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 THE GREEN lOONTAIN STATE. ^ 
 
 THE TUTTLE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, RUTLAND, VT. 
 
Hi 
 
 O Q 
 
 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 UNIXrD STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 ^T^ 
 
 l^N 
 
THE VERMONT STATE FLOWER. 
 
 Laws of 1894, No. 159, Section 178, Vermont Statutes. 
 
 An Act to Select a State FloAver. 
 
 Section 1. The State riower of Vermont shall be the Eed 
 Clover. 
 Approved November 9, 1894. 
 
 Like a leaf of beaten gold, 
 Tremulous to breathing air, 
 
 Lies the rudely clover field 
 Yielding odors, rich and rare. 
 
THE 
 
 VERM ONT 
 
 Primary Historical Reader 
 
 — AND — 
 
 lessons on llie Geography of Vermont, 
 
 — WITH — 
 
 NOTES ON CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 IN TWO PARTS. 
 
 '^^ ' IIIN 
 
 EDWARD CONANT, A. M., "'^'^ 
 
 Principal of the State Normal Scliool at Randolph, Y%^^f- 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 THE TUTTLE COMPANY, RUTLAND, VT. 
 
 1895. 
 

 Copyrigbted, 1895, by 
 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This book has been made for the boys and girls of 
 Vermont, in the hope that it will both please and 
 profit them. It has been illustrated with many cuts 
 to hold the attention and interest of the scholars. 
 Part I. contains an outline history of the State and 
 selections in prose and verse, illustrating the spirit 
 and life of its people. The selections are mostly from 
 Vermont writers. 
 
 There seems to be a call for a work of this kind, for 
 it is vastly more important to our children and youth, 
 as rising- members of towns and States, to learn some- 
 thing of their own town, county and State, than of 
 any other or all others put together, and there can be 
 no better preparation for obtaining a knowledge of 
 our country, or the world at large, than through an 
 acquaintance with the history of our native State. 
 Children, while reading, will learn of important his- 
 torical events without loss of time, develop a love 
 for the old Green Mountain State, and thus become 
 loyal to its memory in after life. 
 
 There are sketches of the lives of great men, such 
 as the Aliens, Gov. Chittenden, and Judges Chipman 
 and Harrington ; and there are stories of common 
 people, that show us much of what the early Ver- 
 monters really were. 
 
 The material of this part has been drawn from 
 many sources. Among them may be named: Park- 
 man's The Old Regime in Canada, The Narrative of 
 the Captivity of Stephen Williams, D. P. Thompson's 
 
4 PREFACE. 
 
 History of Montpelier, Caverly's History of Pittsford, 
 Weeks' History of Salisbury, B. H. Hall's History of 
 Eastern Vermont, Hiland Hall's Early History of 
 Vermont, Dr. Williams' History of Vermont, Thomp- 
 son's Vermont, and Miss Hemenway's Vermont His- 
 torical Gazetteer. Valuable assistance has been 
 rendered in making selections for the book and in 
 simplifying for children some of the prose selections, 
 by Mrs. Mary Putnam Blodgett and by Miss Ella 
 L. Ferrin. The biographical sketches of nine distin- 
 guished Vermonters were prepared by Miss Grace L. 
 Conant. These are indicated, in the table of contents, 
 by the initials " G. L. C." 
 
 Hon. D. K. Simonds, Hon. A. N. Adams, Hon. J. 
 D. Smith, Henry K. Adams, Esq., and Mrs. Luna 
 Sprague Peck have furnished valuable articles, for 
 which credit is given in connection with the articles. 
 
 Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Messrs. Charles 
 Scribner's Sons, and others, have kindly given consent 
 for selections to be made respectively from Saxe's 
 Poems, Mrs. Dorr's Poems, and from Uncle 'Lisha's 
 vShop, for this book. 
 
 The primai-y purpose of Part l\. is to furnish the 
 teacher with material for oral instruction, and to 
 bring out clearly, in the maps, the location of each 
 town and county and their size and importance as re- 
 lated to the other towns and counties in the State. 
 It is assumed that the elementary notions of direc- 
 tion, distance; earth, sky; land, water; hill, moun- 
 tain, valley, plain ; stream, lake, and the like, have 
 been gained by the pupils, through a study of the 
 neighborhood in which they live, and that the use of 
 maps has been learned by seeing and using them in 
 their small geographies. The pupils will be interested 
 in the study of their own county and all the others, 
 by the help of the maps and the text in this book; and 
 
PREFACE. 5 
 
 from the study of their own county, they should pro- 
 ceed to the study of the others, and then take the 
 State, as outlined in chapter 22. The studies in the 
 geography of Vermont may be accompanied by map- 
 drawing on paper and blackboard. 
 
 The chapter on Civil Government is only intended 
 to furnish a basis for oral lessons, and further knowl- 
 edge is imparted in Conant's Vermont, which could 
 not be included in the limited space of the primary 
 book without crowding out valuable historical matter. 
 
 Thanks are gladly tendered to many persons in the 
 State who have kindly read proofs of various portions 
 of the book, and have made valuable suggestions, 
 which have been embodied in the book. 
 
 Randolph, T/. , May, /Spj. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Page . 
 
 Preface 3 
 
 PART I. 
 
 Cbap. I.— First Tilings. Early History..' 9 
 
 Fort St. Aune— Dollier d e Casson 13 
 
 Cliap. II.— Red Men and White Men in Vermont 15 
 
 Chap. Ill— The Story of a Raid 18 
 
 Chap. IV. — Fort Dummer. Last French and Indian War. . 34 
 
 Chap, v.— Settlements— East Side of Vermont 38 
 
 Chap. VI —Settlements— West Side of Vermont 31 
 
 Trouble about Land Claims 33 
 
 Chap. VII.— Conflict. The Green Mountain Boys 35 
 
 Benjamin Spencer 38 
 
 Chap. VIII.— Troubles— East Side of Vermont. Town 
 
 Meetings 40 
 
 Westminster Massacre 43 
 
 Chap. IX.— Vermonters as Rebels 44 
 
 Whittier's Song of the Vermonters 45 
 
 Chap X —The Revolutionary War 48 
 
 Ethan Allen— G. L. C 51 
 
 Hurrah for Old Ethan— C. L. Goodell 53 
 
 Seth Warner— G L. C 54 
 
 Remember Baker— G. L. C 57 
 
 Robert Cochran- G. L C 58 
 
 ( hap. XL— Richard Wallace . . . ," 01 
 
 Benjamin Everest 63 
 
 How the Tories were Managed 65 
 
 Major Whitcomb 6G 
 
 Chap. XII —The State of Vermont 68 
 
 Tlie Old Hazen Road 69 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 7 
 
 Page . 
 Vermout— (Poem)— From Poets aud Poetry 
 
 of Vermont 70 
 
 Chap. XIII— Sketches ami Poems 74 
 
 Thomas Chittenden 74 
 
 Ira Allen-G. L. C 76 
 
 Dr. Jonas Fay— G. L. C 79 
 
 The Heroes of '76— Martin Mattison 80 
 
 The Parson's Daughter— Mrs. J. C. R. Dorr. . 81 
 
 Chap. XIV.— Making New Homes in the Woods 85 
 
 The Cooley Brothers 85 
 
 Daniel Hall 88 
 
 Oliver and Snsannah Luce 89 
 
 Eodolphus Reed 90 
 
 Colonel Jacob Davis 91 
 
 Chap. XV.— How the Settlers Lived 95 
 
 How John Spafford went to Mill 96 
 
 Early Clothing — Boots and Shoes 97 
 
 Bear Hunting, etc 99-100 
 
 Fish Story by Dr. WilHams 101 
 
 Chap. XVI.— Vermont Judges. Nath'lChipman— G. L. C. 108 
 
 Theophilus Harrington— G. L. C 105 
 
 Little Jerry, the Miller— John G. Saxe 107 
 
 A Listening Bird— Mrs. J. C. R. Dorr 109 
 
 Chap. XVII. — Vermont at the Close of the Revolutionary 
 
 War 110 
 
 Early Schools of Vermont 113 
 
 Brookfield Library 115 
 
 War of 1812 and Course of Trade 118-119 
 
 Chap. XVIII.— New Industries— Steel Squares— D. K. Si- 
 
 monds 130 
 
 Slate Industry— A. N. Adams 133 
 
 Kaolin Works of Monkton— J. D. Smith 124 
 
 Chap. XIX.— Marble and Granite Deposits 127 
 
 Poverty Year— (1816) 129 
 
 The Old Squire— G. B. Bartlett 130 
 
 Daniel Webster on Stratton Mountain 131 
 
8 TA BLE OF CONTEXTS. 
 
 TArtE. 
 
 Chap. XX.— The Building of Eailroads 134 
 
 The Ehyme of the Bail— John G Saxe 136 
 
 The Civil War 13'J 
 
 The American Flag 143 
 
 Vermont at the World's Fair 144 
 
 Chap. XXI.— Primitive Customs— H. K. Adams 14G 
 
 Extract from Uncle 'Lisha's Shop— Rowland 
 
 Robinson 149 
 
 A Child's Thought -Mrs. J. C. R. Dorr 151 
 
 PART II. 
 
 Map of Vermont with Routes of Travel 154 
 
 Chap. XXII.— Dates of Organization of Counties 155 
 
 The Geography of Vermont, in 12 Divisions.. 15G 
 
 Map of Vermont. Counties Outlined 103 
 
 List of Towns, Cities, and Gores, bj- Counties 1G4 
 Chap XXIII. — Counties in Detail : 
 
 Windham Coimty 105 
 
 Windsor County 170 
 
 Orange County 175 
 
 Caledonia County 178 
 
 Essex County 181 
 
 Orleans County 184 
 
 Franklin County ''.87 
 
 Grand Isle County 190 
 
 Chittenden County 193 
 
 Addison Countj^ 190 
 
 Rutland County 200 
 
 Bennington County 205 
 
 Washington County 309 
 
 Lamoille County 213 
 
 Table of Events in History 210 
 
 Chap. XXIV —Civil Government, Notes on 217 
 
 Important Mountains in Vermont 225 
 
 Questions on Vermont 220 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 First Things— Early History. 
 
 1. The State we live in is called 
 Ycimont. Vermont is one of the 
 United States. The United States is the country we 
 live in, and it is a part of North America, We live in 
 Vermont, We live in the United States, We live in 
 North America. White people, black people and red 
 people live in the United States. The white people are 
 called Whites, The black people are called Negroes. 
 The red people are called Indians, 
 
 2. Once, many years ago, there were no white peo- 
 ple, nor black people, in North America, Only red 
 men, or Indians, lived here. Bat there were many 
 white people in Europe, and many black people in Africa. 
 3. Christopher Columbus was an Italian. 
 He went to Spain, and with the help of the 
 Queen and "^^^j^ ^^^ King of Spain he 
 got sailors and ships, ;Hri''V'>^ and sailed 
 west t-j find India in ^^^^^^ Asia, This ^ 
 was in the year 1492. First he found the ; 
 
10 VERMONT inSTORWAL HEADER. 
 
 islands between Nortli America and South America. 
 
 Afterward lie found South America. 
 
 4. John Cabot was born in Italy. 
 He went to Bristol, England, and with*] 
 some Englishmen he sailed 
 west, and found Newfound- 
 land and that part of North , 
 America near it. When he / 
 went back to England he 
 told about the land he had 
 seen, and that the sea, near the land, %J! "f 
 was very full of iish. 
 
 5. There were man)' fibhermen 
 along the coast of Europe, and they 
 sailed as far as Iceland for fish, writing history under 
 
 DIFFICULTIES. 
 
 When they heard there was better iishing where Cabot 
 had been, some of them at once decided to go there. 
 At tirst only a few started, then more, till as many 
 as four hundred iishing vessels went from 
 Europe to Newfoundland in one year. Before 
 many years Frenchmen sailed through the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, up the St. Lawrence Kiver, and 
 returned homo afterwards. In 1G08, Samuel Cham- 
 plain, a Frenchman, sailed up the St. Lawrence with a 
 company of people, and settled at Quebec, Canada. This 
 was the lirst permanent settlement by white men in 
 Canada. People from Europe had then fished near 
 Newfoundland for more than one hundred years. 
 
VERMONT HIS TO ETC AL HEADER. 
 
 6. Before the .S~ -i^^^^ 
 
 next spring, Cham- 
 plain Iiadlieard from 
 tiie Indians of a very 
 hne lake toward the 
 southwest ; and a s 
 soon as he could get 
 ready, he went to 
 explore it. He came 
 to the lake the third 
 
 A c T ^ . LAKE CHAMPLAIN INDIAN. 
 
 day of July, exactly a year from the heginning of hii 
 , settlement at Que 
 
 bee, and set sail on 
 
 it the next day. He 
 
 spent about three 
 
 weeks in exploring 
 
 the lake, which he 
 
 called Lake Cliam- 
 
 i^ plain. This was the 
 
 ^^ tirst exploration of 
 
 ny part of Ver- 
 
 ^ mont by white men, 
 and it was in 1609. 
 
 EXPLORING VERMONT. 
 
 Nearly sixty years 
 after this time, the 
 French bnilt a furt 
 on Isle La Motte and called it Fort St. Anne, and sixty 
 years after that they made a settlement at Chimney 
 Point, in Addison. Thirty years after the settlement at 
 Chimney Point, the French went back to Canada. 
 
NEAR FT ST. ANNE SITE. 
 
 12 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 7. Fort St. Anne was 'onilt in the summer of 1666. 
 General M. de Tracy was then at the head of all the 
 troops in Canada, and lie sent to the new fort a few sol- 
 diers under Captain La Motte, from whom the island 
 was named. General Tracy had 
 been at the fort during the au- 
 tumn. There was no chaplain at 
 the fort, so General Tracy sent 
 to Montreal and asked to have 
 a priest sent from there to Fort 
 St. Anne. 
 
 8. The priest, Dollier de Casson, had come fron:» 
 France the summer before and was then in Montreal. 
 Dollier was a large man and ycvy strong and active. It 
 
 ^f^(f\-,^ was said that he could hold his 
 
 arms out level at full length with 
 a man sitting on each hand. 
 Once he was in an Indian camp 
 s:tying his prayers when an In- 
 dian came up to stop him. He 
 knocked the Indian down witl.i- 
 out rising from his knees and 
 went on praying. He was not 
 very well when the word came 
 for him to be ready to go 
 He had just come from tiie 
 country of the Mohawk Indians, where he had been 
 with an army of the French. Ho was nearly worn 
 out and he had a lame knee. He tried bleeding 
 
 Anne. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 13 
 
 for a cure, and was bled till lie fainted away. When 
 
 lie eaiiie to his senses lie found two soldiers in the 
 
 room, who told him tliey were goin^ to Fort Chambly. 
 
 That was on the way towards Fort St. 
 
 Anne, and after resting a day lie went "^"^S^^"^ 
 
 M'ith them. At Fort Chambly he asked 
 
 to have some soldiers go with him. At 
 
 first the otiieer in charge of the fort would not send 
 
 .dd?lTMF>~r^\ ftiiy ! but when Doliier said he would 
 
 ^f i'f' I'C ''^'^^^s. ^ go alone if the men were not sent, 
 
 \ y ten soldiers and an officer were sent 
 
 ^ A f T^:"^— with him. 
 
 'ff 
 
 A 
 
 "V 
 
 snow was deep, it being then winter, 
 and they traveled with snow-shoes on the ice of 
 the Hiciielieu River and of Lake Cluimplain. 
 On the way one of tlie soldiers fell through the 
 , '' ice. The other soldiei'S were afraid to go to help him, 
 but Doliier went to his aid and pulled him out of the 
 water. The priest had never worn snow-shoes before, 
 and he carried a heavy load. So with his lame knee 
 and loss of blood the march was very painful to him. 
 
 10, He was much needed at the fort, as two 
 men had just died and others were at the point of death. 
 So when the men in the fort saw him coming and knew 
 by his clothes that ho was a priest, they were glad and 
 all who could do so went out to meet him. They took 
 his load and helped him to the fort. He first made a short 
 praj'er, then went round to all the sick, and then dined 
 NvitJi the officers. The life in the fort was not new to 
 
14 VERMONT HLSTOBICAL BEADER. 
 
 Dollier. He had been a soldier in En- 
 rope and was a l)etter priest because 
 of it. He was a lively person, fond 
 of jesting and mirth. His cheerfulness 
 and his skill were veiy useful now. 
 
 11. The men at Fort St. Anne that winter had 
 nothinoj to eat bnt salt pork and half-spoiled flour. Tiieir 
 vinegar had leaked i'rom the barrel and the casks that 
 they thought to be full of brandy Avere found to be 
 filled with salt water. Tiie scurvy broke out. Forty 
 men out of the sixty in the fort were sick with it. Day 
 and night Dollier and a young doctor cared for them. 
 During tiie winter eleven men did, and a]l suffered very 
 much. 
 
 12. One day early in the spring, Indians were seen 
 coming towards the fort and the men made ready to 
 defend themselves as well as they could. But the In- 
 dians were friendly, and there was no fighting. 
 
 13. This was the first winter spent Ijy white men 
 in Vermont. 
 
CHAPTEE II. 
 Red Men and White Men in Vermont. 
 
 1. Very few Indians lived in Yermont when wliite 
 men fii'st came liere. Hunting parlies and wai- parties 
 often passed throngli, and sometimes a party would 
 camp all summer in a good place. One such place Avas 
 in Newbury, where the Indians raised corn on the Ox 
 Eow, so called, and another place was beside Seymour 
 Lake, in Morgan, where there was good fishing, and 
 another was in Shelijurne, at the mouth of the La Platte 
 River. 
 
 2. After the Frcncli 
 came to Canada, the 
 Indians had a town for 
 many years by the 
 lower falls of the Mis- 
 sisquoi River, n e a r 
 where the village of 
 Swanton now is. From 
 that center many raid- 
 ing parties were sent out against the settlers in Massa- 
 chusetts, New ILimpshire and New Yoi-k. They re- 
 
 MISSISQUOI RIVER, 
 
n VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 lurncd sometimes with prisoners and scalps; some- 
 times fewer in nuniber and sick or wounded. Here 
 the Frencli had a mission and a church, and liere they 
 Iniilt a saw mill, which was burned by rangers from the 
 English settlements during the French and Indian war. 
 3. During the year that Quebec was settled, some 
 English people went from England to Holland that they 
 might be free to worship God in tiie way they thought 
 right. In 1620, a part of them left Holland and came 
 to Plymouth, in Massachusetts. They were called Pil- 
 grims. 
 
 4. Englishmen came to Virginia 
 
 two years before Samuel Champlain 
 
 came to Lake Ciiamplain, and negroes 
 
 were brought to Virginia and sold for 
 
 viRGiN^TsETTLERs. slavcs onc year before the Pilgrims 
 
 came to Plymouth. 
 
 5. So, in 1620, both white men and black men had 
 begun coming to the United States. Other people came 
 from England to Massachusetts and many were born in 
 Massachusetts, so tliat there was not room enough for 
 them all near the sea, and some went back from the sea 
 and settled beside the Connecticut lliver. 
 
 6. One of the towns on the Connecticut was North- 
 tield, Mass., which extended further north than it does 
 )io\v and took in a great meadow of many acres in what 
 is now the town of Vernon, Vermont. On that meadow 
 was the-iirst settlement by English people in Vermont. 
 That was as early as 1690. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 17 
 
 W- ^^^i'^^^ 
 
 w=;r^s,^^^_ 7. In tlic year 
 
 1690, H party of 
 Ei)glislimeii from 
 Albany, New York, 
 Imilt a small stone 
 fort at Chimney 
 Point. It was only 
 used as a stopping 
 l)lace for parties 
 ])assing- tliat way. 
 There was no settle- 
 -^_ mcnt at the place 
 till the French came 
 
 THE INDIANS AND THEIR 
 
 HOUSES -THE OPENING tlicre lorty years 
 
 AT TOP FOR SMOKE. , , 
 
 later. 
 
 8. The settlements in Southeastern Vermont did not 
 increase rapidly. There was land to the sontli, on both 
 sides of the Connecticut, to be settled; and the Indians 
 were so savage and active that it was not safe for a few 
 people to go far away from the older towns. 
 
 9. The people in the English settlements were not 
 idle. They sent out parties very often to search for 
 hostile Indians, and to go to the settlements ,of the 
 French and destroy them if they conld. 
 
j>>VQa/^ '=s;^ /13 ,-?. j=ir 
 
 .i^ '\7^-<' 
 
 :^-'^'^ 
 
 CHArTER III. 
 The Story of a Raid. 
 
 . 1. In April, ITIO, Captain Benjamin Wright, witli 
 Lieutenant John Wells and fourteen men, started from 
 Deerfield, Massachusetts, to go to Canada and do the 
 Indians and the French all the hurt thcv were able to do. 
 
 WINOOSKI RIVER AT MIDDLESEX NARROWS. 
 
 2. The story was told nearly in this way : " We went 
 up the Connecticut River to tlie month of the Wiiite 
 
VERMONT HTSTORICAL READER. !£> 
 
 River. There we found two bark canoes, and left six 
 men to watch for the Indians to come for the canoes. 
 The rest of the party went up tlie White River by the 
 northwest way, as it was called ; then to the Winooski» 
 and down that to the lower falls. There we built two- 
 canoes, with which we went down to Lake Champlain^ 
 and waited a day or two, because the wind blew very 
 hard. One evening we saw a tire on the other side of the- 
 lake, and, thinking theie were Indians there, we rowed 
 towards the light. While we were on the water a 
 thunder shower came up, putting out the light. AVa 
 reached the shore after much hard work, and turned ui> 
 our canoes for shelter. 
 
 3. The next morning we made search for the fire,, 
 but did not find it, nor any sign of Indians. We thens 
 went toward Canada in our canoes, till near night, after 
 which we had to wait a whole day on account of tlie 
 wind. Soon after startino: we saw eight Indians in two- 
 canoes coming towards us. 
 
 E rowed behind a 
 point of land, drew up 
 our canoes, and hid by 
 the shore. When the 
 Indians came near wo- 
 hred upon them, and 
 one Indian jumped 
 overl)oard. As wc kept 
 tiring, they paddled 
 away with all speed. 
 
 WHERE THEY HID FROM INDIANS. 
 
-20 VEBMOyT HISTORICAL BEADER. 
 
 and left tlic fellow that went overboard swimming about. 
 When they were beyond the reach of our guns, the 
 two canoes 
 c a ni e t o - 
 gether, and 
 iill the In- 
 ■tdians got in- 
 to one canoe 
 and paddled 
 iiway. We 
 killed and scalped the Indian that was left. 
 
 5. AVe then went acroes the lake to the Winooski 
 
 THREE KINDS OF BOATS- 
 
 and up the river to 
 the gi'eat falls, 
 where we left our 
 ( anoes a n d took 
 our packs. At a 
 
 WINOOSKI RIVER ABOVE THE FALLS, WHERE IN- \ „.,^i • .1 ^ ^. „. 
 
 bend in the stream 
 
 DIANS USED TO CAMP, NOW OCCUPIED BY MILLS. 
 
 M-e took the short cut across, but on coming to the river 
 iigain •we saw a canoe with four Indians and a captive 
 %vhite man. We tired upon them, killing two and 
 wounding one ; the other Indian swam ashore, but was 
 ^red upon and wounded also. 
 
 6. Some of our men now followed the canoe that 
 iloated down stream, and our captain called to the 
 white man to come to us. Wo, said the Indian 
 would not let him. The captain said, ' knock him on 
 
l^ERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 23 
 
 the head and come.' The captive triod 
 to do it with a hatchet, but tlie 
 ~^^^^ Indian took the liatehet 
 
 away from him. AVhile tlicv- 
 weie stniggiinor tlie canoe 
 tipped over and tliey parted 
 in the water. The Indian 
 swam to the otlier side of tha 
 river, where wo pinned 
 him to the bank with 
 seven bullets. 
 
 7. The captive tried to swim to 
 us, but the current carried hin> 
 down stream. Seeing tliis, Lieuten- 
 ant Wells threw down his. gun, ranc 
 down the bank and helped the man 
 out with a pole. John Strong,, 
 who was on the bank, heard the 
 dry sticks crack behind him, looked 
 WHITE RIVER ponnd and cried out, ' Indians !' and 
 was fired upon and wounded, but not mortally. 
 Lieutenant Wells sprang up the bank to get 
 his gun and was mortally shot. 
 
 8. The captive said his name was William Moody, 
 He was from Exeter. There were nineteen In- 
 dians and four white captives in five canoes. Two- 
 canoes were down the river and two were above. 
 The Indians that fired upon us came from the canoe» 
 
-^2 VERMOXT IILSTOIilCAL HEADER. 
 
 that were below. So inucli was quickly learned and we 
 
 had to leave him. The Indians that were above landed 
 
 on the otlier r ^ - -,. - — -'--^a^pgsgS a C9^* 
 
 side of tlu 
 
 river and 
 
 iired upon us. ^ld homestead. 
 
 AVe could not well defend ourselves, so each one looked 
 
 ont for himself. Soon the captain and live others came 
 
 tocrether and we went on. 
 
 9. The next da}-, two more of our party joined us 
 where we had hid some food, when we went down the 
 river. John Burt of North 
 ampton did not come, so we \\ 
 left some food for him and 
 started again. When we came \N 
 to the White River, wo found 
 the canoes where we left them 
 and so went home. The six 
 men we left at the mouth of 
 the AYhite River were at home 
 already. They had waited six days and then saw a canoe 
 and two Indians coming down the Connecticut River. 
 They fired and killed one Indian, but the otlicr got 
 away. 
 
 10. We heard afterwards, from prisoners who came 
 back from Canada, that the Indians we had our battle 
 with came together on the other side of the river, and 
 that William Moody, who was not strong enough to 
 follow us, called to them to take him with them. 
 
 LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 
 
VERMONT IIISTOBICAL READER. 23 
 
 An Indian caiTied Lim over and they tied liim to a tree 
 
 T and burnt liini on 
 
 the spot. WJien 
 
 they arrived in 
 
 I Canada they burnt 
 
 \ ano th e r captive, 
 
 I Andrew Gil man 
 
 y name. John 
 
 BELLOWS FALLS AND THE CONNECTICUT RIVER. 
 
 back, and a man's bones and a pjun afterwards found 
 near Bellows Falls were thoug-ht to be his." 
 
IV-fi^ 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Fort Dummer— Early Settlements— French and Indian War. 
 
 1. Scouting parties like that of Captain Wright 
 were very usefn], but tlie}' did not stop the Indians 
 going to Northfield and the towns near it ; so a 
 fort was built in the southeast part of what is now 
 Brattleboro in the spring of 1724, and was called 
 Fort Dummer. The walls of the fort were made 
 
 The _Perad<?- 
 The Phisognomy oj" f^ort Du 
 
 CollVWi/lardi 
 houhe Built by 
 S(| th» Province 
 
 FORT DUMMER— FSOIvl AN OLD PLATE FOUND AT CONCORD, N- H. 
 MADE MANY YEARS AGO. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 25 
 
 of pine logs, hewn square. They were twenty feet 
 high, with boxes for watchmen at the corners on the 
 top. They enclosed a third of an acre of ground, and 
 tlure were several houses within the fort. 
 
 2. In the fall of that year th.is fort was attacked by 
 Indians, and several men were killed. 
 
 3. Fort Dammer soon became a place for trade with 
 the Indians. Their fm-s were bought and paid for in 
 clothing, food, liquors, and such other English goods as 
 they wanted. They could get more for their furs here 
 tlian the French would give them, and they came in 
 large numbers. 
 
 4. So many more came by one path than by any 
 other that it was. called the Indian road, and in 1730 a 
 party was sent from Fort Dummer to explore it. They 
 started one Monday in April, and traveled three miles 
 to the mouth of the West River, where they stopped for 
 
 the night. Thursday morning 
 they were near Bellows Falls, and 
 \ went up the Connecticut to the 
 I Black Kiver. Saturday they passed 
 
 through Ludlow. Sunday they 
 icaclied the east branch of the- 
 ^ri Otter Creek. Monday they made 
 
 — -^,__ _.^ canoes. Tuesday they did not 
 
 OTTER CR£EK. ^^^^.^.^ becausc of the rain. Thurs- 
 
 day they came to Lake Champlain. 
 
 (2) 
 
26 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 5. Tliej had traveled nine days, parti}" on foot and 
 partly in canoes, and had gone about one hundred and 
 thirty miles. One may go now from Brattleboro to 
 Vergenncs, near the mouth of Otter Creek, by nearly 
 the same route, in less than five hours. 
 
 6. By this time the number of settlers south of Fort 
 Dummer had become much greater, and a few settle- 
 ments were made further north. One at Bellows Falls 
 should be noticed, as the people %^ 
 there, for several years, lived very ^ 
 much by fishing. Shad then came ^ .^^^ 
 up the Connecticut as far as tlie .y^ 
 falls, but could not go higher up. --*'' 
 Salmon, too, came up there, and 
 went beyond into the streams that flow into the Con- 
 necticut. At the falls was a good place to catch ihem, 
 and tlie people liked fishing better than chopping, and 
 they did not clear the land very fast. 
 
 THE CONNECTICUT RIVER AT BELLOWS FALLS, WHERE THE EARLY SET- 
 TLERS LIVED BY FISHING— THE SITE NOW OCCUPIED BY LARGE MILLS— 
 THE FALL MOUNTAIN PAPER CO. HERE REPRESENTED. 
 
 7. Soon after the settlement at Bellows Falls, the 
 last French and Indian war began, and many of the 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 27 
 
 people who were living north of Fort Dnmmcr went to 
 safer places till the war was over. 
 
 8. Both the French and the English had forts in 
 New York, near the south end of Lake Champlain, and 
 some of th.e greatest battles of the war were fought 
 there. 
 
 9. Many soldiers from the southern part of New- 
 England went through Vermont on their way between 
 their homes and the forte. During the last years of 
 the war a road was cut through the woods from Lake 
 Champlain, opposite Crown Point, to the mouth of the 
 Black River. 
 
CHA.PTER V. 
 
 Settlements on the East Side of the State. 
 
 1. When the French and Indian war ended in 1760, 
 the French had lost Canada ; the English had gained it. 
 
 The country between Lake Cham- 
 plain and the Connecticut River 
 had become safe for settlement ; 
 the people who had been driven 
 from the towns north of Fort 
 Dummer began to return. Other 
 people came, and many went 
 EARLY SETTLERS. furthcr aud settled in other towns. 
 
 2. Colonel Jacob Bajley of Newbury, Massachusetts, 
 who had seen service in the late war, obtained a grant 
 of Lmd in the lower Cuos country, and began a settle- 
 ment which he called Newbury two years after the war 
 closed. 
 
