,\ co^.a;:,'\ /^>^%\ .^°^•^i'''^- / » '*, W^ aV ^a _i^ -n^o^ ,0 r<- '^"''■'^^Jsi5^,« fl.1 -^^0^ « « ° '* .V^ ^0 " " " -- o ^■ i-^ yJry?L^^ -^ -n^-o^ COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. A HAND-BOOK OF FACTS FOK TirE Dailn Use of Producer, illerdjant anb Consumer. BY WILLIAM B. " DANA, > I EfUtor Commercial and Financial Chronicle. New York : WILLIAM B. DANA & CO., 79 & 81 WILLIAM STREET, PUBLISHERS. 1878. c i^ oy C OKIE NTS. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM— INTRODUCTORY.— The efforts of mercliants to !H'(iuiro facts, so as to be able to forecast the future of markets — Cotton crop estimates still, however, unreliable— This is a result of imperfect observation— Illustrated by error -svith regard to spinnei-s' consumption— Estimates, to bo useful, must take iu the whole growth— If simplj- founded on fall appcai-ance, they are of no value— Early or late frost of much less importance than many think — What is the secret of a full yield— The effect of a good and a poor stand on the fruitage of the plant,. »fec.— Other features of the book 9 CHAPTER II. COTTON CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES— 1621 TO 1877.— Cotton tree indigenous in America — Cortes' present to Cliarles V., from Mexico — Cotton i)lant first cultivated in Virginia, 1621— When in South Carolina; Georgia; Pennsylvania; Maryland; New Jersej' — Louisiana and Florida invent machines for separating seed from fibre — Progress in cultivation to 1793— Exports, 1739 to 1793 — Cotton gin invented, 1793— Bowed cotton — Inventions of Har- grcaves, Arkwright, and Watt — Impulse given to cotton produc- tion—Exports, 1791 to 1826 — Crop in America from 1826 to 1877 19 CHAPTER III. INDIA COTTON SUPPLY— PAST AND FUTURE.- Early history of cotton in India— Herodotus— Christian era— Early exi)orts of cotton manufactures- Extreme beauty and hueness of cloths— Rude machin- ery used- Cotton manufacture carried on everywhere— The reason for excellence attained— History of Indian exports to England and her acts of prohibition— Present spindles in India— Total present production of cotton— The monsoons and their effect — Map of India — A statement of each cotton district and its capabilities— Aggregate results — Facts limiting production — Other crops pay better— Ship- ment from each district — Receipts in Europe— Bombay receipts and exports 39 cox TENTS. CHAPTER IV. ACREAGE IN THE UNITED STATES— 1869 TO 1877.— How far can acreajic tiguros be relied upon— Iiiiniateriul wliat ones are used, 80 long as they conform to the progressive conditions of the industry- How the figures of 1874-75 and 1875-76 were determined— Figures for ]8(in— Total cotton crops show growth m acreage— Crop of 1870-71 proves growth— Acreage from 1861) to 1877— YieUl per acre— Largest and smallest jield on acreage of 1877— Agricul- tural Bureau figures- Percentages of yield and acreage in each State 67 CHAPTER y. PLANTING— CULTIVATION-STAND — JANUARY TO JUNE— Im- portance of Signal Service Bureau data — Cotton lands, how divided — Production of each — Mode of cultivation — Trees girdled and ground prepared — How seed planted and fertilized — Old lauds being reclaimed — Early growth of seed— Choiiping out— Securing a stand — A good stand a good yield, i'LA'.r:;;.J."V/. CHAPTER I. COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. INTRODUCTORY. Tbc efforts of morcliants to acquire facts, so as to he able to forecast the future of markets — Cotton crop estimates still, liowever, uureliable— This is ,i result of imperfect oljservation— Illustratecl l\v error with regard to spinners' consumption— Estimates, to be useful, nuist take in the whole growth— If simply founded on fall appearance, they are of no value— Early or late frost of much less Importance than many think— What is the secret of a full yield — The cftect of a good and a poor stand on the fruitage of the plant, ikc. — Other features of the book. The niercliant and manufactitrer in all their business ventures must depend, in some measure at least, upon facts not yet accomplished. Hence, each is unceasingly seeking to outstrip his neighbor in acquiring information, through which he may obtain a better forecast of the future. In the search, every market has its scouts out in all directions; you meet them, for instance, in the extremes oi South America, the plains of India, the tea-fields of China, tap- ping the very sources of supply. The unobserving some- times think that it is the mere turning of the kaleidoscope that has fixed the events which have responded with such perfect nicety to the plan put in execution months ago. They do not see the method, but the result only, and therefore call that good fortune which is simply the legiti- mate fruit of vigilance. AVliile, however, in every industry, so much is depending 10 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. upon a right conception of coming conditions, and efforts so persistent and painstaking are put forth to get at even an inkling of their significance, it is truly surprising that so little advance has been made in solving or limiting the doubts with regard to cotton supply. Every year we pass tlirough just the same round of confusion, uncertainty and suspense. And yet the growth and fruitage of a plant is an assured process, and as capable, with fixed conditions, of being foreshadowed as the motions of the planets. All that is I'cquired are undisputed facts to base our conclusions upon. "With past experience and conditions accurately given, future results could not be doubtful. The weak point in the problem, and the only doubtful one, would arise from imperfect observation; and that is almost wholly the result of unnecessary ignorance. By unnecessary ignorance we mean simply to indicate the omission during past years to keep a perfect record of facts as they transpired. A very good illustration in another department of the same trade has been furnished within a short period through the figures for European consumption. Tlie deliveries to spinners have been for a long time regularly and carefully preserved and studied, but not so spinners' stocks, the deliveries until recently being understood by the general reader as the measure of consumption. This error was the prime factor in most of the disasters to the cotton trade for many years. Four evident truths were thus ignored or only partially accepted: (1) That consumption for spinning purposes cannot exceed the spinning capacity of each country; (2) that the spinning- capacity cannot be enlarged faster than the spindles can be made and set up; (3) that such increase in spindles can only progress at a certain ascertainable rate per month, and will not go on to any extent when the goods trade is not profitable; and (4) that spinners naturally stock up Ij\'TROI>VCTORY. h when crops are ahundant and prices low, and run on tliat stock wlien supply is short. The opinions of tliose who insisted upon the trutli of these propositions during the years of 1S71 and IS 72 were thought faulty, and therefore were not accepted until in the summer of 1872, when, in spite of our very small crop, there was a wonderful abstention from the market on the part of spinners, and it was then found that there was a supply Avhich had been invisible, and that deliveries and consump- tion were by no means synonymous; so a much closer observation and analysis of the conditions began to be made, and at this date spinners' stocks of raw cotton are followed as vigilantly as the deliveries, or even more so. We use this piece of history simply as an illustration. The experience of that year and the facts which subsequent investigations have brought out, have greatly simplified the pi'oblem of consumption. Yet we daily need more light even in that direction. Our information, to meet the re- quirement, must be aggressive, the result of incessant research. In this spirit we have endeavorc d, in subsequent pages, to push this inquiry with regard to the future spin- ning demand one step furtln^r, by figures and suggestions which will, we think, prove timely. But that portion of our work is secondary. Our first and main effort has been directed to elucidating the question of American supply, and here we have been compelled to explore in a field almost new. Not that there has been any want of reports of the condition of previous crops, faithfully made from month to montli; but simply that such reports of themselves prove nothing, or, if followed, lead us anywhere but to the truth. This is not said in a spirit of criticism. If any one questions the assertion, let him read tlirough a few years of such compilations, and it will be found that they are a mass of contradictions, and 12 OOTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. one will rise from the task simply bewildered. In a certain year it will be stated that drought has reduced the crop fifty per cent, or that rain has had the same effect, or that shedding has utterly ruined it, or that caterpillars have eatcm it up; and yet in those years, perhaps, and in those very States, there would be an abundant yield. On the other hand, another season, the veiy same summer and fall conditions may be apparent, and the sanie results pre- dicted and prove nearly correct. How can these statements and results be reconciled ? Not by pronouncing one in- formant false and the other true. They both stated what they saw, and intended to represent the condition faithfully. Neither had studied the lessons which the cultivation of past crops might have taught them; their report in each case was simply a reflex of the outward appearance at the moment. And in this connection we might as well note the fact which even the most cursory examination discloses, that no man can estimate correctly the extent of a cotton crop from its appearance in the field in any fall or summer month. This point is veiy important, because in the misconception with regard to it lies the great error of estimates. Planters of even thirty years' experience, in making the attempt, have at times varied over fifty percent from the actual yield. Many anuisiug illustrations of this could be given. We remcml;)er one of a farmer who, to use his own expression, "planted for forty bales." On a Sunday in August some of his neighbors paid him a visit and, as their custom was, went out to look at his crop. All pronounced it sure for fifty bales. Later in the month the plants began to shed, and the half-ripe bolls seemed literally to rain upon the ground, while the leaves drooped under the scorching sun as if utterly discouraged, no doubt imparting a like feeling to the behcjlder. Not twenty bales would that field pro- IXIRODUCIORY. 13 duce, was the unanimous, unhesitating verdict of these same sage judges; and tliey believed it so fully that the farmer immediately told his family to purchase nothing more at the grocer's, for his cotton was a failure. Late in September our friend wrote that his crop was actuall}^ turning out better then he expected, and he should not wonder if ho made thirty bales. In November he wrote again, saying he had picked thirty-five bales, and hoped to secure four or five more. When the season closed, his final report showed a total yield of forty-one bales. This is not an exceptional case. It represents the blunder of every person who attempts to draw a year's results out of a day's experience — not unlike the endeavor to describe the his- tory and achievements of a long war by an instantaneous photograph at a set moment in the progress of one battle. The first assumption of the careless observer, after study- ing the above case, will be that the extra yield was the fruitage of a new growth. Belonging to the same class of hasty conclusions is the remark, frequently heard, that if frost holds ofE for ten days it will be five hundred thousand bales added to the crop, and some, not to be outdone we suppose in romancing, make it a million bales if the frost will grant thirty to sixty days' grace beyond an average. In other words, the opinion of these wise men is that the frost is the arbiter of the yield. This is a very mistaken notion, for a healthy, regularly- developed cotton plant, like every weed or shrub, has a fixed growth, with a limit to it, ending in maturity. The date, therefore, when vegetation is killed, has very much less to do with the result than most imagine, for all the fruit the plant can carry will have been pre- viously perfected. In 1875, ice formed at Memphis (see Chronicle of October IG, 1875, page 375,) on Monday and Tuesday nights, the 11th and 12th of October; the Mem- COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. j)his Cotton Exchange report issued in Novemljer states that, out of all their correspondents in Tennessee, Mississippi and Arkansas, being 154 in all, eighty, or more than one- half, '< report a killing frost from the Oth to tlia 20th "of October, the average date being October 14th." And yet, notwithstanding frost came so early, Memphis received of the crop of that year 487,376 bales, being over 160,000 l)ales more than in tlie previous year, and over 100,000 l^ales more than in 1871-2, when the date of frost was November 1 7, the very latest in that district of any year in our record. Certainly there was something in the growth of the summer of 1875 which even an early killing could not destroy; and when we come to consider the weather data of that autumn we shall also find that even floods of rain, equal to those of 1877 at very many points, had not their accustomed power over it. ' It was not, therefore, out of a second growth, as it is called, nor out of a prolonged autumn, that our friend se- cured so good a crop. All he ever knew or understood was that he made it, and from plants that aliout the first of September looked to him and his friends, in every par- ticular, like those of a previous year which proved a failure. And in that apparent conti-adiction between results and conditions lies the very point upon which we desire our investigations to throw light. A¥e call cotton a dry- weatiier plant, and so it is; but the drought it passes suc- cessfully through one year will perhaps almost kill it the next. It is said that rain is its destruction; and yet a crop is often made of surprising proportions which has endured just such floods of rain as another crop succumbs to, of apparently equal promise. To test, therefore, all our con- clusions relating to these matters, we need facts which shall reflect past experience through a series of years, from the first ploughing of the field to the picking of the last boll; and IXTRODUCTORT. 15 we need to apply sucli facts to the nature, habits and pro- duction of the plant, so as to bring out as far as possible the reasons for the failure and success of different crops during those seasons. This is what we have attempted to do in later pages. As a prelinainary, however, we have investigated anew the problem of acreage, showing and proving its growth or progress in the past and its extent and produc- tion during recent years, thus giving the data for deter- mining the outside limits or possibilities of any season. After that, follows a detailed account of the routine in cultivation during the first six months ; this includes a recital of the methods of preparing the soil, planting the seed, working the crop, with a history of the early growth, the diseases and dangers encountered at that period, and the nature and kind of labor necessary in securing a stand. This detail may at first sight appear unnecessary, but is really the basis of our inquiry, as these facts, disclosing the weaknesses and strength of the cotton plant, prepare us to study and understand the data subse- quently given of weather and growth while passing through these many stages of development, thus enabling us to de- termine with great accuracy the effect of certain peculi- arities of weather and the reasons for it, and also what has been the precise condition of the several crops on the fii'st of July. In subsequent chapters we similarly analyze and examine the last six months of each year. Young life is synonymous with weakness and frailty. All plants then need nursing, protection, cultivation. Every faithful gardener watches over and tends his seed when once planted; if the weather is dry, he waters it; if cold, he covers it; if wet, he protects it. And when the little shoot has pushed above the ground, his care increases lest insects shall pierce or weeds choke or rain blight the 16 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 1 1- tender growth. He could omit much of this labor if he were content in getting only sickly plants, irregularly estab- lislied. His aim, however, is to secure an abundant crop, which he knows is only attainable through a perfect early development; but when such a development is gained, he considers the time of trial and doubt passed, the harvest as- sured, and the plant almost able to take care of itself. Is not this, in vegetable life, the universal experience ? Of course, in extensive cultivation, with acres of corn or cotton, no such nursing is possible; the gardener secures a crop always, because, in his limited domain, he can constantly supply the deficiencies or irregularities of nature; the farmer, how- ever, is in bondage to the weather. If it is so dry his seed does not germinate, he cannot water it; if too cold, he can- not cover it; if excessively wet, he cannot protect it. So, also, when tlie plants are up, they need care and cultiva- tion, but can receive it only if the weather permits. Con- sequently, his crops will sometimes be well started and sometimes poorly started. And precisely here lies the point of first interest. The cotton plant in June is brought to a stand; in suitable weather the stand is strong, clean and healthy; in unsuitable weather it is weak, grassy and sickly. The inquiry suggested is, how far does the stand or the condition on the first of July control the yield. Can a weak, sickly stand ever be cured ? Does a strong, healthy stand, within any definable limits, guarantee a successful season ? For answers to these questions, wo must refer to the facts given; first, as to the early growth of the plant, next, with regard to the summer development and trials, and finally as to the maturing, picking and marketing of the crop. All the explanations and data 'included under these heads are needed to enforce the truth which the facts appear to disclose. After carefully studying them, the reader mav find much less contradiction than heretofore IXTRODTJCTORY. 17 supposed between the conditions and results of different seasons. Tlie ancients represented the Goddess Fortune blind-fold turning her wheel, now up, now down, and fixing the deepest events of life with fickle impulse and random hand. In our day, cotton-crop estimates have come to be considered as peculiarly under ihe supervision of this same divinity. "We trust, however, that in the future this will be true to a much smaller degree, and that, wlien a few years more of accurate weather observations have been preserved, the ventures of the cotton merchant and manufacturer will be still less the football of blind chance. The other features of this book it is unnecessary for us to refer to at any length here; they sufficiently explain them- selves. With regard to India, however, we may say that our purpose has been to unfold another point in the cotton- supply problem which is but little understood. We believe the facts and figures we have brought together, will, with the help of the map of the cotton districts which we give, be found of frequent use. Next to America, India is likely, for a considerable time at least, to hold prominence as a source of supply, and hence we cannot fail to be interested in anything that helps us to measure that supply. The map, which is more fully explained hereafter, has been prepared under our direction for the purpose of supplying a want often expressed and widely felt to exist. Though not as complete in some of its details as we intended — and very likely containing minor inaccuracies with regard to the boundaries of some smaller districts — yet the informa- tion it does convey can be obtained from no other pub- lished source, and is of such a practical nature as to make it of special service to a large circle of readers. Whether the world's supply of cotton from India is to continue un- changed, or is to suffer decline or gradually to increase^ IS COTTON FJiOil SEED TO LOOM:. are points very frequently disciissed, and — because there liave been so few lielps accessible to guide one's judgment — often without knowledge. May we not believe that for the future these and kindred questions will be more generally and clearly understood. COTTON CROPS OF THE VNITED STATES. 19 CHAPTER II. COTTON CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES. 1621 TO 1877. Cottou Tree Indigenous in America — Cortes' present to Charles V., from Mexico— Cotton Plant first cultivated in Virginia, 1621— Wlieu in South Carolina; Georgia; Pennsylvania; Maryland; New Jersej'- Louisiana and Florida invent machines for separating seed from tibre— Pi'ogress in cultivation to 1793— Exports, 1739 to 1793— Cotton Gin invented, 1793— Bowed Cotton— Inventions of Ilargroftves, Arlcwright, and Watt— Impulse given t) Cotton production— Exports, 1791 to 1826— Crop in America from 1826 to 1877. Tlio wide subject of cotton supply may very properly be introduced by a summary of the production of cotton in America each year since its first cultivation in the South; such a review will, we ai'e persuaded, be of general, and, to some extent, of practical, interest. Previous to 1826-27 there were no complete returns, either commer- cial or official. Pretty full statistics were prepared in October, 1825, and also in October, 1826; but with 1827 the figures became more detailed and exact. We begin, therefore, with that year our tables of the crop move- ment, which will be found on subsequent pages of this chapter. It will be noticed that from that date (1826-27) we give every result in each annual report down to the present year, 1876-77, so that the reader has before him, in convenient form, easy for refer- ence, and covering the entire period mentioned — a full COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. half century, — (I) tlie receipts at each port; (2) the exports to Great Britain, France, and otlier countries; (3) the stock at the beginning and the end of tlie year; (4) the consumption in the Nortli; (5) the consumption in the South; (G) the overland movement; (7) the other lesser items, sucli as the cotton burnt, exported to Canada by rail, etc. In each year's column, therefore, each bale is accounted for, and beginning witli tlie stock on hand at the commencement of the year, we have, after adding the production and deducting the exports, consximption, etc., which appear tliere, a balance left, which is the stock at the close of the year. For the period previous to 182G-'27 we can do no more than to give the shortest possible summary of results. They liave no practical interest, antl hence do not come within the purpose of this book; but still, as in cotton matters we are all in one sense antiquarians, a brief liistorical review of the attempts and results of previous years will furnish a suit- able introduction to the years when more exact statistics began, and such a summary is perhaps desirable to com- plete the record. CULTIVATION rRO:M 1021 TO 1793. Cotton was indigenous in America. It was found by the Spaniards when they discovered the continent, the Mexicans at that time using it veiy largely as an article of clothing. Clavigero, in his history of Mexico, states that Cortes sent as pi'esents to Charles Y. ''cotton mantles, some " all white, others mixed with white and black or red, "green, yellow and blue; waistcoats, handkercliiefs, coun- ''terpanes, tapestries and carpets of cotton." Columbus also found the plant in Central and South America in great abundance, the inhabitants using it for clothing, and also for making fishing nets. It is presumed, however, that it was the cotton tree which was native in America, and COTTOX CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 not tlie annual herbaceous plant now grown in the South. Ward in his " Mexico " speaks of the cotton tree propa- gating itself there, in the same chapter in which he refers to the advanced state to whicli the inl^al^itants had eai-ly carried the manufacture of the staple. He nowhere men- tions the plant, but implies that the tree was tlieir only source of supply of the raw material. As to the cultivation of cotton iu the United States, Virginia has the credit of making the first experiment. This original venture is generally credited to 1G21. The seeds, wliich are supposed to have come from the West Indies, are stated to have been planted as an experiment, but the historian remarks that " their plentiful coming up '' was at that early day a subject of interest in America and "England." It would seem, however, that very likely 1G21 was not the first year of its cultivation, for in a list of articles growing and to be had in the Virginia colony in that year (1G21), we find mentioned cotton wool, at Sd. per pound. It could scarcely have been for the first time planted, grown, cleaned, and got into a price list all in tlie same nine months, at a period of our history when mov(^- ments, to say the least, were not over-rapid. It is >)arely possible, however, that the cotton tree mentioned above was before that growing and utilized there, and that the " cotton wool " of the price list was some of its product. But whether this was so or not, there can be no doiibt of the fact that it was in Virginia and in 1G21, or very near that date, that the first experiment in cultivating the cotton plant within the bounds of the colonies was successfully tried. From such a beginning the production spread, but in a very limited way. In Carroll's '-Historical Collections of South Carolina" mention is made of the growth of the cotton plant in that State in IGGG. Again, in the COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. same State, Mr. Peter Furry settled a Swiss colony in 1733, and brought cotton seed with him. In 1734 the seed was planted in Georgia, being sent to the trustees hy Philip Miller, of Chelsea, England. About this time, also, the cultivation had been extended more northeidy. In 173G cotton is stated to have been raised on the east- ern shores of Maryland, and subsequently in Delaware, and finally even in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. All this was of course in a small way, and yet it is recorded that the home-grown cotton near Pennsylvania was, about the time of the Revolution, sufficient for the domestic wants of the State, which, however, were by no moans large, as woolen and linen were then generally used for clothing. In 1775 the Assembly of the Province of Virginia, " in view of the changing relations with Great Britain," resolved that "all persons having proper land "ought to cultivate and raise a qimntity of hemp, flax and " cotton, not only for the use of his own family, but to "spare to others on moderate terms." Ii>tlie meantime, that is from 1700 onward, the cultiva- tion of this staple was further extended southward beyond South Carolina and Georgia. AVe find, for instance, that in 1742 a French planter in Louisiana, M. Dubreuil, invented a machine for separating the seed from the fibre. The need for such a machine would indicate tliat the pro- duction of cotton had at that time made considei'able progress there. In 1772 a similar contrivance was made T)y one Crebs, of Florida. But the extent to which the Southern States at about the latter date had developed this industry is best described in a letter by. Mr. Jefferson, addressed to M. de Warville, under date of August 1.3, 17SG, in wliich lie says "the four southernmost States make "a great deal of cotton. The poor are almost entirely " clothed in it in wdntcr and summer. In winter thev wear COTTON CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 " shirts of it, and outer clothing of cotton and wool niix(»d. " In summer their shirts are linen, but the outer clothing '■cotton. The dress of the women is almost entirely of '• cotton manufactured Ijy themselves, except the richer "class, and even many of these wear a great deal of home- " spun cotton. It is as well manufactured as the calicoes '' of Europe." Too much, however, must not be pi-edicated on this letter of ]\Ir. Jefferson. Cultivation was then, without doubt, widely spi-ead over the States named, but was still very limited as to the quantity each produced, the cotton being as yet almost wholly used to supply dome.stic wants. About that time, however, a change in this respect took place, as is well indicated by a letter of Richard Teake, dated Savannah, December 11, 1T8S, and written to Tench Coxe, of Philadelphia. In it he says: '• I have heen this "year an adventurer, and the first that has attempted, on "a large scale, in the article of cotton. Several here, as "well as in Carolina, have followed me and tried the "experiment. I shall raise about 5,000 pounds in the " seed from about eight aci'es of land, and the next year I " expect to plant from fifty to one hundred acres. The "lands in the southern part of this State are admirably "adapted to the raising of this commodity. The climate "is so mild, so far to the south, scarce any winter is felt, " and — another grand advantage — whites can be employed. "The labor is not severe attending it — not more than rais- "ing Indian corn." Tlius, from tliis date the progress made in cultivation was more decided. In 1790 it is recorded that William Elliott was very successful with a crop of cotton at Hilton Head, S. C, so much so that it gave a marked impetus to the production in that section; and in 1791 the total yield in South Carolina and Georgia was at the time estimated at 2,000,000 pounds (three- 24 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. fourtlis in South Carolina and one-fourth in Georgia), or, at 440 pounds net to the bale, say 4,.")4r) bales. Such was about the condition in which we find cotton cultivation at the period of tlie invention of the cotton gin, in 1793. But, before proceeding further, let us note the early- beginnings in the export movement, l:)ringing that account down to the same date. EXPORT MOVEMENT FROM 1739 TO 1793. The following is a brief statement of events in this department of the trade, so far as we have been able to collect the facts, down to 1793: 1739— Samuel Auspourguer, a Swiss living iu Georgia, took over to Loiulou, at the time of the controversy about the iutroduetion of slaves, a sample of cotton raised by him in Georgia. This we - may call, iji the ab.sence of a better starting point, the first export. 1747— During this year several bags of cotton, valued at £3 lis. 5(1. per bag, were exported from Charleston. Doubts as to this being of American growth have been expressed, but as cotton had been cultivated in South Carolina for mauj' years, there does not seem to be any reason for such doubts. Besides, English writers mention it as an import of Carolina cotton. 1753 — "Some cotton" is mentioned among the exports of Carolina in 1753, and of Charleston iu 1757 ; and a London publication in 1762, quoted iu " Bishop's Histoi-y of American Manufactures," says : " What cotton and silk both the Carolinas send us is excel- " lent, and calls aloud for the encouragement of its cultivation in " a place well adapted to raise both." 1764— Eight (8) bags of cotton imported in Liverpool from the United States. 1770— Three (3) bales shipped to Liverpool from New York; ten (10) l)ates from Charleston ; four (4) bales from Virginia and Maryland ; and three (3) barrels full from North Carolina. 1734— About fourteen (14) bales shipped to Great Britain, of which eight (8) M'ere seized as improperly entered' on the ground that so much cotton could not have been produced in the United States. This act of our English cousins looks, under the circumstances, a lit- tle more like sliarp practice than ignorance. 1785— Five (5) bags imported at Liverpool. 1786— Nine hundred (900) pounds Imported into Liverpool. 1787— Sixteen thousand three hundred and fifty (16,350) pounds imported into Liverpool. COTTON CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 17SS— Fiftj^-elght tliousaua five lumtli-ecl (53,500) pouiuld imported into Liverpool. 1789— One liuiKlred and twenty-seven tliousaud tive hmidred (127,500) ponnds imported into Liverpool. 1790-~Fonrteen thonsand (14,000) pounds imported into Liverpool. We can flud no reason for this marked decline in the exports, except it uaay be that the crop was a failure that year. Our tirst supposition was that tlie eaus(^ was one of price. But on exam- ining the quotations in Took's work on " liigh and low prices," we do not see any marked decline in thf values of other descrip- tions of cotton, and the American staple is not giV(^n in his list until 1793. We would refer the reader to Took's table of quota- tions w:ii;.'h will l>e found in our chapter on p;-i -e-s. 1791— One hundred and eightj--nine tlumsand five hundred ^89,500) pounds imported into Liverpool, th(> price averaging here 2C cents. 1792— One hundred and thirt}--<-ight thousand three hundred and twenty- eight (138,328) pounds imported into Liverpool. It sliould be statetl in connection witli the foregoing tliat although the amounts named above are the imports into Great Britain each year from the United States, they were not in all cases wholly American cotton. Not till ISO'i did our Custom House returns distinguish home-grown from foreign cotton, and we were for many years importing as well as exporting. For instance, in 1795 we imported 4,107,000 pounds, and exported G.27G,000 pounds. What portion of the 4.107,000 pounds of foreign entered into our exports that year it is impossible to say; but the only reasonable supposition is that a considerable portion, if not all of it, did, since the total crop of South Carolina and Georgia in 1791 was estimated, as stated above, to be only 2,000,000 pounds; and it is scarcely probable that the crop would have increased during the four years so rapidly as to leave such an increased surplus. So also in 179G a very considerable portion of our exports must have been foreign cotton ; but for sul)sequent years they were almost wholly American. PKODUCTIOX FROM 1793 TO 1S2G. With 179:5 a new era in cotton production opened. In 2G COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. that y(^ar Whitney invented tlie cotton or saw gin. Pre- viously very rude instruments were used for the purpose of separating the seed from tlie lint. We have already referred to the invention of Dulireuil, of Louisiana, in 1742, and of Crehs, of Florida, in 1772. Each invention was })rohablv a combination of rollers, not unlike the mill long before that in use in India, of which the followmg is a representation : This, as will be seen, is a hand-mill, and was worked by the women. The two rollers were of teak wood, fluted longitudinally with five or six grooves, revolving nearly in contact. The upper roller was turned by a handle, and the lower carried along with it by a perpetual screw at the axis. The cotton was put in at one side and drawn through by the revolving rollers; but the seeds, l)eing too large to pass through the opening, were torn off and fell down on the opposite side from the cotton. This rude apparatus, however, did not prepare the staple for market or for use. Another operation was still necessary, wliich was called "bowing the cotton," to clear it from dirt and knots. This was done by an instrument called a Ijow, a very simple contrivance of wood, the elasticity of whicli COTTON CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES, 27 was increased l)y a comlnnation of strings. It was used by being first placed in contact with a heap of cotton, and then the workman struck the strings with a wooden mallet, the result being that the vibrations opened the knots of the cotton, shook out the dust and dirt, and raised it to a downy fleece. This contrivance was early introduced into Georgia, from India, and its use in Georgia gave rise to the term *' bowed Georgia cotton,^^ a term then and still applied in commerce, although it is now more than half a century since any instrument of that description was xised in this country. The following is a representation of the East India bow, which was probably the model from which our own Georgia bow was first made, though subsequently modifications in the way of improvements Avert; added.* One can easily see that with such rude machines for preparing tlie staple for market, any large increase in the cotton crop of America was almost out of the question; - See Bain's " History of Cotton jVIauufacture," iiages 66 and 67. 25 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. and yet the manufacturing industry had reached such a stage of development that it required a speedy and decided addition to the supply of the raw material. First — the spinning niachin(>s of Hargroavcs and Arkwriglit were only brought to perfection in abo\it 1780, and through defects in the patents were thrown open to the public at the close of 178."). After the latter date, and as a result of the setting aside of the patents, an astonishing extension of manufacture immediately followed. Sec- ond — at very nearly tlie same time tl\e factory system took its rise in England. Up to about 1785 cotton manufacture had been almost entirely carried on in the houses of the workmen. No larger apartments than a cottage were required for the hand or stock cards, the spinning-wheel and the loom. But after the improve- ments m machinery above refeiTed to were made, more room than a cottage, more strength than an ordinarily- built house, and more power than the human arm were required. Out of these necessities exteixsive manufactur- ing establishments grew \xp, which further assisted in the development of this industry. Tliird — the first steam engine made for a cotton mill was made in HS.j, but it was not till 1790 that Richard Arkwriglit adopted AVatt's invention, and not till 1702 that the first steam engine was set up in Glasgow. Tlie total number of steam engines in use in ]\Ianchester up to the year 1800 is stated by Farey to have been 32, of 430 horse-powei'. From the latter date the adoption of steam as a motive power in cotton factories was more rapid. Thus at about the time Whitney's cotton gin came into use, spinning machinery had re-created cotton manufac- tui'c^; the factory system had organized and developed its new life, and AVatt's steam engine had forced it into a vigorous growth. As our readers are familiar with the COTTON CHOPS OF THE UXITED STATES. 29 workings of tlie saw giii, it is unnecessary to describe it. The fact of its invention in 1793, its speedy adoption, and the subsequent rapid development of cotton cultivation, just in time to meet the growing necessities of the manu- facturer, are tlie points of interest — admirably illustrating the working of that divine law of progress notably con- spicuous in the whole history of the human race, under which each want as it arises finds its complement ready at hand. The effect of the combin3d circumstJinccs above indi- cated on the production of this staple in the United States may be seen from tlie following table of e.xports of cotton from the United States from 1791 to 1826, both inclusive: EXPORTS OF COTTOX FUOM TlIU UNITED STATES. Years. Quantity. Years. Quantity. Years. Quantity. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 1791.... 189.31G 1803... 41,105,023 1815.... 82,998,747 1792.... 138,328 l-<04.... 38,118,041 1810.... 81,747,110 1793.... 487,C00 1805.... 40,383,491 1817.... 85,049,328 1794.... 1,001,700 ISOG.... 37,491,282 1818.... 92,471,178 1795.... G,276,300i 1807.... 60,212,737 1819.... 87,997,043 179(5.... 4,000j 1820.... 127,800,152 1797.... 3,788,429 1809.... 53,210,225 1821.... 124,893,405 1798... 9,360,005 1810.... 93,874,201 1822.... 144,075,095 1799.... 9,532,203 1811.... 02,180,081 18C3.... 173,723,270 1800.... 17,789,803 1812.... 28 052,544§ 1824.... 142,309,003 ISOl.... 20,911,201 1813.... 19,399,911^ 1825 170,439,907 1802.... 27,501.073 1814.... 17,800,4795. 182^5... . 204,535,415 i t:i... V Hii.pa 1 79.T niiil 79(i inclii 1(», ;i (umntitv c f foreiifu cotton in tlm exports. } 1808 was tlie year of the American embargo on foreign trade. § Tlie years 1812, 1813 and 1814 were those of the war. Leaving out the years 1795 and 179G, when so consid- erable an amount of foreign cotton was probably included, it will be seen from the foregoing how I'apid must have been the actual growth of production in tliis country. In 1793 we exported only 487,60.0 pounds; but in 1797 the export had increased to 3,788,429 pounds, in 1798 to 9,360,005 pounds, and hi 1803 to 41,105,623 pounds. At the same time, with these decided additions to the foreign 30 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM: movement, the uses of tlie staple were being widely extended in our own country, so that the production increased in even a larger proportion. During these years, however, no full figures of the actual growth were kept. COTTON PRODUCTION FROM 1825 TO 1877. The first attempt at a crop report approaclung complete ness was made in October, 1825,. when the totals for the previous year, as well as the year closing at that time, were given. In. October, 1826, the second report was made, and in the following Octobi^r (1827) full statistics were prepared, not only of production, but also of the exports and Northern consumption. In the latter year the Northern consumption reached 103,483 bales, and it probably did not vary much from that amount in 1825. The crops for the three years, from. 1824 to 1826, may be stated as follows: Year eudeil October 1. 1824. 1825 1826 NeM' Orleans 126,481 4,500 44,924 152,735 134,518 4(),000 200,453 3,000 58,796 138,000 97,000 72,000 251,959 2 817 74,201 Geor<;iii 190,592 South Ciiroliua 111,978 Noi'tli Cai'oliua 88.480 T()( ill crop, bales E.stimatecl Northern consumptiou 509,158 100,000 569,249 100,000 720,027 100.000 Leaving^ for export 409,158 469,249 620,027 As the exports given on the previous page are for the calendar year and these figures are for the crop year, no comparTson between thorn can be made. Commencing with the following season, a very convenient summary of every item of each statement, down to Sept. 1, 1877, will be found on succeeding pages. Until 1841-42 the crop year was brought down to October 1 ; after that it was changed so as to close as at present, September 1. COTTON CROPS OF THE rXITED STATES. 31 00 » O 10 rH CO CO 1 CO o t> CO 1 ■o CO C5 CO CO • lO CO O Cl 1- C) -f O -T CO -r< rH C-. o X CO CO ; CO ; o CO ^l ''i **. ^. ^ " "*" -I< rH LO I- '^ 01 rH CO . CO ■ '^i 1 CO CO o' o' -H -T co' cT co' o' d t- t~ t-" t- co" '■ d • 00 CO CO OD t- CI Cl O I- CO O Cl CO CO c: ■ Cl ; rj( r- CI rH -* o CO Cl X X rH ■ r-( H '-' r-l O 01 t- .-' r-. 1.0 1- X ffl rH X t^ ^ 1 o o ■ o CI CO o r^ M o Cl M I- -f o t- 01 Ol o o ; o ! o CJ rf O 00 ^ O O » -i<_ rH 01 CO Ol in ' X X • LO 1 rH CO t^ CO •-: CI 1.0 Cl t~ x* t- co" T-H y-^ 1 co" : CO ■ rH CO Cl CO I- 1- Cl Cl Cl CO CO O '5' o a 1 I- ; l~ ! ''' CO rH Cl rH CO a CO 01 X X ^ O >0 -O 01 CO o o t- X C-. CO CO CO t- o 10 • CO *~* -It O «5 O 1^ CO CC -H rH 01 CO X o t^ -f '. -I* : 01 CO 1ft CO 1-1 1.0 O --1 -Jt 00 1-; o c t- CO r-l^ ■ "*. 1 o » CO lO O CO CO 'O •X of I- 1- cT Cl x" '. x '■ d CO CO CO C/. CO rH -H 01 CO rJ Cl Cl i~ I- O ; CO ; ^ 00 rH Cl rH TT rH CO r-l I' i- rH d Ol O rH t^ t^ rf rC rt CO rH 0! CO 01 -f 01 Cl CO X O O l^ rH CO CO 01 -Jt rH C» -H rH 01 a 1—i \ o a CO CO IC 00 -H l^ CO O CO l^ t- 01^ l^ LO r-t 1.0 ■ 1^ '■. *:. a O lO CO CO O 01 -f CO lo d 01 CO X CO :^ t> d' 7i CO CO CO i-O O 10 !>. O O Tf CO .-0 Cl ; CI 00 rH 01 rH rO o O 01 « X '"' r-i lO c o o -c -H -? -^ rH rH X o "^ Cl Cl ■ Cl cj rH O CO O -f O — -f o 01 t- o ^ X' ; X : « o lO lO C0_ O ^__ Cl co_ t- O X rH q_ Q ■ lO ' 1 (X> d rH o 'O -^" cT c !>• r£ -f co" o" C2 of ; cf ■ » 01 tH CO C5 1< t~ CO o O X CO -ji -)f O ; o ' rH 00 rH 01 Cl 00 Tt( rH t- t- 1 01 ■ CO O O CO CO CO CO O X o c CO ~^ oc Cl CO -H -t< CO CO 9 -f rH CO o o cr. ; d (M I- t- C; 0_ rH I- '". 1-: q o lO LO 1^ t- c^^ CO co' -j" -f d rH x" CO Q d d' ; o CI L- o ir: c- O Cl 01 r- C) Q o 01 : 1 00 r-l rH CO l^ ^ rH CO CO r-< • ■ 1 rH ; O O CO I- O ,^ ~ "1 t- X X CO ; CO : : ! K rH Cl O O 1- -n CO o o o Cj X ; X "^l' M co en -H i>. CO -L rH O t- t- T!* -* o Ol" cs co" '*'' c^ co' t^ co" 1-" d co' Cl co" 1 ^ CI rH L- CO CO M o ■ -H O rf lO lO o ■ b CO rH • rH 01 CO "" CO rH X X rH r- 1 c = ^ 3 = o _ c - - ^ O o o o -5 o; -i '5 c "c; 's "c; r; A . . . CO H H 2 : d : CO :5 ' .5 ■ t; • r-i a ? ' 3 ■ 6 1 CO ^ H ■ ^ ■ ■^ ^ C ; 2 ^ ; O c; ■- oL z P 3 i: • & to . a ;i s C J c S H o - M CD j2 ^ cs s 4 ^ i i 1 1 :: '3 J 3 c t 1 1 -2 3 OQ ft Hi g S ci - ^ ^ ~ « £ ^ § ^' .S ^ g fl 5 c 5 C 5 « '3 5 o H H ^ 11 i 1 1 ? 1? ^ u cc z 5 5'^ S '3 'I 3 o o '3 o o o cj ci o f H O O o ft ft a i7 >< >i fr- ^ \ ^ 33 OD E- ' 1 1 i) o o :j ;^ a a> ( J c p « P 4 « M P H P: 5 K W ^ w C- 5 . C ; CJ PQ - COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. -f O -T< CO t^ ^ c -f c c- ir t- 1 c L" a CO ; 1 ~: 1 O CI ^ iri o c; *! -T c rt c c 05 O rj( , ■n< CO O rH o^ c I- c ^ ? c l^ l> ^ I- . '^ rr i-( 05 ~f^ 1 O CO cJ cT ^ ir^ ^ C' c CO i> T— c c^ o" It Co" CO O C-I r-* o J/ ■^< 1- cc no 1 1- t- C5 0^ L'; CO GC CO CI ^ Tj< c- c^ Tjt r- cc GC CI j c iH ^ r- - O tH CI t^ c> -t r- c^ V. 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If t- l> c r* cc CO 1 IS \^ t"> CO 1 " •o CO CO o CI c^ of ^ " c ir c " o c: CO t- 1 CI c ci o' CO CI o o oc CO c c 1- CO L' CO 1 CI c L^ oo rH CI 01 ^ rj cc Ol 1 CI • c H r- rH ^'i t- t> 1^ rH c o C5 Tt c ir Gf CO l> CO c -t CO • CO O r- o O 05 CO CI f-< t^ cc c c -+ CO c: O Lr - CO CO CO ^ CO 9 .H CI rH F v-~ t- r-^ c CO IT c t- l^ __ C1_ co_ 1 " I'S O rH o c- •o t^ " 0- c o c CO 'o" CO CO CO CO CO ca 00 t^ t- CO t- t^ ■o t- CO CO Tjl X CI CI CI -* J(- t- Cl CI • c ^ Ji o o o IT CI CO oc or O r- cc ^ 00 • GO rH cr 1^ l^ w 1^ ce C3 - c r- t- r- c- or GO » CI CI CO CO rH rt o c CO 0- t> -f c Tt ^ -:* CO 00 'f CO " -f •^ CO CO CI c t- rH -* c c cc p c- CO cc C^ rH CO CO CO o C) IT o; )-H iC c LO -^ c T-\ ■* X CI CI -H i-O c t- CI o CI ' c ^ o o 1.0 y GO "^ -t r* CC c 1 ~ CO rr ■ N ^ in lO c^ l~ r- c c c c lO Gf \ '■; rA ^ CO t- CO CO t- Cft c- cr c^ -* c 05 V 't rf co_ 1 CO c<- -* t- GO ^'7 c: ■- ir cc ~ CO ir r- t^ CO o" CO CO '^ cj If^ c^ ^ It: c IT T^ IT 2 1 e- 05 1 0- CI X CI CI rH rt c^ O CI 1 c 7-\ 1- ■ rH 1 - r _ 3 « s „ „ _ . _ ^ - _ o c "3 '- r; "C ■tJ '5 ■5 "^ '^ n '5 "5 '^ -3 ■=; H V t: • 02 3 s e • ■1 c s a _5 CO H o 3 1 "b - 'r- > • as o 2 To 5 _^ c- -< 1 p a. 5 1 1 2 E )/ £ c c oc 4H 4J 1 ■5 0) 5 H r: a i 3 c > c > o ■ c 1 i- o . 1 1 ': 11 1/ ai X ■J- » a: oc x "5 ^ ^ ^ r3 i! .S -t-i a 2 1 4 " T "S o "S 'S 'l '53 5 H 3 5 H 5 H a -« c^ o u = a t. i^ 3 a o V za OJ CJ a y y y » K pi M M (H « M Ph W K « a o o K £ COTTON CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 1 r^ iH o c; cj ti C5 1-- rH X o 03 t- CI CO ^^ -f ^ lO t- t-^ •o O O CC O » t- M LO C f- X CI CI LO d 03 05 CO -f o^ o ci_ I- crj -f a CO O X o -i* 05 -^ X Cl_ CO X_^ CO T I- rH X o •j' ff o" c-T i-^ n i6 w X rH ^ ^ <£ i-T X 1-1 ^ cs" d cf 't en 1-1 1.0 -f CI n o t^ X ;; CO -« » ^ n" rH 03 rH M CI iH CO L^ t- X 00 CI iH Cl^ CI 'i* 10 01 '"' i-H '-^ "' 6 1^ CI lO T-( -f o -f -y 1^ c o t^ 03 CO C CI c- CO CO t- CO 10 CI CO CO O -< 'X O -<< c CO c o cr e c 05 -t ^ iH X 05 CI ■-a_ Cl_ "^ C5 iH 05 I-H c lo c o ir CO l^ l^ t- c- -)< 10 f- C0_ t- rH •^ O" Co" rH -f r-n" ,4' (C r^ b-" Cr - d c cf d -t d d r-' c CD cf t-' •f rH r-l O C2 -I< CI CO d 05 c^ r- .0 c CO ;0 X X CO CI I-l iH -* O O^ -^ CO c CO CD 'I' n* rH '"' r^ cf c " ! 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CO CO CI -H -i< X o Cl^ CI 1- » CO CO •* rH iH CI c l-f rH ■^ c;oxrHx-}*cox JO o 1-1 05 t- t^ CI lO 05 05 CO « CO CO 10 05 X ^ -t< CI o o 3 •H CO X CO rf 05 CI CI C X -* o_ -H a -f o_ t> ci_ co_ 1- 1- c l-;^ rH C rH t- co_ r-* rH rf tl 05* CI rH CT iH -<'' O 10 o CO ZJ d ■£ -^ d -I* \r \'^ Lo" iH -+ -)* r-l lO 05 3 X -O t-l 05 CO -f o~ d CI CI 05 CO CO CI iH Tf o_ CO CO -*__ CO rH o_ CO CO H i-T cf c T^ cf CI t^ CO -f ^ C LO X -^ lo c ir rH 03 . 05 C 1^ ^ 03 1- C^ CO iH O t- ^ -H LO o 1- c _t; CO CI y -f 10 CO CO -f -I* t~ O 'H CI -(<_ CO CO -- ■c c CO rH -1 CI c , 05 -f . -f lO X ^ cT m o" cf -f x" i> LO •■£ c X lO' X - lo" l- d t- t-" rH r-i -f iH O CO ^ -H CI X X CO 05 C co lO 1- t^ CO CO C< CI n CO t> ■o C CO r- -f '^ CI CI -«' rn" lO O O l^ CI rH o X CO c jp Cl CO 0- t^ CI ,- X X -f X t— * a o o -f lO o X o lO c lO -f t~ lO 1- 0- X X X LO CO 'f X X -iH_ 05 O t^ » -)■ co_ o I- I- I- CI -r' t-; CI C» CD o I*-" o" t-" CO co" o -f -* X 1-i ^ x' CO ir d rH r^ 1- 1-" d ci -f CI CI -)< « CI ^ CO 10 rj< C rH r^ 05 03 X CTD CI ^ CO X •o ;^ X CO rH CO C^ CI CI '^ -h' ■^ - a; _ 3 rS ^ ^ ^ ^ c z ^ c 1 - -. u, w - a H a ci : 1 : • g u a ; g ; : 3 io ■n ^ o 3 ■ ' a ^ a a H C 5 >5 •a : ^ s 'E -M ^ J ^ .i 5 .1 ^tat'- 4 Is t ■■ c p C c 5 o o CI 1 o a 1 a 2 e a r 1 9. 4. T 5 XT. c c 1 'A H S a ^ 7- £ 5 c 1 CO < u a. cS s ■? 3 ia C Ji o S = cctcsoccccxKo: '3 X o c ^ c "73 »■ 3 o a g 5: 1 9 i^ < g ? - fc^ coo ) 2 J5 a) a al Unite or lust 11 u Unitet =M a : c^^p^^^^^^ ■1 o P " a ^ ^ ^ c ^ P h|^ '3 '3 'S 3 3 'S 3 i H o H C2 . ^-d H a ; aoaooaijc c ,y Pi" ST ? H M K a. c pi ^ 6 PQ S 34 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. -fi e r« iC -f •* O lO I b- o o c) K i.t o -^ CO CI ;i ;: M o '", ^v ^^ ®. '*. ^ "-l ", ' '^. "^^ ^. T-' r-' -c* ■£ is 00 -J c' i- cT \6 H Cl '-' rH O CO -f rt K-. rH C o CO o m 10 -t l^ O M W -f -H O (^ -t< CO M M rH M CO :CCO«C JC5 © » O C5 l^ C) I- C5 ■*. ^"; ^\ '^. "*. ^ ^v '-, W 10 CO C5 cT lO O l-j' C^ O) «D -f t^ Tjl CO 00 ^ CO iH LO lO O CO (M CO C» rH CO t-^ CO O' Co' Tj< CO (M CO t- -^ CO o o O w CO f) 00 01 ^ -f -u ,T. O -f CI •^ 10 o -f 01 ,— « o If CO l^ 1- o 0) a- CO I- ■^ -f -f c UJ rH O CO r-, CO ,- r {-; CO -* -^ IT iH Ol 1^ 01 «) -1* t- CO r-t t- -f CO rH CO w Oi LO CI -K 1^ C) t^ CO 10 ffi lO CO 01 CI I- o_ C -H 00 co" 1-^ CO o lO CO -i< CO ::i o CT -1" I- l~ C -li CO 01 C5 Cl C 00^ C| l-^ C0_ 00 Cf CT t^' Cf rH rH co' lO* rH rH X O X' lO CO -* CO CO rH -^ O O I- O ^ L- O 1-1 t^ t- o rJ C LO 10 -* 01 CO CO COCCOr0r) a !-• :: « ^- o = « CJCOOwOOJO ^ ^ o - coo £ ^ C ^ -^ +H -w MH S 2 ^ tH C 5-3 2 ° P Export Export Export c o a ft S fc 3 ''^ r- r- "3 = ■2 3 3 -2 5 .£ H I I H I ■g COTTOX CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 rt-", i-. ^ -T* C c Cl^CO 1 1 LO l- 1 cr _ I C0_C1 1 COCOiH 6 ' c; 15 :c 1 - r-T ;£" ri' -f" "icoo 10" x'- ' 1 I- 1 - i ceo Clrfci L't i^ rci^ ;i -!• It -r l-l-l- 1 Tl 10 X CO X X W -? r-l L- t- ^ lO r-lr^ -J ■ '~'.. 1^ tCiH X '"' '"' CO ci co' ~> -c 1 1 . -f i-c:r.-T-:i.-:-T. -r-^3 eu--^ ~| ~;(^ y-l !^ Xir. 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'. a ^ • ■ ^ ^ -/ III 5 ■ ■ w .2 :-i X 3 -£ 2 a ■^ '^ 2 - - 3 5 '^:^5l^S;^52 ■5 ^ a = 3 il -^1 3 a 1^ -d 3 III ill •g-S-^-g-tr'S-ts-t:^ g'-r S 3 ■^ -"jl'P X •/: •/: r. ■/- f- r. /.'-' '3'i 3 •^ "S 5 2 .t-*-4-w^--»--t--4- p -taB 3 '"^^ ,3 .^ .^ -f^ +^ -*-|* .ii^ cc cc 4— -' ; .^ .^ .^ ^ 'i S'p T 'I^'Z'p'r'p H = 22 H 3 ip H P X X X X 38 COTTON FROM SJEED TO LOOM. The foregoing pages present a brief recital of the more prominent events and facts which together make up the history of cotton production m this country. It would have been of interest to liave further extended this sketch, or at least to liave noted the peculiar circumstances and conditions whicli attended and assisted in the speedy revival of this industry, subsequent to the war. But the crop statements we give since 1865 are really all that is necessary for our present purposes. In future chapters, however, we may have occasion to introduce some other facts covering that period. INDIA COTTON SUPPLY. 39 CHAPTER III. INDIA COTTON SUPPLY. PAST AND FUTURE. Early history of cotton in India— Herodotus— Christian era— Early exports of cotton manufactures— Extreme beauty and fineness of cloths— Rude machinery used— Cotton manufacture carried on everywhere— The reason for excellence attained— History of Indian exports to England and her acts of prohibition— Present spindles in India— Total present production of cotton— The monsoons and their effect— Map of India— A statement of each cotton district and its capabilities— Aggregate results— Facts limiting production —Other crops pay bettei"- Shipment from each district— Receipts in Europe — Bombay receipts and exports. Since India, as a source of cotton supply, has -ever ranked^and probably always will rank — next to America in importance, a few facts will be useful here, to refresh our minds as to its past position and future capabili- ties. And yet in a work of this description it is not possible, nor do we conceive it desirable, to enter upon a detailed account of all that is imagined or known with regard to the cotton plant and cotton productions of that country. Both have a history dating back several thousand years. Even at the time of Herodotus (484 to 424 B. C.) the inhabitants appear to have been so long in the use of this staple that their garments, when they wore any, were commonly made of cotton. That historian, speaking of the things for which they were then peculiarly celebrated (Book 11, c. 105), says that "they possess a kind of plant which instead of fruit, 40 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. '■• produces wool of a finer and better quality than that of "sheep; of this the Indians make their clothes." But, passing by the earlier records and coming down to a later period, about the Christian era, we find India engaged in the export of cotton manufactures. That stage in the development of this industry, where supply had out-run domestic wants, had been passed, and a large surplus was being absorbed by other countries. In the " Periphis Maris Srythcei,'" written probably in the early part of the second century, the author, Arrian, an Egyptian Greek, says that the Arab traders at that time made a business of bringing India cottons to Adule, a port of the Red Sea, and that a very considerable trade had been established in them with the ports beyond the Red Sea. He also speaks of the Bengal muslins as being even then of superior excellence. Of a still later date were the journeyings of Marco Polo. He wrote probably late in the thirteenth century, and asserts that he found cotton manufactured everywhere in India, indi- cating the flourishing condition in which the outside trade must then liave been. But not till we reach about 1G60 do we have mention of the extreme beauty and wonderful fineness and texture of these goods. Previoiis writers we have quoted, to be sure, speak of the excellence of the manufactures and also of their beauty ; but Tavernier, in his "Travels," written at the date last mentioned, goes more into detail at least, and we should think, from his descriptions, saw a more wonderful make of goods tlifin previous historians. He states that some of the muslins which he saw, or " calicuts" as they were then called, were "so fine you could hardly feel them in your hand, and the " thread, when spun, was scarcely discernible." One sort he mentions as being of so delicate a texture that " when a man "puts it on, his skin appears as plainly through it as if he iXDiA COTTOX srrrLT. 41 "was quite naked; l:)ut the merchants are not permitted to " transport it, for the Governor is obliged to send it all to " the Great Mogul's seraglio and to the principal loixls of "the court, who use it to make the Sultanesses and noble- " men's wives shifts and garments for the hot weather ; " and the King and the lords take great pleasure beholding ''them in these shifts and seeing them dance with nothing "else upon them." We have not the space to give other authorities on these points, and yet, as corroborative and undoubted evidence of the extreme skill the Indians displayed in their work, Ave may cite the Rev. William Ward, who was an English missionary at Serampore in the early part of the present century. He says, in describing a kind of muslin then manufactured there, that it was so " exceeding fine that when laid on the grass and the dew "has fallen i;pon it, it is no longer discernible."' We might lengthen out this branch of our inquirj^ almost indefinitely by numberless citations fi'om other authors. Suffice it to say, however, that all bear evidence to the one fact of India's early perfection in cotton manufactures, her goods having become celebrated the world over for their remarkable beauty and texture. This degree of perfection in manufacture is the more noteworthy when w^e remember what rude machines for spinning and weaving were then in use. There were of course no factories, or what we now call factories, in those early days, and, in truth, in India there were none until very recently. Every house had its spinning wheel, and the women of the household spent a part of their time ■ each day at it. Weavexs also were to be found in every village. Orme, in his "Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire," says, " on the coast of Coromandel and in the "province of Bengal * * * it is difficult to find " a village in which every man, woman and child is not 42 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. "employed in making a piece of cloth. At present, much '' the greatest part of the whole provinces are employed in ''this single manufacture." And yet, as we stated, although every one was a producer, and their cloths were unrivalled, their machines were only of the rudest descrip- tion. The following cut is given by Bain in his "History of Cotton Manufactures." It represents a heavy one- thread spinning wheel in general use, made of teak wood of the roughest cai'pentry, on which the coarse yai'n is spun 1 )y the women, the finer yarn iDeing spun on a metallic spindle, but equally primitive in style. "With such uncouth and cumbersome instruments it is certainly remarkable that results so wonderful were obtained. But it is claimed that this superior excellence was very largely due to the delicacy of touch possessed both by the men and women. Mill in his history of British India says that "the weak and delicate frame of the Hindu is "accompanied with an acuteness of external sense, par- ''ticularly of touch, which is altogether unrivalled; and the " flexibility of his fingers, is equally remarkable. The hand IXDIl COTTOX SUPPLY. 