 
 amigos, 
 confesar el delito al juez, 
 
 confesarse a I)ios, 
 
 confesar con alguno, 
 
 confesarse de sus culpas, 
 
 contiar una cosa a una persona, 
 confiar en alguno, 
 
 confinar a alguno a tat parte, 
 
 confinar Espana con Francia, 
 
 confirm'arse en su dictamen, 
 
 conformarse con el tiempo, 
 
 conforrne a, con su opinion, 
 
 confrontar con alguno, 
 
 confrontar una cosa con otra, 
 
 confundirse de lo que se ve, 
 
 confundirse en susjuicios, 
 
 congeniar con alguno, 
 
 congraeiarse con otro, 
 
 congratularse con los sqyos, 
 
 congratularse de alguna cosa, 
 
 congeturar a!go de, por senales, 
 conmutar algo con otra cosa, 
 
 consagrarse a. Dios, 
 
 consentir en algo, 
 
 consolarse con sus amigos, 
 
 conspirar a. alguna cosa, 
 
 conspirar contra alguno, 
 
 constar el todo de partes, 
 
 constar por escrito, 
 
 consultar a alguno para uncmpleo, 
 consultar con letrados, 
 
 consurnado en unafacultdd, 
 
 conlaminarse con los vici^sos, 
 contaminate de hcregias, 
 
 oon.temporizarse con alguno, 
 
 contender con alguno, 
 
 contender sob re. alguna cosa, 
 
 contenerse en suobligacion, 
 
 confestar a Iapregiinta, 
 
 contraer alguna cosa a otra, 
 
 contrapesai una cosa con otra, 
 contra pom'.- otra, 
 
 contrapuntarsc alguno, 
 
 to concur ivith others: 
 
 many to agree in one opinion- 
 
 to condemn amj one to the galleys. 
 
 to condemn one i?i the costs. 
 
 to condescoid to entreaties. 
 
 to he grieved with labour. 
 
 to conduct something to such a place. 
 
 conduce something to another s good. 
 
 to converse with one's enemies. 
 
 to ally oneself with any one 
 
 to compare one thing with another. 
 
 to confer something between friends . 
 
 to confess the crime to the judge, 
 to confess oneself to God. 
 to corf ess with any one. 
 to confess one's sins, 
 to entrust one thing to a person, 
 to rely on somebody, 
 to confine any one to such a side. 
 Spain to confine with France, 
 to be confirmed in one s opinion. 
 to conform to the times, 
 coif orm able to one 's opinion, 
 to confront with somebody, 
 to confront one tiring with another, 
 to be confounded with what one sees- 
 to be thrown into confusion, 
 to be congenial to any one. 
 to get another s favour, 
 to congratulate oneself ivith ones 
 friends. 
 to congratulate oneself of something. 
 to conjecture any thing by signs, 
 to change one thing for another. 
 to consecrate, oneself to God. 
 to agree in any thing . 
 to comfort oneself with one's friends, 
 to aspire to any thing, 
 to conspire against any one. 
 the whole to be composed of parts. 
 to re/ate in writing. 
 to consult any one for an eynploymcnt 
 to consult with learned men. 
 consummated in a faculty, 
 to stain oneself with vices, 
 to conlamina e oneself with heresy, 
 to temporize with any one. 
 to contend with any one. 
 to dispu/e upon a subject, 
 tc keep in one's obligation 
 to answer to one's question, 
 to contract one thing to another. 
 to ntvel one thing ivith another, 
 one thing opposed, to another, 
 to be offended with any one. 
 
Government of Prepositions, 
 
 171 
 
 contravenir a 
 contribuir a 
 contribuir con 
 convalecer de 
 convencerse de 
 conyejjir con 
 convenir en 
 cotiversar con 
 convertirla hacienda 
 convertirse a 
 convidar (a algunq) 
 convidar (a alguno con 
 convidarse a 
 convocar a 
 coopcrar (con otro) a 
 
 la ley, 
 
 tal cosa, 
 
 dinero, 
 
 enfenjiedad, 
 
 la razon', 
 
 otro, 
 
 alguna cosa, 
 
 alguno, 
 
 dinero, 
 
 Dios, 
 
 a comer, 
 
 dinero, 
 
 los trabajos, 
 
 junta, 
 
 alguna cosa, 
 
 en 
 
 correrse de verguenza 
 
 corresponcler a los benefieios 
 
 corresponder con 
 
 cotejar (la copia) con 
 
 crecer en 
 
 crecido de 
 
 creer en 
 
 creerse de 
 
 cucharetear en 
 
 cuidar de 
 
 culpar a 
 cumplir con 
 cumplir con 
 curarse de 
 curtirse al 
 curtido del 
 
 los ainigos, 
 
 el original, 
 
 virtudcs, 
 
 cuerpo, 
 
 JDios, 
 
 alguna cosa, 
 
 todo, 
 
 algo, de alguno, 
 
 alguno, 
 
 alguno, 
 
 su obligacion, 
 
 alguna enfen.nedad, 
 
 ayre, 
 
 sol, 
 
 to transgress the law. 
 
 to contribute to such, a thing. 
 
 to contribute with money. 
 
 to recover from infirmity. 
 
 to be convinced with reason. 
 
 to agree with another. 
 
 to agree in am/ thing. 
 
 to talk with am/ one. 
 
 to convert goods into money. 
 
 to be converted to God. 
 
 to invite uny body to dine. 
 
 to offer money to any body. 
 
 to be ■■rilling to work. 
 
 to call a meeting. 
 
 to co-operate some thing with another, 
 
 to be ashamed. 
 
 to be grateful, 
 
 to correspond with one s friends. 
 
 to compare the copy zuith the original 
 
 to increase in virtues. 
 
 tall. 
 
 to bel 
 
 in God. 
 
 to be convinced of any thing, 
 to intermeddle in every thing. 
 to take care of so?nething, or of some- 
 body . 
 to blame any body, 
 to fulfil one's duly icith any body. 
 to do one's duty, 
 to be cured of some malady, 
 to tan by the air. 
 tanned by the sun. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dar algo a 
 dar (a alguno) de 
 dar de' 
 darse a 
 darse por 
 deber dinero a. 
 decaer de 
 decir algo a 
 decir (bien) x de 
 dc'clararse a. 
 declararse por 
 declinar a, hacia 
 declinar en 
 dedicar (tiempo) al 
 dedicarse a 
 defender (a uno) de 
 defraudar (algo) de 
 
 degenerar de 
 delante de 
 
 iilguno, 
 
 pa los, 
 
 bianco, 
 
 estudiar, 
 
 veucido, 
 
 alguno, 
 
 su auLoikiad, 
 
 otro, 
 
 alguno, 
 
 alguno, 
 
 tin partido, 
 
 tal parte, 
 
 baxeza, 
 
 estudio, 
 
 la virtud, 
 
 sus contra rios, 
 
 la autoridad 
 
 de otro, 
 
 m nacimieiito, 
 
 alguno, 
 
 to give something to any body. 
 
 to beat any body with a stick. 
 
 to miss oneself. 
 
 to apply oneself to study. 
 
 to surrender. 
 
 to be i?idcbtcd to any body. 
 
 to fall from one's authority. 
 
 to say something to a?wther. 
 
 to speak a ell of any body. 
 
 to declare oucsc/f to any body. 
 
 to declare onesef for one party. 
 
 to approach towards s?ich a place. 
 
 to approach towards any thing base. 
 
 to employ one's time in study. 
 
 to dedicate one selj to virtue. 
 
 to defend any body from his enemies. 
 
 to usurp another's authority. 
 
 to degeneratefrom one's ancestors. 
 before any body. 
 
 ' Z 2 
 
m 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 delatarse al 
 delcytarse con 
 
 (k'lt'yt^iso en 
 ckhberar >obve 
 (Jentro de 
 depender de 
 deponer (i algmio) 
 cJt positar (aigo) en 
 derivar de 
 denenegar de 
 desabrirse con 
 desalrocharse eon 
 
 juez, 
 
 la vista, 
 
 oir, 
 
 tal cosa, 
 
 easa, 
 
 alguno, 
 
 de suempleo, 
 
 alguna parte, 
 
 otva autoridad, 
 
 alguna cosa, 
 
 alguno, 
 
 algr.no, 
 
 desajradecido a algun beneficio, 
 desahogarse (con alguno) de su 
 pena, 
 dcsapropiarse de algo, 
 
 desaventrse con alguno, 
 
 desaventrse (uncs) de otros, 
 
 ilesayunarse de alguna noticia, 
 descabezarse en, con alguna cosa, 
 descansar de la fatiga, 
 
 descanlill r (algo) de alguna co3a, 
 dcscartarse de algun encargo, 
 
 descender a los valles, 
 
 descender de buen linage, 
 
 de^colgarse de, por lamuraUa, 
 descoilar sobre ouos, 
 
 descomponerse con alguno, 
 
 desconfiar de alguno, 
 
 desconocido a los benencios, 
 
 descontar (algo) de aiguna cosa, 
 descubrirse con alguno, 
 
 descuidarse de, en su obligacion, 
 desdecir de su caracter. 
 
 desdecirse de lo dicho. 
 
 desdefiarse de alguna cosa, 
 
 desernbarazarse de estorbos, 
 
 desembarcar en elpuerto, 
 
 desenfrenarse en vicios, 
 
 desertar del regimiento, 
 
 desesnecaf de la prt'lcncion, 
 
 desfafc ar (algo) de aiguna cosa, 
 deshac'^e; a trabajar, 
 
 deshac&fs'e alguna cosa, 
 
 deshaceVse en iianto, 
 
 desmentir a alguno, 
 
 desmcntir (unaco^.) de otra, 
 
 desnudarse de pasibnes, 
 
 (1, ipedirse de alguno, 
 
 Fiar& de t un monte, 
 
 despeiiarse de un vicio, en otro, 
 desperu'ir a alguno, 
 
 despectar del ' sueno, 
 
 de la dfen«a, 
 
 to accuse oneself to a judge, 
 to please oneself' with teeing 
 
 to please one selfwi h hearing. 
 to dekberate upon such a thing. ' 
 ujitkito he house, 
 to depend upon any body. 
 depose any one of his employ went. 
 to deposit an// thing in any place. 
 to derive from another authority, 
 to detest any thing, 
 to have a difference with any one. 
 to manifest one' sown secret to ano- 
 ther, 
 ungrateful to some benefit, 
 to relate o?ie's trouble to another. 
 
 to alienate any thing. 
 
 to disagree with any one. 
 
 some to disagree with others. 
 
 to take notice of any thing. 
 
 to labour in vain. 
 
 to rest oneself from fatigue. 
 
 to break off the corner of any thing 
 
 to excuse anesclffrom some charge. 
 
 to descend to the vallies, 
 
 to come of a good family. 
 
 to creep down the wall. 
 
 lo surpass others. 
 
 to disagree with any body. 
 
 to mistrust any one. 
 
 un grateful for benefits. 
 
 to discount any thing from another 
 
 to discover oneself with any one. 
 
 to neglect his obligation. 
 
 to deviate from one's character. 
 
 to retract ivhat one has said. 
 
 to disdain any thing. 
 
 to get rid of lumber. 
 
 to land in the sea-port. 
 
 to abandon oneself to vices. 
 
 to desert from the regiment. 
 
 to despair of one's pretention. 
 
 to take away from another thing. 
 
 to work with anxiety. 
 
 to get rid of any thing. 
 
 to be desperate. 
 
 to belie any one. 
 
 one thing to beseparute from another. 
 
 to conquer one's passions., 
 
 tc fa/u leave of any one. 
 
 tdfatlfiom a m nintain. 
 
 to go f Yd in one vice lo another. 
 
 to awake any one. 
 
 to awake from sleep. 
 
 tu be revenged of an affront. 
 
Government of Prepositions. 
 
 173 
 
 desposarse con alguno , 
 
 desprenderse de alga, 
 
 desquitarse d& la perdida, 
 
 desterrar (a uno) de su patria, 
 
 desvergonzarse con alguno, 
 
 desviarse del canino, 
 
 detene'rse en dificultades, 
 
 determinarse a partir, 
 
 detras de laiglesia, 
 
 devolver (la causa) al juez, 
 
 ■dexar de escribir, 
 
 dexar (algo) en las manos de otro, 
 diferir (algo) a, para otro tiernpo, 
 dignarse de conceder algo, 
 
 discernir (una cosa) de otra, 
 
 disgustarse de, con alguna cosa, 
 disponer de los bienea, 
 
 disponerse a caminar, 
 
 disputar de, sobre alguna cosa, 
 disentir de otrodictamen, 
 
 distar (un pueblo) de otra, 
 
 distinguir (una cosa) de otras, 
 distraerse de, en la conversacion, 
 disuadir (ft alguno) de alguno cosa, 
 dividir (una cosa) de otra, 
 
 dividir en partes, 
 
 dividir entre muchos, 
 
 dividir por mitad, 
 
 doterse de los pecados, 
 
 dotado de ciencia, 
 
 dudar de alguna cosa, 
 
 durar hasta el invie'rno, 
 
 durar por mucho tiempo, 
 
 to marry any one. 
 
 to gel rid of something. 
 
 to make up for one's loss. 
 
 to banish any one from his country. 
 
 to take liberty with somebody. 
 
 to lose ones way. 
 
 to be stopped by difficulties. ' , 
 
 resolve oneself to set out. 
 
 behind the church. 
 
 to devolve the cause- to the judge. 
 
 to leave off writing. 
 
 leave something in another s power. 
 
 to defer any thing to another time. 
 
 to condescend to grant any thing. 
 
 to discern one thing from another. 
 
 to be disgusted with any thing. 
 
 to dispose of goods. 
 
 to dispose oneself to walk. . 
 
 to dispute of upon, any thing. 
 
 to disse?itfrom another's opinion* 
 
 a place to be distant from another. 
 
 to distinguish one thing from another 
 
 to distract in conversation. 
 
 to dismade any one from any thing: 
 
 to divide one thing from another. 
 
 to divide in parts. 
 
 to drvide between many, 
 
 to divide into halves. 
 
 to repent of ones sins. 
 
 endowed with learning. 
 
 to doubt of something. 
 
 to last until the winter. 
 
 to last for a long time. 
 
 E. 
 
 Echar (algo) a, en, por tierra, 
 elevarse de la tierra, 
 
 embarcarse en negocios, 
 
 embobarse (con, de, en) alguna 
 cosa, 
 emboscarse en el monte, 
 
 embutir (una cosa) en otra, 
 
 enmendarse con la correccion, 
 enmendarse de, en alguna cosa 
 empaparse en a£iia, 
 
 emparejar con alguno, 
 
 empenarse en una cosa, 
 
 empeiiarse por alguno, 
 
 emplearse en alguna cosa, 
 
 enamorarse de alguno, 
 
 encallar (la nave) en arena, 
 
 ^ncaminarse k alguna parte, 
 
 encararse a, con alguno, 
 
 encargarse de algun negocio, 
 
 •encaxarse en, por alguaa parte, 
 
 t-o throw any thing on the earth, 
 to rise from the ground, 
 to undertake some business, 
 to be stupified with any thing. 
 
 to lie in ambush in a wood. 
 
 to inlay any thing vjith another, 
 
 to correct oneself by reprimand. 
 
 to correct oneself in any thing. 
 
 to be damp with water.. 
 
 to attack any one. 
 
 to take part in a thing. 
 
 to take part for another. 
 
 employed in any thing. 
 
 to fall in love with any one. 
 
 to run the ship on thesands. 
 
 to take way to some port. 
 
 to face with another. 
 
 to charge oneself with some affai 
 
 to thrust oneself in any part. 
 
174 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 encenasrarse en uoos, 
 
 enrenderse en ira, 
 
 encerrarse en su casa, 
 
 encbarcarse en aqua, 
 
 enconiendarse a Dios, 
 
 entermar del pecho, 
 
 enfrasrarse en la disputa, 
 
 cngolfarse en cosas graves, 
 
 cngrefrse con la fortuna, 
 
 ensayarse a, para alguna cosa, 
 
 entender de alguna cosa, 
 
 entender en sus negocios. 
 
 enterarse en algun negocio, 
 
 entrar en alguna parte, 
 
 entremeterse en cosas de otro, 
 
 enviar algo a alguno, 
 
 equivocaise en algo, 
 
 e^caparse de la prision, 
 escarmentar de, con alguna cosa, 
 
 escarmentar en cabeza agena, 
 
 e^conder, se en alguna parte, 
 
 escaso de medios, 
 
 escribir cartas a alguno, 
 
 esculpir en bronce 
 
 csmerarse en alguna cosa, 
 
 espantarse de algo, 
 
 estampar en papel, 
 
 estar a la orden de otro, 
 
 estar de v iage, 
 
 estar en alguna parte, 
 
 estar en animo de, &c. 
 
 estar para salir, 
 
 estar por alguno, 
 
 estar (alguna cosa) por suceder, 
 
 estrecharse con alguno, 
 
 estrecbarse en los gastos, 
 
 eitrellarse con alguno, 
 
 estribar en alguna cosa, 
 
 exceder (una cosa) a otra, 
 exceptuar (a alguno) de alguna 
 cosa, 
 
 excusarse con alguno, 
 
 exhort: r a alguno, 
 extmir (a alguno) de alguna cosa, 
 
 exonerar (a alguno) de su empleo, 
 expeler a alguno de alguna parte, 
 
 'experto en las artcs, 
 
 extracr f una cosa) de otra, 
 
 cxtraviaroe de la carrera, 
 
 to be vicious. 
 
 to kindle with anger. 
 
 to stay at home. 
 
 to drink too much laaler. 
 
 to pray God. 
 
 to crow infirm of the breast. 
 
 to he entangled in the dispute. 
 
 to be plunged in serious things. 
 
 to grow vain with fortune. 
 
 to try to do any thing. 
 
 to understand any thing. 
 
 to I e perfect of one's business. 
 
 to be informed in some a fair. 
 
 to enter in any part. 
 
 to meddle ivith another's affairs. 
 
 to send something to another. 
 
 to equivocate in a?iy thing. 
 
 to escape from prison. 
 
 to take warning of any thing. 
 
 to take learning at another's expenct. 
 
 to hide oneself in any place, 
 
 to be poor. 
 
 to write letters to any body. 
 
 to engrave in brass. 
 
 to exert oneself in something. 
 
 to be afraid of something. 
 
 to imprint on paper. 
 
 to be under the orders of arwtkcr. 
 
 to be on a journey. 
 
 to be any where. 
 
 to have a mind of, to, Sec. 
 
 to be ready to go out. 
 
 to take somebody s part. 
 
 any thing to be happen. 
 
 to make oneself free with any one. 
 
 to be moderate in spending. 
 
 to dash with another. 
 
 to be supported in any thing. 
 
 one thing to excel another. 
 
 to except any one from any thing 
 
 to excuse oncsclffrom any body. 
 
 to exhort any one. 
 
 to exempt any one from any thing. 
 
 to dismiss any onejrom hisfiTaa . 
 
 to expel any onejrom some part. 
 
 skilful for the arts. 
 
 to extract one thing from another 
 
 to deviate from one s purpose, 
 
 Facil de 
 
 fu It ar a 
 
 falto de 
 
 fitStii. 
 
 F. 
 
 digerir, easy to digest. 
 
 la palabra, to jail in one's promise. 
 
 juicio, want of sense. 
 
 mahjarcs, to be disgusted of victuals 
 
Government of Prepositions. 
 
 175 
 
 fatigarse de, en, por 
 favorable a, para 
 favorecerse de 
 fiarse de, en 
 fiar algo a 
 fiel a 
 
 fixar algo en 
 flexible a 
 fluctuar en, entre 
 fortincarse en 
 franquearse a, con 
 fuera de 
 fuerte de 
 fundarse en 
 
 alguna cosa, to be tired of any thing. 
 
 alguno, favourable to any one. 
 
 alguno, to avail oneself of any body . 
 
 alguno, to trust on any body . 
 
 alguno, to lend any thing to somebody. 
 
 sus araigos, faithful to one's friends. 
 
 la pared, to fix any thing in the wall. 
 
 la razon, pliant to reason. 
 
 dudas, to fluctuate in doubts. 
 
 alguna parte, to strengthen oneself in some part. 
 
 alguno, to open oneself in with another 
 
 casa, out of the house. 
 
 condicion, of a rough temper. 
 
 razon, to be founded in reason. 
 
 G. 
 
 Girar una letra a cargo de olro. 
 girar de una parte a otra> 
 
 girar por tal parte, 
 
 gloriarse de alguna cosa, 
 
 graduar una cosa de por buena, 
 grangear la voluntad a, de alguno, 
 guardarse de alguno, de alguna 
 cosa, 
 guarecerse de alguna persona 
 
 6 cosa, 
 guarecerse en alguna persona, 
 giiarnecer una cosa con, de otra, 
 guiado de alguno, 
 
 guindaise por la pared, 
 
 gustar de alsmna cosa, 
 
 to draw a bill upon another. 
 
 to reel from one side to another. 
 
 to reel on such aside. 
 
 to boast of any thing. 
 
 to prize a thing as a good t one. 
 
 to get another's affection 
 
 to guard oneself from any <Mr, or 
 
 thing. 
 to heal oneself from am J pWWQ LT 
 
 thing. 
 secured by some person, 
 to lace one thing with another, 
 guided by any one 
 to desceyid by the wall, 
 to taste of any things. 
 
 H. 
 
 Habil en 
 
 papeles, 
 
 habil para 
 
 el empleo, 
 
 habilitar a uno en. 
 
 , para alguna 
 
 
 cosa, 
 
 habitar con 
 
 alguno, 
 
 habitar en 
 
 tal parte, 
 
 habituarse a, en 
 
 alguna cosa, 
 
 habiar con, por 
 
 alguno, 
 
 habiar dej en, sobre alguna cosa, 
 
 habiar er: 
 
 gviego, 
 
 hacer a 
 
 todo, 
 
 hacer de 
 
 valiente, 
 
 haccr para 
 
 *C 
 
 hacer por 
 
 alguno, 
 
 hacerse 'con 
 
 buenos libros, 
 
 hallar alguna cosa 
 
 en tal parte, 
 
 hall arse a, en 
 
 \x fiesta, 
 
 hartarse de 
 
 comida, 
 
 henchir el eantaro 
 
 de agiia, 
 
 herir a. alguno en 
 
 la estimation, 
 
 skilful in letters. 
 
 dexterous for the employment . 
 
 to enable any body for any tiling. 
 
 to dwell with any one. 
 
 to dwell in such a place. 
 
 to accustom oneself to something. 
 
 to speak with, for anif one. 
 
 to speak of, or about any thing. 
 
 to speak Greek. 
 
 to be ready for any thing. 
 
 to boast of courage. 
 
 to do for oneself. 
 
 to act for any one. 
 
 to accustom oneself to good ftdohs 
 
 to find something in such a p,a:c. 
 
 to be present at thejeast. 
 
 to gorge oneself with victuals. 
 
 to fill the pitcher with water. 
 
 to offend any ones reputation. 
 
l 7 6 
 
 A Nav Spanish Grammar. 
 
 herido de la injuria, 
 
 hermanar una cosa con otra, 
 
 hervir un lugar dc, en gonte, 
 
 hincarse de rodillas, 
 
 hocicar en alguna cosa, 
 
 holgarse con, de alguna cosa, 
 
 huir de alguna persona 6 cosa, 
 humanarse a alguna cotn, 
 
 humillarse & alguna persona, 
 
 hundir alguna cosa en el agiia, 
 
 offended by the injury. 
 
 to join one thing with another. 
 
 a place to he very populous. 
 
 to kneel down. 
 
 to muzzle in any thing. 
 
 to rejoice with any thing. 
 
 to fiii from any person or thing. 
 
 to he humane to any thing. 
 
 to humble oneself' to any person. 
 
 to plunge any thing into the water. 
 
 I. 
 
 Idoneo para alguna cosa, 
 
 igual a, con otro, 
 
 igual en fuerzas, 
 
 igualarse con otro, 
 
 igualar una cosa a, con otra, 
 
 imbuir a alguno de, en alguna cosa, 
 impeler a alguno a alguna cosa, 
 impelido de la necesidad, 
 
 impenetrable a los mas perspicaces, 
 impenetrable en el secreto, 
 
 impetrar aigo de alguno, 
 
 implicarse con, en alguna cosa, 
 imponer pena a ' alguno, 
 
 importar a alguno, 
 
 importunado de, per otro, 
 
 importunar a, alguno con preten- 
 siones, 
 impresionar & alguno contra otro, 
 imprimir alguna cosa en el animo, 
 impropio, de, en, para su edad, 
 
 impugnar alguna cosa a alguno, 
 impugnado de por muchos, 
 
 imputar la culpa a otro, 
 
 inaccesible a los pretendisntes, 
 inapeable de su opinion, 
 
 incansable en el trabajo, 
 
 incesante en sus'tareas, 
 
 incidir en culpa, 
 
 incitar a alguno a su defensa, 
 
 incitar a alguno contra otro, 
 
 inclfnar a aiguho a la virtud, 
 
 incluir en el numero, 
 
 incompatible con el mando, 
 
 incomprehensible a los hombres, 
 inconsequence en alguna cosa, 
 
 ineonstante en su proceder, 
 
 inoorporar una cosa. a, con, en otra, 
 iwreible a, para ! . muchos, 
 inrurrir en dclitos, 
 
 indecjm t m rc-sol-ver, 
 
 indignaiM:' - cor, contra alguno, 
 imluci r £ alguna . pecar, 
 
 ivo tie trror, 
 
 fit for anything. 
 
 equal to another. 
 
 of equal strength. 
 
 to sta?id in competition with another. 
 
 make one thing even to another. 
 
 to instruct any one in any thing. 
 
 to compel any one to something. 
 
 impelled by necessity. 
 
 impenetrable to the mo$t penetrating. 
 
 impenetrable in the secret. 
 
 to obtain any thing of any one. 
 
 to intermeddle in any thing. 
 
 to impose a fine to any one. 
 
 to concern to any one. 
 
 importuned by another. 
 
 to trouble any one with pretensions*. 
 
 to impress any one against another. 
 
 to imprint any thing on the mind. 
 
 unbecoming one's age- 
 
 to impugn any thing to another. 
 
 impugned by many. 
 
 to -impute any one as guilty. 
 
 inaccessible to pretenders. 
 
 obstinate in one- opinion. 
 
 unwearied ivith labour. 
 
 indefatigable in his 'works. 
 
 to jail into a fault. 
 
 to incite any one to one. s, defence. 
 
 to incite any oh\ against another. 
 
 to incline any one to virtue. 
 
 to include in the number. 
 
 incompatible with the command. 
 
 incomprehensible to men. 
 
 inconsequent in any thing. 
 
 inconstant in his proceedings. 
 
 to incorporate one thing with another 
 
 incredible to many. 
 
 to incur crimes. 
 
 undecided in resolving. 
 
 to be scornful to any one* 
 
 to induccany one to sin. 
 
 leading to error. 
 
Government of Prepositions. 
 
 177 
 
 mdultar a alguno de la pena, 
 
 infatigable en el trabajo, 
 
 infecto de heregia, 
 
 inferior a otro, 
 
 inferior en alguna C03a. 
 
 intiel a su amigo, 
 
 inflexible a la razon, 
 
 inflexible a su dictamen, 
 
 influir en alguna cosa, 
 
 informar a alguno de, sobre alguna 
 
 cosa, 
 infundir animo a, en alguno, 
 
 ingrato a los beneficios, 
 
 ingrato con los aminos, 
 
 inhabil para el empleo, 
 
 inhabilitar a alguno para alguna 
 
 cosa, 
 insensible a las injurias, 
 
 inseparable de lavirtud, 
 
 insertar una cosa en otra, 
 
 insinuar una coSli a alguno, 
 
 insinuarse con los poder6sos, 
 
 insipido al gusto, 
 
 insistir en, sobre alguna cosa, 
 inspirar alguna cosa a alguno, 
 
 instruir a. alguno de, en, sobre 
 
 alguna cosa, 
 intercede con alguno, por otro, 
 interesarse con alguno, por otro, 
 
 interesarse en alguna cosa, 
 
 internarse con alguno, 
 
 internarse en alguna cosa, 
 
 interpone*r su autoridad con alguno, 
 
 intervener en las cosas, 
 
 intervenfr por alguno, 
 
 introdudrse con los que mandan, 
 
 invadldo de, por los contrarios, 
 invernar en tal parte, 
 
 invertir el caudal en dinero, 
 
 inxerlr un arbol en 6tro, 
 
 ir de Madrid a, hucia Toledo, 
 ir contra aL uno, 
 
 ir por 
 ir por 
 ir tras 
 
 J. 
 
 el camino, 
 
 pan 
 
 alguno, 
 
 Jactarse de alguna cosa, 
 
 jugar a los naypes, 
 
 jugar unos con otros, 
 
 ju^ar alguna cosa con otra, 
 
 juntar una cosa a, con otra, 
 
 justificarse de algun cargo, 
 
 ju2gar de alguna cosa, 
 
 to grant pardon to any one. 
 indefatigable in labour, 
 infected icith heresy. 
 to infer to another, 
 to infer to any thing, 
 unfaithful to one" s friend, 
 inflexible to reason, 
 inflexible on ichat one says, 
 to have an influence in something. 
 to inform any one of any thing. 
 
 to encourage any one. 
 ■ungrateful for benefits, 
 ungrateful to one's friends, 
 inijfit for the employment. 
 to disable any one for any thing. 
 
 insensible to injuries. 
 
 inseparable from virtue. 
 
 to ingraft one thing on ayiother. 
 
 insinuate on a thing to any one. 
 
 to insinuate oneself with the great. 
 
 insipid to the taste. 
 
 to insist on any thing. 
 
 to inspire something to another. 
 
 to instruct any one in any thing, 
 
 to intercede with any one for another. 
 to interest oneself with any one for 
 another, 
 to i7itcrcst oneself in any thing, 
 to creep into another's favour, 
 to look into any thing, 
 to interpose ones authority with ano- 
 ther, 
 to intervene in things. 
 to intervene for any one. 
 to introduce oneself' to the com" 
 
 manders. 
 invaded by the enemies, 
 to pass the winter in such a place, 
 to convert the goods info money, 
 to ingraft a free on another, 
 to go from Madrid toivards Toledo, 
 to go against any one. 
 to go by the way. 
 to go for bread, 
 to follow any one. 
 
 to boast of any thing. 
 
 to play at cards. 
 
 to play one icith another. 
 
 to play any thing with another, 
 
 to join one thing icith enotlter. 
 
 tojusjtify oneself of any thing. 
 
 (0 judge of any thing. 
 
 A A 
 
178 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 lyidear una cosa a. tal parte, 
 
 lauearse a otro jiartido, 
 
 lament arse de la desgracia, 
 
 lanzar algo a, contra alguno, 
 
 largo de ufias 1 
 
 largo de mano.% J 
 
 lastimarse con, en, una piedra, 
 lastimarse de alguno, 
 
 leer los pensamientos a alguno, 
 lojos de su tierra, 
 
 levantar las manos al cielo, 
 
 levantar alguna cosa del suefo, 
 liber tar a alguno de peligro, 
 
 lidiar con alguno, 
 
 ligar una cosa con otra, 
 
 ligero de pies, 
 
 iimiiar las facaltades a. alguno, 
 limitado de talentos, 
 
 lindar una poseslon con otra, 
 
 llevar algo a alguna parte, 
 
 luchar con alguno, 
 
 ludir una cosa con otra, 
 
 to turn any thing on such a side, 
 
 to turn to another party . 
 
 to lament of the disgrace, 
 
 to dart any thing against any one, 
 
 light-fingered, 
 
 to hurt oneself with a stone, 
 to hype pity on any one. 
 to guess any one's thoughts. 
 Jar from ones country, 
 to raise one's hands towards neayen % 
 to raise any thing from the ground, 
 to deliver any one from danger, 
 to delate with somebody, 
 to tie one thing with another, 
 light footed. 
 
 to limit any one's faculties, 
 of short talents. 
 
 to limit a possession with another, 
 to carry any thing lo some part. 
 to icrestle with any one. 
 to rub one thing against another. 
 
 M. 
 
 Malquitarse con alguno, 
 
 manar agiia de una fuente, 
 
 manco de - una mano, 
 
 martdar a alguno, 
 manifestar alguna cosa a alguno, 
 mantener conversacion a alguno, 
 
 mantenevse de yerbas, 
 
 mantendrse en paz, 
 
 maquinar contra alguno, 
 
 maquinar en, sobre alguna cosa, 
 
 maraviMrse de aLuna cosa, 
 
 mas de mil dueaclos, 
 
 matarse a trabajar, 
 
 matizar con, de colores, 
 
 mediano de cuerpo, 
 
 niediar con, por alguno, 
 
 medirse con, sus fiu-rzas, 
 
 medirse en las palabras, 
 
 medrar en la haciendo, 
 
 mejorar de empleo, 
 
 mt'iior de edad, 
 
 m^nos de cienducados, 
 
 meter dinero en el banco, 
 
 meter.e a gobemar, 
 
 meterse en \o-> peligros, 
 
 '•r una cosa con otra, 
 
 mezcl&rse en negocios, 
 
 mirar por alg no, 
 
 mirar de kxos, 
 
 inirarse en alguna cosa, 
 
 to behave wrong with any one. 
 
 water springing from a fountain. 
 
 lame oj one hand. 
 
 to command any one. 
 
 to make known something to another. 
 
 to maintain conversation with any on'e t 
 
 to feed oneself ivith herbs. 
 
 to maintain oncsc-lj in peace. 
 
 to project against any one. 
 
 to contrive about somethings . 
 
 to wonder at any thing. 
 
 more than a thousand dudhh. 
 
 to ruin onescfj with nurd work. 
 
 to shade zoit'n colours. 
 
 of a middle stain re 
 
 to mediate with, for any one. 
 
 to measure one's strength. 
 
 to be moderate in talking. 
 
 to grow rich. 
 
 to get a better employment. 
 
 younger. 
 
 less than a hundred dollars. 
 
 to plaec money in the bank. 
 
 to assume government*, 
 
 to expose oneself to danger. 
 
 to mix one tiling with another. 
 
 to mix oucsdj in business. 
 
 to act for any one. 
 
 to look at a distance. 
 
 to be canful in any things 
 
Government of Prepositions. 
 
 t79 
 
 moderarse en 
 mofarse cle 
 nioh'rse a 
 moliclo de 
 molestar u. 
 moles to a 
 man tar a 
 montar ea 
 morar en 
 moiir de 
 morir de 
 morirse de 
 morirse por 
 motcjar a alguno 
 mo verse de 
 muchos de 
 mud arse dz 
 niudar de 
 mud arse de 
 muraiurar de 
 
 las palabras, 
 aiguna, 
 
 trabajar, 
 
 andar, 
 
 uno con visitas, 
 
 todns, 
 
 cabal lo, 
 
 colera, 
 
 poblado, 
 
 poca edad, 
 
 enfermedad, 
 
 frio, 
 
 lograr algo, 
 
 de ignorante, 
 
 una pane a otra, 
 
 los prcsentes, 
 
 puesto 
 
 intento, 
 
 casa, 
 
 argtino, 
 
 to be moderate in words. 
 
 to make game of any one. 
 
 to fatigue oneself with labour. 
 
 tired with walking. 
 
 to molest any one with visits. 
 
 plaguing eoery body. 
 
 to get on horseback*. 
 
 to get. into a passion. 
 
 to dwell in a populous place. 
 
 to die young. 
 
 to die of a sickness. 
 
 to be benumbed with cold. 
 
 to long for obtaining something. 
 
 to scoff at any one as ignorant. 
 
 to move from one part to another. 
 
 many of the present. ' 
 
 to change one's place. 
 
 to eh a ?ige o n e s m in d, 
 
 to change one's dwelling. 
 
 to murmur at any one. 
 
 N. 
 
 fortuna, 
 aiguna parte, 
 trabajos, 
 el rio, 
 Tndias, 
 la comunicacion, 
 los prese rites,' 
 mveiarse a lojusto, 
 
 nombrar a alguno para el empleo, 
 
 Nacer coii 
 nacer de 
 nacer para 
 nadar en 
 havegar a 
 ncgarse a. 
 ninguno de 
 tm 
 
 notificar aiguna cosa 
 
 alguno de hablador„ 
 a alguno, 
 
 to be born to a fortune, 
 to come from any part, 
 to be born for troubles. 
 to swim in the river, 
 to sail to the Indies. 
 to deny oneself to company, 
 ncne of those who are present. 
 to direct oneself by justice. 
 to nominate any one to the employ* 
 merit. 
 to note any one as a great talker. 
 to notify any thing to any one. 
 
 Obligar a alguno a 
 obstar una cosa a 
 obstinarse en 
 obtener alguua gracia 
 ocultar aiguna cosa a, 
 ocuparse en 
 ofenderse con, de 
 ofrecer dincro a 
 offeceree a 
 oler algo a 
 olvidarse da 
 opinar en, snore 
 oprimir a alguno con 
 optar a 
 ordenarse de 
 drillar 4 
 
 aiguna cosa, to oblige am: one to anij thing. 
 
 otra, to obstruct one thing to another. 
 
 aiguna eosa, to be obstinate in any thing. 
 
 cle alguno, to obtain a favour from ami one. 
 
 de alguno, to conceal any thing from, any one 
 
 trabajar, to be occupied in work. 
 
 alguno, to be offended with any one* 
 
 alguno, to offer money to any one. 
 
 los peligros, to offer oneself to danger-, 
 
 otra cosa, to have a strange smell. 
 
 lo pasado, to forget the past. 
 
 aiguna cosa, to hold an opinion on any thing. 
 
 el poder, to oppress any one by power. 
 
 los empleos, to be a ca?ididatc. 
 
 sacerdote, to be ordained into the priesthood*- 
 
 aiguna parte, to draw to any side- 
 
 AA2 
 
180 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pactar alguna cosa con otra, 
 
 pagar con palabras, 
 
 pagdr en dincro, 
 pagarse de buc*nas razoncs, 
 
 paladearsc con alguna cosa, 
 
 paliar alguna cosa con otra, 
 
 palido dc scmblantc, 
 
 pal -near a alguno, 
 
 parar a la pticrta. 
 
 parar en casa, 
 
 pararse a descansar, 
 
 pararse con alguno, 
 
 pararse en alguna parte, 
 
 parccerse a otro, 
 
 participar algo, a alguno, 
 
 participar de alguna cosa, 
 
 particularizarse con alguno, 
 particularizarse en alguna eosa, 
 
 partir a Italia, 
 
 partir algo con otro, 
 
 partir en dos partes, 
 
 partir entre amigos, 
 
 parti rse de Francia, 
 
 pasar ' a Madrid, 
 
 pasar de Zaragoza, 
 
 pasar entre montes, 
 
 pasar por el camino, 
 
 pasar por cobarde, 
 pasarse alguna cosa de la memoria, 
 
 paszlrse la fruta de madura, 
 
 pasearse con otro, 
 
 pasearse por el prado, 
 
 pecar contra Dios, 
 
 pedir alguna cosa a alguno, 
 
 pedir con justicia, 
 
 pedir por alguno, 
 
 pedir de en justicia, 
 
 pedir por Dios. 
 
 pegar una cosa a con otra, 
 
 pegar contra, en la pared, 
 
 pelarse por alguna cosa, 
 
 peligrar en alguna cosa, 
 
 pelotearse con alguno, 
 
 penar en la otra vida, 
 
 pender de alguna cosa, 
 
 penetrar hasta las- entrant, 
 
 penetrado de dolor, 
 
 peosar tn, sobre alguna cosa, 
 
 perder algo de vista, 
 
 perdcW alguno de vista, 
 
 per<k'r;e' - eriel camino, 
 
 pertccr de hanibre, 
 
 perrgrinar por el mundo, 
 
 perfumar con incienso, 
 
 to moke a bargain. 
 to pay with words, 
 to pay in cash. 
 
 to be satisfied with goocf reasons, 
 toplcase the palate with any thing, 
 to palliate one thing with another. 
 pale-faced. 
 
 to cheer any body with the hand 
 to stop at the door. 
 to stay at home, 
 to stop to relieve oneself. 
 to make a stay icith another. 
 to stop at any place, 
 to look like another person, 
 to participate any thing to another, 
 to participate of any thing, 
 to be singular v:ith any body, 
 to be particular in any thing, 
 to set off" to Italy. 
 
 to share out any thing with another 
 to divide into two parts 
 to share between fiends, 
 to set off" from France, 
 to go to Madrid, 
 to go beyond Saragossa. 
 to pass between mountains, 
 to pass by the road, 
 to be a coward, 
 to forget any thing. 
 the fruit to be over ripe, 
 to ivaik with another, 
 to walk by the meadovj. 
 to offend God. 
 
 to ask some thing to any one. 
 to ask with justice, 
 to askfor any one. 
 to claim in law. 
 to askfor God. 
 to join a thing ivith another, 
 to beat against' the icall 
 to be anxious for any thing, 
 to endanger in any thing. 
 to scuffle with any one. 
 to be punished in the other v'orld. 
 to hang from, or depend upon any 
 thing. 
 to penetrate to the bowch. 
 penetrated with grief, 
 to think upon any thing, 
 any thing to disappear. 
 to lose sight (if any body, 
 to lose one's way. 
 to perish with hunger, 
 to wander through the world, 
 to perfume with incense- 
 
Government of Prepositions. 
 
 181 
 
 ptyminece'r en alguna parte, 
 
 permitir alguna cosa a alguna, 
 permutar una cosa eon^ por otra, 
 perseguido de enemigos, 
 
 perseverar en algun intehto, 
 
 persuadir alguna cosa a alguno, 
 pefsuadirse" a alguna cosa, 
 
 persuadirse de, por las razones de 
 otro, 
 pertenecer alguna cosa sL\ algano, 
 pertrecharse de lo. nece.-ario, 
 
 pe9arle a alguno de lo que ha he- 
 
 cho, 
 pesado en la conversaciou, 
 
 pescar con . la red, 
 
 piar por alguna cosa, 
 
 picarse de alguna cosa, 
 
 plagarse de granos, 
 
 plantar i alguno en alguna. parte, 
 plantarse en Bilbao, 
 
 poblar de arboles, 
 
 poblar en, bucn parage, 
 
 poblarse de gente, 
 
 ponderar una cosa de grande, 
 
 poner alguna cosa en alguna parte, 
 ponerse a escribir, 
 
 porfiar con .alguno, 
 
 portarse con dece'ncia, 
 
 posar en alguna parte, 
 
 poseido de temor, 
 
 postrarse a los pies de alguno, 
 
 postrarse en tierra, 
 
 precedido de otro, 
 
 precipitarse de, por alguna parte, 
 preferldo a otro, 
 
 preguntar alguna cosa a alguno, 
 prendarse de alguno, 
 
 preocuparse de alguna cosa, 
 
 prepararse a, para paitir, 
 
 presentar alguna. cosa a ..alguno, 
 preserver a alguno de dano, 
 
 presidir a otros, 
 
 presidir en un tribunal, 
 
 presidido de otro, 
 
 prestar dinero a alguno, 
 
 presumir de docto, 
 
 prevalecerla verdadsobrela mentira, 
 prevenir alguna cosa a alguno, 
 prevenirse de lo necesario, 
 
 prevenerse para un viage, 
 
 primero de entre todos, 
 
 pringarse en alguna cosa, 
 
 privar a alguno de . lo suyo, 
 privar con alguno, 
 
 probar de todp, 
 
 to remain in any part. 
 
 to permit any thing to any one. 
 
 to exchange one thing with another. 
 
 pursued by enemies. 
 
 to persevere in the resolution. 
 
 to persuade any one of any thing. 
 
 to he persuaded of any thing. 
 
 to be persuaded by another's reasons. 
 
 any thing to belong to any body, 
 to befurnishedwith necessaries. 
 to repent oneself' of what is done, 
 
 dull in conversation. 
 
 to fish, with a net. 
 
 to long for any thing. 
 
 to take offence upon any thing* 
 
 to be full of pimples. 
 
 to set any one in any part. 
 
 to be settled in Bilboa. 
 
 to form a plantation. 
 
 to people in a good situation. 
 
 io be peopled. 
 
 to exaggerate any thing as great* 
 
 to put any thing in some place. 
 
 to begin to write. 
 
 to be positive with any one. 
 
 to conduct oneself ivith decency. 
 
 to lodge in any place. 
 
 possessed by fear. 
 
 to prostrate oneself at another '.s feet 
 
 to prostrate oneself on the ground 
 
 preceded by any one. 
 
 to be precipitated from any place. 
 
 preferred by another. 
 
 to ask something to any one. 
 
 to be taken ivith any one. 
 
 to be pic-occupied with any thmg 
 
 to prepare oneself to set off, 
 
 to present any thing to another 
 
 to preserve any one from danger 
 
 to preside over others. 
 
 to preside in any tribunal. 
 
 preszdedby another. 
 
 lo lend money to somebody. 
 
 to set up for a man of learning.. 
 
 a He to prevail over the truth. 
 
 to advise another of any tiling, 
 
 to provide oneself with l ieces tffi&f$ n +a 
 
 to provide oneself for ajqur^y. 
 
 thefrst among all. th , 
 
 to intermeddle in aj%m^ 
 
 to deprive any one ojf,his,cwn. t .•_,;„,} 
 
 to be intimate with any one. 
 
 to taste of anything.' 
 
182 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar* 
 
 proccder a 
 
 la eleccion, 
 
 proceder con, tin 
 
 acuerdo, 
 
 proccdrr contra 
 
 alguno, 
 
 procediT una cosa de 
 
 otra, 
 
 procurar por 
 
 alguno, 
 
 proejar contia 
 
 las olas, 
 
 prol'^ar eij 
 
 religion, 
 
 promoter alguna cosa 
 
 a alguno, 
 
 promover a alguno a 
 
 algun cargo, 
 
 propasarse a, en. 
 
 alguna cosa, 
 
 proponer alguna cosa 
 
 a alguno, 
 
 proponcr a alguno en 
 
 primer lugar, 
 
 pro porcion arse para 
 
 algo, 
 
 proporcionarse a 
 
 las fuerzas, 
 
 prolongar el plazo a 
 
 alguno, 
 
 prorumpir en 
 proveer la plaza de 
 
 lagrimas, 
 
 viveres, 
 
 provoear a uno con malas palabras, 
 
 proximo a 
 
 morir, 
 
 pujar por 
 
 alguna cosa, 
 
 purgar de 
 
 sospecho, 
 
 Q- 
 
 
 Quadrar con 
 
 el en cargo, 
 
 quadrar alguna cosa a alguno, 
 
 qual de 
 
 los dos ? 
 
 qucbrantar los huesos 
 
 a alguno, 
 
 qxubrar el corazon a 
 
 alguno, 
 
 quedar de 
 
 asiento, 
 
 quedar de 
 
 pies, 
 
 quedarse en 
 
 casa, 
 
 cued arse por 
 
 alguno, 
 
 queidar por 
 
 cobarde, 
 
 quejarse a, de 
 
 alguno, 
 
 'jucrellarse a, ante 
 
 eljucz 
 
 'juerellarse de 
 
 su vecino, 
 
 quemar con malas razones, 
 
 qucmarse por 
 
 alguna cosa, 
 
 querido de sus 
 
 amigos, 
 
 quien de 
 
 ellos? 
 
 quitar alguna cosa a 
 
 alguno, 
 
 quitar alguna cosa dc 
 
 alguna pane, 
 
 quit arse dc. 
 
 uumiexas, > 
 
 11. 
 
 
 Rabiar d«- 
 
 hambre, 
 
 i ad i curse- cti ' 
 
 la \ irtud, 
 
 raer de 
 
 alguna cosa, 
 
 rallur las t.r'q as 
 
 a qiialqiliera', 
 
 razonar con 
 
 alguno, 
 
 rebatir una cant'idad 
 
 de otra, 
 
 to proceed to the election. 
 to proceed with or will. out circ'un* 
 speciion. 
 to proceed against any one. 
 one thing lo proceed from another, 
 to procure for any one. 
 to row against the waves. 
 to profess in religion. 
 to promise any thing to any one. 
 to promote any one to some employ ~ 
 me ut. 
 to go beyond the limits. 
 to propose any thing to any one. 
 to propose any one in the Jirst place* 
 to proportion oneself to any thing, 
 to be proportionate to one's strength. 
 to prolongate the payment to any <Jrie. 
 to hurst into tears. 
 
 to furnish the fortress with provisions. 
 to provoke any one by scurrilous lan- 
 guage, 
 at the point of death, 
 to strive for any tiring, 
 to clear from suspicion 
 
 to be fit for the employment. 
 
 to fit any thing to any one. 
 
 which of the tico ? 
 
 to break any one's bones. 
 
 to break any one's heart. 
 
 to remain quiet. 
 
 to remain on foot. 
 
 to stay at home. 
 
 to stay for any one. 
 
 to stay back like a coward. 
 
 to complain of any one. 
 
 to complain before the judge. 
 
 to complain of one s neighbour . 
 
 to be insolent. 
 
 to heat oneself for any thing. 
 
 beloved by one's friends. 
 
 which (f them ? 
 
 to take any thing from any 6r;e. 
 
 to lake any thing from any plac 
 
 to free oneself jrom chimeras. 
 
 to be very hungry. 
 
 to radicate oneself in virtue. 
 
 to rasp jrom something. 
 
 to importune any one. 
 
 to conv<rse with any one. 
 
 to abate a quantity from another . 
 
Government of Prepositions. 
 
 1S> 
 
 rel><>xar una cantidad de otra, 
 
 recaeV en la enfermedad, 
 
 recalcarse en lo dicho^ 
 
 recatarse de alguno, 
 
 recetar medecinas, a por alguno, 
 recibir alguna cosa de alguno, 
 
 recibir a cuenta, 
 
 recibir a alguno en casa, 
 
 recibirse de abogado, 
 
 recio de cuerpo, 
 
 reetinarse en sobre alguna cosa, 
 recluir a alguno en alguna parte, 
 iecobrar-e de la enfermedad, 
 
 rccogerse a casa, 
 
 recomendar alguna cosa a alguno, 
 recompensar agravios con benefi- 
 cios, 
 reconciliar a alguno con otro, 
 
 reconvenir & alguno con, de, sobre, 
 alguna cosa, 
 recostarse, en, sobre la silla, 
 
 recudir a alguno con el sueldo, 
 redondearse de deudas, 
 
 reducir lu suma a la mitad, 
 
 redundar en beneficio, 
 
 refeTirsc a alguna cosa, 
 
 refugiarse a en sagrado, 
 
 reglarse a lo justo, 
 
 reirse de alguno, 
 
 remirarse en alguna cosa, 
 
 rendirse a la razon, 
 
 renegar de la religion, 
 
 repartir alguna cosa a, entre ami- 
 
 gos, 
 representarse alguna cosa a la ima- 
 ginacion, 
 resbalarse de las manos, 
 
 resentirsc de alguna cosa, 
 
 resiclir en algun parage, 
 
 resolverse a. a!guna cosa, 
 
 r.'s|)ondcr a la pregunta, 
 
 restar una cantidad de otra, 
 
 restituirse a su casa, 
 
 resukar una cosa de otra, 
 
 rctirarse a la soledad, 
 
 retirarse del mundo, 
 
 retraerse a alguna parte, 
 
 retroeeder a, hacia tal parte, 
 
 reventar de risa, 
 
 reventar por hablar, 
 
 rcvestirse de autoridad, 
 
 re\ okarse en los vicios, 
 
 revolver contra, hacia sobre el 
 
 robar dinero a 
 rodar el carro por 
 
 enemigo, 
 
 alguno, 
 
 tierra, 
 
 to relate a quantity from another 
 
 to relapse into sickness. 
 
 to be positive in -.chat is said. 
 
 to be cautions of any 'one. 
 
 to prescribe medicines for any one. 
 
 to receive any tiling from any one, 
 
 to receive on account . 
 
 to receive any one into one's house. 
 
 to be admitted as'a counsellor. 
 
 big. 
 
 to lean upon any thing. 
 
 to shut any one up in- any place. 
 
 to recover oneself from sichicss. 
 
 to go home. 
 
 to recommend any thing to anyone. 
 
 to recompense wrong s with benefits. ! 
 
 to reconciliate any one with another. 
 to retort any one with any thing. 
 
 to recline on the scat. 
 
 to pay any one his wages. 
 
 to pay one's debts. 
 
 to reduce the sum into half. 
 
 to conduce to the benefit. 
 
 to refer oneself to any thing- 
 
 to retire oneself into the church. 
 
 to be right 
 
 to make a jest of 'another. 
 
 to examine oneself in any thing. 
 
 to yield to reason. 
 
 to apostatize from teligion. 
 
 to spread any thing among friends. 
 
 to represent any thing to one's owr> 
 imagination. 
 to slip away from the hands, 
 to resent any thing, 
 to dwell in some par t. 
 to resolve upon any thing, 
 to answer a question. 
 to subs tract one sum from another. 
 to return home. 
 
 one thing to resultfrom another, 
 to retire to « lonesome place, 
 to retire from the w.orld. 
 to take refuge an// where. 
 to recede toicards such a place, 
 to burst with laughter. 
 to burst with speaking, 
 to be invested with author]? 
 to wdlh'no in vice, 
 to return to the enemy. . 
 
 to steal m o n e.y fro m a ny o>ie. 
 to drive a cart. 
 
134 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 rod car a alguno por 
 rodear una plaza, 
 romper con 
 romper por 
 
 todas partes, 
 
 alguno, 
 alguna parte, 
 
 to encompass any one on all side*, 
 to surround a fortress, 
 to break with any one. 
 to break in any part. 
 
 vino, 
 
 alguna parte, 
 
 limpio, 
 
 Dios, 
 
 alguno, 
 
 alguna cosa, 
 
 la pretension, 
 
 alguno, 
 
 casa, 
 
 fiador, 
 
 suelo, 
 
 gozo, 
 
 tierra, 
 
 Hero, 
 
 S. 
 
 Saber a 
 sacar de 
 sacar algo en 
 sacrificarse a 
 sacrificarse por 
 salir a. de 
 salir con 
 salir contra 
 salir de 
 salir por 
 saltar de, el 
 sakar de 
 saltar en 
 salvar a alguno del 
 sanar de la enferme 
 
 satisfacer por las culpas, 
 
 satisfacerse de la deuda, 
 
 segregar a alguno de alguna parte, 
 6eguirsc una cosa de otra, 
 
 semejar, 6 semejarse a otro, 
 
 sentarse para comer, 
 
 sentarse a la mesa, 
 
 sentarse en la silJa, 
 
 sentenciar a uno a destierro, 
 
 sentirse de a 'go, 
 
 separar una cosa de otra, 
 
 ser una cosa a gusto de todos, 
 
 servir de mayordomo, 
 
 servir en palacio, 
 
 servirse de alguno, 
 
 sincerarse de alguna cosa, 
 
 sisar de la compra, 
 
 sitiado dc enemigos, 
 
 situarse en alguna pane, 
 
 sobrellevar los trabajos ton paci- 
 encia, 
 sobrellevar a. alguno en sus trabajos, 
 sobrejnijar a alguno en autoridad, 
 *obre salir entre todos, 
 
 sobresaltiirse de alguna cosa, 
 
 sojuzgado de enemigos, 
 
 somcte'rse a alguno, 
 
 sordo a. las voces, 
 
 sorprender u alguno con alguna cosa, 
 5orprcndido de la bulla, 
 
 sospechar alguna cosa dc alguno, 
 sosptchoso ii alguno, 
 
 •ubdividir en partes, 
 
 yibir de, ;t alguna parte, 
 
 to taste like wine. 
 
 to take any thing from any phce. 
 
 to clear any thing. 
 
 to sacrifice oneself to God. 
 
 to sacrifice oneself for any one. 
 
 togetjree of any thing. 
 
 to obtain one's aim. 
 
 to act against any one. . 
 
 to go out of the house. 
 
 to be bound for another. 
 
 to leap from the ground. 
 
 to leap with joy. 
 
 to leap on the ground. 
 
 to save any one from danger. 
 
 to recover from sickness. 
 
 to give satisfaction for injuries. 
 
 to be satisfied for the debt. 
 
 to separate any one from any side. 
 
 one thing to follow from another. 
 
 to be like another. 
 
 to sit down to dine. 
 
 to sit down to table. 
 
 to sit on the chair. 
 
 to condemn any one to be transported. 
 
 to be sensible of any thing. 
 
 to separate one thing from another. 
 
 any thing to be of another s pleasure. 
 
 to serve as a steward. 
 
 to serve in a palace. 
 
 to make use of any one. 
 
 to clear oneself from any thing. 
 
 to lessen the bargain. 
 
 besieged by enemies. 
 
 to station oneself in any place. 
 
 to undergo labours with patience. 
 
 to assist any one in his troubles. 
 
 to surpass any one in authority. 
 
 to excel amongst all. 
 
 to be startled at any thing. 
 
 subdued by enemies. 
 
 to submit to any one. 
 
 deaf 
 
 to surprise any one with any thing. 
 
 surprised by the noise. 
 
 to suspect any thing of any one. 
 
 suspected by any one. 
 
 to subdivide in portions. 
 
 to go up to any place. 
 
Government of Prepositions^ 
 
 185 
 
 r>ubrogar una cosa en lugar de otra, 
 del 
 
 subsistir 
 sabsistir en 
 
 substituir a, por 
 substracrse de 
 
 auxllio ageno, 
 
 el dictarnen, 
 
 aUuno, 
 
 la obediencia, 
 
 succeder a alguno en el empleo, 
 sufrir los trabajos con paciencia, 
 sugerir alguna cosa a alguao, 
 
 sugetarse a alguno, 
 
 sugetarse a alguna cosa, 
 
 sumergir alguna cosa en el agua, 
 
 sumirse en 
 surniso a 
 supeditado de 
 superior en 
 suplicar de 
 suplicar por 
 suplir por 
 surgir la nave e 
 surtir de 
 suspirar por 
 sustentarse con 
 sustentftrse 
 
 de 
 
 alguna parte, 
 
 la voluntad deoiro, 
 
 los contrarios, 
 
 luces, 
 
 lasentencia, 
 
 alguno, 
 
 alguno, 
 
 :n el puerto, 
 
 viveres, 
 
 el manda, 
 
 yubas, 
 
 esperanzas, 
 
 to substitute one thing instead r 
 
 other. 
 to subsist by another's help, 
 to be firm in an opinion, 
 to substitute Jot any one 
 to icithdraiv oneself from subordina* 
 
 toon. 
 to succeedany one in the employment, 
 to suffer troubles with patience, 
 to suggest any thing to any one* 
 to svijcct oneself to. any one. 
 to subject oneself to any thing, 
 to sink any thing in the water, 
 to smk oneself in anyplace, 
 submitted to another's will. 
 suppressco by the enemies 
 oj a greater talent. 
 to petition against the sentence, 
 to intreat for any one. 
 to supply for any one. 
 to come to anchor in any port, 
 to supply with victuals, 
 to aspire after command. 
 to sustain oneself tcith herbs, 
 to sustain oneself with hopes. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tachar a alguno de 
 tembiar de 
 temido de 
 temeroso de 
 temible a 
 te nip] arse en 
 tener a, uno 
 tencrse en 
 tenir de 
 tir&r a, hacia 
 tiritar de 
 titabear en 
 tocar la herencia a 
 toc3f en 
 tocado de 
 to mar con, en 
 
 tomar una cosa de 
 torcido de 
 tornar a, de 
 trabajar en 
 trabajar por 
 trabar, una cosa con 
 trab'irse de 
 trabucarse en 
 
 ligero, 
 
 frio, 
 
 muchos, 
 
 la muerte, 
 
 los contrarios, 
 
 corner, 
 
 por otro, 
 
 pie, 
 
 azul, 
 
 tal parte, 
 
 frio, 
 
 alguna cosa, 
 
 aiguno, 
 
 alguna parte, 
 
 enfermedari, 
 
 las uianos, 
 
 ial modo, 
 
 cuerpo, 
 
 alguna parte, 
 
 alguna cosa 
 
 otro, 
 
 otra, 
 
 palabras, 
 
 las palabras, 
 
 traer alguna cosa a, de alguna parte, 
 traficar en vino, 
 
 to accuse any one of unsteadiness, 
 to tremble with cold, 
 feared by many 
 fearful of aeath. 
 dreadful to his enemies, 
 to be tempera :e in eating. 
 to tak -.'one f r another, 
 to keep on foot. 
 te dye in blue 
 to a raw on such a side, 
 to c natter with cola, 
 to stagger in any part, 
 any one to inhcritate. 
 to touch in, or ar any part. ' 
 subject to be sick 
 
 to take any fhing in, or with the 
 hands, 
 to take a thing in such a manner, , . 
 deformed of body, 
 to turn from, to, by such a side, 
 to labour in any t 
 to work for an : ther, 
 to join one thing :vith another, 
 to uuarrelwitii any one. 
 to mistake one's words, 
 to bring any' thing to % or f^nxamf 
 
 to trade in wme, 
 B fi 
 
is<* 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 transferir alguna cosa a otro 
 tieir. po, 
 transfer! rse d, tal parte, 
 
 transfigur&rs-e en otra cosa, 
 
 transformar una cosa en otra, 
 
 transitar par alguna parte, 
 
 transpirar por todas partes, 
 
 transportar alguna cosa a, de al- 
 guna parte, 
 traspasar alguna cosa a aiguno, 
 iraspasado de dolor, 
 
 trasplantar de una parte a otra, 
 
 tratar con 
 tratar de 
 tratar en 
 travesear con 
 
 triunfar de 
 trocar una cosa 
 tropezar en 
 
 aiguno, 
 
 alguna cosa, 
 
 lana's, 
 
 aiguno, 
 
 los enemigos, 
 
 por otra, 
 
 alguna cosa, 
 
 lo transfer any thing to another t'mr, 
 
 lo transfer oneself to suck a place. 
 
 to transform one thing into another. 
 
 to transform one thing into another, 
 
 to pass by d)'y place. ; 
 
 to transpire on every side. 
 
 to transport any thing to or from any 
 place. 
 
 lo transfer something to another. 
 
 transfixed with grief . 
 
 to transplant from one place to an* 
 other. 
 
 to treat with any one 
 
 lo treat of any thing. 
 
 lo trade in wool. 
 
 lo behave improperly towards an- 
 other, 
 
 to triumph over the enemy. 
 
 'to change one thing Jar another. 
 
 to stumble on any thing. 
 
 u. 
 
 Ultimo de todos, 
 
 uncir los bueyes al carro, 
 
 uniformar una cosa con, a otra, 
 
 unir una cosa a, con otra, 
 
 unirse en comunidad, 
 
 unirse entre amigos, 
 
 uno de entre muchos, 
 
 titil a la patria, 
 
 tf til para, tal cosa, 
 
 utilizarse en, con alguna cosa, 
 
 the last of all 
 
 to yoke the oxen to the cart. 
 
 to make one thing Uniform to another. 
 
 to unite one thing with another. 
 
 to be united in community . 
 
 to be united between friends. 
 
 one amongst many. 
 
 Useful to the country. 
 
 usefulfor such a thing. 
 
 to make advantage of any thing. 
 
 Vacar al estudio, 
 
 vaciarse de alguna cosa, 
 
 vaciiar en la eleccion, 
 
 vacilar entre la esperanza y el te- 
 
 mor, 
 vacio de cntendimiento, 
 
 vagar por el mundo, 
 
 valerse de aiguno, 
 
 ralerse de alguna cosa, 
 
 valuar una casa en tal precio, 
 
 vanagloriarse de alguna cosa, 
 
 vecino al trono, 
 
 vecino de Pedro, 
 
 velar sobre alguna cosa, 
 
 vencerse a alguna cosa, 
 
 vencido de los contrarios, 
 
 vengarse de otro, 
 
 venir a, de, por alguna parte, 
 
 to cease from study. 
 
 to be emptied from any thing. 
 
 to waver in the election. 
 
 to waver between hope and fear, 
 
 addle-headed. 
 
 to ivander through the world. 
 
 to make use of any one. 
 
 to make use of any thing, 
 
 to value any thing at such a price. 
 
 to-pride oneself jor any thing. 
 
 next to the throne. 
 
 Peter's neighbour. 
 
 to watch over any thing. 
 
 to conquer oneself in any thing. 
 
 conquered by the enemy. 
 
 to revenge oneself of any one. 
 
 to co?ne to, from, or by anyplace. 
 
Government of Prepositions, 
 
 187 
 
 vcnlr con 
 
 alguno, 
 
 veYse con 
 
 alguno, 
 
 vfrse en 
 
 altura, 
 
 vestir a 
 
 la mod a, 
 
 vestirse de 
 
 pafio, 
 
 vigilar sobre 
 
 sus subditos, 
 
 riolentarse a, en 
 
 alguna cosa. 
 
 visible a, para 
 
 todos, 
 
 vivir. 4 
 
 six gusto, 
 
 vivir con 
 
 alguno, 
 
 vivir de 
 
 limosna, 
 
 vivir sobre la haz 
 
 de la tierra, 
 
 volar al 
 
 cielo, 
 
 volar por 
 
 el ay re, 
 
 Volver a, de, hacia 
 
 por tal parte, 
 
 volver" por 
 
 la verdad, 
 
 volar en 
 
 el pleyto, 
 
 Votar por 
 
 alguno, 
 
 to come with any one. 
 to he with any one. 
 ■to be in suck a high station: 
 to dress after fas ■hion. 
 to be dressed in cloth, 
 to watch over the subjects, 
 to be violent in any tiling, 
 visible to alt. 
 to leave tit ones pleasure, 
 to leave with any one. 
 to be suppoited by charity, 
 to have without cares, 
 tojly to heaven, 
 iojly in the air. 
 
 to return to, fri>n: t or towards suck d 
 place-, 
 to defend the truth, 
 to give ones opinion about the pro* 
 
 (ess* 
 to vote for any one. 
 
 z. 
 
 ZabulKrse 6* zambullirse en el 
 agua, 
 
 zafarse de alguna persona 6 cosa, 
 zambucarse en alguna parte, 
 
 zampuzarse en agua, 
 
 zapatearse con alguno, 
 
 zozobrar en la tormenta, 
 
 to plunge into the water, 
 
 to avoid any one y or any thing* 
 to hide oneself in any place, 
 to dive into the water, 
 to make a noise icith any one* 
 to be affected in the storm* 
 
 £B2 
 
( 189 ) 
 
 PART IV, 
 
 VOCABULARY, 
 
 SPANISH and ENGLISH. 
 
 De las Cosas en general. 
 Of Things in general. 
 
 Dios, God. 
 
 el criador, the Creator. 
 el universo, universe. 
 
 g£nero humano, human 
 kind. 
 la creacion, creation, 
 
 uatufal£za, nature. 
 
 las creaturas, creatures. 
 un ser, a being. 
 
 animal, a living creature. 
 los anim&les, the animals, 
 the dumb creatures. 
 una c6sa, 
 la materia, 
 
 forma, 
 
 iigura, 
 
 maneVa, 
 
 esp£cie, 
 
 el jdnero, 
 
 la suerte, 
 
 tin individuo, individual. 
 
 una substantia, substance* 
 
 a thing. 
 
 matter. 
 
 the form. 
 
 figure. 
 
 manner, 
 
 species. 
 
 the kind. 
 
 the sort. 
 
 el accid^nte, the accident. 
 la difere'ncia, difference. 
 lo propio, "} the pro- 
 
 las propiedades, >pertyor 
 de las c6sas, J pecu- 
 liar quality of things. 
 el todo, the whole. 
 
 una parte, a pari. 
 
 un nombre, a name. 
 
 apellido, a surname. 
 
 nombre de bautismo, a 
 christening name. 
 una marca, a mark. 
 
 causa, a cause. 
 
 un puesto, lug&r, sitio, a 
 place. 
 el espacio, the space. 
 
 vacio, vacuum. 
 
 la n&da, nothing. 
 