 3. Emmons Stockwell went into Canada with a raid- 
 ing party during the war and returned through the 
 M'oods to the head of the Connecticut river, following it 
 nearly to his home in Massachusetts, He was pleased 
 with tlie country he passed through and formed a party 
 to settle in it. 
 
 4. Early in the spring of 1764: they started with a 
 stock of cattle and horses for the great meadows in Coos. 
 When they got there they found Newbury already set- 
 
VJ:J!.\[0XT JirSTO/UCAL RHADER. 
 
 29 
 
30 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 tied. There were houses and a saw mill. There had 
 boen a birth and a death and the settlers had called a 
 minister to preach to them. 
 
 5. Newbury was quite too old a town for Stock well's 
 party, so thej went on to the upper Coos and set- ,5^ 
 tied in what is now Guildhall. They were there 
 early enough to plant seventeen 
 acres of corn, which grew well ^^tr 
 but was killed by the frost. 
 
 6. The Indians of Canada did not forget this coun- 
 try either. In the same year that Emmons Stockwell 
 went to Guildhall Isaac Marsh and three other young 
 men went from Connecticut to Sharon. Each one built 
 a log house and began a clearing by cutting away the 
 trees. Late in the fall the other three went back to 
 their homes and left Marsh in care of the houses. 
 
 7. Soon after they went away an Indian came from 
 Canada with his wife and four children to hunt and 
 trap. They lived in one end of Marsh's house through 
 the winter and he lived in the other end. 
 
 8. The road that had l)eL'n tnade from the Connec- 
 ticut River to 
 Lake Charaplain 
 was now very 
 useful. People 
 
 settled beside it 
 
 ROAD TOLAK£ CHAMPLAIN FROM ST. ALBANS. iu Spriughcld aud 
 
 Cavendish. For this whole country the coming of peace 
 liad been like the coming oF spring, or like the dawn of 
 the morninir. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 Settlements on the West Side of the State. 
 
 UT the new settlements 
 were not all in Eastern 
 Vermont, Captain Sam- 
 uel Robinson of Hardwick, 
 Massachusetts, had passed 
 through Bennington on his 
 way from Lake George to 
 his home, and was pleased 
 
 EARLY HOUSES AND MILLS OF LOGS- 
 
 with the place. He bought a right in the township and 
 began the fii-st settlement made by Englishmen in West- 
 ern Vermont, in March, 1T61. 
 
 2. The men went first and made clearings and put the 
 seed in the ground for crops. The women and children 
 
 went later, in the green of Jane. This was the first 
 township granted in Vermont by Benning Wentworth, 
 the goveimr of New Hampshire, and it was named from 
 him Bennington. 
 
33 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 3. Ill Pownal, a settlement had been begun earlier 
 by Dutclunen under the a^uthoritj of New York ; but at 
 this time they were gone or going away, giving place to 
 settlers upon a grant made by the governor of New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 4. John Potter came on 
 foot from Rhode Island, in 
 1762, while his wife rode a 
 horse with a feather bed and 
 ^P sheet for a saddle. Jonathan 
 BLACK BEAR. Card camo about the same 
 
 time, and once, when his wife was at dinner, one of the 
 children told their mother there was a bear in the pig- 
 pen. She took a pitchfork that stood by the door, went 
 to the pen and killed the bear. 
 
 5. Arlington was settled in 1763, and Manchester 
 in 1764, by people from New York. But these New 
 Yorkers had bought their lands of New Hampshire and 
 they were no more willing to pay again for them than 
 were the people from the other colonies. 
 
 6, During that year a bridle path 
 was cut from Manchester to Danby, 
 and the next s])ring Joseph Soper 
 came by marked trees from New 
 York with his family, bringing his 
 clothing and other personal property 
 on the back of his horse. He was there 
 in season to attend a meeting held in 
 Bennington in the fall of that year 
 
 MARKED TREE. 
 
VEBMOXT HIHTORICAL EEADER 
 
 33 
 
 WE CAN HANDLE THE SWORD, OR THE SCYTHE, OR THE 
 PEN."— H'/u'«ier. 
 
 to clioose agents to present to tlie new governor of New 
 York the claims of the people in Vermont to the lands 
 they had bought and paid for and partly cleared. 
 
 HE trouble about lands was this : What is 
 now Vermont was claimed by both New 
 Hampshire and New York people. The 
 governor of New Hampshire had made 
 grants of one hundred and thirty-eight 
 townships west of the Connecticut River, 
 
 y*^. 
 
 ^l 
 
34 VERMOXl HISTORICAL BEADER. 
 
 when the King of England decided the eastern boundary 
 of New York nortli of Massachnsetts to be the west 
 bank of the Connecticut River. 
 
 8. Then the gov- 
 ernor of New York 
 began to grant or 
 deed the lands al- 
 ready sold by the 
 governor of New 
 OLD WINDMILL. Hampshire in Ver- 
 
 mont, and said the settlers must pay him again for their 
 lands or must give them up. 
 
 9. The people of Bennington and of the towns near it 
 had bought their lands of the governor of New Hamp- 
 shii-e. They were not willing to pay again or to give up 
 their homes, and so the trouble began. Do you blame 
 them? 
 
 10. A new governor of New York, Sir Henry Moore, 
 had just come to New York City from England, and the 
 p( oplo sent Mr. Robinson of Bennington and Mr. French 
 of Manchester, as their agents, to explain to him their 
 side of the case, but he would not help them, and the 
 dispute went on for twentj^-five years longer. 
 
CHAPTER YII. 
 
 The Conflict on the V\ est Side of the State— Green mountain 
 Boys. 
 
 'Sf^ 
 
 m>. 
 
 ^IlE people of Benning- 
 
 ePir\!Acrtox\, 
 
 -^ 
 
 ton ]iad already 
 formed a militia coin - 
 pany. Other com- 
 panies w ere no w 
 formed in other towns. 
 They were c a 1 1 e d 
 '' Green Mo u n t a i n 
 Boys," and the New 
 
 _ Yorkers soon came t 
 
 know them. Tlie governor of New York was trying to 
 make the settlers on the New Hampshire Grants give np 
 their lands, but they would not do it. 
 
 2. Mr. James Breakenridge lived onVfarm in Ben- 
 nington, next the New York line. That seemed to be a 
 good place to begin action. A sheriff ^was sent from 
 New York with three hnndi'ed men~to drive Breaken- 
 ridge from his house. But the Green Mountain Boys 
 lieard of his coming, and were in and near the house 
 and were well armed. They would not give up the 
 house. Many of the sheriU's men thought the Green 
 
36 
 
 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 THE GREEN MOUNTAIN BOYS GATHERING. 
 
 Mountain Boys were right and would not fight 'tliem. 
 So the sheriff did not get the house, and had to return 
 and report his bad hick. 
 
 3. Sometimes the New Yorkers would 
 try to get people who thought as they 
 did to settle on the land they had bought. 
 The town of Kupert had been granted by 
 the governor of New Hampshire in 1761. Settlements 
 were made a few years later. In 1Y71, the governor of 
 New York granted or sold a part of this same land, 
 which was owned by Robert Cochran. Tiio people who 
 obtained the grant tried to have the land settled by their 
 friends, but their men were driven off and their log 
 houses were pulled down and burned. 
 
 4:. The people who bought lands of the governor of 
 New York wanted to irot them measured and would 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 37 
 
 send men to survey and lay out tlieir lands for them. 
 The Green Mountain Boys would hear of their coming 
 and hunt them up and drive them away. William Cock- 
 burn, one of these surveyors, was found one summer in 
 the Otter Creek Valley, below Rutland, and was sent 
 home. The next year he was found further north, on 
 the Winooski River with a party surveying. Their 
 com|»ass and chain were broken and they were taken 
 to Castleton and sent home again. 
 
 6. The year following, that of 
 1773, Ira Allen was at a fort near 
 the mouth of the Winooski River 
 when he heard that Samuel Gale 
 was surveying for the New Yorkers 
 further up the river. Allen, with 
 a small party, went across the coun- 
 try to Newbury and back again, 
 LAKE DUNMORE-ETHAN ALLEN liuuting f t)r him. Later, hc Icamcd 
 
 HAD A CAVE ON THE ^ 
 
 EAST SIDE. niore nearly where Gale was and 
 
 with three others he took provisions and some spirits 
 and went again to find him. Tliey found where he had 
 run a line, and where he had stopped short without fin- 
 ishing the line. They thought Gale had been gone 
 about an hour. 
 
 6. This man Gale was an Englishman and was then 
 twenty-six years old. Only a few weeks before he had 
 married Rebecca, daugliter of Colonel Samuel Wells of 
 Brattleboro. He may have thought it would be better 
 
38 VERMONT HISTOBICAL READEB. 
 
 for liini to go home and see Rebecca than it would be to 
 meet the Green Mountain Bojs who were out gunning 
 for him. 
 
 Y. Vermont, west of the Green Mountains, was di- 
 vided bj the government of New York between two 
 counties. The towns at the south belonged to Albany 
 county, those further north to Charlotte county. The 
 county officers were appointed by the governor of New 
 York and they tiied to make the people obey New York 
 law and pay again for their land. So the Green Mount- 
 ain Boys forbade men to hold county offices under New 
 York. 
 
 8. Benjamin Spencer of Clarendon, Yt., which was 
 then called Durham, bought his land of the New York- 
 ■ers, and he held office as a New York justice. He tried 
 to do what the law required him to do. He was told to 
 stop, but he kept on. Then Ethan Allen, Remember 
 Baker, Seth Warner, Robert Cochran, and more thnn 
 one hundred others went to Clarendon, took Spencer 
 prisoner, held court, 
 tried him, found him 
 guilty of holding land 
 bought from New York 
 and of holding a New 
 York office. Then they early farmers- 
 
 took off the roof of his house and would not let him 
 put it on again till he had promised to b\iy his land 
 from New Hampshire, and they did not set him free 
 till he agreed not to hold office under New York any 
 more. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL HEADER. 39 
 
 9. In doing tliese things, the Green Mountain Boys 
 broke tlie laws of New York. Thej were wanted at 
 Albany for trial and punishment. The governor of 
 New Yoi'k offered one hundred pounds (nearly five hun- 
 dred dollars) apiece for Ethan Allen and Remember 
 Baker, to anybody who would bring them to the jail in 
 Albany, and fifty pounds apiece for Robert Cochran 
 and five others. 
 
 10. Ethan Allen and the others hearing of this, sent 
 out a reply in which they said they would " kill and 
 destroy " any persons who tried to take them. They 
 were not taken. 
 
 v>5n^\XVs<f(n\i?r\Tsit I's r rjffj. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Troubles on the East Side of the State— Early Town 
 Meetings. 
 
 1. The land troubles were not all on the west side 
 of the State. What is now the town of Yernon was 
 then the town of IlinSdale. In 1766 one Lord How^- 
 ard, an Englishman, asked the governor of New York 
 
 for a grant of ten tliousand acres of land, partly in 
 Hinsdale and partly in the next town w^est. Five years 
 later the land was granted to him, hnt the people who 
 lived there, and claimed the land, would not give it up. 
 The people of Hinsdale, in 1771, said that the town 
 was granted by Massachusetts ninety-nine years be- 
 fore, that they had an Indian deed of it nearly as 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 41 
 
 old, that tliey and their fathers had possessed it 
 quietly near eighty years, that after the boundary line 
 was run between Massachusetts and New flampshiro 
 Hinsdale was found to be in New Planipshire, and that 
 then the land was made sure to them by a grant from 
 New Hampsliire. The matter was carried to tlie Board 
 of Trade in England (as you must remember the Eng- 
 lish claimed to control the country), wlio said that the 
 people of the town of Hinsdale ought not to have been 
 disturbed. 
 
 2. There were other troubles in Cumberland county, 
 New York, which at that time included the towns of the 
 present Windham and Windsor counties, Vermont. 
 Westminster was the shire town. 
 
 3. In the spring of 1774 the British Parliament 
 passed a bill to regulate the rrovince of Quebec, which 
 gave to the people no power to control the government 
 in any part. Lieutenant Leonard Spaulding of Dum- 
 merston was heard to say that the King of England, if 
 he signed that bill, would break his oath of office. The 
 officers of the county thought Lieutenant Spaulding 
 ought to be punished for saying so, and they had him 
 taken to Westminster and put in jail to wait for trial. 
 
 4. The next day the people of Dummerston held a 
 town meeting on the Common, and chose a committee 
 to correspond with other towns to find how they could 
 better protect themselves from the commands of the 
 British tyrant and his New York and other emissaries. 
 
 (3) 
 
42 VERMONl HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 The committee went to Westminster and tried to pro- 
 cure tlie freedom of Lieutenant Spaulding, but did not 
 succeed. Then, after talking the matter over with 
 people who thought as 
 they did, they gathered a 
 company of men from 
 Guilford, Halifax, Wil- 
 mington, Dummerston on morey lake. 
 and Putney, went to Westminster, made an opening in 
 the wooden jail and let Lieutenant Spaulding out. 
 Then they all went quietly to their homes. 
 
 FEW weeks later the people of Dummerston, 
 in town meeting, directed the proper offi- 
 cers to get for the use of the town one 
 hundred pounds of powder, two hundred 
 pounds of lead, and three hundred flints for 
 their muskets, and to collect potash salts 
 enough to pay for them. The next February the town 
 voted that the court, which was appointed to begin at 
 Westminster the fourteenth day of March, be put off 
 for a time. 
 
 6. The county officers were determined that the 
 court should be held at the appointed time ; these were 
 called the Court party. The people who were deter- 
 mined the court should not be held were called Whigs. 
 Men of both parties came to Westminster Monday, 
 March 13. Tiie Whigs went into the court house 
 early, to stay there all night. At eleven o'clock Mon- 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 43 
 
 day evening they were attacked by the Court party. 
 Ten of their men were 
 wounded ; two of tliem, both 
 Dumraerston men, WiUiara 
 French and Daniel Hough- 
 ton, were mortally wounded, i 
 Seven were taken prisoners. 
 The Whigs who were not 
 captured spread tlie news and 
 called for help. Dr. Harvey 
 rode to Dummerston that 
 night without even stopping 
 for a hat. In tlie morning the 
 court was adjourned till June. 
 
 7. Armed men came to the old court house at 
 
 WESTMINSTER. 
 
 Westminster from every direction. Before noon more 
 than four hundred had come. The Whigs, who had 
 been put in jail the night before, 
 were set free, and as many of the 
 Court party as could be caught were 
 put in their places; The next dny, 
 -. Wednesday, more men came, and 
 P' among them, toward night, came 
 |1|| Robert Cochran of llnpert with 
 forty Green Mountain Boys. By 
 Thursday morning live hundred sol- 
 diers had come to Westminster. The 
 ^ last king's court had been held in 
 SETTLERS GIVE THE ALARM. Cumberland county. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Vermonters as Rebels. 
 
 1. The body ot" Willium French was buried in-tlie 
 clmrchyard at Westminster, where his grave may now 
 be seen. The head-stone bears these words : — 
 
 N memory of William French, 
 Son to Mr. Nathaniel French. Who 
 was Shot at Westminster March ye 13tli, 
 1775, by the hands of Cruel Ministeriel tools, 
 of George ye 3d, in theCorthonseatall a Clock 
 at Night, in the 32d year of his Age. 
 
 Here William French his body lies. 
 For Murder his Blood for Vengeance cries. 
 King George the third his Tory crew 
 tha with a bawl his head Shot threw. 
 For Liberty and his Country's Good. 
 He Lost his life, his Dearest blood. 
 
 2. So the people on botli sides the Green Mount- 
 ains have set themselves against the laws of New York 
 and of the King of England, and will be treated by 
 both as rebels unless they sliow gresit courage and 
 power. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 45 
 
 "hurrah for VERMONT! THE LAND WE TILL." 
 
 '" TliG way they felt about it is well told by the poet 
 Whittier in 
 
 The Song of the Vermonters. 
 
 ''■^^^'^r^^O , all to the borders '. Vermouters, come down, 
 With your breeches of deerskin, and jackets of 
 
 brown; 
 With your red woollen caps, and your mocca- 
 sins, come 
 To the gathering summons of trumpet and 
 drum. 
 
 Come down with j'our rifles 1 Let gray wolf and fox 
 Howl on the shade of their primitive rocks : 
 Let the bear feed securely from pig-pen and stall ; 
 Here's two-legged game for your powder and ball. 
 
 Does the "Old Baj- State" threaten? Does Congress com- 
 plain ? 
 Swarms Hampshire in arms on our borders again ? 
 Bark the war-dogs of Britain aloud on the lake ? 
 Let "em come I What they can. ihej are welcome to take ! 
 
46 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 What seek they among lis ? The pride of our wealth 
 Is comfort, contentment, and h\bor and health, 
 And lands which, as freemen, we only have "trod. 
 Independent of all, save the mercies of God. 
 
 Yet we owe no allegiance ; we bow to no throne ; 
 Our ruler is law, and the law is oiir own ; 
 Our leaders themselves are our own fellow-men. 
 Who can handle the sword, or the scythe, or the pen. 
 
 Our wives are all true, and our daughters are fair, 
 
 With their blue eyes, of smiles, and their light flowing hair ; 
 
 All brisk at their wheels till the dark even-fall. 
 
 Then blithe at the sleigh-ride, the husking, and ball. 
 
 We've sheep on the hillside; we've cows on the plain ; 
 And gay-tasseled corn-fields, and rank-growing grain ; 
 There are deer on the mountains, and wood-pigeons flj' 
 From the crack of oiir muskets, like cloiids on the sky. 
 
 And there's fish in our streamlets and rivers, which take 
 Their course from the hills to our broad-bosomed lake ; 
 Through rock-arched Winooski the salmon leaps free, 
 And the portly shad follows all fresh from the sea. 
 
 Like a sunbeam, the pickerel glides through his pool. 
 And the spotted trout sleeps where the water is cool ; 
 Or darts from his shelter of rock and of root 
 At the beaver's quick plunge, or the angler's pursuit. 
 
 And ours are the mountains, which awfully vise. 
 Till they rest their green heads on the top of the skies ; 
 Ancl ours are the forests unAvasted, unshorn, 
 Save where the wild path of the tempest is torn. 
 
 And though savage and wild be this climate of ours. 
 
 And brief be our season of fruits and of flowers ; 
 
 Far dearer the blast round our mountains which raves. 
 
 Than the sweet summer zepliyv whi<'h breathes over slaves. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 47 
 
 Hurrah for Vermont ! for the land which we till 
 Must have sons to defend her, from valley and hill ; 
 Leave the harvest to rot on the field where it j^^rows, 
 And the reaping of wheat for the reaping of foes. 
 
 Come York or come Hampshire, come traitors and knaves, 
 If ye rule o'er our land ye shall rule o'er our graves ; 
 Our vow is recorded, our banner unfurled, 
 In the name of Vermont we defy all the world! 
 
CHAPTEE X. 
 
 The Revolutionary War— Brief Biographical Sketches. 
 
 1. The people in the other colonies thougjit and felt 
 very mnch as the Vermonters did. In Massachusetts 
 they began to collect powder, lead and flints, as the 
 people of Dnmmerston were doing ; they also collected 
 flour and other supplies for war. In February, sup- 
 
 THE BATTLE OF BUNKER S HILL. 
 (Death of Gen. Warren.) 
 
 plies had been gathered at Salem, Mass. British sol- 
 diers" were sent to destroy tliem, but the people hindered 
 the ''soldiers and saved the supplies. On the 19th of 
 April the battles of Lexington and Concord were fought, 
 the British were driven back to Boston, and the battle 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 49 
 
 of Banker Hill followed on June 17. The Eevolution- 
 ary War had begun. 
 
 2. Ticonderoga was a strong fort on the west side 
 of Lake Champlain, in New York State, opposite Shore- 
 ham and Orwell, Vt. The British had the fort, the Amer- 
 icans wished to take it from them, and a few men came 
 from Connecticut and Massachusetts to Bennington, Vt.i 
 to see what could be done. Ethan Allen and Setli War- 
 ner, with the Green Mountain Boys, were ready for 
 the undertaking, and before sunrise on the 10th of May 
 Allen had surprised _the fort and taken it " in the name 
 of tlie Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." 
 W:u-ner took Crown Point, N. Y., the next day. The 
 A mericans kept Fort Ticon- 
 deroga till the British army 
 of Bnrgoyne came, more 
 tlian two years later. 
 
 Note. — The chief events 
 of the Eevolutionary War, 
 in Avhich Vermonters had a 
 part, are told in the first four 
 of the following sketches. In 
 the other succeeding sketches 
 are described some interest- 
 ing l)ut less important events 
 of the same war. The teacher 
 will find a longer account of 
 this war in Couant's Vermont, 
 and will do well to tell 
 more fully to her classes the 
 stories of the war in Canada 
 and of the battles of Hubbard- ^^n. Lafayette was a frenchman, who 
 
 ASSISTED AMERICA DURING THE 
 
 ton and Bennington. revolutionary war. 
 
60 
 
 VERMONT HISTORICAL BEADEE. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 51 
 
 SKETCHES OE :N0TED "GREEN MOUNTAIN 
 BOYS." 
 
 ETHAN ALLEN. 
 
 3. 
 
 in 1737. He was the oldest of eight children, and had 
 little chance to go to scliool. About 1769 
 he came to the New Hampshire Grants, 
 living iirst at Bennington. He loved to be 
 free, was strong and bold, and soon was a 
 leader of the people as they stood for their 
 rights against New York State. 
 
 4. As the trouble grew, the men in 
 that part of the Grants formed a regi- 
 ment of soldiers, with Ethan Allen as colonel. They 
 were called the " Green Mountain Boys." They made 
 so much work for the New York sheriffs, who came to 
 see about the lands, that the governor of New York 
 offered a reward of one hundred pounds, English money, 
 to any person who would take and give into his hands 
 their leader, Ethan Allen. He came very near being 
 caught more than once, but his quick wit always saved 
 him. 
 
 5. In 1775 Allen, with eighty-two of his men, 
 crossed Lake Cham plain to Ticonderoga, N. Y., and, 
 guided by a boy who knew the fort well, knocked at the 
 door of Captain Dclaplace, the British commander. 
 This was about four o'clock on tlie morning of May 10. 
 The captain came rubbing his sleepy eyes to ask what 
 
52 
 
 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 was wanted. Allen said that tlie captain must give up 
 the fort "in the name of the Great Jehovah and the 
 Continental Congress." Tliese strong words and the 
 sword that Allen carried, and seemed ready to use, did 
 what Allen hoped they would, for Captain Delaplacc 
 was frightened and gave up the fort. 
 
 6. After this Allen served on the lake and in 
 Canada, but in September of this year he was taken 
 prisoner at Montreal, Canada. He was taken over to 
 England and back to J^ew York again, where he was 
 given lip to the Americans by tlie British for one of 
 their men, whom the Americans held. While he was 
 a captive he was treated cruelly. His wit often helped 
 him then. He said that once he was placed 
 upon a ship, and that he went up on deck. 
 The captain, a harsh man, told him to go 
 below, adding that " none but gentlemen 
 should walk that deck." 
 
 7. In a little while Allen went up 
 
 The captain was angry when he 
 
 and asked him if he had not 
 
 Sf been told not to come on deck. Allen 
 
 E said, '' You told me that none but gentle- 
 
 ^ would be a very nice place for me, as I ain 
 "*' a gentleman." He gained his point, and 
 went on deck when he wished. 
 
 8. After his return Congress rewarded 
 "r sVpuNSr' l^i'« ^-^ l^^i^g ^0 brave while he was a 
 
 l^-^^}^ saw him, 
 
VEMMONT HISTORICAL READER. 53 
 
 captive, lie was again a leader of the people, and did 
 much more to help tliem. He died in 1789 at his homo 
 in Burlington, Vt. The State has placed a fine statue 
 of him at the State House at Montpelier, and there is a 
 fine monument at Burlington erected to show tliat Ver- 
 mont honors this early leader. 
 
 Hurrah for Old Ethan. 
 
 1. Hurrah for old Ethan, 
 
 The hero of Ti! 
 Whose heart was most daimtless 
 
 When danger was nigh. 
 His sword was an army, 
 
 His presence a host, — 
 Who bokler and braver 
 
 Can ehivahy boast ? 
 
 2*. The lyre of the poet. 
 
 The pen of the sage, 
 May quicken the spirit. 
 
 Enlighten the age. 
 Still, the sword of the hero, 
 
 When drawn for the truth, 
 Is the pride of the aged. 
 
 The glory of j^outh. 
 
 3. Old Ethan, we love thee. 
 
 Thou valiant and bold ; 
 Thy name shall be spoken 
 
 Where brave deeds are told. 
 While bright skies bend o'er us. 
 
 And pitre waters flow, 
 In the name of old Ethan 
 
 We'll to victory go. 
 
54 
 
 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 Tlien let every freeman 
 
 Eemember -nith joy 
 The deeds of old Ethan, 
 
 The Green Mountain Boy. 
 From mountain and valley 
 
 Let patriots cry, — 
 " Hurrah for old Ethan, 
 
 The hero of Ti!" 
 
 SETH WARNER. 
 
 1. In 1763 Dr. Benjamin Warner moved from Rox- 
 
 bury, then Woodbury, Connecticut, to Bennington. He 
 
 __ bad a son, Seth, who 
 
 ^ was at this time 
 
 twenty years old. 
 
 V " Seth Warner was 
 
 ^/ feet and two inches 
 tall. He had a large 
 frame and was rather 
 thin in flesh. He 
 was very strong and 
 al)le to endure a 
 great deal. When 
 he went to Benning- 
 
 HURRAH FOR OLD ETHAN, .^^^ ^^^^Qy.Q ^^^^ ^^dj 
 
 THE HERO OF TI." 
 
 game in the woods. He was soon one of the best hunt- 
 ers tliere. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 55 
 
 2. He learned about the trouble with New York and 
 was ready to work with the settlers of the New Hamp- 
 shire Grants. When the Green Mountain Boys chose 
 Ethan Allen colonel, they chose Seth Warner one of 
 their captains. 
 
 3. The New York governor soon saw that he M^as 
 one of the best leaders of the Green Mountain Boys and 
 offered a reward of fifty pounds for liim, yet he lived 
 safely on his farm in the northwestern part of Benning- 
 ton, about one mile from the New York line. 
 
 4. Warner had shown what a good leader he was in 
 his work for the Grants and he was ready to do his best 
 for the country when war began with Great Britain. 
 He took Crown Point the next day after Ethan Allen 
 took Ticonderoga. 
 
 5. Later, iu 1775, Warner went with his men to 
 Canada and helped in the war there, then came back. 
 In the winter of 1775 and 1776 he was called for again 
 and helped this time in the long march from Quebec to 
 Ticonderoga, as the American army gave up Canada. 
 He and his men came last and picked up those who 
 were sick or wounded, and helped those who could not 
 get on by themselves. 
 
6. 
 
 VEBMONT HISTORICAL BEADEB. 
 
 At Hubbard- 
 
 ton in 1777 Warner 
 was commander and 
 was gaining a victory 
 when so many more 
 men came to help the 
 British that it was of 
 no use for the Green 
 Mountain Bojs to 
 tight longer that day. 
 So Warner told his 
 men to go to Manches- 
 ter as best they could 
 and meet him there. 
 Later he was with 
 Stark at Bennington. hubbardton battle monument. 
 
 7. But the body, strong as it seemed, could not en- 
 dure so much without showing it. Warner had to give 
 up active work after this. In 1784 he went back to his 
 old home in Connecticut, hoping to be better there, but 
 instead he grew worse and died in December of that 
 year. 
 
 8. People liked him because he was so kind. In war 
 he was cool and careful, and so could be trusted. On a 
 monument placed over liis grave these words are found : 
 
 " Full sixteen battles did lie figlit, 
 For to procure his country's right. 
 Oh ! this great hero, he did lall 
 By death, who ever conquers all." 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 57 
 
 BEMEMBER BAKEB. 
 
 1. lieinember Baker was a cousin of Ethan Allen. 
 He lived in Connecticut. When he was but a child his 
 
 father died. After this lie was put 
 under the care of a man to learn the 
 joiner's trade. Here he learned to read 
 and write and learned something of 
 aritlimetic. But he seemed not to like 
 his trade veiy well, for he left it to go 
 to the Frcncii and Indian war in 1756 
 ['*• or 1757. Mis work on Lake George 
 BENNINGTON BATTLE Httd Lakc Chauiplain showed that he 
 
 MONUMENT, , l ,. 
 
 301 FEET HIGH, was a verj good soldier. 
 
 2. Afterward he lived in Arlington and built there 
 the first grist mill in Vermont north of Bennington. He 
 was one of the captains of the Green Monntain Bojs, 
 and was one for whom the governor of New York 
 offered a reward of one hundred pounds. 
 
 3. A man by tlie name of John Monroe wanted the 
 mone3\ So he, with twelve or fifteen Yorkers to help 
 him, went to Baker's house early in the morning, broke 
 down the door, bound Baker and started with him in a 
 sleigh toward Albany. But some of the Green Mount- 
 ain Boys of Bennington heard about it and started so 
 soon that they reached tiie Hudson River first and met 
 the men coming with Baker. These men were so fright- 
 ened that they left their prisoner and fled. 
 
 "Oh! Johu Mouroe came on one day 
 With all his Yorker train, 
 And took Eemember Baker up, 
 And— set him down again." 
 (4) —Poets and Pocfnj of Vrrmont. 
 
58 VERMONT HISTOBICAL BEADEB. 
 
 4. After tins Baker and Ira Allen went to the lower 
 falls of the Winooski and built a block house. Baker's 
 family went there to live. Baker started to bnild some 
 mills near the falls, but the call came to help in the 
 Revolutionary War before they were finished. 
 
 5. Baker was with Ethan Allen at Ticonderoga 
 and Crown Point. Later in the year he went toward 
 Canada to see what the British were doing, and was 
 shot by an Indian. So one of Vermont's leaders was 
 taken away early in life, as Baker was not forty years 
 old at the time he died. 
 
 ROBERT COCHRAN. 
 
 1 . Kobert Cochran came from Massachusetts to Ben- 
 nington about 1768, but soon went on to Rupert and 
 lived on land 
 granted him by 
 New Eamp- 
 shire. Some 
 New York peo- 
 ple claimed a 
 part of his 
 land and land 
 that some of his friends owned, and begun to build 
 shanties and live there. 
 
 2. Cochran and his friends burned their shanties 
 aiid drove them away. From that time Cochran worked 
 with the Green Mountain Boys and became one of their 
 captains. A reward of fifty pounds was offered for him 
 by the New York governor. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 59 
 
 3. In 1775, when he heard of the trouble the tories 
 were making at Westminster, he left his home on the 
 west side of the Green Mountains and reached West- 
 minster within forty-eight hours from the time that 
 messengers had started from the place to arouse their 
 friends. He entered the village armed with pistols and 
 followed by about forty Green Mountain Boys. 
 