43 "of the Hindu, therefore, constitutes an organ adapted to '•the finest operations of the loom, in a degree which is "ahnost or altogether peculiar to himself," But we must leave this interesting part of our subject. There is one point in the early and later history of India manufactures, however, which has at present a peculiar and practical interest. It seems tliat after India had entered upon the export of her muslins, the trade had a vigorous and rapid growth. These muslins first went to the Red Sea only, then beyond the Red Sea, and finally they were so cheap and so beautiful that they found an entiy everywhere. Woolen manufacture had obtained an earl}^ lodgment in Europe, becoming an important industry in England. "When, however, the East India companies brought these inexpensive and finely-wrought cotton fabrics there, they wei'e caught up by the people and used in every way; for '• dresses for the women,'' " for children's frocks," also " for lining for men's coats and for petticoats, too." This, of course, crowded out woolens and other English home-made goods. At once the cry was raised that the woolen trade was being destroyed, for the people " wear foreign com- modities" instead of -'our own English woolen fabrics." The government was therefore appealed to and asked to " lay a very high impost upon all such commodities." So in 1700 an act was passed by Parliament which forbade the introduction of " India silks and printed calicoes for " domestic use, either as apparel or furniture, under a ''penalty of two hundred pounds," This, however, did not appear to stop the trade, and other acts were subsequently passed, more stringent, but for the same purpose. Still, smuggling continued, and the India export continued, and the complaints continued. In the meantime England liegan the manufacture of cottons herself, and the industry grew rapidly under the 44: COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. skill and inventive genius of the nation. Then she, in twvn, had a surplus for export, and freer tiude principles took root rapidly. Old acts of pi-ohibition were repealed and a more liberal policy was adopted. Now, in turn, English fabrics found their way inta India. Improve- ments in macliinery had enabled her tcv undersell the market. They quickly supplanted the native goods, so that India lost her ascendancy, and with it n^such of her former skill. But the inhabitants did not quietly submit to being crowded out of their own peculiar field of industry, and more especially from their own territory, so they sought protection against the cheaper productions of the mother country. These efforts were fruitless how. ever, and even a ten per cent duty on the irai[X)rt of Indian manufactured cottons remained on the statute books of England until 1833, we believe. Still, it seems that India's turn has come at last. As a measure of revenue, a few years since a customs duty on the import of cotton goods was imposed by the Indian government. Of course, under this all English goods nnported were required to pay the duty. Tlie net customs revenue of India, according to the last financial statement, issued March 15, 1877, which we now have before us (page 41), was only £2,475,530, and of this amount the duties on cotton goods }aelded £850,000. Hence, although Her Majesty's government is constantly saying that the "interests of India" (it might be added of Great Britain, too,) "imperatively require the timely " removal of a tax which is at once wrong in principle, " injurious in its practical effect, and self-destructive in its "operation," yet the financial officer of the Indian govern- ment yearly has to "regret" that "for reasons similar to ."those which prevailed a year ago it has been decided that "nothing can be done at the present moment towards the IKDIA COTTON SUPPLY. 45 "abolitiou of these duties." In the meantime, the tax, which was so easily put on, but is so difficult to get ofi, is very decidedly fostering the cotton manufacturing industiy in India, and the alarm of Manchester can be easily understood The India financial statements before referred to, of the Hon. Sir John Strachey (page 73), contains the following statement of the mills now at work in India for spinning and weaving cotton. We also have before us the report, for the year lSGS-69, of Harry Rivett-Carnac, Esq., Cotton Commissioner, and from that work (page 156) we take for comparison a, list of the spinning and weaving mills in operation tliat year. COTTON -MILLS IN INDIA. ludia Proviiices. Bombay Beugiil No.Wi'st. Proviuces Madras Nagpour Hyderabad ludore Total lu operatiou in 1877. Syiudles. 932,530 101,191 27,350 26,800 30,000 15,172 No 21,476 3,352 report. 8,390 100 275 44 450 200 1,133,046 ] 24,828 I 9,459 17 lu operat'n in 1869. Spiudles 338,000 52,500 390,500 3,732 220 3,952 This is certainly a remarkable exhibit. Probably the consumption of these mills does not fall much short of 300,000 bales of India weights. We notice that Harry Rivett-Carnac gave the consumption of the 17 mills in 1869 at 77,400 bales of 400 pounds weight, which would equal 82,000 of the average India weights. Such a growth in spinning capacity as this, suggests the possibility, after a few years more, of some remarkable changes in the cotton supply of that country and in its power to consume English manufactures. In fact, is it mere fancy to imagine India, with that natural "acuteness of touch" and '' flexibility of 46 COTTON FBOM SEED TO LOOM. finger" so "peculiar to her.self," recovering, under the stimulus of modern machinery, at least a share of the trade in which she once, and for so long, led the world ? Such a result does not necessarily pre-suppose that this industry in England will suffer a corresponding decay. Hand-made goods must give place to macliine-made goods throughout the East. Tliat movement is progressing constantly, and will continue with accelerated speed, permittuig progress in India and preventing decline in England.* We now pass to the point of chief interest in this discus- sion, and that is the present production of cotton in India, about which much confusion exists, because so little is generally known as to the exact sources of supply. In truth, it seems to be quite difficult to acquire exact infor- mation on this subject. The official India documents have of late years contained more details; but outside of them, though very much has been written, little that is of use to the cotton consumer is to be found. We know, for instance, that the India outports receive so much cotton each, year; but where it comes from — that is, what districts * Since tbe above was written w^e have received Messrs. Ellison & Co.'s Annual Cotton Circular, and give it in full in subsequent pages. The following table, taken from It, sliows tlie growtli in consumption of these Indian factories, and will be of interest in this connection. Spindles at work. Cotton Consumed. Year. Pounds. Bales of 390 pounds. Bales ^ week. 1861 33«,000 593.000 SS(i,0()0 1.12 1,000 1,231,000 25,350,000 44,475,000 66.450,000 84,300,000 92,395,000 (>5.000 114,000 170.tH)0 216,000 237,000 1,250 1874 2,190 1875 3,270 1876 1877 4,150 4,560 Mr. Ellison, in giving this statement, says that "it is not easy to a.scer- taiu the wtjight of cotton consumed by those spindles, as many of the mill companies have declined to till up the government forms with the necessary particulars ; but the returns received show an average of 75 lbs. per spindle per annum. On the basis of this average the iweseut rate of consumption is about 92,395,000 lbs., or 237,000 bales of 390 lbs., per annum." INDIA COTTON SrPPLY. 47 proLluce it, whether those that tlie next year are visited with drought and famine and no crops, or those that have abundant rain — are points famihar to a few, but about which the cotton pubhc in general have very indefinite ideas. For our own satisfaction, and to supply this need, which we felt existed, we have had constructed the map found in the front of this book. There are numberless maps of India, and we have consulted a great many, but have been able to obtain none which lays down more than a few of the cotton districts, and even those very imperfectly. Undoubtedly, defects will be found in our map, but we think it will be of more practical use to the cotton con- sumer than any heretofore published. It is the result of information brought together in very many ways. As a basis we have taken the " Map of Routes in India," published by Edward Stanford, of London, copying the boundaries there indicated of the three great Presidencies and the completed and contemplated railroads, as that map gives them. Our next step was to insert the Central Prov- inces and the Berars, as described and carefully laid down by H. Rivett-Carnac in his report above referred to. The rest of the information has been collected from so many sources as to make their mention impracticable. In studying this map and interpreting and weighing the facts we receive each season respecting the production of cotton in India, it is first of all necessary to remember the physical features of the country, and the local influences affecting the climate and the crops. The simple statement that this peninsula is 1,830 miles in length, from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin, extending from the eighth to the thirty-fifth degree of north latitude, expresses much on this point. But when we think of its mountains, not alone on its northern, but also on its eastern and western boundary, and through its very centre ; its immense «8 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. rivers, a result of its mountains ; its volcanic origin and its deep "rer/iif" soil (sometimes fifty feet in depth), tlie product of that igneous conflict ; and finally, its monsoons, bringing with them 150 inches of rain in some districts (at one place 600 inches) and from that graded down till it becomes nothing in others; — when we remem- ber that such are the physical conditions of that country, can we wonder that in our information confusion at times exists. The key to the mystery is the rainy seasons, and it is necessary, first of all, then, to consider their nature and effect. We all know in general terras that monsoon is the name given to the wind blowing half the year in one direction, and the other half in the opposite direction, and that rains follow it. The southwest monsoon breaks at Bombay and south of there on the 5th to, the middle of June, and a little later north of that point, and continues, with intermissions, until about the middle or last of September. An average of about seventy-five inches of rain falls at Bombay during those months. After the first heavy burst the weather usually clears up, and days of sunshine follow, which are improved by the cultivators to complete their plantings, the fields being prepared for the crops before the monsoon sets in, but the sowings deferred until after a rainfall. These are well-known facts ; and if they were all the facts, the question of raising crops in India would be simple enough. Prepare your land; wait for the rain; put in your seed; cultivate as occasion permits; then gather your cotton; — such would be the yearly routine. But, as with us, there are disturbing influences which do not make it either so easy or so su3ce33ful. First, even in the district tributary to Bombay, this southwest monsoon is somstimes very partial. Weeks will intervene during IXDIA COTTON SUPPLY. which the cultivators will be anxiously expecting rain, with scarcely a sign of it to satisfy their longings. Then many of the fields must be resown, and that makes the crop late; and even if the remainder of the year is fairly favorable, the later plantings are not sure on all soils to furnish strong, healthy and fruitful plants; or if the mon- soon fails to return in sufficient force, a short crop becomes a certainty. This is the first possible contingency which may disturb calculations with regard to the season's result. In the next place, the conformation of the land in portions of India, already referred to, is such that this southwestern monsoon does not visit at all some sections, and in others is a very uncertain . dependence. All along the Malabar coast run the "Western Ghauts, with an elevation at the highest point of about 7,000 feet above the sea. These hills or mountains appear to act as a partial cut-off to the rains coming from the southwest, so that over the country lying east of the (xhauts the rainfall is much ' less than on the western side, and it decreases very rapidly as you go inland. Cotton, however, does not need an excess of rain, so that Dharwar and Belgaum, for instance, are benefitted by their situa- tion, being shielded from the force of the storms, and yet near enough to the coast to ensure about forty inches of rain during the year, the average for all the best cotton lands. For the sections south and east of the districts named, very little advantage is obtained through the rains from the southwest. In October, however, the northeastern monsoon begins, and continues along the Coromandel Coast into December and sometimes into January. This is the rainy season for a large portion of the Madras Presidency, upon which the success of its crops depends. But the rainfall from the northeast is never as abundant as from COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. the southwest monsoon. The Eastern Ghauts, too, thoup-h not so high, yet act in some degree as the "Western Ghauts to keep back the rain, and frequently over a considerable section it is very liglit indeed. In this fact we have the explanation of the terrible famines, of which the past year has given us such a fearful illustration. Irrigation has always been practiced to a considerable extent in this Presidency, and, under the influence of late experience, renewed efforts are being made to extend the system, so that a recurrence of these crop failures over so large a section may be prevented. In the northwest is another extensive district, which also comes within what is called the " Dry Zone" of India. But to assist in understanding our map, and to make it more useful, we will give very briefly such data as we have been able to obtain with regard to annual rainfall and usual cotton production of each district, beginning in our review with those sections which contribute the least to the world's supply.* BENG.YL PRESIDENCY. Tlie cotton raised in tbis Presidency liiis iisuallj' been called by the general name of Bengal cotton. During our war the itroduction Avas very considerably increased under the influence of liigli prices; but since then grain, jute, sugar, rice, &c., have paid better and been raised almost to Ihe exclusion of cotton. There is a verj^ considerable portion of land in this Presidency suitable for this staple; with low prices, how- ever, there is little chance of its cultivation being again extended. The Presidency -is divided into Upper and Lower Bengal, or the Korth VV'est Provinces and the Lower Provinces. The North West Provinces embrace within their limits the celebrated Doab country, lying between the Ganges and the Jumna rivers. The Gauges Canal, which connects the Ganges and the Jumna, passes through the plains of Doab. The canal is used for irrigation and also for the transit of merchaudisc. In a great part of Upper Bengal it is so dry that cultivation is impossible, very little rain falling, and even in the Doab the rainfall is very uucertain and very irregular, so that the main dependence for water is irrigation. * The information contained in tliis summary of the India cotton dis- tricts has been dfawn from many sources, a'mi>ng them :— A series of a,rti(^h's on India in Loudon Cotloii ; Thornton's Gazetteer of India; Reports of the (>)ttou Gommissioners of tlie, principal cotton districts; Pulilie Documents of the Britisli-Indian Government; circulars of cotton merchants at the principal ports. rVD/J. eOTTOX SUPPLY. 51 Of these North West Provinces the Doab couutiy (which includes the Ouclej iiml the Buii, but a portion also reaches Bombay by rail via Sholapore. The foregoing information with regard to the Bom- bay districts, with the help of the facts, figures and Map of India given pri>vioi;sly, should serve effectitally to disentangle the India.- supply problcniT., and enable the reader, with more satisfaction than has ever before been possible in America, to follow a,nd understand, year by year, the weather and crop reports from that country pub- lished during tlie cultivating and maturing season. We also give the figures furnished by Messi's. Wallace & Co. of Bombay ex}>orts to Europe each year since 1858 : COMBAT EXPORTS TO EUROPE. Great Con- Great Con- Year. Britain. tinent. Total. 840,109 Year. 18(.;7. Britain. tinent. Total. 1877. 389,005 451.104 1,001,051 73.302 1,135,013 1870. 555,542 427,943 983,485 1800. 912,432 35,945 9 J 8,377 1875. 786,072 455,454 1,241,520 1805. 1.084,578 35.570 1,120,148 1874. 842.842 394,040 1,230,882 1804. 871,923 57,073 928,990 1873. 730.275 208,598 944,873 1803. 926,513 48.604 975,117 1872. 000,004 247,737 907,801 1802. 932,017 23.453 950,070 1871. 798,893 334,570 1,133.403 1801. 930.039 20,980 957.025 1870. 854,590 104,530 1.019,120 1800. 478,820 17,773 490.593 1809. 945,708 175.209 1,121,037 1859. 596,170 20,143 622,319 1808. 1,015.859 109,539 1,185,398 1858 338,224 12,178 350.402 Total 19,103,820 To the above we now add the receipts and exports at Bombay each month since 1872, and the }>ercentage of total receipts received at the close of each month. In this form the figures will bo of use in comparing and estimat- ing the movement during future months. The total's, it will be noticed, differ slightly from the above, having been prepared from the circulars of Finlay, Muir & Co. and Nicol & Co.; the differences, however, are immaterial. IXBIA COTTOX SUPPLY. (>3 s. o I - :■:; c I- M ._- 9 .H s; X p ! 5 j- O CO C5 — • X -^ ;i 01 W m IT i 1 i— .- >-( ?3 -T -J I- - -. z-. ~. c: r. o 5 222 2 2 222222^ J ,2 1' 2 •'-';'''-' -r'll'x'x'c ,J I I- ~ -■ ■-■. 71 -T( -^ Ci^ O :i i I o o ■4' ?i ro -rii^- ?) -ti C c: T* -f p o o o f » T" C X x x~ X x i; ~ 5 '5 ^ X ~"i — ' li ;i ~ c --^ TI — r ~i -1 =^ c-t T c X X r. c; c; r. r. c i S I * ^ ■'«:' r r - '~''~ '-''-'St* til 0":^Sxx5.HSc-!=iS i =• ^ b -t ^ -i x ~ " . ~ "/- X y «n I ^ _ j.) J- - 1 SJO-t-P-XXrHrH 'r-r-ll 2 I- -g 1" c -T ;: o -H ti ~ .- X c r. c; ^ "-I "-iMw X OHMTJIiri-l-M n ^,! loric^c; — c — c~co r; V ir^.Citcoc^-rrcxrcr^co k *-t*w"V^^'7I"^*'*-^j'*I'-"' ^ &<_ -.:)'T-x:r.-.r.r:c-.c-.^ O c'l 5 X f: TI r: J^ ' - ^ il ?: •* .-T c: 2 - 1 " — r. :•: .M -r s i o rji -^ II C -c o c; .^i ip c) 11 o O i lb i w -i- ih i -ir c; i» i 6 ! c c iH :c L': t~ X X X X c: 05 o i c _ ■M - Tl 1- 1^ O O X -i- X CO H ■M — o c X X CI ": t- X o 01 ■--ii-Ti.. ai-«xxxo;02 c i|i||i|||ip 01 ?i .7: lo :-: 5 H X rt rt rt S c» iiillllfilll p X'OC— 'lOM O w'-l'\'j'oi' L-X — JlXOCO-.-t iHi-lrH c -* t ^ £5^555 5 :5S ■c -c •-£ ^: r-, ir: ix-M" T M 'd* S LO'Tl' ; 1-1 r-l c x' CO OOOOO O'C C « 0C30 'c ai^cir-i'r-irfj: xc;oiox ! a rH » ou~ — ' 1 CO r: ^3 T lO lO k: rHt-i 01 HOI 01 01 01 01 01 01 cocoo c c c o c o oi'.o'r-'-" ; 1 S : r -c - -■ x X x' I- 1 - p c CO ._2 1_- X c 2 1:: " '- -^ ;=;,4o'iiiVH •3 O l^ C-. -H ~. X Cl CO 1-1 r-l 1-1 222222222222 OlrHt^rH (, a ooooco loo ; ; : & qo_ooco .oo . ■ . = 0»t>^ir:— "lo" ^x'co ; '■ '■ O TT 1-1 rH Tjl CO -:? 'r^r-l ■ ■ ■ 1^ i; S -^S >^ T -< X 5 ;^ a 64 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. S X 2 2 2 5 X S 2 2 5 2 O O O CC 1.0 -o -x M -li i^ C -H o 222^2222222- o J-. w I- -^ -^ ■* 1-1 e-1 7J n -i* 22- c 5; • o o o o c o o c o ; e o o o ;aiccx':o H T)< o; t> M 0222-22 2 2222 ?t c; 'C C: M X -f II — ' ~ '- 52 «S M X X lO lO O -t< C) rH 0-1 'f iH M ?! rt o o o o o o o o o c c o ■=2222 2 222 222 ceo coo coo oooocoooc occoooccc c N M r- rt r: i^ - 11 ^ c 1- 01 ec i> '- 'O I - X X c o c ti „ rH ^ r-i — ^ ~1 Tl ■M CCOOC COO COCO COOCCOCOCCCO o_ c_^ q c c o_^ o_ o_ c q c c cf-f ci'i^rH o'c c o c -T-i ei Lt r: r-( o 10 - i^ i- x c^ c coocoocccoco ccccccooccoo o o o_c c c c o o c o c^ c'i-^cxo"'M'-+'':r:oCL';''c Cl rH M CC -f n IH iH coooococccco cococcccoooo CC lO O I- I - C lO o x o -f -f I -f co^iH-«-irH-f 10 (^ xcro w r-H .iC0iOCCCCCL-l> t^ 222222 2 2222® ® rH x'io'"c'x"--<'io'"^:'x'rfx':'f I :o -:* C O rH 1 - X 01 C 1^ C O -t< -1' 01 -f lO C I- l~ L^ l- X X GO --I l^ ' - lO X :' — X 1 -r}( lO C O C O ^> n r ■-KM f-l T-i CCOCCCO ;C cooocco :o ^ _ ■ o O ■M 01 cooocco CO o 5 c 5 c c 5 c c "■2 ^ IXDIA COTIOX SUPPLY. 65 c, c 5 = 5 5 c c 5 c c 5 5 I 1 9xxxxxxxxxxx ' rH :^ ?; 5 X X X r. o ?. C" i s^ 1 "^ 1 s c ?i T -^ I- ^ -f ;m — ti r; 2x oc ciiiiSiiii •Jl j> ^ -.-__.-._._._ ^^ X g§X XX XX XXX XX .-h' -f -H x" ~ -'' C I:' O -t -f t- O -Ct^ 1-" C O H i-i M H CO rH - c-r -m" I-' i^ rTi-'M' c -.£ irTw y. C. C C-I -f U l> M M rt rH ;i 1-1 5 o = S X X X ; = " " ^ O ri iH l^ iH i-HiH t^ = X X X X §5SS8 CM C C I" •>) o o s H SxSxxxxxxxxS £ c 5 5 5 c : c 5 5 c 5 5 c^ ccix-i cc c'l-'i-'i-'r:'— ' ■-; c c c c oo-cccc = = - c q. in o xxxxxxxxxxx -H* t-' ^i j; XX C 7* -.c'-fir s C ? r 'c' -f x' C C 1 -' C C — " ^t' -^CCOI-lXKrH rir-l^l-l (m'sT-c ic'i-'s: ~' li -* ci X a. c r 5 5_ \ 5 c 5 5 5 5 5 | 5 " ^ .- .- j -^ : i T. ■£ 6 f t -' i~ '.'\-z-. i ■/ — * X U = c5 O — rs' CCtJiiO 5- r^ ; i^ « 5) LO Ji o ■£ 1 H 9xxxxx2x C I^ rr g ?. C ^ 1^ 1^ l~ X - I- I- t- X 1 - 1 ?i ^ t- § ^ r t-:- t^x X "3 gxxggxxxxfxx i C=x2=xSx;xx2 ci 'r: i = — ?i ^ n r- ,^ ^ ~ *' ?"- 'J; "* r "^ L;; " " '■'^ '-'^ rHrH^.^ 1 X cr -' -' -r r t' I -' "' ■■£ u-' I- i.t t-x--;x-^ri^ 9 2 2x5=52x5x22 ci -c -|i 1 - L- rt ^ ^ " .^ ^ " o 1 §5§SS§g t- in"-* CI X 2522 : S X X X ; i : -i< rt -'. « ►t t^ hourly inquiry is, how are prices to rule ; and the lirst in interest, because the chief element in that problem, must 68 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. always bo the probable extent of the American crop. Light on that point is, as every one will admit, especially import- ant. But there is no royal road for obtaining it. We can, of course, easily jump at a conclusion in accordance with our wishes, as most do; \n\t if we desire to act intelligently, our only way is to begin at the bottom and work up. Hence, if we would reach an enlightened conclusion with regard to the extent of any growing crop, it is necessary for II.S to know at the outset the 'possibilities of the crop, and that involves a determination, as nearly as can be, of the amount of land which has been put into cotton. The preliminary question then at once arises: — HOW FAH CAN ACREAGE FIGUUES BE RELIED UPON ? And right here let us say that we have no regard or preference for any set of figures, representing the cotton area, except as they appear to be the true ones. If exception is taken to those we use, all we woiild say is, substitute any othei's you may see Ijetter reasons for adopt- ing. Our argument is in no way affected by the change. There is a maximum and a minimum yield from any given area planted. Deduce those results from your own figures, and then study tlie subsequent portions of this book on your own basis; only remember that the actual yield of the past seven years and the actual conditions of weather are fixed facts and relative facts, and the like results can and must always be predicated on the same facts, whenever they recur. If you take a smaller acreage than we give, the effect, as to the yield of previous years, will be that the pounds per acre are proportionably larger. We most earnestly hope, however, that the oljjector will not satisfy himself with objecting simply, but will accept some figures of acreage, and work out on them tlie very processes we have worked out on these. Tliis will at least servo to place limits to the guesses which fly about ACREAGE IX THE VNITED STATE. <>. 69 our markets every year. "We repeat, therefore, tliat we do not wish any one to follow our acreage figures unless convinced that they are as nearly correct as it is possible for such statements to be; the rejection of them in no way weakens the force of the subsequent facts we present. But let us, before proceeding further, consider briefly what grounds there are for accepting as approximately correct the statistical results which have been current during late years as to the extent of land under cotton. It is well known that the first facts on this subject were supposed to date back to the census of 1870. If that supposition is correct, an error has always been made in the use of those figures. For if they were deductions from the census returns, they should have been applied to the summer of 1869 — as that is the crop covered by the census— instead of 1870; or, if they are not from the census, l)ut wei'o made up from returns obtained by the Agricultural Department, even then they could not have applied to 1870, as that year's Agricultural report is dated before that crop was gathered or even perfected, and hence before the yield per acre could be known or determined. It would seem, therefore, that the date of those figures should be changed to the crop of 18G9-70. With this amendment, may we not feel some confidence in their approach to accuracy. They were prepared at a time when there was no contest about them, and no interest to make the result large or small, and, as is believed, from data procured in gathering the census returns. AYe should say that sucli conditions make a presumption in favor of the substantial correctness of the statement. Nor does the fact (if fact it be) that the acreage is fixed now, through a second census or otherwise, at a consider- able increase, impeach the former census figures or negative the presumption in their favor. The two statements COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. are not incompatible. Growth is plainly marked on every industry in this country. Compare the acreage in corn, oats, wheat, or the spindles in cotton or woolen factories, or the statistics of any other employment or business, from any two succeeding census reports, and rapid progress is everywhere the feature, and in a wonder- ful degree. Or, if we confine ourselves to cotton, only pass the eye over the following statement of the crops of the United States, and we cannot fail to see that the increase in acreage must have always been decided. TOTAL CROPS OP THE UNITED STATES. Years. Quantity. Years. Quaiititj-. Years. Qnautity. Bales. Bales. Bales. 1826-27... 957,281 1842-43... 2,394,203 1853-59... 3,994,481 1827-28... 720,593 1843-44... 2,108,579 1859-60... 4,823,770 1828-29... 857,744 1844-45... 2,484,662 1860-61... 3,826,086 1829-30... 976,845 1845-46... 2,170,537 1861-65.. * 1830-31... 1,038,847 1846-47... 1,860,479 1865-06... 2,228,987 1831-32... 987,477 1847-48... 2,424,113 1866-67... 2,059,271 1832-33... 1,070,438 1848-49... 2,808,596 1867-68... 2,498,895 1833-34... 1,205,394 1849-50... 2,171,706 1868-69... 2,439,039 1831-35... 1,254,328 1850-51... 2,415,257 1869-70... 3,154,946 1835-3(5... 1,360,725 1851-52... 3,090,029 1870-71... 4,352,317 1836-37... 1,425,.575 1852-53... 3,352,882 1871-72... 2,974,351 1837-38... 1,804,797 1853-54... 3,035,027 1872-73... 3,930,508 1838-39... 1.363,403 1854-55... 2,932,339 1873-74... 4,170,388 1839-40... 2,181,749 1855-56... 3,645,345 1874-75... 3,832,991 18 40-41... 1,639,353 1856-57... 3,056,519 1875-76... 4,669,288 1841-42... 1,688,675 1857-58... 3,238.962 1876-77... 4,485,423 * Ye^us of Civil War ; uo record of crop. The foregoing indicates certain seasons, all through the series, when there was a set-back in production, generally following an extreme crop. This has been owing in some cases to less favorable conditions of growth; and in other cases to a temporary decrease in acreage, succeeding an excessive increase of the previous years, or .to both these circumstances. Progress is never uniform; it is always secured by just such pulsations, not unlike the rising of the tide, first encroaching, then receding, but in each beat gaining. To see the net result take a decimal period; and ACREAGE IX THE VNITED STATES. clearly — looked at in that way — the teaching of this state- ment of crops secured, is, that there must have been in each period a very decided addition to the land under cotton. Nor are the figui-es for the last ten years any exception. The oltjector maj^ urge in opposition the large crop of 1870-71 ; but the explanation of that is, we had an unusual season — every condition favorable — and the land planted produced all it was capable of producing. AYe have had no such season since, and still we raised in 18 7. 3-76 and in 1876-77 several hundred thousand bales in excess of that year. Does not this very fact then, even if wo had no other, furnish positive evidence of there l)eing now considerably more land under cotton than in 1870-71, and of course, there- fore, a still larger excess over 1SG9-70. The argument is this — and we can see no escape from the conclusion — that if we could raise but 4,3.'32,317 bales in 1870-71, with the weather almost perfect everywhere throughout the season, an^ with a very free use of fertilizers in the Atlantic States, certainly there must have lieen a very decided increase of acreage between that date and 187r>-7'J (our figures show less than IG per cent) to produce in the latter year 4,609,288 bales, with the conditions venj much less favorable. This advance, of course, is never equal in all portions of the State. In fact, we are familiar with sections where there has been no increase of late years, but a retrograde movement, and yet for the State at large the result is progress. Thoughts like these led us in the spring of 1876 to re- examine the question of acreage. Up to that date the only information had with regard to the extent of the planting in any season was simply a result of comparisons — by means- of percentages of increase and decrease — with previous years, starting always with the accepted figures of 1869-70. Of course each succeeding spring we were one step further COTTON FROil SEED TO L002r. removed froin our base; and as in the percentages, during those years, we souglit never to over-estimate the planting, the resuhs W(>re constantly and obviously becoming more and more inaccurate. In the spring of 1876, therefore, we started an investigation for determining what was in that and the previous year the actual amount of land put into cott(m in eacli Southern State, and tlie yield per acre. For several of tlie States absolute proof was at once found of the inaccuracy of the figures being used: — in three cases the evidence was through the tax returns and the county assess- ors' statements; in one case the Agricultural Department of the State had revised and perfected the figures tlirough its agents; and in one other instance there was a complete State census. We not only obtained all tliis information, but also sent several letters of inquiry (with blanks enclosed) into every county of the Soutli; and the replies i-eceived to them, in each case contained six special instances, located within the county replying, of acres planted and bales raised on those acres for the two years, together with the estimate of two or moi'e persons as to the average yield per acre. And finally, through returns from the railroads, we sought to establish the actual crop of each section of each State. We are thus pailicular m re-stating these matters now, because our results have been lately attacked, and i'. is only proper, therefore, in \ising them as a basis for our calculations, that we should give our mode of preparing them and reasons for believing in their approximate correctness. We may add as a further proof of their substantial accuracy, and a very satisfactory confirmation of our work, that the June report of the Agricultural Bureau at Wasliington, contained this sentence, "the estimated area now in cotton sllglitlij exceeds " 12, 000, 000 acres." If the Department has really passed through processes similar to tliose we have recited, and reached a very similar conclusion, our readers will scarcely ACREAGE IN THE VNITED STATES. be able to hesitate longer, even if any of tliem have before, in fully accepting our figures. We start, then, with at least this fact clear we think to all minds — that the acreage statements for 1874-75 and 1875-76, pi'epared as we have indicated above (although not free from error) are as near the truth as it is possiblq for such statements to be. EXTENT OF PLAXTING FROM 1869 TO 1877. No excuse is needed for dwelling at so great length upon the matters already discussed, since wo thus secure the means for impeaching or confirming the figures for 1869, and for establishing those for the intervening years. First, however, let us note the points in the problem which now appear to be clear. (1) The acreage results for 1874-75 and 1875-76, which were reached through our investigations, are substantially correct. (2) If the figures of 1869 were prepared from census data or by means of any other thorough inquiry at the time made, there is a presumption in favor of their accuracy. (3) But whether there is any such presumption or not. the simple state- ment of the actual yield each year given above, shows that there must have been growth in acreage during the last nine years, and this conforms with the general truth, proved by each succeeding census, that every industry in this country is constantly on the increase. (4) Besides this, we have positive evidence of such growth in a comparison of the two crops of 1870-71 ami 1875-76; the figures we have adopted show an increased acre- age between the two periods of less than 16 per cent, and no statement which can be made of the weather and other conditions surrounding the two crops, taken in connection with the actual yield, can be reconciled except by admitting new land in cotton to tliat extent at least. 74 COTTON FROM SEED TO L002I. IN one of these positions can, we Lelieve, be questioned ; and yet, feeling that upon a point of this importance one cannot have too much evidence, we liave puslied our investigations one step further- and obtained whatever par- ticuLars we could on the subject of every previous year's planting, back to 1869, thus determining as nearly as possible what has been the actual percentage of increase or decrease in each State each season. And first, as a guide in this inqxiiry, we have taken the information gathered at the time by ourselves for the purpose of making our several annual acreage reports; and second, we have supplemented that with new facts where we could ol^tain them. In this way, and after a thorough examination of the data thus collected, we have reached the results as to acreage found on the next two pages. We do not, however, even now claim perfection for our work; only this is claimed, that we have given the surroundings of each year's planting season as careful a study as we were able to give them, and the conclusions reached are at least sufficiently accu- rate for the purposes of this inquiry. The annual totals may be stated m brief, as follows. YEAIJS. Acres plauted. Crop, pounds net. * 3 » Bales iu the crop. Net weiglit per bale.* 1869-70 8,760,653 1,369,200,000 15S 3.154,946 434 1870-71 9,985,000 1,906.300,000 191 4,352,317 438 1871-7i2 8,911,000 1,305,700,000 147 2,974,351 439 1872-73 9,780,000 1,729,400,000 177 3,930,-508 440 1873-74 10,816,000 1,830,800,000 169 4,170,388 439 1874-7.5 10,9S'_',000 1,682,700,000 154 3,832,991 439 1875-76 11,635,000 2,035,800,000 177 4,669,288 436 1876-77 11,500,600 1,964,600,000 171 4,485,423 438 * These are tlu> net weigl'.ts of American cotton inipfU'ts into Liverpool according' to tlie Liveriiool Cotton Brolcers' annual circular. The details of these figures will be found on the two following pages. ACREAGE IX THE VXITED STATES. 75 Djoi; jscl spuiioj H c; cj o -;< c-l 05 CO f >>; 01 H rH I rH O i- I- I- ■5 ts o 9 o o o o o o CJ 00 C. r-l CI CI 05 -' ■"^ ""■ •"' '"' ■"I CI r-l rH '-^ O o o o o o o <-, o o Q o o o o o o o (^ (3 o <^ C3 o o d o q o o o d q_ c o d q CO H -- o m Cl CO o o CO t-i CI lO o lO o ^ r^ 00 CO •J.tOli ,1.5(1 spunoj r-i re O CI 00 « 1-1 01 l^ OD O O rH CO lO 05 "* O CI ■^ O Cl CO cc o .-I i-H CI Cl CI Cl ^ « » « -c CI CO C5 N c: CO QO ^5 c: » 05 O 00 -* o ^ CO rH d CI Cl )0 W 00 Li O C5 •O O CO l^ CO O iH lO w o L- m CO o o o o CO 00 CI 00 C5 CI CO ■ cr: o >n d 00 05 Cl CO g '3 S "i <^ U} O -^ r :5 = ^ h1 E-i <; H - o 5. "^ f» >> I § ^3 76 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. spnnoti H K O rH -sll C) C» M O C I'T' CI rt O O O CI 04 O) n O «0 -^ CO CO t) tH O tH C5 (N t^ -* o o --♦ CO -)< CI o "-t 'I" W C5 Ci t^ spunoj: I rH iH iH 01 H P3 C» CO o spauoj H pq lO O 'O •H O tH (M CI ii-5 ■* LO O C» 1^ lO CI Ci S5 00 C5 "-I -:j< CO C> 01 01 CI O O CD CO 00 in 3.101! ,If)lI ] spnuoj i H ca t2 :c oj lO r-i r^ CO >-i r^ o I- CO CO o in CO ci CO c) C5 iH iH iH OJ 01 01 i-< I rt o c o q q q^ o" o lo" o CO o OJ OJ l-O CO O CI CI (T. lO CD LO CO CO o I-: -I C5 CO CO -5 ^ ?C C3 & 2 =^ ~ — "CJ ■< r r "3 a c !{. r E- y. ^ a CO O r-l 5 o o ^ 00 C3 --I ■t^ CO « « B » ACREAGE IN TEE V KITED STATES. 77 The preceding two pages show then sufficiently near, for all practical purposes, what have been the acreage planted in each State each spring since 18G9, the actual total yield of each State from such acreage, and the yield per acre in each State. The item usually put in under " Other States " is in all cases omitted, as we could obtain no sufficient information for late years to make a just comparison. It Avas small and immaterial even in the figures of 1869, and most think it smaller and of less importance now. From these statements we see how the production per acre differs in the various States and in different seasons- That this feature may be presented more clearly, we give below the pounds per acre each year, independently of the other figures, adding, however, the acreage in 1877, which does not appear in the previous tables. YIELD PER ACRE, 1869 TO 1877. Pounds Per Acre. 1877-78. Actual Acreage. States. I- I- I- GO 1- in QD 1-1 I- CO I- CD r-l CO CO T-l I- l> c 1- CO rH d I-;- 05 00 No. Carolina 577,2L'0 163 185 203 194 176 171 223 204 So. Carolina. 893,760 148 153 183 177 136 140 170 160 Georgia .... 1,612,620 133 109 122 129 139 101 152 115 Florida .. .. 220,500 109 117 110 165 165 122 173 140 Alabama - . . 1,981,350 130 143 127 140 151 155 180 154 Mis.sissippi - 1,995,760 146 155 129 156 167 146 172 134 Louisiana . . 1,285,250 209 229 199 204 226 181 240 203 Texas 1,441,300 246 234 200 220 231 140 195 157 Arkansas... 1,089,000 238 260 185 194 227 159 260 198 Tennessee . . 725,200 184 202 100 188 190 171 213 184 Total... 11,824,960 171 177 154 169 177 147 191 158 Nothing could more plainly illustrate than the fore- going how diverse our climate is; and further — which is a fact of special importance in observing and interpreting weekly weather reports — that a good or bad season in one State by no means ensures, or is concurrent w4th, a good or bad season in any other. This latter point should always 78 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. be kept carefully in view, for very much of the error made in crop estimates has arisen from giving too extensive an ajjplication to comparatively local disasters. But suppose ^vith the present acreage (that is with the acreage of 1877), we should have in any year as successful a season in each State as the best in that State during the record we give, or as unsuccessful as the worst, what kind of croj), in each contingency named, would the year furnish us. This question is interesting and useful, because it covers a possible, though not a probable, con- tingency; that is to say, such a statement would give us the crop possibilities upon the present acreage in case of an extremely good year, and also the extent of dis- aster possible in case of an extremely bad year; or to express it briefly, it would show upon a fixed acreage what must be the actual extreme limits of the yield. Perhaps, however, it would be better, instead of taking in the whole eight years, to confine the inquiry to periods of four years, as that would give us two statements for com- parison, and one of them only would include the unusual figures of 1S70-71. Thus, for instanc3, the most per acre North Carolina has produced was in 1874-75 when the result was 203 pounds; South Carolina the same year returned 183 pounds, which was her greatest yield during the same four years ; to indicate, therefore, the possibilities and capabilities of the country on the present acreage we have in this manner grouped together this best yield in each State for the last four years, and also the best yield in each State for the pi'evious four years, and have worked out the following results on that basis, which, as already stated, may be said to represent about the largest crop the land now planted is capable of yielding, pro- viding every condition was favorable from the beginning to the end of the season. A CUE AGE IN THE UNITED STATES. POSSII5LH CROP M'lTII I'RESEXr ACUEAGE ON THls BASIS OF Best yield from Ig 73 to 1377. Best yield from 18C9 to '73. Pos.sil^ki S05 ■5 -r • Possible States. 1877-78. crop, if all 1877-78. crop, if all Actual ?! i^l^ fouditions Actual 3 5^1-1 conditions acreage. are favor- acreage. are favor- 1 ^- able. 't i: able. Lbs. Bales. Lbs. liaies. No.Carolinii. 577,220 20.! 266,308 577,220 223 292,546 So. Cai'oliiia. 893,7(J0 1S3 371,723 893,760 170 345,310 Georgia 1,612,020 133 487,450 1,612,620 152 557,087 Florida .... 220,500 165 82,688 220,500 173 86,696 Alabama 1,981,350 143 643,939 1,981,350 180 810,552 Mississippi.. l,9i)5,760 156 707,588 1,995,760 172 780,161 Lousiaiia 1,285,2.50 229 668,914 1,285,2.50 240 7ul,045 Texas 1,444,300 246 807,195 1,444,300 231 758,258 Arkansas 1,089,000 260 043,.500 1,089,000 260 043,500 Teunes.see . . 725,200 202 332,933 725,200 213 351,003 Total 11,824,960 186 .5,012,538 11,824,960 198 5,326,224 The other contingency mentioned may Ije ilkistrated by tlie following statement, which may l)e called the worst crop that, under any circumstances of weather considered possible from past experience, the land now planted will produce. POSSIBLE CROP WITH PRESENT ACREAGE ON THE B.A.SIS OF Poorest yield from '73 to '77. Poorest sield from '69 to '73_ i £t^ Possilile 1 Possible States. 1877-78. crop, if all 1877-78. ci-op,if all Aetna! ■(-* — +^ conditions Actual ^'^ Zj ^ conditions Acreage. arc unfav- Acreage. \ 5 3 are unfav- orable. 2 5» orable. Lbs. Bales. Lhs. Bales. No. Carolina. 577,220 . 103 213,834 577,220 171 224,329 So. Carolina. 893,7(!0 148 300,()28 893,760 136 276,253 Georgia. . . - 1,612,020 109 399,490 1,612,620 101 370,170 Florida .... 220,.500 109 54,621 : 220,500 122 01,139 Alabama 1,931,350 127 571,890 1,981,3.50 151 079,964 Missi.-^sippi . 1,995,760 129 585,121 1,995,760 13t 607,800 Louisiana . . 1,285,250 199 581,283 ; 1,285,250 181 528,705 Te.\as 1,444,300 200 656,500 1 1,444,300 140 459,550 Arkansas . . . 1,089,000 185 457,875 1,089,000 159 393,523 Tennessee .. 725,200 100 164,818 1 725,200 171 231,839 Total.... 11,824,900 148 3,980,003 11.824,960 144 3,883,272 80 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. Since the foregoing was in print the Agi'icultural Depart- ment has issued its annual volume for the year 1876, of which we have just received a copy. In it we find the full details of its revised acreage figures, now for the first time made public. Its report published in June, only gave the percentages of increase and decrease on last year's totals, with this sentence (which we have quoted above), that "the ''estimated area now in cotton slightly exceeds 12,000,000 "acres." In the present volume we have all the figures, which are as follows. AGRICULTURAL BUREAU'S ACREAGE FIGURES FOR 1870 AND 1877. STATE.S. Acres, 1870. Acres per bale. Acreage. Per Cent. Acres, 1877. Inc. Dec. North Carolina 009,000 945,500 1,515,000 105,000 1,732,250 1,970,000 1,200,000 1,483,500 1,133,000 741,000 117,000 2-9 305 3 3-3 3-25 2-0 2-25 215 2'2 2-85 2 1 1 2 4 15 5 2 4 3 584,040 Soutli Carolina 917,135 Gcorj^ia 1,530,150 Florida 160,0.50 Alabama 1,700,895 Mississippi 2,055,040 Louisiana 1,335,000 Texas . ... . 1,700,025 Arkansas 1,189,050 Tennessee 755,820 Indian Territory and other districts 117,000 Total 11,077,250 2-03 4 12,124,005 These results, made up by the Bureau independently and by a process in many respects quite different from that by which we obtained ours, and yet so close an approximation to them, show conclusively that our statements must be very nearly correct. It is satisfactory to have the ques- tions which have been raised on this subject thus finally and completely put to rest. "Wo close our analysis of our acreage figures by one more table, which is, we think, a very interesting exhibit, showing the percentage of total acreage and total cx'op raised in each State for eight years. ACREAGE IN THE UNITED STATES. 81 •posirj.i r-( CO ^ in t^ CI m t^ »I<).i.) 11:40 J JO 41100 .i.)j 't c CO CI o 1- 1 C5 O 00 rH rH m 1-i CO rH CO ■aj)« in 00 r-l GO CI rH JO 4 two -13 J 00 in tH 6 rH 00 m 6 rH CI 6 rH 00 9 CO 9 ■yo^iB.i iTtu.) 11:404 J: GO 9 o JO 41WO -Wd: 1-1 rH '-' •oSb "f rt CO CO ^ CO CI ^ ^ ^ pH -iijou i«404 -If lb C5 f- in in CI JO 41WO .loj i-t rH rH rH VOSIH.! (T0.I.1 IB404 00 CO CO in GO tt CI CI --0 CI 10 GT; r-t ^ CO C5 JO juao -I'ld: r-l rH 7-i i2 00 C5 CM CI [^ t^ GO CO C5 r^ N GO C5 -o.irn! 1K404 ira en t-i m CO 'f 1"^ rr m ^ w r^ c GO CO Q JO 41100 .loj iH ^ c 1-t •POSU!.! t^ ^ GO 10 in CI GO CI p- (Toio 11:404 in IN 00 CO l> c» CI <» in r^ ra rH CI Tt< CO ■* CO l^ JO \\h^^) .loj r^ r^ rH '"' *"' ^ ^ , M t^ ^ rr\ ro -f r^ CO CO 00 CO a CO t^ -f CO -O.IOl! 11:404 m GO ^ tH m CO rH c: CO JO 41100 .laj iH i-i r-i '"' rH ^ 01 01 GO to CD C5 Ift -f CO CI 'Jtl CI » CO 1-i t> (I0.13 113404 in t^ r-l CI Tjl CI CO CO CO JO 4n90 .laj iH rH rH rH rH ., GO: in CI T^ C-. -H CI t^ CO GC CI t^ a -* CO m -* •H* -f 1H -g-WU IT!J04 in CO ro r-l CO rH CR CO JO 41100 .KM 1-1 rH r-> r-i rH T-t -a H 1 .s c3 ri g s a el "3 5 s a a 1^ 33 00 s a 3 H e 02 CJ ii 12; fe ■< (^ HH e < H 82 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. We liave not compiled these figures with any purpose of expressing or intimating through tliern an opinion as to what the present crop is to be. Our processes and infor- mation are intended only as suggestions of thought to the reader, ratlier than as substitutes for tliought — to incite investigation, not to Kmit it. Thus far but one point in the problem has been presented, and the simple concUision from it is, that if an intelligent opinion is desired as to tlie probable results of any year, tiie actual acreage for that year appHed to the acreage and results of former years, as has be3n done here, would seem to be the first step in the inquiry;— an important step, however, as it sets absolute limits to the action of subsequent influence ;, favorable and unfavorable. But that is all it does. AVithin those extremes the final result is still in unrest; and to an extent this continues all the season through, yet not, as many appear to think, with the same I'ange of possibilities. The limits within which development or damage is possiljle narrow constantly as each stage of growth passes. And it is our object in future chapters to use the expei'ience of the past so as to detect its teachings 'on this very point; — that is, to learn from that experience, so far as may be, to what extent we may accept any fact or condition of growth as influencing or determining the season's yield. PLANTING— CULTIVATION— STAND. 83 CHAPTER V. PLANTING— CULTIVATION— STAND. JANUARY TO JUNE. Importance of Signal Service Bureau data — Cotton lands, how divided — Produ(?tion of each — Mode of cultivation— Trees girdled and ground prepared— How seed planted and fertilized — Old lands being re- claimed—Early growth of seed— Chopping out— Securing a stand— A good stand a good yield, Ac— Cotton plant tender iu early life and tougli afterwards — Its early enemies and diseases— Crab grass — Wet May and June — Rainfall, thermometer. Chronicle weather reports and Agricultm-al Bureau reports from lilO to 1877— Deductions and conclusions. Cotton cultivation covers four stages of progress: — first, the planting period; second, the earl}^ development, includ- ing the stand secured; third, the summer growth; and fourth, the maturing and picking season. In each period weather is the prime factor. To collect, however, the facts forming a weather record of the Southern States for a series of years, is a work of much difficulty. This is so because the data preserved have generally been so partial and local in character that, although they may indicate, with some degree of accuracy, the situation in special districts, yet, as a guide for crop comparisons, they are almost valueless. Since the organization of the Signal Service Bureau this defect has in great measure been remedied. Through it we have the controlling conditions officially determined; and by supplementing their observa- tions with the Chronicle's weekly weather reports given 84 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. during the past seven years, the surroundings in each district are pretty faithfully indicated. Yet, even such a record requires an acquaintance with the nature and habits of the cotton plant and its modes of cultivation, before its teachings can be correctly r^d. Let us, therefore, first briefly consider these preliminary points. Cotton lands in the South may be grouped under two great divisions — the uplands and the bottom lands. The former are sub-divided into light sandy soils, and red or clay soils, and the latter embrace river bottoms, basins, the banks of small streams, the prairies and canebrakes, and the valleys of the Mississippi River and its branches. A still further division of the light sandy lands is sometimes made, it being stated that if the native growth on such soils IS pine timber, they will generally produce only one bale to three acres, but if the native growth is oak and other hard woods, commonly known as oaky woods, the pro- duction will be about one bale to two acres. Red lands or clay soils are usually in the hilly and rolling portions of the country, the native growth being hard wood, and the soil quite fertile, producing from one-half to two-thirds of a bale to the acre. The foregoing estimates of production are on the basis of good cultivation, and cover the third to the sixth year after being brought into use. Bottom lands will produce from one-lialf a bale to one bale (and some- times even two bales) per acre, according to the age and fertility of the lands. Since the war, changes have been made in the mode of managing upland plantations. Formerly every planter brought new land under cultivation every year, and left the used-up portion of his old land to go to waste. At present, fertihzers on the old land keep it productive, and new clearings, therefore, are much less frequent. When- ever such clearings are made, the first step is to girdle PLANTIKG-CVLTIYA TIoySTA NIJ. 85 with the ax, two oi' three feet from the ground, all the trees over six inches in diameter ; and the next is to cut down the small ti-ees and brush, pile them in heaps and burn them. The Nortliern farmer thinks the sooner he is rid of the trees and stumps the better for his crops; but the Southern planter claims, that the decaying wood keeps his land fruitful, so the girdled trees are left to die and decay standing in the fields. There they remain for many years, dropping their branches from time to time with each succeeding storm of wind, until finally the old trunk falls, leaving the stump to waste itself away even more slowly. As soon as the girdling and brush-burning is completed, the earth is broken up watli a scooter plough, which is a long piece of steel, about four inches wide. This process is repeated several times, until the ground between the standing trees is pretty thoroughly pulverized. With such preparations, hardly half a crop can be expected the first year ; the next year, perhaps three-quarters of a crop or more W'ill be raised, and the third year a full crop. After that, for three or four years, the land will produce a full crop each season, but subsequently the uplands require fer- tilizing to make them pay for cultivation. The bottom lands will produce fine crops for many years by planting them in corn every three years. It will be seen, from this description, that the early cul- tivation of such a field must be largely with the hoe. After the thiixl year, however, the greater portion of the work can be done with the plough. A thorough farmer, if the weather gives him time, w^ill always use his turn plough in January to break up the ground. In March — or earlier or later, according to the section referred to — a shovel plough, which is like the scooter, except in being six inches wide, must be run through the field to lay off the rows S6 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. for the cotton, the distance between the rows varying j according to the quality of the soil; in rather thin uplands they are made three feet apart, on better soils they are j four to four-and-a-half feet, while in the valley of the Mis- : sissippi the distance between them is five to five-and-a-half feet. So, the richer the soil the farther apart the rows are : made. j Xext, the fertilizers are put into these furrows. Fertili- zers are used only in small quantities except in the Atlantic '• States, and are never put in with the seed, but in the bottom of this first furrow, as otherwise they would destroy i the germinating quaUties. They are supposed, in a general ! I way, to add to the out-turn of the crop fifty per cent. Xor ' does the effect all pass off with the first season, but in \ about the proportion of seventy per cent for the first year, I twenty per cent the second year and ten per cent the third ' year. Until the close of the war such a thing as putting manure of any kind on cotton fields was scarcely thought of. The plan previous to that time was to cultivate the land as long as it would pay; then let it lie fallow, and pur- chase and clear up new fields in the manner we have described above. Consequently, to-day thousands of acres are to be seen in the South thus thrown away, with the fences rotting down, the soil being considered too poor to cultivate. Fertilizers, however, have brought in a new era, and at present one by one the old fields are being redeemed from the briers, brush and young trees; for, when ploughed deeply and supplied with either home- made or commercial manures, though hitherto considered of no use for cultivation, they are made to produce now a half a bale or more to the acre. After the fertilizers have been put in as stated, a turn plough turns in the earth on each side of the furrow, leaving a bed or bank about two feet broad, raised two to FLA XTiy G— C UL TIT A TI OX—ST A XD. 87 three inches, the ground between these beds being broken with the common shovel plough. This leaves the land ready for the seed. Planting opens, in the earlier sections ] of Texas, in February, but later and later as you come east j and north, not beginning in North Carolina until after the tenth of April and closing after the first of May; so that the season may be said to be about two months and a half in length. Of course, in case of overflow or frost or a very backward spring, planting is continued later, sometimes even into June. When the farmer is ready to sow his cotton, he opens in the centre, with his scooter plough, the bed or bank we have described, and scatters the seed in ■ the bottom of ihe furrow sufficiently thick to ensure about fifteen or twenty plants to the foot. Patent planters, which open the furrow, plant the seed and cover them by one i movement, are sometimes used, but not commonly, on j account of the trees, stumps and general roughness in many of the fields. A cotton seed is something like a bean in its early growth. Within it are two leaves and a tap root, and after lying in the ground about a week the tap root strikes down into the earth while the two leaves open above, growing in a few days from two to three inches high, according to the strength of the land. During the next ten days two more leaves appear, and in the following two weeks from four to six additional ones. Then begins the process of chop- ping out. This work is done first by using a turn plough, with the bar side next to the cotton, and running it within a few inches and on each side of the young plants, so as to throw the earth and grass away from them and leave them standing in a ridge of earth only about six inches wide and two to three inches high. Immediately following the plough are the hoe hands, by whom tliese ridges are chopped through, cutting out the grass and i i 88 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. leaving only three or four plants in a bunch, the bunches being from twelve to twenty-four inches apart, according to the poverty or richness of the land. After a few days the same plough is again used, but with the shovel side next to the cotton, and the earth which was taken away is thrown back to the plant, and then the plough- ing is continued between the rows until the land is all turned over and the grass is either cut up or covered up and killed. This is the first and most important working of the crop, for if it is done successfully there will be very little more trouble with grass in any ordinary season. For about two weeks the plants ai'e now left to grow, then the ground is again ploughed, and the hoe hands follow, cutting out all the grass they can find and all the plants bu.t one in a hill. When this is completed, the plants are standing in the row twelve inches apart in the j)oor lands and twenty-four inches in the rich lands. The inten- tion is to have the land entirely covered and shaded in July and August ; and as the poor soils will produce a plant aliout three feet high, witli lateral growth of limbs about eighteen inches on each side, and the rich lands will produce plants from five to six feet high, with limbs thirty inches long, the desired result is attained in each case. A stand is secured when this working of the crop is finished, and is said to be perfect when there is one stalk to every three square feet on the poor lands and one stalk to every ten square feet on the richest lands. Of course, it will never happen that a condition so faultless as W3 have described can be everywhere attained. Bat when only one plant is missing in a place, even though the total should reach to one-tenth of the hills in the field, the loss is not as serious as many would imagine, since if the remainder are strong and healthy, they will, with the additional light and air, develop into a larger growth, fill- PL A NTINQ— G UL TI VA T I ON— ST A ND. 89 ing up, to a considerable extent, the vacant places, and thercfoi-e fruiting more abundantly. A much greater injury is sustained when two, three or more plants close together die out. One-tenth missing in that way would be an absolute loss, as there would be no compensating advantages. We have beau thus particular in giving these many details, because only through them can it be understood in what way and how easily the plant can be injured while young. In its early life it is very tender and delicate, but when well started it becomes tough and hardy, and a stand secured is a point of the utmost importance passed. In fact, we might almost say, as the stand is, so will the yield be ; that is, a poor stand ensures a short crop, and a good stand almost ensures a full crop. But this thought will need development later on, in connection with our weather record for the different seasons. Before we pass to that, let us notice the principal causes of irregularity and of sickliness in the plant at this stage of growth. These two defects are generally concurrent ; that is, a very irregular stand is also usitally a weak and sickly one. Yet it is quite possible to be otherwise, for irregularity may arise from several causes. First, the seed may be imperfect, either from not maturing jDroperly, or from being heated and partly rotted by lying too long in a very large pile when damp, or from injury received in some other way. This cause for a defective stand would be merely local in its operation, and not have any appreciable effect on the size of the crop. But, again, sometimes in the spring there are very heavy rains; these, niore especi- ally on the clayey and richer soils, cause the earth to melt, as it is called, and run together, making a solid mass, so that the seeds in germinating cannot bi'eak through the surface, and therefore die for long spaces together. 