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 ■ 
 
RECONSTRUCTION 
 
 ILLUSTRATED AND EXPLAINED 
 
 WITH 
 
 BIOaRAPHIES 
 
 AND 
 
 PORTRAITS 
 
 OF 
 
 DISTINGUISHED 
 NATIONAL IS^CE^sT, 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 BUSINESS REFERENCES. 
 
 BY HORATIO BATEMAN. 
 
 FIRST EDITION". 
 
 < 
 
 TSTEW YORK: Y 
 H. BATEMAN, PUBLISHER, 171 BROADWAY. 
 
 1870. 
 

 £^ 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by 
 
 HORATIO BATEMAN. 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District 
 
 of New York 
 
TO THE 
 
 SOVEREIGN PEOPLE 
 
 OP THE 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 OF 
 
 AMERICA, 
 
 QUosYoIutm is respectfully dedicated. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 That the unity of our National Government has not been 
 fully appreciated by the people, is evident from the faet that a 
 gigantic civil war like that of the late Rebellion was possible 
 Such appreciation was prevented, in a great degree, by sectional 
 differences and prejudices, caused by the existence of slavery in 
 a portion of the States. 
 
 Slavery, however, having been abolished, and the Rebellion 
 subdued, it became necessary to " reconstruct" the former slave- 
 holding and rebellious States in such a manner as to secure to 
 each and all of them a " Free and republican form of Govern- 
 ment." 
 
 I have endeavored to illustrate the position of the seceding 
 States before, during, and after the Rebellion, and the strength 
 of the Nation under the " Constitution," by an allegorical re^ 
 presentation which, with its explanation, forms the frontispiece 
 of this book, I call this picture, "Reconstruction." 
 
 I have also given a condensed history of the rise and progress 
 of our new system of government, until it culminated in that 
 glorious instrument the "Constitution," which made us One 
 Nation, and the People Sovereign, 
 
 This is followed by a brief review of the causes and effects 
 of the Rebellion, and the ultimate results of a true and efficient 
 reconstruction of the States. 
 
 In order more fully to illustrate the subject, over 250 Por- 
 traits of distinguished "National Men," of all sections of the 
 country and classes of society, are represented in the picture. 
 
 A condensed biography of each of those men, giving their 
 public services and general characteristics, is also supplied, each 
 biography occupying only one page. 
 
 There is further inserted on alternate pages a biographical 
 sketch or business compendium of prominent business men, 
 making this volume a book of Reference, of History, Biogra- 
 phy ', and Business. 
 
 H. BATEMAN. 
 
HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 EISE AM) PBOGBESS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, 
 
 AND 
 
 EXPLANATION OF RECONSTRUCTION. 
 
 The discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, in 1492, may be 
 considered the most important event that has ever resulted from individual 
 genius and enterprise. It was the result of a theory matured by long re- 
 flection and experience, opposed to the learning and bigotry of the age, and 
 brought to a successful demonstration, after years of toil against opposing 
 difficulties. His first landing was at San Salvador, on the 12th of Oc- 
 tober, 1492 ; and it was not until August, 1498, that he discovered the 
 main land, near the mouth of the Oronoco, in South America. Fired 
 with |the accounts of the discoveries made by Columbus, Americus Vespu- 
 cius became desirous of seeing the New World for himself, and accordingly, 
 sailed from Cadiz, May 20, 1497, as a merchant, with a squadron of four 
 ships, which he placed in command of the valiant Ojedo. 
 
 During this voyage Americus pretends to have seen the Continent, 
 he may have done so, but much doubt envelopes the matter. In 1507, after 
 the death of Columbus, he published a history of all his voyages, and a chart 
 of the American coast, in which he claimed to be the true discoverer of the 
 country. 
 
 This work was read all over Europe with great delight, and the New 
 "World was named " America" in his honor as the discoverer, when, of right, 
 it should have been " Columbia," in honor of " Columbus," whom all the 
 world now concede to be the true discoverer. 
 
 Shortly after the return of Columbus from his first voyage, John Cabot, 
 a Venetian by birth, but then residing in England, sailed from the port of 
 Bristol, with his son Sebastian, in the spring of 1497, under a commission of 
 discovery from Henry VII, King of England. He discovered the coast of 
 Labrador, July 3, 1497, sailed north and south along the coast of the main- 
 land ; and, being the first to discover that part of the Continent now called 
 North America, claimed for the English King the territory from the Gulf 
 of Mexico to an indefinite extent north, without however attempting either 
 settlement or conquest. From this discovery by Cabot, originated the title 
 by which England claimed North America. 
 
rt 
 
 That title depended upon the first discovery of that portion of the Conti- 
 nent, and was called the " Right of Discovery." 
 
 It was a principle adopted in the practice of the nations of Europe, that 
 the first discovery of unknown countries, gave to the government whose sub- 
 jects had made the discovery, a title to the possession of such new found 
 land. Under this title, the original inhabitants were permitted to remain 
 in the territory, but they were restrained from sellmg or granting its soil, 
 except to the sovereign by whose subjects it had been discovered, and who 
 claimed for himself the sole right to dispose of it; consequently, no other 
 person could acquire a title from the natives, either by purchase or conquest. 
 
 Although the titles derived from discovery may not originally have been 
 just, their validity, after a lapse of centuries, cannot now be overthrown. 
 By successive transfers, they have become vested in the several States, and 
 in the UnitediStates; and they have been recognized and acceded to by the 
 Supreme Court of the United States. 
 
 We still hold this country under the title by which it was originally ac- 
 quired, and we claim that that title has, by treaties or by grants, decended 
 to us. 
 
 Notwithstanding North America was inhabited at the time, it was colo- 
 nized, the colonists disregarded the occupancy and claims of the Indian 
 tribes, and considered themselves as settling an unoccupied country. Hence, 
 therefore, the colonists must be regarded as bringing with them to the New 
 World the laws of England, so far as they were applicable to their situa- 
 tion ; and it was so declared by the Continental Congress, in the Declara- 
 tion of Rights. 
 
 For a century or more after its discovery, nothing was done toward a 
 permanent settlement of the country by the English. During the seven- 
 teenth century however, the thirteen original states or colonies were settled. 
 These thirteen colonies have, with reference to their form of government, 
 been divided into three classes, as follows : 
 
 1. Provincial or Royal Governments. 
 
 2. Proprietary Governments. 
 
 3. Charter Governments. 
 
 Under the Provincial Governments, a Governor was appointed by the 
 King as his deputy, to rule according to his instructions. The King also 
 appointed a counsel to assist the Governor and aid in making: the laws. 
 The Governor established courts and raised military forces. He had power 
 to call together legislative assemblies of freeholders and others, in which the 
 counsel formed an Upper House ; he himself exercising a negative upon 
 their proceedings, as well as the right to adjourn them for a time, or to 
 dissolve them. These assemblies made local laws which had to be submit- 
 ted to the King for his approval or disapproval. New Hampshire, New 
 York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, 
 were Provincial Colonies. 
 
 In Proprietary Governments, the King granted his rights and privileges 
 to certain individuals, who became proprietaries of the colony, and held it 
 as if it were a feudal principality. These proprietaries appointed the Gov- 
 ernor, directed the calling together of the legislative assemblies, and exer- 
 cised all those acts of authority which, in the Provincial Governments, were 
 exercised by the king. 
 
 At the time of the " Revolution," there were but two colonies of this des- 
 cription — Maryland, under Lord Baltimore, Pennsylvania and Delaware, 
 under William Penn. 
 
 In the Charter Governments, the powers and rights were vested by a 
 charter from the King in the colonists generally, and were placed upon a 
 
in 
 
 more free and democratic foundation. In Connecticut and Rhode Island, 
 the Governor, Counsel, and Assembly were chosen every year by the free- 
 men of the colony. But by the charter granted by William and Mary, in 
 1691, to the colony of Massachusetts, the Governor was appointed by the 
 King, the Counsel chosen annually by the General Assembly, and the 
 House of Representatives chosen by the people; though in other respects 
 the charter was quite liberal in its provisions. At the commencement of 
 the Revolution, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, were the 
 only Charter Governments existing. 
 
 Notwithstanding these diversities in the form of their governments, 
 the situation and circumstances of the colonists were similar in several very 
 important particulars. They were entitled to the rights and liberties of 
 English subjects, and to the advantages of the laws of England. They 
 were mostly a sober, industrious, and persevering people. They established 
 Provincial Legislatures to regulate their local affairs. They did not hold 
 their lands by any burdensome feudal tenures. The Governments were 
 administered upon popular principles, and generally marked by a liberal 
 policy. Many of the settlers in the colonies emigrated from England, at a 
 time of great religious and political excitement, and were filled with the 
 " Spirit of Liberty," of free inquiry, and of opposition to the prerogatives 
 of the crown, and to an established church, which such excitement had 
 produced. Schools and Colleges were founded ; religion, education, and 
 printing encouraged. The great distance of the colonies from the mother 
 country, so weakened the power over them, that a love of freedom gradually 
 grew up almost imperceptibly by the English Government. 
 
 In Pennsylvania (soon after its settlement), in Maryland, and in New 
 England (except Rhode Island), the English law of primogeniture (that is 
 the right of the eldest son and his descendants to succeed to the inheritance 
 of the ancestor) was abolished, and the estates of the decedant were divided 
 among all his descendants ; which tended to equalize property, increase the 
 number of land holders and encourage habits of industry. The Colonies 
 nevertheless had no political connection with each other : they had no right 
 to form treaties or alliances among themselves, or' enter into any connection 
 with foreign powers. The law of nations did not recognise them as sov- 
 ereign states, but only as dependencies of the crown of England. They 
 could not make treaties, declare war, or receive ambassadors. Each colonist, 
 however, had the full rights of a British subject in every other colony. 
 
 Notwithstanding the absence of any recognized right on the part of the 
 colonies to form alliances among themselves, yet, in consequence of the sim- 
 ilarity of their laws, religion, institutions, interests, situation and wants 
 generally, they were frequently led to unite together for the purpose of ad- 
 vancing their common welfare, and for defence against the hostilities of the 
 Indian tribes. The eastern colonies, so early as the year 1643, entered into 
 a compact under the style of the " United Colonies of New England " for 
 the purpose of protection against the Indians and Dutch. This transaction 
 of the colonies was an assumption of sovereignty, and doubtless contributed 
 to the formation of that public sentiment, which prepared the way for Amer- 
 ican Independence. 
 
 Even at this early period these Colonies assumed the character of inde- 
 pendent states ; the attention of the mother country being drawn from them, 
 and absorbed by the civil war with which it was then so fearfully agitated. 
 Their articles of confederation were marked by that jealousy for state 
 sovereignly which characterized all our subsequent Confederacies, but which, 
 we have no reason to regret, was not included in our pi'esent Constitution, 
 which transferred the Sovereignty to the " National Government ". 
 
IV 
 
 The New England Confederacy existed until 1686, when the charters o 
 the colonies were vacated by commission from James II. After the dissolu- 
 tion of this league, nearly a century elapsed before any general association 
 of the colonies was formed. But still these, as well as other colonies, con- 
 tinued to give occasion tl evidences of the great necessity they felt for, and 
 the jigh importance with which they regarded a Union. Now and then a 
 Congress of Governors and Commissioners, was held to adopt more effectual 
 measures for their mutual protection against their savage enemies. One of this 
 character was held at Albany, in the year 1722; but another, of higher impor^ 
 tance, was convened there in 1754, consisting of delegates from seven 
 colonies, and called at the instance of the English Administration to consult 
 as to the best means of defending " America'' in the event of a war wit i 
 France. 
 
 This Congress published some important doctrines which, operating with 
 a happy effect on the minds of the colonists, served to give them a National 
 direction, and guided them on the road to our present high station. 
 
 The Convention unanimously resolved, " that a union of the colonies is 
 necessary for their preservation, and Parliament must be applied to to 
 establish it." The celebrated " Plan," drawn up by Dr Franklin (which is 
 of the greatest interest to the American student) developed a National spirit 
 throughout. Power was given to the "General Government" to raise and 
 pay soldiers, build forts, and equip vessels of force, etc. The colonies were 
 to be represented in proportion to population. This was the first occasion upon 
 which this idea had been suggested, the New England colonies in their con- 
 federacy having been equally represented as colonies, not in proportion to 
 population. In this respect the " Albany Plan" was in advance of the 
 " Articles of Confederation" in its National spirit, and served as the proto- 
 type of the " Constitution" itself. The sectional jealousy and colonial pride 
 of the colonies continued so strong that the " Albany Plan" was rejected by 
 every one of the Provincial Assemblies, and we were destined to remain 
 sometime longer separate, and in a considerable degree alien commonwealths, 
 jealous of each other's prosperity, and divided by policy, institutions, pre- 
 judice and manners. 
 
 Wuen, however, England began to oppress the colonies, they were led 
 again to form a union for their common protection. On the passage of the 
 "Stamp Act" in 1765, upon the recommendation of Massachusetts, the 
 "First Colonial Congress" assembled at New York, October 7, of that year, at 
 which nine colonies were represented by twenty-eight delegates, and they 
 published a bill of rights, in which they boldly declared that, "the sole 
 power of taxation resided in the colonies " The bold stand taken by the 
 people of B ^ston against British taxation in 1768, called forth resolutions of 
 approval and support from almost every Colonial Legislature, and the events 
 succeeding served to heighten the National feeling in proportion, as the 
 hatred to the m >ther country was increased. 
 
 A Continental Congress was simultaneously proposed by meetings held 
 at New York and Philadelphia and by the Legislature of Connecticut. On 
 the 5th of September, 1774, the colonies, still urged on by the monstrous 
 claims of the British Parliament and the despotic usurpations of power by 
 George III., united in sending delegates to Philadelphia, " with authority and 
 discretion, to mid and consult together for the common welfare. " Eleven of the 
 colonies were represented in this Congress, and by m°n illustrious for 
 talent, integrity and p itriotism, and whose memories arn yet, and ever will 
 be. embalmed by fie heartfe t gratitu le of their c ointrvmen. They styled 
 themselves •' the delegates appointed by the g<>od people of the s e colonies " 
 and continued in session until October 26 of the sara^ var. This Congress, 
 among several other valuable Stite papers, published a "Declaration of 
 
Rights," which is important, as fully setting forth the natural and constita* 
 tioual rights to which the colonists believed themselves entitled. 
 
 Events now crowded upon each other. Before the Congress met again, 
 hostilities had commenced in Massachusetts, and at Lexington the blood o\ 
 the first martyrs to the cause had been shed to cement the National Unity." 
 Henceforth the Union was continued by successive conventions of Congress. 
 On the 10th of May, 1775, a Congress was again assembled at Philadelphia, 
 and vested with full powers to concert, agree upon, direct, order and prosecute 
 such measures, as they should most approve, to obtain redress of grievances. 
 Having published a declaration of the causes which impelled them to resolute 
 resistance, gradually assuming to themselves the powers of the States they, 
 on the 4th day of July, 1776, gave to the world that g.orious instrument, 
 which marked the dawning of a brighter era, and the birthday of a happy 
 Nation which was eventually to be truly free and independent 
 
 The National sentiment had now reached its height. Flushed with 
 thoughts of independence, and of boundless prosperity, no ideas of jealousy 
 or of State sovereignty entered the minds of tue people, but as " one people 7 
 they dissolved the political bands wh.ch connected them with the mother 
 country; and " in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these 
 colonies," declared themselves ''Free and Independent," which declaration 
 was finally engrossed and signed by order of Congress. 
 
 Throughout the whole of this immoital instrument the ideas of Equality 
 Liberty, and Union are closely blended. It was never referred to the separate 
 States for ratification, nor did any State declarers Independence. The Inde- 
 pendence declared was for the " United States," not " Confederate States," 
 and was then for the first time styled " United States of America." 
 
 On the 11th of June, 177G, the same day on which a committee was ap- 
 pointed by Congress for preparing a Declaration of Independence, it resolved 
 to appoint another committee, to prepare and digest the form of alliance to 
 be entered into between the colonies. This committee, on the 12th of July 
 following, reported a plan of a confederacy consisting of twenty articles, but 
 the lofty National sentiment which prevailed in the Declaration of Independ- 
 ence did not exhibit itself so fully in the " Articles." So many were the 
 rival interests developed that the local jealousies and sectional differences 
 which had been forgotten during the fervour of the patriotic outburst, at the 
 commencement, left their impress on the '• Articles." and prevented their 
 adoption by Congress u itil November 15, 1777. Hence we find the doctrine 
 of" State Sovereignty'' plainly set forth in that instrument, in evident conflict 
 with the National spirit, which also makes itself apparent. "Ti.ese articles 
 of confederation" were ratified in July, 1778, by the delegates from all the 
 States but three, and were subsequently signed on the part of New Jersey, 
 Nov'r 25, 1778; Delaware. Feb'y 22, 1779 ; and Maryland. March 1, 1781. 
 
 The ratification of the Articles was, therefore, completed March 1, 1781, 
 and on the 2d of March, 1781, Congress first assembled under the "Con- 
 federation." 
 
 These Articles formed the thirteen States, by the style of " The United 
 States of America," into a firm league of friendship with each other for their 
 defence, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare. 
 Each State retained its own sov »\gidy, and all powers not expressly dele- 
 gated to the United States in Congress assembled. Delegates were to be 
 chosen every year by each £ta e,n >t less than three, nor moie than seven in 
 Bumber. to meet in Congress. E ich State was t ) sipp >rt the expenses of its 
 own delegates. In deciding questions, the votes were taken by States, each 
 State having a single vole. A 1 the expenses of the war, and for the general 
 welfare, were to be supplied by the several States in proportion to the value 
 of the sett ed lands and improvements thereon. 
 
VI 
 
 After the Declaration of Peace, and close of the Revolutionary War, it 
 was soon found that the plan detailedin the "Articles of Confederation" was 
 impracticable. It gave to Congress no means of enforcing its laws upon the 
 States, and the States disregarded the recommendations of Congress with im- 
 punity. Congress had no power to levy taxes or collect revenue for the 
 public service ; nor could it regulate commerce either with foreign nations 
 or among the several States. Foreign nations refused to hold intercourse with 
 a Government which was only such in name, and possessed no real power 
 even to carry out its most ordinary decrees. The public debt incurred by 
 the war was very great, and the " Articles of Confederation" in no way pro- 
 vided effectual means for its payment. The administration of governmtnt 
 under all such confederacies has ever been marked with weakness, and de- 
 generated into anarchy, or increased to a most galling and unbounded 
 despotism. It became evident in a short time that distress and ruin would 
 overspread the country unless some different and more vigorous form of 
 government were adopted. 
 
 Delegates were, therefore, appointed from the different States to meet in 
 Philadelphia on the 14th day of May, 1787, for the purpose of devising some 
 plan for a more perfect Union of the States. The first practical suggestion of 
 a method of investing the Government with the requisiie power, and at the 
 same time not destroy the State organizations, was in the winter of 1784-85, 
 when Noah Webster struck the key-note in proposing a new system of Govern- 
 ment which should act, "not on the States, but directly on individuals, and 
 vest in ' Congress' full power to cany its laws into effect." 
 
 The Convention met May 25, 1787, and after much discussion these views 
 were embodied in the present "Constitution," which was finally adopted, 
 as the result of their labors on the 17 ih of September, 1787, and, according 
 to the recommendation of the Convention, Congress transmitted the plan of 
 the Constitution to the several Legislatures of the States, in order to be sub- 
 mitted to a convention of delegates chosen in each State by the people 
 thereof. Conventions assembled in the different States, and the new system 
 was discussed with great learning and zeal, and with many conflicting 
 opinions, but was at last adopted, though not without much opposition. 
 
 On the 17th of September, 1788, .Congress having received the 
 ratifications of the Constitution from all the Conventions of all the States, 
 except North Carolina and Rhode Island, resolved that the first Wednes- 
 day of January, 1789, should be the day for appointing electors in the 
 several States, which may have ratified the Constitution before that day. 
 Accordingly, elections were held in the several States for electors, and 
 the electors, thus appointed, met and voted for President and Vice- 
 President, when Geoige Washington was unanimously elected the first 
 President and John Adams, Vice-President. The States having also elected 
 their Senators and Representatives, the first "Constitutional Congress," 
 composed of Representatives from eleven States which had then ratified tie 
 Constitution, assembled on Wednesday, March 4, 1789, in New York, and 
 on that day the new " Constitution" went into legal operation as the supreme 
 and fundamental law of the land, thereby establishing a Ration. 
 
 The Constitution commences with the declaration that We, THE PEOPLE 
 of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, 
 insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the 
 gen— al welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves, and our pos- 
 terity, Do okdain and establish this constitution for the United States 
 of America. 
 
 Its first article vests all Legislative power in a Congress of the United 
 States to consist of a Senate, as the representative of the State ; and a 
 House of Rkphesentatives, as the direct representatives of the people 
 
vn 
 
 The duty of this Congress being to enact all laws for the GENERAL WELFARE 
 of the whole United States. 
 
 Its second article places the executive or administrative power in a "Pres- 
 ident," whose duty it is, to " take care that the laws be faithfully executed. " 
 The administrative business of the Government is not all managed directly 
 by the President himself, but, has by various acts of Congress, been distrib- 
 uted among several executive departments, called the Cabinet, who are the 
 constitutional advisers of the President, and whose opinions he is authorised 
 to require in writing upon any subject relating to the duties of their res- 
 pective offices. 
 
 The third article vests the judicial power in one " Supreme Court," and 
 such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and es- 
 tablish, whose province it is to interpret and apply the laws. 
 
 Having given a condensed history of the rise and progress of the United 
 States Government to the time of the adoption of the Constitution, I will 
 endeavor to trace its history from that period to the present day, an alle- 
 gorical representation of which is presented by the accompanying PICTURE 
 as its interpretation will more fully show. 
 
 The " Circular Building " represents the wliole United States, in the 
 Dome of which is seen the representation of the three departments of the 
 United States Government : the Legislative, the Executive, and the Judicial. 
 The Dome is supported by two sets of pillars, resting on the same foundation. 
 
 The " straight pillars " represent the State Governments, which, under 
 the Confederation, alone supported the United States Government, and aa 
 has already been shown made it dependent upon them for its existence, but 
 on the adoption of the Constitution, a more perf ct union was established, 
 by adding another, and more substantial support, emanating directly from 
 the PEOPLE through their "Representatives in Congress" represented by the 
 "curved pillars" which transferred the " Sovereignty" from the States to the 
 United States, and cemented the States firmly into ONE NATION so as to 
 prevent their ever, effectually dissolving their relations with each other 
 without the consent of a majority of the people, not only of each State, but 
 of the whole United States. 
 
 Although the " Declaration of Independence " declared ALL MEN TO BE 
 CREATED EQUAL, and endowed with certain inalienable rights, among which 
 were life, LIBERTY, and the pursuit of happiness, and although the Consti- 
 tution of the United States was adopted to secure the Blessings of Liberty to 
 all, there yet remained SLAVERY for a portion of the PEOPLE of the country. 
 Why was Slavery left in the Union after the declaration of independence 
 and why was the constitution adopted with no clause expressly prohibiting 
 it ? At that time a large portion of the white people had property in slaves, 
 and many had a large interest in their importation. These considerations 
 made it difficult to destroy the institution at once. It was expected, how- 
 ever, that it would gradually diminish, and after a short time entirely cease 
 to exist* 
 
 That such was the expectation of the men most prominent in drawing 
 up those instruments, such as Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Richard H, 
 Lee, Patrick Henry, John Randolph, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton. Ben- 
 jamin Franklin, James Madison and others, is evident from their speeches 
 and writings as well as from their studied failure to expressly recognize it 
 in either; also by the law which was passed by the Congress of the United 
 States in session at the time the Constitution was adopted by the Conven- 
 tion, "forever prohibiting slavery in the North Western Territory " which 
 was ceded to the United States by different States about that time. A fact 
 to be borne in mind in this connection is, that a number of the States did 
 
VIII 
 
 abolish Slavery within their limits a few years afterwards, and the intent 
 was evident that it should be done in all until the Cotton Gin made Slavery 
 so very profitable, that the love of gain overcame the moral feeling that had 
 been engendered till then, and some of the States continued, fostered, and 
 encouraged it. 
 
 i ' The States that abolished slavery, admitted Justice in its stead as an as- 
 sociate with Liberty, and Education was their legitimate offspring, therefore 
 the foundations of " Free States " are represented as Justice, Liberty, and 
 Education " A ", and those of the " Slave States " as Liberty and Slavery 
 " B ". 
 
 f The incompatibility of Slavery with Liberty becoming more and more 
 apparent, and the people of these States that had abolished Slavery, per- 
 ceiving that it was bringing contempt upon the Declaration of Independence 
 and the principles of the Constitution, endeavored to persuade their brethren 
 in the States that had not, to adhere to the original understanding, and 
 to make some provision for its eventual abolition, if they could not be pre- 
 vailed upon to give it up at once. They showed them its antagonism to 
 the principles and interests of a Free and Independent Republic, that it was 
 a foe to education and progress, that it was undermining the morals and 
 degrading the labor of the country, that it pandered to the worst passions, 
 and tended to reduce the country to barbarism. 
 
 These simple truths laid before them in candor, for their own good, as 
 well as for the good of the country, did not have the desired effect of awak- 
 ening them to a sense of Justice. But, feeling the debasing influence of sla- 
 very, and finding it could not be sustained by free discussion, also perceiving 
 the slender thread which held it (on sufferance) in the United States under 
 the Constitution, raised the cry of persecution, and charged the free States 
 with interfering with their domestic affairs. Fearing that the progress of 
 liberal views among the people of the free States would soon have such in- 
 fluence in the councils of the nation as to curtail the privileges of slavery, 
 they attempted to revive the old jealousies that had formerly existed be- 
 tween the States, and establish the doctrine of States Rights Supremacy ; 
 contending that the Constitution did not transfer the Sovereignty from the 
 States to the United States ; but that they were still, as under the Confed- 
 eracy, Sovereign and Independent States, joined together, as then, by a com- 
 pact or league, and that the States could nullify any law passed by Congress, 
 and had the right to withdraw from the Union at pleasure. 
 
 Not deeming it expedient to appear to sustain that doctrine in order to 
 uphold and protect slavery, they first directed their attention to the Tariff 
 law passed by Congress, when the State of South Carolina denied the r'ght 
 of the United States Government to collect the Tariff Duty in that State, 
 and threatened to resist its enforcement, and to withdraw from the Union. 
 But this threat was promptly met by a proclamation from President " Jack- 
 son," who declared that the " laws must be executed," and that any oppo- 
 sition to their execution would be met by force, if necessary. South Caro- 
 lina receded from her hostile position, although she still boldly advanced 
 her favorite doctrine of the Supremacy of States Rights, and, in the person 
 of her distinguished Senator " John C. Calhoun ", asserted it even in the 
 halls of Congress. Calhoun became its foremost Champion, and endeavored 
 with all the powers of his analytical mind to convince the country that the 
 doctrine was correct. But " Daniel "Webster," the Champion of National 
 bupremacy, n et his arguments step by step, and so successfully refuted 
 them, and so fir.nly established the Sovereignty of the " United btates 
 Government " that few afterwards openly attempted to dispute it. Finding 
 they could not establish States Rights Supremacy openly, and through that 
 
DL. 
 
 protect the institution of slavery from the encroachments of education and 
 progressive ideas, they proceeded by intrigue and compromise to induce the 
 National Government to acknowledge its obligation to protect it. First by 
 admitting new States with slavery into the Union, thereby strengthening 
 the slave power in the Nation, next by the passage of the " Fugitive Slave 
 Law," which they claimed was only to carry into effect a provision of the 
 Constitution, but which was so drawn as to make every man a Fugitive 
 Slave hunter. 
 
 Then by endeavoring to force the United States to protect slavery in the 
 Territories under the name of " Squatter Sovereignty " and finally to protect 
 it in the free States, when taken there by its master, thus seeking to force 
 the Free States to become Slave States. 
 
 The freedom loving people of the Country became aroused to a sense of 
 their danger, opposed the two last propositions at the ballot box, and sig- 
 nally defeated them by the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the 
 United States. Their secret organizations of " States Rights " under the 
 name of " Knights of the Golden Circle " now made their object manifest 
 in the threatened resistance to the will of the people, by secession. 
 
 Most of the offices of the National Government were in the hands of the 
 Conspirators, a conniving or imbecile President, (James Buchanan,) was in 
 the Chair at Washington, the fleet despatched to distant waters, the army 
 scattered along the western borders, the arsenals at the North stripped, and 
 the arms sent South, the Treasury depleted, and the National Credit pur- 
 posely destroyed by the treacherous Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 All things being thus prepared, the Conspirators appealed to what they 
 termed the reserved rights of the States, and sought to withdraw from the 
 Union. Before the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as President of the 
 United States, seven of the States had seceded, and formed themselves into 
 a " Southern Confederacy " the foundations of which were Slavery alone 
 represented by ' k C." 
 
 Four other States afterwards joined the Confederacy, making eleven in 
 all which seceded from the Union, and took their Pillars with them. These 
 were, South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, 
 Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. 
 
 The position of these States after seceding has been a question of consid- 
 erable interest to the country. Under the Old Articles of Confederation, 
 any State had the right to withdraw fron the Union, or League at any time, 
 as each State was Sovereign and Independent of each other, but, on the 
 adoption of the Constitution, that Sovereignty was transferred to the Na- 
 tional Government, thus giving the citizens of every State a joint interest 
 in every other State. Therefore, no State, nor the people of any State, had 
 the right to secede or withdraw from the Union, without the consent of a 
 majority of the whole people of the United States. 
 
 These eleven States did, however, as States, withdraw their practical re- 
 lations with the rest of the Union, which is shown in the picture by the 
 space in the Circular Building, from which were taken the State or straight 
 Pillars. They also attempted by force of arms to compel the National Gov- 
 ernment to allow them to take with them the " Curved Pillars " or " Pillars 
 of the People " which would complete their separation, and establish their 
 independence. 
 
 But the National Government, now under the administration of Abra- 
 ham Lincoln, prevented the accomplishment of their object, by calling on 
 the Loyal People of the Nation to aid in the restoration of the Union ; who 
 immediately responded to the call in sufficient numbers to arrest their 
 progress. 
 
X 
 
 ^,11 are familliar with the different phases of the Rebellion, of the nu- 
 merous obstacles to the progress of Restoration, of the various prejudices 
 to overcome, and the complete change in the rrcorale of the war before it 
 could be successful. 
 
 When th 3 war commenced, it was conducted on the part of the National 
 Government for the restoration of the Union only. 
 
 Slavery, the cans* of the Rebellion, and the great obstacle to its suppres- 
 sion was left as before, and the slaves who fled to the Union Armies, were 
 returned to their masters. The National Government studiously avoided 
 all interference with the "peculiar institution " in order to convince the 
 Southern People that they were not fighting against slavery, but to restore 
 the L nion to its former position, and, to give them the opportunity and all 
 ,tue inducements possible to give up the struggle, and return to their duty. 
 
 The necessity of freeing the slaves of Rebels, in order to take from them 
 a great part of their strength, and thereby destroy the cause of the rebel- 
 lion, was foreseen by Gen. Fremont, when in command of the Department 
 of the Missouri, who issued a proclamation, liberating the slaves of Rebels 
 within his command. Deeming it premature, President Lincoln counter- 
 manded the proclamation, giving them more time for consideration. But 
 all t e .nducements held out to them were rejected, and the rebels continued 
 the struggle, determined to compel the National Government to recognize 
 their independence, and relinquish its control over any property in the Se- 
 ceding States. Atter nearly two years of bloody strife, the Administration 
 saw that the slave was an aid to the Rebellion, .though an unwilling one,) 
 and jhat the institution of slavery was the great obstacle to the success of 
 the Lnion Arms. Then, and then only, and as a military necessity, did 
 President Lincoln issue his celebrated "Emancipation Proclamation" which 
 is represented by M D,"' showing the slave fleeing from the master, ^ within 
 the Confederacy,) being protected by the Union Soldiers. 
 
 A large portion of the slaves finding they would be protected, fled to the 
 L nion Armies, and afterwards, being allowed to enlist as Soldiers, aided us 
 to overcome and conquer Rebellion. 
 
 ihe rebellion, atter lasting four years, was suddenly brought to a close 
 by the surrender of Lee to Grant," April 9. 1S65; tb'e supremacy of the 
 Xational Government was vindicated, and the •• Constitution" stood firm 
 under the shock. 
 
 The collapse of the rebellion, and the radical change which it had made 
 in the in enal affairs of the seceaing States, le't them wi-hout civil govern- 
 ments, and made it incumbent upon the ■• National Congress'" to make some 
 rules or regulations for their u Reconstruction. " 
 
 Before Congress came together. Abraham Lincoln, who. as its Chief 
 Executive, had guided the Nation through its great struggle, was on the Hth 
 day of April, 1865, (the anniversary of the surrender of Fort Sumpter). 
 stricken down by the h.ind of an assassin, inspired by that " Slate Spirit"' 
 which had trained its votaries in the uncontrolled indulgence of their pas- 
 sions : and Andrew Johnson. Vice-President of the United Srates, by virtue 
 of the Constitution, became President, and assumed the task of initiating 
 measures for restoring the Rebel States to their practical relations to the 
 Union, instead of leaving the whole matter to "Congress,'' iu whom the 
 Constitution vests all fa islaiive powers. Besides this. Mr. John-on's 
 " policy" dsregarded the fact lhat -New State Constitutions" must be made 
 before they cou d with safety be again restored to the Union, r.nd tended to 
 deliver the reins of Government into thenars of the verv men bv whom that 
 Government had been betrayed, and to place the sens beneath the Let 
 
 of the rebels. ■»* _ 
 
- :~ 
 
 L_- -_- 
 
XII 
 
 When Reconstruction has tauen place, and is firmly established on the 
 basis of the Declaration of Independence, and the seceding States again re- 
 presented in the Councils of the Nation — slavery having been abolished — the 
 great obstacle to progress and cause of contention will have been removed, 
 the prejudice of color and jealousy of sections will pass away, and the 
 People of all parts of the country that have been divided on the question 
 of Equality and Sovereignty will congratulate each other on the happy re- 
 sults of Reconstruction, and become strongly United as One Country 
 and One People in interest and feeling. FREE in fact as well as in theory, 
 and work together more earnestly for the prosperity of the Whole Country, 
 which will progress w$h rapid strides in wealth, morals and happiness, 
 exhibiting to the world the stability and tenacity of a Government whose 
 11 Sovereignty is in the People." 
 
 This is represented by the gathering within the Circular Building of 
 the United States, some of the " noted men" of the present day of the 
 different sections, and parties, in social converse and friendly greeting. 
 Above them in the clouds is represented the " Departed Spirits" of dis- 
 tinguished men of all ages and sections of the country, looking down and 
 encouraging the people to go on with the good work commenced, until 
 Justice, Liberty, and Peace are thoroughly established, and equal rights 
 Without regard to race, creed or color are accorded to all citizens. 
 
 As the " Golden Rule" of "Do unto others as you would have others 
 do unto you" is accepted as the Golden Rule in morals, so should the self- 
 evident truth of the " Declaration of Independence." that "All men are 
 created equal," be accepted as the Golden Rule in politital conduct. 
 
 The former leads to Justice and the latter to Liberty. Accord to all 
 toen one, and let all men live up to the other, and we shall have perfect 
 peace and happiness throughout the laud. Therefore, Justice, Liberty, 
 and Peace are represented as " Guardian Angels." 
 
 The emblem of the Declaration of Independence, that " All men are 
 created equal," is represented by "Two Infants" "N," white and black, 
 wrapped in swaddling clothes, made from the "Flag of our Union," and pro- 
 tected by the "Eagle," of the country; and to show that the same spirit 
 pervades the bodies of black and white, and en anates from the same source, 
 " The Creator," those " Spirits," " E" are represented after leaving the body 
 and assuming form, to be alike when they reach the future. 
 
 Universal Suffrage is represented on the left in the foreground, show- 
 ing the colored man exercising his right of suffrage in common with the 
 white man of all nations, and a little in the background, just emerging from 
 the mists of the past, is represented " Female Suffrage," showing that 
 " Woman" has already entered the political arena, and asserted her inalien- 
 able right to suffrage and political equality with man. 
 
 Universal Education is represented on the right *n the foreground, 
 showing that it should be a National Institution, encouraged, supported, 
 and protected by the United States Government in every State in the Union, 
 dispensing free education to all, irrespective of color or sex. 
 
 Indian Reconstruction is also represented in the foreground, showing 
 that the United States Government, as a remuneration for giving up the 
 lands which they injustice own, should give them a reservation ; pay them 
 a liberal sum yearly in money, clothing and provision ; supply them with 
 agricultural implements and seed ; teach them to cultivate the soil, that they 
 may learn to support themselves by other modes than hunting ; lurnish 
 books and establish schools among them, and educate their children, that 
 the next generation may become civilized, educated citizens, and fit to take 
 part in the Government of the country. 
 
 "H" represents Fauniel Hall, situated in Boston, Massachusetts, in 
 
xin 
 
 which Samuel Adams, John Hancock, Otis and others, first instilled into 
 the minds of the people resistance to the tyranny of the mother country ; 
 hence it was called •■ The Cradle of Liberty." 
 
 *' I" represents ''Bunker Hill Monument," where the first battle of the 
 Kevolution was fought. 
 
 41 J" represents "Independence Hall," in Philadelphia, where the 
 "First Congress" met, the "Declaration of Independence" was promul- 
 gated, and the "Constitution of the United States" was adopted. 
 
 " K" represents the city of Washington, the Capital, and Washington's 
 Monument. 
 
 "L" represents a "Home for Disabled Soldiers and Sailors." 
 
 *'G" represents the Globe, surmounted by Justice and Liberty, showing 
 that eventually the whole world will become republicanized and governed 
 by the people. 
 
 On the right may be seen the Lakes Michigan, Superior, Huron, Erie, 
 and Ontario; the rivers St. Lawrence, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Alleghany, 
 Monongahela, Cumberland, Tennessee ; the Rocky Mountains and Pacific 
 Ocean in the distance ; the cities Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland Buffalo, 
 Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville, and St. Louis, with the various railroads 
 crossing each other in all directions. 
 
 The North is represented as flourishing with schools, factories, and 
 machine shops ; and at the depot, workmen, with implements of agricul- 
 ture and manufacture, taking the cars for the South (on the left) to fuild 
 up her railroads, factories and school-houses. On the left is also seen the 
 Atlantic Ocean, Mississippi, Savannah, Rappahanock and James Rivers. 
 The Cities of Mobile. New Orleans, Vicksburg, Memphis, Nashville, Savan- 
 nah, Charleston and Richmond, _ 
 
PJ^JEtT FIRST. 
 
American Photo-Lithographic Co. 
 
 (OSBORNE'S PROCESS.) 
 
 Office, Eoom 19, HERALD BUILDING, 
 
 NE^W YORK. 
 
 i Works Cor. 3d Ave. & 10th St., Brooklyn. 
 
 EZRA CORNELL, President 
 THOMAS N. ROOKER, Treasurer and Secretary. 
 
 JOHN W. OSBORNE, General Superintendent. 
 
 Ezra Cornell, President of the above Company, -was born at "West- 
 chester Landing, New York, January 11, 1807. His parents were of the 
 Society of Friends. The advantages for early scholastic training enjoyed 
 by nim were few, yet such as they were he eagerly availed himself of them. 
 The last year of bis schooling, being then about seventeen years of age, he 
 obtained, as it were, by purchase, he and his brother agreeing to clear four 
 acres of wood-land in time to plant corn in the following spring. This was 
 done, and an excellent crop of corn secured without the aid of a day's labor 
 from other sources. In 1819 he removed with his father to De Ruyter ; 
 and, in 1825, assisted in building a shop for his father. Soon after, he, 
 alone, successfully constructed a substantial dwelling-house, into which his 
 father removed. The execution of this task obtained for him the admira- 
 tion of his neighbors, and a good knowledge of carpentering. He removed 
 to Ithaca in 1828, and worked for one year in the machine-shop of a cotton- 
 factory, when he took charge of a flouring-mill, in which he continued for 
 ten years. During this time he built a mill of eight stones, and so admira- 
 bly adjusted its mechanism as to require manual labor only to take the flour 
 from the mill. He afterwards engaged in agricultural business with his 
 brother, spending his winters in Georgia and his summers in Maine. In 
 1843 he was employed by F. O. J. Smith and Professor Morse to lay pipes 
 for conveying telegraph wire from "Washington to Baltimore. This mode 
 becoming impracticable Mr. Cornell was given the entire charge of the 
 undertaking, and, changing the design, substituted poles for pipe. This 
 may be regarded as the commencement of the "Air Lines" of Telegraph. 
 He finished this line in 1844, and in 1845 superintended the construction of 
 a line from Philadelphia to New York. In 1846 he erected a line from New 
 York to Albany, making $5,000, and the next year erected a line from Troy 
 to Montreal, clearing $30,000, which he invested in Western lands. He 
 afterwards invested largely in telegraph stock. These investments have so 
 increased in value as to make Mr. Cornell one of the " solid men " of the 
 country. In 1862 he was chosen President of the Agricultural Society, find 
 the same year was elected a Member of the Assembly, and State Senator in 
 1864. As a gentleman of fortune, he has exhibited great liberality, by con- 
 tributing toward many benevolent enterprises. He donated $500, 0CO 
 toward founding an Agricultural College in Ithaca, called the "Cornell 
 University," which is destined to become one of the most beneficial institu- 
 tions of the country. He also advanced the means to bring to a successful 
 demonstration the Photo-Lithographic Art (Osborne's process). 
 
 Mr. Cornell is a well-preserved, vigorous, clear-headed, comprehensive, 
 high-minded citizen, and is in all respecto a good representative of the 
 better class of what are called " Self -Made Men." 
 
1. GEOEGE WASHINGTON. 
 
 George Washington, the 1st President of the United States, was born 
 in Virginia, in the year 1732. 
 
 The common schools of that State afforded the only opportunity for his 
 education. The study of mathematics -was his principal delight. At the 
 age of nineteen he received an appointment in the army with the title of 
 Major, was advanced to Colonel in 1754, and took charge of a campaign 
 against the French at Fort Du Quesne, now Pittsburg, Pa. Erected Fort 
 Necessity near that place, where he was attacked by four times his number 
 of French and Indians, and, after ten hours severe fighting, was forced to 
 surrender, but with the honorable terms of being allowed to return to 
 Virginia unmolested with his command. "We next find him covering the 
 retreat of Braddock, where, by his cool bravery, he saved the army from 
 destruction. 
 
 He was elected a member of the House of Burgesses, of Virginia, in 
 1759, and a delegate to the first Continental Congress In 1774. In that day 
 of great peril, when Congress had done what it could to raise " That 
 glorious old Continental Army" all eyes were turned to Washington as its 
 leader, and he was unanimously appointed its Commander-in-Chief ; which 
 he (with modesty and dignity) accepted, but declined all compensation for 
 his services, asking only for the remuneration of his expenses. 
 
 During the seven years of the war of the Revolution, his prudence and 
 firmness, and his bravery and wisdom, were the admiration of all calm and 
 wise^men. He brought order out of discord, and triumph out of difficulty. 
 In 1787, he was called to preside over the Convention which met in Phila- 
 delphia for the purpose of forming a Constitution, the result of which was 
 that admirable instrument which has ever since been the guide of the 
 nation ; and, after its adoption by the States in 1789, he was unanimously 
 chosen 1st President of the United States for four years, and in 1793 was 
 called by the same unanimous voice of his country to serve a second term ; 
 on the expiration of which he resigned, and, delivering his celebrated fare- 
 well address, retired to the peaceful shades of Mount Vernon, to enjoy the 
 quiet of domestic life. He did not, however, live long to realize his ardent 
 desire, for, after a short illness of only a few hours, he died, December 14, 
 1799, at the age of sixty-eight, and was buried at Mount Vernon, amid the 
 grateful tears of his countrymen. 
 
 Washington was above the common size, with a robust and vigorous 
 constitution, fine person, easy, erect, and noble deportment, exhibiting a 
 natural dignity unmingled with haughtiness. 
 
 His manners were reserved, his temper highly sensitive, but always 
 controlled by his judgment and prudence. His mind was strong ; and, 
 though slow in its operation, was sure in its conclusions. His patriotism 
 was as incorruptible as it was ardent, and a lofty recitude marked every 
 small, as well as every great action of his life. 
 
 He devoted a long life to the welfare of his country, and while the love 
 of liberty is cherished, every true American will delight to accord to him 
 the proud title of " The Father of his Country." 
 
HENRY CLEWS & CO., 
 
 Dealers in United States Securities and Gold. 
 
 (Successobs TO LIVERMORE, CLEWS & CO.,) 
 >'os. 30 «fc 33 WAI-illi STREET, NEW YORK, 
 
 Henry Clews, -whose name is at the head of the above firm, after years 
 of close connection in early life with mercantile business, at the outbreak 
 of the Rebellion threw himself, with irrepressible energy, into the support 
 of the loyal cause, especially in connection with the financial affairs of the 
 Government. 
 
 The Banking-House, established by him at the commencement of the 
 war, immediately took a high stand among similar institutions, and 
 speedily beeame an official and trusted agent of the Treasury Department. 
 The faith of Mr. Clews in the ultimate and permanent triumph of the 
 loyal cause, continued throughout the war ; and in the troublesome times 
 ■which have followed the surrender of the Rebel forces, he has been for- 
 ward, 0:1 all occasions, where his influence could be usefully exercised, in 
 giving his support to the Union sentiment of the country. He -was 
 prominent among the earliest advocates for the nomination of G-eneral 
 Grant for the Presidency, and was placed upon the New York State 
 Electoral Ticket of the Republican party in 1SGS. ~Mi\ Clews continues at 
 the head of one of the largest and most reliable Banking-Houses in the 
 city of New York, and one -which retains the entire confidence of the 
 Treasury Department and the mercantile community. 
 
 The marked and rapid success of this house is mainly attributable to the 
 energy, enterprise, and ability which has always characterized its efforts, 
 and to the adoption of the soundest principles and most perfect system of 
 the General Banking business. Conducted the same as an incorporate Bank, 
 it offers the same facilities, -with the advantages of the individual and special 
 attention of experienced and shrewd managers [always in the market) to the 
 interest of those -who intrust financial matters and operations to their care. 
 
2. ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln, the lGth President of the United States, tinder 
 "whose wise administration the country, in its hour of peril, was enabled to 
 combat successfully with treason and rebellion, was born February 12, 
 1809, in Harden County, Kentucky. 
 
 His father removed to Indiana in 1816, where for ten years Abraham 
 was employed upon the farm, during 1 which time, the schooling ho re- 
 ceived did not amount to more than one year ; but by close application ho 
 mastered the rudiments, and learned to write. 
 
 In 1830, he removed with his father to Illinois, where he was variously 
 employed in splitting 1 rails, as flat-boatman, and clerk, and -where, by his 
 honest and upright intercourse with his neighbors, he acquired the sobri- 
 quet of "Honest Abe." In 1832, he served as Captain in the Black Hawk 
 War. 
 
 He did not, however, have the opportunity to display his great military 
 skill by a conflict with the Indians, but, as he himself averred, had many a 
 "bloody fight with the mosquitoes. 
 
 After a brief attempt to keep a store, he studied surveying, afterward 
 the law, and commenced practice in 1836, settled in Springfield in 1837, and 
 rose rapidly in his profession. He was elected to the State Legislature in 
 1836 and 1838, and in 1846 to the Congress of the United States, being the 
 only Whig elected from Illinois that year. On his return from Congress 
 he devoted several years to his profession, until the repeal of the Missouri 
 Compromise in 1854, when he again entered the field as a Republican, and 
 battled indefatigably in that celebrated campaign which resulted in victory 
 for the first time against the Democratic party in Illsnois, and elected a 
 Legislature which sent Mr. Trumbull to the United States Senate, In 
 1858 he was the Republican candidate for United States Senator, in opposi- 
 tion to Stephen A.»Douglas, with whom he conducted an active canvass 
 throughout the State, both candidates speaking at the same place, on the 
 same day. Face to face they argued the important points of their political 
 beliefs, and contended nobly for the mastery. In I860 he was elected 
 President of the United States, receiving all the electoral votes of the free 
 States, except three ; and was re-elected in 1864. 
 