 4. Cochran asked some of the people why they did 
 not take him and get the money the New York governor 
 offered ? Then he boasted that he had come to seize all 
 who had helped the sheriff, and that he meant to find 
 out soon " \yho was for the Lord and who was for 
 Balaam." Being a little excited, he failed to quote this 
 passage correctly, but it did not matter to him. 
 
 5. In May, 1775, he helped Allen at Ticonderoga 
 and Warner at Crown Point. lie was afterward made 
 major and served in the eastern part of New York. In 
 1778 he was sent into Canada to learn what the British 
 were planning. The British found that he was a spy 
 and offered a large reward for him. 
 
 6. He had to hide to be safe, and one time while 
 hiding in a brush heap he was taken very sick. He was 
 80 hungry and sick that he started for a log cabin in 
 sight. As he came near he heard three men and a 
 woman talking about the reward offered for him, and 
 found they were planning to get it. 
 
 7. The men started off and he went in, told the 
 woman who he was and asked her to help him. She 
 gave him food and drink, hid him in her cupboard when 
 
60 VERMONT HIS20RICAL READER. 
 
 tlie men came back and helped him until he was able to 
 
 go on. He got safely back to the American army. 
 
 8. He served during the rest of the war and, like 
 many others, was very poor when it closed. Then 
 he lived at Ticonderoga, and lastly at Sandy Hill. On 
 his tombstone at Fort Edward we find : " In memory 
 of Colonel Robert Cochran, who died July 3, 1812, in 
 the 74th year of his age ; a revolutionary otiicer." 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 Biographical Sketches Continued. 
 
 RICHARD WALLACE. 
 
 1. In 1777, when General Burgoyne moved with his 
 army to tlie south end of Lake Champlain, he left nearly 
 
 a thousand 
 nen to guard 
 Fort Ticon- 
 
 iM^deroga,N.Y., 
 
 and Mount Independence, wliicli was just opposite, in 
 Vermont. When Burgoyne had reached the Hudson River 
 General Lincoln of the American army tried to disturb 
 his plans b}' attacking those places and sent forces down 
 both sides of the lake for that purpose. 
 
 not easy for the Americans on either side to learn what 
 those on the other side were doing. At last it became 
 very important for those on the west side to send word 
 to General Lincoln on the east side. The ofticer in 
 charge called his men together, told them wliat was 
 wanted and asked if any two would try to do it. 
 
 3. Richard Wallace of Thetford and Ephraim Web- 
 ster of Newbury offered to try. In the afternoon they 
 went with an officer to high ground near the lake and 
 looked out the course they would take among the ves- 
 
63 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 sels of the enemy to get across. It was very crooked 
 and two miles long. At night they went to the lake- 
 side, took off their clothes, rolled thein up with the dis- 
 patches for General Lincoln, tied them to the back of 
 their necks by bands passed round their forelieads and 
 swam off. 
 
 4. They swam so near the ships that they heard the 
 sentinels cry " All's well." When part way across, the 
 band round Wallace's forehead slipped down to his neck 
 and nearly choked him. He got it back witli difficulty. 
 Just as he reached the branches of a fallen tree by the 
 shore he heard Webster say, "Help me, or I shall sink."' 
 Wallace found a stick, with which he helped him out. 
 Webster could not stand at tirst, but Wallace lielped 
 him on with his clothes and he was soon able to go. 
 
 5. There were British sentinels along the shore, one 
 of whom hailed them, and they escaped with difficulty. 
 As they went Wallace went forward, after giving the 
 dispatches to Webster, thinking that if he were cap- 
 tured Webster would escape. Soon he was challenge.l 
 by a sentinel and he said, " Who are you ?" Tiie sen- 
 tinel said, " A friend." Wallace said, " Who's friend ?" 
 The sentinel said, " A friend of the Americans." Wal- 
 lace said, " So am I, and I have dispatches for your 
 general." They were shown at once to the generurs 
 tent and were well cared for. 
 
 6. Before Mr. Wallace went to the army he moved 
 his household stuff and his wife from their log house on 
 the west side of Thetford to the cast side, where tho 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER: 63 
 
 women and cliil<lrea were collected for safety. Fall 
 came and she could get no men to gather her liarvfst, 
 60 many had gone to the war. So when the oats were 
 ripe Mrs. Wallace went six miles to her home and 
 
 mowed and r 
 
 stacked the I 
 
 -»* ^>_ 
 
 HAYING TIME. 
 
 oats. Wheii 
 
 the corn was Lj-a isr^-:^^^- 
 
 ripe she cut 
 
 ic and put the stalks on top of the oats. After that she 
 
 dug her potatoes and sowed an acre of wheat. 
 
 Mr. Wallace went home late in tlie fall and he, with 
 his wife, lived tlirough tlie winter in their log liouse 
 without floor or chimnev. 
 
 BENJAMIN EVEREST. 
 
 ]. Benjamin Everest was a lieutenant in chaige of a 
 fort at Kntland in 1778, when the British came np Lake 
 
 RUTLAND VALLEY AND KILLINGTON PEAK. 
 
 Champlain to Crown Point to repair the fort there. The 
 Americans wished to learn what repairs the British were 
 making and Lieutenant Everest offered to go and find 
 out. He put on gray clothes, such as the tories wore, 
 went to the fort and asked for v.-oi k. He was set to 
 
C4 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 M'ork. In a few da^'s he had learned the plans of tlie 
 British and was nearly ready to go away when a lory 
 wlio knew liim came into the fort, saM' him, and told the 
 officers he was a sp}'. 
 
 2. Everest was then put on 1)oard a vessel with some 
 prisoners and the vessel was ancliored in the middle of 
 tiie lake near a floating bridge that extended across the 
 lake. Before niglit he had hired a soldier to bring him 
 a bottle of liquor. This was on a cold windy day in 
 ISovember, and a tent was set up on deck for the pris- 
 oners. 
 
 3. Toward night, when it was growing dark, Everest 
 asked the sentinel who watched the prisoners and the 
 ship to drink from his bottle, and he did so. A while 
 later he asked him jigain to drink and (tome into tlie 
 tent where it was warmer, and the sentinel drank and 
 went in. Then Everest went out, took off his clothes, 
 tied them in a l)undle on his head and let himself down 
 b}' a rope into the water. The water was so cold that 
 he almost cried out when he touched it, but he swam to 
 the bridge, climbed on to it and put on his clothes. He 
 could hardly get them on, it was so cold, 
 
 J-. There were British soldiers at the east end of the 
 bridge and Indians at the west end. lie thought it 
 would be easier to get past the Indians and went toward 
 the west. After passing the Indians he fell into a ditch 
 that was full of water, getting very wet, but he went on 
 several miles till he came to a place where there had 
 been a lire and some brands were left. He watched it 
 
VERMONT JUSTORWAL READER. 65 
 
 till lie was sure there was no one near, then made a good 
 lire and warmed himself and dried his clothes. 
 
 5. In the morning Everest found a man chopping in 
 the woods, whom he knew. The man showed him a 
 hiding place, brought him some food and after dark in 
 the evening got him a canoe, in which he crossed the 
 lake and so went to Castleton, Yt. 
 
 HOW THE TORIES WERE MANAGED. 
 
 Nearly all the people of Vermont were in favor 
 of American Independence and were called patriots. 
 A few thought the British were right and the Ameri- 
 cans wrong. These were called tories. They talked 
 for the British and sometimes they fought for the Brit- 
 ish. There were tories in the army that Burgoyne sent 
 to capture Bennington. At Crown Point, one of them 
 told the British otticers that Lieutenant Everest was a 
 spy, and Everest would have been hanged or shot if he 
 had not escaped. So the patriots needed to watch the 
 tories as carefully as they did the British. The tories 
 miide so much trouble that the patriots thought they 
 ought to pay the cost, so they sold the farms and other 
 property of the tories and used the money to carry on 
 the war. Sometimes tories were imprisoned in a jail 
 built for that purpose in Manchester. Sometimes they 
 Were made to work for the patriots. In the winter, 
 after the Battle of Bennington, when the snow had be- 
 come deep, General Stark asked the Vermont Council 
 of Safet}'^ to have ten men employed to break and tread 
 
66 VERMONl HISTORICAL RE A DEB. 
 
 a road from Bennington to Wilmington, about twenty- 
 five miles by the road then traveled. The Council 
 directed Captain Samuel Robinson, overseer of tories, 
 to send ten of them with proper officers, to do the work. 
 They were to start at six o'clock in the morning, Janu- 
 ary 13, with provisions for three days. So the patriot 
 soldiers from Wilmington who had fought at Benning- 
 ton and at Saratoga could go home on a tory road. 
 
 MAJOR WHITCOMB. 
 
 1. Major Whitcomb was a hunter. He often met 
 with Indians, and was kind to them. Once in the wiri- 
 — ter he found 
 
 f^^ an In d i a n 
 
 \ who had 
 
 feK;>;.^-- ^ ^-.:-^v^/- .;;^ ^.r:;::..v^.v;--^ -v^-.^^-^jv%^^a^^^ broken h i s 
 
 NEAR MAJOR wHiTcoMB's HOME. gun and had 
 
 nothing to eat. lie took the Indian home, fed him, 
 
 hunted with him and after a few weeks divided furs 
 
 with him and sent him away. 
 
 2. In the Revolutionary War Whitcomb served in 
 the American army and once, when on a scout, he shot 
 a British general. The British were very angry at this 
 and offered a large reward for Whitcomb's head, and 
 twice as large a one for him alive. For many weeks he 
 kept out of the way, but afterward entered the service 
 again. 
 
 3. At a small fort near Lancaster, New Hampshire, 
 one day when AVliitcomb was hunting, he was seized by 
 In(h"ans and huriied toward Canada. When thov lial 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 67 
 
 cotiie near the mouth of tlu; St. Francis River, where 
 there was a Britisli fort and wliere the Indians expected 
 to get their reward, Whitcorab-saw among them tlie 
 Indian he liad helped wheii his gun was broken, and 
 made signs to him. The Indian took no notice of him 
 then. 
 
 4. At night they camped on an island and Whitconib 
 was bound to a stake and to two Indians, one each side 
 of him. It seemed to him there was no chance for es- 
 cape, but about two o'clock some one woke liim, touched 
 his lips to show he must not speak, cut his bonds, helped 
 him up and then led him to the shore of the island and 
 to a canoe. It was the Indian whose gun had been 
 broken, who gave Whitcoml) his gun, powder horn, bul- 
 let pouch and a bag of meal, and said, " You helped me^ 
 I pay you now, go." Whitcomb went as fast as ho 
 could till he was safe among his friends in Massachu- 
 setts. 
 
i^^i^'^x^:^^%^i<>Pt€mfBs^r^^2\ 
 
 CHAPTER XI r. 
 
 The State of Vermont— Committee of Safety— State Con- 
 stitution Adopted. 
 
 1. As the people of Vermont refused to be governed 
 by New York, they needed to govern themselves. They 
 
 THE KIND OF MONEY USED IN 1776. 
 
 already had towns, town meetings and town ofKcei's. In 
 1776 the towns sent delegates to a convention held ia 
 Dorset. Afterwards, conventions \vere held in Man- 
 chester and in other places. One thing done in these 
 conventions was to choose a Committee of Safety. This 
 connnittee acted for the people. They called for sol- 
 diers and for supplies of food and other things to carry 
 on the wai'. 
 
VERMONT HISTOBICAL READER. 69 
 
 2. The committee met sometimes in Manchesteiv 
 more frequently in Bennington. A tavern or hotel was^ 
 kept in Bennington by Captain Stephen Fay, and the 
 
 sign was a large stuffed catamount, with 
 its teeth grinning towards New York, 
 mounted on a pole 20 feet high, which 
 gave it the name of Catamount Tavern. 
 This was the headquarters of the Commit- 
 tee of Safety during the war. It stood 
 
 CATAMOUNT TAVERN 
 
 I^.^^^^^'^l^I.^T^^' till 1870, when it was accidentally 
 
 NEAR THE OLD HO- , , 
 
 TEL. burned. 
 
 3. The government l>y the Committee of Safety 
 did not satisfy the people, so a convention was called to 
 form a State constitution. That convention met at 
 Windsor, July 2, and finished its work July 8, 1777. 
 State odicers and a legislature were elected under the 
 new constitution, March 3, 1778, and the new govern- 
 ment was organized March 12, 1778, with Thomas 
 Chittenden for the first governor of Vermont and 
 Ira Allen for treasurer. 
 
 4. The courage and firnmess of the Yermonters 
 had been rewarded by the formation of a new State, 
 in which they had more freedom than any other people 
 in the world then had. 
 
 The Old Hazen Road. 
 
 1. At the beginning of the Revolutionary War the 
 Americans gained possession of Lake Champlain, which 
 gave them an easy way into Canada. Afterwards the 
 British recovered the lake, and the Americans under- 
 
70 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 took to open a new way by cutting a road through the 
 woods from Newbnry. General Hazen was sent 
 
 do this. 
 
 ON THE OLD HAZEN ROAD. 
 
 2. This road was made tlirough Peacham, Walden, 
 Craftsbnry and Wcstfield to Hazen Notch. Wiien that 
 place was reached tlie need for the road had ceased, and 
 it was never finislied, but it was very useful to the set- 
 tlers of the towns through which it passed. 
 
 IN COTTAGE HOMES THEY DWELL APART. 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 Land of the mountain antl the rock, 
 
 Of lofty hill and lowly glen, 
 Live thunderbolts thy mountains mock — 
 Well dost thou nurse by tempest's shock 
 
 Thy race of iron men. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 71 
 
 Far from the city's crowded mart, 
 
 From Mammon's sLriue aud Fashion's show, 
 
 With beaming brow and loving heart, 
 
 In cottage homes they dwell apart, 
 Free as the winds that l)low. 
 
 FAR FROM THE CITY'S CROWDED MART 
 
 Of all the sister States that make 
 
 This mighty Union, broad and strong, 
 From Southern gulf to Northern lake. 
 There's none that Autumn days awake 
 To sweeter harvest song. 
 
 And when the cold winds round them blow, 
 
 Father, and son, and aged sire, — 
 Defiant of the drifting snow. 
 With hearts and hearths alike aglow, — 
 Laugh round the wint'ry fire. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 FATHER AND SON AND AGED SIRE. — T 
 POSTOFFICE. 
 
 IE OLD COUNTRY STORE ANC 
 
 On Champlaiu's waves so fleur and l)lne, 
 
 That circled by tlie nionutaiii lies,^ 
 Where glided once the li>>lit canoe. 
 With shining- oar, the waters tbrouiili, — 
 The mighty steamboat plies. 
 
 And now, among these hills sublime, 
 
 The iron steed i)auts swift along, 
 Annihilating space and time. 
 And linking ours with stranger clime 
 In union fair and strong. 
 
 THE IRON STEED PANTS SWIFT ALONG '' 
 
 When Freedom from her home was driven 
 
 In vine-clad vales of Switzerland, 
 She sought the glorious Alps of heaven, 
 And there, 'mid cliffs l)y lighluiug riven, 
 Gathered her hero band. 
 
VERMONT HIS'lORICAL READER. 
 
 And still oiitriugs her freedom-song, 
 Amid the glaciers sparkling there, 
 At Sabbath-bell, as peasants throng 
 Their mountain fastnesses along, 
 Happy, and free as air. 
 
 THE MIGHTY STEAMBOAT PLIES." 
 
 The hills were made for freedom ; they 
 
 Break at a breath the tyrant's rod ; 
 Chains clank in valleys ; there the prey 
 Bleeds 'neath Oppression's heel ahvay, - 
 Hills bow to none but God ! 
 
 THE STAGE COACH, WITH MAIL. 
 
 (•'5) 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 riore Biographical Sketches— The Heroes of 1776 firs. Dorr's 
 Poem. 
 
 ^HOMAS CHITTEI^DEN, the first gov- 
 ernor of Vermont, was born in East Guil- 
 ford, Connecticut, January 6, 1730. His 
 father was a farmer, so Thomas worked 
 upon the farm and attended the common 
 school. It is said that he never cared 
 much for study and that his spare time was spent in 
 games, such as were tests of courage and 
 strength. This love for something excit- / „ , ► 
 ing led him, when about eighteen years La,^_v^ ''•. 
 old, to leave home and try his luck at sea. 
 lie started as a common sailor on a merchauL ve&sel 
 going to the West Indies. 
 
 5i. When near the islands trouble catne. France 
 •and Great Britain were tlien at war and a French man- 
 of-war captured the sliip and left the crew without 
 money or friends on one of the islands. Thomas found 
 his way home witii much trouble, and was willing '^to 
 stay upon the land afterwards. 
 
 3. In October, 1749, Mr. Chittenden was married 
 and soon moved to Salisbury, Connecticut. There he 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 75 
 
 held many town offices and was sent to the Connecticut 
 legislature six years by the town. All this time his 
 farm was growing better and he became a wealthy man. 
 
 4. Hearing of the fine farms in the New Hampshire 
 Grants, Mr. Cliittenden bonght a large tract of land in 
 the town of Williston, Vt., and moved to the place in 
 May, 1774. His first work, the building of a house, 
 was quickly done. The house wa^ made of logs and 
 soon became the comfortable home of his large family. 
 
 5. But life here was not very safe when our troops 
 fell back from Canada in the spring of 1776, for that 
 left the settlers near Lake Champlain without protec- 
 tion from the British army. Mr. Cliittenden thought it 
 would be better to go to some place farther south for a 
 while, so he, his wife and ten children went on foot by 
 marked trees to Castleton, carrying their goods upon 
 two horses, except their heavy pieces of iron-ware, 
 which they sunk in a duck pond before leaving. They 
 lived in Arlington mostly, until their return to Willis- 
 ton in 1787. 
 
 6. Mr. Chittenden came to his new home a well- 
 known and able man. He thought the best way to 
 settle the question of ownership of the Grants was to 
 make of them a new State, and worked hard for this for 
 many years. In 1778 he was chosen the first governor 
 of Vermont. He was governor until 1797, except one 
 year. 
 
 7. The work of a governor during these years was 
 not easy, for Yermont was having trouble from without 
 
76 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 and within, but Mr. Chittenden seemed fitted for all 
 this, and led the State through successfully to the peace 
 which followed. His life and public work ended to- 
 gether August 25, 1797. A recent legislature has ap- 
 propriated money for a monument to be placed upon 
 his grave in Williston. 
 
 8. His home life was simple. While governor he 
 lived in his log house for some time before he thought 
 he needed a better one. His favorite occupation was 
 farming, and his farm never suffered because of his 
 public work. Visitors as often found him in his fields 
 at work as in his sitting-room, and they were received 
 as cordially in one place as in the other. 
 
 9. The following story is often told to show that he 
 liked a good joke. A genteel stranger rode up one day 
 and, seeing a man splitting wood by the door, asked him 
 to be so kind as to ho]d his horse a few minutes while 
 he went in to see the governor. The man came 
 promptly to hold the horse. But think how surprised 
 the stranger must have been when, after many polite 
 bows and inquiries about Mr. Chittenden, he was told 
 that the man who held his horse by the bits was the 
 governor himself. 
 
 IRA ALLEN. 
 
 IIA ALLEN, youngest brother of Ethan Allen 
 was born in Cornwall, Connecticut, in 1751. 
 He went to the common school and received a 
 good education. In person lie was thick set, of 
 middle height, with a red face an(.l large black eyes. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 77 
 
 He was very polite in manner and an easy talker and 
 writer. 
 
 2. When twenty-one years old he came to the 
 Grants, and went in the fall of 1772 with his cousin, 
 Eemember Baker, and five other men, to the lower falls 
 of the Winooski. After looking about and driving 
 away some New York people, who were starting to 
 live there. Baker and one man went back in the boat, 
 while Allen and the others stayed to learn more of the 
 country. 
 
 3. But they did not find as much to eat as they ex- 
 pected, so they started for Pittsford, Vt., seventy miles 
 away. After traveling four days through the woods, 
 crossing brooks, rivers and mountains, with only one 
 dinner and three partridges for five men, they reached 
 Pittsford very tired and liungry. 
 
 4. Mr. Allen, in his History of Yermont, tells liow 
 they were treated when they reached Pittsford. They 
 were fed first with crusts of bread, then with a kind of 
 pudding, and then with small pieces of mutton and 
 turnips. 
 
 5. One man ate too much, and soon fell asleep. He 
 was rolled over and over and carried about for an hour 
 by persons who were trying to wake him up. If they 
 had not worked over him so carefully, he never would 
 have waked from his sleep. Mr. Allen adds that this 
 should warn men not to eat too much when very hungry 
 and tired. 
 
78 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 6. Ira Allen and some other men afterwards bought 
 about three hundred thousand acres of land Ijing be- 
 tween Ferrisbnrg, Yt., and the Canada line, near Lake 
 Champlain. Ira managed the business, and finally 
 owned most of the land. He lived at the falls in Col- 
 chester. His house was upon a hill which sloped east- 
 ward to the river. This slope was Mrs. Allen's garden, 
 ■which was famous for its fruits and flowers. 
 
 7. Mr. Allen built a dam at the falls, two saw-mills, 
 a grist-mill and two forges with a furnace. He kept 
 open a ferry above the falls, and built a schooner on 
 the river below. He afterwards built mills at other 
 places on his lands. But he could not live here and 
 spend all his time in this kind of work. 
 
 8. It will be remembered that soon after the Revolu- 
 tionary War began, Ethan Allen was taken captive, 
 Baker was shot, and Warner and Cochran j"ined the 
 Continental army. Thomas Chittenden and Ira Allen 
 becairie the leaders of the State, and perhaps as much of 
 its success is due to them as to those who served upon 
 the battle field. Allen was just the man to meet and 
 answer difiicult questions, and he had many such to 
 answer. 
 
 9. In 1795, Allen went to Europe on business. He 
 met with trouble in England and had to stay five years. 
 On his return, he found his business here so broken up 
 that he was a poor man, and almost without a friend. 
 He went to Philadelphia, the city of Brotherly Love, 
 so-called, and lived there until his death in 1814. His 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 79 
 
 body lies in a public burial ground of that city, but no 
 stone was placed above it and no one can point out tho 
 grave. 
 
 t DOCTOR JONAS FAY. 
 rOR JONAS FAY came from Hard- 
 ik, Massachusetts, to Bennington in 1766. 
 lile in Bennington, he lived on " the blue 
 mil," a mile south of the meeting house. 
 About 1800, he moved to Charlotte and afterward to 
 Pawlet, but finally returned to Bennington for the rest 
 of his life. 
 
 2. His study, while he was fitting to be a doctor, 
 made him skillful in other things. He had a clear and 
 direct way of telling or writing things, and so was a 
 good person to keep records of important business. 
 When only nineteen, he served as clerk of a company 
 of troops in the French and Indian War. 
 
 3. He was surgeon under Ethan Allen when Ticon- 
 deroga was taken, and was also surgeon for a while in 
 Colonel Seth Warnei-'s regiment. But most of the time 
 during the Revolutionary War, he was at work with 
 Thomas Chittenden and Ira Allen for the new State of 
 Yermont. 
 
 4. Besides being skillful as a clerk, Doctor Fay was 
 very decided as to what he thought it was best to 
 do, and was bold in carrying out his plans. When not 
 busy with public duties, he lived quietly as a doctor. 
 He died at Bennington in 1818, eiglity-two years of 
 age. 
 
80 VERMONT HISTOBICAL READER. 
 
 5. The men we liave been reading about in these 
 last chapters both lielped to make a State of Vermont 
 and helped to support the Declaration of Independence 
 of the United States that was made in Philadelphia in 
 1776. So they may be called heroes of 1776. There 
 were many others just as worthy of honor as these were. 
 Perhaps you have read of some of them in other books. 
 Let us now read what Mr. Mattison has written in verse 
 of these men. 
 
 The Heroes of '76. 
 
 1. They have gone to tlieir rest, those brave heroes and 
 
 sages, 
 Who trod the rough war-path our freedom to gain ; 
 But their deeds were all written on fame's brightest 
 
 pages, 
 When a tyrant's rude host were all scattered and slain. 
 
 2. They have gone to their rest as bright stars sink in 
 
 glory. 
 And hallow the spot where their valor was shown ; 
 And but few are there left us to tell the glad story, 
 How victory was gained and the mightj^ o'erthrowB. 
 
 3. They have gone to their rest, 'midst a halo bright 
 
 shining ; 
 The day-star of hope was their guide through the tomb ; 
 While Columbia's fair daughters their triumphs were 
 
 singing, 
 And a nation burst forth from its deep-shrouded gloom ! 
 
 4. They have gone to their rest, we no longer behold 
 
 them, 
 Though memory their virtues will ever hold dear ; 
 When the deeds of those sires to their sons shall be told 
 
 them. 
 In the silence of grief shall descend the warm tear. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 81 
 
 5. We have read of what men did in the Revolu- 
 tionary War. Mrs. Julia C. R. Dorr of Rutland tells ua 
 what one little girl in Connecticut did a short time 
 before the war. 
 
 The Parson's Daughter. 
 
 HAT, ho 1 " he cried, as up and down 
 y-^^y He rode throngli the streets of Windham town — 
 ^/) "What, ho I for the day of peace is done, 
 ''* And the day of wrath too well begun ! 
 Bring forth the grain from your barns and mills ; 
 Drive down the cattle from oflf your hills; 
 For Boston lieth in sore distress, 
 Pallid with hunger and long duress : 
 Her children starve, while she hears the beat 
 And the tramp ol the led coats in e\eiy street!" 
 ^ h 
 
 HIS WHOLE SOUL INTO THE PEAL HE RUNG." 
 
 '* What, ho I What, ho I " Like a storm imspent. 
 Over the hill-sides he came and went ; 
 And Parson White, from his open door 
 Leaning bareheaded that August day, 
 While the sun beat down on his temples gray, 
 Watched him until he could see no more. 
 Then straight he rode to the church, and flung 
 His whole soul into the peal he rung : 
 Pulling the bell-rope till the tower 
 Seemed to rock in the sudden shower — 
 
83 VERMONT HISTORICAL^ READER. 
 
 3. The shower of sound the farmers heard, 
 Kending the air like a Jiving word I 
 Then swift they gathered with right good-will 
 From field an 1 auvll, and shop and mill, 
 To hear what the parson had to say 
 That would not keep till the Sabbath day. 
 For only the women and children knew 
 The tale of the horseman galloping through— 
 The message he bore as up and down 
 He rode through the streets of Windham town. 
 
 FROM FIELD, AND ANVIL, AND SHOP, 
 
 That night, as the parson sat at ease 
 In the porch, Avith his Bible on his knees, 
 (Thanking God that at break of day 
 Frederic Manning would take his way, 
 With cattle and sheep from off the hills, 
 To the starving city where General Gage 
 Waited unholy war to wage.) 
 His little daughter beside him stood, 
 Hiding her face in her muslin hood. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 In lier arms her own pet lamb she bore, 
 
 As it struggled down to the oaken floor : 
 
 " It must go ; I must give my lamb," she said, 
 
 " To the children that cry for meat and bread," 
 
 Then lifted to his her holy eyes, 
 
 Wet -with the tears of sacrifice. 
 
 " Nay, nay," he answered. " There is no need 
 
 That the hearts of babes should ache and bleed. 
 
 Eun away to your bed, and to-morrow play, 
 
 You and your pet, through the live-long day.'" 
 
 " A QUAINT LITTLE MAIDEN, SHY AND SWEET." 
 
 He laid his hand on her shining hair. 
 
 And smiled as he blessed her, standing there. 
 
 With kerchief folded across her breast, 
 
 And her small brown hands together pressed, 
 
 A quaint little maiden, shy and sweet. 
 
 With her lambkin crouched at her dainty feet. 
 
 Away to its place the lamb she led. 
 
 Then climbed the stairs to her own white bed. 
 
 While the moon rose up and the stars looked down 
 
 On the silent streets of Windham town. 
 
84 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 " AWAY TO ITS PLACE THE LAMB SHE LED." 
 
 But when the heralds of morning came, 
 
 Flushing the east with rosy flame, 
 
 With low of cattle and scurry of feet, 
 
 Driving his herd down the village street, 
 
 Young Manning heard from a low stone-wall 
 
 A child's voice clearly, yet softly call ; 
 
 And saw in the gray dusk standing there 
 
 A little maiden with shining hair, 
 
 While crowding close to her tender side 
 
 Was a snow-white lamb to her apron tied. 
 
 " Oh, wait !" she cried, " for my lamb must go 
 
 To the children crying in want and woe. 
 
 It is all I have." And her tears fell fast 
 
 As she gave it one eager kiss— the last. 
 
 •" The road will be long to its feet. I pray 
 
 Xiet your arms be its bed a part of the way ; 
 
 And give it cool water and tender grass 
 
 Whenever a wayside brook j^ou pass." 
 
 Then away she flew like a startled deer. 
 
 Nor Avaited the bleat of her lamb to hear. 
 
 Young Manning lifted his steel blue eyes 
 
 One moment up to the morning skies ; 
 
 Then, raising the lamb to his breast, he strode 
 
 Sturdily down the lengthening road. 
 
 " Now God be my helper," he cried, " and lead 
 
 Me safe with my charge to the souls in need ! 
 
 Through fire and flood, through dearth and dole, 
 
 Though foes assail me and war-clouds roll, 
 
 To the city in want and woe that lies 
 
 I will bear this lamb as a sacrifice." 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Making New Homes in the Woods of Vermont— Anecdotes 
 and True Stories. 
 
 1. We have read liow a few early settlers began 
 their new homes in the Green Mountain State. It is 
 worth while to call to your notice a few other interest- 
 ing facts, so you may clearly understand what our fore- 
 fathers had to endure in settling Vermont, 
 
 2. In the summer of 1767, two brothers, Gideon and 
 Benjamin Cooley, from Greenwich, Massachusetts, went 
 to Pittsford, Vt., to make a home in the forest. They 
 had one horse and took with them some food, axes, a 
 shovel and hoe. They first made a rude shelter, then 
 began a clearing and soon built a log house. 
 
 3. They lived mostly on game and fish 
 during the summer, then went back to 
 Greenwich for the winter. Early in May 
 of the next year, 1768, they returned to 
 Pittsford, bringing with them seeds from 
 which they raised some corn, potatoes and 
 other vegetables. 
 
 4. The next May, Gideon brought his 
 wife and five children to their new home. They 
 their few pieces of furniture in sacks and carried them 
 upon the backs of horses. 
 
 FOOD FOR 
 
 EARLY 
 
 SETTLERS. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 MAPLE SUGAR MAKING IN VERMONT IN YE OLDEN TIME. 
 