90 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. Then, too, the stand is often greatly injured by careless chopping out ; and sometimes on light sandy soils the moles in dry weather loosen the earth so that the sun bums the -roats_; or when the spring is backward and cold, tlie plant is attacked by the cutworm, a little later by the disease known as the sore shin, and by lice. All these troubles are as nothing, however, compared with the injury and harm done by wet weather through May and June. The greatest enemies of the young plant in the South, and also in India, are the tough native grasses. Crab-grass is the name generally given to this kind of growth in our Southern States. It runs along the ground, putting down its strong, fibroiis roots at every joint, so that one bunch soon covers and literally fills up several feet of ground in diameter. Of course, if this grass were left to develop itself, the more tender cotton plant would soon die out. We have already noticed the usual steps taken to clean the fields of this enemy. In dry weather there is no difficulty in doing this. But if the time for chopping out comes when it is raining, and the weather continues wet, this grass grows very rapidly, and it is almost impossible to kill it. A weed can be cut down and killed ; this grass, however, in rainy weather, does not seem to even have its growth checked by being cut up and moved ; it grows right on, and soon is as tall as the cotton above ground, and with roots deeper down in the earth. Under such conditions, the plant must necessarily become sickly; many die, others spindle up without branches, and consequently without fruit, while very many more are cut up by the cultivator's hoe. A wet May and June, therefore, are sure to be followed by a short crop. The only difficulty is to determine accu- rately the fact. Our cotton section is so large in extent, and so varied in climate, that exact information from all PL A XTTXn— C UL TIVA TIOX—STA XT>. 91 pai-ts of it is veiy hard to obtain, and a bad stand in one district is no indication of the same condition in another. But if we can be sure of our fact, we can, within well- defined limits, make some pretty safe deductions. For the purpose of illustrating this truth, we have brought together a detailed history of the weather and early surroundings of each crop since 1871. These records are made up from the data of the Signal Service Bureau, wherever they have a station, and where they have no station, from our Chronicle weather reports. 1S71. For the first six months of 1871 the monthly record of rainfall and weather is as follows : Rainfall at- SaA'aiiiiali ... Atlanta Moiitfioiuerv . Mobile New Oi'leau.s. (jalvoston Jan. 0-80 4- 15 fJ-50 13(!3 Fob. 4-(>8 6-20 5-57 30.'{ 1-39 Marcli. 60.") 601 5-84 9-7!) 611 April. 4-28 5-20 6 63 2-92 2-75 May. 5-22 7-47 5-77 6-lS 5-72 June. 8-20 5-97 4-31 5-18 9-89 11-74 CIIUOXICLB VYEATHEU REPORTS SUMMARY. Jamianj. — Weather generally pleasant, and favorable for farm work. Fcbruari/. — Weather more rainy in Atlantic States and iutei-ior of Gulf States, but le-s.s rain on the Gulf Coast. Ifrtrc/f.— Weather too wet for active farm work, except the third week of the month. Thermometer averaged 60 to 6'} in all the Atlantic States, aljout 60 at iAIempbis, and up as high as 69 at Galvesrton, until the last week, when it went down to 52 at Galveston, 56 in the Atlantic States and 49 at Memphis. April. — First week of April weather greatly improved ; A'cry little rain fell, and the thermometer went back to an average of about C6 through- out the greater portiou of the cotton belt. After that it was somewhat rainy again, except in a portion of the Southwest; but tlie last week rain was eonflued mainly to the coast half of the States. But little rain at Galveston ; more needed. Tliermometer averaged in the cotton belt about 68 to 70. The mouth was, ou the whole, favorable for an early start. Jfaj/.— Weather generally cold and rainy for the season. Rain in the Atlantic and Gulf States on about ton days of the month, and cloudy more days. May 11 it was so cold at Macon Georgia, that otu- correspondent telegraphed they had to have fires. The same was true at other points. Our Charleston correspondent wrote, under date of May 22, that " there has hardly lieen a night when flres have not " been found comfortable, and in no case has thick covering for beds "been discarded." Thermometer was reported at 52 at Memphis in our telegram of May 5, and averaged 59 for week ending May 12. Our Columbus, Georgia, correspondent wrote, May 15: "Continued excessive 92 COTTOX FROM SEF.D TO LOOM. " r;iiu8 iiiul coliT, frosty uiglits have created a uecessity for replautin-^, " some havinj; been ix'plauted a third time;" and ou May 12, oiir Memphis correspondent stated '• tliat the cohl, wei weather is making the young "plant die ont." Jane. — A very .stoniiy month o\<;r much of tlic South, with excesaive rainfall at many points Grass complained of greatly in parts of South Carolina, almost 'all of Georgia, and .nbont ha.lf of AUibama, Mi8sissii)pi and Louisiana, the plant looking weak and sicklj'. Our Macon corre- Rpcmdent states that the *' crop is complcti^ly overrim with grass," and that is a got)d sample of all the information from the districts iiaim-cL Galveston had some very hard rains, but the interior of Texas still com- plains of droaight. Memphis, Nashville and the most of Ax-kansas send much more favorable reports the last three weeks. FROJt THE AGRICULTURAL BUREAU REPORTS. The June report (iov the month of May) says— "The condition of the " grow iug crop i» below average in nearly every State. The spring has " been unusually \\ et and cold, retarding growth, causing tlie plants to "turn yellow and die, and obstructing cultivation. To a large extent " replanting has i-etilled the vacant spaces oi iniiKn-fect stau^ls. The '• weather has recently been more favoniljle, and ii is not imiiossible "that an average condition may be attained by the commencement " of the picking season. * * * * The percentage l)elow an aver- " age couditioDi is respectively as follows iu the several States — North " Carolina, 10 per cent; South Carolina, 8 ; Georgia, IS; Alabama, 17; "Mississippi, 10; Louisiana, 10; Texas, 7; Arkansas, 17; Tenitessee, 10." The July report (for the month of June) says — '" The July returns do not " materially change tlic cotton crop prospect reported iu June. Severe " raiu storms have cond)incd to obstruct cultivation and check growth in " the States upon the Gulf coast. The States of Louisiana, Mississippi, " Alabama and Florida average lower ui condition than at the date of tlie " last report ; the Georgia and Texas averages remain imchauged, and au " improvement is" indicated in the Caroliuas, Tennessee and Arkansas." The foregoing statements establish certain important facts ; — First — Tliat three weeks of April, and the whole of May and June (except the last three weeks of the latter month in the Memphis and ISTashville districts), were cold and rainy in every Southern State but the upper half of Texas. Second — In Texas a drought began in April, and, with the exception of tlie coast belt, continued with but little interruption through May and June, in the latter month becoming very severe. Third — As a result of these facts the plant eveiywhere (except in the upper Iialf of Texas) was first stunted, checked and largely killed by tlie cold, and after that by the very grassy condition of the fields; consequently the stands. FLA XTIXG— CTJLTIVATL OX— ST A KD. 93 proved in June to be weak, sickly and very imperfect. In the Memphis and Nashville districts an impi-ovement was recorded during the last three weeks of June. It will be remembered in this connection that the crop in 1871-72, on a decreased acreage of 10 percent, was over 31 per cent less than the previous crop, being only 2,974,000 bales, against 4,352,000 in 1870-71. 1872. The average thermometer, rainfall and weather conditions for the first six months of 1872 were as follows : 187 2. Jan. Feb. Mareh. April. May. June. Wiliniui^tOQ.. . Kainfall . . . 3-62 5-20 6 42 0-97 4-89 2-8/ " Ay. tlieriii. 43-5 45-9 48-8 63-2 73-2 78-3 Cliarlestou. .. ..Kainfall .. 3-78 513 9'78 2 46 6 30 1-87 • ' Av. therm 450 48-5 5 10 65 6 74 9 79-7 Augusta .Rainfall... 5 20 5-87 10-88 2 95 536 4-77 " Av. therm 41 4«0 500 660 740 79-0 Atlanta .Kainfall... Av. tlierm. 2 94 5-28 7-66 309 3 75 1-82 Savaunali. .. .Kainfall... 2 Oi) 405 10-18 2-75 5 22 9-52 " Av. therm. 4()-0 50 535 670 76 . 800 Montgomery. .Kainfall... A v. therm 5-83 675 8-50 417 4-29 2-68 Mobile .Rainfall... 's'eo 8-00 12 76 4-33 378 '6-33 Av. tlierni. 45- 1 51-7 51-4 69 2 75-7 80-6 Xt",w Orleaus .Ka nfall... 510 4-77 9-18 5-01 3 14 5-34 " Av. therm 48-7 5(i-2 59 2 70-4 75-8 80-5 Viclcsliurg . . . .Kviiif.ill... 3-24 5-34 7-82 7-79 13-23 3.82 " -\v. the I'm 42-7 52-6 56-0 69-2 75-2 81-6 Shreveport- . .Rainfall... 5-23 5-89 411 7-18 910 2-70 Av. tiierm. 40-7 50 54-4 605 73-5 80-4 ML'uiphis . . . .Rainfall... 217 4-24 5- 19 6-99 416 4-44 '• Av. therm. 35 430 47-0 640 71-0 760 Nashville . . . .R linfall... 2-32 211 3 09 5-91 3 09 5-17 Av. therm. 350 43 44-2 621 71-8 77-4 Galveston. . . .Rainfall... 4G1 2 27 2-77 5-96 2-21 339 *' Av. therm. 500 550 61-4 71 7 78-1 83-0 CHROXICLE AVE.\THEK EEl'OUTS SUMM.\UY. Jaiiutry.—Bn,v\y in month mild, -with rain; la.st week cokl, with snow and sleet almost everywhere, from Galveston to Memphis and from Mobile to Charleston. FcbriicD-y.—A eold month. Early in the mouth snow and sleet almost everywhere; thermometer, for instanee, averaged 38 the week ending I<\'.bruary 3 at Galveston and 37 at Mobile, &e., and 26 at Memphis. Subsequent weeks cold, but moderating gradually, thermometer iiver- aging at Galveston the next week 47, and 56, 59, 62 the three follow- ing weeks. Ifrtrc/i .—Planting in Te.Kas at end of month nearly completed; else- where backward, with weather eold and rainy, except the early part of the month. Four inches of snow at Memphis the third week and flurries of snow the last week of March. April.— Tho second week there was a severe storm in Alabama, which extended into aJjoiniug States but was le.s.s severe there ; and apparently another st orni from the northwest, which extended into Tennessee. Rivers overflowed m Montgomery district and very high in Memphis 04 COTTON FJi02I SEED TO LOOM. district, but soon re-ceded. Balance of mouth wcatlier very mucli improved everywhin-o, so that phmtiug made good i>rogre.ss.. Iii the Atlantic States fairly favorable all the month. Ji«.?/.— Texas reports crop developing promisingly. Very hoiivy showers in the upjier half of Louisiana, extending through the Vicks- burg and Shrcveport districts. Elsewhere, the first three weeks too dry; but last week splendid showers almost everywhere, having a magic effect on crop, and the montli closed with the start good and the tiolds clean. Jane. — Until the last week weather favorable, wich occasional show- ers, and stand reported good. Towards last of month complaint.s of too much raiu at very many points, and caterpillars at several points, but no injury done as yet was the general report, the fields being clean and well cultivated. FROM THE .\GUICULTtJR.VL ntJRE.VtJ REPORTS. The June report (for the month of May) says : * * * * "Planting "was generally delayed by a protracted season of drought, and flelds "that were planted late occasioned some trouble in obtaining perfect "stands; but the recent rains and renewed efforts in planting have " finally secured stands of average completeness." * * * * " The condi- "tionof the plant throughout tlie cotton section is very nearly a full "average. Separatiug the Atlantic from the more western States, the "former stand a little bs'low an average; the latter are fully up to a "standard of a fair condition- Tiie drought which prevailed in April " an 1 th.5 first half of May delaj'cd the growth, and the cold nights in the " more northern belt had a further retarding effect; but the abundant "rains and genial temperature which followed, have wonderfully "invigorated and advanced the crop." The July report (for the month of Jun(;) say.s: "The past month has " been generally favoral)le to cotton. Limited area.'* have been affected " by drought, but rains wei'e cpiite general during the latter part of June. " On the Atlantic coast, showers have been so frequent and heavy since " June 20 as to delay cultivation and promote the growth of weeds, and "grass. Before that date a season of comparative drought of seven or "eight weeks had been suflfere'l in a portion of this district, while other " counties represent the weather as having- been uniformly unfavorable." These statements sliow :— First — Tliat the weather during April^ May and June was on the whole very favorable for the development of the cotton plant, far more favorable than during the same months of the previous year. Second — That the stands in June were reported very good from almost all parts of the South. The crop grown during this year of 1872—73 was (on about 10 per cent more acreage) 3,930,500 bales, agtunst 2,974,000 bales the previous year. 1873. For the first six months of 1873 the rainfall, average thermometer and weather summary were as follows. PLAXTIXa-CTLTirATIOX-STAXD. 95 1873. Jan. Wilmiuytou.. Charleston .. Auj^ustii Atlanta Savauuuh. ... Montgomery. Mobile New Orleans. Vickslnu'g . .. Slireveport.- . Mempljis Nasliville Galveston ludianola .RaiulalL. Av. tlicrui .Kuiiitall . . Av. tlicriu ..Kaiufall.. Av. tlieriu ..Rainfall.. Av. tlieriii ..Raint'alL. . Av. tlierin .Rainfall... Av. tlicriu .Rainfall.. . Av. ilicrni. .R;iiiit'all.. . Av. tlicriii .Rainfall... Av. tlicrni. .Rainfall.. . Av. tlicnji. .Ktiinfall... Av. tlicnii. .Rainfall.. Av. tlierni .Rainfall.. Av. tlicrni .Rainfall... Av. therm. 4-13 50-'_' 413 48-1 503 44-8 3-36 " '3-56 49 4-i)7 53-3 4-lo 46-3 5-OG 49-.J 4-.S7 43-1) 313 42-.! 5-85 330 2 -90 3.")-4 3-13 4!»-8 1-81 51-5 Feb. Mareh April. Maj'. ] June. 5-.i5 51-(i 2-27 53-4 4-1(3 40-9 12-04 ' d-99 55-0 9-1)7 52-1 3-15 5()-l 1-93 60-5 4-4G 54-0 7-47 52-!) 8-98 44-0 7-14 43-(! (»-.")0 59-3 1-13 GO-3 1-OS 02-9 3-(»5 53-() 3-05 .'j2-.> 2-5S 4-37 55-1 4-.->l G4-2 3-80 57-0 .-vlO 60-1 l-<7 58-5 2-67 58-9 3- 14 50-0 4-11 47-4 2- SO 6,J-2 2-.U 6,"r3 1-75 71-2 1-33 64-5 2-00 64-2 1-96 4-37 67-0 .^-57 67-1 0-88 65-7 1-71 66-9 1-76 G(i-2 1-94 G4-8 4-87 60-0 3-59 59-4 2-27 G8-0 0-32 67-G 8-63 78-0 4-90 74-9 8-63 72-4 6-05 5-12 71-0 10-23 79-2 11-47 73-9 18-68 73-7 8-79 73-0 4-58 72-9 4-32 69-0 4-11 70-0 5-36 73-0 6-90 75-5 3-60 81-4 6-29 78-1 3-12 78-6 6-86 ' '4-6 i 78-8 11-08 81-8 9-87 79-4 6-68 80-1 4-16 80-0 7-94 79-6 6-o6 79-0 4-20 77-9 S-61 82-1) 3-74 82-3 ClUtOXICLE WE.VTUlill UEPOKTS .S[J.M.M,VU V. Ju>inar;/.—X cold month. On the 29tb thermometer at Indiauola, Texas, went down to 15. Ou the 19th it tonched 19 at Mobile and 14 at Montgomer3-, etc. i'V^;-(«fn-y/.— Continued cold west of the Alleghauies. At Memphis three day.s suow in the first week, and excessively cold and snow at Nashville aa I below. Subsecpieutly temperature moderated. The first WJjlc therm )metor averaged at Memphis 23; second week, 41; third week, 42, and fourth week, 51. In the tliird week there was an unusual rainfall, and the rivers in Alabama overflowed, and also the Mississippi at a few points. M tixh. — Weather generally favorable for crop prei)arations, the rivers fuUiug and temperature gradually moderating until the last week, when there was a cold tarn again, with snow at Memphis and Nashville, and frost at Sclma, &c. April. — A g.)od month for getting ia the crop, though too cold ani too dry for au early start. In the second and third weeks slight frost w.is reported as far down as Mobile, and some small amount of re- planting made necessar3' in several districts. Ifay. — Tlie first two weeks favorable, the flue showers doing good, except in the second week au unusually severe storm in the Gulf, especially at New Orleans. More rain than necessary the balance of the month, but not to any considerable extent actually injurious until the last wi^ek, and then mostly in the lower half of the Gulf States an:l the lower half or two-thirds of (reorgia. In those sections the grass had at that time become very troublesome; elsewhere the stand secured was from fairl3- good to e.^ccelleut, though generally backward and late in portions of the Gulf States ou account of the lower tem- perature in those sections during the month. JitHc— Too much rain this month in the lower half of the Gulf States and Georgia, and in the coast counties of South Carolina and through a comparative!}^ narrow tract from Galveston over Shreveport to Memphis. Grass troublesome in all those districts ; but as the rain wa.3 !)G COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. (over much of tlic territory named) not continuous but in the shape of sliower-s, better progress than anticipated Avas made in fighting the grass. Tile last week hi the Gulf and Atlantic States weather improved materiallj'. Chronicle acreage report, (sec Clirouiclc, June 11, l'w3), gives the weather up tv) June 1st in different StatL'S as follows. j'g_t.f(,._Early Weather cold, plant very backward in sDUthcru half of State, but less so in upper lialf. SIuco from about the 5th of May the weather has been all that could be desired. Loniniaiia—EM-ly weather very similar to the weather in Texas. Siuce lir.^t week of May there has been a decided improvcuient, and in the northern half of the Srate up to the last of May every tiling was progressing favorably; SDUthern half of State more rainy, so that in some .sections quite clicked up witli grass. Mississippi and Alabama— VAivly weather better than in last two States, but since then too much rain in tlic lower half of the State. In the northern portions there has been much less rain, and CDuseiiuantly the condition at present is good. Gcoroia—EiU-ly weather cold and plant backward, but by last of May condition of crop good, nearly all bciug chopped out, the plant small but strong and healthy. South and North Carolina— yivi^h the same report as given for Georgia. Tenncissi and Ar:cansas—£a\i.'mg whole of these States together, we should pronounce the present condition of the cotton plant good. FROM THE AGRICUI-TURAL BUREAU REPORTS. The June report saj-s : " Twelve months ago an increase over the " previous year in the cotton avea was reported in every State; an in- " crease over that of last year is now reported in every State." * * « * " The acreage ciiltiruted will fall considerably below that planted. A " cold, backward spring, causing much seed to rot in the ground, a " verj' wet May preventing woi-k and increasing the suliseiiuent demand " for it, and the impossibility of ol)taining sutlicient labor to subdue " over the whole breadth sown the excessive weeds and grass coiise- " quent upon tlie extraordinarily wet season, conspire to make this " result inevitable." * * * " But it will be seen from tlie extracts •" below that very generally the weather in the last days of May wa.^ " favorable, and there was a hopeful prospect that tlie contlitiou would " rapidly improve." Tlie July report 8a3's: * "■■ * " But throughout the cotton States, " tor a pe. iod varyiiig ftoni twenty-five to thirty-t ve days, according to " loealitj', and ending between the 20th and 30tli of June, the weather " was wet beyond precedent." >■ * * "In cousequence of this excess " of rain and lack of labor, weeds and grass have been overshadowing " the cotton plant in every State, and in almost everj' county reported." V,'o add the Bureau's liguves of condition for June and July since 1871. 1877. 1870. 1875. isr-i. 1873. 1 1872. i 1871. States. s 6 3 >^ c >. a ^' 6 t.^ 6 i ►-5 ►-5 t-S 1-3 1-5 ^ *-5 H; 1-5 H5 >-! •-5 ^-> ►-5 North Oaiolina. 82 8S 101 101 92 95 -9 102 85 91 m 94 <)0 99 houthCarolina . .)1 87 1 t>8 90 9'/ !ti! SI 88 8S 82 92 9/ 92 100 Gi^'jrgia Sit 90 UKi ur.i 91 9/ so 91 9t 94 90 l(tl| 82 82 Florida !)2 931 8-' 9S 91 I'll 90 Jt() 102 9i) !t5 102 103 88 Alal)ama !)() 9l! 91 100 101 102 82 92 93 85 105 10(5 83 81 Miss.ssippi !>1 9,S 92 it I 100 io;j 78 87 92 83 100 109 84 80 Jjouisiana its 102' 89 i)2 it.) 105 70 73 ttl 80 104 103 90 75 Texas i>l 9 1 90 itit 9() tt;j its 102 8«! 7s Uto l(t5 t»3 !t3 Arkansas ;)1 91' 95 97 90 104 75 it! !t2 i)(i its 95 83 ito 'tl 9o OS lOJ !t9 100 90 y; 90 90 101 104 90 its PLAXTIXG—CrLTITATIOXSTAXD. 97 "We may gather from the above : First. — That tlie start was everywhere late. April was a cold and dry month. The warm rains of the early half of May were therefore needed. Subsequently during May, and also during June, there was too much rain in the coast half of the Gulf and Atlantic States, and in large sections the plant was choked with grass. Upper half of all these States and the whole of Tennessee and Arkansas was in good condition. Second. — The text of the Agricultural Bureau Reports, makes the condition everywhere very bad, but its figures, even for whole States, show very great differences, and are, exc3pt for Tennessee, North and South Carolina and Texas, much more favorable than for 1871; its statement also that June " was throughout the Cotton States wet beyond prece- dent" would seem from the official reports of rainfall to be inaccurate. There was a great excess of rain at Mobile, Montgomery and New Orleans in May, and also at the two former places in June ; but elsewhere it would appear that the average for the two months, though large, was by no means so extreme. Third. — That the stand in June was good in the upper half of all the States, and m the most of Arkansas and Tennessee, and generally poor and gi-assy elsewhere. The crop grown during this year, 1873-74, was (on about 11 per cent more acreage) 4,170,000 bales, against 3,930,500 bales last year. 1874. The temperature, rainfall, number of days of rain and weather summary for the first six months of 1874 were as follows : 1874. Jan. Feb. March April. M,i^y. Juue. Norfolk. . R;ihir:ill No. days niiu. CHUh Ther...' Low. ( Avor 11 "3 150 4-y2 4-79 11 77-0 a9-o 43-1 4-2G 10 7-0 83- 1 48-9 5-97 14 8n-o sa-o 5i'2 3-97 10 910 4s-a 3-49 12 ]02-() S.o-O 77-7 98 COTTON FMOM SEED TO LOOM. 187-4. Jan. Feb. Marcli. April. May. June. Wiliuiiigt'u .Rainfall 5-14 6 -.54 3-72 2-88 5-07 2-81 No. da}-.s rain. 7 10 12 13 9 12 ( fiigh 73 740 80-5 f.2-n PI--. 67-.-> (> Tber... •; L"w 19() 81-. 3'-0 34-0 .)K-0 B3-0 1 Aver 50 \ 48-1 f7- 1 6-2-8 70-1 80- 1 Cliarlcston Rainfall 3-15 10-4.5 3-4.5 2-95 5-50 2-29 No. day.'^ rain. 7 14 10 7 9 9 ( Hu-h 6 :6-o i^VQ 82-0 9:5-0 98-0 « Ther...^ '"W 21-0 3 40- 1 4 -0 : l-.J 6"- J ( .Wer. f2-l 51o :9-9 67- r 71-4 81-0 Augusta. . Rainfall 314 7-22 7-78 G-23 3-8S 3-29 No. days rain. Tlier... ^ Low. 12 11 17 13 7 ovo 5-0 8 99-5 6v » f ve . 5r-2 5(1-5 -90 63-3 7-2- i 8!-4 Athuitii .. . Runfall 3-14: C-8G 7-38 10-42 3-00 7-71 »• No. day.s rain. 4 ft 10 12 13 (Hi 11 63r 720 760 770 9 ^0 9r0 II Tlier... ■ '.^vv IvO !iS-0 3»-0 400 SO- 1 7.,-0 i Aver 500 6 ■ 1 57-0 650 78-0 Mf-O SavaimaU Rainfall 2-07 9-71 2-85 2-69 4-85 4-85 No. d.iy.s rain. 12 13 8 11 11 14 (l.-h 7.S-1 73-0 86- 84-.) 9.)-n << Thor... ■ uow . &90 3 -0 ;70 46-0 520 «6-0 ( WdP. 52-4 5 --3 • 2- J o«-o 722 8 -7 Columbus. Riinfall G-.55 " No. days rain. "q "l6 ' 14 13 " 8' 27 (Hgh. «( Tlier... Lon-. r -ivei'. olio 550 61 67-0 72-0 82-6 MacDU .Rainfall.... No. days rain. 1-77 G-SO 7-8S 9-2G 1-45 3-48 f il'^ii. 780 7(3'r 78-0 8.S0 92-0 9 ■■ >> Tlier... • I.OW.. 28-0 3i)0 360 400 4 ■() 70-0 i .Vve . 57-0 5.0 6 71-0 ^0■0 81-0 Mimtsoiu'J .Riinfall 3-69 G-57 10-GG 9-45 2-03 4-31 No. days rain. « 11 13 15 7 22 ( .ii^ii 77-0 7 •'! 83- .i f2-0 f55 H5". II Ther... ■ L-w 270 H;-0 11-0 420 1 1-0 70-5 ( iver 5:-3 545 61-0 «:• I 73- i .9-7 Mobile .... Rainfall 2-48 2 "2 10-57 1092 1-2:5 5-G9 No. days rain. 8 "9 " 15 15 .5 12 ( 'll^ih. 710 75-0 8M) 8>-0 9'-0 93-0 *1 Ther... ■ b"W 310 3.i- ' 4:5-0 4-0 !0-J 700 ( Aver r33 5H-7 6:1-3 64- f 7 -i5 80-1 N. Orloaiis Riiinfall 1-(H 3-G8 7-57 13-G2 0-22 9-G2 ** No. days rain. 10 12 12 12 3 17 C auh. 77- (i 81- • 7.t-0 ^9-0 91-0 n Ther... \ b-w 4>-i) 5 -0 4 -0 5V.I 72-0 ( Avor. 560 59- 1 66-2 63-6 75-7 81-3 Vicksburg. Rainfall 5-27 3-47 9-8G 22-24 0-lG 3-43 " No. days raiu. 13 10 15 IG 9 C High. 8ro 95"l 940 '< Tlier. . . L w . 41-0 520 67-0 ( .\ver 52-2 54-d 62-5 57-7 7J-4 81-9 Shre.vcn'rt .Rainfall 3-.)l 7-.58 9-27 10-G4 1 19 1-35 No, days rain. 12 11 14 10 .5 3 ( H'gh. 72- • 7(i-0 820 82-0 950 960 <• Tlicr... I LOW 2 -0 310 440 4 •30 630 r iver 50-4 ■:.i-6 60-5 61-0 75-2 82-7 Meuiphi.s . .Rainfall 2-83 4-10 G-Gl 10- IG 0-G3 • -22 No. days raiu. U 7 7 8 3 "5 i ^igll 94-5 ** Ther... ^ Low . 60-0 ( Aver. 4-0 45-0 530 55-'0 720 810 Nasliville. .Rainfall 5-22 9-23 5-26 11-8 4 1-19 2-87 " No. days rain. IJ 14 19 15 7 7 (HI ill. 990 " Tbcr. . . \ Low . 6i)-0 ( Aver. ii-'i 44 5 51-7 54-7 720 83-5 Galvostou .Rainfall 1-37 3-11 3-09 3-38 5-80 1-G8 '• No. days raiu. 9 10 10 8 3 G (Hgh 89-0 92-0 II Ther... ^ Low 6S0 730 (Ave 55-'o' 580 670 660 7 81-7 luilianola . Rainfall 1-18 2-92 4-30 0-74 018 G-80 •' No. days raiu. G 7 14 5 3 8 (High 74-5 70-5 81-5 830 90-5 92-4 •* Ther... 'l^.w 3(50 450 410 5!>0 70-0 ( vver. 55> 5.-i-4 67-3 66-1 74-9 81-2 FLA NTIN G— C UL TI VA TIOX—STA ND. 99 CHKOKICLE WE.VraiiR REPOUTS SUM.MAKY. Januarij.—'TXui tirst ami last weeks but little raiu fell ; the balauee of tlie month there was more ; geuerally, however, not enough to interfere materially with the marketing of the crop. Mouth opened eoM and closed warm. The second week there were sleet and snow at Galveston. Fe')ruciri/. — Wea^hjr sija.souable, with considerable raiu, but no ex- oe.ssive cold. Plantation work made good progres.s. Mai'ch.—yevy he.ivy riiius this month, especially in the Gulf and Southweiteru States. Tha Mississippi River very high, and in the third week breaks were ropoi'ted in the levee on the west side below Mj:uphis. Planting much delayed, being pushed forward under great dillieulties in all that section. Aprl'. — Ooutiuue 1 lieavy rains tlirough the month (reaching 22 inches and 2 4 huudrolths of an inch at Vicksburg), closing up with a frost the last of the. month, from Mobile to North Carolina ; the frost was rex^orted killiug in the ua/t-ioru parts of Georgia, South Carolina and North CaroUua, maklug replauting uocessary to same extent iu the two former States, but much of the seed was not sufficiently started to be harmed. Nearly all the Southern rivers overflowed— b.)th the Mississippi aud its tributaries and the Alabama and its tributaries— being one of the most extensive overflows on I'ccord, the iiiunher of acres umler toaler in the Mississippi Vullei/ not haring bnii equaled probably during the last thirtif years, aud did not fully subside until iu Juue. J/a.y.— The last few daj's of .\pril the weather changed to dry, and contiuuad with but very little raiu the first week of May, aud in some considerable sections throughout the entire mouth. For instance, the rainfall for the whole month of May was only 22 hundredths of au inch at New Orleans, 16 huudi-odths at Vicksburg. aud G3 hundredths at Memphis. As a result of such prolonged drought following the excess- ive rains, the groimd became l>aked and the scad could not germiiuito, except very irregularly; or where the plant was up it did not tlevelop healthfully, djing out iu many cases and making very imperfect stands. J(«He.— Weather during Juno was more favorable, especially the last half of the mouth, showers then becoming finite general. The dry weather enabled the planters to keep tlie fielils clean, but the stands were, as a rule, imperfect, and the plant not strong and stocky. Plant- ing iu the overflowed districts not-completed till after the first of Juue. FROM THE AGRtCULTDRAL BUREAU REPORTS. Tho June report says (reporting the condition to June 1st) : " The sea- " son has been remarkable for heavy andfreaueut rains during tho mouth " of April throughout the cotton States." * * * * " From the first "week in May to its close drought was almost universal." * * * * "The staud is therefore very poor, mauy plants not having made their " appearance on tho 1st of June." The July report says: "The cotton planters report" * * * * " au "improvement in the condition of tlie plant iu every State." * * * * " As compared with July of last year, condition is higher, except in " Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas." From tlie foregoing we learn : First. — That there were all through April excessive rains, resulting in the most extensive overflows known for thirty years. Second. — That throughout the whole of May there was 100 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. scarcely any rainfall west of Georgia and North Carolina, only sixteen hundredths of an inch at Vicksburg, and sixty-three liundredths of an inch at Memphis, &c. Third. — That in the overflowed sections in the Mississippi Valley planting was not completed until after the first of June. Fourth. — That on account of the excessive rains, and then of the excessive drought, the stands in a very considerable section wore very irregular, imperfect and poorly rooted ; and, further, that the late start in the Mississippi Valley made the crop late, and the early frost in the Fall cut the plant before it had matured. The crop grown during this year (1874) was only 3,833,- 000 bales, against 3,930,500 bales in 1872, although the acreage was over 12 per cent in excess of 1872. 1875. The weather summary, including temperature, rainfall and number of days on which it rained, is as follows for the first six months of 1875 : 1875. Jan. Feb. March. April. May. Jiino. NorfDUc. .. R:iinf lU.iuch. 5-8t) 2-95 8-00 2-24 2-29 1-38 '* No. days rain 18 10 19 12 8 H iHtrh 54-0 7()-0 7t-0 80-0 95-0 98-5 •' Tlier... < o\v ;40 9-0 2fV0 870 450 570 ( wei- 3tt-2 37g 4ii-7 52-2 65-2 74-9 Wiliuiu,i;i: n.Rainfalljurli 5-52 1-97 4-55 3-;i2 2-84 11-07 " Ko.tlavs i-itin. 18 9 19 11 8 12 (Hi'h. 70-0 7^-0 750 8U-0 90-0 910 " Thcr... > i.ow ai'O 15-0 280 28-0 43-0 5S-0 r We 4;i'3 4.-)-;) 54-4 58-5 08-4 74-2 C'jarlosto I. Rainfall, iiicli. 7-77 4-27 6-.i7 4-5G 8-51 3-15 No. day.s rain. IS 10 ir> 10 1') 9 I Hi li. 07-0 73-0 730 82-0 sfi-n 95-0 ** Thcr... ■ Low 3;)-0 2S-0 3-.() 3;)0 500 61-0 i >e 473 i\)-i 57- 1 (50-8 71-7 78' a Augustix. . ..Rainfall, inch. G-77 5-17 11-88 4-71 1-10 G-59 " No. days I'aiii. 17 9 15 10 G 14 \ " e'l «S-0 7.S-0 7ri0 830 91 97-0 " Ther,.. ■! ow. 2.S0 230 3!-0 35-0 490 58- i V..., 44-9 4i>'y .5,-)-4 CO' 9 73'0 7.S-4 Atl;iJit:v . . ..Rainfall. inch. 5-«0 092 10-27 4-79 1-84 4-58 iNo. days ruin. 11 7 11 7 ■ 5 8 iH sh. 6V0 070 70-0 7S-0 920 930 " Thcr... j\v. ( We 11-0 140 3.>0 32 : 0-0 (53-0 44-0 4150 500 B.0-0 77-0 CoO Savannah ..Rainfall, inch 8-^4 3-50 C-88 511 3-20 4-10 " No. day.s rain 17 9 12 8 12 G { High Ther... > a' . 74-0 80-0 810 84-0 TOO 9J-0 '* 330 80-0 3;)-0 400 510 (530 ^ ^ ve . 4i)-7 50-7 59-2 03-5 72-9 79-4 CoUmilnis . Rainfall, in 'li. 5-.^-< 5-57 14-44 3-47 3-(!8 3-(>2 ** No. day.s rain 1!) 8 12 8 ■5 8 iHitrh. 7.30 020 760 800 9o-0 980 *' Ther... -^ l-ow . 3'50 220 •6i0 400 .560 (520 ' \' . 470 49 570 020 7(50 82- (5 FLA XTIXG~C VLTIVA TIOX—STA XU. 101 1875. Jan. Feb. March . April. May. June. Miii'oii .Rainfall, inch. No. davsiiiin. 5-33 4-37 12-95 5-56 2-43 316 iHi^li. ■JOO 78-0 79o' ao-o ;-;9-o '.8-b" '' Ther... • i.ow. 200 18-0 300 3 -0 4H-0 639 ( .We . 52-0 560 65-0 72-0 fOO ST'O Moiit.iroiu'j .Rainfall, inch. G-71 7-StJ 11-56 3.54 l-.i7 1-..4 " No. days rain. 21 16 16 9 7 14 ^ " «"• 74-5 78-5 78-5 860 98-0 99-5 ** Ther...- ow . 180 220 34-5 390 510 61-5 / < vr. 47-2 49-6 57-4 62-6 74'5 80-7 Mobile. ... .Rainfnilineh. 570 7-15 8-3) 7-51 1-46 2-45 ** JS'o.(la\s rain. ^2 9 13 6 5 8 <"sh. 720 740 78-0 77-0 91-0 950 " Ther... ow. 25-.) 28-0 3ro 41-0 5(50 03-0 ' ,\ver. 49-8 50-9 602 63-2 73-3 80-8 N. Orleans -Raiiifall.ineh. 8-4:4 13-85 10-84 8-05 2-53 4-92 " JSo. days rain. '2'2 9 15 8 8 16 C i h. 75"o"' 770 790 79-5 8S-3 930 ** Ther. . . ■< ow . 28-5 .S2-5 38-0 49-5 650 6S-0 } vvpr. 54-2 5J-9 63-5 65-3 76-2 80-1 Slirovcport .Rainfnll.luch. 3-i)3 267 4-!t4 3-46 O-itl 1-79 No. days rain. 20 It 16 11 ;") 9 ™ { isli- 750 780 89' 90-0 1010 1040 " Ther... • i ow. 130 22-0 270 390 4S'0 59-0 ( \ve>-. 410 500 5?-0 63-0 75 83-0 Vickslmrg . Riinfail.inch. 5-48 7-01 14-51 5-07 1-69 4-05 *' No. days rain. 10 13 17 R 11 12 ^, (I'lgli- 7,50 760 7-^-0 83-0 94-0 98-0 ** Ther... J Low. 1 -0 210 330 430 • 510 600 (Aver. 429 5'JO 5,S-4 61-8 74G 80- J Columbus, Mi.ss.— " Riiinfall.ineh. 8-14 11-45 7-61 6..52 1-30 8-39 " No. dn\s rain. 7 7 13 7 4 8 Na.slivillo . .RaiiitVill.inch. 6-13 3-06 8-14 4-25 2-03 5-63 '• No. days rain. 15 12 15 13 10 13 ( Hiph. 600 750 740 80-0 89-0 920 •' The:-... Low. -2- 9- 1 24-0 25-5 40-0 530 i ' ve . JJ3-7 3*2 49-1 56-3 68-3 76-9 Memphis . -Rainfall.inch. 7-43 3-34 8-60 3-48 4-21 2-72 No. days rain. 16 13 19 10 12 "6 " (II P''. 68-0 720 790 Sl-0 91-0 950 " Ther... ow . 20 130 260 350 44-0 53-0 / V„T. 341 40-2 50-6 5<-7 ()8-6 79-1 Galvestou . .Rainfnll.iueli. 4-31 2-!)4 3-51 2-55 1-50 0-89 " No. days rain. 13 10 9 8 4 5 ( llig ■ 700 74-0 78-0 80'0 91-0 97-0 '* Ther...' ow . 240 30-0 340 48-0 62 '0 72-0 f \ve-. 4i-3 53-3 62-1 659 77-0 83-5 Indianola Rainfall.inch. 1-17 :.-23 1-02 2-51 1-45 0-35 " No.d.iys r lin. 8 8 (> 6 4 3 ( H gh. 750 80-0 »00 82-0 89-0 95-0 " Ther...- ow. 17-0 33-0 370 320 .590 71-0 f »vef. 4(30 56-4 63-4 68-4 763 82-2 Corsicana . .Rainfall.inch 1-0^ 0-76 2-33 2-26 2-03 0-79 " No. days rain. 11 10 11 8 9 2 ( t iBh. 73-0 790 86-0 87- n 930 102-0 *< Ther... Oow. 3-0 19-0 240 .330 43-0 5 7-0 10 11 8 9 9 .Hifrh. 76-0 77-0 75-0 870 930 990 " Tber...^ ow.. 200 240 220 3 380 530 ' Ave-. 51-9 5M 52-6 60-8 67-5 76-6- Charleston .Rainfall.inch. 0(;3 2-43 2-54 4-93 3-77 14-98 " No. days rain. 7 6 11 9 10 11 ' iH h. 760 78-0 760 830 88-0 970 TUcr... Low.. as-0 310 280 460 470 660 / Ave . 55-4 54-6 56-6 64-3 71-4 79-9 Angusta Rainfall, inch. 1-JO 2-98 2-96 4-72 1-97 7 96 " No. da\'.^ rain. () 12 10 8 12 10 ^ " S"- 780 780 810 850 950 97-5 Thor... Lo . 220 250 250 4-20 43-0 620 f ver 5^-6 52-3 54-8 6:3-9 721 78-7 Atlanta Rainfall, inch. 3-32 5 -.37 5 91 6 01 5 00 3-25 No. days rain. 6 9 6 7 10 10 ', ^' -"• 710 740 74() 800 860 9,3-0 Thcr. . . ] L"w . 200 160 22-0 42-0 460 620 r ver 5(50 510 550 660 750 80-0 Savannah.. Rainfall, inch. •2-;59 2-21 2-71 5-74 2-25 18-80 " No. days rain. (! 9 9 9 9 20 \ngh 78-0 800 80 86-0 940 990 " Thcr... \ i.ow . 27-0 290 300 4H0 500 650 ( \ver. 56-8 56-5 58-7 66-7 740 80-6 Columbus . . Rainfall.inch. 4 03 2-42 7-90 9-19 4-45 481 " >■(). days rain. 4 .5 9 7 7 11 ^"'-" 700 730 78-0 82-0 88-0 960 Ther...- L..W. 250 220 260 440 460 640 / Ave 520 520 50-0 640 730 800 Macon Rainfall, inch. 1-46 4-23 406 7 10 1-85 5-88 " No. ilays rain. cm h. 760 7'-0 77-0 t-s-o 92 9--0 Thcr... V "«■■ 31 230 i^4-0 400 460 640 ' Ave . 6 600 6 -0 74 8 -0 8 -0 Mont.ffom'y.Rainfall.iiicu. 3-70 .')07 7-33 10-99 6-55 4-85 No. days rain. n 12 9 9 14 10 (Hgh. 770 78-0 77-0 89-0 92-5 990 Thcr... a. w. 27-0 240 28-0 450 46-3 61-0 / .VVPr. 54-8 545 54-6 65-4 73-5 79-6 Mobile Rainfall.inch. 314 4-32 8-01 3-88 4-33 3 35 " No. days rain. 11 9 10 6 7 1 High. 720 750 760 820 890 98-0 Ther...; ow . 320 28' 310 42-0 48-0 630 1 Av,-.. 56-6 55-3 55-8 66-2 700 80-3 N. Orlean.s .Rainfall.inch. 4-43 8-20 11-32 6-41 7-10 6-20 " No. days rain. 7 16 11 8 15 14 ■ (High. 770 78-0 790 82-5 860 9.3-5 " Ther... < Low. 38-5 36-0 36-5 53-5 540 68-0 (Ave . 603 590 599 69-1 74-8 80-6 Shreveport- Rainfall.inch. 7-26 2-68 11-67 5-83 9-47 2 08 " No. days rain. 14 8 14 10 12 10 ( Hifrh. 78-0 80-0 790 88-0 900 950 Thcr... Low.. 300 240 26-0 470 47-0 610 ^ Ave . 540 550 540 670 730 790 Viclcsbur.ij . Rainfall.inch. 3-81 518 11-21 4-^(9 6-24 1-74 " No. days rain. () 8 14 10 12 7 ( High. 790 770 81-0 85-0 89-5 970 Ther... ■ I.ow. 2S-0 240 270 470 490 6H0 ( Aver. 561 55-4 54-2 660 72-8 794 Columbus, Miss.— Kainfall.incb. 4-69 3-41 9-57 6-79 4-96 1-80 " No. days rain. 9 6 9 8 7 7 Little Rock. Rainfall. inch. S-47 2-56 9-05 4-02 5-96 3-71 Nasliville ..Rainfall.inch. 5-10 2 32 5-70 2-86 4-94 5-76 " No. da\s rain. 10 5 11 9 11 14 (Hish. 730 730 700 80-0 900 940 Ther... ^ Low.. 170 90 140 37-0 420 580 t Avei . 47-3 46-2 46-6 60-5 70-3 76-5 Memphis... Rainfall, inch. 7-65 1-33 11-03 4-51 8-49 2-70 " No. days rain. 6 4 14 6 9 13 ( H gh. 7.30 750 78-0 850 88-0 970 Ther... Low.. 230 17-0 18-0 440 48-0 58-0 ( .wer. 47-9 48-6 47-4 03'2 70-9 771 _ ^ '1 lOi CQTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 187G. Galvi'8toii..rjniiifiill,uu'li.| " Ko. (lays rain. (High. " Tlier... • Low . / ^\ev ludiaiiola . . Rainfall. iiicli. " No. clays rain.' (Hi^h. " Tlier... ]Low. r "Wei-. Corsicana .. Rainfall, iucli.' " No. (lays rain. (High. " Tlier. .. < ow . / \er.' Ballas Rainfall, inch Jan. Feb. Marcli April. May. Jnne. 1-49 4-79 5-94 2-65 10-27 2-03 7 8 9 (i 8 11 750 740 76-0 81-0 89-0 94-0 43-0 350 360 55-0 540 700 60-9 800 61-0 69-7 76- 1 83-2 i-SO 189 5-80 0-32 0-32 1-19 S 9 6 2 3 9 7S'0 790 80-0 85-0 87-0 94-0 43- 1 .s;30 410 510 58-0 700 61-5 600 03-9 t94 75-5 82-5 y-4(; 1-84 3G1 3-90 4-.J6 309 13 ry 9 5 12 8 7-'0 7H'0 81-0 CO-0 9.50 990 260 240 250 410 430 58-0 5a-3 551 53-9 670 7r8 77-3 ()19 :5 0.-) 1-82 0-84 83 3-.il CIIHONICLt; WEATHER REl'ORTS SUMMARY. Ja iiua)-i/.~T>uvmiX i\m latter part of December, 1875, there -vyero heavy rains in the Southwest, and these were continued in the second, third antl last weeks of January, the greatest rainfall being in the section of country marked off by taking in Dallas, Shrcveport, Little Rock, Mem- phis and Nashville. Crop movement was interfered with in much of that district by bad roads. Fchruary. — Rains continued in portions of the South during much of this month, but covering a different section, being chiefly conflned to the lower half of the Gulf States. On the 19th our Galveston correspon- dent telegraphed that they had not had a particle of frost yet ; oranges, figs, grapes, apples, peaches to a moderate extent still maturing. March. — Tlio greater portion of the first two weeks of ^farch was fa- vorable, with seasonable showers, and satisfactory progress was made in farm preparations. The third week was rainy, and diu-ing the following week a very severe storm passed over a large portion of the South, at- tended with snow. It snowed 8 inches at Little Rock; (> inches at Co- lumbus, Miss., >tc.; and was followed by severe frosts everywhere, except in some of the extreme southern sections. April. — Excessive rains in the West and Northwest early in the month resulted in an overflow of the Mississipi)i which at one time threatened to l)e the most disastrous ever known. There were also rains in Ala- bama, causing the rivers there to overflow. But the waters (piickly re- ceded, and towards the end of the month the fears had subsided, though the Mississippi had not wholly returned to its banks again. Subsequently the weather was almost everj-where favorable, and good progress was made in getting in the crops, so that the mouth closed with the condition good, though the start, especially in the Gulf States, was late. Mai/. — The weather during May was (piitc favorable everywhere and the plant made good progress. A limited portion of the Mississii)pi Val- ley between Memphis aud Vicksliurg remained overflowed till towards the close of the month. But this did not materially decrease the plant- ing. The cotton came up well and the fields were clean. .^HMC.— There was a very heavy rainfall at many places this mouth, but it came in severe local showers and did not appear to harm cotton much, as the fields began the month well worked and clean, and the rain was generally conflned to the Atlantic co.ast.' In Georgia and South Carolina there was a flood which carried away bridges and destroj-ed wheat and corn, but not mur-h cotton. Elsewhere the showers Avero mostly niported as beneficial. The month closed with good stands everj-- where, thoug'.i not (piite eipial to the condition of the i)ri'vious year, as that was very perfect. Our Galveston correspondent telegraphed June 17 that; " crop accouuts throughout the State are surprisingly favorable, PLANTING— C TIL TI VA TION—STA ND. 105 " niid, despite the late planting, the prospect is, up to this date, the best " wc have eiijoj-ed for years." FI!0.-\£ THE AGIJICCLTURAL BCUEAtT REPOnxS. The June report says: " The June returns indicate a slight reduction " of area in cotton, comparatively late planting, good stands, except in " casesof too early ])lanting or inundation; gi'owth not up to the average "for the season; healthy and improving condition, and clean culture, "with the exceptions caused by heavy rains stimulating growth and ' ' preventing work." The July report says : " Cotton in the first week in July is in a condi- "tionof healthy growth— less favorable than in July of last year— well " cultivated and reasonably clear of grass." From the foregoing we learn : Fir.sr. — That the weather early in the season was verv rainy, especially in portions of the Southwest. This weather culminated in an overflow of the Mississippi and the Alabama rivers in April, subsiding rapidly, however, and almost wholly in April, 'though not entirely until late in May. During May good weather prevailed almost every- where, and in June, also, except along the Atlantic coast ; and even there the showers did not work much harm, as the fields in those States were in excellent condition. Second. — That the start was late in the West and South- west, but the fields were clean and well worked every- where, and the stand, though not as perfect as in 1875, was yet very good. 1877. The temperature and rainfall for the first six months of 1877 have been as follows: 1877. Jan. Feb. March April. INIay. June. Norfolk.. .. Rainfall, inch. 3-85 1-47 4-8.'> 9-98 2-84 4-79 " No. davs rain. 14 5 1« 17 13 17 iHifjIi. 73-0 66-0 '.7-0 83-0 9H-0 ro-u '< Ther... < Low . 16-0 270 29-5 3.N-0 43-0 590 ( Aver. 39- » 43- ■ 47-4 5.5-0 63-1 75-5 Wilmingt n. Rainfall, inch. 2-37 1-65 4-52 6-GI 2-36 7-48 '< No. days rain. 10 6 12 11 10 13 I High. •* Ther... ^ i-.w . 1 Av. r 46-1 4S-1 5S-4 6'M 64-5 ■re- 5 Charleston. .Rainfall.inch. 4-44 2-9G 7-86 15-00 2-71 10-31 " No. days rain. 11 8 12 12 9 12 iHMi 71- 70-0 74-0 85-0 90- > 100-0 " Ther... ^Low. 260 350 320 43-0 100 63-0 f Aver t^Vi 51-7 56-8 63-0 -8 8^•2 Augusta . . .Rainfall, inch. 4-70 4 -.SO 5-98 5-63 1-18 6-67 " No. dajs rain. l.-> 7 11 15 8 1 ( ^1 Kh 7-t-O 730 79 85-0 94- ' *< Ther... 'Low. ai-0 820 3'-0 420 4.-0 i ve.. 43-1 49-5 56-0 t.4-1 70-2 81-7 106 COTTOX FBOM SEED TO ZOOM. ' ) ■ ' 1-—. Jan. Frh. March. ApnL 31ay. Jnne. ' ATlaiiLa RaiTif.i11.iiich- 4-45 , 217 5-35 6-14 0-95 4-07 1 " Xo. days rain. 13 * "7 1 13 6 9 vHUh. 63-0 ! efi-» 70^) 9rrii 8-0 9Ht ' i " Ther...- Li» . .'0-0 j 31-0 ai-0 40-0 46-0 60H» i 1 ( - Te-. 53-0 I 5.-0 5 -0 67-0 V^■0 tS^ 1 ' Savannah. .Kaiafell.int-b. 2-63 Ijl 4-25 882 2-04 » S-52 ' >>'.•. (Livs rain. 10 7 12 14 8 ' 14 1 ■ . H ^ :.. ■7^-0 1 Ti^ 7»0 re-0 94-0 9-0 Tht-r... lV. 27^0 3S-.I 31-0 42t> 48^ f»0 ' Arer. 5*-; ' 58-5 5 « «=-« 70-* 81-3 Columbas. .Rainfall.int u. 6-SO 3-99 10-17 7-96 1-00 7-16 Xo. (LiTs rain- 8 8 7 8 o 8 , ^ High. 7S-0 ' 1 " Ther... - low . l«-0 3^0 ai-0 46-0 4S^0 6-0 ' Ter. 4 -0 4M-0 »-o eo"o. davs rain. 15 8 9 16 3 13 yOUh. 7 -0 «^s-0 76-0 K-0 94-0 w-- " Ther...-, ow. JfrO 31-3 2:0 4^-5 4~-0 37-0 ^\-e . ^o 52-3 5 -3 64-4 7»-0 H>-d MobQe Rainfall.inch. 6-30 1-40 5-94 8-40 1-68 7-07 " Xo. darsrain. 16 5 9 11 3 9 Ther... •' LOW. TftH 79-0 T6-0 ism 95-0 10»« 1-0 3 -0 33-0 49ii 51-0 ^*0 ' Aver. 50-1 33-4 57-3 69r9 ;*-» SM X. Orleans.. KainfalLincb. 5-30 0-98 4-94 4-79 1-48 2-75 Xo. davs riiin. 16 8 10 14 8 8 i ™^ * ^^^^ .... .... Ther...- ot. . ... j ( Wer. sKt 53i> eo-7 « •• 7 -5 I-1-9 . Shreveport.RainfalLinch. 2-54 2-4»S 3-87 5-42 1-24 2-55 • : " Xu. days rain. 4 4 ' 12 16 .«i 14 ! 1 i nigh. T2-0 7>^ 8»« 8-0 W-0 9M 1 1 " Ther... bow. iv-O K-0 31-0 48-0 4ro 5 -0 ! ( ve.: 44-0 i2-0 a»-o o- 4-.--. ' 8IH) 1 11 Ticksbnrs-.KainfalUnch. 3-61 3-26 4-83 8-S8 0-69 3-76 ! Xo. davs rain. IS 12 12 16 4 13 (Hifrh. Ta^) 73^) 7V-0 T9-0 s»--o 97^» ) Ther... Low. V-0 31-0 29^ 4T^ 46-0 , f*X> 1 f-Ae . t-6 5.-3 57-3 64-1 TS^ ! 79^4 j Coiombas. Miss. — BainfalUnch. 2">2 3-01 5-04 9*22 2-51 2-33 Xo. davs rain. ~ll" 5 9 11 3 10 > 1 little Kock. Rainfa.Linrh. 3-02 3-01 2-90 13-84 O-70 10-64 i ' ' " Xo. davs rain. ---. .... i 1 . V »?>»- ... ---- , 1 ', - Ther...' .V. .... .... -..- :::: ! I '. ver. 1 , JTashvme ..KainfalLinch. 4-i(»5 1-06 4-95 9-47 i^ 6-02 X". dav«rain. 12 5 12 14 5 14 p . _-v 66-0 «-0 F(N> .— . Tner... 'lcV . — T-0 2 -0 3M> '.\\r-. 3T-0 4 -0 47-4 iSr2 67-3 rf* Memphis. ..KainfalLinch. 431 1-54 4-24 13-90 1-81 18-16 Xo. davs rain. 17 9 17 17 8 17 X igis- 69^ 6T-0 79-0 8(H> 9i^ 94-0 " Ther...- Low. 7-0 30-0 2*« «H> 4 -0 f3^> i ' ver. 39-3 46-1 5 W--3 70^5 77-8 ' G«dTeston..RainfaI!.in<->!. 4-^3 1-12 1-35 8-36 1-80 2-68 '' •• Xo. day=- ' - " 5 9 .5 8 ■r-O 8^ P--0 ^rO j Ther... 3 -0 54-0 S£HO 64-0 62-1 es-s -4^ 81-3 1 1 Indianola...BainfaU.lijcii. oyl l^i* 2-74 1-64 2-20 4-81 Xo. davs rain. 9 7 10 6 5 8 ■ vH?l. rm • " Ther... > Lew. ■ 4V0 ' Aver. ^^i £7-0 63« 70-1 73-3 81-0 ■ Oorsieana...Kainfallanch. 1-06 6-84 4- " Ther... - low . 1-0 ' yj-0 47-0 500 ' \T r. 4 435 2-60 1 J PL A XTISa— C VL TI VA TIOX—STA XD. 107 For the sake of easier eoiuparisou. we here iusert the rainfall each mouth for the pa.st four years. KAIXF.VLL FOR FOUR YEARS, JANTART TO jrXE. INCLUSIVE. STATION'S. Jan. I Feb. March. April. ', May. : June. Wilmington. ... CTiarlfston Augusta Atlanta i ' Savannah Coltunbu-s Ga.. 3tacon Mont^'omerv. Mobile Xevr Orleans Shreveport . Tiefcsborg Colaiubos, Miss. Little Roct Xashviile . . ISTtJ. 1S7.5. 1S74. .1S77. 1<7«. 1^7.5. l'^74. .1S77. ISTti- 1S75. 1S74. .l-<77. 1S76. 1876. 1874. .l-<77. 1S76. lS7i5. 1S74. .ls77- IS7«. l*7.'j. .1S77. 1??76. ]>i74. .l-<77. 1S76. l'?7.5- 1^74. .1S77. l'?7»J. 1S7.5. 1^74. .1<77. 1^76. l-?7.5. 1^74. .1^77. 1>7G. 1<7.>. 1S74. .1S77. 1S76. 1-'>4 0-16 2-22 3-01 5-64 ^9-22 2-51 4-6^ 3-41 9-57 ' 6-79 4-96 814 11-45 7-61 6-52 1-30 302 3-01 2-90 13-84 0-70 8-47 256 9-05 402 5-96 405 1-06 4-95 9-47 1-25 516 2-32 5-70 2-><6 4-94 6- 15 3 06 8-14 4-25 2-03 5-22 9-23 5-26 11-84 1-49 4-31 1-54 4-24 13-90 1-81 7-65 1-33 11-03 4-51 8-49 7-45 3-34 8-60 348 4-21 2-«S 410 6-61 10- 16 0-63 4-53 112 1-35 8-:-i6 1-90 1-49 4-79 5-94 2-65 10-27 4-31 2-94 3-51 2-55 1-50 1-37 3 11 3-09 3-38 5-sO 0-91 1-58 2-74 1-64 2-20 1-30 1-89 5-86 0-32 0-32 1-17 2-23 102 2-51 1-45 11« 2-92 4-30 0-74 018 liiclieJi. 7-48 12-44 11-67 2-81 1031 14-9.>> 315 2-29 6-67 7-96 6-.59 3-29 407 3-25 4-58 7-71 8-52 1880 4-10 4-85 7-16 4-81 3-62 4-39 5-88 3-16 3-48 2-94 4-85 1-94 4-31 7-07 :t35 2-45 5-69 2-75 6-20 4-92 9-62 2-55 2-08 1-79 1-35 3-76 1-74 405 3-43 2-33 1-86 8-39 10-64 3-71 6-02 5-76 5-63 2-><7 18-16 2-70 2-72 f>.02 2-68 2-63 0-89 1-68 4-yl 119 0-35 6-80 108 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. CHUOMCLK WEATHKU EEI'OUTS SUMJIAKV. Janiuirij.— The -weatlicr during January was unprccedontccl for sever- ity, it bcin.i; extremely cokl all tliroagb the, month, with heavy snow and rain at very manj^ points, interfering with the movement of tlie crop and mailing the roads impassable. Snow fell to tlie depth of several inches at Shrcveport, and ii'o formed three iaches thiolv. Killing frosts were reported from Texas an;l Florida. The snow in the northern part of Texas was eighteen inches deep, the heaviest ever known attliat point. The cold was especially remarkable in the Strnthwest ; the thermometer at Little Rock fell to 4 degrees below zero. Ice and frost were general. There wei'c also very heav}' rains in some sections later in the month. Febiiianj.—Wtinther seasonalile and warmer, with liglit rains through the month. Ploughing and other preparations made good progress, and an early start was anticipated, especiallj' in the Southwest. Ploughing was slightly retarded by rains in upper Texas the latter part of the month, and at Dallas by frost. Hatching out of grasshoppers ^\ as leperted from Texas and caused considera))le anxiety. March. — Weather fairlj' favoi'able during the month. The rainfall was quite large in the Atlantic States, reaching at Columbus, Ga., a depth of 10"17 inches. Grasshoppers were etill very abundant in Texas, and caused considerable uneasiness, but very little harm had been done. There were killing frosts during the month at Corsicana, Dallas and Moliile, but no harm done. Ice in Alabama and Corsicana, and snow at Little Rock. Cold interfered a little with progress in Mississippi and A.rkansas. Work generally well advanced, and ciops made good progress. Month closed warmer. April.— The month opened with seasonable weather and farm work well advanced. After the tirst week lieavj' rains were very frequent, causing a suspension of planting in npjK'r Mississippi, Arkansas and Tennessee. At Columbus, Miss., the lowlands were under water, and from Alabama and Tennessee also came reports of lowlands submerged, and damage was feared by overflow of the Mississippi and tril)utarics. The last of the mouth the grasshoppers in Texas took wing and commenced migra- ting northwest. The condititms towards the close were generally favor- able in the Atlantic State* and Alabama, aud lower half of Louisiana and Mississippi. The heaviest rainfalls of the nnonth were at Charleston, 15 inches, and Montgomery 10-3G inches. Also a severe storm at Gal- veston. May.— The first two weeks of May continued rainj', but much less so than during April, with temperature somewhat higher, though too low at some points. During the remainder of the month the weather was decidedly more favorable, there being very little raiu, but the crop was everywhere at least two weeks late. This dry time gave good oppor- tunity for chopping out, and our correspondents generally reported the fields well cultivated and the plant developing promisingly, though small and backward. .Jmic— The month of June was showery everywhere, with very heavy rains at a few places. Memphis reported thirteen inches and forty-four hinidredths on the 8th and 0th of June. It proved to be quite local^ however, and crop reports continued increasingly favorable luitil to- wards the close of the mouth, when some sections began to c(miplain of too much rain. The Ai-lcausas River overflovred the first of the month, covering a very considei-ablc section, but receded, and the land was again planted, though late. Chronicle acrca'je report for June 10 sajs (see Chronicle, June 23): " Generally speaking, the crop is everywhere, exce])t in the lower half of " Texas, more backward than last year, say from ten to twenty days. plaxting~cultiyat:ox~stani>, loo * - "That, ]iowevo,r, is, wg thiulc, the only unfavorable circumstauce in the " present surronndings, ontside of North Carolina, a part of South Caro- " liua, and the flood in the Arliansas Valley. Excluding these limited scc- " tions, the plant is almost everywhere strong, healthy, unusually clean, " and well cultivated, though tsmall, but growing vigorously since the "late rains." TltOM Tllli AGRICUI.TUItAL liUREAU liEPOItTS. The June report (for the month of May) says: "The condition of " cotton was lower in June tlian at that date in the two past years, " but liigher than in 1874." ***** " in ^ word, the season " lias been too cool for cotton, too wet at the time of planting, and too " dry since in all of the area except Texas. The plant is now gencr- " allij small, but hcalthi/, free from loeeds, and in condition to improve " rapidly with favorable weather." The July report (for the month of June) says : " The July returns, "covering an area of 361 of the best counties in the cotton belt, and " representing six-tenths of the entire production, indicate a general " condition reprcjsented by 93 4-10— four per cent less than the July " condition of 1870, and seven per cent better than the returns of 1873 " and 1874." From the foregoing we learn : First — That the early season was cold and rainy, and the seed was, in general, planted late ; that the crop was two weeks late in starting. Good weather in May gave opportunity for chopiping out, so that on the first of June the fields were clean and well worked, and the showers in June, though very heavy at places, were more local than usual and developed the plant, while sufficient time was found to keep the weeds down. Second — That the stand, though late, was at the same time very satisfactory, with the fields almost everywhere well worked and clean. DEDUCTIONS FROM THE ABOVE STATEMENTS. AYe have, in the above, brought together all the import- ant details of weather and crop development during the first six months of each year since 1870. For the earlier portion of this record some of our data are less full than for later seasons, but they are all sufficiently complete to illustrate the importance of special conditions in the culti- vation and growth of the cotton plant. The account we gave, in the opening of this chapter, of the habits of the plant and modes of cultivation, prepared us for the results 110 COTTON FROM SEIID TO LOOM. wlncli are hero made evident. A growth so tender in its early life showed that it required careful working and watching, and favorable conditions every way until it had safely passed its younger days, to bring out its highest capabiUties. If the reader will recall the trials from seed to stand, enumerated in previous pages, and interpret each season's weather record, given above, in the light of those facts, the connection between those conditions and the final results will be easily and clearly understood. To see, however, just where our facts lead us, let us recapitulate the leading features of the planting and germinating season each year. 1871 April was more favorable than the last half of March, the whole of March being cold and raiuj". May very cold and rainy, except Texas, where there was very little raiu. Jane very vaiiij' every- where, except a portion of the interior. 1872 April very favoraV)le, except the second week, when there was a severe storm, making the rivers overflow. Mui/, first three weeks too drj-, but iho last week splendid showers everywhere. Jane, tine month for growth and cnltivation. The lust week some com- plaints of too nnich raiu. 1873 ^J9>v7 cold and dry. 2Ia)j,iivfit two weeks favorable everywhere, l>u^ last two weeks I'aiuy, more especially in coast hiilf of States. June, too rainy in al>out same lialf of the Atlantic and Gulf States, but upper half, and almost all of Arkausiis and Tennessee, favorable. 1874 4^;rt7, like March, was very rainy. All rivers overflowed. Worst flood for 30 j'cars. Ma if, a severe drought in almost all the South, except Atlantic Statics. June, more favorable, especially last half of month; but planting in the flooded district of the Missis- sippi Valley and it-i triluitaries not completed till after June 1st. 1875 April, like March, was all of it too cold, cspociall3'- the first week ; otherwise the nmuth favorable, the temperature gradually mod- erating. 21(11/ continued cold first two weeks, but subsequently was warmer and otherwise verj- favoi-able. June, line growing weather nearly everywhere. 1876 Ajrril, excessive rains in the Western and Gulf States early part of nmuth, causing rivers to ovei-flow, but they quickly receded in good part; last twenty days gtmerally favorable. Mai/ very favorable almost everywhere, exoor, sickly and grassy, a decrease in acre- age compared with the previous year of 10'75 per cent gave a decrease in the yield of 31-66 per cent. In 1872 when the Stand was very good, an increase in the acreage com- pared with the previous yeiir of 9*75 per cent gave an increase in the yield of 32'13 per cent. In 1873 when the Stand was two-thirds good and one-thiid jjoor, an increase in the acreage ef 10'59 per cent gave au increase in the yield of 609 per cent. In 1874 when the Stand was irregular and imperfect, hut clean, an in- crease in the acreage of 1-54 per cent gave a decrease in the yield of 803 per cent. In 1875 when the Stand was excellent, an increase in the acreage of 5'95 per cent gave an iticrease in the crop of 21'81 per cent. lu 1876 when the Stand was very good, a decrease in the acreage of 1'16 per cent gave a decrease in the crop of 3'94 per cent. But we shall gain more light on these points in subse- quent chapters ; and before dwelling longer upon this feature of the earlier growth, it will be desirable, perhaps, to bring out in the same manner the later development. SUMMER AND FALL GROWTH. 113 CHAPTER VI. SUMMER AND FALL GROWTH. JULY TO DECEMBER. Formation of the l)iul, it.s shape, etc.— The blossom, cliauges iu color, wheii it shuts and talis— Formation of the boll— Habits of the blossom and plant iu relation to the stin— Tlic roots and tlielr growth— The tap root and what develops it— Definition of bottom crop, middle crop and toil crop— Cotton one-mies, lice, rust, shedding, boll worms, caterpillars, etc.