 DelMundo. Of IheWorld. 
 
 el mundo, 
 el etfaos, 
 
 the world, 
 the chaos* 
 
190 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 un monton, a mass, or 
 lump. 
 
 los elem<Sntos, the ele- 
 ments. 
 
 Ja tie>ra, the earth. 
 
 tierra-firme, terra-firma. 
 
 el continente, the conti- 
 nent. 
 
 un monte, 6 la moun- 
 
 una montana, j tain, or a 
 mount. 
 
 cuesta, 6 subida, a hill. 
 
 la altura, 6 ~\ a cliff, the 
 
 el alto de un > declivity of 
 
 monte, J a hill, or 
 
 mount 
 
 un cordon de montafias, a 
 ridge of mountains. 
 
 ceYro, collado, a hillock, a 
 little hilt. 
 
 un banco, a bank. 
 
 vdlle, a valley. 
 
 vallddo, a dale. 
 
 llano, una esplanada, a 
 plain. 
 
 un pefiasco, a rock. 
 
 la cima de un pefiasco, the 
 
 cragg, or top of a 
 
 high rock. 
 
 temblor de tierra, an earth- 
 quake. 
 
 un volcan, a volcano. 
 
 la, 6 el agua, the water. 
 
 agua de una fuente, spring 
 water. 
 
 agua del rio, river water. 
 
 agua del p6zo, pump water. 
 
 el oceano, the ocean. 
 
 el mdr, the sea. 
 
 mar de Venecia, the Adri- 
 atic sea. 
 mar Baltico, Baltic sea. 
 mar Negro, 6 de tana, 
 
 Black sea. 
 mar Muerto, Dead sea. 
 marOriental, Eastern sea. 
 mar de las Indias, Indian 
 sea. 
 mar Mecliterraneo, Medi- 
 terranean sea. 
 mar del Norte, North sea. 
 mar del Sur, South sea. 
 mar Occidental, Western 
 sea. 
 pielago oceano, main sea. 
 un brazo de mar, an arm 
 of the sea. 
 un estrecho, streights. 
 un g61fo, a gulf 
 
 una bay a, a hay, a creek* 
 unpuerto, a port, Iiaven, 
 harbour. 
 un muelle, a mole, or pier. 
 una corriente de agua, a 
 current, a stream. 
 la marea, the tide. 
 
 el fhixo, the flowing. 
 
 el refluxo, the ebb. 
 
 la orilla del mdr, the sea* 
 shore. 
 el hondon, hondo, the bot- 
 tom. 
 el cieno, the slime. 
 
 una isla, an island* 
 
 media-isla, a demi4sland» 
 peninsula, a peninsula, 
 un istmo, an isthmus, a 
 neck of land. 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 ^91 
 
 an c£bo, a cape. 
 
 promontorio, a promon- 
 tory. 
 bancos de ar£na, sands. 
 arrecife, a shelf of rocks. 
 baxos, sha flows, flats. 
 las ondas, waves, billows. 
 un canal, a channel. 
 
 un torrente, a brook. 
 
 precipicio, a bottomless 
 pit. 
 abismo, an abyss. 
 
 remolino de agua, a whirl- 
 pool. 
 una ampoila de agua, a 
 bubble. 
 sobrepujamiento de agua, 
 an overflowing. 
 Una inondacion, an inun- 
 dation. 
 un foso, a dike. 
 
 una enclusa, 6 esclusa, a 
 sluice. 
 Un tragadero de aguas, a 
 gullet of ivater. 
 la orilla de un rio, the bank 
 of a river. 
 una calzada, a causey, or 
 causeway. 
 una fuente, a fountain. 
 unarroyo, barranco, a ri- 
 vulet. 
 un pozo, a well. 
 
 un la^Oj a lake. 
 
 un pantano, a marsh, or 
 fen. 
 una sal in a, a salt -pit. 
 
 un estanco, a pool, or 
 
 pond. 
 
 estanco, 6 estanque de pes- 
 c&do, a fish-pond. 
 un abrebadero, a watering 
 place. 
 un vado, a ford, or shal- 
 loiv. 
 un vivdr, a wharf, or key. 
 el aire, the air. 
 
 las estrelks, the stars. 
 el cielo, the sky. 
 
 cielo impereo, the empy- 
 real heavens. 
 el cielo estrellado, the star- 
 ry heaven. 
 un planeta, a planet. 
 
 cometa, a comet, blazing 
 star. 
 una constelacion, a con- 
 stellation. 
 el levante, the east. 
 
 pcnieYite, west. 
 
 medio dia, south. 
 
 norte, north. 
 
 equator, equator. 
 
 zodiaco, zodiac. 
 
 un signo, a sign. 
 
 el meridional, the meri- 
 dian. 
 un tropico, a tropic. 
 
 un grado, a degree, 
 
 el globoj the globe. 
 
 la esfera, the sphere, 
 
 los polos del mundo, the 
 poles of the world. 
 el polo antartico, the an- 
 tarctic pole. 
 zenit, elpunto-vertical, the 
 zenith. 
 
i# 
 
 Xew Spanish Grammar. 
 
 nadir, pun to opxicsto al- 
 zenit, the nadir. 
 tin clima, a dictate, 
 
 una zona, a zone. 
 
 la zona torrida, the torrid 
 zone. 
 zonas temp! ad as, the tem- 
 perate zones. 
 zonas ela :as, the frozen 
 zones. 
 el orizente, tlw horizon. 
 la emisfera, the hemis- 
 phere. 
 el aireambiento, the am- 
 bient air. 
 un mete6ro, a meteor. 
 una niibe, a cloud. 
 
 un aguacero, a shower. 
 una tormenta, a storm. 
 teropestad, a tempest. 
 la nieve, the snoiv. 
 
 piedra, the hail. 
 
 el y£ ! o, frost. 
 
 una n^bla, a mist, or jog. 
 el rocio, the dew. 
 
 el sereno, the damp mil- 
 . dew. after sun set. 
 cielo nublado, the blast. 
 una vapor, a vapour. 
 
 exalacion, an exltafation. 
 una £ota, a drop. 
 
 el trueno, the thunder. 
 un rayo, a thunderbolt. 
 relampago, a flash of 
 
 lightning. 
 d arco iris 5 the rainbow. 
 f\ viento, the wind. 
 
 remolinode vicnto un tor- 
 bellino, a whirlwind. 
 
 un oragan, a hurricane. 
 una brisa, a breeze* 
 
 un zatiro, 
 
 a zephyr. 
 
 Acerca de los Vientos, 
 About the several Winds, 
 
 el viento levante, the east 
 wind. 
 
 zefiro, oeste, west wind. 
 viento del note, cie>zo, 
 aquilon, north wind. 
 el viento sur, viento de 
 medio dia, south wind. 
 este quatta del norte, east 
 and by north. 
 £'ste nordeste, east-north- 
 east. 
 nordeste qndrta de norte, 
 north-east and by north. 
 nordeste, north-east. 
 
 nordeste quarta de este, 
 north-east and by east. 
 nornor^ste, north-north- 
 east. 
 norte quarta deeste, north 
 east. 
 £ste quarta del sur, east 
 and by south. 
 este sudeste, east-south- 
 east. 
 sud^ste quarta de este, 
 
 south-east and by east. 
 sud^ste, south-east. 
 
 sude^te quarta del sur, 
 south-east and by south. 
 sudeste, south-south- 
 east. 
 
 su 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 193 
 
 sur qudrta del £ste, south 
 and by east, 
 sur quarta de u£ste, south 
 and by west. 
 susudu&te, south-iuest. 
 su£ste quarta de u£ste, 
 
 south-west and by west. 
 
 \ieste sueste, ' west-south- 
 
 ivest. 
 
 ueste qudrta de sur, west 
 
 and by south. 
 
 ueste quarta de norte, west 
 
 and by north. 
 
 uesnorueste, west-north- 
 
 icest. 
 
 norueste quarta de ueste, 
 
 north-west and by west. 
 norueste, north-west. 
 
 norueste quarta de norte, 
 north-iuest and by north. 
 nornorueste, north-north- 
 west. 
 norte quarta de ueste, north 
 and by west. 
 ventoso, windy. 
 
 buen tiempo tiempo sere- 
 ■no,' fair weather. 
 e! sol, the sun. 
 
 los rayos del sol, the sun-, 
 beams. 
 la lumbre, the light. 
 
 la lima, the moon, 
 
 luna nueva, full-moon. 
 luna en el creciente, in- 
 creasing moon. 
 luna en el menguante, the 
 vane of the moon. 
 
 media luna, ' half moon. ~ 
 eclipses del sol, eclipses of 
 the sun. 
 eclipses de la luna, eclipses 
 of the moon. 
 tenieblas oscuridad, dark- 
 ness. 
 el fuego, the fire. 
 
 llama, ollamaradas de fue- 
 go, a fame , or blaze. 
 el calor, the heat. 
 
 una centella, chispa, a 
 spark. 
 el humo, the smoke 
 
 el hoi 1 in, the soot. 
 
 lena, madera, wood, 
 
 un l£no, una raja de lena, 
 a billet, or log of wood 
 un atado, 6 fajo de l£na, a 
 faggot ofivood. 
 carbon, coals. 
 
 carbon de madera, char- 
 coal: 
 carbon de tierra, pit coal. 
 fuego,. lumbre, fire. 
 
 chiapas, sparks. 
 
 eesptd, turf. 
 
 un tizon, a f re-brand. 
 tizon apagado, a brand 
 quenched. 
 carbon quemado, cinders. 
 ceniza, ashes. 
 
 ascuas, embers. 
 
 la lena, the fuel, 
 
 fuego voraz, a great burn 
 
 in g> 
 
 ineendio, a conflagration. 
 
 cc 
 
194 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 t)el Hombre y de las partes 
 del Cuerpo Humano. 
 
 Of Man i and the parts of 
 a Human Body. 
 
 Un hombre, a man. 
 
 -una muger, a woman. 
 
 el se\6, the fair sex. 
 
 un nino, a 'child. 
 
 infante nino, an Infant. 
 una criaturica, a babe. 
 criatura de teta, a sucking 
 child. 
 un mozo soltero, a bache- 
 lor. 
 una moza soltera, a maid, 
 una virgen, a virgin. 
 
 la virginidad, the virgin 
 nity. 
 un hornbre joven, a young 
 man. 
 una muchacha, a young 
 girl. 
 Ja gente joven, young peo- 
 ple. 
 un hombre viejo, an old 
 man. 
 un hombre anciano, a man 
 in years. 
 una vieja, an old woman. 
 unamuger vieja, 6 de edad, 
 a woman in years. 
 la gente vieja, 6 los viejos, 
 old people, or folks. 
 un hombre alto, atallman. 
 un gigante, a giant. 
 
 \\a hornbre pequeno, a 
 short man. 
 enano, a dwarf 
 
 un pigmeo, a pigmy* 
 
 el cuerpo, the body. 
 
 los mi^mbros, thememhers, 
 or limbs. 
 eltroneo, the trunk 
 
 la cabeza, the head. 
 
 la coronilla, croivn of the 
 
 head. 
 la moll era, mould of the 
 
 head. 
 la frente, the forehead. 
 las sienes, the temples. 
 la oreja, the ear 
 
 la tern ilia, the gristle. 
 las cejas, the eye-brows. 
 la cuenca del ojo el lagri- 
 mal, the corner of (he 
 
 el bianco del ojo, white of 
 
 the eye. 
 
 el eelebro, the brain. 
 
 el cogote, the hinder part 
 
 of the head. 
 el hu^co de la oreja, hollow 
 of the ear. 
 timpano deloidb, drum of 
 the ear. 
 los parpados, eye-lids. 
 
 las pestarias, eye-lashes. 
 la nina de ojo^fAe eye-boll. 
 tela del ojo, the film of the 
 eye. 
 mexilla, the cheek. 
 
 boca, the mouth. 
 
 enzia, the gum. 
 
 lengua, the tongue, 
 
 nariz, the nose. 
 
 las ventanas de la nariz, 
 
 the nostrils. 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 195 
 
 los caiios de la nariz, gris- 
 tle of the nose. 
 di elites, teeth. 
 
 colmillos, eye teeth. 
 
 las muelas, grinders. 
 
 el nervio optico, the optic 
 nerve. 
 labio, lip. 
 
 paladar, palate. 
 
 laquixada, jaw. 
 
 cerviz, hinder part of the 
 neck. 
 nuca, nape of the neck. 
 gargante, throat. 
 
 barriga, belli/. 
 
 manu, hand. 
 
 muneca, wrist. 
 
 pal ma de la mano, palm of 
 the hand. 
 barba, chin. 
 
 las bat bas, beard. 
 
 costi lias, fits. 
 
 ingles, groins. 
 
 juntas de los dedos, joints 
 of the fingers. 
 dedos de lus ])ies, toes. 
 el gaznate, gullet. 
 
 seno, bosom. 
 
 pecho, breast. 
 
 estomago, stomach. 
 
 pelo, hair. 
 
 eueilo, neck. 
 
 brazo, arm. 
 
 eodo, elbow. 
 
 sobaco, arm pit. 
 
 espinazo, bach-bone. 
 
 ombligo, navel. 
 
 }a yeaia del dedo, brawn 
 of the finger 
 
 nail, 
 
 buttock, 
 
 knee. 
 
 (eg. 
 
 una, 
 nalga, 
 rod ilia, 
 pierna, 
 
 pantorrilla, calf of the leg. 
 
 espinilla, shin-bone, 
 
 planta del pi£, sole of the 
 
 foot. 
 
 Las partes interiores del 
 Cuetpo Humano. 
 
 The interior parts of the 
 Human Body. 
 
 el murecillo musculo, Thus- 
 
 cle. 
 nervio, nerve. 
 
 tendon, tendon, sinew. 
 la grassa, 6 gordura, fat. 
 membrana, membrane. 
 vena, vein. 
 
 arteria, artery. 
 
 ternilla, gristle^ 
 
 el bueso, bone. 
 
 el tuetano, marrow, 
 
 easco, calavera, skull. 
 
 las e^pinillas, shin-bones 1 . 
 la espaldilla, shoulder- 
 bone. 
 canilla del brazo, arm-bone. 
 el bueso sacro, 6 la raba- 
 dilla, rump-bone. 
 el esqueleto, skeleton. 
 
 corazon, heart. 
 
 los bofes pulmones livia- 
 nos, lungs', or lights. 
 el higado, liver, 
 
 bazo, spleen* 
 
 c c 2 
 
ipS 
 
 A Neiv Spanish Grammar. 
 
 los rinones, 
 
 sesos, 
 
 el estomago, 
 
 los tamos, 
 
 las tripas, 
 
 los intestinos, 
 
 la vexiga, 
 
 sa-ngre, 
 
 colera, 
 
 fiema, 
 
 el chilo, 
 
 la leche, 
 
 saliva, 
 
 lagrima, 
 
 kidiieys. 
 
 brains. 
 
 stomach. 
 
 loins. 
 
 guts. 
 
 intestines, 
 
 , bladder. 
 
 Mood. 
 
 choler. 
 
 phlegm. 
 
 chyle. 
 
 milk. 
 
 spittle. 
 
 a tear. 
 
 Los cinco Sentidos. 
 The Jive Senses. 
 
 La vista, 
 el Qido, 
 el olfato, 
 el gusto, 
 el tacto, 
 
 sight, 
 hearing. 
 
 smell. 
 
 taste, 
 feeling. 
 
 ages. 
 
 Edades, 
 
 la ninez, childhood. 
 
 infancia, infancy. 
 
 puericia, boyishness. 
 
 adolescencia, adolescency. 
 
 la juventiid, youth. 
 
 virilidad, manhood. 
 senectud, vejez, old age. 
 
 Calid&cles del Cuerpo 
 
 Humano. 
 
 Qualities of the Body. 
 La salud, health. 
 
 fueVza, 
 debilidad, 
 hermosiira, 
 la fealdad, 
 el gdrbo, 
 brio, 
 rico talle, 
 
 strength. 
 
 weakness. 
 
 beauty. 
 
 ugliness. 
 
 good presence. 
 
 sprightliness. 
 
 fine stature. 
 
 Defectos del Cuerpo 
 Hum&no. 
 
 Defects of the Human 
 Body. 
 
 La fealddd, 
 
 arrugas, 
 
 pecas, 
 
 las laganas, 
 
 verruga, 
 
 el lunar, 
 
 deformity, 
 wrinkles, 
 freckles* 
 
 blear eyes, 
 wart, 
 mole. 
 la nube en el ojo, a pearl 
 
 in the eye. 
 cosquillas, ticklings. 
 
 catarata, cataract. 
 
 ceguedad, 6 ceguera, blind- 
 ness. 
 mngnira, leanness. 
 
 e! eiego, blind. 
 
 el tuerto, one eyed. 
 
 coxo, lame. 
 
 la coxez, lameness. 
 
 el tartarniido, stammer. 
 la corcova, crookedness. 
 el calvo, ' bald. 
 
 romo, fat nosed. 
 
 estropeado, . crippled. 
 tullido, tame of the limbs. 
 zurdd, left-handed. 
 
 bizct), bisojo, squinting. 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 w 
 
 manco, lame of one hand. 
 mudo, dumb* 
 
 sordo, deaf. 
 
 Virttides y Vicios buenas, 
 
 y malas Calidadesde los 
 
 Hombres. 
 Virtues and Vices, good 
 
 and bad Qualities of 
 
 Men. 
 
 El recatado, cautious, mo- 
 dest: 
 
 diestro, dextrous. 
 
 docil, docile. 
 
 galan> gallant. 
 
 simple, harmless. 
 
 agudo, shai*p. 
 
 vivo, sprightly. 
 
 sutil 5 subtle. 
 
 chocarrerq, biff on. 
 
 necio, foolish. 
 
 astiito, crafty. 
 
 loco, j mad. 
 
 malici6so, malicious. 
 
 temer6so, fearful. 
 el espantadizo, easy to be 
 frightened. 
 
 valeroso, brave. 
 
 tonto, stupid. 
 
 fant&stico, fantastical. 
 
 embuste>o, deceitful. 
 
 grosero, clownish. 
 
 reboltoso, mutinous. 
 
 bien cri&do, well-bred. 
 
 cortes, courteous. 
 
 grave, grave. 
 
 justo, just. 
 
 prudente, .discreet. 
 desvergonzado, impudent. 
 
 el fogoso, fi er y- 
 impertinente, impertinent. 
 
 importuno, troublesome. 
 
 ligero, light. 
 
 descuidado, careless. 
 
 temexarioj rash. 
 
 afable, affable. 
 
 amigable, friendly. 
 
 bizarro, brave. 
 
 caritativo, charitable. 
 
 casto, chaste. 
 
 constante, constant. 
 
 devoto, devout. 
 
 diligente, diligent. 
 
 fiel, faithful. 
 
 generoso, generous. 
 
 humilde, humble. 
 misericordioso, merciful. 
 
 paciente, patient. 
 religioso, 
 ambicioso,") 
 
 avariento, > covetous. 
 avaro, J 
 
 soberbio, proud. 
 
 hipocrita, hypocrite. 
 
 cobarde, coward. 
 
 holgazan, • idle. 
 
 altivo, Iiaughty. 
 
 cbisrnoso, tale-bearer. 
 
 adulador, flatterer: 
 
 go!6so, glutton. 
 
 desledl, treacherous, 
 desagradecido, ungrateful, 
 
 inhumanoj inhuman. 
 
 insolente, insolent, 
 
 luxorioso, lewd. 
 
 porfiado, positive. 
 
 religious. 
 
193 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 outrageous, 
 merry, 
 arrogant. 
 
 perezoso, slothful. 
 
 prodigo, prodigal. 
 
 vano, vain 9 
 
 mujreri&o, a man given to 
 women. 
 
 atrevido, bold. 
 
 colerico, passionate. 
 rabi6so, 
 alegre, 
 ufano, 
 
 indeciso, involute. 
 
 zeloso, jealous. 
 
 adultero, adulterer. 
 
 rutian, ruffian, 
 
 m a tad or, murderer. 
 
 salteador, highwayman. 
 
 jurador, swearer. 
 calurnniador, slanderer. 
 murmurador, censurer. 
 
 hechizero, sorcerer. 
 
 tramposo, cheat. 
 
 incestuoso, incestuous. 
 
 ladron, thief. 
 
 ratero, pickpocket. 
 
 mentiroso, Han 
 
 perjuro, perjurer. 
 
 perfido, perfidious. 
 
 profdno, profane. 
 
 rebel de, rebel. 
 
 sacrilego, sacrilegious. 
 
 Iraydor, traitor. 
 
 malvado, wicked. 
 
 embuslero, a lying, prat- 
 ing person. 
 
 Del Comer y Beber, 
 Of Eating and Drinking. 
 
 Ilambre, 
 
 hunger. 
 
 la sed, thirst, 
 
 el apetito, appetite* 
 
 el sustento, nourishment. 
 sustento, alimentos, food. 
 vituallas, victuals. 
 
 provision, provision. 
 
 una r.omida, a mec/L 
 
 el almuerzo, breakfast. 
 la coniida, dinner. 
 
 la merienda, the after- 
 noon's luncheon. 
 colacion, collution. 
 
 la cena, supper. 
 
 el banquete, entertain- 
 ments 
 unregalo, com bite, a 
 
 treat. 
 combidado, guest. 
 
 el buen bebedor, good 
 drinker. 
 las buen as ganas, good 
 appetite. 
 el borracho, drunkard. 
 pan, bread. 
 
 j)an bianco, white bread, 
 pan candial, the whitest 
 
 bread. 
 pan bazo, brown bread. 
 molltte, hot loaf. 
 
 pan tierno, 6 recieute, new 
 
 bread. 
 pan mal cozido, ill baked 
 
 bread. 
 el pan de todo el trigo, 
 
 wheaten bread. 
 pan de centi'no, rye bread. 
 pan de cebada, barley 
 
 brcacL 
 pan de aW-na, oaten bread. 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 m 
 
 pan de mijo, millet bread. 
 pan de levadura, leavened 
 bread. 
 bizcocho, biscuit. 
 
 la migaja del pan, crumb 
 of bread. 
 la masa, the dough. 
 
 una torta, a cake. 
 
 xosca, a cake made like a 
 
 ring. 
 
 the dough 
 leaven. 
 
 un bunuelo, fritter. 
 
 la em panada, tart or pie. 
 la cort^za, crust of bread. 
 la harina, meal, flour. 
 el salvado, bran. 
 
 la m&sa, 
 la levadura, 
 una tostdda, a toast. 
 
 tin bocado, a piece, a bit. 
 una revanada, a slice. 
 
 un plato, a dish. 
 
 la c&rne, meat. 
 
 el cazido, boiled meat. 
 el asado, roast meat. 
 
 la baca, beef. 
 
 ternera, veal. 
 
 carnero, mutton. 
 
 ei cordero, lamb. 
 
 et puerco, 6 tocino fresco, 
 pork. 
 lardo, bacon. 
 
 macho, a he-goat. 
 
 cabfito, kid. 
 
 el pernil, jamcn, ham. 
 
 etft'ofado, stewed meat. 
 la.carne frita, fried meat. 
 capbonad a , broiled meat. 
 pepi to Ha, giblets. 
 
 lat-6ecihay 1 1 hung meat. 
 
 la pierna de carnero, leg of 
 mutton. 
 el brazu£lo de carnero, 
 
 shoulder of mutton. 
 lomo, loin. 
 
 p£cho, breast* 
 
 las manos de carnero, 
 
 sheep s trotters. 
 la rueda de ternera, fillet 
 of veal. 
 asadiira, the pluck. 
 
 salchicba, sausage. 
 
 m orci 11a, blood pudding. 
 longaniza, great sausage. 
 el pastel, pasty* 
 
 c&ldo, broth. 
 
 la sopa, soup. 
 
 el potdge, pottage. 
 
 las papas los pucbes, any 
 sort of pap. 
 el pisto, jelly broths. 
 
 la carne fia*mbie, cold 
 
 meat. 
 leche, milk. 
 
 nata, cream. 
 
 el sueVo, whey. 
 
 la manteca, butter. 
 
 manteca fresca, fresh but- 
 ter., 
 el qneso, cheese. 
 
 qu£so fresco, new cheese. 
 requeson, curds. 
 
 cuajo, rennet. 
 
 la cuajada, milk hardened 
 with rennet. 
 el hueVo, the egg. 
 
 la yema del huevo, they oik t 
 
 of an egg. 
 clara de huevo, the ivhite 
 
 of an egg. 
 
20O 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 huevo blando, soft egg. 
 
 huevo diiro, hard egg. 
 
 huevo fresco, new egg. 
 
 huevo en cascara, egg in 
 
 the shell. 
 
 huevo cozido, boiled egg. 
 
 huevo asado, roasted egg. 
 
 huevo e$\.xe\\'<L<\o.friedegg. 
 
 hu£vo huero, addle egg. 
 
 huevo empollado, egg with 
 
 a chicken in it. 
 
 huevos de pescado, the 
 
 spawn ofjish. 
 
 huevos mexidos, yolks of 
 
 eggs stewed with wine 
 
 and sugar. 
 
 huevos y torreznos, collops 
 
 and eggs. 
 
 hueVos rebueltos, buttered 
 
 tortilla dehueVos, omelet of 
 
 eggs. 
 
 huevos de faltriquera, yolk 
 
 of eggs in a shell of 
 
 sugar. 
 
 los huevos hilados, sweet 
 
 eggs spun out. 
 
 el sazonamiento, season- 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 la sal mu era, 
 
 brine. 
 
 las especias, 
 
 spices, 
 
 la pimienta, 
 
 pepper. 
 
 el gengihre, 
 
 ginger. 
 
 los claviilos, 
 
 cloves. 
 
 la canela, 
 
 cinnamon. 
 
 nuez-moscada, 
 
 nutmeg. 
 
 flor de especie, 
 
 mace. 
 
 mostaza, 
 
 mustard. 
 
 el agraz, 
 
 verjuice. 
 
 vinagre, vinegar. 
 
 aceyte, oil. 
 
 la sal, salt. 
 
 azucar, sugar. 
 
 los escabeches, pickles. 
 dulces, sweetmeats. 
 
 alrni bares, conserves. 
 
 almibar, sugar boiled. 
 confites, comfits. 
 
 las conservas, conserves, 
 mermelada, marmalade. 
 perada, pears preserved. 
 alcorcillas pastillas, anni- 
 seed sugar. 
 naranjada, candied 
 
 oranges. 
 el turron, sweetmeat. 
 
 barquillososupplicaciones, 
 sweet wafers. 
 buiruelos, P u ff s * 
 
 la bebida, drink. 
 
 el vino, ivine. 
 
 vino piiro, pure wine. 
 vino vuelto, prickled wine. 
 vino moscatel, muskadine 
 wine. 
 vino tinto, red wine. 
 
 vino bianco, white wine. 
 vino aloque, pale wine. 
 vino cl arete, claret wine. 
 vino dulce y picante, sweet 
 and sharp wine. 
 vino Iigero, a light wine. 
 vinazo, a strong wine. 
 malvasia, malmsey. 
 
 agua pie, mixture of musk 
 and water. 
 la hez del vino, wine lees. 
 el aguardiente, brandy. 
 
A Vocabulary, 
 
 201 
 
 mistela, amiise-brandy> 
 
 ratacia, ratafia, 
 
 la cerveza, beer, 
 
 si < Ira, cifchr. 
 
 aloja, metkegliri. 
 
 el chocolate, ch colate. 
 
 la limonada, lemonade, 
 
 el cafe, C( ff ee - 
 
 De los Vestidos, 
 Of Clothes. 
 
 Parlo, cloth. 
 
 pafio nno, fi ne cloth. 
 pafio tun dido, shorn cloth. 
 grana, escarlata, scarlet. 
 
 raxa, rash cloth. 
 
 sayal, sackcloth. 
 
 friza, frize. 
 
 estamefia, serge. 
 
 estofa, stuff. 
 
 tafetan, taffeti/. 
 
 raso, satin. 
 
 tercio ptlo, velvet. 
 
 pana, flush. 
 
 damasco, damask. 
 
 bracado, brocade. 
 
 gorgoran, grogran. 
 
 gasa, gauze. 
 
 lanillas, drugget. 
 cendal, 
 
 crape. 
 came'ote, camblei. 
 
 tela de 6ro. cZof/t of gold. 
 tripe, s&ag. 
 
 algodon^ cotton. 
 
 iustan, fustian. 
 
 muselina, muslin. 
 
 H-no, ^ax. 
 
 lie^nzo, linen. 
 
 m cam bray, cambric* 
 
 olanda, ho I land. 
 
 r u an , French linen . 
 
 cafiamo, hemp. 
 
 terliz, ticking. 
 
 calico, calico. 
 
 fieltro, ,/ e ^- 
 
 angeo, canvas. 
 
 olona, sail-cloth* 
 
 bayeta, baise. 
 
 lana, viool. 
 
 estambre, worsted. 
 
 . seda, silk. 
 
 bocaci, buckram. 
 
 tela encerdda, oiled cloth. 
 joy a, a jewel. 
 
 hebilla, a buckle. 
 
 alamares, loops on coats. 
 ojal, a button-hole. 
 
 bordaddra, embroidery. 
 boton, a button. 
 
 f ran]' a, fl ueq ue, a fringe. 
 puntas, encaxes, laces. 
 cinta, a, ribbon. 
 
 listen, a broad ribbon. 
 pas a mi no, gold, or silver 
 lace. 
 ribete, an edging. 
 
 sombrero, a hat. 
 
 copa del sombrero, the 
 crown of the hat. 
 torzal 6 trenzilla, the hat- 
 band. 
 plumage, feathers. 
 
 bonete, a cap. 
 
 gorrp de nocbe, a night* 
 cap. 
 gorra, an oldfasldoned cap. 
 
202 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 caperuza, a sort of cap. 
 montera, a hunting cap. 
 camisa, a shirt. 
 
 almillachr.pa. a waistcoat. 
 ncillos, drawers. 
 
 jubd 
 
 a doublet. 
 
 manga, 
 
 a sleeve. 
 
 manga perd 
 
 ida, a hanging 
 
 sleeve. 
 
 breeches. 
 
 calzones, 
 
 faja ; balona, 
 
 a band. 
 
 corbatm, 
 
 a neckcloth. 
 
 cuelio, 
 
 a collar. 
 
 colete, 
 
 a buff coat. 
 
 agutefe, 
 
 a point. 
 
 faldi iguera, 
 
 a pocket. 
 
 bolsiilo, 
 
 a purse. 
 
 media?, 
 
 stockings. 
 
 Ijgas, 
 
 garters. 
 
 zapatos, 
 
 shoes. 
 
 escarpines, 
 
 rumps. 
 
 chinelas, 
 
 s Uppers. 
 
 burcegui, 
 
 a buskin. 
 
 b.otas, 
 
 boots. 
 
 polainas, 
 
 spatterdashes. 
 
 espuela,s, 
 
 spurs. 
 
 puiios, vuelos, yueltas, Cliffs 
 
 
 or ruj] 
 
 tahali, a 
 
 shoulder- 
 
 
 a waist belt. 
 
 >bi, 
 
 a sword. 
 
 
 a dagger. 
 
 capa, 
 
 a ctoke. 
 
 
 a coat. 
 
 guaytfe, 
 
 a glove. 
 
 ceil i dor, 
 
 Indie. 
 
 pL-UVa, 
 
 a round 
 
 paiiut;Jc ; dpi 
 
 jcketluu" 
 
 
 chief. 
 
 ropa, ropon, bata, a gown. 
 ropa de levantar, a morn- 
 ing gown. 
 pellico, zamdrra, a shep- 
 herd's jerkin. 
 
 Para Mugeres, 
 For Women. 
 
 Tocado, coiia. escofia,, a 
 
 head-dress, a cap. 
 
 manto, a veil. 
 
 saya, a petticoat. 
 
 vasquina, guardapies, ena- 
 
 guas, an upper petticoat. 
 
 avantal, dehnt&\,an/?pron. 
 
 giiarda sol,") , 77 
 
 b ., ,, ' } an umbrella. 
 quita sol, j 
 
 re! ox, a ivatch. 
 
 tabillas, tables. 
 
 espejo, a looking-glass. 
 
 buxeta, a little box. 
 
 raanquito, a muff. 
 
 cotilla, stays. 
 
 carr.isa, shift. 
 
 mantilla, a mantle. 
 
 bata, a sown. 
 
 chapin, a clcj. 
 
 zarcillos, ear-rin^s. 
 
 pendientes, pendants. 
 
 gargantilla, necklace. 
 
 mantillas, braceletes, 
 
 bracelets. 
 
 sortijas, anillos, r', 
 
 pedrerias, precious sto; 
 
 abanico, a fan. 
 
 calzetas, thread sUf kings. 
 
 peinador, com bing cloth . 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 203 
 
 pafiaies, swaddlbig-clouts. 
 faxa, a roller. 
 
 juguetes., playthings. 
 
 cuna, a cradle, 
 
 dizes, toys. 
 
 De las Enfermedades, 
 Of Diseases. 
 
 Una enfermed&d, a dis- 
 ease, sickness. 
 un mal, an ailment, dis- 
 temper. 
 una indisposicion, a dis- 
 order. 
 un dolor, a pain. 
 
 mal de muelas, the tooth- 
 ache. 
 ma], 6 dolor de cabeza, the 
 head- ache. 
 mal de ojos, sore eyes. 
 mal de gargdnta, a sore 
 throat. 
 mal, 6 dol6r de vientre, the 
 belly-ache. 
 vaguido de cabeza, the me- 
 grim. 
 aturdimiento de cabeza, 
 giddiness, or swimming 
 of the head: 
 un desmayo, una debili- 
 dad, a swooning or 
 Jainting. 
 una picazou, an itching. 
 un golpe, a blow, hit, 
 
 stroke. 
 una bofetada, or un bofe- 
 ton, a slap on the face. 
 
 un rev^s, a slap on the face, 
 or a box on the ear. 
 una aranada, or uiiada, a 
 scratch. 
 una cucbillada, or abert li- 
 ra en la cara, a cut or gash 
 in one's face. 
 una despellejadura, exco- 
 riation. 
 una punada, or golpe con 
 el piino, aflsty cuff. 
 un tumor, a tumour. 
 
 una contusion, a contu- 
 sion. 
 un apostema, an impost- 
 hume. 
 una hinchazon, a swell- 
 ing. 
 una herida, a wound. 
 
 una llaga, a sore. 
 
 una cicatriz, a scar. 
 
 una ulcera, an ulcer. 
 
 un caustico, a caustic. 
 la materia, the fit h of a 
 sore. 
 la putrefacion, rottenness. 
 la gangrena, mortification. 
 una cortadiira, a cut. 
 
 unaquemadiira, a burning, 
 or a scalding. 
 un panarizo, a whitelow , a 
 felon. 
 gri&as, chavs. 
 
 o m * J- 
 
 adrianes, callos,callo,/^?rrf 
 shi'l. 
 
 calosidad, callosity. 
 
 sabaii ones, chub I a in s . 
 
 lamparones, the hi 
 
 evil. 
 
 D D 2 
 
JO-i 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 una rebentadura, 6 potra, 
 quit bra, a rupture. 
 una hernia, an hernia. 
 desconcieVto, c&maras, 6 
 cursos, a looseness. 
 restrenido de vientre, a cos- 
 tive body. 
 almorranas, the piles. 
 
 colica, dolor c61ico, the 
 colic. 
 ptixo, mal de barriga, the 
 grip in gs. 
 una indigestion, an indi- 
 gestion. 
 un refriado, a c Id. 
 
 ronquedad, a hoarseness. 
 la Iols, a cough. 
 
 tos terrible, que da k los 
 ninos, hooping-cough. 
 romadizo, a de fluxion. 
 inflamacion ,infi a mmat ion. 
 un rumatismo, a rheuma- 
 tism. 
 un catarro, a cataract. 
 un cuello ti£so, a stiff 
 neck. 
 el asma, the asthma. 
 
 un asmdtico, an asthmatic. 
 la tiricia, the jaundice. 
 el mal caduco, the falling 
 sickness. 
 cicion de calentura, fit of 
 an ague. 
 el cancer, the cancer. 
 
 la idropesia, the dropsy. 
 un idropico, a dropsical. 
 la perlecia, the palsy. 
 
 un paralitico, one afflicted 
 with the palsy. 
 
 fo&ngarrhjhestranguary. 
 
 mal etico, stoppage of 
 urine, a consumption . 
 
 apoplexla, apoplexy 
 
 el rluxode sangre, the 
 bloody-fiux. 
 
 el sarampion, the measles. 
 
 un sordo, a deaf person, 
 
 sordez, deafness. 
 
 las virrelas, the small pox. 
 
 una fistula, a fistula. 
 
 la lepra, the leprosy. 
 
 un leproso, a lazar. 
 
 la pebte, contagio, the 
 plague. 
 
 la frenesia, thejrenzy. 
 
 un fren^tico, a jr antic, 
 mad. 
 
 un loco, a mad person. 
 
 la lociira, the madness. 
 
 la rabia, j vr yi rage. 
 
 un perro rabioso, a mad 
 dog. 
 
 mal de costado, * a pleu- 
 risy,. 
 
 la gota, the gout. 
 
 un gotoso, a gouty person. 
 
 una convulsion, a -convul- 
 sion. 
 
 la fiebre, the fever, ague. 
 
 laterciana, a tertian ague. 
 
 la quartana, the quartan 
 ague. 
 
 un accidente de fiebre, a 
 fit of fever. 
 
 el delirio, light headed de- 
 lirium. 
 
 vomito, vomit, spew. 
 
 fisica, medecina, physic. 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 205 
 
 un medico, 6 a -physician. 
 doctor, a doctor. 
 
 un cirujano, a surgeon. 
 una partera, 6 comadre, a 
 midwife. 
 una consulta, a consulta- 
 tion. 
 una prescripcion, a pre* 
 script ion. 
 un galardon, derecho, a 
 fee. 
 pastilla deboca, a lozenge. 
 drogas, drugs. 
 
 polvos, powder. 
 
 pildoras, pills. 
 
 medicamentosa apothecary 
 stuffs. 
 opio, opiate. 
 
 una dosa, a dose. 
 
 unasangria, bleeding, 
 
 blood-letting, 
 una lanceta, a lancet. 
 
 una benda, 6 atadura, a 
 band, 
 un ayuda, 6 servicial, a 
 glyster. 
 geringa, a glyster pipe. 
 un vomito, a vomit. 
 
 la quinquina, the bark, the 
 Jesuits' powder. 
 el emitico, the emetic. 
 un gargarismo, a garga- 
 rism. 
 alcanfor, camphor. 
 
 termentina, 6 trementina, 
 turpentine. 
 el merciirio, mercury. 
 la niana, manna. 
 
 ruybarbo, 6 rubarba^ rhu- 
 barb. 
 
 sena, senna. 
 
 azafran, saffron. 
 
 triaea, treacle. 
 
 regal iza, liquorice. 
 
 regalicia, the root liquorice. 
 
 un letuario, an electuary. 
 
 quintessencia^ elexir. 
 
 una apocima, an apozem. 
 
 un cocimiento, a decoc- 
 tion. 
 
 el unguento, ointment, 
 salve. 
 
 un emplasto, a plaister. 
 
 un emplasto madurativo, 
 a cataplasm. 
 
 ilas, lint for wounds. 
 
 ventosa, a cupping-glass. 
 
 un bark), a bath. 
 
 dieta, » dief. 
 
 caldo, broth. 
 
 fvesa de cevada, barley 
 
 unjulepe, ajulip. 
 
 un cordial, a cordial. 
 
 xarave, lamedor, a syrup. 
 
 cevada mondada, peeled 
 barley. 
 
 la leche de burra, asses 
 milk. 
 
 la letbargia. modorra, the 
 lethargy. 
 
 agonia, the agony. 
 
 la muerte, death. 
 
 un cadaver^ a corpse. 
 
 la vida, the life. 
 
 una recayda, a relapse. 
 
 un simtoma, a symptom. 
 
206 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 la convalecencia, commie- 
 scency. 
 
 De los Grados de Paren- 
 tesco, 
 
 Of the Degrees of Kin- 
 dred. 
 
 Un padre, a father. 
 
 una mad re, a mother. 
 
 los padres, 6 padre y madre 
 the parents. 
 la familia, 6 los nirios, y 
 nifias, the children, 
 un hijo, a son. 
 
 una h ij a , a daughter . 
 
 un abuelo, a grandfather. 
 una abuela, a grandmo- 
 ther. 
 bisabuelo, great-grand- 
 father. 
 bisabuela, great-grand- 
 mother. 
 tartarabuelo, the great- 
 great-grandfather. 
 tartarabuela, the great- 
 great- grandmother. 
 ni£to, a grandson. 
 
 nieta, a granddaughter, 
 bisnieto, a great-grand- 
 son. 
 biini^ta, a great-grand- 
 daughter. 
 hermano, a. brother. 
 
 hermana, a sister \ 
 
 fano-rriayor, 6 hermano 
 mayor, the eldest son, 
 er brother. 
 
 hija mayor, 6 bermana 
 mayor, the eldest daugh- 
 ter, or sister. 
 hijo legitimo, a lawful 
 so?i. 
 hija legitima, a law/id 
 daughter. 
 hijo natural, a bastard 
 son. 
 hija natural, a bastard 
 daughter. 
 hijo de ganancia, a natural 
 son. 
 hermanos mellizos, twin- 
 brothers. 
 sobrino, nephew. 
 
 sobrina, niece. 
 
 un primo, cousin^ mas. 
 una prima, cousin, fern. 
 primo hermano, prima 
 
 hermana, first cousin. 
 primo segundo, prima se- 
 gunda, second cousin. 
 tio, tia, uncle, aunt. 
 
 un padrastro, a step -fa- 
 ther. 
 una madrastra, a step- 
 mother. 
 un suegro, afather-in- 
 laiv. 
 una suegra, a mother-in- 
 law. 
 yerno, a step- son. 
 
 nuera, a step-daughter. 
 cunado, brother-in-law. 
 cunada, sister-in-law. 
 novio, a bridegroom. 
 
 novia, a bride. 
 
 desposado, one betrothed. 
 
A Vocabulary, 
 
 207 
 
 un gal an, enamorado, a 
 wooer. 
 
 amorosa enamorada, a 
 lover, fern. 
 
 mi-vida, a sweetheart 
 
 un competidor, una com- 
 petidora, a rival. 
 
 una manceba, a kept-mis- 
 tress. 
 
 una carta de amores, a love- 
 letter. 
 
 un beso, a kiss. 
 
 anillo de boda, a wedding- 
 ring. 
 
 bestido nupcial, wedding- 
 clothes. 
 
 las amonestaciones, the 
 banns. 
 
 las bodas, ivedlock, matri- 
 mony. 
 
 softeria, a single life. 
 
 un soltero, a single man. 
 
 una soltera, a single ivo- 
 man. 
 
 soltero, a bachelor. 
 
 dote, a portion. 
 
 licencia, licence. 
 
 una dispensa, a licence. 
 
 un casamiento, a wedding. 
 
 padrino, a godfather. 
 
 madri 
 
 na. 
 
 a godmother. 
 
 compadre, a gossip, mas. 
 co mad re, a gossip, Jem. 
 ahijado, a godson. 
 
 compafieYo, a partner. 
 camarada, a companion. 
 cofadre, a brother of the 
 same society. 
 cafadria, a guild, or so- 
 ciety. 
 
 tertulia, a club. 
 
 comunidad, a community. 
 huerfano, an orphan. 
 
 heredero, an fmr. 
 
 tutor, a tutor. 
 
 curador, a guardian. 
 
 tutela, guardianship. 
 
 el marido, the husband. 
 la muger, the wife. 
 
 una donzella, a maiden. 
 una preflada, a woman 
 with child. 
 una panda, a lying-in wo- 
 man. 
 un par to, a birth. 
 
 una muger en parto, a tea- 
 man in labour. 
 am a de leche, a wet- 
 
 nurse. 
 ama de Haves, a house- 
 keeper. 
 manceba, a concubine. 
 una muger casada, a mar- 
 ried, woman 
 nino de la piedra, 6 echa- 
 dizo, a foundling. 
 ninosupuesto,a/a/^ child. 
 bastardo, a bastard. 
 
 un bautismo, a christen- 
 ing. 
 almo padre, a foster-fa- 
 ther. 
 un viudo, a widower. 
 
 una viuda, a widow. 
 
 un huerfano, an orphan. 
 iwi tes^amento, a last will. 
 un codicillo, a codicil. 
 la parentela, 6 los parien- 
 tes, the kindred, the re- 
 lations. 
 
208 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar 
 
 un deudo, pari en te, a kins- 
 man. 
 una deuda parienta, a 
 
 kinswoman. 
 la familia, the family of 
 the house. 
 una succesion, inheritance. 
 un pupilo, a pupil. 
 
 un mal-parto, iniscarry. 
 .ahorro, husbandry. 
 
 el a mo de casa, the land- 
 lord. 
 el ama, laduefia, the land- 
 lady. 
 un comvidado, 6 huesped, 
 a guest. 
 un criado, a man-servant. 
 una criada, a servant- 
 maid. 
 los criados, the servants. 
 las criadas, servant -maids. 
 un vecino, una vecina, a 
 neighbour. 
 una asamblea, an assem- 
 
 un ainigo, una amiga, a 
 
 friend. 
 
 un paysano 6 cpmpatriota, 
 
 one's countryman. 
 
 el linage, genealogy, line- 
 
 un descendiente, a succes- 
 sor. 
 la descendencia, descent, 
 posterity, successor. 
 
 Del Alma, y de sus Fa- 
 cultades, 
 
 Of the Mind, and its Fa- 
 culties. 
 
 age. 
 
 raza, casta, linage, genea- 
 logia, the race, the off- 
 spring. 
 un antecesor, un antepasa- 
 do, an ancestor. 
 los antecesores, los ante- 
 pasados, the ancestors. 
 la posteridad, posterity. 
 
 El alma, the soul. 
 
 el a n i m o, the min d. 
 
 un espiritu, a spirit. 
 
 una fantasma anima, a 
 ghost. 
 un ge*nio, a genius. 
 
 la razon, reason. 
 
 el entendimiento, the un- 
 derstanding. 
 eljuicio, judgment. 
 
 el sentimiento, el sentido, 
 sense. 
 los cinco sentidos, the five 
 senses. 
 el sentido de la vista, the 
 sense of seeing. 
 el sentido del oyoio, the 
 sense of hearing. 
 el sentido del tacio, the 
 sense of feeling. 
 el sentido del gusto, the 
 sense of tasting. 
 el sentido del oltato, the 
 sense of smelling. 
 el sentido eomun, common, 
 sense. 
 
 el pcasamieutoj 
 
 the 
 thought. 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 2Q9 
 
 una ydea, an idea. 
 
 la imagination, the imagi- 
 nation. 
 la fantasia, the fancy. 
 
 el capricho, the caprice. 
 la voluntad, the will. 
 
 la libertad, the liberty. 
 el al vedrio, free-will. 
 el ingenio,agudeza,ge;?i?/,?, 
 ivit. 
 las ventajas del espiritu, y 
 las calidades adoptadas 
 por la naturaleza, parts, 
 qualities, natural en- 
 dowments. 
 un hombre sabio, a man of 
 parts. 
 una opinion, an opinion. 
 un sentimiento, a senti- 
 ment. 
 la verdad, the truth. 
 
 un error, an error. 
 
 una probabilidad, a pro- 
 bability, likelihood. 
 la apariencia, the appear- 
 ance. 
 un yerro, engano, a mis- 
 take. 
 el estudio, learning. 
 
 el conocimiento, know- 
 ledge. 
 la penetration, penetra- 
 tion, quick parts. 
 la sagacidad, la agud^za, 
 sagacity, sharpness of 
 wit. 
 la disposition, the disposi- 
 tion, aptness. 
 la inclination, inclination. 
 
 la capacidad, capacity. 
 la memoria, memory. 
 
 el aqueVdo, la recordation, 
 the remembrance. 
 el olvido, the for getf ill- 
 ness, 
 la torpeza, dullness. 
 
 las pasiones, the passiojis. 
 la aficion, the affection. 
 el amor, love. 
 
 enemistad aborrecimiento, 
 hatred. 
 el deseo, desire, or wish. 
 el miedo, temor, fear. 
 la aprehension, apprehen- 
 sion. 
 esperanza, hope. 
 
 la confianza, trust. 
 
 la vergiienza, shame. 
 
 el temor, timorousness. 
 el animo, el atrevimiento, 
 boldness, daringness. 
 colera, passion, enojo, pas- 
 sion, anger. 
 la furia, ira, indignation, 
 wrath. 
 la rabia, rage. 
 
 el enojo, disgusto, resent- 
 ment. 
 la venganza, vengeance, 
 revenge. 
 el odio, la malevolencia, a 
 pesar de, a spite, a pet. 
 la alegria, joy. 
 
 el placer, giisto, pleasure. 
 un desgusto, un pesar, 
 
 grief sorrow. 
 la tristeza, trouble, un- 
 easiness, pain. 
 

 210 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 el abnrrimiento, despair. 
 
 una duda, a doubt. 
 
 una sospecha, a suspicion. 
 
 la envidia, envy. 
 
 los celos, o zelos, jealousy. 
 
 la pi£dad, pity. 
 
 misericordia, mercy. 
 
 compasion, compassion. 
 
 el terror, el espanto, ter- 
 ror. 
 
 el miedo, fright. 
 
 la indignacion, indigna- 
 tion. 
 
 virtud, virtue. 
 
 caridad, charity. 
 
 templanza, temperance. 
 
 sobriedad, sobriety. 
 
 fuirza, strength. 
 
 modestia, modesty. 
 
 vergiienza, bashfulness. 
 
 civilidad, civility. 
 
 el buen raodo, la curiosi- 
 dad, politeness. 
 
 buenos modos, bien cria- 
 do, good manners, good 
 breeding. 
 
 el agrado, la corte^ia, com- 
 plaisance, obliging car- 
 riage, gentleness. 
 
 docilidad, lenity, sweet- 
 ness. 
 
 bondad, bounty, goodness. 
 
 amistad, friendship. 
 
 union, union. 
 
 concordancia, concord. 
 
 paz, peace. 
 
 qui^tud, el descanso, quiet, 
 rest. 
 
 la tranquilidad, tranquil- 
 lity. 
 
 pacieneia, patience. 
 
 prudencia, prudence. 
 
 economia, economy. 
 
 babilidad, ability, skill. 
 
 industria, industry. 
 
 el cuidado, care. 
 
 la deligencia, diligence. 
 
 exactitud, puntualidad, ex- 
 actness, punctuality. 
 
 el bonor, honnur. 
 
 la honestidad, honesty. 
 
 probidad, probity. 
 
 el desinteres, disinterest- 
 edness. 
 
 olvido de si mismo, self 
 denial. 
 
 la prudencia, cordura, wis- 
 dom. 
 
 experiencia, experience. 
 
 constancia, constancy. 
 
 benevolencia, benevolence. 
 
 buenavoluntad, good-will. 
 
 emulacion, emulation. 
 
 el favor, favour. 
 
 la grandeza del alma, 
 
 greatness of the soul. 
 
 el valor, valour. 
 
 atrevimiento, stoutness. 
 
 eorage, courage. 
 
 la fin^za, astiicia, cunning. 
 
 destreza, buenatino, dex- 
 terous, skill. 
 
 castidad, chastity. 
 
 inocencia, imwcence 
 
 liberal idad, liberality. 
 
 generosidad, generosity. 
 
 el agradecimienta, thank- 
 fulness. 
 
 la frugal idad, frugality. 
 
A Fdcabulary. 
 
 211 
 
 prosperidad, prosperity. 
 fas costumbres, manners. 
 Ja dicha, felicidad, happi- 
 ness. 
 una recompensa, a reward. 
 un premio, a premium. 
 un presente, a present. 
 un regalo, a gift. 
 
 un emprestido, a loan. 
 una gracia, a grace. 
 
 un favor, a favour. 
 
 la fama, reputacion 5 y«me > , 
 reputation. 
 
 un vicio, 
 
 a vice. 
 
 un defecto, una imperfec- 
 cion, a defect or de- 
 fault , an imperfection. 
 la avaricia, avarice, covet- 
 ousness. 
 la codicia, greediness. 
 el orgullo, pride. 
 
 lapereza, idleness, lazi- 
 ness. 
 acidia, aronia, sloth, sloth- 
 fulness. 
 la negligencia, el descuido, 
 carelessness. 
 el liixo, luxury. 
 
 la impuredad, lewdness. 
 lascividad, lechery. 
 
 viciosidad, debauchery. 
 d i s §{>lucio n , dissoluteness 
 el libertinage, desorden, 
 libertinism. 
 vida desordenada, a dis- 
 orderly life. 
 prodigalidad, riot, licen- 
 tiousness. 
 
 el despreeio, menos precio, 
 scorn, contempt. 
 una burla, un cbiste, rail- 
 lery, jest, mockery i 
 un don ay re, a witty jest. 
 dicho agudo, a witty 
 
 speech. 
 la murmuracion/ detract 
 Hon. 
 calumnia, calumny. 
 
 un crimen, a crime* 
 
 1 a mal i c i a, malice. 
 
 la mal dad, wickedness 
 el engano, deceit. 
 
 perjuro, perjury. 
 
 la vellaqueria, knavery. 
 un vellaco, knavish. 
 
 un engano, fraude, a guile. 
 un encantamiento, in- 
 chantment, witchcraft. 
 una injusticia, injustice. 
 injuria, an injury. 
 
 el logro, ustira, usury. 
 una compra, a purchase. 
 una venta, a sale. 
 
 almoneda, 6 venta, publi> 
 ca, an auction. 
 un trueco, cambio, a truck, 
 a barter. 
 un empeno, a pledge. 
 una confianza, a confi- 
 dence. 
 un contracto, a contract. 
 contrato, concierto, an 
 agreement, a bargain. 
 un artificio, engafio, an 
 artifice* 
 una vileza, baseness* 
 
 £E2 
 
* 12 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 la desverguenza, impu- 
 dence. 
 afrenta, dishonour. 
 
 el atrevimiento, audaci- 
 ousness. 
 audacia daringness. 
 
 la teraeridad, rashness. 
 cobardia, fiogedad, cow- 
 ardice. 
 pertindcia, stubbornness. 
 obstinacion, obstinacy. 
 mala voluntad, el aborreci- 
 miehto, a grudge. 
 odio secreto, secret, ha- 
 tred. 
 la crueldad, cruelty. 
 
 una disputa, a dispute. 
 una querela, a quarrel. 
 la charier ia, prattle, bab- 
 bling. 
 inconstancia, inconstancy. 
 varieddd, fickleness. 
 
 ingratitude ingratitude, 
 ungratefulness. 
 ambicion, ambition. 
 
 coneupicencia, concupi- 
 scence. 
 luxuria, carnalidad, desho- 
 nestidad, lust, immode- 
 rate desire, or carnal 
 affection. 
 prod igali dad, prodigality. 
 incivilidad, incivility. 
 
 mala crianza,, ill manners. 
 mal genio, ill nature.. 
 la discord ia, dissention. 
 impaciencia, impatience. 
 imprudehcia,' Imprudence. 
 el descuydo, negligence. 
 
 deshonor, dishonour, dis- 
 grace, discredit. 
 la indecencia, unsetmU* 
 ness. 
 el mal humor, ill-humour, 
 crossness. 
 una desgracia, a disgrace. 
 el destierro, exile, banish- 
 ment. 
 la pusilanimidad, pusilla- 
 nimity. 
 una traydoria, treachery. 
 una perfSd-ia, perfidy. 
 
 deslealtad, perfidiousness. 
 castigo, punicion, una pe- 
 h'a, a chastisement. 
 inconstancia, levity. 
 
 un perdido, a lewd person. 
 holganza, pasa tiempo, 
 
 sport, wantonness. 
 
 un hurto, ladrocinio, a 
 
 theft. 
 
 un robo, a robbery. 
 
 una salteadura, a high- 
 
 ivay robbery. 
 
 un salteador, a robber on 
 
 the highway. 
 
 una brivoneria, a knavish 
 
 trick. 
 
 un engano, a deceit. 
 
 la borracheria enbriaguez, 
 
 drunkenness. 
 
 concubinarkfad, concubi- 
 
 •'•■'. nage. 
 
 el adulterio, adultery. 
 
 un homicidio, una inuerte, 
 
 a murder, manslaughter. 
 
 un paricidio, 6 paricida, a 
 
 parricide. 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 213 
 
 un golpe, a rape. 
 
 un incesto, an incest. 
 
 una mentira, a lie. 
 
 una falsedad, a falsehood . 
 un cuento, una historia, a 
 tale, a story. 
 unjuramento, an oath. 
 la adversidad, adversity, 
 adverse fortune. 
 desdicha, desgracia, mis- 
 fortune. 
 la locura, folly. 
 
 extravagancia, extrava- 
 gance. 
 la costumbre, custom. 
 
 el uso, the use. 
 
 la practica, practice. 
 
 un habito, costumbre, ha- 
 bit, custom. 
 la demasia, un eceso, ex- 
 
 cess. 
 las cbocarrerias, wanton 
 
 talk. 
 una burla, pieza, a tr'ick. 
 los juguetes, trifles. 
 
 ladebilidad, weakness. 
 un lado flaco, a weak side. 
 unaafrenta, an affront. 
 «** e , aw outrage. 
 una insulta, <m «wm/£. 
 
 De una Casa, y todo lo 
 
 pertenciente a ella. 
 Of a House, and all that 
 
 belongs to it. 
 
 Una casa, a house. 
 
 solar, the ground of a 
 
 house. 
 
 cimiento, the foundation. 
 
 pared, a wall. 
 
 tabique, a light wall. 
 
 patio, a court, or yard. 
 
 fachada, the front. 
 
 alto, un andar, a floor. 
 
 portal, a porch. 
 
 ventana, a window. 
 
 entresuelo, a low floor. 
 
 zaquizami,6 cielo,Me ceil- 
 ing, also the place be- 
 tiveen the ceiling and 
 the roof of a house, a 
 cock-loft. 
 
 d'esvan, . a garret. 
 
 artezon, an arched ceiling. 
 
 boveda, a vault. 
 
 escalera, a stair -case. 
 
 escalon, a step. 
 
 tejado, a tiled roof 
 
 tejas, - tiles. 
 
 ladrillos, bricks. 
 
 pizarras, slates. 
 
 puerta, door. 
 
 pasadizo, a passage. 
 
 corral, a court-yard. 
 
 trascorral, a back yard. 
 
 camara, a chamber. 
 
 aposento, ^j 
 
 pieza, ( 
 
 quarto, C 
 
 estancia, J 
 
 anticamara, an antichani- 
 ber. 
 
 requadra, a back room. 
 
 a room, 
 
 corredor, 
 
 retrete, 
 
 estudio. 
 
 a halt 
 a valient. 
 
 a closet. 
 a study. 
 
211 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 armario, alhacena, a cap- 
 
 board. 
 
 gnarda ropa, a wardrobe. 
 
 aleova, an alcove. 
 
 bakon, mirador, a bal- 
 cony. 
 
 azotea, the fiat roof of a 
 house. 
 
 eamaranchon, a cock-loft. 
 
 torre, a tower. 
 
 bodega, sotano, a cellar. 
 
 reposteria, a buttery. 
 
 despensa, a pantry 
 
 cozina, a kitchen. 
 
 caballeriza, the stable. 
 
 perreria, a dog-kennel. 
 
 paiomar, a dove-house 
 
 gallinero, a hen-roost. 
 
 jardin, a garden. 
 
 parque, a park. 
 
 privada, necesaria, the 
 privy. 
 
 coronilla del edificio, the 
 top of a building. 
 
 ripio, rubbish. 
 
 ripia, a shingle. 
 
 ala de tejado, the eaves of 
 a house.. 
 
 canal, the gutter. 
 
 umbral, the threshold. 
 
 bastidores de la puerta^/ze 
 frame of the door. 
 
 postigo, a wicket. 
 
 quicios, 6 goznos, hinges. 
 
 cerradiira, a lock. 
 
 candado, a padlock. 
 
 pestiilo, the bolt of a lock. 
 
 cerrojo, a bolt. 
 
 llave, a key. 
 
 ventanilla, a little win- 
 dow. 
 picaporte, a latch. 
 
 tranca de puerta, the bar 
 of a door. 
 guardas de la Have, the 
 wards of a lock. 
 cafiuto de Have, the pipe 
 of a key. 
 vidriera, the glass of a 
 window. 
 rejas de ventina, the bars 
 of a window. 
 escalera de caracol, a wind- 
 ing stair-case. 
 rellanos, 6 mesetas de es- 
 calera^Ae landing-places 
 of stairs. 
 descanso de escalera, the 
 half -place of stairs. 
 grada, escalon, a step. 
 escatera-secreta, back- 
 stairs. 
 viga, a beam. 
 
 tabla, a board. 
 
 cruzero, a rafter. 
 
 Iadrillo, a brick. 
 
 pared maestra, the main- 
 wall. 
 pared de en medio, the 
 party-wall. 
 pared de cal y canto, a 
 wall of lime and stone. 
 tabique, a lathand plaister 
 partition. 
 cal, lime y or plaister. 
 
 argairuisa, mortar. 
 
 encostradura de pared, 
 the plaister of a ivalL 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 215 
 
 yeso, fine white Time. 
 jalbeque, whitewash. 
 
 mesa, a table. 
 
 banco, a bench. 
 
 si Ha, a chair. 
 
 silla de br&zos, 6 poltrona, 
 an arm-chair. 
 taburete sitial, a chair 
 without arms or hack 
 to it. 
 banquillo, a bench, 
 
 caxa, a box. 
 
 area, arcon, a chest. 
 
 caxon, a case of drawers. 
 tirador, a drawer. 
 
 escritorio, a cabinet. 
 
 cama, a bed. 
 
 lecho, bed. 
 
 arinazon de cama, a bed- 
 stead. 
 cielo de la cama, the bed's 
 tester. 
 cortina de cama, bed-cur- 
 tains. 
 roda pies, the bases of a 
 bed. 
 tapeto, alfombra, a carpet. 
 sabanas, sheets. 
 
 cobertor, counterpane. 
 almohadas, pillows. 
 
 tapiceria, tapestry. 
 
 pintura, a picture. 
 
 espejo, a looking-glass. 
 candelero, a candlestick. 
 despabiladeras, snuffers. 
 arana, a branch of chrys- 
 tal to hold many candles. 
 yesca, tinder. 
 
 pajuela, a match. 
 
 pedernal, a flint. 
 
 eslabon, the steel to strike 
 fire with. 
 
 orinal, a chamber-pot. 
 
 colchon, a mattrass. 
 
 colcha, a quilt to lay on 
 the ground. 
 
 catre, a couch. 
 
 cama de viento, a field- 
 bed. 
 
 testera de cama, the bed's 
 head. 
 
 columnasde cama, the 
 bed-posts. 
 
 xergon, a straw bed* 
 
 estera, a mat. 
 
 calentador de cama, a 
 warming-pan 
 
 chimenea, a chimney. 
 
 respiradero,6 canon de chi- 
 menea, the funnel of a 
 chimney. 
 
 morillos, hand-irons. 
 
 fuelles, bellows. 
 
 tenazas, tongs. 
 
 pala, 6 badil, a shove L 
 
 guarda fuego, a fender, 
 
 biombo, a screen. 
 
 urgador, atizador, a poker. 
 
 olla, apottage~pot. 
 
 covertera, . the pot- lid* 
 
 asa, the ear of a pot. 
 
 puchero, a pipkin. 
 
 cucharon, a ladle. 
 
 caldera, a kettle. 
 
 escalfador, braserillo, a 
 chafing-dish. 
 
 trevedes, a trevet. 
 
 hornillo, a stove. 
 
216 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 I 
 
 
 horno, 
 
 an oven. 
 
 sarten, 
 
 a frying-pan. 
 
 cazo, 
 
 a sauce-pan. 
 
 cazuela, 
 
 M little pan. 
 
 espumadera, a shimmer. 
 
 parr ill as, 
 
 a gridiron. 
 
 coladero, 
 
 a sieve. 
 
 rallo, 
 
 a grater. 
 
 machera, 
 
 lar ding-pan 
 
 asador, 
 
 a spit. 
 
 aceitera, alcuza, an oil pot. 
 
 vinagrera, 
 
 a cruet. 
 
 almirez, mortero, a mor- 
 
 
 tar. 
 
 redoma, 
 
 a vial. 
 
 sumidero, 
 
 a sink. 
 
 cantaro, 
 
 a pitcher. 
 
 bazin 5 a 
 
 close-stool pan. 
 
 albornia, a great earthen 
 
 
 pot. 
 
 herrada cubo, a bucket, or 
 
 
 pail. 
 
 cuba, 
 
 a tub. 
 
 lexia^ colada, ley. 
 
 xabon, 
 
 soap. 
 
 levadura, 
 
 leaven. 
 
 rodilla, 
 
 a coarse cloth. 
 
 etropajo, 
 
 a d is h~ clout. 
 
 pala del horno, the peel oj 
 
 
 the oven. 
 
 harina. 
 
 meal, flour. 
 
 salvado, 
 
 bran. 
 
 artesa, 
 
 a tray. 
 
 rnanteles, 
 
 a table-cloth. 
 
 servilleta, 
 
 a .napkin. 
 
 aguamanil, 
 
 an ewer. 
 
 almofia, 
 
 a basin. 
 
 I la, 
 
 a towel. 
 
 piatos, 
 
 plates, dishes. 
 
 cuchillo, a knife. 
 
 tenedor, a fork. 
 
 salero, a salt-celler. 
 
 escudilla, a porringer. 
 cuchara, a spoon. 
 
 tajador, a chopping-block. 
 jarro, a mug. 
 
 taza, a cup. 
 
 salvilla, a salver. 
 
 fiasco, a flask. 
 
 botella, a bottle. 
 
 vasa de vidrio, a glass vessel. 
 fuente, gran-plato, a ba- 
 son. 
 monda dientes, escarba di- 
 entes, a tooth-pick. 
 
 De las diferentes Clases del 
 Genero-humano, 
 
 Of the different Classes 
 of Mankind. 
 