VERMONl HISTORICAL READER. s^ 
 
 THE MODERN WAY OF MAKING MAPLE SUG^R WITH A PATtNT EVAPORATOR. 
 
88 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 5. After a very busy summer, the family passed a 
 comfortable winter, living in part on vegetables raised 
 the summer before, and in part on wild meat. 
 
 6. Most of the cooking was done in a small iron ket- 
 tle brought from Greenwich. During the winter they 
 prepared for sugaring. They made sap-spouts, and from 
 split logs some small troughs, but had to go to Benning- 
 ton to get kettles in which to boil the sap. 
 
 7. The snow was so deep they could not go with 
 horses, so Gideon went on snow-shoes. He made the 
 journey easily with no load, but after buying the kettles 
 in Bennington, he found the snow crust would not bear 
 him up with both, but would with one. He would not 
 give up, so carried one kettle a short distance ahead, 
 then putting it down, went back and got the other. 
 This he did over and over again, till he finally reached 
 his home in Pittsford with the two kettles. We hope he 
 made enough sugar to be well paid for his trouble in 
 procuring his kettles. 
 
 A TRUE STORY. 
 
 1. Daniel Hall 
 
 1 bought land of Doc- 
 t(»r Arnold in St. 
 
 '■^ ^S^^^^^KK^^m --' 'MillJg Had no deed. Doc- 
 tor Arnold died and 
 
 ST. JOHNSBURY, VT., SITE OF FAIRBANKS 
 
 SCALE WORKS. ]iall could get no 
 
 deed, but instead one hundred acres of land in Lyndon 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 89 
 
 was given liim. Tlie next mornin£^, Mr. Hall packed 
 his wife and their household goods on a hand-sled and 
 drew them to his land in Lyndon on the snow crust. 
 
 2. There he unloaded them in the snow and made a 
 fire. Before sundown he had built a wigwam and 
 moved in. The next morning they had nothing to eat 
 and he started out \vith his gun. He soon found the 
 track of a moose and followed it till he found and shot 
 the moose. 
 
 3. He cut out some steak and carried it to the wig- 
 wam, where his wife cooked it by putting pieces on a 
 forked stick and holding them over the fire. After 
 breakfast, Mr. Hall brought in the moose and then car- 
 ried its skin and a part of the meat to St. Johnsbury, 
 where he sold them and bought potatoes, meal and salt 
 to carry home. 
 
 ANOTHER TRUE STORY. 
 
 1. Oliver Luce and his wife Susannah started from 
 Hartland in the winter with a two-horse team, to settle 
 in Stowe, on land already selected. In Waterbury they 
 found the end of the road, and could go no further with 
 their team. But they very much wanted to be the first 
 settlers and they knew that other people were on their 
 way to the same town. 
 
 2. They did not wait long, but loaded some bedding 
 and a few other needful things on a hand-sled and went 
 six miles through the woods to their land, where, in a 
 few days, they made a comfortable shelter. Another 
 family came into town the day after Mr. Luc6 did. 
 
 (6) 
 
90 
 
 VEBMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 ■s^^p^^-F^r^ 
 
 m iKe Green /i^<^ 
 
 M^/^^AsfieU 
 
 " I love to climb the mountains liigh, 
 To wander thro' the valleys green, 
 'J'o look athwart the azure sky 
 And o'er the lakelets' silver sheen." 
 
 EXPERIENCES OF AN EARLY SETTLER. 
 
 1, Rodolphus Eeed came from Massacbusetts to 
 Westfield, bringing bis family and goods in a two-horse 
 wagon. At Craftsbnry bis wife was taken sick. It was 
 ]ate in November wlien sbe was well enougb to go on, 
 and a deep snow bad come. So Mr, Keed changed bis 
 wagon for a sleigh and started with his wife and a babe 
 two weeks old, thinking they would reach AVcstfield 
 before night. 
 
 2. They bad not gone far when Judge Olds of 
 Westfield, who had been away, and was returning on 
 liorseback, overtook them and said he feared they 
 would not get tbrough that day, but he would go on and 
 send help as soon as be could. Mr. Heed had just 
 crossed a high hill when night came on. Tliey made a 
 fire and stayed in tbe woods. 
 
VERMONT HISTOBICAL READER. 91 
 
 3. The next day they reached the part of the valley 
 where the village of Lowell, Yt., now is, and found a 
 shanty, having three sides of logs and a roof of bark, in 
 which they spent the next night. For food and drink 
 they had only salt mutton and whiskey. Early the 
 next morning men and teams came to them from West- 
 field and helped them to their home. 
 
 Interesting Story of Colonel Davis— noose in Vermont, and 
 Plenty of Trout. 
 
 1. Colonel Jacob Davis with two men and one 
 horse started from Brookfield for Montpelier, on the 
 tliird day of May, 1787. All the four were loaded with 
 as much of food, tools and bedding as they could well 
 carry. They went over the hills by a bridle path, 
 which afterward became a part of the stage road between 
 Burlington and Windsor. 
 
 2. Their first shelter in Montpelier was a shanty 
 built by hunters a few years before. Their first work 
 was to clear a spot for a house. They next built a log 
 house thirtj'-two feet long by sixteen feet wide, and had 
 it done except the floors and a chimney in ten days, 
 when thej'^ moved into it. At that time two sons of 
 Colonel Davis joined the party, bringing another horse, 
 and the work of clearing the land was begun in good 
 earnest. 
 
 3. "When they had cut the trees on twenty acres, so 
 that they were drying to burn later, Colonel Davis went 
 away to Arlington to a meeting of the proprietors of 
 Montpelier; and Pearly Davis, one of the two who 
 
»2 VERMONI HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 went from Brookfield witli the colonel, went to com- 
 plete the survey of the town, leaving the other three to 
 go on with the clearing. 
 
 4. Their way of living during tlie summer was far 
 from savage, though not highly refined. For beds they 
 spread blankets on hemlock boughs, laid along the side 
 of their nnfloored house. At first they had no fire- 
 place in the house, because they had found no stones' to 
 make one of, but in the course of the summer they 
 found a quantity of loose slate stones, and at once built 
 a chimney in the center of the house, with a fire-place 
 on each side, to warm the two rooms, into which the 
 liouse was to be divided. They built this up to where 
 the chamber floor was to be and left the smoke to find 
 its way from there out through an opening in the roof. 
 
 5. For cooking they had an iron kettle, a frying-pan 
 and a bake-pan, in which tliey boiled vegetables, boiled 
 or baked beans and fried pork, fish and wild meat and 
 baked johnny-cake. They carried their flour to a woman 
 living in Middlesex, who made bread for them. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 93 
 
 6. The streams 
 were then filled with 
 trout and there was 
 a pleutj of game in 
 the woods. Jacob, 
 one of Colonel 
 Davis' sons, went to 
 the river the first 
 morning after h o 
 reached the camp 
 with a hook and 
 line, a piece of salt 
 pork for bait, and a 
 basket to put the 
 fish in. At the river 
 bank he cut a pole, 
 tied his line to it 
 and began to fish. 
 In half an hour he 
 had caught and car- 
 ried to the house 
 more nice large 
 trout than five 
 hungry men could 
 
 VERMONT TROUT— SPECKLED BEAUTIES— THE - 1 r i. 
 
 STREAMS WERE FILLED WITH THEM. Cat lor brcakiast* 
 Tliere was no lack of food that first summer. 
 
 7. In the autumn Colonel Davis finished his house 
 by topping out his chimney, digging a cellar, lay- 
 ing floors, putting in doors and windows and building 
 an oven. For floors he cut straight basswood logs to 
 
94 VERMONT HISTOBICAL BEADER. 
 
 the right length and split them into thick planks, which 
 he trimmed and smoothed with an ax and laid on 
 sleepers. The oven he built outside the house, but close 
 to it, so that by cutting a hole in the wall he had the 
 mouth of the oven in the kitchen. When winter came 
 the house had been completed and he moved his family 
 from Brookfield into it. 
 
 8. One day in the winter two men, crossing the 
 mountain in Worcester, found a yard of five moose, so 
 shut in by the deep crusted snow that they were able to 
 kill them all. They carried as much of tlie meat as 
 they could, traveling on snow shoes, to the home of 
 Colonel Davis and told the boys they might have the 
 rest if they would go and get it. 
 
 9. So one of them went to the spot witli a bag of 
 Bait, cut a hemlock tree and made a trough in the body 
 of it, salted the meat in the trougli and pinned a slab 
 over it. When the snow was gone in the spring, he 
 went with a horse and brought home salt meat enough 
 to last the family all summer. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 How the First Settlers Lived— Strawberries Unknown— In- 
 teresting Facts of Early Vermont Life. 
 
 1. The food of the first settlers in this country was 
 not just like ours. They raised corn, beans, pumpkins ; 
 wheat, rye ; turnips, parsnips, beets ; and some other 
 kinds of grain and vegetables. They ate bean porridge 
 a great deal. It was made by boiling beans with meat. 
 When the whole was cooked, the meat was taken out 
 and the porridge was ready. Sometimes vegetables 
 were boiled with the beans and meat. 
 
 2. In the winter, enough would be made at once to 
 last a week, and sometimes it would get to be " nine 
 days old." It was eaten for breakfast, and often for 
 supper. For dinner they would have boiled meat and 
 vegetables. Turnips and parsnips were the most com- 
 mon vegetables at first. 
 
 3. Potatoes were introduced fiom Ireland in 1719, 
 almost one hundred years after the coming of the Pil- 
 grims to Plymouth, and thirty years after the settle- 
 ment of Vernon, 
 
 4. In Haverhill, Massachuseits, the first year that 
 potatoes were planted the people found only the potato 
 
96 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 balls. They found the potatoes when they plowed the 
 
 next spring. We may suppose that potatoes were 
 
 brought to Vernon about the time Fort Dummer was 
 
 built. 
 
 5. Pork was the meat most used, but beef, mutton, 
 game and fish were common. People lived sometimes 
 very far from mills for making meal and flour, and the 
 men would carry their corn or other grain a long way 
 on their backs in summer, and on hand-sleds in winter, 
 to get it ground, or they would make large mortars 
 from hard wood logs, and after drying their grain very 
 thoroughly, would pound it into meal. 
 
 HOW JOHN SP AFFORD WENT TO MILL. 
 
 1. John Spafford, the first settler in Cambridge, lived 
 in a log house beside the Lamoille Kiver. One day in 
 winter, he took a bag of corn on a hand-sled and drew 
 it on the ice of the river, where he could, to the nearest 
 mill to be ground. The mill was at Colchester Falls, 
 twenty-five miles off. 
 
 2. On the way home, he became very tired and 
 hungry. So he stopped, made a fire, wet up some of 
 the meal in the mouth of his bag and baked a cake. 
 Then he went on again. His wife Sarah waited a long 
 time for him that evening, but as he did not come, she 
 lay down and slept and dreamed that Mr. Spafford was 
 calling her. 
 
 3. She awoke and looked and listened, but she could 
 not see nor hear anything of him. Soon she slept again, 
 and dreamed a second time that he was calling. Then 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 97 
 
 she rose and with a liglited torch went to tlie river bank, 
 whore she found hiin, unable to get up the bank with 
 his load. 
 
 EARLY CLOTHING, BOOTS AND SHOES— HOW MADE. 
 
 1. The first effort of the early Vermont settlers was 
 to provide shelter and food for their families. As soon 
 as these were secured, care must be taken for clothing. 
 For the most part, they wore linen and woolen clothes. 
 For linen they raised flax, which grows very much like 
 grain, but it is pulled up by the roots instead of being 
 cut. After the dirt has been carefully shaken from the 
 roots, the stalks are spread upon the grass till the softer 
 parts have become brittle, when they are taken up and 
 the brittle part is first broken in pieces, then cleared 
 from the long fibres whicli are spun into yarn ; and this 
 is woven into cloth. 
 
 2. A few sheep would 
 supply the wool for a 
 family, and the spinning, 
 coloring and weaving 
 were done by the women 
 of the household. The 
 flax was spun on a small 
 wheel and the wool on a 
 large one. And these 
 wheels were found in al- 
 most every house after a 
 beginnino'had been made. 
 
 SMALL OLD SPINNING WHEEL. 
 
88 VEBMONT HISTOBICAL READER. 
 
 3. Boots and slioes were not easy to get at first. 
 Men and boys often went barefoot in the summer, and 
 women and girls sometimes did so. The men sometimes 
 wore moccasins made of skins not tanned. Later, boots 
 and shoes were made from the skins of animals raised 
 on the farm, and made into leather at the tannery near 
 by. The shoemaker would often go from house to 
 house, carrying his tools and working at his bench in the 
 kitchen till he had made the boots and shoes to last the 
 family for a year. 
 
 4. Nearly all the people lived in log houses at first. 
 When well made, those were warm and comfortable, but 
 they were not well lighted. They did not have much 
 furniture to begin with. A split log with holes bored 
 in the round side, and sticks put in for legs, would serve 
 for a table, and blocks would do for chairs. One family 
 in Newbury built their first shanty over a large stump 
 and used the stump for a table. 
 
 5. AVhen tliey had built saw mills to make boards, 
 the people would begin to build frame houses, and to 
 have more and better furniture. Many of the chairs, 
 tables and bureaus that have come down to us from that 
 early time are found to have been not only very durable? 
 but nicely made. 
 
 6. While the wild animals were useful for their 
 skins, and some of them for their meat, they were very 
 troublesome. The wolves were fond of mutton and the 
 bears were fond of fresh pork and of green corn. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 99 
 
 7. Colonel Davis of Montpelier made yards with 
 strong, high walls of logs, into whicli he drove his cat- 
 tle and sheep for the night. 
 
 8. Joel Strong of Thetford planted his corn, and as 
 soon as it ripened the bears came to feed on it. For 
 a wliile Mr. Strong let the bears have their way, but 
 when it looked as though they would spoil the wholo 
 crop, he undertook to protect his field, and one night 
 when the moon shone bright, he went witli his gun to 
 see who should have the corn. 
 
 9. He soon heard the bears cracking the ears. Ho 
 went carefully toward tliem till he saw one plainly, 
 when he took aim and fired at it. The others ran and 
 he ran after them till they climbed a tree at the edge 
 of the woods. He could not see clearly enough to take 
 a sure aim at them, so he made a fire at the foot of the 
 tree and watched the rest of the night. 
 
 10. When it was light in the morning he saw two 
 big bears, each sitting on a large branch of the tree. 
 Taking good aim, he shot one that fairly jarred the 
 ground as it fell. The other climbed higher up while 
 Mr. Strong was loading his gun, but that one came 
 down too from a well-aimed shot. 
 
 11. Then he went back to the corn field and found 
 a nice large bear lying dead there. The three bear 
 skins and the meat paid well for all the corn that had 
 been spoiled, and his field was not troubled any moro 
 that season. 
 
100 VERMONT HISTORICAL HEADER. 
 
 12. Bear hunting was not always profitnble. John 
 Strong and a Mr. Smalleyof Addison were rowing once 
 across Lake Champlain from Chinaney Point, when they 
 saw an animal swimming in the lake and thought it was 
 a deer. 
 
 13. They rowed towards it, but when they came 
 near, it proved to be a large bear, and they had nothing 
 to kill it with but an ax. They did not like to turn back, 
 so Strong stood in the bow of the boat with the ax to 
 knock the bear on the head and Smalley rowed the boat. 
 
 14. They came up to the bear and Strong struck its 
 head as hard as he could, but the bear hardly seemed to 
 feel the blow. It turned, however, quickly, and put- 
 ting its paws on the boat, tipped it over, and then 
 climbed upon the end of it. 
 
 15. Smalley was not a very good swimmer, and as 
 the bear was very quiet, he thought he might hold on 
 to the other end of the boat, till it should float to the 
 shore ; but the bear would have no passengers with 
 him, so the men, each with the help of an oar, had to 
 swim to the nearest land. 
 
 16. The boat floated to the shore, the bear landed 
 and went on his way, giving the men a chance to row 
 home, after a long tramp to get the boat. They had a 
 good ducking and lost their ax, but they had learned 
 something about bears. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 101 
 
 Dr. Williams' Fish Story. 
 
 We have learned something about fishing in the old times. 
 Dr. Williams, in his History of Vermont, tells this story : 
 
 1. The useful fish which live in the brooks and small 
 streams of Vermont are the trout, perch and sucker. 
 The best places for trout fishing are near tlie heads of 
 streams that rise in the mountains. The perch and the 
 sucker are found fartlier from the heads of the streams, 
 but are of nearly the same size as the trout. 
 
 2. These small fish increase in number very fast. 
 At Tinmouth, in Rutland county, is a brook from twenty 
 to thirty feet wide, and only two or three feet deep. It 
 was the home of trout and suckers of common size and 
 number. A dam was built in the early days across this 
 stream to furnish water-power for a saw-mill, thus form- 
 ing a very large pond on land that had never been tilled. 
 
 3. In two or three years there were so many fish in 
 the pond that, at the head where the brook ran into 
 it, the fish could be seen in the spring swimming one 
 over another in great numbers. 
 
102 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 4. It was so full there were no places in 
 which the fish could hide, and when the boys 
 came the fish were easily caught by the hands. 
 The fishermen also used nets and often caught 
 a bushel of fish at a time, which they sold for 
 a sliilling. 
 
 5. "While the fish became so many in 
 number, they grew also to be more than 
 twice as large as they were before the dam 
 was built. The rich land at the bottom of 
 
 the pond must have been the cause of this increase in 
 size and number. 
 
CHAPTEE XVI. 
 
 Two Early Vermont Judges— Little Jerry, the Miller— A List- 
 ening Bird. 
 
 1. We have learned how there came to be a State of 
 Vermont, what kind of men made it, and how the peo- 
 ple at first lived in it. The State has had men to de- 
 fend it, when they were needed, men to make laws for 
 it, and men to see tliat the laws were obeyed. Besides 
 these, there have been men to tell what the laws mean. 
 Such men are called judges. We will now read about 
 two judges who helped a great deal to make Vermont 
 what it is. 
 
 NATHANIEL CHIPMAN. 
 
 2. One of the early leaders in Vermont was jNathan- 
 iel Chipman. His first home was in Salisbury, Connec- 
 ticut. His father was a Puritan, and was strict in his 
 control of home affairs. Early rising and retiring was 
 the rule for all in the family. The long winter even- 
 ings were spent in reading books from the town library. 
 After the reading, there were long talks about what had 
 been read. 
 
 3. Each member of the family had special work to 
 do. The father was a blacksmith and a farmer, so some 
 
104 ' VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 of his six sons helped liim in the shop, wliile others did 
 the work of the farm. Nathaniel was one who worked 
 upon the farm mostly. When twenty years old, he l)e- 
 gan to fit for college, reciting to the pastor at Salisbnry. 
 The next year, 1773, he entered Yale college. Having 
 a sound mind in a sound body, and a regular way of 
 doing all his work, he was able to do more than the 
 others of his class. 
 
 4. In the spring of 1777, he left his study to join 
 the Revolutionary army. He was one who spent that 
 bard winter at Valley Forge. The pay of the soldiers 
 was so small then that they could not go on unless they 
 had money of their own to help them. Having no such 
 money, Nathaniel Chipman left the army in the fall of 
 1778. He went to Connecticut and studied law. He 
 was soon a lawyer, and came to Tinmonth, Vermont, 
 where his father was then living. The leading men of 
 Vermont saw his ability and welcomed him as one who 
 would help them work for the new State. 
 
 5. He was soon known as Judge Chipman. He was 
 Vermont senator in Congress for six years. Even while 
 busy with pul)lic duties, he found time to write, and his 
 Principles of Government made him famous in both 
 America and Europe. 
 
 6. Judge Chipman lived to be ninety years old. The 
 latter part of his life was spent quietly at Tinraouth, 
 deafness keeping him from public di\\iy. The State has 
 honored the memory of this learned leader by a monu- 
 ment placed at Tinmonth in 1873. 
 
VEBMONl HISTORICAL READER. 105 
 
 THEOPHILUS HARRINGTON. 
 
 1. On a sunny hillside in the town of Clarendon, 
 Vermont, is Chippenhook Cemetery. As the traveler 
 rounds the hill, he soon sees a tall monument towering 
 above the others. From the road he sees the letter H, 
 and learns npon going nearer that he is gazing upon tlie 
 monument placed by the State of Vermont in honor of 
 Judge Theopliilus Harrington. 
 
 2. Mr. Harrington was born in Rhode Island in 
 1Y62, and came to Clarendon in 1785. He was a farmer, 
 but held many pub- 
 lic offices and be- 
 came famous as a 
 judge of the Su- 
 preme Court. Many 
 stories are found 
 of his odd ways 
 and sayings. It has 
 been told that he 
 used to go into 
 court barefooted. 
 
 3. He served as 
 judge in many 
 cases in which the 
 right of a person to 
 the land he was liv- 
 ing on was ques- 
 tioned. In order to 
 
 prove his right to the land the person had to trace his 
 (7> 
 
 MONUMENT ERECTED BY THE STATE AT THE 
 GRAVE OF JUDGE HARRINGTON. 
 
10(3 VERMONT HI^IORIGAL READER. 
 
 title back to some one to whom the colonial governor of 
 New Hampsliire had granted land, and wlioee name was 
 in the charter of the town. This was called tracing to 
 the original proprietor or first owner. 
 
 4. One time a different kind of a case came before 
 the judge. A slave had escaped, but had been captured, 
 and the owner asked for a warrant which would give 
 him power to take the slave back. The escape of the 
 slave was described and the master showed a bilLof sale 
 of the slave, and back of that, of the slave's mother. 
 But the judge only said, " You do not go back to the 
 original proprietor." Tlie ' coolness of the judge tried 
 the patience of the other party, who asked, " What, 
 then, would your Honor have ?" "A bill of sale from 
 God Almighty " was the prompt reply. As no such 
 paper could be shown, the trembling negro was, by 
 order of court, set free. 
 
 5. People in England heard of this reply and placed 
 a tablet in Westminster Abbey in honor of the Vermont 
 judge who thought it was not right for any man to own 
 a slave. 
 
 On the monument at Chippenhook these words are 
 found : 
 
 Judge Theophilus Harrington. 
 
 1762. 1813. 
 
 Erected by the State in 1886. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 107 
 
 LITTLE JERRY, THE MILLER. 
 
 Note.— Perhaps it may add to the interest of this 
 ballad to know that the description, both of the man 
 and the mill, is quite true. " Little Jerry " was a small 
 Frenchman of great strength, wit and good nature, and 
 was for many years a miller for the writer's father in 
 Highgate, Vermont. His surname was written " Good- 
 heart " in the mill books. 
 
 1. Beneath the hill yoii may see the mill 
 
 Of wasting wood and ernmbling stone ; 
 The wheel is dripping and clattering still, 
 But Jerry, the miller, is dead and gone. 
 
 2. Year after year, early and late, 
 
 Alike in summer and winter weather, 
 
 He pecked the stones and calked the gate, 
 
 And mill and miller grew old together. 
 
 3. " Little Jerry! " — 'twas all the same. 
 
 They loved him well who called him so ; 
 And whether he'd ever another name. 
 Nobody ever seemed to know. 
 
 4. 'Twas "Little Jerry, come grind my rye," 
 
 And "Little Jerry, come grind my wheat;" 
 And "Little Jerry" was still the cry. 
 From matron bold and maiden sweet. 
 
108 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 5. 'Twas " Little Jerrj-" on every tongue. 
 
 And so the simple truth was told ; 
 For Jerry was little when he was young. 
 And Jerry was little when he was old. 
 
 6. But what in size he chanced to lack, 
 
 That Jerry made up in being strong ; 
 I've seen a sack upon his back 
 
 As thick as the miller, and quite as long. 
 
 7. Always busy, and always merry. 
 
 Always doing his verj^ best, 
 A notable wag was Little Jerry, 
 Who uttered well his standing jest. 
 
 8. How Jerry lived is known to fame, 
 
 But how he died there's none may know ; 
 One autumn day the rumor came, 
 " The brook and Jerry are very low." 
 
 9. And then 'twas whispered, mournfully, 
 
 The leech had come, and he was dead .- 
 And all the neighbors flocked to see ; 
 "Poor Little Jerry ! " was all they said. 
 
 10. They laid him in his earthy bed, 
 
 His miller's coat his only shroud ; 
 " Dust to dust," the parson said, 
 And all the people wept aloud. 
 
 11. For he had shunned the deadly sin, 
 
 And not a grain of over- toll 
 Had ever dropped into his bin, 
 To weigh upon his parting soul. 
 
 12. Beneath the hill there stands the mill. 
 
 Of wasting wood and crumbHng stone : 
 
 The wheel is dripping and clattering still. 
 
 But Jerry, the miller, is dead and gone. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 109 
 
 A LISTENING BIRD. 
 
 BY MRS. JULIA C. K. DORR. 
 
 A little bird sat on an apple tree, 
 
 And lie was as hoarse as hoarse could be ; 
 
 He preened and he prinked, and he ruffled his 
 
 throat, 
 But from it there floated no silvery note. 
 "Not a song can I sing," sighed he, sighed he — 
 " Not a song can I sing," sighed he. 
 
 In tremulous showers the apple tree shed 
 Its pink and white blossoms on his head ; 
 The gay sun shone, and, like jubilant words, 
 He heard the gay song of a thousand birds. 
 ''All the others can sing," he dolefully- 
 said — 
 " All the others can sing," he said. 
 
 3. So he sat and he drooped. But as far and wule 
 The music was borne on the air's warm 
 
 tide. 
 A sudden thought came to the sad little 
 
 bird, 
 And he lifted his head as within him it ^ 
 
 stirred. 
 " If I cannot sing, I can listen," he cried; "^ 
 " Ho I ho ! I can listen ! " he cried. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Vermont at the Close of the Revolutionary War— Early 
 
 Schools— Brookfield Library— War of 
 
 1812— Course of Trade. 
 
 N 1783, when the Eevolutionary War closed, 
 Vermont had a government of her own and 
 was not in debt. Taxes were low, and there 
 was a great deal of good land for sale. Many 
 settlers began coming in, and the people did not much de- 
 sire to be admitted to the Union of States, though before 
 this they had more than once asked Congress for admis- 
 sion. But in a few years the people of New York, 
 who had opposed Vermont, found that Kentucky 
 was likely to become a State, and then they wanted Ver- 
 mont to become a State, too. 
 
 2. So the old dispute was set- 
 tled at last, and Vermont was ad- 
 mitted to the Union in 1791, one 
 hundred years after the settlement 
 at Vernon, and two hundred years 
 after the discovei-y of America by 
 Columbus. 
 
 3. Vermont was growing very rapidly then. The State 
 had twice as many people in 1800 as in 1790. There was 
 work for all to do ; new houses, barns, mills, and build- 
 
 COLUMBUS. 
 
VF.RMOXT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 <^^m^ 
 
 Y' Tofte Mail e of y' QU^x, Tyme (ijSx) 
 
 ings of every kind were needed. ISew farms were to 
 be cut out of the woods and more land was to be cleared 
 on the old farms. Roads and bridges were to be made. 
 The mail routes show us something about the roads of 
 that time. 
 
 4. In 1791, Vermont had her own postoffices. They 
 were at Bennington, Rutland, Brattleboro, Windsor and 
 Newbury. Anthony Haswell of Bennington was post- 
 master general. The mail routes were from Benning- 
 ton to Rutland ; from Bennington to Newbury, through 
 Brattleboro and Windsor ; and from Bennington to Al- 
 bany, N. Y., where the Vermont mail route was con- 
 nected with that of the United States. 
 
 5. Over each of these routes the mail was carried 
 once a w^eek by a rider on horseback. At that time the 
 United States had only seventy- five postoffices, making 
 eighty for the United States and Vermont together. 
 There are now more than five hundred postoffices in Ver- 
 mont and about seventy thousand in the entire United 
 States. 
 
113 
 
 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 EARLY SCHOOLS. 
 
 ?t<^ESIDES doing tlie things already named, the 
 
 ^\ people were establishing colleges, schools, 
 
 i^ libraries and churches. The University of 
 
 Vermont at Burlington was incorporated in 
 
 1791, and Middlebury College at Middlebury in 1800. 
 
 Eight county grammar schools and academies had been 
 
 incorporated before 1800. 
 
 jig^^^ 2. Public schools were es- 
 
 . ^ tablished in all the towns soon 
 
 "^ ^ after their settlement. The 
 
 proprietors of Guilford set 
 apart three hundred and 
 fifty acres of land for the siip- 
 ])ort of schools, before a set- 
 tlement was begun. The peo- 
 ple of Bennington had 
 school districts and voted a 
 school tax two years after 
 the first clearings were made 
 in the woods. 
 
 3. Tiie first school houses 
 were not such as we have 
 now. In 1773, the people of 
 Chester voted to build a 
 \ s c h ool 
 
 A, h ) u se, 
 twenty - 
 two feet long by eightofii feet wide; and the first 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 113 
 
 ecliool house in Sonth Eandolpli was twenty-one 
 feet long by sixteen feet wide, with three windows. 
 
 4. A few years later, another school house was built 
 in South Randolph, as they then had more than eighty 
 pupils in their school and they wanted a larger house. 
 It was made twenty-four by eighteen feet, with seven 
 windows, each having twenty lights of glass, six by eight 
 inches. 
 
 5. How large is your school room ? Measure it and 
 see. How many children attend your school ? How 
 many windows in your school liouse ? How large are 
 the lights of glass ? 
 
 6. The schools were large in numbers because fami- 
 lies were large. In one district in Clarendon, about 
 1797, eight families sent ninety-nine children to the 
 district school. 
 
 7. In Salisbury, Mr. Mathew Sterling taught 
 school in a log house till a new school house 
 could be built. Money was scarce in Salisbury then, 
 and the people paid the school master in work. So, 
 while the children were learning to read and write, 
 their fathers were clearing the school master's land or 
 sowing his seed. 
 
 8. In 1798, the people in a school district in "Wind- 
 ham voted to pay the school mistress fifty cents 
 a week, in salts at three and one-third cents a pound, 
 or in butter at twelve and one-half cents a pound, 
 or in wheat at fifty-four cents a bushel, or rye at sixty- 
 seven cents a bushel, or corn at fifty cents a bushel. 
 
114 VERMONT HISTORICAL HEADER. 
 
 9. The schools were then kept six days in the week ; 
 the teacher in six days would then earn four pounds of 
 butter or a bushel of corn. The salts 
 were made by letting water drain 
 through large boxes of ashes and then flint-lock pistol. 
 boiling it down, as sap is boiled down to make maple 
 sugar. It was with such salts as these that the people 
 of Dummerston paid for their powder and lead and flints 
 in 1774. 
 
 10. Not as many branches of study were taught in 
 the old times as now. Reading, writing and arithmetic 
 to the rule of three, or proportion, were thought to be 
 enough. But some women teachers taught sewing to 
 the girls. 
 