— Nnmlier of bolls to make a pound of lint, etc.— "Weather data from July to December, 1S70 to 1877— Dat<' of killing frt),st and end of picking season iu each State— Explanation of intlneuces alFecting each crop, from seed to picking, etc. We have next to consider the summer growth of cotton, in conjunction with its later progress and ingath- ering, that we may know the precise effect on the crop of each successive condition, and may measure accurately the relationship between the earlier and later develop- ment. When the cotton plant is about twelve inches high it begins to throw out limbs, with leaves about four inches apart, having at every joint a form, square or shape; — all these names being used for what is really the bud. This bud, on its first appearance, is triangular in outline, with three leafy bracts on the outside, the same green leaflets so often found in the lint, being carelessly picked off with the cotton. The blossom opens after sunrise m the morning, pure white, with three petals, being not unlike the hollyhock in appearance, though 11-1 COTTON FBOM SEDI) TO LOOM. more delicate. It begins to close at about two o'clock, when a pale-red streak may be seen running up each petal, and at sundown it is wholly closed. The next morning, at about sunrise, it is again open as fresh as ever, but, instead of being white, is now a beautiful pink. It lasts the day out, but with the setting sun again closes, — this time, however, wilting and falling off, leaving at its base a little boll about the size of a small bean. Cotton is truly a sun plant. Cloudy, rainy, wet weather is, at every stage of its growth, undesirable. Thus w^e see the blossom opening and shutting with the sun; — a very necessary provision, for if dew or rain falls into it, a gluey substance forms at its base, wliich makes it stick to the boll, and it all rots together. The whole plant also shows its nature and its longings by turning even its green leaves toward the east in the morning, and follow- ing the sun in its course, until they face the west as it sets ; and then they droop, as if the day's work were finished, and nothing remained but to rest and await the coming of the sun again. With its long tap-root deep in the ground, it flourishes even when the weather is so dry as to be very harmful to most other vegetation; and after its limbs are grown so that the whole ground is well shaded, it becomes even better able to endure prolonged drought. Yet through the summer, showers are very needful to secure the full fruit-bearing capacity of the plant, that the development of fruit may be rapid and uninterrupted after the blossoms once begin to set. About six weeks are required for the little boll, which we stated was found at the base of the flower when it dropped, to mature and open, ready for picking, the general rule being, during summer and early fall, from square to bloom three weeks, and from bloom to open boll six SUMMER AND FALL GROWTH. 115 weeks. The cotton usually planted (the green seed or short staple) displays in each boll, when it opens, from four to five se^^arate locks of the staple, though some descriptions show from eight to ten. Sea Island (the black seod or long staple) has a much larger stalk, fewer and smaller bolls, with three locks, and a light- yellow blossom, never changing. Of the green-seed cottons there are many kinds, some of them very pro- lific in the production of lx)lls, but for good reasons their cultivation has not extended. The terms of bottom crop, middle crop and top crop are in common use. To some minds tliey convey the idea of distinct and separate growths. They are, however, only imaginary lines. We may define them pretty accu- rately by saying that the bottom crop is produced by all the blossoms that come before or about the 20th of July, and if the crop has a good, strong, clean start, this is always a full one ; the middle crop is the portion which blooms subsequent to that date and up to about the 1st of September, and is frequently shortened by long- continued drought, and this is especially so in seasons when the stand was grassy and poor ; the top crop is the portion that blooms after September 1st, and is often cut off by an early frost or wholly destroyed, with a portion of the middle crop, by the caterpillar. Of a good year's full production, we may call the middle crop one-half the total }T.eld, and the top and bottom crops one-quarter each. Many are the enemies of the cotton plant during the summer and fall months. First are the lice, which come upon it when it is from twelve to twenty-four inches in height; they cover the plant entirely, and temporarily stop its growth, sometimes killing it, but not often. At a later period is the disease called the rust, or, more properly, the blight. Its nature apparently is not clearly under- 11<} COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. stood, as people accounl for it in different ways. Gen- eral Toombs, whom many call the best planter in Georgia, ,says "rust means poverty." Others claim that a want of moisture and an excess of moisture are both at times its cause. However this may be, its effect is to make the plant drop its leaves, and the fruit withers and dies. Gen- erally the damage done from this cause is not serious — being less than reported under the influence of the fears it excites; yet there have been occasions when the injury was great. Next comes shedding; this is the same thing that always happens to every kind of fruit-bearing tree or plant, wlien fruit forms in excess of its strength to ripen. Not more than a half to two-thirds of the blooms make cotton. It would be impossible for the plant to mature them all, as a square forms at every joint on every limb. First, many of the buds fall; next, some die while blooming; then the bolls drop at all stages of develop- ment. This is a natural and healthful mode of relief for the over-burdened plant. Of course, very frequently the shedding is in excess of the necessities of growth, as, for instance, when a long wet period is followed by an unusually dry time. But the harm done even then, is seldom as serious as imagined, though the occasions when it proves very serious are just frequent enough to make the "scare" always effective. It is evident from this brief description, that all these disorders would attack much less virulently a vigorous, firmly-rooted plant, than one which, although apparently healthy (for so long as it has moisture enough it may gi'ow luxuriantly), has less vigor because less depth of root. In our previous chapter we have shown that rain and grass in May and June prevented, or at least discour- aged, the full growth of the tap root and induced a larger development of surface roots. This is only the common SVMMER AKD J ALL GEOWTH. 117 course of nature. The object of the tap root is to obtain moisture. When the ground is full of it everywhere, there is no need for deeper growth; the causes which necessitate it are not present; hence it does not develop fully. This same habit pei'vades all vegetable life, and even may be observed in trees grown in swamps, the excessive moisture resulting in great increase of surface roots and very little root lower down. We readily see that such a tree or such a plant never can be strong to resist disease, and especially such diseases as are intensi- fied by the heats and droughts of summer. A study of the seasons and of the trials cotton passes through every year, will, we think, be much simplified if we keep in mind the fact here illustrated. But of all scourges cotton endures, none equals in destructive force the ravages of the caterpillar. We nuist not confound this pest with the boll worm. The latter is a small worm that cuts a hole in the boll itself. As one worm, however, is said by some to destroy only one boll, and the worms are never very numerous, they cannot be very injurious. The caterpillar or army-worm, on the other hand, has an appetite which is never satisfied, and destroys every green thing, sweeping through a planta. tion from one end to the other in an incredibly short space of time, leaving not a leaf, nor a small boll, nor a twig behind. Their first appearance any season, is the very last of June or in the early days of July. When fully grown they are about one-and-a-half inches in length and as large ai'ound as an ordinary lead pencil. As soon as hatched they begin to eat and continue to eat until they web up. In a few days the moth is out again, lays lier eggs and dies. The successive broods follow one another at intervals of from three to four weeks, and it is only when they have reached the third generation that they are 118 COTTON' FROM SEED TO LOOM. sufficiently numerous to wholly strip the leaves from the plant. Then tliey become an army, indeed, and well deserve the name, for they leave absolute desolation behind them, and can be gathered up by the bushel. In case they come in full force as early as the tenth or fifteenth of August, they are very destructive to the crop. When, however, it is not till the first of September that they appear as an army, their power for evil is much shortened, though still gi'eat. Fortunately the caterpillar does not flourish in all kinds of weather. Every year they are to be found in the cotton fields, but they never multiply largely except In rainy seasons. A wet July and August are pretty sure to fill the fields with them. Experience, however, would seem to teach that even caterpillars never make as thorough work when the spring start and stand are perfect. There may be several reasons for this. In the first place the more natural and healthful the early growth is, the more abundant the early crop must be, and, as the caterpillar eats only the leaves and young fruit, in such case there are more bolls matured, and hence more left uneaten. Then again any shrub with a good root may be cut, bruised, eaten off, and yet give it favoral)le weather and it will send out a strong new growth bearing fruit, while under similar circumstances a less sturdy weed would die. But whatever the I'eason or reasons may be, the fact remains that a plant well started in the spring never suffers so fatally even from caterpillars' visits, as one that had an unfavorable beginning. They are very destructive always, but fairly extingiiish a weak plant. In this connection it will l)o of use to remember that a good crop can be made off of fewer bolls to each stalk than many imagine. About three hundred full bolls, such as an average season produces, will turn out a pound of hnt. SrMMER AND FALL GnOWTR. 119 Hence if on the poor soils there was a plant in every three square feet, and nine M'ell-developed bolls on each plant, the pi'oduct would be about a bale of cotton to the acre.* Of course, there never is a good plant to every three square feet, so the proposition is defective ; but it at least serves to illustrate the possibility of some recovery in a strong plant, if so small an average of fruit produces in the aggregate so much ; also it explains why the farmer after telling us, and honestly too, that all was lost by shed- ding — because he saw so many bolls upon the ground — often wakes up subsequently to find, perhaps hidden away beneath the leaves, bolls enougli to surprise even his prac- ticed eye. Before, however, pursuing this thought further, it is necessary to analyze the weather data during the summer and fall of the years covered by our previous inquiry. 1871. For the last six months of 1871 the monthly record of rainfall and weather is as follows : Rmnt vi.i,. Jnly. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Cliiirlestou 1-V2 1-H7 4-24 6'42 isb'i (i-4!) G-OO •J -71 8-61 'i-32 6 -4 '2 4-44 2-10 3-9r, 6-!)3 "3"66 4-76 1-62 3 -.5 .5 2-09 0-.53 .5-33 9-09 ' 4 04 1-31 17-81 4-09 7-. 8 2"22 3-40 5-S() 6(58 714 304 2-23 213 5-G7 3t>7 Auijustu 4-9S i-r-i9 Atlanta 3-30 M()iitu:()iuei'y 3()0 Mobile New Orleans Shrevepoi't ]-3« l-4() 1-30 l-(;2 Nashville 1-65 Galveston 2-63 2-40 OIIKOXICLK WKATIIEH UEl'OKTS SUM.MAUV. Jiili/. —Dnring this month the weather everywhere was extremely favorable, exeept a dronght in Texas iuul an exeess of rain at New Orleans; consequently enltivntion and giowtli progressed satisfactorily and ci-op accounts greatly improved. The rains at New Orleans were conlined almost wholly to the immediate coast. From the interior of Texas complaints of drought continued. A ufjiist.—'Vevy heavy rains the fourth week of this month (from the 19th to the 26th) at Savannah, Charleston and Wilmington, l)ut did not extend inland ; on the contrary, a want of rain was complained of at *Tnere being 43,560 square feet in an acre, one plant to every three square feet would give 14,.520 plants to the acre; 9 bolls to a plant, therefore would make 130,680 l)olls; which divided by 300 (tlie number required to yield one pound), gives the result— 435 pounds to the acre. 120 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. almost all other points (except in the iinmediate viciuity of New Orleaus), accoiiipanyiiig shedding and rust. September. — Texas injured very materially by tlio continued drought. Some counties scarcely any rain from May to the midille of September. Heavy rains along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, but generally (piite local and not extending inland, except in the Atlantic States. The S(!a Islands of Georgia and Florida reported greatly injured from the. rains and wind of August and September. Frost, but not a killing frost, at Memphis and Nashville, Septembei' 30. October. — During the tirst week of October a very severe storm, begin- ning in the Gulf aiul decreasing in violence, passed up the Atlantic ; was not felt far inland. The remainder of the month the rainfall was generally small, except in the vicinity of Galveston and New Orleans. Cold weather on the 12th, with slight frost over a large portion of the South; we see it mentioned at Montgomery, Mobile, Columbus, Macon, etc., but everywhere stated to be of no importance. iVoyewfie/'.— Slight frost at Galveston Nov. 1. A killing frost and freeze on the nights of the 13th, 16th, 17th and 18th over almost the entire South, entirely destroj'ing vegetation. Snow fell at manj- points — at Nashville, for instance. Picking generally finished before the close of the month, except in Memphis district and in the neighboring sections. December. — Fallot snow at Mcm))his, ten inches deep, on the last day of November. On the 7tli and 8th killing frost in Northern and Middle Texas, and very cold all over South; for the week ending December 8, average thermometer at Memphis 31. Last half of mouth weather much more favorable and less severe. FIJOM TIllO AfiUICUr.TUUAL lUJUEAU I5EPOKTS. From the August and Scpteaiber reports, issued as one: "There ai'O •' reports of injuries by the l)oll-worm and caterpillar, mainly iu Missis- " sippi and I/juisiana, l)ut no evidence that a general or very serious loss " from insects is probable. Rust is common in the Atlantic States an 1, '•tosomeextent, on the Gulf coast. Drought has been injurious in the "Carolinas and iu Texas, though the reports of raliifatl thrnufjh the " South Imlicute a fair siippl// of moisture, the distribution of which has "been somewhat more nnecpial tlian usual." From tin; October report : "The cotton returns are no more favorable "than those of the preceding mouth. * * * * The injuries reported " are from rust, shedding of bolls prematurely, snfficientlj' low tempera- "turc to check the «levelopmcnt of bi)lls in uiore northern latitudes, "floods and inundation in Florida and Geoigia, sprouting or rotting of " bolls from rains, drought in some sections of Georgia, and the boll and "army worms in portions of Mississippi and more western States. It " does not appear that the losses from insects are general or very serious, "with a few isolated exceptions. Drought should be credited icilh a "larncr proportion of the depreciation than any other assigned cause, "n;)twithstandiug the fact that cotton endures lack of moisture better "than any other crop." From the November and Deceml)cr reports, issued as one: "The "November returns relative to the condition and yield of the cotton " crop indicated a larger product than was expected in O.'tober, prom- "ising fully to make good the moderate expectations of July and "August. There were no killing frosts up to the date of these reports. II * i * 'pi,j, cotton returns received in December are similar in tenor " to the November reports, fully sustaining the moderate promise of "improvement upon the somcwliat gloomy views in October. Ytt the "change in condition is not so marked as to modify materially the pros- "pect foreshadowed iu the monthly reports for JiUy and September, Sr2IMEIi AXD FALL GROWTH. 121 "exeept that the ffrowlnf season has been from seven to ten days longer "thiin the average of seasons, increasing the crop prospect at least " 200,000 bales." From the foregoing we learn — First. — That July was generally veiy favorable ; that Angust was also favorable, except — (1) a severe storm along the Atlantic coast, not extending far inland ; (2) a severe drought in Texas ; and (;^>) severe shedding and rust almost everywhere, the latter the result of too little rain, although the records show that there was no want of rain, and the Agricultural Bureau says, " the reports " of rainfall through the South indicate a fair supply of " moisture." Second. — That the picking season was entirely satis- factory. Tliird. — That the short crop of this year can therefore only be accounted for by the fact that the stand was defective, grassy and sickly, and, as a consequence, poorly rooted ; so that when the ordinary summer weather came, although the plant looked well, it succumbed and dropped its fruit under conditions of weather which to a vigorous plant would have been satisfactory. 1872. The weather record, rainfall. &c., were as follows for the last six months of 1872: 187 2. July. Aug. yei)t. Oct. Nov. D(!C. Wilniiugtou.. . Rainfall . . . 554 1115 8 22 2-83 3-37 410 " Av. therm. 83(5 80-8 75-7 62-4 51-7 41-5 Charleston... ..Rainfall. - 230 7-81 7-88 4-21 3 40 2-46 " Av. therm. 81-1 81-S 77-8 64-8 53 8 45-8 Au^ista .Rainfall... 87 410 1-33 136 3-90 3-48 " Av. therm. 810 800 75 620 48-9 41-7 Atlanta . Rainfall . . . Av. therm. 3-91 5-84 2-26 0-74 212 4-48 Savannah . . . .Rainfall... '4'3G i2'3i 3-52 3-85 2 43 O.Qf) " Av. thei-m. 83-0 840 7G0 640 54 46-5 Montgomery. .Rainfall... 10-50 2-30 3-65 53 5-73 408 ** Av. therm. 63-3 50-2 45-5 Mobile -Rainfall... i"3"37 1«9 2 15 2-77 5-65 3-70 Av. therm. 80-7 81-2 77-6 656 540 47-9 New Orleans .Ranfall... (3-43 3-75 210 318 7-43 5-25 " .\v. therm. 821 82-6 79-3 68-4 57-4 51-4 Vicksburg . . . .Kaiuf.iU... 2-11 0-49 0-72 1-74 1-85 10-41 ** Av. the"m. 83 5 8iG 79-7 651 51-3 450 Shreveport... .Rainfall... 162 040 2-91 3-41 1-39 703 Av. therm. 840 84-5 78-6 65-5 .500 420 12i COTTON FliOM SEED TO LOOM. 187 2. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Mciuphis . . . .Raiufall... 4-2.3 0-54 3-62 3-23 1-67 3-47 Av. therm. 83-0 81-0 730 59-0 440 340 Nashville . . . .Kaiiitall... 4!)0 1-G5 450 l-.'JS 2-25 2-48 Av. therm. 79-() 80-5 71-7 58-5 42-8 33-y Galveston... .Rainfall... 0-34 2-63 2-33 1-86 7-98 5-37 " Av. therm. 85-(> 84-9 82-1 71 9 58-2 51-4 luiliauola .Rainfall... 1-49 2-84 0-81 1-32 1-72 6f.5 " Av. thei'm. 84-8 83-4 81-5 71-5 57'5 50-3 CHRONICLE WEATHER RErORTS SUMJIARY. Julij. — Very heavy rains this mouth, especially during the second and third weeks, over about one-half the South. They were most severe in Alabama, the lower half of Louisiana and Mississippi, and a))out a third portion of the Atlantic States; our Selma, Montgomery and Mobile cornwpoudents speak of the great damage done by the overtlow of the Alabama, Bigbee, Warrior, Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers and their tribu- taries ; oiher sections also complained of damage from rain, but the better weather the la.st of the mouth relieved the fears. Caterpillars are repwrted from Alabama and a few other points, but no damage as j'et. A «//««<.— Complaints of damage by caterpillars in Montgomery dis- trict and fears expressed elsewhere, but all the wet section during July was comparatively free from rains during August, so that the caterpillar scare grew less thi-eatening, except in that portion of Alabama through which the Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad passes, and a few other limited sections, wh,ire considerable damage was done. In August there were very heavy rains in Georgia, North and South Carolina, far more severe on the coast, however, than inland; but from all parts of those States, and also from some other disti-icts, injury from shedding and rust was reported. September.— O'.w Mobile and Montgomery correspondents telegraphed the first week of September that the rains, the flood, the caterpillars, and the rust have worked with prettj^ severe effect on the cotton plant, in some portions of the State leaving very little. Damage from same causes also reported from Mississippi and parts of Georgia ; and from the Memphis district in the same week our correspondent stated that by reason of drought, rust and worms the crop in that section would be one-fourth less than anticipated August 1st. Unfavorable estimates of the yield continued to be received later in the month, buttlie weather was fairly favorable for maturing and gathering the crop. Of to6er.— Weather everj'where fairly favorable for picking, and good progress made. A frost, but not a killing frost, except at Memphis, reported as low down as Mobile during week ending October 19. Kovembcr.—A. cold mouth, particularly in the Gulf States, with con- siderable rain in the same sections ; but picking progressed favorably, though only moderately fast. The horse disease (epizootic) prevented free marketing of crop from September to December. Dccc/>(?>cr.— Considerable rain in sections and weather cold through much of month, and closed very cold, with snow and sleet over a very considerable portion of the South. FROM THE AGRICULTURAL BURE.VU REPORTS. August and September reports in one.—" The county reports of the "couilitiou of cotton are less favorable in September than were the " returns made in the earlier part of the season. Vigorous growth, stimu- " lated l)y fertilizers and sufficient moisture, characterized the fields of " the Atlantic States up to the season of the tirst picking, and gave " promise of unusual f ruitfuluess. The plants were in many fields too " stocky and succulent to withstand well the recent local droughts or to SUMMER AXD FALL OROVTin, 123 " endure the draughts upon vitality consequent upon the maturing of " their heavy burden of bolls, causing forms to drop and young bolls to " wither. In exposed bottom lands whero sudden and heavy rains " occurred, damage by flooding i-esulted. While a few reiwrts allude to " the presence of insects injurious to cotton, losses from that cause, in " all the States cast and north of Alabama, are less than usual. Local " droughts of considerable severity have prevailed for several weeks in " portions of the territory west of Alabama, while a sufficiency of " moisture has been reported of the Atlantic States, and in many iilaces " an excess of rain is ol)served. * * * * * * Thus the prospect " througliout the entire cotton area, which favored (August 1) a yield 5 " per cent larger than an average product, promises at the present time " (September 1) 9 per cent less than an average." October report: "The weather has been generally favorable for " picking. No violent storms are reported, and drought has not pro- " vailed. * * * The devastations of the caterpillar have extended " farther north, even into North Carolina, and have involved the top " crop partially and in many places wholly. The influence of drought " in the later summer months has been cumulative in its efTects, and "exhausted vitalitj' is nu)re apparent than in Septeuilier; yet tliere are "districts which report exemption from this premature decay, and " promise enhanced results." November and December reports iu one. — " The present maj'be classed " with the unpropitious seasons for cotton production, but it is not a " more unfavorable year than the preceding one. It has been pro- " ductive of somewhat less than average results, not from the failure "of the stand of plants nor from excessive cold and moisture in the " spring, * * * but from the wide prevalence of insec* depredations " and from local droughts of more or less severity. » * * The weather " has been fine for picking." From the foregoing we learn — First. — That July and August were much more rainy in certain districts than July of the previous year, and that the drought of August, 1872, was more severe over a large section than the drought of August, 1871, the" rainfall at Vicksburg for August, 1872, being only forty- nine hundredths of an inch, at Shreveport forty hun- dredths, at Memphis fifty-four hundredths. Second. — That caterpillars did more harm in 1872 than in 1871, and the fall seasons were not very dissimilar being fairly favorable in both cases. Third. — Under these circumstances can we account for the difference in yield the two years — being on 9-75 per cent increased acreage, 32-13 per cent increased crop except from the fact established in the last chapter, that the stand in 1872 was very good, strong, clean and well COTIOX FROM SEED TO L002I. rooted, caud the very opposite of those conditians the pre- vious year. 1873. For the last six months of 1873 the monthly record of rainfall and weather is as follows: 187 3. July. Aug. Sopt^ Oi-t. Nov. Dec. Wilmiuston.. .Rainfall.. . 4-93 7-42 9-97 2-79 3-18 4-69 Av. therm. 81-4 79-G 74-1 Gl-4 52-5 49-2 Charleston .. .Raiut'all... <)-97 12-94 8-18 2-07 5-08 4-94 Av. therm. 80-9 77"7 7«-0 63-9 54-8 51-4 Augusta .Rainfall... 3-34 5-36 3-27 2-58 4-70 2-66 Av. therm. 80-8 78-8 74-4 60-7 51-5 48-1 Atl.anta -Rainfall... Av. tnerm. 3-87 2-08 5-40 1-23 315 2-41 Savauuali- .. .Rainfall. . . 5-44 5-45 4 03 l-'o'9 5-74 3-6 S Av. therm. 81-0 80-0 76-4 63-4 55-3 51-8 Moutgomc.ry .Rainfall... 4-17 2-50 2-38 0-47 4-58 2-()l Av. therm. Sl-rt 80-2 75-0 64-4 54-2 50-2 Mol)ilo .Rainfall... s-75 10-35 8-07 1-85 3-23 2-97 Av. therm. 82-2 80-2 761 65-2 57-7 54-1 New Orleans. .Rainfall... (J-27 8-30 3-19 1-89 5-95 1-79 Av. therm 82-4 81-2 7S-7 08-2 61-2 56-6 Viclvsburg . . .Rainfall... 2-8G 3-(>7 1-60 2-20 2-91 2-05 Av. therm. 82-0 82-0 7(5-0 63-0 570 52-4 Slireveport. . .Rainfall... 3-31 l-.->9 2-31 4-15 8-35 4-93 Av. theriii. 81-(i 81-7 75-7 G2-G 56-5 49-9 Me.mpliis.. .. .Rainfall... 0-82 4-53 3-53 5-95 3-87 3-18 Av. therm. 78-0 79-0 710 56-0 49-0 44-0 Nashville .Rainfall... 4(i3 2-3G 1-81 4-26 4-36 5-94 Av. therm 8()-() 80-1 72-5 50-8 47-1 44-6 Galves.tou. .. .Rainfall... (5-83 8-04 7-37 2-26 8-91 2-53 Av. thei'ra. 83-0 83-0 80-0 71-0 77-0 77-0 Indiiiuola . . . .Rainfall... 3-49 500 9-18 2-42 3-35 3-53 vVv. therm. 82-2 82-1 79-8 70-1 63-0 58-3 CHRO.\ICI-E WE.VTIIEU KEI'OIITS SU.MMAKY. juIj/.—Thi' first three weeks of the month were quite favorable, e.xcept too little rain at Memphis, giving e.xecUent opiH»rtiinitie.s everywhere to clean and cultivate the fields; after that it turned rainy, but did no harm, as the showers were needed, and the crop elo-sed the month in apparently good condition in almost every section. August.— Vov the first three weeks of Ausrust there was too much rain in the lower half of the Gulf States, and ctHisiderable injury in all that section and parts of Georgia by caterpillars was reported. In the other portions of the South the weather was satisfactory. Septe)nbcr.—£iw,ve was generally less i-aiu-fall daring September, especially the last half, but the caterpillars were stiil complained of in limited districts; the drier weather, however, in some sections made them less destructive than feared. Rust and shedding reported in Memphis district. This was the month of the great panic in AVall strei-t ; the failure of banks and bankers North and. South interfered nu-iterially with the early nK)\ement of the crop. Octo&c/-.— This month was almost ever>'where favorable for maturing and gathering the crop, and crop reports grew increasingly favorable. The yellow fever at Shreveport and vicinity and the derangeini^nt in money matters in couserpience of the panic and failures, check the free movement of the crop. A'oi;(';)i?)e>-.— Considerable rain fell the first and third Aveeks in Novem- ber, and the weather was cold through the month, but picking made about average i)rogres8. SV2n[ER AXD FALL GROWTH. 123 December.— A fairly favorable nioutli for pickius- Generally speaklug, but little rain fell, tliougU there were rami}^ eold days. FROM THE AGRICIII.TUR.VI, 15URKAU KEl'ORTS. Eepoi-t for August-September : '• Tlie present season can scarcely bo " deemed quite an average cue for cotton ; but wlieu we recall the fact "that drought, severe rains, wind-storms, insects, rust— all these, or " most of them— are recorded of every crop that is made, it will be seen " that seasons worse than the present arc almost as numerous as those, " that are better. Should the antumu prove unusually favoral)le, an "average yield might yet be obtaine.il. Tlie onl}Mlrawl)aclvS are rains " and worms— the former no more destructive than severe droughts of " some former years, the latter less so than In some former visitations. "While caterpillars have been more abundant than last year, then* "ravages have been really disastrous or sweeping in few locations." From Oetolier report : "The average condition of cott(m in the first " week of October, as compared with October reports of 1871 and 1S7'2, "stands as much higher than that of the former sis it falls below th.e " records of the latter. * ^^ * * The average this j'ear has fallen ofT " * * toTSifj. * * * The general average in October, 1871, was "70; it was 82 in October last year. * * * " The season must be of "average length and comparatively favorable for picking to ensure a " crop equal to that of last j-ear." From Novemlier and December report: "The weather has been " gencrallj' favorable for cotton picking during the past month, as well "as for ripening of the later bolls. Some of the reports are exeeption- " ably favoraltle. In the more northern portion of the cotton belt, fields "that were planted late were caught by the frost, but the area thus " injured has nowhere been large." After .some other remarks and a detailed estimate by States, the Bureau continues: "This aggi-egate, " with the small quantity grown outside of the limits of the cotton "States, will make the total estimate of the November returns as nearly " as possible 3,700,000 bales." From the foregoing we learn — First. — That the weather during the months of July and August, 1873, was every way about as favorable to the development of the crop as the weather during the same two months of 1872. To compare the rainfall for the two seasons, we bring together the following data: Monthly Rainfall at- Wilniiugton . Charleston . . Augusta. .. . Atlanta Savannah ... INIoiitgomery Mobile New Orleans Vicksburg. .. Sl)revcpoit .. Memphis Nasliville GalA'estou .. Indiauola 1872. July. 2-30 6-87 3-91 4-30 10-50 13-37 6-43 2-11 l-ti2 4-23 4-90 0-34 1-49 August. 11-1.5 7-81 4-10 5-84 12-31 2-30 1-69 3-75 0-49 0-10 0-54 l-lio 2-63 2-84 1873. August. Total. 7-42 12-35 12-94 19-91 5-36 8-70 2-08 5-95 5-45 10-39 2-56 6-73 10-35 19-] 8-30 14-57 3-67 6-53 1-59 4-90 4-53 5-35 2-30 6-99 8-04 14-87 5-00 8-40 126 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. From this statement we see that rain was in some sec- tions in excess of the needs of the plant both seasons, but that where it was in excess, except on the very coast of South Carohna, Alabama, Louisiana and Texas, less rain fell in the two months of 1873 than in the same two months of 1872. Rain was not in excess either year at Vicksburg, Shreveport, jMemphis and Nashville. So that, in this particular, 187.3 was as favored as 1872. Cater- pillars were more widely reported in 1873 than in 1872, but the main injury they did was confined to about the same sections the two seasons, and the loss to the two crops from this cause would not differ materially. Second. — There was no excessively dry weather any- where during any portion of the summer months, except at Memphis in July; thus the sections where the plant started weak, grassy, and short rooted, had sufficient moisture all summer ; and hence the most that could be obtained from a defective stand was obtained from it. With a grassy start or stand, a very dry summer is, for the reasons already stated, especially disastrous. Third. — Do not these facts with regard to the planting season and summer growth point to a yield very similar to the result reached ? In about one-third of the South the stand in June was grassy and poor, but even that portion was well cleaned and cultivated the first three weeks of July. Elsewhere the season was fairly favorable, except in the limited districts — mainly in Georgia and Alabama — which the caterpillars injured ; while the portion where the stand was poor, having, as stated, been well cleaned and improved in July, probably went through the remainder of the summer better than it would have done had it been a dry season. Consequently, although there was an increased acreage planted in the richest cotton sections of 10-59 per cent, there was an increase in the SUA12IER AND FALL GROWTH. 127 ■ ■ — i crop of only G-09 per cent. Had the stand been 3very- where perfect, we could have looked for a much arger increase in the crop. 1874. The temperature, rainfall, number of days of rain and weather summary for the last six months of 1874 were as follows : 1874. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Norfolk.. . Rainfall, inch. 8-M 504 3-78 0-04 3-39 4-58 i No. day.s rain. 15 14 9 4 11 12 c Hieii 96 96 5 8-0 80-0 740 73-0 '• Ther....(, 760 Th-O Thcr...^Low 641) 560 55-0 40-1 33- '1 2«-0 f Aver 79 1 76-7 74-1 ^3-8 56 6 49-4 Cliarleston.Kainfall.inili. 13-74 7-06 t)-G6 1-85 2-11 2-94 No. clay.s rain. 17 10 10 5 7 8 ( Hi.h '20 92- 1 ^7-0 810 78-0 7.3-) " Ther...^ i.«.w 6 • ) 8-0 57- ii 4 -0 37-0 :-i3-o i .Aver. 79-3 79- 1 75-8 C6-r 58-8 53-1 Angusta. . .Rainfall, int-li. 5-35 li-Hl 5-85 1-09 2-21 4-04 No. days rain. 13 10 9 6 10 11 ( High. 970 101 920 860 7'-0 770 " Thcr... -{Low. 68-0 610 f)S-0 ^OO 30-0 2v) ( vei. 7 i-n 78-8 74-7 (3 5 56-7 49- 1 Atlanta .. . Rainfall,inch. 4-7(5 10-00 0-47 0-80 3-19 3-00 No. days rain. i) 9 5 3 9 11 cHi^h 90- 98-0 8--0 8!-0 740 620 " Thcr... -^ LOW . t Aver -0 66-0 55-0 400 2S-0 200 8J0 8.J-1I 78-0 700 600 too Savannah . Rainfall, inch. 10-14 0-58 «-89 1-42 1-sO 1-66 " No. day.s rain. 10 14 14 5 9 11 Ciiih. 04-1 96-0 90- .'9-0 81-0 760 Thcr... -Low. 68- '50 570 42-0 370 370 ( Aver. 790 7^0 7.5-3 60-3 5i(> 540 Columbus .. R.iinfall , inch. 6-45 3-82 1-37 3 02 6-01 6-92 " No. days rain. 10 9 5 G 4 16 S0 69-5 530 400 310 .32-0 ( AVer 79- s» f2-6 76-2 (51' 58-2 51-7 Mobile Rainfall, inch. 10-_'l 3-79 2-54 000 2 04 4-17 " No. days rain. lo 8 10 7 14 4-86 •' No. days rain. 8 3 1.5 2 7 « ( High. 97-5 100-0 89-5 86-0 «3-5" 77-0 Ther... ^ Low. 71-0 73-0 65-0 510 38-0 40-0 / Aver. 82-3 84-3 79-2 73-2 66-4 59-1 Corsicana. -Rainfall, inch. 0-07 2-94 9-52 " No. days rain. 3 9 15 I Hgh. 87-0 83-0 750 Th€r.--]Low !!!! 31-0 30-0 32-0 ( Aver. 67-3 58-2 51-1 CllIiOMCLE VVKATIIEll RErORTS SU.M.VIARY. Ji////.— During- this month thei-e were heavy raiUiS on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, among them a verj' severe storm reported at Savannah, doing much injiirj- to buildings, Imt not reaching far inland except in a nmch modified form. A drought also began in the Memphis district the first of July, the rainfall there being only forty-seven lmndred!hsof an inch during the month. Neither of these causes had, however, acted to any considerable extent injuriously to cotton up to August 1. At that date the crop may be described as developing very satisfactcn-ily almost everywhere. yl»f/?«,s<.— Towards the latter h.alf of July the district where dry weather pi-evailed extended beyond the Memphis di.strict, taking in, fir.st, Nashville, then Vicks))urg, Shreveport, Dallas, itc.,— in a word, covering (througli the whole or the first three weeks of August) all of Tennessee and Arkansas, and the northern portions of Louisiana, Alabama, Missis.sii)pi and Texas, being in great part the very section where the May drought prevailed most severely. In portions of that large section very considerable harm was done by shedding, and done In some cases in a wonderfully short space of time. The rain recorded in our table, at Memphis and Nashville, for August fell during the last week of the mouth, too late to prevent iiijuiy. -The Atlantic States had some very heavy shower.s all through the mouth, but uo special harm resulted to cotton from them. Scptem'bcr.—'Rixmfi returned early in September through all the dry district, doing good in some sections, especiall}' in casi- of a late frost ; but in others the plant was beyond redemption. The weather, however, wa.s evei-ywhere fairly favoralde. October.— This, month was as perfect as pos.sible for gathering in the crop. But in the dry section, where expectations were being built upon a second growth, and in the Mississippi Valley, where the plant was so SrM2rEE AND FALL OROWTH. 129 very late on aceomit of tlie flood, au early frost did great barm. At Mfiuphis aud Nashville there was a killiug frost October 13th aud 14th, aud from October 29th to November 1st a killiug frost is recorded iu all the remainder of the district referred to. .Voncm&cr.— Weather continued generally verj' favorable for picking. December.— Month favorable for picking, but very little cottou any- where left to i>ick. 1 HO^r THE AGRICULTURAL HURKAU REPORTS. The August and September report, issued as cue, says: "Our Septem- " ber returns indicate a heavy decline iu tlie prospects of the eottou " crop in all of the States c.\:cept Virginia. * * * in North Carolina " the leading complaint in several counties on the coast and iu the north- " eru part of the State is cold uights, * * iu some cases aecompauied " by late rains, producing rust. * * * ju several counties iu the "interior a damaging drought set iu about the luiddlc of August, "which caused copious shedding of forms. * * * Thc^ same general "conditions are appai-ent iu South Caroliua. * * * In Georgia * * "protracted drought is the leading cause of this decline, but iu many "counties it was accompanied by extreme heat and hot, blasting winds. " In Dooley county some promising tields were parched Avithin half au "hour. * '' * * In Florida, * * * iu some couuties, as Levy, alter- " nate flood and drought ruimnl the crops on the best lauds, causing " great discouragement among farmers and a desire to emigrate. * * * " In Alabama, though the injurious cau.qes have been operative, the " general decline * * has been smaller than iu any other great " cotton State. * * * Mississippi. *•• * The general cause of "injury here was drought, which manifested it.self more destructively " upou upland than upon bottom crops. * * * In Louisiana * * * "the drought appears to grow iu virulence toward the southwest. " The intense heat aud blasting, hot winds are more freiiuently noted. mo 03-0 60-0 Lowest.. 72 -O 70-0 09(» 00-0 Avfriisre- 73'J 70-1 78-2 77-4 Average. 83 9 79-3 82-2 83-1 Wilniiiifrt'ii Slirevep'rt Hinhost.. 91-0 92-0 Highest.. 100-0 ■-04-0 90-O 99-0 Lowest . . r.()-0 (i5-0 Lowest.. 72-0 Ol-O 09-() 05 AveT'aj^e.. 76-7 7U-C '78-3 ■ 78-5 Average. 80-0 79-0 83-0 82-0 Cliail(!st<)ii Fayette. Hijjhest.. 92() 91-0 97-0 93-0 Highest.. 101-0 90-0 91-0 88-0 Lowest . . 4,s-() owest . . 04-0 7(»-0 73-0 Lowest.. 73-0 71-0 71-0 70-0 A\'erage. ' 83 -0 79-0 82-0 82-0 Average. 84-4 82-9 83-7 84-6 M'tuoiuery Iu-2 73-4 6i)-0 5i-6 53-; Atlanta RainfalUiiicli. 3-81 3-42 4-64 1-50 3-15 0-14 " No. days rain. 8 7 6 5 7 11 CH's;\i. 950 90-0 90-0 78-0 72-0 71-0 T\n\r...]i^ow . < We 7.V0 6,50 50-0 3<-0 23-0 120 90-0 8'30 74-0 66-0 5:^-0 55-0 Sava;iuali.. Rainfall, inch. 1-.51 0-11: 3-95 2-87 1-49 1-41 " No. days rain. 3 13 7 4 9 8 ( High lOiO 940 9.50 85-0 83-0 80-0 " Ther... < Ljw. 72 05-0 55-0 43-0 340 25-0 ( Ave . 81-7 78-4 74-7 6.J-5 60-9 56-0 CoUinilnis . Rainfall, inch. 1 ■(!,-) 5-95 7-25 2-(>l: 4-52 3-83 No. days rain. .5 4 7 7 10 8 £ High. 9S0 90-0 940 83-0 76-0 740 Ther. . . \ Low . 7.S-0 (UO 5 4-0 40-0 38-0 y3-o f Ave . 8li-0 7.t-0 , 75-0 61-0 570 540 Maeon RainfalMuch. lol 7-18 3-91 0-07 4-48 1-03 No. days rain. (Hiih. 9S0 9-<-b' 93- 1 7 '-0 ii-o 7 "•()' " Tlier... < Low. 74'0 61)- 570 31-0 3 JO 18-0 ( Ave . 9;?o 830 79 6S-0 6J0 60-0 Montsoni'y. Rainfall.iuch. 00!) 2-U 8-13 1-68 5-90 0-04 No. daj'srain 9 10 12 8 16 15 (H.gh. 1030 94-0 97-0 78-0 79-0 75-0 " Thor... < i-ow . 725 65-0 53-0 40-0 3:30 23-0 1 V ver. 8lj' I 7S-0 74-7 60-8 5,)-3 54 ■< Mohile Rainfall, inch. 400 • 7-07 8-52 2-32 5-10 3-01. No. days rain. 8 14 12 4 3 10 (High. <)90 91-0 94-0 83-0 80-0 7)0 " Tlier. . . - Low . 7:}- 1 6-;-o 570 44-0 41-0 3;)-o I Aver. 8;{-9 78-4 75- 1 63-7 63-6 57-6 N. Orlp.aas. Raiiifall.inch. G-.57 8-(U 7-89 2-09 6-7.) 5- 15 " No. days rain 21 21 14 7 11 13 ( ii--h. 92-5 900 92-0 83-0 80-5 78-0 " Ther... ^, ow . 730 70- 1 61-0 51-0 4S-0 313-0 ( war. 81-8 :9-3 76-6 67-3 65-6 61-5 Shrevept'i't. Rainfall, inch. 2' 10 6 17 8-02 4-40 2-99 9-51 " No. days rain. 16 15 4 9 12 13 ( igli. 10-0 1040 9V0 85-0 81-0 79-0 " Tlicr... How. 710 640 50-0 41-0 32-0 29-0 ( -Aver. 85-0 79-0 73-0 63-0 580 550 Favctte, Mi.'^s.— " Rainfall, inch. 1-10 7-90 7-30 410 5-90 4-20 " No. days rain. 5 11 (! 6 7 10 C HIgti 940 90-0 900 80-0 80-0 7^-0 " Ther...^ ow . 7f ' H3-0 52-0 41-1 340 25-0 ( v . 79-8 74- r 71 1-5 5-S-3 f8-l 55-2 Vicksburg . Rainfa!l,iuch. 1-H2 8-S5 7-55 3-76 4-55 5-01 " No. days rain. 12 (5 8 11 13 C High. 9!)0 93-0 9 40 83-0 81-0 79-0 " Tlior... ■{ i,ow. (i-t-S 65-0 500 3 '-5 32 25-0 ( Avei-. 80-6 78-3 73-4 63-0 59-7 56-8 Columbus, Miss.— " Rainfall.inch. 1-5? 5-82 817 0-95 6-19 8-32 " No. days rain. 9 6 4 10 13 Little Roelf.RainfalUinch. 4-50 Nashville . . RaJnfall,inch. '8-"t0 1-86 2-80 3-00 '3'9'2 4-55 " No. days rain. 10 10 .5 7 16 11 ( High. 970 81-0 ('3-0 80-0 75-0 73-0 " Ther... < Low . 6:)0 57-0 41-0 33 230 13-0 t Wer. si-3 7i-0 6.J- 1 5'>-4 50-4 49-3 ST'MMF.B AND FALL GROWTH. 133 1875. Juy. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Meiiiphi.s . .K;niif!ill,mfli. 4-31 '2-39 2-94 2-38 9-60 5-.54 No. daysraiu. li .S 3 5 5 11 (Hgii. 990 91-0 93-0 79- i) 760 71-0 " Tlier...How. 70-0 o;jo 44-0 350 27-0 210 f Aver. 822 750 70-0 591 5)-9 49-8 Galvestou. .Rainfall, iucli. 1-11 G1.5 18 41 1-79 5-1)1 9 71 No. days raiu. 10 11 10 C 12 13 (Hign. 970 !)C-0 940 84-0 S2'0 730 Ther... -ji ow. 7i-0 71-0 59 560 470 40-0 C Aver. 85 H2'9 74-7 70-(i 657 61-6 Indianola . Rainfall, inch. 2-31 203 10-(1.5 2-26 2-42 U-96 " No.daj's rain. 9 .5 10 4 8 8 ( H gli. 960 97-0 9.50 8 a 830 77-0 " Ther... ^ 1 ow . 710 710 610 560 40-0 40-0 ( ' ver. 8-t- 1 83a 76-6 71-8 650 630 Corsicana ..Rainfall.iuoli. 3 0.5 G-Sl 1-Gl 0-22 3)6 0-28 " No. days rain. 3 8 7 •> 7 8 (Huh. lOi-0 101-0 i0"-a 910 >-8-0 76-0 " Ther.. JL)\v. 710 64-0 460 41-0 •26-0 30 ( .iver. 80-0 80-2 73-5 63-9 55-6 542 Dalla.s Rainfall, inch. 510 CIIUON'ICLE WEATHKU REPORTS SUMMARY. /it///.— The weather during July -was, in general, fairly favorable, splen- did showers visiting most sections of the South. lu parts of almost all the States, however, there were comphiints of drought, while at Mem- phis and Nashville there was too much rain ; but no considerable damage Avas done from either cause. As the month closed, fears were enter- tained of damage from the overflow of the Mississippi. A u (J II St. —ThowgXi some sections continued to complain of drought, the more general dilliculty and complaint during August was excessive rain. Shedding, rust, rot, mildew, aud overgrowth of weed, were the principal evils e.Niisting and feared. The Mississippi overflowed its banks at Memphis aud in that vicinity, but although great harm was anticipated and considerable harm was done to individuals, yet the aggregate loss was so limited that its effect on the total crop was not very material. Seplcniber.—ThvfirnX.'haXtoi September less rain fell, and during the gi'cater portion of that time there was a decided improvement in tlie weather. But on the lOth a terrific cyclone struck Texas, lasting four days, almost destroying Indianola and doing great harm at Galveston aud in all the Texas coast counties; tlie rainfall at Galveston, during the storm, reached ten and fifty-three hundredths inches, at Shreveport seven and flftj--nine hundredths inches in thirty-eight hours, and at Vicks - burg, during two days, five and sixtj-tme hundredths inches. The crop In all the section of which these cities are the centre, sufiercd more or less injury from the storm, but the harm done in the coast counties of Texas (say from San Marcos river to the Sabine river, and from the Gulf to a line drawn through Austin, Crockett, and San Augustine) was especially severe and so reported. On the 25th of September there was another storm at Galveston and vicinity, at wliich six aud sixty-three hundredths inches of rain fell, which did further damage to the cotton prostrated by the cyclone. Through Alabama, also, and parts of Georgia, there were excessive rains this month, aud much damage reported. Oe'ohcr. — This month was generally favorable f >r picking the crop. There were, l.owever, light frosts at several points, and killing frost in North Carolina aud at Memphis and Nashville. iV"oi'e»i&cr.— Considerable rain fell in November, e.'ccept on the Atlantic coast, and many complaints on that ground were made, especially in the Mississippi Valley and the Gulf States, as the rain beat out the cotton, rotted the bolls, and interfered with the picking. Sickness in 134 COTTON FROM SEED TO ZOOM. the same section also interfered with picking, while the election excite- ment in Mississippi had the same effect. Dcfc»i?>(7'.— The rains of last month were continned dnring December and in much the same districts; the wcatiicr also turned yuite cold almost everywhere. Picking, therefore, made comparatively slow progress. For instance, it rained during Novemhcr and December on 24 days at Vicksburg, 25 days at Shrevcport, 31 days at Montgomery, ■-7 days at New Orleans, &c. See table above for details. FROM THE AGKICULTCRAL BUREAU RETORTS. From the August and September reports (to September 1) issued as one:— "The prevalent droughts of July were succeeded by rains in " August, too copious for the best results in the Mississippi Valley, and " quite injurious in heaA'y soils of the eastern belt, causing rust, shed- " ding of leaves and fruit forms, and, to some extent, rotting of the " lower bolls. There is a rank recent growth which will yield largely " with a favorable and long autumn season, or prove a disappointment " in case of an early killing frost. In some parts of Texas drought con- '• tinned for nine weeks, but the seasonable rains since the middle of " August have placed the fields in high condition iu all except the most " severely parched localities." From the October report (to October 1) :— " An improvement in the " condition of cotton during the pa.st mouth is indicated in Alabama, " Louisiana and Arkansas. The depreciation in Mississippi is slight, " from 98 to 06, occasioned by storms. The destructive equinoctial " storm wasted and stained nuich fibre in Southern Texas, reducing tlie " State percentage of condition from 94 to 88. In North Carolina and " Tennessee, Sfptember was cold, and the harvest is late with less favor- " able prospects of a top crop. A reduction of the percentage of Georgia " from 76 to 71 is caused by storms and the increasing prevalence of " rust. South Carolina is 3 per cent lower, from similar conditions. In "several counties of Florida the caterpillar has l)cen injurious. * * " The harvest has been retarded in the Mississippi Valley by an unusual " amount of sickness among the laborers. In the State of Mississippi " tliere has been some loss of time on account of political disturbances." From the November and December reports (to December 1) issued as one :— " As former reports of condition have indicated, the States bor- " dering on the Atlantic all show a reduced product, and those in the " Mississippi Vallej^ an increased yield. * * * * There is much irrcgu- " larity in the progress of picking. In some counties of Georgia and " Alabama the harvest is nearly over. In Mississippi the work has lieen " delayed by political difflculfies and by sickness. * * * Fine weather " has been the rule, with a few exceptions ; but in Louisiana much fibre " has been lost or stained by storms. The effect of the great September " storm in Southern Texas proves less disastrous than was at first " represented." From the foregoing we learn — That from the first of August the rainfall was extremely heavy in a very considerable section of the South. The following shows the aggregate rainfall in each of the dis- tricts named during the five months (August, September, October, November and December) for the years designated. We have arranged the stations in classes, putting points STMMER AXD FALL GBOWTH. 135 Oil tliG coa5t together and those inland together. Storms are apt to divide themselves up in that way, many confin- ing themselves to the coast; hence the comparison becomes more intelligible and instructive with this arrangement. KAINFAI.L BY SECTIONS. Aiif/Hsl to D::c"nibe', inclusive, (five months). Stations. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. Norfolk, Va luphes. 24-28 27-(!5 l(!-83 22-41 20-37 33-38 Wiimiiiiftou, N.C. " 19-37 28-05 20-35 17-17 32-31 48-31 CUarleston, 8. C. " 25-70 33-21 20-62 15-29 37-88 24-62 Savumiiili, Ga. .. " 24-40 y3-8i 19-9!) 20-35 78-15 15-86 24-U2 25-96 Total " 108-90 70-73 115-18 132-27 Auffiista, Ga " 14-17 IS -57 2000 16-17 18-11 23-60 Atlanta, Ga " 15-44 14-27 17-46 19-15 15-04 14-92 Columbus, Ga " 21-14 24-24 18-50 17-16 Macon, Ga " 18-04 76-64 17-90 16-22 67-87 18-87 Total " 29-61 32-84 77-46 74-53 Mobile, Ala " 15-00 26-47 12-54 25-98 26-20 34-21 New Orleans, La " 21-71 21-12 13-42 30-53 18-86 36-44 Galveston, Tex.. " 20-17 29- 11 21-65 41-67 19-93 45-14 Indiauola, Tex... " 13-24 2 i-48 22-18 24-32 17-99 26-77 Total " 71-08 100-18 69-79 122-50 82-98 142-56 Montgomery, Ala " 16-29 13-27 11-35 23-89 15-01 16-19 Shreveport, La.. " 1514 21-33 15-67 31-12 13-63 26-94 Fayette, Miss.... " 17-20 29-40 14-80 Viekslmri,'', Miss. '• 15-21 12-43 1422 30-32 15-08 24-97 Columbus, Mi.ss.. " 3103 16-36 33-52 T-ittle Rock, Ark. " 13-56 29-35 Nashville, Tenn.. " 12-46 18-73 19-58 16-19 14-69 19-59 3Iemphi8, Tenn.. " 12-53 21-06 17-00 22-85 15-40 23-32 Corsicaua, Tex.. " 18-91 9-90 22-16 Total " 71-03 86-82 95-02 203-71 128-43 196-04 This statement is especially interesting because it proves the existence of conditions in the fall of 1875 which were of course harmful, and not very unlike those prevailing during the same months of 1877 ; yet in 1875 previous favorable conditions (that is, something in its earlier development) enabled the plant to produce a crop of 4,669,000 bales. We shall have reason to refer to this point again. 1870. The temperature, rainfall and number of days of rain for the last six months of 1876 were as follows : 1876. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Bee. Norfolk Rainfall,ineh. No. days rain. " Thcr...^.ow. ' Aver. 5-50 10 102-5 60-0 81-7 4-54 16 9V5 630 78-2 9-09 13 9.30 520 69-7 1-52 7 78-0 310 56-8 3-28 12 70-5 310 49-4 1-94 11 59-0 11-0 33-B 136 GOTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. 1 1870. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Wiiiuiugl'u.Kaiiil'all.inch. 7-62 8-:-^r^ 9-41 7-22 1-05 5-48 No. (lays laiii. V.i 14 10 10 7 9 " Tlici-... ^LoV.. .... 'Ave . 79-8 78-3 73-7 59-'6 53-0 39-1 Cliarlestou . Ilainfall.iuch. 11-20 5-10 11-20 14-32 1-35 5-83 No. days raiu. 10 15 12 13 6 11 cHigl). 97-0 97-0 94-0 82-0 05-0 " Ther... -{Low.. 67-0 72-0 60-0 43-0 23-0 ( Ave . 8;J-6 82-4 77-9 62-4 56-'3 44-1 Augusta Rainfall, iucli. 0-20 3- 6 2-.50 3^8 3-.54 5-17 No. (lays rain. 14 14 7 7 8 11 ' (High. 9S-0 97-0 95-0 86-0 65-0 " Tlier... ^Low. eao 70-0 48-0 36-0 20-0 t Aver. 8a- 7 81-6 75'2 60-1 52-4 39-1 Atlanta liainfall.incli. 3-49 5-32 0-80 1-81 3-67 3-44 " No. days rain. 9 9 4 3 10 (> aiigh. 96-0 95-0 88-0 78-0 75-0 60-0 Tlier. . . \ Low . ( vver 60-0 72-0 50-0 37-0 31-0 14-0 90-0 90-0 80-0 67-0 52-0 40-0 Savannah . .Kainfall.incli. Oil 0-88 2-(!0 9-45 0-88 4-81 No. day. s rain. 13 14 12 8 3 13 \II fell 100-0 97-0 960 85-0 810 05-0 " Tlier... N l.ovv . 60-0 70-0 55-0 440 35-0 20-0 ( Aver. 84-.5 82-1 78-0 61-7 56-4 44-9 Coluniljus . . Uaiufall.ineli. 4 36 5-31 0-46 3-90 2-00 617 " i\o. days rain. 10 12 2 2 5 8 c Hi?li 960 96-0 94-0 78-0 70-0 6S-0 " Ther... -^ Low. mo 70-0 50-0 3(5 330 20-0 I Ave 840 82-0 75-0 64-0 510_ 440 Macon Rainfall, inch. 8-67 2-47 2-93 2 90 2-75 5-11 " No, days rain. l High. 95-0 97-0 92-b' 7li ds-o' " Ther... -^ i.ow. 64-0 700 60-0 .-■o-o 1 -0 /Aver. 90-0 87-0 83-0 51'0 38-0 Men tgoui'y. Rainfall, inch. 6-24 3-0.5 1-01 0-96 3-42 5-97 '■ No. days r.iin. 14 18 4 2 9 15 (Hgh. 100-0 95-0 950 86^ 78-0 69-5 Thcr... jL.w. 6S-0 08-5 51-5 42-0 32-0 20-0 I Aver. 82-8 80-9 75-1 62-9 53-2 41-8 Mobile Rainfall, inch. 5-38 11-. 53 1-70 0-37 5-30 7-18 " N;). days rain. 12 19 3 1 8 14 1 High. 90-0 95-0 92-0 820 79-0 " Ther... \ i.ow . [Ave . 74-0 71-0 55-0 43-0 35-0 83-3 80-1 76-8 64-4 55-7 44-4 N. Orleans .Rainfall,inch. 4-73 4-44 0-26 0-24 4-35 9-37 " No. days rain. 21 16 7 2 7 18 (High. " Ther... 8 I HiKli. 9(>-0 940 940 87-0 820 700 " Ther... low. 75-0 71 620 .'il-O 390 200 ( Aver 850 83-7 79-4 71-G 00-1 502 lucliaiiola .Kainfall,iuch. 317 4 00 3-51 4-Ji 2-70 2-48 " Ko. days rain. 10 a 7 G 8 ai ^h. 980 990 930 83-0 750 " Ther... {Lovt. 73 M 710 070 500 230 ( wer. 843 79-4 (8-7 590 55-9 Corsicma .rvaiufall.iiicli. 3-27 1-58 i-58 0-08 3-84 2-22 " No. days rain. 7 8 o 7 I lli-li. 10.50 101-0 98-0 91-5 770 72-0 *' Ther. . . ■ .■ w . 700 »IH0 50-3 36-0 2o0 120 I ve-. 83-(5 82-7 74-8 6«-6 5-2-3 570 Dalkia.... .. Rainfall, iui-a 1-29 0-20 0-35 0-02 2-47 0-50 CHKONICLE WEATHKU REPORTS SUMMAKV. ./((///.— Early in the month the ovorflow of the Arkansas River did some damage, taking off probably about twelve tliousand bales from the prospective yield of that section. Other tlian this, all the conditions were during the montli fairly favorable. In some sections there were complaints of droughts, and in many others too much rain, but as tlic plant was well started and the liclds clean, the liarni done was inconsid- erable. On the whole, the month closed with the crop in very good con- dition almost everywhere. August. — Some reports of caterpillars were current last month, but in the early days of tliis mouth they began to be more definite, and as the month progressed it became evulent that in some sections harm had actuallj- been done. This was especiallj' true in tlie prairies and cane- brake seotioas of Mid lie .Vlabami, and also in a portion of Mississi[>pi and the lower third of Texas. R.iins were in excess in Tennessee, and in portions of the Atlantic and Gulf States ; but in the caterpillar district of Alabama and Mississippi there was very little rain, and in the last two or three weeks of August scarcely any, which helped in a measure to check the growth of that plague there, though the loss in Alabama was reported at one-third the crop in that section. Rust and shedding widely complained of, especially in the West and Southwest. Drought in Northern Texas. September. — Tlie weather this month was very favorable everywhere, except some excessive rjius on the very coast of the Atlantic States, and a drought in a few sections, tlie most important of which was the northern part of Texas. Caterpillars completed their work in Texas the first week of the month, stripping the plants of leaves and of the young bolls in the district between the coast and as high up :is Hunts- ville, Crenham and Gonzales, it being reported that in that section " the early pi intings will make from a (luarter to a third, and the lato " plantings almost nothing." October. —in'ongXit continued in Northern Texas. The rainfall at Dallas has onlj" been one inch and twenty-si.x hundredths since the first day of August (tlirec months), and was only one inch and twenty-nine hun- dredths iu July. The weather during the month has generally been excellent for picking purposes. Killing frost was reported in the West and Southwest on the first and s^-^coiid of October, destroying iu a con- siderable section the later growth. iV)!)c rt6c/'.—Th3 weather was very favorable everywhere for picking, the first ten or twelve days. A storm during the iie.xt four days in Texas was said to have beaten out and destroyed much cotton. The balance of the month generally cold. December. -Weather quite severe and cold, but not of so much import- 138 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. .aiice, as picking bad been iu large part flnislicil. Towards tlie close of the inniitli it became very cold, ice l)eiug reported at Galveston and Iiulianola, and lieavy snow in north of Texas, with the " coldest weather " at Dallas ever known. '' Eleven inches snow at Mempbis, &c. FROM THE AGiaCULTUKAL BUREAU REPORTS. From the August and September reports (to September 1) issued as one: — " The September returns, while averaging a higher condition than " is usual in this month, are lower than those of August. * * * In " North Carolina the d(!cline has been from 9(5 to 93, caused by exces- " sive moisture and rust ; in South Carolina from 97 to 91, from blight " caused by great extremes of heat and moisture; in Georgia from 104 " to 90 by drought mainly, and in less degree by rust and caterpillars; " in Florida from 89 to 83 by worms and rust ; in Alabama from 103 to " 83 from causes similar to those operating in Georgia, with great " prominence of the caterpillar ; in Mississippi from 92 to 87, mainly " from too much rain, with some injury fi'om tlie boll worm and cater- " pillar; in Texas from 106 to 87, from various causes, operating either " together or separately in the diflerent sections, as drought, rains, rust, " boll worms and caterpillars. In Tennessee and Arkansas the decline " is scarcely pci'ceptible, amounting to but one per cent, and in Louis- " iana there is a gain of one per cent." From the October report (to October 1) :— " The October reports iudi- " cate a reduction of the condition of cotton during the past mouth in " the teu principal cotton States from an average of 90'.5 to 82-7. • I 4 * * rpjjjj impairment of the crop prospects has been c;iuscd by the " ecpiinoctial storm in North Carolina, drought and rust in Georgiii, " the caterpillar in Florida and Alabama, the boll worm in Arkansas, " and frost in Tennessee. The caterpillar is confined to the southerly " portion of the Gulf States. Its depredations are most severe in Ala" " bama. In most of the infested districts its reproduction was too lato " to destroy more than the top crops." From the Noveml)cr and Decemlier (to Dec. 1) reports, issued as one : — " Tlie returns of November indicated an extremely favoral)le season for " gathering cotton, except in some portions of North Carolina. * * * " Frost has injured the top crop in the northern belt, notably iu Arkansas. '• The fibre is cleaner than usual and of superior quality in the southern "belt. Di ought iu the Gulf States, rain storms in the Carolinas, the " boll worm in the Southwest, and the caterpillar iu certain locations ' near the Gulf Coast, are chief causes of injury to the crop. The har- " vest will be complete 4-09 4-98 6-06 3-22 No.day.s rain. 8 3 14 13 13 10 I ' f?'' 910 in -0 !70 830 77- u 71-0 Tber... -ILo ^ . 