 Emperador, 
 
 an emperor 
 
 emperatriz, 
 
 an empress, 
 
 imperio, 
 rey, 
 
 an empire 
 a king 
 
 reyna, 
 monarca, 
 
 a queen 
 a monarch 
 
 reyno, 
 
 a kingdom. 
 
 principe, 
 
 a 'prince 
 
 princesa, a princess 
 principado, a principality 
 duque, a duke 
 
 duquesa, a duchess 
 conde, an earl, a count 
 
 condesa, 
 
 a countess 
 
 condado, 
 
 a county 
 
A Vocabulary, 
 
 217 
 
 , a baroness. 
 
 a barony. 
 
 an elector. 
 
 visconde, a viscount. 
 
 viscond£sa, a viscountess. 
 
 baron, a baron. 
 
 baron esa 
 
 baronia, 
 
 elector, 
 
 electors, an electress. 
 
 marque's, a marquis. 
 
 rnarquesa, a marchioness. 
 
 marquesado, a marquisaie 
 or marquisship. 
 
 cabal lero, hidalgo, hijo- 
 dalgo, a gentleman. 
 
 hidalga, hija-dalgo, a gen- 
 tlewoman. 
 
 un noble, a. nobleman. 
 
 caballero, a knight. or gen- 
 tleman. 
 
 un senor, a lord. 
 
 una seriora, a lady. 
 
 un escudero, an esquire. 
 
 chanciller, a chancellor. 
 
 el estddo, the estate. 
 
 ministro de estado, the 
 minister of state. 
 
 gobernador, a governor. 
 
 mayordomo, a steward. 
 
 juez, a judge. 
 
 alcalde, a mayor. 
 
 almirante, an admiral. 
 
 mngistrado, a magistrate. 
 
 embaxador, an ambassa- 
 dor. 
 
 seeretario, a secretary. 
 
 notario, a notary. 
 
 abogado, a lawyer, an ad- 
 vocate. 
 
 receptor, a receiver. 
 
 escriviente, a clerk. 
 
 consejero, a counsellor. 
 
 maestro de lenguas, a mas- 
 ter of languages. 
 
 maestro de danza, 6 bayle, 
 a dancing-master . 
 
 maestro deesgrima, a fenc- 
 ing-master. 
 
 medico, a doctor. 
 
 eirujano, a surgeon. 
 
 barbero, a barber. 
 
 ayuda de camara, a valet- 
 de-chambre. 
 
 un page, a page. 
 
 lacayo, a footman. 
 
 un criado, a boy, or 
 
 waiter. 
 
 carretero, a carter , 
 
 mozo de mulas, 6 caballos^ 
 a groom. 
 
 cocinero, a man cook. 
 
 cocinera, a woman cook. 
 
 mozo de cocina, a scul- 
 lion. 
 
 tabernero, an innkeeper. 
 
 cerbece>o, a brewer. 
 
 vinadero, avine-dresser, or 
 keeper. 
 
 jard ineVo, a gardener. 
 
 molindro, a miller. 
 
 panadeVo, a baker. 
 
 earniceVo, 6 cortante, a 
 but the) 9 ^ 
 
 pescador, a fisherman. 
 
 pa s tele>o, a pastry- cook. 
 
 gallinero, a poulterer. 
 
 mercader, a merchant. 
 
 comerciante negociante, a 
 tradesman, 
 
 tendeVo, tf shopkeeper* 
 
 F F 
 
21S 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 mercader de seda, a mer- 
 
 cer 
 
 mercader de pano, a ivool- 
 len draper. 
 niercader de lienzo, a li- 
 nen-draper. 
 mecanico, a mechanic. 
 alero, a journeyman, 
 ajunner. 
 
 
 labrador, 
 
 iubradora, a farmer's wife, 
 
 or daughter. 
 
 aldedno, a countryman. 
 
 aldedna, a countrywoman. 
 
 poblacho,^) 
 vulgacho, > 
 plebe, J 
 
 the mob. 
 
 canalla, 
 
 the rabble. 
 
 o, 
 
 a rogue^ 
 a slave. 
 
 esHavo, 
 
 platero, 
 libreto, librc 
 
 a goldsmith. 
 ;ro, a book- 
 
 
 seller. 
 
 impresor, 
 enquadernac 
 
 a printer. 
 ior, a book- 
 
 
 binder. 
 
 sastre, 
 texedor, 
 
 a t ay lor. 
 a weaver. 
 
 costurera, 
 botonero, 
 
 a sempstress, 
 a button- 
 
 
 maker. 
 
 sombrerero, 
 
 a hatter. 
 
 calzetero, 
 
 - a hosier. 
 
 zapatero, 
 remendon, 
 
 a shoemaker. 
 a cobler. 
 
 herrero, 
 
 a blacksmith. 
 
 ameytar, 
 
 a farrier. 
 
 cerrajero, 
 layandera, 
 
 a smith. 
 a laundress. 
 
 partero, a man-midwife. 
 
 carpi ntero, a carpenter, 
 
 peon, a labourer. 
 
 albafiil, a bricklayer. 
 
 pintor, a painter. 
 
 frutera, a fruiterer. 
 
 verdulera, an herb -woman. 
 
 tabemeYo, a vintner. 
 
 mesonero, an innkeeper. 
 
 reloxero, a watch-maker. 
 
 pregonero, a crier. 
 
 joyero, a jeweller. 
 
 boticgrio, an apothecary, 
 
 buhonero, a pedlar. 
 
 charlatan, a quack, 
 
 saca muelasj a tooth-draw- 
 
 er. 
 
 vidriero, a glazier. 
 
 carboneVo, a collier. 
 
 letrddo, a lawyer. 
 
 carcelero, a jailor. 
 
 verdugo, the hangman. 
 
 ganapan,esportillero, man- 
 dadero, a porter. 
 
 remendon de vestidos, a 
 botcher. 
 
 esc ul tor, a carver, or gra- 
 ver. 
 
 bordador, an embroiderer. 
 
 droguista, a druggist. 
 
 especiero, a grocer. 
 
 labrador, agricultor. a hus- 
 bandman. 
 
 segador, a harvest -man. 
 
 trillador, a thresher. 
 
 maestro de posta, a post- 
 master. 
 
 postilion, a postilion. 
 
 mesagero, a messenger. 
 
 baylarin de cuerda, a rope-, 
 dancer. 
 
A Vocabulary* 
 
 219 
 
 jugador de manos, a jug- 
 gler. 
 espade>o, a sword-cutler. 
 armero, an armourer. 
 navajero, a cutler. 
 
 arbaiiil, a mason. 
 
 banqueVo, a banker. 
 
 oo(tab61sas, a cut-purse. 
 ganztia, a pick-lock. 
 
 Los Ptoses, y Diosas de 
 la Fabula. 
 
 Jupiter, Dios del Cielo, 
 
 Neptuno, dios del mar, 
 Platon, dios del infierno, 
 Saturno, dios del tiempo, 
 Ap61o, dios de la Sabidu- 
 
 ria, 
 Mercurio, dios de la elo- 
 
 quencia, 
 Marzo, dios de la guerra, 
 Esculapio, dios de la me- 
 
 decina, 
 Eolo, dios de los vi^ntos, 
 Vulcano, dios del fuego, 
 Cupido, dios del amor. 
 Los A mores. 
 Baco, dios del vino, 
 Fauno, dios de las arbole- 
 
 das, 
 Pan, dios de los pastores, 
 Sylvano, dios de los bos- 
 
 ques, 
 Priapio, dios de los jar- 
 dines, 
 Tito, dios de la manana, 
 
 amolador, a grinder. 
 
 desollinadar, a chiiivney- 
 
 sweeper. 
 pastor, a shepl 
 
 baquero, a cow-herd. 
 
 porquero, a swine-herd. 
 cestero, a basket-maker. 
 zapatero de viejo, a cobler . 
 
 The Heathen Gods and 
 Goddesses. 
 
 Jupiter, or Jove, god of 
 
 heaven. 
 Neptune, god of the sea. 
 Pluto, god of hell. 
 Saturn, god of time. 
 Apollo, god ofivisdom. 
 
 Mercury, god of elo- 
 quence. 
 Mars, god of war, 
 Esculapius, godof physic. 
 
 JJLolus, god of winds. 
 
 Vulcan, god of fire. 
 
 Cupid, god of love. 
 
 Cupids. 
 
 Bacchus, god of wine. 
 
 Faunus, god of groves. 
 
 Pan, god of shepherds. 
 Sylvanus, god of woods. 
 
 PriapuSy god of gardens. 
 
 Tithon, god of the morn- 
 ing. 
 
 F£2 
 
2ZQ 
 
 A Xew Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Amfitrito, los Triton es, 
 
 Mom us, 
 Ca3tor y Pollus, dioses de 
 
 los marineros, 
 Palemon y Glaucus, dioses 
 
 de los nadadore*. 
 Proserpina, hija de Ceres, 
 
 muger de Platon, y dio- 
 
 sa deiinfierno, 
 Tetis, diosa del mar, 
 Astrea, diosa de la justi- 
 
 cia, 
 Minerva, diosa de las cien- 
 
 cias, 
 Tritonia, 6 Pallas, diosa 
 
 de las armas, 
 Venus, diosa del amor, 
 Heb£, diosade la joventud, 
 Aurora, diosa de la mana- 
 
 na, 
 Cibele, madre de los dioses, 
 
 Vesta, diosa del fuego, 
 Ceres, diosa de los granos, 
 Belona, diosa de la guerra, 
 Lucina, diosa del parto, 
 
 Nemesis, diosa de la ven- 
 
 Amphitrife, the Tritons, 
 Momiis. 
 
 Castor and Pollux, god of 
 mariners. 
 
 palemon and Glaucus, 
 gods of swimmers. 
 
 Proserpine, the daughter 
 of Ceres, wife of Pluto, 
 and goddess of hell. 
 
 Thetis, goddess of the sea. 
 
 Astrea, goddess of jus- 
 tice. 
 
 Minerva, goddess of arts. 
 
 Pallas, goddess of arms. 
 
 Venus, goddess of love. 
 
 Hebe, goddess of youth. 
 
 Aurora, goddess of the 
 morning. 
 
 Cybele, mother of the 
 gods. 
 
 Vesta, goddess of fire. 
 
 Ceres, goddess of corn. 
 
 Bellona, goddess of war. 
 
 Lucina \ goddess of child- 
 birth. 
 
 Nemesis, goddess of re- 
 
 ganza, 
 las Furias, 
 Diana, diosa de la caza, 
 
 venge. 
 the Furies. 
 Diana, goddess of hunt- 
 
 las nueve Musas, diosas de 
 
 la Poesia, 
 las Driadas, las Nayadas, 
 
 diosas de los bosques y 
 
 fuentes, 
 los campos Elis^os, 
 un Puende, 
 
 the nine Muses, goddesses 
 
 of poetry. 
 theDryades and Nayades, 
 
 goddesses of woods and 
 fountain*, 
 the Elysian Fields, 
 a Fairy. 
 
A Vocabulary* 
 
 22% 
 
 De las Cosas Sagradas 
 
 Dios, la Santisima Trini- 
 dad, 
 
 el Padre, el Hijo, y el Es- 
 pitu Santo, 
 
 el Creador, Salvador, y Re- 
 den tor, 
 
 un angel, el diablo, demo- 
 nio, 
 
 un espiritu 6 duende, 
 
 una fantasma, 
 
 la escritura sagrada 6 la 
 palabra de Dios, 
 
 el viejo te^tamento, 
 
 el nuevo testamento, 
 
 los mandainientos, 
 
 el Padre nnestro, 
 
 el Credo, Symbolo de la 
 Fe, 
 
 el santo Sacramento, 6 Eu- 
 caristia, 
 
 el bautismo, baptism. 
 
 el Judaismo, Judaism. 
 
 Christiano, a Christian. 
 
 Protestante, a Protestant. 
 
 Calvinista, a Calvinist. 
 
 Huguenote, a Huguenot. 
 
 un ministro, 6 cura, a mi- 
 nister, or parson. 
 
 un Luterano, a Lutheran. 
 
 un Papista, o Catolico- Ro- 
 mano, a Papist, or Ro- 
 man Catholic. 
 
 el Papa, 6 Padre Santo de 
 Roma, the Pope, or the 
 Holy Father of Rome. 
 
 un cardenal, a cardinal. 
 
 arcedianoj an archdeacon. 
 
 
 — Of Sacred Things. 
 God, the Holy Trinitir. 
 
 the Father, the Son, and . 
 
 the Holy Ghost, 
 the Creator, the Savidrtt^ r 
 
 and Redeemer, 
 an angel , the -devil* 
 
 a spirit, or ghost . 
 
 a spectre. 
 
 the Scripture, or the word 
 
 ofGod. 
 the Old Testament, 
 the New Testament, 
 the Commandments. 
 the Lord's Prayer, 
 the Apostles' Creed. 
 
 the Holy Sacratrtents. 
 
 arzobispo, an archbishop. ,/ 
 obispo, a bishop. 
 
 can on i go, a canon. 
 
 cura, a curate. 
 
 vicario, a vicar. 
 
 un religioso, 6 monge, a 
 monk, 
 una monja, a nun. 
 
 un hermitanOj an hermit. 
 pelegrino* a pilgrim. 
 
 predicador, a preacher. 
 clerigo, 6 sacerdote, a 
 priest. 
 un padre confesor, a father 
 confessor. 
 capellan, a chaplain. 
 
 una capilla, axhap$l.«. 
 
422 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 un rosario, a rosary. 
 
 una parrochia, a parish. 
 uu parrochiano, a parishi- 
 oner. 
 tina misa, a mass. 
 
 un dia de devocion, a day 
 of devotion. 
 dia de fiesta, a feast. 
 
 una iglesia, a church. 
 
 un campanario, a steeple. 
 pulpito, a pulpit. 
 
 altar, the altar. 
 
 6rgano, the organs. 
 
 cemente>io, the church- 
 yard. 
 un entierro, a burying, or 
 funeral. 
 cadaver, cuerpo-muerto, a 
 corpse. 
 un ataud, a coffin. 
 
 una sepulttira, a grave. 
 el paradiso, paradise. 
 
 infierno, hell. 
 
 purgatorio, purgatory. 
 ano-nuevo, the new year. 
 el dia de los reyes, twelfth 
 tide. 
 Candelaria, la Purificacion 
 de nuestra Senora, Can- 
 dlemas. 
 Carnes Tolendas, Shrove 
 Tuesday. 
 £] dia de Ceniza, Ash 
 Wednesday. 
 La Cuaresma, Lent. 
 
 ei Domingo de Ramos, 
 Palm Sunday. 
 la semana santa, the holy 
 week. 
 
 el Viernes Santo, Good 
 Friday. 
 Pdscua, Easter. 
 
 las fiestas de Pascua, Eas- 
 ter-holidays. 
 1q$ quatro tiempos, 6 tem- 
 poras, Ember weeks, 
 Pentecostes, ffliitsunday. 
 la Ascension, Ascension- 
 day. 
 Corpus Christi, Corpus 
 Christi. 
 el dia de San Juan, Mid- 
 summer*- 
 la San Miguel, Michael- 
 mas* 
 Todos Santos, All Saints. 
 el dia de las Animas, All 
 Souls. 
 el Aviento, Advent. 
 
 el dia deNavidajd, Christ- 
 mas-day. 
 
 De los Animates. 
 Of the Beasts. 
 
 Bestia mansa, a tame 
 beast. 
 bestia feroz, a fierce beast. 
 ganado, cattle. 
 
 ganado mayor, great cat- 
 tle. 
 un toro, a bull. 
 
 ternero, 6 bezerro, a calf. 
 tern eta, a heifer. 
 
 buey, an ox. 
 
 carnero, a sheep. 
 
 oveja, 
 
 an ewe. 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 223 
 
 cordeYo, a lamb. 
 
 corderico, a lambkin. 
 
 cabra, a she-goat. 
 
 eabron, a he -goat. 
 
 cabrito, a kid. 
 
 pueVco, marrano, a hog. 
 lechon, a pig. 
 
 asno, burro, burrico, an 
 ass. 
 burra, burrica, an ass, Jem. 
 haca, haquilla, a colt. 
 
 bufalo, a buffalo. 
 
 yegiia, a mare. 
 
 yegiiecilla, a young mare. 
 caballo, a horse. 
 
 camello, * a camel. 
 
 gato, a cat. 
 
 garanon, a stallion. 
 
 caballo castrado, a gelding. 
 entero, a stone horse. 
 corrector ,arace horse. 
 de mano, a led horse. 
 de posta, a post horse. 
 de alquiler, a restive 
 hoi^se. 
 rebelde, a hackney 
 horse. 
 des abocado, a hard- 
 mouthed horse. 
 medroso, a starting 
 horse. 
 tropezador, a stumb- 
 ling horse. 
 que sacude, a jolting 
 horse. 
 asmatico, a broken- 
 winded horse. 
 indomito, ahorse that 
 cannot be tamed. 
 
 caballo saltador, a leaping 
 horse. 
 bayo, a bay horse. 
 bayo castano, a dies nut- 
 bay. 
 bayo oscuro, a brown hay, 
 bayo dorddo, a bright bay, 
 picazo, a pied horse* 
 
 ruzio rodddo, a dapple 
 
 de color de gam uza ; cream 
 colour. 
 alazan, a sorrel. 
 
 alazan toslado, a dark sor- 
 reL 
 overo, a white and red 
 spotted horse* 
 rubican, a grey horsex 
 caballo de carro, a cart 
 horse, 
 brioso, a mettlesome 
 horse, 
 enano, a small horse. 
 morisco, a fine Moor- 
 ish horse, a bard. 
 frison, a great Flan- 
 ders horse r 
 quatrdlbo ,a horse that 
 has Jour while 
 feet. 
 picazo, a pied horse. 
 hovero, a cream-co- 
 loured horse, 
 perro, a dog. 
 
 perro de caza, a hound. 
 perro de muestra, a setting 
 
 sabueso, a blood-hound. 
 
 poderico ; perdiguero,# sftfr 
 
 ting-dog. 
 
$24 
 
 A Kew Spanish Grammar. 
 
 perro callado, a houndthat 
 does not open well. 
 perro baxo, a terrier. 
 
 gal go, a greyhound. 
 
 lebrel, a sort of fierce dogs 
 
 resembling greyhounds , 
 
 common in Ireland. 
 perro ventor, a finder. 
 perro de agua, 6 lamelillo, 
 a water dog. 
 mastin, a mastiff*. 
 
 perro de pastor, a shep- 
 herd's dog. 
 perro velador, a house-dog. 
 perrillo de falda, a lap-dog. 
 alano, 6 dogo, a bull-dog. 
 barbudillo, a spaniel. 
 
 perro raposero, 6 xat£o, 
 
 small setting-dog for 
 fox hunting. 
 perrillo de faldas, gozque, 
 
 cosquejo, little dog kept 
 
 in a house. 
 conejo, a rabbit. 
 
 hacanea, a pad. 
 
 muleto, a young mule. 
 mulo, macho, mule, mas. 
 mula, mule, fern. 
 
 potro, a colt. 
 
 pollino borruchuelo, an 
 asses colt. 
 eiervo, a stag. 
 
 ven&do, a deer. 
 
 gamo, ajallowdeer. 
 
 cachorro de eiervo, a fawn 
 astas de eiervo, the horns 
 of a deer. 
 
 rastras, opisadas de eiervo, 
 the track of a stag. 
 comadreja, a weasel. 
 
 texon, a badger. 
 
 garnuza, a wild goose, 
 cabra months, a roebuck. 
 gato de algalia, a civet-cat. 
 dama, a doe, 
 
 ardillo, a squirrel. 
 
 elefante, an elephant. 
 
 fuina, garduna, a martin. 
 mono, a monkey. 
 
 gimio, an ape. 
 
 arminio, 6 armino, an er~< 
 mine. 
 li^bre, a hare. 
 
 liebreeilla, a leveret. 
 
 liron, a dormouse. 
 
 rata, a rat. 
 
 zorra> 6 raposa, a fox. 
 erizo, a hedge-hog. 
 
 raton, a mouse 9 
 
 ratoncillo, a little mouse. 
 topo, a mole. 
 
 hiena, an hyena. 
 
 leopardo, a leopard. 
 
 leon, a lion. 
 
 Ie6na, a lioness. 
 
 leonzillo, a lions whelp. 
 lobo, a wolf 
 
 lobocerval, a lynx. 
 
 osso, a bear. 
 
 ossillo, a bear's cub. 
 
 pantera, a panther. 
 
 rhinoceronte, a rhinoceros. 
 tigre, a tiger. 
 
 javali ; puereo montes, a 
 wild boar. 
 
A Vocabulary, 
 
 225 
 
 navajas, 6 colmillos de ja- 
 
 vali, the tusks of a ivild 
 
 boar. 
 
 javalina, a wild sow. 
 
 Antmales que se arrastran. 
 
 Creatures that creep on 
 the Earth. 
 
 dente, a serpent. 
 
 serpiente alada, a flying 
 serpent. 
 dragon, a dragon. 
 
 aspid, an asp. 
 
 culebra, a snake. 
 
 cocodnllo, a crocodile. 
 cayman, agreed crocodile, 
 
 Sabandijasj 
 Insects. 
 
 or alligator. 
 lagartija, salamanquesa, a 
 lizard. 
 lagdrto, a little alligator. 
 vibora, a viper. 
 
 viborezno, a young viper. 
 
 Ani males ampbibios. 
 Amphibious Creatures. 
 
 Bivora, 6 castor, a heaver > 
 or castor. 
 nutria, o nutra, an otter. 
 bipopotamo, a river-horse. 
 tortuga, a tortoise. 
 
 galapago, a land tortoise. 
 
 IOC 
 
 
 sea-calf. 
 
 Arana, a spider. 
 
 aranuela, a little spider. 
 ca'reoma, a wood worm. 
 oruga, a caterpillar. 
 
 arador, a hand worm. 
 
 sapo, a toad. 
 
 escarbajo, a beetle. 
 
 caracol, a snail. 
 
 hormiga, an ant. 
 
 ran a, a frog. 
 
 grillo, a cricket. 
 
 re vol ton, an insect that 
 spoils vines. 
 piojo, a louse. 
 
 lieiidre, a nit. 
 
 pulga, aflea. 
 
 cbinche, a bug. 
 
 langosta, a locust. 
 
 escorpion, alacran, a scor- 
 pion. 
 tarantula, the tarantula. 
 polilla, a moth. 
 
 mosca, a fiy- 
 
 abispa, abispon, a wasp. 
 abeja, a bee. 
 
 moscon, moscarda, a great 
 
 fly- 
 
 z&ngano, a drone. 
 
 tabano, * gad-fly. 
 
 cigdrra, a grasshopper. 
 tabon, a hornet. 
 
 lucerna, 6 lucieVniga, afire 
 
 . w 
 
 mariposa, a butterfly. 
 vaquilla de dios, a lady- 
 bird. 
 
 G G 
 
226 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar 
 
 zanciido, a gnat. 
 
 enxambrej a swarm. 
 
 cuoariicha, a wood-louse. 
 canciido. a fry called long- 
 legs. 
 gusano, a worm. 
 
 «usano de seda, a silk- 
 worm. 
 
 Aves — Birds. 
 
 aguila, an eagle. 
 
 aguilucho, an eaglet. 
 
 buytre, a vulture. 
 
 esmerejon, a merlin. 
 
 gavilan, a sparrow-hawk. 
 
 mochuelo, a tassel-hawk. 
 
 balcon, a falcon. 
 
 torzuelo, a male falcon. 
 
 girifalte, a ger-falcon . 
 
 alcotdn, a tanner. 
 
 sacre, a sacre. 
 
 garza, a heron. 
 
 garzota, a small heron. 
 
 milano., a kite. 
 
 cuervo, a crow, or raven. 
 
 corneja, a rook. 
 
 calandria, a lark. 
 aguza-nieve, a ivag tail. 
 
 canario, a canary-bird. 
 
 gilguero, a goldfinch. 
 mirlo, ") 
 
 merla, > a black-bird. 
 merlo, J 
 
 pinzon, a chaffinch. 
 
 ruy-serior, a nightingale, 
 
 verderon; a green-bird. 
 
 •apagdyo,^ 
 5ro, \ 
 
 otorra, J 
 
 pan 
 loro 
 
 'on, J 
 
 a goose, 
 
 a parrot 
 colon 
 
 urrara, a magpie, 
 
 lechnza, an owl. 
 
 rnorcielago, a bat, 
 
 mochuelo, horn- owl 
 
 cumaya, a night-raven, 
 grajo, a chough. 
 
 chota-cabras, a goat- 
 
 sucker 
 anade, a wild- duck 
 
 cerc(rta, a teat 
 
 chorlito, a cut fieri 
 
 cuervo- marino, a cormo- 
 rant, 
 pato, a duck 
 
 ganso 
 ansar. 
 ansaron 
 eernicalo, a kestril. 
 
 f'ulga, a moor-hen. 
 
 avion, a martin. 
 
 gabiota, a gull. 
 
 somorg>uj6n, a diver. 
 
 chocha, 1 a wood- 
 
 gallina-ciega, j cock. 
 tordo, 1 a starling, or 
 estornfno, J stare. 
 
 codorniz, a quail. 
 
 capon, a capon. 
 
 gallo, a cock. 
 
 gallina, a hen. 
 
 polio, a chicken. 
 
 poUa, a pullet. 
 
 pavo, 1 
 pava, J 
 francol i n, a god-wit. 
 
 faisan, a pheasant. 
 
 a turkey. 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 2'2J 
 
 zorzal, 
 
 a thrush. 
 
 plumaza, 
 
 the down. 
 
 hortolauo, 
 
 an ortolan. 
 
 ala, 
 
 a win cr- m 
 
 o 
 
 gorrion, 
 
 a sparrow. 
 
 penolas, 1 
 
 q ■tills. 
 
 perdiz, 
 
 a partridge. 
 
 penulas, J 
 
 pal 6 ma, 
 
 a dove. 
 
 pie, 
 
 the foot. 
 
 piehon, 
 
 a pigeon. 
 
 cola, 
 
 the tail. 
 
 palomino, ( 
 
 f x young pigeon. 
 
 buche, 
 
 the craw. 
 
 tortola, 
 i 
 
 a turtle-dove. 
 a king's fisher. 
 
 &t - ' > claws, or talons. 
 
 alcion, 
 
 unas, J 
 
 
 goiondrina 
 
 , a swallow. 
 
 rabadilla, 
 
 tlte rump. 
 
 avestruz, 
 
 an ostrich. 
 
 pechdga, 
 
 the breast. 
 
 cigiieria, 
 
 a stork. 
 
 entre pechu 
 
 ga^ the h awn. 
 
 cuciillo, 
 
 a cucJiow. 
 a swan. 
 
 
 
 cisiie, 
 
 
 
 pitiroxo, 
 
 a red-robin. 
 
 Peces- 
 
 — Fishes. 
 
 grulla, 
 
 a crane. 
 
 
 
 
 pezpita, 
 
 a wag-tail. 
 
 A bur no, 
 
 a blech. 
 
 abuilio, 
 
 a lapwing. 
 
 ancheva, 
 
 an anchovy. 
 
 oropendola 
 
 , a ic it wall. 
 
 anguila, 
 
 an eel. 
 
 vencejo, 
 
 a martlet. 
 
 abadejo, 
 
 poor jack. 
 
 abejardco, 
 
 a tit -mo use. 
 
 almeja, 
 
 a musele. 
 
 abutarde, 
 
 a bustard. 
 
 atun, 
 
 a tunny fish. 
 
 tordo-loeo, 
 
 an owsel. 
 
 ballena, 
 
 a whale. 
 
 pelicano, 
 
 a pelican. 
 
 bar bo, 
 
 a barbel. 
 
 p he nix, 
 
 a pltenix.. 
 
 bacalliio, 
 
 dried cod. 
 
 chirlp, 
 
 a wood-pecker. 
 
 car pa, 
 
 a carp. 
 
 pi co yerde, 
 
 a green-beak. 
 
 calatnajero, 
 
 a ail a man/. 
 
 reyezuelo, 
 
 a plover, a 
 
 cabalio-marino, a sea- 
 
 
 wren. 
 
 - 
 
 horse. 
 
 rnergo, 
 
 a puffin. 
 
 congrlo, 
 
 a conger. 
 
 -real, 
 
 a peacock. 
 
 cangrejo, 
 
 a cral. 
 
 
 
 delphin, 
 
 a dolphin. 
 
 
 
 dorado, 
 
 a gilt back. 
 
 Partes de una Ave. 
 
 doradillo, 
 
 the goldfsh. 
 
 
 
 esturitm, 
 
 a sturgeon. 
 
 Parts of a Bird., 
 
 gobio, 
 
 a gudgeon. 
 
 
 
 gob ion, 
 
 d dace. 
 
 
 
 
 Pico, 
 
 the beak. 
 
 harenque, 
 
 a herring 
 
 pi urn a, 
 
 a feather. 
 
 GG 2 
 
 
22$ 
 
 A Xew Spanish Grammar. 
 
 harenque seco, a dry her- 
 ring. 
 langosta, a lobster. 
 
 ■ langostilla, a prawn. 
 
 lamprea, a lamprey. 
 
 lengiiado, a sole. 
 
 Hza, a skate. 
 
 lobo, a bass. 
 
 luso, a pike. 
 
 rnarscpa, a porpoise. 
 
 merluza, fresh cod. 
 
 mero, a halibut. 
 
 meritiza seca, stockfish. 
 ostra, ostrony an oyster. 
 ortiga pez, stinking fish. 
 perga, a perch. 
 
 pulpo, a polypus. 
 
 raya, a thornback. 
 
 rodovdllo, a turbot. 
 
 rubillo, a gurnet. 
 
 sabalo, a shad. 
 
 sardina, a pilchard. 
 
 salmqn, salmon. 
 
 sarda, a mackarel. 
 
 talpaire,£Ae millers thumb 
 tremielga, a cramp fish. 
 trueha, trout. 
 
 xibia, cuttlefish. 
 
 Partes de 
 Parts of 
 
 nn Pez. 
 a Fish. 
 
 Hocico, 
 
 agallas, 
 
 alas, 
 
 escdmas, 
 
 e^pinas, 
 
 concha, 
 
 
 the snout. 
 
 the gills. 
 
 thefins. 
 
 the scales. 
 
 the bones. 
 
 the shell. 
 
 huevos de pez, the hard 
 
 roio. 
 
 leche, the soft rciv. 
 
 Arboles — Trees. 
 
 Alvaricoque, an apricot- 
 tree. 
 almendro, an almond. 
 
 durazno, a nectarine. 
 
 guindo, a cherry. 
 
 cerezo, a heart cherry. 
 un castario, a chesnut. 
 cidro, a citron 
 
 membrillero, a quince. 
 serval, a service^ 
 
 pal ma, a palm. 
 
 higuera, a fig. 
 
 azufeito, a jujub. 
 
 granado, a pomegranate: 
 Union, a lemon. 
 
 moral, a mulberry. 
 
 nispero, a media?. 
 
 avellano, a hazel-nut. 
 
 nogal, a ivalnut. 
 
 olivo, 1 
 azeituno,J 
 azebuche, a icild olive. 
 naranjo, an orange. 
 
 alverchigo, persigo, a 
 
 peach. 
 ciruelo, a plumb. 
 
 peral, a pear. 
 
 nianzano, an apple-tree. 
 alamo negro, black poplar. 
 alamo bfanco,white poplar 
 cedro, a cedar. 
 
 sabuco, an alder. 
 
 an olive 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 -2$ 
 
 enzina, roble, an oak. 
 
 cornizo, the cor nil. 
 
 cypres, the cypress. 
 
 ebano, ebony. 
 
 arze, maple. 
 
 haya, beech. 
 
 iYesno, ash, 
 
 azebo, holm,, 
 
 texo, yew. 
 
 laurel, laurel. 
 
 aleornoque, the cork. 
 
 olmo, elm. 
 
 pi no, pine, orjir. 
 
 plantano, a plane. 
 
 sauze, a willow. 
 
 tejo, Under. 
 
 higuera brava, a sycamore 
 
 tree. 
 bergamote, bergamot pear 
 
 tree. 
 borne, a wild hazle tree. 
 camueso, a pippin tree. 
 car me, horn-beam tree. 
 cermeno, a muscadine pear 
 
 tree. 
 chopo, the poplar tree. 
 coscqjo, the French oak 
 
 tree. 
 
 modrono, a tree like the 
 
 strawberry-tree. 
 
 Matas — Shrubs. 
 
 A^no-casto, agnus-custus. 
 ali so, the lote-tree. 
 
 balsamo, the balsam. 
 
 box, box-tree. 
 
 madre selva, the honey- 
 suckle. 
 zarza-moro, the black- 
 berry, 
 hiniesta, broom, 
 
 una espina, gooseberry* 
 bush. 
 adelfa, ivy^ 
 
 brusco, butcher s broom. 
 regal iz, liquorice, 
 
 alhocigo, the pistachio- 
 tree. 
 romero, rosemary. 
 
 rosal, rose-tree, 
 
 sabina, savine. 
 
 tamariz, tamarisk-tree. 
 alhefia, privet. 
 
 vifia, vine, 
 
 labriisca, wild vine. 
 
 parra^ 
 
 a wall vine. 
 
 mirtho, arrayan, myrtle, 
 castilla, currant-tree. 
 
 alcaparro, caper- tree, 
 
 almea, stor ax-tree. 
 
 amorao, the momus-tree. 
 
 espino. 
 
 hawtlwrn-tree. 
 
 espino majuelo, the haw- 
 thorn-free. 
 
 espino bianco, the bar- 
 berry-bush. 
 
 carrizo, the sea-hush. 
 
 cornicabra, the turpentine- 
 tree. 
 
 endrino, damson-iree. 
 
 floripondio, olecuuter-tree. 
 
 lentisco, leniisk-tree. 
 
 nardo, spieknard-iree. 
 
 tamariz, the tamarind- 
 tree. 
 
!30 
 
 A Neiv Spanish Grammar, 
 
 Frutas — Fruits. 
 
 Alberiooque, an apricot. 
 ai mend raj an almond. 
 
 alcaparra, a caper. 
 
 ai«arroba, a carop. 
 
 azeituna, an olive. 
 
 avellana, an hazel-nut. 
 arraigar, to take root. 
 
 azufaisa, a jujub. 
 
 bergamota, a bergamot. 
 beli6ta, an acorn. 
 
 bresa, the first fig. 
 
 castana, a chesnut. 
 
 cabueza, a pipkin. 
 
 cascara de nuez, the shell 
 
 of a nut. 
 corteza del-arbol, the bark. 
 cereza, a heart cherry. 
 citron, a citron. 
 
 ciruela, a plumb. 
 
 cirueia pasa, a prune. 
 
 datil, date. 
 
 dimizno, a nectarine. 
 
 guinda, a cherry. 
 
 granada, a pomegranate. 
 hjgo, a fig. 
 
 hebras de raiz, the fibres 
 
 of a root. 
 
 lmeso de fruta, the stone of 
 
 a fruit. 
 
 ingerir, . to ingraft. 
 
 inperir de canuto, to ino- 
 
 culate. 
 
 m^trto, a graft. 
 
 limon, a lemon. 
 
 madrofio, a wild straw- 
 
 bernj. 
 
 manzana, an apple. 
 
 membrillo, a quince. 
 
 manzana de San Juan, St. 
 John's apple. 
 
 melon, a melon. 
 
 mondadura de fruta, the 
 parings of fruit , 
 
 mora, a mulberry. 
 
 moho, the moss. 
 
 naranja, an orange. 
 
 niezpolo, a medlar. 
 
 nuez, a walnut. 
 
 pampano, a vine-branch. 
 
 ptpita de la uva, a grape- 
 stone. 
 
 pepita, the seed of fruit. 
 
 pezon, the stalk. 
 
 pimpollo, the sucker, or 
 sprout of a vine. 
 
 pera, a pear. 
 
 pifion, the kernel of a pine- 
 apple. 
 
 racimo deuvas, a bunch 
 of grapes. 
 
 raiz, a root. 
 
 ramoj a branch. 
 
 renu^voj a young shoot of 
 a vine. 
 
 roclrigar, to prop a vine. 
 
 rodrigon, the prop. 
 
 renuevo, a sprig. 
 
 snnmento, a twig of a vine. 
 
 serva, service. 
 
 tamarindo, tamarind. 
 
 telita de granada, film of 
 a pomegranate. 
 
 tronco, the ''trunk of a tree. 
 
 \\ va, a grape: 
 
 zaiza-mora, a blackberry.: 
 
 zarcillos de la vid, the ten- 
 drils of a vine. 
 
A Vocabulary > 
 
 231 
 
 zumo, the sap. 
 
 yeuia de villa, the bud of 
 
 a vine. 
 
 . Trigos, y sus Partes, 
 Corn, and lis Parts. 
 
 Trigo, wheat. 
 
 candial, the best wheat. 
 trigo rubion, red wheat. 
 
 escandia, bearded wheat. 
 
 herren, meslln-corn. 
 
 espeita, spelt. 
 
 centeno, rye. 
 
 cebada, barley. 
 
 avena, oats. 
 
 arroz, rice. 
 
 mijo, millet. 
 
 maiz, Indian wheat. 
 
 Jegumbres, pulse. 
 
 alverjon, a great vetch. 
 
 garbanzos, Spanish peas. 
 
 arvejas, beans. 
 
 guisantes, peas. 
 
 h&ba, a bean. 
 
 leriteja, a lentil. 
 
 altramiiz, a lupin. 
 
 judias. French luins. 
 
 zicerchas, iclld tares. 
 
 cascara, the cod. 
 
 hollejo, the husk. 
 
 Bayces. Plantas, y Yerbas, 
 Roots, Plants, and Herbs. 
 
 Axenjo, 
 *pk>, 
 
 wormwood, 
 celery. 
 
 ajo, gnrlick* 
 
 eneldo, dill. 
 
 anis, annlseed. 
 
 alegria, sesame. 
 
 annuelles, orach, or golden 
 flowers* 
 alcachofas, articmke. 
 
 espanago, asparagus. 
 
 abrotano, ^southermvmd* 
 acelga, white beet* 
 
 bledo, a blight. 
 
 bo r raj a, borage. 
 
 cardo, a fMsfle. 
 
 zanaborias, carrots* 
 
 voleza, perifolio, cliertil. 
 bongo, seta, a mushroom. 
 chirivia, a skirref. 
 
 chicoria,"! 
 
 endivia, > succory ,endive. 
 escarola, J 
 
 col berza, cabbage- 
 
 coles repollos, cabbages, 
 berza crespa, savoy. 
 
 broton, a sprout. 
 
 co ! i fi o r , ca ulijhwer. 
 
 calabaza, pumpkin. 
 
 pepino, cucumber, 
 
 culantro, coriander. 
 
 culantrillo, capillmre* 
 
 calabaza, a gourd. 
 
 perexi!, marine, samphire. 
 mastueVzo, gar den cresses. 
 escalona, a scullion. 
 
 espinaca, spina ge. 
 
 hinojo, Jermel. 
 
 hobl6n, hop a. 
 
 lechuga murciana, 6 cerra- 
 ca, a cabbage lettuce. 
 
232 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 lecbuga, crespa, a curled 
 lettuce. 
 uabo, a turnip. 
 
 nabal, a turnip-field. 
 
 cebolla, an onion. 
 
 acetosa, acedera, vinagrera, 
 sorrel. 
 romaza, long sorrel. 
 
 acedera, - common sorrel. 
 perexil, parsley. 
 
 puerro, a leek. 
 
 verdolaga, purslain. 
 
 ruipances, rampions. 
 
 ruqueta, rocket. 
 
 ruda, rue. 
 
 salvia, sage. 
 
 criadilla de tierra, a truf- 
 fle, or pig-nut. 
 mejorana, sweet marjoram. 
 agarico, agarick. 
 
 agrimonia, agrimony. 
 
 acibar, aloes. 
 
 angelica, angelica. 
 
 celidonia, celadine. 
 
 betonica, betony. 
 
 bistorta, bistort, or snake- 
 wort. 
 roanzanilla, camomile. 
 
 culantrilio de pozo, maid- 
 en-hair. 
 centoria, centory. 
 
 verbasco, gordolobo, wolf- 
 blade, or great lung- 
 ivort. 
 bamapola, poppy. 
 
 ditamo, dittany. 
 
 artadegua, zuzo, fleabane. 
 >ro, hellebore. 
 
 r.tartago, spurge. 
 
 gentiana, gentian. 
 
 eamedreos de agua, ger- 
 mander. 
 grama, dog's-grass. 
 
 bierba-puntera, house- 
 leek. 
 veleiio, henbane. 
 
 marrubio, horehound. 
 
 matricaria, fevey^-few. 
 malvas, mallows, 
 
 corona de rey, melilot. 
 
 torongil, balm. 
 
 mercurial, mercury. 
 
 milhojas, ciento en rama, 
 milfoil. 
 corazoncillo, St. John's 
 
 wort, or grass. 
 nardo, spikenard. 
 
 tabaco, tobacco. 
 
 oregano, origanum. 
 
 higuera del infierno, pal- 
 ma-christi. 
 parietdria, vidriola, pellU 
 tory. 
 cepa-caballo, una de asno, 
 
 ground-thistle. 
 
 dormidera, 
 persicaria, 
 
 poppy, 
 arse-smart. 
 
 rosa- monies, piony. 
 
 11 an ten, plantain. 
 
 polipodio, polypody. 
 
 agenuz, neguilla, bishops- 
 wort. 
 bierba cidrera, briony. 
 poleo, penny-royal. 
 
 raybarbo; rhubarb. 
 
 sangu i u aria, blood wort. 
 sanicula, self-heal. 
 
 saracinesca, heartworl. 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 233 
 
 ragwort. 
 
 saxifrage, 
 scabious. 
 
 satvrion, 
 saxifragia, 
 escabiosa, 
 escamonea, scammony. 
 ceboila albarrana, a wild 
 onion. 
 sena, senna. 
 
 alforbas, fenugreek. 
 
 hierba-cana, ground-sell. 
 Valeriana, valerian. 
 
 verbena, vervain. 
 
 tragoneia, grass-plantain. 
 aneo, 6 siete en rama, set- 
 foil. 
 acanto, branca^ursina, hier- 
 ba gigante, bears-foot. 
 aconito, wolfsbane. 
 
 ovas del mar, sea-weeds. 
 cola de caballo, horse-tail. 
 espliego, espigasil, alhuze- 
 ma, lavender. 
 amor del hortelano, lam- 
 pazos, burdock. 
 rabacas, water -parsley. 
 tarahe, tamarlz silvestre, 
 tamarisk-shrub. 
 asarabaca, asarabacca. 
 calami n to, cat-mint. 
 
 c<ina, a reed. 
 
 doradi ila, mule s-fern. 
 c«inamo, hemp. 
 
 lino, flax. 
 
 cegiita, hemlock. 
 
 com i no, cummin. 
 
 hierba de ciervo, harfs- 
 fodder. 
 halecho, fyvn. 
 
 palomilla, jumiionh 
 
 amores secos, presera, clo- 
 ver-grass. 
 yezgo, dane-ivort, dwarf- 
 elder. 
 junco, rush. 
 
 cerraja, sow-thistle. 
 
 mandragora, mandrake. 
 morella, night-shade. 
 
 correhuela, knot-grass. 
 ortiga, nettle. 
 
 parella, bastard-rhubarb. 
 valeza, papper-ivort. dit- 
 tander. 
 alazor, cartamo, azafran, 
 saffron. 
 xabonera, soap-icort. 
 
 alfalfa, darnel, or cockle. 
 albah&ca, sweet-basil. 
 
 hierba-buena, mint. 
 
 serpol, wild thyme. 
 
 tomillo, thyme. 
 
 Flores— Flowers. 
 
 Amaranto, velvet flower. 
 anemona, anemona. 
 
 jacmto, 
 
 huacintne. 
 
 -jazmin, 
 
 jessamine. 
 
 juaquilla, jonquil. 
 azueena, a lily. 
 may a, a daisy. 
 narciso, daffodiL 
 clavel, clavellina, a pink. 
 
 sanamuiida, 
 
 at hell, gtiu- 
 
 
 fl-ower. 
 
 espadaiia, 
 
 eoronida, 
 
 ftagjlower* 
 
 blue -bottle. 
 
 II H 
 
 
23 1 
 
 i New Spatiish Grammar. 
 
 vellorira, a cowslip. 
 
 'ulo, ranunculus. 
 
 a rose. 
 
 ciefi h-ojas, a large sort of 
 
 taravilla. 
 
 marigold. 
 su?ir-fioivcr. 
 
 tnltpan, a fw%. 
 
 -1, t: violet. 
 
 Ilo, a rose-bud. 
 
 Partes de un Reyno. 
 jRarfo o^tf Kingdom. 
 
 Provincia, a province. 
 
 corregimiento, the office, 
 or the dignity of a cor- 
 . regidor. 
 
 ciudad, a city. 
 
 villa, a small town. 
 
 ald£a, a village. 
 
 lugar, a small place. 
 
 Partes de una Ciudad. 
 Parts of a City. 
 
 Casa, a house. 
 
 'la, a shop. 
 
 ia', templo, a church. 
 
 ila, a r/ 
 
 altar, alt at . 
 
 palacio, <? palace. 
 
 hospital, *m hospital. 
 
 •cas. Jg la villa, 6 del ayun- 
 
 tamieutOj a town-house. 
 
 tribunal, a court of jus- 
 tice. 
 arsenal, an arsenal. 
 
 acidemia, acade>ny. 
 
 colegio, college. 
 
 calle, a street. 
 
 callejon, an alley. 
 
 ealleja, calleju^la, a lane. 
 mercado, a market. 
 
 c'arniceria, a butchery. 
 encrucijada, a cross way. 
 lonja, bolsa, an exchange. 
 carcel, a prison. 
 
 murallas, muros, walls. 
 puertas, gates. 
 
 fortificacion.es, fortifica- 
 tions. 
 plaza, a square. 
 
 plazuela, a little square. 
 
 De las Cosas del Campo. 
 Of Country Affairs. 
 
 Alqtieria, a country-house, 
 or farm-house. 
 quinfero, afarmer. 
 
 boyero, vaquero, a cow- 
 keeper. 
 porquero, a sivineherd. 
 past6r, a shepherd. 
 
 zmron, a scrip. 
 
 cayado, a shepherds crook. 
 lion da, a sling. 
 
 orteiano, jar.dinero, o 
 
 cavador, a ditcher. 
 
 viftedero, a vine-dresser. 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 235 
 
 arado, a plough. 
 
 azada, azadon, a spade. 
 
 labrador, a ploughman. 
 
 estiva, manzera, a plough- 
 handle. 
 
 reja del arado, a plough- 
 share. 
 
 rastrillo, the harrow. 
 
 sembrador, a sower, 
 
 escardador, a iveeder. 
 
 rosador, aiveeding-hook. 
 
 segador, a reaper. 
 
 guadafia, a scythe. 
 
 triUo, a flail. 
 
 horca, a fork. 
 
 bieldo, a winnowing fan. 
 
 pescador, a fisher man. 
 
 red, barredeVa, a drag-net. 
 
 vara, c&na depescar, a fish- 
 ing- rod. 
 
 sedal dela cafia, a fishing- 
 line. 
 
 anzuelo, a fishing-hook. 
 
 cazador, a huntsman. 
 
 cebo, a bait. 
 
 liga, birdlime. 
 
 jaiila, a cage. 
 
 obrero, jornalero, a day- 
 labourer. 
 
 asnero, an ass keeper. 
 
 paysano, a countryman. 
 
 campo ; afield. 
 
 tierra entre los sulcos. a 
 ridge. 
 
 suico, a furrow. 
 
 trigo en yerba, green corn 
 
 tierra iaculta, land un- 
 titled. 
 
 monte, m on tana, a hill, a 
 
 mountain. 
 
 cuesta, collado, a little 
 
 kitt. 
 
 cerro, rising 
 
 valle, 
 
 abismo, a bottomless pit. 
 
 zanja. 
 
 Ich. 
 
 pantano, 
 llanilra, 
 
 lap una, a lake, or m 
 a mo 
 a plain. 
 pena, roca, a / 
 
 pefiaV: o, a great i 
 desperiadero, a p : ecipice. 
 selva, a j or est. 
 
 bosque, a v> otf. 
 
 esplanada, a curious plain*. 
 mata, a bush. 
 
 zarza, a bramble. 
 
 espina, a them. 
 
 prado, a me a daw. 
 
 verge!, a bower. 
 
 huerta, an orchard. 
 
 jardin, a garden. 
 
 era jardin, a bed in a gar- 
 den. 
 gloried, a bed of flowers. 
 almaciga, a seed plot. 
 
 bobeda de parrits, an ar- 
 
 laberynto, a la 
 
 grata, a grotty. 
 
 cascada, a c- scade. 
 
 fuente, afounia} i. 
 
 chorro de 
 
 
 water 
 jvout. 
 
 pikm de fi -ent.?. 
 H H 2 
 
236 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 encaridda, aqueducto, a?i 
 aqueduct. 
 hortaliza, all sorts of her- 
 bage. 
 planta, a plant. 
 
 camino real, the highway. 
 senda, vereda, a path. 
 pisada, r£stro, a track. 
 eabalgadiira, a saddle- 
 beast. 
 carromato, a luaggon. 
 carro, a cart. 
 
 ruecia, a ivheel. 
 
 rayo de rueda, the spoke 
 
 of a ivheel. 
 llantas, cambas, the fellies 
 
 of a wheel. 
 cubo de rueda, the nave of 
 the wheel. 
 exe, the axle-tree. 
 
 estaca, the pin of a wheel. 
 calesa, a chaise. 
 
 litera, a litter. 
 
 and as, the shafts. 
 
 ccche, carroza, a coach. 
 cesta, a basket. 
 
 rastra, narria, a sledge. 
 canasta, a flasket. 
 
 espuerta, a dirt-basket. 
 chirrion, a dung-cart. 
 banasta, a great hamper. 
 alfcrja, a wallet. 
 
 bol: a purse. 
 
 costal, saeo, a sack. 
 
 mak a portmanteau. 
 
 tale^/ , a bag. 
 
 valija, cloak-l, 
 
 zurrpn, a bWget, o- pouch. 
 
 1 
 
 De la Igtesia, y Cosas per- 
 tenecientes a el la. 
 
 Of the Church, andThings 
 pertaining to it. 
 
 Nave, the aisle of the 
 church. 
 
 cirnboria, cupola, the 
 dome. 
 
 piriaculo, a pinnacle. 
 
 coro, the chair. 
 
 capi I la, a chapel. 
 
 atril, n a desk. 
 
 sacrist in, the vestry. 
 
 pan o, the belfry. 
 
 c npana, a bell. 
 
 badajo, lengueta, the clap- 
 per of the bell. 
 
 pila, the font. 
 
 isopo, a sprinkler. 
 
 confesionario, a confes- 
 sion-seat. 
 
 tribuna, a tribune, or gal- 
 lery. 
 
 cimenteVio, the church- 
 yard. 
 
 osario, the charnel. 
 
 altar, an altar. 
 
 frontal, an antipendium. 
 
 taberndculo, sagrario, the 
 tabernacle*^ 
 
 palio, a canopy. 
 
 mantel del altar, the altar^ 
 cloth. 
 
 misal, a mass h ook. 
 
 sotana, acas r nk. 
 
 sob repel liz, -a surplice. 
 
 Foquete/ a short surplice. 
 
borate, 
 
 a cap. 
 
 mitra, 
 
 a mitre. 
 
 baeulo, 
 
 a crosier. 
 
 coadjutor, 
 
 a coadjutor. 
 
 suTraganeo, 
 
 suffragan. 
 
 sacerdote, 
 
 a priest. 
 
 diacono, 
 
 a deacon. 
 
 subdiacono, 
 
 a subdeacon. 
 
 sacerdocio, 
 
 priesthood. 
 
 dioc^is, 
 
 a diocese. 
 
 obispado, 
 
 bishoprich. 
 
 parroquia, 
 
 a parish. 
 
 acolvto, 
 
 an acolyte. 
 
 lector, 
 
 a reader. 
 
 prelado, 
 
 a prelate. 
 
 aba 1, 
 
 an abbot. 
 
 abadesa, 
 
 an abbess. 
 
 abadia, 
 
 an abbey. 
 
 dean, 
 
 a dean. 
 
 prevosto, 
 
 a provost. 
 
 arquidiacono 
 
 , an archdea- 
 
 
 con. 
 
 A Vocabulary. 
 
 23? 
 
 cantor, a singer. 
 
 prebendado, aprehendary 
 promotor, a proctor. 
 
 sacristan, a vestry -keeper. 
 encomienda, a thing given 
 in commendam. 
 bautismo, a baptism. 
 
 confirmacion, confirma- 
 tion* 
 tr atrmionio, matrimony. 
 comulgar, to receive the 
 sacrament. 
 ordenes sacros, holy or- 
 ders. 
 ceremonia^ ceremony. 
 
 rubrica, the rubric. 
 
 ntua , a ritual. 
 
 oficio divino, divine ser- 
 vice. 
 
 psalterio, the psalter. 
 
 psalmo, a psalm. 
 
 antiphona, an aniipJmn. 
 
 leccicn, a lesson. 
 
 versete, a verse. 
 
 sermon, a sermon. 
 
 meditacion, meditation. 
 
 oracion voca.l,vocal prayer. 
 
 oracion mental, mental 
 prayer. 
 
 predicar, to preach. 
 
 cathequizar, to catechize. 
 
 enterrar, sepultar, to bury. 
 
 excomunion, excommuni- 
 cation. 
 
 suspension, suspension. 
 
 entredicho, an interdict. 
 
 irregularidad, irregula- 
 rity. 
 
 descomulgar, to excommu- 
 nicate. 
 
 cathedral, a cathedral 
 church. 
 
 catedra, pulpito, pulpit. 
 
 conventual, the church of 
 a convent. 
 
 parroquial, a parish 
 
 church. 
 
 vigilia, an eve, vigil. 
 
 ayuno, a fast m 
 
 De las Artes liberates. 
 Of the liberal Arts. 
 
 Una gramatica, a gram- 
 mar. 
 
238 
 
 A Kew Spanish Grammar 
 
 un gramatico, a gramma- 
 rian. 
 la retorica 3 rhetoric. 
 
 un retorico, a rhetorician. 
 la logica, logic. 
 
 un logico, a logician, 
 
 la musica, the music. 
 
 un musico, a musician. 
 arismetica, 6 arithmetica, 
 arithmetic. 
 la geografia, geography. 
 un geografo., a geogra- 
 pher. 
 la geometria, geometry. 
 un geom&ra, a geometri- 
 cian. 
 la mathematicas, mathe- 
 matics. 
 un mathematico. a mathe- 
 matician. 
 astrologia, astrology. 
 
 un astrologer an astrolo- 
 ger. 
 astronomia, astronomy. 
 un astronomo 5 an astrono- 
 mer. 
 un adevino, que dice la 
 b u en a ven tiira, a for tune- 
 teller. 
 la magica, the magic. 
 
 un magico, a magician. 
 artes mecanicas^ mechanic 
 arts. 
 un brujo, a sorcerer. 
 
 un historiador, an his to- 
 rian. 
 
 De las Cosas peculiares 4 
 
 los Animates. 
 Of Things proper to Ani- 
 mals. 
 
 El leon brama, the lion 
 
 roars. 
 
 el oso regana, the hear 
 
 grumbles. 
 
 el lobo aulla, the wolf 
 
 howls. 
 
 lazorra gane,£Ae fox yelps. 
 
 el caballo relincba, the 
 
 horse neighs. 
 
 el asno rebuzna, the ass 
 
 brays. 
 
 el toro mnge, 6 brama, the 
 
 bull belloivs. 
 
 el corde>o bala, the lamb 
 
 bleats. 
 
 el pueVco gmne., the hog 
 
 grunts. 
 
 el perro ladra, the dog 
 
 barks. 
 
 el gato mia, the cat mews. 
 
 los paxaros, 6 las aves vue- 
 
 lany the birds fly. 
 
 el gallo canta, the cock 
 
 crows, 
 
 la gallina cacarea, the hen 
 
 clucks. 
 
 las aves cantan^ the birds 
 
 sing. 
 
 los pezes n&dan, the fishes 
 
 swim. 
 
 las sabandijas gat&in, the 
 
 reptiles creep. 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 239 
 
 las abejas zurr^an, the bees 
 hum. 
 la serpiente silve, the ser- 
 pent hisses. 
 las ranas cantan, the frogs 
 croak. 
 
 De los Pesos, y Medfdas. 
 Of Weights andMeasures. 
 
 El peso, the ivetght. 
 
 las balanzas, a pair of 
 scales. 
 una libra, a pound. 
 
 media libra, half a pound. 
 libra y m£dia, a pound and 
 a half. 
 quarteron de libra, a quar- 
 ter of a pound. 
 una onza, an ounce. 
 
 media onza, half an ounce 
 quarto de onza, a quarter 
 of an ounce. 
 un adiirme, a dram. 
 
 m^dio adarme, half a 
 dram. 
 un escrupulo, 6 tercera 
 parte de un adarme, a 
 scruple. 
 eien libras, 6 un quintal, a 
 hundred weight. 
 mil libras, a thousand 
 pounds. 
 dos mil libras, two thou- 
 sand pounds. 
 uh pie, afoot. 
 
 un codo, a cubit. 
 
 un manojo, lo que cabe en 
 la mano, a handfull. 
 un pulgar, una pulg&da, an 
 inch. 
 una linea, a line. 
 
 una ana, an ell. 
 
 media ana, half an ell. 
 la quinta parte, the fifth 
 part. 
 octava parte, a nail. 
 
 una vara, a yard. 
 
 una pertiga, a perch, or 
 pole. 
 una alanzada, de tierra, an 
 acre of ground. 
 un paso, apace. 
 
 una mil la, a mile. 
 
 una legua, a league. 
 
 un estadio, a furlong. 
 una braza 6 brazada, a fa- 
 thom. 
 una hanega, a bushel. 
 
 un celemin, a peck. 
 
 un tonel, una tonelada, a 
 tun. 
 media pi pa, a hogshead. 
 una pi pa, a pipe, or butt. 
 unpunzon, a puncheon. 
 quarteron de pipa, half an 
 hogshead. 
 una ancla, an anker, or 
 ferkin. 
 un barril, a barrel. 
 
 un barril ico, a rundlel. 
 un qiiartillo, a pint. 
 
 medio az-umbre, a quart 
 and half a pint. 
 un azumbre, two quarts 
 and a half. 
 
240 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 peso de diez y seis-onzas, 
 avoirdupois iceight. 
 
 el dine>o, money. 
 
 moneda falsa, counterfeit 
 money. 
 
 moneda, coin. 
 
 una onza de oro, 6 diez y 
 
 seis duros, an ounce of 
 
 ^gold. 
 
 media onza de oro u ocho 
 duros, half an ounce of 
 gold. 
 
 un doblon de oro 6 quatro 
 duros, the quarter part 
 of one ounce of gold. 
 
 un doblon, 6tres duros, a 
 doblon , or three dol- 
 lars. 
 
 un florin viejo, de a veinte 
 y un real, y dos quartos, • 
 apiece of gold which is 
 worth one dollar and 
 one real, two cuartos. 
 
 un florin nueVo, que vale 
 veinte reales, a new flo- 
 rin of twenty reals. 
 
 un peso diiro, 6 veinte rea- 
 les, a dollar. 
 
 medio diiro, half a dollar. 
 
 peceta colunaria, a peceta, 
 value five reals. 
 
 media peceta colunaria, 
 half peceta, two reals 
 and half. 
 
 un real colunario, thequar- 
 ter part of a calunary 
 peceta. 
 
 una peceta blanca, 6 una 
 peceta, a Spanish shil- 
 ling, a peceta. 
 
 media peceta, half a pe- 
 ceta. 
 un real de vellon, the quar- 
 tet part of a peceta. 
 medio real, 6 quatro cuar- 
 tos, half a real. 
 un duc&do, a ducat. 
 
 dos cuartos, half a penny. 
 un cuarto, a far thing. 
 un maravediz, half a far- 
 thing. 
 
 Calidades de las Cosas. 
 The Qualities of Things. 
 
 La largura, the length 
 grandor, the greatness. 
 pequenez, the smallness. 
 anchura, the wideness. 
 profundidad, the depth, 
 the height, 
 the thickness. 
 
 altiira, 
 
 espesura, 
 
 peso, 
 
 liger^za, 
 
 figura, 
 
 the heaviness, 
 the lightness, 
 thefgure. 
 
 forma, the form, or shape. 
 
 el col6r, 
 
 blancor, 
 
 la roxiira, 
 
 amarillez, 
 
 el verde, 
 
 la verdura, 
 
 redor.de z, 
 
 un cirenlo, 
 
 el centro, 
 
 the colour. 
 
 the whitenesss. 
 
 the redness. 
 
 the yellowness. 
 
 the green. 
 
 the greenness. 
 
 the roundness. 
 
 a circle, 
 the center. 
 la sircuinferencia, the cir- 
 cumference. 
 el diam&ro, the diameter. 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 241 
 
 un ptinto, a point. 
 
 una linea, a line. 
 
 linea derecha, a straight 
 line. 
 
 linea curva, a curve, a 
 
 crooked tine. 
 
 linea perpendicular, a per- 
 pendicular line. 
 
 linea paralela, a parallel 
 line. 
 
 linea oval, an oval line. 
 
 uri quadrado, a square 
 line. 
 
 un angulo, an angle, 
 
 angulo recto, a right an- 
 gle. 
 
 agudo, obluso, an obtuse 
 angle. 
 
 un triangulo, a triangle. 
 
 redondo, round. 
 
 un cono. 
 
 a cone. 
 
 De los Metales, Minerales, 
 y otras cosas que la tier- 
 ra encierra. 
 
 Of the Metals, Minerals, 
 and other Things hid in 
 the Earth. 
 
 Una cantera, a quarry. 
 piedra de canto, a 'free 
 stone. 
 manual, marble., 
 
 plasta, -plaster. 
 
 greda, chalk. 
 
 eal, lime, whiting. 
 
 cascaj al, a gravel-pit: 
 
 j)antano, censga!, a quag- 
 mire. 
 
 piedra iman, a load-stone. 
 
 piedra pomes, pumice- 
 stone. 
 
 piedra de toque, a touch* 
 stone. 
 
 guijarra, a pebble. 
 
 pedernal, a flint-stone. 
 
 muela, 6 piedra de amolar, 
 grind- stone. 
 
 piedras preciosas, p reci ous 
 stones. 
 
 un diamante, a diamond. 
 
 topacio, a topaz. 
 
 una esmeralda, an eme- 
 rald. 
 
 corneri na, cornelian-stone. 
 
 un rubi, a ruby. 
 
 una amatista, an amethyst. 
 
 un carbunclo, a carbuncle. 
 
 zafiro, a saphire-stone. 
 
 sardonica, a sardonyx. 
 
 un saphiro, a saphire- 
 stone. 
 
 piedra turquesa, a Turky- 
 stcne* 
 
 jacinto, a hyacinth. 
 
 un venl a beryl. 
 
 piedra bezar, a besoar- 
 stone. 
 
 agata, an agate. 
 
 jaspe, jasper. 
 
 alabastro, alabaster. 
 
 porfido, porphyry. 
 
 coral, coral. 
 
 am bar, 6 ambargris., \ am- 
 ber. 
 
 vidrio, glass, 
 
 crista!, chrysial. 
 
 una perla, a 
 
 ir ' 
 
242 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar 
 
 tatco, talk, isinglass, 
 
 azabaehe, jet. 
 
 una mina, a ?nine. 
 
 un metal, a metal. 
 
 oro, gold. 
 
 plata, silver. 
 
 vertnejo, silver- gilt. 
 
 oro de tibar, Jine gold. 
 6ro ganin, fo/se go/<f. 
 
 oro labrado, wrought gold. 
 oro brunido, beaten gold. 
 oro bat i do, /e#/ go/af. 
 
 bronce, brass. 
 
 alambre, wire, also copper. 
 laton, brass, or latten. 
 yerro, iron. 
 
 hilo de alambre, ivire. 
 acero, s/ee/. 
 
 hoja de lata, iron tinned. 
 estano, pewter. 
 
 plomo, lead. 
 
 soldadura, solder. 
 
 or in, moho, rust. 
 
 u n m i neral , a mineral. 
 aguas-minerales, mineral 
 waters. 
 azufre, brimstone, sulphur. 
 nitro, nitre. 
 
 salitre, saltpetre. 
 
 betun, betumen. 
 
 antimonio, antimony. 
 
 azogue, quicksilver. 
 
 arst' nico, arsenic, or orpine. 
 alumbre, alum. 
 
 vitriol, vitriol. 
 
 almagra, ruddle. 
 
 De los Juegos, y Diverti- 
 niientos, 
 
 Of Plays and Diversions. 
 
 El j ut- go , p laying, 
 
 un juego, a play, or game. 
 
 un pasa tiempo, a pastime. 
 
 un divertimiento, a diver- 
 sion. 
 
 una recreacion, recreation. 
 
 un bayle, a ball. 
 
 baculo, bordon, a staff, bat. 
 
 el juego del grillo, cricket. 
 
 una raqueta, a racket. 
 
 paleta, a battledore. 
 
 peonza, trompo, a top. 
 
 pelota de viento, a foot- 
 ball. 
 
 pelota de nieve, snow-ball. 
 
 un juguete, a play-thing. 
 
 chiflete, a whistle. 
 
 una sonaja, 
 
 a rattle. 
 
 snappers, 
 a kite. 
 
 pulgadillas, castanuelas, 6 
 
 castarittas, 
 
 un rabelillo, 
 
 cohimpio, a swing. 
 
 un aro, a hoop. 
 
 zancos, stilts. 
 
 juego depalabras, jesting, 
 
 game. 
 
 juego de piedras^^e-pe/z- 
 
 ny morris. 
 
 juego de los ci^ntos, the 
 
 game of picket at cards. 
 
 juego : de t&blas, the game 
 
 at tables. 
 
 juego del maJlo, the game 
 
 of mull. 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 243 
 
 juego cle marro, the play 
 ofcoits. 
 una'rifa, a raffle. 
 
 una corrida, a race, 
 
 corrida de caballos, a horse 
 race. 
 el juego de bolos, playing 
 at bowls. 
 juego de birlas, nine -pins. 
 la pelota, tennis. 
 
 juego de pelota, a tennis 
 court. 
 juego de trucos, game of 
 trucks, or billiards. 
 juego de fortuna, the ha- 
 zard. 
 mesa de trucos, a billiard- 
 table. 
 el juego de axedr^z, chess. 
 el triqui-traque, trick- 
 track. 
 los dados, the dice. 
 
 as-de dados, an ace at dice. 
 juego de damas, game of 
 draughts. 
 los naypes, the cards. 
 
 un juego de naypes, a pack 
 of cards. 
 naypes de tercio, cheating, 
 or market cards. 
 naypes de mayor, 6 corta- 
 dos, cards cut uneven, 
 by which sharpers knoiv 
 them. 
 espadas, spades. 
 
 bastos, clubs. 
 
 copas, hearts. 
 
 oros, diamonds. 
 
 el rey, the king. 
 
 el eaballo, the queen. 
 
 la sota, the knave. 
 
 la spadilla, spadille. 
 
 una manilla, a manille. 
 el as, 6 panto de copas, ace 
 of hearts. 
 el bastillo, ace of basto. 
 el as, 6 punto de oros, the 
 ace of diamonds. 
 un jugador, a gamester. 
 la ganancia, the gain. 
 
 la perdida, the loss. 
 
 la loteria, the lottery. 
 
 Nombres de las principals 
 Partes del Mundo, espe- 
 cial men te de las Ciuda- 
 des, y Rios mas notables 
 de la Europa. 
 
 The Names of the chief 
 Parts of the World, 
 especially the most not- 
 ed Cities and Rivers in 
 Europe. 
 
 Las qnatro partes 
 do, the four 
 the icorlcl. 
 