 11. If the children did not have as nice school houses 
 when the country was new as they have now, neither 
 did the people have as many or as nice things at home. 
 Miss Lydia Chamber- 
 lin came from Litch- 
 field, Connecticut, to 
 Newbury, to visit 
 friends. The journey 
 was made in the 
 winter and most of the 
 way on tlie ice of the 
 Connecticut Kiver. 
 
 12. At Newbury, 
 things were so differ- 
 ent from what she had been used to in her home, that 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 115 
 
 she hardly knew how to stay even for one night. But 
 she soon began to like the way they lived there, and 
 the next summer she tanght the district school, though 
 in all lier life she had attended school but one half day. 
 13. ^'^j her own efforts she had become able to read 
 and to write, and had learned a little of arithmetic. Sim 
 lived with her uncle, wlio kept a ferry between Newbury^ 
 Vt., and Haverhill, New Hampshire, and as there was no 
 looking glass in the house, when slie dressed for school 
 or for meeting, she would go down to the ferry on 
 pleasant summer mornings, step into the large boat and 
 look over one side into the water to see if her toilet 
 was properlj' made. 
 
 BROOKFIELD LIBRARY. 
 
 ;nJBLIC LIBRARIES were established very early 
 in many towns. Mrs. Luna Sprague Peck of 
 Brookfield tells how a library was begun in her 
 town, and relates some things about the history 
 of the town wliich are interesting. 
 
 2. The first settlement in Brookfield, Vermont, was 
 made in 1779, by Captain Shubel Cross, who cleared a 
 portion of the fertile tract lying in the beautiful valley 
 of the second branch of the White River. For sev- 
 eral months this family were the only settlers, and Mis. 
 Cross received one hundred acres of land which was 
 given by the town to the first woman who settled within 
 its limits. 
 
no VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 3. After this others came in very rapidly during 
 the next few years, 
 
 And the people grew in numbers ; 
 
 WMrring mills ui)on the streams 
 KoTised the slumber of the valley 
 
 Into more ambitious dreams. 
 
 4. These settlers at Brookfield were from Connecti- 
 cut, a resolute, capable, hardy and God-fearing band 
 of men and women, and they felt the need of im- 
 provement in reading and education. Fourteen years 
 after the first settlement, when the population of the 
 town numbered four hundred, and but few small settle- 
 ments had been made in the adjoining towns, articles of 
 agreement were made which constituted the Public 
 Library of Brookfield, signed with forty-eight names. 
 
 5. For those sturdy suu-burned toilers, 
 Thirsting for a wider culture 
 Than their well-read books afforded, 
 Met in council with their pastor. 
 Long and earnest was the meeting 
 Of those leaders, clad in homespun, 
 But the germ was firmly rooted. 
 Watched and ever wisely tended. 
 That has rendered glad fruition 
 To the century that followed. 
 In the constitution drafted, 
 Head and signed by every member, 
 Each Avas pledged to rule his conduct, 
 Use his influence in dealing 
 That in all things so relating 
 * ' Piety might be promoted 
 And the furtherance of knowledge." 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 117 
 
 6. Sixteen shillings — two dollars and sixty-seven 
 cents — was the first fee for membership. And this 
 amount was the sole financial basis of the library for 
 a long time. The records of the library show that 
 not a single regular meeting of its members has been 
 omitted in the one hundred and four years of its exist- 
 ence, a record of which its members are justly proud. 
 
 7. The influence of this public library is shown ia 
 the fact that twenty men of Brookfield have prepared 
 for the ministry, and as many for the other professions, 
 while more than seventy young persons have graduated 
 from our State normal schools. 
 
 8. The population of Brookfield steadily increased 
 until 1840, when its highest mark of 1789 inhabitants 
 was reached. Since that time it has decreased in about 
 the same proportion ; the census of 1890 showing 
 but 991. During the late civil war, Brookfield placed 
 one hundred and fifty men in the field. 
 
 FORT TICONDEROGA, N. Y., CAPTURED BY ETHAN 
 ALLEN IN 1775, AS IT APPEARED IN 1812. 
 
118 VEBMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 ^—Xf-) ^ WAR OF 1812— COURSE OF TRADE. 
 
 ( HERE was little to call the attention of the peo- 
 ^ pie of Vermont from such things as we have 
 jnst been reading about until the second war 
 with Great Britain, which began in 1812 and 
 continued for more than two years. Three thousand 
 men from Vermont were called for by the government, 
 and were furnished by the State at the beginning of 
 the war, and many more went before the war closed. 
 
 2. There was a large number of Green Mountain 
 Boys in the several divisions of the American army that 
 were stationed in and near Vermont, and as far west 
 as the Niagara Eiver, where they did good service 
 under General Winfield Scott. We may learn how the 
 Vermont soldiers were regarded by their officers from 
 the following story : 
 
 3. About 1840, there was a dispute between Great 
 Britain and the United States over the boundary be- 
 tween Maine and Canada, and troops were stationed 
 near the line on each side. General Scott commanded 
 the American forces in Maine, and once, when on his 
 way to join his troops, he stopped at Richmond, Ver- 
 mont. 
 
 4. It was muster day, and all the militia of the 
 western part of the State had met at Richmond and 
 were drilling on the meadow under the command of 
 General Coleman. After General Scott had been intro- 
 duced to General Coleman, he inquired if any of the 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 119 
 
 Vermont soldiers ^vllo fought with him at Lundy's Lane 
 near the Niagara Falls were there, and was told of one, 
 Sergeant William Humphrey, who lived in Richmond. 
 
 5. Mr. Humphrey was soon found and was brought 
 to General Scott, where a large crowd had gathered to 
 hear what would be said. Each knew the other at once, 
 and they grasped hands like brothers. Tears of joy 
 flowed freely down their cheeks as they still held each 
 other by the hand and recalled scenes of the past. 
 
 6. General Scott inquired for all liis old comrades, 
 and told how bravely they fought against the best sol- 
 diers of England. After he had praised them all, Mr. 
 Humphrey said to him, "There is one name you have 
 forgotten to mention." ''Whom have 1 forgotten?" 
 said General Scott. Humphrey replied, " The bravest 
 of them all — one Winfield Scott." 
 
 7. The course of trade in the northwestern part of 
 the State was much changed by the war of 1812. Be- 
 fore the war, the people near Lake Champlain had 
 traded a great deal with Montreal and Quebec. During 
 the war they could not do that, so they began trading 
 with the merchants of Troy and Albany, N. Y., and 
 of New York City. After the war they kept going to 
 these places, and traded much less with the Canadians 
 than they had done before. 
 
 8. The steamer Vermont, the second successful 
 steamboat ever built, was in use on Lake Champlain be- 
 fore the war of 1812. Soon afterwards this lake had 
 the finest steamboats in the world, and the sailing ves- 
 sels were gradually displaced by them. 
 
CHAPTEE XVIII. 
 
 New Industries Established— Steel Squares— School and 
 Roofing Slates— Kaolin Works— Special Articles 
 Written by Hon. D. K. Simonds, Hon. A. 
 K;j^'Kr-^ -^ 6 N. Adams, and Hon. J. D. Smith. 
 
 BOUT this time several kinds of mannfactur- 
 ing business liad begun in Vermont and 
 ^■«:i> should be noticed here. One of these is the 
 making of steel squares in Bennington county, 
 described in the following way by Mr. D. K. Simonds 
 of Manchester, Vermont : 
 
 THE EAGLE SaXJARE COMPANY. 
 
 2. Every boy and girl has seen the large steel squares 
 used by carpenters in their work, but very few know 
 that these squares were first made in South Shaftsbury, 
 Bennington count}'-, Vermont, by the man who invented 
 them. His name was Silas Hawes, and he commenced 
 to make squares soon after the close of the war of 1812. 
 
 3. Owing to the long distance to the markets and 
 the poor roads, the early settlers of Vermont did very 
 little in the way of manufactures. There were saw 
 mills for sawing boards in almost every town, and small 
 furnaces for melting iron ore and making rough castings 
 were erected in a few towns where ore was plenty. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. \ 121 
 
 4-. Silas Hawes was a blacksmith, and some worn out 
 steel saws coming into his possession, he thought he 
 might make from them a rule or measure better than 
 anything then in use. After trying a few times, he 
 made a " square," marked it off into inches and found 
 it was just the thing to measure and square work by. 
 
 5. He made a few by hand and sent them out by 
 tin peddlers, and found the carpenters were eager to buy 
 them, paying as much as six or seven dollars for one. 
 This was more than they cost him, and he obtained a 
 patent, which the government gives to inventors to pre- 
 vent other people from making the same article. 
 
 6. He had little money and no rich friends to help 
 him, but he worked early and late, and hired other men 
 to work for him, and in a few years he was able to erect 
 a large building and put in machinery for making the 
 squares, which, by this time, had found their way into 
 every town and city in the country, and brought great 
 fame to their inventor. 
 
 7. People came miles to see the wonderful forges, 
 the showers of sparks flying from the heavy hammers, 
 and to listen to the din made by the workmen. From this 
 small beginning a large and prosperous business was 
 built up, and though Silas Hawes died many years ago, 
 The Eagle Square Company was formed to take his place, 
 and squares are still made on the very same spot where 
 the first square was made more than eighty years ago. 
 
 (8) 
 
122 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 THE SLATE INDUSTRY. 
 
 The beginning and progress of the slate business in Eutland 
 county is described in the following article by Mr. A. N. Adams 
 of Fair Haven, Vermont : 
 
 ^^LONG the western border of Rutland county, 
 and extending under the Poultney River into 
 ^■^^ Washington county, N. Y., are the great 
 slate veins, so-called, of purple, green, and 
 red, from which are produced fine roofing slates, man- 
 tels, table-tops, hearthsj blackboards, ^ "' ^ 
 tiles, wash-tubs, door-steps, and many 
 articles, both of ornament and use, 
 which are more durable than wood. I 
 These articles are largely made by the people of Fair 
 Haven, Poultney and Pawlet, in Rutland county. 
 
 2. Quarries are opened in many places along the 
 valleys and hillsides, and are worked to a large extent 
 by workmen from Wales, England. Steam engines, 
 horse-power, and other means are used to raise the 
 rough slate stock, and also the waste out of the quarry 
 pits, some of which become very deep. Often the slate 
 slabs are very large and heavy, and can be made into 
 large platforms, or stair landings, and the thick slabs 
 will split into any desirable thickness. They can be 
 Bawed and worked like boards or lumber. 
 
 3. The slabs for certain goods are made about one 
 inch thick, sawed to size, carved, then painted, varnished 
 and baked in hot ovens, a process called marbleizing, 
 which was first introduced into this country and prac- 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 123 
 
 ticed at Fair Haven and West Castleton, in 1859. 
 Slate stock is valuable for certain articles because 
 it will not shrink or warp with heat, and it can be made 
 to imitate any kind of marble or wood. 
 
 4. Koofing slates are made by splitting the blocks to 
 about one-eighth of an inch thickness, and then cutting 
 them with a knife or machine to the desired size. The 
 common sizes are ten by twenty inches and twelve by 
 twenty-four inches. Purple and green colors in slate 
 are unfading, and these command the highest prices. 
 
 5. The production and use of slate as a business be- 
 gan in the town of Fair Haven about fifty years ago, 
 and Colonel Alanson Allen was the first man who saw 
 its great value and began the business. You will be 
 interested to know that he began to quarry and finish 
 school slates in 1845, making use of new and original 
 machinery to do the work of polishing and framing the 
 slates. When the slates were split and cut as near as 
 they could be to the required size, they were rubbed to 
 a uniform thickness with sand and water on a rubbing- 
 bed ; the sand marks were then removed with a sharp 
 knife, the slates rubbed very smooth with putty, and 
 they were ready for the frames. A thousand school 
 slates per day was nearly the capacity of the work done 
 by the mill. 
 
 6. About 1845, German slates camo into the Ameri- 
 can market and were sold at such low prices that the 
 Vermont manufacture had to be given up, and after two 
 
124 VERMONl HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 or three years trial, in 1848, Mr. Allen suspended this 
 branch of his business and turned his attention to the 
 making of roofing slates, so that to-day no school slates 
 are made in Vermont. A prejudice against American 
 slate goods, other than school slates, made their sale in 
 the American market very slow at first, but by the help 
 of first-class quarry men, who now began to come over 
 from Wales, they finally succeeded in getting them into 
 very general use. 
 
 7. Hundreds of car loads of these slate goods are 
 now made yearly and shipped to all parts of our country, 
 and many even to Europe. Slate for roofs made by one 
 company in Fair Haven are preferred above all others 
 for the government buildings of England. 
 
 8. The population of Fair Haven, as well as of 
 Poultney and Pawlet, is made up in a large measure 
 of people born in Wales, and their descendants. There 
 are twelve mills and factories now in operation in Fair 
 Haven, manufacturing and finishing slate goods for ship- 
 ment to all parts of the world, besides several other mills 
 in Hydeville and Poultney. 
 
 THE KAOLIN WORKS AND IRON ORE BEDS OF 
 MONKTON. 
 
 In the next paper, Judge J. D. Smith of Vergennes describes 
 the kaolin works and iron ore beds of Monkton in Addison 
 county. 
 
 1. The nice little farming town of Monkton lies 
 on the northern boundary of Addison county, six miles 
 from Lake Champlain. It has some high hills that may 
 be called mountains : one. Mount Florona, is 1035 feet 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 125 
 
 Iiigh, and there is a beautifnl pond on one of its many 
 hills. 
 
 2. One hundred years ago, when most of the land 
 was covered with a heavy forest, Stephen Barnum dis- 
 covered a place in the sontli part of the town where the 
 earth was white, in strange contrast with the adjoining 
 land. 
 
 3. Tlie wise men of that daj-^ told Mr. Barnnm that 
 from some volcanic action, long ages before, a large 
 mass of stony mineral was there thrown to the surface, 
 which they had agreed to call feldspar, and that in 
 after ages this feldsj)ar gradually softened, became de- 
 composed, and formed a white clay such as was used la 
 the manufacture of porcelain or china ware. Some 
 attempt was made to use this white clay in making 
 earthen ware ; and also in making fire bricks, but such 
 attempts were not successful. 
 
 4. About thirty years ago, it was found that this 
 clay could be used to advantage in the manufacture of 
 wall paper, giving a body and finish to the paper which 
 was a great improvement on the old methods. Since 
 tliat time a large amount of this clay, which is called 
 " Kaolin," has been prepared for market and sent to 
 different places in New England and New York. 
 
 6. It was found that considerable gravel and sand 
 were mixed with the material, which must be separated 
 from it before it could be used ; extensive works were 
 established for this purpose in Monkton upon a small 
 stream of water, which is used to wash out the clay 
 from the sand. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 6. The material, as it is dng from the clay bank, is 
 thrown into a large reservoir, where it is stirred and 
 kept in motion by steam power and then floated out into 
 long troughs, where the sand gradually settles to the 
 bottom, and the lighter clay is drawn off into vats, from 
 which it is taken to the drying house and spread on 
 shelves until it is thoroughly dried, wlien it is pulverized 
 and packed into barrels or paper bags and sent to 
 market. 
 
 7. These kaolin works in Monkton are the most ex- 
 tensive of any in the State of Vermont. Only two 
 others are in successful operation — one in Bennington, 
 and one in Shaftsbury. 
 
 8. Near to the kaolin beds in Monkton is an iron ore 
 bed which was once worked extensively by the Monk- 
 ton Iron Company in Vergenncs, but is not now used. 
 The cannon balls that Commodore McDonough used at 
 the battle of Plattshnrgh were, many of them, made 
 from the iron ore from Monkton. 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Marble and Granite Deposits— Poverty Year— Daniel Web- 
 ster at Stratton. 
 
 ^HE working of marble in Yermont began 
 very early. In 1806, a mill for sawing 
 marble was built in Middlebury. In Man- 
 chester, marble was discovered and worked 
 nearly as early; and in "West Rutland, Wil- 
 liam F. Barnes opened the first marble 
 quarry in 1840. 
 
 2. The quarrying of marble has since grown to bo 
 one of the chief industries of the State. Marble comes 
 in different colors as well as white, and the Swanton 
 colored. Isle La Motte black and Rutland blue marbles 
 are largely used where fancy colored marbles are re- 
 quired. At first, only white marble found sale, but now 
 all colors are merchantable. The largest company in 
 the world for producing marble is located at Proctor, 
 West Rutland and Rutland. Marble products are sent 
 to all parts of this and other countries, and are used 
 for buildings, monuments, curbing, and a great variety 
 of purposes. 
 
1£8 
 
 VEBMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 3. Granite was found and used nearly as early as 
 marble. The second State House, begun at Montpelier 
 in 1833, was built of Barre granite. The rapid growth 
 of Barre, now a city, and of Hardvvick, in recent years, 
 is due to their quarries of excellent granite. The Blue 
 Mountain granite has furnislied the principal business 
 
VEEMONl HISTORICAL READER. 129 
 
 of South Rjegate for some time. Asciitney Mountain 
 and Black Mountain in Diimmerston contain excellent 
 granite. Vermont granite is now sent to all parts of the 
 country, and is largely used for buildings, monuments and 
 curbing. 
 
 A list of the towns in Vermont in which marble and 
 granite are quarried may be found in another part of 
 this book. 
 
 POVERTY YEAR, 1816. 
 
 year 1816 is known as the cold season, or 
 " Poverty year." There was frost every month 
 in the year. Snow fell in June and frosts cut 
 down the growing corn and other crops. 
 
 2. Among the few farmers in New England who had 
 a good crop of corn was Thomas Bellows of Walpole, 
 N, H., a town just across the Connecticut River, oppo- 
 site Bellows Falls and Westminster, Vermont. He 
 had more than he needed for his own use, and what he 
 had to spare he sold in small quantities at the same price 
 as in years of plenty, to such men as needed it for their 
 families and could pay for it only in day's labor. 
 
 3. One day a speculator called on Mr. Bellows to 
 inquire his price for corn. He was much surprised to 
 learn that it was no more than in years of plenty, and 
 
130 VERMONI HISTORICAL BEADEB. 
 
 said he would take all Mr. Bellows had to spare. 
 " You cannot have it," said the farmer, " I£ you want 
 a bushel for your family, you can have it at my price, 
 but no man can buy of me to speculate, in this year of 
 scarcity." Some years later the incident was put into 
 the following verse by George B. Bartlett : 
 
 
 THE OLD SaUIBE. 
 
 In the time of the sorrowful famine'year, 
 When crops were scanty and bread was],dear, 
 
 The good Squire's fertile and?sheltered[^farm 1 
 In the valley nestled secure from harm. 
 
 For the Walpole hills, in their ruj^ged might, 
 Softened the chill winds' deathly blight, 
 
 So the sweet Connecticut's peaceful stream 
 Reflected the harvest's golden gleam : 
 
 And the buyers gathered with eager greed, 
 To speculate on the poor man's^need. 
 
 But the good Squire said, " It is all in vain ; 
 No one with money can buy^iy'grain. 
 
VERM0N2 HISTORICAL HEADER. 131 
 
 But lie who is hungry may come and take 
 An ample store for the giver's sake." 
 
 The good okl man to his rest has gone, 
 But his fame still shines in the golden corn. 
 
 For every year in its ripening grain, 
 The grand old story was told again, 
 
 Of him whose treasure was laid away 
 
 In the banks that seven-fold interest pay ; 
 
 For to feed the hungry and clothe the poor . 
 Is a speculation that's always sure. 
 
 DANIEL WEBSTER ON STRATTON MOUNTAIN— THE 
 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1840. 
 
 Hon. D. K. Simonds of Manchester writes the following arti- 
 cle on an interesting event in Vermont history : 
 
 1. Even yonng people sometimes get excited over 
 an election, but they can have little idea of the great 
 excitement over the election in 1840. For three or four 
 years there had been very hard times all over tlie 
 country; nearly all the banks had failed; money was 
 very scarce, and poor people had nothing to do and very 
 little to eat. 
 
 2. The political party in charge of the government had 
 been in power a long time ; and when hard times come 
 the blame is always laid upon the party in power, 
 whether it is just or not. At this time, the opposition, 
 or Whig party, claimed that the party in power were to 
 
132 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 blame for tlie hard times, and that if they were kept in 
 power longer, tlie country would be entirely ruined. 
 
 3. Martin Yan Buren, then president of the United 
 States, was renominated by his party, and the whigs 
 nominated General William Henry Harrison for presi- 
 dent and John Tyler for vice-president. The opposition 
 to Harrison made fun of him, because, they said, he lived 
 in a log cabin and drank nothing but cider. The whigs 
 took up this as their war-cry and made the most of it. 
 
 4. Vermonters were very wide awake at this elec- 
 tion, and decided to hold a mass meeting and invite 
 Daniel Webster, one of the greatest orators and states- 
 men that ever lived, to address it. 
 
 5. To give the people on both sides of the mountain 
 a chance to attend the meeting, it was held on the top 
 of the mountain in the town of Stratton, Windham 
 county, on the line between that county and Bennington 
 county. 
 
 6. Great preparations were made for the event. 
 JN early every town within fifty miles built a log cabin, 
 hitched horses or oxen to it, and, accompanied by nearly 
 all the men and boys in town, it was drawn up the 
 mountain to Stratton. 
 
 7. One cabin had twenty-six yokes of oxen, repre- 
 senting the number of States in the Union at that time, 
 the forward pair being small steers labeled " New Hamp- 
 shire," that being a small State from which little was 
 expected. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 133 
 
 8. Such shouting and singing were never heard be- 
 fore. " Log Cabins and Hard Cider," " Van, Van is a 
 used-up man," "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too," rent the 
 air. General Harrison had won a noted battle in fight- 
 ing the Indians at Tippecanoe Iliver in Indiana, some 
 years before, and was called " Old Tippecanoe." 
 
 9. Many had to camp out over night on the way, 
 but they did not mind that ; it was all the greater fun. 
 On the great day many thousands had assembled in the 
 little clearing on the top of the Green Mountains in 
 Stratton. Webster was there and ate his dinner from a 
 shingle like the others, there being no plates. 
 
 10. When all was ready, he mounted a stump and 
 delivered his speech. No doubt it was a good one, as 
 all his speeches were, but there were no short-hand 
 reporters then and only the first sentence is remembered, 
 
 11. It must have been worth going miles to hear the 
 God-like Daniel, as he was called, say : " Fellow Citi- 
 zens: — I have come to meet you among the clouds." 
 It was indeed like Jove meeting with his council amid 
 the clouds on Mount Olympus ; and people now living, 
 who attended the great meeting, never tire of telling 
 how they heard Daniel Webster speak on Stratton 
 Mountain. 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 The Building of Railroads— John Q, Saxe's Poem— The War 
 of 1 86 1-5— Vermont at the 
 World's Fair. 
 
 HEN Samuel Champlain first saw the north- 
 western part of Yermont, the State was a 
 
 great forest. There were in it a few lakes 
 «.nd pondSj and a few rockj, barren acres ; the rest was 
 all woods. There have been many changes since then. 
 Even since the State was fully settled, the changes have 
 been very great. 
 
 2. Some farms where people once lived have again 
 become forests, where trees grow instead of grass and 
 grain, and partridges instead of chickens. The wagon 
 roads have been changed in some places; and where once 
 there were busy villages, no buildings are now to be 
 seen, while cities have sprung up, and flourishing vil- 
 lages and hamlets appear, where forests and small farms 
 were found not long ago. 
 
 3. Nothing has caused greater changes in Yermont 
 than the opening of the lines of railroad. The ground 
 wliere the village of White Kiver Junction now stands, 
 with its dwellings, its shops, its stores, its offices, its 
 hotels, its bank, its schools, and its churches, was an 
 open meadow when the rails were first laid there in 
 
 184:7. 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 135 
 
 4. At the outlet of Island Pond, where a thousand 
 people now dwell, only a few squirrels and muskrats 
 lived when the surveyors for the railroad first camped 
 there, and in summer the deer came daily to the pond 
 to drink. 
 
 5. Changes as great have occurred in other places. 
 The father of the publisher of this book has hunted on 
 the ground where the depot in the city of Rutland now 
 stands. It wa3 a great swamp, and large piles, or logs, 
 were driven into the ground to build the depot upon. 
 
 6. Many Yermonters can now easily go in one day 
 by rail to the places outside the State from which their 
 great grandfathers came with difficulty in a week or 
 ten days. In 1801, fifty hours were required to carry 
 the mail from Burlington to Windsor ; now four hours 
 is a sufficient time. Most of the articles we sell are 
 carried away by the railroads, and most of the things 
 we buy are brought by them. Business and pleasure 
 lead many people to use the cars. Mr. John G. Saxe 
 tells us what amusement he sometimes found when 
 " ridino; on the rail." 
 
 
136 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 RHYME OF THE RAIL. 
 
 1. Singing through the forests, 
 
 Rattling over ridges, 
 Shooting under arches. 
 
 Rumbling over bridges, 
 "Whizzing through the mountains, 
 
 Buzzing o'er the vale, — 
 Bless me ! this is pleasant, 
 
 Riding on the rail ! ■* 
 
 2. Men of different " stations" 
 
 In the eye of Fame, 
 Here are very quickly 
 
 Coming to the same. 
 High and lowly people. 
 
 Birds of every feather, 
 On a common level 
 
 Traveling together ! 
 
 3. Gentlemen in shorts 
 
 Looming very tall ; 
 Gentlemen at large 
 
 Talking very small ; 
 Gentlemen in tights 
 
 With a loose-ish mien ; 
 Gentlemen in gray 
 
 Looking rather green. 
 
 4. Gentlemen quite old 
 
 Asking for the news ; 
 Gentlemen in black 
 
 In a fit of blues; 
 Gentlemen in claret 
 
 Sober as a vicar ; 
 Gentlemen in tweed 
 
 Dreadfully in liquor ! 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 137 
 
 5. Stranger on the right 
 
 Looking very sunny, 
 Obviously reading 
 
 Something rather funny. 
 Now the smiles are thicker, 
 
 Wonder what they mean? 
 Faith,— he's got the Knicker- 
 
 Bocker Magazine ! 
 
 6. Stranger on the left 
 
 Closing up his peepers, 
 Now he snores amain. 
 
 Like the Seven Sleepers ; 
 At his feet a volume 
 
 Gives the explanation. 
 How the man grew stupid 
 
 From " Association!" 
 
 7. Ancient maiden lady 
 
 Anxiously remarks 
 That there must be peril 
 
 'Mong so many sparks ; 
 Koguish -looking fellow. 
 
 Turning to the stranger, 
 Says it's his opinion 
 
 She is out of danger ! 
 
 8. Woman with her baby 
 
 Sitting vis-a-vis ; 
 Baby keeps a squalling, 
 
 Woman looks at me ; 
 Asks about the distance, 
 
 Says it's tiresome talking. 
 Noises of the cars 
 
 Are so very shocking I 
 
 (9) 
 
138 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 9. Market woman careful 
 
 Of the precious casket, 
 Knowing eggs are eggs, 
 
 Tightly holds her basket ; 
 Feeling that a smash, 
 
 If it came, would surely 
 Send her eggs to pot 
 
 Kather prematurely ! 
 
 10. Singing through the forests, 
 
 Battling over ridges. 
 Shooting under arches, 
 
 Rumbling over bridges. 
 Whizzing through the mountains, 
 
 Buzzing o'er the vale ; 
 Bless me ! this is pleasant, 
 . Elding on the rail ! 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 139 
 
 war. 
 
 MAKING A CHARGE. 
 
 5S3(^ THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 N 1861 the railroads were put to new uses. 
 They were bus}'' carrying soldiers and supplies 
 for war. 
 
 2. Let us learn how there came to be a 
 We read, near the beginning of this his- 
 
 t r y , that 
 black men were 
 c,"' brought to tliis 
 country from 
 Africa,and were 
 sold as slaves. 
 This was about 
 the same time that the Pilgrims came to Plymouth, 
 Mass. More black men were brought afterwards, and 
 at the time of the Revolutionary War negro slaves were 
 held in every one of the original thirteen United States. 
 
 3. Many people in all parts of the country thought 
 slavery was wrong, and in a few years it had been abol- 
 ished in all the Northern States, but the South still 
 clung to it. Vermont, in her first constitution, adopted 
 in 1777, made slavery unlawful. She was the first 
 State to do so. 
 
 4. Some men at the South then desired to stop 
 slavery, but they were few in number. In the mean- 
 time slavery had become very profitable, and the 
 slaveholders had gained so many friends that slavery 
 could not be abolished without war. 
 
140 VERMONT HISTOBICAL READER. 
 
 5. Because slavery was profitable it grew, and as it 
 grew it became worse in its influence and wickedness. 
 The people who held slaves wanted more, and they 
 wanted more slave Stales formed. The people who be- 
 lieved that slavery was wrong resided mostly in the 
 Northern States, and they believed it wrong to make 
 any more slave States. So there were many disputes be- 
 tween the people in the North and the South in regard 
 to slavery. 
 
 6. In 1856 a political party was formed to pre- 
 vent, if possible, among other things, the making of 
 any more slave States. In the fall of 1860 that party, 
 which had grown in numbers during four years, elected 
 Abraham Lincoln president of tlie United States, to 
 take his office March 4, 1861. 
 
 7. President Lincoln and the people who elected 
 him said, through the speeches of their orators and the 
 newspapers that supported them, that they only meant 
 to see that slavery should not bo carried into any more 
 new States, and that they would not disturb it where it 
 already was. The Southern slaveholders, however, did 
 not believe this, but thought the new president and his 
 party would surely try to abolisli slavery altogether 
 when they came into power ; so, as soon as it was 
 known tliat Mr. Lincoln had been elected president, the 
 leaders in the slave States, to protect their slave prop- 
 erty, wanted their States to leave the Union, in which 
 they then were, and they began to plan to do so. Pres- 
 ident Buchanan, who was to hold office until March, 
 was supposed to be in sympathy with the slaveholders. 
 
VERMONT HISTOBICAL BE A DEB. 141 
 
143 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 8. Before the time arrived for President Lincoln to 
 take Ills office, South Carolina and several other Sonth- 
 ern States, by vote of their legislatures, declared them- 
 selves out of the Union known as the United States of 
 America, and formed a new Union, which they called the 
 Confederate States of America. Tliis was dividing the 
 country, which was against the United States laws and 
 the constitution, and it was an attempt to destroy the 
 government. The North said that States had no right 
 to do these things, and they raised great armies to pre- 
 vent it. 
 
 9. The war began at Fort Sumter, near Charleston, 
 in South Carolina, in April, 1861. The fort was at- 
 tacked by Southern soldiers, called Confederates, April 
 12. It was surrendered to them April 14. On tlie day 
 of the surrender President Lincoln called for 75,000 sol- 
 diers to defend the nation. 
 