18 1 65 T i) 460 •.60 2-0 ■ . < ^^ ■ 8:i-i; ,S -.-i 76-4 ti5->J 5!-9 50-2 Atlanta Rainfall, mcli. 3-29 0-77 3-19 3-87 3-19 3-S40 No. days rain. 7 4 5 8 7 iHi,h. 940 980 r20 74-0 6 -0 66 Tber...^L;w. < >vei-. 00 670 £.70 44-0 20") 21-0 8r-o ^7■0 CS-0 550 55-0 Savannah . Rainfall, inch. 5- 07 3-«9 8-92 5-37 3-72 4-06 No. day.s rain. 13 14 15 11 11 12 (H.gh. 100- > 10-0 H'O f3-0 Sl-0 710 Ther.-.^L w . 610 710 640 fU-0 28-0 29-0 ( • ver. 8.3-8 8!-6 76-7 6-? 59-1 55-1 140 COTTON Fit 021 SEED TO L002I. 1 1 1877. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Columbus. .Raiufall,iiic'li 1-34 2-24 3-30 l-_87 4-13 4-75 " No. claj's raui. 3 4 6 .5 6 6 CHigli. 9S0 950 9 >-20 780 710 " Thor... ■ LOW 7o-0 730 620 4 -0 213-0 2 -0 ( ver. ^5•o 820 760 6S0 540 53-0 Macon liaiufall.inch. 4-17 2-05 3-28 3-70 4-73 5-lL No. (lays rain. (Hgli. Tlier. . . ] o w . 06 940 t's-o 7.3-0 73 b' 63 68-0 6B0 6,-0 '0-0 220 •. -0 I Ave . 8V0 80-0 7i-0 CT-0 .53 4 -0 Moutffom'y. Rainfall, inch. 3-43 1-07 4-07 2-51 3-75 4-79 No. days rain. i> 9 13 10 12 9 (High. 1020 910 970 83- J 760 710 Thei'...^ow. 6 -5 « -5 610 4i-0 2i-5 24-0 ( A' er. 84- •! 81-8 75-3 65-5 f3-9 5 -.) Mobile Rainfall, inch. 3-74 4-G9 12-G3 6-15 4-7«) 5-99 " No. days rain. 8 12 1.5 9 10 10 c H gh. 1000 1000 P5-0 83-0 760 7 -0 Ther. .. I ow. 6-0 700 630 48-0 270 2f;o f wev. H4-8 82-0 7.-6 68-1 561 54-3 N. Orleans. . Raiufall.inch. 6-41 2'5i 13-21 9-15 6-58 4-96 " No. days rain. 13 9 14 14 8 8 ( High. 990 96 93-0 810 7 -0 71-0 " Ther...'^ iw. 73-.1 ervo 61-0 530 380 3.-0 ( 'vev. «:-t-7 831 78-4 ;()-3 58-3 &r.-5 Shreveport . Rainfall,inch. 2-37 0-20 9-93 9-30 3-76 3-7.5 " No. days rain . 10 1 12 11 8 7 ( iigh Ther...^Low. 990 990 9-0 88-0 720 7f0 «4-0 650 1-0 43' 1 ln-0 2 -0 I . ve •, 83-0 82-0 76-0 65-4 51-7 51-2 Fayette, Miss.— " Rainfall, inch. 4-80 11-20 6 -GO " No. daj's rain. .'j 14 10 (Hish 940 8S-0 920 TTier... 'Lnw. 64- 530 660 (\y . 7-2 73-1 .6-3 Vicksburg. .Rainfall, inch 2-9.5 1-14 6-94 5-00 9-03 2-'86 " No. daysra.n. 9 6 11 10 10 6 CHlah. 990 99-0 970 860 74-0 • 73-0 " Ther.-.'Low. .;4'0 G60 550 430 230 230 t .\e . 82-4 8:-l 74-0 66 53-3 54-1 Columbus, Miss. — HaintalUincb. 4-92 0-47 12-83 2-82 7-29 5-19 " No. days rain. 7 3 10 10 11 10 Little Rock. Rainfall.inch. 0-81 3-5G 7-72 6-46 4-93 6-68 " No. days rain. 8 4 7 7 8 8 { 'Iigh. 9-)-0 9T0 96-0 87-0 78-0 8:-o Thcr..;Low. 7>i-r, 600 510 .S8-0 ;o-o 12-0 f ver. 80-0 8f0 720 65-0 ;3-'> 50-1) Naslivillo ..Rainfall, inch. 3-2.5 41G 5-40 2-61 4-93 2-49 " No. day.s rain. 10 8 12 8 13 11 (High. 950 910 80-1) 83-0 64-0 090 " Ther.-.^Low. 6()0 620 .^ro 38-0 170 170 ^Aver. 81- L 7r-4 70-6 609 47-3 48-.^ Memphis. ..Rainfall, inch. G 22 G05 311 3-75 5-97 4-44 " No. days rain. 13 10 13 13 15 15 ( Ugh. gr>o 940 94-0 81-0 68-0 70-0 " Ther...^Low. ii20 620 5(0 410 160 200 f vver. 80-4 7K-0 71 62- •< 4T-6 5 -5 Galveston. .Rainfall, inch. 1-89 1-27 13-85 17-39 6-77 5-86 " No. days rain. 11 7 8 10 7 11 (High. Ther...^ ow. 910 970 93-0 87-0 7 -0 68-0 7 -0 70-0 600 49-0 300 350 I Aver. 84-4 846 80-1 715 5-3 55-9 Indianola... Rainfall, inch. 204 1-98 2-20 11-75 4-83 5-92 No. days rain. 7 7 6 13 8 13 iH gi. 97 1000 960 930 J-2 77-0 Ther...Low. 680 •;30 6'-0 490 28-0 :30 1 Aver. i-4-9 8-v6 81-2 70-<> 60-3 5rt-.=> Corsicana... Rainfall, inch. 3 GO 2-85 2-33 6-81 G-21 3-96 • " No. days rain. 8 10 13 7 11 (H gli. 1020 10 '^0 1000 98 75-0 7:i-0 " Ther... \ low. :90 610 iOO 400 140 220 ( w r. 81- 1 81-8 -s-s 6.5-4 5t-4 5!-.- Dallas Rainf.all.iui^h. 2-80 3-lG 4-25 6-55 7-50 3-17 CHUONICLE WEATH ER REP( JUTS str MMAUY. J(t'*/.— This month was j? onerally ' very fi ivorahli for th ) develo pinent of tho crop. lu some sec tions tl] 16 temp eratuve was tou low fo r rapid STTMMER AXD FALL GROWTH. 141 progress, bat about half the month was hot and forcing, with just rain enough to give the phiut a strong, healthy growth. More rain than need- ful, however, fell in the Memphis districts, and also along the Atlantic coast. Plant continues backward, say about two weeks later than last year almost evci'ywhere. In Texas the coast counties west of the Colo- rado River reported great injury from cateri)illars. A i(r/«s/.— During August the weather was very favorable, with few exceptions; on the coast of North Carolina and in Memphis there was too much rain, and in pai'ts of the Atlantic and Gulf States, and especi- ally iu the north of Texas, th(>re were complaints of drouglit; the last week of the month. Northern Texas was relieved by fine showers. Cater- pillars were reported this month in many m >ro sections of Texas, and doing harm in all the lower third of the State. Shedding and rust widely complained of. September.— The weather was fairlj' favorable for maturing and gather- ing the crop, except in the third week. Earlier in the month consider- able rain fell, all of which, on ace >!int of the previous dry weather, was needed; but in the third week there was a very severe storm of wind ano rain in the Gulf, the rainfall being largest at Galveston, New Orleans and Mobile (from eight to ten inches), but reached three and seventy- eight hundredths inches as high up as Viclisburg, and three and three hundredths inches at Nashville. The remainder of the month was gener- ally very favorable. In parts of North and South Carolina there wtis more rain through the month than desirable. October.— T>urmg the first half of October, except as stated below, the weather was very favorable for maturing and picking cotton. On the 7th there was a very severe local tornado iu the northern and north- eastern sections of Texas, but does not seem to have passed outside of Texas with much severity, nor to have passed through the lower third of the State. Daring the week ending on the 19th, there was another storm in the Gulf, of four or five days' duration, beginning iu Lower Texas and extending np into Arkansas, through much of Louisiana and Mississippi, but not reaching Mobile, the rainfall beiug between three and six inches at different points. Ag.aiu, in the week ending the 2(!th there were two days of very heavy rain on tlie Texas coast, the rainfall at Galveston being nine inches and forty-three linndredths. This storm did not extend far, except iu a modified form — that is, the rainfall rapidly bi'cam" liss as it passed inland (Ueing at Corsieana (mo inch and forty- two hundredths, at Vicksburg one inch and one Imndredth, at Shrevo- port only fifty-four hundredths of an inch, at Memphis flftj'-flve hundredths of an mch), and yet over much of that section there was a dense mist during the greater part of the week, which intei'fered with picking and gave rise to very ma:iy complaints of rotthig and sprouting of bolls, &e. On the Atlantic coast there were also some heavy rains, but not extending inland with any special severity. With the exception of the districts named above, the weather was fairly favorable for crop purposes. Tfrtvember. — The first ten days of Novemlier there was a continuation, especially on the Gulf coast, of the heavy rains so prevalent in October; but later the weather improved, and the most of the remainder of the month was fairly faTorable for picking purposes; the principal excep- tion was in the week ending Nov. 23, when it rained on from one to three days at almost all points, the rainfall reaching, in the aggregate, from one to three inches. A killing frost was reported Nov. 10 all over Texas and, in fact, at about that date in almost all parts of the South. Ice fornjed in many places. Deeejuber.—The first three weeks of December, with the exception of 142 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. ono to three of the first days, were generally very favorable for picliing purposes, but the last week less 8o. Take the month as a whole, how- ever, there w;is less rain than in the average years ; and as the tempera- ture was higher than usual in December, farm-work made better progress. FKOJI THE AGKICULTLKAL BUKEAU KEPOKTS. August Report. — " On the Atlantic coast there is frequent mention of iuferitu' fruiting. In the Carolinas there has- been nuich succulence of growth in couseciuence of abundant moisture. In Georgia and AlaViauui there has been some injury from drought, but the weather has lately V)een more seasonable. It has bceiv too wet in nnuh of Mississippi ; some cotton in bottom lands in Tippah county has been abandoned from tliis cause. In Louisiana the promise is extraordinary. In Concordia parish the best crop since 1870 is expected; in Uuiou 'the best since 18G0.' Tlio prospect in Texas is marred by the appearance of the cater- liillar. More than half of the counties reported are infested, not seri' ou.sly as yet except in a few cases. In Lavaca Ihe bulk of the crop is destroyed; in Gonzales, 75 per cent — ' a complete wreck where preven- tive.'; were not used.' " September report. — " The condition of cotton during the first week of Septem)>er averages for tlie whole cotton belt the same as in September of last year. Florida, Alabama., Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansa.? and Tennessee make higlier averages than in 1876. The Carolinas, Geoigia and Texas report less favoral)ly, the gnjatest reduction being in Texas- As compared with last mouth, Florida, Arkansas and Tennessee only report improvement. The caterpillar is present in all of the Gulf States and in South Carolina, but ha.s done little damage as yet, except in Texas. * * * * in tlie Atlantic States there is much complaint of rust, mainly resulting from drought, but in some counties from injury ))y beating storms. In this section tlie growth is late, and the efl'ects of frost in shortening the harvest are feared.'* October Report. — '■ The average coMclitiou is nearly as liigh as in 1876. It is 81'1, against S2-7 last year and 88 the year before. The decline in condition during September is less this year than last. Geiu-gia and Tennessee nuike the same average as in September of last year; North C.irolina higlier, and all other States lower, though Arkansas declines but one per cent. The weather has been favorable generally up to the middle of September, except upon soils liable to suffer from drought. In portions of Arkansas, and in more limited areas in Texas, heavy rains prevailed in the eai'lj" part of that month, and fnmi the 16th to the 20th a storm of great violence swept through the cotton belt, to the borders of Texas, doing great damage by beating out the fibre, rotting the bolls, breaking down the plant and overflowing low lands. A loss of at least 20,000 bales is reported from ovt^rflows of the Black Warrior and Tombigbee. lu Ala- bama, between the 20th and 80th of September, rains were frequent, and in some localities nearly continuous, retarding or discontinuing picking. Rust is reported throughout the belt, more in the east than in the west, but in few places causing "serious damage. The oateriiillar has done less damage than was feared, the most .serious losses being in Texas and Louisiana. In the more northern States thej' will cause (luite as much benefit as injury, by reducing redundant growth of foliage and hastening maturity of fruitage." The foregoing indicates — First. — That the summer growth was fairly satisfac- tory, and on the first of September the crop was in good SUMMER AND FALL GSOWTH. 113 average condition, and over a very considerable section in excellent condition. Lower Texas, on account of cater, pillars, was less favorably situated. Second. — Tliat September was a satisfactory month in all but the Gulf States the third week, and in parts of North and South Carolina; that the first half of October was also favorable, except a toi'nado on tlie 7th in the upper two-thirds of Texas, and a severe storm on the Atlantic coast on the 3d or 4th of the month; for the remaining two weeks and for the first ten days of Novem- ber there were unusually severe and frequent storms, especially in the western and southwestern States, being more severe on the coast, but extending inland so as to interfere greatly with picking; that December was more favorable than tlie average for that month. A killing frost was reported in almost all sections by the 12th of November. DEDUCTIONS FROM THE ABOVE STATEMENTS. We have thus hastily passed in review the surroundings of the cotton plant during the last half of each year from 1871 to 1877, both inclusive. To complete the record one further set of facts is necessary, indicating the date of frost and the limit of the picking season. The data with regard to the latter point, we have mainly obtained from our own correspondents; but as to frost, we have, in all cases, relied upon the Signal Service Bureau's observations when we could obtain them. Of course, in giving the exact period when picking was finished, there is probably some little difference in the mode of fixing the date ; the idea, however, has been for each correspondent to designate the time when that point in the season was generalhj reached in his district, not the day when the last man picked his last bale. "We have subsequently averaged each section, but first insert the full returns, as follows. 1-14 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. — ■ — 1 KILLING FKOST .\ND END OF PICKINU SEASON. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. Wiiiuiiigtou— First frost Nov. 10 Oct. 15 Nov. 20 Nov. 2 Oct. 17 Oct. 17 Nov. 7 Killing frost.. Nov. 10 Nov. 10 Nov. 20 Nov. 2 Oct. 17 Oct. 17 Nov. 7 End of picking Nov. 20 Dec 20 Dec. 25 Dec. 10 Dec. 25 Dec. 25 Dec. 20 Charleston- First frost Nov. 1.'') Nov. 15 Oct. 29 Nov. 1 Oct. 17 Oct. 17 Nov.ll Killinj; frost.. Nov. 10 Nov. 17 Nov. 20 Dec. 10 Dec. 18 Dec. 1 Nov. 12 End of picking Nov. IS Dee. 15 Dec. 20 Dec. 10 Dec. 20 Dec. 20 Dec. 20 Aiigustii— First frost .... Nov. 10 Oct. 31 Oct. 3 Oct. 14 Oct. 10 Oct. 8 Nov.ll Killing frost.. Nov. 1 Nov. 15 Nov. 5 Nov. 1 Nov. 17 Nov. 10 Nov. 12 End of picking Dec. 15 Dec. 25 Dec. 31 Dec. 25 Dec. 10 Dec. 25 Dec 31 Atliiuta— First frost Oct. 11 Oct. 7 Oct. 13 Oct. 13 Oct. 2 Nov. 7 Killing frost.. Nov 10 Nov. 15 Oct. 29 Nov. 1 Nov. 17 Xov. 10 Nov.ll End of picking Nov. 15 Nov. 25 Dec. 5 Dec. 25 Dec. 10 Dec. 15 Dec. 20 Savannah- First frost Oct. 15 Nov. 11 Oct. 15 Dec. fl Nov. 10 Nov. 10 1 Killing frost. Nov. 10 Nov. 15 Nov. 2t) Dec. 1(1 Dec. 9 Nov. 10 Nov. 30 End of picking Dec. 10 Dec 25 Dec. 10 Nov. 30 Dec. 15 Dec. 20 Dec. 18 Colnnibns, Ga.— First frost Oct. 12 Oct. 8 Oct. 11 Oct. 15 Nov. 11 Nov. 10 Killing frost.. Nov. 17 Nov. 15 Oct. 28 Nov. 1 Dec. 7 Nov. 11 Nov. 30 End of picking Macon — Nov. 20 Nov. 15 Dec. 20 Dec. 20 Dec. 25 First frost Oct. 12 Oct. 15 Oct. 8 Oct. 14 Oct. 14 Oct. 8 Nov. 10 Killing frost.. Nov. 10 Nov. 15 Oct. 29 Nov. 1 Dec. 7 Nov.ll Nov. 30 End of pi(^king Dec 12 Dec, 12 Dec. 12 Dec. 15 Dec. 10 Dec. Dec. 20 Montgomery- First frost Oct. 12 Oct. 15 Oct. 13 Oct. 8 Nov. 10 Nov. 4 Killing frost.. Nov. 18 Nov. 10 Oct. 29 Nov. 2 Dec. 8 Nov. 10 Nov.ll End of picking Nov. 10 Nov. 10 Nov. 25 Dec. 10 Dec 10 Dec. 17 Dec. 20 Mobile- First frost Oct. 12 Oct. 15 Oct. 8 Oct. 14 Oct. 12 Oct. 2 Nov. 12 Killing frost.. Nov. 18 Nov. 13 Oct. 29 Nov. 2 Dec. 8 Nov. 8 N.iv.12 End of picking Nov. 15 Nov 30 Nov. 30 Dec 1 Dec. 25 Dec. 15 Dec. 25 New Orleans- First frost Nov. IS Nov. 10 Oct. 8 Dec. 10 Nov. 11 Oct. 3 Nov. 12 Killing frost.. Dec. 3 Nov. 10 Oct. 29 None. None. Nov. 19 Nov. 30 II End of iticking Jan. 10 Dec 20 Jan. 31 Shrevcport — First frost — Nov. 10 Nov. 18 Oct. 20 Nov. 1 Oct. 19 Oct. 1 Oct. 20 Killirg frost.. Nov. 10 Nov. 18 Oct. 28 Nov. 1 Nov. 10 Oct. 1 Nov. 7 End of picking Dec. 1 Dec. 1 Dec 15 Dec 4 Dec 20 Dec. 24 Dec. 24 Vicksburg— First frost .... Oct. 8 Oct. 14 Oct. 20 Oct. 2 Nov. 7 Killing frost.. Nov. 10 Nov. 17 Oct. 29 Nov. 1 Dec. 7 Oct 8 Nov.ll End of picking Dec 10 Dec 20 Dee 31 Dec. 5 Dec. 31 Dec 10 Dec. 31 Fayette, Miss.— First frost . . . Oct. 7 Oct. 14 Oct. 31 Oct 2 Nov. 7 Killing frost.. Oct. 29 Nov. 1 Nov. 11 Oct. 2 Nov.ll End of i)ickini; Jan 10 Dec. 20 Dec. 25 Little Rock- First frost Nov. 3 Nov. 3 Killing frost.. Nov. 10 Nov. 10 Oct.' 29 Nov'.'l Nov. 16 Oct.' " 8 End of picking D>ic. 10 Dec. 31 Dec 20 Dec 10 Feb 1 Dec. 15 Feb. 1 Nashville- First frost .... Sept. 30 Oct. 10 Oct. 8 Oct. 13 Oct. 12 Oct. 2 Oct. 5 Killing frost.. Nov. 17 Oct. 1 1 Oct. 29 Oct. 14 Oct. 12 Oct. 8 Nov. 7 End of piekiug Dec. 1 Dec. 31 Dec. 20 Dec. 1 Dec. 20 Dec. 5 Dec. 15 Memphis— Fir.st frost Sppt.30 Oct. 10 Oct 8 Oct. 13 Oct. 12 Oct. 2 Oct. 5 Killing frost.. Nov. 17 Oct. 11 Oct. 8 Oct. 13 Oct. 12 Oct. 2 Nov. End of pickin,^ Feb. 17 leb. 21 Jan. 10 Dec. 12 Feb. 1 Dec. 15 Feb. 10 Galveston— First frost .... Killing frost.. Oct. 30 Dec. 2 Dec. 7 Dec. 7 Dec. 6 Dec. 6 Nov. 10 Nov. 10 isfov.ii Oct. 29 None. End of picking Nov. 18 Dec. 15 Dec. 10 Dec. 1 Dec 10 Dec. 7 Nov. 24 Indianola — First frost Killiug frost.. Oct. 30 Dec. 2 Nov. 12 None. Oct. 20 Dec. 7 Nov. 13 Nov. 19 Oct. 10 Nov. lo Nov.l-i Oct. 29 End of pickin;.' Nov. 18 Dec. 15 Dec. 10 Nov. 30 Dec. 1 Dec. 7 Nov. 24 _: _ ■! SUMifEK AND FALL GROWTH. 145 1871. 1872. 18-3. 1874. 1875. 1«76. 1 1877. C'Drisicaua — First frost Oct. 31 Nov. 20 Nov. 29 Oct. 20 Nov. 10 Dec. 15 Oct. lloct. 22 Killing frost. EikI of pickiiii; Dallas- First frost Nov.lo Nov. 18 Nov. 17 Dec. 2.5 Oct. 28 Dec. 15 Oct. 1 Dec. 2L Oct. 1 Oct. 1 Dec. 2', Nov. (! Dec. 10 Oct. 22 Killing frost Nov. (! Knd of pickiufi Dec. 10 This table, with all its details, will frequently be found of use, and in fact is necessary for comparison in any close analysis or estimate of a crop secured. But our present purpose will be better attained by having the substance of these facts in a less extended form. We have therefore prepared the following, which gives, as near as may be, from the foregoing, the average date in each State of the close of the picking season for each year. Eud of Pickiuj' Season in each State. 1871. I 18' 1873. 18-4. 1875. 1876. 1877. Nov.20iDcc. 20 bee. 25| In-c. 1(» Dec. 2.">!Dec. 25!Dec. Norrli Carolina South O!aroliua .'Nov. 18 Dec. 15 Dee 20 Dec. 1(» Dec. 20 Georiiia 'Dec. 5 Dec. 15,Dcr-. 10 Dec. 15 Du Alabama i Nov. 12 Mis.sissippi [Dec. 10 Louisiana Dec. 1 Arkansas. . Tennessee. Texas ... . Dec. 10 .Jan. 15 Nov. 18 Dec. 15,D( Nov.25|.Vi(V.;50 Dec. 20|l)ec. 81 Dec. l|Dec. 15 Dec. 31|Dcc. 20 Feb. 1 Dec. 31 Dec. 20IDec.l2 Dec. 5 Dec. 5 ijec. 4 Dec. 10 Dec. 10 Dec. 1 Dee. 20 Dec. 3 1 Dec. 20 Feb. 1 .rail. 15 Dec. 10 20 Dec-. 'J()lDec.2() Dec. 20: Dec. 22 Dec. k; pec. 25 Dec. 15 Dec. 25 Dee. 24 Dec 24 Dec. 15 Feb. 1 Dec. 10 .Jan 15 Doc. 20 Dec. 5 In abridging the frost statements from the same table, we de.3ignate two sections in every State where any im- portant differences of date appear between the inland and coast counties. North Carolina So. Carolina — Coast Inland Geortria. — Coast Inland Alabama Mississippi Louisiana — New Orleans, Shreveport. . . Arkansas Tennessee — Nashvillo Memphis Teva.s— (' irsicana (t tl vestoti Date of Killing Frost in Each State. 187 Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov Nov. Nov Nov. Dec. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov . Nov D .15 187:'?. I 1873. Nov. 10 Nov. 20 Nov. Nov. Nov Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Oct. Oct. Nov Nov Nov. 20 Nov. 5 15 Nov 20 1 5lNov. 5 13]Oct. 29 17 Oct. 29 1874. 1875. Nov. 2 Oct. 1, Dec. 16 Dec. 18 Nov. 1 Nov. 17 Dec. 16 Nov. 1 Nov 2 Nov. 1 16]Oct. 29 None 18, Oct. 28 Nov. 1 16, Oct. 29 Nov. 1 14 Oct. 29 Oct. 14 14 Oct. 8 Oct. 13 17 Oct. 28 Nov. 20 14 Oct. 291 None. Dec. 9 Nov. 17 Dec. 8 Dec. 7 None. Nov. 16 Nov. 16 Oct. 12 Oct. 12 Nov. 10 Dec. 7 187 Oct. Dec. Nov. Nov Nov. Nov. Oct. Nov. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Dec. 1877. Nov. 7 Nov. 12 Nov. 12 10 Nov. 30 10 [Nov 12 8 Nov. 12 8 Nov. 11 Nov 30 Nov. 7 Nov. 3 Nov. Nov. 6 i Nov. 10 146 COTTON FROM. SEED TO LOOM. An examination of these figures will show that, by itself and independent of other facts, neither the length of the picking season nor the date of frost is an event con- trolling the yield. They are both elements of some importance in the problem to be solved, and at times quite decisive, but chiefly because of previous con- ditions. For instance, in 1874 (the year of the great spring flood), the start on the flooded low lands of the Mississippi A^alley was over a month delayed ; further- more, the imperfect stands everywhere secured, and subse- quently the unusual summer drought (both contributing to lessen the yield of the plant) made it highly import- ant that the full growtli should l.)e attained and a good top ci-op saved. A late killing frost that year was, there- fore, in every section, of the first importance. Yet the date on which it visited Memphis was very early, Octo- ber 13, and by the first of November, not only through- out the whole of the Mississippi Valley and its tribu- taries, but almost everywhere else, vegetation was killed. On the other hand, in 1875 and in 1876, the stand was good and the bottom and middle crops were excel- lent, so that when, during the first eight days of Octo- ber, 1876, the frost stopped all growth in the West and Southwest, and in 1875, during the first half of the same month, checked vegetation in half of the Memphis and Nashville districts, there was sufficient cotton already made in most of those sections to keep the full working force busy up to or beyond Christmas. Before, however, con- sidering these points further, it will be well to recall the controlling features of each year's j^rogress and growth, so that we can scrutinize as a whole the early as well as later development and yield of each season. But first, for more convenient reference, we have epitomized the conditions of weather &;c., for the last six months, given in detail above : SUMMER AXD FALL GliOWTH. 147 1871 Jidy, Aveailier apparently very favorable. Aujttsi, also very favor. able, with limited exceptions, yet plant slieddiug badly every- where. ScplcDiber to December, weather favor-able, bii". v'l-'iut sheds and little fruit ripened. Killing frost November IG and 18. Pickinij closed about November 13 to December 10. 1872 July, too rainy iu about on&-third the South. Alabama rivers overflow; rest favorable. .1 ((.7 ((s/, drought complained of in all but a portion of Atlantic States, where there was too much ra'n ; Ijad sheddiny reported iu extensive districts. September, \iiifA\- orable reports continued, but weather fairly favorable. Ocl:)l)er to December, fairly favorable ; horse disease delays crop. Killing frost was delayed everywhere, exceiit iu Tennessee, till Novenil)er 13th to 18th. ricking closed from December 15 to 31, though at some points earlier. X^TiJnlg quite favorable. August, too much rain on the coast at Charleston, Mobile, New Orleans and Galveston, elsewhere fairly satisfactory ; caterpillars did injury iu Central Georgia and lower half Alabama; shedding bailly in sojuc districts. September, except on the very coast, no more rain than desirable. October to December fairly favorable. Killing frost in the Gulf and western StatesOclober 28 and 29, and in the Atlantic States November 5th and 20th. Picking closed from Decemljer 1 to 31, though at a few points earlier. 1874 July fairly favoral)le, except severe local storms on the coast and drought in Memphis district. August, Memphis drought cou- tinued and extended until taking in all Teuuessee, Arkansas, northern portions of I^ouisiana, Alabama, Mississippi and Texas; shedding very profuse. September, fine rains everywhere and weather favorable. October, killing frost at Memp!iis and Nash- ville October 13 and 14, and almost everywhere else at close of mouth November and December favorable. Killing frost gener- ally November 1. Picking closed generally before December 10. 1875 J'te/*/ fairly favorable, tliougb rains were more abundant at some points than needed. August, rains very excessive at many points, and Mississippi overflowed at Memphis ; shedding, &e., widely and stronglj' comiilained of. September, less rain, except iu Texas (mainly the coast) and parts of Alabama and Georgia. October to i>cc«»(&er— Excessive rains in November and December iu Mis- sissippi Valley and Gulf States, and the weather turned quite cold iu December. Killing frost at Memphis and Nashville, October 12, and elsewhere fri>m November 10 to Deeember 18. Picking closed from about December 15 to 31. 187G July fairly favorable, though the rains in considerable sections were more abundant than needed. August, caterpillars reported to have done great harm in lower third of Texas, parts of Ala- bama and Missis.sippi, and rains excessive iu some sections, thiuigli not in the Alabama and Mississippi caterpillar disti-icts. September, caterpillars did great harm in Texas; severe drought iu northern part of Texas ; excessive raius on the Atlantic coast ; otherwise favorable. October, killing frost iu Mississippi Valley October 2d; drought in Nort-licrn Texas continued; otherwise favorable. November, quite favorable, except closed cold. De- cember, cold. Killing frost in the West and Southwest from Octo- ber 1 to 8, elsewhere November 8 and 10. Picking closed from December 10th to 25th. Such were the more prominent features of the con- 148 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. diti(Hi for the latter half of each <'-eason. That we may at a glance see the changing influences operating from month to month for all the seasons, and be able to com- pare them readily, we give the following summary : Year. 1870 Spring Weather. Stand. Jul J' to Sept. Oct. to Dec. J/«>"c/i cold, ^^jz-ii fair- ly favorable. Muy favorable. /M?icvery favorable cvery- wlu've. Standexcel- Icnt, very clean and strong. Favorable and complaints few, except shedding. Favorable wea- ther. Killing frost from Oct. 20 to Nov. 20. Picking closed Dec. 5 to 25. isri March, cold, rainy. April les.s so. May cold, rainy, e.'tcept Texas. June cold, rainy. Sickly,weak and very grassy ev- erywhere. Rainfall gen- erally an av- erage, but drought very harmful. Favorable wea- ther. Killing frost Nov. 16 to 18. Picking closed Nov. 15 to Dec. 10. 1872 .][iirr/i fairly favorable April iicuerally very favorable. Maij fa- vorable. June gen orally very favor- ai)le. Good, clean and strong almost ev- erywhere. Drought at Favorable, some points Killing frost and e access- Oct. 14 and ive rains at Nov. 13tol8. others. Slied- Picking closed ding, &e. Dec. 15 to 31. 1873 Uitrrh favoraltle, ex- cept last weelv. A pri cold, dry. Muij. tivst two weeks favoraljlf, rest too rainy in oiic-third the South. June too rainy iu same third. Two -thirds good and one - third poor and grassy. Too much rain on the coast. Caterpillars in Alabama and Georgia Shedding badly. Fa\'orable wea- ther. Killing frost Oct. 28 to Nov. 20. Picking closed Dec. 1 to 31. 1874 MurcJi coM, rainy; rir- cru overllow. Aprii cold, rainy. Man. .severe drought, ex ccpt Atlantic States. .Tntw, last half fa- vttrable; first half, drought in some sec- tions. Very irreg- ular and imperfect, but clean and well cultivat'd. Great drought in Tennes- see, Arkan- sas, &c., with high temper- ature. Favorable wea- ther. Killing frost Oct. 13 to 31. Picking closed lieforo Dec. 10. 1875 March cold. April, first co'd; rest favor- able. J/«*/. fii'st two weeks cold; restvery favorable. J'ujievery favorable. Stand excel- lent and clean ev- erywhere; never bet- ter. Aug. to Dec, rains very excessive at many points. Shedding badly. E.xcessive rain. Killing frost Oct. 12 to Dec. 18. Picking closed Dec. 15 to 31. 187^, April, excessive rains in western and Gulf States; rivers over- flow, (piickly recede. Mai/ generally very favorable, .funevi'vy favorable, except lieavy eliowers near Atlantic coast. Stand good and clean; not quite as perfect, though, as year pre- vious. Cateipillnrs in Ala., Mis-i., and Texas. Drought in North Texas. Killing frost in Miss. Val- ley Oct. 2. Favorable. Killing frost Oct. 1 to 8, except in At- lantic States. Picking closed Dec. 10 to 25. 1 1 SrinfER AXD FALL GROWTH. 149 The reader will, of course, refer back to the detailed statements for the different years and months, using the above only as suggestive of the full facts. As to the conclusions to be drawn, there can be but one opinion. In 1870 we see that the spring weather was almost unexceptionable ; the stand was perfect ; the summer growth was satisfactory; the picking season was favoral:)le ; and the yield was ■4,35'2,000 bales, against 3,154,900 bales in 1869; or an increase of 37-94 percent in the crop on an acreage increased only 13-90 per cent. In 1871 the spring weather was very cold and ramy ; the stand was very poor and grassy ; the summer weather gave the average amount of rain, and yet there were complaints of drought and the shedding was very great? as would be the case with any plant with only surface roots in summer weather ; the picking season every way favorable, but shedding still complained of ; the yield was 2,974,000 bales, against 4,3.52,000 bales in 1870; or a decrease of 31-GG per cent in the crop on an acreage decreased only 10-75 per cent. In 1872 the spring weather was favorable ; the stand was good and clean ; the summer weather was far from favorable, drought in some localities, excessive rains in others, and shedding reported everywhere ; and yet with a good picking season the plant was found to be well fruited still, and the yield was 3,930,500 bales, against 2,974,000 bales in 1871, and 4,352,000 in 1870, or, com- pared with 1871, on an acreage mcreased 9-75 per cent, the crop increased 32-13 per cent, and compared with 1870, on an acreage decreased 2-05 per cent, the crop de- creased 9-69 per cent. In 1873 the spring weather in about one-third of the South was very rainy and in about two-thirds favorable ; the stand was good and the fields clean in two-thirds and 150 COTTON- FROM SUED TO LOOM, poor and grassy in the other third ; the summer weather was fairly favorable except too much rain on the coast half of States ; caterpillars did injury in Central Geor- gia and lower half of Alabama, and shedding was com- plained of pretty generally ; the picking season was fairly favorable, except au early fx'ost in the western and Gulf States; the yield was 4,170,000 bales, against 3,930,500 bales in 1872 ; or compared with 1872, on an acreage in- creased lO-.'iO per cent, the crop increased only G-09 per cent, and compared with 1870, on an acreage increased 8-32 per cent, the crop decreased 4-18 per cent. In 1874 the spring was first very rainy, so that in March all the rivers overflowed, being the worst flood for thirty years, and the waters did not fully recede till after the first of June; then in May there was a very severe drought everywhere except in the Atlantic States, continued in many sections into almost the middle of June; March and April were also very cold; as a result of these condition.?, the fields were clean, but the start was late everywhere, and very late in the flooded district, and very imperfect indeed in all but the Atlantic States; in summer was the great drouglit and the abundant shedding, but if the reader will examine the comparative rainfall and thermometer, he will see that, except in a portion of the Memphis dis- trict, it was no more severe than has before occurred when th3 result wa? very much less disastrous; so that we can S3e no way to account for much of the injury, (the actual killing of the plant in many sections), except by saying that the plant never became well rooted in May and June, and therefore was less able to i-esist drought; the picking season was excellent, save an early frost in the district of the spring flood, which cut off much from the later-planted crop in that section; the yield was 3,833,000 bales, against 4,170,000 bales in 1873 and 4,352,000 bales SUMirER AXD FALL GROWTH. 151 in 1S70; or, compared tvith 1873, on an acreage increased 1-54 per cent, the crop decreased 8-08 per cent, and com- pared with 1870, on an acreage increased 9-98 per cent, the crop decreased 11 -93 per cent. In 1875, the spring weather was favorable ahnost every- where; the stand was excellent, never better; ni the sum- mer, however, there were very excessive rains, the Mississippi overflowed, and the plants were said to shed bidly; the picking season was generally extremely unfavor- able and rainy, almost in that particular equal to the pick- ing season of 1877; and yet the yield was 4,GG9,0()0 bales, against 3,833,000 bales in 1874, and 4,352,000 bales in 1870; or, compared ivith 1874, on an acreage increased 5-95 per cent, the crop increased '21-81 per cent, and compwed with 1870, on an acreage increased lG-52 per cent, the crop increased 7-28 per cent. In 1876, the spring weather was not everywhere as favor- able as the previous spring, and yet generally very favorable; there was a Mississippi overflow in April, the water, how- ever, soon receding ; stand was very good, but not quite up to 1875, and the fields were generally clean and well cul- tivated, in summer there was considerable rain in sections, a severe drought in Northern Texas, and complaints of shedding and of caterpillars in Alabama, Missisippi, and coast half of Texas, the latter doing considerable harm in Texas, but not much elsewhere; the picking season was fairly favorable, except continued drought in Northern Texas, and also except a killing frost in the Mississippi Valley October 2; notwithstanding these drawbacks, the yield was 4,485,000 bales, against 4,069,000 bales in 1875, and 4,352,000 bales in 1870; or, compared ivith 1875, on an acreage decreased M6 per cent, the crop decreased 3-94 per cent, and compared with 1870, on an acreage increased 15-18 per cent, the crop increased 3-06 per cent. 152 COTTON FliOM SEED TO L002r. STATES. Actual Pr.)duot of ISOO, iu bales. Agiic'l Bureau flgurcs of couditiou on the first of each month. Per Ct. yielfl, Est. of E.stiniatM Product of Burea.i July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. ' in bales. Nona O.iroliua ... South Carolina . . . 210,000 250,000 350,000 45,000 505,000 500,000 425,000 322,400 321,500 220,000 91 90 101 98 102 95 101 97 101 85 101 105 101 1 105 • 100 105 110 , 115 107 101 99 102 96 99 92 105 105 97 110 1.'3 120 125 110 103 112 131 119 112 243,000 311,8-0 420,000 56,250 Alaliama Mis.sissli>pi 102 95 100 97 110 90 100 100 108 109 110 100 555,500 540,000 476,000 Tu.xas 422,344 382,585 Tennessee 2 16,400 Total 3,154,900 3,657.550 Such are tlie conclusions readied from a review of the history of cotton production for seven years. Little more on this branch of our subject remains to be said. The facts thus brought together point to an almost controlling influ- ence of a good stand upon the results of the crop. The character and nature of the plant and its growth and culti- vation — previously given — suggested such a relationship, but this experience in production would seem to leave no other possible explanation of the different seasons' results. We conclude, then, that rain, drought, shedding and even caterpillars are shorn of much of their power for evil, if the plant on the first of July is well started ; and hence reports of harm done from unfavorable conditions in sum- mer and fall can only be correctly measured v»'hen inter- preted in the light of the early development. AGRICULTURAL BUREAU's FIGURES OF CONDITION. In this and the previous chapter we have intended to in- clude the substance of the Agricultural Bureau's monthly reports except the figura.3 of condition. As these figures are frequently needed for comparison, wj give them below, adding the November percentages of yield and the estimate of the crop each year worked out from them. 1870. Tje usual Juno report of condition was not prepared tuis year. SUMMER AXD FALL GROWTH, 153 1871. STATES. Actual Product of 1870, Agricultural Bureau figures of condition on the first of each month. Per Ct. yield, E.St, of Estnnat'd Product of Bureau for 1871, in bales in bales. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. N. Cai-oliua. 275,000 90 99 94 82 80 80 220,000 So Carolina 318,000 92 100 96 80 75 08 236,610 Gcoriria (ioo.Ooo 82 82 80 78 72 67 402,000 Florida .. .. 00,000 103 88 S3 75 73 58 34,800 Alabama ... 015,000 8! 81 81 80 75 73 470.8.50 Missi.s.sippi . 050,000 84 80 80 80 70 72 468,000 Louisiana . . 000,000 90 75 83 77 73 65 390,000 Texas 400,000 93 93 81 80 70 68 272,000 Arkan.sas... ■171,000 83 90 98 95 82 85 402,900 Tennessee . . 300,000 90 98 100 90 94 90 270,000 Total . 4,352,000 3,167,190 187; Actual Product of 1871, Agricultural Bureau figures of Per Ct. Estimat'd STATES. condition month. on the first of each yield. Est. of Bureau Nov. Product of Bureau in bales. June.' July. Aug. Sept. Oft. in bales.. N. Carolina. 175,000 96 1 94 99 101 90 121 211,750 S.). Carolina 255,000 92 ! 97 98 95 86 124 316,200 Georgia 328,000 96 101 104 96 88 119 390,320 Florida .. .. 40,00u 95 102 96 92 75 102 40,800 Alabaina. . 505,000 105 lOf) 107 88 8i 111 • 560,550 Mississippi 495,000 100 109 112 90 78 112 554,400 Louisiana . . 396,000 104 103 101 86 72 121 479,160 Te.xas 280,000 100 105 105 94 85 126 352,800 Arkansas... 290,000 9S 1 95 90 78 75 105 304,500 Tennessee . . 210,00:) 101 ' lot 101 92 90 110 231,000 Total . . . 2,974,00 > 3,441,480 1873. STATES. N. Carolina. So. Carolina Georgia .. .. Florida Alabama.. . Mississippi . Louisiana . . Te.xas Arkansas. .. Tennessee . . Total ... Actual Product of 1872, in bales. Agricultural Bureau figures of condition on the first of each month. 200,000 260,000 505,000 60,000 550,000 625,000 520,.500 495,000 455,000 260,000 June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. 85 88 94 102 93 92 94 86 92 90 91 82 94 99 85 83 80 78 106 90 95 87 95 103 91 88 86 83 93 95 95 86 90 85 80 92 93 92 3,9.30,500 3,-15,100 88 80 82 76 78 75 72 80 83 90 Per Ct. yield. Est. of Bui'cau Nov. 98 92 97 97 91 85 SO 112 102 102 Estini.'it'd Product of Bureau for 1873, in bales. 196,000 239,200 489,850 58,200 500,500 531,250 410,400 554,400 464,100 265,200 154 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 1874. STATES. N. 0.in)liua So. Caroliiui Guorgia . . . . Florida Alabama ... Mississippi L-juisiana .. Texas Arkansas . . . Temiesseo . . Actual of 1873, in bales. 265,000 350,000 500,000 75,000 575,000 675,000 510,000 50.>,000 420,000 300,090 Total... 4,170,000 Agricultural Bureau li j;ures of condition on the lirst of oacli month. June. 89 81 80 99 82 78 70 90 90 85 July 102 88 91 96 92 87 73 102 94 97 Aug 97 91 102 90 89 83 105 87 83 Sept. 87 86 77 77 81 74 62 65 47 Oct. 83 80 80 81 75 74 62 70 55 58 Per Ct. yield. Est. of Bureau Nov. 89 92 93 100 95 90 85 90 00 Estimat'd Product of iJureau lor 1874, in bales. 235,850 322,000 465,000 75,000 546,250 607,500 433,500 450,000 252,000 171,000 3,558,100 1875. STATES. Actual Product of 1874, .Agricultural Bureau figures of conilitiou on the first of each month. Per Ct. yield. Est. of liui'eau Nov. Estimat'd Product of Bureau for 1875, in bales. in bales. June. July. Aug. Sept. 0"t. N. Carolina. 273,000 92 95 99 90 85 91 248,430 So. Carolina 380,000 97 99 81 80 77 76 273,600 Georgia .... 460,000 91 97 88 76 71 74 340,400 Florida 55,000 94 101 85 75 70 90 49,500 Alabama . . . 520,000 101 102 93 87 94 102 530,400 Mississippi . 550,000 100 103 104 98 96 111 010,500 Louisiana . . 520,000 95 105 99 88 90 100 520,000 Texas 535,000 96 93 93 94 88 114 609,900 Arkansas . . . 400,000 90 104 lOS 99 103 135 540,000 Tennessee . . 1<»0,000 99 109 107 96 90 116 185,600 Total . . . 3,833,000 3,908.330 lb76. STATES. Actual Product of 1875, in bales. Agricultural Bureau figures of condition on the first of eacb mouth. Per Ct. yield. Est. of Bureau Nov. Estimat'd Product of Bureau for 1876, in bales. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. N. Cai'olina. So. Carolina. Geoi'gia .... Florida Alabama ... Mississippi . Louisiana . . Texas Arkansas . . . Tennessee . . 260,000 330,000 420,000 60,000 600,000 670,000 650,000 690,000 650,000 3 !9,000 101 98 103 82 94 92 89 90 95 93 105 90 103 98 100 94 89 99 97 103 96 97 104 89 103 92 89 106 98 120 93 91 90 83 83 87 90 87 97 119 84 80 87 80 69 83 82 91 88 91 92 99 110 100 77 78 83 100 74 101 239,200 326,700 462,000 60,000 462,000 522,600 539,500 690,000 481,000 342,390 Total . . . 1,(!(59,000 1 1 4,125.390 Sr212IEIi AXD FALL GROWTH. 155 1877. Actual Agric iiltural Bureau fisrures of Per Ct. Estimat'd coiulition on tlie first of each yield, Product STATES. of 1876, month. Est. of Bureau of Bureau for 1877, lu bales, june. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. in bales. N. Oaroiiua. 225,000 82 88 88 83 85 91 204,750 8"). Carolina. 315,000 91 87 88 85 79 90 283,500 Gcor.i^ia .... 478,000 89 90 85 77 77 92 439,760 Florida 55,000 92 95 93 94 88 97 53,350 Alabama . . 560,000 90 94 94 91 88 105 588,000 Mississippi . 639,000 91 93 90 88 80 92 587,880 Louisiana . . 578,000 98 102 106 92 77 97 560,660 Texas 735,000 91 94 96 70 64 82 002,700 Arkansas . . . 590,000 94 94 93 99 98 110 649,000 Tennessee . . 310,000 94 96 90 100 100 115 356,500 Total ... 4,485,000 1.326,100 In November the Bureau's figures are always intended to indicate tlie actual yield. They are not made up from the monthly statements of condition. Init are " estimates " for each county of the total product of the year, expressed "as percentages of the actual crop of last year." In using the Bureau's reports, howevei', we have always found that a more useful and safer guide for crop estimates could be obtained in October, one month earlier, from an average of the condition figures for the five months, with the changes of acreage incorporated. As an illustration we give a statement thus prepared for the present year. STATES. Production 1 876-77, Bales. Condition this year compared with last. j Acreage this year compared with last. Yield of 1877-78, Estimat'd. Better Worse. Incr'se. Dee. North Carolina... South Carolina . . . Georgia 225,000 315,000 478,000 55,000 560,000 639,000 578,000 735,000 590,000 310,000 ! 60 1-4 6-6 1-0 110 5-2 13-8 1-2 11-6 9-2 10 1-0 20 4-0 6-0 15 5-0 20 40 30 191,250 289,170 416,816 58,850 579,040 656,892 650,828 759,990 625,400 287,680 Floriiia Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Arkansas Tennessee Total production.. 4.485,000 4,515,916 15S COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. The aljove indicates that the crop which is now being marketed will reach a total of 4, 515^910 hales, or 30,493 hales more than last year - this, according to present appearances,, will prove to- he a pretty close approximation to the actual out-turn. AGRICULTURAL BUREAU's ACREAGE PERCENTAGES To complete the record of the Bureau's reports, we give in the following its statements of changes in acreage from year to year. ACIiEAGE EACH TEAR COMPARED WITH PREVIOUS TEAR. STATES. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. N'rth CaroliBa South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi . . . Louisiana .... Texas Arkansas Tennessee 108 105-0 107 107-0 113-0 1120 120-0 125-0 1100 105-0 86-0 87-0 88-0 102-0 87-0 850 92-0 86-0 84-0 88-0 116-0 1090 112-0 110-0 111-0 110-0 111-0 118-0 116-0 112-0 1140 102-0 114-0 103-0 1090 104-0 104-0 131-0 1100 115-0 89-0 91-0 90-0 91-0 86-0 88-0 80-0 102 89-0 92-0 102-0 106-0 96-0 990 104-0 1020 101-0 108-0 101-0 92-0 98-0 99-0 94-0 89-0 100-0 98-0 890 1000 1000 95-0 96-0 97-0 101-0 1010 102 104-0 106-0 115-0 105-0 102-0 .' erage 112-^0 85-3 113-0 112-0 90-0 101-5 97-0 1040 The unit of comparison in ahove is 100, so that 108 is to he understood as 8 per cent increase, 96 as 4 per cent decrease, &c. PICKING AND MARKETING. 157 CHAPTER VII. THE PICKING AND MAEKETINa OF THE CROP. Fall «stJmi)tes miist be based on all the facts— Movement of crop may help to remove tliial doubts— Reasons for planters holding back cotton, how much weijiht can be given them— Early and late cmps, effect [on movement — First bloom, first bales and new cotton to Septeniber 1 — Weeksof small reci'ipts — Difference in date between an earlj- and late crop — Neces-sities of planters have been a controlling influence, but less so hereaft-er— Height of rivers and effect on move- ment — How marketing has been influenced each j'ear since 1870 — Dailj- and monthly receipts and dailj' percentages for live years. In wliat has l)een already presented, we have the reason pretty clearly developed for the wide differences in fall esti- mates of the crop. There always will be room for some discrepancy as to the actual yield, Ijecause a few of the necessary data may be in dispute. A broad eriijr, how- ever, is a necessity where the estimate is based simply on present appearances; for it is impossible to determine from the apparent condition of the growing plant in any fall month, wliat the yield of a given field is to be. Acreage, stand, summer growth and fall appearance must all be used in forming a Judgment ; the first two facts, however, modifying to a considerable extent our interpretation of the others. But with all our study and oliservation, when the fall season is reached we shall still have doubts (greatly nar- rowed, but not removed), which the movement to the ports 158 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. alone can dissipate. It becomes important, tlierefore, to analyze this portion of tlie problem also, and account for the varying comparative daily percentages, as far as we can do so. Formerly there was more regularity from year to year; but of late seasons there has been an increasing rapid- ity in the marketmg, not, however, with uniform progress. For instance, in 1872-73 half of the port receipts had been received on Jan. 8 ; in 1873-74, they were half in on Jan. '2; in 1874—75, the date of reaching the same percentage was much earlier, being December 15 ; and in 1S76-77 it was December 8. Yet this irregularity is, in the main, the result of causes which can be explained and understood if the precise situation everywhere could be indicated. First, however, we would state that little weight can be given to the consideration frequently advanced, that the free movement has, in the past, been disturbed by planters holding back cotton. They have acted in this respect as their interests dictated. Being usually under advances to the factor at high rates of interest, a strong pressure has led them to market their produce as rapidly as possible. This same tendency was increased also by the custom, largely practiced since the war, of paying laborers with a portion of the crop, making necessary quick returns so as to permit the adjustment of accounts and supply the f reed- men's wants, which become intensely urgent as the possi- bility of supplying them approaches. Then, again, while the cotton is on the plantations it is Hable to be stolen ; and, furthermore, it cannot be insured, and is, therefore, exposed to an absolute loss through fire from accident or malice. Besides all this, no good purpose could be served by holding on, for, if the planter really believed in higher prices for his staple later in the season, he could easily use a portion of the proceeds of his sales in buying futures, a far cheaper and safer way of carrying cotton. PICKING AND MABKETIXG. 159 Tliese reasons would seem to be unanswerable, so far as tlie past is concerned, and yet, changing- conditions may, to some extent, eventually reverse this tendency. Planters are every year becoming more independent of tlie influ- ences which have heretofore forced them to hasten their crop forward. Their cash capital is certainly increasing, and, consequently, not only are the needed supplies, each succeeding year, l:)ought less and less on credit, but the practice of cultivating and picking on shares is passing out of use. The abandonment of the latter custom is accele- rated by a disposition among lal)orers to seek for cash payment. Instances are noted the present season of freed- men even abandoning the crop in which they had an interest, to work for cash. As a class they are very improvident, so that the prospect of future advantage has little power to hold them as against money to supply the wants of the moment. The planter also is each year raising a larger proportion of the food products necessary for the maintenance of his household, and approaching more nearly the true ideal of the Southern • farmer of making cotton simply a surplus crop. He is thus becoming, in a measure, independent of the money lender, indepen- dent of the laborer, and independent of the grocer, and to that extent acquiring control of the cotton he has raised. We experience too much of the disposition of other agii- culturists to doubt that as he may he will hold Imck his crop for higher prices, notwithstanding the manv and ob- vious benefits of marketing it early. As to the argument growing out of the advantages of buying futures instead of holding cotton, it does not apply in all cases, for very many are on principle opposed to that kind of business, and another large class, more especially the smaller pro- ducers, know little about it. These considerations seem to force one to the opinion that, under certain conditions of 160 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. the niai-ket, it is reasonable to expect, in the near future, that the willingness or unwillingness of the planter to sell, will, to some extent, control the early crop niove- nient. At present the first positive influence which affects the volume of receipts, is the early or late condition of the plant. Upon this fact depends the movement, to a con- siderable extent, during one or two months, and, conse- quently, (other things being equal) the aggregate up to Christmas. There is, however, always a disposition to exaggerate the backwardness of a crop. It is frequently stated that there is a difference of threj or four weeks in this respect. The facts, however, would indicate that about two weeks mark the extreme limits between an early and a late season. Of course, this statement refers to the genei*al average in the same district. Some little idea of the situation in this particular may be gath- ered from a record of the first bloom. We have been able to procure no regular late statistics on this point except the figures kept by the Mobile Prices Current. ' Some other statements have been published, from time to time, but as they appear to apply to no particular section, but are given as an indication of condition for the whole South, from the Rio Grande to the Potomac, wo cannot place any value upon them. At best, the first bloom is but a faint guide, yet taken with other facts, forms a part of the evidence, cumulative in character, which, as a whole, should represent with considerable accuracy, from year to year, the comparative maturity. The Mobile statement is as follows, and applies simply to Alabama or its immediate vicinity : In 1877, the first bloom was from Sumter county Jime 9 In 1876, the first bloom was from Marengo countj' June 9 In 1875, the first bloom was from Monroe countj' June 8 In 1874, the fli\st bloom was from Lowndes county Juno 3 PICKIXG AND MARKETING. 161 In 1873. tlie first bloom J"ue 11 In 1872, the first bloom June 4 111 1871, the first bloom June 9 lu 1870, the first bloom June 11 In 1869, the first bloom June 13 In 1 868, the first bloom June 1 In 1867, the first bloom June 11 In 1866, the first bloom June 23 A mere glance at the above suggests at once defective- ness in a conclusion founded upon it. And yet, such a thought may not do justice to this kind of evidence, for it must be remembered that it applies simply to the district named, and in substance says that the earliest portions of the last three crops there, were on June 8 at about the same stage of growth. This probably was true, inasmuch as the first bale was received at Mobile the present year (1877) on August 11, in 1876 August 13, and in 1875 August 5. Granting this, we must conclude that with the centres of this kind of information multiplied, some very useful facts might be obtained. Our object, however, in introducing it now, is simply to illustrate the little differ- ence in date it indicates between the earliest and latest crops. The extreme, if we omit 1866, is twelve days. But, as already stated, we do not claim for this evidence any great weight. A much better and surer indicator is found in the receipt of first bales and in the arrivals of new cotton up to September 1 We have been at much pains to prepare a statement on these two points for many districts, as only through a multiplication of the centres of observation can we draw any satisfactory conclusions. Complete records have not been kept except m a few cases ; as, for instance, at New Orleans by the New Orleans Prices Current, and at Mobile by the Mobile Prices Cur rent. The facts we give, therefore, are derived from various sources, in part from the local newspapers, in part from our own correspondents and from their old letters 162 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. wliicli wo have on file, and in part from the Chronicle reports. The compilation is as follows : Cliiirli'.stoii— First bale rcc'd Wlicro from Recv'il to Sept. 1 Augusta- First bale rec'd Where from Recv'cl to Sei)t. 1 Atlanta- First bale rec'd Where from Recv'd to Sept. 1 Savannah — First G(>orjj;ia. First Florida. Recv'd to Sept. 1 Macon— First bale rec'd Where from Recv'd to Sept. 1 Columbus, Ga. First bale rcc'd. Where from Recv'd to Sept. 1 Montgomery- First bale rec'd. Where from Racv'd to Sept. 1 Mob-.e— First bale rec'd. Where from Recv'd to Sept. 1 New Orleans- First Texas First Miss. Val. Recv'd to Sept. 1 Shreveport — First bale rec'd. Where from Recv'd to Sept. 1 Vicksburg— First bale rcc'd. Where from . Recv'd to Sept. 1 1871. Aug. 15 S. C. Aug. 19 275 Sept. 4 Ga. None. Aug. Aug. 6 871 Aug. 11 Ga. 20 Aug.l- Ga. Aug. S. C. Aug. 10 220 1873. Aug. 19 S. G Aug. 18 Ga. 5G8 Sept. 5 Sept. 3 Ga. Noue. Ga. None. July 31 Aug. 9 July 31 Aug.lO 1,028 1,254 Aug. 11 Ala. 287 Aug. 12 Ala. 40 July 27 Aug 12 Ga. 212 Aug. — Ala. 124 Aug. 6 Ala. 217 Aug. 7 Ala. 251 July 10 Aug. 4 1,G41 Aug.21 La. 41 Aug. 19 Ga. 304 Aug. 11 Ala. l>7 Aug. 14 Ala. 288 Aug.lG Ala. 47 July 10 Aug. 12 71 Aug. 19 La. 9 1874. Aug. 13 S. C Aug.lu Ga. 22'J Sep. 11 Ga. Noue. Aug. C Aug. 7 1,421 Aug. 12 Ga. 195 Aug. 8 Fla. 74 Aug. 11 Ala. 190 Aug.l2 Ala. 175 July 13 Aug. 12 320 Aug.l3 La. 38 1875. Aug. 14 S. C. Aug. 1 Ga. 32 Aug. 14 Ga. 7 July 30 Aug.20 396 July 28 Ga. 50G Aug.lO Fla. 51 Aug. 4 Ala. 217 Ala. 212 July 13 July 13 342 Aug. 7 La. 06 1876. Aug. 13 S. C. Aug. 17 S. C. 253 Aug.22 Ga. Aug. 2 Aug. '. 1,500 Aug. 2 Ga. 898 Aug. 9 Ga. 156 Aug. 12 Ala. 216 Aug. 13 Ala. 114 July 10 Aug. 4 429 1877 Aug.21 8. C. \ug.27 S. C. 117 Aug. 2 8 Ga. 3 Aug. 7 Aug. 7 227 Aug. 3 Ga. 113 Aug. 11 Ala.. 72 Aug.lO Ala. 304 Aug.ll Ala. 58 July 10 Aug.lO 419 Aug. 6 Aug. 9 La. Ld. 40 56 Aug.l4 Miss. 38 Aug. 14 Miss. 46 PICKIXCr AND MARKETING. 163 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. Col' bus, Miss.— First bale ruc'd. Aug. 8 Aug.29 Aug.21 Aug.28 Aug.l7 Aug.24 \Vliei'c froui Miss. Miss. Miss. Miss. Miss. Miss. Eecv'd to Sept. 1 Naslivillc— First bale rec'd. Aug.22 Aug.22 Aug. 15 Sept. 3 Aug.30 Sept. 4 Where Irom Tenu. Teuu. Tenu. Teuu. Teuu. Teiin. Recv'd to Sept. 1 None. 1 None. Memphis- First bale re«'d. Auic. 3 Aug. 16 Aug.22 Aug.l2 Aug.23 Aug.23 Sept. 1 Where from Ark. Ala. Miss. Miss. Ark. Miss. Miss. From Teuu Aug. 23 Aug. 12 Recv'd to Sept. 1 20 75 28 86 48 1 Galveston— First bale ree'd. July 21 July 16 July 10 July 9 July 16 July 7 July 13 Where from RioG. Rio G. RioG. Rio G. RioG. RioG. RioG. Recv'd to Sept. 1 1,967 7,975 1,989 2,706 6,218 5,282 i,or>i To bring the results before us more distinctly, we have also classified and separated the above Ijy first grouping together the dates of the arrivals of first bales, and after that the arrivals of new cotton to September 1. Date of Receipt of Fir.st Bide. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 8. Carolina— I harleston . . . Georgia — Augusta Atlanta Savanmili — From Ga " Fla... Macon ... . . CoIuml)Us .... Alabama — Montgomery . Mobile ". .. Louisiana — New Orleans— From Texas. •• Miss.Val 8hrevei)iirt ... Mississippi— Vickslnu-g.. .. Columbus Tennessee- Nashville Memphis Texas- Galveston Aug. 15 Aug. 19 Sept. 4 Xwx. 6 Au;;. 6 Any;. 11 Aug.l7 Aug. 11 Aug. 12 Aug. 7 Aug. 10 Aug. 19 Aug.18 Sept. 5; Sept. 3 Julv31 Auc. 9 July 31 Aug.lO Aug.l2 AUi.'.19 Aug. —I Aug. 11 Aug. 6 Aug.14 Aug. 7 Aug. 16 Aug.13 Aug.14 Aug. 16 Aug. 1 Sep. 14 Aug.14 Aug. 6Julv30 Aug. 7 Aug.20 Aug. 12 July 28 Aug. 8 Aug.lO July 2: July 10 Aug. 4 Aug.21 Aus.23 July 2 1 Aug. 8 Aug.22 Aug.lO July 16 July 10 Aug. 12 Aug. 19 Aug. 11 Aug. 12 July 13 Aug. 12 Aug.13 Aug.29 Aug.22 Aug.22 July 10 Aug.21 Aus:.15 Aug.l2 July 9 Aug.13 Aug.21 Aug.i7lAnc.27 Aug.22 Aug.28 Aug. 2 Aug. 7 Aug. 2 Aug. 7 Auc. 2 Au«. 3 Aug. 9 Aug. 11 Aug. 4 Aug. 5 July 13 July 13 Aug. 7 Aug.28 Sept. 3 Aug.23 July 16 Aug. 12 Aug.13 July 10 Aug. 4 Aug. 6 Aui;.14 Aug. 17 Aug.30 Aug.23 July 7 Auc.lO Aug. 11 July 10 Aug.lO Aug. 9 Aug.14 Aug.24 Sept. 4 Sept. 1 July 13 This Statement would indicate that the earliest portion in each section of the present crop was about a week later 164 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. than last year s crop, and from one to two weeks later than that of the previous year. The arrivals of new cotton to September 1, were as follows for the years named : AKIIIVALS OF NEW COTTON TO SKPT. 1. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. Augustit, Ga Atlaiitii, Ga 275 None. 771 20 220 Noue. 1,028 212 12J 217 251 l,f41 41 " "75 5,975 508 None. 1,254 304 07 288 ^I 9 i',989 220 None. 1,421 195 74 190 175 320 38 ' ■ ■ 28 2,700 32 7 396 506 51 247 212 342 66 ■ ■ ■ 86 0,218 253 6 1,500 898 150 210 114 429 4T) 38 1 48 5,282 117 3 227 Macon, Ga 113 Citlumbus, Ga 72 Montgomery, Ala Mobile, Ala New Orleans, La Sluevepoi-t, r>a 287 40 22 304 58 419 56 Vi<:'U.sl>urg, Miss Nasliville, Tcnu"!!.. Memphis, Teuu Galveston, Tex ""20 1,907 46 None. 1 1,051 Total all ports to Sept. 1 3,402 9,784 4,597 5,373 8,163 8,981 2,467 This statement gives us a total o| new cotton at all these points of 2, 4 67 bales to September 1, this year, against 8,981 bales to the same day in 1876, andS, 1G3 bales m 18*75, which is simply corroborative of the conclusions drawn from the previous table. Still another means for obtaining an indication on the same question is by a comparison of the weeks of smallest receipts at the ports, as we have done in the following : WKKKS OF SM.VLLEST RECEIPTS FOR YE.\R8 NAMED. Year. Week ending- Quantity received. In 1870, lu 1871 In 187'^ smallest receipts were smallest receipts were smallest receipts were August 18 August 13 August 8 August 29 August 14 August 13 August 4 August 17 5,287 7,630 1,178 8,237 4,054 1,541 In 1873, In 1874, In 187.5, suutUest receipts were suiallest receipts were In 1870, In 1877, smallest receipts were smallest receipts were 5,153 1,733 One fact appears to be brought out by all these com- parisons, and that is that the extreme difference between an early and a late crop is about two weeks. Still, the effect on the receipts of even ten days' difference is very considerable, showing itself through many weeks. The PICKING AND MARKETING. 165 following statement of September percentages in a meas- ure illustrates this. SEPTEMBER PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL PORT RECEIPTS. Day of Month. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1 . . . S. 00-11 00-15 00 22 00-28 00-39 00-17 S. 00-04 00-78 00-91 01-01 01-21 01-33 8. 01-58 01-92 0211 02-32 02-58 02-82 8. 03-14 03-55 03-78 04-04 04-39 04-65 S. 05-06 00-04 00-08 00-13 00-17 00-23 00-27 8. 00-36 00-42 00-47 00-53 0001 00-68 S. 00-81 00-91 01-01 01-12 01-27 01-35 8. 01-50 01-70 01-89 02 07 02-27 02 45 S. 02-74 03-03 00-03 0O-06 00- 11 00-10 00-22 S. 00-32 00 38 00-13 00-51 00-00 00-09 s. 00-86 01 -00 01-12 01-23 01-41 01-00 8. 01-90 02-08 02-30 02-49 02-74 02-99 8. 03-36 03-50 03-84 00-02 00-05 • OO-U) 00-13 H. 00-22 oo-:!o 00-37 00-10 00-55 00-03 s. 00-80 00-95 01 -OS 01 -21 01-30 01-49 S. 01-70 01-86 02-05 02-25 02-49 02-73 S. 03-14 03-44 03-73 04-03 00-05 o 00 09 3 8. 4 00-10 5 00-28 «i 00-30 00-44 8 9 00-53 00-65 10 11 12 13... 8. 00-88 00-99 01-19 14 15 01-34 01-53 10 01-72 17 8. 18... 1<> 02-06 02-32 20 02-58 21 02-82 oo 03-12 23 03-46 21.... 8. 25 03-95 20 04-28 27 04-65 28 05-00 29 05-49 30 05-87 The foregoing percentages would furnish, as the month closes, an expression of the relative maturity of the dif- ferent crops, were it not that other conditions coming in sensibly affect the movement to the ports. Prominent among these we may mention the character of the picking season, which begins early to exert an influence, and may finally become a very important consideration. This has lieen the case this fall, and the same agencies were also active as an obstructive force in tlie year of 1S75, when the crop was generally early. Yery excessive rains both seasons cut out so many picking days, that every fair moment was of necessity devoted to gathering and housing the cotton, to the neglect of ginning and baling. This disposition of the planter is decidedly increased in case the crop is a late one ; for in that event general pick- lt>6 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. ing has of course to begin late, and a subsequent loss of days by rain or otherwise, must compel a more eager improvement of what is left, to the exclusion of other work. On the other hand, with the crop early and the picking season fine, the lalior on the farm proceeds in a regular routine, without interruption, and, other things being equal, the movement to the ports will be rapid. Another important consideration affecting the receipts is the height of the water in the navigable streams of the Southwest. Formerly this was a point of very decided consequence. But the great expansion in the railroad net work since the war has made it a less controlling influ- ence. Still, even at the present time there are extensive regions having no means of marketing their cotton other than the navigable rivei-s and bayous. After a very dry summer, many of these streams, including at times some of the larger ones, fall so low that the smallest steamboats cannot navigate them, and they remain in this condition for weeks. The planters and factors who are dependent upon them have no alternative but to wait until the autumn rains cause a rise of water. It often happens, however, that navigation remains suspended or obstructed during all or most of the winter; in such instances the spring rains give those sections their earliest relief, render- ing possible then for the first time the marketing of their reserves of cotton. It becomes very necessary, therefore, for the observer to know the condition of these rivers each season. Very little, however, can be learned on this point, except by comparison with previous seasons. We have, therefore, compiled the following from the monthly reports of the Signal Service Bureau. It will be noticed that we include the data for points on the Upper Mississippi and Missouri rivers ; this is done principally for comparison when future floods threaten. 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M rH 05 r-l O •ojua CIO M O O X M rH r^ X — X iC X X X 01 CI >H CI CI CI CI CI XX CI MCI X XOX CI CI CI r -iioui 5 -.nna COO ■ ■ • 'OHOrHXOOr-IXO '.'.','. tH iH : ; ; ;r-(c-.t^-"ic;oMcixo . . . .^ M CI M r-l CCM05XOC1 -H* O M O O ■* CI O -< M -HrH * * "^ * CI CI M M M CI-I CI t- rH O t- rJ O rJ M CI CI O H S V g: -i^ ^ g 3 -S 5 -S S 's -g S 1-1 PMSOrt>^ ^ PhUi-1 PICKIXG AND ilABKETING. 171 The foregoing tables show tlie position of the rivers named for the past four years. The object for including the northern stations was, as stated above, that our readers may have in their possession the condition of the rivers in ■ those districts at times of previous floods, so as to be able to judge better of any future similar conditions. As we are, however, now considering the influences affecting the movement of the crop during the fall months, the principal facts from these tables which shed light on that point for that period may be usefully brought together for comparison. HEIGHT EIVERS ABOVE LOW WATEI!, OCTOBER TO DECEMBER, 1873-77. STATIONS. Mississippi. St. Louis 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874. 1873. Caii'o 1877. 1876. 1875. 187-1. 1873 Mempliis 1S77 . 1876. 1875. 1874. 1873. Ticksljurg 1 877. 1876. 1875. 1874 1873. Jfew Orleans... 1877* 1876* 1875*. 1874*. 1873* Red River. Shreveport 1877. . 1876., 1875.. 1874.. 1873.. October. Higb'st Ft. 111. 12 10 14 9 14 8 10 7 5 11 4 22 3 14 4 7 10 6 711 17 11 13 7 5 10 3 t 25 22 1 5 11 2 9 5 8 10 13 12 4 16 4 7 2 14 O 11 3 8 5 Lowest Ft. lu. GIO 9 6 7 O G 3 3 5 7 10 711 4 5 3 8 3 2 7 O 5 10 3 9 I 11 6 9 8 5 6 2 7 14 6 14 4 15 4 14 4 2 G 3 6 9 611 4 3 November. High'st Lowest Ft. In. Ft. In 13 10 13 3 8 4 7 6 8 6 19 1 13 4 21 10 12 1 14 9 12 6 10 10 16 4 G 9 8 7 20 1 14 5 16 6 1 10 10 11 1 12 8 14 13 1 23 3 G 6 G 7 9 6 13 3 9 9 9 9 5 3 6 3 4 8 10 4 9 5 10 3 6 6 7 11 7 9 5 2 1 11 2 4 10 11 11 5 8 3 2 11 13 2 14 4 14 10 15 8 14 5 17 5 2 a 2 10 4 7 6 3 December. High'st Low't. Ft. In. Ft. In. 16 9 14 2 7 4 7 8 16 4 24 4 12 4 29 3 16 11 34 6 16 10 9 2 19 9 9 11 27 26 5 13 1 25 11 3 35 5 8 8 13 8 10 3 13 6 5 O 24 1 6 9 12 6 12 4 9 5 6 9 3 11 3 4 4 14 13 610 14 5 10 2 2 1 11 4 4 11 8 2 19 7 3 11 16 9 6 G (> 6 11 3 16 2 13 10 15 5 13 4 20 8 4 2 11 7 8 12 5 ^ Below high water mark. t Receded from guage. 172 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. The comparison furnished in the above between 1875 and 1877 will be found instructive.* But still another fact remains to be considered; for, notwithstanding late crops, poor picking seasons, and low rivers, there appears hitherto to have been, as wo have already seen, an almost constant increase from year to year, down to the present season, in the rapidity with which cotton has been marketed. In 1876-7 half of the port receipts had reached the ports December 8, 1876, while in 1870-71 it was not till January 18, 1871, that the same pei'centage had been moved. The possibility of such a change is w^iolly due to the extension and increased capacity of Southern railroads. Though of very late years the number of miles of road has not been greatly added to, the carrying capacity has been steadily enlarged. Of course, cotton cannot be brought forward faster than the railroads can move it. So it is always an important ques- tion how much can the roads carry ? Last crop year we had a pretty fair test of their capacity during the first few months. But to say that no more can be brought to the ports in any one month now, than was then, would l)e mis- leading, because even if we admit that they did their utmost during those months, there is and always must be growth — very slow m miles probably for some years to come, but, as the business demands it, there will ho further large additions to rolling-stock. AVith these suggestions and explanations, we may now with profit recall the surroundings of each crop since 1871 during the picking season, and notice the helps and hin- drances which hastened or retarded the movement to the ports. Briefly stated, they are as follows: * 111 above tables as to lieigrbt of rivers, New Orloana is reported below liigli-water mark of 1871 until Sept. 9, '74, when tlie zero of yaiige was chanf;eort receipts to Feb. 1. 7G-82 71-05 72-93 67-30 61-71 Percent of total port receipts to Mui'. 1. 87-9.5 82-49 83-89 79-99 74-33 Per cent of total poit receipts to April 1. 92 -AS 89-66 91-08 88-74 82-85 Per cent of total port receipts to May 1. 94-96 93-56 • 94-90 93-31 88-84 Per cent of total port receipts to June 1. 90-67 95-77 97-24 96-66 93-60 Percentof total port receipts to July 1 . 97-56 96-77 98-84 98-22 95-59 Per cent of total port receipts to Ang. 1 . 98-00 97-48 99-33 99 06 97-87 Per cent of total crop to Jan. 1 57-99 50-13 54-96 44-56 42-83 Per cent of total crop to Feb. 1 69-16 63-77 66-54 61-39 57 32 Per cent of total crop to March 1 79-18 74-04 76-54 75-37 69-09 Per cent of total crop to April 1 83-26 80-47 83-10 80-94 76-96 Per cent of total crop to May 1 85-49 83-98 86-59 85-12 82-53 Per cent of total crop to June 1 . . 87 03 85-96 88-72 88-17 86-95 Per cent of total crop to Julv 1 87-83 86-86 90-18 89-60 88-tO Per cent of total crop to Aug. 1 88-23 87-49 90-63 90-36 90-92 Half the port re- ceipts recelAcd On which day re- Dec. 8 2,032,132 Dec. 20. 2,090,674 Dec. 30. 2,330.076 Dec. 15 1,745,630 Dec. 22. 1,916,707 Jan. 2. 1,909,958 Jan. 11. 2 083,115 Jan. 8. 1,822,525 Half the total crop received Dec. 16 2,253,747 Jan. 16. On which day re- 1,978,164 The reasons for the varying dates at which half the port receipts and half the crop had been received in the years named, have been set out above. DAILY RECEIPTS AND DAILY PERCENTAGES FOR FIVE YEARS. We now give our statement of the total arrivals at the ports each day for five years, and the percentage which had been up to the close of each day received of total port receipts for the same years. 178 COTTON FEOM SEED TO LOOM. B3 K K O C X •T< rH -f (' i-C t' C K CI O X CI CC -f rH -C CC 1- -* lO -f w -+ O -* CI .rHCILC-r--f .^CCCllC-l-r-i .,-^73CIC-.-Tr-l .CICU-L--CrH .-CrC X L^ :o X r^ rH CI X qio i^ qcc x_^x lO qx_i- x_qx xqiqr- i-i-^x qiq CiosTc-rcfa cf-fo'x'e'ci' x"— 'i-'— '"-.o' x'i.o'?5cfx'x 'tcf CC rH rl rH CI rH CO CI CI r-l CJ rl CO CI CI CI CI CI CO CI CI CI CI CI -3* CO o ■■3 CI 1^ X rH rH-O CO-CX-flO-f ClCICXrH- CO r- CO -f lO CI O "f t^ LC "C LO rH C0C2 .Sr-l-X-fX .rHCIt-rHl^CI . 1.-. X tO lO CI X . r- X I- "T* "f rH rj lO c X ic r- c 7: -f m X CO X Lc lO r^ o X i^ c: -t c X L- X o t^ -t* x i^ -;< » ii i^iii^ iilM^ iimii iiiiiii rH CO 6 o X -f-irH -CcooCh-f^ CH<»ClrHC: -i-CI-i-NCOCO X— ir. -.0 lO -C rHrHlO . X -* "J r- C X . X -H CI ^ l" rH . CO K CO - 1 - CI . r- | - r- C "T O I- Lo CI X ic t- 1- -;■ CI lO X lO I- 1- LC i~ X X rl -T c CI x r; X' r: c -r — rl I- dcci" (-'l---'-*x^-H iCcx'x'c-o v'^dri^.r, --~^'\t.-£ rnrHrH rH r-l rH r^ r-i -1 CI CI rH r-l CI rH CI CI CI CI CI rH CO CI - CI CI rH X q CO o CO 1^ X 7,501 7,989 0,452 5,702 S. 8,708 8,(»40 7,011 8,("09 11,S14 8,131 8. 10,470 13,400 12,00(i 15,572 10,9Sl 15,905 8. 22,043 13,272 is. 053 10.798 :0.7S4 10.107 8. 21.251 19,072 l(i,V99 11,035 CO CI lO 10 CO ci X r-l 14,900 H,SS8 11,309 11,20(5 14,217 8. 10,475 18,499 9,027 14,9SS 15,S1(5 10,938 8. 17,"()0 21,9(57 12,S(58 14,029 15,418 10,044 8. 18,(517 23,201 IS, 198 20,a d t» x c; d -H ci ?"- -i* ift -.o t-^ X d c rH ci « -f 10 --0 1- x^ c: d r-i rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 1-1 rH rH Cl C) C^ CI CI Cl CI CI CI CI CO CO C3 W m 1 CO X X rH O — -* rH CI X CO X CI lO 55 X lO N -f-0 CI X 10 -H X rH CI -i< • — Z-. .COC-.rHrHXO -CIXlOXClCO .CI-H-d^r-CO .rHrHt-ClXCS '. q -o X qc5 -r r- c: t~ x q t^ t- o x io_^x q-* co^x_^rH lO x qe s; -* » o ■ rHrH TT ci't: co'co""^' x'-f t-di-i- co'do'dcfco" d'co'-trfdo" '. r-lrH.-( rHrH CI rHrHrHrHrH X X CI I- X 1.004 1,380 1,734 1,407 8. 3,704 3,228 3,110 3,(521 3,928 3,137 8. 7,119 0,512 5,417 5,404 0,209 5,327 8,845 0,821 8,173 8,149 10,t)15 10,109 8. 17,315 12,4S5 1 1 ,978 12,820 q X rH 1,205 1,075 1,()15 1,(582 2,145 1,841 2,740 3,423 3,214 8. 5,(542 5,1 7(i 3,921 3, Si 2 0,225 0,041 10,421 0,542 7,521 0,0S2 8,9 1(5 8,495 8. 13,04 r- CO CO CO X C-.-HrHt-CCO -fCl-COri'rH CIClCC-.rHO 'l' rH CI -f -)< O X Ci ' CO t^ c s c 'O . CO X -j< 1-1 CO t^ . X i^ a c t^ 35 . c; ~ -h o x ci . o lo : "* io_-^^-t CI ic X ci_ci^qiox_io_x rn lo_^x_^ci^cuo__x i> qqqio^x X co_^i^ • rHr^-cfrHcfrH" CO'cf r-Tcf Cl'tj" LO Co'co'^'lOCO lO d'tl-^t^d rH©' '■ 1*^ 6\ lO ci X r-l 8. 3,938 1,047 2,530 2,057 4,055 3,140 S. 0,118 4,903 4,72.'i 3,771 7,308 4,155 S. 9,480 12,129 7,1(50 7,(539 9,339 8,910 8. 11,5(54 15,007 S,449 9,372 12,(!87 9,578 8. 14,903 X rH CI CO -i' lO ci^ X o d -H ci CO -H 10 tt K x> d d r^ ci CO -f lo" '-o t^ X cr. c r-i r^ r-l rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH CI d CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CO CO PICKING AND MARKETING. 179 •^r: MSioc^^irH cot^:oi>cio n-^i^^'-i'it -i't>'::P^72xi o II* i--j(N-jt-aD ;c-?cit-Tt*i- ^T*t-xM-i< !>«^-=irr5^' ;:3 ^ xo-;*ar5i-03:^x-M-t'^'^S2 t^ • -fOL-:x -x---/ r-r:- xr.- xi-xi--r. -m-m-;:^^ l^ t- ^:« »>lx '* -. ^. ~: ~:^" X ■" ^. ■-.-.''.'" X n-l" ~ - '~.X ' v ^.-.-.^l "^ X ci^Oi': cr.-^Ti.-r r:c:.-.r-.r x?i-c:-xx x-c-^i- 01 X i^ -1 -f 1- c) -cti-f c:l^i;^ -dii-M-x-t 01 -1 1- -^ 11 ^5 xc:cr: ■s t^-,„,^:^ ri.-:': = i--' i-'-c-T.i-o c-.ox-c-i-^ --i-c-i< 00 1- '^.=l--/^.T:^-=l■^■^.=V=.x-t^.=lV-/■=x■■=^-■-.•-.-t^.a:^^ o •> cr -«xr.--H^-f^-^xt- %-c-.--r.x -rH^i-CM tt-t-x SJ* E rH 11 0)1-1?: CO i<:ioioioiM ^oicooioioi cocooioioioi n:or4r-i lO £ 1- n-iKL-xx C1-01--1:'; c-.x-t-x-« '-t---c-;iox co-;h- i^x-5'i--i'S " — cot- — 01 e — ee — CO xcolococo — coc: X -t®»nnqxn"-/-.".".==x: = = "/-.-t'"xi'.=i^.'t='ax'i^.^. 3 fi » = --s oico X 1-0 c -c t- 0) CO CO 0-^0 COT.::; lot-exr-.co c-^o rH OIOIOIOJOIOI rf 01 010) CO 01 -T 01 C" CO CO 01 lO 01 -f 01 01 01 -0101 X 01 X CO -f c X 0) c -J 01 -^ X c c; c -t - lo -f o ox lO -cx-o:co i-r-.-i-c:o -xxxct^ xoic-.ciot- ex 1~ OD -.^1=1'^. -'>lx "=■".**/•= x: '- ^.^.=.t ^.30 '^.^.-.=l=l'la} ".=>- q 00 -fio--5C-H»'^-Ci-fxocoi': l--^.-=:-foi ^ooicoxr: CO -f T-( ^^„„„^ „0."0,01" "Ol^^O.^ 0) lO ^ -d _2 b§ rHoicoTjiin^t-^QDcic-ioicorj'obc-^xcC'^oicoTjiistsh^xsc-^ H i5S rH r1 rH rl rH r1 rl rl rl rH 01 ?1 0) 01 01 0-1 01 01 01 0) CO CO C-^t^Ol C: 01 -^ CO •* CJ (XL001-^-fO Olt^COOCX «-{'C01 ; 01 "S rH-txa c-.xcocoi-^ -f^-c-oic ccor.oixt- ccoio-o : s P t== '^.".ai'-i.^i-t *. ".-.X ^.-r^. -.1- •^. A t-1 ■■^.'- =1=.-/: '' ~ •-^. ^. ■ 00 XK0010 -ti-iot-ct- cc-.- -oil- — X — c — r. — oixc; . I— 1 iH oqcocooi -*cocooi-roi lo 01 co oi co oi looitoicooi — cocooi o - — lO— -?X-? COiO-HI--!— l-iOOlX-^— C-^ 01-^1--! CiOl ; » 1"* -r-xi-oioi -oM-xiooi --oir.-c xr.coi-oi i-i- : 1-H 1- •-= - - -. '-^ -. A '-. "A -^-. '-. "^. • 1 X '-. -. ■ '. - -. ' -. X ~ - ' ^ t •-■. t- OQ -t '- : ■-1 00 xccooicx xoionocco ccx.o-co i-xi-coco-i* 00 . o" r^ CO CO 01 01 iH CO 01 01 01 01 CO CO 01 01 01 CO 01 CO CO 0) CO 0) 1-1 CO 01 t» COLOOX-f-i "-"-f-HXiO 01 01 10 CO - -f C -i' 01 -« -?* C5 • ^ tf K 'i' oic-.-ii-cco -«-c-~io cooicci-i- i-oix--^5; r-i : j;. aj q=- t-.^.X 10 ,j,J C l^,C -^_C C 35 t-.Ol .0 X^.O - -J, CO X C CO 0. X .,j . 01_ 00 «xoi;5Cx xxcxi>t^ c — — i-x— t-t-ccxco c . e PC i-i IMOKNOIOIOI CI 01 01 01 01 rl C0C001010101 CO 01 010101 rt* I- g » K >- o ^ oj — c-40101 ^^-'■:t^S^ •^i':;7?2~*' '*'^~^'i;r'i."-' : CO ;?; CO o l^ 01 ^ X i? 01 cI 01 X ./ ^i 01 1^0 c r: T' ./ 1-0 ^ c 01 X CO -5 oi c i - x {r fi ^ I cc LO -ft^lOt^:=C: OrHt^Xi.OX CXCICCC X rH 01 01 lO c c ■ — iH (01 CO r-l 01 rH rl r-l CO 01 rl rl 01 rt M rl rH r-l r-. rt 01 01 01 01 r-l 0) 01 I- o CC5 cccxciio r-xcc-c--2 -fioct-coco t-xccio-^ ■ 00 ci -fi- CO 01 1- ex 01 o-xoiox cioc.occo I-X--CO : t- '-\'-\r: ^.'^ - 1- q-. X '-. ". - 1 =1": -: x: '-l-t = - ! t -. X- -.- " ■^.- -t : '^ 00 x-H -icxco--)* xco-i-xc cocccoxio lor.-coiT : 2 rHOl OlOl-^OlOlrH -< 01 -I r-1 r-, r-l 01 r^ n 01 « rt 0101010101-1 = -= '^ ^ ^ mS rH oi CO T(^ LO e t- X c: 6 - i CO -ji lo c I- X =i c -1 01 CO -f 1 o d t- x e 6 -i H 180 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. X !>■ rH SI w ;£ t^ X X i-^ c; .X -f » w Gr^nzur^'-a ou^ x ?l OS ;i CJ ^4 i-l 1-1 IN iH (N 04 iH »» iH^cot^oo cst^cowcco oxocr^ 35 o -J lc 1-1 M X r-1 rH i^ cj o X LO' i^ c; ro ^ w t^ cr. o c; :o ffl j^ lo o-qm CO 04_g2 LO o CO a qw ^ no q_04^qa a ^ x;q:£_c x_^ l~ l--Hl--ir^'~f co'ci'CM— "l^ OCOLo'fflL'OtO i-Hod-HliiO r^ 0101^—104 04 01 04 04 r-( rl i-( (.■< 0< r-( i-l iH iH M r-( r-i rH r-( r-j, M CO '^ o ■■CL- X s: c ' Nic^-H-Hx t^i.o-^ct^N m-.ooc:t>oi rt( t)< t^ lO x o t^xt> 04-*Xl~»i-l l^C0l>OrHC0 r)H--OOaCOrH Tl-H^05 l^'OX O 04 CO » X 04 ./ X t^ rl l^ CO O ,/ O CO l^ 1-0 t^ 01 ./ 1-1 S; ^ I- rw 04 ^ 33 rf 35 ; r- 3: x i~ I- X -/ 3: -;< x oi ih ic ./ -^ uo : JL' I ~ I'* '-*. -y, V j' -^ •-■< 1 — I *i. 'f w' OliOCOCO-f r^ »of-^COC0C^ OlOlXCr-O C0 0104rnO«04 CO X 04 04 04 iH CO 01 01 04 01 1-( t^cn THco-iixmo -)< 04 -f 1-1 X -o xrs'*!— i;oi-i oi-cio rrcoir: rH X C5-i<;o;o-i"io"co 04''o4''co o'cDio'co 00 1"^ tt-o;o'"»33» OICOOJ 'S*rHrHrH04H CO 04 04 04 M 04 05 rH 04 04 04 04 CO 04 04 04 rH 04 XC5rHO WrHOCOt^LO) -*045OI>rHX C5 X X X t> C5 C5r0l>O« 0I04C5O CC rH CO 00 1-- C5 l^ CO -H t^ l> 04 OrHC0l^S5rH 0535-^X04 o^LO CO i>- jj^ rH rH 35 qx-^_^3^ X t-^o © rH co_^2J ^."^l^.^^.^^ai •* -1^^^ 04LOrHClO THMofcO^-tf I'TorrHrHLOO 'f CO"!?? 35 sTo" C-f^'co'co'co" rHrH 01 rH 01 04 04 rH 04 i-l 04 04 04 04 04 rH 04 Ol i-l 04 04 rH ClOlrHrHOl rH 1 CO Tfi lO 6 t> X 35 d r^ oi CO -f' id CO t--^ X 35 O rH 1 CO -f i(0 CO t^ X 35 o' r^ rH r-t rH rH I-l rH rH rH rH rH 04 04 01 04 04 04 04 04 01 01 CO CO PICKING AND MARKETING. 181 Ht^-cr:i':-f ccr-^t-^-)* ccM-^-fo WLin-fC^i o ODCOC'lOOCCi'-iaDC^-fM — t^COrHin CS iC t'-^O 02 ffi O -* O ^iC_aQ o irfco"-*CO'*'M 0'®. 1- — .- X I- — c -t 1': ?: X — _ ^, c t ; r: ~^ x c -r x_^x_-i-^m_x c r^r:_^^_-f -f^.~:;3 t-r^-«iitiK i~- 1^ t^ X -f i-i ^t^cir^x^ m-Hii'H ^ccti . X r. r. — ' -f ?3 .-f:i-*^ t^o) .cct-cn-i- .mssi-o ■:i~ c — xc: -1 — XX;— x?:i':x — c;t-^xc;c c x_~-txt-^oc:5r: rt'-^'x't"-" irx't-^CL-fo cTco'-fcso' i-'-^'l-'woo L-facCM r;x-,£cc: ccNxtiMCi cs c; c rr "C -o •-; -f i^ -c c -o looc; r.ciinxn .c;-c?u-c;t)< .c.-^^h;;-,;!^ .ciwc-.^i^oi .c-.t^c; •I" « M ~. :s 00 s: C2 K -J_o rH X c ii^i-iic m o X :: l^-t -f C« x-r^c^s; ct^QOt^o* c'^Crtcsw ^'rrc:Kt^in eoL'fTd<'c;oco xo't^ ;ir:Ti■ r-. x o 3 '^ cix'c-f'H' ccif^cf— 'c u';;ccfc;od ccQCi4acc::o -^ffi Clr-1r-lr-(rHrt r^r^rHr-ir^r-l ^ r^i-l iH iH iH rt CO X c -^ -J CO n C-. C C. X X t^ -f . c: X -• 01 :c o . 10 -c --T C-. " o cox C". -f OKCCIOIX t - x_oi rH i^c X CO -i^^ci x_ci c X lO X xc; 1-0 w x i-i o — i^co~oi c'cix'-c'cTt-^ co"xc;oc;» oo GS '-'-'M"*'-Offlt>XC2C'-HClCO"i'l.'Oidl^OC05dr-icicC 01 CI CI CI CI 01 CO CO 182 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. ■f rH-?U-r-<-0 -fr^ir.O^'-O Ot^l-l-Ci-f it-f^'CC-KO .'J . C) O -H -t C.^ X . 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'. ■^fy.OO . rH CO CO ^^ ip -p .t^Xppprn ,010ICO-1<'_pp .f^t-XX ; ■ 05 05 05 05 05 C: 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05' 05 C5 05 05 05 05 05 C5 05 05 05 I \ i-ioico-*i.'5:2t>cco5 0'-ioico-"oc t^xo50'-ioico-*io:.ot^xo50'^ '5^ ! l-H 1-1 1-1 -H rt rH rl rt rH r-l 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 0) N 01 00 CO ^ ; Y- t- X O-f r^-"::;:*X;H ^^'Ol-Ct^pCO ipecOiOC5-( 10X05-h-)<-.-5 ;= I d -i '^ -d -d -d d -d k ^ r- 1'~ t- 1'- 1'- f- ^- 1- f- 1 - 1'- 1- 1- ^ i- 1- f- n n fl ; ^ : d I- X Olt-O t-C-"t^-.-)H C5 CO -"-co 01 C5C0--0XC0-O Clt^01--5X -*^ ■ r.-r.'oi 05 0-5 05 05 05 c.05 05 0-~05 So- 5 5?. 5 o~a?.o Ig | X n-'-~-*r> t- CO 01 -• o: CO -? c o ^ h- co ih -" x co o: co x oi o • " - . "r*7''"9 r'"'"'-'""^ . ^ 01 01 CO CO -i* , LO lO 10 '.0 ;.: c^ .t-xx : ;- : -t" t- X r:x?p§^??^?ie?5?^P3^t^ fp^£- ?5:i ii : CO X J< o ..,.!:-" iH 01 CO •* 1.0 -C l^ X 05 O -< 01 CO -I- lO --0 t> X O: C5 -J 01 CO - lO -^ l- X 05 = -1 - "= ■ — — — _ i IgS COTTON FROM SEED ■ TO LOOM. Tlie foregoing tables make unnecessary the usual state- ment of weekly receipts. In fact, as the corresponding weeks of two succeeding years end on succeeding days of the month, there is always a difference, when a series of years are given, of several days in the comparison between the close of the week of the first and last year. The daily and monthly movements are, therefore, the only compila- tions that are not misleadino-. MARKETS AND PRICES. 189 CHAPTER VIII. SPOT AND FUTURE MAEKETS A2SD PRICES. Changes In tlie cotton trade— Eoutes by ■wliicli cotton -was marketed pivsvioiis to the war — New York's position during same period — Changes the war made in routes— Receipts and sales at New Yoi-b since— Future-delivery business- Future sales for eight years- Reasons whj' business in futures is a necessity to the trade— Could not be discontinued — The new arrangement as to weight of 100 bales adopted by Liverpool conference- Prices of futures for seven years— Changes in mode of cpioting spot cotton, how and when made— Spot quotations for seven years. The cotton trade in this country has made very rapid progress in organization and working-power during late years. • Previous to the war there was but little unity of feeling or of action, and no market of any considerable importance, outside of the Southern States, except New York ; and even New York held a position of comparative insignificance. New Orleans was then, as now, the leading port for marketing the crop, Mobile coming next, and Savannah and Charleston following them, some years Savannah and some years Charleston taking the precedence. The following statement indicates the percentage of the year's yield which the net movement at each port bore to the total movement, from ISo-i-oo to 18G0-61. It will be seen that, according to it, in 1860-61 New Orleans mar- keted 45-78 per cent of the total; Mobile, 14-29 per cent; Savannah, 12-48 per cent; Ckarieston, 8-79 per cent; and 1(*0 COTTOX FIi02I SEED TO LOOM. the other ports a much less iimount, varying from 3 -TO per cent to 1-47 per cent. PERCENTAGE OF RECEIPTS. liEClilPTS AT— 1854-5 1855-6 1856-7 1857-8 1858-9 '59-00. '60-61. VVilniiiigtoii.&c, N.C. 00-89 00-72 00-89 00-74 00-94 00-85 01-47 Nurlolk, Ac, Va 01-OG 00-56 00-78 00-7t> 00-83 01-18 02-04 Cliarlestou, &.C., S. C. 17-03 13-61 12-98 12-54 12-03 10-57 OS-79 Savannah, Ga 12-<)1 10-6-; 10-54 08-74 11-91 10-89 12-48 Apalacliicola,&c.,Fla 04-!6 03-36 04-47 03-78 04-34 04-00 03-17 Mobile, Ala 15-50 18.-10 16-46 16-13 17-63 17-48 14-29 New Orleans, La.,itc. 42-04 45-58 46-95 4S-67 41-79 44-35 45-78 Galveston, »kc.,Tes.. 02-75 03-18 02-94 04-48 04-81 05-23 03-79 Total at ports 9«-81 96-39 96-01 95-84 94-28 94-55 . 91-81 Overland from Teun. 00-2G 00-39 00-16 00-30 02-14 02-25 03-75 From plantations by 1 Soutli'n consumers. 02-90 03-22 03-83 orj-Sel 03-58 03-20 04-44 Total crop U.S 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 Even cluring^ the period covered by the above table, New York handled annually several himdred thousand bales, mainly received from the Southern outports, the movement overland being very small. To illustrate the situation and position this city then held ip., the trade, we give the New York receipts, exports and purchases here for home consumption, from September 1, 1849, to Sep- tember 1, 1861: COTTON MOVEMENT AT NEW YORK. Total Receiiits. Exports to Sales Years. Great Britain. All other Countries. Total. for Consump^ tiou. 1849-50.... 481,938 200,113 114,687 314,800 167,138 1850-51.... 429.742 184,517 136,980 321,497 108,245 1851-52... 537,115 218,771 121,000 339,771 197,344 1852-53.... 487,082 207,586 74,657 282,243 204,839 1853-54... 450,473 245,621 82,350 327.971 122,502 1854-55.... 509,136 200,889 78,328 279,217 229,919 1855-56 ... 424,712 181,045 75,419 256,464 168,248 1856-57.... 402,625 143,938 50,617 194,555 208,070 1857-58... 351,597 110.721 39,308 150,029 201,568 1858-59... 435,269 120.648 70,970 191,618 243,651 1859-60.... 463,433 117,630 81,828 199,458 263,975 1860-(>1.... 435,261 157,381 89,339 246.720 188.541 Total... 5,408,383 2,088,860 1,015,483 3,104,343 2.304,040 These figures represent the gross movement, not the net MARKETS AND PRICES. 191 movement, and show the average gross receipts for the twelve years to have been 450,G99 bales. "With the break- ing out of the war and the closing of the Southern ports, this movement fell off, of course, because there was compara- tively little cotton marketed ; but during that period a much larger proportion of the total supply of Anierican staple reached spinners through this city than before the war. The nature of this change m the trade may be seen from a statement of receipts, sales to home spinners, and exjjorts here and total receipts of American cotton in Europe, from 18G1-2 to 1864-5. Ni;W YOUlv liKCEIPTS AND EXPOKTS, SALES TO SPINNERS, AND EUROPEAN RECEIPTS OF AMERICAN COTTON, 18lJl-18U5. Year. Receipts at Ne\y York. Total Exports from New York. Sales to Spill IRTS nt New York. Receipts of Ameiieau Cottoii in Europe. 1861-G2 Bales. 115,427 204,229 281,794 391,635 Bales. 9,328 27,052 30,954 54,203 BaKs. 125,< 00 170.(00 225,000 310,000 IJales. 502,000 1862-03 133,000 18{J3-(54 212,000 l'<64-65 230,000 When the war closed, the route overland, which the blockade of the Southern ports had up to that time made necessary, continued m favor for the marketing of the crops of a considerable section. In fact, for a time a change back to the old routes was impossible, on account of the condition of the Southern railroads. But even after the old communications were restored and new connections made, the movement north, across the Mississippi and Ohio, received but a temporary check, growing subse. quently even into larger proportions. As our readers are aware, however, only part, not to exceed 20 per cent, of the overland receipts, now pass through New York, the remainder gomg to other northern cities or direct to spin- ners. All other New York arrivals come through the Southern outports, the total gross movement since Septem- 192 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. ber 1, 1SG5, being as follows. "We add, also, the stocks, exports, and takings for home consumption, but do not include in this table, nor ni that for the ante-war period sales of spot cotton on speculation, as they were, for most of the time, very imperfectly reported. KECEIPTS, STOCK AND S.VLKS OF COTTON AT NEW YOKK. Year. Stock bogiii- niug j'car. Receipts for year. Stock close of year. Coiisuiup- tiou. Exported Sales for the year. 1865-66 1866-67 1S67-G3 1868-09 1869-70 1870-71 1871-72 1872-73 40,000 88,642 41,497 23,440 7,307 12,984 38,875 27,027 863,497 674,232 032,328 062,780 780,017 1,101,591 738,526 1,005,680 975,750 805,612 943,491 959,955 88,642 41,497 23,440 7,367 12,984 38,875 27,027 17,746 56,043 34,712 6 1,267 67,402 319,39:^ 251,709 275,65] 331,015 380,699 407,742 377 303 411.463 481,857 381,771 419,562 522,662 495,462 469,668 374,734 327,833 413,701 667,958 37.<,071 573,498 485,596 445,172 494,374 434,158 814,855 721,377 050,38.5 058,853 794,400 1,075,700 750,374 9S4,9Gl 1S73-74 187-1-75 1875-76 187G-77 47,746 56,043 34,712 64,267 907,453 826,943 913,936 956,820 Total 10,143,459 4,560,827 5,555,230 10,116,057 Accordmg to this statement the average of receipts for the twelve years ending September 1, 1877, was 8-45,288 bales, against an average of 450,099 bales for the twelve years ending September 1, 18GI. But such an exhibit m no measure portrays the actual change which has taken place in the relative position of this market, or m the spirit and character of the trade, as it indicates only the dealings for export and consumption m cotton actually handled, and does not represent how the methods of conducting business have been by degrees modified, during the war and since, until the entire system has become essentially new. The truth is. speculative operations have gradually, constantly and (comparing the earliest and latest dates) so very largely increased, that now oven spot transactions, which with transit cotton were until recently the only transactions, have come under the influence and almost under the con- trol of sales for future delivery. To set out the histor)'- of MARKETS A:!fD PRICES. 193 this growtli, and to give an idea of its present proportions, we have brought together the actual monthly transactions in futures in New York since 1870, made up from the daily cotton circular. Undoubtedly, m the last year or two. these sales have been more fully reported, so that the totals do not absolutely represent the growth. MONTHLY SALES FOR FUTURE DELIVERY. Year Year Year Year and Bales. anil Bales. and Bales. and Bales. M'lith M'ntli .M'ntli M'nth 1870. 1870. 1872. 1874. Jan... 50,107 Jan.. 4.50,800 Jan.. 642,150 Jan. . 505,500 Fe')... 66,n08 Feb .. 480,900 Fe!) .. 409,450 Feb.. 5 8,000 Mar'h 9S,342 Mar . 479,550 Mar . 517,750 Mar.. 701,050 April. 39,722 April 369,300 Air- 471,700 April 677,900 Slay . 70,175 May 417 050 May . 008,050 May . 908,500 Juue. 67,233 June. 455,800 June. 655,900 Juue. 523,800 July.. 51,-101 July 492,100 July. 431,400 July. 395,900 Aii^'.. 48,883 Aug.. 325,450 Aug . 550,400 Auff . 557,700 Sppt . 89,883 Sept 497,300 Sept . 520,850 Sept . 410,500 Oct... 200,585 Oct. . 433,900 Oct. . 748,400 Oct. . 441,100 Nov.. 189,025 Nov . r.08,100 No\-.. 560,500 Nov. 090,300 Dec. . 237, 12r, 1,200, Uii T>w... 400,700 !, 3 17,550 Dec. 937,250 Dec. . 475.300 7,125,800 0,802,750 1^71 1873. 1875. 1877. Jan... 219,375 Jan . . 413,050 JilU . 651,700 Jan. . 877,200 F.l). . 241,450 Fel) .. 341,050 Feb.. 537,700 Feb.. 1,324,300 M.u'.. 447,700 Mar . 739,850 Mar. 588,700 Mar.. 1,948,200 April. 153,690 April 380,500 April 891,850 April 1,303,100 May . 350,183 May . 373,5r.O May . 723,400 May . 998,200 June. 331,1.50 June. 404,000 Juue. 809,500 Juue. 990,000 July.. 273,000 July. 320,100 July. 099,850 July. 019,000 Aug.. 327,000 Aug.. 313,150 Aug . 408,750 Aug. 889,900 Sept . 350,750 Sept. 300,950 S(i)t . 590,200 Sept . 941,100 Oct... 450,350 Oct. . 43 1,550 Oct. . 883,700 Oct. . 1,1C1.."00 Nov .. 343,314 Nov . 551,500 Nov . 500,700 Nov.. 1,099,300 Dee... 370,050 3,858,912 Dec. . 458.100 Dee.. 447,200 Dee. . 1,389,200 5,103,250 7,799,250 13,548,200 We here see that calling the present crop 4,500,000 bales, the future sales in New York during the last twelve months were about three times the total year's production, representing, at 10c. per pound, an aggregate value of about $598,400,000. Yet this is not the wliolo measure of the chance recent 104 COTTON FIi02l SEED TO LOO^T. times liave witnessed; a feature perhaps even more sur- prising, tlie twin growth of tliis future-delivery business, is tlie effort made and the expense incurred in obtaining facts of interest to the trade, and the wonderful extent and accuracy of those facts. In the ante-war times the only interchange of thought was between a few brokers who were accustomed from day to day to meet on 'Change and communicate to each other points of infer, mation. Out of it all, however, nothing could be gathered sufficient even to form an official market. Different news- pa pers o ften varied widely in t heir quotatio ns. The Journal of Commerce published the prices made up by one firm of cotton brokers, the Courier and Enquirer those made by another firm, and the Herald those of still another. When, in IS 65, the Chronicle began the first effort at organization, by grouping together cotton intelli- gence from all parts of the world in a weekly report, although judged by present standards the early effort was comparatively meagre, yet it was a considerable advance and an indication of an existing want which lias since found expression in the establishment of Cotton Exchanges a ll through the country , and in the re markable growth of a com_glete system of obtaining information. How visionary would the man have been thought who, in ISGG, Avlien the cable was first laid, should have prophesied that the trade here would in a few years be in the receipt of several r^jDorts a day by cable from Liverpool, Manchester, Havre, &c., and by telegraph from all Southern towns of any importance, conveying information with regard to ev ery cl^ anging condition of the growin g ^ rops. ev ery mov ement of_tlie staple, and every fluctuation, howeverjrifling, in the markets. And yet this is only a portion of the data daily and weekly gathered and distributed by our Cotton Exchansres. MAnKETS AND PBIGES. These facts, so briefly set out, show the extent of the revolution which has been effected in business methods. But the modifications made have only kept pace with, and been mere adjustments to, the changes which have taken place in physical science. Years since, when it required twenty to thirty days to reach Liverpool, it was impossible to base a venture on facts at the moment existing. New Orleans, as the centre of production, might be ten days or more from us, while the interior was many days from New Orleans ; and, on the otlier hand, the market for consumption was twenty or tliirty days in the opposite direction. To bring these distant points together, and to adjust the relation between supply and demand, so as to be able to act intelligently either as buyer or seller, required time ; and even then the chances of a variation in the conditions before the operation was completed were great, but must be assumed. Under such circumstances, aciion could only be slow. But when these distances were all very greatly reduced by the substitution of railroad and steamship for stage-coach and sails, mercantile movements necessarily quickened, and with the telegraph and cable brought into use, no other system than the present would be possible. It is folly, therefore, to decry future-delivery business. To direct and control it, and, so far as possible, strip it of evil, is of course needful; but one might as well attempt to talk down the use of the cable and telegraph as to seek to suppress a system which is a voluntar\- outgrowth of such quickened communication. Besides, it has great uses. Through it the .spinner is enabled, with confidence, to sell his year's manufacture in advance, and ensure a steady trade ; for he can as soon as the goods have been promised, buy contracts based on approved samples, for the delivery 196 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. as he needs it, of the cotton which is to make them. If he could not do this, he would be compelled either to pur- chase at once, requiring a much larger capital for his busi- ness and a loss of interest to be added to the price of his goods, or else await the moment when he needs the cotton, and take the risk of buying at whatever price may rule at the time. These are the days of very small profits; the loss of interest or a slight rise in the staple would in many cases absorb it all, or turn what promised to be remunera> tive into an actual loss. Furthermore, this business in futures encourages and assists the manufacturer with limited resources. The tendency in this country now is for capital to accumulate in the hands of a few. Business naturally moves towards the larger houses; their superior credit, beyond criticism a,s it is, and their greater means, give them immense advantages, so that the number of small traders is constantly decreasing. Such an absorption of minor firms is very harmful, and anything that benefits thera or ensures them a stronger hold is an advantage to the country at large. Then, again, the future-business may be of great benefit to the producer. He can select his time for disposing of his crop, and if he desires can find a pur- chaser for it months before it is harvested. This gives him a choice of time for selling, and a greater chance of profit for his year's labor. Finally, the opportunity the spinner and producer secure of purchasing and selling when they deem it best, should tend to so distribute transactions through the year as to impart to the cotton market greater stability. Few conditions are more vexatious, and not un- frequently disastrous, to the spinner, than fluctuations in the price of the raw material. A rise is more likely than not to catch him with his contracts for goods made and his cotton unbought, while a decline depreciates all his unsold stock and deadens the goods market everywhere. MARKETS AXD miCES. 197 A price as nearly uniform as possible reduces the risks of his business to a minimum, and makes it what it should be, an open trial of skill and economy in manufacture. But notwithstanding all these advantages which ai'e con. nected with and grow out of this department of the trade, there is a great evil fostered by it; we refer to a species of speculation extensively practiced — so extensively, in fact, that it exceeds in aggregate amount the legitimate future sales — and which we are far from advocating or justifying. But to condemn the system because it admits of perversion from its true purposes, would be very unreasonable. So long as there are crops to be raised, and si;ch uncertain elements to be forejudged as acx'eage, weather, condition and consumption, we shall find those who, trusting in their information and foresight, will trade on the probabilities. But such dealers are limited in number, and generally con- servative in action. "With, however, this kind of business once begun, it soon finds almost numbei'less followers of various classes : — one takes a turn for a point or two, an- other hammers the market with a persistency worthy of a better cause, and still another strives to screw it up by a cornering movement. All this is, of course, objectionable, but what can be done about it, except let the participators punish themselves. They are on both sides of the market, and on the average have very slight influence over it, getting a little success for a time, but generally after a brief existence are snuffed out. The worst feature of it is, that the Soutli is constantly putting the gains on the crops it raises into this same hopper which turns out chaff only. A broker told us a short time since that ninety-nine out of every one hundred speculative accounts he had opened showed a loss to his clients; this is probably a fair sample of the whole business. It is a lottery in which every chance is against the ticket-holder. It will be a 198 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. blessed day for tlie: South when it really learns this lesson and acts in the light of it. An important change in the business in futures has been determined upon the past year, through the conference at Liverpool. We refer to the fixing of the w e ight at -N ^ew Yorka nd Liver pool of 100 Ijales at 43,2Q^ pounds. Here- tofore the average conve ntional weight in the New York market for_ deliveries under a con tract ha s ahv ays been considered 450 pounds per Tj ale. but at Liverpool the requirement has bee n that the bales should average within 5 per cent_of_i.3Jl_pQljnds. A fixed weight is very desir- a_ble. Under the old Liverpool rule, sellers regulated their deliveries according as their contract was a profitable or a losing one. The arrangement now agreed upon will, when carried into effect, limit the possible variation from the quantity contracted for to half a bale, or one half of one per cent, and therefore prevent any advantage being taken hy the seller; and further, it facilitates the opera- tions of tlie English spinner, enabling him to cover his sales of yarn, which are made in pounds weight, by the purchase of the exact weight of cotton required for that purpose. As the fiuctuations in prices for the years since this description of business was begun, are of much interest, we have compiled them, beginning with September 1, 1870, and giving the highest and lowest prices of the sales each week for each month down to September 1, 1877, all of which will be found in the following nineteen pages. The reader should remember in using these figures that previous to September 1, 1875, future transactions were based on Low Middling Uplands, old classification; since that time they have been based on Middling Uplands, new clas- sification. We shall explain the change in classification subsequently when speaking of the spot quotations. 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"Z M CO CO CO CO CO CI CI CI CO CO CO CO CI CI CI CI CI li CI CI CI CI CI CI lO " (MCO C3 rHi-11-H.HrH tH rH rH O fOCOCOCOCOCO COMCOCOCOCO MMOOCOOOM CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ■^■^■^•■O CO CO CO CO CO '-O CO CO CO CO CO >, >i f-lrtrH.-l r-l rH r-l rH i-H rH rH >-l r^ rH iH CS CJ rHrHrHrH,-CJ5C0T*'r*' -tl-0 ./ LO O LO lO LO lO .-C LO lO lO J^t" ■*.-./ — rfl -f -f -Jl COCOCOCO COCOCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCOO ccocococo rHin coco >> CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO >i rj i-trH i-HrHrH rH rH rH rH iH ^ coococococo COCOCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCOCO cococoococo coco CO OD coco P CO coo CO rift -») T-< rHrH 5 c J°JP^ J°r?r?'-SPc?'.^y'c?'n'' r?-? ^l^j* rf -JH -f -jl -f( CCf s 1 o rHrH coco tu 4J rHrH s u^^^L^.? 02 «?.o^~ f- ^c?a2 H-*^-' Jw* tPx <^^^,?-j^'js't: e? j^-^«-* H-^,? ■5^ ao -T-fTH-1* -1<-^<-1"f-t-l< -H rt< Tf -f -f CO COCOCOCOCOCO COCOCOCO CO-)* ;:;:::::::;;;:;: - tH rH J-W c rH e« CO ■<* l« CO « C-. C rH CI CO -f 10 CO '- r cr. rH 01 CO -f CO t^ cp =: = S rH rH r^ -1 01 CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CO C J HhW 23S COTTON FROM SEED TO L00]^[^ r «:c:c»» «0 ;o» "« CO CO rl.HrHrHr-1 r1 » lH iH CO » » "X "O CO CO CO r. ■^ "^ ^^^^^ ^ "^ /,J^ T'WV'T' ^ T' •71 y; " ^r^^TJ c^f rt ^ rt r^ r^ ai r-i ;-. ^^« rt cfc r. C". L' CC ^: xx' ^r: ;»^« QDCO *c r^rHrHO cccooo ooccco coocco ooooo O-H CO b i* b b CO CO -i CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO V rH 1 V w „, W , III 1 . > 1 1 1 1 .11 .* <^ '-C4H-;5:^;5:^x^Oi.-:>.-^i^X'^>;:i^-.^.4.^ix,fH^L^.jt.^„rxL-:N CO^ rl rHr^SSffiW r-t 1-1 r^ IH rH iH r^ rH r-H r^ .-i r-l rt T-H tH rH r-l i-i r-l 1-1 rH^ "^ CO CO CO CO CO coco CO CO CO coo CO CO CO coco _ Si 2 CO ^ .2 ^3^ .j^;];:];^;^;^ . ssSi^S .Si^ ^r ^r '7' ;; (?= I- X ^ ,X ,JP r- r^ rH X -1 .-^ -H ^ ^ rH X' ^ ^ r-l rH r^ ^ OD rH ,H ^ 01 jO. t~ e?"> "5 ^^ oo cocoeo cceoco ccooco 00^^--^'-"^ OrH CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO l; . V rH-OCOCOCO rHrHrH r-1 .H rl r-l r^ r^ --^ CO CO CO g'CO CO ,^ V 1 t?l~ c-.coco oc-.C50s:c5 c-.CiCiCioa css-.aooo cc^Sc C5 1 P ^^rtrH rl r-t rH rt rt ^ r-i ^H iH ^ CO CO CO CO ^ • rHrtln CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO coco CO rH < •j; i-H-^rH '7' V 'T* T* T'T' T' T'T'^'T* "^T* T' . CO J-5 Pt *""'-' u? ^- r?^ ^ L^ t^ 1-- 1" i~ ' ■- X L^ "T: jlj: jf x' ji cc ^ '"' * ooooco ooocoo ooooco ccocco S rH (^ -< 00 ^ ^ rHrH 2^ ^ ^ CO ■^ j- d S: ^-r^ _05 ~ _5H- ^ X rH rH 1h t-H ^ rH X rH C; C5 05 d ffi X d £:f' l-^ C: ;§ ;S ^ te; e: ^Ci >-. S ^MrH rHr-(r-lr-l.-^r-l ^rHOOOO OOOOOO CCOCj^j^ OrH T-lr-i o 5" CO CO CO CO CO' CO C CO CO CO CO il ,H rtrHrHrHrH,H rHr-rHrH rH g^^CO CO CO CO CO Q ? .ooMo: LOO .100.00 .M 'c;'W^ .'^'VV rH o ^ rH XrHrHrtrHr-(r-l3D-HrHr-lrHj»^X^t?'[?':=r.aXL-l-L- l-^ « (NrHH r-l -H r-i r-l rH iH r-l rH iH ?H r-l rH rH rH — i 3 ri rH r-l rH rH <-<(>■» ^5 fe rHrlr-l rH rH rH rl rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH S -^ rH rH rH rH rHrH b b CO CO CO CO CO >^ d 1 «°^0? l^ ^ t^ C3 jj rH r< rH C-1 ?l CI CI M M 21 :M CI CI CI H CI C) C) CI C) CI CI CI CJCIC nCI rHrH fc, OC ^ CO CO CO CO « T S" CO 1 S rH rHr-rH ,2 ^ r^ '7' 1 a; j,;^ a2 rH ^ A a, X X X ^^ ;;*';?.;?' ^00^ X ^^ « » Jh-':^ X = ^^c?4'^^ »: -^4' s « ;:|;:| ;::^;^:;;^3::^ ^1:;;:;;^;^^; ;;;:;z;;:^;:!w g;::;:;::;:!^ ;:;;^ ^t< ^co CO CO CO CO CO >: CO CO CO CO C'rH COCOCOrHrHrHrHrH COi" . ^ CO g 5 1< ^^ .'T'-.r.^ 'T .Vooooo . . 'Tti rH 2 o cc Jl-?: XC— rH?5^^;XrHrHrHrHrHrHX W^Jf^- 0000 03<="-''-'-l rHOOOOO rHrHrHrHrH^ rH ^ r-1 >i rHrHrHrH rH S rH rH rH rH rH rH -H rH rH rH rH rH rH r- ,-, rH rH rH rH hM CrH "fe" 55 rHrH CO CO CO CO CO CO CO coco .CO CO -8 COCOrHrHrHrHrHrH^ rHrHrH-^Jr^ CO- rH CO ;= .^^ 000.00 00 . M . CO ?5 5^ . 1 T Car^^ ^^HrHXrHrH ^ .H ^X tyf^t^f^tyrH CD -H rH ^f ^ rH X rH r- CO'T c rHrH ^ o oooc-.crici cio-.ocsffiffl oo:;;cso30 050:025 c.o oc c;o « O rHrHrH rl rH rH r- i~i g CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO -^ CO CO coco « rH rH 1 rHO cc CO ooooco coo coo bo 000c ooooco 00 s '"I rHrH rHrHrH-HrnrH rH rH rH rH rH rH r^ ^ r^ r-i r^ r^ rH rH rH r-. -H rH r^ r~< .a ^xxj3oxx^« '^r^^j.TJ ^,^^iair^^z:s>^ «o^ < rt-lrWrH ^r^i-^r^rH-l rt-trHM^r^ rHMOOOO COOOO OrH iHi-l ^ ^' -H ceo CO ■* "^ T-H t' i ~2 . ^''T' . ."^ . T' CO 00 "-i ^ - ^xy. X ,H -. X «^i3r. ^^^ X ^'„-»';?'x CO ;?g'g'ffffT,^^s~.,fr^ ^ rHt* _^ OO O^^-HrH— rH^^-H-^-H ^-irl^^rH r-lrt^rtrlr-J CH. "5 ^^ rt^rt^^^ ^^rt^_^^ r^,-,^r-^r-l r-1 i-l — 1 r-1 r-l T-t t-HiH COCO ^ CO CO CO CO CO r-l r-l 2" V t>j > 1 Cli CO 1 iHrH CO CO CO CO • OrH rHrHiHCOCOCO o '^; ■^lo. . coco.-H 'V'T.'V < co^ooj-f^r^ rHGOt?'t?>^«'t?'t?'t?'^t?'n*r*c^'^'-''-C-^,o'^.J't^l-J^'-ta- t--,? ^^^^,HO oooooo ccocoo cceooo o OrH iHrti-Hi-lrHrH rHr-rtr-H—Irt r^ r-H — i rt rt rH i-H rt rl r-t .-1 rH .H ^ CO CO CO CO '=3 >l>t- . » fe ^ T^ 1-^ Cj CO >^ S iH Q s coi Q -HrH >-H ig ci CO CO '£> CO CD CO S" CO ^ "V T' T' 'T* T' T' "5 iH o B l-^t-x'« «;?;?< "^.k^^^^olotJ^oiOS cCt^t?.-^' t?!-- ^ OlTirl C) 01 01 mi CI 0)0101010101 010101^0101 1-^^^ iHOI fa iH r-i w .■ CO CO CO a CO CO CO ? 'I '-^^'-^^'1 iH J 5 CO s 5 TOrH c 0101 CO t> ►^ CO H >; CO CO CO CO >. >. ^, ,^ 1 •^ r-i r-^r-i c: ci cs ^ •2 o „xA3^i=:i,^,^£35,,i'^^££^35,£,JO^.^^i.|^|^ ^ |.^ CI s u I-ti^ s .^ CO CO lI CO CO CO <■ CO ci» .^ r-{ r-l-O COpCO-l -1 OCOCOCCCOCO ,-(5' rH * B s rHi~'7''T''c:'T'^rH'^'7"7'T''T''T' -J-cJ rH O o rH j^f H rH X rH n> rH ^OC^ ai ;5 l^ 1> t^ t^ t- X ^ JJI^ J'^I^SS ^^-1 S '^rtl' c Or^ "fe> !?i c COCO CO CO CO COCO COCO CO coco -d CO coco CO '2 £ ai&.Oi ^i^i^i^-j^i^i> ^i^i'- g'-A ^ J^ ;;^ :^ ^iha^i^h^j «''iiL ^-iriiiC- 0?== e o ooocco cooooo occcoo occo^o oc OO ? r-(r-l •< coco eco CO CO CO CO coco coco S rH--H rHrH ^^^^rt„„^-J-^ CO o coob .'cic . CO cococo.cornAr^'VT' !« rtl [?>^^t?'^X!^rH^fCC^^XtC0^^-HrHrlXrH,-lrHrH~C3 C5 ;^ 03 OH ■^ ■2 3 g :^ - r- '■ '- 0101 01 01 01 CO ^ h-5S 1 234 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. I2^x:dx"d:^4^j'4';y'x>^t^t^^i^x^^^ ISair^ S2 ^ r,-l — f-i 1-1 r-i ^ rl rl r^ r-l H O O ^ C C-J rH _£; r: SJS .H 1-1 rH r-l rH r- r-. ,H iH .-I j^- \h ^.~ .X .z .s ^ CO ^^^co j_y* lo lO t-^ lO >o Lo jjn o ^^ J J^^b j/ Jo "cm'H c'c'3 CI ?1 cm 01 (M ' CI CI CI C-l C-l 0) CI CI CI C) CI CI 'cici o ;;; .^ ^^^rtf-.rH rHr^ — rHr^rt rt^^^r-.-H r-trt-HCICICI o -c -o O «eb 2 C^ ' . 1^' . CO cc CO o , . V T 'w f^ Or^r^-'-H OCOOOO COOCCO 0=>C>-H.-Hr-i r^-^^' CO o CO CO » o o i-s>a iH iH H iH r-( CS_2 01 CI CI C1C1CICIC1C1 CICIrtrHrtrt rt^^rtr-^ ^^„^ o o rtr^rH r-l r-i rH rH rH rH r-l iH rH rH rH rH H -I -( rH r^ iH •^'-^'^1-1^^ W45 O CO CO -J c-r -: 1.0 Lo . . CO CO . CO ?: _ rH JC ^ X , ■''JC' J* J# k?Ok? 32 J?DK?'K?'K?'rH rH a; ^ rH rH ~ jri _51 K J= JP JP CI CI CI O) CI CI CI C) C) CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI iT CI CI CI CI CI ffr-l CI CI >s CO CO CO CO CO -O CO rt r-t ,-1 ^ r^ r-< r-t rH S,5t>,3!'^ J'./'f-^'^ CO •_g3 00 CO « xco-x rtinLOLALOira,/ J3P^J?> ,?'0 ^lOIOC^ rtyjr^iHrH rt Jj H H rH ^ H GfJ rl GL r* W rH LO ccicicico^o Mcococococo cococo^0Mco cocococojoco cocoes CI CO CO COCOCO >i >> >> r-l "T^rHrH ,2 ^ ^ 00^ -rH r^rH 00 OO CO • -t •* -f tj- 00 CO • CO ro CO -t -f .^S ■ .^ "* >?> .S' i'^ •- , fH 3Q "^ rHH^rH;Z}r-r»rH-^rHXrir'r^r-'-^^X',^— «r1^^^^ CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI O CCICICId o rHrH 1-1 rH rH rH rH rH r-< r-< r^ i-t r-< <-* rH iH rH rH rH ^ K "^ ''"^ ''' K CI CI r^r-rHrH rH C IM CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CIO . rnCl rHrH-HrH rH >]H rH rH rH r-l rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH r-t rH rH r-H '-<'- X«^IO '■ — a}' J 4 -I M^C^^COeC '••'•rf rt' rn'ODrH' rt H H c - ;;« ifAllKETS AND PIUCES. 235 PRICES IN GREAT BRITAIN. We can only add a brief siimraaiy of the prices of cotton at Liverpool, For very early dates the compilation which is generally relied upon is found in Tooke's "High and Low Prices." That statement is scarcely of suflBcient interest to us to be inserted in full here and we therefore give the range as he has it for each year from 1788 to 1800. I.IV KRl'OOr PKICES OF COTTON, EXCLUSIVE OF DUTY. Year. Wci- t India &C. Bow'd Georgia. Peniainbnco. Bonsai & Surat. 1788. JS. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 d. s. d. 2 a 2 9 «' 1 10 1 ® 1 9 1 w 2 (! 8 ® 2 G a> 2 3 1 ® 2 2 3 ® 2 G 7 ® 2 G 5 ® 3 4 1 ® 3 4 1 8 1 7 ® 1 10 1 G ® 2 7 1 10 ® 2 G 1 9 S 2 3 1 6 ® 2 1 1 9 ® 2 G 1 10 ® 2 G 1 11 ® 3 5 3 1 ® 3 5 2 5 ® 4 8 2 9 ® 3 1 8. d. s. d. 1789. . 1790. 8 ® 10 1791. . 8 @ 1 3 179-'. . 11 ® 1 3 1793. ... 1794. . . . 1795 179G. ... 1-97. ... 179H. ... 1799. ... 1800. ... 1 1 ® 1 1 ® 1 1 3 ® 2 1 ® 2 1 0® 3 1 10 ® 3 1 5 ® 5 1 4 a) 3 4 G 3 5 1 9 0I0®1 4 9® Oil 11 ® 1 10 11 ® 1 10 10 @ 1 11 1 8 ® 2 2 1 1 ® 2 4 10 ® 1 G The average prices for subsequent years have been as follows, according to the Liverpool Cotton Brokers' Circular. Years Midd'g Upi'ds. Fair Surat. Years. Midd'g Upi'ds. d. Fair Surat. d. Years. Midd'g Upi'ds. Fair Suiat. d. d d. d. 1801.. 18 IG 1827.. Oh 5% 1853.. 534 418 1802.. IG 14 1828.. G^s 438 ls,i4.. 538 338 1803.. 1213 111^ 1829.. 534 4 1855.. 558 4 1804.. 14 lliij 1830.. G^s 5 1856.. G^k; 4?t 1805.. IGI3 14 1831.. G 459 1857.. 734 512 180G.. I8I4 I4I2 1832.. 6% 5 1858.. G'^s 513 1S07.. 141a 13 1833.. 8I2 GI9 1859.. G34 5 1808.. •>o I9h 1834.. 858 638 18 GO.. GI4 1809.. 20 1812 1835.. 10 14 7 '4 18G1.. 8-'l6 G5je 1810.. I514 15 183(i.. 9^8 GI4 1862.. 1714 12-8 1811.. 12i..! 12 1837.. 7 434 18G3.. 2314 1914 1812.. ig;u 14 1838.. 7 4^3 1864.. 271^ 2113 1813.. 23 I7I3 1839.. 7^8 5-^s 18G5.. 19 141-2 1814.. 29 13 21 1840*. . 6 410 18G6.. I5I3 12 1815.. 2oy4 17 1841.. 6I4 439 1867.. lO'^S 834 181G.. 1814 1518 1842.. 5:% 4 1868.. 1012 81-3 1817.. 2013 17 1843.. 4r^8 3I2 1869.. 1218 934 1818-. 20 1534 1844.. 4^8 338 1870.. 91^10 8l8 1819.. 13«! 9^8 1845.. 418 318 1871.. 89ir, 513i6 1820.. III3 ,813 184G. 4-8 31^! 1872.. lOSjc 719 1821.. 913 7'7^ 1847.. Gl8 4 -J 1873.. 9 6-h6 1822 8I4 G^s 1818.. 418 314 1874.. 8 5016 1823.. 8I4 G34 1819.. 518 3-8 1875.. 733 1824.. 81^ G^s 1850.. 7 5^4 1876.. 6I4 412 1825.. llSg 8^8 1851.. 5h 414 1877.. 65iG 53iG 1826.. G34 oh: 1852.. 5^'lG 414 The full details for 1877 and the influences acting on the market we have made up as follows from Ellison & Co. COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. cc O > >3 O" fe O J" ^' ^' M M tH rH ri O rj.Tj a c. CI a c. a a (S (?! © 1,9 (.S @ © tS COMCOMCOMM xt^ r^ r^ t^ r^ N t^ aiiilM sof- .? c?* co' of ^ c? -? .f c? ^» nommo.) r-l ■-I 1-1 iH r-l >H iH r-l rH rH o o ^ «— ' I' 1 T-l .H •— < rH rH r-* ^ I.J1!.N\.W08 «** rt** ^ c-:* ,5' noninioy i-l iH r-l T-l r-t rH iH iH iH rH rH o o o •tl<>0 «-.« H .^ ^" ,?• r^ -?• X c? ^' r? notuuio^) O ^ o O o O O O O o a iH »— < T-H I— < .H T— ( ?— ( I—" CD CO CO •luSnog '5"=* n'' S t^ .J" h:'^ =5* ^ &H-I- iTi -f 10 I'S -* 'f -*< -t< -H -tl -H ^ o CO CO •ts.inioo c? ,0* «*• ^ m"" # Af^ r? (D i^x^. lO o m lO o o ■0 10 lO lO lO •iiotia "r- '^ «* o^ ^ ^ ^^' ^ rH IS M OD fell Irt lO o to lO 10 lO 10 lO 10 lO •»tusa ■in" ,.» r? 0? ir? ■s° r? ^•^ ,5^ H=^ c? fe-o t^ O O -o CO CO CO CO CD CO « CO CO •soinBg 2 " .0* ,.^ ri" 0? ^ 1- t- I> o CO CO CO CO CO O o ^ 2 to co •tinmjoj ,os2 »H ^ ^^ .i^ =5" 0? <^ «* 4' fe-o to I- t^ r- CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ■smJDiJO ^ ;? CD H cc ri" «■• M n «5[^ V- (^ t- N o ■O CO CO « CO CO - o spmjiilfi S| rH 10 n •^ w' CO .? I?' .? :^ t> O CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO rH CI MARKETS AND PRICES. 237 llil t^illf ^ _^ '3 rs lif2 z'i 5? ;!|la i/^fis^ = t: l.lj ^111 1 = *^+i H S3 1| ^ — •- . r~ 5' 7" ^' ^ i ^- ^ 3 f5 o'^ =^n 3 ^ " ^ .'1"^ 2 "^ 3 ■tr "to 1'! O a iB ^%"'- ^lli ^-^ "? c"^ '§ 2 1 OD c w o |-?'E!-'.-:J cjri 11^ l^ H5_:-|| ||5f-^. ? ^ ." -it? — ^ C^ w 2 *^ ^ > — .^■■•_5 ■*- H "- H > .,- ^i^-i"-"^— ="" ~ 5 " — % " ps £<= £,= ^s z 5 S ^S = i b ^" =~ ? ZS" - - 2 - - s C' a O C ,2 o O C X =: 5 C r?" ^ << *" o6 ,^•00 0000 CO CO CO CO l> t^ R 2 iO 1 »:, XI CO OC 00 CO CO « CO 00 03 CO CO OD cd ® @ tS @ @ @ *55 CS v5 @ @ @ © >3 OOflQ -dto c: CO CO CO CO CO CO CO x-o 'O -c --C- -o CO c= CO CO CO CD CO •JUITC «0f ^T" ^ 4' H-' J =? t?' rSP J' uouimoj 00 0000 00 00 ;:: ijUAV soj; ^ 4' ^ S' ^ ^' n' ^ uoiauioj 00 C5 a> oi a a Ci 6i-iic ira n -f -)< -)< -t* rf -f -^ 10 1ft ^ M aii.«a ■H^ c? =? cap ;?* H-*- ^ CO ^ CO _T)( ^ rt** fe , w -C CO CO CO CO CO CO W tj CO s Ph •s();ueg ^-5" oT t^ ^ :? ^ ■? H* r? fa-O CO --0 a CO ■00 CO CO CO C= •ntiiujoj 's^r cT ,r „» -? ^r OD ^ Jl) _Tji n c? fa-i CO --0 » CO CO » CO CO CO "d <» «2 ts ta 5D to •sncoiJO ^' \D -0 --O » -; ao CO CO CO CO CO CO ■d '^ tc spu'BidQ ^» CO CO CO 1ft lO ^"^ 2 2 t3P ;? w 10 IC LO 10 CO CO CO -t< rH ,• » LO 01 Ci CO CO t^ -)< r-l l> 1>H _ ^ pH ;i t-l ^ C, CO ^ rH c^ s 1-5 238 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. .. jj c;-. ^ f-:3 ^-r: g »-H ;_> -Zi 'S * 50 %-z'z'^Z^'t% 5-5 :? o .^ jj o m; 4j ''■»-- iS.'j"r^""^ ..V-. il ? ^ a a — .• "t i; ^ ^ >"— t 3 :r* cS "~ '^^ i. X ^ '7^ -^ ^ ci i< ''•^ •/ ? ^ 5 9 . E~ i!'^ ^-o S 2 fj: i:: C =^ w n > -^ 5 = a S a ^ ^^ ^ O O O S O ^ rT— -^ - 3: '-S j "^ 5 Q O ; ^ .S S ^ 3 s o 5 ? 'r* 5 O O O O S B^j? I ^' 4' 4' r?' ^ ^ ^ ^ CO C» OO 'X (^ (S ® ^s 4' 4' r5* r5> CO CO CO o o o M eo CO 00 CO CO CO @ @ @ (.S §; C5 M r-l iH CO x-J o O » ■,s o CO CO CO CO CO CO CO •0[llI\[«Ot -? r? ;r -? r? 3- l^ k'^ ^ ^ r' :^ 1? u»uuuo3 o o o o O o a C5 CI o Ci Ci c iH iH •— ' »— * I—* \,\K\\ SOS .n* .if ci* ^ ^ 4' 4' J' ^ o* uomuioj O a o o I—I o C5 a> C3 o Ci CI Oi O •tl'JO sr.f; H^ tf .^^ «? r?' o* «°° e?* ^^' U0UHU03 o CO o a CI CO CO X' CO 00 00 00 o f^ o CO CO to CO CD CD •inSnoa =^ ^ ^ 4' 4' r-1 fH 4' fe-f -c -t< -f -f -f ^ -* -^J -1* -t* -f -n ■^ ' tH r? P^o O o 10 LO lO .0 lO LO 10 lO lO lO ^' o e o O o o CO to CO CO •iioita *C I-* M ;^ r-4 I-< i-H H» t,o lO lO LO lO lO lO LO lO lO lO 10 10 •* 5j to CO CO CO CO •snuai.io a 4^ M' 4» -?* ,^ ^ ^ r-* ?-+ -^^ o tt J o CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO spmndfi ^ # CO r-i 10 lO _cp r-l f^-O 50 ■a «> CO CO CO o 10 CO lO CO CO r-l CI M MARKETS AXD miCES. 239 lavtw s'of; j ,;f 0? t^^ ^ uonmioj o a cj zi o. c. O C5 C5 Ci Tioratuo^ o o o TcSaaa: -5( -^1 -<( •Tj.iraoo rt rt rl r-. .J) « lO LO 1ft r< O l'^ i.*^ lO 1^ O O 1 tuO lO » o o •icLcsa: •so;ni!g •SMUMI.IO spn^iiln. "Z m -f tl O o t; i; J' k^ o o 1C5 ^ "-> '."J r; pj I-" ira r- r- m tQ O lO iQ lO IQ LQ O IQ LQ O lO 1 7 c? e? ^ ^^ ^' J' ^1 J' ^' ,? H="- ;? _ C CO ,QD CI OD ei M M .H -I ,T' r^ x 00 o •-= -o - -o c « -o -.s o -J o ' oT cT -f^ :.? '^ ^ t? tf ^^ ^ <^ ..? :? :^ :: ^ c? £* n* c^" «^ oT 00000 0000000 O to 50 50 to CO CO OOQ. oa 0000000 r-i CCi op t-l r-l M rt r^ '='0 O C) a C) Cl CI 240 COTTON FROM SEED TO L002I. Messrs. Ellison & Co. also furnish the following state- ment of the average value of all kinds of raw cotton imported, exported, consumed, &c., in Great Britain for the past ten years. 1877. 187G. 1875. 1874. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870. 1869. 18ti8. tl. d. a. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. Import 6I4 Oig 7I16 7I2 858 95lG 8 9^16 III16 95s Export 51316 5I4 STg 6 7 '^''8 7 838 10 S13is Consuiup'ii G5i6 63i6 7l8 753 834 913iG 8l8 9^16 llSje 0-8 COXSrJIFTIOX IN EVIiOPE AND AMEUICA. 241 CHAPTER IX. CONSUMPTION OF COTTON IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Year unfavoi-able for spinners— Eastern war not tlie cause but the developing influence — How consumption of goods was stimu- lated—First, by cotton famine — Second, by speculation and free borrowing in United States— Third, speculation and wastefulness everywhere— Fourth, rivahy among spinners — Sudden check in demand and large decrease, in consmnptive power— Consumption of cotton in Europe for a series i>f years — More favorable outlook for the manufacturing industry in the United States — Growth in spindles In Europe and America— Ellison's review for 1877— United States crop lor 187G-77 Tlie past year has been an extremely cheerless one to the cotton goods trade. It was, however, begun in hop(% for in its earlier days almost every surrounding appeared to favor a return of prosperity, and the little flicker of life which marked the closing months of 1876 seemed to add an earnest of new vigor in the months to come. And yet with all this promise it is scarcely necessary to say that the year's business has been very disappointing, without prospect of relief even to the very end. In fact, the cotton-consuming world is to-day in the situation of a greatly reduced patient, with apparently no recuper&,tive power. The cause of this condition is a question of the first im- portance; for it is a very essential point gained if we can learn the nature of the disease we wish to cure. The pop ular idea has been to charge it all to the war in Eastern Europe. Only let us have peace and the revival will be 242 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. instantaneous, Jias been echoed from every side. This is a very natural inference, because the new depression began with the war; and yet tlie argument that it will therefore end with it is very inconclusive. Our own commercial distress began with the panic of 1S73, and although that storm soon passed off, and in fact is at present almost for- gotten, the disorder has really increased every year since, until now it is universally admitted that there was a disease which was not then recognized, and of which the panic was only an outward sign. Similar in some respects to this experience appears to us to be the relationship which the war in Eastern Europe bears to the present depression in the spinning world. That conflict was certainly the developing influence, but the real cause of the depression seems of deeper origin, accumu- lating in force for years, and made up of divers elements acting and re-acting upon one another. , G-reat Britain was for a very long period the manufac- turer of cotton goods for the world. During the ten years previous to 18G1 the Continent however rapidly attained in this industry an increasingly important position. From an average consumption of 300,000,000 pounds for the Ave years ending 1853, an average of 027,000,000 2)ounds was reached by the Continent for the five years ending with IS GO; at the same time England increased her consumption from an average of 570,000,000 pounds to 947,000,000 pounds. This very essential addition to the production of cotton goods was decidedly in excess of consumers' wants, and it is an acknowledged fact that when our war broke out the markets of the world were largely overstocked with European manufactures, the war saving English and Con- tinental spinners fiom a great disaster. Of course, from 18G1 to 18G5, the cotton famine checked the progress of this rivalry among European manufacturers, CONSUMPTIOX IN EUROPE AND A2IEIIIGA. 