 The history of his administration is a history of the rebellion. It 
 was especially illustrious by his "Emancipation Proclamation," issued Janu- 
 ary 1, 1S63. which gave freedom to four millions of people, and imme- 
 diately changed the character and purpose of the war, bringing it in 
 unison with the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 The difficulties with which the war on our hands was complicated were 
 almost interminable, but with each new-found difficulty he found new 
 strength, hope, and energy, until all obstacles were overcome and the war 
 ended. But at the very dawn of the nations' new birth, resting from his 
 labors, and contemplating that peace that was then breaking through the 
 dark, angry clouds of war, he fell, by the hands of an assassin, on the 14th 
 day of April, 1805. 
 
 Mr. Lincoln was endowed with a most genial soul, powerful intellect, 
 and sound judgment. He met the critical hour of duty to his oountry like 
 a 'tatesman and a man. He sustained loyalty, and gave all his strength in 
 crushing treason. He consulted and advised with Congress for the good of 
 his country, assisted in giving force to the laws of the land, and executed 
 them faithfully. 
 
BALL, BLACK & CO., 
 
 % 
 
 565 & 567 BROADWAY, NEW-YORK. 
 
 This house was founded in 1810 by Erastus Barton, and at that time 
 166 Broadway was the Jewelry Store of New York as 565 and 567 of the 
 present day. In the Spring of 1833, removal to No. 187 Broadway was 
 found requisite ; in 1848 another advance up the great thoroughfare was 
 made to 247 Broadway, and on the first day of July, 1861, the magnificent 
 building they now occupy was opened with great eclat. This building justly 
 ranks among the finest specimens of architecture in this country. It was 
 the first structure erected in New York City, for mercantile purposes, that 
 was absolutely fire proof, and it was in its splendid vaults that Messrs. 
 Ball, Black & Co., originated the Safe Deposit system in the United 
 States. 
 
 The interior of the store is very rich in ornamentation, and the whole 
 appearance is rich and elegant in the extreme. 
 
 The business of the first-floor is exclusively for the sale of Diamonds 
 and other precious Stones, Watches and Silver-ware. • 
 
 The stock of Diamonds in this store is among the largest in the world, 
 offering a vast selection of the costliest gems of the finest water and rarest 
 cutting. Their style of jewelry is of the richest and most recherche descrip- 
 tion, and the Watches of the finest make. The display of Silver-ware on 
 the table and in the cabinet is curiously beautiful and wonderfully exten- 
 sive. 
 
 The second story contains a wilderness of rich Clocks, Bronzes, Mar- 
 ble Statuary and splendid Mantel Ornaments of every kind, together with 
 superb Porcelain Ware of the Sevres, Dresden and Berlin Royal Manufac- 
 tories. 
 
 The tliird-floor is devoted exclusively to the Chandeliers and Gas Fix- 
 tures. The stock is immense and exhibits every conceivable pattern and 
 prices to suit their customers. 
 
 The fourth, fifth and sixth-floors, are used solely for manufacturing 
 purposes. Their store is open to all, and whether visitors come to pur- 
 chase or to examine the building, the same courtesy is extended to them. 
 From their large capital and resourses they can afford to sell good articles 
 at the same prices that others charge for inferior goods. 
 
 Messrs. Ball, Black & Co., collectively as a firm, and individually as 
 men, are representatives among the sterling merchants of America, and 
 their names are prominently identified with the history of New York 
 City. 
 
3. ANDBEW JACKSON. 
 
 ANDREW Jackson, the 7th President, was born March 15, 1707, in 
 Union County, North Carolina. His father was a poor emigrant from the 
 North of Ireland, who died before Andrew saw the light of day. His early 
 education was received at the old field -schools of that region, and from 
 wandering school-teachers, during a few weeks in winter. 
 
 He commenced his military ca:eer in 1781, at the age of fourteen, in the 
 Revolutionary Army; but was soon taken prisoner. While prisoner he 
 was ordered by a British officer to do some menial work; he refused, 
 saying, " I am a prisoner of war, and claim to be treated as such," for which 
 he received a severe wound on the head and arm by the sword of the en- 
 raged Englishman. 
 
 At the close of the Revolution he studied law, was admitted to the bar 
 in 1786, and removed to Nashville, Tenn., and commenced practice in 1788, 
 where he soon obtained a very successful business, and for twenty years 
 continued to practice at the bar, except when interrupted by public 
 employment. 
 
 He was elected to the United States House of Representatives, from 
 which he was transfered to the Senate, and for six years served as Judge of 
 the Supreme Court of Tennessee. When the war of 1812 commenced, 
 President Madison gave him a commission in the Regular Army, and com- 
 mand of the Southern troops, which he led against the Creek Indians ; and 
 after two most vigorous and perilous campaigns, conquored and made a 
 treaty with them on the " Hickory Ground," by which he received the 
 familiar sobriquet of " Old Hickory." He afterward led hie victorious 
 troops to the defense of New Orleans, where he fought, behind the cotton 
 bags, his victorious battle with General Packenham ; for which he was hon- 
 ored with the title of the " Hero of New Orleans." The rejoicings of that 
 victory was soon followed by the welcome tidings of peace between the 
 United States and Great Britain. 
 
 In 1818. he was again called upon to render his military services in the 
 expulsion of the Seminoles, and in 1821 was made Governor of Florida. 
 In 1828, and again in 1832, he was elected President of the United 
 States. 
 
 During his adminstration, Nullification raised its menacing head in 
 South Carolina, threatening resistance to the execution of the laws of the 
 United States. But Jackson issued his celebrated proclamation, saying: 
 " By the Eternal the laws must and shall be executed," and South Carolina 
 receded from her position. His antagonism to the United States Bank 
 caused him to order the removal of the United States deposits from that 
 institution, and transfer them, to certain State Banks. His opponents 
 censured this measure as an unauthorized and dangerous assumption of 
 power by the executive. 
 
 His reply was, "I take the responsibility," and defended his course, by 
 asserting the Bank to be unsound. He retired from the Presidency, March 
 4, 1837, and spent the close of his life at his "Hermitage," near Nashville, 
 Tenn., cultivating his plantation, where he died June 8, 1845, aged seventy- 
 eight. 
 
 General Jackson was headstrong, but always honest; rash, but ever 
 patriotic. Fear he knew not either on the battle-field or before that terrible 
 power — public opinion. His purpose once taken, no threats of his ene- 
 mies, no persuation of his friends, and no personal considerations could 
 shake it. 
 
CHICKERING & SONS, 
 
 Piaao-Forte Maatifactttrers 
 
 72 First Premiums 
 
 HAVE BEEN RECEIVED 
 
 For Superiority 
 
 Warerooms. "Warerooms. 
 
 No. 11 East 14th St., No. 246 Washington St., 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 BOSTON. 
 
 JONAS CHICKERING. 
 
 Few men are more -widely known in all circles of civilized society than 
 {he founder of this firm, whose name his sons keep at its head. 
 
 He is known as a most ingenious and scientific mechanician, and their 
 beautiful musical instruments adorn the boudoirs and parlors of the intel- 
 ligent and refined in all parts of the globe. But it is in the more imme- 
 diate circle of his acquaintance and friends that his noble manhood is 
 appreciated. 
 
 The thousand spirits he has comforted with his untiring benevolence, 
 and encouragiug smile, alone, understand and feel how great the good 
 man was. 
 
 Mr. Chickering was born in Mason, New Hampshire, in 1798. He 
 received his early education at the district school. Having a great taste 
 for mechanics, at the age of seventeen, he apprenticed himself to a cabinet- 
 maker, whom he served faithfully for three years, winning his confidence 
 and regard by his strict integrity and purity of character. During his 
 apprenticeship, and long before, he had manifested a decided taste for music, 
 and, removing to Boston, February 15, 1818, he soon became employed in a 
 Piano factory, and in just twelve years from that date, he entered into 
 partnership with John McKay, a retired ship-merchant, with whom he 
 continued until 1841, when McKay died, and Mr. Chickering continued 
 the business alone, conducting it on the most liberal principles, until his 
 instruments were the best manufactured in this or any other country. 
 
 But it was not atone as a mechanician that Mr. Chickering became 
 famous. His inquisitive and ingenious mind sought out and applied 
 many improvements, both in the action and the case of his instruments, 
 and which has placed his house at the head of all the manufacturers of the 
 Piano-Forte; and, leaving this vast business to the worthy hands of his 
 three sons, he went to his grave full of honors, lamented by thousands 
 whose pleasure it was to call him friend. He died on the 8th of Decem- 
 ber, 1853. • 
 
4. JOHN Q. ADAMS. 
 
 John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States, son of 
 John Adams, the second President, was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, 
 July 11th, 1767. 
 
 When ten years of age he accompanied his father to France, and resided 
 abroad mostly until after the scenes of the revolution were brought to a close, 
 and when fifteen was private secretary to the American minister to Russia. 
 Wishing to avail himself of a classical education he returned to his native 
 land, and in 1786 entered Harvard College as a junior at the age of eighteen, 
 and on graduating entered the law office of Theophilus Parsons, after- 
 wards Chief- Justice of Massachusetts for many years. Mr. Adams was 
 more a statesman than a lawyer, and during the bitter controversy of 
 Washington's Administration wrote several series of political articles, 
 which won for him the esteem of the President and the applause of some 
 of the greatest minds in both this country and England. In 1794 he was 
 appointed minister to the Hague, and in 1797 was transferred to Berlin, 
 whence he was recalled in 1801. 
 
 Mr. Adams now entered upon the career which terminated only with 
 his life. He was elected to the Senate of Massachusetts in 1802, and ap- 
 pointed United States Senator in 1803, which position he held until 1808. 
 
 Was made Professor of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres in Harvard College 
 in 1805 ; sent minister to Russia in 1809 ; assisted in negotiating the Treaty 
 of Ghent in 1815, and appointed minister to England the same year. 
 
 He was Secretary of State under President Munroe in 1817, and was 
 chosen President of the United States by the U. S. House of Representa- 
 tives (there being no choice by the people), which position he held for four 
 years. 
 
 In 1831 he was elected a Representative to Congress and continued in 
 that position until his death, which occurred in the speaker's room, Feb. 
 23, 1848, two days after falling from his chair in the House of Representa- 
 tives from a stroke of paralysis. His last words were: " This is the end 
 of earth ; " "I am content." 
 
 Few men have passed so large a portion of their lives in active public 
 employment as John Quincy Adams. 
 
 For more than sixty years he was in the service of his country, from 
 secretary of legation at the early age of fifteen to the Chief Magistracy of 
 the Union. 
 
 Mr. Adams was a man of rare gifts and rich acquisitions. He was one 
 of the finest classical and belles lettres scholars of his time, and even 
 in his old age often astonished his hearers .with the elegant classical allu- 
 sions and rhetorical tropes with which he embellished his own produc- 
 tions ; and which earned him the title of the " Old Man Eloquent." 
 
 He was a bold champion of freedom, free speech, and the right of peti- 
 tion, and a fearless defender of the oppressed wherever they were to he 
 found, and in whatever clime. He died at the advanced age of eighty-six, 
 February 23, 1848. 
 
THE SL,GER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 
 
 SUCCESSORS TO 
 
 I. M. SINGER & CO. 
 
 — ^^VAjCY/w^— 
 
 SEWING-MACHINES. 
 
 The "Singer" Sewing-Machine, which is the fountain from 
 which has sprung the immense corporation whose name heads 
 this page, had a definite date in the month of September, 1850. 
 
 At that time, Mr. I. M. Singer had invented, and put into prac- 
 tical operation, the Sewing-Machine which has made his name a 
 '• household-word " throughout Christendom. 
 
 The Singer Machines were used advantageously from the very- 
 outset ; and, notwithstanding improvements and modifications 
 have been made from time to time, the original principles upon 
 which the Machines were constructed have never been superceded. 
 
 The manufacture and sale of these Machines have known no 
 interruption since they were first introduced ; and for manufac- 
 turing purposes, as well as for family use, none have been more 
 popular. 
 
 In 1863, the firm of I. M. Singer & Co. was dissolved, and a 
 joint-stock Company, known as the " Singer Manufacturing 
 Company," was formed to continue the business. This Company 
 has achieved an unparalleled success, and stands to-day without a peer 
 in the Sewing-Machine business : having produced and sold, dur- 
 ing the year ending June 10, 1867, over Forty -Three Thousand 
 Machines, being the largest number sold by any Sewing-Machine 
 Company in the United States during that year. 
 
5. JAMES MONEOE. 
 
 James Monroe, the 5th President of the United States, "was horn in 
 Westmoreland County, Virginia, April 28, 1758. 
 
 His early education was acquired at "William and Mary's College, from 
 which institution he graduated in 1776, when he commenced the study of 
 the law. The sound of war and battle, however, did not allow him to 
 proceed. Fired with a desire to do something for his country in its deep 
 hour of need, he enlisted, and was speedily honored with a Lieutenant's 
 commission, and marched forthwith to the headquarters of the American 
 army. He met the foe at Harlem Heights and White Plains, and shared 
 the perils and fatigue of the distressing retreat of the American army 
 through New Jersey in 1776. He crossed the Delaware with Washington, 
 and with him made a successful attack on the Hessians' camt>, at Trenton, 
 on the morning of the 26th of December, 1776. 
 
 This successful blow was soon followed by the victory our soldiers gained 
 at the battle of Princeton, by which courage and hope were once more 
 infused into the spirit of our soldiers, and all classes of society. In the 
 battle of Trenton, young Monroe received a musket-ball in the shoulder, 
 notwithstanding which, he fought out the fight gallantly and valiantly. 
 At Brandywine, as aid. to Lord Stirling, he took an active share, and 
 rendered conspicuous service in the bloody battle of Germantown. 
 
 At the battle of Monmouth, he was also engaged, and displayed great 
 gallantry and cool daring. Dissatisfied with his inferior position, he 
 received permission to raise a regiment in his native State ; but, being dis- 
 appointed in accomplishing it, he entered the office of Mr. Jefferson, and 
 resumed the study of law. In 1780, Mr. Jefferson, being Governor of 
 Virginia, sent him on a special mission to the Southern army to ascertain 
 its condition, which he performed to the satisfaction of that eminent 
 man. 
 
 On his return he was elected to the Legislature, and in 17S3, was elected 
 to the Continental Congress, and in 1786, was again elected to the State 
 Legislature. In 1788, he was a member of the Convention called to decide 
 on the adoption of the new Constitution, and voted against its adoption. 
 In 1790, he was elevated to the United States Senate, and in 1794, he was 
 sent Envoy Extraordinaiy to to the Court of Versailles, where he arrived in 
 the nick of time to consummate the purchase of Louisiana from Napoleon, 
 who, being in pressing need of funds, ceded that vast tract of land, com- 
 prising Louisiana, Arkansas, and Missouri, to the United States, for fifteen 
 million dollars. After settling this purchase, he went to England to suc- 
 ceed Mr. King as Minister to the Court of St. James ; but the affair of the 
 frigate Chesapeake placing him in an uncomfortable position, he returned 
 to the United States. In 1810, he was elected to tho Virginia Legislature, 
 and soon after was chosen Governor, which office he held until Mr. Madi- 
 son called him to assume the duties of Secretary of Sfate in his cabinet. 
 
 In 1817, he was elected President of the United States, and re-elected in 
 1821, with great unanimity. His administration was a prosperous and 
 quiet one. 
 
 Mr. Monroe retired from the office of President more than impoverished, 
 for he was in debt; and, in his old age being harrassed by his creditors, he 
 removed to New York, where he found an asylum and home with his 
 daughter, and where he died on the 4th of July, 1831, being the third 
 President who had died on the anniversary of their country's inde- 
 pendence. 
 
CORNELIUS VANDERBILT. 
 
 Cornelius Vanderbilt, popularly known as the " Commodore," waft 
 born on Staten Island. N. Y., May 27, 1794, His father having established 
 a ferry between New- York and Staten Island, young Cornelius bad much 
 to do with its management. For some five years he was engaged as boat- 
 man, carrying pleasure parties to pic-nics, boarding ships. &c. ; no matter 
 how it blew, or stoimed. or froze, if -'Cornell" had agreed to board a ship 
 or deliver a dispatch, he did it. When about sixteen years of age, he be- 
 came the owner of a boat and commenced an independent career, and by 
 the time he was eighteen he found himself part owner and Captain of one 
 of the largest periaugers in the harbor. During the war of 1812, he ren- 
 dered material service in furnishing supplies, by night, to the forts about 
 New- York. In fact, his energy, skill aud daring became so well known, and 
 his word, when he gave it, could be relied upon so implicitly that '• Cor- 
 ned, the boatman," as he was familiarly called, was sought after far and 
 near when an expedition particularly hazardous or important was to be 
 undertaken. As boatman at the age of twenty-three, he was making $5,000 
 a year, but perceiving steam would ere long become the great agent of 
 navigation, he in 1817 entered the service of Thomas Gibbons, then pro- 
 prietor of a Line of Steamboats running between New York and Philadel- 
 phia, remaining in his employ twelve years. 
 
 Having made himself thoroughly acquainted with the details and 
 practical management of Steam Navigation, he in 1829, left the employ of 
 Mr. Gibbons and set himself to work establishing Steamboat Lines on the 
 Hudson River, the Sound and elsewhere, in opposition to Corporations and 
 Companies, who, having a monopoly of trade, made travel too expensive 
 to be enjoyed by the many. His plan was always to build better and faster 
 boats than his competitors, to run them at their lowest paying rates, and 
 thus furnish passengers with the best and cheapest accommodations. 
 
 For the next twenty years he applied himself to the work before him, 
 with the same wisdom, and that earnest, steadfast zeal he had ever shown,, 
 and was eminently successful. 
 
 In 1849 he obtained a grant from the Nicarauguan Government to con- 
 struct a Ship Canal from the Atlantic to the Pacific, by the San Juan 
 River and Lake Nicaraugua. but after spending considerable money in this 
 enterprise it was abandoned and the Nicaraugua Transit Company was 
 organized aud Mr. Vanderbilt was chosen President. Under his manage- 
 ment this route to California became a favorite one, and the price of passage 
 was reduced from $600 to $300. In 1853 he sold out his interest, and in, 
 1855 established an independent line to Havre. The famous Steamboat 
 "Vanderbilt" was built for this line and made the quickest time on 
 record. Mr. Vanderbilt made a free gift of this splendid vessel to the 
 U. S. Government in I8t>2. at a time when the Administration needed im- 
 mediately a large addition to the Navy. 
 
 In 1865 he sold out all his vessels and transfered the greater part of 
 of his wealth to Railroads, and is now the largest Railroad proprietor in the 
 "United States, and one of the two or three richest men in the Empire 
 City. It was never his plan to put away money in a chest, nor yet to 
 simply invest it, but rather, in the fullest seuse of the word, to use it. 
 Consequently, it is said, he employs more men to-day, directly and indi- 
 rectly, than any other man in the land. 
 
6. JAMES MADISON. 
 
 James Madison, the 4th President of the United States, was born in 
 Orange County, Virginia, March 16, 1751. In his youth he was favored 
 with the instruction of a Scotchman by the name of Robertson, under whose 
 faithful care that taste for elegant and classical literature was developed, 
 which marked his official career. 
 
 He graduated at Princeton College, in 1771, and remained in college a 
 year after, that he might pursue his studies under the charge of Dr. Wither- 
 spoon, between whom and himself a lasting friendship had sprung up. 
 He commenced the study of law, but in the memorable year, 1776, he was 
 elected to the General Assembly of Virginia, and for forty years, he was 
 continually in office either for his State or the United States. In 1778, he 
 was elected by the Legislature to the Executive Council of the State, where 
 he rendered important aid to Henry and Jefferson, Governors of Virginia, 
 during the time he held a seat in the Council. In the winter of 1779 and 
 1780, he took a seat in the Continental Congress, and became immediately 
 an active and leading member, and continued to hold a seat in that distin- 
 guished assembly of patriots until 1783. 
 
 In 1784, '85, and ^SQ, Mr. Madison was a member of the Legislature of 
 Virginia. 
 
 In 1787, he became a member of the Convention, held in Philadelphia, 
 for the purpose of preparing a Constitution for the Government of the 
 United States. 
 
 Perhaps no member of that body had more to do with the formation of 
 that noble instrument, the " Constitution of the United States of America," 
 than Mr. Madison. It was during the recess, between the proposition of 
 the Constitution by the Convention of 1787, and its adoption by the States, 
 that that celebrated work, " The Federalist," made its appearance. This is 
 known to have been the joint production of Alexander Hamilton, John 
 Jay, and James Madison. This same year he was elected to Congress, and 
 held his seat until the Continental Congress passed away among the things 
 that were. He was a member of the State Convention of Virginia, which 
 met to adopt the Constitution, and on the establishment of the new Con- 
 gress, under the Constitution, he was chosen a member ; retaining his seat 
 until the close of Washington's administration in 1797. 
 
 On the accession of Jefferson to the Presidency, he immediately offered 
 Mr. Madison a place in his cabinet, and he accordingly entered on the dis- 
 charge of his duties as Secretary of State ; which duties he continued to 
 perform during the whole of Mr. Jefferson's administration ; and on the 
 retirement of that great statesman, he succeeded to his seat in 1809. He 
 held the position of President during the war of 1812, and brought it 
 safely to a glorious conclusion. Mr. Madison retired, in 1817, to his peace- 
 ful home in Virginia, where he passed the remainder of his days, loved by 
 the many and respected by all, until, on the 28th day of June, 1836, the last 
 survivor of the framers of the Constitution, and one of the most distin- 
 guished champions of American freedom, he gathered his mantle about 
 him, and laid down of pleasant dreams, in the eighty-sixth year of his age. 
 
7. JOHN ADAMS. 
 
 Joh>t Adams, the 2d President of the United States, was born in Quincy, 
 Massachusetts, October 19, 1735. He graduated at Harvard College in 
 1755, and was admitted to the bar in 1758. About this time he wrote his 
 celebrated " Essay on the Common and Federal Law." In 1766, he removed 
 to Boston, was chosen Councellor in 1773, and elected to the first Continen- 
 tal Congress in 1774, of which he was one of the most efficient members, 
 and was associated with Jefferson, Franklin, Sherman, and Livingston, as 
 a committee to draft the Declaration of Independence, and was the colossus 
 of support to that immortal instrument in that august body. The same 
 year, he was placed on a committee to wait on Lord Howe in reference to 
 the condition of the country, who, receiving them with imposing military 
 display, told them that he could not receive them as a committee of Con- 
 gress, but only as private citizens. Adams replied : " You may view us in 
 whatever light you please, sir, except that of British subjects." 
 
 While in Congress he served as a member of ninety-five different com- 
 mittees, and was chairman of twenty-five. 
 
 In 1778, he was appointed Commissioner to France, returned the next 
 year, and was chosen member of the Convention called to frame the Consti- 
 tution of Massachusetts, and drew up the report of the committee, which 
 was adopted. 
 
 The same year he was appointed Minister to negotiate peace with Great 
 Britain, and the following year to Holland, from which he was summoned 
 to Paris to consult on the general peace with the Commissioners of Austria, 
 Russia, and France, which, after many difficulties was affected in 1783. 
 
 In 1785, he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. 
 James, where he secured to his country many important advantages. 
 
 At his own request he was permitted to resign his charge in 1788, and 
 in the same year was elected Vice-President of the United States ; which 
 office he held during Washington's administration, and on his retirement 
 was chosen President, which position he held for four years. In 1820, at the 
 great age of eighty-five, he was chosen a member of the Convention t> 
 revise the Constitution of his native State, "The instrument which was the 
 work of his own mind and pen." 
 
 Mr. Adams was among the few of that brave band, who cast theirjives, 
 their fortunes, and their sacred honors, on the die of the Revolution, who 
 was permitted to live to witness the permanent establishment of the insti- 
 tutions they had bequeathed to their children and posterity. He lived tc 
 see his son succeed to the honors, which a grateful country had bestowed 
 on himself, until, "as if Heaven appointed," on the 4th of July, 1826, th& 
 fiftieth anniversary of his country's independence, with the glorious words 
 trembling on his dying lips, "Independence forever," hand in hand with 
 his old compatriot, Thomao Jefferson, he passed away amid the firing of 
 guns, the ringing of bells, and the rejoicings of an emancipated people. 
 
8. THOMAS JEFFEKSON. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, the 3d President of the United States, was born 
 l at Shad well, Virginia, on the 2d day of April, 1743. At the age of seven- 
 teen he entered William and Mary College, where his early education was 
 completed, and his mind and body were equally nourished and developed 
 
 He was one of the best riders in the State, an accomplished performer 
 on the violin, a proficient in the science of mathematics, and a diligent 
 student of Greek, Latin, French, and Spanish. He is said to have been one 
 of the best educated men in America. 
 
 Upon the completion of his college course he studied law for five years 
 with an unusual assiduity, was admitted to practice in 17G7, and soon 
 acquired an extensive business. 
 
 He strongly sympathized with the spirit of freedom in the Colonies, and 
 in 17G9, signed a resolution not to import any article from the mother 
 country. After taking a leading part in organizing resistance in Virginia 
 to British aggressions, he was elected to the Colonial Congress in 1775, and 
 became one of the most prominent members. 
 
 In the following year he was appointed Chairman of that immortal 
 Committee, chosen to draw up the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 This instrument was the work of his pen, and was adopted on the 4th 
 of July, 177G. 
 
 In 1779, he was elected Governor of Virginia, and in 1783, a member of 
 Congress. While a member of this body, Washington resigned his com- 
 mand of the army, and Jefferson was the author of the elegant address to 
 the " Father of his Country," voted on that occasion. 
 
 In 1784, he went as Minister to France (to succeed Franklin, who had 
 won unbounded popularity), and satisfactorily accomplished the arduous 
 task of filling his place. In 1789, he returned to the United States, and 
 Washington called him into his council by appointing him Secretary of 
 State. 
 
 He immediately set himself to lay down maxims and rules of foreign 
 intercourse, which have governed all our subsequent administrations. 
 
 In 1795, he was called to the Chair of the Philosophical Society, and in 
 March, 1801, was inaugurated President of the United States, and was re- 
 elected in 1805. 
 
 Retiring from the Presidency in 1809, in the sixty-sixth year of his age, 
 Mr. Jefferson passed the rest of his days upon his plantation at Monticello, 
 beloved and venerated by his countrjonen. 
 
 His last care was to perfect the organization of the University of Vir- 
 ginia, of which he was the founder. 
 
 At the age of eighty-three he retained his intellectual powers little 
 diminished, and died of old age rather than disease, on the ever-glorions 
 anniversary of that Declaration of Independence of which he was the 
 author, nearly at the same hour with John Adams, his associate, July 4th, 
 1826, just fifty years after its adoption. 
 
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 N. B. — Old or faded Daguerreotypes restored to their former bril- 
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9. JOHN 0. CALHOUN. 
 
 John C. Calhoun waa born in Abbeville District, Sonth Carolina, 
 March 18, 1782, of Irish parents. 
 
 Although he had a great passion for books which fell in his way, yet, 
 until he was eighteen years of age, his education was limited. 
 
 It was at this period (1800) that he entered the academy of his brother- 
 in-law, Dr. Waddel, in Columbia County, Georgia. 
 
 Here his progress was so rapid that in two years he entered the Junior 
 class of Yale College, and graduated, in 1804, with the highest honors, just 
 four years from the time of commencing Latin grammar. During his col- 
 lege life he gave brilliant signs of his coming greatness. 
 
 He was a particular favorite of President Dwight, who, on account of 
 his extraordinary talents, predicted that he would become President of the 
 United States. 
 
 He studied law at .uitcnfield, Connecticut, and in 1807 was admitted to 
 the bar of South Carolina. The next year he entered the Legislature of 
 that State, where he served two sessions with ability and distinction, and 
 in 1811 was elected to the Congress of the United States, where he continued 
 until 1817, when he became Secretary of War under President Monroe, 
 lie conducted the affairs of that department with energy and ability for 
 seven years. 
 
 In 1825 he was elected Vice-President, with John Q. Adams, and again, 
 1829, with Andrew Jackson. In 1831, upon General Hayne's leaving the 
 Senate to become Governor of South Carolina, Mr. Calhoun resigned the 
 Vice-Presidency, and was elected a member of the United States Senate by 
 the Legislature of South Carolina. After the expiration of this term, he 
 went, voluntarily, into retirement. 
 
 Upon tho death of Mr. Upshur, he assumed the conduct of the State 
 Department, which he held during Tyler's administration. 
 
 In 1845 he was again elected Senator, which office he held until his 
 decease. 
 
 As a presiding officer of the Senate, he was punctual, methodical, and 
 accurate, and had a high regard for the dignity of that body, which he 
 endeavored to preserve and maintain. During his early life he was, " like 
 most of the educated Southerners of that day, an abolitionist, looking upon 
 slavery as a mere temporary expedient, necessary to the South for a time, 
 but which would pass away ere long." But in after-life his views under- 
 went a change. 
 
 His connection with Nullification, his views of the Tariff and States 
 Rights Supremacy, are familiar to all. He shaped the course, and moulded 
 the opinions, of the people of his own States, and of some of the other States, 
 upon all these subjects. Amid all the strifes of party politics, there always 
 existed between him and his political opponents a great degree of personal 
 kindness. He died at Washington, March 31, 1850, leaving behind him 
 the reputation of one of tho greatest of American statesmen. 
 
IfJlRv 
 
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 AMERICAN 
 
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 It is the only Self- Adjusting Mangle in existence, and the 
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 Price, Retail, - - $25.00. 
 
 Liberal Discount to the Trade. 
 
 Apply to House-Pur nishing stores generally, or to 
 
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 been an indispensable "Household Article." It is, however, but a 
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 well as hotels and laundries, in all parts of the United States. 
 
10. DANIEL WEBSTER. 
 
 Daniel "Webster, the " Hercules" of American orators, was born in 
 Salisbury, N. H., January 18, 1782. He received his early education from 
 his mother and the common school. He entered Dartmouth College in 
 1797, and graduated, without any special promise of future greatness, in 
 1801. He commenced the study of law in his native village, and finished 
 in Boston, where he was admitted to the bar in 1805. He removed to Bos- 
 cowan, N. H., and afterwards to Portsmouth, where he practiced nine years, 
 and established a reputation as a sound lawyer and able advocate. In 
 1812 he was elected Representative to Congress from New Hampshire, and 
 was re-elected in 1814. He removed to Boston in 1816, and the next year, 
 by his brilliant arg*ument in the " Dartmouth College case," took rank 
 among the most distinguished jurists in the country. 
 
 In 1820 he was chosen a member for revising the Constitution of Massa- 
 chusetts, where he received the eulogy of the venerable John Adams. In 
 1822 he was elected Representative to Congress from Massachusetts, and 
 early in the session made his memorable speech on the Greek Revolution, 
 which at once established his reputation as one of the greatest statesmen of 
 the age. In 1824 he was re-elected, and in 1826 was elected to the United 
 States Senate, in which he continued for twelve years. 
 
 In 1830 he made his celebrated speech in reply to Robert Y. Hayne, of 
 South Carolina, in vindication of Massachusetts history, and United States 
 Supremacy, which is regarded as one of the ablest parliamentary efforts 
 ever made in Congress. In 1839 he visited Europe, where his fame had 
 preceded him ; and he received the attention due to his talents, at the 
 Trench and English Courts. 
 
 In 1841 he was appointed Secretary of State by President Harrison, and 
 continued under Tyler until 1843, during which time he negotiated the 
 famous Ashburton Treaty. He was again chosen Senator in 1845, and 
 appointed Secretary of State by President Filmore in 1850. In December 
 of that year he wrote the " immortal Hulseman letter." 
 
 Mr. Webster's discourses upon historical and patriotic anniversaries, his 
 speeches in Congress, and his efforts at the bar, are among the brightest 
 gems of modern eloquence, and show an extraordinary power of clothing 
 most beautiful ideas in the plainest language. He had a wonderful faculty 
 of bringing into his speeches short and expressive sentences, which produced 
 a powerful and lasting effect. Most of them, such as " Union and Liberty 
 — Now and Forever — One and Inseparable" are familiar to all. But one of 
 the most effective (at the time of its delivery), I have never seen in print; 
 it was delivered in the United States Court in Boston, when, being corrected 
 by Judge Story, who said, " I believe you are wrong, Mr. Webster," which 
 was echoed by the opposing counsel, he paused for a moment, surveyed 
 the counsel and Judge with his eagle eye, and, in Herculean tones, replied : 
 " I'm right ; I know Fm right ; and I'll prove I'm right!" As by an electric 
 shock, all in the room rose involuntarily from their seats, such was the 
 power of those few words. 
 
 Mr. Webster was the champion of the supremacy of the United States, 
 and the expounder of the Constitution. In defining the latter, he said : "It 
 certainly is not a league, compact, or confederacy; but a fundamental law, 
 ordained and established by the people : it is the Government of the United 
 States !" 
 
 Mr. Webster died at his farm in Marshfield, Mass., October 24, 1852, 
 with these expressive words upon his lips : " I still live !" And Daniel Web- 
 ster will ever live in the hearts and memory of his countrymen. 
 
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21. WM. HENRY HAKRISONA 
 
 William Henry Harrison, the 9th President of the United States, 
 was born in Charles City County, Virginia, February 9, 1773. He was 
 educated at Hampton Sidney College, and prepared himself for the practice 
 of medicine. At this time, the hostilities of the Indians excited his atten- 
 tion, and, having received an Ensign's commission from Washington, he 
 joined the Northwestern Army in 1792, at the age of nineteen. He was in 
 several actions, under General Wayne, who spoke in the highest terms of 
 his bravery and skill. For his coolness and courage at the bloody battle of 
 Miami Rapids, he was promoted to the rank of Captain. 
 
 In 1797 he was appointed Secretary of the Northwestern Territory, and, 
 at the age of twenty-six, was elected Delegate to Congress from that Terri- 
 tory. He was appointed first Territorial Governor of Indiana, and, in 1 
 addition to his duties as Civil and Military Governor, he was Commissioner 
 of Indian Affairs, and concluded eighteen treaties. 
 
 On the 7th of November, 1811, he gained over the Indians the celebrated 
 battle of Tippecanoe. During the war of 1812, he was made commander of 
 the Northwestern Army, and distinguished himself in the defense of Fort 
 Meigs, and the victory of the Thames. In 1816 he was elected a Member 
 of Congress from Ohio, where he took an active part in legislation, and 
 delivered his eloquent eulogies on the character of Thaddeus Kosciusco and 
 General Washington. 
 
 In 1828 he was sent Minister Plenipotentiary to the Republic of Colum- 
 bia, South America, and on his return, retired to his farm at North Bend, 
 Ohio, from which retirement he was called by the people of the United 
 States to preside over the country as its Chief Magistrate, March 4, 1841. 
 Perhaps no man since Washington has received such an enthusiastic and 
 spontaneous welcome throughout the Union as the " Hero of Tippecanoe;" 
 and certainly no President has gone into the office with so little opposition. 
 
 In one short month after his inauguration, the country resounded to 
 deep and heartfelt lamentations ; and all sections of the land bore signs of 
 grief. He, in whom his party had trusted as the saviour of their principles, 
 died at the city of Washington, on the 4th day of April, 1841, in the sixty- 
 ninth year of his age. 
 
 He was an honest man, a brave general, an intelligent statesman, a 
 shrewd and calm diplomatist, a kind neighbor and friend, and a firm and 
 constant lover of his country. His death was calm and resigned, as his life 
 had been patriotic, useful, and distinguished ; and the last utterance of his 
 lips expressed a fervent desire for the perpetuity of the Constitution, and 
 the preservation of its true principles. 
 
 In death, as in life, the happiness of his country was uppermost in his 
 thoughts. 
 
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12. HENRY CLAY. 
 
 Heihiy Clay was born April 12, 1777, in Hanover county, Virginia, 
 in the region known as " the Slashes;" from which he afterward received 
 the appellation of k> the Mill-boy of the Slashes." He received his educa- 
 tion at the field schools of that day, and when fourteen 3 r ears of age was 
 employed as copyist in the office of the clerk of the Court of Chancery, 
 at Richmond, where his delicate handwriting attracted the attention of 
 Chancellor Wythe, who employed him for four years to copy his elabo- 
 rate and learned decisions, imparted to him his own sound opinions, and 
 assisted him to study law. He joined a debating club in Richmond, 
 where he first became acquainted with the fact that he had talents for 
 oratory. At twenty he was licensed to practice law, and soon afterward 
 moved to Lexington, Kentucky, and opened an office. 
 
 " I remember," says he, " with what delight I received my first fifteen- 
 shilliug fee. My hopes were more than realized, and I rushed at once 
 into a successful and lucrative practice." 
 
 He had but fairly to get before a jury to convince a client that " Henry 
 Clay" was the man to carry a case triumphantly through a Kentucky 
 Court. His first ^political act was to write a series of letters urging the 
 people ofi Kentucky to abolish slavery. 
 
 In 1803 he was elected to the Legislature of Kentucky, and in 1806 
 was appointed to fill an unexpired term in the United States Senate. In 
 1807 he was again elected to the State Legislature, and was chosen 
 Speaker. In the following year occurred his duel with Humphrey Mar- 
 shall. 
 
 In 1809 he was again elected to the United States Senate, to fill an un- 
 expired term ; and in 1811 he was elected Representative to Congress. 
 He was immediately chosen Speaker, and five times re-elected to this office. 
 
 During this session, his eloquence aroused the country to resist the 
 aggression of Great Britain, and awakened a " National" spirit. In 1814 
 he was appointed one of the Commissioners to negotiate a treaty of peace 
 with Great Britain. 
 
 Returning with great credit, he was again elected Representative to 
 Congress, where his eloquent voice was heard in favor of recognizing the 
 independence of the South American Republics, and he put forth his 
 strength in behalf of a National System of Internal Improvements, and 
 for the establishment of Protection to American Industry. 
 
 In 1823, after a short recess to attend to his private affairs, he was re- 
 turned to Congress and re-elected Speaker, and at this session he exerted 
 himself in support of the independence of Greece. In 1825 he was ap- 
 pointed Secretary of State, under John Quincy Adams ;"during which he 
 fought the duel with John Randolph. In 1831 he was elected to the 
 United States Senate, where he commenced his labors in favor of the 
 Tariff, and the same j r ear was nominated for President of the United 
 States. He was again nominated in 1844, but was defeated in both cases. 
 He resigned his seat in the Senate, in 1842, and remained in retirement 
 until 1819, when he was again elected to the Senate of the United States. 
 
 Here he devoted all his energies to the measures known as the Com- 
 promise Measures. His efforts impaired his health, and he died June 29, 
 1852. 
 
 Mr. Clay was a powerful debater, and eloquent orator. America has 
 produced a few men, each of whom is a tower of strength, and whose 
 memories, as they pass away, are fragrant in all the land. Henry Clay 
 is among the foremost of those few. 
 
13. JOSEPH STORY. 
 
 Joseph Story was born in Marblehead, Massachusetts, September 18, 
 1779; graduated at Harvard College, with marked distinction, in 1798; 
 and studied law with Judge Putnam, of Salem. He entered early into 
 political life, and was sent to the General Court for several years as rep- 
 resentative from Salem, and presided over that body for a length of time. 
 In 1808 he was elected to Congress, to fill a vacancy, and served with dis- 
 tinction, but declined a re-election. 
 
 In 1811 he was appointed by President Madison a Judge of the Su- 
 preme Court of the United States, which office he held until his death. 
 
 For sound legal learning; for deep, discriminating sagacity; for un- 
 swerving rectitude — those important prerequisites in a Judge — no one 
 was his superior. The wisdom of the selection was immediately indi- 
 cated by the distinguished ability which he displayed, and each succeed- 
 ing year added to the splendor and extent of his judicial fame. He 
 moved with familiar steps over every province and department of juris- 
 prudence. 
 
 All branches of the law have been enlarged by his learning, acute- 
 ness, and sagacity ; and of some he has been the creator. 
 
 His immortal judgments contain copious stores of ripe and sound 
 learning, which will be of inestimable value in all future times — alike to 
 the judge, the practitioner and the student. 
 
 In 1829 he was appointed Dane Professor of Law, in the Law School 
 of Harvard University ; and removed from Salem to*Cambridge, where 
 lie resided until his death, September 10, 1845. | 
 
 Both in his professorship, and in his office of Justice of the Supreme 
 Court, Mr. Story was a diligent student^ and laborious writer. His ex- 
 tended reputation drew multitudes from all parts of the country to the 
 school; and to his untiring energy is to be attributed its great success. 
 As a teacher of jurisprudence, he brought to the important duties of the 
 professor's chair the most unwearied patience, a native delight in the 
 great subjects which he expounded, a copious|and persuasive eloquence, 
 and a contagious enthusiasm, which filled his^pupils with love for the 
 law, and for the master who taught it so well. 
 
 He was always instructive and interesting ; and rarely without pro- 
 ducing an instantaneous conviction. 
 
 He published many valuable works on questionsjof law and equity, 
 delivered addresses before various societies, eulogies on eminent men, and 
 contributed to some of the best literary and scientific journals of the day. 
 Whatever subject he touched was touched with a master's hand and 
 spirit 
 
14. ALEXANDER HAMILTON. 
 
 Alexander Hamilton -was born on the Island of Nevis, in the British 
 "West Indies, on the 11th of January, 1757. At twelve years of age he was 
 placed in the counting-room of a merchant of the Island of St. Croix, where 
 his talents and ambition soon displayed themselves. In a letter to a fellow- 
 clerk, before he was thirteen, he said : " I mean to prepare the way for 
 futurity." In 1772 he came to New York, and in 1773 entered Columbia 
 College, where he made "extraordinary display of richness of genius and 
 energy of mind." It was during his college life that the country waa 
 roused to the consideration of British aggressions and American Independ- 
 ence. 
 
 He took strong and decided revolutionary grounds, and wrote and spoke 
 in so clear and forcible a manner as to attract the attention of the wisest 
 minds engaged in that controversy. 
 
 Dr. Cooper, Principal of the College, and several others of the ablest 
 Tory writers, were confounded by the profound principles, able reasoning, 
 and sound policy of his essays, and would not believe they were the produc- 
 tions of a youth of seventeen. He also joined a volunteer company of militia, 
 while in college, and made himself familiar with all the tactics and theory 
 of war. 
 
 In 1776 he was appointed to the command of artillery, and from that 
 time until 1781 he was in constant and active service, mostly as aid to the 
 Commander-in-Chief, and became Washington's principal and confidential 
 aid. 
 
 General Washington intrusted him with the most delicate and difficult 
 diplomatic duties, and with nearly all his important correspondence. 
 
 In 1782 he took his seat in Congress, where his genius and sound 
 judgment was speedily felt. 
 
 He retired from Congress in 1783 to the practice of law in New York, 
 where his clear mind and lucid eloquence won for him the admiration of 
 all, and raised him to the head of the New York bar. 
 
 He was a delegate to the Convention which framed the United States 
 Constitution ; and, while before the people for their ratification, he, in con- 
 junction with Mr. Jay and Mr. Madison, wrote that series of essays com- 
 posing the two volumes of the Federalist. Of those eighty-five papers, >i r 
 wrote five ; Madison, twenty ; and Hamilton, sixty. On the adoption tl 1 i 
 Constitution, he was called by Washington to the head of the Treasury 
 Department, which, for five years, he filled with marked ability. Inched, 
 there was scarcely a plan adopted by Congress during Washington's admin- 
 istration which does not bear the mark of his mighty genius. From this 
 period until his untimely death, he divided his time between the duties of 
 his profession and those of public life, awakening general admiration by the 
 brilliancy of his talents, and winning the esteem of all, by his many amiable 
 virtues. On the 12th of Jiily, 1804, he foil in mortal combat by the hand 
 of Aaron Burr; and "all America and Europe mourned his untimely fate." 
 
15. SOLOMON FOOTE. 
 
 Solomon Foote was "born in Cornwall, Vermont, November 19, 1802, 
 He graduated at Middlebury College, with distinguished honor, in 1826, 
 and the same year became Principal of the Seminary at Castleton. He wag 
 Tutor of the University of Vermont in 1827 ; and again, from 1828 to 1831, 
 Principal of Castleton Seminary, during which he studied law, was admitted 
 to the bar, and commenced practice at Rutland, in 1831, where he ever after 
 resided. For five years he was a member of the Legislature of Vermont, 
 and for three years Speaker of the House of Representatives. From 1833 
 to 1842 he was Prosecuting- Attorney for the County of Rutland, and from 
 1843 to 1847 was a member of the House of Representatives of the United 
 States, but declined a third election. 
 
 In 1850 he was elected United States Senator, and occupied that position 
 until his death, in 1866, at which time he was the oldest member in con- 
 tinuous service in that body. 
 
 It was as Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives that Mr. 
 Foote first displayed that almost wondrous aptitude and capacity as the 
 presiding officer of a deliberative assembly, and which afterward made him 
 so celebrated throughout the nation, when he became the presiding officer 
 of the Senate of the United States, as, perhaps, the best presiding officer in 
 the whole country. 
 
 He seemed almost to have been made for the position. His fine, majestic 
 person, his dignified deportment, his full and rich voice, his easy and grace- 
 ful manners, all conspired to make him a most useful and acceptable presi- 
 dent over any assembly. His knowledge of parliamentary law and usage 
 was very thorough. His superiority in this respect appeared born in him. 
 His look preserved order ; his slightest word allayed confusion. 
 
 The same grace of person and dignity of manner attended him always 
 and everywhere, and was equally pleasing and agreeable in private society 
 and on the Senate floor. He had nothing of haughtiness or arrogance, but 
 was kindly and benignant. All this had, doubtless, much to do with the 
 universal personal love and reverence felt for him by all who knew him. Mr. 
 Foote was a great man, by reason of his great heart. Not a single act, or 
 several acts, of great statesmanship, but a lifetime of good a»d generous and 
 unselfish deeds, made him great, and gave him such a hold upon the hearts 
 of the people of his own State, and all others who knew him. 
 
 Senator Foote was a patriotic man. He cherished the Declaration of 
 Independence ; and when, by the force of law, " all men became absolutely 
 free," he was the earnest and fearless advocate of those measures designed 
 to protect the f reedman in all his civil rights. 
 
 He seldom spoke, but when he did, he spoke wisely and well. Ho loved 
 and honored Vermont, and was proud that it was the place of his birth. He 
 ditfd at the city of Washington, March 26, 18(36. 
 
16. THOMAS CORWIN. 
 
 V 
 
 THOMAS Corwin was born in Bourbon County, Kentucky, July 29, 1794. 
 When he was four years old, his father removed to Warren County, Ohio. 
 His early education was neglected, but when he found himself approaching 
 manhood, he made great exertions to remedy the deficiency ; and, being 
 possessed of a quick and intuitive perception of the fitness of things, he drew 
 such lessons from his experience as admirably fitted him for the prominent 
 part he was destined to act in the great drama of life. He studied dili- 
 gently, and soon acquired a sufficient knowledge of the classics to wan-ant 
 his decision to acquire a profession. Selecting the law, he underwent the 
 ordinary preparation of a clerkship, and opened an office in Warren County, 
 where he found plenty of work, and made many friends. 
 
 The strong points of Mr. Corwin's character were courage, honesty, 
 energy, and great perseverance ; and his fellow-citizens could not fail to 
 perceive his fitness to manage the affairs of the neighborhood in which he 
 resided. Accordingly, he was elected to the State Legislature. He served 
 in this capacity but a short time, however, when he was called to a higher 
 sphere of labor, having been elected to the United States Congress in 1831, 
 He continued to hold his seat in this body for nine years, during which 
 time he was found to be a ready and powerful debater, a steady friend of 
 the Whig party, and an able advocate of all its measures in the House. 
 
 In 1840 he was chosen Governor of the State of Ohio for two years, and 
 in 1845 was elected to the United States Senate. He continued to hold his 
 seat in that body until the accession of Mr. Filmore to the Presidency, when 
 that gentleman called him to aid the executive administration by his counsel 
 and advice, and appointed him Secretary of the Treasury, which position 
 he held until the accession of Mr. Buchanan to the Presidency. 
 
 He then retired to Ohio, to attend to the duties of his profession. In 
 1861 Mr. Corwin was appointed Minister to Mexico. This position he held 
 through the trying period of the civil war of that country, as well as of his 
 own, and until his death, December 18, 1865. 
 
 Mr. Corwin was one of the most popular and effective stump orators in 
 the country ; his speeches abounded in witty anecdotes and scathing satire, 
 in delivering which, his gestures and facial contortions would act out the 
 full meaning of what he said, and keep his hearers in a continuous roar of 
 laughter, or riveted to his argument. 
 