 10. Vermont sent her share. They were mustered 
 from all parts of the State, into a camp near some large 
 town, as Brattleboro, St. Johnsbury, Burlington, or Rut- 
 land, where the}'^ were drilled and armed, put in charge 
 of proper officers, and sent to the seat of war, gener- 
 ally to Washington first and then fartlier south. They 
 all bore their parts well, and at Gettysburg, and on 
 many other battlefields, they showed themselves worthy 
 descendants of the Green Mountain Boys who fought 
 at Ilubbardton, Bennington, and Saratoga. 
 
 11. On Memorial Day, May 30th, each year, such 
 as remain active of the old soldiers gather with their 
 
VEEMONl HISTORICAL READER. 143 
 
 friends to strew flowers on the graves of their comrades 
 who have died, and to tell of the deeds they performed 
 in the civil war, or war of the rebellion. Let ns never 
 forget the flag so many have fought to uphold. 
 
 THE^AMERICAN FLAG. 
 
 When Freedom from lier mountain height, 
 
 Unfurled her standard to the air, 
 She tore the azure robe of night, 
 
 And set the stars of glory there ! 
 She mingled with its gorgeous dyes 
 
 The milky baldric of the skies, 
 And striped its pure celestial white 
 
 With streakings of the morning light ; 
 Then, from his mansion in the sun, 
 
 She called her eagle bearer down. 
 And gave into his mighty hand 
 
 The symbol of her chosen land ! 
 
 Flag of the free heart's hope and home. 
 
 By angel hands to valor given ; 
 Thy stars have lit the welkin dome, 
 
 And all thy hues were born in heaven ! 
 Forever float that standard sheet ! 
 
 Where breathes the foe that falls before us— 
 With freedom's soil beneath our feet, 
 
 And freedom's banner streaming o'er us? 
 
 —[Drake & Halleck. 
 
144 
 
 [ VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 VERMONT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR, 1893. 
 A World's Fair was held in Chicago, for six months, 
 in 1893. This was four Inindred j'ears after the discov- 
 ery of America by Columbus, two hundred years after 
 the first settlement in Vermont, and one hundred after 
 the admission of Yermont to the Union. Many pro- 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 145 
 
 dncts of the Green Mountain State were exhibited there, 
 and many of her sons and daughters went to the exhi- 
 bition. They all found a quiet and homelike resting 
 place at the Yermont State building. Many of the 
 otlier States erected State buildings, and that Fair was 
 the largest \yorld's Fair ever held. The cost of the 
 buildings and of carrying on the Fair for six months 
 amounted to many millions of dollars. Many of the 
 buildings have been destroyed by fire, and others have 
 been torn down, while the Art Gallery and those 
 intended for permanent occupation yet remain. 
 
CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 Primitive Customs— Extract from "Uncle 'Lisha's Shop"— 
 A Child's Thought. 
 
 The following account of customs that prevailed in many 
 places in the early times has been kindly prepared by Henry K. 
 Adams, Esq. , of St. Albans. 
 
 ,^ OUR PRIMITIVE CUSTOMS. 
 
 UR primitive customs were similar to those in 
 other settlements in the New England States. 
 Stray cattle, etc., would be advertised from 
 the door of the meeting house by the tith- 
 ing-raan, who also preserved order. If boys were de- 
 tected in laughing or in play during the sermon, they 
 were walked up by the ear to the front seat. 
 
 2. If any one was sick in the society, the minister 
 would notify the congregation previous to the sermon, 
 and ask what persons would take their turn in watching 
 through the week. If the head of a family was sick, 
 the neighbors would do his work for him. 
 
 3. In many places, in early times, when a lady gave 
 a party to her neighbors, they brought their spinning- 
 wheels and spun in the yard till early candle light. 
 
 4. If a man made " a bee " to gather his crops, the 
 refreshments would be cold pork, johnny-cake, made 
 from corn, mashed in the top of a log, sawed off and hoi- 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 147 
 
 lowed out for the purpose, then known as " a plumping 
 mill," which food would be washed down with corn 
 whiskey or new rum. 
 
 5. Table cutlery and crockery were almost unknown, 
 especially plates. Ilara and eggs, pork and beans, were 
 cut up together, and the family all ate from the same 
 dish, called a trencher, 
 
 6. Cooking was then done in a much different 
 manner than at the present time. Stoves had not 
 been made ; brick ovens were used, in which were placed 
 the brown bread and pork and beans the night previous. 
 In them also were baked gingerbread and pies. All 
 these were shoveled in and out by a long, iron-handled 
 shovel. Meats and vegetables were stewed together in 
 iron pots suspended on cranes that swung in large open 
 fire places. 
 
 7. The mode of lighting our early homes was not 
 as stylish as at the present time, but " the humble rush," 
 soaked in grease and stuck in a piece of wood or half of 
 a potato, shed its rays upon happy hearthstones and 
 shone upon honest faces. And the tallow candles that 
 followed, in the iron candlestick, gladdened the hearts of 
 their inmates, and shed a serene ray upon the walls ol 
 our early log cabins. Then came oil, in lamps of tin, 
 and glass, followed by camphene, kerosene, gas, and 
 " electric lights." 
 
 8. When the old back-log of the fire-place gave out 
 or failed to emit its sparks, the method of procuring fire 
 or light was as novel as the light itself. Nearly every 
 
148 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 family was provided with a pocket sun-glass, or with a 
 tinder-box, which was eitlier filled with flax soaked in 
 the balsam of pitch-pine, or with punk, gathered from 
 decayed logs, which with a " steel handlet " struck fire 
 with the contents of the box, held aside of a flint. This 
 peculiar age of light was followed by strips of cedar 
 dipped in brimstone, called lamp-lighters, the first of 
 which were sold in bunches, and would quickly ignite 
 by being held to a burning stick or coal of fire. Then 
 came the old " loco-foco " matches, which to a great ex- 
 tent have been improved upon, and now we have our 
 present safety and parlor matches. 
 
 9. A very common mode of travel, for both sexes, 
 was upon horseback, the wife being seated behind on a 
 cushion called a pillion, in which manner they would 
 journey 'long distances to friends. Also, in the same 
 style, go to church, weddings, and to market towns. 
 
 10. The pipes of the early settlers were of home- 
 made cobs, or freestone, with elder stems, and but few 
 had tobacco. Dried mullein leaves mixed with mint was 
 quite generally used for the weed. 
 
 11. At funerals, the remains were borne to the grave 
 in a lumber wagon or on ox sleds, frequently wrapped in 
 buffalo robes. Now all is changed, and each year brings 
 its advance in every department of our life. 
 
VERMONT HISIORICAL READER. 149 
 
 EXTRACT FROM "UNCLE 'LISHA'S SHOP." 
 
 BY KOWLAND KOBINSON. 
 
 ^ AM LOVELL hunted bee trees one afternoon. 
 He had found two trees and had cut the let- 
 )\T^ ters "S. L." deep in the bark whenit was time 
 to go home, fie took his course through the 
 pathless woods, stopping now and then to rest on a log 
 or knoll that seemed with its cushion of moss to be set 
 on purpose for him. 
 
 2. During one of these halts, when half way through 
 the woods, he heard a cry so strange that he paused to 
 listen. Once more the wail struck his ear ; whether far 
 away, or only faint and near, he could not tell. " Well," 
 said he, " it may be a panther, or perhaps it's nothing 
 but a blue-jay that has struck a new noise," and he went 
 on, pausing, a little at times to locate the voice, which 
 finally ceased. 
 
 3. " If I had a gun, I'd go and see what kind of a 
 creature is making it," he said ; then half forgot it. He 
 had come to where he got glimpses of the broad 
 daylight through the forest's western border, and where 
 long glints of the western sun gilded patches of ferns 
 and wood plants and last year's sere leaves. 
 
 4. His quick wood-sight fell upon a little bright col- 
 ored Indian basket overturned in a tuft of ferns. There 
 were a few blackberries in it and others spilled beside 
 it. " Why," he said, picking it up, " that is the basket 
 
150 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 
 
 I gave little Polly Purington last year ! It hasn't been 
 dropped long, for the berries are fresh and there is a 
 leaf that is scarcely wilted. She dropped it, for there 
 are some puckerberries, and no one but a child would 
 pick them. How came the little thing away up here?" 
 
 5. Then he heard men's voices calling and answering 
 in the woods far away at his left. " She is lost !" he 
 cried, " and that was she I heard. What a fool I am !" 
 He dropped his bee box, marking the spot with a glance, 
 and sped back into the forest. 
 
 6. He spent no time in looking for traces of the 
 child's passage here, but hurried back to the place from 
 which the strange cry had seemed to come, listening as 
 he glided silently along. He knew that if she had not 
 sunk down with fright, she would be circling away after 
 the manner of lost persons, from where he had heard 
 her. 
 
 7. He moved more slowly now, and scanned every 
 foot of forest floor about him. He at last saw a 
 broken-down stock of ginseng, its red berries crushed 
 by a foot-step, and found on a bush beyond, a thread of 
 calico, then a small foot-print in the mold. He was 
 sure of her course now, and thought she could not be 
 far off. 
 
 8. He did not call, for he knew with what terror 
 even men are sometimes crazed when lost in the woods, 
 when familiar sounds are strange and terrible. While 
 for a moment he stood listening, he heard a sudden 
 swish of the leaves and crash of undergrowth, and then 
 
VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 151 
 
 caught sight of a wild little form scurrying and tum- 
 bling through the green and gray haze of shrubs and 
 saplings. 
 
 9. He never stalked a November partridge so care- 
 fully as he went forward now. Not a twig snapped 
 under his foot, nor branch sprung backward with a 
 swish louder than the beat of an owl's wing. There 
 was no sign in glance or motion that he saw, as he 
 passed it, the terror-stricken little face that stared out 
 fi-om a thicket of yew. 
 
 10. Sure now that she was within reach, he turned 
 slowly and said softly, " Why, Sis ! is this you? Don't 
 you know me, Sam Lovell ? Here is your little basket 
 that you dropped down yonder, but I am afraid the ber- 
 ries are all spilled." And then he had her sobbing and 
 moaning in his strong arms. 
 
 4^ 
 
 A CHILD'S^THOUGHT. 
 
 ^^^^n ^^ ^^^^- Ji^'i'iA c- K- r>OEB. 
 
 '^0rTLY fell the twiliglit; 
 v^^ In the glowing west 
 IPW Purple splendors faded ; 
 ''^^ Birds had gone to rest ; 
 
 All the winds were sleeping; 
 
 One lone whip-poor-will 
 Made the silence deeper, 
 Calling from the hill. 
 
153 VERMONT HISTORICAL BEADER. 
 
 3. Silently, serenely, 
 
 From his mother's knee, 
 In the gathering darkness, 
 
 Still as still could be, 
 A young child watched the shadows : 
 
 Saw the stars come out ; 
 Saw the weird bats flitting 
 
 Stealthily aboiit ; 
 
 3. Saw across the river 
 
 How the furnace glow. 
 Like a tiery pennant. 
 
 Wavered to and fro ; 
 Saw the tall trees standing 
 
 Black against the sky. 
 And the moon's pale crescent 
 
 Swinging far and high. 
 
 4. Deeper grew the darkness ; 
 
 Darker grew his eyes 
 As he gazed around him, 
 
 In a still surprise. 
 Then intently listening, 
 "What is this I hear 
 All the time, dear mother, 
 
 Sounding in my ear ?" 
 
 5. " I hear nothing." said she, 
 
 " Earth is hushed and still." 
 But he barkened, barkened, 
 
 With an eager will, 
 Till at length a (juick smile 
 
 O'er the child-face broke, 
 And a kindling lustre 
 
 In his dark ej'es woke. 
 
 0. " Listen, listen, mother ! 
 
 For I hear the sound 
 Of the wheels, the great wheels 
 
 That move the world around V 
 Oh, ears earth has dulled nqt ! 
 
 In your purer sphere. 
 Strains from ours withholden 
 
 Are you wise to hear ? 
 
— — •••ii^n ■ — 
 
 READING AND HAP LESSONS 
 
 ON THE 
 
 ®cogmpI?y * of * Pennont. 
 
 COUNTIES IN DETAIL. 
 
 Notes on Civil Government. 
 
 
 
 (10) 
 

 '^^^ tfjA 5 ?> A/3' H U S eHt S 
 
V^tJi^ ^^•- 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 Dates of Organization of the Counties of Vermont. 
 
 Windham 
 
 . 1778 
 
 Franklin 
 
 . 1792 
 
 Bennington . . 
 
 . 1778 
 
 Caledonia . . 
 
 . 1792 
 
 Windsor 
 
 . 1781 
 
 Essex . . . 
 
 . 1792 
 
 Orange . . 
 
 . 1781 
 
 Orleans . . . 
 
 . 1792 
 
 Kutland . . . 
 
 . 1781 
 
 Grand Isle . . 
 
 . 1802 
 
 Chittenden 
 
 . 1785 
 
 Washington 
 
 . 1810 
 
 Addison . . 
 
 . . 1787 
 
 Lamoille 
 
 . 1835 
 
 Note. — All but two of the couuties of Vermont are bor- 
 der counties, the other two may be called central counties. 
 The first county to have a permanent settlement was Windham, 
 in Vernon, 1690; the next was Windsor, in Springfield, 1753. 
 So we begin the list of counties and towns on page 164 with 
 Windham County first, taking the counties that border New 
 Hampshire; next those that border Canada; next those that 
 border New York ; then the central counties, ending with 
 Lamoille, the county last formed. 
 
 In each school let the county in which the school is situated 
 be studied first. 
 
 The first parts of this chapter have been marked by letters 
 for more convenient use. The parts G and H may be 
 taken last if any prefer. The journeys L are samples; the 
 teacher should construct many others, some shorter than these. 
 The use of a map and the drawing of maps are essential parts of 
 this chapter. For the first maps drawn, a good unglazed ma- 
 nila paper is best. The map should be not less thaia nine 
 inches long. 
 
156 ZIJjSSONjS on GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 The Geography of Vermont in Twelve Divisions. 
 A 
 
 1. Yermont lies between the Connecticut E-iver on 
 the east and the deepest part of Lake Champlain on the 
 west. The rivers on the east side of the State flow into 
 the Connecticut; the larger ones on the west flow into 
 Lake Champlain ; a few in the southwest flow into the 
 Hudson lliver, and three in the north flow into Lake 
 Me mph rem agog. 
 
 B 
 
 2. If yon will look on a map of Yermont in your 
 geography and trace a line between the sources of the 
 rivers that flow into the Connecticut and the otliers, 
 you will have the line of the main water-shed of tlie 
 State. Begin at the south, just west of the Deerflcld 
 lliver, and trace the mountains through Killington Peak, 
 Lincoln Mountain, Camel's Hump, Mansfield Mountain 
 to Jay Peak, and you will have the line of the main 
 range of the Green Mountains. Now notice that south 
 
 THE SUMMER HOME OF A CITY RESIDENT IN VERMONT 
 
LESSONS ON GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 157 
 orLincoln Mountain the main water-shed and the main, 
 range of mountains are shown by one line, also tliat 
 three^Iarge rivers rise east of the main range and break 
 through it. The main mountain range lies nearly 
 north and south, while the main water-shed, after it 
 parts from the main mountain range, runs towards the 
 northeast in a very crooked line. 
 
 C 
 
 8. Draw on paper lines to represent the main moun- 
 tain range^and tlie main watershed. Draw a line to rep- 
 resent the Connecticut Iliver. From the upper part 
 of the Connecticut, toward the west, draw a line to rep- 
 resent the northern boundary of the State, and from the 
 lower part, a " 
 line to repre- 
 sent the south- - ^-3^ 
 ern boundary, 
 and draw a line 
 to represent 
 the western 
 boundary. Now 
 you have an 
 outline map of 
 Vermont. Just 
 outside the 
 map, on the 
 north, write 
 Dominion of 
 Canada; on the east. New Hampshire ; on the south. 
 
 
 I'SE THE BIGGEST. 
 
158 L£:&'SOA^S ON GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 Massachusetts; on the west, New York. Now we 
 have the boundary of the State, to be given in this 
 way : Yermont is bounded on the north by the Domin- 
 ion of Canada, east by New Hampshire, south by Mas- 
 sachusetts, west by New York. 
 D 
 4. Draw Lake Champlain and Lake Meraphremagog. 
 Notice that the Nulhegan and Clyde rivers rise near 
 each other, and draw them. Draw the Passumpsic and 
 Barton rivers; the Wells, the White and the Winooski; 
 the Lamoille and the Missisquoi ; the Quechee, the 
 Black, the West and the Deerfield ; the Walloomsac, the 
 Battenkill, the Poultney and Otter Creek. 
 
 E 
 
 6. Mark on your map the places for South Vernon, 
 Brattleboro, Bellows Falls, Windsor, White River Junc- 
 tion, Wells River, St. Johnsbury, Newport, Richford, 
 Swanton, St. Albans, Essex Junction, Burlington, Ver- 
 gennes, Middlebury, Brandon, Rutland, Manchester, 
 Bennington, Northfield, Montpelier, Barre, Williams- 
 town, Lunenburgh. 
 
 F 
 6. Draw lines to represent the railroads from South 
 Vernon to Newport ; from Newport through Richford 
 to St. Albans; from Swanton to Bennington ; from Swan- 
 ton to Lunenburgh ; from Burlington through Mont- 
 pelier to Wells River; from Burlington through North- 
 field to White River Junction ; from Rutland to Bellows 
 Falls; from Montpelier to Williamstown. 
 
ZES>SONS ON OEOORAPHY OF VEBMONT. 159 
 G 
 
 7. Mark the places for South Londonderry^ Wilming- 
 ton, Eeadsboro, Woodford, Poultney, Castleton, Fair 
 Haven, New Haven, Bristol, Leicester Junction, Ticon- 
 deroga beside Lake Champlain in New York, just oppo- 
 site the boundary line between Shoreham and Orwell, 
 Woodstock, Victory, Island Pond. 
 
 H 
 
 8. Draw lines to represent the railroads from White 
 River Junction to Woodstock ; from Brattleboro to South 
 Londonderry ; from JKeadsboro to Wilmington ; from 
 Bennington to Woodford ; from Rutland to Fair Haven ; 
 from Rutland to Poultney ; from New Haven to Bristol ; 
 from Leicester Junction to Ticonderoga ; from West 
 Concord to Victory ; through Island Pond. 
 
 I 
 
 9. Find the capital of the State and mark it. Find 
 the shire towns that are already on the map and mark 
 them. Find and mark the places for the other shire 
 towns ; for North Hero in Grand Isle county, Hyde 
 Park in Lamoille county, Guildhall in Essex county, 
 Chelsea in Orange county, Newfaue in Windham 
 county. 
 
 J 
 
 10. Find and mark the places for Johnson, Morris- 
 ville, Hardwick, South Ryegate, Waterbury, Randolph, 
 Springfield, Chester, Ludlow, North Troy, Enosburgh 
 Falls, Bradford, Saxton's River, Westminster, Proctor, 
 West Rutland. Isle La Motte. 
 
160 Li:SSONS' ON GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 K 
 11. ' , There is a State House at the capital of the State 
 and a court house and a jail at every shire town or 
 county seat. There is a State prison at .Windsor, a 
 heuse of correction at Ruthmd, an industrial school at 
 
 SOLDIERS' HOME AT BENNINGTON- 
 
 Vergonnes, an asylum for the insane at AVaterbury, and 
 another at Brattleboro. There is a'soldiers' ^home at 
 Bennington, a home for destitute children~at Burling- 
 ton. At Westminster is conducted a home t'orliomeless 
 boys called Ivurn Hattin Homes. There are colleges at 
 Middlebury, Burlington and Northficld ; normal schools at 
 ,^.- _ -_ ^ Johnson, Castleton and 
 
 '^ Bandolph. ]M early 
 
 ^;l^W ^%nr^tf'' every large village has 
 
 BRATTLEBORO-ESTEY ORGAN WORKS- ^^^*-'l ^^'S'^^^ '"'^ '"^^^ 
 
LESSONS ON GEOGBAPHY OF VERMONT. 161 
 in Brattleboro ; paper at Bellows Falls, Putney, Brad- 
 ford, Newbury and at Olcott; weighing scales at St. 
 Johnsbury and at Rutland ; cotton and woolen goods 
 
 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL AT CASTLETON. 
 
 are made in the State, manufactories of- one or the 
 other being located at the following places : Winooski, 
 Burlington, Bennington, Ludlow, Fairfax, Hartford, 
 Gaysville, Pownal, Derby, Hartland, Craftsbury, Bar- 
 ton, Cabot, Proctorsville, Cavendish, Bridge water and 
 Johnson ; boots and shoes at Bethel, South Boyalton, 
 Burlington, Windsor, Newport and Wilmington ; and 
 articles of many kinds at Springfield, Montpelier, Rich- 
 ford, Middlebury, North Bennington, St. Albans, Enos- 
 burgh, Vergennes, Rutland and Barre. 
 
 There are marble quarries in West Rutland, Rutland, 
 Proctor, Pittsford, Clarendon, Brandon, Dorset, Mid- 
 dlebury', Swanton and Isle La Motte. Slate is quarried 
 
162 LBSSONS ON GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 at Poultnej, Pawlet. Castleton and Fair Haven ; gran- 
 ite at Barre, Hardwick, Soutli Ryegate, Woodbury, 
 Willi amstown, Derby and Dninmcrston ; and soap-stone 
 is worked in Chester. 
 
 L 
 12. A passenger goes by rail from Newport throngli 
 Ricliford and St. Albans to Bennington. Along what 
 rivers and through what cities, towns and villages does 
 he pass ? Along what rivers and through what towns 
 does one pass in going from Burlington to Bellows Falls 
 by way of Northfield ? In returning to Burlington by 
 way of Rutland ? A granite worker goes by rail from 
 Hardwick through St. Johnsbury to South Ryegate, 
 thence to Barre, and from Barre to Hardwick by way of 
 Essex Junction. Beside what rivers and through what 
 towns does he travel ? (See map on page 154.) 
 
 VERMONT STATE FLAG. 
 
NASSAC IHIUSETTS 
 
164 LESSONS ON GEOORAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 TOWNS, CITIES AND GORES IN VERMONT. 
 
 Windham County. Caledonia County. 
 
 Vernon Kyegate 
 
 Ouilford Grotpn 
 
 Halifax Peacham 
 
 Whitiugham SF"^* , 
 
 Wilmington JYatertord 
 
 Marlboro ^t. Jobusbury 
 
 Brattleboro w VT 
 
 Dummerston jY^^'i^i} , 
 
 Newfane Hardwick 
 
 33over btanuard 
 
 Somerset Wbeelock 
 
 Stratton 
 Wardsboro 
 
 Lyndon 
 Kirby 
 
 Brookline ??^i'i^® 
 
 Putney §P**i?^ , 
 
 Westminster bliettield 
 
 Athens Newark 
 
 Townshend Essex County 
 
 fedtn^derry ^^^d 
 
 Kockingham '^f^;^^^ 
 
 Windsor County. East Haven 
 
 „ . •' Brighton 
 
 Springfield Ferdinand 
 
 Chester Maidstone 
 
 Andover Brunswick 
 
 Weston Bloomfield 
 
 Ludlow Lewis 
 
 Cavendish Averill 
 
 Baltimore Lemington 
 
 Weathersfield Canaan 
 
 Windsor Norton 
 
 West Windsor Avery's Gore 
 
 Beading Warren's Gore 
 
 Plymouth Warner's Grant 
 
 Bridgewater Orleans County. 
 
 Woodstock 
 Hartland 
 
 ^^^ uxcvuv^ Greensboro 
 
 Hartford Craftsbury 
 
 Pomfret Lowell 
 
 Barnard 
 
 Albany 
 
 Stockbridge Glover 
 
 Eochester Barton 
 
 Bethel Irasburgh 
 
 Eoyalton Coventry 
 
 Sharon Brownington 
 
 Norwich Westmore 
 
 Charlestown 
 
 Orange County. Morgan 
 
 Thetford gefb?*^ 
 
 Strafford NewDort 
 
 Tunbriflge Tro,- 
 
 Eandolph Westfield 
 
 Braintree t^v 
 
 Brookfield t^^,,. ^ . 
 
 Chelsea pMnklin County. 
 
 Vershire Higligate 
 
 West Fairlee Franklin 
 
 Fairlee Berkshire 
 
 Bradford Eichford 
 
 Corinth Montgomery 
 
 Washington Enosbnrgh 
 
 Williamstown Sheldon 
 
 Orange Swanton 
 
 Topsliam St. Albans 
 
 Newbury Fairiield 
 
 Note — The cities of Vermont are 
 
 pelier and Barre, and are given in 
 last two were chartered in 1894. 
 
 Bakersfield West Eutland 
 
 Fletcher Castleton 
 
 Fairfax Fair Haven 
 
 Georgia West Haven 
 
 Avery's Gore Poultney 
 
 Grand Isle County. cilrendon 
 
 Alburgh ^]Fer^y^!^"J"y 
 
 IsleLaMotte ¥*-„^°^l5' ^ 
 
 North Hero \\alhngfprd 
 
 Grand Isle i'-H"?,'^^}*^ 
 
 South Hero Middletown 
 
 Chittenden County. Pawlet 
 
 Milton Danby 
 
 Westford Mt. Tabor 
 
 Underbill a ■ l r> l 
 
 Jericho Benninijton County. 
 
 Essex Eupert 
 
 Colchester Dorset 
 
 Burlington Peru 
 South Burlington Landgrove 
 
 Williston Winhall 
 
 Shelburue Manchester 
 
 St. George Sandgate 
 
 Eichmond Arlington 
 
 Bolton Sunderland 
 
 Huntington Glastenbury 
 
 Hinesburgh Sbaftsbury 
 
 Charlotte Bennington 
 Buel and Avery's Woodford 
 
 Gore Searsburg 
 
 Addisor, County. l^g-o 
 
 Ferrisburgh Pownal 
 
 Monkton ... . ■ . « . 
 
 Starksboro Washington County. 
 
 Vergeunes Eoxbury 
 
 Panton Warren 
 
 Waltham Fayston 
 
 Addison Waitsfield 
 
 New Haven Nortbtield 
 
 Bristol Barre 
 
 Lincoln City of Barre 
 
 Granville Berlin 
 
 Eipton Moretowu 
 
 Middlel>ury Duxbury 
 
 Weybridge Waterbury 
 
 Bridport Middlesex 
 
 Shorebam Montpelier 
 
 ( 'or n wall East Montpelier 
 
 Salisbury Plainfleld 
 
 Hancock Marshfield 
 
 Goshen Calais 
 
 Leicester Worcester 
 
 Whiting Woodbury 
 
 Orwell Cabot 
 
 sSr'" "*'• Haflrcfo^r 
 
 Brandon Lnmoiile County. 
 
 Benson Stowe 
 
 Hul)bardton Elmore 
 
 Pittsford Morristown 
 
 Chittenden Camlindge 
 
 Pittsfield Waterville 
 
 Sherburne .Tolmson 
 
 Mendon Hyde Park 
 
 Eutland Wolcott 
 C!ity of Eutland Eden 
 
 Proctor Belvidere 
 Yergennes, Burlington, Eutland, Mont- 
 the order of their iucorporation; the 
 
CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 COUNTIES IN DETAIL. 
 
 North — Windsor County. 
 
 South— Massachusetts. 
 WINDHAM COUNTY. 
 Bounded : North by Windsor county, east by New 
 Hampshire, south by Massachusetts, west by Benning- 
 ton county. Shire town, Newfane. Number of towns, 
 
166 CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 23. ropiilation, 26,547. Important towns and villages: 
 Brattleboro, Westminster, Bellows Falls, Saxton's River, 
 South Londonderry, Wilmington, Newfane, Jamaica, 
 Putney and Wliitingham. Incorporated with present 
 boundaries in 1781, with Westminster and Marlboro as 
 half shires. Newfane was made the shire town in 1787, 
 — ^/— X ^-. ^ "A ^rfi.' and a court 
 
 ,^, _ ^ '3r-"-j.-' '*^ house and a jail 
 .v-7% ^^•'^ .&^,-|>^Ast^^^/ were built on 
 
 Newfane Hill, 
 
 where they re- 
 
 ' mai n e d till 
 
 1824, when the 
 
 BRATTLEBORO AND THE CONNECTICUT RIVER. ^ 
 
 6hire was removed to the village in the valley then called 
 Fayetteville, now called Newfane. From 1778 to 1781, 
 this county formed a part of Cumberland county, which 
 extended from Massachusetts to Canada and from the 
 Connecticut River to the Green Mountains and had 
 Westminster and Newbury for half shire towns. 
 
 At Yernon was the first settlement in the State, in 1690. 
 The town of Dummerston was among the first to op- 
 pose British rule ; at Westminster tlie New Hampshire 
 Grants were declared to be an independent State. Guil- 
 ford was settled in 1764; and from 1791 to 1800 was 
 the most populous town in Vermont. Bellows Falls, in 
 the town of Rockingham, was settled in 1753. Fort 
 Dummer was built at Brattleboro in 1724. 
 
 The rivers of Windham county are the Deerfield, the 
 West, the Saxton's and the Williams rivers. 
 
CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 167 
 
 There are bnt few natural ponds in this county. The 
 best known are Ray Pond and Haystack Pond, in 
 Wihninston, and Sadawo-a Pond in Wliitino-ham. 
 
 VERMONT ACADEMY BUILDINGS, SAXTON'S RIVER. 
 
 At Saxton's River is located Vermont Academy, 
 a well conducted school. At West Brattleboro is lo- 
 cated Glenwood Classical Seminary ; at Townshend is 
 Leland & Gray Seminary, incorporated in 1834. The 
 public schools at Brattleboro, Bellows Falls, and 
 throughout the county, are liberally supported. 
 
 At Brattleboro is located the Brattleboro Retreat, an 
 institution for the care of the insane, established in 1834. 
 
 The Estey Organ Works at Brattleboro have a world- 
 wide reputation, and are among the largest manufac- 
 turing concerns of the United States. 
 
 The Fall Mountain Paper Company, having the 
 largest mills for paper making in the State, is at Bel- 
 lows Falls; where also are extensive manufactures of 
 dairy and farm implements. Bellows Falls was named 
 
168 
 
 COUNTIES OF VERM0N2, 
 
COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 169 
 
 after a Mr. Bellows, who settled there and at Walpole, 
 N. H., very early. 
 
 HIGH SCHOOL, BRATTLEBORQ. 
 
 Wilmington, in 1751, was known as Draper, and 
 Dummerston, in 1753, was called Fullnra. 
 
 This county ranks sixth in population, and was organ- 
 ized the saofie year as Bennington county. 
 
 (11) 
 
170 
 
 CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 North — Orange County. 
 