243 but during tlio'se year s another element was being intro- duced wliich was to exert a decided influence upon the trade. We ]-efer to the very liigli prices for cotton, whicli stimulated its production in all countries, especially in British India, and through the great amount of capital so distributed enlarged their capacity to consume and pay for cotton goods. In our chapter on India wa have shown how the people tliere were literally flooded with money, the returns for their crops. These effects, as we know, con- tinued for years after the war closed, and until the gradu- ally falling price of cotton reduced that capacity very materially. But out of the same civil contest sprang other conse- quences of perhaps even greater importance, Ijecause more widely diffused. AVe are all famiUar with the financial expedients and results of that war; we know but too well the vast amounts of money expended by the United States Government and people during the latter half of its prog- ress and for si.x or . eiglit years afterward, and of the speculative forces which were thus set in motion. AVe know, too, how the lavish disbursements of the Government and an inflation of the currency led to high prices of all commodities and consequently to a seeming acquisition of wealth, which induced a very free purchase of tlie produc- tions of all other countries. Extravagance and prodigality were almost universal, and we were able to indulge these weaknesses through the many hundred millions of dollars borrowed in Europe by sale of securities. All this acted directly upon producing countries, for we lavishly bought their goods and thus stimulated prices everywhere. With such demands then, so eager and enlarged as came from the United States and from those countries which had been producing and selling cotton at very high prices, it is not surprising that European manufacturers 244 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. sliould receive an unhealthy impulse. Add to this, how- ever, the further facts contributing; to the same end — first, that the values of the staple productions other than cotton, of almost all lands, were at the same time and in the same way enhanced; and, second, that these countries, and also almost every European nation, seemed to partake of this general feeling of prosperity, of wealth accumulating rap- idly, and we can easily understand how exti'eme and unusual the consuming power of the world would be. and how it must have stimulated the spinner everywhere. The com- mercial history of the American war and its after-results is yet to be written. When it is written, if done faithfully, and the direct and indirect influences and results set out, we shall fmd that in this day of steam and telegraphy the world has a common centre of life, with a nervous system acutely sensitive in all its parts to every disturbing in- fluence. But while the events we have related were in prog- ress, still another influence w^as at work, very decid- edly contributing to an undue growth or enlargement of the manufacturing industry. If all the spindles in the world had been in Great Britain, as they substantially were years ago, one can easily see that there would be less danger of their becoming excessive; but when we intro- duce a rivalry on the part of other nations, first to supply their own consumers and then to secure possession of the outside trade, we can readily understand how an increase once begun might go on in an arithmetical progression, reaching a point finally which would bring the same con- ditions of trouble in an aggravated form, not in one country alone, but in all. Precisely this has been the history of the spinning industry since the close of our war. Every nation in Europe has been building spindles; consumers that England used to sujiply, are now not only COXSUMPTIOX IX EVROPE AND AMERTCA. 245 supplying themselves, but competing with her eveiywhen;, even in Liverpool. This fact was referred to by the Presi- dent of the ^lanchestcr Chamber of Commerce, at their annual meeting held on the 4th of February, 1878. He stated that foreign competition was one of the principal causes of the present depression of trade. And speaking of portions of the Continent, he further remarked that '• Germany, Austria, Italy and Holland had lessened their "imports of woven goods; while Belgium was so nearly '• England's equal, that it liad exported both woven goods "and yarn into Great Britain for several years," and much more to the same effect. "What a picture of quickened, unhealthy growth and of certain final involvement do all these facts present. We have first our own cotto;n ports shut up and such high prices rulmg for the raw material as to make other producing countries almost beside themselves over the capital pouring in upon them for their produce. Next comes the United States, with its delusion of inflation and fancied wealth, borrowing its millions upon millions from Europe and throwing them back with lavish hand for productions at highly remunerative prices. At the same time the feeling of exhilaration consequent upon an apparent rapid increase in wealth begins to widen;— in Europe, because they could sell more than they could produce, at high prices, in China, because their teas had appreciated in value and were in active demand; and in other countries for similar reasons. Every one of these agencies, as we can see, must have helped to enlarge the capacity of the world to consume goods and thus to stimulate the demand. Then arose the renewed rivalry — if we may call it such — among manufacturing nations, and out of it all a growth in spindles necessarily everywhere very rapid, on the Con- tinent, in England, in the United States, and finally in 246 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. India. To sliow iu brief tlie progress made in the co:i- suniptiou of cotton in Europe and America we give the following snmmary of the average takings of spinners in periods of five years. CONSUMPTIOX OF EUHOPK AND A:MERrCA, IN :\nLI.If)N'S OF roUNDS. '46-50. '51-55. '56-60. '61-65. '66-70. '71-75. Two Yeais*. '76-77. Great Bi-itain... Rest of Eiiriipe. . United States... 560-8 300-4 240-5 750-1 451-4 281-4 947-3 627-4 358-8 628-6 4.55-4 181-2 873-8 653-4 381-9 1,228-6 856-G 524-7 1,253-5 952-6 610-9 Total 1,110-7 1,482-9 1,933-5 1,265-2 2,009-1 2,609-9 2,817-0 The extent of these takings compared with previous periods we indicate in the following. Increase in 1866-70. 1871-75. 1876-77. Compared with 1846-50 . 80-89. 134-98 153-62 Compared with 1851-55 35-48 03-91 76-00 34-98 89-97 Conijiai-ed with 1356-00 45-69 This makes the increase in the takings since 1860 over 45 per cent; and it will be remembered that even in 1860 the producing power was in excess of the consuming capacity, and that manufacturers were only saved from disaster at that time by the breaking out of our war. But to set out the progress more definitely and plainly, we have procured from Air. B. F. Nourse, of Boston, a statement of the probable actual consumption each year since 1859-60, made up from the takings on the basis of the spinning capacity and tlie pi'esumal)le annual increase in spindles. In the Chroxicle of Jidy 31, 1875, we published a similar table for the five years (calendar), 1870 to 1S74, inclusive. These have been reconstructed for the seasons by the same rule that governed their first computation, going l)ack to 1859-60, and adding 1875-6 and 1876-7, to complete a period of eighteen 3'ears, for comparison with the table of deliveries, imports, &c., given subsequently. CONSVMrTIOX IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 247 fri-oat Britain. Continent. Total. Season. C -2 2^ C.3 £ ^ 5=Tt C .2 g-2 < ^ 1 = H ^ r 3 2::^ It ^'■H S = 1859-GO. 2,457 429 1,053-9 1,635 418 688-3 4,092426 1,742-2 18(30-G1. 2,404 42G 1,023-9 1,631 415 677-0 4,035 '422 1,700-9 1S01-G2. 1,481 393 588-7 1,079 387 416-8 2,500 393 1,005-5 18G2-C3. 1,275 3()8 460-8 997 365 3640 2,272 367 833-8 18G3-G4. 1,501 :J55 532'5 1,083 348 376-3 2.584 352 908-8 1864-C5. 1,918 3G1 G91-7 1,327 348 461-1 3,245|355 1,152-8 18G5-G6. 2,313 309 852-7 1,G22 349 567-4 3,935 361 1,420-1 18GG-G7. 2,738 374 1,024-0 1,947 350 G81-4 4,685 3!;4 1,705-4 1SG7-G8. 2,G71 355 947-5 1,977 350 691-9 4,048,353 1,639-4 1SG8-G9. 2,754 35>; 935-9 1,694 345 584-4 4,448 35.3 1,570-3 18G9-70. 2,7G0 3SG l,0G5-4 1,712 370 033-4 4,4721380 1,098-8 1870-71. 2,911 380 1,122-2 2,015 378 7626 4,926 382 1,884-8 1871-72. 3,190 378 1,205-8 2,253 365 822-8 5,443 373 2,028-G 1872-73. 3,229 382 1,233-5 2,202 369 812-7 5,431 377 2,04G-2 1873-74. 3,100 392 1,251-2 2,221 371 825-6 5,411 38-1 2,076-8 1874-75. 3,131 391 1,235-3 2,346 382 896-2 5,477 389 2,131-5 1875-7G. 3,017 118 1,270-3 2,390 402 9611 5,407 413 2,231-4 1S76-77. 3,130 400 1,273-3 2,402 32,533 396 374 951-2 12,174-2 5,538 78,609 402 382 2,224-5 Total. 4G,07G 387 17,827-6 30,001-8 These figures are intended to represent the actual con- sumption. But the capacity of Europe to manufacture goods is now very considerably in excess of these totals. ]\Ir. Ellison irives it as follows. C<>N8U.MIXCr POWER OF EUIJOPE. Nnmber of Siiindles. Pounds per Spindle. Total Pounds. Bales of 400 pounds Great Britain Coutirient 39,500,000 19,500,000 33 53 1,303,500,000 1,033,500,000 3,258,000 2,584,000 Total 59.000.000 40 2.337,000,000 5,842,000 These statements show how many idle spindles tliere are, or (the fact of chief interest to us in this connection) the actual extent to which the growth of the spinning power has been forced. For instance, in 1859-60 Europe con- sumed 1,742,200,000 pounds of cotton. This was in excess of the world's wants at that time. To-day the position is about as follows: — (1) the spinners of Europe have the power to consume 2,. 3.3 7, 000, 000 pounds, wliich is an increase of power equal to 1,500,000 bales of 400 248 COTTOX FROM SEED TO L0n2I. pounds each, (2) the United States have the spindles to manufacture fully 700,000 bales, and India about 200,000 bales (all of same weights) more than in 18G0. Thus we have in these countries an increased spinning power duiing the period mentioned of about 2,400,000 bales of cotton. SucJL has been the progress made and the results reached under the incentives we have briefly referred to. Of course, there should he from year to year a regular increase in the demand for goods and in the world's spinning power. But here we have unusual stimulants applied and an extraordinary development attained. AYere the producers and consumers confined to a limited district we could easily see that a check to a growth so forced would be inevitable, for it is the history of almost every decade. "With, however, the whole world as the field for obtaining consumers, we are apt to think of a constantly growing, or at least of an unobstructed demand, because of its extent and diversity, favorable influences in one nation compensating for unfavorable ones in another. To understand, then, the present situa- tion, we must remember, in connection with this extreme growth in spinning power, the wonderful changes which have taken place in the condition of consumers almost everywhere. First, notice the effect of the decline in the price of cotton. In 18G2, Fair Surats averaged r21d.; in I8G4 the average reached 2]^d. ; from that point the decline was pretty regular, (with the exception of some recovery in 1872 and in 1873), until in 1870 the average was 4|d. In the delirium excited hj the high rates during our war and subsequently, India, out of her crops, had money enough even to waste on silver ploughshares; now the return barely supplies the necessities of life. All other cotton-producing countries are to the extent of their production of this staple CONSUMmOX IN EUROPE AXD AMEBICA. 249 in a similar comparative condition; tlie very high prices of a few years ago giving them the idea of unbounded weaUh, and the constantly shrinking prices later, and especially since 1872, malcmg them realize the urgency for strict economy. Acting in the same direction also (only less in degree) is the decline in the values of productions other than cotton. As a general indication of this, notice the lower wages prevailing in Europe now and the continued downward tendency. It is unnecessary to specify a trade, for it pervades almost all; but we may mention the iron industry as a good illustration. Nor are the lower prices confined to Europe alone. China, a great consumer of cotton goods, is fair evidence of the wide extent of the present depression, her teas having depreciated largely during the past few j^ears. Bat, besides all this, suddenly the people of the United States stop spending money in Europe. We have ah'eady referred to the immense sums we so lavishly wasted there because it was so easily borrowed. Now, we are all economizing to make good the waste. But even when that necessity for economy is passed, there will be no revival in its full extent of the American demand on Europe for cotton goods. In the first place, the old delirium will never return; and besides, even if that were possiljle, we are in a condition to supply ourselves more nearly and more cheaply than formerly, and think we have also a very considerable surplus to furnish other countries at prices which will enable us to compete with the great producing nations. India, also, as we have seen, is engaged in building spindles, and hereafter will supply a larger share of her reduced consumption. Thus, at the moment when the producing power had reached so inflated a position, the consuming capacity is found to be very materially contracted — not only shorn of -50 OJTTOJSr FROM SEED TO LOOM. its over-excited element, but forced below even a normal condition. This crisis, or concurrence of unfavorable influences, has not, as we have seen, been the outgrowth of the Eastern war, but is the natural result of a disease which is running its course. Undoubtedly the war has increased the disturbance; and just to that extent, but no further, will peace act as a restorative. The wliolo issue as to the future takings of spinners is wrapped up in the inquiry, how far can the consuming world at this time find the means with which to pay for the cotton fabrics wliich the existing power can produce. In one particular, at least, the answer can be by no means uncertain: that is to say, at old prices the old consumption cannot be for the present re-established. The facts we have set out above would seem to put this point beyond all controversy. To what extent the lower prices now ruling will permit it, time alone can determine. That inquiry we cannot pursue, as it is wholly within the realm of conjecture. For the purpose of further illustrating the points dis- cussed above, we have prepared the following three pages. The first page* is from Mr. Ellison's circular of October last, and shows the World's total cotton supply, &c.|- The second page gives tlie European deliveries, as stated by ]\Iessrs. Ellison & Co. and by M. Ott-Trumpler.f The third page shows the percentages of each kind of cotton contained in these deliveries. * This tal)lc includes the total Amerieau crop for eacli season, and ponsiMinontl}' the quantity h)st at sea and that shipped to Mexieo, itc. The deliveries for European eonsumption therefore differ sli.uhtly from those given in the table on the next page, whieh contains the known, imports into Europe only. The Americau deliveries include cotton burnt or lost -within the United States, and also forwarded to Canada. t In the second of those tabli s the European figures of deliveries for seasons previous to 1870-71, and in the first table for the seasons previous to 1873-74, do not include cotton other than American im- ported into Spain and Russia. Ellison estimates the deli\-erie8 thus omitted in the first table to be about 10!^,000 bales in 1S(!7-0.S ; 109,000 bales in ISfiS-GO; 98,000 ))ales in 18G9-70; 120,000 bales m 1870-71 ; 170,000 bales in 1871-72; and 88,000 bales in 1 S72-73. 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CONSUMPTION IN TUE UNITED STATES. There have been no mill returns obtained of the consump- tion of the cotton mills in the United States later than our own figures for 1S75. Of course, the annual cotton crop reports since then show the actual deliveries, but those totals include the takings for all other purposes as well as spinning. The details of our figures for the year ending July 1, 1875, were as follows: COTTON AIILLS AND COTTOX CONSUMPTION' IN THE UNITED STATES. STATES. 03 3 N -f. :: S 6 3 - a ali a i" .S 307 G g 9 c 1 o 6 No. 3 ~ w'ks. 3 2 * < ■r- a Northern— lbs. lbs. Bales. ISIiiine o~ 633,944 815.709 23-14 5050 53-00 33,603,236 72,421 123,535 N. Hampsliire. 30 22-66 50-22 70-25 57,326,120 Vermont ...... 10 40,344 29-55 50-54 51-51 2,372,420 5.513 Miissacliusetts 200 3,775,034 28-69 46-17 55-33 208,894,352 450,204 Rhode Island.. 129 1,438,4791.33-88 48-00 42-60 61,409,470 132,348 Connecticut. .. 108 889,784 30-66 47-20 51-12 45,492,513 98,044 New York 00 015,205 36-38 49-65 40-30 28,473,469 61,365 New Jersey... 22 178,928 29-13 50-83 57-62 10,114,300 21,798 Pennsylvania. 00 451,900 18-07 43-62 69-85 31,572,305 68,044 Delaware 8 48,270 23-17 52-00 69-96 3,358.162 7,246 Maryland 20 127,352 11-05 47-88 108-25 21,368,020 46,052 Ohio 1 13,000 22,988 8-00 43-50 135-69 1,764,000 3,261,340 3 802 Indiana 4 15-70 48-55 47-52 141-80 7,029 Total North.. 094 9,057,543128-42 56-25 509,009,613 1,097,001 Southern— Alabama 14 58,480 12-75 45-50 114-51 6,756,170 14,561 Arkansas 2 1,781 10-38 46-34 73-56 132.400 285 Georgia 47 131,340 12-87 46-35 177-39 23,299,303 50,214 Kentucky 3 9,5141 6-92 50-45'254-40 2,420,362 5,216 Louisiana 3 2,200 8-50 50-00,315-50 713,033 1,537 Mississippi !) 18,250 11-07 1600 110-00 1,990,800 4,291 Missouri 3 19,700 11-85 16-05 140-52 2,810,185 6,057 North Carolina 31 54,500 11-28 43-97,121-72 6,694,641 14,428 South Carolina IS 70,282 400 51-15,137-57 9,071,028 19,945 Tennessee .... 40 55,384 11-66 43-17 121-85 0.701,718 14,443 Texas 2 5,700 12-00 50-63 172-34 982,305 2,117 Virginia 9 54,024 15-22 51-63 1 15-85 5,500,835 11.985 Total South. . 181 481,821 1 2 -671 49-07 140-57 07,733,140 115,079 Ri:CAl'IT'LAT'N l Total North... 094 9,057,->43'23-42 47-52 56-25 509,009,613 1,097,001 Total South... ISl 481,821 12 07 19- 07 140-57 60-4G 67,733,140 145,079 Grand total. ■ila 9,539,364 27-6o|47-C0 570,742,753 1,242,080 coxsrsiPTioy in EVitorE and ameeica. For the sake of comparison, we bring forward our figures for previous years, giving the totals of tlio main items. Spiudlc's. Yarn, Averai;-e. Average per Spiudle. Total Consumption. Pounds. Bales. 187 5. North South. 9,057,543 481,821 28-42 12-07 56-25 140-57 509,009,013 07,733,140 1,097,001 145,079 Total 1875. 1874. North 9,539,304 8,927,754 487,029 27-00 28-56 12-50 00-40 56-86 122-53 570,742,753 507,790,099 59,793,774 1,242,080 1,094,387 South 128,520 Total 1874.. 1870. North 9,415,383 0,851,779 202,221 27 73 2S-88 1---J5 00-29 50-87 124-23 507,583,873 348,550,000 32,575,715 1,222,913 752,808 South. 70,358 Total 1870.. 1809. North... . 7,114,000 0,538,494 225,003 28-38 2800 12-88 53-57 00-70 138-12 381,125,715 396,880,580 31,085,702 823.100 855,359 South. 07,000 Total 1809.. 0,703,557 27-50 03-28 427,972,288 922,359 The actual /akinr/s for all ]iavo been as follows. purposes from IS 715 to 1877 1873. 1874. 1S75. 1S70. 1877. Taken by- Northern mills. Southern mills. Bales. 1,003,405 187,602 Bales. 1,177,417 128,520 Bales. 1,002,522 145,079 Bales. 1,211,,598 145,000 Bales. 1,288,418 147,000 Total takiiiiis from crop.. 1,201,127 1,305,943 1,207,001 1,350,598 1,435,418 GOODS MANUFACTURED. The statement of kinds and quantities of goods manu- factured is necessarily incomplete. We do not claim that these results are as exact as the returns of consumption. Spinners are frequently unwilling to state their production except in gross, which we are required to divide up on information otherwise acquired. The statement may be taken, however, for as close an approximation as the nature of the case will permit, and is as follows for 1874 and 1S75. 25C. COTTON FROM SEED TO L0021. [cotton goods MANUFACTUKEI) IX TIIK UMTIiO STATKS [,000s Omitted.] Year ending July 1, 1875. Tlii'eads, yarus, and twuies, (lbs.).... , Sheetings, shirtings and sim- ilar plain goods (yds.) Twilled and fancy goods, Os- iiaburgs, Jeans, &c., (yd.s.) .. Print cloths (yds.) Ginghams (yds.) Duclvs (j-ds.) Bags (number) b K ^ 45,000 540,000 180,000 610.000 30,0;)0 12,000 8,000 5 ^ 19,000 94,000 46,000 109,000 5,000 16,000 2,00U 64,000 034,000 226,000 749,000 35,000 28,000 10,000 19,000 92,000 21,000 p i 83,000 r26,000 i47,000 r49,000 35,000 28,000 10,000 Year ending Jnly 1, 1874. Threads, yarns, and twines, (lbs.) : Sheetings, shirtings and sim- ilar plain goods (yds.) Twilled and fancy goods, Os- nalmrgs, Jeans, &c. (j-ds ). .. Print cloths (yds.) Ginghams (j'ds.) Ducks (yds.) Bags (number) 32,000 29,000 61,000 18,000 520,000 90,000 610,000 97,000 204,000 80,000 284.000 22,000 481,000 107,000 588,000 30,000 3,000 33,000 14,000 16.000 30,000 5,000 1,000 6,000 79, 707, .300, 588, 33, 30, 6, 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 FUTURE PROSPECTS OF UNITED STATES SPINNERS. There are reasons why spinners in this country appear to us to be much more favorably situated with regard to tlie future than European spinners. Tlie economies in manufacture which the depression we have passed througli lias taug'lit us, added to the advancement we have made in machinery during tlio ten years previous to the panic, have put us into a position for more successfuhy competing with European spinners than ever before, not only for the trade of the United States, but also for that of other countries. In the first place, it is not likely tliat foreign dry goods will ever again ci^ne here in such abundance as previous to 1873. And in the second place, we liold decided advantages over Europe, if we only have the wisdom to improve them, for all North and South Ameri- CONSUMPTION IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 157 can ti'ade; while iu every other country where quality is a consideration, onr goods liave already made for themselves a market- Of course, any new trade is of slow growth, but a close study of what has been done in this respect gives a very hopeful outlook as to what may be done. The actual figures of exports of cotton goods are as follows. EXTORTS OF COTTOX ]\I ANlIFACTrUiES FROM UNITED STATES. YciU' eliding June 30. Colored goods .... (Yds.) do (Val.^ Uueolored goods. . (Yds.) do (Val.) Other iiiauuf s of. .'Vul.) 1877. 29,111,434 .$2.44(;,l4.'"i 7(i,720,2G0 1876. 1(1,488,214 .iil,4i.j,4G2 59,319,2(57 $(;,424,154|$5,3 14,738 $l,310,()8r) .>f!962,778 Total cotton manufac- tures fc.xported... (Val.) $10,180,984 $7,722,978 1874. 4,600,447 $6(X),2G2 13,237,.510 $1,686,297 .$744,773 .$3,091,332 1873. 3,585,629 $590,912 10,187,145 $1,655,116 .$695,500 .$2,947,528 Here is a rise in four 3rears from three millions in value to ten millions. The total even now is of course very small, but it is highly encouraging, for time and experience alone can acquaint us with the wants of any trade; and besides, this growth has been reached in spite of the very many obstacles which have been interposed by ourselves. AYe must remember that the margin for profit is of necessity small. Hence every impediment, liowever trifling, to the freest, cheapest intercourse with nations wanting our goods, cripples or fetters to that extent the trade. What then we require is to have our navigation laws changed and reciprocal trade fostered; or in a word, we need to have every facility offered for making freights cheap and for securing the fullest and freest intercourse. When this has been done, our country will experience an industrial development hitherto unknown to us. In the following pages we give m full the last annual circular of Messrs. Ellison & Co., for the year of 1876-77, with a brief notice of the results as to past and prospec- tive consumption reached in their 1st of January circular. 258 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. ELLISON & CO.'S ANNUAL REVIEW OP THE COTTON TRADE FOR THE SEASON 1876-'77. Twelve months ago we stated that the seasoa 1875- '76 had been one of the most^isappointing and unsatisfactory periods in the recent experience of the cotton industry. Tlie season whicli has j list closed has been quite as unsatisfactory and even more disappointing than its immediate predecessor, inasmuch as after several years of depressed markets and unprofitable trade, it was thought that a change for the better coud not be far distant. Apparently, Europe was just beginning to recover from the effects of the widespread crisis of 187:3, brought about by the excessive trading and extravagant speculations of lS70-'72, aLd during the first three or four m nths of the season there were symptoms of renewed healthy activity in various directions; but these movements were based upon the expectation that the threatened outbreak of hostilities b'^tween Russia and Turkey would be averted; and the moment war bt-came certain a reaction ensued which left the state of trade in a worse condition even than it was before. During the last eight or nine months of the S'^asoa the markets have been in a chronic state of over-supply. The after-eflfecfs of the commercial and financial disasters which commenced in ]872-'73 liave been everywhere visible in the shnpe of forced reduced expenditure, which has led to a curtailed consumption of all kinds of manufactures. The consunif.tion of cotton goods has not perhaps diminished, nor has it kept very far behind production; but it Ilcu kept behind, and this slight excess in production, com dned with constantly dragging mar- kets, has made selling quite a one sided bargain, and almost invariably compelled the producer to part with his goods at unremunerative rates. It was accepted as certain that peace and settled politics would instantly reverse the positions of buyer and seller, especially as there was a deficit in the supply of the raw material ; and this caused producers to keep up the out-turn of their mills, and go on selling whai they could at the best prices they could get, until the loss became so great and the stocks ot goods so burd'-nsome that (chiefly in July, August and part of September) short time was adopted in tlj.e leading manu- facturing districts, while the effort tj reduce production was further helped by a strike at Bolton. By means of these measures stocks were greatly reduced, and the margin between cotton and goods materially improved — so much so, at all events, that it became le.«s unremunerative to w.)rk full than short time, and with few exceptions (a^^ide from the mills closed at Bolton) short time was practically abandoned by the closi of Sep'ember. COURSE OP THE MAUICET, OCT. 1, 1876, TO OCT. 1, 1877. The market closed quiet'y on September 30, 1870, with mid CONSUMPTION IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 259 dling upland at 5 15 16d. An extensive business liad been done during the first half of Auo-ust, and prices had advanced to 6 8-l6d. from o|d. touched in July. Thence to tbe tnird week in September the demand had fallen off, resulting in a decline to 5 15-lG>i. There was a temporary increase in the demand in the lasi week of September, but holders offered their stocks so freely that prices did not g'in anything of moment. October opened tamely, under tbe ii.tiuence of large receipts at the American ports, >>nd a very apprehensive feeling regardiug the future of events in Turkey Buyers operated very sparingly, holders showed some eagerness to sell, and middling upland receded (October 4) to 5^6.., or ^d, to fd. lower than the prices touched on August 17, and only -^d. on the spot, and 1-lGd. to 3-16d. in futures, higher than the low sales of J uly , which were not only the lowest of the year, but the lowest since 18G0. There was very little change during the t?u')sequent fortnight, prices on the 20lh October being pre.ty much the same as on the 4'h of the month. More hopeful views, however, began to be entertained respect- ing tlie eff"orta being made to preserve the peace of Europe. This caused the public to look more closely into the position of cotton on its own meriis, and in view of the low prices current and the probibility of a reduced American crop, buyers commenced to operate with unusual freedom, both here ana in Manchester ; but, although the sales for the week ended the 36r.i) October leached 117,8'20 bales, such was the freedom with which tLie demand was met that p'ices only advanced 116d. to ^d. per lb. on the spnt, and 3-16d. to Jd. for futures. After so large a business it was thought a pause might en-iue, and for a day or two the upward movement ceased, especia'ly as some uneasiness was caused by the ultimatum suddenly delivered to Tii key by Russia ; but the newd (received on 31st Ojtobir) of the final arrangement of an armistice between tlie P.)rte and Servia rem wed all hesitation on the part of buyers, and on the 1st and 2J of November the market became quite excited, the sales on ihe last-nauied day being esti- mated at 4;). 000 bales, with an ad litionall 0,000 biles after official hours. About the same qiantity was sold for forward delivery, making a total of 100,000 biles, an aggregate never befo<-e louche I in the history of the tr.ide. The result was an advance ot ^d. to Jd. on the spot, and ^d. to 5 I6d. for futures. The advance was fully maintained on the 3d and 4th November, though the demand fell off; but less strength was displiyed on tlie 6th, owing chiefly to the desire of speculators to realise the late rise, and a slight reaction took place in futures ; but the fall was fully recovered on the 7'h. owing to a sharp upward moveiuent in New Yo k, and on the 8th the mirket again becime excited, closi g strong at an advance of f d. to ^d. per lb. on the week for both 2G0 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. spots aud futures, bringing middling iiolaud up to G|d. on tlie f-pot and 6f d. for distant delivery, or l|d. tor " ordinary" and |d. to Id. for " middling " upon tljr; low sales of July. Mean- while, the low and medium counts of yarn gained Ifd. to l|-d. per lb., and the current run of 8|- lb. shirtings Is. per pit-ce. During the subsequent week or ten days the demand fell oflf, and prices gave way ^1. for American on the spot and fd. for ' ' futures ;" but the decline was fully recovered between the 30th and 28th November, owing to the acceptance of the armistice by Turkey, and the publication of the pacific assurances by the Emperor of Ru;^sia to the English Ambassador — middling uplands being quoted 6fd. on the spot and6|l. for distant, delivery. Then cuiie a few days of quietness, during which prices gave way about ^d. per lb., ovviug to les? assuring Continental advices ; the absence of any signs in the lonif-expected reduction in the American receipts, and the d sire of sellers to get rid of cotton declared against December deliveries. The decline, however, again brought in buyers, and withdi cidedly assuring Continental news, favorable Indian advices, aud more activity in Manchester, pr'ces, with slight interruptions, tended upwards, until the fall quo'ed on 2d of December wag more than recovered ; the final quotations on the last market day of the year (December 29) b ing 6 11-1 GJ. for middling upland on the tpot and 7d. for distant " futun s."' This animal ion led to a large attendance of spinners during the first week of January, especially as tae American receipts were falling off so rapidly as to bring the smaller estimates of the crop to the fro t again. TLe demand was so extraordinary that the sales for the first six working days of the new year averaged over 30,000 bales per day, and the coufidence of operators was so unbounded that prices advanced ^d, per lb. , middling upland being pushed up to 7 3-16i. on the spotaud T^^d. for June delivery, while as high as 7|d. was paid for distant shipments — the hi Jiest prices of the reason. A' armingly low estimates of the Annrican, East Indian and Egyptian crops were current; sanguine views of an early settlement of the Eastern quesiion were in vogue; the large stock of cotton accumulaoec' by consumers was altogether over- looked, andSd. per lb. for middling upland was calculated upm as certain to be witnessed during the course of the season; but the excitement was too intense to last, and between the 8tu and 17th of January the demand fell to very mode ate dimensions, speculators hastened to real ze the late advance, the idea got abroad thit, after all, the American crop might not be very much smaller than the previous one, and prices receded fd. per lb. The decline led to an improved demand and a recovery of 3-lGd. per lb between the 17th and 20th of January; but with aug- mented receipts at the American porta (the weekly figures rising CO\SJ73[rTJOX IX EVROrE AND AMERICA. 2G1 from 110,000 on the 2Sth of January to 143,000 and 144,000 on the 21 and 9th of February respectively) the reaction recom- menced with more intensity than before, and middlinj^ upland fell to 6 O-lOd. on the 8th of Ft^bruary, while the s ilfS for the week ended on that dtiy reached only 40 000 bales; but, with reduci d American arrivals, advancing pricfs at New lork, unfavorable crop accounts frcm Bombay and an improved busi- ness in Micchpster, confidenc ) revived, and prices gaii.ed 3-16d. between the 8th and 15ih of February— middling upland being quoted Gfd. on the spot and 7 1-I6d. for distant deliveries. Tbe improvement, however, was only shorl-Mved. The in- creased business in Manchester was more apparent than real ; the demand for cotton fell off, and with a large import the stock here increased from 829,000 bales on the 15th February, to 1,070,000 on the 22d March. During these five weeks the sales on the spot averaged only 7,600 bales }ier day. There was no appreciable reduction in the rate of consumption, but witti a slow state of trade in Manclipster, spinners fell back upon their large surplus stocks. M ireover, they were receivingr an average of nearly 11,000 bales per week, direct from the quay. During this period, too, the market was injuriously afEecied by the pressure to sell March deliveries and cotton declared against shipments ; while business in Manchester was re>tricted by an adverse turn in the Irjdian exchanges. The result was a decline of ^il. tofd. per lb., middling upland receding to G^d. on the spot, and 6 l-16d. for landing cotton on the 22d March, against 6fd. and (j ll-16d. respectively, on tue 13th February. At limes there were pymp- t(ims of improvement, but thi y ended in nothing substantial. 0.1 the 231 and 24th March there was a Itile more inquiry, owing to some advance in the Indian exchange^ and a better demand in Manchester, but the change for the better disappeared on the 26lh, on the announcement of the failure of Messrs. Isaac Low & Co. This event took the public quite by sur^ rise, and fears were entertained that further mischief wou d follow ; the result was an instant decline of 1-16J. to ^d. per lb. Middling upland was sold at G^ 1. on the spot, aud 6d. landing. The low price attracted buyers and the fall was recovered I'etween the 27th and 29ih Murch. The market was closed tor the Easter holi.'ays between the 29Lh March and the 3d April ; meanwhile (on the 31st March) the Protocol on Turkish affairs was signed by the various Powers. This yave rise to hopes of a speedy settlement of the Eastern question, and, together with the low prices, led to a large attendance of spinners on the 3 1 April, result'ng in a bu iness of 30,000 bales, and an advance of ^d. to 3-lGd in spot ptices, and 3-lGd. to ^d. in futures ; but the movement met with no response in Manchester. The demand rapidly fell off, and the whole of 26*2 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. ilie advance was lost between the Gtl\ and ilin Oth April. K ifw days later came the rej^^ction of the Protocol by Turk' j', wh'uli wag taken not only as indicatinir the certainty of hosiilities bftween Russia and Turkey, but as threatening a general Euro- jiean war. For several days, therefore, the market was exceed- ingly depressed, especially aw t' e gloom occasioned by political disquietude was intensified by rumors of impending diJBBlcuIties in the market, and eventuallv by the announcement of the fail- u-'e of Messrs. Lockhart & Dempster, who were largely engaged in cotton operations. The result was that between the 9th and the 17tU April prices gave way ^d. per Ih. Daring the sub-e quent four days rumors that renewed efforts were being made to preserve peace caused an advance of o-l(5d. ; but the acual decla ration of war by Russia dispelled all hopes of hostilities being averted, while the non-committal character of the Emperor's manifesto led to the fear that, in certain eventualities, other Powers besides Russia and Turkey might be drawn iuto the con- flict. The upshot was a demoralized cotton market and a fall of Jd., middling upland selling on Apiil 27 at 5 13-16d. on the spot, and 511 I6ii. landing. During the subsequent week there was a recovery of 1 16d. to y 32d., but it was lost the week after ; and on the 15t.li May the quotations for middling upland were 5f '. on the .«pot, and 5 11 16 i. for near deliveries, the loioes prices of Hie season. The fall in values had now reached nearly l^d. per lb. from the highest prices paid in Januaiy, and the current rates were only l-16d. to -JJ. above the low irregular sales ma !e durint> the most depressed days in the previous season. Buyers, therfoie, began to think that little, if any.further decline could reasonably be calculated upon, especially as the prospects for the remainder oF the season pointed to the certainty of a serious deficit in sup- plies, compared with the previous season. Accordingly, after the Whitsuntide lioliJays (which occurred between the 18th and 23d of May) a raiLer better inquiry was experienced both here and in Manchester. The improvement was slow at first, but made d cided progress daring the first fortnight of June, ending in an advance of 9 16d. between the 15 h May and the 14ih June ; middling upland being quoted at G 5-16d. on the last named date, against 5fd. on the former. 'I'he advance led to a pause ; buyets iu Manchester refused to follow the rise, and spinners Laving increased their stocks of the raw material, cut down their pur- chases to very small dimensions. Meanwhile the market was adversely afli cted by cont'nued apprelunsions respecting ihe future of the Eas'ern que<3 again brought in buyers, and the fall was recovered bfiween the 23d and 28th. The Lardening tendency continued until the 19th of July, on which day middling was quoted at Cfd. on the spot and 6 7 16d. for distant deliveries. Tbe upward movemeuC was due entirely to the unmistakabK strong statistical position of tbe market, and received no encotir- ageraeut whatever (rom Manchester, where trade was as cull as it cotild be. It was as clear as anything could be that a further advance in prices could not be prevented except by a reduction in the rate of consumption; but although there had been much talk of "short time" in the manufacturing disiricis, nothing of importance in that direction h^d been done. At lei glh the true position of affairs forced iis^lf upon producers, and towards the middle of July the "short time" movement becran to make decidtd proifrrss, and continued to f^o so during the subseqm nt month, so much so that it wi s currently estkna-ed that the weekly rate of consumption for part oi July and the whole of August did not materially exceed 50,000 biles per week. Mean- while, the market was further weakened by the promise of a large new American cmp.the failure of the food crops in import- ant districts in Inaia, and by tbe apparent certainty of a pro- longed war in Turkey. A very bad effect was proouced, too, by the stoppage of Messrs. Shorrock, Eccles & Co., of Darwen, announced on the 13th of August. The upshot of these various influences was, that the sales for the five weeks ended August 23 averaged only 41,000 hales per week, and that prices gave way 7-16d. per lb. — middlingr upland receding to 5 15-16d. on the ppot. and 5fd. for near deliveries. At last tl e reduc^d rate of production began to make itself felt in Manchester, not in any very pronounced way, but still sufficient to give firmness to prices. This circum:-tanc", and the unfavorable turn taken by the American crop advices, brought out buyers of yarns and goods, and led to a little more business in cot! on, but the demand was so freely met thut piices gained only 1-lG 1. per lb. in the last week of August and the first w eek of September. Little attention was paid to the lad crop accouuts, i nd the improvement in Manchester was reported as being of a very trifling character; but j>s the month of September advanced the unfavorable en p news became too general to be altojjether ignored, wIiHh it was also clear that more business had been doing in Manchester than appeared on the surfa-e. Spinners, therefore, became very large operators, esptcially as they had allowed their surplus stocks to be (ompletely used up, and dur- ing the three weeks ended ihe 27th of S ptember the ^al<'S aver- aged over 80,000 bahs per week and prices advanced fd. per lb. After so large a business there was less unimation between the 27th and 29th of the mun'h, and futures lost 1 16d. to id., but 264 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. sp )t prices reniaint-d steady, middlings upland bi inf? quoted 6fd. per lb. on the last day of the month, being 7- 16d. higher thnn the opening, fd. higher than the lowest, and 13 IGd. lower than the highe-t price s of th'3 season. The average price for the season Js 6Jd., agsinst 6.}!. Inst season. The following is an account of ',he principil fluctuations during the season in tlie leading descriptions of cotton, ami in 33's twist and 8^ lb. sbirtings : 187G. Sept. 28..- Oct. 10... Nov. 9... " 18... " '28... Dee. 2... " 29... 1877. Jan. 8... '• 17... " 20... Feb. 8... " 13... Mar. 22... Apr. 27... May 15... June 14... Julj' 19... Aui;. '23... 8ept. 29... 515 16 H58 (>38 Gil _ ~''l6 Gi:ii6 7 GH 5l:ii6 534 (j»16 G^s ''16 G38 Deliveries (I. 51:*! .5203 G17.J GI4 U-'lG ()5,(5 0^8 5-^8 5^8 g;u G^s GUi GV 7 16 7I0 75^0 ~^16 G:ii.,.; <;'i6 Glvo ■ iisi till Gh, 511 5uIbI5:u:. G9.J., {(iV, G38 «38 5 "8 515:{; GI4 G^ie IJU] 7I16 1J34 0^8 GHj G-he ()l8 G38 G38 Gi 16 t.-'8 d. 4^16 438 413ie 51I16 59] fi liiu 458 518 .3:1 IG 5I16 5I8 32's Twist. d. d. 838 to 938 SSyto 958 10 to 11 9^8 to 105^ 9'"i8tU 1058 958 to 1058 10 to lO'^s 1058 101.J 10 12 9 ■^8 9-78 8'^8 858 838 834 834 812 918 to 1158 to lllo tolllo to lO'^y to 1034 to 958 938 91s 918 958 914 Sliirtings. 8I4 11)8. .s. (1. .s. rt. G G to 8 412 G 71s to 8 6 7 3 to 9 7 I08 IOI2 7 3 to 9 7 3 to 9 7 412 to 9 710 to 9 ■i'^- to 9 4i2t()9 3 to 9 3 to 9 1012108 9 to 8 3 I08 7I13 to 8 G to 8 3 to 8 412 to 8 3 3 3 9 9 G 9 G 1^2 4I2 IMPOKl'S AND STOCKS. The imports and stocks of the whole of Europe compare as follows, in 1,00 )'s of bales: Ameri- can. m'^fian. ^--1- Egypt. Smyr- na.. \V. Ind. &c. Total. Import— 187G-77 1 873-76 ' 3,019 3,'20G 1.135 1.'220 444 402 443 4G4 107 107 90 113 5.238 5,512 Decrease lucrcase Stocks, Sept.30— 1877 187 575 570 85 179 312 "42 127 1G2 21 67 G5 17 21 23 30 38 274 1,001 187G 1.1G8 Decrease Increase -5 133 35 4 2 167 DEMVEIIIES FOR SEVEN SE.VbOXS The following is a comparative statement of the deliveries in 1,000's of bales during the past seven seasons, with the weight in pounds: CONSUMPTION IN EUROPE AND A^IEPICA. 265 GHKAT BltlTAIX. 1876-7 1875-6 1874-5 1873-4 1872-3 1871-2 1870-1 Continent. 1876-7 1875-6 1874-5 1873-4 1872-3 1871-2 1870-1 Ai.L Europe. 1876-7 1875-6 1874-5 1873-4 1872-3 1871-2 1870-1 1.990 1,948 1,606 1 ,701 1,654 1,412 1,925 1,023 1,184 981 1,021 890 671 1,118 3,013 3,132 2,587 2,722 544 2,083 3,043 407 479 ()(iS (>(>() 737 65S 558 862 916 947 874 790 726 753 416 23H 461 413 509 ()6M 379 63 109 1.54 187 231 298 212 1,269 479 1,395 347 1,615 ^ 1,534 1 ,527 1,384 1,311 61 (iOO 740 96() 591 286 298 245 30(i 239 241 155 166 85 91 101 65 96 50 54 97 90 129 155 119 Total 3,149 3,017 3.077 ©;3 bf. it 406 421 3>^9-6 3,149 394 3,33 3,132 3 222 {84 360 392 152 2,255 408 17S 2,553 402 174 2,341 382 19(!:2,3(i9 377 ISl ,2,193 366 22111.981 186 2,365 441 202 4641232 ;!3o:271 376 2S(; 407 310|5,52S 3041376 5,113 337 305 5,587 3,50 380 Total wciglit. Pounds. 1,278,538,000 1,270,287,000 l,19S,s:iS,000 1. 24(1, 706, OliO 1.2SO,610,000 !, 127, .520,000 1,263,024,000 920,082,000 1,026,374,000 894,262,000 893,1 i:f, 0(10 802,63S,(K)0 693,3,50,000 898,700,000 5,404 406-8 2,198,620,000 5,570 112-3 2,2;t(i,6(;i,000 5,11 s':;s(;-;i 12,093,100,000 5,5ls]:i^(;-7'2,i:;:!,si;».ooo 376-S|2,O83,27S.000 356-1 1,820,870,000 386-9 2,161,724,000 Tbe avera ^e weekly deliveries in bales were as follows 1876-7. 1875-6. 1874-5. 1873-4. 1872-3. 1871-2 1870-1. GT UlUTAIN. Anierieaii .. . East Indian.. Other kiiuLs.. 38,274 7,833 14,452 37,468 9,220 11,337 30,885 12,846 15,442 32,711 12,692 15,154 31,808 14,173 18,154 27,154 12,654 20,423 37.019 10,731 14,211 Total Continent. Aniericau -. . East Indian.. Otbcr kinds.. 60,559 19,681 16,574 7,110 58,025 22,773 17,607 8,719 59,173 1«,865 18,212 7,942 60,557 19,635 16,807 9,116 64,135 17.115 15,192 9,866 60,231 12,904 13,961 11,231 61,961 21,500 14,481 9.500 Total 43,365 49,099 45,019 45,558 42,173 38,096 45.481 Grand total 103,924 107,124 104,192 106,115J106,30S 98,327 107,442 '\.\w avtrage iceirjlit oi American packages consumed this y< ar we estimate at 4o8 lbs., against 441 Ihs. last year; of Egyptian, 601 lbs., against G02 lbs; of Brazil, 164 lb?., against 160 lbs.; of West Indian, &c., 205 lb?, for both years; of Smyrna, 370 lbs. for Great Britaiu, and 350 lbs. for the Continent, for boih years; of Eist Indian, 384 Ib-i., against 380 lbs., for Great Britain, and 373 lb-"., against 867 lbs., for the Continent. CONSUMPTION OP GREAT BRITAIN. It is generally supposed that at the end of Augu-^t English spinners held only a bare working t.tock of the raw material. During the four weeks of September tht-y took 258,500 bales (averaa-ing 401 lbs. each) from Liverpool and London. Allowing for the closing of the mil!s at Bolton, and for " short time" else- •266 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. where, it is thought that the actual rate of consumptioii dil not exceed an average of 50,000 bales per week, or a total of 224,000 bales for the four weeks. Thij would leave a surplus of 34,500 balt^s, w> ighing about 13,800,005 lbs., at the end of the month, and also at close of the season, against 8,518,000 lbs. twelve months previously, showing an increase in spinoe's' stocks of 5,282,000 lbs. this year ovar 1 ist. If w3 deduct this latter figure from the w-ight of cotton delivere 1 — 1,278,53S,000 lbs. — we shall get 1,273,256,000 lbs. as the weight actually coisuraed, again-t 1, 370,287 ,00J lbs. last season. The movements for the past five seasons compare as follows: Actual wcijibt Estini't'dw'irht Surplus Dcticit delivered. consumed. pouuds. I)ouud.'». 1872-73 1,280,640.000 1,227,453.000 53,187,000 1873-74 l,240,TO(i,000 l,2r)i),s:j(i,()00 19,130,000 1874-75 l,10.s,s:!s,i)()() 1,221,:!77,000 25,539,000 1875-76 1,270,2«7,000 1,270,2S7,000 1876-77 1,278,538,000 1,273,256,000 5,282,000 Our estimate of the requirements of the season was 1,297,0C0,- 000 lbs., or about 24,000 000 lbs. less than the weight actually consumed; but the loss in spinning American cotton was from 2 to 3 per cent less than in the previous season, and 2.^ per cent on the weight of American spun (1,990,380 bilf^s of 43S lbs., or a total of 871,733,880 Ib-s.) comes to 31,793,000 lbs. So the weight of yarn actutUy turned out was practically about the same a^ our estimate. EXPORTS OP TARNS AXD GOODS. The following is a comparative ntatement of the export of cotton yarns and piece goods from Great Britain in each of the past ten seasons, ended Sept. 30, in millious of pounds and yards: Yarn pounds. Goods yards. 1871-72 Yarn pounds. Goods j'ards. 1876-77 229'9 223-2 218-1 218-5 219-2 3,803 3,635 3,546 3,530 3,526 200-5 194-0 181-5 109-3 179-6 3,449 1875-76 1870-71 3,432 1874-75 1869-70 3,412 2,908 2,980 1873-74 1868-69 1872-73 1867-68 The exports for the past season show an increase of 3 per cent in yarn, and 4-6 per cent in piece goods, over those of 1875-76. THE CONSUMING POWER OP THE CONTINENT. The following table is baaed upon answers given to the qups- tion, " What is the average consumption of cotton per spindle per annum in your neighborhood when all the machinery is ful'y at work ?" and upon official accounts of the deliveries of cotton for consumption in each country : COXSVMPTIOX IX EriiOFE AXD AMERICA. 267 Russia & Poland . . Sweden & Norway. (jreruiany Au.stiia ywitzerland Holland Belsiunu France Spain Italy Total. No. of spindles. 2,.5()(j»,O0O 310,0U0 4,700,000 1,55S,000 1,8.') 0,000 2:10,000 800,000 5,000,000 l.TT.i.OOO 880,000 19,603,000 65 80 55 'J7 (iO «0 48 48 67 Total pounds. 162, .500,000 406,250 53-2 :4,s(i4,ooo ■ 2'')S,, ")(•(), (1(10 I0l,:i>'fi.(io(i 4s,'J5O,0O0 18.^00,000 4S,OOO.OliO 240,000,000 85, 200,000 58,060,000 Bales of 400 lbs. Ave'ge l)er week. 62,1 (iO (; t(;,-_'5o •j(io.;i(;5 12().(i_'5 34.500 120,000 600,000 213,000 147,400 1,044,460,000 2,611,150 50,214 7,812 1,1 i>5 12,428 5,01!) 2,320 663 2,308 11,538 4,G96 2,835 CONSUMPTION OF THK CONTINENT. The above figures d fEer t^ligkily from those givea ia the pre- vious reports, but they are more correct. In the fol'owing table we give au approximate estimate of the quantity of cotton actually consumed in each country duriag the past season. Compared with the full rate of consumption as shown above, there is a reduction of 12^ for Russia, 10 per cent for Switzerland, Belgium and Italy, 5 per cent for Germany, France and Spain, and 2| per cent for Aust'ia. No of spindles. Russia & Poland..) Sweden & Norway. German J' Austria Switzerland Holland Belgium France Spain Italy 2,500, 310, 4,700, 1,558, 1,850, 230, 800, 5,000, 1,775, 880, 000 000 000 000 000 (HiO 000 000 000 000 Total 10,603,000 50-02 979,895,000 57 SO 53 65 23 60 54 46 45 60 Total pounds. 142. .500,000 21.SOO.O(I() 24!i, 100.000 101,270,000 42, .'.50, 000 lo,'^0(»,000 43,200,000 230, 000. 000 79, ^■75,000 52,800,000 Bales of 400 lbs. 306,250 (;•_', 000 622,750 253,175 10(i.375 31,500 10s,(»00 575,000 l!l!t,iis7 132,000 2,399,737 46,148 Ave'ge per week. 5,889 1,192 11,976 4,868 2,046 663 2,077 11,058 3,840 2,539 These figures show an increase of 18 per cent over the esti- mated consumption of 1875-76, atrainst an average increase of 5 per cent in 1875-76 over 1874-75, and 1874-75 over 1873-74. Compared with a full rate ot cousuraption, the qu.mtity of cotton spun in 1876 77 shows a deficit of 63 per cent. The movemenis for the pist four seasons compare as follows: 1873-74.. 1874-75.. 1875-76.. 1876-77.. Actual weight delivered, lbs. Estim't'd w'gbt consumed, lbs. 893.113,000 872,000,000 ,S04.2(>2.OOO I 915,375,000 l,02(i, 374,000 I 901,143,000 920,032,000 979,895,000 Surplus pounds. 21,113,000 65,23 1,600 Deficit. 21,113,000 59,863,000 It appears, therefore, that the surplus stock of 65,330,000 lbs., over and above ordinary working requirements, held by spinners twelve months ago, lihs been reduced to 5,368,000 lbs., or about 2fi8 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 13,000 b»les of 400 lbs., or about 150,000 bales less than at tbe close of September, 1870. But although the slocks of cotton at the mills are much smaller than they were a year since, we should think, from the tenor of our correspondence, that the difference is quite counter balanced by increased stocks of yarns and goods. CONSUMPTION OF THE UNITED STATES, The consvamption of cotton in the United States continues to make rapid progress, the unsatisfacto-y state of trade notwitli- standing. In refei'ence to the course of busintss during the past season, the New York FinanciaIj Chronicle, in its annual crop statement, issu'^d last monih, says: " The pist year h s pruved far from a sifsfactoi y one for our spinners, not- wittit^tiuang they havf mannf.ictiired goods in increased quactiiies, aiTcl sold them all. Several cin mnstaiues hive combined to produce this d saipoint- ment (for a disappo ntnient it has been' since they bcjran the season with a favorable outlook . nd very hopeful anticipations. In ihefir t place, nil trade in th'- c ■UMijy has lieen m re iiepressed jukI sp ritle-s duriiiE; the pa-r twciVe months than duriu'j; any similar jjeriod since ti e p:inic. Very natiuaily. tin rr- fore, ihe di inand for cotioii goods ha-, in jicnera , bei^n of a quiet nainre, not fav ranle to nil price?-; absorb'ng the production to be sure, bin in Kich a shiu'-'ish, hind-to-mouth way, as to keep the seller netrly all the time to the disadvantatfe of having to force his good--. Ihen, .'igain, the vagaries n market have bellied to intensifv the indisijositiou to i nri base among buyers. When he year beg m. the piice of cnttOii statistically api eared viiy low. The last seison'- consiiraptibn and this season's prospective ^^pplJ'• cle irly shnvved a deficiency. Conseqaenly, spinners stocke I up, and prices of good-i improved. B;it tli • rumors of war in h-urope and flually war itself, chauL'ed entire y the situation, giving a drooping tendency to cotton, an 1 of course imparting [he same inclin .lion to manufactures. No one buys 1 rgely or eag r y on a filling market, and especially when all trade is depros-ed." Allowing for differences in stocks in the Northern interior towns, and deductinji the cotton sent to Canada, and that burnt or lost, the deliverie.-^ during the past five seasons were as follows : 1873. BaU'.s. 1S74. Bales. 1875. Bales. 1876. Bales. 1877. Bales. Taken by Northern mills 1,063,46.5 137,662 1,177,417 128,526 1,062,522 145,079 1,211,598 145,000 1,288,418 Taken l)y Southern mills 147,000 Total takings from crop 1,201,127 1,305,943 1,207,601 1,356,598 I,435,41S As spinners hold le?s cotton thun they did twelve months since, tlie consumption ha-i made greater progress even than that indi cated in the foregoing statement. In reference to this increased consumption, the CHTtONiCLR says: "These lignres verify our remarks and the mill-retnrijs which we pnbli-lied some Weeks sine •, showiig ihat the Nerihrin spinners wi-re using increa-ed amounts of cotton. We should r^ ni'-niber, however, ih it ii crea.-ed t 'kings do not ' f lecessity ;iid rate increised \ard8 of cloth m nufactured. With cotton at 11 cents perib , the heavier make.s bee me lelaiively ihe cheaper, whd^i our exjwrt movemen to China, Afric i, and 8 nth An erica runsupon he ivy ij-bric-. Fuiihermorc. as wh stated a year ago, low i rii es ar enlariring th ■ uses of this Btapl ■. For instance, in Worsted a d woolen mills aid knir'goods there has b' eu of 1h'<- years a constaiitly-increasii g pruportion "f cotton consumed. In triese and o h. specially has this been the case durinsr the past three reasons." What becmes of a portion of the increased out turn of CONSUMPTIOX AY EUnOPE AND A2r£RICA. 269 American spindles and looms is shown in tlie following account of the exports of cotton manuf-ictures from tiie United States daring the years named, endinfj June 30 : ITICCK GOODS. Cotton Manuf't'tiucs, all ler Bale. 1876-77 4,485,423 4,(i(>9,288 3,832,991 4,170,388 2,100,465,086 2.201,410,024 1,786,934,765 1,956,742,297 46>i-'^8 1875-76 471-46 1^74-75 1873-74 468-00 469-00 The foregoing are gross weights, and include bauds and wrap- pers. THE COTTON MILLS OP INDIA. According to a recent offiiil reiort, there are now flt work in the cotton mills of India 1,231,' 00 spindles, and from 10,000 to 11,000 looms. It is not ea>y to ascertain the weight nf cotton consumed by these spindles, as liiany of the mill companies have declined to fill up the Government forms with the tecessary par- ticulars ; but the returns received show an average of 75 lbs. per spindle per annum. On the basis of this averai/e the present rate of consumption is about 92,395,000 lbs., or 337,000 bales of 390 lbs., per annum. The extraordinary progress made by this new brarch of Indian industry is shown in the following table : 270 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. Spindles at work. Cotton Consumed. Year. Pouiicl.s. Bales of 390 ptmiids. Bales iP week. 1«(51 338,000 51)3,000 SS(!,000 1,124,000 1,231,000 25,350,000 44,475,000 (iti.450.000 84, .300,000 92,325,000 (i5,000 114,000 170,000 21(>,0(lO 237,000 1,2.50 1874 1875 1876 1877 2,190 3,270 4.150 4,5(J0 It may be that Home portion of this increased production by steam power lias taken the place of the native h mdmade yarns and goods ; but most unquestionably the bulk' of tlie out-turn has gone to supply wants that would othersvise have beea met by imports from Great Britain. STATE OP THE COTTON INDUSTRY ON THE CONTINENT. In September we forwarded printed forms, containing the fol lowing list, of questions, to correspondents at every cotton port and cotton manufacturing district ou the Continent : 1. Has the chancter of the bn^- burg nearly all sold. Stocks of yarua very small; spinners under contract for some months to come. S ocks of goods much smaller than last j'ear, but large in proportion to yarns. Pi aspects — Very uncertain. Everything depends on the chances of peace and the improvement in exc'iange. There is a fair deniHud, but tbe fear is that the rise in prices cannot keep pace with ihe fall in exchange. POLAND. Pant Seaon. — Opened with little doing. The outbreak of the "•ar cau.