 There have been but few men who could keep his audience so long in 
 good humor as " Tom Corwin." 
 
 Mr. Corwin was a short and rather stout-built man, with a mild, roguish 
 black eye,, very dark complexion, and was familiarly known as " Black Tom 
 Corwin.'* 
 
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 DR. RADWAY'S SARSAPARILLIAN RESOLVENT. 
 
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 Not only does the Sarsaparillian Resolvent excel all known remedial agents, in 
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17. ROGER B. TANEY. 
 
 Roger B. Taney was born in Calvert County, Maryland, March 17, 
 1777. He was educated at Dickenson College, Carlisle, where he graduated 
 in 1795. In the spring of 1796 he commenced the study of the law, was 
 admitted to the bar in 1799, and in the fall of the same year was elected to 
 the State Legislature. He removed to Frederickstown in 1801, it being a 
 more eligible point for the pursuit of his profession, and continued in its 
 practice until 1816, when he was elected to the Senate of Maryland, which 
 was composed of fifteen members, chosen for five years. After the expira- 
 tion of his term of service in the Senate, Mr. Taney returned to private life, 
 and continued the practice of law in Frederick until 1823, when he removed 
 to Baltimore, where he ever after resided. 
 
 In 1827 he was appointed Attorney-General of Maryland by the Governor 
 and Council, who were, at the time, his political opponents. Mr. Taney 
 continued to hold the office of Attorney-General of Maryland until 1831, 
 when he resigned upon receiving the appointment of Attorney-General of 
 the United States by President Jackson. 
 
 Upon the refusal of Secretary Duane, of the Treasury, to remove the 
 United States deposits from the United States Bank, as requested to do by 
 General Jackson, and who resigned in consequence, Mr. Taney was tendered 
 the office of Secretary of the Treasury by President Jackson, which he 
 accepted, resigning the office of Attorney-General ; and, before hia con- 
 firmation was acted upon by the Senate, he removed the deposits, and 
 placed them in several State banks, created for that purpose, being informed 
 by General Jackson that he would " take the responsibility." Mr. Taney's 
 nomination was rejected by the Senate, and he returned to Baltimore, and 
 resumed the practice of the law. In 1835, a vacancy occurring in the 
 United States Supreme Court, Jackson nominated Mr. Taney as Associate- 
 Justice of that Court, to fill the vacancy. A majority of the Senate, how- 
 ever, refused to act upon his nomination until the last moment of the session, 
 when it was indefinitely postponed by a vote which was intended to be, and 
 was, equivalent to a rejection. 
 
 Before the next session, Chief-Justice Marshall died, and Mr. Taney was 
 thereupon nominated for the office of Chief- Justice of the Supreme Court ; 
 and, the political complexion of the Senate having changed, his nomination 
 was confirmed in March, 1836. He took his se;it on the bench in the Circuit 
 Court, for the District of Maryland, in May, 1836, and on the bench of the 
 Supreme Court, in January, 1837. 
 
 Mr. Taney's administration as Chief-Justice was particularly memorable 
 for the Dred Scott decision, in which he gave his opinion that a black man, 
 although free, was not a citizen. 
 
 During the term of his service, he administered the oath of office to nine 
 Presidents. 
 
 He died October 12, 18G4 
 

 18." STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS. 
 
 STEPHEN A. Douglas was born at Brandon, Vermont, April 23, 1813. 
 His father, a physician, died while he was an infant, and his mother, being 
 in straitened circumstances, apprenticed him, when quite young, to a cabinet- 
 maker at Middlebury, where he worked for eighteen months, when his 
 health obliged him to abandon it, and he studied for a year at the academy 
 at Brandon. 
 
 His mother having married again, he followed her to Canandaigua, N. 
 T., where he studied law until 1831, when he went "West, and, after various 
 vicissitudes, finally settled in Jacksonville, 111. After earning a few dollars 
 as clerk to an auctioneer, he opened a school, devoting all his spare moments 
 to the study of the law. 
 
 In 1834 he was admitted to the bar, and soon acquired a profitable busi- 
 ness, and rose rapidly to distinction, "being appointed Attorney-General of 
 the State before he was twenty-two years of age. In December, 1835, he 
 resigned, having been elected to the Legislature by the Democrats of Mor- 
 gan County. 
 
 In 1837 he was appointed Register of the Land Office at Springfield, 
 HI., by President Van Buren. 
 
 In 1840 he stumped the State for Mr. Van Buren, and the same year was 
 appointed Secretary of State of Illinois. The following year he was made 
 Judge of the Supreme Court. 
 
 This office he resigned, after sitting upon the bench for two years, when, 
 in 1843, he was elected Representative to Congress. He was re-elected in 
 1844 and '46, and in 1847 was elected to the United States Senate. 
 
 Here he took a prominent position as an able and ready debater, and one 
 of the most active members. 
 
 He was an early advocate of the annexation of Texas, and a firm sup- 
 porter of the Mexican war. He boldly stood forward as an advocate of what 
 were called " extreme measures," on the " Oregon Question," and was the 
 M master spirit" in procuring the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. From 
 this important event dates the most notable agitation which has swept over 
 the country since the American Revolution. The history of our progress 
 and civilization are involved in it. 
 
 In 1858 Mr. Douglas canvassed the State of Illinois, in opposition to 
 Abraham Lincoln, for the United States Senatorship ; and, after a most 
 interesting and exciting campaign, a Legislature was elected which returned 
 Mr. Douglas to Congress. 
 
 In 1859 Mr. Douglas published an elaborate paper on the "Dividing 
 Line between Federal and Local Authority." 
 
 In 1860 he was a candidate for the Presidency by the conservative 
 Democrats ; but the great question of freedom had become the issue, and 
 Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, was elected. 
 
 On the seceding of a portion of the States, Mr. Douglas wrote an able 
 letter on public affairs, giving his " giant" influence in support of the 
 Union. He did not live to see the Rebellion fairly inaugurated, but died 
 June 3d, 1861, at Chicago, Illinois. 
 
19. FRANCIS GRANGER. 
 
 FRANCIS Granger was born in Suffield, Hartford County, Connecticut, 
 in 1787, and was educated at Yale College, where he graduated in 1811, 
 and commenced the practice of the law in the beautiful village of Canan- 
 daigua, N. Y., to which his father had removed about 1814. His entry into 
 political life was in 1825, in which year he was elected Representative to 
 the State Legislature. 
 
 He was prominent in the anti-Masonic movement, which created such 
 excitement in the State of New York; and was the confrere of Wm. H. 
 Seward, Thurlow "Weed, Millard Filmore, and other young men who, at 
 thatitime, were aspirants for fame, and who joined the political crusade 
 against the Masons, after the alleged abduction of William Morgan. 
 
 In 1826 Mr. Granger was re-elected to the Legislature, and in 1828 was 
 put in nomination by the anti-Masons as a candidate for Governor, and by 
 the Adams Republicans as Lieutenant-Governor, but was defeated. 
 
 The following yeur he was re-elected to the Legislature, and in 1830 was 
 again the anti-Masonic candidate for Governor, and again unsuccessful. In 
 1831 he was again sent to the State Legislature, but for the last time. 
 
 In 1832, when the Clay Republicans and anti-Masons coalesced, Mr. 
 Granger was again nominated for Governor, but was defeated by W. L. 
 Marcy. 
 
 In 1834 the Whig party — made up of anti- Jackson Democrats and Clay 
 Republicans — came upon the political stage, and Mr. Granger was recog- 
 nized as one of its ablest leaders. His name was that year before the con- 
 vention as a candidate for Governor, but Wm. H. Seward carried off the 
 honor of the nomination. 
 
 In the fall of that year, however, the Whigs of the 26th Congressional 
 District made Mr. Granger their candidate for Congress, and elected him. 
 
 In 1836 he was nominated by the anti-Masons for Vice-President, but, 
 being obnoxious on account of his anti-Slavery proclivities, failed to secure 
 the votes of the Electoral College. In 1838 Mr. Granger was elected to Con- 
 gress, and re-elected in 1840, and, in 1841, was nominated by President 
 Harrison as Postmaster-General ; but it was with some difficulty that his 
 nomination was confirmed by the Senate. After the death of General 
 Harrison, he resigned hia position in July, 1841, at the request of the New 
 York delegation, in consequence of President Tyler's action on the question 
 of the United States Bank, and was elected to Congress, and served in the 
 session of 1841 and '42. He was tendered a renomination, but declined, and 
 never afterward held public oQce. He was President of the Whig State 
 Convention in 1850, and a member of the Peace Conference in 1861. 
 
 Francis Granger was a gentleman of noble and commandinor person, 
 united to remarkable energy and activity, and was a good judge of charac- 
 ter, rejecting the base and unworthy ways of demagogistn, and deeply sym- 
 pathizing with all the higher and better impulses of humanity and progress. 
 He died August 28, 1868. 
 
20. ALBEBT S. JOHNSTON. 
 
 General Albert Sidney Johnston was born in the year 1803, in Macon 
 County, Kentucky, and received his early education at the Transylvania 
 University, in that State. ' i 
 
 At the age of nineteen he entered the West Point academy as a cadet, 
 and graduated on the 30th of June, 1820. He was breveted Second Lieu- 
 tenant in the Second Infantry, but was subsequently transferred, in 1827, 
 to the Sixth Infantry, and served as Adjutant of his regiment from 1828 to 
 1832. From May 8 to the year 1833, he was Aid to Brigadier-General At- 
 kinson. J 
 
 On the 31st of May, 1834, he resigned his commission in the Regular 
 Army, and went to reside in Missouri. 
 
 In 1830 he emigrated to Texas, arriving there shortly after the battle of 
 San Jacinto. There, alone, and perfectly unknown, he determined to begin 
 a new career. . At the time he entered Texas, an intestine war was raging, 
 and, without hesitation, he entered the Republican army, in General Rusk's 
 division, as a private soldier. The General speedily discovered his abilities, 
 and made him Adjutant-General of his command. Subsequently, he was 
 made senior Brigadier-General of the Texan army, and was appointed to 
 succeed General Felix Houston in the chief command. 
 
 \- In 1838 he was chosen Secretary of "War of the new Republic,' under 
 President Lamar ; and the following year he organized an expedition against 
 the Cherokees, seven hundred strong, who were defeated at a battle on the 
 Neuches. ■ _J 
 
 ^ In 1840 he retired from the service, and settled on a plantation in Bra- 
 zonia County, near Galveston. Here he remained, quietly attending to his 
 new home, until the Mexican War broke out, in 1846, when, at the request 
 of General Taylor, he allowed his daring spirit to again find vent in the 
 battle-field, and was elected Colonel of the First Texas Regiment, serving 
 as such from June 18, to August 24, 1840, when he was appointed Aid and 
 Inspector-General to General Butler, and in that capacity he was in the 
 famous battle of Monterey ; where, during the fight, his horse was three 
 times shot under him. 
 
 On the declaration of peace, he retired to his farm ; but, on the 31st of Oc- 
 tober, 1849 he was appointed, by President Taylor, Paymaster of the Regular 
 Army, with rank of Major. In the fall of 1857, he was appointed by President 
 Buchanan to the command of the Utah Expedition, sent to quell the Mor- 
 mons, who had shown much disturbance, where, for his ability, zeal, and 
 energy, he was breveted Brigadier-General (dating from November, 1847), 
 and full Commander of the Military District of Utah, and was afterward 
 sent to California. 
 
 When Texas seceded, he resigned his commission, joined the Confederate 
 army, and was assigned to the command of the Department of Kentucky, 
 with headquarters at Bowling Green. 
 
 The fall of Fort Donaldson made the evacuation of Bowling Green imper- 
 ative, and he joined General Beauregard at Corinth, where their united 
 forces were prepared, early in April, to strike a heavy blow at the enemy, 
 which was attempted on the field, of Shiloh. 
 
 General Johnston was in the advance, driving the enemy before him, 
 when, at two o'clock of April 0, 1802, a minnie-ball cut the artery of his leg. 
 bud he rode on, until, from loss of blood, he fell exhausted, and, at half-past 
 two, quietly breathed his last. Thus, early in the war, die4 one of the most 
 fearless soldiers and ablest .generals of the Rebel army. 
 
21. GEN. JOHN SEDGWICK. 
 
 Gen. John Sedgwick was born at Cornwall, Connecticut, in 1815, 
 graduated at "West Point, in 1837 ; was breveted Major and Captain for gal- 
 lant conduct in the Mexican War ; and at the breaking out of the Rebellion 
 held the position of Lieutenant in the United States Cavalry ; soon promoted 
 to Colonel of the 4th Cavalry; and, in August, 1861, was commissioned 
 Brigadier-General of Volunteers. As commander of the 3d Division of 
 Sumner's Corps he participated in the Peninsular campaign, and particularly 
 distinguished himself at Fair Oaks. 
 
 He was wounded at Antietam, promoted to Major-General of Volunteers 
 in December, 1862, and to the command of the 6th Army Corps in February, 
 1863. During the Chancellorsville campaign he stormed and captured St. 
 Marie Heights in the rear of Fredericksburg ; and, subsequently, after hard 
 fighting against overwhelming numbers, succeeded in crossing the Rap- 
 pahannock with his command. He had an honorable share in the Gettys- 
 burg campaign ; and, in November, 1863, was publicly thanked by General 
 Meade for a well-executed movement on the Rapidan, by which he captured 
 a whole Rebel division, with several guns and colors, and compelled Lee to 
 retreat beyond the river. 
 
 He took an active and important share in the battles of the Wilderness, 
 with which General Grant began his advance upon Richmond, in May, 1864. 
 On Friday, the 6th, the second day of the fight, his corps was suddenly and 
 fiercely assailed, and nearly two brigades under his command were swept 
 away. The whole right wing, and, indeed, the whole army was in imminent 
 peril, but Sedgwick, by incessant exertion and personal exposure, rallied his 
 troops, and finally repulsed the enemy. On Saturday and Sunday the fight- 
 ing was frequent and less severe. 
 
 On Monday, there was comparative quiet. The army was entrenched 
 near Spottsylvania Court-House, and General Sedgwick walked out to the 
 advance of his breast-works to superintend the placing of his artillery. 
 A constant humming of bullets from the Rebel sharp-shooters about this 
 place, caused the soldiers in the works to dodge and duck their heads. 
 The General smiled at them good-naturedly, and said, " Who ever heard of 
 a soldier dodging a bullet ? Why, they could not hit an elephant at this 
 distance." There was a laugh at this, and the General was still smiling at 
 the banter, when one of his staff heard the buzz of a bullet culminate in 
 what seemed an explosion, close by his side. "That must have been an 
 explosive bullet, General," he said. No answer. But as the General turned 
 his face toward the officer, a sad smile was upon it ; in another instant he 
 fell backward, lifeless — the bullet had entered his brain ! Thus died, May 
 9, 1864, one of the best examples of a, practical soldier this war has pro- 
 duced. 
 
 General Sedgwick was a bachelor ; and probably on account of the ab- 
 sence of marital ties, he attached himself more strongly to those with whom 
 he was connected in the intimate relations of the camp. He lived among 
 his staff like a father among children. He was exceedingly quiet in his 
 deportment, and in matters pertaining to his profession he was fully posted. 
 
 He thoroughly understood all the duties of a soldier, and could handle 
 his corps with aprompitude and decision not excelled by any other com- 
 mander. His faithful performance of duty was instigated by a love of the 
 profession, not frpjn ambition for renown or position : for both had been 
 offered him. 
 
22. SAMUEL HOUSTON. 
 
 SAMUEL Houston -was born in Rockbridge County, Virginia, March ~, 
 1793. At a very early age he lost his father, and he, with his mother, 
 removed to the banks of the Tennessee River, then the outermost border of 
 civilization. Here he grew up a wild youth, and very much attached to the 
 Indian mode of living— a liking which seems never to have deserted him. 
 
 He tried his hand at book-keeping, but, not liking a mercantile life, com- 
 menced teaching school. At length, becoming disgusted with the ferule, he 
 enlisted in the army in 1813, and served under the immediate eye of General 
 Jackson to the close of the war; receiving an honorable discharge, with the 
 commission of Lieutenant, having distinguished himself for his bravery and 
 good soldiership on several occasions. 
 
 On leaving the army he studied law, and soon entered the political arena 
 of his country, where he figured until his death. His Congressional career 
 commenced in 1823, when he became a member of the House of Represen- 
 tatives, and continued a member of that body until 1828, when he was 
 elected Governor of Tennessee. 
 
 In 1829, before the expiration of his Gubernatorial term, he resigned his 
 office, and went to take up his abode among the Cherokees, in Arkansas. 
 
 During his residence among them, he undertook a mission to Washing- 
 ton, for the purpose of exposing the frauds practiced upon the Indians; but 
 he met with little success, and returned in disgust to his savage friends. 
 
 During a visit to Texas, he was requested to allow his name to be used 
 in the canvass for a convention which was to meet to form a constitution 
 for Texas, prior to its admission into the Mexican Union. 
 
 He consented, and was unanimously elected. The constitution framed by 
 the convention being too liberal, was rejected by Santa Anna, who ordered, 
 them to give up their arms, and acknowledge fealty to the Mexican Republic. 
 
 The Texans determined on resistance, and General Austin, the com- 
 mander of the Texan forces, was soon succeeded by General Houston, who, 
 by his indomitable courage and unsurpassed military sagacity, carried on 
 the war with vigor and ability, and brought it to a successful termination 
 by the battle of San Jacinto, which he fought in April, 1836 ; and, in May, 
 Santa Anna signed a treaty of peace, acknowledging the independence of 
 Texas. General Houston was then inaugurated first President in October 
 of the same year, and again elected in 1841. In 1846 Texas was admitted 
 into the American Union, and General Houston was elected United States 
 Senator, serving until the close of the Thirty-Fifth Congress, and was elected 
 Governor of Texas in 1859. On the breaking out of the Rebellion, General 
 Houston took neutral grounds, and endeavored to prevent Texas joining the 
 Southern Confederacy, preferring to establish a separate government by 
 itself; but he was overruled; Texas joined the Confederacy, and the hero 
 of San Jacinto retired to his plantation in Huntsville, where ho died, July 
 25, 1863. 
 
23. GE1STEEAL W. J. WOETH. 
 
 "W. J. Worth was born in New York in 1794. His early education was 
 plain and limited. At the age of fifteen he commenced his career as clerk 
 to a merchant in Hudson, New York. Three years later, on the breaking 
 out of the war of 1812, he enlisted in the ranks as a private soldier. He 
 did not long remain in that humble station. His skill and energy, as well 
 as his invincible courage, which even then began to appear, did not go 
 unnoticed by his superiors, and he was, in a short time, promoted to a 
 Lieutenancy in the Twenty-Third Regiment. 
 
 His military career fairly commenced at the battle of Chippewa, where 
 his valor was rewarded by the brevet of Captain ; and at the sanguinary 
 battle of Lundy's Lane, his sword won for him a Major's commission. So 
 rapidly did he rise, that in two years after he entered the ranks as a private, 
 we find him spurring his charger across the field as a commissioned officer. 
 
 On the promulgation of peace, Colonel Worth was appointed Superin- 
 tendent of the Military School at West Point, which office he held until he 
 was sent to Florida to succeed General Armistead, in 1841. 
 
 On assuming command in Florida, Colonel Worth immediately com- 
 menced the most active and energetic measures; and on the 17th of April, 
 1842, he forced the Indians to battle at Polaklaklaba, and so thoroughly 
 whipped them that they could not afterwards be induced to meet him in 
 anything like a fair fight. For his gallantry on this occasion he was bre- 
 vetted Brigadier-General. 
 
 On the commencement of hostilities in Mexico, General Worth was 
 detached to Corpus Christi to join General Taylor. Dissatisfied with his 
 relative position, he hastened to Washington, and resigned his commission. 
 In the meantime, the gallant actions of Palo Alto and Pesaca de la Palma 
 had been telegraphed to the capital. Stung by remorse, that he should 
 have suffered such fair fields whereon to gather laurels to escape him, he 
 canceled his resignation, and, flying back to Mexico, reached the army 
 while it was investing Monterey, 
 
 Dividing his army into nearly two equal divisions, General Taylor lead- 
 ing one, gave the other to the gallant Worth. They led their forces against 
 the town in opposite directions. Worth carried all the forts on the Saltillo 
 Poad, and entered the streets just as the town capitulated to General Taylor, 
 who had reached the Plaza on the other side. For his exploits here, Worth 
 was made Brevet Major-General. At o Molina Del Key, by almost superhu- 
 man efforts, he assaulted and successfully carried that nearly impregnable 
 fortress. He also fought with distinction at Cerro Gordo, Cherubusco, 
 and at the storming of the gates of Mexico. 
 
 After facing death on so many battle-fields, he fell a victim to cholera, 
 at San Antonia de Bexar, Texas, May 7, 1849. 
 
 After Taylor and Scott, he was, perhaps, the most efficient — certainly, 
 the most popular — of the Generals in the war with Mexico. 
 
24. JAMES S. WAEDSWOKTH. 
 
 James S. Wardsworth was born in Geneseo, New York, October 30, 
 1807. He was educated at Harvard and Yale Colleges, and studied law 
 with McKeon & Denniston, at Albany, and afterward with Daniel Webster. 
 
 He was admitted to the bar in 1833, to which profession, however, he 
 did not give much of his time, for, having inherited an immense estate in 
 one of the finest regions of Western New York, he devoted himself chiefly 
 to its improvement. 
 
 Although he never held office, he took a lively interest in the political 
 questions of the day, and became a prominent member of the Republican 
 party. 
 
 On the withdrawal of the seceding States from the Union, he waa 
 appointed one of the Commissioners to the Peace Conference which met in. 
 Washington, February 4, 1861. 
 
 He afterward, on the breaking out of the Rebellion, embarked heartily 
 in the cause of the Union, and was proposed by Governor Morgan for a 
 Major-Generalship, but he waived the honor in favor of General Dix. 
 
 He served as volunteer aid to General McDowell at the first battle of 
 Bull Run, displaying great gallantry and coolness, and, after having his 
 horse shot under him, seized the colors of a panic-stricken regiment, and 
 called upon the men to " rally <j>nce more for the glorious Old Flag." August 
 9, 1861, he was commissioned Brigadier-General of Volunteers, and in 
 March, 186.3, was appointed Military Governor of the District of Columbia, 
 and commander of the forces for the defense of Washington. 
 
 That year he was nominated for Governor of New York, but was defeated 
 by Horatio Seymour. 
 
 In December, 1862, he was assigned to the command of the Eleventh 
 Army Corps, and took part in the battle of Chancellorsville, under General 
 Hooker. At Gettysburg he commanded the First Division of the First 
 Corp-, and distinguished himself by personal daring, and skillful manage- 
 ment of his troops. 
 
 On the first day of Grant's battles in the Wilderness, May 5, 1864, his 
 division lost nearly a third of its numbers. On the next day, the 6th, he 
 was ordered to attack A. P. Hill. 
 
 For more than an hour the conflict raged fearfully ; success appeared to 
 waver ; and, finally, General Wardsworth ordered his men to charge. He 
 was answered by cheer upon cheer, for his men knew that whea. gray- 
 headed " Pap Wardsworth" rode into the fight, there was fighting, to be 
 done. 
 
 Spurring his horse to the front, he was in the act of leading his troops, 
 hat in hand, when a bullet struck him in the forehead, killing him. instantly, 
 May 6, 1864, 
 
25. JESSE L. RENO. 
 
 Jesse L. Reno, Major-General of Volunteers in the United States 
 Army, was born in Virginia, in 1825. He was appointed a cadet in the 
 Military Academy at West Point, from Pennsylvania, and graduated in 
 1846, and commissioned Brevet Second Lieutenant in the Ordnance Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 He served with distinction in the Mexican War, and was promoted for 
 gallantry at Cerro Gordo. He commanded a howitzer battery at the storm- 
 ing of Chepul tepee, in which engagement he was severely wounded, and 
 breveted Captain. At the close of the war he was appointed Assistant-Pro- 
 fessor of Mathematics at West Point, where he remained but a short time, 
 and was then appointed Secretary of the Board of Artillery. 
 
 He was subsequently connected with the coast survey, and, upon with- 
 drawing from that service, assisted in the construction of a military road 
 from Big Sioux to St. Paul. 
 
 He was promoted to be First Lieutenant of Ordnance, March 3, 1853. 
 In 1854 he was stationed at the Frankford Arsenal, at Bridesburg, Penn., 
 where he remained about three years ; and then accompanied General John- 
 ston to Utah, as Ordnance Officer. He was stationed at the Mount Vernon 
 arsenal in 1859, and, afterward, at Fort Leavenworth. 
 
 In July, 1860, he was made Captain of Ordnance, and, in November, 
 1861, Brigadier-General of Volunteers. He commanded the Second Brigade 
 in Burnside's expedition to North Carolina; was distinguished at the battle 
 of Roanoke Island for the gallantry with which he led the attack against 
 Fort Barton; participated in the capture of Newborn, and other important 
 military operations, and in July, 1862, was ordered to reinforce General 
 McClellan, on the Peninsula, About this time he was promoted to be 
 Major-General of Volunteers, his commission dating from April 26. Sub- 
 sequently, he was sent to Fredericksburg, whence he joined General 
 Pope, then commanding the Army of Virginia, and took part in the actions 
 near Manassas, at the close of August, 1862. 
 
 At the battle of South Mountain, his division was in advance, and was 
 engaged during the whole day. General Reno was conspicuous for his gal- 
 lantry and activity, and the success of the day was greatly owing to his 
 efforts. He was shot, while giving orders, early in the evening of Septem- 
 ber 14, 1862. He was engaged at the moment in observing the enemy's 
 movements, by the aid of a glass, and was struck in the spine by a musket- 
 ball, lodging in his breast. 
 
 Thus closed the career of one of the bravest and most useful officers of 
 the Union army, who, to his honor be it noted, though born a Virginian, 
 like many other Southerners, rose superior to sectional feelings, and felt the 
 fire of a higher patriotism in their devotion to their whole country. 
 
26. MAETIN VAN BUREN. 
 
 Martin Van Buren, the 8th President of the United States, -was born 
 at Kinderhook, New York, December 5, 1782. He obtained his education 
 at the common school and academy of his native village. 
 
 In 1796, while yet in his fourteenth year, he commenced the study of 
 law. While a student, he was an active politician ; and, when only eighteen, 
 represented the Republicans in the Congressional Convention of his district. 
 In 1802-3 he studied in New York City, and, in the latter year, was ad- 
 mitted to the bar. His business soon became lucrative, and his clients 
 numerous* 
 
 The first official distinction he received was his appointment, by Governor 
 Thompkins, as Surrogate of Columbia County, in 1808. 
 
 In 1812 he was elected State Senator. He at once assumed a prominent 
 position in the Senate, and continued a member of that body until 1820, 
 having been, during that period, a zealous supporter of the war, and of the 
 canal project. A portion of the time he was Attorney -General of the 
 State. 
 
 In 1821 he was elected to the United States Senate, and re-elected in 
 1827. The following year he was elected Governor of New York by the 
 Democratic party. 
 
 His career as Governor, however, was brief. Scarcely had his adminis- 
 tration commenced, when President Jackson offered him the office of Secre- 
 tary of State, which he at once accepted, and resigned his Gubernatorial 
 office. 
 
 In the Cabinet he became the real, or apparent, rival of Mr. Calhoun ; 
 and, probably finding his position therein an unpleasant one, resigned in 
 April, 1831. The President appointed him ambassador to England ; but the 
 Senate, by the casting vote of Mr. Calhoun, the Vice-President, refused to 
 confirm the nomination, which step, it was generally thought, secured him 
 the nomination for Vice-President in 1832. 
 
 He received a large majority of the electoral votes for that office, which 
 he continued to fill during President Jackson's second term, and in 1836 was 
 elected President of the United States. 
 
 The principal measure of his administration was the establishment of 
 the independent Treasury. In the spring of 1837 commenced the greatest 
 commercial revulsion ever known in this country. 
 
 Extravagant speculations had for some years prevailed. Since the 
 withdrawal of the deposits from the United States Bank, numerous State 
 Banks had been chartered, a multitude of public works were undertaken, 
 immense importations of foreign goods were made, and real estate rose far 
 above its intrinsic value. At length the crisis came with tremendous effect. 
 The banks suspended specie payment, and failures were numerous. 
 
 The National Government became involved in the general embarrass- 
 ment, as the banks containing the public deposits suspended with the rest. 
 In 1838 the banks resumed specie payment, and, after repeated trials, the 
 Sub-Treasury Bill was passed. 
 
 Mr. Van Buren was again nominated for President in 1840, but was 
 defeated by General Harrison, the Whig candidate. Since then he lived in 
 retirement in Kinderhook, on the estate called Lindenwald, until his death, 
 July 24, 1862. 
 
27. ROBERT Y. HAYNE. 
 
 ROBERT Y. HAYNE was born, near Charleston, South Carolina, on the 
 10th day of November, 1791. His early education was obtained at a gram- 
 mar-school at Charleston ; his later training was in the school of life. At 
 the age of seventeen he commenced the study of law, and at the age of 
 twenty-one began to practice at Charleston. He enlisted in the war of 1812, 
 and antered the army as Lieutenant, and served in various grades to the 
 termination of his enlistment, when he returned to Charleston, and resumed 
 the practice of his profession, in which he soon became prominent. 
 
 His remarkable powers as an orator soon brought him into political 
 notoriety ; and as early as 1814 he was elected a member of the State Legis- 
 lature, and, in 1818, was chosen Speaker of that body, which office he filled 
 with dignity and promptitude. 
 
 During the session, he was chosen Attorney-G-eneral of the State. In 
 1822 he was elected a member of the United States Senate, which office he 
 retained ten years. It was during his second term that the Nullification 
 difficulties arose between South Carolina and the United States, in which 
 General Hayne took a prominent and conspicuous position. In 1832 he was 
 elected a member of the famous " Union and States Rights Convention," 
 and, as Chairman of the " Committee of Twenty-One," he reported the 
 "Ordinance of Nullification," which was adopted by the Convention. He 
 was immediately chosen Governor of the State, and, on the receipt of Presi- 
 dent Jackson's famous proclamation against the Nullifiers of South Carolina, 
 Governor Hayne sent forth a counter-proclamation, " full of lofty defiance, 
 and determined resolution." After much plotting and counter-plotting, 
 South Carolina repealed her ordinance of Nullification, and the United 
 States modified the Tariff. 
 
 In 1834 General Hayne was elected Mayor of the city of Charleston, and 
 in 1837 was chosen President of the Charleston, Louisville, and Cincinnati 
 Rail- Road Company. This office he held until his death, which took place 
 at Asheville, North Carolina, September 24, 1841, in the fiftieth year of his 
 age. 
 
 The celebrated passage at arms, in 1830, between him and the Senator 
 from Massachusetts (Daniel Webster), will long be remembered by those 
 who witnessed it, as one of the most gallant and interesting conflicts ever 
 fought oa the field of Senatorial debate; and furnished examples of 
 powerful eloquence which will be quoted for centuries to come. 
 
[ESTABLISHED ISSO.] 
 
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28. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 
 
 y Benjamin Franklin, the youngest of a family of seventeen, -was born 
 in Boston, Massachusetts, January 6, 1706. He was destined for the church 
 by his father, and was sent to the grammar-school for two years, during 
 which time he made rapid progress. His father, being no longer able to 
 keep him at school, took him home to assist in his occupation of soap-boiler 
 and tallow-chandler, where he continued for two years, when his extravagant 
 fondness for books determined his father to make a printer of him. He was 
 accordingly apprenticed to his brother, who published the New England 
 (Jowant, the second paper that made its appearance in America. Here he 
 had access to books, which he read without stint, and soon commenced to 
 write anonymous pieces on the topics of the day, which were published in 
 his brother's paper, and which attracted the attention of prominent men, 
 who spoke very highly of them. He then made himself known to hia 
 brother as the author, who afterward treated him with more consideration. 
 He continued to write for the paper, and sometimes criticised the acts of 
 the Government so severely as to incur its censure of the paper, and, after 
 a while, his brother was forbiddden to publish it, when it was turned over 
 to Benjamin, and conducted in his name ; and, in order to make it legal, his 
 apprentice papers were canceled. Having some dispute with his brother 
 soon after, he took advantage of his freedom thus gained, and left him. He 
 then went to New York to find business, but, being unsuccessful, continued 
 on to Philadelphia, where, with a loaf of bread under each arm, and one in 
 his hand from which he ate, and a few pennies in his pocket, he traveled 
 the streets of that city, in search of employment, which he soon found ; and, 
 by persevering industry, he ascended the ladder of greatness, round by 
 round, until he reached the highest pinnacle of fame in his country's his- 
 tory. 
 
 He was prominent among those distinguished patriots who threw their 
 whole influence and energies in favor of the great struggle for human free- 
 dom, was on the committee with those who drew up the Declaration of 
 Independence, and was one of the signers of that immortal document. In 
 1778 he was sent as ambassador to the brilliant Court of the King of France, 
 where, amidst the gay and richly-dressed courtiers, ministers, and ambassa- 
 dors, the venerable Franklin, with unpowdered hair, a round hat, and plain 
 brown coat, commanded the respect of all around him ; and his acquaint- 
 ance was sought with eagerness by all, as a man whose fame as " the great 
 philosopher and statesman of the age," had preceded him. 
 
 His researches in philosophy were extensive, and his experiments in 
 electricity revolutionized the world on. that subject. 
 
 He brought from the clouds the lightning with his kite, and showed 
 that it could be controlled by man, to his advantage. 
 
 His wise sa} r ings and practical advice to the young, have become house- 
 hold words, and have done much toward stimulating them to honesty, 
 economy, and industry. 
 
 Mr. Franklin was the first President of the American Philosophical 
 Society, which he did much to build up and make memorable. He died in 
 Philadelphia, on the 17th day of April, 1790, being eighty-four years of age. 
 
W. KTJUTZ, 
 
 S95 and. SOT" Broadway, New Yoito 
 
 OPINIONS OF THE PEESS. 
 
 From the Tribune, September 24. 
 
 GREAT AMERICAN FAIR. 
 
 * * * The display of the former is especially complete and attractive. Some 
 of the heads and vignettes in this style of Miniature Painting 1 are so entrancingly lovely, as 
 almost to inspire the belief that they are the creations of poetic fancy, rather than actual 
 portraits of living women. 
 
 Humphrey's Photo Journal. 
 
 * * * Their Carbon Pictures are the finest which have ever been on exkibition. 
 
 * * * At the atelier of Mr. Kuhtz, some of the best talent in the country 
 may be seen. 
 
 New York Evening Post, October 28. 
 
 * * * They have really brought the art of Photographing on Porcelain to 
 
 the highest perfection. Their heads, while they have the accuracy of a photograph on 
 paper, have, at the same time, all the freedom and delicacy of a miniature, &c. 
 
 Times, Sunday, August 18. 
 
 * * * Mr. Kubtz paints upon porcelain instead of ivory, a material not 
 liable, like its substitute, to warp and crack, the colors being equally lasting, and showing 
 the same softness and harmony. We have seen nothing comparable to these Miniatures, 
 either of Gurney's or Brady's. 
 
 Stoats Zeitung, Sunday, November 19. 
 
 * * * For transparencies, they are truly exquisite, but for that purpose the 
 black tones are to be preferred. Finished in oil or water colors, they lose their character 
 of transparencies, but through the skillful hands of Mr. Kuktz they become true works 
 of art. 
 
 Tribune, October 19, 1867. 
 * * * No other Porcelain Photographs here can b* at all compared with 
 
 those sent by this firm. And yet the name is a little misleading, for these pictures are not 
 so much Photographs as Miniature Paintings on Porcelain. In all other specimens that 
 we have seen, the photograph is plainly to be detected through the color, and in many 
 cases the change in the chemicals of the photograph has already seriously injured the 
 picture. * * * Mr. Kurtz is himself an artist every way, by tempera- 
 
 ment and by education, and the Miniatures he produces have a value quite independent 
 of the fact that they are portraits. 
 
 Baltimore Commercial. 
 
 *• * * Indeed, judging from the enthusiasm of this usually passive subject, one 
 need not marvel at the glowing descriptions given of these Porcelain Pictures in the first- 
 class New York Journals, which, in publications less high-toned, would surely be considered 
 as exaggerated puffs, 
 
 This Establishment received the First Premiums on Porcelain 
 Paintings and Carbon Prints over all their competitors from New 
 York, Philadelphia, and Boston. 
 
29. THOMAS H. BENTON. 
 
 Thomas H. Benton was born in North Carolina, in the year 1783, and 
 was educated at Chapel Hill College. 
 
 He left that institution -without receiving" a degree, and forthwith com- 
 menced the study of the law, in "William and Mary's College, Virginia, 
 under Mr. St. George Tucker. In 1810 he entered the United States Army, 
 and in 1811 was at Nashville, Tennessee, where he commenced the practice 
 of law, and became one of General Jackson's staff in the militia, with the 
 rank of Colonel. 
 
 He soon after went to St= Louis, Missouri, to reside, where he connected 
 himself with the press, as editor of a newspaper. He thoroughly identified 
 himself with the interests of the West, and became their leading and most 
 prominent advocate. 
 
 In 1820 he was elected to the United States Senate, and remained in 
 that body until the session of 1851, at which time he failed of re-election. 
 As Missouri was not admitted into the Union as a State until August 10, 
 1821, more than a year of Mr. Benton's term of service expired before he 
 took his seat. He employed himself, during this interval, in acquiring a 
 knowledge of the language and literature of Spain. Immediately after he 
 appeared in the Senate, he took a prominent part in the deliberations oil 
 that body, and rapidly rose to eminence and distinction. Few public 
 measures were discussed between the years 1821 and 1851, that he did not 
 participate in largely ; and the influence he wielded was always felt and 
 confessed by the country. 
 
 He was one of the chief props and supporters of the administrations of 
 General Jackson and Martin Van Buren. The Democrats of Missouri long 
 clung to him as their apostle and leader, and it required a Herculean effort 
 to defeat him. He had served thirty years, when others aspired to the 
 honors he enjoyed, and he was, consequently, defeated. 
 
 In 1852 he was a candidate from St. Louis for Representative to Congress, 
 and was elected. He held his seat in that body for two years, when he 
 retired, and devoted himself to the production and publication of two great 
 works : " Thirty Years in the United States Senate," and " An Abridge- 
 ment of the Debates in Congress." The latter he had hardly finished, when 
 he died, at "Washington, April 10, 1858. 
 
 Mr. Benton was distinguished for great learning, an iron will, practical 
 mind, and strong memory. His speeches, when written, were firmly fixed 
 in his mind, so that he could repeat them accurately in public, without the 
 manuscript, which might be, at the time, in the printer's hands. 
 
 As a public speaker, he was not interesting, or calculated to produce an 
 effect on the passions of an audience. His parliamentary efforts were in- 
 tended for ftie closet rather than for the forum, and, when published, were 
 read with avidity, always producing a decided, influence. e was indus- 
 trious, determined, and unyielding, with pockets overflowin th statistics, 
 and his head full of historical lore. 
 
30. JOSHUA R. GIDDINGS 
 
 Joshua R. Giddings was born in Athens, Bradford County, Pennsyl- 
 vania, October 6, 1795. When he was ten years old, his parents removed 
 to Ohio, and settled on the " Western Reserve," at Ashtabula. When 
 seventeen years of age, he entered the army, as a substitute for his brother, 
 and saw service against the Indians. He afterward taught school, studied 
 law, and was admitted to the bar in 1820. 
 
 In 1826 Mr. Giddings commenced his political career, as a Representa- 
 tive to the State Legislature ; but declining a re-election, he pursued his 
 profession until 1888, when he was chosen a member of Congress, as a suc- 
 cessor to his instructor, Mr. Whittelsey. 
 
 Henceforward his career became identified with anti-Slavery. 
 
 By the side of John Q. Adams, he defended the right of petition, declared 
 for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, and espoused the 
 cause of territorial .freedom. The slave power in Congress repressed his 
 efforts in 1S39, and in 1841 he got leave to speak against the Florida war, as 
 a pro-Slavery measure. 
 
 In 1842 the celebrated Creole case occurred, in which the slaves onboard 
 a vessel of that name, sailing from Virginia for New Orleans, rose, and car- 
 ried that vessel into a British port. 
 
 Indemnification being demanded of the British Government, Mr. Gid- 
 dings offered a series of resolutions, utterly denying the jurisdiction of our 
 Government in the case, or the violation of any law by the persons seeking 
 to obtain their freedom. 
 
 These resolutions created great excitement in the House. Mr. Botts, of 
 Virginia, offered a resolution of censure ; but objection being made to Mr. 
 Botts, as a slave-State man, Mr. Weller, of Ohio, renewed the censure, 
 which was passed, without waiting to hear Mr. Giddings, by a vote of 125 
 to 69. Mr. Giddings thereupon resigned, and returned home; but was 
 immediately re-elected by the people of his district, and he returned in a 
 few weeks to resume his duties in Congress. 
 
 He was re-elected to each successive Congress till 1861, when he declined 
 a nomination, and was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Consul-General for Can- 
 ada, the duties of which office he discharged at Montreal until his death, 
 from heart disease, May 27, 1864. 
 
 Mr. Giddings was twenty-one years in Congress, and was always fore- 
 most as a leader in opposition to slavery ; in fact, every measure, whether of 
 compromise with, or recognition of the extension of slavery, met with his 
 strenuous opposition. 
 
 In addition to his forensic labors, he published essays enforcing his 
 arguments for freedom. He also published, " A History of the Rebellion, 
 its Authors, and Causes." 
 
 Mr. Giddings was a man of ardent temperament, and, like all the leaders 
 in the great reform which led to the abolition of slavery, was so persistently 
 held up to obloquy, that it is difficult, even yet, to credit them with the 
 impartial verdict which truth and history will award. 
 
31. WILLIAM L. YANCEY. 
 
 "William L. Yancey was born at Ogeechee Shoals, Georgia, August 10, 
 1814. He received his education in the Northern States, first entering a 
 private school, and subsequently Williams College ; but, on account of a 
 disagreement, completed his education elsewhere. 
 
 He studied law, and commenced its practice in South Carolina; 
 but, in 1837, he removed to Montgomery, Ala., where he soon became suc- 
 cessful, and united to his vocation the position of editor of the Cahawba 
 Democrat, and Wetumpka Argus. 
 
 In 1840 he was elected to the State Legislature as Representative, and 
 subsequently to the Senate. He was chosen, in 1844, to succeed Dixon H. 
 Lewis, as Representative to Congress, and was re-elected for the next term, 
 occupying his seat in the Twenty-Eighth and Twenty-Ninth Congress. 
 
 In 1845 he voted for the admission of Texas into the Union, and approved 
 the bill on the Oregon question. Supporting every measure in the interest 
 of the South, he voted for the extension of the Missouri Compromise line to 
 the Pacific. 
 
 Upon the completion of his Congressional term, he returned to Alabama, 
 and resumed the practice of his profession ; and, in 1848, was a member of 
 the Democratic Convention which met at Baltimore, May 22, to nominate 
 General Cass for the Presidency. 
 
 Chosen, in 1850, the leader of the extremest of the Southern ultra senti- 
 ment, he was regarded throughout the North as its great exponent. Con- 
 sistent with his principles, he took an active part, in 1854-'56, to make 
 Kansas a Slave State. More violent in the year 1859, he urged upon the 
 Legislature of Alabama to pass an Act to require the Governor, in the case 
 of the election of a Pvepublican President in 1860, to call a convention of 
 Alabamians to oppose it at all hazards. 
 
 He was elected a member of the Democratic Convention which met at 
 Charleston, S. C, in April, 1860. The Convention refusing to adopt the 
 ultra Southern platform, he withdrew, with his colleagues, joining the Con- 
 vention at Baltimore, which nominated John C. Breckenridge for President, 
 and espoused his election with all the ardor of his nature, and vehemence of 
 his oratory. 
 
 Visiting New York during the Presidential canvass of 1860, he advocated 
 the policy of a fusion party, as the only practicable one to defeat Mr. Lincoln. 
 When the Southern States began to secede, Mr. Yancey was chosen, December 
 24, 1860, a member of the Montgomery Convention. The ordinance of 
 secession adopted by this Convention, was reported by Mr. Yancey. 
 
 February 27, 1861, he was selected to visit Europe as a Commissioner 
 from the Southern States, where he used all his eloquence to persuade the 
 Continental powers to recognize their independence. Being unsuccessful in 
 his efforts, he returned to the South, where he held several other appoint- 
 ments, and was elected to the Confederate Congress, in which service he 
 died, in July, 1863, before realizing the hopelessness of his dreams, and the 
 defeat of his people. 
 
32. THEODOEE PAEKEE. 
 
 Theodore Parker, the celebrated Massachusetts clergyman and 
 scholar, was born in Lexington, Massachusetts, August 24, 1810. He was 
 one of the old stock whose grandfathers fought in the first battles of free- 
 dom ; for the very musket captured at Lexington Green, in April, 1775, was 
 preserved by Theodore, and left to the State. He worked as a farmer and 
 mechanic, like other country lads, and went to the district school in winter, 
 became, in his turn, teacher, bought books, and fitted himself for college. 
 
 He entered Harvard College in 1830, studying at home, and compressing 
 three years into one ; taught school, and studied languages, ancient and 
 modern, edited periodicals, graduated as a clergyman, and settled in West 
 Roxbury, in 1837. He formed views upon the authority and inspiration of 
 the Bible, which were not in harmony with the New England pulpit. In 
 short, he denied the supernatural in the Scriptures, and aroused an excited 
 controversy, which exhausted so much of his physical and mental energies, 
 that he was obliged to seek relief in foreign travel, spending the years 1843-4 
 in Europe. 
 
 The controversy was renewed on his retuna, when he organized a new 
 parish, in the Melodeon, Boston, in 1845. 
 
 Mr. Parker's contributions to periodical literature, his translations from 
 the German, and other productions of his pen, were marked by a vigor and 
 independence of thought which ranked him among the leading minds of 
 the age. He was one of the earliest advocates of Temperance and anti- 
 Slavery. After the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law, in 1850, he took an 
 active part in opposing rendition. 
 
 In 1852 his congregation occupied the great Music Hall in Boston, 
 which was crowded by many, anxious to hear one whose fame had become 
 so great, and whose views of theology created such a vivid sensation when 
 uttered. His ideas about the interpretation of the Scriptures were too in- 
 dependent to escape the denunciations of orthodoxy. He believed that they 
 are interwoven with human error and superstition, while embodying in- 
 spired truth. Though his labors as a minister were extraordinary, he 
 traveled and lectured extensively, always carrying his bag full of books, 
 and studying as he went. He, like many of our independent clergy, ex- 
 pressed decided views on questions of public policy. His denunciations of 
 Slavery, and those who either advocated or compromised with it, was some- 
 thing more than ordinary objurgation. 
 
 Mr. Parker's health began to fail, till, in 1859, an attack of bleeding of 
 the lungs compelled him to cease his public services. He sought, in the 
 West Indies, and in another European tour, relief from his maladies. Set- 
 ting out from Rome, where he had passed the winter, he reached Florence 
 in the spring of 1860, very much enfeebled, and died there on the 10th of 
 May of that year. He was buried in the cemetery, outside the wall, where 
 a stone, bearing the simplest record, marks the spot. 
 
 He bequeathed his library, of over thirteen thousand volumes, to the 
 Free Library, of Boston ; leaving, besides, numerous printed works — one, in 
 a fragmentary form, on the development of religion. 
 
33. JOHN BROWN. 
 
 John Brown was born, in Torrington, Connecticut, May 9, 1800. He 
 was a descendant, on his father's side, of one of the Puritans of the " May- 
 flower," whose stern, uncompromising adherence to what they considered 
 truth and justice, he fully inherited. 
 
 In 1805 his father removed with him to Hudson, Ohio, on the " Western 
 Reserve," in which place and vicinity John Brown lived most of his time, 
 until he removed to Kansas, in 1855. He was employed in his youth as 
 cattle-driver and farmer, and, in later years, as tanner and wool-dealer. His 
 early education was limited ; but he entered the School of Adversity and 
 Humanity when quite young, and graduated at the University of Human 
 Freedom, where he studied the science of Justice and Liberty, and com- 
 menced its practice, in Kansas, in 1855. 
 