 Europa, 
 
 Asia, 
 
 Africa, 
 
 America, 
 
 Esparia, 
 
 Castilla, 
 
 Madrid, 
 
 Castilla la Nueva 
 
 Toledo, 
 
 del Mail- 
 pax ts of 
 
 Europe. 
 
 Asia. 
 
 Africa. 
 
 America. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Castille. 
 
 Madrid. 
 
 , New 
 
 Castille. 
 
 Toledo. 
 
 I l 2 
 
J44 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Castilla la Vieja, Old Cas- 
 tille. 
 
 Burgos, Burgos. 
 
 Aragon, Aragon. 
 
 Zaragoza, Saragassa. 
 
 Navarra, Navar^re. 
 
 Pamplona, Pamplona. 
 
 Biscaya, Biscay. 
 
 San Sebastian, St. Sebas- 
 tian. 
 
 Bilbao, Bilhoa. 
 
 Sant Ander, Si. Anclero. 
 
 Asturias, Asturies. 
 
 Oviedo, Oviedo. 
 
 Galicia, Galicia. 
 
 Compostcla, Compostela. 
 
 La Coruria, Corunna. 
 
 El Ferroi, Ferrol. 
 
 Andaluzia, Andalusia. 
 
 Sevilla, Seville. 
 
 Granada, Granada. 
 
 Cordova, Cordova. 
 
 Jaen, Jaen. 
 
 Cadiz, Cadiz. 
 
 Malaga, Malaga. 
 
 Gibraltar, Gibraltar. 
 
 Est reiTi adixra, Esirema- 
 dura. 
 
 Merita, Nerida. 
 
 el Truxiilo, Truxiilo. 
 
 Murcia, Murcia. 
 
 Cartagena, Carthagcna. 
 
 Valencia, Valencia. 
 
 Cataluna, Catalonia. 
 
 Barcelona, Barcelona. 
 
 Tortqsa, Tortosa. 
 
 Los Montes Pjreneos, the 
 p mean Mountains. 
 
 el'Tiljo, the river Tagus. 
 
 el Ebro, the Ebro. 
 
 el Duero, the Duoro. 
 
 rio Mayor, a river in the 
 province of Galicia. 
 rio de Oca, a river in Old 
 Castille. 
 rio Arvin, the river Ar- 
 vin. 
 rio Sinca, the river Synca. 
 Segre, the river Segre. 
 el Guadalquibir, the river 
 Guada Iquiver, in Anda- 
 lusia. 
 Portugal, Portugal. 
 
 Lisboa, Lisbon. 
 
 el Cabo St. Vicente, the 
 Cape St. Vincent. 
 La Gran Bretana, Great 
 Britain. 
 las islas Britanicas, the 
 British islands. 
 Londres, London. 
 
 Inglaterra, England. 
 
 la Tamisa, the river 
 Thames, 
 el Med way, the Medway. 
 Dovre, Dover. 
 
 Canterburi, Canterbury. 
 los Dunes, the Downs. 
 la Punia del Lagarto, the 
 Lizard Point. 
 la Extremidad de Ingla- 
 terra, the Land's End. 
 las islas Sorlingas 6 de Sci- 
 ly, the isles of Scilly. 
 Bristol, Bristol. 
 
 el Avon, the river Avon. 
 York, Torh. 
 
 Oxford, Oxford. 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 245 
 
 Cambrique, Cambridge. 
 el H umber, the reiver 
 
 Humber. 
 la Severne, the Severn. 
 la Taranta, the Trent. 
 la provincia de Gales, 
 
 Wales. 
 la Escocia, Scotland. 
 
 Edimbiirgo, Edinburgh. 
 el Tay, 6 Te, the Tay. 
 las islas Orcadas, the Ork- 
 ney islands 
 la Irian da, Ireland. 
 
 Du bl i n , Dublin. 
 
 el Shannon, Me Shannon. 
 la Boyne, the Boy ne. 
 
 la Isla de Francia, Me /s/e 
 o/' France. 
 Paris, Paris. 
 
 la Normaodia, Normandy. 
 Ruan, Rouen. 
 
 el rio Seina, Me r^t^ 
 AS'eiwe. 
 Caen, Cae?i. 
 
 Alenson, Alencon. 
 
 Dieppe, Dieppe. 
 
 el Havre de Gracia, the 
 Havre. 
 el Orients, Port l Orient. 
 la Picardie, Picardy. 
 
 el Artois, Artois. 
 
 Amiens, Amiens. 
 
 Calais, Calais. 
 
 el Estrecho de Calais, Me 
 Str eights of Dover. 
 la Mancha, Me Channel. 
 Buloria, Boulogne. 
 
 Flandres, Flanders. 
 
 los Payes Conquistados, 
 Me Conquered Coun- 
 tries. 
 
 los Payses Bajos, the Low 
 Countries, 
 
 Li la, Lisle, 
 
 Douay, Douay. 
 
 Gante, Ghent. 
 
 el Brabante, Brabant. 
 
 Anvers, Antwerp. 
 
 Ypres, Ypres. 
 
 Mai i nes , Mechlin . 
 
 el rio Meuse, Me river 
 Maes. 
 
 Bruges, Bruges. 
 
 Dunquerke, Dunkirk. 
 
 Nuevo-puerto, Newport. 
 
 Ostende, Ostend. 
 
 la Cham$2im } Champagne. 
 
 la Brie, Brie. 
 
 Rheims, Rheims. 
 
 Troyes, Troyes. 
 
 la Lorrena, Lorrain. 
 
 el DucadodeBar, Me Dut- 
 chy of Bar. 
 
 Nanci, Nancij. 
 
 Metz, Meiz. 
 
 Toul, Tout. 
 
 Verdun, Verdun. 
 
 la Alsacia, Alsace. , 
 
 Col mar, Colmar. 
 
 Strasburgo, Strasburgh. 
 
 Nantes, Nantes* 
 
 Renes, Rennes 
 
 St. Malo, St. Malo. 
 
 Anjou, Anjot'. 
 
 Tours, Tours. 
 
 el Puetu, PoitoK. 
 
 Orleans, Orleans. 
 
246 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 el rio Loire, the riv. Loire. 
 
 Burgofia, Burgundy. 
 
 Dijon, Dijon. 
 
 el rio Saona, the riv. Saone. 
 
 Besanzon, Besancon. 
 
 las Provincias Meridiona- 
 ls, the Southern Pro- 
 vinces. 
 
 los Payses unidos, Aunis. 
 
 la Roc h el a, Roche lie. 
 
 la St. Onge, Saintonge. 
 
 Angulema, Angouleme. 
 
 Limoges, Limoges. 
 
 laAuverfia, Auvergne 
 
 Leon, Lyons. 
 
 el rio Rbona, the river 
 Rhone. 
 
 la Guiena, Guyenne. 
 
 Bordeus, Bourdeaux. 
 
 el rio Garona, the river 
 Garonne. 
 
 la Grascona, Gascony. 
 
 Auch, Auch. 
 
 Tarba, Tarbe. 
 
 el rio Nesta, the riv. Neste. 
 
 Sarrancolin, Sarrancolin. 
 
 el valle de Aure, the val- 
 ley of Aure. 
 
 Beyrede, Beyrede. 
 
 el Languedoc, Languedoc. 
 
 Tolosa, Toulouse. 
 
 Monpeller, Montpelier. 
 
 la Provanza, Provence. 
 
 Aix, Aix. 
 
 Tolon, Toulon. 
 
 Marsella, Marseilles. 
 
 Antibe, Antibe. 
 
 el Mtditerrane'o, the Me- 
 diterranean. 
 
 el Dophine, Dauphiny. 
 Grenoble, Grenoble* 
 
 Valencia, Valence. 
 
 el Perigor, Perigord. 
 
 Cahors, Cahors. 
 
 Montauban, Montauban. 
 el Rosillon, Rousillon. 
 Perpifian, Perpignan. 
 la Navarra, Navarre. 
 
 el Beam, Beam. 
 
 Pau, Pau. 
 
 Avinon, Avignon. 
 
 Orange, Orange. 
 
 Italia, Italy. 
 
 Roma, Rome. 
 
 el Tibre, the river Tiber, 
 Loreto, Loretto. 
 
 Napoles, Naples. 
 
 Capua, Capua. 
 
 el Monte Vesuve, Mount 
 Vesuvius. 
 la Calabria, Calabria. 
 
 la Sisilia, Sicily. 
 
 Messina, Messina. 
 
 Palermo, Palermo. 
 
 el Monte iEtna, Mount 
 JEtna. 
 Venecia, Venice. 
 
 la Toscana, Tuscany. 
 
 Florencia, Florence. 
 
 Livonia, Leghorn. 
 
 Si^na, Sienna. 
 
 el Arno, the river Arno. 
 la Lombardia, Lombardy. 
 Milan, Milan. 
 
 Cremona, Cremona. 
 
 PaVia, Pavia. 
 
 Mantua, Mantua. 
 
 Parma, Parma. 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 247 
 
 Plas&icia, Placentia. 
 
 Modena, Modena. 
 
 la Mirandcla, Mlrandola. 
 el Piemonte, Piedmont, 
 Turin, Turin, 
 
 Niza, Nice. 
 
 la Savoya, Savoy. 
 
 Chamberi, Chambery. 
 Montmelian, Montmelian. 
 los Alpes, the Alps. 
 
 el Monte A pen i no, the 
 Appenines. 
 Genova, Genoa. 
 
 Luca, Lucca. 
 
 la Sardaria, Sardinia. 
 
 Corcega, Corsica. 
 
 Malta, Malta. 
 
 Mallorca, Majorca, 
 
 Minorca, Minorca. 
 
 Ginebra, Geneva. 
 
 La Suecia, Switzerland. 
 los Trece Cantones, the 
 Thirteen Cantons. 
 Baden, Baden. 
 
 los Grisones, the Gruons, 
 Coy re, Coire. 
 
 Alemania, Germany. 
 
 Austria, Austria. 
 
 la Alta Austria, Upper 
 Austria. 
 la Baxa Austria, Lower 
 Austria. 
 Viena, Pienna, 
 
 la Stiria, Styria. 
 
 la Carinthia, Carinthia. 
 la Carniola, Carniola. 
 
 la Bavaria, Bavaria. 
 
 Mu niche, Munich. 
 
 Ingolstadt, lngolstadt. 
 
 Land shut, 
 
 Landshut. 
 
 el Palatinado. 
 
 the Palati- 
 
 
 nate. 
 
 Hochestet, 
 
 Hochestedt. 
 
 Ratisbona, 
 
 Ratisbon. 
 
 el Tirol, 
 
 Tyrol. 
 
 Inspruque, 
 
 Inspruch. 
 
 Trenta, 
 
 Trent. 
 
 el Alto, y el Baxo Rhin, 
 
 the Upper 
 
 and Lower 
 
 Rhine. 
 
 
 el Elector Palatino, the 
 
 Elector Palatine, 
 
 Heidelberg, 
 
 Heidelberg. 
 
 Mayan za, 
 
 Mentz. 
 
 Coloiia, 
 
 Cologn. 
 
 Francforte, 
 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Worms, 
 
 Worms, 
 
 Spira, 
 
 Spire. 
 
 el Langraviado de Hesse, 
 
 the Langr aviate of 
 
 Hesse. 
 
 
 la alta Saxon i a, Upper 
 
 
 Saxony. 
 
 Anhalte, 
 
 An ha It, 
 
 la Messina, 
 
 Misnia, 
 
 Dresde, 
 
 jPresden, 
 
 Leipsic, 
 
 Leipsich. 
 
 el Brandeburg 
 
 o, Branden- 
 
 
 burgh, 
 
 Berlin, 
 
 Berlin. 
 
 la Pomerania, Pomerania. 
 la Baxa Saxonia, Lower 
 Saxony. 
 Brema, Bremen, 
 
 el Holstein, Hoist ein. 
 Brunsvique, Brunswick. 
 Hanovre, Hanover. 
 
 Hamburgo, Hamburgh. 
 
248 
 
 A New Spanish Gramma i 
 
 la Franconia 
 
 , Franconia. 
 
 Presburgo, 
 
 Presburg. 
 
 N u re n i berg u e, Nu rem berg 
 
 Biida, Bud a, off en. 
 
 Fribiirgo, 
 
 Friburgh. 
 
 la Esclavonia, 
 
 Sclavonia, 
 
 Ausbiirgo, 
 
 Aagsburgh. 
 
 la Transilvania 
 
 , Transyl- 
 
 el Brfegiu, 
 
 the Brisgaiv. 
 
 
 vania, 
 
 laWestphalia 
 
 i 3 We$tphalia. 
 
 la Moldavia, 
 
 Moldavia. 
 
 Liege, 
 
 Liege. 
 
 la Valachia, 
 
 Wallachia. 
 
 Munster, 
 
 Munster. 
 
 la Dalmasia, 
 
 Da l mafia. 
 
 Aix la Chapela, Aix la 
 
 la Servia, 
 
 Servia, 
 
 
 Chapelle. 
 
 Belgrade, 
 
 Belgrade. 
 
 Spa, 
 
 Spa. 
 
 la Bulgaria, 
 
 Bulgaria. 
 
 el Rhin, 
 
 the Rhine. 
 
 la Polonia, 
 
 Poland. 
 
 elDaniibio, 
 
 the Danube. 
 
 Cracovia, 
 
 Cracow. 
 
 el Oder, 
 
 the Oder* 
 
 Varsovia, 
 
 Warsaw. 
 
 el Mein, 
 
 the Main. 
 
 la Lithuania, 
 
 Lithuania. 
 
 el Elba, 
 
 the Elbe. 
 
 la Vistula, the 
 
 river Fis- 
 
 la Mosela, 
 
 the Mozel. 
 
 
 tula. 
 
 la Holanda, 
 
 Holland. 
 
 la Prusia, 
 
 Prussia. 
 
 lasProvincias Unidas, the 
 
 Konigsbrerg, Konigsberg. 
 
 United Provinces. 
 
 la Prusia Polonesa, Polish 
 
 los Estados Generates, the 
 
 
 Prussia. 
 
 States- General. 
 
 Dantzic, 
 
 Dantzic. 
 
 Amsterdam, 
 
 Amsterdam. 
 
 la Curlanda, 
 
 Courland. 
 
 Roterdam, 
 
 Rotterdam. 
 
 Mitto, 6 Mittau, Miitaw. 
 
 la Hay a, 
 
 the Hague. 
 
 la Scandinavia, 
 
 Scandina- 
 
 Leide, 
 
 Ley den. 
 
 
 via. 
 
 la Zelanda, 
 
 Z eland. 
 
 los tres Reynos 
 
 del Norte, 
 
 Utrecht, 
 
 Utrecht. 
 
 the three 
 
 » Northern 
 
 la ProvinciadeGroningue, 
 
 Kingdom* 
 
 
 
 Groningen. 
 
 Din am area, 
 
 Denmark. 
 
 la Bohemia, 
 
 Bohemia. 
 
 Copenh agiia, Copenhagen. 
 
 el rio Moldau, the river 
 
 la Sonda, 
 
 the Sound. 
 
 
 Maldaw. 
 
 el Baltico, 
 
 the Baltic. 
 
 la Silesia, 
 
 Silesia. 
 
 la Noruega, 
 
 Norway. 
 
 Breslau, 
 
 Breslaw. 
 
 la Suecia, 
 
 Sweden. 
 
 la Moravia, 
 
 Moravia. 
 
 Stockholm, 
 
 Stockholm. 
 
 Olmutz, 
 
 Olmutz. 
 
 la Finlanda, 
 
 Finland. 
 
 la Lus&cia, 
 
 Lusatia. 
 
 la Livonia, 
 
 Livonia. 
 
 la Horigria, 
 
 Hungary. 
 
 la Ingria, 
 
 Ingria. 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 249 
 
 St. Petersburg*), Peters- 
 burgh. 
 el Mar Glacial, the Ice, or 
 Froze??. Sea. 
 la Moscovia, Moscovy. 
 la Riisia, Russia. 
 
 Moscovia, Moscow. 
 
 Arcanchel, 6 Arcangel, 
 Archangel. 
 Siberia, Siberia. 
 
 el rio Volg-d, the river 
 Volga. 
 el Oby, the Oby. 
 
 el Don, 6 Tanais, the Don, 
 or Tanais. 
 la Duina, the Dwina. 
 
 Turquia, Turky. 
 
 el Imperio Otomano, the 
 . Ottoman Empire. 
 la Puerta, the Porte. 
 
 el Gran Sefior, the Grand 
 Seignior. 
 la Romania, Romania. 
 Constantinopla, Constan- 
 tinople. 
 la Tartaria, Tartary. 
 
 el Archipelago, the Archi- 
 pelago. 
 el Mar Negro, the Black 
 Sea. 
 la Grecia, Greece. 
 
 el Golfo de Lepanto, the 
 . Gw /f of Lepan t o . 
 Candia, Candia. 
 
 Asia — Asia. 
 
 La Natolia, 6 el Levante, 
 Natolia, or the Levant. 
 
 Alexandria, Alexandria, 
 
 Smyrna, Smyrna* 
 
 Alepo, Aleppo. 
 
 Arabia, Arabia. 
 
 la Arabia Feliz, Arabia 
 Felix. 
 
 la Arabia Petrea, Arabia 
 Petrea. 
 
 la Meca, Mecca. 
 
 Medina, Medina. 
 
 el Euf rites, Euphrates. 
 
 el Mar Caspiano, the Cas- 
 pian Sea. 
 
 la S} r ria, Syria. 
 
 Damasco, Damascus, 
 
 la Persia, Persia. 
 
 Ispahan, Ispahan. 
 
 las Indias Orientales, 6 el 
 Imperio del Mogol, the 
 East Indies, or the 
 Empire of the Great 
 Mogul. 
 
 el Indostan, Indostan. 
 
 Surat, Surat. 
 
 Bengdl, Bengal. 
 
 Go a, Goa. 
 
 Sisutt, Siam. 
 
 Tonqnin, Tcnquin. 
 
 el Gan^e 3 the riv. Ganges. 
 
 la India, the river Indus. 
 
 la China, China. 
 
 Pekin, Pekin. 
 
 la Cochinchina, Cochin- 
 Chin a. 
 
 las Islas Asiatieas, Me 
 Asiatic Islands. 
 
 las Islas de Ladr6nes, La- 
 drone Islands. 
 
 K K 
 
250 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar 
 
 las Islas Filipinas, thePhi- the Islands of Cap4 
 
 lip pine Islands. Verd. 
 
 las Moldcas, the Molucca la Isla de Madera, Ma- 
 
 Islands, cleira. 
 
 las Islas Maldivias, the 
 
 Maldivia Islands. America — America. 
 
 Africa — Africa, Afrk. 
 
 La Barbaria, Barhary. 
 Egvpto. Egypt. 
 
 el Gran Cayro, Grand 
 t airo. 
 Alexandria, Alexandria. 
 ir Roxo, the Red Sea, 
 el Nilo, the river Nile, 
 
 Manueco, 
 
 Morocco: 
 
 Fez, 
 
 Fez. 
 
 Al^eV, 
 
 Algiers. 
 
 Tunis, 
 
 Tunis. 
 
 Tripoli, 
 
 Tripoli. 
 
 Ceuta, 
 
 Cent a. 
 
 Oran, 
 
 Oran. 
 
 la Tierra de los Negros, 
 the Land of Negroes. 
 la Guinea, Guinea. 
 
 la Nubia, Nubia. 
 
 Abissinia, Abyssinia. 
 
 la Cafraria, the Coast of 
 Cafraria. 
 los Hotten totes, the Hot- 
 tentots. 
 el Cabo de Buena Espe- 
 ranza. the Cape of Good 
 Hope. 
 las LiasCanarias, the Ca- 
 nary Islands. 
 las Islas del Cabo Verde, 
 
 La America, North Ame~ 
 rica. 
 la Nueva Espana, New 
 Spain. 
 Mexico* . Mexico, 
 
 la Florida, Florida. 
 
 St. Agustin, St. Austin , or 
 Agustine. 
 la Canada, Canada, 
 
 la Nueva Francia, New 
 France, 
 Queb^que, Quebec. 
 
 el- Cabo Breton, Cape Bre- 
 ton. 
 la Carolina, Carolina. 
 
 la Virginia, Virginia. 
 
 el Maryland, Maryland. 
 la Pensylvania, PennsyU 
 vania~ 
 la Nueva York, NeivYork, 
 la Nueva Inglaterra, New 
 England. 
 el Mississipi, the riv. Mis- 
 sissipi, 
 la Acadia, Acadia. 
 
 la Nueva Eseocia, Nova 
 Scotia. 
 Tierra Nueva, Terra No- 
 va, Newfoundland. 
 la America Meridional, 
 South America. 
 el continents, the conti- 
 nent. 
 
A Vocabulary, 
 
 251 
 
 J-* Tiexra Firme, Terra 
 Firma. 
 Panama, Panama, 
 
 Puerto Bello, Porto Bella. 
 Cartagena, Carthagena. 
 el Peru, Peru. 
 
 ei Chili, 6 Chile, Chili. 
 las Tien as Magallanicas, 
 Terra Magellanica. 
 el Mar del Sur, the South 
 Sea. 
 el ocean o, the ocean, 
 
 la Plata, la Plata, 
 
 el Rrasilj Brasil. 
 
 el Pais de las Amazonas, 
 Amazonia. 
 las Islas Azores, the 
 
 Az.ores„ 
 las Islas Bermudas, Ber- 
 mudas, or Sommcfs 
 Islands. 
 las Islas Lucayas, Lncayos, 
 or Bahama Islands. 
 las Antillas, the Caribbee 
 Islands. 
 las Islas de Barlov^nto, the 
 Leeward Islands. 
 la Islade Cuba., the Island 
 of Cuba. 
 la Havana, the Havanna. 
 la Jamaica, Jamaica. 
 
 St. Domingo, de la Isla 
 Espanola, St. Domingo, 
 or Hispaniola. 
 Puerto Rico, Porto Rico. 
 la Barbada, Barbadoes. 
 
 las Tierras Ocultas, . the 
 Unknown Land. 
 
 De la Cuerra, y Cosas per- 
 tenetientts a ella. 
 
 Of War, and Things be- 
 longing to it. 
 
 la Antig-ua. 
 
 Ant'cnia. 
 
 Guadalupe, Guadaloupe. 
 St. Chistoval, St. Kitts. 
 
 La guerra, war. 
 
 la declaracion de laguerra, 
 
 the proclamation '.f ivar. 
 una alianza, an alliance. 
 un aliado, an ally. 
 
 los aliados^ the allies. 
 
 el enernigo, the enemy. 
 una alianza ofensiva, y de- 
 
 fensiva, an offensive and 
 
 defensive alliance. 
 la infracsron de un trata- 
 
 do, the violation of a 
 
 treaty. 
 artilleria, artillery. 
 
 p ieza de arti ller ia, cafio v, a, 
 cannon. 
 tren de artilleria, the train 
 of artillery. 
 boca de canon, the mouth 
 <f a cannon. 
 fogon, the touch-hole. 
 
 culata del canon, ^Ae ft/ Y^t ch 
 of a gun. 
 carreton de canon, the car- 
 riage of a gun. 
 cargar, to load. 
 
 apuntar, to level. 
 
 dispar&r, to fire. 
 
 tiro de canon, a can: on 
 
 KK2 
 
252 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 desmontar un canon, to 
 dismount a gun. 
 
 enclavar un canon, to nail 
 up a gun 
 
 culevrina, a culverin. 
 
 falconete, U falconet. 
 
 pedrero, a patter era. 
 
 canon entero, a whole can- 
 non. 
 
 medio canon, half cannon. 
 
 petardo, a petard. 
 
 bomba, a bomb. 
 
 bombarda, a bomb-ketch. 
 
 mortero, a mortar-piece. 
 
 granada, a gran a da. 
 
 mosque te, a musket, 
 
 carabina, a carabine. 
 
 escopeta, a firelock. 
 
 piste la, a pistol. 
 
 Mia, a bullet. 
 
 polvora, powder. 
 
 mefccha, a match. 
 
 pedernal, a flint, 
 
 flecha, an arrow. 
 
 dardo, a dart. 
 
 javalina, a bear spear. 
 
 honda, a sling. 
 
 arco, a bow. 
 
 maza de drmas, a battle- 
 axe. 
 
 lanza, a lance. 
 
 alabarda, a halbert. 
 
 partesana, a partisan. 
 
 pica, a pike. 
 
 alfange, a scymitar. 
 
 espada, a sword. 
 
 puno de la espada, the han- 
 dle of a sword. 
 
 porno de la espada. the 
 pommel. 
 guarnicion de espada, the 
 hilt. 
 la boja, the blade. 
 
 punal, a poniard. 
 
 bayoneta, a bayonet. 
 
 yehno, celada, a helmet. 
 daga, a dagger. 
 
 morrion, a morrion. 
 
 vizera, the vizor of an hel- 
 met. 
 gorjal, the gorget. 
 
 peto, a breast-plate. 
 
 coraza, a cuirass. 
 
 espaldar, the back plate. 
 coselete, a corslet. 
 
 bracelete, armour for the 
 arms. 
 escarcelon, armour from 
 waist to the thighs, 
 inojeras, armour for the 
 knees, 
 broque!, a buckler •. 
 
 escudo, a shield. 
 
 adarga, a target. 
 
 cota de malla, a coat of 
 mail. 
 general, a general. 
 
 teniente -general, a lieute- 
 nant general. 
 sargento mayor de batalla, 
 a major-general. 
 maestre de campo.coronel, 
 a colonel. 
 sargento mayor, a major. 
 capitan, a captain. 
 
 teniente, a lieutenant. 
 
A Vocabulary* 
 
 253 
 
 corn eta, a comet. 
 
 alferez, an ensign. 
 
 sargento, a serjeant 
 
 cabo de esquadra, a corpo- 
 ral. 
 quadrillero, a brigadier. 
 soldddo, a soldier. 
 
 caudillo, a leader, com- 
 i ' - ■ mander. 
 
 tambor, a drummer. 
 
 pifano, a fif e > 
 
 trompeta, a trumpet. 
 
 atabal, a kettle-drum. 
 soldado de a cabalk>, a 
 trooper. 
 soldado de a pie, infante, 
 afoot soldier. 
 dragon, a dragoon. 
 
 piquero, apikeman. 
 
 mosquetero, a musketeer. 
 fusiiero, ajusileer. 
 
 infanteria, the infantry. 
 caballeria, the cavalry. 
 artillero, a gunner. 
 
 bombardero, a bombar- 
 dier. 
 ingeniero, an engineer. 
 minero, a miner. 
 
 gastador, a pioneer. 
 
 centineia, a ceniinel. 
 
 vangu ard ia , the van-guard. 
 cuerpo de batalla, the main 
 body of' an army. 
 retaguardia, the rear. 
 
 cuerpo dereserva, the corps 
 of reserve. 
 cuerpo de guardia, the corps 
 de guard. 
 ala, the wing of an army. 
 
 batallon, a battalion, 
 
 regimiento, a regiment. 
 tropa de cabal los, a troop 
 of horse. 
 compafiia de infanteria, a 
 company qffgot. 
 hilera, a rank. 
 
 fila, affile. 
 
 esquadron, a squadron. 
 mochilero, a soldier s boy. 
 bagage, baggage. 
 
 vivandero, a sutler. 
 
 partido, a party. 
 
 corredores, the forlorn- 
 hope. 
 batidores, discoverers. 
 mural las, muros, walls, 
 almena, a battlement 
 
 parapeto, a parapet. 
 
 Castillo, a castle. 
 
 fuerte, a fort. 
 
 fortaleza, a fortress. 
 
 fortificacion, fortification. 
 torre, a tower. 
 
 ciudadela, a citadel. 
 
 bastion, a bastion. 
 
 cortina, a curtain. 
 
 media luna, an half moon. 
 tronera, a hop hole. 
 
 terra piano, a rampart. 
 caballero, a cabalier, or 
 mounted. 
 rebel in, a ravelin. 
 
 contra escarpa, counter- 
 scarp. 
 barrera, a barrier. 
 
 falsa braga, afauss hraye. 
 fosso, a ditch. 
 
 repechoj a breast-work. 
 
254 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 garita, a cent ry -box. 
 
 caseir. ata, casemate. 
 
 galeria. eorredor, gallery. 
 
 estrada, cubierta, the co- 
 ver t-ivay. 
 
 cast on, a gabion. 
 
 estaca, a palisade. 
 
 rediito, a redoubt. 
 
 atalaya, a place to discover, 
 or the person who dis- 
 covers. 
 
 manta, a mantlet, or cover 
 for men from the shot. 
 
 fagina, fascines. 
 
 jnina, a mine. 
 
 contra mina, a counter- 
 mine. 
 
 trinchera, a trench. 
 
 el real, the camp. 
 
 vitu alias, provisions. 
 
 municiones, ammunition. 
 
 bisono, a new soldier. 
 
 picorero, a marauder, 
 
 contra marcha, a counter 
 march 
 
 escaramuza, a skirmish. 
 
 batalla, a battle. 
 
 $itio, a siege. 
 
 quartel, quarter. 
 
 encamisada, a camisado. 
 
 sal i da, a sally, 
 
 batir, to batter. 
 
 brecha, a breach. 
 
 escalada, an escalade. 
 
 asalto, an assault. 
 
 llamada, ■ thechamade. 
 
 capitulaeion, the capitula- 
 tion, 
 
 giiarnicion, a garrison. 
 tocar la caxa, to beat the 
 drum. 
 levantar gente, to raise 
 men. 
 pa gar el sueldo, to pay the 
 soldiers. 
 batir la estrada, to scour 
 the country. 
 levantar el sitio, to raise 
 the siege. 
 march ar a banderas des- 
 plegadas, to march with 
 flying colours. 
 reforzar el exercito, to re- 
 inforce the army. 
 tocar a reeoger, to sound a 
 retreat. 
 entregar una plaza, to sur- 
 render a place. 
 
 Del Ano, y sus Partes. 
 The Year, and its Parts, 
 
 Afio, 
 
 mes, 
 
 sernana, 
 
 dia, 
 
 noche, 
 
 rnanana, 
 
 tarde, 
 
 bora, 
 
 in invito, 
 
 momento, 
 
 a year, 
 
 a month. 
 
 a icceh. 
 
 a day, 
 
 a night. 
 
 the morning, 
 
 the evening. 
 
 an hour. 
 
 a minute, 
 
 a moment. 
 

 A Vocabulary. 255- 
 
 Los Meses— 
 
 -The Months. 
 
 drbol, masto, mas til, palo> 
 a ship's mast. 
 
 Enero, 
 
 January. 
 
 de gabia, the top-mast. 
 
 Febrero, 
 
 February. 
 
 arbol juanete, top-gallant. 
 
 Marzo, 
 
 March. 
 
 juanete mayor, main-top* 
 
 Abril, 
 
 April. 
 
 gallant. 
 
 Mayo, 
 
 May. 
 
 juanete mesana, mizzen- 
 
 Jvinio, 
 
 June. 
 
 top-mast. 
 
 Julio, 
 
 July. 
 
 de artimon, 6 de mezana, 
 
 Agosto, 
 
 August. 
 
 mizzen-mast. 
 
 Setiemhre, 
 
 September. 
 
 un corsario, a privateer. 
 
 Octiibre, 
 
 October. 
 
 de proa 6 trinquete, fore- 
 
 Novi£mbre, 
 
 November. 
 
 mast. 
 
 Deciembre, 
 
 December. 
 
 de velacho 6 de gabia me- 
 n 6 r, fore- top - mast. 
 
 
 
 de juanete velacho, fore- 
 
 The Days 
 
 of the Week. 
 
 top gallant. 
 de baupre, 6 rnaupres, bow- 
 
 Lunes, 
 
 Monday. 
 
 sprit. 
 
 Martes, 
 
 Tuesday. 
 
 mastilero, top-mast. 
 
 Miercoles, 
 
 Wednesday. 
 
 mastilego, smalLmast. 
 
 Jueves, 
 
 Thursday. 
 
 palo de resoeto, jury-mast 9 
 
 Viernes, 
 
 Friday. 
 
 arbolar las banderas, to 
 
 Sabado, 
 
 Saturday. 
 
 hoist colours. 
 
 Domingo, 
 
 Sunday. 
 
 una abra, a creek. 
 tiempo abierto, clear wea- 
 ther. 
 
 Navigacion- 
 
 —Navigation. 
 
 quilla del arbol, the ship's 
 mast. 
 
 Almirante, 
 
 vice-admiral. 
 
 verga, entena, the yard. 
 
 almirantazg 
 
 o, the admiral- 
 
 abrigo, 6 abrigado, land- 
 
 
 ty. 
 
 locked. 
 
 armada, 
 
 a fleet. 
 
 aferar el navio, to grapjle 
 
 abordo, 
 
 aboard. 
 
 the ship. 
 
 arbol mayor, the main- 
 
 aferar las gabias, to furl the 
 
 
 mast. 
 
 top -sails. 
 
 ancla, 6 ancora, anchor. 
 
 aforro del navio, the ship's 
 
 amarra, marcma, a cable. 
 
 sheathing* 
 
25 6 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 golpe de agua, fall of wa- 
 ter.' 
 a suelo de agun, even with 
 zcifid and water. 
 aguas vivas, spring tides. 
 lengua de agua, water- 
 edge. 
 aguja de marear, compass 
 needle. 
 alargar, to set at liberty. 
 alargar la gum en a, to 
 lengthen the cable. 
 alcalde de mar, sea bailiff. 
 alcazar/ the quarter-deck. 
 acolladores, the lanniards. 
 alflechates, the ratlines. 
 almenara, a sea-mark. 
 altura, the latitude, depth, 
 or distance of a place. 
 altura del sol, the sun's al- 
 titude. 
 altura del agua, depth of 
 water. 
 estar en la altura del cabo, 
 6 isla, to be off a cape or 
 island. 
 alrnura, the main-tack. 
 amuradas, the high sides 
 within the ship. 
 amuras de revisa, loose 
 tacks. 
 amarrar, to belay a $hip. 
 amarra, a cable. 
 
 amarra maestra, the sheet 
 cable. 
 de forma, best bower. 
 
 pi car la amarra, to slip the 
 cable, 
 
 arrojar, 6 lanzar el ancora, 
 to cast anchor, 
 zarpar, to hoist or weigh 
 anchor, 
 dar fondo, to come to an 
 anchor t. 
 anclar 6 ancorar, to anchor. 
 ancorage, an anchoring- 
 place, 
 una de la ancora, anchor 
 stuke. 
 ir con viento en popa, to 
 go before the luhnL 
 antena, the ship's yard. 
 anzuelo, afisli-hook. 
 
 aparej os, ship s furniture. 
 con todos los aparej os, jar- 
 cias, peltrechos, respe- 
 tos, y velamen, ships- 
 apparel, rigging, tac- 
 kle, furniture, and 
 stores. 
 apaga penoles, leech lines. 
 aportadero, ship's landing- 
 place. 
 apresador, a captor. 
 
 arfar el navio, the ship to 
 plunge. 
 arrayar las banderas, take 
 down, or strike the co- 
 lours. 
 armada real, royal navy. 
 armando en corso, fitting 
 out for a cruise. 
 arrojar un navio al mar, to 
 launch a ship, 
 arpeos ; grapnels, or grap- 
 pels. 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 257 
 
 tarqueo, the act of measur- 
 ing a ship. 
 astillero, the stocks to build 
 ships on. 
 atarazana, a ship-builder s 
 dock-yarn. 
 balandra, a bi lander, sloop. 
 balsa, a fiat boat, or float 
 in the water.. 
 banco, a sea-bank. 
 
 banda, the ship's side. 
 
 el navio a la banda, the 
 ship laying on her side. 
 bandera, ship's colours. 
 banderas tendidas, colours 
 
 flying- 
 hd.ndo\ern,pendants,afiag, 
 streamers. 
 Mo de navio, the ship's 
 cradle. 
 baguetas, the gantlop, pu- 
 nishment. 
 barrar, the ship to bar. 
 barca, a large boat. 
 
 -depescador, fishing-boat. 
 de pasage, Jerry-boat. 
 barcage, boatage, or wa- 
 terage. 
 : bafquita,barquilla, a small 
 boat. 
 barco, batel, a boat. 
 
 . barlovento, windward, 
 basteeido, victualled. 
 
 carga cuniplid a ■,/&//!/ load- 
 ed, 
 batir, to beat. 
 
 batido por las ondas, dash- 
 ed by the sea waves. 
 feaxas, sands in the sea. 
 
 baxos, sea-shoals. 
 
 baxo bordo, a low-built 
 ship. 
 
 baxel ligero, light ship that 
 sails well. 
 
 baxelito, small vessel. 
 
 bay a, bay. 
 
 bay a abierta, an open bay. 
 
 bay-ven, a caburn. 
 
 &elamen, all sorts of sails 
 
 Baltico, the Baltic Sea. 
 
 bergantin, a brig 9 or brig- 
 ant hie. 
 
 betunar, to daub a ship 
 with bitumen. 
 
 boca de rio, river's mouth. 
 
 bodega, the ship's hold. 
 
 bogar, to row. 
 
 bogador, a rower. 
 
 bolas, bitochas, trucks. 
 
 bolina, bow-line. 
 
 bomba, a boom. 
 
 bomba, the ship's pump. 
 
 bonanza, fair weather. 
 
 borda, a galley's main- 
 sail. 
 
 bordear, to tack forwards 
 and backwards at sea. 
 
 borde, bordos, the ship's 
 side. 
 
 boltar, to veer, turn, tack. 
 
 botar, to launch a ship. 
 
 bote, a long boat. 
 
 bosola, the compass-box. 
 
 bojante, a ship lightly 
 laden. 
 
 bozarina marina, a speak- 
 ing trumpet. 
 
 braza, the ship's brace* 
 
 L L 
 
258 
 
 A Neu Spanish Grammar. 
 
 braza de cevadera, sprit- 
 
 sail brace. 
 braza de juanete de proa, 
 fore top gallant brace. 
 braza de verga seca, cross- 
 jack-yard brace. 
 braza, a fathom. 
 
 brazo de antena, yard- 
 arm. 
 b ra d rl al es, backs i ays , 
 
 branque, ships stern. 
 
 brioles, clew-lines. 
 
 broma, a sea-worm. 
 
 navio bromado, a worm- 
 eaten ship. 
 bruxula, a sea compass. 
 buque, the ship's body. 
 cabestrante, the capstan. 
 cabos de maniobra, run- 
 ning-rigging. 
 entullar cabos, to splice 
 ropes. 
 cala, the hold. 
 
 calibre, the bore of a can- 
 non, 
 camara, the ship's cabin. 
 camarote. the round-house. 
 cana de timon, the tiller, 
 or helm of the rudder. 
 cancamo de ojo, eye- 
 bait. 
 canalete, a waiter-scoop. 
 canoa, a canoe. 
 
 capa de maestro, the mas- 
 ter's cloak money. 
 capion de popa, the stern- 
 post. 
 carenar, to careen a ship. 
 caraca, a car rick. 
 
 caravel a, a carvel. 
 
 carga, 6 cargazon, the 
 
 cargo. 
 
 cargador, a loader. 
 
 eargadero, the ship's stay. 
 
 carga cenada, a broadside. 
 
 carillo, a pulley. 
 
 carta de marear, sea chart. 
 
 carta de afletamientOjC/zar- 
 ter-party of affreight- 
 ment. 
 
 casco, ship's hull. 
 
 castillo de proa, the ships 
 head. 
 
 castillo de popa, the poop. 
 
 caxetas, caskets. 
 
 castre, a sea-bed. 
 
 caxones, sea-chests. 
 
 cazar, to chace. 
 
 dar caza al enemigo, to 
 chace the enemy. 
 
 cerrado de mar, sea-girt. 
 
 tiempo cerrado, dull wea- 
 ther. 
 
 coger las velas, to furl the 
 sails. 
 
 comboy, a convoy. 
 
 concha, a sea shell. 
 
 contra-maestro, the mas^ 
 ters mate. 
 
 contra- mezana, the fore- 
 mast. 
 
 corredera, the log-line. 
 
 corveta, a corvet. 
 
 andar en corso, to go out 
 cruizing. 
 
 costa, the sea -coast. 
 
 ir costa acosta, to coast 
 ahmx shore, 
 
A Vocabulary* 
 
 259 
 
 costados, the ship's sides. 
 cubierta, the deck. 
 
 cuerdas, the ropes. 
 
 dar cabo, to throw a rope 
 to another. 
 dar caza, to chace. 
 
 dar a costa, to arrive on the 
 sea coast. 
 dar a vela, to set sail. 
 
 dar fondo, to cast anchor . 
 dar ai traste, to sink, or 
 founder. 
 dar a barra, to run upon 
 the bar. 
 desamarrar, to unbind. 
 desanclar,^) weigh anchor. 
 .desarbolar, to dismast. 
 desembarcadero, wharf, 
 quay, or hey. 
 desencailar, to get off a 
 vessel. 
 desenfardelar, to unpack 
 goods. 
 desvergar, to unbend the 
 sails. 
 descubrir tierra, to fall in 
 with land. 
 Dunas, the Downs. 
 
 drizas, the halliards. 
 
 embarcarj to embark. 
 
 embargar, to lay an em- 
 bargo. 
 embergues, the ship's rob- 
 bins. 
 erne, the helm. 
 
 aliviar el erne, to relieve 
 the helm. 
 encallado, stranded. 
 
 enarbolar, to hoist up the 
 
 mast. 
 ensenado, embayed. 
 
 escolta, a convoy. 
 
 escota, the tack. 
 
 escotines de revisas, store- 
 sheet- tack. 
 escotillas, the ship's hatches 
 escotilia mayor, the main 
 
 hatch. 
 escotilia de popa, the stern 
 
 hatch. 
 
 espeque, a hand-spike. 
 
 espeque de la bomba, the 
 
 pump brake. 
 
 esperon, the ship's beak. 
 
 esquife, a skiff, small boat. 
 
 estero, a creek , marsh. 
 
 estrecho de mar, a narrow 
 
 arm of the sea. 
 
 estrecho de Gibraltar, the 
 
 St r eights of Gibraltar. 
 
 faena, business. 
 
 fanal, the ship's lanthorn. 
 
 farol, a light-house on the 
 
 shore. 
 farol de popa, the poop lan- 
 
 thorn. 
 feluca, a fluke. 
 
 fietar, to freight. 
 
 flete, freight. 
 
 flota, a fleet. 
 
 flotilla, a little fleet. 
 
 fondear, to founder, sink. 
 fragata, a frigate. 
 
 gabarra, a lighter. 
 
 galeon, a large Spanish 
 ship. 
 gallardete, the jack, or 
 ll2 ship's pendant* 
 
260 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar* 
 
 galera, galeta, galeota, a 
 galley. 
 garfio, a hook. 
 
 garruchas 6 carrucbas, put- 
 ties. 
 gata, the cat's head. 
 
 gobernallo, ship's rudder. 
 golpe de mar, stroke, blow 
 of a wave. 
 gondola, a pleasure boat. 
 guardian, the boatswain. 
 guarda cabos, the thimble. 
 guarda costa, a ship guard- 
 ing the coasts. 
 gum en a, ship's cable. 
 
 gurumates, steersmen. 
 hastillero, a ship's dock. 
 hiate, * a sloop. 
 
 lancha, a ship's boat. 
 
 lengua de agua, water- 
 edge. 
 lona, sail-cloth. 
 
 mar, the sea. 
 
 alta mar, main sea. 
 
 brazo de mar, arm of the 
 sea. 
 bramido de mar, roaring 
 sea. 
 baxa mar, low water. 
 
 golpe de mar, sea billow. 
 mar batido, sea lashed. 
 ola«de mar, sea wave. 
 
 bordo, orilla del mar, sea 
 side. 
 golfo de mar, sea gulf. 
 costa de mar, sea coast. 
 puerto de mar, a sea port. 
 espmna del mar, sea froth. 
 
 lodode mar, sea mudi> 
 playa de mar, seashore. 
 banco de mar, sea-bank. 
 risco de mar, sea-risk. 
 tempesta de mar, sea tem- 
 pest. 
 viajar por el mar, sea voy- 
 age. 
 meter a la mar, to put to 
 sea. 
 mareado, sea -sick. 
 
 marino, maritimo, belong- 
 ing to the sea, 
 marina, the sea-shore. 
 mareantes, marineros, ma- 
 riniers, sailors, seamen. 
 maroma, ship's cable. 
 
 maupres, bowsprit. 
 
 mastil, 6 masto, a ship's 
 mast. 
 navio de guerra, a man of 
 war. 
 mercantile merchantman. 
 navio de posta, a packet* 
 boat. 
 navio de alto bordo, a large 
 - ship. 
 navio de tres palos,o/7Aree 
 masts. 
 navio de pozo, a two deck- 
 ed ship. 
 navio he\evo>a prime sailer. 
 navio ligero, light sailing 
 ship. 
 naveta, a small bark. 
 
 navegar, 
 
 to sail. 
 
 batalla naval, a real sea.-. 
 ftgh*~, 
 
A Vocabulary. 
 
 2#I 
 
 naufragio, shipwreck. 
 
 ola, a wave. 
 
 ondas, billoivs, surges. 
 patron de barco, ship's 
 owner. 
 pilota 6 piloto, a pilot. 
 peltrectaos, ship's stores. 
 irse a pique, £0 6*£/zA* or 
 ' founder. 
 pi ay a, a shore, sea-coast. 
 pop., the poop. 
 
 audar con viento en popa, 
 to sail before the wind. 
 ponton, a ferry-boat. 
 
 presa, a prize. 
 
 presador, the prize-master 
 proa, the ship's prow. 
 
 puente, the ship's deck. 
 puente de barcas, bridge 
 of boats. 
 contra puente, count er- 
 deck. 
 entre puente, between 
 decks. 
 puerto, a port, or harbour* 
 quarentena, a quarentine. 
 quartel, ship's deck. 
 
 quilla, the keel. 
 
 sobrequilla, the keelson. 
 quebrados, breakers. 
 
 ondas quebradas, broken 
 billows. 
 regir, gobernar, to govern, 
 or steer a sliip{ 
 relinga, the bolt-rope. 
 
 remo, . an oar. 
 
 ribera, the shore, bank, ri- 
 ver-side, 
 reefs. 
 
 nzos. 
 
 roldanas, 6 rondanas, 
 trucks, wheels, pulleys, 
 blocks. 
 caer en romania, to strike 
 all the sails at once. 
 rumbo, 6 rota, the course 
 of a ship. 
 seno del mar, a creek or 
 bay. 
 en sen ado, embayed. 
 
 sent ina, the ship' s well, or 
 sink. 
 sobrecargo, the ship's su- 
 percargo. 
 sota viento, the lee side. 
 surgir, to come to an an- 
 chor* 
 surgidero, an anchoring^ 
 place. 
 •tajamar, the ship's cut-wa- 
 ter. 
 tender velas, to spread the 
 sails. 
 timon, the ship's rudder. 
 timonero, the steersman. 
 tiempo bello, fine ivea~ 
 ther\ 
 mal tiempo, bad weather, 
 abierto, open weather. 
 bonanza, fair weather. 
 cerrado, thick weather. 
 n ubl ado, cloudy, foggy. 
 neblina, misty weather. 
 caloroso, hot weather. 
 
 frio, cold weather > 
 
 humedo, icet. 
 
 seco, dry weather, 
 
 b elado, frosty weather. 
 lluvioso, rainy weather. 
 
S62 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 turbio, tempestuoso, stor r 
 my. 
 tenieblas, obscuro, dark 
 weather, 
 contra tiempo, bad wea- 
 ther, also misfortunes. 
 trueno, , thunder. 
 
 relampago, lightning. 
 
 tormenta, a tempest. 
 
 temporal, tempesta, tem- 
 pestad, storms, tempes- 
 tuous weather. 
 borrasca, a storm. 
 
 borrascoso, stormy ivea- 
 ther. 
 desecha de mar y viento, 
 storm of ivind and sea. 
 tomar la barra, to enter the 
 bar. 
 tomar rizos, to take the 
 reefs. 
 tomar puerto, to go into a 
 port. 
 toear, to touch, or strike. 
 tomar tierra 6 costa, to 
 make land. 
 terraqueo, both land and 
 water. 
 ve!adeproa,6 de trinquete, 
 foresail. 
 de gabia menor 6 de vela- 
 cho, fore-top. 
 de j uanete velacho, fore- 
 top- gallant. 
 cevadera, sprit. 
 
 sobre cevadera, sprit-sail- 
 top. 
 latina, a triangular sail. 
 
 bastardo, shoulder of tout* 
 to? i saiL 
 marbuto, smack saiL 
 
 velame, the wliole set of 
 sails. 
 recojer las velas, to furl 
 the sails, 
 bilo de vela, sail thread* 
 hacerse a la vela, to set 
 saiL 
 hacer fuerza de vela, to 
 crowd sail. 
 marear las velas, to set the 
 sails h 
 se puso a la vela, he set, 
 saiL 
 estar a vela, to be under 
 sail. 
 tender vela, to spread saiL 
 navegar con velas tendidas, 
 to sail with all sails 
 spread. 
 navegar a vela y remo, to 
 sail and roiv. 
 entena 6 verga, a ship's 
 yard* 
 vela mayor, the main-sail. 
 de gabia, main-top-saiL 
 de j uanete, top gallant- 
 sail. 
 de mesana, mizzen-saik 
 de sobre mesana, ?nizzen- 
 top-saiL 
 de trinquete, fore-sail. 
 de velacbo, fore-top-sail. 
 de cevadera, sprit- sail. 
 entena de gato, cross-jack. 
 viento en popa, before the 
 wind \ 
 

 A Voce 
 
 tbulary. 
 
 263 
 
 viento contrario, contrary 
 
 vagas, 
 
 sea waves* 
 
 
 wind. 
 
 viage por mar, sea voy- 
 
 teiier el viento, to keep the 
 
 
 age. 
 
 
 wind. 
 
 
 
 The most it. 
 
 mal Christian Names of Men and Women. 
 
 Aaron, 
 
 Aaron. 
 
 Benito, 
 
 Bennet. 
 
 Abe], 
 
 Abel 
 
 Bernardo, 
 
 Bernard. 
 
 Abraham, 
 
 Abraham. 
 
 Betel, 
 
 Betliel. 
 
 Absalon, 
 
 Absalon. 
 
 Bias, 
 
 Blase. 
 
 Adan, 
 
 Adam. 
 
 Bonaventura 
 
 , Bonaven- 
 
 Adoifo, 
 
 Adolphus. 
 
 
 ture. 
 
 Adrian, 
 
 Adrian. 
 
 Bonifacio, 
 
 Boniface. 
 
 A^an, 
 
 Alan. 
 
 Briano, 
 
 Brian. 
 
 Alberto, 
 
 Albert. 
 
 
 _ ■ 
 
 A lexandro, 
 
 Alexander. 
 
 Cesar, 
 
 Caesar. 
 
 Alfred, 
 
 Alfred. 
 
 Caleb, 
 
 Caleb. 
 
 Algernon, 
 
 Algernon. 
 
 Cecilio, 
 
 CeciL 
 
 Al nso, 1 
 Alfonso, j 
 
 Alphonso. 
 
 Carlos, 
 
 Charles. 
 
 Cristoval, 
 
 Christopher. 
 
 Ambrosio, 
 
 Ambrose. 
 
 Claudio, 
 
 Claudius. 
 
 Amos, 
 
 Amos. 
 
 Clemente, 
 
 Clement. 
 
 Ananias, 
 
 Ananias. 
 
 Conrado, 
 
 Conrade. 
 
 Andres, 
 
 Andrew. 
 
 Constantino, 
 
 Const antine. 
 
 Anselmo, 
 
 Anselm. 
 
 Cornelio, 
 
 Cornelius. 
 
 Antonio, 
 
 Anthony. 
 
 Crespin, 
 
 Crispin. 
 
 Archibal, 
 
 Archibald. 
 
 Cipriano, 
 
 Cyprian. 
 
 Arnaldo, 
 
 Arnold. 
 
 
 
 Arturo, 
 
 Arthur. 
 
 Daniel, 
 
 Daniel. 
 
 Atanasio, 
 
 Athanasius. 
 
 David, 
 
 David. 
 
 Agustin, 
 
 Austin. 
 
 Demetrius, 
 
 Demetrius. 
 
 Azariab, 
 
 Azariah. 
 
 Deniso, 
 
 Denis. 
 
 
 
 Dionicio, 
 
 Dionysius. 
 
 Bautista, 
 
 Baptist. 
 
 Domingo, 
 
 Dominic, 
 
 Bernabe, 
 Bartolome, 
 
 Barnaby. 
 Bartholomew. 
 
 
 
 Edgaro, 
 
 Edgar. 
 
 Basilio, 
 
 BasiL 
 
 Ed m undo, 
 
 Edmund. 
 
 Benjamin^ 
 
 Benjamin. 
 
 Eduardo, 
 
 Edward. 
 
354 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Eduin> 
 
 Edwin. 
 
 Gervasio, 
 
 Gervase. 
 
 Egbert, 
 
 Egbert. 
 
 Gedeon, 
 
 Gideon. 
 
 Eleazar, 
 
 Eleazar. 
 
 Gilberto, 
 
 Gilbert. 
 
 Eldret, 
 
 Elclred. 
 
 Gil, 
 
 Giles. 
 
 Elias, 
 
 Ellas. 
 
 Godardo, 
 
 Godard. 
 
 EJis, 
 
 E lis ha. 
 
 Godfrei, 
 
 Godfrey. 
 
 Enoch, 
 
 Enoch. 
 
 Gregorio, 
 
 Gregory. 
 
 Efraim, 
 
 Ephraim. 
 
 Gui, 
 
 „ °}'y- 
 
 Erasmo, 
 
 Erasmus. 
 
 Gui Her mo, 
 
 William. 
 
 Ernesto, 
 
 Ernest. 
 
 
 
 Esau, 
 
 Esau. 
 
 Haroldo, 
 
 Harold. 
 
 Ezekiel, 
 
 Ezekiel. 
 
 Henerique, 
 
 Henry. 
 
 Estevan, 
 
 Stephen, 
 
 Herberto, 
 
 Herbert. 
 
 Etelbert, 
 
 Ethelhert. 
 
 Hercules, 
 
 Hercules 
 
 Etelred, 
 
 Ethelred. 
 
 Hilario, 
 
 Hillary. 
 
 Eteluardo, 
 
 Ethelward. 
 
 Huberto, 
 
 Hubert. 
 
 Evano, 
 
 Evan. 
 
 Hugo, 
 
 Hugh. 
 
 Everardo, 
 
 Everard. 
 
 
 
 Eugenio, 
 
 Eugene. 
 
 Isaias, 
 
 Esaias. 
 
 Eusebio, 
 
 Eusebius. 
 
 Isaac, 
 
 Isaac. 
 
 Eustacio, 
 
 Eustace. 
 
 Jacobo, 
 
 Jacob. 
 
 Ezetias,, 
 
 Ezethias. 
 
 Jaime Diego, 
 
 James. 
 
 Ezechiel, 
 
 Ezechiel. 
 
 Jeferi, 
 
 Jeffery. 
 
 Ezra, 
 
 Ezra. 
 
 Jeromo, 
 
 Hierom! 
 
 
 
 Jeremias, 
 
 Jeremy. 
 
 Fabian, 
 
 Fabian. 
 
 Jeronimo, 
 
 Jerome. 
 
 Felipe, 
 
 Philip. 
 
 Job, 
 
 Job. 
 
 Felix, 
 
 Felix. 
 
 Joel, 
 
 Joel. 
 
 Ferdinando, 
 
 Ferdinand. 
 
 Juan, 
 
 John. 
 
 Ferrando, 
 
 Ferrand. 
 
 Jonah, 
 
 Jonah. 
 
 Fortuna, 
 
 Fortunatus. 
 
 Jonatan, 
 
 Jonathan. 
 
 Francisco, 
 
 Francis. 
 
 Jorge, 
 
 George. 
 
 Frederico, 
 
 Frederic. 
 
 Joscelino, 
 
 Josceline. 
 
 
 
 Jose, 6 Joseph, 
 
 Joseph. 
 
 Gabriel, 
 
 Gabriel. 
 
 Josias, 
 
 Josias. 
 
 Gaspart, 
 
 Jaspar. 
 
 Josia, 
 
 Josiah. 
 
 Godofre, 
 
 Godfrey. 
 
 Judas, 
 
 Jude. 
 
 Geraldo, 
 
 Gerrard. 
 
 Juliano, 
 
 Julian. 
 
 German, 
 
 German. 
 
 Julio, 
 
 Julius. 
 
 
 
 JllStOj 
 
 Justus* 
 
A Vocabulary* 
 
 265 
 
 Kenardo, 
 Kenelmo, 
 Kester, 
 
 Lamberto, 
 
 Lancelote, 
 
 Lazaro, 
 
 Leolino, 
 
 Leonardo, 
 
 Leopoldo, 
 
 Leonardo, 
 
 Lorenzo, 
 
 Luis, 
 
 Lucio, 
 
 Lucas, 
 
 Kenard. 
 
 Kenelm. 
 
 Kester, 
 
 Lambert. 
 
 Lancelot. 
 
 Lazarus. 
 
 Leolin. 
 
 Leonard. 
 
 Leopold. 
 
 Lionel. 
 
 Lawrence. 
 
 Lewis. 
 
 Lucius. 
 
 Luke. 
 
 Orion, 
 
 Orlando, 
 
 Osmundo, 
 
 Osualdo, 
 
 Otto, 
 
 Orion. 
 
 Orlando... 
 
 Osmund. 
 
 Oswald. 
 
 Otto. 
 
 Pasqua], Pascal, Cyril. 
 
 Marcos, Mark. 
 
 Marmaduco, Marmaduke. 
 Manuel, Emanuel. 
 
 Martin, Martin. 
 
 Mateu, Matthew. 
 
 Matias, Mathias. 
 
 Mauricio, Maurice. 
 
 Max i m i 1 i ano, Maxhnilia n . 
 Meredit, Meredith. 
 
 Miguel, Michael. 
 
 Morgan, Morgan. 
 
 Moyses, Moses. 
 
 Pablo, 
 
 Patricio, 
 
 Percival, 
 
 Peregrino, 
 
 Pedro, 
 
 Quintino, 
 
 Randolfo, 
 
 Rafael, 
 
 Ray m on do, 1 
 
 Ramon, J 
 
 Renal do, 
 
 Ricardo, 
 
 Roberto, 
 
 Rogerio, 
 
 Rolando, 
 
 Ruperto, 
 
 Paul. 
 
 Patrick. 
 
 Percival. 
 
 Peregrine. 
 
 Peter. 
 
 Quintin, 
 
 Randolph. 
 Raphael. 
 
 Raymond. 
 
 Reynold. 
 
 Richard. 
 
 Robert. 
 
 Roger. 
 
 Rowland. 
 
 Rupert. 
 
 Nadal, 
 
 Natan, 
 
 Nataniet, 
 
 Neheinias, 
 
 Nestor, 
 
 Nicolas, 
 
 Norman, 
 
 Olivero, 
 Orasio_. 
 
 Noel. 
 
 Nathan. 
 
 Nathaniel. 
 
 Nehemiah. 
 
 Nestor. 
 
 Nicholas. 
 
 Norman. 
 
 Salomon, 
 
 Sanson, 
 
 Samuel, 
 
 Saul, 
 
 Sebastian, 
 
 Set, 
 
 Segismundo, 
 
 Si 1 vest re, 
 
 Simeon, 
 
 Simon, 
 
 Oliver. Teobaldp, 
 Horatio. Teodoro, 
 
 M M 
 
 Solomon. 
 
 Samson. 
 
 Samuel. 
 
 Saul. 
 
 Sebastian. 
 
 Seth. 
 
 Segismund. 
 
 Silvester. 
 
 Simeon. 
 
 Simon. 
 
 Theobald. 
 Theodore* 
 
266 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar 
 
 Teodosio, 
 
 Theodosius. 
 
 Urias, 
 
 Urias. 
 
 Teodorico, 
 
 Theodoric. 
 
 Valentino, 
 
 Valentine, 
 
 Teofilo, 
 
 Theophilus. 
 
 Valeriano, 
 
 Valerian, 
 
 Tom as, 
 
 Thomas. 
 
 Vicente, 
 
 J incent. 
 
 Timoteo, 
 
 Timothy. 
 
 
 
 Tito, 
 
 Titus. 
 
 Zacarias, 
 
 Z a chary. 
 
 Tobias, 
 
 Tobias. 
 
 Zaqueo, 
 Zadoc, 
 
 Zaccheus. 
 
 
 
 Zadok. 
 
 Urbano, 
 
 Urban. 
 
 Zedequias, 
 
 Zedekiah. 
 
 
 Names of Women. 
 
 
 Abigail, 
 Aata, 
 
 Abigail. 
 
 Dic(ona, 
 
 Dido. 
 
 Aatha. 
 
 Dorcasa, 
 
 Dorcas. 
 
 Agnes 6 In<§s 
 
 , Agnes. 
 
 Dorotea, 
 
 Dorothy. 
 
 Ana, 
 
 Anne. 
 
 Drusilla, 
 
 Drusilla. 
 
 Antonia, 
 
 Antoinette. 
 
 
 
 Arabela, 
 
 Arabella. 
 
 Eleonora, 
 
 Eleonor. 
 
 
 
 Eliza, 
 
 Eliza. 
 
 Barbara, 
 
 Barbara. 
 
 Elisabet, 
 
 Elisabeth, 
 
 Batcheba, 
 
 Bathsheba. 
 
 Ester, 
 
 Esther. 
 
 Beatriz, 
 
 Beatrice. 
 
 Eva, 
 
 Eve. 
 
 Bela, 
 
 Bella. 
 
 Eunicia, 
 
 Eunice. 
 
 Benigma, 
 
 Benigma. 
 
 
 
 Berta, 
 
 Bertha. 
 
 Fe, 
 
 Faith x 
 
 Blanca, 
 
 Blanch. 
 
 Feliciana, 
 
 Felicia. 
 
 Buena, 
 
 Bona. 
 
 Felicia, 
 
 Phi His, 
 
 Brigida, 
 
 Bridget. 
 
 Filipa, 
 
 Philippa. 
 
 
 
 Flora, 
 
 Flora. 
 
 Carolina, 
 
 Caroline. 
 
 Florencia, 
 
 Florence, 
 
 Casandria, 
 
 Cassandra. 
 
 Fortuna, 
 
 Fortune. 
 
 Catarina, 
 
 Catharine, 
 
 Francisca, 
 
 Frances. 
 
 Clara, 
 
 Clarissa, 
 
 
 
 Clementina, 
 Constancia, 
 
 Clementina. 
 Constance, 
 
 Gertrudes, 
 Gi liana, 
 
 Gertrude. 
 Gillian. 
 
 "W^V 
 
 TTV • 
 
 Gracia, 
 
 Grace. 
 
 JL)amaricia ; 
 
 Damans. 
 
 • 4 
 
 
 Debora, 
 
 Deborah. 
 
 
 
 j)iana, 
 
 JDiana f 
 
 Hanrieta., 
 
 Harriet, 
 

 A Vocabulary, 
 
 *&1 
 
 Helena, 
 
 Helen. 
 
 Rachel, 
 
 Rachel. 
 
 Hester, 
 
 Hester. 
 
 Rebeca, 
 
 Rebecca. 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Roda, 
 
 Rhode. 
 
 Isabel, 
 
 Isabel. 
 
 Rosamunda, 
 
 Rosamond. 
 
 Josefa, 
 
 Joyse. 
 
 Rosa, 
 
 Rose. 
 
 Juana, 
 
 Jane. 
 
 Ruda, 
 
 Ruth. 
 
 Judit, 
 
 Judith. 
 
 
 
 Juliana, 
 
 Julia. 
 
 Sabina, 
 
 Sabina. 
 
 
 
 Sabrina, 
 
 Sabrin. 
 
 Magdalena, 
 
 Magdalena. 
 
 Salome, 
 
 Salome. 
 
 Margarita, 
 
 Margaret. 
 
 Sara, 
 
 Sarah. 
 
 Marta, 
 
 Martha. 
 
 Siceria, 
 
 Sisera. 
 
 Maria, 
 
 Mary. 
 
 Sivila, 
 
 Sibyl. 
 
 Matilda, 
 
 Matilda. 
 
 Sofia, 
 
 Sophia. 
 
 Melicenta, 
 
 Melicent. 
 
 Susana, 
 
 Susanna. 
 
 Paciencia, 
 
 Patience. 
 
 Temperancia 
 
 Temperance. 
 
 Penelopa, 
 
 Penelopa. 
 
 Tomasa, 
 
 Thomasin. 
 
 Priscilla, 
 
 Priscilla. 
 
 
 
 Prudencia, 
 
 Prudence. 
 
 Ursula, 
 
 Ursula, 
 
 MM2 
 
268 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 part v. 
 
 Sentencias Cortas y Familiares, 
 Familiar Phrases. 
 
 1. Para pedir Algo — To ask any Thing. 
 
 Le suplico, le ruegode me I pray you ,or pray give titer 
 
 usted, 
 
 hagame el favor de darme, he so good as to give me. 
 
 traygame, bring me, or let me have. 
 
 presteme, 6 dexeme, lend me. 
 
 se lo agradezco & usted, / thank you for it. 
 
 le doy las gracias, 1 give you thanks. 
 
 vaya a buscarme tal cosa, go and fetch me such a 
 
 thing. 
 
 de contado, al instante, directly, this moment. 
 
 querido senor, hagame vm. dear sir, do me that kind- 
 
 este gusto, ness. 
 
 senoramia, concedame este dear madam, grant me that 
 
 favor, favour. 
 
 se ]o suplico, / beseech you. 
 
 De veras se lo pido, / entreat, or conjure you 
 
 to do it. 
 
 hagame vm. ese favor, do me that kindness, or fa- 
 vour. 
 
 se lo pido por favor, / beg it as a favour. 
 
 mandeme a su agrado, oblige me so far. 
 
 2. Expresiones Tiernas — Expressions of Kindness, 
 Mi vida, My life. 
 
 mi alma, my dear soul. 
 
 mi dueiio, my love. 
 
Familiar PJtrases. 
 
 2fi0 
 
 mi queridito, mi queridita, 
 mi corazoncito, 
 lumbre de mis ojos, 
 cielo mio^nina de mi alma, 
 Bendito, 6 Bendita seas, 
 liljo, 6 hija de mi corazon, 
 angel mio, 
 mi dicha, mi todo, 
 estrella mia, 
 
 my little darling, 
 my little heart, 
 dear sweetheart, 
 my little honey. 
 God bless you, 
 my dear child, 
 my pretty angel. 
 my all. 
 my star. 
 
 3. Para Agradecer 6 Cumplimentar, y mostrar Amistad, 
 To Thank and Compliment, or shew Kindness. 
 
 A^radezco a vm. 
 
 le doy las gracias, 
 
 le devuelvo las mas vivas 
 
 gracias, 
 lo hare* con mucho gusto, 
 de todo mi corazon, 
 de muy buena gana, 
 se lo estimo, 
 soy de vm., estoyasudis- 
 
 posicion, 
 soy su servidor, 
 su muy, 6 mas humilde 
 
 servidor, 
 tiene vm, mucha bondad, 
 se to ma vm, demasiadotra- 
 
 bajo y mole^tia, 
 ninguna hallo en servirle, 
 es vm, muy atento, y muy 
 
 Cortes> 
 que desea vm? que me 
 
 mandavm? 
 orde*neme con toda liber- 
 tad V franqueza, 
 sin cumplimiento, 
 sin ceremonia, 
 "le amo de corazon, 
 
 I thank you. 
 