=!e reduce production, but tliey have been too unimportant to notice. Stocks ot cotton at the mills greatly reduced ; in most cases they now on'y amount to ordinary working requirements. Stccks of goods largely increased, and now unusually lieavy. Prosp cts. — No sigQS of improvement. No improvement pos- sible until the caus s enumerated above are removed. The only redeeming feature is tiie low price, which enab'es producers ti) lio d stock easier and with less liability to loss than brfore, and encourages tLe hope of increased consumption. With peace, no doubt a g'-tat revival of trade would take place, ■•.vliich, by increasing employment for the working claspea everywhere, would eunble consumers to increase their expenditure in clothing. Aside from this, Alt^ace also wants the establishment of import duties equal to those of France, as a protection against English competition. AUSTRIA. Past Season. — Favorable during the first three or four mouths, owing to advancing prices, good demand and rising exchanges ; but unfavorable during the remainder of the season, owing to declining prices, diminished demand, and falling exchanges. On the whole there has been a fair sale of goods, and stocks have not accumulate.! very much, but prices have bet u very unsatisfactory, owing to the competition of English imports, which have been forced off at low rates. About 15,000 new spindles have come into work, but a mill witli 12,000 has been burnt. The consumption of cotton has diminislit-d about 5 per cent in some districts, but has been well maintaini d in other,-:. Average reduction perhaps 2|^ per cent. Spinners have gone on to lower counts of yarn, owing to foreign competition in ihe higher counts. The stocks of cotton are larger at some mills, but smaller at others, than last ^ear. The stocks of yarns are moderate. The stocks of goods are smaller at eome mills, but much larger ai; others ; on the whole, possibly a little heavier than last year. Pnspects. — The outlook is not good. The favorable anticips- tions based upon the bountiful harvest have not been realiz d. The recent rise in cotton has not been followed by a corres- pond- ing advance in yarns and goods. Any movement of moment in this re.spect has been prevented by the competition of Engli^i imports. Th^ result is that producers are working at a 1 >ss. Ono of our correspondents says "spinning of high counts does not pay, and requires a higher protecive tariff. Low numbers and waste spiaiiiog pays, and has largely increased." Another says — ■ "The Eastern War, uncertainties of present situation, and absence of demand from tho.se countries ; effects of the crisis since 1873 ; differences in Austrian and Hungarian commerciil 274 COTTON FEOM SEED TO LOOM. aud financial relations ; and dit-satisfaction of spinners requiriug h'gber protective duties, — sadlv disturb business." SWITZERLAND. Past Season. — Very unsatisfactory. Proluction constantly in excess of demand. Demand slow, owing to the influence of the war in the East ; general political uneasiness ; the competition of Eugiish products in our home maiket, and in those of our foreign customers ; aud the diminished buying by consumers who have suffered heavy losses iu home railways aud other speculative iuvestments. No increase in spindles. The consumption of c )ttou has been reduced from 5 to 10 per cent. The stock of cotton at the mills is reduced to a minimum, stocks of yarns slightly, those of goods considerably larger than last year. Prospects. — Very unpromising. No chanca of improvement until the war is at an end. Switz^rlaod usually does a large business witU the East of Europe, but at present this is seriously reduced. Improvement at home will increase slowly, as the losses entailed by unfortunate investments are gradually made up. With peace and a general revival of trade, it is expected that English products will find profitable outlets elsewhere, am), therefore, that the competition here will be diminished. BELGIUM. Past Season. — Un-afisfactory throughout th^ year; the cotton industry having suffered from the general distress experienced during the past three yeais. No increase in spindles. Tlie consumption of cotton has been 5 to 15 p^'r cent b'-low full r ite. The stocks of cotton at the mills are reduced to not more than half the quantity held last year. The stocks of yarns aud goo Is are nearly double what they were a year since. Pfospects.— The position is bad, and the outlook not brilliant. In ordiuarv times, when the price of the raw material is low, the consumption of cuton goods would incrt-ase, but the present times are bad, and it is to be feared that the general depression will continue for a Wuile. HOLLAND. Past Sen.'ion. — Unfavorable owing to the generally unsatisfac- tory state of trade iu Europe, causrd by the slow recovery from the effects of the last financial crisis, and by the unremunerative condition of the business with India and China — particularly with Java, where the stocks of goods are heavy. Spinners have not done badly, except a few who, in the winter months, bought largely of cotton at high prices ; but the season has been very unprofitable to weavers, owing to their being constantly ham- GONSVMPTION IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 275 pered by excertive stocAs, which they have had to force off at lo.'-ing prices. No increase in spindles. The consumption of cotton has not varied materially from last season. The stocks of cotton at the mills are smaller than last year. The stocks of yarn are also smaller, but those of goods are much larger. Prospec s. — Unfavorable, and no indication of any improve- ment, as the Blocks of goods everywhere are excessive. ■ FRANCE. Piist Season. — Unsatisfactory, owing to the dragging trade caused by the apprehensions a ising out of unsettled politics abroad and at home ; while matters have been made still worse by tlie continued competition of Manchester goods. There is no increase in spindles ; a few thousands ot new ones have been put to work, but there have been couulerbalaucing losses of others by fires. In some places attem^its were made during the year to reduce consumpoion, but they were shortly abandoned, and the weight of cotton spun has probably not been much short of a full rate of consumption. The stocks of cotton at the mills are about the same as last year. The stocks of yarns and goods are very much larger. Prospects. — The present situation is bad, but a better state of things is anticipated after the settl<-ment of the present political agitation, which upsets every department of business. The change is more likely to occur because the prices of goods have never been so low as they are now. But a substantial revival cannot be expected until the Russo-Turkish war is over. SPAIN. Past Season. — Unsatisfactory on account of general depression in all branches of trade, and the consequent difficulty of selling except at irregular and unremunerative prices. Increase in spindles, 25 OOJ to 30,000 ; but this increase is counterbalanced by short time in some quarters, and the entire stoppage of mills in others owing to ineuflicient water sup- ply. On the wliole, less cotton consumed this season than last. Stocks of cotton at the mills less than last year. S:ocks of yarns and goods larger, efpecially the latter. P.o.tpects. — Unpromising, in consequence of the continued absence of enterprise. The chances of improvement are uncer- tain also, owing to the proposed change in the customs and excise duties. The industry of the couutry is suffering from the effects of the late civil war. ITALY. Past Season. — Unsatisfactory, owing to the reduced consump- tion occasioned by the partial failure of the grain and silk crops, and the almost total failure of the olive crop; to the competition 276 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. of Euglish goods; and to the bad state of trade in general, aris-" ingoutof llie war in Turkey, and the unsettled condition of politics. Tbe number of epindles is increased by about 80,000. Except a few mills temporarily stopped owing to want of water, there has been no " short time;" but it. is doubtful whether the increase in consumpTioa has been in the same ratio as the iucrease in spindles. Weavers have, in many instanc s, reiuced Iheir pro- duction 10 to 20 per cent. The stocks of cotton at the mills are smaller, but those of yarns and goods are much larger than last yeir. Pro pecis — The position remains as bad as during the past season, and there is Uttle chance of any improvement until steps are taken to limit the competition of English goo !s. Peace might reduce this evil, by diverting Manchester fabrics to other mar- kets; but the remedy really required is an increase in the import duties. THE CONSUMIJSrO POWER OP KUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES. REQUIREMENTS FOR 1877-78. In round numbers there are in Great Britain 39i milliou spin- dlf-p, on the Continent 19| millions, and in the United States 10 millions. The following is a statement of tbe consuming power of this machinery : i Number of Spindles. L1).s. per Sp'dle Total lbs. Bales of 400 lbs. Av. per week. Great Biitam. . C()iitiu*!ut , 39,500,000 19,500,000' 33 53 1,303,500,000 1,033,500,000 3,258,000 2,584,000 ()2,(!00 49,700 Total Europe.. United States.. 59,000,000 1 10,000,000: 40 63 2,337,000,000 630,000,000 1 5,842,000 1,575,000 112,300 30,300 Grand total.. 09,000,000 43 2,967,000,000 7,417,000 142,600 Judging from the experience of the past few peasons, the spin- ners of the United States will require for 1877-'78 about 1,500,000 bales o/f 438 lbs., or about 1,640,000 bales of 400 lbs. What Europe will require will depend upon the course of po'itics in connection with the war, and upon the chances of a recovery from the present unsatisfactory state of trade in all departments of industry. With peace we should no doubt see an extraor- dinary revival iu business, but wiili continued war and political disquietude we may witness a repetition of the dra^-giu'jr trade experienced during the past season. The full requirements of Europe compare as follows wiih the actual consumption for the past season: COXSUMPTION IX EUROPE AND AMERICA. Ill Gi'e.'it Britaiu. Pounds. Continent. Pounds. Total. Pounds. Estimated full rcqiiiremeuts Cousuiuptiou past season A veraire 1,303,500,000 l,273.25(),00(i 1,288,378,000 3,221,000 62,000 1,0.33,500,00012,337,000,000 079, 895,(»0()j-.', 253, 151,000 1,00(5,697,000 2,205,078,000 Bales of 400 pounds 2,517,000 5.738.000 Average, per week 48,000 110,000 For the coming season, therefore, Europe will require at, least 110,000 bales of 400 lbs. per week, and may want more. PROSPECTS OV SUPPLY. Two or tliree months atjo estimates of the probable yield of the American crop most'y varied between 4^ and 4f million bales ; sinca then the prevalence of caterpillars in some districts, drought in others, and the recent occurrence of heavy rain- storms in 1 11, have reduced th.^ figures by at least a quarter of a million of bales, and n 'W the estimates current rancje from 4|- to 4| millions. Tlie actual result depends upon the weather during the r< ma nder of the season. Of this, of course, no one can speak positively, but as the crop is some two or three weeks late, the risk of serious injury from frost is correspondingly increased. Under the circumstances, A:\ millions is considered a full estimate. Supposing thi'^ figure to be attained, American spinnejs will take fbout 1,500,000 bales, leaving 3,000,000 for shipment lo Europe. Last season the import ryi cotton into Europe from Ii.dia reached only 1,133,000 bahs, against 1220,000 in 1875-C, and 1,544,000 in 1874-5. The following estimates-hows that 1,2.^0,000 bales would be a full estimate of the probable receipts for the new season : Atlortt eouuiieueeuient of scas'n Shipments Oct. 1 to Sept. 30 . . Supply Afloat end of .season Import into Europe, Oct. 1 to Sept. 30 123,000 1,309,000 1,432,000 182,000 1,250,000 1876- 249,000 1,009,000 1,258.000 123,000 187.5-76. 1874-75 301,000 269,000 1,204,000 1,576,000 1,505,000 1,815,000 288,000 301,000 1,135,000 1,220,000 1,544,000 The estimated increase in shipments is 300.000 bales. The inc ease is hirdly likely to be any more than this, and it may be less. As the bulk of the increase will be late in the year, the amount afloat at the close of the season will be much larger than at the opening. From Egypt we shall probably get about 4,50,000 bales, against 443,000 ia^'t season. From the Brazils probably not more than 400,000 bales, agflinst 444,000, the accounts from that quarter reporting injury to the crop by drought. Sundry Mediterranean sources may supply 100,030 bales, against 107,000. From Peru, 278 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. the West Indies, etc., we may receive about the same as last year, say about 90,000 bales. A recapitulation of the foregoing gives the following as the probable import into Europe, in bales and pound:', in 1877-78 : Bales. Weight. Poimds. 3,000,000 1,'2.">0,000 450,000 4< (0.000 100,000 90,000 43S 378 601 164 350 205 1,314,000,000 K;ist Iiuliali 47'-', .")()0. ()(»(» 270, ir)i»,()0(> j;riizili;ui Suudi-y Meditcrraueiiu (;."), (iO(),ooo 35.OOO.000 IS, 150,000 Total 5,290,000 411 2,170,000,000 SUPPLY, DEMAND A D PRICES. We have shown above that on a moderate computHtiou the consumption of Europe in 1877-78 will reach: Pounds. For Great Britain | 1,2mS,000,000 And for the Continent ! 1,000,000,000 Or ii total of To meet whicli we have a supply of Showing a deficit of (295,000 hales of 400 lbs.) . 118.000,000 If the consumption should not exceed that of the past twelve months, the case will stind as follows : Consiunption of Great Britain. Consumption of the Continent . Total Estimated supply as al)ove. Deficit (192,000 hales of 400 lbs.). Pounds. 1,273,000.000 980,000,000 2,253,000,000 2,17(i,000,000 ■7,000,000 So that will a rate of coDSumptinn that pre-supp >ses a continu - ance of bad trade, and with a supply that includes an American crop of 4,500,000 bah s, and an increase of 300,000 bales in the shipments from. India, we have to face adi-ficit of 192,000 balesof 400 lbs. each. Besides this there is, compared with last year, a reduction of 167,000 bales in the stocks in the ports, and 'ul'y 150,000 bales in the stocks at the mills, or a total of ol7,000 bales. With a smaller prospective supply than even the retarded con- sumption of last season, we must, in the ordinary course of events, look for a higher range of prices in 1877-78 than ruled in 1876-77. At the end of September, 1876, the price of middling upland was 5^d. In our annual report w^ stated that we looked for an advance durioir the course of the season. TIie average for the season was 6id., and the closing price 6fd. Unless the war spreads, the average for 1877-78 will not be lov-^er than in 1876-77 ; how much higher will depend mainly upon the out- turn of the American crop. A yield of four and three quarter CONSVMPTION IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 279 millions might prevent any rise of importance, but in the absence of any new political misforiuue, such a crop would not lead to any a ver.ige decline worth mentioning; while witli peace four and three quarter millions would be found too small for tue wants of tlje world. At the moment, the strong statistical position of the raw mate- rial is weakened by the knowledge that the s'ocks of goods are large, that the po.-itioo of producers is very unsatisfactory, that general trade sho«g no signs of revival, and by the fear that UH V political complications may arise out of tlie Eastern war. These weakening ii.fiuences may continue in operation for some time, and with huflicient, force to retard or prevent the advance iu prices that would be inevitable if cotton whs on its own merits. Bur, taking a broad view of the situation, it would appear that, whatever may be the extent of the flucuatiuns in tbe course of the twelve months, the average price of mi Idling upland is more likely to be over than under that of the past ee Bon. Mr. Ellison, in liis 1st of January circular, says that the consumption in Great Britain in 1877 was nearly 3 per ceiat less than in 1.S7G, and at least 5 per cent less than the full rate; that on the Continent the average rate of con- sumption the last three months of 1877 has been over 16 per cent short of the full spinning power. He estimates the requirements for 1878 at about 7 per cent below the full working power, and gives the following as a minimum estimate of the requirements of Europe for 1878. Pounds. Per Cent. Bales. Per Week. Great Britain. . . . Continent 1,275.0 0,0 V)7it,0J0,(iu0 5f) 3 43-7 3,187,5 Oof 400 1b?. 2 425,01 of 4)0 lbs. 6 ..-^00 46,600 Total 2.f45,nno,ooo 100- .'5.61-2,50f1of 4'Olbs. 107.9 "We now add our report of tlie United States crop for 1876-77. COTTON MOVEMENT AND CROP OF 1876-77. Our statement of the cotton crop of the United States for the year ending Sept. 1, 1877, will be found below. It will be seen that the total crop for the year ending that day reaches 4,485,423 bales, while the exports are 3,049,497 bales, and the spinners' takings 1,435,418 bales, leaving a stock on hand at the close of the year of 119,638 bales. The tables which follow show the whole movement for the twelve months. The first table indi- cates the stock at each port, Sept. 1, 1877, and the total on Sept. 1, 1876, the receipts at the ports for each of the last two years, and the export movement lor the past year (1876-77) in detail and tbe totals for 1875-76. 280 COTTON FROM SEED TO L002I. Receipts year ending Exports year ending Sept. , 1877. Stock, S.-pt.1 -8;7. Sept. 1, Sept. 1, Great Chan- Other 1877. 1876. iritain. nel. Fr'nce for'igij Total. Louisiana... 1.10,5.n35 lA !^M') 665,325 26,104 333 335 179,937 1,2 4,591 21,356 Alabima. .. 3(Vi,i)18 374.673 143,4.53 29.758 46 -J 92 2U. (3 2.4 6 So. Carolina ^(iS, ai 4^;,37--a 2 3,! 13 10.60J 50.()79 73,0-7 337,480 2,898 Georgia 4l)l,8>i 5-:4.8 5 204.605 5 7.50 14,' 87 73,498 298 540 ].9l)-( 'I'exas 506 (iU 488.'i4 1 r.O.iHC' 10,65 • £4, -,74 36. -.19 258. •\35 4,7.8 Florida.. :>3,08') !7,4;4 1..36 1.362 6 . Carolina 1:^8.087 107,836 20,184 3773 2,511 10,606 36.3 4 .''96 VirL'inia .. . 57.-i,941 520, v!6 116,5.54 3. (S 1 60 ' 1 1,169 1,9 8 New York*. ]2l.a'3* ]9'*.fi93* 35S 448 3l),S 3 9,368 36,53m 434,1 8 6-,. 03 Boston* ... )(>0,-206* 71.306* 7.5,3 il 91 7.5. SI 13,747 Phi'a'Ulp'a* 4.5 21-* 36,836* 3i),iUl 833 30,814, 2.C84 Baltinj. n* . ".fi 1* 6,3 :7* 16,892 15,4.4 33,3.61 64.) Portland*... 4.: 05* 3,066* S. Francisco 415 4;5' . .. Tot. this yr 4 138, 41 .',024.877 'i4.7iin 466.704 463 -T) 3.049,497 119.638 Tot. last yr 4.19', 143 ;',0-0,-ll 68,5.7 4.5(1,873 646 884 3,2 )3.994 12 1,380 tW" * These figures arj only the poition of the receipts al, these ports which ar.-ive overland from Tenn ssee, &c. Ths total recei;)t« at New Yoik, Baltimore, Boston ; nd Pliil de'phia, for th3 year ending August 3', 1?77, are given in a snb equent part tf this report. By the above it will be spen iliat ilie total receipts at the Allan- tic and Gt('f sliipping 2)orts this year have been 4,038,141 bales, against 4,191,143 bales last year. If now we add the shipments from Tennessee and elsewhere direct to m mufacturers, we Lave the following as the crop statement for the two years: , Year ending Sept. 1 , 187G-'77. lS7.5--7(). Receipt.s at the shipping ports hales 4.,03S,14 j. 4,191,142 Add sliipiiu'iits fi'oiii Teiiue.ssee, &c., direct to manufactuiers 300,2S2 333,146 Total Manufactured South, not included in ahove ,338,423 147,000 4,.52 1,288 145,000 Total cotton crop for tlie )ear, balei^i. 4.43.5,423 4,669,288 The result of tuese figures is a total of 4 485,433 bales as the crop of the United States for the year ending August 31, 1877. Overland and Inter-State IWoveiBient. To prevent, any niisundirstai diu<^ of our overland movement we give a bi-ief explanatiou of it. lu studying these figures, however, and, in fact, every other portion of our crop state- ment, it must be remembered that it has always been our plan to count each ba'e of cotton at the Southern eutport where it first opjjenrs. This is a simple rule, applying to every part of our annual cofon crop report. We in this way not only preserve the unitj of the report, and therefore simplify it, but, as a con- sequence, also make it mire intelligible, and less liable to error. Hence, iu the overlnud stat. iiient, the reader will find three classes of deductions from the gross amount carried overland. COXSUMPTIOX IN EUROPE AXD A2IERICA. 281 First, all cotton sliipped by rail from Souilif rii outports to the North. For instance, fioin New Orleans, Mobile, Savannah, &c. , frequent shipmen s are thus made, an account of which is k' pt, but it is all included in the crop of New Orleans, or Mobile, or Savannah, &c., as the case may be, when it first appears there, and therefore when the same cotton appears aijain in the over- land, it must of course be deducted, or it will be twic^ counted. Second, we deduct from overland likewise the small amounts taken from the Southern outports for Southern consumpiiou. They also, for the sake of unity and simplicity, are counted at the outports where they first app^ar. But, as is well known, the entire Southern consumption is made ud in an item by iiself, and add d to the crop. Hence, unless these small lota which thus go into Southern consumption from the Southern outports, are de- ducted somewhere, they will be twice counted. Third, we also deduct the arrivals, during the year, by railroad from the West and South, at New York, Boston, B.iltimore, Phila- delphia and Portland. Those receipts reached these porta l.y coming across the country, and appear in the weekly totals, becoming a pirt of the receipts at the ports, under the heads of ' New York" and "Other Ports," but now have been divided up and included u ider each separate city, accordiuij to the amount thus received by it during the year, as indicated in the first table of this report. All this cotton, then, having been counted dur- ing the year, must now be deducted as h is been done. A Mo. Kan. & Texas HR. connection. B Sp.liigfiel I .V 11. Southeahi I-" RK. (; 1.11 .ois • eiilral KR. uiid branches. Si. Louis .\5 > ouihcivstern RR (from Sliawn'etown anct Evansvilie.) "aii-j .V. Vinceiinci RK. Evansville iit!i I'Utf. M Connections I'l Ohio of the Balti- morj& ohlo RU. O Baltimore & Ohio RR. i* l.oulsvill«i lii Nash. KR. and Memphis Brancli. Q Tin vugh r-iute Mer phis to Norfolk. It I hepapeiike cl Nortli over Illinois Coutnxl Riiilroiid from Cairo, ttc 48,429 Ciirricd North over Cairo & Viut-cuues Railroad 65,586 Carried over IMississippi River above St. Louis 37,2',)8 Carried North over St. Louis it Southeastern, less deductions Carried North over E\-ausville & Crawfordsville, less re-shipm'ts. 13,874 Carried North over Jefferson ville IMadisou & Indianapolis RR.. .117,365 Carried North over Ohio it ^lississippi Branch 48,023 Shipped through Cincinnati by Louisv. Cincinnati it Lexingt'n RR. 36,614 Receipts at Cincinnati by Ohio River 47,612 Shipped to mills adjacent to river and to points above Cincinnati 8,834 Total carried overland 636,886 Deduct — Receipts overland at New Yorlc, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Portland 278,613 St. Louis shipments to Louisville, New Or- leans, ifec 3,876 St. Louis receipts from Cairo, &c 1,386—283,875 Southern consumption and shipments inland from*— Galveston New Orleans 4,994 Mobile 129,212 Savannah 2,502 Cliai-le.ston North Carolina ports 5.993 Virginia ports 11 ,250—154,041 Less shipments inland heretofore deducted— Mobile from New Orleans 862 New Orleans from Mobile 85,403 Savannah from Mobile, i&c 10,624 Charleston from Savannah , &c 743 Norfolk from Wilmington 3,080—101,312— 52,729 Total now to be deducted 336.604 Leaving the direct overland movement not elseM'herc couut'd.300,2S2 * As previously stated, these items are deducted— (1) so that " Southern Consumption" can be added to the crop in one item ; (2) because " Ship- ments Inland " have once beeu coimted as receipts at the ports named. According to the above, the total carried overland this year was 6o6,S8G bales, against, 703,780 bales last year, and tiie move- ment direct to manufacturers this year reaches 300,382 bales, pgainst 333,146 bales a year atro. This shows a decrease over last year of GG,894 bales iu the gross movement, and of 32,864 bales in tlae net movement. We now give the details of the entire crop for the two years: CONSUMI'TIOX IK EUROPE AND AMERICA. 283 EiOuisiana. E>:iKHt<>d fi-om N. Orleans : 1S7 To l(>ivii;u i>orts. l,204,r)i)l 1.303,005 To coastwise I'Oits 188,003 212,375 To Noitlicrii purts hv rail iiiiil river .' 4,398 7,601 Bin lit, manufactured, ite. 843 l,07r) stoirk at close of year.... 21,350—1,419,191 29,107—1,014,364 Kfccivetl from Mobile.... 85,403 67,032 Received from Florida... 221 370 Received from Oalvestoii and Indiaiiola 109.125 120.417 Stock l»egiuuiug of year. 29,407— 224.156 0,986— 198,405 ToUl i> rod iipt for year 1,195,035 1,415,959 A labaina. Exiwrted from Mobile:* To foreign ports 218,703 213,683 To coastwise ports 144,536 127,935 Runit and mauufact'd. . . 312 308 Stock at close of year.... 2,456- 366,007 4,227— 376,153 Dei furl : Receipts from N.Orlcans 862 559 Stock at begiuuiiig of year 4,227- 5,089 922— 1.481 Total product of ye.ar 360,918 374,672 * Under the bea. ^ Exported from — Sa\";uiii;ili : To torcign ports— Upliiiul 289,560 S68,8t4 To forciicn ports — Scji Isl. 1,138 1,374 To coastwise ports — Up- land 103,613 165,898 To coastwise ports— Sea Island 4,733 5,493 Brniiswick: To lorcign ports— Upland 7,842 To coastwise ports — Up land 6,876 1,449 Burnt 1,201 25 StiK'k close of year — Up- land 1,869 2,858 Stock close of year — Sci* Island 99- 500,991 181— 540,122 Deduct : llcceived from Mobile and New Orleans 10,621 13,505 Received from Beaufort, Cliavles}on,&e 48 1,623 Eecei\ed from Florida- Upland- 864 976 Received from Florida — Sea Island" 61G 4,292 Stock bes'iuning year — Upland. 2,858 859 Stock lieffiiming year — Sea Island....' 181— 15,191 42— 21,297 Total prodnct of year 491,800 524,825 ■•• These are only the receipts at Savannah from the Florida ontports, and being counted in the Florida receipts., are deduc'ted here. Besides these amounts, there have also been 14,731 bales Uplands and 3,804 Sea Island, from the interior of Florida, received at SaTannah during the year. SontU Carolina. E.xported from Charleston, <.tc.:* To foreign ports— Upland 331,803 276,694 To foreign ports— Sea Isl. 5,677 5,019 To coastwise ports— Up- land 132,573 135,994 To coastwise ports— Seu Island 5,601 3,212 E.xported from George- town, Beaufort, &c ."... 473 990 Bnnit at Port Royal 480 Stock close of year — Up- land 1,949 1,417 St«ick clase of year— Sc^a Island 949— 479,511 346— 423,678 Dcfhicl: Received from Florida- Upland 134 84 Received from Florida — Sea Island 7,013 3.916 * Included in the exports from Cliarleston this year are the following exports from Port Royal : To Cork, 51 bales damaged Sea Islands; to coastwise ports, 27,589 Itales Upland and 773 bales Sea Island. The collector of the port, in giving us the foreisu shipments, states that 6,404 bales additional were cleared for Liverpool in December on the Harvey Mill.s; btit, a.s our ivaders arc aware, this vessel got on flre, and subsequently the vessel, with 5,978 b.ark Disco* 1,834 Stock bcs'iuuiuid: of year — Upland 1,417 2,443 Stock bcsiiiuiiiijjof year — Sea Island. . r. 346— 11.4.^7 340— 7,306 Total product of year 468,024 416,3/2 * The Disco cleared from Cliarlestou in December for Havre, but wiis wrecked on the Pumpkin Hill Breakers. Of her cargo, 1,834 bales of cotton were recovered aud ))rouiiht back to Charleston. Nortli Carolina. Exported from Wilmington, &c.: To foreign ports 36,374 To coastwise ports 100,2 1 1 Taken for consumption.. 1,206 Burnt Stock at end of year 396— 138,187 Deduct: Stock beginning of year. 100— 100 Total product for year 138,087 107,836 Vir<;iiiia. E.xportcd from Norfolk,c<>:c.:^ To foreign ports 121,169 108.693 To coastwise ports 44.5,774 412,043 Taken tor manufacture.. 11,100 10,38.3 Burnt 101 Stock at end of year,Nor- folk, &c 1,908— 580,052 431— 531,552 Deduct: Received from Wilmiiig- tou :. 3.680 1,800 Stock beginning of year. 431- 4.111 626— 2.426 27.267 79,779 1,148 "i'oo— 108,294 458- 458 Total product for year 575,941 529,126 * " Norfolk, &c.," exportB are made up this year a.s follows : To foreign ports, all the shipments lire from Norfolk, except 4,314 l);iles to Liver- pool from Riclimond; to coastwise ports, all the shipments are from Norfolk, except 53,936 bales from Richmond, Petersburg, ifcc. Xeiine»«see. Shipments : From Memphis 384.469 484..545 From Nashville 46,970 51,814 From otlier places in Tennessee, Mississippi and Texas, &c 346,209 349,166 Stock in Memphis and Nashville ateud of year 6,241— 783,889 5,812— 891,337 Deduct : Shipped from INIemphis to New Orleans, etc. . . . 92,947 1 13,919 Shipped from Memi)hi.s, cV:c., to Norfolk, &c .... 95,624 • 105,562 Shipped from Nashville to Southern ports 10,611 17,886 Shipped direct to manu- facturers 300,282 333,146 286 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. Tennessee— Concluded.) 187G-7- . . 1875-G- Stock at Memphis and Niishville beginuiug of year :... 5,812— 5()5.27G 4,546— 575,059 Total shipments to New York, &c 278,613 316,278 Add shipments to mauu- factuievs direct 300,282 333,146 Total product ft'om Ten- nessee, &c.* 578,895 649,424 * Except the shipments to New Orleans, Norfolk and Charleston, which are included In the New Orleans, Virginia and South Carolina crops. Total product detailed above by States, for the year ending Sept. 1, 1877 4,338,423 Consiuuedin the South, not included 147,000 Total crop in the United States for the year ending Sept. 1, 1877 .^ 4,485,423 Consumption North and Soutli. Our mills Lave even tliis year made a further considerable advance in their takings, as may be seen in the following state- ment of the consumpuon of cotton during the year. North and Sou'h : Total crop of t he United States, as s-tato<\ above bales 4,485,423 Stock on hand, commencement of year (Sept. 1, 1876)— At Northern ports 76,057 At Southern ports 44,323— 120,380 At Providence, &c., Northern in- terior markets 9,661— 130,041 Total supply during j-ear ending Sept. 1 , 1877 4,615,464 Of this suppl}^ there has been— Exported to foreign ports during the year 3,049,497 Less foreign cotton included.. . 6,413—3,043,084 Sent to Canada, direct from West. 2,872 Burnt North and South 3,597 Stock ou hand end of year (Sept. 1, 1877)— At Northern ports 83,882 At Soutliern ports 35,756— 119,638 At Providence, »&c.. Northern in- terior markets 10,855— 3,180.046 Total takings by spinners in United States, year ending Sept. 1,1877 1,435,418 Taken by spinners in Southern States, included in above total 147,000 Total takings by Northern spinners Iviles 1,288,418 The foregoing indicates that the North and South have to- gether taken for consumption from this crop, 1,435,418 bales. These figiires verify our remarks and the Mill returns which we published, ehowing that the Northern spinners were using increased amounts of cotton this year. We should COXSVMPTIOX IX EUROPE AXD AMERICA. 28"; remember, however, that iucreased takings do not of necessity indicate iucreased yards of cloth manufactured. With cotton at eleven cents p«r pound :he heavier makes become relatively the cheaper, while our export movement t) China, Africa and South Am rica runs upon heavy fabrics. Furtherm )re, as we stated a year ago, low prices are enlarging the uses of this staple. For instance, in worsted and wo leu mills and knit goods thnre his been of late years a constantly increa'^ing proponion of cotton consumed. In these and other ways, the demand for the staple is growing, aud especially has this been the case during the past three seasons, as is illus rated by the following statement of the total takings for all purposes at the North aud by the mills at the South, for a serie-i of years: I8'2. B les. 1873 tiules Taken by Nortlvern mills Taken b}' Sautlierii iai!l# Total takings f , om crop 9rr,5lii l,"fi3.4 5 120,001 13~.6f;2 l,09r,.5t0il,201,]2r 1 74. Bales 1-75. Ba>s. 1,177,117 1.08 .',52-' 128. 26 14o,0;9 1,305,913 1,207,<10] 1876. Bies 1,211,508 145,U(;U 1,35 ;,5'lf 1877. BiUes. 1.28 -1,418 H7,0 1,4.35,118 Weight of Bales. The gross weight of bdles and of the crop this year we have made up as fo lows. We give last year's statement fo"* compel rison. Ye.ir eiidi ig Septem'^er 1, 1877. Y. ar ending S 'pt m'^er 1, 1 76. Crop of Number Weight, Aver'ye Number Weight, Av'ge ol b.les. in pounds. weight. of baits. in pounr!?. wei hi Texas 506,634 i54,lo3,078 531-6- 483,640 245,8 8,9 8 503 IT Louisiana. . 1, 95, 35 54>,217,131 453-7=) 1,41 \95:) 659,8:36,8 4 4660) Alabama. .. 3:J0.9H 178,838,1 ;« 495 51 374,672 l'JO,080,8-39 50. -3-. Georgia . . . 491, 8J0 228,195,-.!00 451 00 524.82') 243,6 4,-.61 464 22 S. Carolina. 463, 124 21i,0.9,552 45301 416,372 1S4,8 9,163 441 00 Virginia . .. 5^5,941 267,o70,C i'.) 461 5S 529,1.6 24 1,8 10..^ 82 457 00 N.Carolina. 138,087 62,412 5 2 451 98 107,8 6 4-,232,l(i8 433-10 Tenn., &c.. 74-NH84 35.5,018,4 1'i 474 (0 811.858 388,063, 1-J4 478-10 Total crop. . 1.485, lv3 2 I00.46%086 46S-28 4,669.288 2.201,410,0-24 471-6 According to the foregoing, the average gross weight per bale this season was 468-28 lbs., against 471-4(3 lbs. in 1876, or 3-18 lbs. less than last year, w.aich indicates nearly '7 per cent decrease in weight. Had, therefore, as many pounds been put into each bale as during the previous season, the crop would have aggregated about 31,0J0 bales less than tie present actual total. The weights, however, wrr* unusual last year, as may be seen from the following comparison : Season Cr p, of nnm ir biles. 1^70-77 4,4854-.'3 1815-76 4 669.288 18.-4-75 383 ',901 1873-71 4,170,388 It should be remembered that the above are gross weights. Crop. Av. weight Wfiglu, lbs. per tial.'. 2,10.i.46->,i86 468 i8 2,201,41 .0-24 4;i-4'i 1,78 .931,765 46-1 00 1,'.56 742,-J97 4i9-t0 288 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. Sea Island Crop and Consunip:ion. Through tbe kiudness of the various receivers and shippers of Sea Island cotton, we are able to continue our annual repoi-t of that s aple. As our readers are aware, no record is kept of the export movement of Sea Islands except fur the ports of Charleston and Savannah. For the Northern ports, ( 'ustom House manifests furnish no guide. We have found it impossible, therefore, to perfect these figures except by special correspondence in every case with the consignee or the shipper, and in this way following every bale of Sea Island f.fter it appeared at a Southern outport, until it either had actually been exported or taken for consump- tion. We should also state that for the shipments of cotton airect from Florida to ports other than Charleston and Savannah, we have in the case of each cotis'gnment at the lime of its receipt procured Irom the receivers the exact number of bales of Sea Island received. Hence in the following results' thus obtained there is but little room for error: Florida. Receipts at Ravaunali.. bales. 3,032 4,292 Receipts at Charleston 7,013 3,!)1G Receipts at New York 1,0(>5 7i;«) Receipts at New Orleans 49 16 Shipments to Liveipool from Florida direct 55 Total Soa Island crop of Florida 11,214 8.950 Georsla. Receipts at Savannah 0,137 7,212 JJeducl: Received from Florida 3,032 4,384 Received Iroui Florida for Charleston 1,388 1,523 ReceivcdfrouiBeaufi)rt,&c 48— 4,468 92—5,999 Total Sea Island crop of Georgia 1,669 1,213 Sontlt Caro'iiia. Receipts at Charleston 11,057 8,188 Shipped tioiu Port Royal, coastwise 768 435 Receipts at Savannah from Blutrton.&c 48 Shipped from Beaiifoit to GreatBritaiu 51—11,924 49—8,672 Deduct: Received from Florida 7,013 3,916 Total Sea Island crop of South Carolina 4,911 4.756 Texas. Receipts at Galveston 29 74 Receipts at Corpus Christi 29 3— 77 Total Sea Island crop of Texas 29 77 Total Sea Island crop of the United States 17,823 14,C96 CONSUMPTION IN EVEOPE AND AMERICA. 289 The distribution of the crop has been as follows: Supply year eudiuu' Sept. 1, 1877. How Distrllmtcd. Of -which exported to Ports of St'ek Sep.l '70. .346 181 527 Net Crop. 4,911 1,669 11.214 29 Total S'pply. .Stock, St-jvl, '77. Leav'ij tor dis- tiiirt'u Great Britain Havre Total ex- ports. .So. Carolina*. (ieoi-.i^ia I' loriila Texas New Orleaus. New Yorkt... Boston Baltimore . . . Philadelphia 5,257 1,8 11,214 29 949 99 4,308 1,751 11,214 29 5.037 1,090 .5,5 41 2,710 411 2,442 52 640 48 681 5,677 1,138 55 27 41 3,391 411 2,442 52 Total 17,823 18,350 1.048 17,302 11,865 1,369 !l3,234 * South Carolina exports were all from Churlestou, cdccpt 51 bales to Cork from Port Royal. t New York exports to Great Britain were all to Liverpool, except 53 hales to Glasgow. From the foregoing we see that the total growth of Sea Island this year i-< 17,823 bales; and with the stock at the beginning of the year 527 bales, we find — The total supply has been bales. 18,350 The stock at tlie end of the year, Sept. 1, 1877, was 1,048 Making the total distributed 17,302 Of which exported to foreign ports 13,234 Leaving consumed in the United States 4,068 We thus reach the conclusion that our spinners have consumed of Sea Island cotton this year 4,0G8 ba es, less whatever (if any) stock there may be remaining in our Northern ports in excess of last year. Why there has been this v<-ry considerable increase in Consumption in thi^ country the present season, we are unpre- pared to state. The following very useful table shows the crops aud movement of Sea Islands since the war: CRor. EXP -RT 5. AnitT- TO Seisou Souih Total Con- .<' fco Florida Geor- ("ate Tex- Total. Great Conti- es- sump- gia. Una. as. Britain nent. ptirt.-. tion.* 1876-TT. :!,-14 1,6 9 4,911 ;i9 17 8 3 11, (-65 1,369 13 iZ4 4,06-t 1,("4S 187 -76. 8,950 1,213 4,7:6 77 14.996 11,591 i,:345 12 93-- 1. 915 5-'7 lf74-?5. ^,;^ :J l,liO 7,4.0 •-'04 17.027 13,1 9 i,9o; 1.5.146 2,192 ;hs! ^8T3-U. 8,8 .'.5 1,4 '8 h,7.5;' 9W lv,91-.i 16.986 1.887 18,873 2,113 .59.3 187iJ-7.i. 10.76-1 1 .--^69 1.3,156 1,10.) 26 289 22,847 Wi 2H,469 1 ,523 l,t.6i 1871-73. 5.6-'4 1,5.7 8 755 899 16,845 14.991 £9 5 15. .584 l,.'i26 ;iro 18rO-71 8153 4 9.i4 7,-218 704 21,1.09 19,h44 61 19,9 5 1.67:2 (.35 lf:t)9-70 9,918 9.2;i5 7,33 1 i6,.507 22,776 1,940 24,7i6 1,:99 m\ 18t)8-i.9 ii,7(l3 6.371 5,608 18,68-2 15,3 8 1,>-51 17,239 1,-388 ill 18'iT-68 10.40i 6,a:;6 4,. 57 7 21,-^75 19,7.1 15J 9,8.59 1 (.70 15i 186«-67. i\,il-i 10.1115 11,(101 3-.',2-^8 30,3 4 ■■.w. 30,7(16 1.5ii7 410 18)5-66 a,4.8 103 136 10,957 56,' S4 5,631 89,105 19,(115 18,08o 217 534 145 12.214 18,->31 1,101 485 Total . . 3.9.33 252,208 :i29.798 22.163 {:S° * The column of "American Consumption" in this table includes burnr in the United States 200 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. MoTenient of Cotton at tlie Interior Ports. Below we give the total receipts and shipmeuts of cotton at the interior ports, and the stock on the 1st of September of each ytar. The shipments in this statement include amounts taken from ihesa interior ports for home consumption: Ye->r en [lin^ Sept. 1 , 1 76. Year endi 'g Sept. 1 , 1877. Receipts. 1 72,-593 S lipnienis. i;3.865 Stock 635 Receipts. 1 9 691 Shipments Stock. AUKttftii, G.i 18'',733 595 Columbus, Ga 51,8 3 51,864 494 7:^,534 73,2 ^2 7.6 Macon, Ga 54,' 3T 53,470 93 1 '".9,113 79.. 70 468 Montgomery, Ala.. 73,727 7-A38I) 9j9 67.337 67.509 18.' Selma, Ala 8',5m. 88 378 9 13 6 ',33) 69,'< 9 t,34 Memphis, Tenn. . 487 3r6 <84,5I5 5,4u3 gg4,35S 3^ ,41.9 5,-9: Nabhville, 'i enn . . . 50,. 58 51,811 4,8 47,50 < 46,9,0 94 1 Total, oldp iits.. 9 7,439 975, . 16 H,748 909,864 910,453 9,161 Dallas, Texas.. . 49,6r,7 49,3:i6 273 44.104 44.''45 13! JifEt-rsoii, Ttxas. .. 40.333 40,1-19 213 36,936 37,fi59 8.) Shreveport, La . . 1 4,095 104,' 31 1 5 1 i.8:i5 !i 1,797 I'.M VicKslmrg, ^ll^s^.. Columbus, Miss.. . 60,784 60.:84 1,5 8 55.048 5H,339 227 ^1,383 21,336 130 i3,043 23. il 4' Eufaula, AI,j. o7,078 o6,79 5 300 47,195 47.095 40' Griffln, Ga 12,7,2 13.786 3i 111,43: 16,531 17 Atlanta. G i 60,150 60 339 29'i 90,175 9^',2)1 2 Roiue. G I ; 2.1 51 33 5*8 53 33,100 33.0;i6 57 Chariot e, N. *J .. 43,638 43,445 •85 48 336 48,35T li4 -t. Lnii-, M" 21-,0il 34M,061 2.231 219 010 S17 5 9 1,-'01 Cincinnati, O 185,376 -179,>..59 6,6.2 175,53; 17.-,-.i81 4,!: 58 Total, new ports 891,867 8ri3,353 13,079 839.1 .35 891, 69 i 7,879 Total, all 1,'-69.S96 1.85^569. 21.827 1 7i!9 4'.i9 ,803,144 1 ,040 Gross Receipts at New York, Boston, &c. The following are the receipts of cotton at the ports named : New York. Boston. Philadelphia Baltimore. 187^.-77 163,-193 93,1,7. 1.8,33.- 13," 93 106.918 SJ.061 3,34.860 l.,681 131,313 5,9,^8 959,955 i 875-7 6. 179 463 94, 30 1 6,763 4,060 7,371 105,10; 54,676 184 I 03 i4 09i 19j,6',) 4,188 943,491 1876-77. 18:5-76 1876-77 1875-76, 1876-77. 1675- 6. New Orleans. . Texas.. Savannali .. . Mobile* Pari la. . . S. Carolina .. . N. Curuliu.i. . , VirgM' a ,. Nor. hern p rt 'J'eLnesst;e,&c. Foreign Tot'l 15,359 9, .1,7 37, ;7 l'J,895 "2,5Vl '82/' 43 106,83^ 100,306 55,355 19,16'^ 8,.593 31,8 6 0,483 ' i;879 74,6' 9 87,866 71.396 4 3-11,314 2 84' 52,3 3 i5;263 7.8.9 39,. 83 45,318 133,76 43 ■ 1,237 i;,ij1o "13,3' 3 r,957 46,339 38, 36 134,7 3 24^666 i'9,.533 13,1-1 6,, 148 ' 7,871 126,388 834 i8,8'7i 11.138 31,38! 57,yl4 "6,297 116,4:5 '* There hav.- b 'en shipments for New York, &c., from Mobile, which do not appeal- in this statement, having bjen made by railroad, overland. Exports. In the first table given in this report will be found the foreign exports the past year from each port to Great Britain, France and other ports, stated separately, as well as the totals to all the ports. In the following we give the total foreign exports for six years for comparison: CONSUMPTIOX I.y EUBOPE AND AMERICA. 291 Total Exports of Cottou to ForelKii Ports for Six Years. Fi om— New Oilcans baes.. Mobile South Carolina Ue irgi I Texas Florida North Carolina Virginia New Yolk Boston Philadelphia Baliimore Portland, Maine San Francisco --Espoits to foreii 1S72. 1873. 888,n'.0 1,177.('58 1, ]37,!l77 132,liO 111,388 16(»,169 ■■ii)) 7i)8 375,tf9 ) 110,597 210,138 1,632 7,722 573,498 11.128 6,, 92 20,'.;4;i 3.807 373,071 13,128 2,106 14,311 143 12 ■6ii n ports 1:74. ,147,314 132,367 247.8';6 429 571 274.383 835 6,^33 20.721 485,596 2.5.:i99 28,248 41,528 av2 468 f r year 1873. 99.-).2T0 131,311 i7.).13i 4.'3,2i5 22J,284 41 15.375 67,-il2 4.5,ni 3ii.25i» 26,090 44,567 '"'■isi ending Aui 1876. 1,3 3,0i)5 1 24;j,(i8;i 281 7l3 o70,-, meaning and ex- tent of 115 Bottom lands, nature, produc- tion and preparation of 84, 85 Bowing cotton (with plate) 20 Bowed Gcorgi.T, cotton 27 British Burmah, cotton export und homo consumption 57 Broach cotton, where pro- duced 61 Broach, of India, productions and description of 54 Burnt cotton in United States, 1829-1877 31-37 C. Calcutta, Carwar, Coconada, exports from, to Europe, 1873-1877 59 Calcutta, exports from 57 Canada, cotton exported to, from United States, by rail- road, 18(!8-1877 36,37 Canals in India 50 Canebrakes (soils), nature, pro- duction find preparation of.. 84 Caterpillars, their destructive power 117, US, 148, 149 Central Provinces of India, pro- duction, descrii)tion of, icking season 1-11 Memphis, rainfall and range of thermometer 93, 95, 98, 101, 103, lOG, 107, 119, 122, 124, 128, 130, 133, 135, 13G, 1 IC ^lexico, cotton tree in 21 Mexico, early uses of cotton in. 20 Middle crop, meaning and ex- tent of 11,- Mills in India, 1869 and 1877.. 45 Mississipi)i, acreage, produc- tion in bales and per acre, 1869-1877 75, 70, 79 Mississippi, killing frost and end of picking season 145 Mississippi, percentage of total aci-eage and of total crop raised, 1809-1877 81 Mississippi, rcw^ipt of first bale. 163 Mobile, first bale received and receipts to Sept., 1 102 Mobile, killing frost and end of picking season 14-1 Mobile, rainfall and range of thermometer 91, 93, 95, 98, 101, 103, 106, 107, 119, 121, 124, 127, 130, 132, 135, 136, 140 Mobile, receipts of cotton at, 1826-1877 31-37 Monsoons in India 43-55 Montgomery, first V)ale received and receipts to Sept. 1 162 Montgomery, killing frost and end of picking season 144 Montgomei-y, rainfall and range of thermometer.... 91, 93, 95, 98, 101, 103, 106, 107, 119, 121, 124, 127, 130, 132, 135, 136, 140 JV. Nashville, first bale received and receipts to Sept. 1 103 Nashville, killing frost and end of picking season 141 Nashville, rainfall and range of thermometer, 93, 95, 98, 101, 103, 106, 107, 119, 122, 124, 128, 130, 132, 135, 136, 140 National Cotton Convention, changes made in Classificiv- tion 218-220 Now Jersej^ early cultivation of cotton in 22 New Orleans, first bale received and receipts to Sept. 1 1G2 New Orleans, killing frost and end of picking season 144 New Orleans, rainfall and range of thermometer 91, 93, 95, 98, 101, 103, 100, 107, 119, 121, 124, 127, 130, 132, 135, 136, 140 New Orleans, receipts of cotton at, 1825 to 1877 30-37 New York as a cotton market, 189-195 New York, Boston and Balti- more receipts, 1805 to 1877, 36,37 New Yoi'k, future delivery prices, 1870-1877 199-217 New York, prices of upland cot- ton, 1870-1877 221-234 New York receipts, exi)orts and sales of cotton from 1S49 to 1877 190-193 Norfolk, rainfall and range of thermometer 97,100, 103, 105, 127, 130, 132, 135, 139 Norfolk, receipts of cotton at, 1826 to 1877 31-37 North Carolina, acreage, pro- duction in bales and pounds per acre, 1869-1877.... 75, 76, 79 North Carolina, killing frost and end of picking season 145 North Carolina, percentage of total acreage and of total crop raised, 1869-1877 81 North Carolina receipts of cot- ton, 1824 to 1877 30-37 Northern consumption, 1S26 to 1877 31-37 O. Oomraotte cotton, where pro- duced and mai'ketcd 54, 61 Overland movement described and detailed 280-282 Overland receipts of cotton, 183 5-1877 32-37 P. Pennsylvania, early cultivation of cotton in 22 Percentages of each kind of cotton contained in deliveries to Europe, 1859-1877 253 INDEX. Percentages of incFeasc and decrease iu aci-easte and cro]), 1870-1870 Ill, 112, 11<)-152 Percentage of total acreage and of total ci-op raised, in each State, 186onsoons) in India, 48-55 Rain, its effect on plant 14 Kiiln, its effect on stand and chopping out 89, 90 Rangoon exjyorts to Europe, 1873-1877 59 Rangoon sliipments of cotton.. 57 Receipts, daily, live j'ears.. 177-183 Receipts, effect (ra, of holding baek.ainlotherinfluences 158-176 Receipts, exports and sales of cotton at Now York from 1849 to 1877 190-103 Receipts, nmnthly, five years, 176,177 Receipt of first bale for seven years 162, 163 Receipts of new cotton to Sep- tember 1 162-164 Receipts, percentage of total yield received at eaeli Soutli- ern port, 1854-1861 190 Receipts, weeks of smallest, for seven years 164 Rivers, height of, for four years 166-171 Rust in summer 113 Salesfoi' future delivery, advan- tages and disadvantages, 193-198 Sales for future delivery at New York, 1870-18'/ 7. ,. . . . 193 Sales for future delivery, prices^ of, at New Yurk, 1870-1877, 1!M)"'217 Sales of spot cotton at New York, 1849-1877 190-192 INDEX. Saviimiali, lirst bale reoeivert and receipts to Sept. 1 16 Savauuab, killing fiost, &o 144 Savannah, rainfall.. 91, 93, 95, 98, 100, 103, 100, 107, 119, 121, 1'21, 125, 127, 130, 132, 135, 136, 139 Savannah receipts, 1826-77.. 31-37 Sea Isliind cotton, crop, cou- snniption and exporfc from 1865 to 1877 283, 280 Seed (cotton), different kinds.. 11 Seed (cotton), its nature and growth 87 Shedding of cotton, 12, 13, 116, 117 Shedding of crops, 1870to 1876, 148-152 Shrevcport, lirst bale received and receipts to Sept. 1 162 Shreveport, killing frost, &c... 144 Shreveport, rainfall 93, 95, 98, 101, 103, 106, 107, 119, 121, 124, 125, 127, 130, 132, 135, 136, 140 Soils— divisions in, &c.. South.. 81 South Carolina, acreage, jn-o- diiction in bales and itounds per acre, 1869-1877 75,76,79 South Carolina cotton, 1666- 1733 21, 2 South Carolina, cultivation in 1790 23 South Carolina, date of receipt of fir.st bale 163 South Carolina, early exports.. 24 South Carolina, killingfrost.&o. 145 South Carolina, percentage of total acreage, &c., 1869-1877 81 South Carolina receipts of cot- ton, 1824-1877 30-37 Swuthern consumption, 1843- 1877 33-37 Spiudh^s, causes of their in- crease in Europe and Amer- ica 242-24 Spindles, growth of, in India, 44, 45, 46, Spindles in Europe, their num- ber and capacity 247, 266-268 Spindles in ludia 269, 270 Spindles in United States.. 254, 255 Spiuners' takings, not consump- tiou 10 Spinning and weaving ma- chines in India 41, 42 Spinning machines of Har- greaves & Arkwright 28 Stand of cotton, differences in. 15 Stand of cotton, eftcct of, on the final yield, 16, 109-112, 121, 123, 126, 130, 131, 135, 139, 143, 148, 152 Stand of cotton obtained, from 1871 to 1877 110, 111 Stand, how and wheu complete, and when perfect 88 Stand, ivregular, defective and sickjy, causes for 89 Steam engine first applied to cotton manufacture 28 Stocks of cotton in interior northern poits, 1870-1877, 36, 37 Stocks of cotton in United States, Aug. 31, from 1827.31-37 Suez Canal, exports of cotton thi-ough, from Bombay 63-66 Summer and fall growth... 113-156 Supplj' and consumption of cot- ton in Europe and United States, 1845-1877 251 Surat, productions aud descrip- tion of 54 T. Tap-root of cotton pL-uit, 87, 114, 116. 117 Tavemier on manufacture of cotton in India 40 Teake on Georgia cultivation in 1788 23 Tennessee, cotton acreage, pro- duction, &e., 1869-'77. .75, 76, 79 Tennessee, receipt of first bale. 163 Tennessee, killing frost, &c 145 Tennessee, percentage of total acreage, .fee, 1809-1877 81 Texas, cotton acreage, produc- tion, &c., 1869-1877- . . .75, 76, 79 Texas, receipt of first bale 163 Texas, killing frost and cud of picking season 145 Texas, percentage of total acre- age, 1869-1877 81 Texas receipts, 1835-1877 32-37 Tlicrmometer for August, four years 1 30 Thermometer, highest, lowest and average in the South, 91, 93, 95, 97. 98, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 119, 121, 122, 124, 127, 128, 132, 135, 136, 137,139.140 Tinnevelly, cotton expoi-t and home consumption 57 INDEX. Tiniievelly, prortuction of cot- ton, &c 5X Tooke'8 Prices of Cotton 235 Top ciop, uieanin.i,' and extent «f 115 Tuticorin, exports from 57 Tuticorin, exports to Europe, 1S73-1S77 5!) Tyi)es of American Standard of Classification, liow deter- mined 219 V. United States and European supply and consumption, 1845-1877 251 United States consumption, 1820-1877 31-37 United States cotton crops, 1021-1877 19-38 United States cottou crop, 1870- 1 877 279 United States, cotton goods manufactured in 255, 256 United States, cotton in, where first found 20 United States crops, 1621-1793, 20 United States crops, 182.5- 1877 30-37 United States exports, 1825- 1877 30-37 United States, exports from, of cotton iroods 257 United States exports of cot- ton. 1791-1826 29 UnitedStatcs,producti(m of cot- ton, tot.'il and poracre, in each Virginia cultivation of cotton in 1775 22 Virginia, first experiments in cotton raising 21 Virginia, price of cotton in 1021 21 Virginia receipts of cotton, 1826-1877 30-37 TT. War in Europe and its effect on consumption 241, 2,50 War in United States, effect on demand for cottou goods 243 Weather (January to June), growth and stand of crops. 1871-1877 110-112 Weather reports from " Chron- icle" (January to June), 1871- 1877 91,93, 95, 99, 101, 104, 108 Weather reports from " Chron- icle" (July to December), 1871-1877 119, 122, 124, 128, 133, 137, 140 Weather reports of Agricul- tural B>ireaii (January to June), 1871-1877 92,94, 90.99, 102, 105, 109 Weather reports of Agricul- tural Bureau (July to Decem- ber), 1871-1877 120, 122, 125, 129, 134, 138, 142 Weather, stand and giowth, from January to December, of crops, 1870 to 1876 148 State. 1809-1877.... 75, 70, 77, 79 Weather summary, July to De- United States, spindles and consumption in 254. 255 UTiited States spinners, future prosjiects of 250 Uplands, low middling, mid- dling and good ordinary, prices at New York, 1870- 1877 221-234 Uplands (soil), nature, produc- tion and preparation of 84, 85 V. Vicksburg, first bale received and receipts to September 1.. 162 Vicksburg, killing frost and end of picking season 144 Vicksburg, rainfall and range of thermometer 93, 95, 98, 101, 103, 106, 107, 121, 124, 125, 128, 130, 132. 135, 130, 140 cember, 1871-1877 147 Weights of bales American in Europe 74 Weights of bales in deliveries to Great Britain and Conti- nent 252, 205 Weights of bales in United States 237 West India, cotton seed first planted 21 Whitnej''s cotton gin 26 Wilmington, killing frost and end of picking season 144 Wilmington, rainfall and range of thermometer 93, 95, 98, 100, 103, 105, 107, 121, 124, 125, 127, 130, 132, 135, 136, 139 Wilmington, receipts of cotton at, 1820-1877 31-37 AD VER TI SEME NTS. Lehman. Abraham & Co., Lehman, Durr & Co. New Orleans, La. Montgomery, Ala. LEHMAN BROTHERS, COTTON FACTORS AND Commission Merchants, 40 Exchange Place, NEW YORK. Orders executed at the Cctton Exchanges in New York and Liverpool, and advances made on Cotton and other Pr iduce consigned to us or to our correspondents in Liverpool, Messrs. B. Newgass & Co., and Messrs. L.Rosenheim & Sons. ADVERTISEMENTS. Louisiana Cotton-Tie Co. This Company oflfers to the public the riglit to use the following improvements, upon reasonable terms : Gilman's Reversible Cotton Press, THE GRIP TIE AND OILMAN'S BAND TIGHTENER. This Press, with u reduced, consumption of fuel, applies a net pi'essure of 2,000 tons upou the bale. The Grip| Tie possesses the advantages of great simplicity and freedom from slip, and pi-eserves the entire tensile strength of the Band. Care- ful tests show that with this tie the breaking strain is more than double what it is with any other tie or buckle. The Texas State Fair awarded the Highest Premium to the Grip Tie, the celebrated Arrow being one of its competitors. By the use of the Band Tightener all the slack of the bands is taken up in compressing, increasing the carrying capacity of vessels about twenty per cent. The ship " Western Empire," of 1,399 tons, recently cleared at this port with G,430 bales of cotton, weighing 3,036,529 pounds, or 2,170 pounds per ton register. Of this cargo, 2, .522 bales were compressed by the Champion Press (Gilman's Reversible), the balance by Tyler and Morse Presses, .nil using the Grip Tie and Band Tightener. This cargo shows a gain of 41 92-100 per cent over her previous cai-goes. The Royalty for the use of the Band Tightener has been fixed at five cents per bale, and the ties cost live cents per bale additional. John B. Lafitte 8c Co., MANAGERS, NEW ORLEANS, LA. A D YERTISEMENTS. HENRY HENTZ & CO., GENERAL . COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 174 & 176 PEARL ST., NEW YORK. Advances made on Consignments to Messrs. JAMES FINLAY & CO., LIVERPOOL, LONDON AND GLASGOW. Also Execute Orders for Merchandise through Messrs. FINLAY, MUIR & CO., CALCUTTA AND BOMBAY. FUTURE CONTRACTS FOR COTTON Ijouglit and sold on Commis- sion in New Yorli and Liverpool. WARE, MURPHY k CO., COTTON FACTORS AND General Commission Merchants, cotton' exchange building, NEW YORK. Special attention paid to the execution of orders for tlie purchase or sale of Contracts for Future Delivery of Cotton. Liberal advances made on consignments. ADVEB TI SEME NTS. JAMES F. WENMAN. ABR'M ALLEN, Jr. JAMES W. WENMAN. James F. Wenman & Co., COTTON BROKERS, No. 146 Pearl Street, New York. Established in Tontine Buildings in 1841. Special attention paid to the execution of orders for the purchase or sale of Contracts for Future Delivery. THE COMMERCIAL & FINANCIAL CHRONICLE, A Weekly Neivspaper, Published every Saturday Morning. The CHRONICLE fui-nishes in its Weekly Cotton Reports the most complete information published, in regard to the Cotton Crop, Cotton Markets and statistical situation. 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CONTENTS: Financial Retrospect of 1877. Business Failures in tlie United States. Banking and Financial — United States National "Bank Figures and Currency Movements — Nevv York City Bank Returns, &c, — London Money Market and Bank Returns. Commercial — United States Foreign Commerce, Trade Balance, Exports and Imports of Leading Articles, Tonnage of Trunk Railroads and Canals — Prices of Merchandise for a Series of Years. New York Money Market — Influences in New York, and Prices of Call Loans and Commercial Paper since 1870. Grold and Silver — Production, Exports and Imports of Gold and Silver in the United States — The Silver Question — Prices of Silver in London — Prices of Gold in New York from 1863 to 1877, inclusive. Foreign Exchange — Methods of quoting — Prices in New York, 1870-77, inclusive. Investments and Speculation — Principles relating to Invest- ments — Investments ot Financial Corporations in New York City — Compound Interest Table, showing accumulation of money in ■" series of year-i — Table showing the rate per cent realized on securities purchased at different prices — Stock Speculation in New York — Table showing the Interest Cost of Carrying Stocks. United States Debt and Securities — Debt of the United States yearly since 1791 — Terms of Payment of Bonds — Prices of United States Bonds, 1860 to 1877, inclusive. State Debts and Securities — State debts and immunity from prosecution — Prices of State Securities, 1860-1877. Railroads and tlieir Securities — Railroads of the United States — Railroads of the World — Railroad Ea'nings — English Rail- road Laws — Prices of Railroad Bonds, 1872-1877, inclusive — Prices of Stocks,1860-1877. Price ia Cloth $2 00 " To subscribers of the Commercial & Financial Chronicle — 1 00 WILLIAM B. DANA & CO., Publishers, 79 & 81 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK. 919<7 ^°'-*. V 5 • • . ^-^ >.* J' \. ^^ ^0' e .0^ ^^0^ o V .0 o .0 .^" ^o A ^^--^ \ ' ^ J. -