 Here, for over a year, he worked with untiring energy to establish free- 
 dom in that Territory ; and battled manfully against the introduction of 
 slavery, by the fraud and usurpations of the " Border Ruffians" from Mis- 
 souri, aided and abetted by United States officers. 
 
 Here, also, he fought with heroic bravery to protect his home, and the 
 homes of other free-State men, from the aggressions and murderous assaults 
 of pro-Slavery men, who came there for the avowed purpose of driving them 
 from the Territory. 
 
 John Brown believed in the Declaration of Independence, which taught 
 him, that " all men are created equal." He believed in the inspiration of 
 the Bible, which taught him to unloose the yoke, and let the oppressed go 
 free. He saw the institution of slavery blighting and blasting the manhood 
 of the nation, and he determined to do what he could to destroy it. 
 
 Inspired by the idea that he was commissioned from Heaven to liberate 
 the .slave, he went into Missouri, and liberated twelve slaves (who had ap- 
 plied to him for help), whom he conducted safely to Canada, although a 
 reward of $3,000 was set upon his head. 
 
 He afterward organized a band of twenty-one men, who went with him 
 to Virginia, and, on the 14th day of October, 1859, made that celebrated 
 raid upon the United States Arsenal at Harper's Terry, which they captured 
 without bloodshed ; they next secured a number of prominent slaveholders 
 as hostages, and issued an address to the slaves, to rise and assert their 
 rights to freedom. 
 
 It produced unparalleled excitement in Virginia, and Governor Wise 
 increased the panic by a violent proclamation, and with near 3,000 militia 
 surrounded the town ; but it was not until the arrival of the United States 
 Marines, under Colonel R. E. Lee, that John Brown surrendered. Two of 
 his sons and a number of his men were killed, and he himself wounded. 
 
 He was afterward tried for treason, convicted, and hung at Charlestown, 
 Virginia, December 2, 1859. Thus ended his earthly existence ; but his 
 spirit still marches on. 
 
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34. JOHN HUGHES. 
 
 Archbishop John Hughes was born in the North of Ireland, in the 
 year 1798. 
 
 He came to this country at the age of seventeen, and commenced his 
 preparatory studies for the priesthood. 
 
 Having spent seven years at the College of Mount St. Mary's, in Em- 
 mettsburg, Maryland, he was ordained in 1825, and shortly afterward was 
 appointed pastor of a church in Philadelphia. Here he became popular as 
 an eloquent divine and active citizen. In 1830 he discussed with Dr. John 
 Breckinridge, an eminent Presbyterian clergyman, their respective dogmas, 
 through the newspapers; and in 1S34 an oral discussion took place. In 
 1838 he was appointed Bishop of the Diocese of New York, and changed his 
 residence to that city. 
 
 In this position he distinguished himself by his determination in estab- 
 lishing the vigorous discipline of the Catholic Church. This brought him 
 into bitter controversy with several prominent laymen, who, in some par- 
 ishes, had assumed the right to control the resources of the Church. In a 
 few years, however, this conflict was succeeded by an unexampled harmony 
 and good feeling throughout the whole of the Catholic community. 
 
 In 1840 a dispute arose between the Catholics of New York and the 
 authorities and citizens of New York, on the subject of common schools. 
 Bishop Hughes entered into a full discussion of the subject, through the 
 newspapers, and afterward in the presence of the Common-Council ; and 
 won for himself great credit by the urbane and catholic spirit in which he 
 performed his duty on that important occasion. 
 
 In 1850 Dr. Hughes was appointed by Pope Pius IX, Archbishop of the 
 Diocese of New York, which was raised to a Metropolitan See. 
 
 Archbishop Hughes was a man of unwearied exertions in active life, 
 and secured the respect of all classes of citizens of the great city in which 
 he resided. A large number of his lectures, sermons, letters, &c, have 
 found their way to the public, mostly through short-hand reports, prepared 
 for, and published in, the newspapers. The following are among the lec- 
 tures which have been published : " Christianity the only Source of Moral, 
 Social, and Political Regeneration," delivered in the House of Representa- 
 tives of the United States, in 1847, by request of both Houses of Congress ; 
 " The Church and the World ;" " The Decline of Protestantism ;" " Lecture 
 on the Antecedent Cause of the Irish Famine in 1847 ;" " Lecture on the 
 Mixture of Civil and Ecclesiastical Power in the Middle Ages ;" " Lecture 
 on the Importance of a Christian Basis for the Science of Political Economy ;" 
 " Two Lectures on the Moral Causes that have Produced the Evil Spirit of 
 the Times ;" " Debate before the Common-Council of New York on the 
 Catholic Petition Respecting the Common-School Fund," and " The Catholic 
 Chapter in the History of the United States." 
 
 He died January 3, 1804, and was buried, " after laying in state some 
 days," with great pomp and ceremony. 
 
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35. OWEN LOVEJOY. 
 
 Owen Lovejoy was born in Albion, Kendall County, Maine, January 
 6, 1811. 
 
 His father was a clergyman and farmer. Owen worked upon the farm 
 until he was eighteen years of age, when he entered Bowdoin College. He 
 graduated in 1835, and emigrated to Alton, Illinois, where he engaged in 
 theological studies, his brother, Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, being, at tho time, 
 the editor of the paper there which advocated anti-Slavery views. In 1837, 
 the pro-Slavery citizens of Alton and the neighboring counties in Missouri, 
 taking offense at the denunciations of Slavery contained in Rev. Mr. Love- 
 joy's paper, a mob, consisting mostly of Missourians, crossed the river to 
 Alton, and, after destroying his press, murdered him. 
 
 Owen Lovejoy was present, and his life was sought by the mob ; but, 
 notwithstanding his utter fearlessness of danger, he escaped death at their 
 hands ; and from that day he devoted himself, not to revenging his brother's 
 death, but to seek the overthrow of Slavery, as having been the cause of it. 
 At that time, the laws of Illinois forbade the holding of anti-Slavery meet- 
 ings, and subjected offenders to fines. 
 
 Mr. Owen Lovejoy, who was then pastor of a Congregational church in 
 Princeton, Bureau County, Illinois, was in the habit of holding such meet- 
 ings at various places in the State ; and, when arrested, as he often was, 
 and convicted and fined, he always announced at what time and place his 
 next meeting would be held. 
 
 He was often threatened with violence at these meetings ; but his firm- 
 ness of purpose and determined zeal were unshaken, while his eloquence 
 won many to his support. 
 
 The authorities soon found it a vain pursuit to punish a reformer of 
 such a spirit, for advocating a cause which he so conscientiously held ; and, 
 eventually, those tyrannical laws were repealed. 
 
 In 1854 Mr. Lovejoy was elected to the State Legislature, and in 1856 
 his district sent him to Congress, where he continued, by re-election, until 
 his death. In Congress he was an active, useful member, and eloquent 
 speaker. 
 
 Only a month before his death, he wrote to his friend, "Wm. Lloyd Gar- 
 rison, the great and early apostle of anti-Slavery, his views with regard to 
 the re-election of Abraham Lincoln, expressing the sentiments which filled 
 the hearts of the large majority of Union men, and adding: "It seems to 
 me certain that the Providence of God, during another term, will grind 
 Slavery to powder." 
 
 Owen Lovejoy was ranked among the leading reformers of the Abolition 
 school. He died at Brooklyn, New York, March 25, 18G4. 
 
36. GEORGE EVANS. 
 
 * 
 
 George Evans, one of the profeundest statesmen Maine Has ever pro- 
 duced, -was born in that State, January 12, 17^7. After a thorough 
 academical preparation, he entered Bowdoin College, and graduated, "with 
 distinction, in 1M5. 
 
 On leaving College, he at once commenced the study of law ; and. after 
 a most thorough apprenticeship, he removed to Gardiner. Maine, and opened 
 an office. He soon rose to eminence, and enjoyed a widely-extended prac- 
 tice. 
 
 He had already begun to 'be talked of as a suitable person to be clothed 
 ■with ''legal ermine." when it was discovered that he was peculiarly fitted 
 for the business of legislation, and he was elected to the State Legislature 
 in 1S25, and was re-elected for four successive years. In his fourth year, he 
 was chosen Speaker of the House, in which position his rare abilities were 
 exhibited to advantage, and he commanded the entire approbation of both 
 sides of the House. 
 
 In 1S29 he was elected a Representative to the United States Congress. 
 where he at once assumed a high rank as a statesman, and entered upon the 
 business in hand with an aptitude that indicated a large experience in 
 legislation. 
 
 His maiden speech made a decided impression in his favor ; and from 
 that time to the close of his long and arduous service in that House, he 
 never receded a step in the estimation of his colleagues. After serving his 
 constituents faithfully, and acceptably in the lower House for twelve years, 
 Mr. Evans was transferred to the United States Senate. 
 
 His complete knowledge of financial matters led him to be placed at the 
 head of the Finance Committee during the protracted debate which arose 
 on the adjustment of the Tariff question. Mr. Clay, who had been offered 
 the position, declined, saying : " Mr. Evans knows more about the Tariff 
 question than any other public man in the United States j* and a leading 
 political journal of that day declared that "there probably was no man 
 living better acquainted with the financial affairs of this country than Mr. 
 Evans." 
 
 On the occasion of his retirement from the Senate. Mr. Webster took 
 occasion to speak of him in the most flattering terms: "And now. Mr. 
 President."' said Mr. Webster, "since the honorable member has remi:. 
 us that the period of his service within these walls is about to expire, I take 
 this occasion, even in the Senate, and in his own presence, to say. that his 
 retirement will be a serious loss to this Government and this country.*' 
 
 Mr. Evans occupied an enviable position before the American people, 
 not only as ■ statesman, but as a patron of education and literature : and 
 his fame will go down to posterity as a profound legislator, a critical 
 scholar, and a public benefactor. 
 
87. ISRAEL PUTNAM. 
 
 Major-general Israel Putnam was born in Salem, Massachusetts, 
 January 7, 1718. 
 
 Among the brave men, who fought the early battles of our country, 
 none were braver than Putnam. 
 
 He was of a kind and peaceful nature ; but when roused by insult, or 
 injustice, his iron heart leaped to his hand, and his blows on the heads of 
 wrongdoers fell fast and furious. When yet a mere boy, he was insulted 
 by a much larger and older boy, on account of his rustic appearance, to 
 whom he gave a sound thrashing, to the delight of the lookers-on. What 
 schoolboy has not read the thrilling story of " Old Put and the Wolf?" 
 
 He served in the old French and Indian war, in which his whole ca- 
 reer teemed with acts of romantic chivalry. All his hardships, hair- 
 breadth escapes, and wondrous feats, would require volumes to narrate. 
 In 1757, while Putnam bore the rank of major, he was ordered, in com- 
 pany with the iutrepid Rogers, with a detachment of several picked 
 men, to watch the movements of the enemy, who were encamped near 
 Ticonderoga. Beiug discovered, he was compelled to retreat on Fort 
 Edward, when he fell upon an ambush of French and Indians. Taken 
 by surprise, he halted his men and returned the fire of the enenry ; and 
 the battle soon became general and waxed hot. Putnam became sepa- 
 rated from the body of his army, and was compelled to defend himself 
 against several Indians. Three'of them he slew, when the fourth rushed 
 on him (as his gun missed fire) with uplifted tomahawk, and Putnam sur- 
 rendered. The Indian immediately bound him to a tree, and joined the 
 melee once more. While bound, "he was between the fire of both par- 
 ties, at one time ; and the bullets pierced his clothes, and the tree beside 
 him. A young Indian also amused himself by throwing a tomahawk 
 into the tree beside of his head. At the close of the right, he was un- 
 bound, led into captivity, and treated with great cruelty. 
 
 He was tied to a sapling, and a fire kindled to roast him alive ; but 
 just as the fire began to scorch his limbs, a shower of rain came and put 
 out the flames ; and before they could again be kindled, the savage who 
 captured him came and claimed him as his ; and having some spark of 
 humanity in his savage breast, dressed his wounds and protected him 
 from insult and cruelty during the remainder of the march. He was at 
 length exchanged, and lived to fight other battles. 
 
 At the breaking out of the Revolutionary War, he was at work upon 
 his tarm, and when a messenger arrived informing him of the contem- 
 plated attack on Bunker Hill, he was in the field plowing. He immedi- 
 ately left his plow, took his gun and jumped upon his horse, arriving in 
 season to do eminent service in that memorable battle. 
 
 He served his country faithfully, and at the close of the war retired to 
 his farm; where he enjoyed the blessings of the free institutions for 
 which he fought, to the age of seventy-two, when he died, at Brooklyn, 
 Connecticut, Ma v 29, 1790. 
 
38. HENEY KNOX. 
 
 General Henry Knox was born in Boston, Massachusetts, July 25, 
 1750. 
 
 He married the daughter of a staunch loyalist, and was an officer in the 
 British army when the struggle of the Revolution commenced. His whole 
 soul wag fired with the cause of freedom, and he contrived his escape from 
 Boston, and, presenting himself at the camp of Washington, offered his ser- 
 vices to his country. His wife, who, notwithstanding her Tory origin, 
 fully sympathized with the patriots, accompanied her husband in his flight, 
 secreting his sword in the folds of her petticoat. The noble woman adhered 
 to his fortune through the trials and privations of the campaign, and had 
 the holy satisfaction of sharing her husband's joys in the established Inde- 
 pendence of their country. 
 
 When young Knox presented himself at "Washington's headquarters, 
 our army was destitute of cannon, without which he felt that it was impos- 
 sible to cope with the British forces. There was no way of obtaining the 
 needed supply but by transporting it from the dilapidated forts of the Can- 
 adian frontier. This dangerous and almost Herculean labor was triumph- 
 antly performed by that gallant young officer, and an artillery department 
 of respectable force was added to our army, the command of which was 
 bestowed upon Knox, with a Brigadier- General's commission. These guns 
 were planted on Dorchester Heights, and the British army speedily com- 
 pelled to evacuate Boston. General Knox, at the head of the artillery, was 
 in constant service during the entire contest which succeeded, and generally 
 under the immediate eye of Washington, between whom and himself a 
 strong attachment existed, which lasted until the death of his distinguished 
 and beloved commander. At the battle of White Plains, Trenton, Prince- 
 ton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth, as also at the seige of 
 Yorktown, Knox and his artillery rendered most valuable aid. He w;is one 
 of the commissioners to negotiate the terms of capitulation of C'ornwallis. 
 In 1785, under the old regime, General Knox was Secretary of War, until 
 the r«ew organization, when Washington immediately appointed him to the 
 same office, which he , continued to hold until 1704, at which time 
 Washington reluctantly consented to accept his resignation, and he retired 
 to his farm, in Thorn aston, Maine, where he lived in hospitable retirement, 
 until the 25th of October, 1806, when he died suddenly from accidental stran- 
 gu 1 ation. 
 
 Few men contributed more largely to the success of our Revolutionary 
 strujr^rle than General Knox. 
 
 As the projector, author, and first commander of artillery, with the entire 
 confidence of Washington, his opportunities were equal to his desires, and 
 hie success tantamount to his genius and bravery. 
 
39. JOSIAH WINSLOW 
 
 JosrAH Winslow was born in what is now Marshfield, Massachusetts, 
 in 1629, just nine years after the arrival of the Pilgrims. 
 
 He was son of Edward Winslow, who came over in the May-Flower, 
 and who was the third Governor of the Oolony. Josiah was born of brave 
 stock, of which he proved no degenerate scion. 
 
 He commenced his public life very early. No sooner had he arrived at 
 the age eligible to office than he was chosen Deputy to the General Court, 
 from his native town, and was constantly employed in public business, until 
 he was elected Governor. He was a man of charming address, a well-cul- 
 tivated mind, and an amiable disposition. These traits, added to his fear- 
 less courage and military bearing, all resting on a highly-refined piety for 
 their base, eminently fitted him for the then highly-important office of Gov- 
 ernor, and gave him great popularity. 
 
 His first public act after he was chosen Governor, was the restoration to 
 their civil rights of Isaac Robinson and Mr. Cadworth, of which they had 
 been deprived on account of their religious opinions. 
 
 He was mild and tolerant himself, and could not endure the persecutions 
 which were practiced against non-conformists of whatever name. His moral 
 character was fully equal to his physical courage. He encountered public 
 prejudice with the same unblenching resolution with which he exposed 
 himself to the bullets and ambush of the Indians. 
 
 King Philip's war was coincident with his administration, and in it he 
 did eminent service, and proved himself a sagacious leader and brave war- 
 rior. 
 
 In 1657, soon after the death of his father, he was elected to the office of 
 Commander-in-Chief of the military forces of the Colonies. For many years 
 he was one of the Commissioners of the Confederated Colonies. 
 
 Of highly-polished manners, greatly gifted in conversation, fond of 
 society, and blessed with the means to gratify himself in all these respects, 
 the social and festive scenes of " Careswell " were of the most delightful, 
 refined, and instructive kind. Here, with his beautiful wife presiding, he 
 won for himself the proud distinction of being " the most accomplished 
 gentleman and the most agreeable companion in New England." Governor 
 Winslow never enjoyed very robust health, and his exposures and hardships 
 in King Philip's war doubtless aggravated his disease, and accelerated his 
 death, which took place on the 18th day of December. 1680, in the fifty- 
 second year of his age. 
 
 Josiah Winslow was the first native-born Governor of the Plymouth 
 Colony 
 
40. PRESTON S. BROOKS. 
 
 Preston S. Brooks was born in Edgefield District, Sonth Carolina, 
 in August, 1819. Graduating at the South Carolina College, in 1S39, he 
 adopted the profession of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1843. 
 
 He was elected to the Legislature of South Carolina, in 184-4 ; and, on 
 the breaking out of the Mexican War, in 1846, raised a company of vol- 
 unteers, of which he was made Captain, serving in the Palmetto Regiment 
 during the greater part of the campaign. At the close of the war, he 
 returned to South Carolina, and settled down as a planter. 
 
 He was elected Representative to Congress in 1853, and re-elected in 
 1855. The fiery debates in Congress on the Kansas difficulties — the electric 
 spark that presaged the thunderbolt of war that was preparing to burst upon 
 the country — aroused every feeling of passion that was smothered, and lay 
 smouldering, in both the Northern and Southern heart. In the midst of all 
 this dense passion, this pent-up feeling found its vent in two opposite 
 natures, — one sedate, classical, and confident in the justice of its cause ; the 
 other passionate, impulsive, and reckless, acting under imaginary wrongs. 
 Charles Sumner had made one of his most memorable speeches against the 
 South, and her institution, in which he particularly criticised Senator 
 Butler, of South Carolina, a near relative of Mr. Brooks. Chafing under 
 this severe attack upon thv. peculiar institution of his State, and the personal 
 criticism of his relative, the " chivalrous spirit" of Mr, Brooks was arousecL 
 and he determined to be avenged. Entering the Senate Chamber, he com- 
 mitted a personal and almost deadly assault upon the Massachusetts Senator, 
 
 This event caused great excitement in the North, and a spirit of indig- 
 nation pervaded every breast. A Senator from Massachusetts had been 
 brutally assaulted in his chair by a Representative from South Carolina I 
 Henry Wilson, the colleague of Mr, Sumner, in the Senate, pronounced the 
 assault "murderous, brutal, and cowardly ; " whereupon, Mr. Brooks chal- 
 lenged him to a deadly conflict. Mi'. Wilson replied that, while he 
 religiously believed in the right of self-defense, he must decline to accept 
 the challenge, believing dueling to be, not only a violation of the law of 
 the land, but the relic of a barbarous age. Although denounced by the 
 North, Mr. Brooks was sustained by his constituents. 
 
 The fiery spirit of Mr. Brooks was again displayed in the Presidential can- 
 vass of 1850, when he threatened that, in the event of the election of John 
 C. Fremont, he would " march upon Washington, seize the archives of the 
 Government, and take possession of the capital." 
 
 Disappointed in the opportunity, this threat was a foreshadowing of the 
 events which occurred on the election of Abraham Lincoln, as President of 
 the United States, in 1860. 
 
 Dying in Washington, D. C, January 27, 1857, he left behind him many 
 warm personal friends. 
 
41. WILLIAM L. MARCY. 
 
 William L. Marcy was born in Sturbridge (now Southbridge), Mas* 
 sachusetts, December 12, 1786. 
 
 He received bis academical education at Leicester, and entered Brown 
 University, Providence, Rbode Island, wbere be graduated in 1808. 
 
 He taugbt scbool for a wbile in Newport, studied law and commenced 
 practice in Tro}-, New York. He heartily approved tbe policy of Jeffer- 
 son and Madison, and tbe principles of tbe Republican party. 
 
 On tbe breaking out ot tbe war of 1812 be enlisted, was appointed 
 lieutenant and marcbed to tbe northern frontier, where be took tbe first 
 prisoners (on land) during tbe war, which were retained. Gen. Cass hav- 
 ing previously captured some, and lost them again. 
 
 During the war. he brought himself into general notice by a series of 
 articles which he wrote and published (in the Albany Argus) over the sig- 
 nature of" Vindex," in justification of tbe war, which were characterized 
 by great research and unusual force of argument. He early formed the 
 acquaintance of Martin Van Buren, which ripened into intimacy. He 
 was appointed Recorder o f Troy in 1816, and in 1821 was appointed Adju- 
 tant General of the State of New York. In 1823 be was chosen Comp- 
 troller, and removed to Albany. 
 
 He was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the 
 State in 1829, and in 1831 was elected United States Senator, wbere al- 
 most the first act of his senatorial career was to defend his friend Van 
 Buren, who bad been appointed to the English Mission. 
 
 In 1832 he was elected Governor of New York, and re-elected in 1834. 
 He was again nominated for that office in 1838, bnt was defeated by Wm. 
 H. Seward, tbe Whig candidate. He was appointed by President Van 
 Buren one of the Commissioners to decide upon the claims against the 
 Mexican government. In 1845 be was appointed Secretary of War, by 
 President Polk, which he held during his administration. His services 
 duriog the Mexican war were of great value to the President and the na- 
 tion. From 1853 to 1857 be was Secretary of State under President 
 Pierce. 
 
 He was a member of the " Albany Regency," and bad tbe reputation 
 of being a shrewd political tactician, and probably has never been sur- 
 passed in this respect, by any of the politicians of New York, except 
 Martin Van Buren. He was not a graceful speaker, but as a writer be 
 ranked high. His style was strong clear and perspicuous, flowing with 
 ease and elegance. He died at Ballston Spa, New York, July 4, 1857. 
 
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4$. PETEUS STUYVESANT. 
 
 Petrus Stuyvesant was born in Holland, near the beginning of the 
 sixteenth century. 
 
 In 1002 the Dutch East India Company received its charter, under 
 whose auspices Hendrick Hudson discovered and explored the great North 
 River, of New Netherlands, as far as Albany, in 1009. 
 
 Colonies were soon after formed in Albany and New York, then called 
 New Amsterdam. 
 
 In 1021 the Dutch West India Company was formed; and, under the 
 patronage of this mighty corporation, with its almost exhaustless resources 
 of wealth and power, New Netherlands at once received an impetus of 
 growth which has gone on increasing until the present day. Various men 
 had been appointed to the Director-Generalship, who had governed, or 
 misgoverned, its affairs, for about a quarter of a century, when Petrus 
 Stuyvesant, who had been Director-General in the Dutch colony at Curacoa, 
 and from which port he had returned to Holland, on account of ill health, 
 received the appointment in 1045. 
 
 Four ships comprised the squadron which bore the Governor- General to 
 the new sphere of his authority, filled with newly-appointed officers, farmers, 
 tradesmen, artisans, speculators, and gentlemen of leisure, seeking a home 
 and livelihood in the New World. 
 
 General Stuy vesant's " strong points of character" began at once to ap- 
 pear in the rigid discipline of the ships, and the general good order prevalent 
 throughout the squadron. 
 
 On his arrival at New Amsterdam, he found things in a sad condition. 
 Misrule had complete ascendency, and riot, murder, theft, and injustice of 
 all kinds, bore sway. 
 
 With a wise energy he strove to correct these evils, and at length re- 
 duced the chaos to order. He was at once a thorough reformer of abuses, 
 while he consolidated the Government, and became thoroughly conservative 
 in its administration. Stern and uncompromising, and possessed withal of 
 an unsuspected character for morality and truth, the affairs of the colony 
 prospered under his administration. 
 
 But he had to encounter the machinations of jealous, mean-minded men 
 at home, and envious and selfish ones in the colony. After twenty years of 
 troubled reign, he was recalled, to defend himself before his superiors, and 
 was deprived of his commission. 
 
 He was the last of the ancient regime, for New Netherlands was shortly 
 afterward wrested from the hands of the Dutch, b* r the English, under 
 whose rule it remained until 1770, when the United States declared their 
 Independence. 
 
 Stuyvesant returned to this country in 1008, and died in 1072. There 
 are landmarks of his farm still in existence in the city of New York. 
 
43. DAVID CEOCKET. 
 
 David Crocket, the eccentric, laughter-loving, fun-making backwoods- 
 man, of whom more amusing stories have been told than of any other man 
 in our country, was born at the mouth of Limestone River, Green Connty, 
 Tennessee, August 17, 1786. He was of Irish descent, and the natural 
 humor of that race appears in every passage of our hero's life. 
 
 At the time of his birth, East Tennessee was a mere wilderness, and 
 David grew up without the means of education, save such as an occasional 
 month at some rustic school, or the lessons taught him in his own rude 
 home, afforded. When he was seven years of age, his father became sud- 
 denly bankrupt, by a conflagration, when he removed to Jefferson County, 
 and opened a small public house. Here the boy remained, helping his 
 father, until about twelve years of age, when he was hired out to a Dutch- 
 man, as a drover-boy, of whom he soon became tired, and ran away. After 
 wandering about for some time, and getting much rough usage, he reached 
 his father's house, where he remained for one year, when he ran away from, 
 home, and joined another cattle-drover, bound for Western Virginia, who 
 turned him loose at the end of his journey, with only four dollars in his 
 pocket. 
 
 Now (to use his own language) he commenced " knocking about for him- 
 self ;" and for three years did young Crocket " knock about," when he 
 returned home, went to school a few weeks, fell in love several times, unsuc- 
 cessfully, and at length was married in 1810, and became a father. He 
 lived at first with his wife's mother, working a little, and hunting a great 
 deal, for his subsistence. 
 
 After two years he set up his own cabin on Elk River, where he culti- 
 vated a few acres for his bread, and ranged the forest for his meat. 
 
 In 1813 he enlisted as a volunteer under General Jackson, and was in 
 several hard-fought battles, the foremost among the brave. His merriment, 
 his Dutch anecdotes, and bear stories, his wonderful shooting, his fortitude, 
 and his courage, made him a universal favorite, and the very life of the 
 camp. 
 
 At the close of the war he was honored with the title of Colonel, elected 
 Justice of the Peace, and afterward sent to the Legislature, where he be- 
 came celebrated as the " Member from the Cane." 
 
 He soon removed to Western Tennessee, where he became the " crack 
 shot of all those diggins." 
 
 In 1828 he was elected Representative to Congress, and re-elected in 
 1830. At Washington he was a conspicuous personage, and became very 
 popular with the members, being the only genuine backwoodsman ever in 
 Congress. 
 
 He afterward enlisted in the Texan cause, and died fighting for its in- 
 dependence. After defending a fort for ten hours against tremendous odds, 
 he surrendered to Santa Anna, who ordered him to be murdered, and he 
 fell, pierced by ten swords. 
 
 Colonel Crocket was brave and generous to a fault. At a time of great 
 scarcity, he took a load of corn to his " old stumping-ground." When a 
 man came to buy his corn, the first question he asked was : " Have you the 
 money to pay for it ?" If answered, " yes," Davy's reply was : " You can't 
 have a kernel . I brought it to sell to people who have no money !" 
 
44. "WILLIAM K. KING. 
 
 "William It. King was born, in North Carolina, in 1786* He was not a 
 brilliant boy ; but, by constant application, he was enabled to surmount 
 difficulties at which many a genius would have stumbled and fallen. At a 
 very early age he entered into political life, and his fellow-citizens showed 
 their estimation of his abilities and honesty, by intrusting him with several 
 minor offices, the faithful discharge of the duties of which led them to select 
 him to represent their interests in Congress, before he was twenty-five 
 years of age. 
 
 In 1811 Mr. King went to the United States House of Representatives, 
 and served acceptably to his constituents for two terms. Not long after the 
 close of this service, he removed into the Territory of Alabama, then about 
 to become a State. When it was admitted into the Union, he was chosen 
 United States Senator from the new State, and continued for twenty-five 
 years, without intermission, a most faithful, diligent, and consistent member 
 of that body. 
 
 In 1844, President Tyler appointed him Minister to France, where he 
 represented his country with great credit and satisfaction, and was received 
 by Louis Phillippe with marked distinction. He returned to the United 
 States in 1847, and was called again to the National Senate, by the 
 citizens of Alabama, in 1849. This was the commencement of the adminis- 
 tration of President Taylor, as President of the United States, by whose 
 untimely death it passed into the hands of Mr. Fihnore. Mr. King was 
 chosen to succeed Mr. Filmore, as President pro tern, of the Senate, and, 
 consequently, acting Vice-President of the United States. 
 
 At the Democratic Convention which met at Baltimore in 1S52, Mr. 
 King was nominated for Vice-President, with Franklin Pierce, of New Hamp- 
 shire, for President, and was elected. But he was not permitted to en joy 
 his new and well-deserved honor. His health, which h;id long been pre- 
 carious, now failed him altogether, and his disease assumed the most alarm- 
 ing symptoms. 
 
 He soon found himself the doomed victim of that scourge of our climate, 
 consumption. After trying the usual remedies, without success, he was 
 sent to Cuba, at the expense of the Government, to try the effect of change 
 of climate. But death had marked him for his own, and he returned just 
 in season to expire in the bosom of his family, at the age of sixty-seven, in 
 the yeai 
 
45. BENJAMIN LINCOLN. 
 
 Benjamin Lincoln, an heroic officer of the Revolution, a skillful dip* 
 lomatist, and ready debater in the councils of the nation, was born at 
 Hingham, Massachusetts, June 23, 1733. When the Revolutionary war 
 commenced, Lincoln was Lieutenant, under commission of Governor Hut- 
 chinson. 
 
 , He unhesitatingly threw himself into the cause of the Colonists, and, in 
 1775, was elected a member of the Provincial Congress, and by that body 
 appointed one of its Secretaries, and a member of the Committee of Corres- 
 pondence. 
 
 In 1776 he received the appointment of Brigadier-General, and the fol- 
 lowing year entered the Continental Army as Major-General; and in the 
 autumn of the same year joined the Northern Army under Schuyler. He 
 rendered valuble service in that trying campaign, and signalized himself 
 in both the battles on the plains of Saratoga, which proved so disastrous to 
 General Burgoyne. 
 
 He was so severely wounded in the fight of the 7th of October, as to be 
 obliged to leave the army, and return home. He rejoined the army (to the 
 great joy of "Washington, who duly appreciated his valuable services) in 
 the following August. 
 
 He was immediately sent to the South to assume command of the army 
 in that quarter, which he found, on his arrival at Charleston, S. C, in 
 December, 1778, in the most destitute and disorderly condition ; but, by 
 indefatigable industry and energy, he was enabled to take the field, and 
 commence offensive operations in the June following, when he attacked the 
 garrison at Stono Ferry, and, in conjunction with the impetuous De Estaing, 
 made a chivalrous attack on Savannah, both of which were unsuccessful. 
 
 He then undertook to defend Charleston against the siege and blockade 
 of Sir Henry Clinton's army of nine thousand men, and, after a brave resist- 
 ance of more than two months, was obliged to surrender. 
 
 Such was his popularity with the army and the whole country, that 
 their confidence in him was not abated by this disaster, for, on being ex- 
 changed in 1781, he rejoined the army, and was sent once more to co-operate 
 with the Southern forces, where he had the high satisfaction of aiding in 
 the reduction of Yorktown, and of conducting the defeated army to the 
 field where they were to lay down their arms at the feet of Washington. 
 
 Immediately after the close of the war, Mr. Lincoln was chosen Secretary 
 of War. He resigned in 1783, and received the thanks of Congress for his 
 patriotic military and civil services, when he retired to his farm, and passed 
 his time in agricultural and literary pursuits, until 1786-7, when he took 
 the field again to quell the famous Shay's insurrection. 
 
 Having triumphantly accomplished this, he again sought the seclusion 
 of home ; but he could not keep entirely from public service, for the people 
 called him to various posts of honor, such as Lieutenant-Governor, Collector 
 of the port of Boston, member of the Constitutional Convention, and Presi- 
 dent of the Society of Cincinnati, from its organization to the day of his- 
 death, in all of which he was trusted, respected, an! be:<w I. _ 
 
 He died at Hingham, Mass., May 9, l&±v* 
 
46. JOHN B. FLOYD. 
 
 John BUCHANAN Floyd, son of Governor John Floyd, of Virginia, was 
 born in that State in the year 1805. He received a liberal education, but 
 did not commence his political career until 1850, when he succeeded to the 
 Governorship of his native State, like his father and grandfather before 
 him. 
 
 In 1856 he was appointed by James Buchanan, Secretary of "War, which 
 position he held until December 29, 1800, when he resig-ned ; and on the seces- 
 sion of Virginia from the Union, he went with her, and joined the Southern 
 Confederacy. 
 
 During the time that he was Secretary of "War, in order to cripple the 
 United States Government, and render it powerless in the impending crisis, 
 which he then knew was about to take place, should the Republican candi- 
 date for the Presidency be elected, and, in order to strengthen the Southern 
 arms, and enable them to sustain themselves in the secession movement, 
 which they were certain, in such an event, to undertake, he dismantled the 
 Northern forts, plundered the Northern arsenals and armories, and sent the 
 arms and ammunition South; ordered loyal officers, with nearly the whole 
 army of the United States, to remote and secluded parts of the country, so 
 as to render it impossible to bring them to the Atlantic coast in time to 
 meet any emergency ; and, after doing all that his official position would 
 enable him, to cripple the United States Government, and facilitate the 
 movements of the South, he resigned, and joining the Rebel army, became a 
 Brigadier-General. 
 
 He commenced his military career in Western Virginia, where, during 
 the fall of 1861, he suffered repeated reverses. In February, 1862, he was 
 at the defense of Fort Donaldson ; but, on the night before its surrender he 
 and Gonerai Pillow turned their commands over to General Buckner, fled 
 from the fort, and effected their escape, while Generals Buckner and Tilgh- 
 man were taken prisoners. 
 
 From that time until his death, which occurred at Abingdon, Virginia, 
 August 27, 1863, he saw but little service. 
 
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 original recipe, free from all irritating or poisonous mix- 
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 other Compound, Salve, or Ointment possesses. 
 
 A trial will commend its worth to all afflicted with 
 
 PAIN, WOUNDS, CUTS, BURNS, SORES, OR BRUISES. EVERY 
 
 Mother should have a bottle of SMITH'S COMPOUND 
 near at hand, for Cuts, Bruises, and Burns. 
 
 NO FAMILY CAN AFFORD TO BE WITHOUT IT. 
 
 Seamen will also find it a very valuable article in cases 
 of Scurvy, Chapped Hands, &c. ; and every "Medicine- 
 Chest" should have a good supply of 
 
 SMITH'S GREEN MAGNETIC COMPOUND 
 
 Before going to Sea. 
 
 Stable-Keepers will find this Compound very valuable 
 for Horses in cases of scratches, galls, chafes, stiff 
 joints, &c, &c. 
 
 Be Sure and Call For 
 
 Smith's Green lapetic Nerve and Bone Compound. 
 
 Sold by Druggists and Traders throughout the United States 
 and British Provinces. 
 
 MANUFACTURED AND SOLD AT WHOLESALE BY 
 O. SMITH, 171 BROADWAY, 
 
 ROOM No. 4=. 
 
47. EDWIN V. SUMNER. 
 
 Major-G-eneral Edwin V. Sumner -was born in Boston, Massachusetts, 
 in the year 1796. He was educated at the academy at Milton, and, without 
 graduating at West Point, entered the army, under the patronage of the 
 Commander-in-Chief, General Jacob Brown, in 1819, as Second Lieutenant 
 of Infantry. 
 
 He served in the Black Hawk war with credit, and was transferred to 
 the Second Dragoons, with the rank of Captain. This brought him into 
 active service on the Western frontier, as an Indian fighter, where he 
 acquired a high reputation. In 1838, Sumner was appointed to the com- 
 mand of the Cavalry School of Practice at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. 
 Here his previous experience and energetic character made him an efficient 
 officer. 
 
 It was not until after twenty-seven years of military service, in 1846, 
 that he attained the rank of Major. 
 
 The Mexican war now offered him an opportunity for exhibiting his 
 abilities. He was with Scott's army from its landing till the conquest of 
 the capitol, and highly distinguished himself wherever an opportunity 
 offered — at the bridge of Medelin, near Vera Cruz ; in the assault on Cerro 
 Gordo, where he was wounded, and for his gallantry breveted Lieutenant- 
 Colonel ; at Molino del Rey, where he held his position and kept five thousand 
 Mexican Lancers in check, under a constant fire, and contributed greatly to 
 the success of the American army, and was breveted Colonel. In 1851, '52, 
 and '53 he was in command of New Mexico. 
 
 In 1854 he visited Europe, on official business, to report on improve- 
 ments in the Cavalry service. 
 
 Again employed on the frontier, he conducted a successful expedition 
 against the Cheyenne warriors in Kansas, and was appointed to the com- 
 mand of the Western Department, rendering efficient service by his energy 
 and moderation during the Kansas troubles. 
 
 The Rebellion brought this able and well-tried officer to a position more 
 worthy of his claims. He was appointed to the vacancy made by the 
 treason of Twiggs, and sent to the Department of the Pacific ; but was re- 
 called, in 1862, to active service in the Army of the Potomac. 
 
 In the campaign of the Peninsula, he was actively employed, and turned 
 the fortunes of the day, in the repulse of the Confederates, at Fair Oaks. 
 He was highly distinguished in the Seven Days' Battles, and was there 
 again wounded. 
 
 Having received the rank of Major-General of Volunteers, and Brevet 
 Major-General in the Regular army, he took command of the Second Corps 
 in the brief campaign in Maryland, in September, 1862, when, at the bloody 
 battle of Antietam, he was again wounded. 
 
 He was with Burnside at Fredericksburg, his division being the first to 
 cross the Rappahannock. Its attacks upon the enemy's position were made 
 with the greatest gallantry, and reported the heaviest losses. He was next 
 appointed to the Department of Missouri, but was suddenly taken ill, at 
 Syracuse, New York, where he had been sojourning for a short time, and 
 died on the 21st of March, 18G3. 
 
I SO BOWERY, N. Y. I 50 BOWERY, N. Y. 
 
 J. H. JOHNSTON & ROBINSON, 
 
 FIXE WATCHES. 
 
 DIAMONDS, 
 
 FANCY GOODS. 
 JEWELRY, 
 
 SILVEK WARE, 
 
 PLATED WARE, 
 
 '9 
 V,'e are Agents for the 
 
 AJSIERICAJNT WATCH CO., 
 
 And sell their goods at 
 FACTORY FBICES, WJwJesale and Betail. 
 
 Ture Gold WEDDING and ENGAGEMENT RINGS, 
 $3, $6, $9, $12 and $15. 
 
 Sent on receipt of price to any part of the country at our expense. 
 Take a hair-pin and bend half of it to the required size, and send with 
 your order. 
 
 J. H. JOHXSTOX <f KOBIXSOX, 
 
 150 BOWERY, cor. ofBroome St., 
 
 NEW-YORK. 
 
48. EDWAED EVEKETT. 
 
 Edward Everett -was bom in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in April, 
 1794. 
 
 He entered Harvard College at the age of thirteen, and graduated at 
 seventeen, with the highest honors of his class. Having studied divinity, 
 he was ordained pastor of Brattle Square Unitarian Society, in Boston, 
 Massachusetts, where he officiated for two years, with great popularity. 
 Here he acquired the habit of " memoritor" speaking, for which he was 
 always after so remarkable— not having been known, in a single instance, 
 to consult his notes for over a quarter of a century. 
 
 In 1814, having accepted the office of Greek Professorship of Harvard 
 College, he traveled in Europe four years, spending more than two years at 
 the famous University of Gottingen. On his return, in 1819, he entered 
 at once upon the duties of his Professorship, in the discharge of which he 
 won the reputation of being the first Greek scholar of the age. 
 
 He soon after became editor of the North American Review, and infused 
 into its dying pages new life, elevating its literary tone and character, and 
 vindicating ..American principles and institutions against British travelers 
 and critics. 
 
 In 1824 he delivered the annual oration before the Phi Beta Kappa So- 
 ciety, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. The peroration (being dedicated 
 to Lafayette, who was present) touched a chord of sympathy which brought 
 the whole audience rising to their feet, and, with tears of gratitude, gave 
 the veteran hero such a welcome shout as none but patriot hearts ever feel, 
 and patriot lips express. 
 
 In 1825 he was sent to Congress from the Middlesex district, and con- 
 tinued to occupy his seat for ten years. In 1835 he retired from Congress, 
 and was elected Governor of Massachusetts for four successive years. In 
 1841 he was appointed Minister to England, for which position he was pre- 
 eminently qualified. 
 
 On his return, in 1845, he was elected President of Harvard College, 
 which position he resigned in 1849. On the death of Daniel "Webster, in 
 1852, he was appointed Secretary of State, by President Filmore, which 
 office he resigned for a seat in the United States Senate. This position he 
 also resigned in 1855. He afterward added to his reputation by delivering 
 orations on the Life of Washington, and other topics, all being for charita- 
 ble purposes. 
 
 He was the intimate friend of Daniel "Webster, and wrote the best life 
 extant of that distinguished man. 
 
 In 1860 he was nominated for Vice-President, by the Union party, but 
 was defeated. Mr. Everett's greatest days were his last. He then broke 
 away from his own traditions and associations, and mounted to that wise, 
 large patriotism which has guided twenty loyal millions to life and glory. 
 He waited not till victory crowned our arms, but in those first days his 
 clarion voice sounded over the land for the victory of our arms. 
 
 His voice was last heard January 12, 18G5, for the relief of the Savannah 
 sufferers, where he caught a cold that terminated his life, January 15, 1805. 
 
49. BENJAMIN BUSH. 
 
 BENJAMIN Hush was born in Byberry, Pennsylvania, on the 24th of 
 December, 1745. His father dying when he was quite young, his mother 
 assumed the charge of his education ; and so faithfully did she execute the 
 important trust, that he was able to enter Princeton College at the age of 
 thirteen ; and such had been his progress in his studies, that he obtained 
 his degree before he was fifteen years old. After studying five years with 
 a celebrated physician here, he went to Scotland, and studied two years, 
 spending a few months in England and France. 
 
 On his return, in 1769, he was elected Professor of Chemistry in the 
 College of Philadelphia. In 1791, the College being merged into the Uni- 
 versity, Dr. Rush was appointed Professor of the Institute in the practice 
 of medicine, and of clinical practice. 
 
 His lectures were popular, -and very fully attended. In his treatment of 
 yellow-fever, which about this time desolated Philadelphia, he seems to 
 to have been eminently successful. He remained at his post constantly 
 during the three months of its ravages, and gave his services freely to the 
 poor, rejecting enormous offers from the rich, that the children of poverty 
 might not suffer from want of care. Once he came near falling a victim to 
 the disease. He took no rest, and visited, on an average, one hundred pa- 
 tients daily. He adopted for his motto : " The poor are my best patients, 
 for God is their paymaster." 
 
 Dr. Rush was an ardent patriot, and took a decided stand with the 
 friends of his country. 
 
 By his counsels and his pen he did eminent service to the cause of his 
 country, and filled several important offices. In 1776 he signed that im- 
 mortal instrument, " The Declaration of Independence." 
 
 In 1777 he was appointed head of the medical staff of the Continental 
 Army, and was assiduous in his duties in that department. 
 
 Dr. Rush was a great student and writer, and it is through his many 
 printed works that his memory is kept fragrant in the hearts of his country- 
 men. From his nineteenth to his sixty-fourth year he was a public writer. 
 His productions exhibit extensive learning, profound medical science, deep 
 piety, a zealous patriotism, and unbounded benevolence. His moral quali- 
 ties were such as naturally spring from an elevated mind, and a heart that 
 had been cultivated by an intelligent mother. 
 
 From the age of twenty-four until his death, he was in constant and ex- 
 tensive practice. He was cut off suddenly by a prevailing typhus-fever, in 
 the midst of his usefulness, April 19, 1813, being sixty-eight years of age. 
 He saved others : himself he could not save. 
 

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50. JOHN J. CRITTENDEN. 
 
 •John J. Crittenden was born in September, 1786, in "Woodford 
 County, Kentucky. When quite young he entered the army, and during 
 the war of 1812 he served as Major, under General Hopkins, and as aid-de- 
 camp to Governor Shelby, at the battle of the Thames. After studying 
 law, he opened an office in Frankfort, Kentucky, where he speedily rose to 
 a high position in his profession. He served a number of years in the 
 State Legislature, and was chosen Speaker. 
 
 His uncommon talents, combined with the ease and fluency of his public 
 address, made him a popular man with his party ; while his sound judg- 
 ment, and powers of close, cogent argument, marked him as a growing 
 lawyer and budding statesman. 
 
 In 1817 he was elected by the Whig party to the Senate of the United 
 States. 
 
 After two years' service he returned to Frankfort, and for the space oi' 
 sixteen years devoted himself to the duties of his profession, and rose to 
 the highest rank as a lawyer, being retained in all the most difficult and 
 abstruse legal questions which came before the courts of Kentucky. During 
 this period he occasionally served in the Legislature. 
 
 In 1835 he was once more called into public life by an election to the 
 United States Senate, from which time he continued to serve his country in 
 various capacities until his death. He occupied his seat in the Senate for 
 six years, and in 1841 was appointed, by President Harrison, Attorney- 
 General of the United States; but, in September, 1841, Mr. Tyler having 
 succeeded General Harrison to the Presidency, he resigned, with other 
 members of the Cabinet, and retired to private life. 
 
 He was soon, however, called, by the Legislature, to resume his seat in 
 the Senate of the United States, in 1842, to fill an unexpired term ; and wae 
 again elected, to serve for six years from 1843 ; but, in 1848, having received 
 the Whig nomination for Governor of Kentucky, he retired from the Senate, 
 and was elected to that office, which he held until his appointment as Attor 
 ney-General by President Filmore. 
 
 This position he held throughout that administration, discharging ite, 
 duties with a fidelity and ability alike honorable to himself and the Govern- 
 ment he helped to administer. He was again elected to the United States 
 Senate in 1855, for the term ending March 4, 1861, and was, when he re- 
 tired, the oldest member of that body. 
 
 He was elected, in 1860, a Representative from Kentucky to the Thirty- 
 seventh Congress. 
 
 During the excitement in Congress preceding the seceding of the South- 
 ern States, Mr. Crittenden brought forward his plan of adjusting the diffi- 
 cultj--, which were designated as " The Crittenden Compromise Measures." 
 They were not accepted, and when the Rebellion commenced, Mr. Crittenden 
 was found on the side of the Union. He died July 25, 1863. 
 
7 
 
 W 
 
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 <$ 
 
 P- 
 
 -& 
 
 ^iSHEt) 
 
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 WM. H. LEE, 
 
 199 & 201 FULTON STREET, NEW YORK- 
 
 ii 
 
 AT 
 
 MANUFACTUEEES' PEICES. 
 
 UATTBASSES 
 
 SPRISG-BEBS, 
 
 WARE ROOMS, 
 =Pl99 Fulton St 
 
 KY. 
 
 SOFA 
 
 BEDSTEADS, 
 
 W H LEE 
 
 PARLOR, LIBRARY, CHAMBER AND DINING SUITES 
 
 In every Variety, 
 All Goods warranted and packed with care. 
 
 "V7":m:- kc, lee 3 
 
 Between Broad way and Greenwich St. , i._^»1fOK[l. 
 
61. PATRICK HENBY. 
 
 PATRICK HENRY was born in Virginia, May 29. 1736. His boyhood was 
 as unpromising as could Well be imagined. He was a great truant, hating 
 his books, and delighting in nothing so much as his angle-rod and gun. 
 