 I give you thanks. 
 
 I return you a thousand 
 
 thanks. 
 1 will do it with pleasure. 
 with all my heart, 
 heartily, willingly. 
 I am obliged to you. 
 I am wholly yours. 
 
 1 am your servant. 
 
 y cur most humble servant. 
 
 you are too obliging, 
 you give yourself too much 
 
 trouble. 
 IJind none in serving you. 
 you are very obliging, or 
 
 very kind, or civil, 
 what will you please to 
 
 have. 
 I desire you to be free 
 
 ivith me. 
 without compliment, 
 without ceremony. 
 I love you with all my 
 
 heart. 
 
3?0 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 >} 
 
 e yo lo mismo, 
 
 haga cuenta sobre mi, 
 
 mandeme vm, 
 
 honreme con sus preceptos, 
 
 tiene vra. algo que man- 
 
 darme ? 
 no tiene vm. sino hablar, 
 disponga de su servidor, 
 solo aguardo sus ordenes, 
 
 demasiado honor me hace, 
 dexemonos de cumplimi- 
 
 entos, 
 entre amigos honrados, 
 cumplimientos son es- 
 
 cusados, 
 al serior Don le beso las 
 
 manos, 
 me encomiendo a su mer- 
 
 ced, 
 dele vm. muchas expresio- 
 
 nes mi as, 
 no faltare, 
 pongame vm, a los pies de 
 
 la sefiora, 
 muchas memorias a la se- 
 
 fiorita, 
 pase vm. delante le voy d 
 
 seguir, 
 despues de vm. senor. 
 se muy bien lo que le debo 
 
 vamos caballero, pase, 6 
 
 ande vm. 
 lo hare para obedecerle, 
 para solo agradarle, 
 no gusto de tantas ceremo- 
 
 nias, 
 
 and I also. 
 
 rely, or depend upon m6< 
 
 command me. 
 
 honour me ivith your com- 
 mands. 
 
 have you any commands 
 for me ? 
 
 you need but command. 
 
 dispose of your servant. 
 
 I only iv ait for your com- 
 mands. 
 
 you do me too much honour. 
 
 lefs forbear compliments, 
 Ipray. 
 
 between honest friends, 
 compliments areuseless. 
 
 present, or give my service 
 
 to Mr. Don. 
 remember me to him. 
 
 remember my love to him. 
 
 I will not fail, 
 remember me kindly to 
 
 madam, 
 present my respects to 
 
 miss, 
 go before, I am ready to 
 
 follow you. 
 after you, sir. 
 I know too well what I 
 
 owe you. 
 come, sir, go on. 
 
 I will do it to obey you. 
 to please you. 
 I don't love so many cere- 
 monies. 
 
Familiar Phrases. 
 
 271 
 
 no soy cumplimentero, / am not for ceremonies. 
 
 es lo mejor, thafs the best way. 
 
 tiene vm. razon, you are in the right orit. 
 
 A, Para Affirmar, Negar, 
 
 Consentir, &c. 
 Es verdad, 
 es esto verdad? 
 demasiado verdad, 
 para tratar verdad, 
 en efecto, es asi, 
 £)uien lo duda ? 
 
 no hay duda de ello, 
 
 creo que es asf, 
 
 er£o que si, 
 
 creo que no, 
 
 digo que si, 
 
 digo que no, 
 
 apuesto que si, 
 
 va que no, 
 
 por mi vida, 
 
 que muera, si le miento, 
 
 jiiro que si, 
 
 a fe de caballero, 
 
 a fe de hombre de bien, 
 
 por mi honor, 
 
 creame vm. 
 
 se lo pu£do decir, 
 
 se lo puedo afirmar, 6 ase- 
 
 gu'rar, 
 apostara algo, 
 
 se 
 
 burl a 
 
 vm 
 
 habla vm, formal ? 
 de veras lo digo, 
 se lo aseguro, 
 Jo adivino vm. 
 
 To Affirm, Deny, Consent, 
 
 It is true. 
 
 is it true ? 
 
 it is but too true. 
 
 to tell you the truth. 
 
 it is really so. 
 
 Wlio doubts it ? who ques- 
 tions it ? 
 
 there is no doubt of it. 
 
 1 believe it is so. 
 
 J believe so. 
 
 I believe not. 
 
 J say it is. 
 
 I say it is not. 
 
 I lay it is. 
 
 I lay it is not. 
 
 upon my life. 
 
 let me die, if I tell you an 
 untruth, or lie. 
 
 yes, I swear. 
 
 as I am a gentleman. 
 
 as I am an honest man. 
 
 upon my honour. 
 
 believe me. 
 
 I can tell it you. 
 
 J can assure you. 
 
 I could lay something, 
 dorit you jest? 
 are you serious ? 
 1 am in earnest. 
 I warrant you. 
 you have guessed at it. 
 
272 
 
 d New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 lo acerto vm. 
 
 le creo a vm. 
 
 se le puede creer, 
 
 eso no es imposible, 
 
 pues, s£a en hora buena, 
 
 poco a poco, 
 
 no es verdad, 
 
 aquello es fdlso, 
 
 nada de eso hay, 
 
 es incierto, 
 
 es mentira, 
 
 es una falsedad, 
 
 me burlaba chanceaba, 
 
 lo decia de chanza, 
 
 sea en hora buena, 
 
 no me opongo a* ello, 
 
 estamos de. acuerdo, 
 
 si quiero, 
 
 dicho y hecho, 
 
 no quiero, 
 
 me opongo a ello, 
 
 5. Para Consultary 6 Con- 
 
 siderar. 
 Que se ha de hacer ? 
 que har^mos ? 
 que me dice vm. que haga? 
 
 que remedio hay para £so? 
 
 que partido tomaremos ? 
 hagamos esto 6 esto, 1 
 hagamos asi, j 
 
 hagamos una cosa, 
 
 mejor sera que yo 
 
 aguarde, 6 espe>e vm. un 
 poco, 
 
 you have hit the nail on 
 
 the head. 
 I believe yon. 
 one may believe you. 
 that is not impossible, 
 welly let it be so. 
 softly, fair and softly, 
 it is not true, 
 that is false, 
 there is no such thing. 
 it is a story, 
 it is a lie. 
 that is an untruth. 
 I did but jest. 
 I said it in jest, 
 let it be so. 
 I am not against it. 
 I agree to it. 
 I will, 
 done. 
 
 J will not, I won't. 
 J am against it. 
 
 To Consult, or Consider. 
 
 What is to be done'? 
 
 what shall we do ? 
 
 what do you advise n\e 
 
 to* do ? ' 
 What remedy is therefor 
 
 it ? 
 what course shall we take? 
 
 let us do so and so. 
 
 let us do one thing. 
 
 it will bebetterfor me to.., 
 
 hold a little. 
 
Familiar Phrases. 
 
 273. 
 
 wo seria mejor si ? 
 
 mas quisiera que, 
 
 dexe-me hacer, 
 
 si estubiera en su lugar^ 
 
 es lo mismo, 
 
 viene a salir lo mismOj 
 
 6. Del Comer. y deel Beber. 
 
 Ter.go buenas ganas, 1 
 ten go busn apetito, J 
 tengo hambre, 
 tengo mucha hambre, 
 me muero de hambre, 
 me pareee que ha dos dias 
 
 que no he comido, 
 coma vm. algo, 
 que gusta, 6 que quiere 
 
 vm. comer? 
 com i era un bocado dequal- 
 
 quieracosa, 
 deme vm. algo de comer, 
 he comido bastante, 
 estoy satisfecho, 
 quiere vm. comer aiin mas? 
 no tengo mas apetfto, 
 tengo- sed, 
 iengo mucha sed, 
 me muero de sed, 
 
 estoy muy sediento, 
 deme algo de beber, 6 
 
 echeme de beber, 
 viva vm. mucbos arios, 6 
 
 muehas grttcias, 
 gustoso beberia una copa 
 
 de vino, 
 beba vm., pues, 
 
 ivould it not be bet to* to 9 
 I had rather that, 
 let me alone, 
 were I in your place, 
 it is all one. 
 
 it comes to be the same 
 thing. 
 
 Of Eating and Drinking. 
 
 I have a good sto)?iach 3 or 
 appetite. 
 
 1 am hungry. 
 
 I am very hungry. 
 
 I am almost starved. 
 
 me thinks I have eat no- 
 thing these two days. 
 
 eat something. 
 
 ivhat will you eat ? 
 
 I would eat a bit of any 
 
 thing, 
 give me something to ear. 
 I have eat enough. 
 I am satisfied, 
 will you eat any more ? 
 I have no more stomach. 
 I am dry. 
 £ am very dry. 
 I am almost clvoaked with 
 
 thirst. 
 I am very thirsty, 
 give me something to 
 
 drink. 
 I thank yon. 
 
 I could drink a glass of 
 
 ivine. 
 drink, then. 
 
 N N 
 
274 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 he bebido bastante, 
 no puedo beber mas, 
 yd se me me la sed, 
 mi sed esta apagada, 
 
 7. Ir, Venir, Mover se, &c. 
 
 De donde viene vm. ? 
 d donde va vm.? 
 
 ven go de — voy d, 
 
 suba, baxe, 
 
 en tve vm., saiga vm., 
 
 pase vm., adelante, 
 
 no se rnueva, no se men^e, 
 
 estese ahi, 
 
 acerquese de mi 1 , 
 
 retirese v a., 
 
 vayase, 
 
 Vaya un poco atras, 
 
 venga, 
 
 agiiarde un poco, 
 
 espereme, agiiardeme, 
 
 no vaya tan de priesa, 
 
 va vm.,demasiado a priesa, 
 
 quitese de delante de mi, 
 
 no roe toque vm. y 
 
 dexe vm. eso, 
 
 porque ? 
 
 asi \o qu*ero, 
 
 estoy bien aqui, 
 
 la puerta esta cerrada, 
 
 la puerta esta abierta, 
 
 abra vrn. la puerta, 
 
 curre vm. la puerta, 
 
 abr la ventina, 
 
 venga vm. por aqui, 
 
 venga vm., aca, 
 
 / have drank enough. 
 I can drink no more, 
 I am no more thirsty, 
 my thirst is quenched. 
 
 Of Going, Coming, Stir- 
 ring, fyc. 
 
 From whence do you come? 
 
 where do you go, or where 
 are you gmng ? 
 
 I come from — , / am go- 
 ing to — . 
 
 come up, come down. 
 
 come in, go out. 
 
 come on. 
 
 do not stir from thence. 
 
 stay there. 
 
 come near to me. 
 
 get you gone. 
 
 go yoitr way, be gone. 
 
 stand back a little. 
 
 come hither. 
 
 stay a little. 
 
 stay for me. 
 
 do not go so fast. 
 
 you go too fast. 
 
 get you out of my sight. 
 
 do not touch me. 
 
 let that alone, 
 
 why ? 
 
 I will have it so. 
 
 I am well here. 
 
 the door is shut. 
 
 the door is open, 
 
 open the door. 
 
 shut the door. 
 
 open the window* 
 
 come this way. 
 
Familiar* Phrases. 
 
 275 
 
 vaya por alia, 
 pase por aqui, 
 pase por alia, 
 que busca vm. ? 
 
 que foa per dido vm. 
 
 go that tea if. 
 
 pass this way. 
 
 pass that may. 
 
 what do you ioqk for^ or 
 
 are you looking for ? 
 what have you lost ? 
 
 £. De el Hablar, Becir, y 
 Obrdr, &c. 
 
 Hable vm., alto, 
 
 Labia vm. muy baxo, 
 
 hable vm. mas alto, 
 
 no hable tan baxo, 
 
 con, 6 a quien habla vm. ? 
 
 me habla vm. ? 
 
 hable le vm, 
 
 hable la vm, 
 
 habla vm. Espailol? 
 
 sabe usted la lengua Cas- 
 
 tellana ? 
 algo entiendo y hablo, 
 
 que dice nsied ? 
 
 que ha dicho vm. •> 
 
 no digo nada, 
 
 no he dicho nada, 
 
 calle vm., 6 1 
 
 calle vm. la boca. j 
 
 callome, 6 me callo, 
 
 el la no quiere eallar, 
 
 no hace mas que hablar y 
 
 charlar, 
 he oido decir que, 
 me lo han dicho, 
 asi lo dicen, 6 lo dicen por 
 
 hay, 
 todos !o dicen, 6 todo el 
 
 mundo lo dice, 
 
 Qf Speaking, Saying, and 
 
 Doing, &$c. 
 
 Speak out. 
 
 you speak too low, 
 
 speak loud. 
 
 do not speak so low. 
 
 who do you speak to ? 
 
 do yqu speak to me ? 
 
 speak to him. 
 
 speak to her. 
 
 do you speak Spanish? 
 
 can you speak Castilian? 
 
 I understand and speak it 
 
 a lit 
 what do you sav> 
 what did you sajj^f 
 I say nothing, 
 I said nothing, 
 
 hold your tongue. 
 
 I am silent. 
 
 she won't hold her tongue. 
 
 she does nothing but prat- 
 
 tie and tattle. 
 I was told that. 
 I was told so. 
 they say so. 
 
 - 
 every one says so. 
 
 NN2 
 
5j6 
 
 d New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 el Serior B. me lo dixo, 
 
 tni senorano me lo dixo, 
 
 selo dixo a vm. el ? 
 
 se lo dixo a vm. ella? 
 
 lo dixo ella? 
 
 quando lo oyo vm. decir? 
 iy>#^4ioy me lo han dicho, 
 f^-^quien se lo dixo ? 
 
 no lo cr^o, 
 
 no lo puedo cr^er, 
 
 que es Jo que el dice ? 
 
 que es lo que ella dice ? 
 
 que le ha dicho el a vm. ? 
 
 no me dixo nada, 
 
 no me dio noticia algiina, 
 
 el Serior C. me dio nuevas 
 
 no se lo diga vm., 
 
 se lo dire\ 
 
 no selo dire, 
 
 no le diga vm. palabra, 
 
 no se lo dire, 6 se lo callare 
 
 calle lo vm. bien, 
 
 lo ha (ffcho vm. ? 
 
 ha dicho vm. eso? 
 
 no he dicho tal cosa, 
 
 no lo he dicho, 
 
 no lo dixo vm.? 
 
 no lo han dicho ellos ? 6 
 ellas? 
 
 que esta vm. haciendo ? 
 
 que ha hecho vm.? 
 
 nada hago, 
 
 no he hecho nada, 
 
 acabo vm. ? 
 
 no acabo vm.? 
 
 que hace. 6 que esta ha- 
 ciendo£l? 
 
 que hace ella ? 
 
 que quiere vm. que manda 
 vm. ? 
 
 Mr. B. told H me. 
 
 my lady did not tell It me, 
 
 did he tell yoit so $ 
 
 did she tell it you? 
 
 did she tell iU 
 
 when did you heap it? 
 
 I heard it to-day. 
 
 who told it you? 
 
 I do not believe it. 
 
 J cannot believe it. 
 
 what does he say 't 
 
 what does she saxf. 
 
 ivhat did he say to you'} 
 
 he said nothing to me, 
 
 he told me no neivs. 
 
 Mr. G. told me news* 
 
 do not tell him. 
 
 I will tell him. 
 
 I will not tell him. 
 
 say not a word. 
 
 I will not tell him. 
 
 do not tell him. 
 
 did you say so ? 
 
 did you say that ? 
 
 I did not say such a thing, 
 
 iw, I did not say it. 
 
 did you not say so f 
 
 did they not say so ? 
 
 what are you doing ? 
 what have you done $ 
 I do nothing. 
 J have done nothing, 
 have you done- 
 have not you done ? 
 what is he doing? 
 
 what does she do ? 
 what is your pleasure ? 
 
Familiar Phrases* 
 
 m 
 
 que es lo que le hace falta? what do you want? 
 
 que pide vm. ? what do you ask ? 
 
 que se le ofrece a vm. ? what is at your service ? 
 
 respondarne, answer me. 
 
 porque no me responde vm.? why dorit you ansiver ? 
 
 9. De el Oir, Escuchaty 
 
 &c. • 
 Me oye vm. ? 
 no le oygo, 
 no le puedo oir, 
 liable mas alto, 
 escache venga aca, u oyga 
 
 venga vm. aqui. 
 le oygo a vm., 
 escucho a vm. } 
 quieto ahi 6 este-se quieto, 
 no haga ruido, 6 no haga 
 
 tanta bulla, 
 que ruido es este? 
 no nos podemos oir hablar, 
 
 que zambra arm a vm. al- 
 
 la, 
 me rompe,, 6 quiebra la ca- 
 
 beza, 
 me aturde vm. 
 es vm. muy cansado, 
 
 10. De el Enten der, y 
 
 Comprehender. 
 Le entiende vm. ? 
 la entiende vm. bien ? 
 
 ha entendido vrn. lo que el 
 
 6 elln ha dicho ? 
 entiende vm. lo que el, 6 
 
 ella dice? 
 me entiende vm. bien ? 
 
 Of Hearings Hearkening, 
 
 %c. 
 do you hear me ? 
 I do not hear you. 
 I cannot hear you. 
 speak louder, 
 hark ye, come hitlter. 
 
 I hear you. 
 
 I listen, or hearken toyou. 
 
 he quiet. 
 
 do not make so much noise. 
 
 what noise is this ? 
 
 ice cannot hear one anotlier 
 
 speak, 
 what a thundering noise 
 
 you make there, 
 you stun me. 
 
 you make my head giddy* 
 you are very troublesome. 
 
 ,g and 
 
 Of Understandim 
 Apprehending. 
 
 Do you understand him ? 
 do you understand her 
 
 well? 
 did you understand what 
 
 he or she said ? 
 do you understand what he 
 
 or she says ? 
 do yoitundersiandme weltt 
 
37« 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 le entiendo bien, 
 
 no le entiendo a vra., 
 
 entiende vm. el Espanol } 
 
 no lo entiendo, 
 
 lo entiendo un poco, 
 
 lo entiende el senor ? 
 
 si senor, 
 
 me ha entendido vm. ? 
 
 entiende vm. lo que digo ? 
 
 nole puedo entender a vm. 
 no hable vm. tan de priesa, 
 ahora le entiendo, 
 pronuncie vm. rnejor, 
 pronunciavm. mal 5 
 parece vm. tartamudo, 
 no se le entiende lo que 
 dice, 
 
 1 1 . Para Preguntar. 
 
 Como dice vm. ? 
 que es eso ? que hay ? 
 que dice vm. ? 
 que se dice? 
 que significa eso ?■ 
 que quiere vm. decir ? 
 de que sirve aquelio ? a que 
 bueno? (tal ? 
 
 que le parece a vm. ? que 
 que quiere decir el con eso ? 
 diga vm. se puede saber ? 
 se le puede preguntar ? 
 que pide vm. ? 
 como senor ? 
 que se ha de hacer ? 
 que quiere vm. ? 
 que gusta usted ? 
 lo que vm. quisiere, 
 
 / understand you well. 
 I do not understand you. 
 do you understand Spa 
 
 nish ? 
 I do not understand it. 
 I understand it a little, 
 does the gentleman under- 
 yes, sir, he does, (stand it ? 
 did you understand me f 
 do you comprehend what 
 
 I say * (you say. 
 
 I cannot understand what 
 do not speak so fast, 
 now I understand you. 
 do pronounce better, 
 you don t pronounce right, 
 you speak like a stammerer. 
 one cannot understand 
 
 what he utters. 
 
 To Ask a Question. 
 How do you say f 
 wJiafs that f what is the 
 wha t doyo u say ? (matter ? 
 what do they say ? 
 what does that mean ? 
 what do you mean} 
 to what purpose that ? 
 
 whafs that good for ? 
 iv hat do you think ? (that ? 
 to what purpose did he say 
 tell me, may a body know } 
 may a body ask you ? 
 what do you ask ? 
 how, sir} 
 
 whafs to be done} 
 what do you want ? 
 what will you please to' 
 what you please, (have ? 
 
Familiar Phrases. 
 
 m 
 
 respondame, do. answer me. 
 
 porque no me responde ? why dont you answer me ? 
 
 12. Para Saber. 
 
 Sabe vm. eso ? 
 
 no lo se, 
 
 no se* nada de ello, 
 
 e!Ia bien lo sabe, 
 
 el no supo de ello, 
 
 supuesto que yo lo supiese, 
 
 nada sabra de ello, 
 
 sabia el algo de ello ? 
 
 nada supo de esto, 
 antes de vm. lo sabia, 
 es asi, 6 no ? 
 no que yo sepa, 
 
 13. De el ConoceV, Olvi- 
 dar, y Acordarse. 
 
 Le conoce vm. ? 
 
 laconoce vm. ? 
 
 los conoce vm. ? 
 
 le conozco, 
 
 no los conozco, 
 
 nos conoc^mos, 
 
 no nos conoc^mos, 
 
 no le, 6 la conoce vm.? 
 
 creo que le, 6 la he cono- 
 
 nos hemos conocido (cido, 
 
 le conozco de vi^ta, 
 
 la he oidonombrar, 
 
 el me conoce muy bien, 
 
 me conoce vm. ? 
 
 he olvidado su nombre, 
 
 me ha olvidado vm. ? 
 
 le conoce a vm. eila ? . 
 
 Of Knowing 9 or having 
 Knowledge of. 
 
 Do you know that ? 
 / do not know it. 
 I know nothing of it. 
 she knows it very well, 
 he knew nothing of it. 
 suppose I knew it. 
 he will know nothing of if, 
 did he know any thing 
 about it ? (this, 
 
 he knew nothing about 
 1 knew it before you. 
 is it so or not ? 
 not that I know of. 
 
 Of Knpwing, or being Ac- 
 quainted with, Forget- 
 ting, and Remembering. 
 
 Do you know him ? 
 
 do you know her ? 
 
 do you know them,} 
 
 J know him. 
 
 I do not. know them. 
 
 we are acquainted. 
 
 we do not know one another. 
 
 do not you know him or her ? 
 
 1 believe Jhiew him. or her. 
 
 toe know one another^ 
 
 I know him by sight. 
 
 I have heard of her. 
 
 he knows me very welL 
 
 do you know ?ne ? 
 
 / have for got your name* 
 
 have you forgot me } 
 
 does she know you } 
 
280 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 leconoce a vm. el sefior? 
 
 parece qae no me conoce, 
 el sefior me conoce muy 
 
 bien, 
 ya no se acuerda de mi, 
 me olvido del todo, 
 ya no roe conoce el! a, 
 tengo el honor de ser co- 
 
 nocido de el, 
 se acuerda vm. de eso? 
 no se me acuerda, 1 
 
 no lo tengo presente, j 
 me acuerdo muy bien de 
 
 eUoy 
 
 14. De la Edad, delaVi- 
 da, y de la Muerte, &c. 
 
 Que edad tiene vm. ? 
 que edad tiene su tio ? 
 tengo treinta y tres afios, 
 tiene cinquenta y dos afios, 
 es'vm. mas viejo que yo, 
 que edad tendr'a vm . f 
 estoy bueno que es lo prin- 
 cipal, 
 es, 6 esta vm. casado ? 
 quanta's veces ha estado 
 
 vm. casado ? 
 quantas mugeres ha teni- 
 do vm. ? (madre? 
 
 tiene vm. aun padre y 
 su padre y su madre mu- 
 mi padre murio, (rieron, 
 mi madre ha muerto,. 
 do3 afios ha que perdi ami 
 padre, (casar, 
 
 mi madre se ha vuelto a 
 quantos hijos tiene vm. ? 
 
 does the gentleman know 
 you ? (know me, 
 
 it appears he does not 
 
 the gentleman knows me 
 very well. 
 
 he does not remember me. 
 
 he quite forgot me. 
 
 she knows me no more. 
 
 I have the honour to be 
 known to him. 
 
 do you remember that} 
 
 I do not remember it. 
 I remember it very ivelt.^ 
 
 Of Age, Life, and Death, 
 
 How old are you ? 
 
 how old is your uncle ? 
 
 lam thirty -threey ears old, 
 
 he isfifty-twoyearsof age 
 
 you are older than I. 
 
 how old may you be ? 
 
 I am well, that is the chief 
 thing. 
 
 are you married ? 
 
 how often have you been 
 married ? (had ? 
 
 how many wives have you 
 
 have you a father and mo- 
 ther still alive ? 
 
 his father and mother are 
 
 my father is dead. (dead. 
 
 my nwther is dead. 
 
 my father has been dead 
 these two years, {gain. 
 
 my mother is married a- 
 
 how many children have 
 you ? 
 
Familiar Phrases. 
 
 361 
 
 tengo quatro, (bembras ? 
 bijos, 6 bijas, varones, 6 
 tengo un hijo, y tres hijas, 
 
 quantos berm&nos tiene 
 
 vm. ? 
 no tengo ninguno vivo, 
 todos han mueVto, 
 todos somos mortales, 
 cada bora es uu paso bacia 
 
 la muerte, 
 
 15. Del Paseo. 
 
 Hace muy buen tiempo, 
 este dia claro y sereno co- 
 
 mvida al paseo, 
 no se ve nube alguna, 
 vamos a pasear, 
 vamos a to mar el aire, 
 quiere vm. ir a dar una vu- 
 
 elta? 
 gu?ta vm. venir con migo? 
 responda-me, diga-me si, 
 le acompafiare, (6 no, 
 
 adonde iremos? 
 vamos al parque, 
 vamos a los prados, 
 iremos en coche ? 
 co mo vm. quiera, 
 vamos a pie, (vm. bien, 
 tiene vm. razon, 6 dice 
 eso es bueno para la sahid, 
 
 se gana apetito, andando, 
 ammo, vamos andando, 
 
 por donde iremos ? 
 porque parte va vm. ? 
 por donde vm. quisiere. 
 
 / have four, (or females ? 
 
 sons or daughters, males 
 
 I have one son, and three 
 daughters. 
 
 how many brothers have 
 you ? 
 
 / have none alive. 
 
 they are all dead. 
 
 we are all mortal. 
 
 every hour is a step to- 
 wards death. 
 
 Of Walking. 
 It is very fine weather, 
 this clear and serene day 
 
 invites to walk, 
 there's not the least cloud 
 let us walk out. (to be seen. 
 let us go and take the air. 
 iv ill you go and take a 
 
 turn ? (me ? 
 
 ivill you come along with 
 answer, tell me yes or no, 
 I will keep you company, 
 whither shall we °>o ? 
 
 o 
 
 let us go to the park. 
 let us go to the meadows, 
 shall we take a coach ? 
 as you please, 
 let us go on foot, 
 you are in the right. 
 that is good for ones 
 
 health. (walk, 
 
 it gets one a stomach to 
 cheer up, come on, lei's 
 
 iv a Ik. 
 which way shall we go } 
 ivhich way do you go ? 
 which way you please. 
 
 o o 
 
2S2 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 por aqui, 6 por alii, 
 vamos por aqui. 
 a manoderecha, laderecba, 
 (quierda, 
 & mano izquierda, d la iz- 
 quiere vm. ir por agiia? 
 adonde estd el barco ? 
 adonde estd el barquero? 
 entre vm. en el barco, 
 toma usted el barco con un 
 
 remero 6 con dos, 
 solo atn vesaremos el rio, 
 la agiia es muy mansa y 
 
 apacible, 
 empieza a agitarse, 
 adondequiere vm. abordar? 
 estamos cerca de la orilla, 
 detengael barco, 
 paseemoslavista sobre esos 
 
 campos y prados, 
 que verdura tan hermosa ! 
 estos prados estan esmal- 
 
 tados, con variedad de 
 
 flores, 
 que hermoso prospecto ! 
 este puesto es muy agrada- 
 
 ble, 
 los arnoles florecen, 
 los resales empiezan a abo- 
 
 tondr, (abiertas, 
 
 estas rosas aun no estan 
 el trigo crece, 
 los panes prometen mucho, 
 las espigas son muy largas, 
 yd el trigo es maduro, 
 es una bella llanura, 
 estas sombras son muy 
 
 apacibles, 
 
 this or that way. 
 
 let us go thin way. 
 
 on the right hand, or to 
 
 the right. (left, 
 
 on +he left hand, or to the 
 will you go by water ? 
 where is the boat ? 
 where Is the waterman} 
 step into the boat, 
 do you take a sculler or 
 
 oars} (ter. 
 
 ice will only cross the unt- 
 itle water is very smooth 
 
 and calm, 
 it begins to grow rough, 
 where will you land ? 
 we are very near the shore, 
 stop the boat, 
 let us view those fields and 
 
 meadows, 
 how beautiful this green is ( 
 these meadows are ena- 
 melled with a tliousund 
 
 jne flowers, 
 what a fine prospect I 
 this is a very pleasant 
 
 place, 
 the trees are in blossom, 
 the rose bushes begin to bud. 
 (yet, 
 these roses are not blown 
 the corn comes up. (corn, 
 there is a good show of 
 the ears are very long, 
 the corn is ripe, 
 this is a fine plain, 
 these shades are veryplecir 
 
 sunt, 
 
I 
 
 Familiar Phrases. 
 
 253 
 
 que todo tan hermoso ! 
 me parece que estoy en un 
 
 paraiso ter renal, 
 no oye vm. la dulce melo- 
 
 dia de las aves r 
 el canto suave del ruysenor, 
 
 ami no estamos en Mayo, 
 Va vm. demasiado a priesa, 
 no le puedo alcanzar, 
 no puedo correr tanto, 
 no ie puedo seguir, 
 alentemos un poco, 6 des- 
 
 cansemos un rato, 
 no vale la pena, 
 esta vm. cansado? 
 estoy may cansado, 
 acostemonos en la yerba, 
 cuidado con £so, 
 noes saludable, (meda, 
 la verba esta mojada, y liu- 
 pasemos pues en ese bos- 
 
 que, 
 entremos en esta selva, 
 que sitio tan bonito, 
 que idoneo para estudiar, 
 he aqui tres paseos, 
 estos arboles, hacen bella 
 
 so m bra, 
 que espesa es esta arboleda, 
 los rayos del sol no pueden 
 
 penetrarla, 
 he aqui hermosos huertos, 
 hay mucha fruta, 
 
 temo que nos mojemos, 
 -veoqueel tiempo empieza 
 
 a nublarse, 
 volvamonos a casa„ 
 
 how fair all things are. 
 met kinks lam in an earth- 
 
 ly paradise, 
 do you not hear the sweet 
 
 melody of birds ? 
 the sweet warbling of the 
 
 nightingale, 
 it is not May yet, 
 you go too fast. 
 I cannot follow you* 
 I cannot run so fast, 
 1 cant follow you. 
 let us rest a little. 
 
 it is not worth the while, 
 
 are you iveary} 
 
 I am very tired. 
 
 let us lie down t upon the 
 
 beware of that. (grass. 
 
 it is unwholesome. 
 
 the grass is moist and wet. 
 
 lefs strike into that wood. 
 
 let's go into this grove, 
 wha t a pleasant place, 
 how fit for study, 
 here are three walks, 
 these trees make a fine 
 
 shade, 
 how tufted these trees are. 
 the sun - beams cannot 
 
 pierce through them, 
 here are fine orchards, 
 there is a great deal of 
 
 fruit. 
 I am afraid we shall be wet. 
 I see the weather begins 
 
 to be cloudy, 
 let us return home. 
 
 o o 2 
 
2S4 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 se hace tarde, 
 
 se pone el sol, 
 
 no corra vm. tanto, 
 
 espereme un poco, 
 
 vamosandando,si estuviere 
 
 cansado, descansara en, 
 
 casa, 
 
 iff. Para Pasearse en un 
 Jardin de Flores, 
 
 He aqui unhermoso jardin 
 de flores, (paseo, 
 
 demos una vuelta en este 
 estas son muy bellas flores, 
 como se llama esa flor ? 
 es una tuberosa, 
 mire que bellas violetas, y 
 
 que hermeso jazmin, 
 cojamos claveles, y rosas, 
 hagamos un ramillete, 
 hagame un ramillete, 
 este ramillete buele bien, 
 deme vm. esa tulipa, 
 que rosdl es ese? 
 deme vm. una rosa, 
 tome vm. una, 
 vamos & ese apos^nto, 
 entremosen esta salaverde, 
 
 retiremonos a la sombra, 
 he aqui hermosa verdura, 
 mire que bello cesped es 
 este, 
 
 17. De el Tiempo. 
 
 Sue tiempo hace ? 
 ice buen tiempo ? 
 hace mal tiempo I 
 hace calor ? 
 
 it grows late. 
 
 the sun sets. 
 
 dont go so fast. 
 
 stay for me a little. 
 
 let us walk, if you be weary 
 
 you willrest yourself at 
 
 home. 
 
 To Walk in a Flower 
 Garden. - 
 
 Here is a very fine flower 
 garden. (walk. 
 
 let us take a turn in this 
 
 those are very fine flowers. 
 
 ivhat is the name of that 
 
 it is a tuberose, (flower r 
 
 there are fine violets and 
 jessamines. (roses. 
 
 let us gather pinks and 
 
 let us make a nosegay. 
 
 make me a nosegay. 
 
 this nosegay smells welL 
 
 give me that tulip. 
 
 what rose-bush is that ? 
 
 give me a rose. 
 
 take one. 
 
 let us go info that arbour* 
 
 let us go into this summer- 
 house. 
 
 let us retire into the shade, 
 fere is a fine grass.' 
 
 look what a fine turf i» 
 this. 
 
 Of the Weather. 
 
 How is the weather ? 
 is it fine weather r 
 is it bad, or foul weather t 
 is it hot ? 
 
Familiar Phrases. 
 
 285 
 
 hace frio ? 
 reluce el sol? 
 hace buen tiempo, 
 hace mal tiempo, 
 hace u n tiempo seco hu- 
 medo lluvioso, tempes- 
 tuoso, ventoso, 
 un tiempo inconstante y 
 
 variable, 
 hace calor, 
 hace frio, 
 hace muebo calor, 
 hace gran frio, (reno, 
 
 el tiempo esta claro y se- 
 el sol luce, 
 
 hace un tiempo obscuro, 
 el cielo esta nubl&do, 
 las nubes son muy espesas, 
 lltieVe ? 
 cr£o que no, 
 empi£za a Hover, 
 aun no llueve, 6 toda via 
 no llueve, 
 
 llueve & cantaros, 
 
 solo es un aguacero, 
 
 luego pasara, 
 
 me temo que tendremos 
 agua, 
 
 no tema vm. 
 
 es- una nube que pasa, 
 
 llovera todo el dia, 
 
 mucho lo dudo, 
 
 presto parard de Hover, 
 
 pongamonos al abrigo, 
 
 quien dixo miedo, 6 novale 
 la pena, 
 
 no hay que temer, 
 
 solo es agua, 
 
 is it cold ? 
 does the sun shine} 
 it is fine weather, 
 it is bad weather, 
 'tis dry, wet, rainy, stor- 
 my, or windy weather. 
 
 unsettled and changeable 
 
 weather, 
 it is hot. 
 it is cold, 
 it is very hot. 
 it is very cold. {titer, 
 
 it is clear and serene wea- 
 the sun shines, 
 it is dark weather. (ther. 
 it is cloudy, gloomy wea- 
 the clouds are very thick, 
 does it rain ? 
 / believe not. 
 it begins to rain, 
 it does not rain yet. 
 
 (pour, 
 it rains as fast as it can 
 it is but a shower, 
 it will be over presently. 
 I am afraid we shall have 
 
 rain, 
 never fear. 
 
 it is only a flying cloud, 
 it will rain all day long. 
 I question it. 
 
 the rain will soon be over, 
 let us shelter ourselves, 
 it is not worth the while. 
 
 there is nothing to fear, 
 it is nothing but water. 
 
2A6 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 teme vm. el agiia? 
 
 solo temo de echar ii per- 
 
 der mi vestido, 
 yd llueve, (tiempo, 
 
 mas vale no salir con este 
 graniza, 6 apedrea, 
 apedrea muy recio, 
 esta nevando, 
 que nieva ? 
 
 nieva a grandes copos, 
 tambien hiela, 
 deshiela, 
 
 creo que hiela muy fiierte, 
 es hielo muy duro, 
 el hielo se derrite, 
 la nieve se ablanda, 
 corre gran borrasca, 
 atruena, 
 
 relampagu&i, (pagos. 
 
 solo aLutnbran los relam- 
 
 hace viento, corre mucho 
 viento, el viento sopla 
 muy fuerte, 
 
 hace mucho aire, 
 
 el viento corre muy frio, 
 
 se ha mudado el viento, 
 
 el viento afloxa, 
 
 ha pasado la borrasca, 
 
 el tiempo se aclara, 
 
 el cielo empieza a aclararse 
 
 se va componiendo el ti- 
 empo, 
 
 se separan las nubes, desa- 
 parecen, se desvanecen 
 poco a poco, 
 
 empieza a lucir el sol, * 
 
 v£o el arco*iris, 
 
 es serial de buen tiempo, < 
 
 are you afraid of water ? 
 I am only afraid of spoil- 
 ing mi/ c baths. 
 it rains already, (iceather. 
 itie must not go out in such 
 it hails. 
 
 it hails very hard, 
 now it snows, 
 does it snow ? 
 it snows in great flakes-, 
 it freezes also, 
 it thaws, 
 
 I think it freezes very hard, 
 it is a hard frost, 
 the frost is broke, 
 the snow melts away, 
 it is a great storm, 
 it thunders, 
 it lightens, 
 one can see nothing but the 
 
 fashes of lightning, 
 the wind blows very hard. 
 
 the wind is very high, 
 the wind blows cold, 
 the wind is changed, 
 the windfalls, 
 the storm is over, 
 it clears up. 
 
 the sky begins to clear tip. 
 it begins to be fair again. 
 
 the clouds divide, or break 
 asunder, and disappear 
 by degrees. 
 
 the sun begins to shine. 
 
 I see the rainbow. 
 
 it is a sign of fair weather 
 
Familiar Phrases. 
 
 m 
 
 hay una neblina muy es- 
 
 pesa, 
 no nos podemos ver, 
 be aqui una niebla que se 
 
 levanta, 
 el sol empieza a disiparla, 
 es una niebla hedionda, 
 
 18. De la Hora. 
 
 Que bora es ? 
 
 vea que hora es, 
 
 digame la bora, 
 
 no sabe que hora es? 
 
 es temprano, 
 
 no es tarde, 
 
 nos volvere*mos a easa ? 
 
 tiempo hay, 
 
 solo es medio dia, 
 
 es cerca de la una, 
 
 acaba de dar la una, 
 
 es la una y quarto, 
 
 es la una y media, 
 
 son las dos menos quarto, 
 van a dar las dos, 
 
 aun no ha dadola una, 
 
 no he oydo el relox, 
 
 daran las quatro, 
 
 han dado las cinco, 
 
 son las seis al sol, 
 
 acaban de dar las siete, 
 
 las doze de la nocbe, 6 
 media noche ? 
 
 como lo sabe vm. ? 
 
 da el relox, 
 
 lo oye vm. tocar? 
 
 creo que no es tan tarde, 
 
 mire su relox, 
 
 adelanta mucho, 
 
 •dtitiza, 
 
 there is a very thick mist. 
 
 we cannot see one another, 
 tliere is a fog losing. 
 
 the sun begins to disperse 
 it is a stinking fog. (it: 
 
 Of the time of the Bay. 
 
 What o'clock is it? 
 see what o'clock it u. 
 tell me what 6 clock it is. 
 don't you know what o'clock 
 it is early. (it is ? 
 
 it is not late, 
 shall we go home} 
 time enough, 
 it is but twelve o'clock, 
 it is almost one. 
 it struck one just now. 
 it is a quarter past one. 
 Jialf an hour j>ast one. 
 it is three quarters past 
 
 it is near two. (one. 
 
 it has not struck one yet. 
 
 I have not heard the clock. 
 
 it is about four o'clock. 
 
 it struck five. 
 
 it is six by the sun. 
 
 it struck seven just now. 
 
 twelve o'clock at night, or 
 midnight. 
 
 how do you know it} 
 
 the clock strikes. 
 
 do you liear it strike} 
 
 I think it is not so late. 
 
 look on your watclu 
 
 it goes too fast. 
 
 it goes too slow. 
 
288 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 no anda, 
 
 de le vin. cuerda, 
 
 vta vm. que hora es al re- 
 
 lox del sol, (<!an bi.en. 
 los quadrantes no concuer- 
 la mano esta qnebrada, 
 ^adonde esta su relox, de 
 
 arena ? 
 no le hallo, i:sta extraviado, 
 
 19. De las Sazones. 
 Quesazon le gusta mas ? 
 
 la primavera, que es la mas 
 
 agradable de todas, 
 toda la naturaleza se rie, 
 hace un tiempo hermoso, 
 el aire es muy templado, 
 no hace demasiado calor, 
 
 ni demasiado frio, 
 entonces, todos los ani- 
 
 males arden con amor, 
 notenemosverano esteafio, 
 los tiempos, 6 las sazones 
 
 estan rebueltas, 
 es un invierno moderado, 
 nada adelanta, 
 la sazon es muy atrasada, 
 tenemos un verano muy 
 
 caloroso, 
 valgame Dios! que cator ! 
 hace un calor excesivo, 
 el tiempo es muy pesado, 
 hace bochorno, 
 no puedo con tanto calor, 
 estoy banado con sudor, 
 estoy sofocado de calor, 
 jamas tuve tanto caior, 
 me muero de calor, 
 
 it is down, 
 wind it up. 
 sec what d clock it is by the 
 
 sun- dial, 
 the sun-dials do not agree, 
 the hand is broke, 
 where is your hour-glass ? 
 
 I cannot find it> it is lost. 
 
 Of the Seasons. 
 
 What season do you like 
 best} 
 
 the spring is the most 
 pleasant of all. (ture. 
 
 every thing smiles in na- 
 
 the weather is very mild. 
 
 the air is very temperate. 
 
 it is neither too lwt s nor 
 too cold. 
 
 all creatures then make 
 love. (year. 
 
 ive have no summer this 
 
 the seasons are out of or- 
 der. 
 
 it is a little ivinter. 
 
 nothing is forward. 
 
 the season is vwy backward, 
 
 we have a very hot sum- 
 mer. 
 
 God bless me! how hot it is. 
 
 it is excessive hot. 
 
 it is faint weather. 
 
 it is sultry hot. 
 
 J cannot endure heat. 
 
 I am all over in a sweat. 
 
 I am extremely hot.. 
 
 I never felt such heat. 
 
 J am ready to faint with 
 heat. 
 
Familiar Phrases. 
 
 289 
 
 es buen tiempo para los 
 frutos de la tierra, 
 
 tendremos muc-ho heno, y 
 buen reheno, 
 
 la cosecha sera muy abun- 
 
 dante, 
 hay abundancia de frutas, 
 todos los arbolesestan car- 
 
 gados, 
 nos falta una poeade Udvia, 
 se acerca ]a cosecha, 
 ya siegan los trigos, 
 > 
 
 se hart segado los prados, 
 hemos de recoger los 
 
 panes, 
 hemps entrado en la -eani- 
 se acabo el verano (cula, 
 el otono ha sucedido, 
 las hojas se han cay do, 
 viene la vendimia 
 -tenemos buena vendimia, 
 haremos la vendimia en 
 
 tres 6 quatro dias, 
 tendremos buen vino este 
 
 ano, 
 las zepas ban dado bien, 
 el vino se vendera barato, 
 es tiempo de recoger los 
 
 frutos atrazados, 
 Jos dias han acortado mu- 
 cho, 
 haee frio por la maiiana, 
 el invierno se acerca, 
 los dias son cortos, 
 ias .tardcs son muy largas, 
 
 it is fine weather jor the 
 fruits of the edrtk. 
 
 ice shall have a great deal 
 of hay, and good after- 
 grass. 
 
 we shall have a plentiful 
 harvest. (fruit. 
 
 there is abundance of 
 
 all the trees are full of 
 fruit. 
 
 we want a little rain. 
 
 harvest time draws near. 
 
 they begin to cut down the 
 corn. 
 
 the meadows are movjed. 
 
 we must get in the corn. 
 
 we are in the dog-days. 
 
 the summer is gone. 
 
 autumn has takentts place. 
 
 the leaves have fallen. 
 
 vintage draws near, 
 
 there is a fine vintage. 
 
 we shall gather grapes in 
 three or four days. 
 
 wine iv ill be good this year. 
 (well, 
 
 the vines have borne very 
 
 wine will sell cheap. 
 
 it is time to gather the 
 fruits of the latter sea- 
 son, (shortened. 
 
 the days are very much 
 
 the mornings are cold. 
 
 the winter draws near. 
 
 the days are short. 
 
 the evenings are very long. 
 
 p p 
 
290 
 
 A New Spanish, Grammar. 
 
 ya la lumbre recrea, 
 
 no se puede pasar sin 
 
 lumbre, 
 no me gusta el invierno, 
 es ya noche a las quatro y 
 
 media, 
 hace obsciiro a las cinco, 
 amanece a las siete, 
 no se sabe como pasar el 
 
 tiempo, 
 este inyierno es muy frio, 
 se acuerda vm. del grande 
 
 invierno f (Irio, 
 
 nunca he visto invierno tan 
 se alargan los dias, 
 los dias son mas largos^ 
 hemos tenidopoco invierno 
 
 ya la primaveraviene a re- 
 gocijar la naturaleza, 
 
 Jire smells well, 
 it is good to be near the 
 
 winter does not please pie. 
 
 it is night at half' after 
 Jour. 
 
 it is dark at five. 
 
 the, day breaks at seven. 
 
 one cannot tell how to spend 
 his time. 
 
 this winter is very cold. 
 
 do you remember the hard 
 winter ? (ter. 
 
 I never knew so cold a win- 
 
 the days begin to lengthen, 
 
 the days are longer. 
 
 we have had a short win- 
 ter. 
 
 the spring will soon cheer, 
 or revive nature. 
 
 FAMILIAR DIALOGUES, SPANISH AND ENGLISH 
 
 Pialogos Familiar es. Espanoles e Ingleses. 
 
 Dialogo L Dialogue I. 
 
 Para Saludar e Infor- To Salute and Inquire after 
 
 morse de la $alud. one's Health. 
 
 Buenos dias caballero, 6 Good morrow, sir. 
 
 servidor de usted, (serior, your servant. 
 
 su muy humilde servidor, / am your humbte servant. 
 
Familiar Dialogues* 
 
 29 i 
 
 soy el suyo, 
 
 se lo agrad^zco, 
 
 como le va esta maiiana? 
 
 .bien para servirle, 
 
 como va la salud ? 
 
 oomo esta ese cuerpo, 
 
 siempre para servirle, 
 
 y a v vm. caballero como 
 
 le va ? 
 muy bien gracias a Dios, 
 estoy bueno para servirle, 
 tatqual, asi asi, 6 se va pa- 
 
 sando, 
 me alegro mucho de verle, 
 me huelgo de verle eon 
 
 salud, 
 le doy infinitas gracias, 
 viva vm. muchos arios, 
 como esta el senor su pa- 
 dre? 
 esta bueno gracias a* Dios, 
 creo que estd bueno, 
 ahier tarde estaba bien, 
 estdba bueno la ultima vez 
 que le vi, (lo, 
 
 me alegro mucbo de sabeV- 
 a donde ha ido? 
 se ha ido al campo, 
 quando volvera ? 
 ya ha vuelto, 
 adonde esta ahora ? 
 esta en la ciudad, 
 en casa 
 
 ahora mismo ha saifdo, 
 des^a mucho el 6 de ver d 
 soy su servidor, (vm., 
 
 como esta la senora ? 
 hn^na, par servirle^ 
 
 • I am yours, 
 I thank you. 
 
 how are you this morning ? 
 very well, at your service, 
 how is it with your health, 
 how is it with you. 
 always at your service, 
 andyouj sir, how doy ou do? 
 
 very well, thank God. 
 I am well, to serve you. 
 pretty well, so so. 
 
 lam very glad to see you. 
 I am glad to see you in 
 
 good health. 
 I most humbly thank you, 
 I am obliged to you. 
 how does your Jut her do ? 
 
 he is well, God be thanked. 
 I believe he is well, 
 he was well last night, 
 he was well the last time I 
 
 saw him. 
 I am very glad to know it* 
 where is he gone ? 
 he is gone to the country, 
 when will he return ? 
 he is come back, 
 where is he now ? 
 he is in town, 
 at home. 
 
 he is just gone out: ; fl 
 he wishes to see- yau very 
 I am his servant, {mmh. 
 how does my lady % 
 
 he is well, I thank you* 
 
 v?2 
 
29* 
 
 J New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 esta un poco indispuesta 
 
 esta algo malita, 
 cetd muy mala, 
 1o siento mucha, 
 esj.aha buena an tahier, 
 
 he la aqui que viene, 
 senova, a la obediencia de 
 
 vm., 
 servidora deym. caballero, 
 couiq lo ha pasado desde 
 
 la vista } 
 muy bien, gracias a Dios, 
 como se halla vm.? 
 , lo mejor del mundo, 
 me alegromucho de sab^rlo 
 se lo agradezoo inftnito, 
 de todo mi corazon, 
 pero. ooino le va ? 
 tal qual, pasando, 
 he estado algo ipdi&puesta, 
 
 la nocfte pasada, 
 lo siento mucho, (vm. ? 
 como «st4n en. su casa de 
 como estan nuestros ami- 
 
 gos? 
 todos est^n buenos m&ics 
 
 mi pa4ns, 
 que le duele? 
 
 que es lo que tiene 6 que 
 
 enfermedad t 
 le ha dado calentura, 
 tiene un dolor colico, tos, 
 le duele la cabeza x el esto- 
 
 mago, 
 lo siento mucho, 
 quanto ha que esta malo ? 
 
 she is a Utile indisposed. 
 
 she is very ill. 
 
 J am very sorry for it. 
 
 she teas ice 11 the day he- 
 fore yesterday. 
 
 here she is a coming. 
 
 madam, I am your most 
 humble servant. 
 
 sir, / am your servant.- 
 
 how have you. done since I 
 saw you last ? 
 
 mighty well, thank God. 
 
 how do y on Jin d yourself } 
 
 exceeding well. 
 
 I am very glad of it. 
 
 I thank you heartily. 
 
 with all my heart. 
 
 hut how is it with you ? 
 
 so so, pretty well. 
 
 I ivas a little indisposed 
 last night. 
 
 I am very sorry for it. 
 
 Jww do all at your fwuse ? 
 
 are our Jriends well 4 
 
 they are all well, except 
 
 my father. 
 what ails him ? or what is 
 
 the matter with him i 
 what is his illness ? 
 
 he lias an ague. 
 
 he has the cholic, a caugh. 
 
 he has the luad-acke, a 
 
 sicmuch-acke. 
 I am veri) sorry for it. 
 how long has he been ill ? 
 
Familiar Dialogues. 
 
 295 
 
 solo- ires diss, 
 
 deseo se recobre presto, 
 
 le da las gracias, 
 
 soy su humilde servidor, 
 
 me pena el no tener lugar 
 
 de ir a verle hoy, 
 tome vm. un asieato, 
 no puedo detenerme un 
 
 punto, 
 estd vm. muy de priesa, 
 inanana volvere, 
 hdgame el favor de que- 
 
 darse un ratico, 
 no se vaya tan pronto, 
 es preciso que vaya d casa, 
 solo he venido para saber 
 
 como estaban vms. 
 memorias de mi parte d la 
 
 senoritasu hermana, 
 muchas expresiones d mi 
 
 senora su mad re, 
 no faltarc, 
 diga la que siento mucho la 
 
 indisposicion del senor 
 
 su padre, 
 lo hare sin falta, 
 d dios, quevm. lo pase bien, 
 muchas gracias por la visi- 
 
 ta, 
 tenga vm. buenas noches, 
 buenas se las de dios a vm., 
 
 only three days. '■ 
 I ivish his recovery, 
 he is obliged to you. (vant. 
 I am his most humble ser- 
 I am sorry I have no time 
 to go and see him to-day. 
 take a chair, sit down. 
 I cannot stop a moment. 
 
 you are in great haste. 
 Til return to-morrow, 
 pray, stay a little. 
 
 dont go so soon. 
 I must go home. 
 I only came to know how 
 
 you did. 
 present my service to your 
 
 sister, 
 present my respects to the 
 
 lady your mother. 
 I will not fail, 
 tell her, lam sorry to hear 
 
 your father is not welL 
 
 I will not fail. 
 
 good bye, I wish you ivelL 
 
 I thank you for this visit. 
 
 I wish you a good night. 
 good night, sir, or madam. 
 
 II. 
 
 Para Comer y Beber. 
 
 Ten go buen a pet i to, 
 tenj^o hambre, tengo mu- 
 
 cha hambre, 
 me muero de hambre estoV 
 muy hambriento, 
 
 II. 
 
 For Eating and Drinking* 
 
 I have a good stomach. 
 I am hungry, I am very 
 
 hungry. 
 I am almost starved. 
 
294 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 de buena gana comiera un 
 
 bocado, 
 me parece ha tres dias que 
 
 no he comido, 
 de" me vm. algo de comer, 
 quiere vm. almorzar r 
 
 esta vm. pronto para al- 
 morzar ? 
 alia voy de contado, 
 dice que tiene mucho ape- 
 tito, (almorzar? 
 
 no es hora, 6 tiempo de 
 tiene ganas muy temprano, 
 
 pues yo, no puedo desayu- 
 narme tan de mafia ua, 
 
 no cen^ anoche, 
 porque" r mucho Io estrano, 
 nocomio vm. algo, 6 nada? 
 solo comi pan y queso, 
 
 eso no se llama cenar, 
 
 si no ceno, no puedo dor- 
 
 mir, 
 y estoy malo toda la noclie, 
 mi estomago esta vacio, 
 usted no considera que yo 
 
 suelocenar bien, 
 
 quando estoy bueno, como 
 regularmentequatro ve- 
 ces a I dia, 
 eso es lo que le dana, 
 esas quatro comidas, como 
 se llaman en Espafi*Sl : 
 
 I could eat a bit of some- 
 thing. 
 
 methinks I have eat no- 
 thing these three days. 
 
 give me something to eat. 
 
 will you have your break- 
 fast ? 
 
 are you ready for break- 
 fast? 
 
 I am going directly. 
 
 you say that you are 
 hungry. 
 
 is it not time to brealfast* 
 
 you have a stomach very- 
 early. 
 
 as for my part, I cannot 
 eat so early in the morn 
 ing. 
 
 late no supper last nights 
 
 why so ? / wonder at it. 
 
 did you eat nothing at all. 
 
 nothing but bread and 
 cheese. 
 
 I do not call that eating 
 any supper. 
 
 if I eat no supper, I carit 
 sleep. 
 
 and I am sick all the night. 
 
 my stomach is empty. 
 
 you do not consider that I 
 am used to eat a hearty 
 supper. 
 
 when I am well, I regu- 
 larly eat four meals a 
 day. 
 
 it is that hurts ynu. 
 
 how do they call those four 
 meals in Spanisli ? 
 
Fanilliar Dialogues, 
 
 m 
 
 cl almuerzo, la comida, la 
 
 merienda, y la cena, 
 pregunte a su hermano si 
 
 quiere aimorzar, 
 acaba de levant arse, 
 hea pues, almorzaremos 
 
 quando quisiere, 
 que gusta vm. para su al- 
 
 muerzo ? 
 de me un par de huevos 
 
 pasados por agua, 
 ahora quiero una xicara de 
 
 chocolate, 
 le gusta pan y manteca ? 
 
 en verdad que no me gusta, 
 diga vm. pues, lo que mas 
 
 le gustare, 
 de me algunos bizcochos, 
 aqui los tiene vm., 
 desea vm, algo mas? 
 
 ya tengo bastante, gracias, 
 ii o se vaya vm. aun, 
 comera vm. con nosotros, 
 de buena gana, 
 solo me quedarepara gozar 
 
 de su buena compania, 
 vm. nos favorece muchos, 
 tendremos buena sopa, 
 
 bien asazonada, 
 el caldo me gusta mucho, 
 va van a servir la comida, 
 
 asentemonos para comer, 
 bendiga la mesa, 
 receel benedicite, 
 de me un poco de pan 
 casero, 
 
 breakfast, dinner, liir^ 
 
 cheon, and supper, 
 ask your brother if he will 
 
 have his breakfast, 
 he is but just up. 
 ivell, we shall breakfast 
 
 when you please, 
 what tvill you have for 
 
 your breakfast ? 
 give me a couple of poach- 
 ed eggs. 
 now I will have a dish of 
 
 chocolate, 
 do you choose bread and 
 
 butter ? 
 indeed, I doiit like it. 
 say, then, what you like 
 
 best. (cutis, 
 
 give me some pastry bis- 
 here they are for you. 
 will you have any thing 
 
 else. 
 I have enough, thank you. 
 do not go yet. 
 you shall dine with us. 
 with all my heart. 
 1 will stay, only to enjoy 
 
 your good company, 
 you do us a great favour, 
 we shall have good soup, 
 
 well stewed. 
 I like broth very well, 
 the dinner is going to le 
 
 set on table, 
 let us sit at table, 
 ask a blessing, 
 say grace, 
 give me some household 
 
 bread. 
 
295 
 
 A New Spanish Gr&mmar. 
 
 no quierevm. pan bianco.-' 
 mas me gusta este, 
 ese pan esta mohoso, 
 pero este es muy sabroso, 
 le gusta a vm. el cocido ? 
 me gust a, pero no tanto 
 
 que lo eche m£nos, 
 quiere vm. que le sirva ? 
 me servire a mi mismo, a, 
 
 venga un plato, 
 esteasado,esta bien cocido, 
 Senor D.N, sirvase Vm . ha- 
 
 cer platos a las senoras, 
 con lo que mas sea de su 
 
 gusto, 
 Mi Senora D a .N. me per- 
 
 mitira vm. servirla con 
 
 un poco de sopa ? 
 le doy 6 vm. las gracias 
 
 senor, no me gusta, 
 SefioritaN. quierevm. que 
 
 la sirva ? 
 no, senor, le doy a. vm. las 
 
 gracias nunca la como, 
 muchacho,danos pan tier- 
 raspa este pan, (no, 
 
 no come vm. senor, 
 perdone vm. que como 
 
 tanto como dos, 
 muchacho, aqui faita un 
 
 cubierto, 
 aqui esta, senor, 
 dame una cuchara, un cu- 
 
 chilio y un tenedor, 
 todo lo tengo pronto sobre 
 
 el aparador, 
 esta mesa esta mal puesta, 
 k>s manteles y las serville- 
 
 tasestan bien puestas. 
 
 don't yon choose white 
 I like this better, (bread} 
 that bread is mouldy, 
 but this is very savoury, 
 do you like boiled ?neat ? 
 / like it, but J may go 
 
 without it. 
 shall 1 help you ? 
 1 will help myself, 
 give me a dish, 
 this roast meat is well done. 
 Mr. jV. be pleased to help 
 
 the ladies, 
 with what may be most 
 
 agreeable to them. 
 Mrs. 31. will you give me 
 
 leave to help you to some 
 
 soup? 
 J thank you, sir, I don't 
 
 love it. 
 Miss N. will you be Jvr 
 
 any ? 
 no, sir, I thank you, I ne- 
 ver eat any. 
 iv aiter, give us some new 
 rasp this bread. (bread, 
 sir, you do not eat. 
 I eat as much as two 
 
 others, 
 waiter, a cover is wanted 
 
 here, 
 here it is, sir. 
 give me a spoon, knife, 
 
 and fork, 
 all is ready upon the side- 
 board, 
 the table is not right, 
 the table cloth andnapldns 
 
 are very well. 
 
Familiar Dialogues. 
 
 297 
 
 pero los vasos, botellas, y 
 saleros, estau a un lado, 
 
 muchacho, destapa esta bo- 
 tella, (pido, 
 
 el tirabuzan me se ha rom- 
 
 pruebe vm. este vino? 
 
 como lo halla vm. ? 
 
 que le parece, que tal ? 
 i£nb, na es malo, 
 
 brindo. senores, 
 
 d la buena salud de vms., 
 
 gracias, estimando mucho,, 
 
 de de beber'al serlor, 
 
 acabo de beber, 
 
 de meunarevanada de pan, 
 
 echa de beber, llena los va- 
 sos, (vmd., 
 
 senora, brindo por la de 
 
 buen provecho haga a vmd. 
 
 vaya seiror, a la salud de 
 sus amigos, 
 
 a. todos sus gustos, 
 
 a sus inclinaciones, 
 
 mucho favor me hace vmd. 
 
 como halla esta cerveza ? 
 
 es bastante buena, 
 
 quiero probarla, 
 
 la hallo iiiuy amarga, 
 
 me quexare" al cervezero, 
 
 quite todo esto del m^dio, 
 
 III. 
 
 Para hacer una Visita 
 por la Mariana, 
 Endonde esti su amo ? 
 esta aun en la cam a ? 
 
 bat the glasses, bottles, 
 and salt-cellers are en 
 one side. 
 
 waiter, uncork this bottle. 
 
 my screw is broke, 
 taste this wine. 
 what do you say to it} 
 how do you like it ? 
 it is good, it is not bad. 
 gentlemen, I pledge you. 
 gentlemen, your good 
 thank you, sir. (health, 
 give the gentleman some 
 I drank just now. {drink, 
 give me a slice of bread. 
 Jill some drink, Jill the 
 
 glasses. 
 madam, Idrinkyourhealth* 
 I thank you, sir. 
 sir, to the honour of your 
 
 acquaintance, 
 to all that you love, 
 to your inclinations. 
 you are very kind} 
 how do you like this beer? 
 I like it pretty well. 
 I will taste it. 
 I think it is too bitter. 
 I will complain to the 
 
 brewer, 
 take away all these things. 
 
 III. 
 
 To Visit in the Morn- 
 ing. 
 
 Where is your master ? 
 is he in bed still ? 
 
 a a 
 
293 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 no a< nor, se acaba de le- 
 
 vantar, 
 pregunte si se le puede ha- 
 i oy de contado, (hlar, 
 caballero, sirvase de entrar, 
 
 que perezoso, aun no. esta 
 
 vefctido, 
 hombre, me recoji a noche 
 
 muy tard, 
 no me he podido levantar 
 
 mas temprano, 
 que hizo vm. despues de 
 
 cenar? 
 como paso vm. la tarde ? 
 estuve en la tertulia, 
 que recreo tuvieron vms. ? 
 
 danzamos, cantamos, rei- 
 
 mos y jugamos, 
 a que juego jugaron vms. ? 
 jugamos a los cientos, 
 es un juego que se estila 
 
 mucho, 
 me consta el saberlo, 
 gano vm. a! go ? 
 fui por lana, y volvi tras- 
 
 quilado, 
 conque perdio vm., 
 todo quaulo lievava, 
 lo !• lento, pero no vuelva a 
 
 jugar, 
 buen consejOj quando no 
 
 hay mas dinero, 
 quantos estaban para jugar? 
 
 estabamos al redor de 
 
 nueve, 
 a que hora se acosto vm. ? 
 
 no sir, he just got up. 
 
 4i$k If I may speak to hint* 
 
 I am going directly. 
 
 sir, iviil you. icalk in if 
 
 you please ? 
 what a lazy, you are not 
 
 dressed yet. 
 I ivent to heel last night 
 
 very lade. 
 I could not get up sooner. 
 
 teliat did you do after 
 supper ? (evening 9 
 
 how did you spend the 
 
 I went to the banquet. 
 
 what amusement did you 
 have? 
 
 we danced, ice sung, we 
 laughed, and played. 
 
 at what game did you play? 
 
 we played, at piquet. 
 
 it is a game much in fa- 
 shion. 
 
 I ought to know it. 
 
 did you win f 
 
 I went for wool, and re- 
 turned sheared. 
 
 and so you lost. 
 
 every farthing I had. 
 
 I am sorry for it, hut 
 don't play any more. 
 
 very good advice, when 
 the money is gone. 
 
 how many were you for 
 playing ? 
 
 we were about nine. 
 
 (bed.{ 
 
 what time did you go to 
 
Familiar Dialogues. 
 
 299 
 
 entre la una y las dos de la 
 
 manana, 
 lio estrano que se haya le- 
 
 vantado tan tarde, 
 que bora sera, 6 puede ser? 
 que bora cree vm. quees ? 
 me parece que apenas son 
 
 las ocbo, (las diez, 
 
 como las ocbo ! ban dado 
 si es asi, vamonos a dar 
 
 una vuelta en el prado, 
 
 IV. 
 
 Para Festirse, 
 Ouien llama? quien esta 
 
 que manda vm., ccc? 
 despacbate, baz lumbre, 
 
 que quiero vestirme, 
 hay muy buena lumbre, 
 dame una camisa limpia, 
 aqui esta, senor, 
 no esta ealiente, esta fria, 
 la calentare si vm. quiere, 
 no me se da nada, 
 traeme mis medias de seda, 
 la una tiene puntos, 
 cojelos, y damela presto, 
 
 senor, tome su merced la 
 
 media, (mal, 
 
 vamos," que no lo bas becbo 
 
 en donde estan mis chiue- 
 
 las? 
 alcaczame la ropa de Je- 
 (vantar, 
 limpia los peynes, y pey- 
 toma otro peyne, (name, 
 p©co a paco, me lastirnas, 
 
 between one and two 
 
 o'clock. 
 I don't wonder at ychxv 
 
 rising so late. 
 it o'clock is it ? 
 
 it do you think it is? 
 scarce eight, I believe. 
 
 (ten. 
 how, eight! it has struck 
 if it is so, let vs go and 
 
 take a turn in theprado. 
 
 IV. 
 
 To Dress oneVseif. 
 
 Who is there} 
 
 (have? 
 what w ill you please to 
 be quick, make a fire, I 
 
 tv ant to dress myself, 
 there is a fine fire. 
 give me a clean shirf. 
 here it is, sir. (cold. 
 
 'tis not warm, 'tis quite 
 if you please, I'll warm it. 
 I don't care. 
 
 bring me my silk stockings. 
 one of them is torn, 
 mend it, and let me have 
 
 it scon, 
 here is your stocking, sir. 
 (well. 
 you have done it pretty 
 ■wltere are my slippers ? 
 
 bring me my morning- 
 gown. (my head. 
 
 clean the combs, and cojsib 
 
 take another comb. 
 
 softly, you hurt me* 
 o. a 2 
 
300 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 creo que me has desollado, 
 
 me arrancas los cabellos, 
 siasi vas, presto me queclare 
 calvo, (delicado, 
 
 senor, es su me reed muy 
 dame un paiiuelo bianco, 
 
 aqui lo tiene senor, 
 lleva la ropa sucia a casa 
 de la lavandera, 
 
 para quando la quiere vm.? 
 que dia es hoy ? (martes, 
 si mal no me acuerdo, es 
 necesito mi ropa blanca el 
 
 sabado, 
 tienes abiados mis vestidos ? 
 si senor nada falta, 
 dame una corbata, (bien, 
 no la arrugues, pliega la 
 dame mi vestido, pronto, 
 que vestido quiere vm. ? 
 el mismo que lleve ayer, 
 no se pone vm. el vestido 
 
 nuevo ? 
 porque me lo preguntas ? 
 porque es hoy el dia del 
 
 nacimiento del rey, 
 es verdad, tienes razon, 
 en verdad, que me se habia 
 
 olvidado, (d&rmelo, 
 
 has hecho bien en recor- 
 vengan mis guantes, y el 
 
 baston, 
 ya estoy casi pronto, 
 acepilla bien mi vestido, 
 a donde esta el cepillo ? 
 no parece, no lo hallo, 
 
 / believe you have taken 
 the skin off my head. 
 
 you pull off my hair. 
 
 if you go on so, I'll soon 
 be bald. 
 
 you are very delicate, sir. 
 
 give me a clean pocket- 
 handkerchief. 
 
 here it is, sir. 
 
 take my foul linen, and 
 give it to the washer- 
 woman. 
 
 when do you wish to have it: 
 
 what is to-day ? 
 