 South— "Windham County. 
 WINDSOE COUNTY. 
 Bounded : North by Orange county, east by New 
 Hampsliire, south by Windham county, west by Rut- 
 
COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 171 
 
 land and Addison counties. Shire town, Woodstock. 
 Number of towns, 24. Population, 31,706. Important 
 towns and villages : White River Junction, Woodstock, 
 
 NORV :, /,-__:,-.., _:_:;ary, WOODSTOCK. 
 
 Springfield, Windsor, Hartford, South Royalton, Bethel, 
 Ludlow, Hartland. Norwich, Cavendish, Rochester, Ches- 
 ter. Incorporated in 1781, with Windsor, which was 
 settled in 1764, for the shire town. AVoodstock became 
 the shire town in 1788. 
 
 The oldest establisljed newspaper in the State, the 
 Yermont Journal, which began in 1783, is still published 
 at Windsor. There was a shoi-t time when it was not 
 issued. The Vermont State prison w\is established in 
 Windsor in 1807, and is managed by a board of three 
 directors appointed by the governor. 
 
172 
 
 COUNTIES OF VF.nMONT. 
 
 OLD CONSTITUTION HOUSE, WINDSOR, 1777, 
 
 The Convention of the New Hampshire Grants hav- 
 ing met in Westminster, Windham county, on January 
 15th, 1777, and declared themselves a free and inde- 
 pendent State called " New Connecticut," adjourned to 
 meet at Windsor on the first Wednesday in June 
 following, and changed the name to " Vermont," 
 and ordered a constitutional convention. The first 
 constitution of Vermont was adopted there in July, 
 1777, and the government of the State was organ- 
 ized there March 12, 1778. The building where the 
 meeting was held is shown in the above cut ; it has been 
 repaired and is still standing on a different site. 
 
 Settlements under New Hampshire grants were made 
 in Springfield, Hartland and Hartford as early as 1763. 
 Some people, who had no grant or deed of the land, set- 
 tled in Springfield in 1753. 
 
 Many yeai'S ago at Plymouth a Quaker by the name 
 of Tyson had a furnace for iron ore working, and made 
 
CO UNTIES OF VERM0N2. 173 
 
 iron there for years. The place became known as 
 Tyson Furnace. 
 
 The first steam railway passenger train in Yermont 
 was run from White River Junction to Bethel, June 26, 
 1848. 
 
 At Amsden, in the town of Weathersfleld, are gray 
 lime works, the products of which are shipped all over 
 the country. 
 
 OLCOTT ON THE CONNECTICUT RIVER. 
 
 The chief rivers of this county are the Black, Otta- 
 quechee and "White rivers. 
 
 The principal lakes in this county are Silver Lake in 
 Barnard, and the ponds on the Black River in Plymouth 
 and Ludlow. 
 
 The public schools of Windsor county compare favor- 
 ably with the best in the State. Black River Academy 
 is at Ludlow, and at South Woodstock an intermediate 
 and a grammar school have been established in the old 
 Green Mountain Perkins Academy. Windsor county 
 has more graded schools than any other county in the 
 State. 
 
 Chester was called New Flamstead in February, 
 1754:, and the name afterwards changed. 
 
174 
 
 COUNTIES OF VEBMONT. 
 
 Springfield is a growing manufacturing town. 
 This county and Kutland and Orange counties were 
 organized the sanae year, 1781. 
 
 BLACK RIVER ACADEMY, LUDLOW. 
 
 This county ranks third in population ; only Eutland 
 and Chittenden counties exceed it. 
 
COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 North — Washingtou and Caledonia Counties. 
 
 175 
 
 South — Windsor County. 
 OEANGE COUNTY. 
 Bounded: North by Washiiifijton and Caledonia 
 counties, east by New Hampshire, south by Windsor 
 county, west by Addison and "Washington counties. 
 Shire town, Chelsea. Number of towns, 17. Population, 
 19,575. Important towns and villages : Chelsea, Brad- 
 ford, Newbury, Wells Kiver, Williamstown, Randolph, 
 Thetford and Topsham. Incorporated in 1781, and 
 extended then from Windsor county to Canada. The 
 first courts for Orange county were held in Thet- 
 ford. Newbury was made the shire town in 1785 
 and Chelsea in 1796. The first settlement in the 
 
176 CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 county was in Newbury in 1762, where the land called 
 the. Ox Bow had long been cleared, and where the 
 Indians had planted corn nearly sixty years before. 
 The rivers are the Ompompanoosuc, the Waits and the 
 Wells in the eastern part, and branches of the White 
 and the Winooski rivers in the west. Fairlee Lake in 
 Fairlee and Thetford, and Morey Lake in Fairlee, on 
 which Morey's 
 steamboat plied in 
 1791, are the most 
 important lakes in 
 this county. Morey's 
 steamboat was the 
 first steamboat built 
 in the United States. 
 Tradition says it was 
 sunk in the lake. A ^-^ 
 State Normal Scliool ' 
 IS located at Ean- state normal school, Randolph. 
 dolph, and many good schools are liberally supported 
 in this county. The Bradford Academy is a good 
 Ky representative, and others are at Thet- 
 ford, Newbury, Chelsea, Eandolph and 
 
 Corinth. 
 
 MOREY LAKE FAIRLEE. 
 
 and grand list in the county, 
 
 The legislature con- 
 vened in Newbury in 
 1787 and 1801. The 
 town of Randolph has 
 the largest population 
 
COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 177 
 
 This county ranks eleventh in population, and was 
 organized the snrae year as Kutland and Windsor 
 counties. 
 
178 
 
 CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 North— Orleans County. 
 
 CALEDONIA 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 South— Orange County. 
 
 CALEDONIA COUNTY. 
 
 Bounded : North by Orleans county, east by Essex 
 county and New Hampshire, south by Orange county, 
 west by Washington, Lamoille and Orleans counties. 
 IShire town, St. Johnsbury. Number of towns, 17. Pop- 
 ulation, 34,436, Important towns and villages: St. 
 Johnsbury, Mclndoes, Lyndonville, Danville and Hard- 
 wick. Incorporated in 1792, with Danville for the shire 
 
COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 179 
 
 town. St. Johnsbury was settled in 1786 and became the 
 shire town in 1856. The first settlement in this county 
 was in Barnet in 1770. The first settlers came from other 
 
 LYNDONVILLE FROM THOMPSON HALL. 
 
 English colonies, but in a few years so many immigrants 
 came from Scotland that they outnumbered all the other 
 settlers. These all were active in support of the inde- 
 pendence of the United States and of Vermont. From 
 them the county was called Caledonia, which was an old 
 name of Scotland, This county has many good schools, 
 among which are the St. Johnsbury Academy, the Lyn- 
 don Institute at Lyndon Center, the Caledonia County 
 Grammar School at Peacham, Hard wick Academy at 
 Hardwick, Lyndon Academy at Lyndon, Phillips Acad- 
 emy at Danville, Mclndoes Falls Ljstitute at Mclndoes 
 Falls. 
 
 The rivers of this county are the Passumpsic River 
 and its branches. Groton Pond in Groton and Joe's 
 
180 
 
 COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 Pond in Danville are the most important ponds in this 
 county. 
 
 .. M, br. JuHN.bURY. 
 
 This county ranks seventh in population, and was 
 organized the same year as Franklin, Essex and Orleans 
 counties. 
 
 '^^m^^^^ ,: 1. 1 ^ '" -^ 
 
 ^^g*-^ 'V'. "l • -\ ■''ii'si'li ,11, '^^ 
 
 FAIRBANKS SCALE WORKS, ST. JOHNSBURY. 
 
CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 181 
 
 North— Dominion of Canada. 
 
 ■J- 
 
 
 South — New Hampshire. 
 
 ESSEX COUNTY. 
 
 Bounded : North by the Dominion of Canada, east 
 
 and south by New Hampshire, west by Caledonia and 
 
 Orleans counties. Shire town, Guildhall. Number of 
 
 townsj 13. Population, 9,511. Important towns and vil- 
 
182 COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 lages: Guildhall, West Concord, Lunenburgh, Canaan, 
 Island Pond. This county still contains three unorgan- 
 ized towns — Ferdinand, Lewis and Averill, and several 
 gores. Incorporated in 1792. Organized by the ap- 
 pointment of officers in 1800. The first court in 
 the county was held in Lunenburgh and the next in 
 Brunswick. Guildhall was made the shire town in 1802. 
 The first settlement in the county was at Guildhall in 
 
 - '\ 
 
 ^^t^ 
 
 Si I -^^^jr— — « 
 
 \ 
 
 ysi nmw 
 
 ^ 
 
 m ^ 
 
 
 ISLAND POND HIGH AND GRADED SCHOOL. 
 
 1764. This was the most northerly settlement in Ver- 
 mont that was kept up during the Revolutionary War. 
 The first normal school in the United States was es- 
 tablished at Concord, in this county, in 1823, and was 
 incorporated two years Liter. The chief rivers are the 
 Nulhegan, Paul stream and the Moose, a branch of the 
 Passumpsic. Among the lakes and ponds are : Miles' 
 
CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. I83 
 
 Pond, Concord; Neal's Pond, Lunenburgh; Maidstone 
 Lake, Maidstone ; Leach Pond, Canaan ; Great Averill 
 Pond, Averill ; Norton Pond, Norton ; Island Pond, 
 Brighton. This county is next to the smallest in the 
 State in square miles and population. 
 
 The village of Island Pond has a population of 2000, 
 and is a division point on the Grand Trunk railway, just 
 half way between Montreal and Portland. This and the 
 manufactuie of lumber furnishes the business of the 
 place. It has a flourishing high and graded school. 
 
 At Guildhall is the Essex County Grammar School. 
 
184 
 
 CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 North— Dominion of Canada. 
 
 South — Caledonia and Lamoille Counties. 
 ORLEANS COUNTY. 
 Bounded : North by the Dominion of Canada, east 
 by Essex and Caledonia counties, south by Caledonia and 
 Lamoille counties, west by Franklin and Lamoille counties. 
 Shire town, Newport. Number of towns, 18. Population, 
 22,101. Important towns and villages : Newport, Barton, 
 
 Barton Landing, Der- 
 
 by, West Derby, North 
 Troy. This cou nty was 
 incorporated in 1792. 
 !! AVIien the county was 
 incorporated only two 
 towns now in it had 
 
 LAKE MEMPHREMAGOG, NEWPORT. 
 
COUNTIES OF VERM0N2. 185 
 
 been settled ; Craftsbnry in 1788, and Greensboro in 
 1789. The population of the two towns at that time 
 was thirtj-seven persons. The first courts in the 
 county were held in 1800. Brownington and Crafts- 
 bury were half shires. Irasbnrgh became tlie shire town 
 in 1816, and Newport in 1886. During the war of 
 1812 the growth of the towns in the northern part of 
 this county was greatly hindered. There were small 
 forts in Derby and in Troy. In December, 1813, a 
 British force from Canada captured and carried away 
 from Derby supplies that had been collected for the 
 American army. The rivers of this county are tlie 
 Clyde, Barton and Black, emptying into Lake Mem- 
 phremagog, and branches of the Lamoille and Missis- 
 quoi rivers. Among the lakes are Crystal Lake in Bar- 
 ton, Willoughby Lake in Westmore, Seymour Lake in 
 Morgan, Caspian Lake in Greensboro, About one-third 
 of Lake Memphremagog, which is a noted summer resort 
 and a fine body of water, is located in this county and 
 the remainder in Canada. Newport is located on this 
 lake and ranks first in population in the county. 
 
 The principal Kterary institutions and schools of the 
 county are Newport Academy and Graded School at 
 Newport, Derby Academy at Derby, Craftsbury Acad- 
 emy at North Craftsbury, Albany Academy at Albany, 
 Barton Academy and Graded School at Barton, 
 Barton Landing Academy at Barton Landing, Orleans 
 County Grammar School at Brownington, Orleans Lib- 
 eral Institute at Glover, Charleston Academy at 
 (12) 
 
186 COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 Charleston, Coventry Academy at Coventry, Holland 
 
 Academy at Holland, Morgan Academy at Morgan. 
 
 At Derby is a soldiers' monument, erected in 1867. 
 Derby ranks second in population in tlie county. 
 
 DERBY ACADEMY, DERBY CENTER, VT., ORGANIZED IN SEPT., 18t0. 
 
 Derby Center is four miles from Newport and Derby 
 Line. 
 
 This county ranks ninth in population, and was organ- 
 ized the same year as Franklin, Essex and Caledonia 
 counties, 1792. 
 
COUNTIES OF V'ERMONT. 
 
 . North- -Dominion of Canada. 
 
 187 
 
 FRANKLIN | 
 
 C OTJN T Y. O 
 
 <! 
 
 South— Lamoille and Chittenden Counties. 
 FKANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 Bounded : North by the Dominion of Canada (Prov- 
 ince of Quebec), east by Orleans and Lamoille counties, 
 south by Lamoille and Chittenden counties, west by 
 Grand Isle county. Shire town, St. Albans, organ- 
 ized in 1788. Number of towns, 14. Population, 29,- 
 755. Important towns and villages : St. Albans, East 
 Fairfield, Bakersfield, Richford, Enosburgh Falls, High- 
 gate, Swanlon, Fairfax and Montgomery. Incorpo- 
 rated in 1792. The first court was held at St. Al- 
 bans in 1797. At first this county contained por- 
 tions of the present Gr;\nd Isle and Lamoille counties. 
 
 The first English settlement was at St. Albans before 
 the Revolutionary War. Fairfax was settled in 1783. 
 Many of the first settlers in Ilighgate were Dutch, who 
 
188 CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 supposed they had settled in Canada till the line was 
 run afterward. In Swanton, Indians, who were inhabi- 
 tants of the old Indian village there, lived many years 
 after the white people came. There were exciting 
 scenes in the northern part of this county during a Can- 
 adian war of rebellion in 1837. Several companies of 
 militia were called out, and General Wool of the United 
 States army was sent to command them and keep the 
 peace. 
 
 DEPOT AT ST. ALBANS. 
 
 The rivers of the county are the Missisquoi and the 
 Lamoille and their branches. The Missisquoi is naviga- 
 ble from Lake Champlain to Swanton, six miles. 
 
 Among the natural ponds are Metcalf's in Fletcher, 
 Fairfield in Fairfield, and Franklin in Franklin. 
 
 A soldiers' monument has been erected at Swanton ; 
 and at Franklin, memorial tablets for the soldiers have 
 been placed in a public hall. 
 
 At St. Albans is the largest creamery in the world, 
 having a capacity of 25,000 pounds of butter daily. 
 It was incorporated in October, 1890. 
 
COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 189 
 
 Brigham Academy at Bakersfield is a flourishing 
 school, having an endowment of $100,000. The St. 
 Albans, Richford, Swanton, Enosburgh Falls, Fairfax, 
 Georgia and Fairfield public schools are representative 
 institutions, and all the schools of this county rank high. 
 
 BRIGHAM ACADEMY, BAKERSFIELD. 
 
 Every town in this county except one has a population 
 exceeding one thousand ; it ranks fourth in the number 
 of its inhabitants and was organized the same year as 
 Caledonia, Essex and Orleans counties. 
 
190 
 
 NOETH- 
 
 CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 GRAND ISLE COUNTY. 
 
 Dominion of Can- 
 ada. 
 
 ^<r^•^^ 
 
 Bounded : North by tlie 
 Dominion of Canada, cast 
 by Franklin and Chitten- 
 den counties, south by Chit- 
 tenden county, and west 
 by New York. Shire town, 
 North Hero. Number of 
 towns, 5. Population, 3,843. 
 Alburgh is the most populous 
 town, and Grand Isle is next 
 in the number of its inhabi- 
 tants. Incorporated in 1802. 
 The first court was held in 
 180G. The court house was 
 built in 1824. This county 
 consists of a peninsula and 
 several islands, with a portion 
 of the surrounding waters of 
 Lake Champlain. The large 
 islands are connected with 
 South— Cliittenclen Co. the mainland by bridges, and 
 Grand Isle and North Hero are connected with each 
 other by bridges. The tirst settlement was in Alburgh in 
 1782, by people who thought they were settling in Can- 
 ada. Fort St. Anne, built on Isle La Motte in 1666, 
 was the first place occupied by white men in Vermont. 
 Just before the battle of Plattsburgh, during the war of 
 1812, Captain Pring of the British army landed with a 
 
COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 191 
 
 small force on the west side of Isle La Motte ^aiid 
 erected a battery to command the passage-way down the 
 lake, and takhig charge of the island required the in- 
 habitants to come with their teams and help build the 
 battery. This force went away after the battle. 
 
 Grand Isle county has no rivers nor ponds, and is the 
 smallest in the number of square miles and in popula- 
 tion. It was organized next after Orleans county. 
 
 This county is becoming a great summer resort and 
 is noted for its beautiful drives and scenery. Fine 
 fruit orchards are located here. Isle La Motte has 
 extensive quarries of black and other colored marbles. 
 
CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 North— Franklin County. 
 
 
 South— Addison County. 
 • CHITTENDEN COUNTY. 
 Bounded : North by FraDklin county, east by La- 
 moille and Washington counties, south by Addison 
 county, west by New York and Grand Isle county. 
 Shire town, Burlington. Number of towns, 16. Popu- 
 lation, 35,389. The important places are : Burling- 
 ton,'Richmond, Milton, Essex Junction, Winooski, Shel- 
 burne, Jericlio, TJnderliill. This county was incorpo- 
 rated in 1787. The first courts were held in Colches- 
 
COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 193 
 
 ter, of which Winooski is now the principal village, 
 Burlington was made the shire town in 1790, and was 
 incorporated as a city in 1864. At first this county 
 extended from Addison county to Canada and from New 
 York to the Green Mountains. 
 
 Burlington is the largest city in the State. It has elec- 
 tric street cars, public hospitals, United States custom 
 honse, and other tine buildings, and is a large lumber 
 market. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT BUILDINGS, BURLINGTON, liberally SU p- 
 
 ported and rank higli. At Essex is the Essex Classical 
 Institute, with a good reputation. 
 
 The first settlement was at Colchester in lTT3, where 
 Remember Baker and Ira Allen built a block house 
 which they called Fort Frederick. During the Revolu- 
 tionary War, the people of this county were liable to 
 attacks of the British and Indians and many of them 
 
194 COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 withdrew to safer places. Burlington was settled in 
 
 1774. 
 
 This county was the home of Governor Chittenden, 
 and of Ethan Allen in his last days. A military post 
 recently established by the United States in the town of 
 Essex is named Fort Ethan Allen. (See cut on another 
 page). 
 
 THE CONVERSE SCHOOL BUILDING, BURLINGTON. 
 
 The first telegraph line in the State was opened from 
 Troy, N. Y., to Burlington, February 2, 1848. 
 
 The rivers of the county are the La Plotte, the Wi- 
 nooski, and the Lamoille, with branches of these. The 
 Falls of the Winooski, between Winooski and Essex 
 Junction, are among the most interesting in the State. 
 
CO UXT[ES OF VERM O XT. 195 
 
 Shelbiirne and Hinesburgh ponds are the largest in 
 the county. 
 
 BISHOP HOPKINS HALL, BURLINGTON- 
 
 The Vermont Agricultural College was chartered by 
 the State in 1864, and in 1865 was incorporated with 
 the University of Yermont. 
 
 This county ranks second in population, and was 
 seventh to organize, which was in 1787. 
 
COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 North— Chittenden County. 
 
 South— Rutland County. 
 
 20, CITY OF VERGENNES-LAKE DUNMORE IS IN SALISBURY AND LEICESTER. 
 
 ADDISON COUNTY. 
 Bounded : North by Chittenden county, east by 
 Washington, Orange, and Windsor counties, south by 
 Rutland county, and west by New York. Shire 
 town, Middlebury. Number of towns, 23. Population, 
 22,277. Important towns and villages : Middlebury, Bris- 
 tol, Vergennes, Shoreham, Orwell, Ferrisburgh, Starks- 
 boro, New Haven, Lincoln. Vergennes is a city ; settled 
 in 1766 ; incorporated in 1788 ; and is one of the oldest 
 
STARR HALL, MIDDLEBURY 
 COLLEGE. 
 
 COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 197 
 
 cities in New England. It is 480 rods long by 400 rods 
 wide, containing only 1200 acres of land. An arsenal was 
 located at Vergennes by the United States government 
 about 1812. The county was incorporated in 1785. It 
 then extended from Rutland county 
 to Canada. Addison and Colchester 
 were half shires. After the incor- 
 poration of Chittenden county in 
 1787, the courts were held in Ad- 
 dison till 1792. Since that time 
 they have been held in Middle- 
 bury. 
 
 The first settlements by the Eng- 
 lish were in 1766, in Middlebury^ 
 Shoreham, Vergennes, and Addison. 
 There was a settlement made by the French at Chim- 
 ney Point in Addison in 1730; a fort had been built 
 there previously, in 1690. This had become a thriv- 
 ing village when the French army was driven from 
 Lake Champlain in 1759, and the inhabitants followed 
 the army to Canada. 
 
 A school for young ladies was opened in 1800, at Mid- 
 dlebury, and was taught for several years at a later period 
 by Mrs. Emma Willard. It was one of the first schools 
 in America for the higher education of women. 
 
 Middlebury College, chartered in 1800, is a well- 
 known institution of learning, pleasantly located at Mid- 
 dlebury, and bears an excellent reputation. Bceman 
 Academy is located at New Haven and is a well con- 
 ducted school. 
 
198 
 
 CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 The vessels of Commodore McDonough's fleet, used 
 at the battle of Plattsburgh in 1814, were built at Ver- 
 gcnnes. 
 
 The State maintains at Vergennes the Vermont In- 
 dustrial School, managed by three trustees appointed by 
 the governor. 
 
 Many of the exploits of the early Green Mountain 
 Boys occurred in this county. 
 
 |i 
 
 
 STATE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL AT VERGENNES. 
 
 The Otter Creek and its brandies and the Little Ot- 
 ter Creek and the Lewis Creek are the chief rivers of 
 the county. The Otter Creek is navigable from its 
 mouth to Vcrgennc?, a distance of eight miles, where is 
 a good water power. The falls are about 150 feet 
 wide with thirty-seven feet fall. 
 
 Bristol is now connected with New Haven by a rail- 
 road, recently built. 
 
COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 199 
 
 Middlebiiry has valuable marble quarries and a good 
 water power. 
 
 At Leicester are large lime manufactories. 
 
 Lake Dunmore, in Salisbury and Leicester, is tlie most 
 important lake in the county, and tlie history of Ethan 
 Allen and the Green Mountain Boys is closely connected 
 with that body of water. 
 
 This county ranks eighth in population, and was 
 oiganized two years before Chittenden county. 
 
200 
 
 COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 North— Addison County. 
 
 ^^_Cog 
 
 South — Bennington County. 
 EUTLAND COUNTY. 
 Bounded: Nortli by Addison county, east by Wind- 
 sor county, south by Bennington county, west by I^ew 
 York. Shire town, Ruthind city. Number of towns, 28. 
 Population, 45,397. Important towns and villages ; 
 "Wallingford, Proctor, Pittsford, Brandon, West Rut- 
 
COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 201 
 
 land, Fair Haven, Castleton, Ponltney, Danby, Pawlet, 
 Kutland. There is Rutland town and lliitland city. 
 The present towns of Rutland, West Rutland, Proctor 
 and the city of Rutland, were formerly all one — the town 
 of Rutland. Proctor was formerly called Sutherland 
 Falls, and these falls, on Otter Creek, are one hundred 
 and twenty-two feet liigh. This county was incorporated 
 in 1781, extending at first from Bennington county to 
 Canada. The first courts were held in a log tavern, or 
 hotel, of two rooms, in Tinmoutli. The first court in 
 
 HIGH SCHOOL BUILDING, RUTLAND, VT. 
 
 Rutland was held in 1786, and the State legislature 
 met there in 1784, 1786, 1792, 1794, 1796, 1797, 
 1804: ; and the building used for that purpose is still 
 standing on West street in the city of Rutland. 
 (13) 
 
202 COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 Rutland was settled in 1770. The first settlement 
 in the county was made in Danby in 1765. The first 
 school, expressly for teachers, in the United States, was 
 kept in Danby by Jacob Eddy. The oldest incorpo- 
 rated school in the State, formerly known as " Rutland 
 County Grammar School," is in Castleton, now called 
 the State Normal School, one of three established by the 
 State of Vermont. The oldest newspaper in Vermont 
 that has been published continuously is the Rutland 
 Weekly Herald, established in 1794, and is now pub- 
 lished both daily and weekly. During the Revolu- 
 tionary War there were important forts at Pittsford 
 
 TROY CONFERENCE ACADEMY, POULTNEY, VT. 
 
 and Rutland. The greatest battle ever fought within 
 the boundaries of Vermont was that of Hubbard ton, in 
 Rutland county, in 1777. The chief rivers of this 
 county arc the Foultney, Pawlct, Hubbardton and the 
 Otter Creek. Lake St. Catherine, sometimes called 
 Lake Austin, in Wells and Poultncy, and Lake Bom- 
 oseen in Castleton and Hubbardton, are the principal 
 
CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 203 
 
 lakes of the county, and are noted summer resorts 
 with fine hotels, and have steamboats on their waters. 
 The public schools throughout the county are liberally 
 supported. The city of Rutland is the greatest railroad 
 center in the State, and has nine banks, electric street 
 railway, and a soldiers' memorial hall that cost $75,- 
 000, in which is located a public library. This county is 
 the largest in area, and the most populous in the State. 
 The Troy Conference Academy at Poultney is an old 
 institution of learning, ably conducted. The Vermont 
 House of Correction, located at Rutland, is managed by 
 three directors appointed by the governor of the State. 
 
 T" ■ 
 
 ! 
 
 HOWE SCALE WORKS, RUTLAND, VT. 
 
 The Howe Scale Company, located at Rutland, is one 
 of the largest scale manufacturers in the United States. 
 
 At Rutland arc located large manufactories of cream- 
 ery appliances and supplies, and of patent evaporators 
 for sugar making. 
 
234 CO UNTIES OF VEBMONT. 
 
 At Wallingford is an old established factory for the 
 manufacture of hay forks, shovels and other kindred 
 lines. 
 
 West Rutland ranks next to Rutland in population 
 and has extensive marble quarries and mills, with a 
 capital amounting to several million dollars, and requir- 
 ing a large number of men to carry on the work. 
 
 Brandon and Pittsford are noted for their marble. 
 
 Stoves were made at Pittsford a great many years 
 ago. 
 
 Poultney, Fair Haven, Castleton and Pawlet are noted 
 for their slate products, which find sale in all parts of 
 the world. 
 
 Danby is one of the largest lumber-producing towns 
 in the State, and charcoal is made there in large quan- 
 tities. 
 
 Proctor is a marble town ; its prosperity and growth 
 are due to its great marble mills and quarries. 
 
 The earliest iron and nail works in Vermont were 
 started by Matthew Lyon in Fair Haven, in the last 
 century. In 1796 a weekly paper was started in Fair 
 Haven, and the postoffice there as early as 1792 was a 
 distributing office for towns north of it. 
 
 At Fair Haven and Hydeville, on the Castleton river, 
 are falls which give valuable water power to a large 
 number of manufacturing plants. 
 
COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 235 
 
 North— Eutland County 
 
 
 5 
 
 South — Massacluisetts. 
 BENNINGTON COUNTY. 
 Bounded: North bj Rutland county, east by Wind- 
 bam county, south by Massachusetts, west by New- 
 York. Shire towns, Bennington and Manchester. 
 Number of towns, lY. Population, 20,448. Important 
 towns and villages : Bennington, Pownal, Shaftsbury, 
 Arlington, Dorset, Manchester, Beadsboro, Rupert. 
 Incorporated with its present boundaries in 1781. 
 
206 COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 r _ - f^ 
 
 From 1778 to 1781 tins county extended from Massachu- 
 f ^ ■^'t ^'^=^^ t ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ Canada and liad Bennington 
 and Rutland for half shires. The 
 first settlement was at Bennington 
 in 1761. Manchester was settled in 
 1764. It is now a noted summer 
 resort, celehrated for its pure water 
 and fine climate. Mount Equinox 
 is near Manchester. The first 
 convention of the settlers to provide 
 for the defence of their rights 
 MANCHESTER-SEMINARY ^gaiust the New Yorkors was held 
 in Bennington in 1765. Catamount Tavern, where the 
 Council of Safety, the first legislature or governing body 
 
 OLD CATAMOUNT TAVERN AT BENNINGTON, WHERE THE 
 COUNCIL OF SAFETY HELD ITS MEETINGS. 
 
CO UNTIES 01 VERMONT. 207 
 
 of the independent State of Vermont, heldjts meetings, 
 was located here. The site is marked by a large granite 
 pedestal on which is engraved : " In enduring lienor of 
 that love of Liberty, and of their Homes, displayed by 
 the Pioneers of this Commonwealth. Forty-five feet 
 east of this spot stood ' The Catamount Tavern,' erected 
 about A. D. 1769. Destroyed by fire March 30, 
 A. D, 1871. Within its walls convened 'The Council of 
 Safety,' A. D. 1772-'78." 
 
 The monument to celebrate the battle of Bennington is 
 located at Bennington and is 301 feet 10|- inches high, 
 to be exact. The convention which declared the inde- 
 pendence of Vermont, Jan. 17, 1777, met in Dorset in 
 July, 1776, and there took the first steps towards 
 the formation of a new State. The first incorporated 
 school in the State was in Bennington. The oldest en- 
 dowed academy in the State is the Burr and Burton 
 
 BURR AND BURTON SEMINARY, MANCHESTER, OLDEST 
 ENDOWED ACADEMY IN THE STATE. 
 
 Seminary in Mancliester. The public schools of the 
 county are well supported. Bennington has fine 
 school houses, and its schools are among the best in the 
 
208 CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 State. At Pownal is Oak Grove Seminary. The Ver- 
 mont Soldiers' Home, supported bj the State, is located 
 at Bennington, and old Vermont soldiers unable to sup- 
 port themselves are provided with a home tliere, which 
 is well conducted and managed by a board of trustees 
 appointed by the governor. 
 
 The rivers of the county are the head branches 
 of the West and Deerfieid rivers, the Hoosac, Walloom- 
 sac and Battenkill rivers and their brandies, and the 
 head branches of tlie Otter Creek and the Pawlet, or 
 Mettowee, River. 
 
 Tliis county ranks tcntli in population. It was organ- 
 ized the same year as Windliam. 
 
CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 NoKTH— Lamoille and Caledonia Counties. 
 
 209 
 
 South— Orange and Addison Counties. 
 
 WASHINGTON COUNTY. 
 