 In these sports he would spend weeks at a time ; and while watching 
 the cork of his fishing-rod, he would sit for hours absorbed in reflection. 
 In the midst of his companions, he often gat silent, appearing to be 
 occupied with his own thoughts, or reflecting deeply on the character of his 
 playmates. At sixteen his father set him up in trade, but he did not suc- 
 ceed. During that time he acquired a taste for reading, but his chief em- 
 ployment was in studying the character of his customers, as they became 
 excited in controversy, or interested in relating anecdotes. 
 
 Not succeeding in the store, he determined to study law. After six 
 Weeks' study, he applied for a license to practice, and passed his examina- 
 tion, astounding his examiners, not by his knowledge of law, but by the 
 strength of his intellect, and brilliancy of his genius. For three years his 
 success was small, when an event brought him before the court, and gave 
 him a chance to display his ability as a pleader and an orator. It was a 
 case between the people and the clergy of the English Church, in regard to 
 the payment of their salaries in tobacco, at a price fixed by the Legislature. 
 
 Patrick Henry was emploj^ed by the people, as no one else could be 
 found to espouse their cause. 
 
 "When he rose to make his plea, he faltered, and appeared very awkward, 
 and the people hung their heads at so unpropitious a commencement, the 
 clergy, at the same time, exchanging sly glances with each other. In a few 
 moments, however, as he warmed with the subject, those wonderful facul- 
 ties which he possessed were, for tho first time, developed, and now was wit- 
 nessed that mysterious transformation of appearance which the fire of his 
 own eloquence never failed to work in him. His attitude, by degrees, be- 
 came erect and lofty ; the spirit of his genius awakened all his features ; 
 his countenance shone with a grandeur which it never before exhibited ; 
 there was a lightning in his eye that seemed to rive the spectators. His 
 actions became graceful, bold, and commanding ; and in the tones of his 
 voice, more especially in his emphasis, there was a peculiar charm, " a 
 magic," of which all who ever heard him, speak, but of which no one could 
 give any adequate description. His triumph was complete. The Jury gave 
 him a verdict without deliberation, and the people carried him from the 
 Court-House on their shoulders. 
 
 From this time, Patrick Henry was one of the foremost men of Virginia, 
 and his life was brilliantly connected with the history of his country. 
 
 After a successful career at the bar, he was elected to the State Legisla- 
 ture, where his well-known speeches, familiar to every school-boy, gave Vir- 
 ginia to the Revolution. He served conspicuously in the First Congress, 
 and was elected Governor of Virginia. 
 
 He died on the Gth day of June, 1799, in the sixty-fourth year of his 
 age. 
 

 52. JOHN HANCOCK. 
 
 John HANCOCK was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1737. He 
 graduated at Harvard College, in 1754, at the age of seventeen, with no par- 
 ticular marks of distinction. 
 
 On leaving college, he entered the counting-room of his uncle, one of 
 the wealthiest merchants of Boston, where he remained six years. 
 
 He then went to Europe, and returned, after four years' absence, to enter 
 upon the immense fortune of his uncle, who, dying, had made him his heir. 
 
 In 176'i, at a political meeting to nominate a candidate to the Legisla- 
 ture of Massachusetts, Samuel Adams, desirous of enlisting in the cause of 
 the people, the great estate and influential name of John Hancock, nomi- 
 nated him to represent his district, and he was elected. Ever after, he was 
 an ardent and conspicuous friend of his country. Indeed, he made himself 
 so prominent in the politics of the day, that he was in danger of prosecution 
 for treason. 
 
 In 1768, one of his sloops, laden with wine, from Madeira, was seized by 
 the Government, on a pretext of false entry. A mob collected, and pelted 
 the officers with stones, broke the windows of their residences, and seized a 
 boat belonging to the collector of the port, which they dragged, to the Com- 
 mon, and burned. 
 
 This was the first serious disturbance which had occurred in America 
 growing out of the events preceding the Revolution. 
 
 It made a prodigious noise in the world, and gave a great prominence to 
 the name of John Hancock. 
 
 In 1774 he was elected a member of the Continental Congress, and was 
 chosen President of that body. That year he delivered an oration, on the 
 anniversary of the Boston massacre, which established his reputation as a 
 true friend of the country. 
 
 In 177G, as President of Congress, he placed his name at the head of that 
 immortal paper which declared to the world our Independence, where it 
 stands in that round, striking hand, which exhibits a bold and fearless 
 spirit, and a resolution never to subscribe to any compromise with tyranny 
 or oppression. 
 
 Mr. Hancock was blessed with a pleasing person, winning address, and 
 possessed great wealth. Staking everything on the die of the Revolution, 
 he became one of the most popular leaders of that glorious struggle, and one 
 of the most obnoxious to the Tory authorities. 
 
 In 1780 he was chosen first Governor, under the new Constitution, of his 
 native State, which office he continued to hold (with the exception of two 
 years) until his death, in October, 1793, at the age of fifty-five. 
 
 Possessed of ample means, Governor Hancock lived in a style of princely 
 magnificence, and his abode was the ne plus ultra of a noble and brilliant 
 hospitality. His door was never shut on the people, and the poor were 
 never sent empty-han led or in sorrow from his door. 
 
 At his table might be seen all classes, from grave and dignified clergy 
 down to the gifted in song, narrative, anecdote, and wit. 
 
53. JOHN JAY. 
 
 John Jay was born in New York, December 12, 1745. He graduated 
 at Columbia College, in 1764, with the highest honors of his class ; and in 
 1768 was admitted to the bar, with the most brilliant prospects, in which 
 he would undoubtedly have risen to great eminence, had he not been called 
 to the political arena, and joined that noble brotherhood who leagued for 
 the overthrow of tyranny, and stood shoulder to shoulder with the Adamses, 
 Jefferson, Henry, Hamilton, and the whole host of patriots who took their 
 lives in their hands, and determined to sink or swim with their country. 
 He was elected one of the delegates to the First Congress, in 1774, and 
 when he took his seat was the youngest member on the floor of that House ; 
 yet such was the gravity of his manner, the ^profoundness of his knowledge, 
 and the ripeness of his judgment, that he was appointed to some of the 
 most important committees of that august body. He wrote that address to 
 the people of Great Britain, which the gifted Jefferson pronounced the pro- 
 duction of the finest pen in America. He also wrote several other addresses 
 adopted by Congress, all of which bear the stamp of true genius, burning 
 patriotism, and great comprehensiveness. 
 
 In 1 777 he was appointed Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court of the 
 State of New York; in 1779, Minister to Spain ; and, in 1782, Commissioner, 
 in company with Dr. Franklin, John Adams, and Mr. Laurens, to negotiate 
 a peace with England. 
 
 It was mainly owing to his firmness that the recognition of the Inde- 
 pendence of the United States was extorted from Great Britain. 
 
 He wrote a number of essays in the Federalist, was chosen Secretary of 
 Foreign Affairs, which position he held until the adoption of the Constitu- 
 tion of the United States, when he was appointed Chief-Justice of the 
 Supreme Court, and in 1794 was appointed Envoy Extraordinary to Great 
 Britain, to negotiate a treaty of commerce, which he effected with great 
 skill and fidelity to his country. 
 
 On his return he was elected Governor of New York, and served in that 
 capacity until 1801, when he retired to private life. 
 
 Like all great men of that day, like Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, 
 Hamilton, Patrick Henry, and John Randolph, and all others of like grade, 
 John Jay was an abolitionist. 
 
 He brouu-ht home with him, from abroad, ono nfgro slave, to whom he 
 crave his freedom, when he had served long enough to pay the expense in- 
 3urred i:i bringinghim hrre. 
 
 Mr. Jay died in May, 1829, having lived to tho great age of eighty-four. 
 
QUIMB Y, SMITH & CO., 
 
 MANUFACTURING- 
 
 AND DEALERS IN 
 
 171 BROADWAY, N. T. 
 
 Room 4, Gilsey's Building, cor. Cortlandt Street. 
 
 DAYTON BROTHERS, 
 
 X>EHKr i TXS l X l S. 
 
 267.1 Grand St., New York. {267. 
 
 (TWO DOORS FROM LORD & TAYLOR'S) 
 
 Aching-Teeth Cured, and Filled Permanently, without Pain. 
 
 Teeth filled with Gold $1 and upwards 
 
 Teeth Extracted 25 eta 
 
 Rubber and Silver Sets $5, $10, and $20 
 
 Gold and Platina $25 and upwards 
 
 Teeth filled with Silver .50 cts. to $1 
 
 "Without Pain, by the use of Nitrous Oxide or Laughing Gas. 
 
 G. W. MASSEY, 
 
 MAJTOFACTCKER OF 
 
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 54. WILLIAM L. DAYTON. 
 
 WiLLIAM L, Dayton was born in. Somerset County, near Breckenridge, 
 New Jersey, on the 17th. day of February, 1807. He fitted for college under 
 the care of Dr. Brownlee, then a somewhat famous teacher of youth, and 
 graduated at Princeton College, with considerable distinction, in 1825. He 
 studied law with Governor Vroom, and was admitted to the bar in 1830 ; 
 removed to Monmouth, and opened an office, where he soon won a consider- 
 able degree of fame, and a large amount of business, as well as a host of 
 friends. 
 
 In 1837 he was elected to the New Jersey Senate, and made Chairman of 
 the Judiciary Committee. At the close of this session he was raised to the 
 bench of the Supreme Court, and, though one of the youngest, was one of 
 the most eminent, who ever held that distinguished post. After three years 
 in this distinguished station, he resigned, and resumed the practice of his 
 profession, where his splendid abilities as an advocate soon placed him in 
 the front ranks of the New Jersey bar. 
 
 On the death of Hon. Samuel L. Southard, United States Senator, in 
 1842, Governor Pennington tendered Mr. Dayton the position, which he ac- 
 cepted, and served out the term. He was afterward elected to a full term 
 of six years. When he entered the Senate chamber, he was the youngest 
 member of that body, being then barely thirty-five years old. But, amidst 
 the glare of those brilliant lights which shed so much glory on the delibera- 
 tions of that Congress the effulgence of the youthful New Jersey Senator 
 was manifest. 
 
 He at •once took a commanding position among his compeers, and when- 
 ever he rose to address the Senate, he was received with the most marked 
 respect. His course was open and frank ; his eloquent address and manly 
 bearing secured to him the confidence of his political friends, and the friend- 
 ship of his political opponents. 
 
 In 185G he was on the ticket with Fremont, for Vice-President of the 
 United States. 
 
 In 1860 he was appointed Minister to France, by Mr. Lincoln, which 
 position he held until his death, in Paris, December 1, 1864. 
 
55. JAMES K POL] 
 
 jAmes K. Polk, the 10th President of the United States, was born, 
 November 2, 1795, in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, and there re- 
 ceived his early education. In 1806 he .removed with his father to Tennes- 
 see, and lived in the valley of Duck River, a branch of the Cumberland. 
 
 He'graduated at the University of North Carolina, in 1815, studied law 
 with Felix Grundy, and was admitted to the bar in 1820. He commenced 
 his political career in 1823, as Representative to the Legislature of Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 In 1825 he was elected to the Congress of the United States, in which 
 position he continued until 1839 ; and was Speaker of that body from 1835 
 to 1837. 
 
 In 1839 he was elected Governor of Tennessee for two years, and was 
 again a candidate, but was defeated. 
 
 In 1844 he was nominated by the Democratic Convention at Baltimore 
 as a candidate for President of the United States, against Henry Clay, the 
 Whig candidate, and was elected. The annexation of Texas being the prin- 
 cipal question of the canvass, Congress passed a bill for its immediate 
 admission. This act involved the United States in a war with Mexico. 
 That country refusing to accept the proposition to fix the boundary line 
 between it and Texas by negotiation, General Taylor was ordered to take 
 possession of the disputed territory, and a short and decisive contest fol- 
 lowed, which resulted in the acquisition of important and valuable territory 
 to the United States. 
 
 The discovery of gold in California (a part of the acquired territory), the 
 June following, produced momentous changes in the condition of that coun- 
 try, and made itself felt throughout the world. Thousands of men left 
 their homes (forsaking farms, and closing up business) and flocked to the 
 fortunate spot, and California soon became populated with people of all 
 nations. 
 
 Notwithstanding the advantages derived from the war, and the vast 
 amount and value of the territory acquired, Mr. Polk was not nominated 
 for a second term. He retired from the Presidency in 1849, and soon after 
 reaching his home, in Nashville, Tennessee, his health began to decline, and 
 he died June 15, 1849. 
 

 56. WINFIELD SCOTT. 
 
 General "WlNFiELD Scott was born in Petersburg, Virginia, June 13, 
 1786. He chose the legal profession, and was admitted to the bar in 1806, 
 at the age of twenty. 
 
 "When the war of 1812 broke out, he applied for, and received, a com- 
 mission of Captain of Artillery, and accompanied General Hull in his in- 
 glorious campaign. His first fight was at Queenstown Heights, with four 
 hundred men against thirteen hundred ; and, although defeated and taken 
 prisoner, he fought with desperate valor. After being exchanged, he re- 
 turned to the ground of his former exploits, took Fort Erie, and fought the 
 bloody battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, in which he exhibited rare 
 and mature military knowledge. In the latter engagement he was severely 
 wounded. 
 
 Congress voted him a large medal, inscribed with the names of " Chip- 
 pewa and Niagara," and bearing his likeness. After the war, he served his 
 country in various capacities, as a soldier and a civilian. 
 
 In 1841, on the death of General Malcolm, he became Commander-in- 
 Chief of the Army. 
 
 His military career in the late Mexican "War reflects the highest credit 
 on his name. The taking of San Juan de Ulloa, the storming of Cerro 
 Gordo, the capture of Jalapa, the taking of Parote, the occupation of 
 Peubla, the negotiations carried on while the army rested a while at this 
 place, the fight at Contreras, the fall of San Antonio, the bloody action of 
 Cherubusco, the fight at Molino del Rey, the bombardment and storming of 
 the almost inaccessible Chepultepec, and the final triumphant entrance into 
 the capital of Mexico, are masterpieces of military execution, and placed 
 him, at once, among the great military heroes of modern times. 
 
 In 1852 he was the regular nominee of the Whig party for the office of 
 President of the United States, but was defeated by General Pierce, the 
 Democratic candidate. 
 
 On the creation of the office of Lieutenant-General he was assigned to 
 that position, and held it at the breaking out of the Rebellion, when he 
 organized the army, and projected extended plans of operations against the 
 advance of the Confederate army upon "Washington, and. to protect the loyal 
 people of all parts of the Union. He continued in command until Novem- 
 ber 1, 1861, when his greatly advanced age and increasing infirmities, led 
 him to proffer his resignation, which was accepted ; and he was placed upon 
 the retired list, without reduction of pay and emoluments. 
 
 He did not cease, however, to take an active interest in the Union cause 
 and army, but freely consulted and advised with Mr. Lincoln, and used his 
 powerful influence for its success. 
 
 He died, May 29, 1866, at the advanced age of eighty years. 
 
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 57. LAFAYETTE. 
 
 Marquis de Lafayette -was born in France, in the year 1757. At the 
 age of twenty, refusing preferment and distinction at home, he fitted out an 
 armament, at his own expense, for the relief of the American colonies, when 
 their cause seemed most gloomy and despairing, and came to assist with his 
 counsel, purse, and troops. Arriving in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1777, 
 he soon joined the army, with a Major-General's commission, which he ac- 
 cepted on the condition that he should be allowed to serve at his own ex- 
 pense, and enter the army as a volunteer. 
 
 His judgment was so profound, and his courage so cool, that the prudent 
 and sagacious Washington confided to him the post of difficulty and danger, 
 and never found his confidence misplaced. 
 
 He remained in America two years, sharing freely in all the hardships 
 of our suffering army, and returned to Paris, bearing honorable scars, and 
 the grateful thanks of all the colonies. He remained in France two years, 
 actively engaged in the affairs of his Government, and using all his influ- 
 ence, in conjunction with Franklin, then American Minister to the Court of 
 Versailles, in behalf of the American colonies. He soon returned to the 
 field of strife in America, and, after a brilliant campaign, had the satisfac- 
 tion of seeing the British forces compelled to surrender at Yorktown, and 
 the boastful Cornwallis give up his sword to the hero, Washington. 
 
 Lafayette again received the thanks of Congress, and was conveyed home 
 in triumph in an American frigate. 
 
 The following year he paid a visit to the United States, and was received 
 amidst the grateful and expressive manifestations of the people, his progress 
 through the States being a continued fete. On his return to France, he 
 entered the arena of political strife, already open in that country, in which 
 his patriotism and love of liberty doomed him to confiscation and prison, 
 and nearly to lose his life. Many of his family laid their necks beneath the 
 keen edge of the guillotine ; others, his wife among them, were shut up in 
 gloomy dungeons. At length he was set free, and as soon as it was known 
 in America, the most urgent invitations were sent him to visit the United 
 States — " that country dear to his heart." Congress seconded the voice of 
 the people, and placed the gunboat " North Carolina" at his disposal. De- 
 clining the honor, he embarked, with his son, in one of the regular packets, 
 the " Cadmus," and reached New York, August 24, 1824. 
 
 Never was a reception so imposing and spontaneous. One general shout 
 of " Welcome ! Welcome ! ! " burst from all lips, prompted by every heart. 
 From city to city, and from town to town, through the entire borders of the 
 land, for the space of one year, he journeyed, amidst continued enthusiasm. 
 Valley and hill echoed his beloved name, joy and thanksgiving rang from 
 every spire, and boomed from every piece of ordnance in the land. 
 
 On returning home, he did what lay in his power to establish liberty in 
 the bosom of his native France, until June, 1834, when his earthly struggle 
 closed. 
 

 58. JOHN TYLEE. 
 
 John Tyler, Vice-Prosident, and successor to General Harrison as 
 President of the United States, was born in "Williamsburg, Virginia, March 
 29, 1790. At the age of twelve he entered William and Mary's College, 
 where he graduated, with distinguished merit, five years after. He was 
 admitted to the bar when nineteen years of age, and elected to the Virginia 
 Legislature when twenty-one. 
 
 In 1816 he was elected to Congress, and in 1826 was elevated to the 
 station of Governor of his native State. 
 
 In 1827 the Legislature selected him to fill a vacancy in the United States 
 Senate. He served in this capacity until 1836, when a difference of opinion 
 having arisen between President Jackson and himself, he resigned his seat 
 in that body, and went into retirement. 
 
 Mr. Tyler did not again make his appearance in public life until 1840, 
 when he was selected by the Whig party as their candidate for Vice-Presi- 
 dent, in connection with General Harrison, as candidate for President ; and, 
 under the rallying cry of " Tippecanoe and Tyler, too? he was elected to that 
 office by a large majority, and entered upon the discharge of its duties 
 March 4, 1841. 
 
 The death of General Harrison, one month later, raised him to the Chief 
 Magistracy of the Republic. 
 
 The course he pursued in vetoing two separate bills, chartering a United 
 States Bank, besides opposing the measures of the party that elected him, 
 in various other ways, caused him to be denounced by them in unmeasured 
 terms, and occasioned the resignation, in 1842, of the whole of the cabinet, 
 except Daniel Webster, who, as Secretary of State, had important negotia- 
 tions with England ; and he continued in office until the consummation of 
 the famous " Ashburton Treaty," when, in the spring of 1843, he also re- 
 signed. 
 
 Mr. Tyler's term of office expired in 1845, after which he lived in retire^ 
 ment until the winter of 1860 and '61, when he took an active part in the 
 calling and organization of the Peace Congress which met in Washington in 
 February, 1861, and of which he was the presiding officer. On his return 
 to Virginia, he became a member of the Virginia Convention which passed 
 the ordinance of secession, April 17, 1861, and was afterward a member of 
 the Rebel Congress. He died in Richmond, Virginia, January 17, 1862. 
 
59. JAMES BUCHANAN. 
 
 James Buchanan was born on the 13th day of April, 1791, in the 
 County of Franklin, Pennsylvania. 
 
 After having passed through a regular classical and academical course 
 of instruction, he studied and adopted the law as a profession. 
 
 Having inherited a predilection for politics, he was elected in 1814 to 
 the House of Representatives of his native State, and re-elected in 1816. 
 After having served two sessions, he declined another re-election. 
 
 In 1820 he was elected to the United States Congress, and took his seat 
 in that body in December, 1821. He remained a member until March 4, 
 1831, when he declined further service, and retired to private life. 
 
 In May, 1831, he was offered the mission to Russia, by President Jack- 
 son, and accepted the proffered honor. 
 
 Immediately after his return, in 1834, he was elected to the United 
 States Senate, to fill an unexpired term, and in 183G was elected for a full 
 term, and re-elected in 1842. 
 
 In 1845 he was appointed Secretary of State, by President Polk, which 
 office he held during his administration. 
 
 In 1853 he was appointed, by President Pierce, Minister to England, in 
 which capacity he resided in London until 185G, when he was elected Presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 His administration was signalized by the great financial revulsion of 
 1857 ; the difficulties with the Mormons, which led to sending two thousand 
 five hundred soldiers to bring them to subjection ; the arrival of the mag- 
 nificent embassy from Japan, to deliver the treaty which had been negotiated 
 between the two countries ; the struggle for freedom in Kansas ; the admis- 
 sion of three new States into the Union, viz. : Minnesota, in 1858 ; Oregon, 
 in 1859 ; and Kansas, in January, 1861 ; and the inauguration of the Rebel- 
 lion. Mr. Buchanan was surrounded, mostly, by advisers who sympathized 
 with the South ; and he allowed events to take their course. The army of 
 the United States was scattered along the Western borders — the navy sent 
 to distant ports ; the arsenals at the North were stripped, and the arms 
 sent to the South ; State after State seceded ; the Confederate Government 
 organized at Montgomery ; Senators from the Rebel States uttered the 
 boldest treason in the debates at the capitol ; and, during all this time, 
 President Buchanan did nothing to counteract the efforts of the Rebels, or 
 to avert the threatened danger, denying, in his message to Congress, any 
 powers of " coercion" to exist, constitutionally, in the National Government. 
 Such was the melancholy state of affairs when his administration drew to a 
 close, March 4, 1861, and Abraham Lincoln took his place. 
 
 He then retired to his farm at Wheatland, near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 
 where his remaining years were spent in quiet retirement. 
 
 In 1865 he published a defense of his course as President, with the title: 
 " Mr. Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion." 
 ^ He died at Wheatland, June 1, 1868. • 
 
60. SAMUEL ADAMS. 
 
 Samuel Adams -was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, September 27, 1722, 
 and graduated at Harvard College at eighteen years of age. 
 
 At that early age he wrote several able articles in favor of resisting the 
 magistrates, if the liberties of the commonwealth could not otherwise be 
 preserved. 
 
 He commenced life as a merchant, but the force of circumstances, to- 
 gether with his unconquerable love of liberty, soon convinced him and the 
 world that the arena of politics was his natural sphere. 
 
 In 1765 he was elected to the Legislature, from Boston, of which he was 
 a member for ten years. In 1774 he was sent to the General Congress, 
 where, by his eloquence and burning patriotism, he exerted a mighty influ- 
 ence in behalf of Independence. 
 
 On the adoption of the Constitution of Massachusetts, he was elected to 
 the Senate, over which he was called to preside. In 1789 he was elected 
 Lieutenant-Governor of the State ; and on the death of John Hancock, in 
 1794, he succeeded him as Governor, which office he held for three years, 
 when he retired to private life, but did not live long to enjoy it. 
 
 Among the names of the brave band of patriots who first offered resist- 
 ance to the encroachments of British power on the liberties of the English 
 colonies in America, none is more reverently and affectionately cherished in 
 the American heart than that of the " Patriarch," Samuel Adams. For 
 stern, unbending republicanism, and unflinching devotion to the cause of 
 freedom, none exceeded him. 
 
 No seductions or bribes could reach his integrity, as was evinced by his 
 reply to Colonel Fenton, the emissary of General Gage, sent expressly to 
 buy up the "obstinate rebel." After offering every tempting bribe, in the 
 shape of gold and office, and more than intimating that his liberty, if not 
 his life, hung on his reply : " Go," said he, raising himself to his full 
 height, and putting himself in an attitude of proud, heroic defiance ; "go 
 tell Governor Gage that my peace has long been made with the King of 
 Kings, and that it is the advice of Samuel Adams to him, no longer to insult 
 the feelings of an already exasperated people." 
 
 Samuel Adams, more than any other man, induced the people of America 
 to resist the Stamp Act. He was the man chiefly instrumental in destroy- 
 ing the tea in Boston harbor. Above all, he was the originator of the 
 Congress of the Colonies, which met at Philadelphia. It was he, also, who, 
 more than any other in Massachusetts, created the public opinion that sus- 
 tained these measures. 
 
 As each new measure of arbitrary power was announced from across the 
 Atlantic, or each new menace and violence on the part of the officers of 
 the Government or the army, occurred in Boston, its citizens rallied to the 
 sound of his voice in Faneuil Hall, and there, in the " Cradle of Liberty," as 
 from the gallery or from the chair, he animated, enlightened, fortified, and 
 roused the admiring throng, he seemed to gather them together under 
 the segis of his indomitable spirit, as a hen gathers her chickens under her 
 wings. 
 
 Samuel Adams died, at the great age of eighty-one, October 2, 1803. 
 
61. DE WITT CLINTON. 
 
 De Witt Clinton was born in the State of New York, March 2, 1769. 
 He entered Columbia College in 1784, as a junior, and graduated, in 1786, 
 the first scholar in his class. 
 
 He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1789, opening his office 
 in New York City. Scarcely, however, had he commenced, practice when 
 he received an appointment as Private Secretary to his uncle, Governor 
 Clinton. Thus introduced to political life, he pursued it until death. 
 
 In 1797 he was elected a Member of the Assembly, from New York City, 
 and the next year was sent to the State Senate. While in this office he 
 signalized himself as a ready and forcible debater. 
 
 In 1802 he was elected to the United States Senate. He held this office 
 during two sessions, when he resigned, having been elected Mayor of New 
 York City. While in the Senate he gave his support to Mr. Jefferson and 
 his party. 
 
 Mr. Clinton continued in the office of Mayor until 1815, with the excep- 
 tion of two years. During this time he was repeatedly sent to the Senate 
 of his native State, where he introduced a number of important laws, and 
 developed his plan of internal improvement. 
 
 In 1811 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, and while an incumbent 
 of that office he ran as candidate for President of the United States, in 
 opposition to Mr. Madison, but was unsuccessful. 
 
 In 1818 he was elected Governor of New York almost without opposition, 
 and was re-elected in 1820. On the adoption of the new Constitution, he 
 retired from office, but was again elected Governor in 1824, and retained the 
 office until his death. 
 
 Meanwhile the great project of Mr. Clinton had been carried forward to 
 its grand consummation, and the autumn of 1825 witnessed the triumphant 
 completion of " The Great Erie Canal," when a current of joy ran through 
 the entire length of the land. 
 
 Mr. Clinton was the patron and friend of popular education, agriculture, 
 commerce, internal improvements, the arts and sciences, and for provisions 
 for the insane, for the sick, for the blind, and the convict. His was a most 
 versatile mind, and he seemed proficient in whatever department of civil or 
 political life he happened to be placed. He had a word for all occasions, 
 and a hand for every good work. 
 
 On the 11th of February, 1828, while conversing with his family in his 
 study, he expired instantly of disease of the heart. 
 
 The name of De Witt Clinton is forever associated with progress. His 
 enduring monument is the great Erie Canal, a work, for its time, never 
 excelled in this country ; and whether it may be destined to fall more and 
 more into desuetude, or become a source of more extended use — by being 
 enlarged, so as to admit of shipping to pass from the Atlantic to the 
 lakes — it will forever stand out as one of the giant creations of a colossal 
 mind. 
 

 62. EUFUS CHOATE. 
 
 Rufus Choate was born in Ipswich, Massachusetts, October 1, 1799. 
 
 He entered Dartmouth College in 1815, and graduated, with much eclat, 
 in 1819. After leaving college, he was chosen Tutor, which he shortly after 
 resigned, and entered the Law School at Cambridge. 
 
 Afterward he studied a year with Mr. "Wirt, and completed his studies 
 with Judge Cummins, of Salem. He commenced practice in the town of 
 Danvers, in 1824, and distinguished himself as an advocate. 
 
 His legal arguments, replete with knowledge, conducted with admirable 
 skill, evincing uncommon power in the analysis and application of evidence, 
 blazing with the blended fires of imagination and sensibility, and delivered 
 with a rapidity and animation of manner which swept along the minds of 
 his hearers on the torrent of his eloquence, made him one of the most suc- 
 cessful advocates in the country. His manner was now impetuous, violent ; 
 anon, soft as a woman's ; now stirring the intellect and the passions; then 
 touching with the sweetest pathos the seals of the heart's deepest wells, 
 until they melt away, and suffer all the waters of tenderness to come gush- 
 ing up into the eyes of the listener. All this was aided by a voice sometimes 
 sweeter than any flute, and presently as stirring as the blast of a trumpet. 
 "When he addressed a jury, or a popular assembly, he brought to his aid the 
 entire anatomy of his frame — lips, eyes, arms, and legs ; even the very gar- 
 ments which he wore. 
 
 His political life commenced in 1825, when he was chosen a member of 
 the House of Representatives in the General Court of Massachusetts. In 
 1827 he was sent to the Senate, where he soon took a prominent part in the 
 debates, and the energy and sagacity which he displayed gave him a wide 
 reputation. 
 
 In 1832 he was elected a member of Congress from the Essex district. 
 He declined a re-election, and in 1834 removed to Boston, to devote himself 
 to his profession. He soon took a position among the most eminent lawyers 
 at the Suffolk bar ; and for seven years his legal services were in continual 
 demand. 
 
 In 1841, on the retirement of Mr. "Webster from the United States 
 Senate, he was elected to fill his place by a large majority of the Massa- 
 chusetts Legislature. After he resigned his seat in the Senate, he gave 
 himself up wholly to his profession. 
 
 He was, for a time, Regent of the Smithsonian Institute, but resigned the 
 position. 
 
 The country has produced but few men who ranked higher as an orator, 
 and a close, logical reasoner, than the Hon. Rufus Choate, " the great 
 Massachusetts lawyer." 
 
 He died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, while on his way to Europe for his 
 health, July 12, 1859. 
 
63. SAMUEL APPLETON. 
 
 SAMUEL Appleton, one of the merchant princes of Boston, who for 
 many years commanded the respect of all the citizens of that busy city, and 
 whose charities, by thousands, have fallen, like refreshing rain, on many a 
 blighted heart, was born in New Ipswich, New Hampshire, June 22, 1706. 
 His early education was acquired at a district school, and completed at six- 
 teen years of age. He worked on the farm with his father until he was 
 twenty-two. 
 
 Believing that a mercantile life would be more congenial to his tastes, 
 he decided to become a merchant. After trying the country a few years, 
 he removed to Boston, where he was remarkably successful. 
 
 He began business on the principle that a straightforward, open, and 
 honest course was the best, nay, the only one, and he never forsook it. 
 
 No man ever lived a life of trade in a more honorable manner. His con- 
 fidence in man was almost unlimited. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Peabody once said to him: "Mr. Appleton, what is your 
 opinion of the honesty of mankind p" " Very favorable," he replied ; " very 
 generally, I think, they mean to be honest. I have never in my life met 
 with more than three or four cases in which I thought a man intended to 
 be dishonest in dealing with me." 
 
 . As early as 1823, feeling that his wealth was sufficient, he resolved that 
 his fortune should no longer be increased, and he devoted his whole income 
 to charity. Reserving a fair amount to support the expenses of his house- 
 hold, and to gratify a taste for travel, he consecrated the balance sacredly 
 to the purpose of making glad the hearts of the widow and fatherless, and 
 aiding the destitute. Thus his charities amounted in the last years of his 
 life to tens of thousands annually. The poor wore sought out and relieved. 
 None ever left his door empty-handed, who could show that they really re- 
 quired assistance. 
 
 The following anecdote illustrates the nice sense of justice always cher- 
 ished by Mr. Appleton : 
 
 A favorite nephew, to whom he had bequeathed in his will a large pro- 
 portional amount of his estate, died before him ; and, by the terms of the 
 will, a half-sister, between whom and Mr. Appleton there was no blood- 
 relationship, became entitled to these bequests. 
 
 The executor called Mr. Appleton's attention to the fact, thinking that 
 he might wish to make some change in the disposition of his property. 
 After taking the subject into full consideration, his reply was: " If, in the 
 other world, there is any knowledge of what is done in this, I should not 
 like to have my nephew, whom I loved and trusted, find that my first act, 
 on learning his. death, is the revocation, or curtailment, of a bequest made 
 in his favor, and which, if he had survived me. would have eventually bene- 
 fited her who was nearest and dearest to him." 
 
 Mr. Appleton's death occurred on the 12th of July, 1853, in the eighty- 
 eighth year of his age. 
 
.•' 
 
 64. THOMAS J. JACKSON. 
 
 General Thomas J. Jackson — more familiarly known as " Stonewall 
 Jackson" — was born, January 21, 1824, in Harrison County, Virginia. His 
 father died when he was three years old, leaving his children penniless. He 
 lived with his uncle, and worked upon a farm, until he was seventeen. 
 
 At sixteen he was elected Constable of the County. At seventeen he 
 managed to get into West Point as a cadet, and graduated, in 1846, with 
 distinction ; was appointed Brevet Lieutenant, and immediately ordered to 
 duty in Mexico, where' he was breveted Captain and Major, for meritorious 
 conduct. 
 
 He resigned his commission in 1852, and obtained a Professorship in the 
 Virginia Military Academy, and continued in that position until the 
 breaking out of the Rebellion. 
 
 On the secession of Virginia, he was commissioned Colonel, and subse- 
 quently Brigadier-General, of Volunteers, in the Confederate army, and 
 fought his first battle at Falling Waters, while acting as General J. E. 
 Johnston's rear-guard, in his retreat to Winchester. 
 
 It was while in the Valley, under Johnston, that he organized his first 
 brigade, which, at the battle of Bull Run, gained the sobriquet, from its 
 leader, of the " Stonewall Brigade." 
 
 General Bee, when the fortunes of the day seemed wavering, and it was 
 feared all would be lost, met Jackson, and said, bitterly : " General, they 
 are beating us I" Jackson replied : " We will give them the bayonet !" 
 
 Bee galloped back to his command, and called out to his men, pointing 
 to Jackson: "There stands Jackson, like a stone- wall ! Let us determine 
 to die here, and we shall conquer. Follow me !" 
 
 The charge was made, and was successful. General Jackson was ever 
 after known as " Stonewall Jackson." v 
 
 He was advanced to Major-General, in September, 1861, and assigned to 
 the command of the troops around Winchester. General Jackson, being 
 bo^i in the Valley, knew all its passes. He saw, from the first, the im- 
 portance that region bore to the success of the Rebel o*,use, and strove his 
 I uest to preserve it from the possession of the Union forces. He expressed 
 his military opinion, that " if the Valley was lost, Virginia would be lost." 
 All his plans were laid with a view of securing this important region. He 
 alternately pursued, and retreated before, the National forces, under Banks 
 and Fremont. 
 
 June 17, 1862, he crossed over to the Chickahominy, and was engaged in 
 the seven days' battle and Malvern Hill, and, afterward, at Manassas, Chan- 
 tilly, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville, where he was mor- 
 tally wounded, May 2, 1863, by his own men, who mistook him for the 
 enemy, as he was returning, after dusk, from the advance, where he had 
 gone to view the line of battle. He died May 10, 1863. 
 
 To the South his loss was irreparable, and the North had learned to re- 
 spect him for his indomitable courage. 
 

 65 DANIEL S. DICKINSON. 
 
 Daniel S. Dickinson was born, September 11, 1800, at Goshen, Litch- 
 field County, Connecticut. 
 
 In 1807 his father's family removed to Chenango County, New York, 
 when, with no better advantages than those offered by the common school, 
 Daniel educated himself, not only as a school- teach*, but, by the time he 
 was of age, had mastered the Latin language, and the higher branches of 
 mathematics, and other sciences. 
 
 In 1822 he married a lady of fine intellectual attainments, and turning 
 his attention to the study of the law, was admitted to the bar in 1828, and 
 entered upon the practice of his profession at Binghampton, N. Y., success- 
 fully competing with the ablest lawyers of the State. 
 
 In 183b' he was elected to the State Senate for four years, and, though 
 one of the youngest members, he speedily became the leader of his party — 
 the Democratic. He was, also, President of the Court for the Correction of 
 Errors. 
 
 In 1842 he was elected, by a large majority, Lieutenant-Governor of the 
 State of New York ; and in that capacity, as President of the Senate, then 
 constituting the above Court, gave frequent opinions of importance. 
 
 In 1844 he was chosen an Elector of President of the United States, 
 casting his vote for Polk and Dallas. The same year he was elected to the 
 United States Senate, and took an important part in the debates of that 
 body, and was Chairman of the Finance Committee. 
 
 In 1852 he received the vote of Virginia for the Presidency, at the Bal- 
 timore Convention, but declined in favor of General Cass, in a speech re- 
 markable for its classic taste and style. 
 
 President Pierce nominated him as Collector of the Port of New York, 
 but this lucrative post he also declined. 
 
 At the close of his Senatorial term, he resumed with energy the practice 
 of his profession ; and, on the commencement of the Rebellion, he arrayed 
 himself with alacrity on the side of the Union. It was now that his voice 
 was heard arousing his countrymen to the defense of the Government ; and 
 some estimation may be formed of his labors when it is known that he de- 
 livered, for the Union cause, no less than one hundred addresses, each pre- 
 senting distinct and eloquent features. 
 
 In 1861 he was nominated by the Republican party for Attorney-General 
 of the State, and was elected by about one hundred thousand majority votes. 
 President Lincoln nominated him to settle the Oregon question, which 
 honor he declined ; and Governor Pen ton tendered him the Judgeship of the 
 Court of Appeals, which he also declined. 
 
 One of the last acts of President Lincoln was to offer him the office of 
 United States District Attorney for the Southern District of New York, 
 which he accepted, and the duties of which he continued to perform almost 
 up to the day of his death. 
 
 As a debater, Mr. Dickinson was among the first — being clear, profound, 
 and logical in argument. His speeches were frequently enriched by classical 
 and Scriptural quotations, evincing the great extent of his reading. Socially, 
 he w;is one of the most entertaining of companions. His chief characteris- 
 tic, brought out by the great events of the close of his life, was his honest 
 and exalted patriotism. He died in the City of New York, April 12, 18G6. 
 
 
66 EDWARD D. BAKER 
 
 General Edward D. Baker was born in London, England, February 
 24, 1811. His father, a Quaker, removed to Belleville, St. Clair county, 
 Illinois, where Edward received his early education ; giving even then 
 indications of the brilliant talents afterward displayed. 
 
 To great industry, energy, and perseverance, he united a memory al- 
 most superhuman ; being able to repeat whole pages, after a hasty peru- 
 sal. Hence the ready and almost inexhaustible fund of varied knowl- 
 edge, which in after years astonished those who knew the circumstances 
 of his childhood ; and which contributed, in no slight degree, to his suc- 
 cess as a public speaker. At eighteen years of age, he removed to Car- 
 rolton, Greene county, where he obtained a deputy clerkship in the Coun- 
 ty Court ; and, in the interval, applied himself to the study of the law, 
 was admitted to the bar before he was of age, and became famous as an 
 advocate. In 1838 he removed to Springfield, where he came in compe- 
 tition with Douglas, Lincoln and others ; not one of whom equalled him 
 in the*ready flow, the brilliancy, or the pathos of his eloquence. He was 
 elected Representative to Congress in 1849, having previously held a seat; 
 in both Houses of the State Legislature. On the breaking out of the war 
 with Mexico he raised a regiment, as colonel of which he was the first to 
 embark, north of the Ohio. He rendered valuable service under Scott, 
 and elicited warm commendation for his gallantry at Cerro Gordo. 
 
 He took an active part in building the Panama Railroad, and in 1852 
 settled in San Francisco, California, whither his reputation had preceded 
 him, and he soon built up a large practice. 
 
 In 1859 he removed to Oregon, and was elected United States Senator, 
 for the term expiring March 4, 1865. 
 
 He stumped the State for Lincoln, and secured for him its electoral 
 vote, in 1860. In Congress his eloquent voice— first heard in reply to 
 Senator Benjamin — showed the quality of his genius. 
 
 At the outbreak of the war he threw himself, heart and soul, into the 
 contest for the Union. He immediately recruited a regiment in Philadel- 
 phia, called the California Regiment, and took the field in the summer of 
 1861. On the twenty-first of October he led a battalion across the Poto- 
 mac, at Ball's Bluff; and whle gallantly leading his men against a supe- 
 rior force, he was shot from his horse and killed, October 31, 1861. 
 
67. LEONXDAS POLK. 
 
 General Leontdas Polk, Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 
 in the Diocese of Louisiana, was born at Raleigh, North Carolina, in 1806. 
 
 He was intended for the army, and entered the Military Academy at 
 West Point, where he graduated, in 1827, with the rank of Second Lieu- 
 tenant of Artillery. He resigned his commission, however, before the end 
 of the year, with the intention of becoming a Minister of the Gospel, and 
 was ordained a Deacon in the Church in 1830. 
 
 In 1838 he was consecrated Missionary Bishop of Arkansas and the 
 Indian territory south of 36° 30', with provisional charge of the Diocese of 
 Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, and the mission in the Republic of 
 Texas. His Episcopal iurisdiction was limited to the Diocese of Louisiana 
 in 1841. 
 
 He embraced with ardor the doctrine of Secession, and was commissioned 
 a Major-General in the Rebel army in 1861 ; and held command in Tennes- 
 see and Kentucky until the spring of 1862. 
 
 He commanded a division at Shiloh, and during the siege of Corinth ; 
 participated in Bragg's invasion of Kentucky, in the autumn of 1862, and 
 distinguished himself at the hard-fought battle of Murfreesboro'. 
 
 For alleged disobedience of orders at the battle of Chickamauga, whereby, 
 according to the report of General Bragg, the Union army was alone saved 
 from annihilation, he was placed under temporary arrest, but was restored 
 to his command by Jefferson Davis, and, in the early part of the year 1S64, 
 he regained his prestige by skillful dispositions to prevent the junction of 
 Sherman and Smith, in Mississippi ; in consequence of which, he was ap- 
 pointed to the command of a corps in Johnston's army, where he displayed 
 great courage and considerable ability. 
 
 He was killed by a cannon-shot, while reconnoitering on Pine Mountain, 
 June 14, 1864. 
 
 At th e time of his death, he held the rank of Lieutenant-General in the 
 Confederate service. 
 
 He never resigned his diocese in Louisiana, and intended, at the close 
 of the war, to resume his Episcopal functions. 
 
5f 
 
 68. NATHANIEL LYON. 
 
 General Nathaniel Lyon, one of the first Generals of the Union who 
 fell in the war of the Rebellion, was born at Ashford, Connecticut, in June, 
 1819. 
 
 He was educated at "West Point, graduated in 1841, and was appointed 
 Second Lieutenant. He served in Florida in the Seminole war, was subse- 
 quently stationed on the Western frontier, and was promoted to First Lieu- 
 tenant in 1847. He served in the Mexican War, under Taylor and Scott, 
 and was promoted, for " meritorious conduct" at Contreras and Cherubusco, 
 to Brevet Captain. 
 
 At the breaking out of the Rebellion, he was in command of the arsenal 
 at St. Louis, Missouri. The Government of the United States sent a re- 
 quisition to Governor Jackson, of Missouri, for troops, with which he refused 
 to comply ; but, on the 25th of April, assembled, under General Frost, about 
 eight hundred men, on the outskirts of St. Louis, ostensibly t» preserve 
 order in the State. General Lyon, in command of the Union forces, on the 
 10th of May, surrounded them, and summoned them to surrender. General 
 Frost, finding resistance useless, surrendered as prisoners of war. 
 
 On the 12th oi June, Governor Jackson issued a proclamation against 
 the United States, and General Lyon left St. Louis, on the 13th, for Jeffer- 
 son City, when Jackson fled. General Lyon, after issuing a proclamation to 
 the people of the State, assuring them of his intention to protect their liber- 
 ties, persons, and property, and uphold the United States Government, 
 pursued Jackson, who was reinforced by General Price, at Booneville. 
 
 Here General Lyon attacked them, but they, under the cover of a wood 
 kept up a brisk fire, which harrassed him. In order to draw them out from 
 their cover, General Lyon ordered a hasty retreat. The ruse succeeded ; 
 the Rebels ran out into the wheat-fields, when General Lyon halted, faced 
 about, and poured in such a fire of grape and musketry that they dropped 
 their arms, and fled. 
 
 General Seigel, who was acting against the Rebels further south, being 
 outnumbered, retreated toward Springfield, where he was reinforced by 
 General Lyon, who assumed command. August 2d, he met a portion of 
 Price's army, with that of Ben. McCulloch. By feigning a retreat, he en- 
 ticed them to advance, when he suddenly turned upon them, and, by a few 
 well-directed volleys, drove them away in confusion ; Price advancing with 
 a much larger force, he fell back to Springfield. 
 
 On the 9th, General Price made an attack upon him, and was repulsed 
 three successive times. Although the Rebels were repeatedly driven back in 
 confusion, in consequence of their great preponderance in numbers, they 
 were enabled to return, again and again, to the charge. 
 
 Several hours of this sort of work continued, when General Lyon had 
 his horse shot from under him, and himself wounded. He procured another 
 horse, and, swinging his hat in the air, called the troops nearest him to 
 follow. The Second Kansas, under Colonel Mitchel, gallantly rallied 
 around him ; but in a few moments a fatal shot lodged in the General's 
 breast, and he was carried from the field a corpse. 
 
 Thus gloriously fell, August 9, 1861, as brave a man and noble patriot 
 as ever drew a sword. 
 

 
 69. JAMES B. McPHEESON. 
 
 General James B. McPherson was born in Sandusky Connty, Ohio, in 
 November, 1828, and graduated at West Point in 1853, joining the Engineer 
 Corps as Brevet Second Lieutenant, and until September, 1854, he was 
 Assistant- Instructor of Practical Engineering at the Military Academy. 
 
 From that time until August, 1861, he was engaged, first, on the de- 
 fenses of New York harbor ; next, in facilitating the navigation of the 
 Hudson River ; next, in constructing Fort Delaware ; and, finally, in for- 
 tifying Alcatraces Island, in San Francisco Bay. 
 
 He became full Second Lieutenant in 1854, and First Lieutenant in 
 December, 1858. 
 
 In August, 1861, he was ordered from California to attend to the de- 
 fenses of Boston harbor. Soon after he received his Captain's commission, 
 dating from August, 1861. 
 
 In November, 1861, he became aid to General Halleck, with the rank of 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, and was Chief-Engineer of the Army of the Tennessee, 
 under General Grant, in the reduction of Forts Henry and Donaldson, re- 
 ceiving for his services a nomination of Brevet Major of Engineers, to date 
 from February 16, 1862 ; and for services rendered at Shiloh, he was 
 breveted Lieutenant-Colonel of Engineers, to date from April 7, 1862. 
 
 He had, as Colonel on Halleck's staff, the Chief-Engineering charge of 
 the approaches to Corinth, which ended in its evacuation. 
 
 On the 15th day of May, 1862, he became Brigadier-General of Volun- 
 teers, and the next month superintended, with great skill, all the military 
 railroads in General Grant's department. 
 
 He was at luka, and again at Corinth, in October, 1862, acting with so 
 much gallantry as to be promoted to Major-General of Volunteers, to date 
 from October 3, 1862. 
 
 From that time to the close of the siege of Vicksburg, when his engineer- 
 ing powers came into full play, his career was a source of triumph. At the 
 recommendation of General Grant, he was made a Brigadier-General of the 
 Regular army, with rank to date from August 1, 1863. 
 
 Two months later, he conducted a column into Mississippi, and repulsed 
 the enemy at Canton. 
 
 In February, 1864, he was second in Sherman's command in the famous 
 march from Vicksburg to Meridian. 
 
 In the first Atlanta campaign, his command was the Department of 
 Tennessee, including the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Corps, con- 
 stituting the flanking force, which, moving rapidly on one or the other 
 wing, was employed to force the enemy back to Atlanta. 
 
 He fought at Resaca; and the battle near Dallas was wholly his. He 
 distinguished himself at Altoona and Chip Farm, and was actively engaged 
 at Kenesaw. 
 
 On the 17th of July he cut the lines between Lee and Johnston by occu- 
 pying Decatur, on the Augusta Railroad. Nine days later he fought the 
 6evere battle, from which he came out only to fall, shot through the lungs, 
 early in the day, on Friday, July 22, 1864, at the early age of thirty-six 
 years. 
 