 I think it is Tuesday. 
 
 I want my linen for Sa- 
 turday, (ready ? 
 
 have you got my clothes 
 
 yes, sir, all is right. 
 
 give me a neckcloth, {well. 
 
 dont rumple it, plait it 
 
 give me my suit, make 
 
 what suit, sir ? (haste. 
 
 that 1 had yesterday. 
 
 dont you put on your new 
 suit ? 
 
 why do you ask it ?> 
 
 because to day is the king's 
 birth- day. 
 
 you are in the right. 
 
 truly, I had quite for got it. 
 
 it is well you put me in 
 mind of it. 
 
 give me my gloves and 
 
 walking-stick. 
 
 ?ww I am almost ready, 
 brush my clothes well, 
 where is the brush ? 
 it is out of the way. 
 
Familiar Dialogues. 
 
 301 
 
 aiguno llama a la puerta, 
 an da ve quien es, 
 quien esta ahi ? 
 gente de paz, 
 es el zapatero sefior, 
 dile que suba, 
 mandale que entre, 
 
 ParaHablar al Zapatero. 
 
 Serior maestro, ha traido, 
 vm. mis zapatos ? (mo, 
 sefior, los acabe ahora mis- 
 se servira vm. probarlos ? 
 
 estan demasiado estrechos, 
 en la punta, y en el em- 
 peyne, 
 
 no los puedo llevar, 
 
 los pondre en la horma pa- 
 ra ensancharlos, 
 
 aunque se ensancharan ba- 
 stante con el uso, 
 
 el becerrillo da de si como 
 
 un guante, 
 el talon, y los quartos son 
 
 muy baxos, y mal cosi- 
 
 dos, 
 esdiflcildecontentaravm., 
 megustaestarbienservido, 
 tiene vm. buen becerrillo 
 
 para botas ? 
 si sefior, tan bueno como 
 
 el mejor que se pueda 
 
 hallar, (de botas, 
 
 hagame pues un buen par 
 traiga su cuenta, y le pa- 
 
 gar£, 
 
 somebody knocks at the 
 see who is there. {door. 
 ■who is there? 
 friends. 
 
 it is the shoemaker, sir. 
 call him up. 
 let him come in. 
 
 V. 
 
 To speak to the Shoemaker. 
 
 Master, have you brought 
 
 my shoes ? 
 sir, I just finished them, 
 will you please to try them 
 
 on? 
 they are too tight in the 
 
 toe and instep. 
 
 I can't bear them. 
 
 Til put them on the last, 
 to make them wider. 
 
 though they will groiv 
 wide enough by wear- 
 ing. 
 
 the upper leather stretches 
 like a glove. 
 
 the heel and quarters are 
 too low, and ill closed. 
 
 you are hard to be pleased. 
 I like to be well served, 
 have you got good leather 
 
 for boots ? 
 yes, sir, as good as ever 
 
 ivas tanned, 
 make me a good pair of 
 
 boots, then, 
 bring your bill, and I'll 
 
 pay you. 
 
302 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Entre un ( dballero, un 
 Sastre, y un Merjcader 
 de Patios. 
 
 Seiior maestro, necesito un 
 
 vestido, 
 siempre estoy pronto a ser- 
 
 virle, 
 de que lo quiere vm. hacer? 
 de algun pafio lino de In- 
 
 glaterra, 
 de que color ha de ser ? 
 al ver el pafio escogere, 
 
 quiere vm. comprar el pa- 
 no, 6 que yo lo compre ? 
 voy con vm. a comprarlo, 
 
 lleveme a la tienda de un 
 
 mercader de panos, 
 senor, ensefieme vm. el 
 
 mejor pafio que tenga, 
 sirvase entrar en la tienda, 
 aqui tiene vm. el mejor 
 
 pafio de todo el mundo, 
 este es el mas fmo de todo, 
 pero no es suave, 
 vea vm., si le gusta este 
 
 mas que el otro, 
 es bueno, pero el color no 
 
 me agrada, 
 mirevm. este pafio alaluz, 
 nunca ha visto vm. otro de 
 
 mas hermosotinte, 
 me gusta mucho el color, 
 pero el pafio es muy del 
 
 gado, 
 no tiene bastante cuerpo, 
 a co mo lo vende vm. ? 
 
 VI. 
 
 Between a Gentleman, -* 
 Taylor, and a Woollen- 
 Drap r. 
 
 astei*, I want a suit of 
 
 clothes. 
 Ia:n always ready to serve 
 
 you. (of? 
 
 \t will yen have It made 
 
 o/ sofnejine English cloth. 
 
 of what colour must it be ? 
 on seeing the cloth, I shall 
 
 chase ? 
 will you buy the cloth, or 
 
 shall I buy it myself'} 
 I am going with you to 
 
 buy it. 
 carry me to a woollen-dra- 
 per. 
 Mr. shew me the best cloth 
 
 you have, 
 please to walk into my shop, 
 there is the best cloth in the 
 
 world, 
 this is the finest of all, 
 but it does not feel soft, 
 see ivhether you like this 
 
 better than the other, 
 it is good, but I doiit like 
 
 the colour. (light. 
 
 look at that cloth in the 
 you never have seen one of 
 
 a finer dye. 
 I like the colour very well, 
 but the cloth is very thin. 
 
 it has not body enough, 
 how do you sell it ? 
 
Familiar Dialogues. 
 
 3o3 
 
 fjja&titQ pide.vm. por la 
 
 vara ? 
 ;icomo se vende.la v?:a ? 
 *1 mas justo preoio es a 
 
 seis pesos la 'v.va, 
 me pide vfli.deiBasiado, 
 aqui hay otra pieza. que 
 
 pueclo di: eigo rr*as ba~ 
 
 rata., 
 con est-a me c n ndre, 
 diga vm. su ultimo precio ? 
 el precio fix,:, s i seis pe- 
 es demasiado caro, (sos, 
 hagasevm. cargo de la ca- 
 res ti a de las co 
 despues de una giierra tan 
 
 dil itada, 
 como la; bisii la bon 
 
 finura del pano, 
 3os mereaderes no pueden 
 
 dexar de alabar sus ge- 
 
 neros, 
 le aseguro, que el pano, 
 
 vale el precio que le 'di- 
 
 dexemos de regatear sobre 
 
 el precio, 
 digame vm. en una palabra 
 
 lo que tengo que pagar 
 
 por ello, 
 sen or, ya se lo tengo di- 
 
 cho a vm., (el? 
 
 quanto me ofrece vm. por 
 le dare cinco pesos, 
 me cuesta mas, o me sale 
 
 en mas, 
 para hacerle ver que deseo 
 
 servirle, partire la dife- 
 
 rencia, 
 
 what do you ask a yard 
 for it} 
 
 how is it sold per yard ? 
 
 the nearest price is six 
 dollars a yard. 
 
 you gs1\ too much for it. 
 
 here is another piece, ivhich 
 lean sell a little cheap- 
 er. 
 
 this will do for me. 
 
 let mehnow your last price. 
 
 my price is fixed at six dol~ 
 
 it is quite too dear. (lars. 
 
 pray consider the dearness 
 of things. 
 
 after so long a war. 
 
 ' the goodness and fine- 
 ness of this cloth. 
 
 shop-keepers are never 
 wanting in praising 
 their goods. 
 
 I assure you, this cloth is 
 worth the price I told 
 you. 
 
 let us not haggle about 
 the price. 
 
 tell me in a word what I 
 am to pay you for it. 
 
 sir, I have already told it 
 
 to you. 
 what do you hid me for it. 
 I will sivc you five dollars. 
 it stands me in niore. 
 
 you see that I desire to 
 serve you, I will split 
 the difference. 
 
304 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 y no puedo rebaxar un 
 ochavo, 
 
 vamos, corteme lo que ne- 
 cesito, 
 
 quanto ha menester vm. ? 
 
 el sastre lo dira, 
 
 se necesitan ties varas pa- 
 ra la casaca, 
 
 dos varas y quarta para la 
 chupa y calzones, 
 
 no corfce vm. mas de cinco 
 varas, 
 
 los sastres siempre piden 
 mas genero del que ne- 
 cesitan, 
 
 senor,vm. necesita mas pa- 
 no que otros, 
 
 es vm . alto y corpulento a 
 proporcion, 
 
 ahi las tiene vm. y buena 
 medida, 
 
 quanto importa eso ? 
 
 veinte y ocho pesos, 
 
 aqui esta el dinero, vea 
 vm. si me he equivo- 
 cado, 
 serior el dinero esta cabal, 
 es bueno y bien contado, 
 
 vuelva vm. a casa & tomar 
 
 la medida, 
 pondcpyo las guar niciones? 
 si pof cierto, sin duda, 
 aforre vm. la casaca y la 
 
 chupa con raso liso de la 
 
 china, 
 
 and I cant abate a far* 
 
 thing, 
 come, cut me what I want. 
 
 how much do you want ? 
 the taylor will tell you. 
 I must have three yards 
 
 Jor the coat, 
 two yards and a quarter 
 
 for the waistcoat and 
 
 breeches, 
 cut but Jive yards. 
 
 taylor s always ash more 
 stiiff than they have oc- 
 casion for. 
 
 sir, you require more cloth 
 than others. 
 
 you are both tall and cor- 
 pulent in proportion. 
 
 there they are, sir, and 
 good measure. (to? 
 
 how much does that come 
 
 it comes to twenty-eight 
 dollars. 
 
 here is your money, see 
 whether I have misreck- 
 oned. 
 
 sir, the money is right. 
 
 it is good and well reck- 
 oned. 
 
 return home with me to 
 take my measure. 
 
 shall I find the trimming} 
 
 aye, sure, without doubt, 
 
 line the coat and waistcoat 
 with China satin. 
 
Familiar Phrases. 
 
 305 
 
 y los calzones con gamuza 
 
 bien aclerezada 3 
 sera vm. servido, 
 tenga vm. cuidado espe- 
 cial, que el vestido este 
 bien ajustado, bien he- 
 cho, y de mod a, 
 procurare contentar a vm., 
 acuerdese cue he de tener 
 mi vestido para el Do- 
 mingo proximo, 
 le prometo a vm. que lo 
 
 tendra sin falta, 
 no fake vm. asu palabra, 
 creame vm. que se bar a, 
 chiton ! agiiarda! 
 alguno llama a la puerta, 
 mira qui en es, 
 sefior, es el sastre, 
 hazle subir, 6 entrar, 
 senor maest/o, trae vm. mi 
 
 vestido, 
 le estaba aguardando, 
 veamos si e<ta bien hecho, 
 creo que le gustara a vm. 
 me parece muy largo de 
 
 talie, 
 esta muy corto de faldas, 
 hacearrugas en los sobacos, 
 es facii tie peroediar eso, 
 los ojales no estan bientra- 
 
 bajados, 
 el pelo, 6. torzal no corre- 
 sponde al color, del pano, 
 nose puede encontrar otro 
 
 mejor, 
 la chupa sube encima del 
 
 corbatin,- 
 baxara en tirdndola, 
 
 and the breeches With cha- 
 mois shins, ivell dressed. 
 
 you shall he obeyed. 
 
 take a most especial care 
 
 that my suit be well 
 
 made. fitted, and modish. 
 
 (you. 
 
 ril endeavour to content 
 
 remember, I must have my 
 suit of clothes for Sun- 
 day next. 
 
 / promise you to let you 
 have it without fail. 
 
 do not break your word. 
 
 believe me, it will be done. 
 
 Hist! hold! (door. 
 
 somebody knocks at the 
 
 go and see who it is. 
 
 it is the t ay lor. 
 
 bid him to come up. or 
 
 master, do you bring my 
 :es? 
 
 I c, pec ted > 
 
 let us see if it is well made. 
 
 I think it will pic 
 
 met is very long in 
 
 1st'. 
 
 it is i skirts. 
 
 it a iathearm-vits. 
 
 j. 
 
 it is j that, 
 
 the bui les are not 
 
 tbell done. • 
 themotjir does not ans- 
 
 to the colour of the c 
 there is no better to be had. 
 
 the waistcoat raises over 
 
 the neck cloth. 
 it will lower by gidlqig it. 
 
 R R 
 
306- 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 los cnlzones son demasiado 
 es la juoda, (.mchos, 
 
 pero me parecen estrechos 
 en el asiento, (tura, 
 
 y son angostos en la cin- 
 lia traido vm. ia quenta? 
 qnanto irnpoita todo ? 
 el total hace quarenta she- 
 lines, 
 aquiesia sy dinero, 
 viva vm. muchos aiios, 
 VII. 
 Para hablar a un Coci- 
 nero. 
 cocinero, tengo hoy hues- 
 
 pedes para comer, 
 qnantos hahra de mesa t 
 creo que seremos siete, 
 pues, que comida quiere 
 
 vm. que haga ? 
 dos *opns, la una de came, 
 
 y la otra de tortuga, 
 para la primera *e necesita 
 una pierna de ternera, 
 unagaliina, vaca, carne- 
 ro, loi ganizas y tocino. 
 para principle n sdarados 
 pollas cociuas con toci- 
 no, y berzas, y una pier- 
 na 'ie oarnero, cou salsa 
 de alcaparras, 
 ad em as de esto ha de ha- 
 ber un buen plato de 
 p< 6cado, 
 un rodavallo, una raya, una 
 merluza, cocida con os 
 tra y camarones, algu- 
 nos lenguados fritos, 
 
 the breeches are too wide. 
 
 that is thejashion. 
 
 but ljind them narrow in 
 
 the scat, 
 and are tight in the waist, 
 did you bring the account} 
 how much does it come to ? 
 the total amounts to forty 
 
 shillings, 
 here is your money. 
 J thank you, sir. 
 
 VII. 
 
 To speak to a Cook. 
 
 Cook, I have company at 
 
 dinner to-day. 
 how many will be at table ? 
 1 believe we shall be seven, 
 well, sir, what will you 
 
 please to have } 
 two soups, one with meat, 
 
 the other with tortoise, 
 for the first, there must be 
 
 a leg of veal, a hen, 
 
 beef, mutton, and bacon. 
 
 for the first course, you 
 must give us twopullets, 
 with sprouts and bacon y 
 and a leg of mutton, 
 with caper-sauce. 
 
 besides that, there must be 
 a good dish offish. 
 
 a turbot, a thornback, a 
 fresh cod, boiled, with 
 oysters and shrimps, 
 and some soles, well 
 fried. 
 
Familiar Phrases. 
 
 307 
 
 afiadird vm, una carpa bien 
 estofada. 
 
 que asado quiere vm. ? 
 
 un pavo, tres perdices un 
 faisan y media docena 
 de calandrias, 
 
 vamos con los prineipios y 
 los guisados, 
 
 un guisado de polios, una 
 torta de pichones, un 
 jamon de maguncia^ un 
 guisado de lecheras con 
 alcauciles, yotrocon ar- 
 bejas, habas, y tocino, 
 
 ahora las frutas para los 
 post res, 
 
 eso cone por quenta de la 
 ama de Haves, 
 
 supongo ha de haber una 
 ensalada, 
 
 sin duda, vaya al mereado, 
 d la carniceria, al reco- 
 vero, d la pescaderia, a 
 la verdotera, y traigase 
 todo quanto necesita. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Para comprdr Libros. 
 
 Tiene vm. algun libro nue- 
 vo ? , ' 
 
 si, senor, que especie de li- 
 bros quiere vm. ? 
 
 le gustan d vm. libros de 
 historia,' de matemati- 
 cas, de filosofiaj de 
 teologia, de medecma, 
 de derecho ? 
 
 you may add a carp, ivell 
 stewed, {will you have ? 
 
 what sort of roast treat 
 
 a turkey, three partridges, 
 a pheasant, and, half a 
 dozen of larks. 
 
 and for courses and ra- 
 gouts. 
 
 africasee of chickens, a 
 pigeon pie. a Westpha- 
 lia ham, and a ragout 
 of sweetbread of veal, 
 with artichokes, and an- 
 other with pt as, be u ns> 
 and bacon. 
 
 now we ivant fruit for the 
 desert. 
 
 the housekeeper ivill pro- 
 vide every thing. 
 
 I suppose there must be a 
 sal lad. 
 
 without doubt, go quickly 
 to the market, to the 
 butchers, the poulter- 
 er's, the fishmonger s, 
 and the herb-woman, to 
 fetch all that you want. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 To buy Books. 
 
 Have you any new boohs ? 
 
 yes, sir, what sort (flocks- 
 would you please to 
 have ? 
 
 ivill you have books of his- 
 tory, machematics, phi- 
 losophy, divinity, phy- 
 sic, or law ? 
 
 RR 2 
 
308 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 no, seii6r, busco libros de 
 poesia, 
 
 le puedo proveer de ellos 
 en todos lenguages. 
 
 petes tengo todos los poetas 
 Griegos, Latinos, Espa- 
 fioles, Italianos, Fran- 
 ceses, e Ingleses, 
 
 much os tengo de estos, 
 
 que poetas necesita vm. 
 
 pues eomprar ? 
 Virgilio en Latin, las co- 
 in edias de Caldercn, y 
 
 el Teatro de Feijoo, 
 todos esos libros tengo, 
 hagame vm. el favor de 
 
 enseflarmelos, 
 los quiere vm, enquaderna- 
 
 dos, en badana, btcerro, 
 
 6 cord ob an ? 
 los quiere vm. dorados e 
 
 intitulados *> 
 no hay necesiddd de esto, 
 no los compro para ador- 
 
 rio sipb para leerlos, 
 esta enquadcrnadiira no es 
 
 bueiia, (bro, 
 
 no esta bien corido este li- 
 ahi tiene vm. otro en su 
 
 Ulgari > 
 qnanto pide vm. por este 
 
 libro ? 
 le costard a vm. dos pesos, 
 esto es demasiado, 
 es el ultimo precio, 
 le dare a vm. veinte reales, 
 nae sale a mas de lo que 
 
 vmd. me ofrece por el, 
 
 no, sir, I am loohing for 
 
 boohs of poetry. 
 I can furnish you with 
 
 them in all languages, 
 for f have all the Greek, 
 
 Latin ,' Spa n ish, Italian, 
 
 French, and English 
 
 poets. 
 I have a great many of 
 
 them, 
 what poets have you then 
 
 a mind to buy ? 
 Virgil in Latin, the plays 
 
 of Colder on, and the 
 
 Theatre of Feijdo, 
 I have all those books, 
 let me see them, if you 
 
 please, 
 will you have them bound 
 
 in sheep, calf, or Turhy 
 
 leather ? 
 will you have them gilt on 
 
 the bach, and titled ? 
 titer e is no occasion for it. 
 I do not buy them for or- 
 nament, but to read, 
 this binding is not good. 
 
 this booh is not well sewed, 
 there is another for it. 
 
 what do you ash for this 
 
 booh ? 
 it will cost you two dollars. 
 that is too much, 
 it is a set price. (rials. 
 I will give you twenty 
 it stands tr<e in n ore than 
 
 you bid me for it. 
 
Familiar Dialogues. 
 
 309 
 
 es muy caro, 
 
 le aseguro a vm. que me 
 
 cuesta peso y medio sin 
 
 la enquadernadura, 
 no querra vm. que pierda 
 
 en mis libros, 
 muy al ccntrdrio, quiero 
 
 que vm. gane algo^ 
 es preciso pues que me de 
 
 viente y quatro reales, 
 ahi los tiene vm. no reparo 
 
 en una cortedad, 
 
 no necesita vm. otros li- 
 por ahora no, (bros ? 
 
 pero necesito de panel, 
 
 pi u mas, tinta, lacre, y 
 
 obleas, 
 no vendo nada de esto, 
 pero lo hallara vm. todo 
 
 en la tienda proxima 
 
 que es de un papelero, 
 a dios, sencr, 
 muy servitior de vm. ca- 
 
 ballero, 
 hagame vm. el favor de 
 
 acordarse de mi para 
 
 otra vez, 
 si em pre experimental 
 
 muy buen trato, 
 asi los espero, 
 
 IX. 
 
 Del alquilar un Aloja- 
 micnto. 
 
 Senor, quiere vm. hacerme 
 un favor ? 
 
 that is very dear. 
 
 I assure you it cost me cue 
 dollar and a half with- 
 out t lie binding. 
 
 you ivould not have me sell 
 my books with loss. 
 
 Jar from it, I ivould have 
 you get something. 
 
 then you must give me 
 four-and-twenty rials, 
 
 there they are, I will not 
 stand on so small a 
 matter. 
 
 do you want any other 
 
 Not at present, (boohs ? 
 
 but I have occasion for 
 paper, pens, ink, seal- 
 ing-wax, and wafers. , 
 
 / sell nothing of the kind. 
 
 but you will find them at 
 the stationers, who keeps 
 the next shop, 
 farewell, sir. 
 
 sir, I am your most hum- 
 ble servant. 
 
 pray remember me on the 
 occasion. 
 
 I will use you always 
 
 well. 
 I hope it will be so. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Of hiring a Lodging. 
 
 Sir, will you he pleased to 
 do me a favour ? 
 de muy buena gana, que with all my heart, wbat 
 me manda vm. ? ivill you please to hare ? 
 
MO 
 
 A New Spaiiish Grammar, 
 
 que venga vmd. com micro, 
 
 para alquilar un aloja- 
 
 miento, 
 le acompanare* adonde qui- 
 
 siere. 
 vamosala calle de Santiago, 
 le voy siguiendo, 
 aqui hay una cedula a e^ta 
 
 puerta que dice quartos 
 
 de alquiar, 
 llame vm. a la puerta, 
 quien es? . 
 
 gente de paz ? (blar, 
 
 con quien quieVe vm. ha- 
 con el amo 6 ama de casa, 
 
 aqui esta mi s'enora, 
 seriora, tiene vm. quartos 
 
 de alquiler ? 
 si, senor, quiere vm. ver- 
 
 los ? 
 vine con esta intencion, 
 quantos aposentos necesita 
 
 vm.? 
 quiero un comedor 6 sala, 
 
 una alcoba, un gavinete, 
 
 para mi, y un desvan 
 
 para mi criado, 
 
 han de ser s'us quartos al- 
 
 hajados 6 no r 
 han de ser alhajados, 
 hagame el favor de esperar 
 
 un rato en esta sala baxa, 
 
 mientras voy por las 
 
 Have?, 
 muy bien,senora, aguardo, 
 
 / would have you go with 
 me to hire a lodging. 
 
 I shall wait on you where- 
 ever you phase. 
 
 let us go into St. James 's- 
 
 I follow you. * - (street. 
 
 here is a bill at this door, 
 ch shews that there 
 or rooms to let. 
 
 knock at the door. 
 
 who is there ? 
 
 ajriend. (with ? 
 
 who do you want to speak 
 
 with the master or mis* 
 tress. 
 
 here is my mistress. 
 
 madam, have you any 
 rooms to let ? 
 
 yes, sir, will you be pleas- 
 ed tj see them? 
 
 I am come on purpose. 
 
 how many must you have? 
 
 I want a dining-room and 
 a bed-chamber, with a 
 closet to it, for myself-, 
 and a garret for my 
 man. 
 
 must your rooms he fur- 
 nished or unfurnished} 
 
 they must be furnished. 
 
 be so kind as to stay a mo- 
 ment in this parlour, 
 and I will go and fetch 
 the keys. 
 
 well, madam, III stay for 
 you. 
 
Familiar Dialogues. 
 
 311 
 
 quiere vm. tomarse el tra- 
 bajo desubir r 
 
 seguiremos a vm. sefiora, 
 
 esta es la vivienda del pri- 
 mer alto_, 
 
 ahi tiene vm. una cama 
 muy bu^na y limpia, 
 
 bien ve vm. que hay todo 
 \o necesario, en un quar- 
 to alhajado, 
 
 como mesa, espejo, sillas, 
 tapiceria, alhacenas, es- 
 eaparates, &c. (nete? 
 
 pero adonde esta el gavi- 
 
 aquiestd,es bastante cap&z, 
 
 me quadra muy bien este 
 alojamiento, 
 
 me alegro mucho, 
 
 quanto quiere vm. por Be- 
 rn an a ? 
 
 nunca alquilo mis quartos, 
 sino por mes 6 por ano, 
 
 bien, los tomare por mes ; 
 
 quanto es ei precio de 
 
 ellos? 
 jamas tuve menos de diez 
 
 pesos al mes, por estas 
 
 dos estancias, 
 son demasiado caros, 
 ha de considerar vm. que 
 
 este es el mas herm6so 
 
 barrio de la ciudad, 
 y que esta vm. & un paso 
 
 de la corte, 
 para que vea vm. que no 
 
 soy amigo de regate&r, 
 
 le dare ocho pesos por 
 
 ellos, 
 
 ivill you take the pains to 
 
 come up} 
 we will Jo How you, madam, 
 this is the apartment on 
 
 thefirst floor, 
 there is a very good and 
 
 clean bed. 
 and you see that there are 
 
 all things necessary in 
 
 a furnished room, 
 as table, looking glasses, 
 
 chairs, carpets, closets, 
 
 presses, &;c. (closet ? 
 but where is the dressing 
 here it is, and large enough. 
 I like this apartment very 
 
 ivell. 
 I am very glad of it. 
 how much do you ask for 
 
 it a week ? 
 I never let my chambers 
 
 but by the month or 
 
 year, 
 well, I shall take them by 
 
 the month ; ivhat will 
 
 vou have for them} 
 / never had less than ten 
 
 dollars a month, for 
 
 these two rooms, 
 they are too dear, 
 you ought to consider that 
 
 this is thefimst part of 
 
 the town, 
 and that you are ivithin a 
 
 step of the court. 
 to shew you that I do not 
 
 love haggling, 1 will 
 
 give you eight dollars 
 
 J or them. 
 
312 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 es demasiado poco, no sabe 
 vm. la renta que pago 
 por esta casa, 
 
 nada me importa saberlo, 
 
 pero en una palabra, par- 
 ti rem os la diferencia, 
 yo le aseguro que pierdo, 
 
 pero siento que se vaya, 
 y por el desvan de mi cria- 
 do, quanto he de pagar 
 por mes ? 
 me data vm. dos pesosy 
 no dare mas de peso y me- 
 dio, 
 no es bastante, pero lo 
 hare por vm, sea asi. 
 
 no vale la pena de pararse 
 en semejante cortedad, 
 
 pero digame vm. no puedo 
 comer aqui con vm. ? 
 
 si, sen6r, bien puede vm. ? 
 quanto toma por semana 
 
 de cada huesned t 
 a razor* de treinta pesos 
 
 al mes, (na ? 
 
 a como sale esto por sema- 
 
 a siete pesos y medio, 
 quanto toma vm. por quar- 
 to y comida juntos ? 
 
 diez y seis pesos por se- 
 mana, 
 pues empezar£ mfcfiana,, 
 
 that is too little, yon do 
 not know what rent I 
 pay for this house, 
 it is no business of mine 
 
 to know it. 
 hut in a word, tve shall di- 
 vide the difference. 
 I assure you that I lose 
 by it, (away. 
 
 but lam sorry to turn you 
 and for my mans garret, 
 how much will you have 
 for it a month i (lars. 
 
 you will give me two dol- 
 
 I shall give only a dollar 
 and a half. 
 
 it is not enough, but I will 
 do it for you, let it be 
 so. 
 
 it is not ivorth while to 
 haggle for so small a 
 matter. 
 
 but now I think on it, may 
 I ?wt board at your 
 house .? 
 
 yes, sir, you may. 
 
 how much do you take from 
 each boarder a- week} 
 
 at the rate of thirty dol- 
 lars a month. 
 
 how much does thai co 
 to a week ? 
 
 to seven dollars and a half ' 
 
 and what do you takejor 
 chamber and board to- 
 gett. 
 
 sixteen dollars a week. 
 
 (row. 
 
 well, I shall begin iormor- 
 
.Familiar Dialogues. 
 
 313 
 
 quando gust Are, 
 buenas noches, sen6ra, 
 buenas se las de dios, se- 
 nior, 
 
 X. 
 
 Del biformarse 4e Al- 
 guno. 
 
 Quien es ese caballero ? 
 es un Ingles, 
 le tuve por un Frances, 
 se ha equivocado vm. pues, 
 sabe vm. adonde vive? 
 
 vive en el barrio de la cor- 
 tiene casa ? (te, 
 
 no, senor, vive en quartos 
 
 alhajados, 
 en casa de quien aloja ? 
 vive en casa de fulano, en 
 
 la calle de 
 
 que edad tiene ? 
 
 creo que tiene veinte y 
 
 cinco alios, 
 no me parece tan viejo, 
 no puede ser mas mozo, 
 es casado ? 
 no, senor, es solteVo, 
 estan sus padres vivos r 
 
 §u madre aun vive, pero su 
 
 padre muri6 dos anos 
 
 hd. 
 tiene hermanos y herma- 
 
 nas? 
 dos hermdnos y una her- 
 
 mana tiene, 
 esta su hermana casada ? 
 si, sen<5r, 
 
 when you please, 
 good night, madam, 
 good night, sir. 
 
 X. 
 
 Of inquiring after One. 
 
 Wluo is that gentleman ? 
 he is an Englishman. 
 I took hhn for a French- 
 then you mistook, (man. 
 do you know where he 
 
 lives ? 
 he lives near the court, 
 does he keep a house} 
 no, sir, he lives in lodgings, 
 (lodge ? 
 at ivhose house does he 
 he lodges at Mr. such a 
 
 one's in the street 
 
 ho iv old is he f 
 
 I believe he is jive-and- 
 
 twenty years old. 
 he does not appear so old. 
 he cannot he muchyounger. 
 is he married ? 
 no, sir, he is a bachelor, 
 are his father and mother 
 
 alive ? 
 his mother is still alive, 
 
 but his father has been 
 
 dead these two years, 
 has he any brothers and 
 
 sisters ? 
 he has two brothers and 
 
 a sister. 
 is his sister married ? 
 yes, sir. 
 s s 
 
14 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 con quien ? 
 
 con ehConde de 
 
 era pues partido rico,, 
 tuvo sesenta mil pesos de 
 
 dote, 
 es hermosa ? 
 no es fea, 
 es bastante bomta, 
 esta algo picada de virue- 
 
 las, 
 pero tiene mucho en tend i- 
 
 miento, 
 es muy ingeniosa, 
 habla este eaballero lalen- 
 
 gua Espanoki ? 
 aunque es Ingles, habla 
 
 tan bien Espanol, que 
 
 los Espanoles le creeri- 
 
 Espanol, 
 
 habla Italiano como los 
 
 Italianos mismos, 
 entre los Alemanes, pasa 
 
 por Aleman, 
 como puede saber tantos 
 
 lenguages diferentos ? 
 
 goza de una memoria feliz 
 y ha viajado mucho, 
 
 ha estado dos anos en Pa- 
 ris, seis meses en Ma- 
 drid, ano y medio en 
 Italia, y un ano en Ale- 
 mania, 
 
 ha visto todas las cortes de 
 la Europa, 
 
 quanto tiempo ha que le 
 conoce vm. ? 
 
 to whom ? 
 
 to the Earl of . 
 
 it was then a rich match. 
 
 she had sixty thousand 
 dollars for her portion, 
 
 is she handsome} 
 
 she is not ugly. 
 
 she is pretty enough. 
 
 she is a little pitied with 
 the small pox. 
 
 hut she has a great deal of 
 idt. (ivitty. 
 
 she is very clever, very 
 
 the gentleman we talk of 
 does he speak Spanish r i 
 
 although he is an English- 
 man, he speaks Spanish 
 so well, that, among the 
 Spaniards, they think 
 him a Spaniard. 
 
 he spealts Italian like the 
 Italians themselves. 
 
 he passes for a German 
 among the Germans. 
 
 how can he be master of 
 so many different lan- 
 guages ? 
 
 he has a happy memory, 
 and has been a great 
 traveller. 
 
 he lias been two years at 
 Paris, six months at 
 Madrid, a year and a 
 half in Italy, and a 
 year in Germany. 
 
 he has seen all the courts 
 of Europe. 
 
 how long have you known 
 him I 
 
Familiar Dialogues. 
 
 315 
 
 al rededor de. tres anos ha 
 que tengo el honor de 
 conocerle, 
 
 adonde hizo vm. conoci- 
 
 , mien to con el ? 
 en Roma le conoci, 
 
 es de he! la estatura, 
 
 ni demasiado alto, ni de- 
 
 masiado chico, 
 se puede decir que es hom- 
 
 bre garboso, 
 siempre and a muy aseado 
 
 y bien cornpuesto, 
 se viste muy bien, 
 es bien parecido, tiene 
 
 buen aire, 
 tiene buena presencia, y el 
 
 aspecto noble, 
 nada disgusta en sus modos, 
 
 es cortes, afable, urbano 
 
 con qualquiera, 
 tiene mucho entendimien- 
 
 to, y es muy festivo en 
 
 conversacion, 
 danza bellamente, esgrime 
 
 y monta muy bien, 
 toca la flauta, el clave, la 
 
 guitarra, y otros muchos 
 
 instrumentos, 
 
 en una pal&bra, es un ca- 
 ballero cumplido y pef- 
 ftxto, 
 
 it is about three years 
 since I had the honour 
 of being first acquaint- 
 ed with him. 
 
 ivhere came you acquaint- 
 ed ivith him P 
 
 / got acquainted with him 
 at Rome. 
 
 he is of a fine proper 
 height. 
 
 he is neither too tall nor 
 too little. 
 
 one may call him a hand- 
 some man. 
 
 he goes always very neat 
 and very fine. 
 
 lie dresses very well. 
 
 he is very genteel, he has 
 a good air. 
 
 he has a fine presence , and 
 a noble gait. 
 
 he has nothing disagree- 
 able in his manners. 
 
 he is civil, courteous, com- 
 plaisant to every body. 
 
 he has a great deal qf wit, 
 and is very sprightly in 
 conversation. 
 
 he dances, fences, and 
 rides very ivell. 
 
 he plays upon the flute, 
 the harpsichord, the 
 guitar, and several o- 
 iher instruments. 
 
 in a ivord, he is an accom- 
 plished gentleman. 
 
 SS2 
 
31$ 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar*. 
 
 por el retrato que vm. hace 
 de el, me ddgana de co- 
 nocerle, 
 
 !e procurare su conoci mi- 
 en to, 
 se lo agradecere mucho, 
 quando quiere vm. que va- 
 y&mos a visitarle juntos? 
 
 quando le gust&re, 
 
 a que hora se le puede ver 
 
 en su casa ? 
 a qualquiera hora puedo 
 
 verle, pues es muy a- 
 
 migo mio, 
 vamos pues a verle maiia- 
 
 na, por la mafiana, 
 sea en hora buena, 
 de todo mi corazon, 
 quando le conviniere, 
 adios sefior mio, 
 servid6r de vim, 
 soy muy suyo, 
 tenga vm. bu£nas noches, 
 muy buenas se las de dios, 
 
 XI. 
 
 Del Partir, 
 
 Senor, voy a despedirme 
 
 de vm. 
 porque quiere vm. irse ? 
 se acerca la hora de comer, 
 
 no puede vm. comer con 
 
 nosotros ? 
 se lo estimo mucho, no me 
 
 es posible hoy. 
 que negccios tiene vm., 
 
 by the picture you dratc 
 of him, you inake me 
 have a mind to know 
 him. 
 
 I will bring you acquaint- 
 ed with him. {for it. 
 
 I shall be obliged to you 
 
 when will you have us go 
 and wait upon him to- 
 gether ? 
 
 it-hen you please. 
 
 at what o clock may one 
 see him at home ? 
 
 I can see him at any time, 
 jor he is my intimate 
 friend. 
 
 let us go and see him to- 
 morrow morning. 
 
 I will. 
 
 tvith all my heart, 
 
 at your leisure. , 
 farewell, sir. 
 
 I am your servant. 
 
 I am yours. 
 
 I wish you a good night. 
 
 I wish you the same. 
 
 XI. 
 
 Of Parting. 
 
 Sir, I am going to take 
 my leave of you. 
 
 why will you be gone ? 
 
 because it is almost din- 
 ner-time. 
 
 can't you dine with us ? 
 
 I give you thanks, I can- 
 not stay to-day. (your 
 why, what business fa 
 
Familiar Dialogues. 
 
 317 
 
 no tengo mucho que ha- 
 cer pero he de ir k co- 
 mer a easa, 
 
 ha convidado vra. a alguno 
 a comer a su casa ? 
 
 110, pero he prametido a 
 un cabal lero Ingles, que 
 no sabe el Espanol, ir 
 con el a comprar algu- 
 nas menudencias, 
 
 a que bora le espera vm ? 
 
 le aguardo a las dos, 
 
 esta vm. seguro de que 
 
 venga ? 
 no lo se de cierto, pero ha- 
 
 viendoselo prometido, es 
 
 preciso que este en casa, 
 tiene vm. razon, 
 no le quiero pues detener, 
 vaya vm. con dios, soy 
 vaya vm. con dios, (suyo, 
 muchacho, abre la puerta 
 
 al senor, 
 muy bien la abrire, 
 pero no tiene vm. la Have, 
 que! echa vm. la Have a 
 
 la puerta ? 
 asi lo acostumbramos, 
 suplicole me ponga a los 
 
 pies de mi seriora su 
 
 herraana, 
 no faltare* a ello, (ver ? 
 quando nos volveremos a 
 manana, si Dios quiere., 
 
 vendre a visitarle, 
 hagame este favor, 
 
 I have not much to do, but 
 I must needs dine at 
 home. 
 
 have you invited any body 
 to dine with you i 
 
 no, hut A have promised an 
 English ge ntle m an , who 
 does not understand 
 Spanish, to go and heljt 
 him to buy some things. 
 
 at ivhat hour do you ex- 
 pect him ' 
 
 I expect hmat two o'clock. 
 
 are you sure he will come ? 
 
 I am not sure of it; but 
 
 since I promised him, I 
 
 must beat home, 
 you are in the right, {then. 
 I will not keep you here 
 Jarewell, your servant. 
 I am yours, 
 boy, go and open the door 
 
 to the gentleman. 
 I can op tit it myself, 
 but you have not the keu. 
 how ! do you lock your 
 (door ? 
 it is our custom, 
 pray present my service 
 
 to your sister. 
 
 sir, I will. 
 
 iv hen shall we -meet a gaby. 
 
 to-morroic, if it please 
 
 God. 
 I will come and see you. 
 pray do. 
 
318 
 
 / Xcw Spdnish Grammar 
 
 XII. 
 
 De Noticias. 
 Oue se dice de bueno? 
 que noticias tenemos i 
 no se ninguna, 
 que se dice de nut- so ? 
 sabe vm. alguna novedad ? 
 que noticias corren ? 
 no bay ninguna, (vo, 
 
 no he sabido nada de nue- 
 que se dice en la ciudad ? 
 no se habla de nada, 
 
 he oido decir., he sabido 
 
 que, 
 esta es buena noticia, 
 no ha oido vm. hablar de 
 
 la guerra ? 
 no se dice nada de ella, 
 se habla de un sitio, 
 se dice que — esta sitiada, 
 se ha levanlado el sitio, 
 pero han vuelto a ponerlo, 
 ha habido algun combate. 
 
 naval ? 
 se decia, pero salio falso, 
 al contrario hablan de una 
 batalla, (firmacion, 
 
 esta novedad requiere con- 
 quien se la comunico ? 
 djebu^na parte me viene? 
 el Sefior N — me la dixo, 
 cree vm. que fengamos pa- 
 ces ? 
 hay mueha apawencia,' 
 para conrnigo, crco que no, 
 <_n que se fimda vm: 
 
 XII. 
 
 Of News. 
 
 What's the best neu 
 ivhat news is there) 
 I know none. 
 n what news runs ? 
 did yon hear any news : 
 what news did you hear ? 
 there is none at all. 
 I have heard no news, 
 what do they talk about ? 
 there is no talk of any 
 
 thing. 
 I teas told, or I heard, 
 
 that — (news, 
 
 this is a very good piece of 
 have.you heard any thing 
 
 of the war ? 
 I heard nothing of it. 
 there is a talk of a siege. 
 
 they say — is besieged. 
 
 they have raised the siege, 
 but they laid it again, 
 has there been any sea- 
 fight ? (pro wed fa Ise. 
 they said so, but it has 
 on the contrary, they talk 
 
 of a battle. (tion. 
 
 this news ivants conftrma- 
 icho have you it from ? 
 / have it from good hands. 
 3Ir. N — told it me. 
 do you think we shall hate 
 
 a peace ? 
 there is a likelihood of it. 
 for my part, I believe not 
 what grounds have you 
 
 jorit\ 
 
Familiar Dialogues. 
 
 319 
 
 en que veo que los animos 
 
 de entrambas partes es- 
 
 tiiti m\iy poco inclina- 
 
 dos a la paz, 
 sin embargo todos necesi- 
 
 <an de la paz, 
 sobre todo los mercaderes 
 
 y comereiantes, 
 la guerra hace mucho da- 
 
 no al comercio, 
 sin duda, la paz es mas 
 
 ventajosa al comercio, 
 ■ 
 que se dice en la corte ? 
 se habla de armar una flota 
 
 de veinte navios de 
 
 guerra, 
 hablan de un viage, 
 quando se cree que el rey 
 
 safca ? 
 no se dice, no se sabe, 
 
 adonde ira la princesa? 
 
 unosdicen a Windsor, otros 
 a Ricbmond, 
 
 que dice la Gazeta ? 
 
 no labeleido, 
 
 hablandole sinceramente, 
 los designios de la corte 
 son tan secretos que ruu 
 diepuede saberlos, 
 
 poco se me da de los ne- 
 goeios de estiido, 
 
 no me meto jamas en arre- 
 glar el estado, 
 
 hablemos de noticias par- 
 ticulars, 
 
 como esta el Senor D — i 
 
 he cause I see the minds of 
 loth parties are little 
 inclined that way. 
 
 every body wants peace, 
 
 however, 
 especially merchants and 
 
 traders, 
 war is a great hindrance 
 
 to trade, 
 without question, peace is 
 
 more advantageous to 
 
 trade, 
 what do they say at court? 
 they talk of jit ting out a 
 fleet oj twenty men of 
 
 war. 
 they talk of a journey •. 
 when do they suppose the 
 
 king will go ? 
 it is not known, they say 
 
 nothing of it. 
 where will theprincessgo? 
 some say to Windsor, 
 
 others to Richmond, 
 what says the Gazette ? 
 / have not read it. 
 to speak freely with you, 
 
 the designs of the court 
 
 are kept so secret that 
 
 nobody can know any 
 
 thing of them. 
 I trouble myself very lit- 
 tle about state affairs. 
 I never take upon me to 
 
 settle the nation, 
 let us talk of private news, 
 
 how does Mr. J) — >} 
 
r>-2o 
 
 A Kew Spanish Grammar. 
 
 quando le ha visto vra. } 
 
 aver le vi, 
 
 es verdad lo que dicen 
 
 de el ? 
 que sedice de el ? 
 dicen que rino al juego, 
 con quien ? 
 
 con un cabal lero Frances, 
 han peleddo ? 
 si, seiior, pelearon ? 
 esta herido ? (talmente, 
 dicen que salio herido mor- 
 lo siento, es hombre de 
 
 bien, 
 sobre que rinieron ? 
 lo ignoro enteramente, 
 se dice que le desmintio, 
 no lo puedo creer, 
 ni yo tampoco, 
 sea lo que fuere, presto se 
 
 sabra, 
 en su casa lo preguntare, 
 
 when did you see him} 
 
 I saw him yesterday. 
 
 Is that true which is re- 
 ported of him ? 
 
 what of him? 
 
 they say he had a quarrel 
 
 with whom r (at play. 
 
 with a French gentleman. 
 
 did they fight ? 
 
 yes, sir, they fought. 
 
 is he wounded ? (wounded. 
 
 they say he is mortally 
 
 I am sorry for it, he is an 
 honest man. (quarrel} 
 
 upon what account did they 
 
 I know nothing of it. 
 
 they say lie gave him the 
 
 I cannot believe it. (lie. 
 
 nor 1 neither. 
 
 whatever be in it, it will 
 be quickly known. 
 
 I will enquire about it m 
 his house. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Entre dos Se nor it as. 
 
 Adonde esta mi seriorita, 
 
 esta en su quarto, 
 
 lo sabe vm. de cierto ? 
 
 asi lo creo, 
 
 ha visto vm. a mi herma- 
 
 no, seriorita, (no ? 
 
 adonde esta su hermana ? 
 
 salio ahora poco hace, 
 
 come a fuera, enlaciudad, 
 
 adonde va vm. r 
 a mi quarto, 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Between two Young La- 
 dies. 
 
 Where is my lady) 
 
 she is in her room. 
 
 are you sure of it ? 
 
 / believe so. 
 
 have you seen my brother? 
 
 no, miss. 
 
 ivhere is your sister ? 
 
 she is just gone out. 
 
 she dines abroad, in the 
 
 city % 
 where are you goinp 
 into my room* 
 
Familiar Dialogues. 
 
 321 
 
 qiuere vm. ir conmigo ? 
 gusta vm. quejuguemos ? 
 a que ju^go? 
 a los naipes, 
 no puexlo jugdr, 
 •soy la mas desafortunada 
 
 del mundo en ei juego, 
 nunca gano, 
 casi siempre pierdo, 
 vamos plies a pasedr, 
 liacia donde iremos ? 
 hacia donde vm. quisiere, 
 hace demaskdo calor, 
 esperemos pues un poco, 
 tie'ne vm. calor ? 
 en verdad que si, 
 que esta-vm. buscaPxdor 
 busco mi sombrerillo, 
 quie>e vm. baxar? 
 en este instante, 
 espere vm. un rato, 
 que senora es esa? 
 
 -es la Condesa de , 
 
 la conoce vm. particuiar- 
 
 mente? 
 •ten go ese honor, 
 tie'ne-vm. jnuchos conoci- 
 
 dos en la corte, 
 hagame vmd. uh favor, 
 de todo mi o.orazon, 
 que me mandavm.? 
 
 que desea vm. de mi ? 
 .que me Ueve a casa de esa 
 
 serlora, 
 gustosa lo har£, 
 se alegrard much de cano* 
 
 •cerla, 
 
 will you go with me ? 
 
 tc ill you play ? 
 
 at what game ? 
 
 at cards. 
 
 I cannot play. 
 
 1 am the most unfortunate 
 
 4n the world at gaming. 
 I never win. 
 I almost always lose, 
 let us take a walk then, 
 ivhere shall ice go ? 
 where you will, 
 it is too hot. 
 let its stay a tittle ? 
 are you hot} 
 yes, indeed. 
 
 what are you looking for? 
 I loch for my hat. 
 will you come down, 
 presently, 
 stay a little, 
 what lady is that ? 
 it is the Countess of — . 
 do you know her partial* 
 
 iarly ? 
 I have that honour, 
 you have great acquaint* 
 
 once at court, 
 do me a favour. 
 with all my heart. 
 what do you command of 
 
 me ? 
 what do you desire of me ? 
 to carry me to that ladys 
 
 house, 
 I Will do it with pleasure. 
 she will be very glad to be 
 
 acquainted with you. 
 
 TT 
 
322 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 querida, quedo muy agra- my dear, I am infinitely 
 
 decida, obliged to you, 
 
 soy toda de vm, 5 I am, wholly yours, 
 
 y yo de vm., / tell you the same. 
 
 XIV. 
 Entre dos Amigos. 
 
 Que! es vm. ? 
 
 de donde viene que no me 
 
 miravmd. ? 
 cierto que no reparaba en 
 
 vm., 
 no le via, 
 pasa vm. cerca de mi, me 
 
 toca con el codo, y no 
 
 me ve ? 
 
 iba cavilando en algo, 
 
 pensaba vm. quizas en su 
 querida. (oabeza, 
 
 otros ne^ocios tengo en mi 
 
 que negocios t 
 
 hallandome escaso de di- 
 nero, voy a ver a un su- 
 jeto que me debe, 
 
 e iba pensando, si ie man- 
 daria a r re star en caso de 
 no pa gar me, 
 
 vive lexosde aqui ? 
 
 a quatro pasos de aqui, 
 
 esta vm. cierto de ballarle 
 
 en casa ? 
 creo que le hallare" a estas 
 
 horas, 
 se estaravm. muclro tiem- 
 
 po? 
 no un quarto de hora, 
 
 XIV. 
 Between Two Friends. 
 
 How ! is it you ? 
 
 how comes it that you do 
 not look upon me ? 
 
 indeed I did not take no- 
 tice of you. 
 
 I did not see you. 
 
 you pass just by me, you 
 touch me with your el- 
 how, and yet you do not 
 see me ? 
 
 I was cavilling at some- 
 thing. 
 
 perhaps you teas thinking 
 of your mistress. 
 
 I have other business in 
 
 what business? (my head. 
 
 being in want of money, I 
 am going to see for one 
 who owes me some. 
 
 and I was thinking whe^ 
 ther [ should arrest 
 him; in case he did not 
 fay me. 
 
 does he live far (iff? 
 fu ur steps from th is p lace. 
 
 are you sure to find him 
 at home ? 
 
 / believe I shall find him 
 about tills time. 
 
 shall you stay long there f 
 
 not a quarter of an houi\ 
 
Familiar Dialogues. 
 
 23 
 
 despache vm. pues, que le 
 voy a esperar en este 
 cafe, 
 
 estareconvm. luego, 
 
 ya de vuelta ? 
 eomo lo ve vm., 
 le hallo vm. ? 
 si, senor, 
 le pago a vm. f 
 gracias a Dios, 
 lo celebro inucho, 
 pero si no !e hubiera paga- 
 do, yo le prestaria dine- 
 
 no le hubiera faltado dine- 
 
 mi bolsa estaba a su servi- 
 se lo estimo mucho, (cio, 
 nos quedamos aqui ? 
 no, vamos a beber una bo- 
 
 tella, para pasar media 
 
 hora juntos, 
 en bora buena, pero quie- 
 
 ro pagarla, 
 quango se hay a bebido ha- 
 
 blaremos de esto, 
 vamonos, 
 le voy siguiendo, 
 
 make haste then, I'll go 
 and stay for you in 
 that co ffiee- house. 
 
 I will be with you pre- 
 sently. 
 
 are you returned already? 
 
 as you see it. 
 
 did you find your man f 
 
 yes, sir. 
 
 has he paid you ? 
 
 yes, thank God. 
 
 I am very glad of it. 
 
 but if he had not paid you, 
 I would have lent you 
 money. 
 
 you should not have want- 
 ed money. {vice. 
 
 my purse was at your ser- 
 
 1 am much obliged to you. 
 
 shall we stay here ? 
 
 no, let us go and drink a 
 bottle, to pass half an 
 hour together. 
 
 ivith all my hearty but I 
 will treat you. 
 
 ive will talk of it when we 
 have drank it. 
 
 let us go away. 
 
 J follow you. 
 
 XV. 
 Del escribir una Carta. 
 
 No es hoy dia de correo ? 
 porque ? (carta, 
 
 p or que he de escribir una 
 a quien escribe vm. ? 
 a mi hermdno, 
 no esta en la ciudad r 
 
 XV. 
 
 Of writing a Letter. 
 
 Is not this a post-day ? 
 why ? (write, 
 
 because I have a letter to 
 who do you write to ? 
 to mv brother, 
 is not he in tvw?i ? 
 XT 2 
 
324 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 no,sen6r,estaen el campo? 
 
 en que campo? 
 
 en las agiias de Tunbridge 
 
 quanto tiernpo hace ? 
 
 quinze dia®-, 
 
 deine vmd. una boja de pa- 
 pel dorado, una pluma y 
 tinta, 
 
 entre vm. en mi gavinete, 
 y hallara sobre la mesa 
 rec&do de eseribir, 
 
 no hay pltimas, 
 
 ahi estan en el tinteroy. 
 
 nada valen, 
 
 alii hay otras, (mas 3 . 
 
 no estan cortadas estas plu- 
 
 adonde esti su corta plu- 
 
 mas 
 
 %: 
 
 sabe vm. cortarplumas E 
 las corto ami modoy 
 esta no es mala, 
 es bastantemente buena, 
 mientras acabo esta carta, 
 
 hagame vmd. el favor 
 
 de hacer un pliego de 
 
 estos papules, 
 que sello quiere vm. que le 
 
 ponga ? 
 sellela vm. con mis armas 
 
 6 con mi cifra, 
 
 que lacre le he de poner ? 
 ponga vm. roxo 6 negro, 
 
 no importa, 
 no bastaran obleas ?- 
 es lo mismo, 
 
 no, sir, he is in the coun- 
 try, [try f 
 
 in what part of the coim- 
 
 he is at Tunbridge-wells . 
 
 how long since ? 
 
 a fortnight. 
 
 give me a sheet of gilt pa- 
 per, a pen, and a little 
 ink. 
 
 step into my closet, you 
 mill find upon the table 
 all that you have occa- 
 sion for. 
 
 there are no pens. (horn. 
 
 there are some in the ink- 
 
 they are good for nothing. 
 
 there are some others. 
 
 these are not made. 
 
 ivhere is your pen- knife ? 
 
 can you make pens Y 
 
 I make them my own way. 
 
 this is not a bad one. 
 
 it is good enough. 
 
 while I finish this letter, 
 be so kind as make a 
 packet of these papers. 
 
 what seal will you have 
 me put to it ? 
 
 seal it with my coat top 
 arms, or with my cy- 
 pher. 
 
 what ic ax shall I put toil* 
 
 put either red or black, tic 
 matter which. 
 
 may not I put wafers to it? 
 
 it is all one. 
 
Familicrr Dialogues, 
 
 32£ 
 
 ha puesto vm. la fecha ? 
 creo que si, pero no he fif- 
 
 mado, 
 que dia del mes tenemos ? 
 
 el diez, veinte, &e. 
 pliegue vm. esta carta, 
 ponga el sobrescrito, 
 eierrela, vm.. y sellela, 
 
 adonde esta la acenilla ? 
 
 en la salvadera, 
 
 deseque su escritura con te- 
 
 leta, 
 eomo envia vm. sus cartas? 
 las remito por el harriera, 
 
 6 por el eorreo, 
 mi criado las llevara al 
 
 eorreo si vm. gustare 
 
 confiarselas, 
 lleva las cartas del senor a I 
 
 eorreo, y no te se olvide 
 
 de franquearlas, 
 
 no ten go dinero, 
 ahi le tienes, ve presto, y 
 vaelve luego, 
 
 estare de vuelta en menos 
 de m£dio quarto de bo- 
 ra, 
 
 ha Ilegado el eorreo ? 
 
 ahora acaba de llegar, 
 
 hay cartas para mi I 
 
 creo que si, 
 
 porque no las has traido ? 
 
 aiin no se entreg;aban, 
 
 hove you put the dqfe ? 
 
 / believe I have, but I have 
 not subscribed it. 
 
 ivhat day of the mojith is 
 this? (§xv 
 
 the tenth, the twentieth, 
 
 fold up this letter. (it. 
 
 put the superscription to 
 
 make up the cover, and? 
 seal it. 
 
 where is the sand ? 
 
 in the sand-box. 
 
 dry you writing with blot- 
 ting paper. (letters ? 
 
 how do you convey your 
 
 I send them by the car- 
 rier, or by the post. 
 
 my man shall carry them 
 to the post, if you ivill 
 trust him with them. 
 
 carry the gentleman s let- 
 ters to the post-office, 
 and do not for get to pay 
 postage. 
 
 I have no money. 
 
 there is some, go quickly, 
 and make haste back 
 again. 
 
 I will be back again in 
 less than half a quarter 
 of an hour. 
 
 is the post come in ? 
 
 it is just arrived. 
 
 are there any letters for 
 
 J believe there are. (me i 
 
 iv hy did not you bring 
 than t (out yet. 
 
 they have not given tfien* 
 
3'2G 
 
 A Afyw Spanish Grammar . 
 
 XVI 
 Para ir a la Comedla. 
 
 Se dice que hoy represen- 
 ts una pieza nueva, 
 
 es comedia, tragedia, 6 en* 
 tremes ? 
 
 es una tragedia, 
 
 co mo la Ham an ? 
 
 la esposa de dueio, 
 
 quien es su autor ? 
 
 el Senor Congreve, 
 
 es esta la prim era repre- 
 sentacioii r 
 
 ao, sefior, ya la ban repre- 
 sentado cinco veces, 
 
 este es el dia del poeta, 
 
 corno se recibio la primera 
 y demas veces que se 
 rejpresento ? 
 
 fue recibida con univer- 
 sal aplauso, 
 
 el autor era ya famoso, 
 
 y esta ultima tragedia, ha 
 aumentado mucho su 
 fa ma, 
 
 i rem os a verla r 
 
 con mucho gusto, 
 
 voi a mandar al cochero. 
 que ponga el coche, 
 
 tomaremos un aposento, 6 
 
 palco? 
 lo. que vm; guste, pero mas 
 
 quisiera ir al patio, 
 que tal le parece & vm. la 
 
 inusica ? 
 muy buena me parece, 
 
 XVI. 
 
 To go to the PI ay- House. 
 
 They say there is a hew 
 play acted to-day. 
 
 is it a comedy, a tragedy, 
 or a farce ? 
 
 it is a tragedy. 
 
 what do they call it Y 
 
 the Mourning Bride. 
 
 who is the author of it ? 
 
 Mr. Congreve. 
 
 is this the first time it is 
 acted ? 
 
 no, sir, it has been already 
 acted five times. 
 
 Ms is the poets day. 
 
 how did it take the first, 
 and the other times it 
 was acted ? 
 
 it met with universal ap- 
 plause. 
 
 the author ivas already 
 famous. 
 
 and this last tragedy has 
 increasedmuch his fame* 
 
 shall we go and see it ? 
 
 with all my heart. 
 
 1 will go and hid the 
 
 coachman get the coach 
 
 ready, 
 shall we tahe a box ? 
 
 as you please, but 1 J tad 
 
 rat Iter go into the pit. 
 how do you lilce the niiesh ? 
 
 I think it is very fine. 
 
Familiar Dialogues. 
 
 327 
 
 no repara vm. la armoma 
 tie aquella trompeta ? 
 
 suena muy bien, con los 
 violines y el clave, 
 
 las salerias estan va llenas, 
 
 y como vm. lo ve, estamos 
 may apretados en el pa- 
 tio, 
 
 no caben las madamas en 
 los aposentos, 
 
 nunca he visto la casa tan 
 llena, 
 
 bay rnuchisima gente, 
 
 que vista tan hermosa! 
 
 las senoras estan muy ri- 
 camente vestidas, 
 
 ve vm. aquella sefiora en el 
 aposento de la reyna ? 
 
 que" bonita ! es hermosa 
 como un angel, 
 
 es muy bien parecida, 
 
 la conoce vm. ? 
 
 tengo ese honor, 
 
 que colores tan vivos que 
 tiene en su rostro hechi- 
 cero, 
 
 sus dientes son blancos co- 
 mo la nieve, 
 
 se levanta el talon, escu- 
 chemos, 
 
 vea vm. aquella comica, 
 que bien representa su 
 papel, 
 
 quan pateticamente se ex- 
 plica, 
 
 dont you fake notice of 
 the harmony of taut 
 trumpet '! 
 
 it sounds very well among 
 the violins and harpsi- 
 chord. 
 
 the galleries are all full 
 already. 
 
 and, as you see, ice are 
 very much crowded in 
 the pit. 
 
 the boxes are full of ladles. 
 
 I never saw the house so 
 full. (of people, 
 
 there is a great number 
 what a fine prospect I 
 the ladies are very richly 
 
 dressed, 
 do you see that lady in the 
 
 queens box '■ 
 how pretty ! she loohs as 
 
 beautiful as an angel, 
 she is perfectly well shap~ 
 do you know her ? (ed. 
 I have that honour, 
 what vivid colours she has 
 
 i/i her charming com- 
 plexion, 
 her teeth are as white as 
 
 snow. 
 the curtain is drawing up, 
 
 let us hear, 
 see with what grace tliat 
 
 actress acts her pari. 
 
 how pathetic she delivers 
 herself. 
 
325 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 she is as good as ever trod 
 
 the stage, 
 here comes out another, 
 that is not a whit infe- 
 rior to the first. 
 el primero y se^undo galan the first and second actors 
 han hecho bien su pa- have performed weU. 
 pel, 
 
 no ha pisado el teatro otra 
 
 roejor, 
 aqui sale otra que en nada 
 
 es inferior a ia primera, 
 
 XVII. 
 
 Antes de Acostarsc, y 
 de spues de estar Acas- 
 tado. 
 
 Anochece, es quasi 4e 
 
 noche, 
 obscurece, es tarde, 
 vm.viene a casa muy £arde, 
 es tiempo de acostarse, 
 no se deshizo la cempania 
 
 hasta media noche, 
 y vm. sefior, a que hora se 
 
 suele recoger ■? 
 
 senor, estoy en casa al po- 
 ller del sol, 
 
 ceno a las nueve, y me 
 acuesto a las diez, 
 
 guardar deshoras, 6 velar 
 mucho no conviene a mi 
 salud, 
 
 es vm. gran dormilon, 
 
 hallara vm. la cama fria, 
 Dorotea, la cama esta inal 
 
 hecha. 
 sacude elcolchonde pi urn a, 
 rehaz la cama porque la 
 
 hallo muy desigual, 
 tumuchachodameel gorro, 
 
 XVII. 
 
 Before going to Bed, and 
 after one is in Bed. 
 
 Night comes on, it is al- 
 most night. 
 
 it grows dark, it is late. 
 
 you come home very late, 
 
 it is time to go to bed. 
 
 the company did not break 
 up until midnight. 
 
 and you, sir, at ivhat 
 o clock do you retire, or 
 withdraw. 
 
 sir, I am at home at sun- 
 set 
 
 I sup at nme, and go to 
 bed at ten. 
 
 late hours, or sitting up 
 late, does not agree with 
 me. 
 
 you are very drowsy, or 
 sleepy. 
 
 you will find the bed cold. 
 
 Dolly, the bed is ill made. 
 
 heat up the feather -bed. 
 make the bed a sain, for I 
 
 find it very liners 
 you boy, give me my night- 
 cap. 
 
Familiar Dialogues. 
 
 329 
 
 y ayudame a desnudar, 
 
 saquese vm. las hevillas, y 
 
 je quitare* los zapatos, 
 desatese las ligas, y yo ti- 
 
 rare las medias y calce- 
 
 tas^ 
 ponme la casaca, chupa, y 
 
 calzones en orden, 
 para que los pueda encon- 
 
 trar por la mafiana, 
 vuelvete presto a tomar la 
 
 vela, 6 & apagarla, 
 despieVtame mafiana tem- 
 
 prano, 
 tengo que levantarme al 
 
 romper del dia, 
 senor, empieza & rayar el 
 
 dia, 
 me parece que esta aun 
 
 muy obscuro, 
 descansovm. bien anoche? 
 no he cerrado los ojos en 
 
 toda la noche, 
 pues que ha sido la causa ? 
 mi companero de viage 
 
 ronca mucho, 
 hablo a veces en suenos, 
 y creo que padece de in- 
 
 cuboj 6 de pesadilla, 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 Entre una Sejiora, y su 
 Doncella. 
 
 Isahelita, atiza ese fuego, 
 calientame una camisa^ 
 me voy & mudar ropa, 
 
 and help me fo undress 
 
 myself, 
 take out your buckles, and 
 
 Til take off your shoes, 
 untie your garters, and 
 
 I'll pull off your upper 
 
 and under stockings, 
 lay my coat, waistcoat, 
 
 and breeches, in order, 
 that I may find them in 
 
 the morning, 
 go quick, and take away the 
 
 candle, or quench it. 
 awake me to morrow be- 
 times. 
 I must rise by break of 
 
 day. 
 master, the day begins to 
 
 peep, 
 met kinks it is very dark 
 
 yet. {night I 
 
 have you rested well last 
 I have not .slept a wink 
 
 the ivhole night. 
 wJiat was the matter then? 
 my fellow-traveller snores 
 
 hard. (sleep, 
 
 he talks sometimes in his 
 and I believe he labours 
 
 under a night -mare, or 
 
 he is hag ridden. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 Between a Lady and her 
 
 Chamber-Maid. 
 Betsy, stir up that fire, 
 warm my shijt, or smock. 
 I am going to change li- 
 nen. 
 u u 
 
336 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 alcSnzame las enaguas, 
 
 en donde esta* el zagalejo, y 
 
 el guarda pies ? 
 estoy poniendoles las cin- 
 
 tas, 
 ayudame a poner la cotilia, 
 ajustame bien, 
 prepara el tocador, 
 todo esta pronto senora, 
 vamos, peyname despacio, 
 
 para que no me hagas 
 
 mal, 
 venga el jpeynador, 
 yasa un pano por ese epe- 
 
 jo, esta sucio, 
 trae el acerico, 
 senora, no lo puedo encon- 
 Tmscamelo, presto, (trar, 
 ya lo encontr£, por fin, 
 ha traido la modista el pe- 
 
 to de cintas que la en^ 
 
 cargue* ayer ? 
 
 no senora todas el las son 
 
 unas mentirosas y em^ 
 
 busteras, 
 no tomaia mas ella mi di- 
 
 nero, 
 se descuida con sus mejo- 
 
 res parroquianas, 
 ha traido mi bata ? 
 no que yo sepa, 
 toma la borla que estd en 
 
 la caxa de los polvos, 
 en donde esta la eaxita, de 
 
 Iqs lunares ? 
 justamente ft>a yo aponer- 
 
 selos k vm, 
 
 hand me my dimity petti* 
 
 coat, 
 where are my under and 
 
 upper petticoats i 
 I am putting tapes to 
 
 them, 
 helpme to put on my stays, 
 lace me very tight, 
 lay the toilet. (dam. 
 
 every thing is ready, ma- 
 come, comb me softly , lest 
 
 you should hurt me. 
 
 give me my combing-cloth. 
 
 wipe that looking-glass a 
 little, it is dirty. 
 
 bring me the pin-cushion. 
 
 madam, I cannot find it. 
 
 look for it directly. 
 
 I have found it at last. 
 
 has the milliner brought 
 thestomacher of ribbons 
 which I bespoke yester- 
 day ? 
 
 no, madam, all of them are 
 a pack of lying impos* 
 tors. 
 
 she shall have no more of 
 my custom. 
 
 she neglects her best cus- 
 tomers. 
 
 has she brought my gown} 
 
 not that I know of. 
 
 take the puff that lies in 
 that powder-box. 
 
 where is the patch-box? 
 
 J was. jast going to put 
 them on you. 
 