 Bounded : Kortli by Lamoille and Caledonia counties, 
 east by Caledonia and Orange counties, south by Orange 
 and Addison counties, west by Addison and Chittenden 
 counties. Shire town, Montpelier. Number of towns, 20. 
 Population, 29,600. Important towns and cities : Mont- 
 pelier, Northlield, Berlin, Barre, Waterbury, Waitsfield, 
 Marshfield, Cabot, Warren, Calais, Duxbury. Mont- 
 pelier and Barre are cities ; both incorporated in 1894. 
 
210 
 
 CO UNTIES 01 VERMONT. 
 
 This county was incorporated in 
 1810, as Jefferson county. The 
 ^— name was changed to Washington 
 ^, in 1814. Tlic first settlement was 
 in Middlesex in 1783. Montpelier 
 POST OFFICE, MONTPELiER. was scttlcd in 1786, and became 
 the State capital in 1808. 
 The State House is a fine building and contains tlie 
 State library and many valuable documents and relics 
 pertaining to Vermont. The legislature meets at Mont- 
 pelier every two years. 
 
 STATE HOUSE AT MONTPELIER. 
 
 The general terms of the Supreme Court of Vermont 
 are held in Montpelier. At Watcrbury is located the 
 Vermont State asylum for the insane ; fine buildings, 
 well located, and managed by three trustees appointed 
 by the governor. 
 
 Northfield is an important town ; it has excellent 
 water power and slate quarries. 
 
COUNTJF..S OF VERMONT. 
 
 211 
 
 The rivers of the county are the Winooski andj its 
 brancheg. The Slate Fish Elatchery is located at Eox- 
 
 burj, and is managed by two commissioners appointed 
 by the governor. There are small ponds in Calais and 
 Woodbury. Berlin Pond in Berlin is larger and is 
 much visited. 
 
 The county has many good schools ; among them 
 Montpelier Seminary ; Montpelier union schools ; Barre 
 
213 COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 graded scliools ; Norwich Universit}^, Northfield ; God- 
 dard Seminary, Barre ; Green Mountain Seminary, 
 Waterbary Center ; and Barre, Waterbury, and North- 
 field graded schools. 
 
 CADETS OF NORWICH UNIVERSITY AT NORTHFIELD- 
 
 Barre is the largest in population of any town or city 
 in the county. Its rapid growtli is owing to the granite 
 quarries worked so extensively there. It trebled in pop- 
 ulation between 1880 and 1890, and is still growing. 
 
COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 
 
 North —Franklin and Orleans Counties. 
 
 213 
 
 South— "Washington Connty. 
 LAMOILLE COUNTY. 
 Bounded : North by Franklin and Orleans counties, east 
 by Orleans and Caledonia counties, south by Washington 
 county, and west by Chittenden county. Shire town, Hyde 
 Park. Number of towns, 10. Population, 12,831. Impor- 
 tant towns and villages : Ilyde Park, Stowe, Morrisville, 
 Johnson, Cambridge, Wolcott. Incorporated in 1835, 
 The first court was held in 1837. The first settlement 
 was in Cambridge in 1783. 
 The next settlement was 
 made in Johnson one year 
 later by Mr. Samuel Eaton 
 from New Hampshire, who 
 
 GREEN MOUNTAINS-MOUNT MANS- l^^d paSSCd thrOUgh thc tOWU 
 
 FIELD -STOWE. duriugthc French and In- 
 
214 CO UNTIES OF VEBMONT. 
 
 dian, and Rcvolntionarj wars. The rivers .of this 
 county are the Lamoille and its branches. The high- 
 est mountain in Vermont, Mt. Mansfield, is in this 
 county, in the town of Stowe. There are many ponds 
 inthis county. The most remarkable are the Lake of 
 
 the Clouds on Mount 
 Mansfield ; Elmore Pond 
 in Elmore, and North 
 and South ponds in 
 Eden. Morrisville has 
 an academy and graded 
 school. The Lamoille 
 Central Academy is at 
 ACADEMY AND^GRAD^EDjcHooL BUILDING, g^^e Park, and tlicre is 
 a flourishing high school at Stowe. A State normal 
 school is located at Johnson. 
 
 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, JOHNSON, VT. 
 
COU.VTIA'S' or VERMONT. 215 
 
 At Morrisville, Johnson and "Waterville are valuable 
 water-powers. Morristown is tlie most populous town in 
 the county. 
 
 STOWE HIGH SCHOOL. 
 
 U'his county ranks twelfth in population, and was 
 organized the hist of all the counties in the State. 
 
 
216 E VENTS IN HISTOR Y. 
 
 EVENTS IN HISTORY. 
 
 Lake Champlain Discovered, . . July 4, lOoO 
 Fort St. Anne bnilt on Isle La Motte, . . 1CG6 
 
 Settlement in Yernon, not after . . 1G90 
 
 Fort bnilt by the English at Chimney Point, Vt., 1C90 
 Fort Uummer Built, ..... I7'24r 
 Settlements at Bellows Falls and at Springfield, 1753 
 Bennington Settled, ..... 1701 
 
 Ticonderoga, N. T., captured by Ethan Allen, 
 
 May 10, 1775 
 American Colonies Declared Independent, 
 
 July 4, 1776 
 Vermont Declared Independent, January 17, 1777 
 Constitution of Vermont formed, . . . 1777 
 Battles of Bennington and of Hubbardton, . 1777 
 
 First Meeting of the Vermont Legislature, 
 
 March 12, 1778 
 Great Britain acknowledged the independence of 
 
 the United States, 17S3 
 
 Vermont Admitted to the Union . . 1791 
 A State prison built, . • . . . . 1807 
 
 Montpelier became the Capital, . . . 1808 
 
 The first telegraph line opened in Vermont, . 1848 
 The first railway passenger train in Vermont, 1848 
 
 The Civil War began, 18G1 
 
 The Civil War ended 1865 
 
ELEMENTS OF 
 CIVIL GOVERNHENT OF VERMONT. 
 
 IsTOTElS 
 
 TALKS WITH THE CHILDREN, 
 
 CHAPTER XXIT. 
 
 FIRST SET— THE SCHOOL AND THE TEACHER. 
 
 Note to the Teaches. — If your school is -within an incor- 
 porated school district, let the exorcise in No. 1 lead to qites- 
 tions on the school district and its officers, and to what a school 
 district is. Then by means of the exercise in No. 2, or some- 
 thing Hke it. proceed to the questions on the town. Those 
 whose schools are within a town or town district will reach 
 the town best by the exercise in No. 1, andean add or omit No. 2. 
 
 1. Who hired the teacher? Give the name of the 
 person, and the nan^.e of the offi(3e that person holds. Who 
 bought the fuel for the school ? Who paid for the fuel ? 
 AVho pays the teacher ? Give the name of the person 
 
218 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 who pays. Name the office of the person who pays. 
 How do these persons come to liold their offices ? 
 Whose money is used to pay the teacher ; to pay for the 
 fnel ? "Whose school house is this ? 
 
 2. If you were to ride in a carriage to the next vil- 
 Itige, which way would you go ? Would you drive 
 tlirough the fields ? Why not ? Where would you 
 drive ? Wlio takes care of the roads ? Name of tlie 
 person ? Name of the office of the person ? How 
 came this person to have this office ? What officer paj's for 
 taking care of the roads ? Name of the person ? Name 
 of the office ? Whose money is used for taking care of 
 the roads ? 
 
 3. The town chooses certain officers, or persons to 
 attend to its business. The town has money. The 
 town has school houses. Then the town must be made 
 up of people. Why ? " Hath a dog money ?" 
 
 4. There is a school register in tlie teacher's desk ; 
 records are kept in it. Who prepared the register ? 
 Give the person's name; the name of his office. What 
 State officer paid for the school register ? Name of 
 the person ? Name of the person's office ? How came 
 these persons to have their offices ? Whose money was 
 used to pay for the school register ? 
 
 5. The State chooses officers. The State has money. 
 The State is made up of people. 
 
 G. The county also is made up of the people of the 
 several towns in it. How many towns in your county ? 
 
ELEMENTS OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 319 
 
 How many towns in Yermont ? How many counties in 
 the State ? Which is smallest — the town, county or 
 State ? Which is largest ? 
 
 1. Your teacher probably went to a teachers' meet- 
 ing, called an institute, not long since. Tho county ex- 
 aminer of teachers made the arrangements for this meet- 
 ing. Where was it ? AYhen M'as it ? Teachers' examina- 
 tions are held several times every j'car, in each county, 
 by the county examiner. Most of the teachers have 
 certificates from a county examiner. There are four- 
 teen county examiners. Why ? 
 
 8. The teacher wanted an educational paper. SJie 
 wrote a letter and put some money in it ; she di- 
 rected it to the publisher of the paper she wanted ; 
 she put a stamp on the envelope, carried it to the post- 
 office, and had the letter registered. Afterwards she 
 received ths paper she had sent for, every month or 
 week, for a year. 
 
 9. Who received the letter at the post office ? Name 
 of the person ? Office of the person ? Who made the 
 stamp that was put on the letter? Who made the 
 money that was paid for the stamp and that was put 
 in the letter? Who carried the letter to the publisher, 
 and who brought the paper to the teacher ? 
 
 10. We say the United States does these things, 
 because the United States hires persons to do them, and 
 pays the persons for doing them. Some of these persons 
 are called officers, some are contractors, some are clerks 
 
220 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 and workmen. The United States government then makes 
 money and postage stamps for us and carries our n.ail. 
 What if the United States should stop doing these 
 things for a year ? 
 
 SECOND SET— OmCERS. 
 
 1. A few of the toion ojicers are: A moderator, 
 clerk, treasurer, constable, tax collector, selectmen, listers, 
 road commissioner, school directors, and town su[)er- 
 intendent of schools. 
 
 2. Some of the county officers are ; A sheiiff. 
 State's attorney, two assistant judges, judges of probate, 
 clerk, treasurer, examiner of teachers, and county com- 
 missioner. 
 
 3. Some of the State officers are: A governor, lieu- 
 tenant-governor, treasurer, secretary of State, auditor of 
 accounts, judges of the supreme court, and superintend, 
 ent of education. 
 
 4. A few United States officers ^vq: A president 
 and vice-president, secretary of the treasury, postmaster- 
 general, postmasters, railway postal clerks, and mail 
 
 THIRD SET— TAXES. 
 
 1. The town, the county, the State, the United 
 States, get money by collecting taxes of the people. 
 
 2. Town taxes are partly voted by the people of the 
 town in town meeting, and partly they are assessed by 
 
ELEMENTS OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 221 
 
 the select men as the law directs. They are collected by a 
 tax collector of the town, and paid into the town 
 treasury. 
 
 3. County taxes are voted by the State legislature, 
 or are assessed by the assistant judges. These taxes are 
 paid to the county treasurer by the town treasurers, on 
 the order of the selectmen, and the sum paid is col- 
 lected for the town treasury as a part of the town tax. 
 
 4. State taxes. The State, by law, lays a tax on 
 certain corporations. This is paid by the corporations 
 to the State treasurer. The State, by law, also lays a 
 tax on the taxable polls and property of the State. These 
 taxes are paid to the State from the several town treas- 
 uiies, by the treasurers, on the order of the selectmen, 
 and the sum paid is collected for the town treasury as a 
 ])art of the town tax. 
 
 5. United States taxes are voted by Congress, and 
 are collected by United States officers and paid into the 
 United States treasury. 
 
 FOURTH SET—ELECTIONS— LAW-MAKING. 
 
 1. The town has annual town meetings to elect town 
 officers, to vote taxes and to vote on other matters for 
 the town ; and has also freemen's meetings, once in two 
 years, to vote for town representative, for State and 
 county officers, and for representatives to Congress ; and 
 once in four years, to vote for electors for president and 
 vice-president. The town elects such officers and votes 
 
222 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL O0VERNMEN2. 
 
 such taxes as tlie State laws permit or direct the town 
 to do. 
 
 2. The county has two assistant judges, who sit in 
 the county court witli the chief judge, and a&sess 
 such taxes for the county as the law directs. They 
 have charge of the county property and audit tlie 
 county bills. 
 
 3. The State has a legislature^ called the general 
 assembly, made up of persons called representatives, 
 who are elected, one from each town, and known as the 
 "house of representatives;" also of senators from the 
 counties, called the " senate," which body at present 
 consists of thirty members. The general assembly 
 makes laws for the State. These laws are usually signed 
 by the governor. 
 
 4. The United States has a Congress, composed of 
 two bodies of men, known as the house of representa- 
 tives and the senate, which makes the laws for the whole 
 country. These are usually signed by the president. 
 
 5. There are many disputes about what the law is 
 and how it is to be applied. Men, called justices or 
 judges, are chosen to settle these disputes. When they 
 meet to hear and decide disputes they are said to hold 
 court. In Vermont we haveseven judges of the supreme, 
 or highest, court, who are elected by the legislature. 
 This court meets at Montpelier three times a year. 
 These meetings are called general terms of the supreme 
 court. We also have a county court and court of chan- 
 
ELEMEyfTS OF CIVIL GOVERNMENl. 333 
 
 eery in each colmt3^ A county court consists of a 
 judge of the supreme court and two assistant judges, 
 elected by the people of the county. Justice courts are 
 held by justices of the peace, who are elected by the 
 people of the towns; and in case of vacancy, they may 
 be appointed by the governor. Probate courts, for the 
 settlement of estates, are presided over by judges of pro- 
 bate, who are elected by the people of the probate 
 district, and who are also judges of the court of insol- 
 vency. 
 
 [For additional matter on this subject, both teachers and 
 pupils are referred to the Civil Government in Conant's Ver- 
 mont, which book contains the Geography, History, and Civil 
 Government of Vermont] 
 
224 
 
 IMPOR TA NT MO I W TA INS. 
 
 GREEN MOUNTAINS OF VERMONT. 
 
No. 
 1 
 
 IMPOB TA NT MO UNTA INS. 225 
 
 IMPORTANT MOUNTAINS IN VERMONT. 
 
 Learn those whose names are printed in small capitals. 
 
 Where Situated. 
 Underhill 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 
 16 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 21 
 
 Name of Mountaii 
 Mansfield Chust, 
 
 Height. 
 4,389 ft. 
 
 KiLLiNGTOK Peak, 
 
 Camel's Hump, 
 Lincoln Mountain, 
 Mansfield Nose, 
 
 Jay Peak, 
 
 Pico Peak, 
 
 Equinox Mountain, 
 Shrewsbury Peak, 
 Mt. Pissah, 
 
 4,221 " 
 
 4,088 " 
 4,078 " 
 4,071 " 
 
 4,018 " 
 
 3,954 " 
 
 3,847 '•' 
 3,845 " 
 3,800 " 
 
 3,320 " 
 3,148 « 
 
 Ascutney Mountain, 
 
 Eolus Mountain, 
 
 Monadnock Mountain, 3,025 " 
 
 Westmore Mountain, 3,000 " 
 
 Haystack Mountain, 3,000 " 
 
 Mt. Anthony, iJ,505 " 
 
 Herrick Mountain, 2,692 " 
 
 Blue Mountain, 2,200 " 
 
 Grand View or ) i qm u 
 
 Snake Mountain, ^ "^''^^^ 
 
 Buck Mountain, 1,035 " 
 
 Sugar Loaf, 1,003 " 
 
 and Stowe. 
 
 Mendon and 
 Sherburne, 
 near Rutl'nd. 
 
 Duxbury and 
 Huntington. 
 
 Lincoln. 
 
 ( Underhill 
 ( and Stowe. 
 
 ^ Jay and 
 
 I Pichford. 
 Mendon and 
 Sherburne. 
 
 Manchester. . 
 
 Shrewsbury. 
 
 Westmore. 
 
 ^ Wcathersfield 
 I and Windsor. 
 
 Dorset. 
 
 Lemington. 
 
 Westmore. 
 
 Wilmington. 
 
 Bennington. 
 
 Ira. 
 
 Eyegate. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 Walthara. 
 Ciiarlotte. 
 
QUj:sTfoys on veemont. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON VERMONT. 
 
 PREPARED BY EDWARD CONANT. 
 
 When and by whom was Vermont first explored ? 
 
 When and where was the first fort built in Vermont ? 
 
 When and where was the first settlement in Vermont ? 
 
 "When and where was the Constitution of Vermont adopted ? 
 
 When and where was the government of Vermont first organ- 
 ized under the Constitution ? 
 
 Who was the first governor of Vermont? 
 
 Who is the present governor ? 
 
 When was Vermont admitted to the Union ? 
 
 How many postoffioes had Vermont when admitted to the 
 Union ? How many postoffices then in the United States ? 
 
 How long was Vermont aa independent State before her 
 admission to the Union? 
 
 Who built the first steamboat seen in Vermont ? On what 
 lake was it placed ? 
 
 When was the first steamboat placed on Lake Champlaiu ? 
 
 When did Montpelier become the capital of the State ? 
 
 When was the first telegraph line opened in Vermont ? 
 
 When was the first railroad passenger train run in Vermont ? 
 
 When and where was the county in which you live first 
 settled ? 
 
 Who were Ethan Allen and Seth Warner ? In what war were 
 they leaders? 
 
 What do you know of Richard Wallace? 
 
 What do you know of Benjamin Everest ? 
 
 Who was Dr . Jonas Fay ? 
 
 What did Judge Theopliilus Harrington say that made him 
 famous ? 
 
 Bound the State of Vermont. Bound the county you live iu; 
 the town you live in. 
 
Q UESTIOXS ON VERMONT. 237 
 
 How many towns in the county you live in ? 
 
 How many counties in Vermont ? 
 
 How many towns in Vermont ? 
 
 What is the population of your town? of your county? of 
 Vermont ? What county of Vermont has the largest population ? 
 What the smallest ? 
 
 How many cities in Vermont ? Name them . 
 
 How many colleges in Vermont ? Where are they ? 
 
 How many normal schools ? Where are they ? 
 
 Where and when does the Vermont Legislature meet? 
 
 Where are the State prison and the House of Correction ? 
 
 Where are the State asylum for the insane, the Vermont 
 industrial school, the sokliers' home ? 
 
 Name the longest river wholly in Vermont. 
 
 Name the three largest lakes wholly in Vermont. 
 
 Name ten Vermont rivers emptying into the Connecticut River ; 
 name three rivers emptying into Lake Memphremagog ; name 
 five rivers emptying into Lake Champlain ; name two rivers 
 emptying into the Hudson Eiver. 
 
 Name the five highest mountains in Vermont ; give the height 
 of each and name the town or towns in which each is. 
 
 Name any rivers in your town ; name the lakes or ponds in 
 your town ; name the mountains in your town . 
 
 These cpiestions can be added to by the teacher or varied ta 
 suit the wants of the school. 
 
 ^ \^\\>ii|:' ijiii/f 
 
 
— [Advertisement.]— 
 
 ANNOUNCEMENT.'^ 
 
 CONMNT'S 
 
 Geopplif, HisloFj aod Civil Gov't 
 
 OF VERMONT. 
 
 Edited by Prof. Edward Conant, 
 
 Principal of State Noniial School, Kandolph, and ex- 
 State Superintendent of Schools ol Vermont. 
 
 " Conant's Yermont " consists of a geogra- 
 phy, history and civil government of the 
 State, al l in one book . The publishers have 
 issued a new edition of the book, containing 
 changes in school laws, and other new fea- 
 tures. Trincipal Edward Conant of the Ran- 
 dolph Normal School, the author, has spared 
 no pains to have it correct in every detail. 
 In the historical part. Mr. Conant has been assisted by State Librarian 
 Iliram A. Iluse of Montpelier. and other well known historians and educa- 
 tors of the State. Alieady the book has been adopted in the schools of 
 several counties and it is expected will be used in every grammar and high 
 school of the State. The work is printed from new "type in long primer, 
 well leaded, and is profusely illustrated. 
 
 Among the illustrations are pictures of the marble, granite, slate and 
 soapstone quarries, Howe and Fairbanks Scale works. Esiey Organ works, 
 Billings Library Building, Norman Williams Library, Park and Fountain at 
 St. Albans, Soldiers' Home, Ijennington JNIonumenr, llubbardton Monument, 
 Fort Dummer, Fort Ticonderoga, Fort Crown Point, Burlington Harbor, 
 Newport, Vt., State Normal Schools, State House. Bellows Falls Water- 
 power, with views of various Mountains, Lakes and Rivers of the State and 
 public buildings in several towns. Eight engraved maps were made espe- 
 cially for this work. 
 
 This book meets a demand in our schools for a text book on Vermont, and 
 all Teachers and Educators welcome a State book so well adapted for all 
 .schools in the State, covering its History, (leography and Civil (iovernment, 
 and compiled by so able an author as I'rof- Conant- The publishers have 
 embodied many new features in the work and take pride in the same. The 
 book is a 12-mo. size, and contains 292 pages, handsomely and strongly bound 
 in cloth. Every county receives attention, as regards its prominent features, 
 and the book is as near perfect as possible on the subjects treated. No 
 School History, Geography or Civil Government with Constitution of Ver- 
 mont has been issued for a number of years. 
 
 Sample copies, by mail, prepaid, ^I.IO ; introduction, Si -00. 
 
 Special price in large quantities for scliool introduction. 
 
 THE TUTTLE CO., Publishers, 
 
 Rutland, Yt. 
 
CO p 
 
 — [Advertisement.] — 
 
 From CONANT'S VERMONT. 
 
 l 
 
 I l:-- 
 
 BE^JNIXGTO^' BATTLE MO>;UMENT. 
 
— [Advertisement. ] — 
 
 New Primary Historical Reader of Vermont 
 
 Ex-Lt.-Gov. Geo N. Dale writes the publishers as follows : 
 Island Pond, Vt., December 29th, 1894. 
 THE TUTTLE COMPANY, 
 
 Rutland, Vt. 
 My Deak Sirs -. 
 
 "Your attention has 
 been attracted to one of 
 the greatest educational 
 wants of the State, viz.: 
 A good local history for 
 our primary schools. 
 Children can be taught 
 the significance of history 
 in no other way as well as 
 from events near by . The 
 ingenious man who sup- 
 plies present wants with a 
 book which shall thus 
 teach the uses of historj', 
 bring the scholar's own 
 locality into prominence 
 and make the subject com- 
 prehensible to the child, 
 will be in the field without a eompetit( 
 given the subject no thought as to formulating a theory of such 
 a work and can say no more than has occiirred to you already, 
 viz.: Make it clear, plain, within the easy comprehension of 
 the student, and so that each event or incident dealt with shall 
 show a relation to the life and jmrposes of the State. * * * 
 ****** Ijj regard to a history of each county : If you 
 accompany each with a neat little county map, together with a 
 sketch of its settlement, where the settlers came from, their 
 character, habits, purposes, etc., it might idd to its interest and 
 iisefulness. Of course each would, of necessity, be very brief, 
 comprehensive, and pure in a literary point of view, so as to 
 educate the literary taste as well as impart historical informa- 
 tion." I remain, very sincerely yours, 
 
 GEO. N. DALE. 
 
 Of couii 
 
 have 
 
• — [Advertisement.] — 
 
 Newport Centee, Vt., March 20, 1895. 
 THE TUTTLE CO. 
 
 Gentlemen : — I think it very necessary that our chiklreu 
 shonhT know more of the historj^ of their own State, and would 
 heartilj' endorse your work, as I know it would be welcomed by 
 all who love the Green Mountain State . I should like to see 
 Conant's Vermont used here, and although I have not had the 
 pleasure of examining it myself, I know of many teachers that 
 heartily endorse it. Wishing you every success in the work, 
 I am, yours truly, 
 
 F. J. DAEK. 
 
 Coventry, Vt., Aprils, 1895. 
 THE TUTTLE CO., Publishers, 
 
 Kutlaud, Vt. 
 Gentlemen : — From the School Directors' meeting at New- 
 port, I brought home some specimen pages of j^our new Pri- 
 mary Historical Reader of Vermont, gave them to my boj's, and 
 have since handed them to one or two others, with the result that 
 each one has read them through (several of them at one sitting), 
 and then inquired for the completed book . This con\dnces me 
 that the work interests the children and will help meet a long- 
 felt want. Please send me a complete copy as soon as pub- 
 lished. 
 
 Yours fraternally, 
 
 JOHN C. LANGFOED, 
 
 Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Morgan, Vt., April 23, 1895. 
 THE TUTTLE CO. 
 
 Gentlemen : — I received sample pages of your new Primary 
 Historical Eeader, at the county meeting, and I have read every 
 word with pleasiire, and I hope to see a complete copy of the 
 book before we adopt the school books. I feel that if the 
 whole book is as good as the sample pages, it ought to be in 
 every school in Vermont. Conant's Vermont I remember five 
 years ago, and if a complete book could have been shown to the 
 county board (of which I was a member), it would have been 
 adopted for general use, in my opinion. Wishing you success 
 in your Vermont Text Books, and hoping to have some in our 
 schools before the'j^ear is gone, I am. 
 
 Very truly, 
 
 H. A. BAETLETT. 
 
— [Advertisement.] — 
 
 THE THREE VERMONT TEXT-BOOKS. 
 
 Mil 
 
 o-s.a.s 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 
 H 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 -J 
 1- 
 
 
 fl ■ .• i 
 
 H 
 
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 UJ 
 
 X 
 
 
 H 
 
 fS;" Couaut's Vermont you ai<- lainiliar with. Vermont Primary- 
 Historical Reader is a new book illnstrated with 100 cuts, written 
 especially for Primary schools, third j:rade, and for supplementary- 
 work, it is attractively bound, and will please the boys and girls 
 of Vermont. Conaut's Drill Book in English is now in its third 
 edition. These louks should be seen by every school Superintend- 
 ent, school Director and Teacher who has not examined them. 
 
CON M NT'S 
 
 Gcoffraplij, Hislorj, aid M kmmi I 
 
 OF VERMONT. ^; 
 
 EDITED BY EDWARD CONANT, A. M., ^r 
 
 I'l i.>,.ii,ni ,-,+• ^tite Normal School, Randolph, and ex-State Superin- ' I'' 
 tendeut of Education of Vermont. 
 
 -^A 
 
 llie Tuttle Co., Rutland, Vt., are the publishers of [ 
 
 " Conant's Vermont," in three parts, consisting of a geog- f^ 
 
 ra])h3\ history, and civil government of the State, all in ci 
 
 one book. Principal Edward Conant, of the Randolph ^ 
 
 Normal School, the author, has spared no pains to have it cj- . 
 
 correct in every detail. In the liistorical part, Mr. Co- ^ 
 
 nant has been assisted by State Librarian Hiram A. Huse ^> 
 
 of Montpelier, and other well-known historians and edu- ; 
 
 cators of the State. It is expected it will be used in !> 
 
 e^ ery school of the State. The work is printed from new ^^^ 
 
 type in long primer, leaded, and profusely illustrated. ^^^ 
 
 Tliis book meets a long-felt want in our public schools ; ff:^' 
 
 and all Teachers and Edi;cators should Avelcome a State ty^l 
 
 school book that is so well adapted for all schools in the > 
 
 State, covering its Historj-, Geography, and Civil Govern- ts 
 
 meut, including the Constitution, and compiled by so able ^ - 
 
 an author as Prof. Conant. The publishers have em- ^^^y 
 
 bodied many new features in the work, and take pride in S^^' 
 
 the same. Every countj'- receives due attention as regards 'iM^t 
 
 its prominent features, and the book is as near complete f^ ' ' 
 
 as possible. No School History and Geography of Ver- \ 
 
 moiit has been issued for a number of years. i^, 
 
 The law retpures special instruction in Vermont Geog- r 
 
 laphy, History and Civil Government. J, 
 
 Sample copies, by mail, prepaid, $1.25. 
 
 Special price in quantities for school introduction I 
 
 Conant's Civil Government 
 
 J OF VERMONT. 
 
 /a To meet the demand for a good treatise on the Civil 
 
 A Government of Vermont alone, the publishers of Conant's 
 
 f,^ Vermont have pubhshed the chapters on Civil Govern- 
 
 \ meut in a book by itself, cloth bound, containing about 
 
 ^ 100 pages. Price for introduction to schools only 50 cl 
 
 ^ Rami)le copies 1)3' mail, 00 cts. 
 
 ^i THE TUTTLE CO., Publishers, 
 
 ^^ Kutland, Vt. 
 

 i 
 
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 Send tor our 16-p. Price Lists of School Supplier. 
 
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 THE HEW 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORICAL READER 
 
 Just the hook for Vermont Boys and Girls. Only 60 cts. 
 by mail, f>repaid. Introduction, 48 cts. 
 
 
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 Webster's New Internatioual Dictionary, with Denisou's Patent In- 
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 Webster's . . Unabridged .-. Dictionary^ 
 
 [REPRINT,] 
 
 Containing about 100,000 words; size, S x 11, and 5 inches thick. 
 Cloth binding, $1.50. Sheep binding, ^)iM. Half liussia binding, 
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 Suitable to accomjiany or supiilemciit any English Grammar, or 
 fornse as a supplementary Header in any school. It has been thor- 
 oughly tested. This is the third edition. It is used in all theVer- 
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 clotii. Introduction price, 40 cents to schools. ■ Sample mailed on 
 receipt of (iO cents 
 
 THE TUTTLE COMPANY, 
 
 11 az 13 OElSrXER, SX-, I?,XJTL-A.lsriD, -vx. 
 
 i 
 
 
 mmi^mi('. 
 
 ^<^' _,,,_, 
 
uermoi}t5 f 
 
 I609~174« 
 
 HBN FRANCE AND m 
 
 1749-1765. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE GRAJ^TS 
 
 AND 
 
 NEW YORK CLAIMS. 
 
 1777. 
 
 NHW^ CONNECnCUT (FOR SIX MUN'i i 
 
 1777-1791. 
 VERMONT -~ i N DEPEN DENT STATE. 
 
 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 014 065 886 8 # 
 
 1791. 
 
 FOIJRTBBNI-H STATE ADMITTED TO THE IJNIOn = 
 
 rosjTs. 
 
 t6@e-'ST. ANNE -ISLE LA A 
 
 MMER — BRATTLHBORO. 
 
 SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 1890- 
 
 17S3- 
 
 1761- 
 
 1762 
 
 1764" 
 
 1764- 
 
 1764- 
 
 1766- 
 
 • VERNON. 
 ■BELLOWS 
 
 BENNlNGTO-v. 
 -NEWBURY. 
 -WINDSOR, 
 'MANCHESTER. 
 
 GUILDHALL. 
 -MIDDLE3URY. 
 
 1766 --VERH: ■ - ■ • 
 HTO-RUTI- 
 1773--BURLt;s^jToK- 
 1774 -Sr. ALRANS. 
 it'B4 — LUDLOW. 
 
 ■; --MONTPELIHR, 
 
 i .-.• ::i -ST. JOHNSBURY. 
 i793-~ NEWPORT.