70. DANIEL BOONE. 
 
 Daniel Boone, the hardy and brave pioneer, and founder of Kentucky, 
 was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in 1748. 
 
 "While yet a mere boy, his father moved with him to North Carolina. 
 The wild and daring spirit, love of adventure, and fearless intrepidity 
 which characterized his maturer life, were displayed very early. 
 
 On the 1st day of May, 1769, Boone, with a few neighbors, started for 
 the Western wilderness, and at length located on the banks of the Red 
 River, in Kentucky. 
 
 He was several times taken prisoner by the Indians, but he had the tact 
 to conciliate them, and the ingenuity to contrive his escape. 
 
 Enduring much by reason of hunger and privation, toiling early and 
 late to reduce the savage waste to a condition of cultivation, he acquired 
 such a passion for his wild and adventurous life, that when, in 1792, Ken- 
 tucky was admitted into the Union, he struck out further into the wilder- 
 ness, and settled in St. Charles, Missouri, forty-five miles above St. Louis. 
 
 Being asked why he left the comforts of a home he had redeemed from 
 savage life, for the renewed trials of a wilderness home, he replied : " Oh, I 
 am too crowded ; I must have more elbow-room !" 
 
 He was often employed by the Government on missions of hostile and 
 friendly intent among the Indians, in all of which he exhibited a statesman- 
 ship and courage which won for him the approval of his employers and the 
 admiration of his savage foes. He resided in his last home about fifteen 
 years, when, losing his wife, who had shared with him all his perilous life, 
 he went to spend the remnant of his days with his son, Major Nathan 
 Boone, where he died in 1822. 
 
 While residing in North Carolina, being about eighteen years of age, he, 
 in company with another youth, got up a " fh'e-hunt," which is conducted 
 as follows : One of the party rides through the forest, with a lighted torch 
 swinging above his head, while the other lies in covert, and gives a signal 
 when he descries a deer for the other to hold the torch stationary, which 
 fixes the eyes of the wondering animal upon it, when he plants a ball be- 
 tween them, and the deer falls a victim to its own curiosity, On this occa^ 
 sion, Boone was in covert, when he saw a pair of eyes through the dim 
 shade of the trees, leveled his rifle, and gave the signal, when, to his aston- 
 ishment, the animal turned and fled, and the brave hunter sprung from his 
 hiding-place, and pursued the game over hill and valley, brake and thicket, 
 Until, at length, the affrighted and pursued object rushed into the house of 
 his newly-settled neighbor, Ryan, followed by Boone, of whose confusion 
 we may judge when he saw the object of his pursuit fainting with terror in 
 the old man's arms, for it was his beautiful and only daughter. 
 
 We need not relate how he wooed and won the fair Rebecca, who came 
 so near being the victim of his bullet. 
 
 Boone's life was full of romantic and adventurous exploits. While away 
 from his home in Kentucky, three Indians took his daughter and two other 
 young ladies prisoners. Returning home, he commenced the pursuit alone, 
 overtook the party the following day, and, slaying two of the Indians, re- 
 ^nrned to the fort, bringing the fair captives with him. 
 
71. SILAS WEIGHT. 
 
 Silas "Wright, the 12th Governor of the State of New York, was born 
 In Amherst, Massachusetts, May 24, 1795. 
 
 His father removed to Waybridge, Vermont, when he was but a year old, 
 where he was brought up on a farm. His rare natural endowments, pru- 
 dence, discernment, and good judgment, early attracted his father's notice, 
 and he determined to give him a liberal education. Accordingly, he entered 
 an academy when he was fourteen years of age, and graduated at Middle- 
 bury College in 1815. 
 
 Self-reliance was early taught him, and it became one of the brightest 
 traits of his character. 
 
 He took a deep interest in the political questions that excited the public 
 mind during the War of 1812, and took sides with the republican party. 
 
 He studied law in Albany, and commenced its practice in Canton, New 
 York, where he always resided. 
 
 Law, with him, was common sense. He always gave a plain, sensible 
 reason for his opinion on any subject. 
 
 In State politics, he was an ardent anti-Clinton man, or Bucktail, and a 
 warm admirer of Mr. Van Buren. 
 
 He was appointed to the office of Surrogate for St. Lawrence County, 
 February 24, 1821 ; elected State Senator in 1824, and Member of Congress 
 in 1827. 
 
 Upon matters of finance he was always at home. He was placed upon 
 the Committee of Manufactures, and reported the Tariff bill of 1828, and 
 supported it in several able speeches. His ablest effort was made on the 
 6th of March, and commanded great attention. He afterward regretted his 
 vote, and pronounced it a great error. 
 
 He was a cordial and influential supporter of Andrew Jackson in 1828. 
 In 1829 he filled the office of Comptroller of the State of New York, and 
 January 4, 1833, was elected United States Senator, to fill the place of Gov- 
 ernor Marcy. 
 
 He sustained President Jackson in his removal of the United States de- 
 posits from the United States Bank to the State Banks, and recommended 
 the Independent Treasury system to Mr. Van Buren in 1837. 
 
 He continued United States Senator until 1844, when he was elected 
 Governor of New York by the Democratic party. 
 
 He was offered the nomination of Vice-President with Mr. Polk, but re- 
 fused to accept it. 
 
 He retired from the Gubernatorial chair in 1846 to his farm* where he 
 died, August 27, 1847, of disease of the heart. 
 

 72. ANDEEW H. FOOTE 
 
 Admiral Andrew H. Foote, son of the late Governor Foote, was "born 
 in New Haven, Connecticut, September 12, 1806. 
 
 Young Foote was intended for one of the learned professions, but having 
 exhibited a strong inclination for the sea, he was allowed to enter the Navy, 
 as Arting-Midshipman, in 1822, and made his first cruise in the Grampus, 
 under Commodore Porter, against the pirates who then infested the waters 
 of the West Indies. He participated in this service with credit, obtained 
 his Midshipman's warrant in 1824, Passed-Midshipman in 1827, and in 1830 
 was commissioned a Lieutenant. 
 
 In 1833 he joined the Delaware, as Flag-Lieutenant of the Mediterranean 
 Squadron. _^ 
 
 From 1841 to 1848, Lieutenant Foote was stationed at the Naval Asylum 
 at Philadelphia, where his efforts were beneficially directed toward amelior- 
 ating and elevating the condition of the inmates. He prevailed upon many 
 of the " old salts" to sign the temperance-pledge ; and on his next cruise, in 
 the Cumberland, persuaded his whole crew to give up their grog. 
 
 In 1849 he joined the American squadron on the African coast, to sup- 
 press the slave-trade. 
 
 In 1856 he was placed in command of the sloop-of-war Portsmouth, and 
 ordered to proceed to the China station, arriving at Canton in October, just 
 previous to the commencement of hostilities between the English and 
 Chinese. He landed an armed force, to protect American residents, when 
 his boat was fired upon from the Barrier forts. He received permission 
 from Commodore Armstrong to vindicate the honor of his flag, by an attack 
 upon the forts, which he commenced on the 21st, and on the 24th the Ameri- 
 can flag waved over them all. 
 
 The outbreak of the recent Rebellion found Commander Foote stationed 
 at the Brooklyn Navy-Yard. 
 
 In July, 1861, he received his Captain's commission, and in September 
 was appointed Flag-Officer of the flotilla fitting out on the "Western waters 
 to co-operate wiih the land forces ; and superintended the building and 
 equipping of the Government gunboats on the Mississippi River for that ex- 
 pedition. This arduous and difficult task was completed before military 
 operations commenced. 
 
 He opened the campaign by co-operating with Grant's army in the cap- 
 ture of Fort Henry, on the Tennessee River, and Fort Donaldson, on the 
 Cumberland, where he greatly distinguished himself. He afterward con- 
 ducted the naval attack on Island No. 10, but after its reduction was obliged 
 to relinquish his command, in consequence of a wound received at Fort 
 Donaldson. 
 
 He returned to New Haven to recruit his health, receiving one continu- 
 ous ovation from the enthusiastic crowds, who greeted him with shouts of 
 approval. 
 
 He was subsequently appointed Rear- Admiral, and Chief of the Bureau 
 of Recruiting and Equipment. 
 
 After regaining his health, he was detailed to relieve Admiral Dupont, 
 in the South Atlantic Squadron, in May, 1863, and started on his way to 
 assume the duties of his new command, when, on arriving at New York, he 
 was attacked by a painful disease which, in two weeks, terminated his life. 
 He died on the 26th of June, 1863. 
 
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1^ 
 
 73. JOHN A. ANDKEW. 
 
 JOHN A. Andrew, the 21st Governor of Massachusetts, was born at 
 Windham, Maine, May 31, 1818. 
 
 In his boyhood he was marked for his freedom from vicious habits, and 
 for his cheerful, sprightly, and studious disposition. 
 
 He graduated at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, in 1837, when he 
 removed to Boston, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1840, and soon 
 became eminent in his profession. 
 
 Thoroughly anti-Slavery, he met the aggressions of the slave-power at 
 every step by his protest, when his voice could speak for freedom. 
 
 In 1850 the Fugitive Slave Law called forth his warmest opposition to its 
 enactment, and its enforcement in Massachusetts. 
 
 In 1858 he was elected to the Legislature of Massachusetts, and, in 1860, 
 a Delegate to the Republican Convention at Chicago which nominated 
 Abraham Lincoln for President of the United States. The same year he 
 was elected Governor of Massachusetts, which position he held throughout 
 the war of the Rebellion, and until 1866, when he declined to be again a 
 candidate. 
 
 He foresaw in the agitation at the South, during the Presidential can- 
 vass of 1860, the beginning of a fearful conflict, and prepared the militia of 
 his State, beforehand, to meet the impending storm. So thoroughly had 
 the militia been organized, that, on the call of President Lincoln for troops, 
 in less than twenty-four hours after its reception, a regiment was on the 
 march for Washington. He had given himself with untiring energy to the 
 work of making the commonwealth ever ready, as she was always willing, 
 to stand in the front ranks against treason, and in the support of the United 
 States Government. 
 
 In the Conference of Governors at Altoona, Pennsylvania, in September, 
 1862, he was conspicuous in hopeful, ardent patriotism, and prepared the 
 address to the President, urging the issue of a call for three hundred 
 thousand new troops to the field. 
 
 His message of January, 1861, read like a prophetic oracle. He showed 
 the constant loyalty of Massachusetts, and her willingness to defend, at any 
 cost, the National life. 
 
 In his message of May 1, he opens with these laconic words : " The 
 occasion demands action, and it shall not be delayed by speech." He then 
 points out xchat is to be done, and hoic it is to be done, in the tersest lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Governor Andrew's valedictory address of January, 1866, was closely 
 argumentative, severely logical, with no superfluous words ; and it will 
 stand as one of the ablest papers on Reconstruction ever placed before the 
 people. 
 
 His message of April 17, 1865, on the death of Abraham Lincoln, was, 
 perhaps, one of his best efforts. In it he says: " Let the Government and 
 the people resolve to be brave, faithful, impartial, and just. "With the 
 blessing of God, let us determine to have a Country, the Home of Liberty 
 and civilization." 
 
 He died suddenly, of apoplexy, October 00, 1807. 
 
V 
 
 74. JOHN VAN BUEEN. 
 
 John Van Buren, a gentleman of mark and prominence, both fts a 
 lawyer and a politician, was the son of Martin Van Buren, the 8th Preanetent 
 of the United States, and was born at Hudson, New York, in February, 
 1810. 
 
 He graduated at Yale College in 1828, studied law with Benjamin F. 
 Butler, at Albany, and the Hon. Aaron Vanderpool, at Kinderhook s and 
 was admitted to the bar in 1830. Though an able lawyer and an eloquent 
 advocate, he was less distinguished at the bar than in political life. 
 
 Mr. Van Buren accompanied his father while Minister to England, in 
 1832, which gave him an opportunity of becoming familiar with the higher 
 classes of British society. 
 
 In 1845 he was chosen as Attorney-General of the State of New York, 
 and at the termination of his service settled in the city of New York, in the 
 practice of his profession, frequently taking part in the political affairs of 
 the day. 
 
 During the Presidential canvass of 1848, he distinguished himself as a 
 popular advocate of the Free-Soil party, and of the exclusion of Slavery 
 from the Federal Territories. He did not, however, adhere to the princi- 
 ples which were subsequently developed by that party ; but, during the 
 latter years of his life, acted with the Democratic party, often taking an 
 active interest in the canvass. 
 
 In May, 18GG, he left New York for an European tour, traveling exten- 
 sively, during the summer, in Sweden, Norway, and Russia, and spending 
 a few weeks, previous to his embarkation for home, in the Highlands of 
 Scotland. 
 
 Mr. Van Buren's health had previously been impaired, but on his return 
 voyage the symptoms of his disorder gave evidence of sudden aggravation. 
 After a brief period of suffering, he expired, on board the steamer Scotia, 
 on the 13th of October, 18GG. 
 
 As an advocate, Mr. Van Buren was distinguished by an overwhelming 
 oratory, which irresistibly carried the jury with him. He was always an 
 eloquent and interesting speaker, but it was chiefly as a stump-orator, ad- 
 dressing a popular audience, that John Van Buren was celebrated. He 
 possessed an easy, but graceful manner, with a happy flow of wit, which 
 delighted the Democratic crowds, whom he held enchained, or roused to 
 loud and boisterous mirth. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Rebellion, he placed himself on the side of 
 the Union, as a War Democrat, and was one of the speakers at the great 
 Union meeting which assembled at Union Square, New York, in 18G1. 
 
 Mr. Van Buren, though frequently solicited, never sought office, and 
 died with unsullied patriotism, predominant in death. 
 
c 
 
 75. THOMAS FKANCIS MEAGHER 
 
 General Thomas Francis Meagher -was born in Waterford, Ireland, 
 August 3, 1823, of wealthy and respectable parents. 
 
 He was educated at the Jesuit College of ClongoWs Wood, and Stony- 
 hurst College, Lancashire, England. He Was a close and attentive student 
 of the English classics, and, in 1842, was awarded the silver medal for En- 
 glish composition, to the defeat of over fifty English competitors. 
 
 His first idea, after completing his studies, was to accept a commission 
 in the British army ; but his Irish spirit revolted at the idea of serving in 
 the army of his country's traditional enemy. 
 
 Feeling a great interest in the political questions of the day, and not 
 being satisfied with the policy of O'Connell, he became one of the leaders of 
 the " Young Ireland" party, and greatly aided in organizing the Irish con- 
 federation. So great were his oratorical powers, that he was soon regarded 
 by his party as their principal leader, and the only man who could free 
 Ireland from her bondage. 
 
 When the French Revolution broke out, he was sent, with others, to 
 congratulate the French Republican leaders on their success ; and, upon his 
 return to Ireland, was arrested on a charge of sedition, held to bail, after- 
 ward tried for high treason, found guilty, and sentenced to death ; but, 
 subsequently, the sentence was altered to banishment for life to Van Die- 
 man's Land. Here he remained until 1852, when he escaped, and arrived 
 in New York during the month of May of the same year, where he met with 
 an enthusiastic reception from his countrymen and the citizens, generally. 
 For two years after, he followed the profession of lecturer, meeting with 
 marked success. Returning to New York in 1855, he engaged in the study 
 of law, and was subsequently admitted to the bar. In 1856 he became 
 Editor of the Irish News. 
 
 On the outbreak of the Rebellion, in 1861, he organized a company of 
 Zouaves, and joined the Sixty-ninth Regiment of New York Volunteers, 
 under Colonel Corcoran, and served during the first campaign in Virginia. 
 Upon the expiration of his three months' term, he returned to New York, 
 and organized the celebrated " Irish Brigade," and was appointed its per- 
 manent commander, with the rank of Brigadier-General, his commission 
 bearing date February 3, 18£2. 
 
 At the head of his men, he participated in the Seven Days' battles, win- 
 ning general praise for the heroism and skill with which he led his brigade to 
 action. He fought with great desperation at Manassas ; and at Antietam, 
 September 27, 1862, won a great reputation, and was specially noticed in 
 the official report of General McClellan. At the disastrous battle of Fred- 
 ericksburg, the charge after charge, headed by him, up to the very crest of 
 the enemy's breastworks, added fresh laurels to the reputation of General 
 Meagher and his men. In this engagement he received a bullet-wound 
 through the leg, which incapacitated him from active service. 
 
 On May 8, lie tendered his resignation, and temporarily retired from the 
 service. He was recommissioned in 1864, and held command in Tennessee 
 and Georgia, where he was signally successful. 
 
 In 1865 he was appointed Secretary of Montana Territory ; and, in 
 September of that year, Governor Edgerton, leaving the Territory for a 
 short time, appointed him Governor, pro tern. While engaged in the duty 
 of protecting the white settlers of that region, on the Upper Missouri, he 
 fell from the deck of a steamboat, and was drowned. 
 
 His life was full of stirring events, interwoven with the histories of Ire- 
 land, of Great Britain, and of the United States, 
 
/ 
 
 76. WM. H CHANNING. 
 
 "Wm. H. Chanktstg, a celebrated divine, the champion of free thought 
 and free limbs, was born at Newport, Rhode Island, April 7, 1778. As a 
 boy, he was thoughtful and amiable, winning the love of his schoolmates 
 and teachers. 
 
 At a very early age he was imbued with religious reverence ; and thought, 
 with an unusual degree of mental vigor, upon the abstract dogmas of theol- 
 ogy. He was the soul of honor, and ever ready to take the part of the op- 
 pressed among his playmates. Washington Allston, the poet-painter, 
 describes him as an " open, brave, and generous boy." 
 
 He entered Harvard College in 1794, and graduated in 1798, with the 
 highest honors of his class. 
 
 In 1801 he was made Regent in Harvard University, and the following 
 year, having been licensed by the " Cambridge Ministerial Association," he 
 commenced preaching, and was settled over the Federal-Street Society, June 
 1, 1803. He retained the office of Pastor of this church and Society until 
 his death, which occurred at Bennington, Vermont, on the 2d of October, 
 1842, while on a journey for his health. 
 
 Dr. Channing was small in stature, and always had the appearance of 
 being in a very depressed condition of health. When he rose to speak, his 
 voice, scarcely rising above a tremulous whisper, caused a strong feeling of 
 disappointment and regret; but, as he warmed with his theme, his form 
 seemed to dilate until you forgot his diminutiveness, and his voice rose to 
 such a clear, sonorous note, that every vibration thrilled to the very soul. 
 
 Few men were so eloquent as he ; but it was not the eloquence of the 
 schools. It was the manly earnestness, with which he impressed upon his 
 audience the greatness of his subject and the solemnity of his mission, and 
 enchained the souls of his hearers, and melted them into tenderness and 
 humility. 
 
 Dr. Channing was an uncompromising advocate of human freedom. He 
 sought, with all his might, to take away the irons from the limbs of the 
 enslaved, and to disinthrall the human mind from the fetters of party, and 
 the debasing creeds of sects. 
 
 He was an ardent patriot, and his heart bled for every stain that fell 
 upon the escutcheon of his country's glory. 
 
 When the New England church divided on what were called the Unita- 
 rian and Calvanistic doctrines, he took the liberal side, only as choosing the 
 leas?t of two evils, and labored while he lived to do away with sectarian 
 names and badges, and to bring all real and sincere believers together, under 
 the broad and single name of Christians. 
 
 Dr. Channing was a man of the purest life and spirit. The sins which 
 so easily beset and contaminate many great and good men, were shed by the 
 immaculate mantl6 of his hie without leaving a trace behind. In h'-mthcro 
 was no guile. 
 
77. HOSEA BALLOU. 
 
 Hosea J3ALLOU was born in Richmond, New Hampshire, April 30, 
 1771. His father was a Baptist minister, and, at quite an early age, Hosea 
 reoeived deep religious impressions, and joined his father's church. When 
 he was about fourteen years old, considerable stir was made by che presence 
 of several Universalist ministers in his native place, some of whom he heard. 
 Their discourses led him to inquire if their doctrine was consistent with the 
 Bible, and he resolved to give the subject a thorough investigation. In this 
 labor he had no other book than the Bible, to the study of which he applied 
 an honest mind and a sturdy purpose to adopt such views as might oe 
 derived from its teachings. The result was, that he embraced the views of 
 those preachers, and openly avowed his change ; in consequence of which he 
 was excommunicated from the Baptist church, when his thoughts were 
 turned to the subject of preaching. 
 
 In 1791, Mr. Ballou preached his first sermon in a private house. 
 
 He was first ordained in Oxford, in 1794, and in 1803, in Barnard, Vt., 
 where he wrote and published two works: " Notes on the Parables," and a 
 ° Treatise on the Atonement." 
 
 These volumes he compiled without the aid of any other books than the 
 Bible ; and, although there is little scholastic polish to be found in them, 
 the marks of his keen logic and biting satire are to be seen on nearly every 
 page. On the 8th of November, 1809, he was installed over the Universalist 
 Society in Portsmouth, N. H., where he remained until 1815, when he 
 removed to Salem, Mass., and remained two years, and then accepted die 
 call of the Second Universalist Society in Boston,, where he was installed 
 December 25, 1817, as its first Pastor. Here he continued during the remain- 
 der of his life, living in great harmony with his people, and laboring inces- 
 santly, both at home and abroad, in the various duties of his profession. 
 
 He fell quietly asleep on the 7th of June, 1852, in the eighty-first year 
 of his age. 
 
 The labors of Mr. Ballou were arduous and extensive. He traveled 
 widely throughout the United States, visiting the churches and establishing 
 new ones. 
 
 Although he seldom wrote his sermons, few clergymen have written 
 more than he. His controversial writings would make many large tomes of 
 theological lore. Few preachers have produced a stronger sensation, or left 
 upon the circle of their mission a more enduring effect than he. Without 
 education, without patronage, with nothing but his own strong powers ot 
 intellect, amidst the bitterest opposition, he succeeded in building up the 
 cause to which he devoted his life. For his attentions to the wants of his 
 people in sickness and in sorrow, he won their love ; and, quite early in life, 
 he passed among them as " Father Ballou." 
 
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78. LYMAN BEECHER. 
 
 Rev. Lyman Beecher, a distinguished Clergyman, was born in New 
 Haven, Connecticut, September 12, 1775. 
 
 He prepared for college under the immediate supervision of the village 
 pastor, and in due time graduated at Yale College, where he afterward 
 remained two or three years, studying divinity under Dr. Dwight, then 
 President of that institution. 
 
 In 1798 he received his license for the ministry, and was soon called to 
 take charge of the First Congregational Society in East Hampton, Long 
 Island, where he labored with marked fidelity for more than two years. In 
 1810 he removed to Litchfield, Conn., where he settled as Pastor over the 
 First Congregational Society of that place. He remained in charge of this 
 Christian flock for sixteen years, and preached with great success. Having 
 married, he found himself, ere long, surrounded with a numerous family — 
 " The Clergyman's Blessing " — and he set himself to work to improve the 
 condition of the community in which his children were to be reared. He 
 raised the standard of education in the schools, and became an efficient and 
 successful laborer in the cause of Temperance, to which he devoted his sin- 
 gular energies throughout a long life, and to which he was to the last as 
 freshly devoted as in the palmy days of his youth. 
 
 He also entered, heart and soul, into all the great questions of moral 
 reforms which then began to agitate the churches ; and, during this period, 
 assisted in the establishment of the Connecticut Education Society, the 
 American Bible Society, the Connecticut Missionary Society, and other 
 associations of a similar character. 
 
 In 1826 great defection had taken place in Boston and neighboring 
 parts of New England into Unitarianism, following the lead of Dr. Chan- 
 ning, and others in sympathy with him, and Dr. Beecher was chosen, out of 
 all the other clergy in New England, to uphold the standard of the ancient 
 Puritan faith against their desertion, and he took charge of the Hanover 
 Street Calvanistic Society in Boston, where he labored for six or seven 
 years with great zeal and considerable success. His ministry partook 
 largely of the controversial, and he flung himself into the thickest of the 
 battle. 
 
 In 1832 he was appointed to the Presidency of the Lane Theological 
 Seminary at Cincinnati ; and, at the same time, he took charge of the Second 
 Presbyterian Society in that city, which double charge he performed with 
 great vigor of intellect and body until about the year 1852, when he resigned 
 all public and official relations, and removed to Boston, where he afterward 
 resided, enjoying the respect of all who knew him and the proud satisfac- 
 tion of seeing his children " a numerous brotherhood," occupying command- 
 ing positions in society, and rendering themselves famous by their labors in 
 the cause of truth and humanity. 
 
 Dr. Beecher published much during his life, consisting, principally, of 
 sermons delivered en various occasions. He is also author of a volume on 
 " Political Atheism," and was always a zealous advocate of the Temperance 
 movement, and may be regarded as one of the chief founders of the " Tem- 
 perance Reform." 
 
 He died at the residence of his son, Henry "Ward Beecher, in Brooklyn, 
 in 1862. 
 
79. LEWIS CASS. 
 
 Lewis Cass was born in Exeter, New Hampshire, October 9, 1782. 
 Having received his education at the far-famed academy of his native vil- 
 lage, at the early age of seventeen, he crossed the Alleghany Mountains on 
 foot to seek a home in " the land of promise" — the " great West," then an 
 almost unexplored wilderness. 
 
 He settled in Marietta, Ohio, in 1799, studied law with Governor Meigs, 
 was admitted to the bar in 1802, and became successful and distinguished. 
 Elected to the Legislature of Ohio in 1806, he was active and prominent in that 
 body, and originated the bill which arrested the proceedings of Aaron Burr ; 
 and, as stated by Mr. Jefferson, was the first blow given to what is known 
 as "Burr's Conspiracy." In 1807 he was appointed, by Mr. Jefferson, Marshal 
 of the State, and held this office till the later part of 1811, when he volun- 
 teered to repel Indian aggressions on the frontier. 
 
 He was elected Colonel of the Third Regiment of Ohio Volunteers, and 
 entered the military service of the United States at the commencement of 
 the War of 1812. Having, by a difficult march, reached Detroit, he was dis- 
 dinguished for energy, activity, and courage. He urged the immediate 
 invasion of Canada, and was the author of the proclamation of that event. 
 He was the first to land in arms on the enemy's shore, and, with a detach- 
 ment of troops, fought and won the first battle — that of Toronto. At the 
 subsequent capitulation of Detroit he was absent on important service ; but, 
 though not present, he was involved in it, and became, with the rest, a 
 prisoner of war. This greatly mortified him, and, for a time, terminated 
 his activity. On being exchanged or released from parole, he was promoted 
 to Brigadier in the Regular Army, and Major-General of the Ohio Volunteers, 
 when he again repaired to the frontier and joined the army for the recovery 
 of Michigan. Being at that time without a command, he served and dis- 
 tinguished himself as a Volunteer Aid to General Harrison at the battle of 
 the Thames, which retrieved the previous reverses of the American arms on 
 the frontier. In 1813 he was appointed, by President Madison, Military 
 Governor of Michigan, which position he held until 1831, establishing law 
 and order, preserving peace between the whites and the Indians, and advanc- 
 ing the resources and prosperity of the country. v 
 
 Pew Americans have been more extensively and successfully engaged 
 in that delicate and difficult kind of diplomacy, " negotiations with Indian 
 tribes," than Mr. Cass, he having assisted at no less than ten councils with 
 the red men of the wilderness. In 1831 he was called by President Jackson 
 to his Cabinet, as Secretary of War. In 1836 he was appointed Minister to 
 France, in which capacity he rendered eminent and valuable service by his 
 celebrated protest against the " Quintuple Treaty," which, under the pretext 
 of breaking up the slave trade, provided for an indiscriminate search on the 
 high seas. He resigned in 1842, and was elected to the United States Senate 
 in 1845, which place he resigned on being nominated by the Democratic 
 party for President, in 1848. 
 
 Being defeated, he was again elected to the Senate, in 1849. In this posi- 
 tion he greatly distinguished himself as an able, eloquent, and ready 
 debater. In 1857 he was appointed, by President Buchanan, Secretary of 
 State, which position he held until December, 1860, when he resigned, be- 
 cause Mr. Buchanan refused to reinforce Fort Moultrie, and retired to 
 Detroit, never afterward taking active part in public affairs. 
 
 Mr. Cass was extremely temperate in his habits, never, in the slightest 
 degree, indulging in the use of ardent spirits. _ He died, June 17, 1866./ 
 
/ v 
 
 p 
 
 80. CHAELES G. ATHEETON. 
 
 CHARLES G. ATHERTON was born in Amherst, New Hampshire, in 1804 
 His early education was received at Lome. His mother, a woman of uncom- 
 mon gift and piety, assumed the whole charge of her son's education, and 
 taught him the rudiments of the English as well as the Latin tongue. 
 
 When of a suitable age to be sent from home, he went to the Academy 
 at Lancaster, Massachusetts, at that time a school of much celebrity, and 
 under the charge of Jared Sparks, the remowned biographical historian. 
 
 Here he remained until 1817, when, losing his mother, he returned home ; 
 and, finishing his preparations for college in his fath«r's office, entered Har- 
 vard University, in 1818, and graduated in 1822. He immediately began the 
 study of law in his father's office ; was admitted to the bar in 1825 ; and 
 opened an office in Dunstable, N. H. (In 1836 the name of this town was 
 changed to Nashua.) 
 
 Here, for the space of four years, he assiduously applied himself to the 
 duties of his profession, and had the satisfaction of finding his business 
 widely extending, and his fame as a lawyer rapidly rising at the bar of his 
 native State. 
 
 In 1829 he was nominated by the Democratic party as a candidate for 
 State Representative, but failed to be elected. 
 
 The next year, however, he was elected ; and the two following suffered 
 defeat; but was chosen Clerk of the Senate for both those years. In 1833 
 he was re-elected to the House of Representatives, and was called upon to 
 preside over the deliberations of that body. 
 
 He was re-elected in 1834, '35, and '36, and in each year was chosen Speaker 
 — an office he filled with great dignity and impartiality, as well as with the 
 entire approbation of the House. In 1837, Mr. Atherton was transferred to 
 the United States House of Representatives, holding his seat until 1842, 
 when he was elected to the United States Senate for six years. 
 
 Having served out his term to the entire satisfaction of his constituency 
 in the Granite State, as well as to the party generally, in the country, he 
 retired to Nashua in 1849, and engaged in the active duties of his profes- 
 sion, where he acquired considerable celebrity as a sound lawyer and an 
 able advocate. 
 
 In 1852 he was elected once more to the upper branch of Congress, and 
 took his seat on the 4th of March following. 
 
 He did not live, however, to serve out his term, for on the 15th day of 
 November of that year he died, in the fiftieth year of his age. 
 
■ J 
 
 81. FISHEK AMES. 
 
 FiSHER Ames, so widely known as an eloquent oraroj. aiiu distinguished 
 (statesman, was born in Dedham, Massachusetts, April 9, 1758. In 1774 
 he graduated at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and, having 
 completed his studies, with great credit to himself, he opened a law office in 
 his native village, in the autumn of 1781. Although young Ames took a 
 deep interest in the stirring scenes of the Revolution, and sympathized, 
 with his whole heart, with the patriots, he was too young to take any active 
 part with them. 
 
 He published many striking articles in the journals of the day, in which 
 the affairs of the nation were so skillfully discussed as to give evidence of a 
 very thorough knowledge of the science of government and politics ; and he 
 was chosen a Member of the Convention for the Ratification of the Federal 
 Constitution. 
 
 The speeches he delivered in this convention took his friends and the 
 world by surprise, and at once established his reputation as one of the ablest 
 and most eloquent debaters of that day. 
 
 In 1789, Mr. Ames was elected a Member of Congress, retaining his seat 
 throughout the whole of Washington's administration, of which he was 
 an able and efficient supporter. 
 
 "With a comprehensive insight of the subject in hand, his eloquent rea- 
 soning made the rough places smooth, and carried conviction to the hearts 
 and judgment of those who listened to him. When, towards the close of 
 his last term, the question relative to the appropriation necessary to carry 
 into effect the British Treaty was the subject of debate before the Hout-e, 
 Mr. Ames, although in feeble health, made such an overwhelming argument 
 that the opposition begged that the vote might not then be taken, as the 
 effect of his speech was such as to unfit the Members to vote dispassionately. 
 Such was the tribute paid to his eloquence and reasoning powers. 
 
 This was his last and greatest effort; and, feeling that it would be, he 
 made such a touching allusion " to his own slender and almost-broken thread 
 of life, as to visibly affect his audience. Declining to be a candidate for 
 re-election, he retired to his paternal acres, where, with the exception of 
 serving a few years as a Member of the Council, he remained a private citi- 
 zen to the close of his life. The New Jersey College conferred on him the 
 title of Doctor of Laws; and several years before his death he was chosen 
 President of Harvard College, which honor he declined on account of ill 
 health, and which eventually compelled him to give up his profession, and 
 solace himself with the oversight of his farm. Here he awaited the Heavenly 
 summons, and passed away at last, like one who " wraps the drapery of his 
 couch about him, and lies down to pleasant dreams." 
 
// Jh 
 
 82. ELBEIDGE GEEEY 
 
 Elbridge Gerry was born in Marblehead, Massachusetts^ July 17, 
 1744. Nothing is known of the childhood of this distinguished man, until 
 we find him a member of Harvard College, at the early age of fourteen, 
 from which institution he graduated in 1762. 
 
 He had chosen the medical profession, but his father was desirous that 
 he should assist him in the mercantile business ; and so he became a partner 
 with his father, and for many years was a successful merchant in his native 
 town. 
 
 In 1772 he was elected to the General Court of the Province of Massa- 
 chusetts. Already that body had taken strong grounds against the 
 measures of the Crown, and Mr. Gerry sustained the doings of the patriots. 
 In 1773, Samuel Adams introduced his celebrated motion for the appoint- 
 ment of a " Standing Committee of Correspondence and Inquiry," and, 
 although one of the youngest Members, Mr. Gerry was placed upon that 
 committee. 
 
 The same year, Mr. Adams laid before the House the foreign corres- 
 pondence of Governor Hutchinson. This was like throwing a fire-brand into 
 a magazine, and roused the indignation of the citizens to the highest pitch. 
 Mr. Gerry was among the foremost to denounce the treason of the Governor, 
 and greatly distinguished himself in his efforts to forward the energetic 
 resolutions with respect to the tea-trade, the port-bill, and non-intercourse. 
 Mr. Gerry was elected to the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts, which 
 met at Salem, in October, 1774, and then adjourned to Concord, where he 
 came near being arrested by the British troops sent there to break up the 
 Congress, and arrest its Members. 
 
 They reassembled at Cambridge, and Mr. Gerry threw himself, with all 
 the energy of his enthusiastic nature, into all their measures, and was one 
 of the foremost of that " Rebel crew" who cast defiance into the teeth of the 
 British Ministry. 
 
 He was elected a Member of the .first Continental Congress, and took his 
 seat February 9, 1776. He took a conspicuous part in the doings of that 
 patriotic body, of which he remained a Member until 1785. 
 
 His name makes one of that glorious band who signed the Declaration 
 of Independence. He was also a Member of the Convention that framed the 
 Constitution ; yet he did not like it, and voted against its acceptance ; but 
 when it was accepted, he used his best influence in its support, conceiving 
 that the best interests of the country depended on its being carried heartily 
 into effect, now that it had become a law. He was chosen a Member of the 
 First Congress, under it, for four years. 
 
 He was sent to Paris in 1797, with Pinckney and Marshall, to adjust the 
 difficulties with France ; was elected Governor of Massachusetts in 1805, 
 and again in 1810 ; and, in 1812, Vice-President of the United States, with 
 Madison. While occupying that position, he died suddenly, November 23, 
 1814, aged seventy. 
 
/ 
 
 83. JOSEPH WAEEEN. I 
 
 > 
 
 General Joseph Warren, the brave Revolutionary patriot, whose blood 
 stains the soil of Bunker Hill, was born in Roxbuiy, Massachusetts, inl 741, 
 entered college in 1755, and commenced the practice of medicine in 17G2. 
 
 In 1775 he received the appointment of Major-General in the Continental 
 Army, and in the same year, on the ever-glorious 17th day of June, sealed 
 with his blood the protest of freemen against the usurpations of tyranny. 
 
 Had Warren lived, it is easy to perceive that he would have been among 
 the most conspicuous of that holy band, who pledged their lives, their for- 
 tunes, and their sacred honor, to the cause of freedom in the New World. 
 
 He not only knew no fear, but seemed to court danger, for the very love 
 of it, as 4he following anecdote will show : 
 
 The Boston Massacre took place on the 5th of March, 1770, and its anniver- 
 sary had been celebrated for three years. The British residents of Boston 
 had become incensed at the free spirit in which that bloody act was dis- 
 cussed in these orations, and in 1775 several British officers declared that it 
 would be at the peril of his life, should any patriot attempt to pronounce 
 an oration on the coming anniversary. 
 
 This threat aroused the fiery spirit of Warren, and, although he had 
 officiated only the year before, he requested permission to assume the peril 
 and the honor. On the day appointed, the old South Church was crammed 
 to its utmost capacity. A large number of British officers were present, 
 some occupying the pulpit and pulpit-stairs. The doorway and aisles were 
 so densely packed, that Warren and his friends were obliged to enter the 
 pulpit- window by a ladder. 
 
 The officers were struck by his cool intrepidity, and involuntarily 
 yielded up the pulpit, and suffered him to assume his proper place. As he 
 came forward, with a calm brow and flashing eye, he appeared the very 
 impersonation of moral courage and personal bravery. It was a moment of 
 intense excitement. Stillness, that was palpable, rested on every lip ; many 
 a heart palpitated with the wildest enthusiasm. 
 
 When he opened his lips, his voice was firm and unfaltering, 
 while its deep and almost unearthly tones told how fully the spirit was 
 stirred within him. Soon his voice rose, and, warming with his theme, in 
 tones of thunder he poured out the vials of his wrath upon the actors in the 
 bloody tragedy of March 5, 1770, and hurled defiance in the very teeth of 
 those who, but a few hours before, had threatened his life, but who were 
 -low awed before the majesty of his sublime courage. 
 
 He declined Prescott's proposal to command at Bunker Hill, and entered 
 the ranks, where he fought with unflinching bravery, being among the last 
 to quit the breast-works, and fell only a few yards from them, fighting to 
 the last. 
 
'& r 
 
 84. ZACHAEY TAYLOR. 
 
 Zachary Taylor, the 12th President of the United States, was born 
 in the County of Orange, Virginia, in the year 1790. 
 
 After receiving such an education as the times permitted, he entered the 
 army with a commission of Lieutenant in the Seventh Infantry, at the age 
 of eighteen, under the administration of Jefferson, in 1808. 
 
 On the 19th of June, 1812, when war was declared with England, Tay- 
 lor — who had previously received a Captain's commission — held command of 
 Fort Harrison ; and, with a handful of men, defended himself against the 
 attack of a large body of Indians with such skill and bravery, that Madison 
 bestowed upon him the brevet of Major. 
 
 From this period until 1840, Taylor passed his life in almost incessant 
 warfare with the various savage tribes in the "West, where he signalized 
 himself by repeated acts of bravery and by the exhibition of a sagacious 
 forecast, which won for him the approval of the nation. Meanwhile, he had 
 passed through the grades of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and held, at 
 this date, a Brigadier-General's commission. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Mexican War, he had charge of the Army of 
 the Rio G-rande ; and, when hostilities commenced, he caused the erection 
 of Fort Brown, at Point Isabel, where he deposited his stores, and then 
 moved with his army to Corpus Christi. 
 
 Hearing the Mexicans were about to attack Fort Brown, he determined 
 to succor and relieve the place. But there was a Mexican army of not less 
 than five thousand strong between him and the fort, ready to dispute every 
 inch of the ground. With only two thousand men, General Taylor cut his 
 way through to Fort Brown, during which he fought the glorious battles of 
 Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, in which fell so many brave and gallant 
 men. 
 
 The attack on Matamoras, the storming of Monterey, the sanguinary 
 battle of Buena Vista, and the hundred skirmishes which took place in that 
 year, form a page in history which will bear comparison with any other 
 that has been written. 
 
 With one-third — and often less — of the forces of the Mexicans, General 
 Taylor met them on their own ground, and always conquered. 
 
 His perfect coolness, his majestic courage, his keen sagacity, his admira- 
 ble generalship — true constituents of a military hero — have won for him 
 undying laurels, while his kind and dignified demeanor ingratiated him 
 with his officers and soldiers. 
 
 When peace was conquered, General Taylor retired to his farm at Baton 
 Rouge, La., full of honors as of years. 
 
 In 1848 he was drawn from his retirement, elected President of the 
 United States, and inaugurated March 4, 1849. 
 
 He survived his inauguration but little more than a year, when he yielded 
 up his spirit on the 9th of July, 1850 ; and, for a second time, a Vice-Presi- 
 dent succeeded to the Presidency. 
 
/<f< 
 
 85. JAMES KENT. 
 
 Chancellor James Kent was born on the 31st day of July, 1763, in Put- 
 nam County, New York. At the age of five he was sent to an English 
 school at Norwalk, residing' with his maternal grandfather for several years, 
 and in 1773 attended a Latin school. 
 
 In 1777 he entex-ed Yale College, where he had hardly become domiciled, 
 when the troubles of that stormy period broke up the College, and dispersed 
 the students. 
 
 During the recess he fell in with " Blackstone's Commentaries," with 
 which he was so pleased that he determined to devote himself to the pro- 
 fession of the law. According^, on leaving college, from which he gradu- 
 ated with a high reputation, he commenced the study of the law, under the 
 Attorney-General of the State. His natural thirst for knowledge, his great 
 love of the profession, and his habits of severe application, could not fail to 
 insure success, and in April, 1785, he was admitted to the bar, as Attorney 
 to the Supreme Court. 
 
 He married, and removed to Poughkeepsie, where he commenced prac- 
 tice. Methodical in all his arrangements, he divided the day into six por- 
 tions, devoting two h*urs to each of the following : Latin, Greek, Law, 
 French, and English; and the evening to friendship and recreation. 
 
 Mr. ' Kent did not escape the entanglements of politics, but entered 
 heartily into the great political discussions of the day, joining the Federal 
 party, and acting with Hamilton and his compeers, who always entertained 
 for him the utmost respect. 
 
 In 1790, and again in 1792, he was elected to the State Legislature. In 
 the following year he removed to the city of Ts'ew York, and, in December, 
 was appointed Professor of Law in Columbia College. While occupying 
 this chair, in the discharge of the duties of which he displayed those vast 
 stores of legal lore which he had been accumulating for years, he was hon- 
 ored by the College with the degree of LL. D., and he afterward reoeived 
 the same honor, from Harvard and Dartmouth. 
 
 In 1796 he was made Master in Chancery, and in 1797 he was appointed, 
 by Governor Jay, to a vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court. 
 
 In 1800, in conjunction with Mr. Justice Radcliff, he was appointed to 
 revise the Legal Code of the State ; and in 1804 was made Chief-Justice of 
 the Supreme Court, which seat he filled most honorably until 1814, when 
 he was appointed Chancellor. In this high office he remained until 1823, 
 when, having attained the age of sixty, the Constitutional limit, he re- 
 signed. 
 
 Being now more at leisure, he revised his lectures, and gave them to the 
 world, in four volumes, under the title of " Commentaries on American 
 Law'* — a work which has become a text-book. From this time until his 
 deith, he kept up the same industrious and temperate habits whi<m had 
 marked his whole career, receiving the spontaneous respect of the intelli- 
 gent and virtuous in the community in which he lived. 
 
 The name of Chancellor Kent is the pride and boast of the whole race of 
 Knickerbockers. It forms one part of the great Judicial triune — Marshall, 
 Story, and Kent — which reflects so much honor on the legal history of our 
 country. 
 
86. JOHN MABSHALL. 
 
 Chief-Justice John Marshall was born in Fauquier County, Virginia, 
 on the 24th of September, 1755. He was a self-educated man. 
 
 "When the question of American Independence was reaching its culmin- 
 ating point, young Marshall was about eighteen, and entered into its dis- 
 cussion with great zeal and devotion. 
 
 He joined a volunteer company in order to learn the art of war, and 
 made the best use of his knowledge by the training of a company of raw 
 militia in his neighborhood. In 1775 he received the appointment of Eirst 
 Lieutenant in a company of Minute Men, and entered immediately into 
 active service, where he rendered important aid in the defeat of Lord Dun- 
 more, at Great Bridge, and subsequently in driving the English troops from 
 Norfolk. 
 
 In 1777 he was promoted to the rank of Captain, and figured in the 
 memorable battles of Brandy wine, German town, and Monmouth. 
 
 On the capitulation of Cornwallis, he resumed the practice of law, which 
 he had commenced in 1780. He soon rose to distinction as a lawyer, and 
 was called upon to devote his acute mind to political affairs. 
 
 In 1782 he was elected to the State Legislature, and a Memoer of the 
 Executive Council the same year. 
 
 During the agitation of the momentous questions of State and National 
 policy, which lasted from the close of the war to the year 1800, Mr. Marshall 
 was among the foremost and mightiest champions of " Liberty, with Order," 
 and was always found on the side of Washington, Hamilton, and Madison. 
 
 He was elected to Congress in 1799. Pending his election he was offered 
 a place on the bench of the Supreme Court, but declined the honor. 
 
 Among the bright stars of that Congressional galaxy, Mr. Marshall's 
 name shines as one of the most brilliant. His acute and discriminating 
 reason, his calm and sober judgment, his fearless decision in favor of what 
 he deemed to be right, and which so conspicuously marked his oareer while 
 he was Chief-Justice of the United States, were felt and confessed by all 
 his noble compeers. 
 
 In 1800 he was nominated to the office of Secretary of "War by President 
 Adams, and, notwithstanding his most vehement protestation, the nomina- 
 tion was unanimously ratified by the Senate. But the rupture between 
 Adams and Colonel Pickering occurring about this time, Mr. Marshall was 
 offered and accepted the office of Secretary of State, vacated by the resigna- 
 tion of that gentleman. He filled this important station but a short time, 
 for in January, 1801, he became Chief-Justice of the United States, which 
 office he adorned for a period of thirty-five years. His death occurred in 
 1836, at the age of eighty-one. 
 
/// 
 
 87. JOHN DAYIS. 
 
 John Davis was born in Northboro', Massachusetts, January 13, 1787. 
 
 He went through the ordinary preparation, and entered Yale College in 
 1808, and graduated with much credit to himself in 1812. After a due 
 course of legal reading, he opened a law office in Worcester, Mass., in 1815. 
 
 Rising steadily in his profession, his unselfish and honest course of life 
 elevated him to a high position in the esteem of all who knew him. 
 
 He took a deep and lively interest in all the institutions of his adopted 
 town, and his voice, his influence, and his example, were ever on the side of 
 all great reforms. 
 
 Education received his fostering care, while the Asylum for the Insane 
 and the Antiquarian Society, which had been established in Worcester, 
 became the objects of his patronage and practical solicitude. 
 
 He commenced his political career in 1825 as Representative to the Con- 
 gress of the United States, which position he held eight years. ^ 
 
 Here he soon experienced the proud satisfaction of knowing that the 
 weight of moral character is more than that of mere political influence. 
 He commanded the entire respect of both parties, and when he rose to 
 address the Chair, he received the silent and respectful attention of all 
 parts of the House. 
 
 In 1834, he was chosen Governor of Massachusetts, and was re-elected in 
 1835. In 1836 he was elected to the United States Senate, and in 1841 was 
 again chosen Governor, which office he held for three successive terms. 
 
 On the death of Senator Bates, he was elected to fill the unexpired term 
 of that gentleman in the United States Senate, and was re-elected for a 
 second term to the same body for six years, at the expiration of which time 
 he retired to the bosom of his family to spend the evening of his days, free 
 from the entanglements of politics and the labors and vexations of public 
 office, and to repose on his well-earned laurels. He did not live long to en- 
 joy that repose, for he died suddenly, at Worcester, April 19, 1854, aged 
 sixty-seven. 
 
 The name of John Davis was a synonym of all that was noble and manly 
 in life. It passed into a by-word and a proverb, until he was known every- 
 where in the whole land as " Honest John Davis." He attained this fame 
 by a long and uninterrupted course of single, straightforward, honest deal- 
 ing in all the actions of his life. 
 
 He was, for thirty years, mixed up with the principal political actors of 
 our country, withoul a soil or stain, nor even a mark of the fire on his moral 
 robes. 
 