Familiar Dialogues* 
 
 K 
 
 33.1 
 
 dime una bata de luto r give me my morning-gown* 
 
 p6nme un alfiler en esta pin me this tippet close be- 
 
 bufanda por atras, hind. 
 
 que me den el delantal de let me have my black gauze 
 
 luto, apron. 
 
 traeme los pendientes y bring me my jet pendants 
 
 broches, 6 manillas de and bracelets. 
 
 azabache, 
 
 como tambien la sortija de and also the diamond-ringl 
 
 diamantes, (chief* 
 
 zahiimauie este panuelo^ sweeten me this handker- 
 
 dame el manguito, y el give me my muff and J an* 
 
 abanico, 
 
 quiere vm. llevar el capo- will you have your fur 
 
 tillo de pieles i cloak ? 
 
 no, no haoe frio, 6 no estd no, the weather is not 
 
 frio el tiempo, cold. 
 
 como me hallas, 6 que te how do you like me ? 
 
 parezco ) (well* 
 
 sefiora muy lindamente. madam, you look extremely 
 
 XIX. 
 
 Para Nadar. 
 
 Hace mucho calor, 
 
 no hay que extranarlo, e$- 
 tamos en Agosto, 
 
 vamos a banarnos, 6 & na- 
 dar, 
 
 no me gustael agua, 
 
 mas quisiera ver a los na- 
 dadores, que nadar yo, 
 
 nada bien aquel ? 
 
 nada como un pez, 
 
 nada de espaldas, y entre 
 dos aguas, 
 
 1/1 
 
 aprendo anadar con j uncos, 
 y vo nado sobre corchos, 
 
 XIX. 
 
 To Swim, 
 
 It is very hot, 
 
 no wonder, it is now Au~ 
 
 gust, 
 let us go a bathing, or 
 
 swimming. 
 I do not like water. 
 I would rather look oft > 
 
 than swim myself, 
 does he swim well ? 
 he swims like a fish, 
 he swims on his back, and 
 
 under water, rrusnes. 
 I learn to swim with bull* 
 and I swim upon cork, 
 v v 2 
 
33 2 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 espeligroso nadar con vexi- 
 gas, porque se puedea 
 rebentar, 
 
 ayer estuve a pique de 
 ahogarrae, 
 
 me hundi, 6 me fui a* 
 fondo, 
 
 y me bubiera ahogado si- 
 no fuera por mi herma- 
 
 ■ no, que me saco por los 
 cabellos, 
 
 de buena se escapo vm. 
 
 mi angel de guarda me 
 salvo, 
 
 XX. 
 
 Para hacer un Cambio. 
 
 quiere vrn. cambiar su es^ 
 
 padin por mi muestra ? 
 en hora buena, 
 quanto me dara vm. de 
 
 vuelta? 6 quanto me 
 
 vol vera vm.? 
 quanto me pide vm. ? 
 en quanto aprecia vm. su 
 
 muestra? 
 en treinta y seis pesos, 
 no vale tanto, por que es 
 
 vieja, 
 confieso que es vieja, pero 
 
 anda bien, 
 nada le volvere" encima, 
 
 porque mi espada vale 
 
 tanto como su muestra, 
 ciertamente se burla vm. 
 mucho le faita, 
 es la guarnicion de plata ? 
 
 it is dangerous? 1 lb swim 
 with bladders, because 
 they may burst. 
 
 yesterday I had like to 
 have been drowned. 
 
 I sunk to the bottom. 
 
 and would have remained 
 there, had not my bro- 
 ther pulled me up by the 
 hair of the head. 
 
 you had a narrow escape 
 of it. 
 
 my guardian angel saved 
 me. 
 
 XX. 
 
 To take an Exchange. 
 
 Will you barter your 
 sword for my watch ? 
 
 with all my heart. 
 
 how much will you give 
 me to boot ? 
 
 how much do you ask ? 
 what do you value your 
 
 watch at ? 
 thirty-six dollars, 
 it is not worth so much, 
 
 as it is old. 
 I own it is old, but it goes 
 
 well. 
 Til give you nothing to 
 
 boot, for my sivordis as 
 
 good as your watch, 
 surely you jest, 
 far from it. 
 is the hilt of it silver ? 
 
Familiar Dialogues. 
 
 >33 
 
 beJJa pregunta ! no ve vm. 
 
 que es de plata sobre do- 
 
 rada, (pelo ? 
 
 quiere vm. cambiar pelo a 
 
 convengo, en hora buena, 
 
 XXI. 
 
 Entre un Enfermo un 
 Medico, y un Cirujano. 
 
 Sefior, en vie a llamar a vm. 
 
 esta mafiana, 
 que tiene vm. ? que es lo 
 
 que le duele r (tono, 
 estoy malo, no estoy en 
 tiene vm. cara de enfermo, 
 
 que le duele ? de que" se 
 
 quexa vm. i 
 me duele la cabeza, el pe- 
 
 cho, el estomago, 
 
 desde quando ? quanto ha 
 desde anoche, (cle eso ? 
 que tal ha dormido vm.? 
 no he podido dormir, ni 
 cerrar los ojos en toda la 
 noche, 
 muestre me vm. la lengua, 
 dexeme tomar el pulso, 
 me abraso vivo, con el ar- 
 dor de la calentura, 
 tiene vm. ctlentura, pero 
 
 no es maligna, 
 el pulso esta desigual, 
 
 es preciso sangrarse, 
 me sangraron la semana 
 pasada, 
 
 a fine question, indeed ! do 
 you not see it is silver 
 and gilt ? 
 will you swop even hands } 
 done, with all my heart.' 
 
 XXI. 
 
 Between a Sick Person, a 
 Physician, and a Sur- 
 geon. 
 
 ■Sir $ I send for you this 
 morning. 
 
 what is the matter with 
 you ? 
 
 I am ill, lam out of order. 
 
 you look as if you were 
 sick. 
 
 tvhat ails you ? ivhat 2V 
 your complaint ? 
 
 I have a pain in my head, 
 in my breast, and sto- 
 mach, (since} 
 
 hoiv long ago ? is it long 
 
 since last night. 
 
 how did you rest} 
 
 I could not sleep, nor close 
 my eyes the whole night. 
 
 shew me your tongue, 
 let me fee! your pulse. 
 lam broiling "live with 
 
 the ardour of the fever, 
 you h av e a fiver , but not 
 
 of an evil kind. 
 your pulse does not beat 
 
 even, 
 you must let blood. 
 I did let blood last wet 
 
3te 
 
 A Netv Spdnish Grammar. 
 
 no import*, es menester 
 sacar un |>oco ahora, 
 
 que envien por el mismo 
 
 qire me sangro el otro 
 tTeiie la mano firme, (dia, 
 y hace una buena cisura, 
 
 y ligadura, 
 es cuidadoso, suave, y usa 
 
 buenas lancetas, 
 buen amnio, no se desa- 
 
 liente vm., 
 no tendra mala resulta al- 
 
 guna, 
 ama, es preciso esmerarse 
 
 en la asisteiicia de este 
 
 enfermo, 
 que se le gratifieara a vm., 
 
 que me den pluma, tinta, 
 y* papel ; voy & recetar, 
 
 IteveVm. la receta a la bo- 
 
 tica, 
 j^tlele vm. la dosis tibia, 
 
 esunapurga suave, desti- 
 nada para limpiar las 
 priraeras vias, 
 
 administre le vm. una ayu- 
 da, 6 lavativa a las 9, 
 para la purga, (gero, 
 
 su dieta ha de ser caldo li- 
 
 v agua cada dos horas, 
 
 S'.D'. biehvenidoWvm, 
 ^s vm. muy cuidadoso, 
 mH 'medico debe ser cuitfa- 
 dosoy puttfua*?/ ' : 
 
 no matter, it h rteeessdry 
 to draw a little at pre^ 
 sent. 
 
 send for the same that bled 
 me the other day* 
 
 his hund is steady. 
 
 and makes a good orifice 
 and ligature. 
 
 he is very/ careful, and has 
 good lancets. 
 
 take courage, be not de- 
 jected. 
 
 it will be of no bad conse- 
 quence. 
 
 nurse, you must exert 
 yourself in the assist- 
 ance of this patient, 
 for which you will be ivell 
 rewarded. 
 
 let me have pen, ink, and 
 paper, I am going to 
 prescribe for him. 
 
 carry the receipt to the 
 apothecary s. 
 
 and give him the doses 
 lukewarm. 
 
 it is a gentle purge, in- 
 tended to clear the first 
 passages. 
 
 administer him a glyster 
 at 9, to prepare him for 
 the physic. 
 
 let his diet be light broth. 
 
 and water at every two 
 hours. 
 
 Doctor, you are welcome, 
 you are very careful. 
 
 a physician ought fo Bi 
 carejul and pitntttibl. 
 
Familiar Dialogues* 
 
 335 
 
 c6mo se halla vm. esta ma- 
 
 nana ? 
 ho puedo mas, me estoy 
 
 muriendo, 6 me muerp, 
 me debilito, me consumo, 
 alegrese vm. no se desali- 
 
 ente por tan poca cosa, 
 ah ! sefior, no sabe vm., 
 
 quan malo estoy, 
 tengo ya un pie en la se 
 
 pultura, 
 se acabo para mi, desfaU 
 
 lezco sensiblemente, 
 mis fuerzas declinan cada 
 
 dia y mas, 
 estoy etico, mi mal es in- 
 curable, 6 no hay para 
 
 mi esperanza demejoria, 
 senor, hace vm. su mal 
 
 peor de lo que es, 
 me atrevo a asegurar & vm. 
 
 que saldrd de &ta, 
 me muero sin remedio, 
 mi mal es muy inveterado, 
 creame vm. no sera cosa, 
 
 puedo asegurarle, que no 
 esta en tanto peligro, 
 
 obro bien la purga ? 
 
 ha tenido el deseado efecto, 
 
 he hecho con ella ocho, 6 
 nueve cursos, 
 
 y ^sin el menor dolor, 6 
 
 encupntro una notable me?- 
 
 joria, 
 mantengase vm. caliente, 
 y guarde dieta, por teinor 
 
 de la recaida, 
 
 how do you find yourself- 
 
 this morning % u ^ u? , 
 I am almost spent, lam a 
 
 I linger, I pine away, 
 chear up, be not cast down 
 
 for so small a matter, 
 ok, sir! you little know 
 
 how bad I am. 
 I have onejoot already in 
 
 the grave. 
 I am gone, I decay very 
 
 fast. 
 I grow weaker every day. 
 
 I am consumptive, my dis* 
 
 ease is past recovery 9 or 
 
 incurable, 
 sir, you make your disease 
 
 worse than it is, 
 I dare promise you that 
 
 you will recover. 
 I must die. (rate, 
 
 my disease is too invete* 
 believe me, it will be no-* 
 
 thing. 
 I assure you, you are not 
 
 in such danger, 
 did your physic work well? 
 it had the desired effect. 
 it gave me eight or nine 
 
 l oo b ^ / 
 
 and without the least pain 
 
 or griping. 
 Ifind a remarkable change 
 
 for the better, 
 keep yourself warm, ./ ^ 
 and observe a strict Zdiih 
 
 fbrfearofarelap^r 
 
336 
 
 A Xew Spanish Grammar. 
 
 tendra vm. fuerte gana de 
 comer por algunos dias, 
 
 pero es necesario conte- 
 nts rse, 
 
 padecera vm. hambre ca- 
 ■ niua, 
 
 viva vm. mil anos por su 
 cuidado, y trabajo, 
 
 suplico a vm. reciba esta 
 caxita de oro, con cieu 
 pesos dentro, 
 
 co mo una pequefia prueba 
 de tm gratitud, por su 
 buena asistencia, 
 
 doy a vm. las gracias, 
 
 discurro que no necesitarj 
 
 ' mas de mi asistencia. 
 
 a Dios, quedese vm. con 
 Dios, 
 
 XXII. 
 
 De tin Bauiizo, de una 
 JBodo, y de un eniien o< 
 
 Adonde va vm. tande prie- 
 me voy a casa. (sa ? 
 
 que negocio es el que !e 
 
 trae & vm. con toda esa 
 
 priesa ? 
 tenemos hoy un bautizo, 
 ha parido su madre devm. ? 
 
 dio felizmente a Iuz un 
 hermoso, y robusto mu- 
 chacho, 
 
 despues de un largo, y pe- 
 noso parto, 
 
 tnvimos la fort una de te- 
 
 v ner la comadre, y ei co- 
 madron en casa. 
 
 you will have a ravenous 
 stomach for some days. 
 
 hut you must not indulge 
 U. 
 
 you 11 suffer an insatiable 
 desii e oj noting. 
 
 1 think ys ufior your care 
 and trouble. 
 
 pray accept of this gold 
 box, with the hnidred 
 dollars that are in it. 
 
 as a small mark 
 
 7 my 
 
 gratitude p;r your goad 
 
 assistance. 
 I thank you nest kindly. 
 I hope you 11 kave no more 
 
 occasion for vie. 
 farewell, God be with you. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 Of a Christ nmg, a Wed- 
 ding, and a Burial. 
 
 Whither do you go so fast} 
 
 I am going home. 
 
 what business is it that 
 
 carries you in all that 
 
 hurry ? {day. 
 
 we have a christening to- 
 is your mother brought to 
 
 'bed? 
 she was happily delivered 
 
 of a fine lusty boy. 
 
 after a long and painful 
 
 labour, 
 ice were fortunate enough 
 
 to have the midwife and 
 
 man-midwife in the 
 
 house. 
 
Familiar Dialogues, 
 
 337 
 
 Cmienes son los padrinos, 
 y madrinas ? 
 
 mi tio, y mi tia; y mi 
 primo y prima Juaniilo, 
 y Anita, 
 
 aqui estilainos uno de ca- 
 . da sexo solamente, 
 
 estan vms. provistos de 
 ama de leehe ? 
 
 la temamos provisional- 
 men te en casa, 
 
 quien bautiza el nifio ? 
 
 el cura, 6 el parroco, 
 
 convidele vm. & corner, 
 
 pidale vm. la fe de bautis- 
 mo, 
 
 lo hard vm. legalizar por 
 un notario publico, 
 
 y por un notario aposto- 
 lico, 
 
 es una preeaucion necesa- 
 ria para el sosiego de las 
 familias en lo venidero, 
 
 XXIII. 
 De Matrimonio. 
 
 Esta la hermana de vm. 
 
 casada ? 
 no seflor, pero estd prome- 
 
 tida, 6 apalabrada, 
 quando se casara ? 
 tan presto, 6 luego que to- 
 
 das las cosas esten pron- 
 
 tas, 6 dispuestas, 
 quien es el cabal lero con 
 
 quien se ha de casar t 
 
 se llama Don Toribio N. 
 
 who are the godfathers 
 
 and godmothers r 
 my uncle and aunt, and 
 
 my cousins Jack and 
 
 Nancy, 
 here ive have only one of 
 
 each sex, 
 are you provided with a 
 
 wet-nurse % 
 we had her cautiously in 
 
 the house, 
 who baptizes the child ? 
 the curate \or par ishpriest. 
 ask him to dine, 
 pray him to give you a 
 
 certificate of the bap- 
 tism, 
 ivhich you will get attest- 
 
 ed by the notary-public, 
 and by a notary apostolic. 
 
 it is a necessary precau- 
 tion for the quiet of fa- 
 milies in future times. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 Of Marriage. 
 Is your sister married ? 
 
 no sir, but she is betrothed. 
 
 when is she to be married ° 
 as soon as all things are 
 in readiness. 
 
 who is the gentleman to 
 whom she is to be mar- 
 ried ? 
 
 his name is Don Toribio N. 
 
 x x 
 
338 
 
 A New Spanish Grummur* 
 
 se dixo que se casaria con 
 mi Sefiorii P. &c. 
 
 alguna diferencia intervi- 
 no, que desconcerto lo 
 convenido entre ellos, 
 
 luego despues se propuso 
 este otro partido 3 y me 
 bien recibido, 
 
 las capitulaciones matri- 
 moniales estan hechas> 
 
 y firmadas por ambas par- 
 tes, 
 
 toma estado con una bue- 
 na familia,, 
 
 tenemos razon de esperar- 
 lo atjiy 
 
 que dia sera la boda.r 
 
 creo que sera p a sado ma- 
 iiana, 
 
 porque los vestidos nupci- 
 ales estan ya hechos,. 
 
 que dote la ha dado &u pa- 
 dre de vm, ? 
 
 diez mil iibras esterlinas, 
 que haeen sesenta mil pe- 
 sos de moneda Esparlo- 
 
 la > 
 
 es bonito dote manejado 
 con economia, y frugal i- 
 dad, 
 
 pasa un entierro, 
 
 quien Ha muerto ? 
 
 es la seiiora Dona N. mu- 
 ger de N. 
 
 en donde se entei rara ? 
 
 la enterraran en Santiago, 
 
 it was said he was to is 
 married to Miss, 8$d 
 
 sonic difference interven- 
 ed that broke off t he- 
 match between them. 
 
 this other purtij was pro- 
 posed soon after, and 
 teas well received. 
 
 articles of interman iage 
 were drawn up. 
 
 and signed byboth parties. 
 
 she matches into a good 
 
 family, 
 we have reason to hope so*. 
 
 what day is the wedding 
 
 to be? 
 I believe it will be after 
 
 to-morrow, 
 as the wedding-clothes arc 
 
 made up already \ 
 vjhat fortune or portion 
 
 did your father give 
 
 her ? 
 ten thousand pounds, 
 which make sixty thousand 
 
 dollars Spanish money* 
 
 it is a pretty fortune ma- 
 naged with economy and 
 
 frugality, 
 there is a bit rial passes by. 
 v:ho is it that died ? 
 it is Mistress N. wife to 
 
 Mr. N. 
 where will she be buried : 
 she will be i I atSt . 
 
 James 
 
Familial* Dialogs es 
 
 239 
 
 siento mucho su muerte, 
 era muger de buen gobier- 
 
 no, y discreta, 
 -etta. murio sin succesion, 
 y testo su caudal a favor 
 
 de su sobrino, 
 1 1 Senor Don N. no per- 
 
 manecera mucho tieuipo 
 
 viudo, 
 es muy probable que no, 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 De Cazar. 
 
 Se va vm. a cazar -alfiftma 
 
 vez. r 
 si sefior, alguna vez voy a 
 
 •cazar corzos, 
 y a menudo zorras con sa- 
 
 buesos, 
 otras veees voy a correr 
 
 Jiebres congalgos, 
 
 ten go xateos paraahuye- 
 
 tentarlas, 
 -cazamos los conejos con le- 
 
 breles y hurones, 
 no va vm. alguna vez a ti- 
 
 rar? 
 suelo irquando mis nego- 
 
 cios me lo permiteri, 
 entonces voy a divertirme 
 
 con mi escopeta, 
 el perro perdiguero me 
 
 trae d la mano lo que 
 
 mato, 
 lira vm. al vuelo, corrien- 
 
 do, 6 parado ? 
 de todos modos tiro., 
 
 / am \sorry for her death* 
 
 she was a good housewife;, 
 and a discreet woman. 
 
 she died without issue. 
 
 ■and 'bequeathed her for- 
 tune to her nephew. 
 
 Mr. N. will not remain 
 long a widower. 
 
 (not. 
 
 it is very probable he will 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 F Hunti 
 Do you ever go to hunt ? 
 
 Of Hunting. 
 
 yes sir, at one time I hunt 
 
 a stag, 
 and oftentimes afox tvith 
 
 hounds, 
 and at oilier times I go to 
 
 run down hares with 
 
 greyhounds. 
 I have also terriers to 
 
 start them, 
 we hunt rabbits with mon- 
 grels and ferrets. 
 do?i't you sometimes go to 
 
 fowl ? 
 I go when my business 
 
 permits it. 
 then I go to divert myself 
 
 with my gun. 
 the pointer fetches me 
 
 what I kill. 
 
 do you sh oot flying, run- 
 ning, or sitting ? 
 I shoot every way, 
 x,x2 
 
340 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 estoy igualmente diestro 
 
 en lo uno, como en lo 
 
 otro, 
 algunas veces cogemos las 
 
 codornices, y perdices 
 
 en redes, 
 el cazar con halcones, no 
 
 esta en uso por aca, 
 
 XXV. 
 
 Para hablar Espanol. 
 
 aprende vm. el Epariol? 
 
 senor, hago por aprenderlo, 
 
 hace vm. muy bien, 
 
 es un idioma muy util, y 
 muy pulido, 
 
 aunque el Frances sea mas 
 de moda, prefiero el Es- 
 panol, 
 
 convengo que el Espanol 
 es mas grave. 
 
 es mas copioso y expresivo 
 que el Frances, 
 
 si los Espanoles hubieran 
 tenido tanto cuidado en 
 cultivar su lengua en es- 
 tos dos ultimos siglosen 
 artes y ciencias, como 
 los Franceses han he^ 
 cho, 
 
 sin duda seria superior a la 
 Francesa en la propie- 
 dad de diccion, y subli- 
 midad de estilo, 
 
 en el siglo diez y seis los 
 poetas Espanoles, y otros 
 eminentes escritores hi- 
 
 I am equally dexterous hi 
 the one, as in the other. 
 
 quail and partridge ice 
 sometimes catch in nets. 
 
 folding with hawks is not 
 customary here. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 To speak Spanish. 
 
 Do you learn Spanish 9 
 
 sir, I endeavour to learn 
 
 you do very well. (it. 
 
 it is a very useful and po- 
 lite language. 
 
 though the French is more 
 in fashion, I prefer the 
 Spanish. 
 
 I grant that the Spanish 
 is more grave. 
 
 it is more copious and ex- 
 pressive than theFrench. 
 
 had the Spaniards taken 
 as much pains to culti- 
 vate their own language 
 in these two last centu- 
 ries in arts and sciences 
 as the French have done. 
 
 no doubt but it would he 
 superior to the French 
 in the propriety of dic-> 
 tion and loftiness of 
 style. 
 
 in the sixteenth century, 
 the Spanish poets and 
 other eminent writers 
 
Familiar Dialogues. 
 
 341 
 
 citron una brillante R- 
 gura en el mundo, 
 
 se dice que vm. habla muy 
 bien el Espanol, 
 
 lo entiendo bastante bien, 
 
 pero no puedo pronunciar 
 bien, 
 
 eso vendra con la practica, 
 
 que libros lee vm. ? 
 
 Gil Bias de Santillana, el 
 famoso Don Quixote, y 
 las obras del padre. Ma- 
 riana, 
 
 de que diccionario de sirve 
 vm. ? 
 
 me sirvo del de — . (ces, 
 
 tengo una coleccion de vo- 
 
 que he tornado de las reglas 
 de la pronunciation, 
 
 ha hecbo vm. muy bien, 
 
 porque no es facil de de- 
 sarraigar un habito vici- 
 oso, 
 
 que aprendre vm. de me- 
 moria ? 
 
 algunas voces en el voca- 
 bulario, 
 
 digame vm. un poco, 
 
 come se llama eso ) 
 
 creo que se llama, 
 
 muy bien, y esto ? 
 
 que es eso ? 
 
 vm. aprende muy bien, 
 
 doy a vm. las graeias, por- 
 que me alienta, 
 
 proauncio bien ? 
 
 made a brilliant figure 
 in the world. 
 
 it is said you speak very 
 good Spanish. 
 
 I understand it pretty 
 well. 
 
 but I cannot pronounce it 
 well. 
 
 that must comeby practice. 
 
 what books do you read ? 
 
 Gil Bias of SantilUana, 
 the famous Don Quix- 
 ote, and the ivorks of 
 Mariana. 
 
 what dictionary do you 
 make use of? 
 
 I make use of . 
 
 I have acollectionqfwords. 
 
 which 1 have taken from 
 the rules of pronuncia- 
 tion. 
 
 that is right. 
 
 because an evil habit is 
 not easily removed. 
 
 what do you get by heart. 
 
 1 learn some words in the 
 vocabulary. 
 
 tell me a little. 
 
 how do you call that. 
 
 I believe they call it. 
 
 very well, and this ? 
 
 what is that ? 
 
 you learn very well. 
 
 I thank you for encourag- 
 ing vie. 
 
 do 1 pronounce well r 
 

 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 ial qual, pasabkmente bien, 
 
 solo nccesita practica, 
 nada de alcanza sin traba- 
 
 estoy convencido de ello, 
 me ban dieho <^ue vm. ha- 
 
 bla bien el Espanol, 
 oxala fuese verdad, 
 sabria mas de lo que se, 
 sera asi, si vm. quiere, 
 el mejor metodo para a- 
 
 prender, <es de. hablar a 
 
 menudo, 
 pero para hablar una len- 
 
 gua se ha de saber algo 
 
 de ella, 
 ya sabe vm] has tan te para 
 
 empezar^ 
 
 pretty well, indifferently 
 
 well, 
 you only want practice, 
 there is nothing to be got 
 
 without pains. 
 I am sensible of that. 
 I wa$ told that you speak 
 
 good Spanish. 
 I wish it were true. (not. 
 I should knoiv what I do 
 it will be so, if you will, 
 the easiest method to learn 
 
 is to speak often. 
 
 but to speak a language, 
 one must know some- 
 thing of it. 
 
 you know enough of it aU 
 ready to begin. 
 
 VOCABULARIO MERCANTIL. 
 
 Colores — Colours. 
 
 Blanco, 
 
 blapquino, 1 
 
 bianquiscojj 
 
 blanqueado, 
 
 negro, 
 
 negrino, 
 
 10x0, 
 
 roxino, 
 
 bermejo, 
 
 carmesi, 
 
 escarlata. 
 
 white. 
 
 whitish. 
 
 bleached. 
 
 black. 
 
 blackish. 
 
 red. 
 
 redish. 
 
 red, or rosy. 
 
 crimson. 
 
 scarlet. 
 
 green. 
 
 greenish. 
 
 light-green. 
 
 verde, 
 
 verdico, 
 
 verde-claro, 
 
 \erde'Obscuro,dark-green 
 
 * (black green. 
 
 verde- negro, < i 
 
 verde-mar, 
 verde-saxonia, 
 
 green. 
 
 sea-green, 
 saxon- 
 green. 
 
 blue-green. 
 
 verde-azul, 
 
 verdecer, to wax green, 
 
 amarillo-verdej yellow. 
 
 green, 
 
Focabulario Mercantii. 
 
 343 
 
 grey- 
 greyish 
 
 pardo, 
 
 pardico, 1 
 
 pardino 3 J 
 
 azul-pardo, blue-grey. 
 
 pardo-clar©, light-grey. 
 
 pardo-obscuro, dark-grey. 
 
 pardo-morado, iron- gray. 
 
 azul, blue. 
 
 m¥°> I lluehh. 
 
 azulnio, y 
 
 azul-saxonia, saxon-blue. 
 
 azul-celeste, shy-blue. 
 
 azul-claro, light-blue. 
 
 azul-obsciiro, dark-blue. 
 
 azul-fuerte, deep-blue. 
 
 azul-turqui, dark-blue. 
 
 azul-turquino, darkish- 
 blue. 
 
 anil, . indigo-blue. 
 
 cardeno, black and blue. 
 
 purpura, purple. 
 
 am aril la, yellow. 
 
 amarillo-claro, light-yel- 
 loiv. 
 
 amarillo-fuerte, deep -yel- 
 low: 
 
 moreno.7 7 
 
 , 9 > brown. 
 
 bruno, J 
 
 brunico, brownish. 
 
 bruno-claro, light-brown. 
 
 bruno-moreno, dark- 
 
 brown. 
 
 blondo, fair-flaxen. 
 
 encarnado, carnation. 
 
 Colorado, Jlesh-colour. 
 
 escarlata grana, scarlet in 
 grain. 
 
 leonado, tawny. 
 
 aceytunado, olive- colour. 
 
 naranjado,") 
 oranjado, J 
 grisfonzado, 
 ceniciento, ash-coloui 
 
 So,'} Purple-colour. 
 
 orange-co- 
 lour, 
 gristin*. 
 
 lemoji-coloicr 
 
 limonado, "^ 
 cetrino, j 
 encendido, jlame-colour . 
 colombino.") 7 7 
 
 palomino, ) ™re-coh ur . 
 
 misturado, mottled, mixed. 
 
 sal y pi mien ta, salt and 
 pepper. 
 
 matiz de colores, shade- 
 colours. 
 
 luciente, shining. 
 
 palido, pale. 
 
 cardtmo, livid. 
 
 obsciiro, 1 7 _ i 
 
 tenebr6so, j dark-colour. 
 
 rodado, dappled. 
 
 rucio, dappled-grey. 
 
 tortucra. ") , A . ■ „ 
 
 galapagoj tortoise-shell 
 
 alvar, su art-colour. 
 
 color de aurora, sky-co- 
 lour. 
 
 color lleno, deep-colour 
 
 de fuego, jire. 
 
 color muerto, Jaded-co- 
 lour. 
 
 de llama, fauit. 
 
 de ladrillo, brick. 
 
 de nata, light blue. 
 
 de gamuza, cream. 
 
 de leche, milk, 
 
 de cereza. cherry, filamot. 
 
 delimon, Ummi. 
 
314 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 de naranja, orange. 
 
 de aceytuna, olive, 
 
 <$e ceniza, ash. 
 
 de cinamon, cinnamon. 
 
 cafe, coffee. 
 
 de chocolate, chocolate. 
 
 de tabace, snuff. 
 
 de clarete, claret. 
 
 de pichou,! 
 hi 
 
 dove. 
 
 pi 
 
 ne. 
 
 decoloma 
 de pino, 
 
 de rosa, ro,?e. 
 
 de perla, /?^r/. 
 
 de eastana, chesnut. 
 
 de plomo, feffrf. 
 
 de paja, straw, or bujf. 
 fcazo, swarthy. 
 
 florecido, bright. 
 
 porfiado, durable. 
 
 en agiia, water. 
 
 subido de color,- high. 
 en grana, scarlet. 
 
 tintura, die, or colour. 
 cochiniW^cochineal, a sort 
 of scarlet die. 
 varios colores, several co- 
 lours. 
 
 Piedras — Stones. 
 
 Una cantera, a quarry. 
 piedra de cantera, corner- 
 stone. 
 canteria, hewed. 
 
 de fuego, j tre ' 
 
 de fogon, hearth. 
 
 de molino, mill, 
 
 de sabar, v:het, 
 
 de azufre, 
 
 brim. 
 
 de toque, 
 
 touch. 
 
 de vidrio, 
 
 stick. 
 
 esponja, 
 iman, 
 
 pumice, 
 loadstone. 
 
 franca, 
 
 free. 
 
 guijarra, 
 pedernalj 
 de aguzar, 
 
 pebble, 
 flint. 
 
 hone. 
 
 empedrado, stone pave- 
 ment. 
 empedradura, stony place. 
 pedreg6so, full of stones. 
 marmol, marble. 
 
 alabastro, alabaster. 
 
 alume, 1 7 
 
 , ,' > alum. 
 
 alum ore, J 
 
 pizarra, slate. 
 
 pizarral, slate quarry. 
 
 sal, salt. 
 
 salitre, "} 7 , . 
 
 tierra, earth. 
 
 losa de tierra, earthen- 
 ware. 
 losa de la china, 6 porcele- 
 na, china-ware. 
 greda, chalk. 
 
 barro, clay. 
 
 cal, lime. 
 
 geso,\ 
 yesoj 
 
 i ™l 0, \plaister of Paris. 
 
 pantano, cenegal, a quag- 
 mire. 
 
 plaister. 
 
 cascajo, 
 cascajal, 
 afifl, 
 
 gravel \ 
 gravel-pit. 
 
 indigo. 
 
Vocahulario Mercantil. 
 
 345 
 
 rubia, 
 
 madder. 
 
 giialdo, 
 
 wood. 
 
 rezina, 
 
 rozin. 
 
 pez, 
 
 pit ch- 
 
 alquitran, tar, alquitran. 
 
 brea, 
 
 ar earn. 
 
 termentina, 
 
 turpentine. 
 
 sebo, 
 
 tallow. 
 
 xabon, 
 
 soap. 
 
 cenizaspara" 
 
 zabon } pot ash. 
 
 lexia, 
 
 lye. 
 
 cera, 
 
 bees-wax. 
 
 aim id on, 
 
 starch. 
 
 estiercol, 
 
 manure. 
 
 rozio-nublo, 
 
 mildew. 
 
 orin, 
 
 rust. 
 
 manchado, 
 
 stained. 
 
 podrido, 
 
 rotten. 
 
 espuma, 
 
 scum. 
 
 soldadura, 
 
 soldar. 
 
 yesca, 
 
 tinder. 
 
 cola, 
 
 glue, or size. 
 
 arabache, 
 
 jet. 
 
 varniz, 
 
 varnish. 
 
 charol, 
 
 japan. 
 
 sumaque, 
 
 lacquer. 
 
 goma, 
 
 gum. 
 
 turba, 
 
 peat. 
 
 unido,"| 
 
 
 llano, > 
 
 plain. 
 
 raso, J 
 
 
 labrado, 
 
 wrovght. 
 
 amoldado, 
 
 rough cast. 
 
 esmaltado, 
 
 enamelled. 
 
 embutido, 
 
 inlaid. 
 
 abollado, 
 
 intended. 
 
 entail adiira, 
 
 free-wood. 
 
 engastadura. 
 
 chassed. 
 
 obra de relieve, embossed. 
 obra mosa'iea, mosaic- 
 
 work. 
 oro, gold. 
 
 de oro, golden. 
 
 dorado, gilt. 
 
 similor, pinchbeck. 
 
 oro brunido, beaten gold. 
 oro batido, gold leaf. 
 
 oro hilado, gold thread. 
 hilado de oro, gold wire. 
 tejo de oro, gold ingot. 
 pasamanode oro, gold lace. 
 moneda de oro, gold 
 
 coin. 
 pi nj antes, *) de oro, gold 
 len te j uelas, J spa ngles. 
 oropel gold tinsel. 
 
 plata, silver. 
 
 plata tirada, silver wire. 
 
 plateado, da, silvered, or 
 
 plated. 
 
 ribeteado con plata, silvern 
 
 tipped. 
 
 moneda de plata, silver 
 
 coin. 
 
 pasamano de plata, silver 
 
 lace. 
 
 pi nj antes de plata, silver 
 
 spangles. 
 
 azogue, quicksilver. 
 
 lama, 6 lamina de cobre, 
 
 copper-plate. 
 
 cobre en barras, copper in 
 
 bars. 
 
 moneda de cobre, copper 
 
 y y <w». 
 
346 
 
 A New Sjianish Grammar. 
 
 eardenillo. "^ 
 
 verderame, > coperas. 
 coparosa, J 
 
 laton, brass. 
 
 lamina de laton, brass 
 leaves. 
 hierro, iron. 
 
 lama de hierro, iron plate. 
 salmon de hierro, pig oj 
 
 iron. 
 acero, steel. 
 
 acero templado, tempered 
 
 steel. 
 empabonado, the blue cast 
 in steel. 
 estafio, tin. 
 
 lama de estafio, tin-plate. 
 peltre, pewter. 
 
 peltre en anillos, pewter in 
 rings. 
 plomo, lead. 
 
 plomo en salmones, pig of 
 
 lead. 
 lama de plomo, sheet of 
 
 lead. 
 albayarde, white lead. 
 almagre, oakre. 
 
 roinio, vermillion. 
 
 Pedrerias — Jewellery. 
 
 Anillo, 
 
 agata, 
 
 amatista, 
 
 brillante, 
 
 besoar, 
 
 beyzante, 
 
 cri*tal, 
 
 crisolita, 
 
 carbunslo, 
 
 a ring. 
 
 agat. 
 
 amethyst. 
 
 brilliant. 
 
 besoar. 
 
 wedge of gold. 
 
 crystal. 
 
 crisolite. 
 
 carbuncle. 
 
 coral, 
 
 coral. 
 
 Cornelia, 
 
 cornelian. 
 
 diamante, 
 
 diamond. 
 
 dixes, 
 
 toys. 
 
 esmeralda, 
 
 emerald. 
 
 esmeril, emerald-stone. 
 
 g^lja, 
 
 pebble. 
 
 grenata, 
 
 garnet. 
 
 jacinto, 
 
 hyacinth. 
 
 jaspe, 
 
 jasper. 
 
 joya, 
 
 jewel. 
 
 lapiz, 
 
 lapis lazuli. 
 
 manilla, 
 
 bracelet. 
 
 perla, margarita, pearl. 
 
 mad re perla, 
 
 Imbther of 
 la, J pearl. 
 
 nacar de per 
 
 hillo de perlas, row of 
 
 
 pearls. 
 
 pendientes, 
 
 drops. 
 
 pendiente de oreja, ear- 
 
 
 drops. 
 
 piedra preciosa, precious 
 
 
 stone. 
 
 perfido, 
 
 porphyry. 
 
 rosa, 
 
 rose. 
 
 rubi, 
 
 ruby. 
 
 safira, 
 
 saphire. 
 
 sanguina, 
 
 blood-stone. 
 
 sardono, 
 
 sardonyx. 
 
 sort ij as, 
 
 trinkets. 
 
 topaz, 
 
 topaz. 
 
 turqu^sa, 
 
 Turhy-stone. 
 
 arillos, 6 zarcillos ear- 
 
 
 rings. 
 
 enaderezos, 
 
 6 en garnitu- 
 
 
 ras, in sets. 
 
 Qmnc&Wer'm-T-Hardware. 
 
 Candeleros de oro, gold 
 candlesticks. 
 
Vocabulario Mercantil. 
 
 347- 
 
 botones de oro, gold but- 
 tons* 
 
 hevillas de oro, gold buc- 
 kles. 
 
 muestras de oro, gold 
 
 watches. 
 
 cadenasdeoro, gold chains. 
 
 dichos, odichas desimilor, 
 pinchbeck chains. 
 dorados, gilt. 
 
 plateados, plated. 
 
 de plata, silver. 
 
 de laton, brass. 
 
 de acero, steel. 
 
 de peltre, pewter. 
 
 de estano, tin. 
 
 de metal, metal. 
 
 amarillos, Bath metal. 
 llanos, plain. 
 
 lizos, smooth. 
 
 polidos, polished. 
 
 labrados, wrought. 
 
 engastados, chased. 
 
 esmaltados, enamelled. 
 pavonados, laquered. 
 
 lindos, neat. 
 
 feos, ordinary. 
 
 nuevos, new. 
 
 dichos viejos, old. 
 
 baratos, cheap. 
 
 ligeros, light. 
 
 pesados, heavy, 
 
 fuertes, 
 grandes, 
 
 chatos, fiat. 
 
 redondos, round. 
 
 gruesos, • thick, 
 
 Selgados, &c. thin, 8$c. 
 
 Candelero— Candlestick, 
 
 Dichodehierro, iron ditto. 
 
 strong , 
 large. 
 
 de cobre, 
 de vidrio, 
 fundi do, 
 
 copper. 
 
 glass. 
 
 cast. 
 
 amoldado, 
 
 plain cast. 
 
 labrado, 
 
 wrought. 
 
 redondo, 
 
 round. 
 
 oveado, 
 
 oval. 
 
 ochavado, 
 
 largo, 
 
 corto, 
 
 octagon* 
 
 long. 
 
 short. 
 
 Arana — 
 
 -Chandelier, 
 
 de cobre, 
 de laton, 
 
 copper, 
 brass. 
 
 de vidrio, 
 
 glass. 
 
 canon de candelero, socket, 
 despabiladeras, snuffers. 
 
 Botones — Buttons. 
 
 Dichos de piedras, stone 
 ditto. 
 brillantes, Bristol-stone. 
 brillantados, diamond- cut, 
 de alarrbre, wire, 
 
 de vidrio, glass, 
 
 de marfil, ivory, 
 
 de hueso, bone, 
 
 de box, box. 
 
 de madera, ivooden, 
 
 de cuerno, horn, 
 
 de hilo, cat gut. 
 
 filegranas, fiUigree. 
 
 vernecidos, laquered. 
 
 esmaltados^ enamelled, 
 y y 2 
 
348> 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 ensamblados, 
 quadrados, 
 ovados, 
 ochavados, 
 redondos, 
 pintados, 
 vernicidos, 
 para casaca, 
 para ealzones, 
 para camisa, 
 para punos, 
 para hombre, 
 para muchacho, 
 de vestido, 
 chatones, 
 para chalecos, 
 enjuegos, 
 
 inlaid. 
 
 square. 
 
 oval. 
 
 octagon. 
 
 round. 
 
 fainted. 
 
 varnished. 
 
 coat. 
 
 breeches. 
 
 shirt. 
 
 sleeve. 
 
 meris. 
 
 boy's. 
 
 breast. 
 
 stud. 
 
 small pea. 
 
 in sets. 
 
 Hevillas — Buckles. 
 
 dichas de piedras, stone 
 ditto. 
 brillarrtes, Bristol stone. 
 bri Uantadas, diamond-cat. 
 de laton, . brass. 
 
 de hierro, iron. 
 
 de acero, steel. 
 
 pintadas, painted. 
 
 ensembladas, inlaid. 
 
 de metal bianco, white 
 metal. 
 quadradas, square. 
 
 ovadas, oval. 
 
 ocbavadas, octagon. 
 
 horadadas, pierced. 
 
 lianas, plain. 
 
 labradas, wrought. 
 
 para cuello, stock. 
 
 para calzones, breeches. 
 
 para cintura, waistband. 
 para rodillas, knee, 
 
 para garreteras, garter. 
 para zapatos, shoe. 
 
 para hombres, men's. 
 
 para ninos, children's. 
 b roc he, clasp. 
 
 partes de hevillas, parts of 
 buckles. 
 clavo, the tongue. 
 
 chapa, the chape. 
 
 charnela, anchor and fork. 
 patilla, heart and fork. 
 
 Reloxes. 6 Muestras, 
 Watches. 
 
 dichas esmaltadas, enamel- 
 led ditto. 
 engastadas, chased. 
 
 de hombres, men. 
 
 de mugeres, women. 
 
 de ninos, children's. 
 
 estuche de muestra, watch 
 case. 
 crochete de muestra, hook. 
 resorte de muestra. spring. 
 tenazitas de muestra, 
 
 tweezers. 
 estuche de lixa, 6 de piel 
 de caxon, shagreen-case. 
 reloxes despertadores, la- 
 rum, or alarm clocks, or 
 repeating watches. 
 
 Cadenas — Chains. 
 
 dichas de cobre, copper 
 
 ditto. 
 
 de hierroj iron. 
 
Vocabularies Mercantil. 
 
 £49 
 
 de acero, 
 
 steel. 
 
 de ebano, 
 
 ebony. 
 
 para muestra, 
 
 watch. 
 
 angosto, 
 
 narrow. 
 
 para puerta, 
 
 door. 
 
 lizo, 
 
 smooth. 
 
 dobles, 
 
 double. 
 
 aspero, 
 
 rough. 
 
 eslabon, 
 
 chain-link. 
 
 grueso, 
 
 thick. 
 
 a una hilera, 
 
 one row. 
 
 delgado, 
 
 thin. 
 
 a dos hileras, 
 
 two rows. 
 
 pintado, 
 
 painted. 
 
 
 
 manchado, 
 
 stained. 
 
 Cuchillos- 
 
 -Knives. 
 
 polido, 
 
 polished. 
 
 
 
 vernecido, 
 
 lacquered. 
 
 cuchillo, 
 
 table knife. 
 
 
 
 de carnicero, 
 
 butchers. 
 
 Tenedor- 
 
 —Fork. 
 
 cucbillito, 
 
 child's* 
 
 para asado, 
 
 toasting. 
 
 raspa, 
 
 shoemaker s. 
 
 para nino, 
 
 child's. 
 
 bodello, 
 
 pruning. 
 
 horcajo, 
 
 hay. 
 
 destral, 
 
 chopping. 
 
 horqueta, 
 
 little. 
 
 rabaja de golr. 
 
 >e, clasped. 
 
 horcon, 
 
 pitch. 
 
 de anzuelo, 
 
 hook. 
 
 arrexaque, 
 
 dung. 
 
 ganevete, 6 corta plumas, 
 
 
 
 
 pen- knife. 
 
 tixeras, scissars, or shears 
 
 cabo, 6 mang 
 
 o, knife-han- 
 
 alicates, 
 
 nippers. 
 
 
 dle. 
 
 fuercepes, 
 
 forceps. 
 
 dicho de oro, 
 
 gold ditto. 
 
 nabajas, 
 
 razorsi 
 
 de si mi lor, 
 
 pinchbeck. 
 
 cuchara, 
 
 spoon. 
 
 dorado, 
 
 gilt. 
 
 cucharon, 
 
 ladle. 
 
 de plata, 
 
 silver. 
 
 plato, 
 
 dish. 
 
 plateado, 
 
 plated. 
 
 platillo, 
 
 plate. 
 
 fundido, 
 
 cast. 
 
 escudilla, 
 
 porringer. 
 
 amoldado, 
 
 plain cast. 
 
 alrileres, 
 
 pins. 
 
 labrado, 
 
 iv r ought. 
 
 agujas, 
 
 needles. 
 
 de vidrio, 
 
 giass. 
 
 aguja de salmar, packing* 
 
 de metal, 
 
 metal. 
 
 
 needle. 
 
 de marfil, 
 
 ivory. 
 
 agujeta, 
 
 tag. 
 
 de hueso, 
 
 bone. 
 
 dedales, 
 
 thimbles* 
 
 de cuerno, 
 
 horn. 
 
 manecillas, 
 
 clasps. 
 
 de ciervo, 
 
 luck's-horn. 
 
 saca trapos, 
 
 cork-screw. 
 
 de concha de 
 
 galapago, 6 
 
 caxa de especi 
 
 as, spice-box. 
 
 tortuga, tortoise-shell. 
 
 de yesca, 
 
 tinder. 
 
 de box, 
 
 box. 
 
 tabaquera, 
 
 snuff. 
 
 de madera, 
 
 wooden. 
 
 rallo, 
 
 grater. 
 
2bO 
 
 A Xew Spanish Grammar. 
 
 alezna, awl, or bodkin. 
 buhonerias,^ 
 
 , u ? l y > trinkets. 
 alajas, 
 
 juguetes, J 
 
 brincos, 
 
 ninerias, 
 
 •incos, ") 
 iierias, j 
 
 toys. 
 
 Herramientas— Iron- ware. 
 
 Hornillo, fire-grate. 
 
 braseroj fire stove. 
 
 braserillo, chaffing-dish. 
 pala, 6 badil, Jire-sliovel. 
 tenazas, tongs. 
 
 urgador, 6 atizador, poker. 
 guarda fuego^ fender. 
 
 fuelles, bellows. 
 
 trevedes, trivet. 
 
 parillas, gridiron. 
 
 sarten, frying-pan. 
 
 cazo, sauce-pan. 
 
 caldera, kettle. 
 
 coladero, calender. 
 
 asador, spit. 
 
 azadon, spade. 
 
 espadin, sword. 
 
 pufio de espadin, sword- 
 hilt. 
 lama de espadin, 1 sword- 
 hqja de espadin,] blade. 
 punal, poignard, dagger. 
 alfange, hanger. 
 
 escopeta,~| gun } orjire- 
 arcabuz, j lock. 
 
 arm a de fuego, fire-arms. 
 martillo, hammer. 
 
 hachuelj hatchet - 
 
 astil de hacha, hatchet- 
 helm. 
 
 hendedor, cleaver. 
 
 aMaba, door -ring. 
 
 aldabon, door-knocker 
 
 estribo, stirrup. 
 
 lima, Jile. 
 
 lhnadura, Jile-dust. 
 
 cerradnra, lock. 
 
 dicha de hierro, iron ditto. 
 
 de bronce, brass: 
 
 de acero, steel. 
 
 de golpe, spring. 
 
 de caidado, pad. 
 
 de puerta, door. 
 
 dicha de atril^ desk-lock. 
 
 de almai io_, drawer* 
 
 de ganza, pick. 
 
 cerrqjo, bolt. 
 
 alamud, lock-bolt. 
 
 armelia, lock staple. 
 
 Have, key. 
 
 llavero, key-ring. 
 
 boca-llave, scutcheon. 
 
 broche, hasp. 
 
 ganchos, 6 garfios, hooks. 
 
 quicios, hinges. 
 
 ansas, handles. 
 
 tornillos, screws. 
 
 tachuelas, tacks. 
 
 clavos, nails. 
 
 clavos de zapatos, hob- 
 nails, 
 
 bandas de hierro, clout- 
 nails. 
 
 hierro, iron. 
 
 de fuego, hand-iron. 
 
 plancha de hierro, sad- 
 iron. 
 
Vocabu la rio Mercantil. 
 
 361 
 
 liarpon de, 
 
 era 
 
 Manutactura de Vidrio, 
 
 franco de, 
 
 
 Glass JIa?wfacture. 
 
 morillo, 
 
 cob. 
 
 
 estricar, 
 
 box. 
 
 Vidrio, glass. 
 
 barrena, 
 
 let. 
 
 bien claro, clear. 
 
 gurbia, 
 
 agotge. 
 
 cristal, crystal: 
 
 escoplo, 
 
 a chisel. 
 
 transparente, transparent. 
 
 sierra. 
 
 sa 
 
 grueso, thick. 
 
 sierra de mano, handsaw. 
 
 de Venecia, Jenice. 
 
 rasparlor, 
 
 scaler. 
 
 de coche, coach. 
 
 plana de albaiiil, trowel. 
 
 de chinchon, knobby. 
 
 hustHo, bigoraio, vice. 
 
 de tolondron, knotty. 
 
 vim »ue, 
 
 anvil. 
 
 quebrado, broken. 
 
 
 
 lizo, slick, or smooth. 
 
 Madera— 
 
 -Timber. 
 
 pedernal, fiint. 
 de ventana, window. 
 
 Lena, 
 
 wood. 
 
 copa, 6 vaso, drinking. 
 
 frezno, 
 
 ash. 
 
 quadro de, pane of. 
 
 haya, 
 
 beech. 
 
 ventosa, cupping. 
 
 box, 
 
 box. 
 
 esp j ». [ :lng. 
 
 alerce, 
 
 cedar. 
 
 e^pejuelo, spectacle. 
 
 cerezo, 
 
 cherry-tree. 
 
 mieroscopo, magnifying. 
 
 abete, 
 
 deal. 
 
 barometro, weather. 
 
 ebano, 
 
 ebony . 
 
 reiox de arena. hour. 
 
 sahueo, 
 
 elder. 
 
 talque, ising. 
 
 elmo. 
 
 elm, or holm. 
 
 antojo de larga-vista, pro- 
 
 campeche, 
 
 logu 
 
 spect. 
 
 encina, 
 
 
 anteoj spectacles. 
 
 tabla, 
 
 plank. 
 
 ventana de vidrio, glass- 
 
 pino. 
 
 pine-tree. 
 
 window. 
 
 peral, 
 
 pear-tree. 
 
 fiasco de vidrio, glass-de- 
 
 entabladura, 
 
 ascot. 
 
 canter. 
 
 nogal, 
 
 walnut-tree. 
 
 tapador de vidrio, glass- 
 
 absintio, 
 
 wormwood. 
 
 stopper. 
 
 corteza, 
 
 bark. 
 
 botones de vidrio, 6 ale- 
 
 viga, 
 
 beam. 
 
 queques, glass beads. 
 
 cana, 
 
 reed. 
 
 crisol. glass-crucible. 
 
 palo > vara, 
 
 stick. 
 
 albalorios, glass-bugles. 
 
 cubo, 
 
 tub. 
 
 botella, 6 fiasco, glass-bot- 
 tle. 
 
352 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 flasquern, 
 
 ventanilla, 
 
 bottle-cose, 
 casement. 
 
 Zam arras, pelts. 
 
 cueros, hides. 
 
 fietros, felts. 
 
 piel, pellejo, 6 zamarra, a 
 skin. 
 dicho, a, de conejo, 6 de 
 gazapo, rabbit-shin. 
 de cabra, goat-skin. 
 
 de cabrito, hid. 
 
 de ternera, ca//°. 
 
 de earnero > sheep. 
 
 de eordero, /#>«&. 
 
 de perro, dog. 
 
 de gato, cat. 
 
 de eiervo, ^tag. 
 
 de dam a, doe. 
 
 de venado, ^eer. 
 
 de zorra, 6 raposa, jfrv. 
 de cisme, swan. 
 
 de castor, beaver. 
 
 de texon, badger. 
 
 de lutra, o^er. 
 
 de alee, e/A\ 
 
 de tigre, tiger. 
 
 de leon, lion. 
 
 de leopardo, leopard. 
 
 de. as no, asses. 
 
 de ardillo, squirrel. 
 
 de lobo, wo//, 
 
 de lobo-raarino, seal. 
 
 Cueros, Hides, or Leather. 
 
 cueros en pelo ; hides in the 
 hair. 
 
 de vaca, cow-hides. 
 
 de bofalo, buffalo hides. 
 
 de cabra, on, goat-hides. 
 
 vaeunos al pelo, cow-hides, 
 in the hair. 
 
 de buey, ox-hide. 
 
 de ternera, calf-leather. 
 
 de carnero, sheep-leather. 
 
 vaquetas, heifers hides. 
 
 eordo vanes, large goafs 
 leather, or leather- bags, 
 or cases for cochineal. 
 
 cuero de estribo, stirrup- 
 leather. 
 
 correa de cuero, leather- 
 strap. 
 
 Vino — Wine. 
 
 Blanco, 
 
 tinto, 
 
 haloque, 
 
 mosto, 
 
 anejo, 
 
 ligero, 
 
 brioso, 
 
 segundo, 
 
 picante, 
 
 buelto, 
 
 flaco, 
 
 desvanecido, 
 
 rebotado, 
 
 turbio, 
 
 mogoso, 
 
 bronco, 
 
 puro, 
 
 mesclado. 
 
 agiiado, 
 
 white* 
 
 red. 
 
 pale. 
 
 new. 
 
 old. 
 
 light. 
 
 strong. 
 
 small. 
 
 sharp. 
 
 pricked. 
 
 fat. 
 
 dead. 
 
 decayed. 
 
 thick. 
 
 musty. 
 
 unpalatable. 
 
 neat. 
 
 mixed. 
 
 watered. 
 
Vocalulario Mercantile 
 
 353 
 
 quemado, 
 fresco, 
 malvasia, 
 mosea, 
 moscatel, 
 Frances, 
 Espanol, 
 clarete, 
 de racion, 
 de canarias, 
 de puerto, 
 de Madeira, 
 de Lisboa, 
 de Alicante, 
 de Florencia, 
 del Rhin, 
 de mora, 
 de arandes, 
 de endrino, 
 de sahuco, 
 de uvas, 
 crispina, 
 
 mulled. 
 
 brisk. 
 
 malmsey. 
 
 musk. 
 
 muscadine. 
 
 French. 
 
 Spanish. 
 
 claret. 
 
 ordinary 
 
 sack. 
 
 port. 
 
 Madeira. 
 
 Lisbon. 
 
 tent. 
 
 Florence. 
 
 Rhenish. 
 
 mulberry. 
 
 strawberry. 
 
 damson. 
 
 elder. 
 
 grape. 
 
 currant. 
 
 bebida de manzanas, cy- 
 der. 
 bebida de peras, perry. 
 aloja, mead. 
 
 cerveza, beer. 
 
 cerveza dulce, ale. 
 
 Agua- 
 
 Fresca, 
 
 rosada, 
 
 salada, 
 
 manante, 
 
 fuerte, 
 
 distilada, 
 
 acerada, 
 
 santa. 
 
 Water. 
 
 fresh. 
 
 rose. 
 
 salt. 
 
 flowing. 
 
 strong. 
 
 distilled. 
 
 chalybeate 
 
 holy. 
 
 suave, 
 
 sweet. 
 
 mineral, 
 
 mineral. 
 
 limpia, 
 
 clean. 
 
 clara, 
 
 clear. 
 
 sucia, 
 
 foul. 
 
 cordial, 
 
 cordial. 
 
 corriente, 
 
 running. 
 
 represada, 6 mansa, stand- 
 
 
 mg. 
 
 herviente, 
 
 boiling. 
 
 caliente, 
 
 hot. 
 
 tibia, 
 
 warm. 
 
 fria, 
 
 cold. 
 
 de manancial, 
 
 6 de fuente, 
 
 
 spring. 
 
 de canela, 
 
 cinnamon. 
 
 de cidra, 
 
 citron. 
 
 de naranja, 
 
 orange. 
 
 de limon, 
 
 lemon. 
 
 de alhucema, 
 
 lavender. 
 
 de anis, 
 
 anniseed. 
 
 de olor, 
 
 scented. 
 
 de flores, 
 
 flower. 
 
 de yervas, 
 
 herb. 
 
 de mar, 
 
 sea. 
 
 del rio, 
 
 river. 
 
 de cevada, barley. 
 
 de Hungria, Hungary. 
 de trebol, trefoil. 
 
 de av^na-amoldada, water- 
 
 canal de agiia, 
 
 gruel, 
 water- 
 course 
 
 hemanar de agiia, water- 
 spring. 
 
 chorro de agua, a stream 
 of wafer. 
 
 estanque, a pool. 
 
 desagiiad&o, a drain. 
 
 z z 
 
354 
 
 A Xew Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Del Idioma Mercantil. 
 
 Idromatical and Mercan- 
 tile Terms. 
 
 Carta, a letter. 
 
 de confianza, confidential . 
 decomercio, commercial. 
 de creencia, of credence. 
 de abono, of credit. 
 
 de eomposicion, of credit. 
 carta de espera, letter of 
 licence. 
 de poder, of attorney. 
 de embiado, billof convey- 
 ance. 
 de encomienda, letter of 
 recommendation. 
 de afletamiento, charter- 
 party of freightment . 
 de marear, sea chart. 
 
 destacadas, detached let- 
 ters. 
 de pago, releases. 
 
 smiquitos, acquittances. 
 de represalia, letters of 
 marque, or reprisal. 
 porte de cartas, letter car- 
 riage. 
 letra, a bill. 
 
 de vista, bill at sight. 
 
 de fecha, bill at date. 
 
 de cambio, billof ex- 
 
 change. 
 dador, sacador, tirador, 
 drawer. 
 acceptante, person drawn 
 
 on. 
 acceptador, accepter. 
 
 acceptacion, acceptance. 
 
 espaldador, ix-hrser. 
 
 espaldado, indorsed. 
 
 espaldamiento, indorse- 
 ment. 
 
 aderezada, addressed. 
 
 el sob re escrito, the ad- 
 dress. 
 
 TIevador, bearer : 
 
 remitidor, remitter. 
 
 remesa, remittance. 
 
 reembolsador, reimburser* 
 
 rernbolso, 6 rembolsamieii- 
 to, reimbursement, 
 
 desembolso, 6 desembolsa- 
 miento, disbursement. 
 
 pagadera, payable. 
 
 pronto-pago, prompt pay- 
 ment. 
 
 notacion, notation* 
 
 protesto, protest. 
 
 contra-protesto, counter- 
 protest. 
 
 S. P. sob re protesto, upon 
 protest. 
 
 auto, an act. 
 
 de honra, act of honour. 
 
 posterior, past act 
 
 de otorgancia, impower- 
 
 
 ing act. 
 
 •cambio, 
 
 exchange. 
 
 recambio, 
 
 re-excluinge. 
 
 gastos, 
 
 costs. 
 
 dafios, 
 
 damages. 
 
 intereses. 
 
 interests. 
 
 interesados, 
 
 parties con- 
 
 
 cerned. 
 
 perdidas, 
 
 losses. 
 
 avenas, 
 fatura > 
 
 averages, 
 invoice* 
 
Vocabulario Mercantil. 
 
 355 
 
 fatoria, 6 factura, factory. 
 
 & * • > factory. 
 
 seguranza, J J J 
 
 premio, premium. 
 
 poliza, 6 escritura de segu- 
 ro, policy of insurance. 
 ^onocimionto, bill of lad- 
 ing. 
 flete, freight. 
 
 contrato de flete, S char- 
 auto de afletami- > ter- 
 ento, J party 
 
 of assignment. 
 cainbio tnaritimo, bottom- 
 ry, or respondentia bond. 
 escolta, convoy. 
 
 firma, 6 stila, firm or sig- 
 nature, 
 socio, 
 asociado, 
 aparcero, 
 compafierOj 
 sociedad, ^ 
 
 *-*. > partnership. 
 compania, ( r r 
 
 asociacion, J 
 
 hermandad, the brother- 
 hood. 
 banco, the bank. 
 
 banquero, banker. 
 
 bancaroto, 6 quebrado, 
 
 bankrupt. 
 comision de bancaroto, 6 
 bancarotura, commission 
 of bankruptcy . 
 fallecimiento, failure;. 
 quebrado 5 broker. 
 
 deputado, o sindico. assig- 
 nee. 
 
 agent e, 
 
 partner. 
 
 acciones, 
 
 fundos, 
 
 fundos muertos, 
 
 agent, 
 stocks, 
 funds. 
 
 sinking- 
 funds. 
 
 capitals, 
 brokerage. 
 
 a ruffle. 
 
 cau dales, 
 
 corretaje, 
 
 rifa, 
 
 bienes, 
 
 generos, 
 
 mercancias, 
 
 mercaderias, 
 
 haciendas, 
 
 real hacienda, royal trea 
 
 goods, or 
 merchan- 
 dises. 
 
 sury, 
 muestra 
 modelo 
 ensayo, 
 pruevva, 
 fabrica, 
 
 or 
 
 ';} 
 
 king's revenue, 
 pattern. 
 
 essay, 
 trial, 
 manufacture. 
 generos fabricados, ready- 
 money goods. 
 haciendas apalabradas, 
 
 ready bespoke goods. 
 quenta, an account. 
 
 quente, corriente, account 
 current. 
 quenta de venta, accountof 
 sale. 
 abono en quenta, credit in 
 account. 
 desquento, discount. 
 
 defalco, abatement, deduc- 
 tion. 
 rabaja, allowance. 
 
 arancel, a tariff*, or price 
 current of sale of goods. 
 saldoj balance. 
 
 ZZ2 
 
356 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 saldo de quentas, balance 
 of accounts. 
 
 liquidaciones, adjust- 
 
 ments. 
 
 alcances, gains. 
 
 atrazados, arrears. 
 
 comercio, commerce. 
 
 negocio, dealings. 
 
 trato, traffic. 
 
 trafico, trade. 
 
 aduana, Custom-house. 
 
 desembarcadero, key, or 
 quay. 
 
 descarga de aduana, clear- 
 ance. 
 
 cedilla de aduana, permit. 
 
 almacen de aduana, ware- 
 house. 
 
 entrega, delivery. 
 
 entrada, entry. 
 
 transito, transit. 
 
 retiramiento, drawback. 
 
 derechos, piages, custom- 
 house duties. 
 
 portazgo, portage. 
 
 tasa, tax, rate, or assess- 
 ment. 
 
 impuestas, tribute, im- 
 posts. 
 
 acabala, tax levied. 
 
 afueros, 6 dforamientos, 
 
 foreign duties. 
 
 porte, 6 acareo, carriage- 
 duty. 
 
 arcenal, storehouse. 
 
 encomienda, 6 comision, 
 commission, or order. 
 
 contra- orden, ) count er- 
 
 contra-mando, j orderi 
 
 contra hecho, counterfeit. 
 
 contrabando, prohibited. 
 
 sueldo,^ fcJ .i 
 
 , . 9 > wages. 
 
 salano, J ° 
 
 galardon, gratuity. 
 
 barato, chear. 
 
 caro, dear. 
 
 carestia, scanty, or dearth. 
 
 indulto, privilege. 
 
 resuelto, determined. 
 
 denegacion, denial. 
 
 recusacion, refusal. 
 
 sufrimiento, forbearance. 
 
 extraciondefundos 3 secr£tf- 
 
 ing effects. 
 
 levantamiento, embezzle- 
 
 ment. 
 
 ocultacion, concealment. 
 
 Fabrica — Manufactory. 
 
 Fabrica de sedas, silk ma- 
 nufactory* 
 de pario, cloth. 
 de lino, linen. 
 de lana, woollen. 
 de sombreros, hat. 
 de zapatos, shoe. 
 de medias, stocking. 
 de botones, button. 
 de hevillas, buckle. 
 de papel, . paper. 
 de vidrio, glass. 
 de hierro, iron. 
 de xabon, soap. 
 
 
 Mecanicos— -Mechanics. 
 
 Accipnjsta, j Atockj 'obber* 
 
Vocahulario Mercantil. 
 
 35? 
 
 agricultor, a husbandman. 
 arador, ploughman. 
 
 arrendador, farmer. 
 
 artizan, artificer. 
 
 agujero, needle-maker. 
 alarife, surveyor. 
 
 albafiil, bricklayer. 
 
 al bey tar, farrier. 
 
 apreciador, appraiser. 
 antojero, spectacle-maker. 
 aceytero, oilman. 
 
 asegurador, insurer. 
 
 barbero, barber. 
 
 banquero, banker. 
 
 batanero, fuller. 
 
 blanqueador, whitster. 
 botonero, button-maker. 
 buhonero. pedlar. 
 
 boticario, apothecary. 
 bonetero, cap -maker. 
 
 calcetero, a hosier. 
 
 carbonero, collier, or coal- 
 man. 
 carcelero, goaler, or jailor. 
 cardador, flax-dresser. 
 carnicero, butcher. 
 
 carretero, carman, or icag- 
 goner. 
 carpintero, carpenter. 
 
 caxero, box-ynaker. 
 
 caxinero, cabinet-maker. 
 cerero, ic ax-chandler. 
 
 eerbecero, brewer. 
 
 cestero, basket-maker. 
 charolador, polisher, or 
 japanner. 
 charlatan, quack, or moun- 
 tebank. 
 cintero, ribbon-weaver, 
 
 cirujano, surgeon. 
 
 com'ediante, stage-player. 
 
 cochero, coachman. 
 
 colchonero, upholsterer. 
 
 camero, upholder. 
 
 contador, pay-master. 
 
 comadre, midwife. 
 
 comisario, commissary. 
 
 confitero, confectioner. 
 
 cordelero, cord, or rope- 
 maker. 
 
 cambiador, hill, banker. 
 
 corredor, a broker. 
 
 curador, 6 curtidor, lea- 
 ther-dresser. 
 
 curtidorde cueros, leather- 
 cutter. 
 
 costurera, seamstress. 
 
 cozinero, cook. 
 
 cribador, garbler, or drug 
 sorter. 
 
 devanador, throwster. 
 
 distilador, distiller. 
 
 dorador, gilder. 
 
 embustero, huckster. 
 
 empedrador, pavior. 
 
 ensenblador, joiner. 
 
 entallador, engraver. 
 
 envarnizador, varnisher. 
 
 escobero, brush-maker. 
 
 escultor, sculptor. 
 
 esmaltador, enameller. 
 
 espadero, sword-cutler. 
 
 especiero, grocer. 
 
 esportillero, carriage-por- 
 ter. 
 
 esgrmiidor, fencing-mas- 
 ter. 
 
 estanero, tinman. 
 