88. WILLIAM D. POETER. 
 
 Commodore William D. Porter was bom in New Orleans, Louisiana, 
 in 1809, but was educated in Pennsylvania, and appointed to the navy from 
 Massachusetts. He was the son of Commodore David Porter, who distin- 
 guished himself in the War of 1812, and a brother of Admiral David D. 
 Porter, who also distinguished himself on many occasions in the late war. 
 
 When the Rebellion broke out, W. D. Porter was cruising in the sloop-of- 
 war St. Mary's. Being a Southern man by birth, his loyalty was suspected; 
 hearing which, he wrote a characteristic letter to the Government, defend ing 
 himself from the aspersion. 
 
 He was afterward sent to the Western waters under Commodore Foote, 
 who was preparing a fleet to open the Mississippi. The vessel selected for 
 him to command was the St. Louis (ferry-boat), which he converted into a 
 formidable iron-clad gun-boat in eighteen days, fighting the enemy while 
 constructing it. He named it the " Essex," after the ship in which his gal- 
 lant father fought his desperate battle with the "Alert" near the port of 
 Valparaiso, in 1812. 
 
 Although it had an ignominious birth, it was destined to win a great 
 reputation. 
 
 He accompanied Commodore Foote up the Tennessee River, and took part 
 in the attack on Fort Henry. 
 
 As Foote with his flag-ship moved up to the fort, the Essex hugged him 
 close, and, when fire was opened, lay alongside. The heavy shot from the 
 batteries pounded her mailed sides, and made her quiver from stem to stern. 
 Yet Porter kept creeping nearer to them, pushing into the very vortex of the 
 fire. Amid the crashing of shot and bursting of shell, above, around, and 
 against the sides of the ship, his bearing was grand and heroic. When 
 within a few hundred yards of the fort, as he was watching the effect of 
 the fire, a 32-pound shot struck his vessel, just above the port-holes, killed 
 a man by his side, and landing in the boiler, sent the stream through the 
 vessel, and fatally scalded many of the sailors ; Porter himself was also 
 scalded, and became temporarily blinded from the effects. 
 
 While recruiting-, he had the Essex repaired, and on the 9th of July 
 started down the Mississippi River to join the fleet at Vicksburg, his brother 
 and Admiral Farragut coming up from below. 
 
 Here the formidable Rebel ram Arkansas made its appearance, passing 
 through the fleet without being affected by' their broadsides, and placing her- 
 self under the batteries of the fort. Such a formidable vessel could not. be 
 trusted on the river, and Porter volunteered, alone and unaided, to destroy 
 her. He went down under the fire of the batteries of the fort and the ram. 
 where he attacked and partially disabled her. He intended to have struck 
 her with his armed bow, but she avoided him. The ram afterward 
 withdrew for repairs, when Porter attacked and set fire to her magazine, 
 causing it to explode. 
 
 Thus by his daring, one of the most dangerous impediments to our suc- 
 cess on the river was destroyed. He then started down the river, passing 
 Port Hudson under a galling fire, unharmed, destroying one of the batteries, 
 and arrived at New Orleans, where a Commodore's commission awaited him; 
 but he did not live to enjoy it, for disease had set in, and he was obliged to 
 return to the North for his health, where he soon after died, at St. Luke's 
 Hospital, in New York, in 1862, in the fifty-third year of his age. 
 

 .89. J. FENIMORE COOPEE. 
 
 J. Fenimore Cooper was born in Bordentown, New Jersey, September 
 15, 1789. At the age of ten, his father removed to Cooperstown, New York. 
 He was fitted for college under the training of Rev. Mr. Ellison, Rector of 
 St. Paul's Church, Albany. 
 
 , After spending a few years m studying the classics, he entered the navy 
 at a still very early age ; and, during a few years of service, gave such evi- 
 dence of his fitness for a naval leader that a commission was about to be 
 tendered to him, when he fell a victim to Cupid, and surrendered himself to 
 the bands of Hymen. 
 
 After his marriage, ne gave himself up to pleasure, travel, and litera- 
 ture, for some years, during which time he stored his mind with the rich 
 materials which he has since wrought into such delightful fabrics. 
 
 His first serious attempt at novel-writing (after various contributions to 
 the literary journals) came before the world under the title of " Precaution." 
 Then came the " Spy," and " Pioneers," and " Pilot," and a whole brood of 
 flattering successors, the very enumeration of which we have no room for, 
 each adding to the fame of the author, as each was perused by the enthusi- 
 astic and expectant readers. 
 
 His last work was published in 1849, and Mr. Cooper's mortal remains 
 were committed to the dust in 1851. But he still lives in the hearts of 
 grateful millions, whose spirits have been stirred within them by his touch- 
 ing pathos, and whose love of country has been warmed into new life by the 
 patriotism of his eloquent pen. 
 
 Cooper, like Scott, has bound his phantasms so fast by history that one 
 forgets while reading, that he is not dealing with sober facts. Whether we 
 sit with him on the sunny slope, and gaze over the rich landscapes his 
 wizard wand has enchanted from the depth of his own rich imagination, or 
 prowl with " Leather Stockings " through the dusky and savage-begirt 
 forest, or scud under bare poles over the frightened and laboring sea, or 
 mingle in the ensanguined fray on the slippery decks of the " Red 
 Rover," there is a freshness and reality about them that makes us forget 
 that our sympathies are excited for ideal beings, or that we are feasting 
 our mental eye on painted emptiness. His writings may not have the 
 finish of Irving, or the severe correctness of style to be found in Scott ; 
 but there is a life-likeness about what he has written that gushes out like 
 some bubbling spring on the mountain side, andjsends a refreshing coolness 
 tc the lips. 
 
90. JOHN PIEBPONT. 
 
 Rev. Jl>hn Pierpont was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, April 6, 1785. 
 He graduated at Yale College, at the age of nineteen. 
 
 He then became a Private Tutor in the family of Col. William Allston, 
 in South Carolina, where he remained four years. 
 
 From 1809 to. 1812 he studied law at Litchfield, and settled at New- 
 buryport, Massachusetts. The War of 1812 interfered with his practice, 
 and he then attempted business pursuits, with indifferent success. 
 
 In 1818 he entered the Cambridge Divinity School. He was soon after 
 installed as Pastor of the Hollis-Street Unitarian Church, at Boston. For 
 twenty-five years he remained in that Pastorate, which connection, however, 
 became clouded with troubles and dissensions, growing out of his strong 
 advocacy of Temperance and anti-Slavery, with other philanthropic meas- 
 ures, which he warmly upheld. 
 
 In 1835 he visited Europe and Asia. In 1845 he became Pastor of the 
 First Unitarian Church in Troy, New York, where he remained four years, 
 and then accepted a call to the First Congregational Church at Medford, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 When the war of the Rebellion broke out, Mr. Pierpont was deeply in- 
 terested, and instantly sought an active position, although then seventy-five 
 years of age. 
 
 He was appointed Chaplain of the Twenty-Second Massachusetts 
 Regiment, by Governor Andrew. The exposure of camp-life, and the severe 
 duties of the field, compelled him, much to his regret, to resign. 
 
 Secretary Chase then appointed him to a Clerkship in the Treasury De- 
 partment, which he held until his sudden death, at Medford, August 26, 
 1866, being eighty-one years of age. 
 
 Mr. Pierpont was a thorough scholar, a graceful and facile speaker, and 
 a poet of no ordinary power. 
 
 His devotion to the humane and philanthropic reforms of his time, 
 sprung from the highest influences of intelligence and truthfulness, and 
 were carried out with the strong conscientiousness of duty. 
 
 The era in which such men lived was, in our country, one calling for 
 fearless and energetic character. 
 
 The demand was supplied by such a host as history seldom records, and 
 many of the heroic spirits called forth in that holy warfare, have already 
 passed away from the scenes of their earthly toils and triumphs. 
 
/M 
 
 91. INDIAN "PKOPHET." 
 
 The " Prophet," or Wah-pe-kee-suit, signifying " White Cloud, was a 
 brother of the celebrated Black Hawk, and the prime instigator of the war 
 that bears the name of this chief. 
 
 He was born on the Rock River, in Illinois, about the year 1780. The 
 blood of two races runs in his veins — the Winnebago and the Sac, or Sauk, 
 tribes. 
 
 All that can be learned of his early life is, that he was an unmitigated 
 savage. 
 
 A relentless foe to the whites, he pursued them with the most untiring 
 zeal, forgetting to eat or sleep in his eager thirst for their blood. The bul- 
 let or the tomahawk was the only mercy he was known to show to those 
 who fell into his hands. 
 
 Like his brother-prophets, of the Shawnees and the Seminoles, h« laid 
 claim to supernatural powers, and pretended to have revelations from the 
 Great Spirit. 
 
 He gained such complete ascendency over the mind of Black Hawk, as 
 to make that credulous Chief believe that he would become the glorious in- 
 strument in the hands of the Great Spirit of relieving the whole country of 
 their white-faced enemies, who were so fast encroaching upon their hunt- 
 ing-grounds. In the same manner was the shrewd Tecumseh imposed upon 
 by the Shawnees' prophet. 
 
 The Prophet traveled the country through, from the Gulf to the Rocky 
 Mountains, stirring up the various tribes to mutiny and massacre ; and 
 when the hour came for the stroke of war, his hand was the readiest among 
 the savage hordes. 
 
 At the final treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, in 1833, the Prophet and 
 Black Hawk were in disgrace, and the Americans would not treat with 
 them. They were deposed, and Keo-Kuk was made Chief of this doub]e 
 tribe, with whom all the subsequent negotiations were conducted. 
 
 After the convention, the tribe removed west of the Mississippi ; and the 
 Prophet, after making a tour of the Union with his brethren, took up his 
 residence in the same village with Keo-Kuk, on the I>es Moines River, 
 about seventy miles from its confluence with the Mississippi, where he 
 spent the rest of his days in peace. 
 
 He is described as having a large, broad face ; short, blunt nose ; large, 
 full eyes ; wide mouth, and thick lips, with a full head of hair — the whole 
 man exhibiting a savage nature, and marking him as the very high-priest 
 of assassination and murder. 
 
r? b 
 
 92. KEO-KUK 
 
 Keo-Kuk, or the " Running Fox," a powerful Chief of the Sac and Fox 
 Indians, was born at the very commencement of the present century. 
 
 He early gave indications of his shrewdness and courage — the traits of 
 Indian character most in esteem with his tribe ; and while he was a mere 
 youth, he was admitted to the more manly sports and dances, for which no 
 mere pappoose is esteemed fit. 
 
 On the breaking out of Black Hawk's war, he was a subordinate Chief 
 under that renowned warrior, and showed himself a brave and careful sol- 
 dier. He aided, both by his counsels and prowess in battle, to shorten that 
 cruel and bloody struggle. 
 
 He was among the earliest to acknowledge his error, and afterward be- 
 came a friend of the white man, and did all he could to bring about a fair 
 and honorable peace. 
 
 When Black Hawk and the Prophet were taken prisoners, General Har- 
 rison, who had experienced the duplicity and treachery of these malignant 
 Chiefs in many ways, and had lost all confidence in their promises, desirous 
 of negotiating terms of reconciliation with some competent person among 
 the tribes of hostile Indians, at once deposed Black Hawk, and raised Keo- 
 Kuk to his place ; and it is but justice to this Chief to say, that he main- 
 tained the terms of the convention inviolate himself, and did what he could 
 to enforce it among the warriors of his tribe. 
 
 The negotiation of that important treaty was a scene of great interest. 
 Keo-Kuk was the principal speaker on the occasion, while the dethroned 
 Black Hawk stood upon the outside of the circle, not allowed to speak or 
 sign the treaty, with the Prophet and his principal aid, oSah-Pope, standing 
 by his side, in scowling silence and painful submission. 
 
 After peace was made with the Indians, Keo-Kuk, together with Block 
 Hawk, the Prophet, and some twenty others of the most powerful Chiefs 
 among them, visited, the principal cities of the Union. 
 
 On the return of Keo-Kuk to his native wilds, he, in company with his 
 tribe, migrated to the west side of the Mississippi, and established a vil- 
 lage on the Des Moines River, about seventy miles from its mouth. Here 
 he held his court. He sustained his rank among his fallen braves with the 
 same ceremony and grandeur as ever, but still under the restraint and 
 power of his white foes. 
 
 "I found Keo-Kuk," says Catlin, who visited his village in 1835, "to be 
 a Chief of fine and portly figure, with a good countenance, and great dignity 
 and grace in his manners. He is a man of a great deal of pride, and makes 
 truly a splendid appearance when mounted on his beautiful black war- 
 horse." Catlin painted his portrait in this guise, as well as full length on 
 foot. He was proud of the pictures, and excessively vain of his own appear- 
 ince. 
 
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/ r v 
 
 93. OEMSBY M. MITCHELL. 
 
 General Ormsbt M. Mitchell was born in Union County, Kentucky, 
 August 28, 1810. 
 
 He received his early education at Lebanon, Warren County, Ohio. He 
 soon manifested a taste for study, and at twelve had acquired a good 
 elementary English education, considerable progress in mathematics, and 
 mastered the rudiments of Latin. 
 
 In 1825 he was appointed cadet in the Military Academy at West Point, 
 and graduated in 1829, ranking above Generals Robert E. Lee and J. E. 
 Johnston, both of whom were in his class. He was immediately appointed 
 Assistant-Professor of Mathematics, though but nineteen years old, which 
 position he held for two years. 
 
 In 1832 'he resigned, and, having studied law during his leisure mo- 
 ments, was admitted to the Cincinnati bar, and continued in practice until 
 1834, when he was elected Professor of Mathematics, Philosophy, and As- 
 tronomy, in the Cincinnati College, and filled the chair with great ability 
 for ten years. 
 
 In 1836 and '37, while performing the duties of Professor, he was chosen 
 Chief-Engineer of the Little Miami Railroad, which he laid out in a most 
 skillful manner, and caused it to be built in a substantial style, which added 
 greatly to his reputation. 
 
 In 1842 he commenced a course of lectures on Astronomy — the first at- 
 tempt of the kind ever made in the West. He originated and raised the 
 subscription for the stock to erect a first-class Observatory in Cincinnati, 
 was sent to Europe to purchase the instruments, which were mounted in 
 1844, and Mr. Mitchell was appointed Director of the Observatory. A 
 large debt was still due upon it, from which he resolved to relieve it, by de- 
 livering lectures in the Eastern cities. His eloquence and fame as a lec- 
 turer brought him large audiences, and he soon extinguished the debt. 
 
 In 1846 he published the Sidereal Messenger, but continued it only two 
 years, for want of patronage. 
 
 In 1848 he was appointed Chief -Engineer of the Ohio and Mississippi 
 Railroad ; and in 1859 was offered, and accepted, the Directorship of the 
 Dudley Observatory, at Albany, still retaining that of the Observatory at 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 At the breaking out of the Rebellion, he immediately responded to the 
 call for his country's defense, was appointed Brigadier-General of Volun- 
 teers, and ordered to report to the new Department of the Ohio, where 
 his exploits at Huntsville, Alabama, procured for him the commission* of 
 Major-General. Soon after, incurring the displeasure of General Buell, ho 
 asked to be relieved, and was transferred to the command of the Depart- 
 ment of the South, where he arrived :'.n September, 1802, and where he dis- 
 played the same energy which characterized him at the West. 
 
 On the 26th of October, 1863, General Mitchell was attacked with the 
 yellow-fever, at Hilton Head, S. C, and died on the 30th, in the midst of 
 his usefulness. 
 
7/ 7 
 / 
 
 94. JAMES H. LANE. 
 
 General J. H. Lane — familiarly known as " Jim Lane" — United States 
 Senator from Kansas, was born in Lawrenceburg, Indiana, June 22, 1814. 
 
 He studied law, and was admitted to the bar, but, in 1846, abandoned 
 his profession, to enlist as a private in the Third Indiana Volunteers, then 
 organizing' for the Mexican War. He was chosen Colonel, and at the battle 
 of Buena Vista commanded a brigade, and highly distinguished himself. 
 When the year's term of service of his regiment expired, he returned home, 
 and raised the Fifth Indiana Volunteers. 
 
 In 1848 he was chosen Lieutenant-Governor of Indiana, and, in 1852, 
 Member of Congress and Elector-at-Large on the Democratic ticket. 
 
 In 1855 he went to Kansas, and was chosen Chairman of the Executive 
 Committee of the Topeka Convention, whicl instituted the first State Gov- 
 ernment of Kansas. He was subsequently President of the Topeka Consti- 
 tutional Convention, and was elected by the people, Major-General of the 
 Free-State troops. 
 
 In 1856 he was elected to the United States Senate by the Legislature, 
 which met under the Topeka Constitution ; but the election was not recog- 
 nized by Congress. About the same time, he was indicted by the Grand 
 Jury of Douglas County for treason, on account of his taking part in the 
 Topeka Government, and was forced to fly. 
 
 In 1857 he was President of the Leavenworth Convention, and appointed 
 Major-General of the Kansas troops, by the Legislature. 
 
 In 1858 he shot a man named Jenkins, in consequence of a dispute of a 
 local nature, and was tried on a charge of murder, but acquitted. 
 
 In 1861 he was elected to the United States Senate by the Legislature of 
 the newly-admitted State of Kansas. 
 
 On the opening of the war for the Union, Lane commanded the " Front- 
 ier Guards," enlisted for the defense of Washington. In June, 1861, he was 
 nominated Brigadier-General of Volunteers, and commanded the Kansas 
 Brigade. He soon after projected an expedition to the Southwest, which 
 was, however, abandoned. 
 
 After the adjournment of Congress, in July, 1862, he was appointed Com- 
 missioner to superintend the enlistment of troops in the West. 
 
 He was a member of the Senatorial Committee on Indian Affairs and 
 Agriculture ; and, also, on that of Territories. 
 
 While suffering from a violent nervous disorder, and on his way home 
 from Washington, he was attacked by paralysis in St. Louis, when the 
 extreme prostration of his system offered so little hope of recovery, that his 
 mind gave way under its depression, and he ended his life in despair and 
 suicide. 
 
 General Lane was a character to be leniently judged. He had a high 
 sense of the right, and was true to freedom ; but the rough life of the 
 frontier had wrought out for him a melancholy end. 
 
. G 
 
 95. JOHN SMITH. 
 
 Captain John Smith was born in England in the year 1579. Few men 
 have exhibited such a love for the romance of life, and few have been more 
 gratified in this respect than the brave and gallant John Smith. Pie 
 exhibited this trait in early life, engaging in the most reckless and danger- 
 ous exploits. 
 
 At thirteen years of age he sold his school-books and satchel, to raise 
 money to run away, it being his purpose to go to sea, but "was afterwards 
 apprenticed to a merchant. 
 
 At fifteen he left his master, and went into France and the low countries. 
 At seventeen he embarked once more to carve out his own fortune in com- 
 pany with some pilgrims to Italy. A violent storm arose, and Smith, being 
 a "• heretic." was deemed the cause of the misfortune, and was thrown over- 
 board, but saved his life by swimming to the shore. 
 
 After this, he entered the service of the Emperor of Austria, and so won 
 his confidence as to get an important command. 
 
 At the siege of St. Eugal lie accepted the challenge of a Turkish Lord, 
 and smote orf his head, fighting oil horseback. A second and third shared 
 the same fate. He was finally taken prisoner, and sold into slavery, but 
 escaped bv slaying his master. After visiting Kussia he returned to Eng- 
 land, and immediately turned his attention to the colonization of North 
 America 
 
 Smith arrived on the coast of Virginia in 1607, with a small colony, 
 and located on the left bank of the James River, about fifty miles from its 
 mouth, and called it Jamestown. 
 
 He was the leading spirit of the company ; and. -were it not for his 
 sagacity and wisdom, they would have perished within a twelvemonth. 
 
 " The savages regarded him with awe and hatred — now compassing his 
 life by every ingenious artifice, and now reverencing him as a god. All are 
 familiar with the story of his capture by Towhattan, of his being led forth 
 for execution, and his head laid upon a large stone to receive the fatal blow, 
 when Pocahontas, the Chief's daughter, rushed in between the victim and 
 the uplifted axe of the executioner, and. with tears and entreaties, besought 
 her father to save his life. The savage Chief relented, and John Smith was 
 set free. 
 
 He explored the coast from Cape Cod to the Penobscot, while on one of 
 his expeditions, and named it New England, which name it has ever since 
 retained. 
 
 He published several volumes of his adventures, and a map of the whole 
 coast from the Penobscot to the James Kiver, giving both the Indian and 
 English names of the principal places. 
 
 He was seriously injured by the premature explosion of a powder-flask, 
 and returned to England for medical advice; but never recovered from its 
 effects 
 
 After various adventures, he died in London in 1631, in the fifty-second 
 year of his ace. 
 
/ 4 / 
 
 96. JOHN HUDSON. 
 
 John Hn>SON was born in Concord, Massachusetts, April 5, 1S02. 
 
 He received a common-school education, and learned the trade of black- 
 smith, after which emigrated to the State of Ohio, then the ''far West," 
 and settled on the "Western Reserve. 
 
 Here he set up his forge and anvil, and soon acquired a profitable busi- 
 ness. 
 
 His shrewdness and persistent perseverance in overcoming all obstacles, 
 and a determination to accomplish everything he undertook, brought him 
 prominently before the people of his county, and they elected him Sheriff, 
 which position he held for a number of years. 
 
 He soon became noted for his success in hunting up fugitives from jus- 
 tice, and the horse-thieves of that vicinity quickly scattered to distant parts. 
 
 In all his professional term he never failed to arrest any culprit he was 
 summoned to take into custody. 
 
 At one time, when the rivers were swollen, and many bridges were 
 washed away, he was called upon, about dusk to go in search of a fugitive 
 from justice, who had two days the start of him, and no one knew the 
 direction he had taken. 
 
 He was at work in his shop, had on his paper hat and leather apron, and 
 in his shirt sleeves. Without stopping to make any preparation, he jumped 
 upon his famous horse " Yankee " (railroads were not then in operation), and, 
 after making a few inquiries of those who had seen him last, started for 
 the East, and was two hundred miles away before he stopped to purchase 
 a hat and coat. Having, as if by instinct, got upon his track the first day, 
 he, by changing horses, rode night and Jay. until he caught his man in the 
 farthest corner of the State of Maine, two thousand miles away. 
 
 He deeply sympathized with those oppressed by reason of their poverty ; 
 and, when called upon to arrest them for debt, rather than take them to 
 jail, would often pay the debt himself, or go their security. 
 
 He was a Democrat, and upheld the system of slavery ; but if a fugitive 
 slave came to him (as they often did) for protection, his political views gave 
 way to the voice of humanity, and he would give them shelter, food, and 
 money to speed them on to freedom. 
 
 He was very eccentric in his ways, persistent and generous to a fault. 
 As an instance of his perseverance : While in a boat fishing for bass in a 
 deep pond, he had drawn up a large one some three feet from the water, 
 when it dropped from the hook. Determined not to lose the bass, he 
 dropped his line, jumped from the boat, and caught the fish in his haaids 
 just as it struck the water's edge, and brought it safe to the boat. 
 
 He was always ready to assist at the bed-side of the sick, and his services 
 were often brought into requisition by his neighbors, for he was an excellent 
 nurse. 
 
 Having no children of his own, he adopted and brought up a number 'of 
 orphan relatives. 
 
 He was a favorite in the village in which he lived, and all. the villagers 
 claimed the privilege of calling him " Uncle John." 
 
 He died February 2, II: (33. 
 
/ i. 
 
 97. JONAS BUTBICK. 
 
 Colonel Jonas Butrick was born in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, 
 May 28, 1791. 
 
 He was a descendant of one of tlie Pilgrims of the May-Flower, and a 
 relative of Colonel Butrick, of Revolutionary fame. His early life was 
 spent upon a farm, attending the village school during the winter months. 
 
 In his youth he was fond of hunting ; but being too poor to own a gun, 
 he made himself a bow and arrows, with which he became so expert, that, 
 at " Election Huntings," whichever side chose young Jonas, was sure to 
 come off victorious. At an annual celebration of the " taking of Corn- 
 wallis," he led the Indian regiment in the " sham-fight." It was at this 
 time he received the title of Colonel. 
 
 At the age of seventeen he was apprenticed to the saddle and harness 
 trade ; and when he became of age, he had saved enough from overwork and 
 wages to set up in business for himself, soon after which his natural inclina- 
 tion to invent was brought into exercise by his own necessities, and he in- 
 vented a truss, which, from a singular circumstance, became somewhat 
 celebrated : 
 
 A gentleman of a neighboring village had, apparently, died suddenly, 
 caused by a strain. Learning the circumstances, Colonel Butrick did not 
 believe th« man was dead ; and, meeting the funeral at the grave-yard, he 
 stated his doubts to his relatives, and they allowed him to open the coffin 
 and examine the body. After adjusting the rupture, and applying the 
 truss, the man showed signs of life, and in a few days he was walking 
 about, and lived many years to bless the day that truss was invented. 
 
 Colonel Butrick was afterward continually inventing some labor-saving 
 machine ; but, like most inventors, he did not reap the benefit of his inven- 
 tions — others, by some means,»getting the advantage of his "new ideas." 
 
 He, at one time, before theTdays of railroads, went with his own horse 
 and carriage to Washington, to take out a patent, which took him near two 
 months to accomplish. 
 
 While on a visit to Boston, he first heard a total abstinence temperance 
 lecture. He joined the Society, and brought the pledge to his country 
 home, where he established the first Temperance Society of that town. He 
 was ever after unceasing in his efforts to extend and build up the cause, 
 until he had the satisfaction of seeing " New England rum" banished from 
 all the public places of the village. 
 
 When the Abolition question first began to be agitated at the North, 
 Colonel Butrick was one of its earliest champions ; and he took a special 
 interest in the right of petition and free discussion. He invited a noted 
 speaker to lecture in his village on the subject, obtaining the use of the 
 Town-Hall of the Selectmen for that purpose. When the speaker began to 
 address the audience, a number of riotous spirits began to hiss, determined 
 he should not speak, and one, more bold than the rest, came toward the 
 platform, saying to his comrades: "Come on ; let us drive the d — n Abolition- 
 ist from the hall ;" whereupon Colonel Butrick, with the " fire of the Revolu- 
 tion" in his eye, sprang from the platform, seized the intruder by the collar, 
 and before he could make any resistance, hurled him headlong into the 
 street. Quiet was then restored, and the lecturer proceeded. 
 
 He continued to lead in all the reforms of the day, in that part of the 
 country, until his death, which occurred March 15, 1652. 
 

 98. GEOEGE HENRY. 
 
 George Henry was born in "Worcester County, Massachusetts, Febru- 
 ary 25, 1832. 
 
 At the age of five he lost his mother, and was left to the care of an elder 
 sister, to whom he was as much attached as to a mother, and who had much 
 to do in forming his future character. She, being a believer in the orthodox 
 Christian faith, instilled into his youthful mind the necessity of living a 
 true Christian life, and believing in a future salvation, through the atone- 
 ment. 
 
 In youth, as well as in after-years, his mild, generous, and obliging dis- 
 position made friends of all with whom he came in contact. He received a 
 good common-school and academical education, studying at intervals while 
 working upon the farm. 
 
 After a few years spent in various capacities on a railroad, he removed 
 to Boston, and commenced a mercantile life, as a clerk for his brother ; 
 where he became noted for his upright and honest conduct in all his business 
 transactions, and soon commenced business on his own account. 
 
 During his clerkship, he joined the Presbyterian Church, and be- 
 came one of its most zealous and consistent members and brightest orna- 
 ments, being looked upon by his fellow-cLurchmen as an example of moral 
 and religious perfection. Yet, with all his goodness, he was not satisfied 
 with himself. He continually lamented that he was not able to live a more 
 perfect life, and be the means of doing more good in the world. 
 
 Relying implicitly on the teachings and tenets of the church, he soon 
 drifted into a belief in the doctrine of election. He then thought he saw 
 the reason why he could not live the perfect life he believed a Christian 
 ought to live, and came to the conclusion that he was not one of the elect — 
 therefore doomed to everlasting condemnation. 
 
 This produced a vivid impression upon his mind, and made him sad and 
 despondent; and although his friends endeavored to dissuade him from his 
 conclusions, he still continued to harbor them. Soon after, a financial panic 
 occurring, he was unable to meet his obligations and contracts, when he'was 
 more than ever convinced that he was forever lost. 
 
 Closing up his business, he went into the country to reside with his 
 friends, where, for a time, he lived a thoughtful, meditative life, taking but 
 little interest in anything. At times he was more hopeful, but soon again 
 became despondent, until, at last, he became partially insane, and was sent 
 to the Worcester Asylum, where he soon took a lively interest in painting, 
 and there was hopes of his ultimate recovery through it ; but, in one of his 
 insane moments, he took the string from his picture-frame, and hung him- 
 self with it, January 9, 1859. 
 
/2 ¥ 
 
 99. BED JACKET. 
 
 Red Jacket, or Sa-got-e-wa-tha, his Indian name, a Chief of the 
 Senecas, was unquestionably the most remarkable orator, excepting " the 
 good Logan, the white man's friend." that ever came of Indian stock. 
 
 He was born about the middle of the last century, near where the city 
 ©f Buffalo now stands, and which was the residence of the Senecas. He 
 was of a brave but generous nature, and had small delight in the ferocities 
 of Indian warfare. He was sagacious and prudent, very thoughtful, and 
 possessed of a most determined spirit. 
 
 He could neither be terrified nor cajoled into any measure. His hut was 
 for years the resort of the learned and. curious, who went thither to hear 
 " the old man eloquent " discourse on the traditions of his race, or on the 
 abstruse sciences of philosophy and theology. 
 
 His dwelling stood on a spot which was secured to the Seneca tribe, and 
 called the " Reservation". 
 
 In his better days, many were the fruitless attempts to convert him to 
 Christianity. He resisted all intercession, hurling back the argumentum 
 ad hominem : " Your religion does not make good men of the whites; what 
 can it do more for the red man ?" 
 
 Red Jacket, like some of his white brethren, could not understand the 
 mysteries of the vicarious sacrifice — how he and his tribe could, by any 
 method of reasoning, in justice be made participators in the guilt of the 
 crucifixion. 
 
 He observed to a clergyman, who was trying to enlighten his benighted 
 soul on the abstruse subject : " Brother, if you white men murdered the Son 
 of the Great Spirit, as Indians we had nothing to do with it, and it is none 
 of our affairs. If he had come to us we would not have killed him ; we 
 would have treated him well. You must make amends for that crime your- 
 selves." 
 
 In 1805, he held a solemn council with his tribe on the proposition of a 
 missionary, Rev. Mr. Cram, and declined it in one of the most masterly 
 speeches ever delivered into the ears of men. 
 
 His meeting with Lafayette, when he was last in the United States, was 
 affecting in the extreme. 
 
 He preserved the utmost decorum and dignity of manner at all times, 
 until, in the latter part of his life, when he fell a victim to the accursed 
 " fire-water," which destroj'ed so many of his race. On the 20th of June, 
 1830, at the advanced age of eighty years, he left the world, to join those 
 who had gone before him to the happy hunting-grounds of the spirit land. 
 
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2 b 
 
 100. TECUMSEH. 
 
 Tecumseh, an Indian Brigadier-General in the British army, was born 
 about the year 1770. 
 
 From his childhood he was distinguished for his bravery and intrigue. 
 Civilization has produced few minds that exceed the mind of the " great 
 leader of the Shawnees." 
 
 With real savage abhorrence of the whites, whom he hated as the 
 invaders of the ashes of his sires and the peace of his wigwam and hunting- 
 grounds, he spared no white man who came within the reach of his rifle or 
 tomahawk. 
 
 For years he cherished, and at length matured, a plan for the utter 
 expulsion of the whites from the territory of his own and the neighboring 
 tribes. 
 
 In his negotiations with the Chiefs of the various tribes from the northern 
 extremes of the lakes to the confluence of the Mississippi with the Gulf, he 
 exhibited a sagacity and shrewdness, a knowledge of human nature, and an 
 untiring perseverance worthy the great diplomatists of the world ; and his 
 success was equal to his efforts. 
 
 He appears to no less advantage as a negotiator with the whites. General 
 Harrison was often put to fault with the shrewdness of his reasoning, and 
 could never succeed in bringing the sturdy warrior to terms, save at the 
 muzzle of his cannon. 
 
 At the close of a fruitless negotiation, General Harrison said the matter 
 in hand would be referred to the President. " Well," was his characteristic 
 reply, " as the Great Chief is to determine the matter, I hope the Great Spirit 
 will put sense enough into his head to comply with the demands of my 
 tribe ;" that such was his sense of wrong done to his brethren, that, unless 
 his demands were complied with, he would fight it out ; and he " would give 
 no rest to his feet, until he had united all the red men in a like determina- 
 tion." 
 
 On another occasion, when Tecumseh had closed his speech, and was about 
 to be seated, he discovered that no chair had been provided for him. The 
 chair was soon provided, and the officer who brought it, observed : " General, 
 your Father's request is that you take a chair." "My Father !" exclaimed 
 the indignant Chief, assuming his most majestic attitude ; " the sun is my 
 fatlier, and the earth my mother ; I will repose upon her bosom," and immedi- 
 ately threw himself, with inimitable grace, upon the ground, after the fash- 
 ion of the Indians. 
 
 At length the negotiations terminated, and an appeal was had to arms. 
 The battle of Tippecanoe followed, and then the battle of the Thames, 
 where, after fighting like a lion at bay — with a fury which he alone could 
 assume — against the most fearful odds, and heaping a barrier of human 
 bodies all around him, a shot through the head laid him low with his foes 
 who had fallen by his hand. 
 
 Thus terminated, in the forty- fourth year of his age, the life of as brave 
 a warrior as ever fought for his fatherland. 
 
n 
 
 
 101. OSCEOLA. 
 
 Osceola, sometimes called " Powell," was born in the Everglades of 
 Florida, somewhere about the year 1804. His father was Chief of the tribe, 
 and his early life was spent as a vagabond, in most inglorious barbarism. 
 
 He was famous for his sagacity in hunting, his agility and strength in 
 the athletic sports practiced among his tribe, such as dancing, racing, shoot- 
 ing, wrestling, <fec. As he grew up, he entered fully into the grievances of 
 his tribe with the whites* and when the " War of Title " (otherwise called 
 the " Seminole War)" commenced, he at once took the field in defense of his 
 fatherland. 
 
 A treaty was made with them by the United States Government, stipu- 
 lating the conditions on which they should relinquish their title to the 
 hunting-grounds, but in which the Seminoles declared they had been 
 deceived ; and therefore, the treaty was vitiated. 
 
 The Government insisted on its fulfillment ; but the Indians resisted, 
 and one of the most bloody and merciless struggles followed, Osceola being 
 chosen, by the universal consent of his people, to the Chieftaincy of the 
 Seminole warriors. 
 
 With almost superhuman strength and energy, he traveled through the 
 length and breadth of his tribe, encouraging resistance and slaughter to the 
 whites. 
 
 With the most consummate skill he would evade detachments of the 
 American army, and beguile them into fatal ambuscades, where they would 
 fall a prey to savage cruelty. He would never hesitate in taking the field, 
 as his presence inspired his brethren, and his wonderful feats in arms gave 
 heart to the timid, and fired each brave with a more determined will. He 
 was foremost in every fray, and his place was sure to be where the blows 
 fell fastest and hardest. 
 
 The unerring aim of his splendid rifle, and the exact and deadly force of 
 his keen-edged and glittering tomahawk, told fearfully on the ranks of the 
 whites, while he seemed to bear a charmed mail, through which no Ameri- 
 can bullet could penetrate. 
 
 His name became a terror to his enemies, and to his fellow-braves a 
 countersign to victory and glory. 
 
 Thus for years he kept at bay the soldiers of the United States, when at 
 length, in 1828, he fell into a snare, and became a captive. He was taken to 
 Fort Moultrie, in South Carolina, where his mighty spirit chafed itself in 
 chains, and where poor Osceola died of a broken heart on the 31st of Janu- 
 ary, 1839. 
 
 Thus perished the " Master-Spirit " of a long and desperate war ; and 
 Osceola will be long remembered as the man that, with the feeblest means, 
 produced the most terrible effects. 
 
lt 
 
 102. BLACK HAWK. 
 
 Black Hawk, the most relentless foe to the whites, and one of the very 
 last to smoke with them the calumet of peace, was born at the Sac village 
 on Rock River, in Illinois, in 1767. 
 
 At fifteen years of age, having wounded an enemy, he was permitted to 
 paint, wear feathers, and to join the braves in their war-dances and on the 
 war-path. Shortly after, he succeeded in " killing his man" in battle, and 
 then he was accounted a brave, and permitted to join in the " scalp-dance," 
 an honor of which he was extremely proud. 
 
 Not long after, the Northwestern Territory came into the possession of 
 the United States, and the fears of the Indians were aroused with the belief 
 that the white men were determined to wrest their territory from their 
 possession — a fear which history shows was too well-founded. 
 
 There were a few brave and patriotic spirits who resolved to stain the 
 graves of their forefathers with their own blood, before they would yield 
 their burial and hunting grounds to the ruthless invaders and spoilers. 
 Among the foremost of these was the Prophet and Black Hawk, who trav- 
 eled and visited all the Western tribes, stirring them up to mortal hate and 
 strife against the whole race of white men. 
 
 From this time until he fell into the hands of the Americans, he pursued 
 them with the most determined and savage barbarity. This conflict has 
 been designated as the " Black Hawk "War." 
 
 Conquered at length, a treaty of peace was negotiated, and five million 
 acres of land purchased of the Indians by the Government, for twenty- 
 three cents per acre. 
 
 Thus parting with his old hunting-grounds, Black Hawk turned, with 
 a mournful spirit, to those remote prairies whither civilization compelled 
 the reluctant steps of the "poor Indian." 
 
 While traveling through the cities of the Union, at a ball given in honor 
 of Washington's birth-day, he was complimented, to which he replied as 
 follows : 
 
 " It has pleased the Great Spirit that I am here to-day. The earth is 
 our mother, and we are permitted upon it. A few snows ago, I was fight- 
 ing against the white people : perhaps I was wrong. But that is past — it is 
 buried ; let it be forgotten. I love my towns and corn-fields on the Rock 
 River ; it was a beautiful country. I fought for it, but now it is yours ; 
 keep it as the Sacs did. I was once a warrior, but now I am poor. Keo- 
 Kuk has been the cause of what I am ; do not blame him. I love to look 
 upon the Mississippi ; I have looked upon it from a child ; I love that beau- 
 tiful river ; my home has always been upon its banks. I thank you for 
 your friendship. I will say no more." 
 
 Not long after, this famous old Chief, worn out with sorrow and ex- 
 posure to the chill winds of the Western States, ended his checkered life at 
 the camp on the Des Moines River, Iowa, on the 3d of October, 1838, in the 
 seventy-fourth year of his age. 
 
/-2-f 
 
 103. HENRY E. SCHOOLOEAFT. 
 
 Henry R. Schoolcraft was born at the manor of Renssalaerwich, 
 
 Guilderland, New York, March 28, 1793. 
 
 He early displayed an ardent love of knowledge ; at the age of four- 
 teen he began to contribute pieces in prose and verse to newspapers ; and 
 for several years after, he pursued, withou f aid, the study of natural history, 
 English literature, with the Hebrew, German, and French languages, and 
 pursued advanced studies at Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., and after- 
 ward at Middlebury, Vt. 
 
 His first work, published in 1817, was " Vitriology : An elaborate Treatise 
 on the Application of chemistry to the manufacture of Glass." 
 
 In 1818 he made a geological survey of Missouri and Arkansas, to the 
 spur of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Returning home, he published two treatises, which greatly stimulated 
 emigration to the West, and brought his peculiar capabilities as a scientific 
 explorer before the public. 
 
 In 1820 he was commissioned to visit the copper regions of Lake Supe- 
 rior, and the head waters of the Mississippi River. He arrived at the actual 
 source of the " Great Father of "Waters " July 23, 1822, and christened the 
 lake in which it rises, " Itaska." From this period, his attention was prin- 
 cipally devoted to the Indian race, and he commenced his long series of 
 investigations as to their habits, language, and ancient traditions. About 
 this time, he made the acquaintance of Miss Johnson (the grand-daughter 
 of a celebrated Indian Chief), who had just returned from Europe — an 
 accomplished young lady — where her father (a gentleman from the north of 
 Ireland), had sent her to receive every advantage of education ; and, being 
 acquainted with the Indian, as well as other languages, she seemed to Mr. 
 Schoolcraft especially fitted to assist him in the mission to which he had 
 devoted his life. 
 
 They were, therefore, united in marriage in 1823, and lived together 
 until her death, in 1842. With her aid and influence, he gained accest 
 to our aborigines, and an insight into their secrets and private life, as well 
 as the peculiar mode of thought of the red man, which would otherwise 
 have been impossible. 
 
 Numerous successive treatises came from his pen — descriptive, historical, 
 and scientific: some legendary, as that of Hiawatha ; others philosophical, 
 as that relating to the peculiarities of grammatical structure in the Indian 
 nouns, which make all animate beings masculine, and all inanimate objects 
 feminine. 
 
 In 1847 Mr. Schoolcraft was employed by Congress to publish his great 
 work on the " History and Condition of the Indian Tribes in the United 
 States," and settled down to quiet study, in Washington. The same year 
 he was united in marriage to Miss Mary Howard, a lady pre-eminently en- 
 dowed by nature and culture to be his associate in the higher mission of 
 giving a scientific form and literary finish to the results of his former ex- 
 plorations, consisting of six volumes, with material for two more, left unfin- 
 ished at his death, which occurred on the 10th of December, 1864, in the 
 seventy -second year of his age. 
 
 Not long after he settled in Washington, Mr. Schoolcraft was crippled 
 with rheumatic affections, and for the last years of his life confined to his 
 bed. with his limbs bent completely under him. Yet, with all his suffering, 
 his high, open brow grew more majestic, and his noble mind still triumphed 
 till the very last moment of his existence. 
 
'3d 
 
 104. CHARLES CARROLL. 
 
 Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, was born at Annapolis, Maryland, 
 September 8, 1737. 
 
 At eight years of age be was sent to France to be educated, where be 
 remained until 1757, when be went to London, and entered tbe Temple, as 
 a student of law. To this study he brought a strong and refined intellect, 
 cultivated by a highly-finished education; and when, in 1764, at the age of 
 twenty-seven, he returned to Maryland, he took a high stand among his 
 countrymen, from whom he had been separated for nearly twenty years. 
 
 In the course of the next year, after the return of Carroll, the odious 
 Stamp Act was passed. Amongst the foremost of those who boldly pro- 
 tested against this piece of tyranny, and pledged themselves to resist the 
 execution of the infamous law, was " Charles Carroll, of Carrollton." 
 
 In 1774, the Delegates to the Maryland Assembly voted that no more 
 tea should be imported into their territory. Nevertheless, the same year a 
 brig- load of the obnoxious article arrived in port, which produced im- 
 mense excitement; and personal violence was threatened to the owners 
 of the vessel and consignees. In this state of things, Mr. Carroll's advice 
 was sought by the owners. " If you would allay the people's rage," was 
 his reply, " burn the vessel, together with its contents." Complying with 
 his advice, they took the brig into the stream, set it on fire, and burned it 
 to the water's edge, amidst the hearty acclamations of the patriotic multi- 
 tude. 
 
 In 1776, Mr. Carroll was appointed a Commissioner, in conjunction with 
 Franklin, Samuel Chase, and John Carroll, to induce the Canadians to join 
 in resistance to English oppression. Unforeseen events, together with the 
 unlimited power of the priests, prevented its success. 
 
 On his return to Philadelphia, he found the subject of the Declaration 
 ol Independence under discussion in Congress, and learned that the Mary- 
 land Delegates had been instructed to vote against it. Flying to Annapolis, 
 while the Convention, to which he had been elected a Member, was yet in 
 session, such was the effect of his eloquence, and the force of his reasoning, 
 that, on the 28th of June, a new set of instructions were sent to Philadel- 
 phia, abrogating the old ones, and directing the Delegates to vote for the 
 Declaration. 
 
 On the 4th of July, 1776, he was appointed a Delegate to Congress, and 
 arriving too late to cast his vote in favor of the Declaration, the President 
 asked him if he would sign it. " Most willingly !" was his hearty reply ; 
 and his name was at once affixed to that record of patriotism and freedom. 
 As there were other Carrolls, he wrote it, " Charles Carroll, of Carrollton," 
 that the British King might know where to find him, " to answer for his 
 treason " 
 
 He continued in Congress until 1778, served in the State Legislature for 
 several years after, and from 1788 to 1791 was a member of the United 
 States Senate, after which, for ten years, he was in the Senate of Maryland. 
 For the remainder of his glorious life, he lived in retirement, in the enjoy- 
 ment of friends, fortune, and health, in the most perfect tranquility ; and, 
 on the 14th day of November, 1832, he gently passed away, in the ninety- 
 sixth year of his mortal life. 
 

 105. THADDEUS KOSCITTSCO. 
 
 Thaddeus Kosciusco was born in Lithuania, Poland, in 1746. He 
 belonged to one of the most ancient and noble families of that ill-fated 
 Kingdom. 
 
 He commenced his studies at the military school in Warsaw, and com- 
 pleted his education at Paris. Here he made the acquaintance of Dr. 
 Franklin, from whom he learned the history of our struggle for Independ- 
 ence. 
 
 Fired with the story, his heart yearned to strike a blow for freedom, and 
 he proposed to Franklin to offer his services to Washington. Franklin, 
 struck with the noble bearing of the young Pole, gave him a letter to 
 Washington, with which he immediately embarked for America. 
 
 Presenting himself, without ceremony, at headquarters, he handed the 
 letter of Franklin to Washington, who, after reading it, demanded of 
 the patriotic Pole : " What do you seek here ?" " I came," was his brave 
 reply, " to fight as a volunteer for American Independence." "What can 
 you do?" asked his Excellency. "Try me," was the laconic reply. Charmed 
 with his frank and noble spirit, Washington immediately took him into his 
 family, and made him his aid. 
 
 The services of Kosciusco were invaluable to the American army, on 
 account of his great scientific attainments, and thorough knowledge of en- 
 gineering, which were put into instant requisition, Congress appointing 
 him engineer, with the rank of Colonel. 
 
 He superintended the erection of works of defense at West Point, where 
 a beautiful monument has been erected by the students of the military 
 academy afterward established at that place. 
 
 At the close of the war, Kosciusco returned, to fight the battles of Lib- 
 erty in his native land, where his bravery and judgment won him much 
 credit. In 1794, a second revolution swept over ill-fated Poland, and Kos- 
 ciusco was called to assume the helm of State, and was appointed Dictator, 
 with full and unrestricted powers. 
 
 He verified the confidence of his friends, although he failed to secure 
 liberty to his country. Russian power was too great to be successfully re- 
 sisted, and the chain was once more riveted on poor, bleeding Poland. 
 Kosciusco himself, severely wounded, overpowered by numbers, was taken 
 prisoner, and shut up in a Russian dungeon, while — 
 
 "Hope, for a Beason,bade the world farewell, 
 And. Freedom shrieked as Kosciusco fell." 
 
 After suffering long the horrors of a Russian prison, he was at length re- 
 leased, on the accession of the Emperor Paul, loaded with honors, and offered 
 a commission in the Russian army, which honor he gracefully, but firmly, 
 declined, although the Emperor earnestly entreated him to accept, and 
 offered him, his own sword. " What need have I of a sword," he bitterly 
 and mournfully replied, " since I have no longer a country to defend ?" 
 
 In 1797 he visited the United States, when high honors were conferred 
 on him, and a large grant of land donated to him by Congress, in consider- 
 ation of his eminent services. 
 
 He remained in America many years ; but, toward the close of his life, 
 he went to Switzerland, and died there, October 1G, 1817, in the seventy- 
 second year of his age. 
 
/J ^ 
 
 106. ARTHUR MIDDLETON/ 
 
 Arthuk Middleton was born at Middleton Place, a delightful seat on 
 the Ashley River, South Carolina, in 1743. 
 
 At the age of twelve, he was sent to England to school, and at the age of 
 nineteen entered the University of Cambridge, from which he graduated, 
 in 1764, an accomplished scholar. 
 
 After traveling extensively in Europe, he returned to South Carolina, 
 married, and settled on his own pleasant homestead, on the banks of the 
 Ashley, in 1773. 
 