358 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar 
 
 emborgador, comptroller. 
 
 fabricante, manufacturer. 
 
 fundador, founder. 
 
 fluequeto, ftinge-maker. 
 
 frenero, loriner. 
 
 frutero, fruiterer. 
 
 ganapan, ticket-porter. 
 
 guantero, glover. 
 
 guadanador, mower. 
 
 gallinero, poulterer. 
 
 hortelano, kitchen-garden- 
 er. 
 
 hostalero, innholder. 
 
 herrero, black or white- 
 smith. 
 
 orives, goldsmith. 
 
 platero, silversmith. 
 
 cobrero, coppersmith. 
 
 ancorero, anchor smith, 
 
 areabuzero, gunsmith. 
 
 cerrajero, locksmith. 
 
 impresor, printer. 
 
 jornalero, journeyman. 
 joyero, jeweller. 
 
 iabrador, labourer. 
 
 lanero, woolstapler 
 
 lavandero, scoiverer. 
 
 lapidario, lapidary. 
 
 llevador de cartas, letter- 
 carrier. 
 mandadero, message-por- 
 ter. 
 inanoso, artisan. 
 
 mantequero, cheesemon- 
 ger. 
 mercader, trader. 
 
 mercader de seda, 6 mer- 
 cero, silk-mercer. 
 
 depano> opanero, ivoollai- 
 draper. 
 de lienzo, 6 lencero, linen-- 
 draper. 
 
 de papel, 6 papelero, sta- 
 tioner. 
 
 de libros, 6 librero, book- 
 seller. 
 
 mercader, 
 
 mercante, 
 
 tratante, 
 
 traflcante, 
 
 comerciante, 
 
 negociante, 
 
 medidor, 
 
 de carbones, 
 
 degranos, 
 
 de sal, 
 
 de arena, 
 
 mesonero, 
 
 mahotrero, 
 
 molinero, 
 
 negociador, 
 
 noquero, 
 
 obrero, 
 
 obrador, 
 
 artifice, 
 
 trabajador, 
 
 ollero, 
 
 oro batidor, 
 
 merchant. 
 
 meter. 
 
 coal-meter. 
 
 corn-meter, 
 
 salt -meter. 
 
 sand-meter. 
 
 innkeeper. 
 
 pawnbroker. 
 
 miller. 
 
 factor. 
 
 tanner. 
 
 workman. 
 
 pottef. 
 6 brunidor, 
 gold-beater, 
 baker, 
 clothier, 
 parchment- 
 maker. 
 pasa manero, lace-maker. 
 partero, man-midwife. 
 pastelero, pastry-cook. 
 
 panadero, 
 
 panero, 
 
 pergaminor, 
 
Vocabulario Mercantile 
 
 359 
 
 pastor, shepherd. 
 
 pedrero, stone-mason. 
 
 peltrero, pewterer. 
 
 jDellejero, feltmonger. 
 pellicero, skinner. 
 
 pescadero, fishmonger. 
 pescador, fisherman. 
 
 peynero, comb-maker. 
 
 pin tor, painter. 
 
 plomador, plumber. 
 
 podador, vine-dresser. 
 pregonero, beadle, or 
 
 cryer. 
 prensador, presser, or ca- 
 
 lendrer. 
 randero, bone-lace-maker. 
 rastrillador, fiaxman. 
 
 recamador, embroiderer. 
 redero, net -maker. 
 
 ruedero, wheel- maker. 
 refinador, refiner. 
 
 remendon, cooler, or 
 
 botcher. 
 
 reloxero, clock, or ivatch- 
 
 maker. 
 
 retratador, face-painter. 
 
 s<xc&-iii\ie}&$ :) tooth-drawer> 
 
 sastre, taylor. 
 
 sedero, silhnan. 
 
 sillero, sadler. 
 
 sombrerero, hatter, 
 
 tabernero, tavern-keeper. 
 tinturero, dyer. 
 
 tirador de alambre, wire- 
 drawer, 
 vaquero, cow-keeper. 
 
 vaynero, sheath-maker. 
 velero, sail-maker, also 
 ta llow-cha ndler. 
 ventero, inn holder, 
 
 vinatero, vintner. 
 
 verdulero, herb-seller. 
 
 vidriero, glazier. 
 
 vendedor de porcelena, 
 chinaman. 
 verdugo, executioner* 
 
 xabonero, soap-boiler. 
 zapatero, shoemaker. 
 
 zapatero de viejo, cob- 
 ler. 
 zurrador, currier. 
 
 zurcidor de 6ro, gold- 
 drawer, 
 
3 Go 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar 
 
 Idioma Mercantil. 
 
 Mercantile Idiom. 
 
 Abonar en qiienta, 
 
 Ie tengo abonado el im- 
 port e de, 
 
 hemos vendido sus gene- 
 ros, a — por quilate, y 
 le tenemos abonado por 
 lo mismo, 
 
 acabar, acabo de recibir su 
 muy estimada fecha de, 
 &c. 
 
 acabo de recibir sus reme- 
 sas del Sefior B. A., 
 
 acabamos de recibir cartas 
 
 de, 
 en quanto a lo que acabo 
 
 de referir, 
 ahora acaban de llegar las 
 
 mercaderias, 
 acabo de recoger una letra 
 
 que vm. ha librado a mi 
 
 cargo, 
 almoneda, la venta se hizo 
 
 en publica almoneda, 
 
 beneficiar, no se pudo be- 
 neficiar el cargo, 
 
 cabal, espero que hallara 
 vd. la qiienta cabal, 
 
 enviare sujustay cabal mi- 
 tad de los provechos, 
 
 cabo, 6 fin, se arreglanin 
 las qiientos al cabo del 
 m ano, 
 
 to credit on account. 
 
 1 have credited you for the 
 amount of. 
 
 we have sold your goods at 
 — per carat, and cre- 
 dited you for the same. 
 
 I just received your much 
 esteemed, dated of, 8$c. 
 
 I have just now received 
 your remittances of Mr. 
 B.A. 
 
 we have just now received 
 letters from. 
 
 concerning what I just re- 
 lated. 
 
 the goods are just now ar- 
 rived. ' 
 
 I have just now received 
 a bill drawn by you on 
 me, or on my account. 
 
 an open sale, the goods 
 were sold by public auc- 
 tion. 
 
 to benefit, the cargo could 
 not be saved. 
 
 hope y ou 11 find the ac- 
 count right. 
 
 I shall send you the half 
 part of the profits. 
 
 the end, the accounts shall 
 be settled at the end of 
 the year. 
 
Mercantile Idioms. 
 
 361 
 
 Sabos, de seda, de pafio, de 
 
 lino, de lana de algo- 
 
 don, 
 estoy al cabo de mis des- 
 
 dichas, 
 cargo 6 eargazon, acabo de 
 
 enviar a vm. un carguio 
 
 de pasas, 
 se remitir&n a cargo de los 
 
 Seiiores, 
 con los generos remitidos 
 
 a mi cargo, 
 libro sobre mi, una letra 
 
 de cambio, 
 he recibido una letra libra- 
 da a mi cargo, 
 la contrata de venta, hecha 
 
 en Madrid, en Lisboa, 
 
 &c. 
 los convenios que ban esti » 
 
 pulado los acreedores, 
 
 celebrando esta ocasionque 
 nos proporciona ofrecer- 
 les nuestros servicios, 
 quedamos de vms., &c. 
 
 comision ; espero nuevas 
 comisiones para dichos 
 generos, 
 
 no le doy nuevos encargos 
 hasta ver su carta, 
 
 enviar, me enviara vm. su 
 respuesta para mi gobi- 
 erno, por el primer na- 
 vio que saiga para esta, 
 
 silk thrums, of cloth, li- 
 nen, woollen, and of 
 cotton. 
 
 I am reduced to the last 
 extremity. 
 
 load, a cargo, or burthen, 
 I have just sent you a 
 cargo of raisins. 
 
 shall be remitted to the 
 care of Messrs. 
 
 with the goods committed 
 to my care. 
 
 he drew a bill on me, or 
 to my account. 
 
 I have received a bill 
 drawn on me. 
 
 the contract of sale, done, 
 or executed in Madrid, 
 in Lisbon, fyc. 
 
 the agreements which the 
 creditors have settled, 
 or executed. 
 
 taking this opportunity of 
 offering you our ser- 
 vices, we remain, fyc. 
 
 commission, order for 
 goods, I expect new or- 
 ders for the said sort of 
 goods. 
 
 I -don't give you any new 
 orders until I see your 
 letter. 
 
 to send, remit, be pleased 
 as to send me your an- 
 swer for my govern- 
 ment, by the first ship, 
 
 3 a 
 
362 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 nuestro primer cuidado se- 
 ra enviarla a Cadiz, 
 enviare las mesadas de vm. 
 
 espero que vm. me envia- 
 ra la suma que me debe, 
 
 la remesa que vm. me en- 
 vio, esta recibida, 
 
 quedamos enterados del 
 contenido de dicha car- 
 ta, 
 
 entrega ; tenemos 400 cas- 
 cos de azucar, que he- 
 mos emba' cado y envia- 
 do a su consignacion, 
 
 fe, fe de entrega, 
 
 nos, abaxo firmados, certi- 
 ficamos, y damos fe, 
 
 en fe de la verdad, 
 
 gobierno ; le damos este 
 aviso para su gobierno, 
 
 me enviara vm. su respue- 
 ta para mi gobierno, 
 
 hallar ; me hallo favoreci- 
 
 cido con la de vm. fecha 
 
 del 24 ultimo, 
 me hallo sin respuesta de 
 
 la que escribi avm. 
 llegar; deseo que estaten- 
 
 ga la dicha de llegar a 
 
 sus manos, 
 espero que el navio llegard 
 
 a buen salvamento, 
 
 it shall be our care to send 
 it to Cadiz. 
 
 I shall send your monthly 
 allowance. 
 
 hope you will send me, or 
 remit the money you 
 owe me. 
 
 I have received the remit- 
 tance you made me. 
 
 we are informed of the 
 contents of the said let- 
 ter. 
 
 delivery, or consignment, 
 we have on board 400 
 casks of sugar, which 
 we have shipped for 
 your delivery. 
 
 faith, a testimony of deli- 
 very. 
 
 we, the underwritten, do 
 certify and attest that. 
 
 in testimony of the truth. 
 
 government, we give you 
 this advice for your go- 
 vernment. 
 
 you will send me your an- 
 siver for my govern- 
 ment. 
 
 to find, I am favoured with 
 yours of the 24th last. 
 
 I am without answer to 
 what I wrote to you. 
 
 I wish this may happily 
 come to your hands. 
 
 hope the ship will arrive 
 safe to hand. 
 
Mercantile Idioms, 
 
 363 
 
 recibi su muy apreciable, 
 avisandome de su lle- 
 gada, 
 
 han lleg-ado muchas mer- 
 cadurias de varias par- 
 tes, 
 
 se tuvo noticias de la bue- 
 na llegada del navio B. 
 
 hace algunos dias que lie- 
 go un expreso con noti- 
 cias de, &,c. 
 
 Jlevar; juzgo que podra 
 llevar setecientos barri- 
 ies poco mas 6 menos, 
 
 librar, acab.o de librar so- 
 bre vm. 2000/. a 40 dias 
 fecha en dos letras, 
 
 cuyo importe puede vm. 
 librar a mi cargo, 
 
 en esa no se estila librar 
 sobre esta, 
 
 inandar; las mercadurias 
 que vm. me mando, han 
 salido buenas, 
 
 todo quanto fuere servido 
 mandarnos, se executa- 
 ra con puntualidad, 
 
 con su aviso, mandaremos 
 todo a su entrega, 
 
 muestra ; se serviran de 
 enviarnos unas muestras 
 con la nota de sus pre- 
 cios, 
 
 nos remitira vm. 4000 li- 
 bras de seda del color de 
 nuesiras inciusas, 
 
 3 a 2 
 
 I received your much es- 
 teemed letter, advising 
 me of your arrival. 
 
 a large glut of goods ar- 
 rived from different 
 parts. 
 
 news is come of the safe 
 arrival of the ship B. 
 
 an express arrived some 
 days ago with news 
 that, 8$c. 
 
 I imagine (the ship) will 
 carry about seven hun- 
 dred hogsheads. 
 
 I have just drawn on you 
 a bill at 40 days date 
 for 2000 /. 
 for the amount ivhereqf 
 you may draw on me. 
 
 it is not usual in thatplace 
 to draw upon this. 
 
 remit, send, or order, the 
 goods you send me are 
 good. 
 
 whatever you shall be 
 pleased to order us shall 
 
 . be 'punctually attended 
 to. 
 
 by our advice ice shall 
 send all toy our delivery. 
 
 a pattern of goods, be 
 pleased as to send us 
 some patterns, tvith a 
 note of the prices. 
 
 please to send or remit us 
 4000 pounds of silk, of 
 the same colour of the 
 inclosed patterns. 
 
364 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 razon ; el ncgocio que cor- reason, or partnership, 
 re con la razon de los The business that is car- 
 Senores, &c. ried on in the name* 
 
 title, or partnership of 
 Messrs. 8§c. 
 quedamos enterados de la toe are informed of your 
 division de su compafiia company's separation. 
 6 razon, 
 
 Remesa, 
 
 be remitido 
 
 anil, 
 remitire las 
 
 una caxa 
 
 de 
 
 mesadas de 
 
 vm. 
 
 el Senor B. medio una or- 
 den para remitirle la 
 mesada de 500 pesos, 
 
 la tardanza de la remesa 
 no fue por falta de dili- 
 gencia, 
 
 estoy agiiardando la reme- 
 sa de los g^neros, 
 
 me fue hecha una remesa 
 del Senor, &c. 
 
 y por el importe haremos 
 a vm. remesa, 
 
 las remesas quedan por mi 
 quenta, 
 
 el producto del qual me 
 remitira vm. con la pri- 
 mera ocasion, 
 
 aguardo la remesa del net- 
 to producto de los vinos 
 y demas haciendas, 
 
 hagame saber de lc* preci- 
 os corrientes, 
 
 A Remittance. 
 
 1 have sent a box of indi- 
 go. 
 
 I shall remit your month- 
 ly allowance. 
 
 Mr. B. gave me an order 
 to remit you the month- 
 ly allowance of 500 
 dollars. 
 
 the delay of the remit- 
 tances teas not for want 
 of care or diligence. 
 
 I am waiting the remit- 
 tance of the goods. 
 
 1 received a remittance 
 from Mr. &c. 
 
 and for the amount we 
 shall make you a remit- 
 tance. 
 
 the remittances are for 
 my account. 
 
 the produce whereof you 
 will remit me the first 
 opportunity. 
 
 1 wait the remittance of 
 the neat produce of the 
 wines and other goods. 
 
 advise me of the current 
 price. 
 
Mercantile Idioms, 
 
 ;6a 
 
 iengo el honor de hacerle 
 saber que hoy cargue 
 1 20 sacas de grano por 
 quenta de vm., 
 
 deseo que me haga saber, 
 si es menester que prosi- 
 ga hasta el importe de 
 su comision, 
 
 / have tJte honour to ac~ 
 quaint you, or advise 
 you, that I have this 
 day loaded 1 20 sacks of 
 corn for your account, 
 
 desire you will advise, or 
 inform me if it he ne- 
 cessary to proceed to the 
 whole amount of your 
 commission. 
 
 Sacar, 
 
 Sea servido sacar sobre mi 
 al mas acomodado cam- 
 bio, 
 
 podra vm. sacar sobre mi a 
 favor de los Senores, 
 &c. 
 
 la letra que habia sacado a 
 su cargo, 
 
 cuyo importe puden vms. 
 sacar ami cargo, 
 
 me remitira vm. la canti- 
 dad en una letra sacada 
 
 a sobre un hombre de to^- 
 da puntualidad, 
 
 va inclusa una letra por 
 100 pesos sobre el Se- 
 fior, &c. sacada a su fa- 
 vor por un amigo de 
 esta, 
 
 hemos sacado sobre vms, 
 por el importe, 
 
 he dado ordenes tocante el 
 pagamente de su letra 
 sacada sobre el sefior, 
 
 To draw a Draft, Bill, or 
 Note. 
 
 please to draw on me at 
 the lowest exchange. 
 
 you may draw on me in 
 favour of Messrs. 8$c. 
 
 the bill he had drawn on 
 
 him. 
 for the amount whereof 
 
 you may draw on me* 
 you will remit me the sum 
 
 in a bill drawn upon a 
 
 punctual man. 
 
 inclosed is a bill for 100 
 dollars in your favour, 
 drawn by a friend here 
 on Mr. &c. 
 
 we have drawn on you for 
 the amount. 
 
 I have given orders about 
 payment of your bill 
 drawn on Mr, &c. 
 
366 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 tocante la letra que vm. ha 
 sacado sobre mi, puede 
 recibir la cantidad en 
 casa del Sefior, &c. 
 
 tengo aviso de su saca, 
 
 recomiendo a vm. la honra 
 
 de mi saca, 
 son tres semanas que no 
 
 tuvimos ni carta ni saca 
 
 de vms. 
 
 as to tlie bill you have 
 drawn on me, you may 
 receive the amount at 
 the house of 'Mr. 8$c. 
 
 I have advice of your 
 draft. 
 
 I recommend to you the 
 honouring of my draft. 
 
 it is now three weeks that 
 we have had neither let- 
 ter nor draft from you. 
 
 Valerse^ 
 valgase vm. sobre mi, 
 
 con su aviso, nos valdre- 
 mos sobre vms. por el 
 valor de dicha partida, 
 
 por la qual nos valemos 
 sobre vms. con una de 
 cambio por la cantidad 
 de 4200 pesos, 
 
 Vencimiento, 
 
 la letra de cambio sera 
 honrada y pagada a* su 
 vencimiento, 
 
 vm. honrara la letra con su 
 aceptacion y el paga- 
 mento a su vencimiento, 
 
 sea vm. cierto que luego 
 que la letra me sea pre- 
 sentada, la acceptare y 
 pagare a su vencimien- 
 to, 
 
 To value one s self, to ap- 
 ply \ to draw. 
 
 you may value yourself or 
 draw on me. 
 
 by your advice, shall draw 
 on you for the amount 
 of the said parcel, 
 for which have drawn on 
 you a bill of exchange 
 for 4,200 dollars. 
 
 Conquest, or overcoming. 
 
 the bill of exchange will 
 be honoured, or accept- 
 ed and paid when due. 
 
 you will honour the bill 
 iv'tth your acceptance, 
 and payment whendue. 
 
 be assured that ivhenever 
 the bill be present eel to 
 me, I shall accept it, 
 and pay the same when 
 due. 
 
Circular Letters. S67 
 
 inclusas hallara usted dos inclosed you have two bills 
 
 ietras de cambio, cuya of exchange, the accept- 
 
 acceptacion se sirva pro- ance whereof you ivill 
 
 curar al instante, y el procure now, and pay- 
 
 pago a su vencimiento, ment when due. 
 
 CARTA CIRCULAR, 
 
 Para la Extinccion de una Firma de 4 Socios vajo la 
 Firma de uno. 
 
 Muy Senor mio, 
 
 Participamos & vm. que habiendo expirado el 20 del 
 mes pasado el termino de nuestra compania, y no pu- 
 diendo renovarla segun teniamos convenido con motivo 
 del fallecimiento de nuestro Xefe Don A. que sucedio 
 el dia 15 de Marzo, 1806, y el de nuestro socio Don 
 B. el 15 Octubre ult°. pasado, nos ha sido preciso de 
 desolverla, por lo que desde hoy queda extinguida, 
 Habiendo Nro. Don C. dirijido aquel establecimiento 
 por el discurso de los 21 afios de su termino, con el 
 honor y probidad que tan ampliamente nos adjudicaron 
 la predileccion de los amigos. Reclamanos en obsequio 
 del que ahora ha formado segun la circular anexa la 
 misma confianza y amistad, con que vm. siempre nos 
 ha favorecido y de que nuestro reconocimiento le tri- 
 buta infinitas gracias. Por lo que respecta a las inci- 
 dencias de la Antigua sociedad, se servira" vm. enten- 
 derse con la nueva firma, & cuyo cargo queda acordada 
 la liqiaidacion. 
 
 Quedamos a* la obediencia de vm. con fino afecto y 
 amistad sus mas apasionados amigos, y SSS. 
 
 Q. S.M.B, 
 
S6d A New Spanish Grammar, 
 
 CIRCULAR LETTER, 
 
 Advising the Dissolution of a Partnership of four 
 Partners, conducted under the firm of one. 
 
 Sir, 
 We take the liberty of informing you, that the term 
 of our partnership having expired the 20th ult. and not 
 being able to renew it as we intended, on account of the 
 death of our head partner Mr. A. which happened the 
 15th of March, I806, and that of our partner Mr. B. 
 the 20th of October last, we have been under the ne- 
 cessity of dissolving it. Our Mr. C. having directed the 
 great concerns of that establishment, during its term of 
 21 years, with honour and probity, and which so amply 
 procured us the predilection of our friends, we there- 
 fore claim in favour of him, who herewith has signed 
 the annexed circular, the same confidence and friend- 
 ship which you have always honoured us with, and for 
 which we return you our most sincere acknowledg- 
 ments. 
 
 Respecting the accounts to be settled of the former 
 partnership, you will be pleased to address yourself to 
 the new firm, to whose charge is accorded the liquida- 
 tion of them. 
 
 We are, respectfully, 
 Sir, 
 Your obedient servants, 
 
 A. B. C. and Co. 
 
 Cadiz, 11 de Mayo, I8O9. 
 Muy Senor mio, 
 Por la circular que acompana, se entendera* vm. de 
 Ja extinccion de la sociedad de mi casa de comercio, 
 baxo la razon de los Seiiores A, B, C. y C a . ahora ten 
 
Circular Letters. ' 36<J 
 
 go el honor -de participate, que en mi nombre, y baxo 
 mi sola tiriua seguiran desde hoy los negocios de la an- 
 tigiia compariia. La experiencia, y conocimiento que h£ 
 adquirido en muchos afios de establecimiento en esta 
 plaza, mi manexo y direccion de las sociedade? respec- 
 tables que he formado, junto con mis fondos, y el ex 
 tenso credito que gozo en el comercio, mefacilitan me- 
 <hos suficientes y poner en disposition de desempeiiar 
 Jos preceptos de mis amigos con las mayores ventajas y 
 el devido acierto. A consequencia ofrezco a vm. siii re- 
 reserva las facultades de mi casa, euya firma a continu- 
 acion ; lisonjeandome merecera en todas ocasiones su 
 proteccion ; y que el zelo y eficacia que dedicare en 
 servir a vm. me haran acreedor a la preferencia de su 
 confianza y iimistad, 
 
 Ouedo a la obediencia de vm. 
 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 
 Cadiz, llth May, I8O9. 
 Sir, 
 By the inclosed circular you are advised of the dis- 
 solution of partnership of Messrs. A. B. C. and Co. I 
 now have the honour to inform you, that from this day 
 the affairs of the old concern will be conducted under 
 my own name and firm. The experience and know- 
 ledge which I have acquired during the many years I 
 have been established in this city, my administration 
 and direction of the respectable establishments which I 
 have formed, joined with funds and an extensive cre- 
 dit I possess in this place, facilitates me sufficient means 
 and the power of executing the orders of my friends with 
 the greatest advantage and punctuality. I therefore 
 take the liberty of offering you my services, flattering 
 myself that on all occasions I shall merit your protec- 
 tion, and that the zeal and assiduity which I shall de- 
 vote in serving you, will procure me the preference of 
 your confidence and friendship. 
 
 Your's respectfully. 
 
 3 B 
 
370 A New Spanish Grammar 
 
 Al Sefior A. B. 
 
 Muy Sefior nuestro, 
 
 Recibimos con el debido aprecio, la favorecida de 
 vm. fha 14. del pasado, y enterados del contenido, des- 
 de luego la introduction de que vm. se vale, de iiro 
 buen amo, el Sefior Don G. P. siernpre nos esthnulara 
 servir a quien se valga de nuestro minister!©, en termi- 
 nos que muestren el aprecio y veneracion, que hacemos 
 de tan poderosa recomendacion. 
 
 Asi muy gustosos nos hacemos cargo del asunto con 
 que vm. nos emplea, en seguimiento de su evaque, he- 
 mos acudido a N ra audiencia de almirantasgo, pues en 
 caso de apresamiento 6 detencion del Bergantin N ra Se- 
 fiora concepta da Salvamento, Capitan Juan Fonseca, 
 desde esa para Madera constaria en aquella corte ; pero 
 felicitamos a vm. no haber alii conocimiento alguno de 
 esta embarcacion, asi es dable que sin tropiezo haya lle- 
 gado a sudestino. Detodos modos^y vivavm.cerciorado, 
 que si el Capitan Juan Tuviese la desgracia de ser con- 
 ducido a este reyno le asistiremos en quanto podamos, 
 y haremos la rcclama en este almirantasgo del navio y 
 carga como pertenecientes a vasallo neutral. Pasando a 
 vm. aviso de nuestras gestiones,y mirando sus intereses 
 como propios, con este motivo ofrecemos a su disposi- 
 cion nuestras facultades y quedamos a su obediencia^ 
 afectos amigos y, 
 
 Senores, 
 
 Que sus manos besamos, &c. 
 
 Mv. A. B. 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 We received with due esteem your favour dated the 
 14th ult. and have duly noted its contents: seeing yqu 
 have the introduction of our good friend Mr. G. P., we 
 shall always endeavour to serve with the greatest atteu- 
 
Circular Letters* 3/1 
 
 tion whoever presents themselves to us recommended 
 from such respectable friends, we very willingly take 
 upon us the affair you have charged us with respecting 
 its liberation. 
 
 We have applied to the Board of Admiralty in case 
 of capture or detention of the brig Nuestra Senor Con- 
 cepta da Salvamento, Captain John Fonseca, bound 
 from your place to Madeira, it would have been known 
 in that tribunal, but we congratulate you they have no 
 account whatever of this vessel, therefore it is proba- 
 he is arrived at her destination without obstacles ; 
 at all events, be assured that, if Captain John Fonseca 
 has the misfortune to be brought to this kingdom we 
 shall assist and render him every assistance in our 
 power, and shall reclaim from the Admiralty both ship 
 and cargo as belonging to a neutral subject. We shall 
 advise you of our exertions regarding your interests as 
 our own, at the same time time we offer you our services, 
 and are, most respectfully. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 x Your obedient Servants. 
 
 A los Senores Q. R. 
 
 May Senores nuestros, 
 La que precede, es copia de la que tuvimos el honor 
 de dirigir a vms. el correo ultimo, cuyo contenido en 
 mi todo ratificamos aiiadiendo que la aguila va entre- 
 gando su cargamento hasta ahora en buena condicion. 
 Por falta de los correos de Portugal, carecemos aun to- 
 davia de los conocimientos de las 250 sacas marcadas 
 Q. R. Sin embargo, van entrando en nuestra custodia 
 nos alegraremos queambas pilascorrespondan al examen 
 a la opinion que tenemos formado de ellas, en vista de 
 lo que Vms. nos representan en su abono pues facilitaran 
 nuestras acciones para su pronta y favorable venta, u 
 
 3b 2 
 
3? 3 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 cuyo intento ccrciorense que nuestro desvelo y parti 
 lar zelo, eorresponderan extensamente al favor y con- 
 fianza con que nos honran vms. y al que aspiramos en 
 fuerza de merito, y la mas eserupulosa atencion en be- 
 nericio de sus intereses.. Los socorros en lanas nuevas 
 van entrando con la seguridad que se esperaba ya tene- 
 mos aqui al redor de tres mil sacas, pero los efectos 
 terribles de esta desgraciada guerra. infiuyen en sumo 
 grado sobve este precioso ramo, que por la inaecion de 
 las fabricas tememos con sobvado fundamento haga los 
 preeios, luego que se tengan las del nuevo coste, h&> 
 sido conducido por un corsario y detenido en Pli mouth 
 el navio, Estrella, Capitan Perez procedente de Cadiz,, 
 vemos por el manifiesto se kalian 6 su bordo, las 92 sa- 
 cas Q. R. que vms. nos ban destinado y sobre lo que 
 teneinos aseguradas 1:5,000/. con arregloa nuestra suso 
 dicha ultima, luego que Ueguen los papeles a e>te al- 
 mirantazgo, procederemos a la reclama de dicbas sacas 
 en los terminos acostumbrados, y no nos queda duda> 
 que su detencion sera muy corta pues los precedentes- 
 en iguales casos no admiten otras resultas que la libe- 
 racion del cargamento, ya estan vms. ilustrados por 
 miestros avisos que al precio de 5, 8, por las sacas Q. R. 
 no hemos tenido oferta ; asi nos lisonjeamos que si a 5 
 y 6. Cerramos le venta, merecera su beneplacito a pesar 
 de lo que sobre aquel precio se sirven ahora represen- 
 tarnos pues nuestra ambicion esen conseguir el sumo del 
 mercado, es quanto occurre por hoy, asi nos repetimos 
 de vin. afectisimos amigos v atentos servidores, 
 
 Q. S. M. B <*; 
 
 Messrs. Q. ft 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 The inclosed is a copy of that we had the honour to* 
 
 addrtaf you by the last mail, the contents of which we 
 
 now confirm, adding that the Eagle js delivering her 
 
 cargo till the present in good condition. By the non~ 
 
Circular Letters, 3/3 
 
 arrival of the mails from Portugal we are still without 
 the bills of lading of the 250 bags marked Q. R. 
 When we receive them into our warehouse, we shall 
 be glad to find, on examining them, that they corres- 
 pond to the opinion we have formed, from the man- 
 ner in which you have represented them to us ; and 
 which will facilitate our exertions for a favourable and 
 ojiiek sale, in which, rest assured, that our endeavours 
 and particular attention will fully correspond to the 
 favour and confidence you have honoured us with, to 
 which we aspire by merit and a scrupulous attention to 
 your interests. The supplies of fresh wool arrive with 
 that security as was expected : there are already three 
 thousand bags, but the dreadful effects of this unfortu- 
 nate war cause a fluctuation in the highest degree on 
 this valuable article; that on account of the inaction of 
 the manufactories we have every reason to fear the prices 
 w r iil fall as soon as fresh supplies arrive. There has 
 been brought into Plymouth a privateer, the Estrella, 
 Captain Perez, from Cadiz. We see, by his manifes- 
 to, that there are on board the 92 bags Q. R. which 
 you have consigned to us, and upon which we have in- 
 sured 15,000/. in conformity to our last favour. 
 
 As soon as the papers arrive at the Admiralty, we 
 shall proceed towards reclaiming the said bags, in usual 
 form, not doubting but the detention will be of short 
 duration, as in such cases they admit of no other resuk 
 than the discharge of the cargo. 
 
 You are already informed by our letters that 5s. fid. 
 has not been offered for the bags Q. R. ; therefore we 
 Matter ourselves that should we obtain 5s. 6d. it will 
 meet your approbation, notwithstanding what is said 
 to us respecting the above prices, it is our ambition to 
 obtain the highest price in the market. 
 We remain, 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 Your obedient humble Servants 
 
3Y4 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Un Gonocimicnto. 
 
 Yo Francisco Torribio vecino de maestre 
 
 que soy del navio que Dios salve nombrado la Aguila, 
 de porte de 500 tonaladas, que al prese'nte esta surto, 
 y anclado en el puerto de Cadiz, para conla buena Ven- 
 tura seguir este presente viage al puerto de Portsmouth, 
 conozco haver recibido, y tengo cargado dentro del di- 
 cho mi navio debaxo de cubiertade vos 25 fardos lien- 
 zos de la India enjutas y bien acondicionadas, y mar- 
 cadas de la marca de fuera, con las quales prometo, y 
 me obligo, llevandome Dios en buen salvamento con 
 el dicho mi navio, al dicho puerto, de acudir por vos y 
 en vuestro nombre a 
 
 pagandome de flete 
 y sus averias acostumbradas, y para lo qual asi 
 tener y guardar, obligo mi persona y bienes, y el dicho 
 mi navio, fletes, y aparejos, y lo mejor parado de el. 
 En fe de lo qual, os di 3 conocimientos de un tenor, 
 firmados de mi nombre por mi, o por mi Escrivano, el 
 uno cum plido, losotros novalgan. Hecho en Cadiz 13 
 Mayo, 180{}. 
 
 A Bill of Lading. 
 
 Shipped in good order and condition, by Mr. Fran- 
 cis F. in and upon the good ship called the Hope, 
 whereof is master, for this present voyage, Tho- 
 mas D. riding at anchor in the Downs, and bound for 
 Calais, thirty-five bales of superfine cloflis, being 
 marked and numbered as in the margin, and are to be 
 delivered in the same good order and condition, at the 
 aforesaid port of Calais, {the act of God, the king's 
 enemies, fire, and all and every other dangers and ac- 
 cidents of the seas, rivers, and navigation, of ivliat- 
 ever nature and hind soever, save risk of boats, so far 
 as ships are liable thereto, excepted) unto Mr. P. or 
 
Bills of Exch auge. 375 
 
 to his assigns, he or they paying frieight for the said 
 goods with primage and average accustomed. In wit- 
 ness whereof the master or purser of the said ship hath 
 signed two bills of lading, of this tenor and date ; the 
 one of which being accomplished, the other one to stand 
 void. Dated in London^ 13th May, I809. 
 
 Thomas D. 
 
 Letra de Cambio. 
 
 Londres, y 21 Junio, I809, por psos. 20,000 de a 
 128 quartos cada peso a uso y medio mandara vmd. 
 pagar esta primera de cambio en esa a la orden de los 
 Senores-Veinte mil pesos : en dinero efectivo y no en 
 vales reales ni otro papei moneda alguna de ciento 
 veinte y ocho quartos cada peso en especie de oro 6 pla 
 ta al curso conocido aqui oy valor recivido de dhos 
 Serlores que asentara vmd. como por aviso 
 
 al Senor Don 
 
 Gde. Ds. ms. as. Por nosotros. 
 
 J a Sevilla. 
 
 Bill of Exchas . 
 
 London, the 21st June, I8O9, for 10,000/. at 14. 
 usance, pay this third of exchange (first and second 
 not paid) to the order of Messrs. in 
 
 money effective, and not in vales reales, or any other 
 monied paper. Value received from said Messrs. 
 
 which place to account. 
 To Mr. For us. 
 
 In Cadiz. 
 (3d.) 
 
3/6 A Xew Spanish Grammar. 
 
 Una Coleccion de Idioma Refranes^ y Dichos 
 Comunes. 
 
 A Collection of Idioms, Proverbs, and Common 
 Sayings. 
 
 AI buen entendedor pocas A word to the wise, 
 
 palabras, 
 
 gato escaldado del agua a burnt child dreads the 
 
 fria teme, fi re > 
 
 la caridad bien ordenada charity begins at home. 
 
 empieza por si mismo, 
 
 quien todo lo quiere, todo grasp all, lose all. 
 
 lo pierde, 
 
 un amigo en la necesidad, aftiendin need is a friend 
 
 es amigo en verdad, indeed. 
 
 todo lo puede el dinero, money commands all. 
 
 del dicho al hecho, hay between the cup and the 
 
 gran trecho, Up there's many a slip. 
 
 ojos que no ven, corazon out of sight out of mind. 
 
 no quiebra, 
 
 cl abad a donde canta where the abbot sings, 
 
 yanta, there lie dines. 
 
 como canta el abad, re- if you give bad lan- 
 
 sponde el monecilio, S ua S e V ou ma U mee ^ 
 
 with worse. 
 
 hombre avariento, por un a covetous man loses a 
 
 bodigo pierde ciento, hundred calces to get 
 
 one. 
 
 no bay salsa como el buen a good stomach is the best 
 
 apetito, sauce. 
 
 una golondrina no hace one swallow makes no sum- 
 
 verano, mer. 
 
 cada oveja con su pareja, birds af a feather Jlock 
 
 together. 
 
 qual es el dueiio, tal £s el like master, like man, 
 
 perro, 
 
Idioms and Common Sayings. 
 
 377 
 
 de los dos males, elige el 
 
 men or, 
 no te extiendas mas de lo 
 
 que alcanza la siibana, 
 la ocasion, hace al ladron, 
 mas vale paxaro en mano 
 
 que ciento volando, 
 paxaro viejo no entra en 
 
 jauia, 
 quien de presto determina, 
 de espacio se arrepiente 
 oir, vei-j y callar, recias co- 
 
 sas son de obrar, 
 el comer, y rascar, no qui- 
 
 eresino empezar, 
 canta la rana, y no tiene 
 
 pelo ni lana, 
 mas vale mafia que fuerza, 
 no es la miel para la boca 
 
 del asno, 
 la paciencia cura todos los 
 
 males, 
 el diablo predicador, 
 quando el diablo reza, en- 
 
 gaiiar te qui ere, 
 cria el cuervo, y sacarte ha 
 
 los ojos, 
 en la dilacion, esta el peli- 
 
 gro, 
 quando el hierro esta en- 
 cendido, entonceshade 
 ser batido, 
 necios y porfiados, hacen 
 
 rieos a los letrados, 
 en dar, y tomar, se puede, 
 
 engafiar, 
 nadie puede decir de esta 
 agiia no bebere, 
 
 of two evils chase the least. 
 
 yoa mast cut your coat ac- 
 cording to your cloth, 
 opportunity makes a thief, 
 a bird in the hand is worth 
 
 two In the hush, 
 old birds are not caught 
 
 with chaff, 
 he that resolves in haste, 
 
 repents at leisure, 
 it is very hard to hear, 
 
 see, and say notJdng. 
 eating and scratching 
 
 wants but a beginning, 
 the poorest people are 
 
 merry, 
 policy goes beyond strength 
 it is not for asses to lick 
 
 honey, 
 patience is a plaster for 
 
 all sores. 
 the devil rebukes sin. 
 when the fox preaches, 
 
 take heed of the geese. 
 breed up a crow, and hell 
 
 pull out your eyes, 
 delay breeds danger. 
 
 you must strike the iron 
 whilst it is hot. 
 
 fools and obstinate people 
 enrich lawyers. 
 
 in giving and taking, there 
 may be mistaking. 
 
 no man can say, I will ne- 
 ver drink of this ivater. 
 
 3 c 
 
37S 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 el hombre propone, y Dios 
 
 dispone, 
 una mala capa, encubre im 
 
 buen be bed or, 
 do entra beber, sale saber, 
 
 la muger, y el vino, sacan 
 al hombre del tino, 
 
 muger, viento y ventura, 
 presto se muda, 
 
 palabra de muger, y viento 
 de culo, todo es uno, 
 
 amigo del buen tiempo, 
 mudase con el viento, 
 
 el que presta al amigo, pi- 
 erde el dinero, yel ami- 
 go* 
 
 quien no se aventura, no 
 
 pasa la mar, 
 lo que no quieras para ti, 
 
 no lo quieras para mi, 
 el hombre es fuego, y la 
 
 muger estopa, viene el 
 
 diablo, y sopla, 
 el bobo, si es callado, por 
 
 sesudo es reputado, 
 quien calla otorga, 
 estados, mudan costum- 
 
 bres, 
 eoge buena fama, y echate 
 
 en la cama, 
 la buena fama, vale mas 
 
 que riquezas, 
 el mal entra por arrobas, y 
 
 «ale por adarmes, 
 a rio revuelto, gauancia de 
 
 Pescadores, 
 !os necios hacen convites, 
 
 y los sabios los comen, 
 
 man proposes, and God 
 
 disposes. 
 a tattered cloak may cover 
 
 a good drinker. 
 when the wine is in, the 
 
 wit is oat. 
 women and wine make a 
 
 man ?nad. 
 women, wind, and fortune 
 
 are given to change, 
 no ivoman can keep a se- 
 cret, 
 a fair weather friend, 
 
 turns with the wind. 
 I lent my money to my 
 
 friend, I lost my money 
 
 and my friend. 
 nothing venture, nothing 
 
 have, 
 do as you would be done 
 
 by. 
 man is fire, and the ivo- 
 man is tow, the devil 
 
 comes and blows, 
 a fool that says little 
 
 passes for a wise man. 
 silence gives consent. 
 honours change manners. 
 
 2vhen a man's name is up 
 he may lie a-bed. 
 
 a good name is better than 
 riches. 
 
 a man is not so soon heal- 
 ed as hurt. 
 
 it is good f is/ting in mud- 
 
 died, waters, 
 fools malie feasts, and 
 ivise men eat them. 
 
Idioms and Common Sayings. 
 
 m 
 
 la uciosidad es mad re de 
 
 todos los vicios, 
 nadie sabe donde le duele 
 
 el zapato, como el que 
 
 le trae, 
 cantarillo que muchas ve- 
 
 ces va a la fuente, 6 
 
 dexa la asa, 6 la frente, 
 nuevos reyes, nuevas leyes, 
 la necesidad carece de lev, 
 antes que te cases, mira lo 
 
 que haces, 
 ii padre giiardador, hijo 
 
 gastador, 
 una oveja sarnosa, infecta 
 
 todo el rebano, 
 la mucha familiaridad, cau- 
 sa menos precio, 
 cortesia de boca mucho 
 
 vale, y poco cuesta, 
 cada gallo canta en su mu- 
 
 ladar, 
 lo que piensa el corazon, 
 
 habla la lengiia, 
 en donde no hay, el rey 
 
 pierde su derecho, 
 
 la hambre derriba paredes, 
 
 por donde fueres, haz co- 
 mo vieres, 
 
 poco a poco, se va lexos, 
 
 piensa el ladron, que todos 
 son de su condicion, 
 
 al vi llano dadle el pie, to- 
 rn arse ha la ma no, 
 
 dolor de esposo, y dolor de 
 codo, duele mucho, y 
 dura poco, 
 
 3 c2 
 
 idleness is the root of all 
 
 evil, 
 none knows so well where 
 
 the shoe pinches as he 
 
 that wears it. 
 the pitcher that goes often 
 
 to the well comes home 
 
 broke at last, 
 new lords, new laws, 
 necessity has no law* 
 look before you leap. 
 
 a niggardly father has a 
 
 prodigal son. 
 one scabby sheep mars the 
 
 whole flock, 
 toomuchfamiliaritybreeds 
 
 contempt, 
 good words are worth 
 
 much, and cost little, 
 every cock can crow on his 
 
 own dunghill, 
 what the heart thinks the 
 
 mouth speaks, 
 ivhere nothing is to be 
 
 found, the king loses 
 
 right. 
 hunger beats down stone 
 
 walls, 
 when you are at Rome, do 
 
 as Rome does, 
 fair and softly goes far. 
 the thief thinks all men 
 
 like himself, 
 give a clown an inch, and 
 
 he'll take an ell. 
 the husba?id's sorrow is 
 
 like a pain in the elbow, 
 
 very sharp, but soon 
 
 over. 
 

 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 los yerros del medico, la 
 
 tierra los cubre, 
 no hay peor sordo, que el 
 
 que no quiere oir, 
 Abril y Mayo, la Have de 
 
 todo el ano, 
 abrir eloje, 
 a cada puerco le llega su 
 
 san martin, 
 quien siembra abrojos, no 
 
 ande desealz©-, 
 
 adivina adivinador,lasiTvas 
 
 de mi majuelo que eosas 
 
 son, 
 quien no sabe callar su a- 
 
 frenta no sabra eallar la 
 
 agena, 
 en Agosto, uvas y mosto, 
 
 un agrabio consentido,otro 
 
 venido, (de Mayo, 
 
 es deseado, eomo el agua 
 agua fria, y pan caliente, 
 
 nunca hieieron buen 
 
 vientre, 
 etel agiia mans a me guard e 
 
 Dios, de la brava me 
 
 gi'iardare yo, 
 
 no o.s lavareis desta, eon 
 quanta agua hay en el 
 rio, 
 
 no ecftes a^ua cu la 
 qtte U: saldra ?iiai, 
 
 . tnrbia i *•, no di- 
 
 r ^ua no be* 
 here 
 
 the earth hides the mi& 
 takes of physicians. 
 
 none so deaf as he that 
 will nut hear. 
 
 April and May are the 
 hey of all the year. 
 
 to stand upon one's guard. 
 
 every dog has its day. 
 
 he ivho lays snares for 
 another, must he upon 
 his guard. 
 
 guess, fortune-teller, what 
 things are the grapes 
 of a mneyard. 
 
 he that eannot conceal his 
 own shame will not con- 
 ceal another's. 
 
 in August grapes and new 
 ivine. 
 
 the taking of one wrong 
 brings another. {May. 
 
 wished for like rain in 
 
 cold water 'and hot bread 
 never did good in the 
 belly. 
 
 God preserve me from 
 concealed slander, for 
 I shall avoid the spread 
 one. 
 
 you will not wish away 
 fJtis stain with all the 
 u titer in f lie river. 
 
 do not prorokeyom friends, 
 i"st }'tw should lose 
 them. 
 
 tt£h 'it be ever so mueh 
 iron bled, do not say 1 
 will not drink of this 
 
Idioms and Common Sayings. 
 
 381 
 
 eramos treinta, y pario 
 nuestra abuela, 
 
 quien bien ama, tarde 
 aborrece, 
 
 amigo reconcihado, ene- 
 migo dob la do, 
 
 a tu amigo dile la menti- 
 ra, si te guarda pure- 
 dad, dile la verdad, 
 
 90 vendas a tu amigo, ni 
 del rico compres trigo, 
 
 el amor de los asnos, entra 
 & coces v a bocados, 
 
 a gran arroyo, pasar pos- 
 trero. 
 
 quien tiene arte, va por to- 
 
 da parte, 
 quien bien ata, bien desa- 
 
 ta, 
 harto ay una, quien mal 
 
 come, 
 estar en ayunas de alguna 
 
 cosa, 
 quando vieres la barba de 
 
 tu vecino pelar, echa la 
 
 tuya a remejo, 
 quien compra y miente, 
 
 en su bolsa lo siente, 
 bolver atras de su palabra, 
 al buey por el cuerno, y al 
 
 hombre por la palabra, 
 volver las espaldas a algu- 
 
 gimo, 
 es buena y honrada, la que 
 
 esta mue.rta y sepulta- 
 
 da, 
 
 we were thirty, and 
 our grandmother was 
 brought to bed. 
 
 true love is scarce forgot. 
 
 a reconciled friend is a 
 double enemy. 
 
 tell your friend a lie, and 
 if he keeps your secret, 
 tell him the truth. 
 
 do not sell your friend, 
 nor buy corn of a rich. 
 
 the love of asses begin 
 with kicking and bit- 
 big. 
 
 where there is a great 
 stream, go over the 
 last. 
 
 he that has a trade, may 
 get his living any where. 
 
 fast bind, fast find. 
 
 he fasts enough who has 
 but a bad meal. 
 
 to know nothing of the 
 matter. 
 
 when you see your neigh- 
 bour's beard taken ojf\ 
 lay yours in soak. 
 
 he that buys and lies, finds 
 it in his purse. 
 
 to go from one's word. 
 
 hold the ox by the /torn* 
 and a man by his word. 
 
 to tin n ones back to amj 
 one. 
 
 she is a good and honest 
 woman thafs dead and 
 buried. 
 
3S2 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 quien calla, otorga, 
 
 a mal capellan, mal sa- 
 
 gristan, 
 el carnero encantado, fue 
 
 por lana y volvio tras- 
 
 quilado, 
 jurar como un carretero, 
 quanto llevo expuesto, es 
 
 la verdad, 
 qual es la campana, tal es 
 
 la bad aj ad a, 
 caridad, sabes lo que es ? 
 
 perdona si mal quieres, 
 
 y paga lo que debes, 
 
 a quentas viejas, barajas 
 
 nuevas, 
 pues que se quema la casa, 
 
 calentemonos todos, 
 
 compania de dos, compa- 
 
 fiia de Dios, 
 al buen consejo, no sebal- 
 
 la precio, 
 mala yerba, nunca muere, 
 Dios dixo lo que sera, 
 de Dios viene el bieri, y de 
 
 las abejas la miel, 
 
 de lo feo a lo hermoso, de- 
 me Dios lo provechoso, 
 
 no te de Dios mas mal, 
 que muchos hijos y po- 
 co pan, 
 
 encender fuego entre unos 
 y otros, 
 
 silence grants consent, 
 bad for bad. 
 
 the inchanted sheep that 
 
 went for wool came a- 
 
 way shorn, 
 to swear very loudly, 
 what I have set forth is 
 
 the truth, 
 you must not expect wis- 
 
 doni from a fool, 
 do you know what charity 
 
 is } forgive if you bear 
 
 ill-will, and pay your 
 
 debts, 
 old reckonings make n.ew 
 
 quarrels, 
 since the house is on fire, 
 
 lei us all warm our- 
 
 selves, 
 the company of two is 
 
 God's company, 
 good advice is inestimable. 
 
 ill weeds grow apace. 
 
 God said what will be. 
 
 all good comes from God. 
 and honey from the 
 bees. 
 
 of the beautiful or ugly, 
 God give me that iclikh 
 is profitable. 
 
 God send you no greater- 
 curse than many child- 
 ren and little bread. 
 
 to sow discord. 
 
Idioms and Common Sayings. 
 
 383 
 
 en hora buena, sea asi, 
 no hay atajo, sin trabaxo, 
 a tuerto y a derecho, ayu- 
 
 de Dios a nuestro con- 
 
 sejo, 
 despues de Dios, la olla, 
 
 Ebro tray dor, naces en 
 Castilla, y riegas en A- 
 ragon, 
 
 las puertas 6 ventanas, es- 
 tan de par en par, 
 
 empunar la espada, y lle- 
 var todo parejo, 
 
 encaxosele en la cabeza, 
 
 el tramposo, presto enga- 
 na al codicioso, 
 
 tener entrada en casa age- 
 na, 
 
 es hombre de buenas en- 
 trants, 
 
 Dios nos libre de ladron de 
 casa, 
 
 (nojugarlos, 
 
 el mejor de los dados, es 
 
 el lobo harto de carne, se 
 mete frayle, 
 
 un lobo no muerde a otro, 
 
 al que mal hieieres, no lo 
 
 creas, 
 quien canta, sus males es- 
 
 panta, 
 la muger y el vidrio, siem- 
 
 pre estan en peligro, 
 antes que te cases, mira lo 
 
 que haces, que no es nu- 
 
 do que asi desates, 
 
 let it be so. 
 
 liltJiout pains, no gains, 
 right or wrong, God help 
 our council. 
 
 next to God, the pot of 
 
 boiled meat, 
 false river Ebro, you have 
 
 your rise in Castile, 
 
 and water in Aragon. 
 the doors and windows are 
 
 quite open, 
 to lay hold of one } s sword, 
 
 and spare nobody, 
 he was positive in it. 
 the sharper soon t cheats 
 
 the covetous, 
 to be admitted at another's 
 
 house. 
 a tender-hearted man. 
 
 may God deliver us from 
 the thief that lives in 
 the house. (to play. 
 
 the best cast at dice is not 
 
 when a wicked man can 
 sin no longer, he pre- 
 tends to be good. 
 
 knaves do not hurt one 
 another. 
 
 do not trust him that you 
 wrong. 
 
 he that sings, frightens 
 his misfortunes. 
 
 a woman and a glass are 
 always in danger. 
 
 before you marry, take 
 heed what you do, for it 
 is not a knot you can 
 easily untie. 
 
384 
 
 A New Spanish Grammar 
 
 a palabras locas, orejas 
 
 sordas, 
 pan con ojos, y queso sin 
 
 ojos, y vino que salte a 
 
 los ojoa, 
 no estes rrmcho en la pla- 
 za, ni te rias de quien 
 
 pasa, 
 mas vale tarde que nunca, 
 quien la olla de su vecino 
 
 quiere eatar, la suya no 
 
 ha de tapar, 
 
 quien con perros se echa, 
 
 con pulgas se levanta, 
 tener a u no en poco, 
 
 quien pregunta no yerra, 
 si la pregunta no es ne- 
 cia, 
 
 puerco fiado, grune todo 
 el afio, 
 
 unpuertodearrebata capas, 
 
 no me quadra lo que vin. 
 
 me dice, 
 obras son amores, que no 
 
 buenas razones, (baxo, 
 revolver la casa de arriba a 
 no poderse revolver en ia 
 
 cam a, 
 mas es el ruido que las 
 
 nueces, 
 a mala suerte, embidar 
 
 fuerte, 
 tomar las de villa diego, 
 mas vale ir solo, que mal 
 
 acompanado, 
 escarmentar en cabeza age- 
 
 na, 
 
 for mad ivords, deaf eaj*s. 
 
 light bread, close cheese, 
 and sparkling wine, are 
 best, 
 
 do not stand to be observ- 
 ed, nor laugh at those 
 that pass by. 
 
 it is better late thannever. 
 
 he that will eat with his 
 neighbour, must make 
 him welcome at his own, 
 house. 
 
 lie with beggars, and you 
 will be lousy. 
 
 to have a little esteem for 
 a man. 
 
 he that asks does not err, 
 if the question be not a 
 foolish one. 
 
 a hog upon trust, grnnts 
 all the year. 
 
 any place that is much ex- 
 posed to winds. 
 
 what you say does not suit 
 me. 
 
 actions are love, and not 
 fair words. 
 
 to turn things topsy-turvy. 
 
 not to be able to turn in 
 one's bed. 
 
 there is more noise than 
 nuts to crack. 
 
 he that has ill luck, must 
 push boldly. 
 
 is to run away. 
 
 it is better to be alone 
 than in bad company. 
 
 to take warning by ano- 
 ther. 
 
Idioms and Common Sayings. 
 
 SS5 
 
 la verdad es hija de Dios, 
 hombre de buena, 6 mala 
 
 vida, 
 darse buena vida, 
 buena vida, padre y madre 
 
 olvida, 
 aunque seas prudente vie- 
 
 jo, no desdefies el con- 
 
 'sejo, 
 del viejo el consejo, 
 
 cadauno mire por el virote, 
 
 quien quisiere vivir sano ; 
 
 coma pocoj y cene tern- 
 
 prano, 
 dar una voz a alguno, 
 a voz de pregonero, 
 no perdona el vulgo, tachas 
 
 de ninguno, 
 
 truth is God's daughter, 
 a man of good or bad 
 
 liver, 
 to live at one's ease, 
 a good easy life forgets 
 
 father and mother, 
 though you he a discreet 
 
 old man, yet don't de- 
 spise advice, 
 take the advice of an old 
 
 man. 
 let every one mind his own 
 
 business, 
 he that would he healthy, 
 
 must eat temperately y 
 
 and sup betimes. 
 to call aloud to a man. 
 proclaimed by a crier, 
 the mob spares nobody. 
 
 Testamenio de Don Quixote de la Mancha. 
 
 Yo Senores, siento que me voy muriendo a toda 
 priesa, dexense burlas a parte, y trayganme un confe- 
 sor, que me confiese y un escrivano, que haga mi tes- 
 tamento, que en tales trances como este, no se ha de 
 burlar el hombre con el alma : y asi suplico, que en 
 tanto que el Sefior cura me confiesa, vayan por el escri- 
 vano. 
 
 Miraronse unos a otros, admirados de las razones de 
 Don Quixote, y aunque en duda le quisieron creer, y 
 una de las sefiales por donde conjecturaron se moria, 
 fue el haber vuelto con tanta facilidad de loco a cuerdo, 
 porque a las ya dichas razones afiadio otras muchas 
 
 3 D 
 
386 A New Spanish Grammar. 
 
 tanbien dichas, tan cristianas, y con tanto concierto, 
 que del todo les vino a qujtar la duda y a creer que es- 
 t&ba cuerdo. 
 
 Hizo salir la gente el cura, y quedose solo con 
 el, y confesole. El Bachiller fue por el Escrivano, y 
 de alii a poco, volvio con el. Y con Sancho Panza, 
 el qual Sancho (que ya sabia por nuevas del Bachiller 
 Carrasco, en que estado estaba su senor) hallando al 
 ama, y a la sobrina llorosas, comenzo a hacer puque- 
 ros, y a derramar lagrimas. Acabose la confesion, y sa- 
 lio el cura diciendo : verdaderamente se muere, y ver- 
 daderamente esta cuerdo Alonzo Quixano el bueno, 
 bien podemos entrar para que haga su testamento. Es- 
 tas nuevas dieron un terrible empuxon a los ojos prefia^ 
 dos de ama, sobrina, y de Sancho su buen escudero, de 
 tal manera, que los hizo rebentar las lagrimas de los 
 ojos, y mil profundos suspiros del pecho, porque ver- 
 daderamente, como alguna vez se ha dicho, en tanto 
 que Don Quixote fue Alonso Quixano el bueno a secas, 
 y en tanto que fue Don Quixote de la Mancha, fue siem- 
 pre de apacible condicion, y de agradable trato, y por 
 esto no solo era bien querido de los de su casa, sino de 
 todos quantos le conocian. Entro el escrivano con los 
 demas, y despues de haber hecho la cabeza del testa- 
 mento, y ordenado su alma Don Quixote con todas 
 aquellas circunstancias cristianas que se requieren, lle- 
 gando a las mandas^ dixo : iten, es mi voluntad, que 
 de ciertos dineros, que Sancho Panza, a quien en mi 
 locura hice mi escudero, tiene, que porque ha habido 
 entre el y mi ciertas quentas, y dares, y tomares, qui- 
 ero que no se le haga cargo de ellos ; ni se le pida quenta 
 alguna, sino que si sobrase alguno, despues de haberse 
 pagado de lo que le debo, el restante sea suyo, que sera 
 bien poco, y buen provecho le haga : y si como estando 
 yo loco, fui parte para darle el gobierno de la insula 
 pudiera ahora, estando cuerdo, darle el de un reyno, 
 se le diera, porque la Sencillez de su condicion y fideli- 
 dad de su trato lo merece: y volviendose a Sancho, le 
 dixo : perdoname amigo de la ocasion que te he dado 
 
Testdmento de Don Quixote. 387 
 
 de parecer loco como yo, haciendote caer en el error en 
 que yo he caido, de que hubo, y hay cabalieros andan- 
 tes en el mundo. Ay respondio Sancho Uorando, no se 
 muera vuesa merced, senor mio, sino torne mi consejo 
 y viva mhos afios, porque la mayor locura, que pueda 
 hacer un hombre en esta vida es dejarse morir sin mas, 
 ni mas j sin que nadie le mate, ni otras manos le aca- 
 ben, que las de la rnelancolia. 
 
 Mire no sea perezoso sino levantese de esa cama, y 
 vamonos al campo vestidos de pastores eomo tenemos 
 concei tado, quiza tras de alguna mata hallaremos a la 
 senora Dona Dulcinea desencantada, que no hay mas 
 que ver. 
 
 Si es que se muere de pesar de verse veneido, echeme 
 a mi la culpa diciendo que por haber yo cinchado mal 
 a Rocinante, le derribaron, quanto mas que vuesa mer- 
 ced habra visto en sus libros de caballerias ser cosaordi- 
 naria derribarse unos cabalieros a otros, y el que es 
 veneido hoy ser vencedor mariana. 
 
 Asi es dixo Sanson, y el buen Sancho Panza esta 
 mui en la verdad destos casos. Senores, dixo Don 
 Quixote, vamonos poco a poco pues ya en los nidos de 
 AntanOj no hay paxaros ogano : yo fui loco, y ya soy 
 cuerda, fui Don Quixote de la Mancha, y soy agora, 
 como he dicho Alonso Quixano el Bueno : pueda con 
 vuesas mercedes mi arrepentimiento y mi verdad volver- 
 me a la estimacion que de mi se tenia, y prosiga ade- 
 lante el Senor Escrivano. Iten, mando toda mi hacien- 
 da a puerta cerrada a Antonia Quixana mi sobrina, que 
 esta presente, habiendo sacado primero de lo mas bien 
 parado della lo que fuere menester para cumplir las 
 man das que dexo hechas, y la primera satisfaccion que 
 se haga, quiero que sea pagar el salario que devo, del 
 tiempo que mi ama me ha servido, y mas veinte du- 
 cados para un vestido. Dexo por mis albaceas al Senor 
 Cura y al Senor Bachiller Sanson Carrasqo, quienes 
 estan presentes. 
 
 Iten, es mi voluntad, que si Antonia Quixana mi 
 sobrina quisiere casavse, se case con hombre de quiea 
 
 3D2 
 
3SS A ]\ r ew Spanish Grammar. 
 
 primero se ha} r a hecho informacion que no sabe que 
 eosas sean libros de caballeria : y en caso que se averi- 
 giiare lo que sabe, y con todo eso mi sobrina quisiere 
 easarse con el, y se casare, pierda todo lo que la he 
 mandado, lo qual puedan mis albaceas distribuir en 
 obras pias a su voluntad. lten, suplico a los dichos 
 seiiores mis albaceas, que si la buena suerte les truxere 
 a conocer al autor, que dicen que compuso una historia 
 que anda por hai con el titulo de segunda parte de 
 las Itazanas de Don Quixote de la Mancha de mi parte 
 le pidan, que encarecidamente ser pueda, perdone la 
 ocasion que sin yo pensarlo le di, de haber escrito tan- 
 tos y tan grandes disparates, cotno en ella escribe, por- 
 que parto desta vida con escrupulo de haber dado moti- 
 vo para escrivirlos. Cerro con esto el testamento, y to- 
 mandole un desmayo se tendio de largo a largo en la 
 cama. Alborotaronse todos, y acudieron a su remedio, 
 y en tres dias que vivio despues deste, donde hizo el 
 testamento, se desmayaba muy a menudo. Andaba la 
 casa alborotada ; pero con todo esto, comia la sobrina 
 brindaba el arna, y se regozijaba Sancho Panza, que 
 esto del heredar algo, borra, 6 templa en el heredero la 
 memoria de la pena, que es razon que dexe el muerto. 
 Enfin llego el ultimo de Don Quixote, despues de reci- 
 bidos todos lo sacramentos, y despues de haber abomi- 
 nado con muchas, y eficaces razones de los libros de 
 caballerias. Hallose el Escrivano presente, y dixo, que 
 nunca habia leido en ningun libro de caballerias, que 
 algun caballero andante hubiese muerto en su lecho tan 
 sosegadamente, y tan cristiano, como Don Quixote, el 
 'jualentrecompasiones y lagrimasde los que alii se hal- 
 laron, dio su espiritu : quiero decir que se murio. 
 
 Carta del Marques de Pescara a Carlos Quinto, Em- 
 perador de /Uemania, Key de las Espanas, Ike. des- 
 pues de la bat alia de Paxia* 
 
 Sober ano Seflor, Siendo vo uno de los mas leales va~ 
 
A New Spanish Grammar. 389 
 
 sallos de vuestra magestad, no puedo eximirme de par 
 ticiparle el gozo que he tenido, por la gloria inmortal, 
 que vuestra magestad ha adquirido en la batalla dePa- 
 via ; lo que felicito, y deseo participar a vuestra mages- 
 tad Catolica e Imperial ; ya el poderoso exercito Fran- 
 ces ha sido derrqiado, por las armas de vuestra mages- 
 tad, y el rey Francisco de Francia en mi poder pri- 
 sionero. Suplico a vuestra magestad se digne orde- 
 narme quanto fuere de su agrado ; pues lo executare' 
 con tanto mas gusto, y puntualidad, quanto que V. M. 
 to tiene otra persona que se crea mas adicta, y aficiona- 
 da a la Augusta persona de V. M. queyo, 
 
 Pavia, a 12 de Agosto, 1559. 
 
 De Vuestra Magestad, el Mas, fiel, y obediente subdito 
 el Marques de Pescara. 
 
 Respuesta del Ministro de Carlos Quinto en Nombre 
 de S. M. al Marques de Pescara. 
 
 Excelentisimo Senor, Su magestad me ha ordenado 
 responder a la carta de Vuestra Excelencia fecha 12 de 
 Agosto, felicitandole de la dicha que la divina provi*. 
 dencia se ha servido concederle haciendole victorioso 
 humillando el orgullo Frances, que pensaba supeditar 
 a todo el genero humano. Su magestad ha enviado las 
 ordenes necesarias a Madrid, para tratar con el debido 
 acatamiento d la real persona de Francisco primero, 
 adonde su magestad Cesarea y Catolica ordena sea con- 
 ducido con el mayor cuidadado y vigilancia posible. 
 Guarde Dios a vuestra 
 
 Excelencia muchos anos. 
 
 Viena, a 18 de Agosto, 1559. 
 
 END. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PART I. 
 
 Page.i 
 
 OF the Spanish, Alphabet, and the Manner of 
 pronouncing each separate Letter 1 
 
 Of the Marnier of pronouncing the Spanish Let- 
 ters, as combined in Syllables . . . l, 2, 3 
 
 Of the Accents .4 
 
 PART II. 
 
 Of the Analogy 
 
 Of the Substantives .... 
 
 Rules for the Gender of Substayitives 
 
 Of the Prosody ..... 
 
 Of the Articles 
 
 Of the Pronouns ..... 
 
 Examples on the Pronouns . . 
 
 Of the Adjectives ..... 
 
 Of the Cardinal Numbers. 
 
 Of the Ordinal Numbers . . . . 
 
 Abbreviations of the Spanish Language . 
 
 Of Verbs ...... 
 
 Of the Regular and Irregular Participles 
 
 Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verbs 
 
 Observations on the Verbs Ser and Estar . 
 
 A General Scheme of the Termination of Regu- 
 lar Verbs of the three Spanish Conjugations in 
 their Simple Tenses . 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 9 
 13 
 14 
 l6 
 
 25 
 28 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 25 
 41 
 46 
 55 
 
 56' 
 
CONTENTS, 
 
 Conjugation of Regular Verbs, and first ending 
 
 in Ar 58 
 
 A Collection nf the most necessary Verbs of the 
 
 First Conjugation . . . . .63 
 
 Second Conjugation, ending in Er . .65 
 
 The Third Conjugation, ending in It . .67 
 
 Of the Irregular P^erbs in General . . 70 
 
 Conjugation on Reciprocal Verbs . . -71 
 Supplement of the Passive Verbs . . -73 
 Irregular Verbs of the First Conjugation . . 74 
 Irregular Verbs of the Second Conjugation . 79 
 Irregular Verbs of the Third Conjugation . 88 
 Of the Impersonal and Defective Verbs . . 99 
 
 Of the Adverbs 104 
 
 Of Prepositions . . . . . . Il6 
 
 Observations on Ay, Hay, and Ah i . . .121 
 Of the Conjunctions . . . . .125 
 
 Of the Interjections . . . . .128 
 
 Of the Figure of Words . . , . . 1 29 
 Of Stops, Marks, and Capital Letters . .130 
 
 PART III. 
 
 Of the Syntax . . . . . .132 
 
 Of the Use of the Articles . . . .134 
 
 The Construction of Substantives . . .135 
 
 The Const ruction of Adjectives . . .136 
 
 The Construction of the Pronouns . . . 139 
 
 Of Verbs, and their Construction . . .142 
 
 Examples on the Verbs Ser and Estar . .144 
 
 Of the Construction of Verbs, Active, Passive, 
 
 $c\ t \ ? , . . . 148 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Of the Figurative Syntax . . \ 
 
 ! . 155 
 
 Of' the Figure Hiperbaton 
 
 . 156 
 
 Of the Figure Ellipsis 
 
 . 160 
 
 Of the Figure Pleonam . 
 
 . 162 
 
 Of the Figure* Syllepsis . , 
 
 . 162 
 
 Of the Government of Prepositions . 
 
 . 164 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 A Vocabulary, containing 78 pages . 
 
 191 
 
 PART V. 
 
 The most elegant Phrases, and Dialogues of the 
 Spanish Language, selected from the best Au- 
 thors 268 
 
 A Vocabulary on Commerce . . . .342 
 
 Idioms used in Commerce . . . . 36o 
 
 Letters on Commerce, 8$c. 8§c. .... 367 
 
 A Collection of Proverbs, Idioms, and Common 
 Sayings . . . . . . 376 
 
 El Testament a de Don Quixote de la Mancha . 385 
 Carta del Marques de Pescara, a Carlos Quinto, y 
 la respuesta del Monarca, al Marques . .388 
 
 079 
 
 ' Printed dy R. Juigne, 17, Margaret-street, Cavendish-square, 
 
Deacidified using the Bookkeeper proc 
 Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
 Treatment Date: Sept. 2006 
 
 PreservationTechnologies 
 
L^--4-3&ti