 He took a deep interest in the discussions previous to the Declaration of 
 Independence. Careless of personal consequences, he put his name, proudly 
 and without hesitation, to that noble Declaration, which consecrated life, 
 honor, and fortune, to Liberty, and flung defiance into the teeth of the op- 
 pressor. 
 
 He was elected to Congress in 1776, and remained in that body until 
 the close of 1777, where he acquired a character for great clearness of intel- 
 lect, pure patriotism, and unfaltering devotion to the holy cause in which 
 he and his compeers had embarked. 
 
 When, in 1779, South Carolina became the theatre of war, Mr. Middle- 
 tons estate became the prey of the invaders. His buildings were spared ; 
 but everything movable, and of any value, was carried away, or destroyed. 
 His valuable library and elegant paintings were remorselessly appropriated 
 by the vandals. Fortunately, he and his family escaped the ruthless hands 
 of the marauders. 
 
 During the investment of Charleston, Mr. Middleton was there, and ren- 
 dered very essential aid in its defense. On its surrender, he was carried to 
 St. Augustine, a prisoner of war. 
 
 On being exchanged, in 1781, he was immediately appointed a Delegate 
 to Congress ; and again elected to the same honorable post in 1782. He 
 then returned to his beloved home ; and, on the establishment of peace, de- 
 clined to be elected to Congress any more, preferring to be with his family, 
 from whom he had been so long separated. 
 
 He consented to be elected, occasionally, to a seat in the Legislature of 
 his State, in which he rendered good aid to the cause of education and wise 
 legislation among his fellow-citizens. 
 
 In November, 1786, he imprudently exposed himself to the inclement 
 weather usual at that season, when he took a severe cold, which resulted in 
 an intermittent-fever, and terminated his valuable life on the 1st of Janu- 
 ary, 1787, being only forty-four years of age. 
 
/33 
 
 107. EDMUND P. GAINES. 
 
 General E. P. Gaines was born in Culpepper County, Virginia, March 
 20, 1777. 
 
 At the age of fifteen he removed with his father to Sullivan County, 
 afterward the eastern part of Tennessee, which portion of the State was 
 then invested by the Cherokee Indians, who were very hostile to the whites, 
 and kept the border families in a constant state of terror and alarm. 
 
 He had heard of the cruel assaults of the savage foe, and longed to be 
 led to their attack in the deep fastnesses where they dwelt. A rifle company 
 being raised in his neighborhood, he was elected Lieutenant at the age of 
 eighteen; and, in January, 1799, was appointed Ensign of the Sixth Regi- 
 ment of Infantry in the United States army. 
 
 In 1801 he was selected by the Government to command a company of 
 Topographical Engineers for the survey of a military road from Nashville, 
 Term., to Natchez, on the Mississippi River, in which service he was engaged 
 until 1804, when he was appointed Military Collector for the District of 
 Mobile. Here he served five years, and was promoted to the rank of Cap- 
 tain, when he retired from the army, and commenced practicing law in the 
 then Territory of Mississippi. 
 
 On the declaration of war in 1812, Captain Gaines hastened to offer his 
 services once more to his country. Raised to the rank of Colonel, he was 
 ordered to the Northern frontier. Here, his superior discipline and knowl- 
 edge of military tactics began early to be seen. After the battle of Christ- 
 ler's Fields, in which he took a prominent part, he was taken sick, and was 
 prevented sharing the fruits of victory in the campaign of General Harrison 
 and its glorious termination at the Thames River. 
 
 Early in August, 1814, Colonel Gaines was promoted to the rank of 
 Brigadier-General, and ordered to Fort Erie, to assume command of the 
 Army of the North. He was immediately engaged in a sharp conflict with 
 the enemy, which was continued almost every day for some time, and in 
 which, victory ultimately perched upon his standard. 
 
 Congress, deeply sensible of the service he had rendered his country, 
 voted him their thanks and a gold medal. He also received an elegant 
 sword from each of the States of New York, Virginia, and Tennessee ; many 
 other testimonials were also tendered him from various parts of the Union. 
 
 He was with Jackson in the Creek War, and afterward commanded in 
 the Southern Military District, until the reduction of the army in 1821, 
 when he was retained as a Brigadier-General, and the Western Division 
 assigned to him. 
 
 General Gaines was the senior officer during the Sauk (Indian) dis- 
 turbances in 1831-33, and was, for a time, engaged in the Seminole War of 
 11836. He was soon after transferred to the Eastern Division, with his head- 
 quarters at New York. Afterward, returning to New Orleans, he became 
 acquainted with the accomplished widow of General Whitney, and daughter 
 of the late Daniel Clark, whom he married, and who has since become 
 Celebrated as " Mrs. General Gaines," in her almost superhuman efforts for 
 conducting to a successful issue a law-suit against the city of New Orleans 
 for the recovery of her father's property in that city, which involved several 
 millions of dollars. With her he lived in uninterrupted domestic peace and 
 happiness until his death in the spring of 1849. 
 
 General Gaines was a man of superior knowledge of military tactics and 
 discipline, of extreme simplicity of character — very decidedly " one of the 
 people" — and of unquestioned integrity. 
 
108. STARB KING. 
 
 Rev. STARB King, a Unitarian clergyman, author, and orator, was born 
 in New York, December 16, 1824. 
 
 His father, Rev. T. F. King, was a Universalist clergyman of marked 
 ability, but died in the prime of life; and Thomas, at the age of twelve 
 years, while fitting to enter Harvard College, was the principal support of 
 his widowed mother and family. 
 
 Until he was twenty years of age, he was employed either as clerk or as 
 a teacher, at the same ti*me pushing tho study of theology at every leisure 
 moment ; and, in September, 1845, he preached his first sermon, in Woburn, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 The next year he was settled over his father's former charge, in Charles- 
 town, Massachusetts, from whence he was called, in 1848, to the Hollis- 
 Street Unitarian Church, in Boston, where he preached with great accept- 
 ance and constantly-increasing reputation, till April, 1860, when he accepted 
 the call of the Unitarian Church in San Francisco to become their Pastor. 
 He had acquired, meantime, a very high fame as an eloquent and effective 
 lecturer, and had addressed large audiences in all the Northern States. 
 
 On his arrival at San Francisco, he entered at once upon his duties with 
 a zeal and energy which won the hearts of the people. He was soon identi- 
 fied with the country and its interests ; his congregation increased, and 
 crowds attested the power of his eloquence. 
 
 When the war of the Rebellion commenced, California seemed to him in 
 a hesitating position ; Southern influence was powerful. Mr. King took an 
 active and earnest part on the Union side, and when the Sanitary Commis- 
 sion was organized, he pushed forward its efforts on behalf of the sick and 
 wounded soldiers. 
 
 His labors in this cause, added to his Pastoral duties, were too severe for 
 his strength ; and, in March, 18<*>4, he was attacked with diptheria, and 
 died, after a brief illness of three days. 
 
 Mr. King published, in 1859, ''The "White Hills: their Legends, Land, 
 scapes, and Poetry ;" and, subsequently, several discourses and addresses. 
 
<3J 
 
 109. AAEON BUEE. 
 
 Aaron Burr was born in Newark, New Jersey, February 5, 1756. He 
 lost both his parents before three years of his adventurous life had passed. 
 
 Young Burr entered New Jersey College before he was twelve years old, 
 and graduated in 1772, at the age of sixteen, quite ripe in scholarship for 
 one of his years. 
 
 In 177b' he was led to join the army raised for the defense of the Colonies, 
 and served under Arnold, and shared with him the perilous march through 
 the wilderness to Canada. On his arrival, General Montgomery made him 
 his Aid, and he was at the General's side when he fell. 
 
 On his return, Burr was joined to the family of the Commander-in- 
 Chief, but, for some reason, which does not appear, left the headquarters 
 soon after, having, by his acts, lost forever the confidence of Washington. 
 From this period, the hostility of Burr to his former patron was bitter and 
 unceasing. 
 
 In 1777 he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel, and won the character of 
 a brave and sagacious officer. In 1779, his health failing him, he was 
 obliged to throw up his commission, and retire from the army. 
 
 He then devoted himself to the study of the law, and commenced prac- 
 tice at Albany in 1782, but soon removed to the city of New York. He 
 became distinguished in his profession, and was appointed Attorney-Gen- 
 eral of New York id 1789. 
 
 From 1791 to 1797 he was a member of the United States Senate, and 
 bore a conspicuous part, as a leader of the democratic, or republican, party. 
 
 At the fourth Presidential election, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr 
 had each seventy-three votes ; and the choice was decided by Congress, by 
 the election of Mr. Jefferson for President, and Mr. Burr for Vice-President, 
 on the thirty-sixth ballot. 
 
 Colonel Burr was the mortal enemy of nearly all the leading Federalists, 
 and a bitter opponent to the measures of Washington's administration. 
 Perhaps he hated nobody with such cordial hostility as Colonel Hamilton, 
 whom he challenged to the " fight of honor," in which Hamilton fell, and 
 Burr was driven from his home and society for a while, by the indignant 
 scorn of the community. 
 
 Nf long after this, he conceived his mad enterprise in the Western 
 country of the United States ; for which he was at length apprehended, 
 and brought to Richmond, Virginia, in August, 1807, on a charge of treason ; 
 and, after a long trial, was acquitted. 
 
 He afterward returned to the city of New York, and practiced law to 
 some extent, but passed the remainder of his days in comparative obscurity 
 and neglect. 
 
 With the most brilliant talents and most insinuating address, and a tact 
 in conversation and debate rarely equaled, Colonel Burr might have filled 
 a high post of honor, with credit to himself and advantage to his country, 
 but that he was destitute of true honor, or common honesty. A profligate, 
 with a corrupt heart, who scrupled at nothing which would satisfy his lust 
 or his ambition, he sank lower and lower in the scale of humanity, until, 
 on the 14th of September, 1836, at the age of eighty, he died, leaving no 
 fragrant memories behind. 
 
^ 
 
 110. DAVID C. BKODERICK. 
 
 David C. Broderice was born in the District of Columbia, in Decem- 
 ber. i8ia 
 
 When a boy of five years of age. bis fatber removed to New York C::y ; 
 ana. in pi — :' time. D.ivid -was apprenticed to the trade of stone-cutter, 
 which was his father's occupation. The son. like many iNew York I 
 became a fireman, and was for m.iny years Foreman of an Engine C in] any, 
 and an active politician. 
 
 la 1849, Broderick. following the excitement of the day. went to Cali- 
 fornia, and en^asred in the business of smeltin_- ... I assaying g id. He was 
 a Member of the Convention which di ifh I the Constitution of thai State, 
 served two years in the California Senate, and was President of that body 
 inlSol. 
 
 In 1856 he was elected a Senator to the Congress of the United Stal - 
 for the lorn? term. 
 
 He died" in San Francisco, September 16. 1859, from a wound received 
 in a duel with David S. Terry. Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court of thai 
 SI ite, on the loth of the same month, 
 
 He was the first member of the United States Senate ever kiii I in 
 duel, and it produced a great aensati a all over the country, as ii was 
 ightthai bis] uta had arrana I the duel, in order to put 
 
 him out of the w; 4 y, on account of hi- | .:. dpi slivities — he being ap- 
 posed to the extension of Siavery, and w;.s using his influence kg linst the 
 •n win^ot the Dem II-.. .i- . laims :: Stephen 
 
 A. Douglas as a ? for the Presidency. 
 
 rheduel grew out of language used by Broderick. in the political can- 
 vass for the State, that year. Broderick and the notorious Dr. Grwin w:; : 
 both in the habit of using the most vituperative language in their pul - 
 declamations: and when they disagi af their iiatribes is 
 
 described as something stronger than even stump-oratory ackn i . - in 
 
 its ethics. 
 
 Gwin. who appears to have been a cautious sort of warrior, subsi .-: .. 
 while the prominent figure of one D. W. i Mr. 
 
 Broderick with having insulted him, by using off asivt Language gard 
 
 to his friend, Judge Terry, an individual who had previously is U 
 
 obn;x::::s to the weU-rememl . i Vigilance Conunittef : San Fi 
 Perlev challenged Broderick, wh; I I us 1 I fight him : but when, 
 election. Judge Terry came fbrwai lemanded aatisfa 
 
 the . - t Broderi . 
 
 . funeral oration was nel E D. Baker, afterward the 
 
 hereof Ball's Bluff. Father Gallagher, the pries: who crhhi.. -.da 
 
 high eulogium on his personal character, but condemned the dueL 
 
/fr 
 
 111. JOKX RANDOLPH. 
 
 John Randolph, <; of Roanoke." as he used to write his own name, 
 and distinguished for his genius and talents, as for his eccentricities, was born 
 in Virginia, June 2, l?To. 
 
 He was descended in a direct line from the celebrated Indian King Pow- 
 hattan, and was ever proud of the Indian blood that flowed in his reins. 
 
 At two years of age he lost his father, from which time forward he led a 
 vagrant life, and reached his majority a wild, untamed, unlettered, and un- 
 tutored youth. 
 
 He spent a short time at Princeton College, part of a year at Columbia 
 College, and a few months at William and Mary's College, winding up his 
 educational career with some six month's residence in the law office of 
 Edmund Randolph, in all of which places he says he never learned a thing. 
 Such was the preparatory education of a man who afterward rose to the 
 first position as a debater in the National Council. 
 
 He was elected to Congress in 1799, and continued a Member of the 
 House of Representatives most of the time, till 1829, and afterward was 
 appointed Minister to Russia. 
 
 He ever remained a bachelor ; and his naturally unamiable temper often 
 became intolerable through his excessively abusive language in debate. He 
 provoked a duel with Henry Clay, but afterward became his best friend. 
 
 No man was listened to with more attentive silence in the House or 
 Senate than he. He never spoke, without commanding the most intense 
 interest. At his first gesture or word, the House and galleries were hushed 
 into silence and attention. His voice was shrill and pipe-like, but under 
 perfect command ; and, in its lower tones, it was music. His tall person, 
 firm eves, and peculiarly expressive fingers, assisted very much in giving 
 effect to his delivery. His eloquence was generally exerted in satire and 
 invective ; but he never attempted pathos without entire success. 
 
 In quickness of perception, accuracy of memory, liveliness of imagina- 
 tion, and sharpness of wit. he surpassed most men of his day ; but his judg- 
 ment was feeble, and rarely consulted. 
 
 One of his most striking characteristics was, perhaps, his economy, which 
 he rigidly practiced; and, both in public and private affairs, diligently incul- 
 cated. 
 
 His inheritance was inconsiderable, and heavily incumbered with a 
 British debt ; but, by a long course of economy, he relieved his estate, and 
 acquired wealth. 
 
 With all his moroseness, Mr. Randolph was a kind master, a good neigh- 
 bor, and a steadfast friend. At the time of his death, he was possessed of a 
 large and valuable estate, on the Roanoke, and had three hundred and 
 eighteen slaves and one hundred and eighty horses, one hundred and twenty 
 of which were blood horses. ' 
 
 He died at Philadelphia on the 24th day of May, 1834, in the sixty-first 
 year of his age, while on his way to Europe, in hopes of a partial restoration 
 to health. 
 
112. TIMOTHY PICKEKING. 
 
 Timothy Pickering was born in Salem, Massachusetts, July 17, 1745. 
 At the age of sixteen he entered Harvard College, and graduated in 1763. 
 
 "While in College, and after leaving it, he entered, heart and soul, into 
 the discussion of those great political questions which, at that time, were 
 agitating his countrymen; and the results of his labors are among the 
 rarest and finest specimens of political literature which that fertile age 
 produced. 
 
 Previous to the commencement of hostilities, he held several important 
 civil offices ; but when the sound of war echoed from Lexington and Con- 
 cord through the land, he gave up those duties, and entered the camp. He 
 was elected Colonel of the Essex militia, and took much pains to instruct 
 his officers and soldiers in the art of their calling. 
 
 To Colonel Pickering it fell to head the first armed force against English 
 oppression. 
 
 On Sunday, February 26, 1775, while the people were at church, news 
 came that a British regiment was landing at Marblehead, and that they 
 intended to march through Salem, in search of military stores, said to be 
 secreted somewhere in the vicinity. 
 
 The churches were instantly closed, and, with their ministers at their 
 head, the congregations proceeded to the draw-bridge, raised the draw, and 
 awaited the approach of Colonel Leslie and his regiment. 
 
 Colonel Pickering, at the head of what militia he could hastily summon, 
 appeared as their leader on the occasion. On the arrival of Leslie, he told 
 him that the stores belonged to the people, and would not be surrendered 
 without a struggle. Leslie then attempted to seize on a gondola, to enable 
 him to cross the stream, when the owner of it, Joseph Sprague, Esq., 
 jumped into the boat, knocked a hole in her bottom, and she sunk. While 
 doing this, he received several slight bayonet-wounds, thus shedding the 
 first blood of the Revolution. 
 
 By the interference of Rev. Mr. Barnard, Colonel Leslie was induced to 
 abandon the project, by their allowing him to cross the draw, so that it 
 might seem to be voluntary on his part. So the draw was let down, the 
 valiant Colonel and his regiment crossed, between the lines of the American 
 militia, countermarched, retreated to Marblehead, and set sail the same 
 evening. On the 19th of April following occurred the fight at Lexington. 
 
 In 1776, Colonel Pickering was elected by Congress a member of the 
 " Continental Board of War ;" and the same year he received the highly- 
 important appointment of Quartermaster-General, on the resignation of that 
 office by General Greene. 
 
 On the close of the war, he removed to Philadelphia, and was a Member 
 of the Convention called in 1790, to revise the Constitution of Pennsylvania. 
 Erom 1791 to 1794, he was Postmaster-General, under Washington ; and 
 during the latter year was made Secretary of War. In 1795 he was ap- 
 pointed Secretary of State, which office he held until the election of John 
 Adams to the Presidency. 
 
 Removing to Massachusetts in 1802, he was elected to the United States 
 Senate in 1803, and again in 1805. In 1814 he was elected to Congress, and 
 finally retired from public life altogether in 1817. He died at Salem, on 
 the 29th of January, 1829, in the eighty-fourth year of his age. 
 

 113. WILLIAM MOULTEIE 
 
 General William Moultrie, one of the bravest of South Carolina's 
 sons, was born in 1730. 
 
 At the age of thirty he entered the service of his country as a volunteer 
 against the Cherokee Indians, whose marauding parties had inspired the 
 Southern settlements with terror. Men, women, and children were savagely 
 murdered and carried into captivity, to be barbarously tormented for a sea- 
 son, and then dispatched at the stake, or by the edge of the tomahawk. 
 
 This campaign was unsuccessful, as was the second under Colonel Mont- 
 gomery, in which Moultrie again served as a volunteer. The Indians, flying 
 to their impenetrable fastnesses, eluded pursuit, and were ready, at a 
 moment's warning, to sally forth again on their work of devastation and 
 death. 
 
 In 1761, a third expedition, in which he served as Captain, was more suc- 
 3essf ul. The Indians were humbled, and glad to sue for peace. 
 
 Captain Moultrie was among the first and foremost of those who asserted 
 the rights of the Colonists against the aggressions of the parent country, 
 and who " stirred up the people to mutiny." On the commencement of 
 hostilities he was already engaged in active service, having been appointed 
 by the Provincial Congress, on the ever-memorable 17th of June, 1775, a 
 Colonel in the second of the two regiments voted to be raised by that body. 
 
 To him belongs the honor of raising the first American flag — a device of 
 his own — being " blue, with a white crescent in the dexter corner." 
 
 His first service was his gallant defense of Sullivan's Island, on which a 
 fort had been erected, and to which was given, subsequently, the name of 
 its heroic defender, " Fort Moultrie." 
 
 From this time until 1780, he served in the Southern army under General 
 Lincoln, during which he rose to the grade of Major-General. 
 
 He was taken prisoner at the fall of Charleston, where he fought against 
 fearful odds for more than a month. 
 
 While a prisoner of war, the British attempted to bribe him through 
 Lord Charles Montague. "When I entered into this contest," was his patriotic 
 reply, " I did it with the most mature deliberation and a determined resolu- 
 tion to risk my life and fortune in the cause. I shall continue to go on as I 
 have begun, that my example may encourage the youths of America to 
 stand forth in the defense of their rights and liberties. You tell me I have 
 a fair opening of quitting that service by going to Jamaica. Good God ! 
 Is it possible that such a sentiment could find place in the breast of a man of 
 honor ? You tell me that by quitting the country for a season I might avoid 
 disagreeable conversations, and return again at leisure to regain my estates ; 
 but you forget to tell me how I am to get rid of the feelings of an injured, 
 honest heart. Where am I to hide from myself ? Could I be guilty of such 
 baseness, I should shun mankind, and hate myself! " 
 
 He was exchanged in 1782 ; and, after the war, retired to his estates in 
 South Carolina, and was elected Governor of that State in 1785-6, and again 
 in 1794-5. He died on the 27th of September, 1805, in the seventy-fifth 
 year of his age. 
 
 Several years before his death, General Moultrie wrote and published the 
 memoirs of the war in the South during the revolution, in nearly all of 
 which scenes he took an active and glorious par f 
 
i 9 
 
 114. ANTHONY WAYNE. 
 
 General Anthony Wayne — "Mad Anthony," as he -was familiarly- 
 called in the army, on account of his reckless and headlong- courage — was 
 born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, January 1, 1745. 
 
 He never had much taste for severe study, although he took kindly to 
 mathematics ; and, at the age of eighteen, entered upon the business of sur- 
 veying. 
 
 In 1775 the first wish of his heart was gratified by a military commission. 
 He then raised a regiment of volunteers, and was chosen its Colonel. Join- 
 ing the Northern army, in 1777, he was appointed to the command of Ticon- 
 deroga, afterward joined Washington in New Jersey. 
 
 While the winter quarters were at Valley Forge, he was sent on a forag- 
 ing expedition, which duty he performed to the delight of his commander 
 and the surprise of the enemy, from under whose very nose he succeeded in 
 carrying off large supplies of cattle and forage. 
 
 It was on this expedition and its leader that the witty Andre employed 
 the satire of his pen in a song set to the music of Yankee Doodle, the 
 last stanzas of which ran thus : 
 
 " But now I end my lyric strain, 
 I tremble as I show it, 
 Lest this same warrior-drover Wayne 
 Should ever catch the poet." 
 
 Singular enough, when Andre was taken, he was delivered into the hands 
 of this same " warrior-drover." 
 
 The next we find of Wayne was at Stony Point, which ha assaulted and 
 carried. In the assault he received a shot in the knee, and fell. Rising 
 instantly on one knee he exclaimed : " Forward, my brave fellows — -forward!" 
 
 In 1781, the Pennsylvania army revolted and determined to march to 
 Congress and present their grievances. Wayne, finding he could not pro- 
 duce any effect by kind words, drew his pistol and swore he would shoot 
 the first man who moved. The soldiers presented their muskets and said : 
 " We respect and love you. You have often led us to the battle-field ; but 
 you are our leader no longer. Dare but to discharge your pistol and you are 
 a dead man. We are still attached to the cause, and are ready to meet the 
 enemy in the breach ; but we will have redress." They were dismissed 
 with disgrace for their insubordination. 
 
 Wayne then went to Virginia and was at the capture of Cornwallis. 
 After tiome unimportant service rendered at the South, he retired to private 
 life. 
 
 The Indians on our Northwestern frontier, aided by the British and tories, 
 soon became insolent and committed the most wanton ravages and cruelties 
 on that border ; Harmer, St Clair, and other brave officers yielding to 
 their savage prowess. 
 
 In 1792 Wayne was appointed to the command of the Northwestern 
 army. After much maneuvering, he succeeded in bringing the enemy to bat- 
 tle, and routed them with immense slaughter, the Indian force being twice 
 that of his own. This brought the savages to their senses, and they soon 
 after — August 3, 1795 — signed a treaty of peace. 
 
 In the winter of 179G, in a small hut at Presque Isle, this veteran war- 
 rior breathed his last in the arms of his officers, and was buried on the shores 
 of Lake Erie. 
 
/#/ 
 
 115. EICHAED H. LEE. 
 
 HiCHAKD HENBY Lee was born in Virginia, in 1732. Of his childhood 
 and youth there is nothing special to record, except that he was sent to 
 England to acquire an education. 
 
 In early manhood he took a prominent part in the political agitations of 
 those troublous times. His strong and patriotic heart, aided by a thorough 
 classical education, gave him the position of a leader. 
 
 To him has been ascribed the first regular attempt at resistance to 
 British aggression ; though that point is not clear. In 1773, as a Member 
 of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, he proposed the formation of that 
 famous "Committee of Correspondence," whose investigations and appeals 
 roused, not only the hearts of Virginia, but of the whole country. 
 
 On the assembling of the first Congress, Richard Henry Lee was there 
 to represent the burghers of his own Virginia, to act and to work in the 
 glorious cause to which he and his coadjutors " pledged their lives, their 
 fortunes, and their sacred honors." 
 
 He was among the foremost who went for an open and explicit declara- 
 tion of independence ; and the clear, strong, and patriotic views he so 
 vehemently urged before that body, did much to strengthen the timid and 
 irresolute, and to confirm the doubtful in their patriotism. He introduced 
 that immortal resolution, " That these United Colonies are, and of right 
 ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are absolved from all 
 allegiance to the British crown ; and that all political connection between 
 them and Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." 
 
 When the committee formed to draft the Declaration of Independence 
 was appointed, Mr. Lee was in Virginia on account of sickness in his family, 
 and thus Mr. Jefferson was placed at the head of that committee, which 
 honor belonged, of right, to him, as the mover of the resolution. His name, 
 however, stands among the signers of that immortal instrument. 
 
 Mr. Lee resumed his seat in Congrress the next month, and continued to 
 occupy it until 1779, when ill health compelled him to decline tho honor, 
 till 1784, when he reluctantly consented to serve again. 
 
 On taking his seat, he was unanimously called upon to preside, which he 
 did with great dignity and to the entire satisfaction of that body. 
 
 In 1792 Mr. Lee retired altogether from public life, and two years after, 
 his exhausted powers sank into the repose of death on the 19th of June, 
 1794. 
 
 The name of Richard Henry Lee stands among the highest on the scroll 
 of his country's fame. As a patriot, as a man, as a friend, and as an orator, 
 he had few equals. 
 
 His enemies were few, while his friends were many ; and he went to his 
 rest with the blessings of the multitude resting on his monument. 
 
116. FEANCIS HOPKINSON. 
 
 Francis Hopkinson was born in Philadelphia in 1738. Having gradu- 
 ated with the highest honors at the College of Philadelphia, he entered at 
 once upon the study of the law, in the office of the eminent j urist, Benjamin 
 Cheever, then Attorney-General of the State of Pennsylvania, under whose 
 care he went through the regular course of study for the practice of his 
 profession. 
 
 Instead of entering at once into the practice of law, he devoted himself 
 to the acquaintance of elegant literature, and spent two years in England, 
 storing his mind with scientific and classical knowledge. He used his pen 
 in verse and prose, in which he manifested wit, taste, and a pure morality. 
 His power of satire was very great, never letting any subject escape him 
 that afforded scope for his pungent wit, which was elegant and refined. 
 He never spoke or wrote a word that would give pain to the most sensitive 
 fastidiousness. He was a Member of the Continental Congress which 
 passed the Declaration of Independence, and his name may be found on that 
 immortal document. 
 
 When the Independence of the Colonies was at length achieved, it was 
 found that the people were free, indeed, but with none of the necessary ele- 
 ments of a nation. Without a currency or commerce, having no manufac- 
 tures, agriculture almost wholly neglected, our desolate and deplorable condi- 
 tion appalled even the hearts of those who had never yet quailed before the 
 awful storm of war, which had desolated the fair face of our country. 
 Francis Hopkinson was among those few brave spirits who saw the end from 
 the beginning, and had never faltered, never doubted. Under their power- 
 ful and patriotic guidance, order began to appear, and one after another of 
 those glorious institutions, which are our boast and the admiration of the 
 world, were founded. 
 
 He was an active Member of the Convention of 1787, which met in 
 Philadelphia to draft the United States Constitution, and also of the Con- 
 vention that ratified it. 
 
 He was appointed, by Washington, Judge of the District Court of Penn- 
 sylvania in, 1790, but did not live long to enjoy the honor or perform the 
 duty, for he was stricken with epilepsy, and died, May 9, 1791, in the fifty- 
 third year of his age. 
 
 During the sittings of the Continental Congress he was appointed Judge 
 of the Admiralty of the State of Pennsylvania, and his decisions, while in 
 that office, give evidence of an acute judgment and a profound acquaintance 
 with the law pertaining to that branch of legal jurisprudence, as well as 
 the nicest literary acquisitions and general knowledge. 
 
/</$ 
 
 117. ROBERT FULTON. 
 
 Robert Fulton was born in an obscure town of Pennsylvania in 
 the year 1765. His father died when he was quite young, leaving him 
 without the means of education, and scarcely those of subsistence. 
 
 The genius of Fulton first manifested itself in drawing and painting, 
 and at seventeen we find him in Philadelphia, not only earning his own live- 
 lihood, but supporting his widowed mother and several sisters. 
 
 He spent all his leisure hours in the cultivation of his intellect, and 
 stored up, during this time, no inconsiderable amount of solid learning. 
 
 In 1786, just as he was twenty-one, he went to England, and soon found 
 a home beneath the roof of his countryman, Benjamin West, between whom 
 and himself a warm friendship sprang up, which death alone interrupted. 
 
 In 1796, he went to France, where he resided seven years, studying with 
 great success the French, German, and Italian languages, together with 
 natural philosophy, and the higher branches of mathematics. 
 
 It was at this time that he determined to carry his long-cherished plan 
 of applying steam for the purposes of navigation into practical and useful 
 effect. 
 
 For many years steam had been used as a motive power ; but to Fulton 
 belongs the credit of having made the first successful application of steam 
 to this end. 
 
 He returned to his native country in 1806, after having invented and 
 made many successful experiments with his celebrated Nautilus, or sub- 
 marine boat. 
 
 Chancellor Livingston had made some unsuccessful experiments in steam 
 navigation previous to Fulton's return, and had secured to himself the 
 exclusive right, from the New York Legislature, to navigation " by steam or 
 fire," in all the waters within the jurisdiction of the State. Having formed 
 the acquaintance of Fulton in France, he felt certain that he could accom- 
 plish the desired results. 
 
 He immediately associated him in the undertaking, and procured the 
 renewal of the Act for himself and Fulton for twenty years. 
 
 Af ter several unsuccessful experiments, which subjected them to the ridi- 
 cule of the press and people, they at length succeeded in bringing their boat 
 to such a degree of perfection as to advertise her to make an experimental 
 trip to Albany. 
 
 At the appointed time the wharf and shipping were lined with anxious 
 spectators. Some jeered,others laughed, while few were sanguine of success. 
 But when at length Fulton cast off the fasts of The Claremont, and she 
 stemmed the current of the noble Hudson at the rate of five miles an hour, 
 a sudden change took place in the anxious throng, and one universal and 
 prolonged shout announced to the world " the triumph of Fulton." 11 
 
 Fulton died February 24, 1815, after a short illness, in the fifty-first 
 year of Lis age, and was buiied with civic and military honors. 
 

 11870LIYEE H. PEEEY. 
 
 Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, the " Hero of Lake Erie," was 
 born in Newport, Rhode Island, in August, 1785. 
 
 Ho was entered as a Midshipman in the United States Navy when he 
 was twelve years old, and accompanied his squadron to the Mediterranean 
 during the Tripolite War, where his urbanity and a quick apprehension of 
 his duties secured the decided approval of his superiors. 
 
 At the beginning of the "War of 1812, young Perry was ordered to the 
 command of a flotilla of gun-boats, in the harbor of New York, with the 
 grade of Lieutenant. Disgusted with this dull service, he was, at his own 
 request, transferred to the Lakes, and soon stationed, by Commodore 
 Chauncey, on Lake Erie. Here his free and active spirit had full scope ; 
 and, as commander of a squadron, which he was instrumental in creating, 
 he fought one of the most brilliant naval battles on record, and won for 
 himself a renown deathless as the name of the inland sea whose shores 
 echoed to the booming of his victorious cannon. For this action, Congress 
 voted him thanks. 
 
 At the beginning of the fight, the fire of the enemy was directed, prin- 
 cipally, against his flag-ship, the Lawrence, which, in a short time, became 
 an unmanageable wreck, having all her men, except four or five, killed or 
 wounded. He then left her, and transferred his flag to the Niagara, which, 
 passing through the enemy's line, poured successive broadsides into five of 
 their vessels, at half pistol-shot, and at 4 o'clock every vessel of the enemy 
 had surrendered. 
 
 Intelligence of the victory was conveyed to General Harrison in the fol- 
 lowing laconic epistle : " We have met the enemy, and they are ours !" 
 
 The British having been driven from the Lakes, Commodore Perry was 
 ordered to the command of a small naval force on the Potomac, to aid in 
 the defense of the capitol. 
 
 In 1815 he was appointed to the command of the frigate Java, and sailed 
 with Decatur's squadron to the Mediterranean, to humble the Dey of Al- 
 giers, which was successfully accomplished. 
 
 On his return, and while his ship was lying at Newport, information 
 was brought that a merchant-ship was in a perilous position on the reef, six 
 miles below. It was mid-winter ; but, immediately manning his boat, and 
 cheering his men with, " Come, boys, we go to rescue the shipwrecked 
 mariner !" he succeeded in rescuing eleven of his fellow-beings from a 
 watery grave. 
 
 In 1819 he sailed for the West Indies, under sealed orders, to take com- 
 mand of that station, where he early fell a victim to the ravages of the 
 yellow-fever. His death occurred August 23, 1820. 
 
 In person, Commodore Perry was elegant and imposing, with an easy 
 address, which made him a favorite with all classes. He rarely failed of 
 success in his plans, so carefully did he calculate beforehand all chances and 
 mischances. 
 
/<u 
 
 119. ISAAC HULL. 
 
 Commodore ISAAC Hull, the glorious commander of " Old Ironsides," 
 whose name will be forever associated with one of the grandest naval ex- 
 ploits in the War of 1812, was born in Derby, Connecticut, in 1775. 
 
 While yet a boy, he left his school and went to sea, shipping on board a 
 merchant-vessel employed in the London trade. 
 
 In 1800 he was appointed as Firtt Lieutenant to the frigate Constitution. 
 While on his first voyage, he cut out a French letter-of-marque at one of 
 the St. Domingo Islands, and bore off his prize triumphantly, without the 
 loss of a single man. 
 
 In 1804 he was promoted to the rank of Captain, and appointed to the 
 Argus, one of the vessels belonging to the squadron under Decatur, destined 
 to act against the Barbary States. 
 
 At the storming of Tripoli and the reduction of Deccan, he distinguished 
 himself. 
 
 In 1812 a new field of action opened itself to American glory, and Cap- 
 tain Hull was appointed to the command of " Old Ironsides," and imme- 
 diately putting to sea, he shortly after fell in with a British squadron, from 
 which he succeeded in making his escape, exciting the wonder of his 
 enemies by his superior seamanship, and the admiration and gratitude of 
 the American nation. 
 
 Not long after, he fell in with the British frigate Guerriere, Captain 
 Dacres, and, after several hours' hard fighting, captured her, although she 
 was of greatly superior size, force, and metal, to his own ship. The prize 
 was in a sinking condition, and Hull received all the prisoners on the Con- 
 stitution, and set sail for Boston, where he arrived in safety. 
 
 The moral effect of this victory can hardly be conceived. It gave the 
 nation hope, and inspired confidence in our navy. The Constitution was 
 severely handled, but through the energy of her officers, she was in a few 
 days prepared to give battle to another frigate. 
 
 After the war, he commanded in the Pacific and Mediterranean, and 
 enjoyed the rank of Captain for thirty-seven years. 
 
 The deep gratitude of his countrymen has never been withdrawn ; and 
 ,the modesty with which he bore his clustering honors became him as well 
 as those honors themselves. 
 
 " He did not, in the midst of the continuous praise that followed him, 
 yield to a single suggestion of wrong, nor presume, for a moment, upon the 
 hold which he had on the affections of the nation. Every day of his life 
 seemed to be spent as if he felt that that day had its special duty, which, if 
 not performed, would leave incomplete his honors, and, perhaps, tarnish the 
 laurels he had already acquired. Hence, day by day, he earned new titles 
 to public affection ; and, as a man, a patriot, and an officer, he grew in the 
 esteem of his fellow-countrymen, And the last days of his life saw his 
 laurels as fresh as when they were first woven into a chaplet for his brow." 
 
 He died, at his residence in Philadelphia, on the 13th of February, lb4.S, 
 in the sixty-ninth year of his age. 
 
'- * 
 
 120. JAMES LAWKENCE. 
 
 Captain James Lawrence, the " Hero of the ChesapeaKe," and the 
 " Pet of the Navy," as he was sometimes called, was born in Burlington, New- 
 Jersey, October 1, 1781. _ 
 
 When quite young, he studied law; but his predilection for the sea, 
 induced him to leave it, and study navigation preparatory to entering the 
 navy. He received a Midshipman's commission at the age of seventeen ; 
 after which, he joined the ship Ganges, and made his first eventful cruise to 
 the "West Indies. 
 
 On his return he was promoted to a Lieutenantcy, and assigned to the 
 John Adams, and afterwards as first officer of the Enterprise, in the squadron 
 under Decatur, destined to act against Tripoli, where he exhibited great 
 nautical skill. 
 
 In 1808 he was appointed First Lieutenant of the Constitution, after 
 which he succeeded, consecutively, to the command of the Vixen, Wasp, 
 Argus, and Hornet. 
 
 In 1812, on the opening of hostilities, he took command of the sloop-of-war 
 Hornet, in the squadron under Commodore Bain bridge, which sailed for 
 the East Indies. When off the coast of Brazil, the Hornet got separated 
 from the squadron, and fell in with the English brig Resolution, which he 
 captured. Twenty-five thousand dollars were found on the prize. 
 
 Soon after, occurred that terrible action of the Hornet with the ship Pea- 
 cock, in which the loss of the English was enormous, while the Hornet lost 
 but one man. 
 
 In 1813, Captain Lawrence was ordered by Congress to join the frigate 
 Chesapeake, then lying in Boston harbor. With a crew of newly-enlisted 
 men, partly foreigners, he hastily put to sea on the 1st day of June, in 
 search of the British frigate Shannon, which, with a select crew, had 
 recently appeared upon the coast, challenging any American frigate of equal 
 size to meet her. 
 
 On the same day, the two vessels met, and engaged with great fury. On 
 the discharge of the first broadside, our hero received a severe wound, but 
 insisted on remaining on the quarter-deck. 
 
 A few moments after, he received a ball from the main- top of the enemy's 
 ship, and was obliged to be carried below. As he was being taken away, he 
 issued his last heroic order, "Don't give up the ship!" — words that have been 
 consecrated to his memory, and which have become the motto of the Ameri- 
 can navy. 
 
 When he arrived at the cock-pit, the surgeon hastened to help him; 
 but, motioning him away, he exclaimed, in a noble spirit of unselfishness: 
 "No! Serve those, who came before me, first ; I can wait my turn." He 
 lingered until the 5th of the month, when he expired in the thirty-third 
 year of his age. 
 

 
 121. GEOEGE P. MORRIS. 
 
 George P. Morris was bom in the city of New York in the year 1802. 
 He commenced his literary career at an early age. 
 
 Before he had attained his majority he contributed to various publica- 
 tions, and in the year 1822 became the editor of The New York Mirror, 
 which remained under his control till the year 1843, when financial embar- 
 rassments compelled him to discontinue its publication. 
 
 During this long period, the Mirror served efficiently the cause of litera- 
 ture in America; and, through its pages, Willis, Fay, Cox, Legget, and a 
 host of excellent writers were introduced to the reading public. 
 
 Mr. Morris also became connected with the military organization of the 
 State of New York, and held the rank of Brigadier-General. 
 
 General Morris acquired his chief reputation as a song-writer rather 
 than as a journalist, one of which has gained an extensive popularity — the 
 ballad of " Woodman, Spare that Tree," — having become as well known in 
 England as in the United States. 
 
 In 1825 General Morris wrote the drama of " Brier Cliff," a play in five 
 acts, founded upon events of the American Revolution. It was performed 
 forty nights in succession. 
 
 In 1842 he wrote an opera, called " The Maid of Saxony," which was 
 performed with success. 
 
 In 1840, Messrs. Appleton & Company published an edition of his poems, 
 and in 1842 Paine & Burgess published his songs and ballads. 
 
 A volume, under the title of " The Little Frenchman and his Water- 
 Lots," was soon after issued by Lea & Blanchard, at Philadelphia. 
 
 In 1844, in conjunction with Mr. Willis, he established a weekly paper, 
 called the New Mirror, which was discontinued, after an existence of a year 
 and a half. 
 
 The Evening Mirror was next started ; and, after being conducted by 
 Morris & Willis for a year was sold out. 
 
 A few months after, General Morris began the publication of The 
 National Press and Home Journal. In November, 1846, he was joined by 
 Mr. Willis, and the first number of the Home Journal was issued, the first 
 part of the name used having given rise to a mistake on the part of many 
 as to the objects of the paper. 
 
 General Morris continued his association with the Home Journal and 
 Mr. Willis, until his death, July 4, 1864. 
 
 He resided at Under Cliff, opposite West Point, and was buried in the 
 cemetery at Cold Spring, with William Cullen Bryant, General Dix, Pro- 
 fessor Bartlett, General Sandford, Professor Weir, and Governeur Kemble. as 
 his pall-bearers ; and it was by such " bright spirits " that he was beloved. 
 Mr. Morris was always sincere, affectionate, generous, appreciative of others, 
 and modest of himself. He passionately loved and enjoyed music, and was 
 that natural-born musician to whom all melody comes easy. Never singing 
 a song, nor playing upon any manner of instrument, he could tell what was 
 true in tune or in verse by a kind of instinct. With the musically inspired, 
 as performers or composers, he had a natural and instinctive friendship, and 
 all who Wjjjrc honored with his acquaintance loved him. 
 

 122. SIMON BOLIVAR. 
 
 General Simon Bolivar, tlie " Liberator" of Colombia, South America 
 was born at Caracas, Venezuela, July 24, 1783. 
 
 He was the son of one of the Creole nobility, and was sent to Europe, 
 when fourteen years of age, to be educated. From Spain he went to France, 
 and resided some years in Paris. In 1802 he was married, in Madrid, and 
 returned home, where his wife died soon after, of yellow-fever. 
 
 He again visited Europe, and on his return, in 1809, the spirit of free- 
 dom from the yoke of Spain having become prevalent, he was induced to 
 join the revolution which broke out at Caracas, April 19, 1810, and was sent 
 to England to purchase arms, and solicit the protection of the English Gov- 
 ernment. There he was well received, but obtained no aid, except the priv- 
 ilege to export arms, by paying a heavy duty on them. 
 
 On his return he was made Lieutenant-Colonel, and put in command of 
 Puerto Cabello, from whence he was obliged to flee to New Granada. Hero 
 he was made General by the Congress of that State, and made a victorious 
 march from Bogata to Caracas. On his approach to that city, General 
 Torre, the Governor, fled, leaving fifteen hundred men as prisoners. Bolivar 
 was now honored by a public triumph. Standing in a triumphal car, he 
 was drawn through the city by twelve young ladies, dressed in white, 
 adorned with national colors. He was proclaimed " Dictator, and Liberator 
 of Venezuela." From this time until 1820, his fortunes rose and fell, as- 
 suming and resigning the Dictatorship as the demands of the country 
 required.^. 
 
 About this time he convened a " National Congress," the mere name of 
 which proved powerful enough to raise an army of fourteen thousand men, 
 and to bring two million dollars to the treasury. After a short and decisive 
 campaign, he drove the Spaniards from the* country, leaving only Carthagena 
 and Panama in their hands, and made a triumphal entry into Bogata. In 
 1821, Carthagena surrendered, and soon after the Spaniards evacuated Pan- 
 ama. The Colombian Congress opened its sittings at Cucuta, in January, 
 1821, and published its Constitution, August 30, when Bolivar resigned, 
 and Congress renewed his power. Having signed the Constitution, he ob- 
 tained leave of Congress to undertake a campaign to Quito and Peru, 
 whither the Spaniards had gone from Panama. The campaign ended in the 
 incorporation of Quito and Guiaquil into Colombia, and was conducted by 
 Bolivar and Sacre, who, together, made a triumphal entry into Peru ; and 
 Bolivar was made Dictator of Lima, in 1824. On his return, he resigned 
 his Dictatorship of Colombia, and was elected President. Upper Peru was 
 made Bolivia, and General Bolivar was styled, "President and Liberator of 
 Colombia," " The Protector and Dictator of Peru," and the " Godfather of 
 Bolivia." At this time he had reached the climax of his renown. In 1826 
 an insurrection broke out, and he was obliged again to assume Dictatorial 
 powers. Having put down the insurrection, he again resigned, and was 
 again elected President. Turmoil and dissentions being stirred up by mili- 
 tary rivals, a grand convention was convoked, in 1828, at Ocana, to redress 
 grievances, and amend the Constitution ; but being unable to agree, Bolivar 
 again became Dictator, when an attempt was made to assassinate him, but 
 failing, the conspirators were executed. Violent factions continuing to dis- 
 turb the Republic, he appealed to the people to make known their wishes as 
 to the modifications to be introduced into the Constitution ; and in January, 
 1830, resigned, for the fifth time, and was again made President. He died 
 at San Pedro, December 1 7, 1830. By decree of Congress, his remains were 
 removed to Caracas in 1842, and a monument erected there to his honor. 
 
/<£*. 
 
 1869.-Twenty-Fourth Year< 
 
 HOME JOUEML, 
 
 ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. 
 « The Best Literary and Society Paper in America." 
 
 "CHOICE, I^LI^ 
 
 TERMS : 
 
 One copy for one year $3 00 
 
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 Any person sending us the names of Three New Subscribers and Nine Dollars, will be 
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 Remitting in advance may obtain the Home Journal and the leading magazines, fer the 
 year 1869, at the following greatly reduced rates : 
 
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 Renewing their subscriptions, and sending each the name of one new subscriber, will be 
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 Old Subscribers renewing their subscription, may obtain the magazines in the 
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 Address, 
 
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# 
 
 123. NATHANIEL P. WILLIS. 
 
 Nathaniel P. Willis was born in Portland, Maine, January 20, 1607. 
 "Wlille a child, he was sent to Boston, to attend the Latin School of that city, 
 lie afterward studied at Phillips's Academy, at Andover, and entered Yale 
 College in the seventeenth yea* of DM age. About that time he produced a 
 series of poems on sacred subjects, which obtained for him some reputation. 
 
 Immediately after he graduated, in 1827, he was en^a&red by Mr. Good- 
 rich • Petes Parley"; to edit 7"A« Legendary and The Token. In 1828 he 
 established the Arnern/ian Monthly Magazine, which he conducted two years 
 snd a half, when it was merged into the New York Mirror, and "Willis went 
 to Europe. On his arrival in France, he was attached to the American 
 '.ion by Mr. Paves, then Minister to the Court of Versailles, and with a 
 diplomatic passport he traveled in that country, Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, 
 Turkey, and, last of all, England, where he married. 
 
 The letters he wrote while abroad, under the title of " Pencilings by 
 the Way," were first published by the New York Mirror. In 1835 he pub- 
 1 "Inklings of Adventure," a series of tales, which appeared orig- 
 inally in a London magazine under the signature of " Peter Slingsby." In 
 
 ' he returned to the United States, and retired to " Glenmary," a 
 pleasant seat on the Susquehanna, where he resided four years. Early 
 in 1839 he became one of the editors of the Corvnr, a literary gazette in 
 New York, and in the autumn of the same year he went to London, where 
 he published a number of volumes of poems and tragedies, and wrote the 
 descriptive portions of some pictorial works on American scenery and 
 Ireland. In l>54->, with George P. Morris, he revived the New York Mirror, 
 which had been discontinued for several years, first as a weekly and then 
 as a daily gazette, but withdrew from it on the death of his wife, in 1844, 
 and made another visit to England, where he published " Lashes at Life 
 with a Free Pencil," consisting of stories and sketches of European and 
 American society. 
 
 On his return to New York, in 184o, he published hi3 complete works, 
 which filled a closely-printed imperial octavo volume of eight hundred 
 In. October of the same year he married a daughter of the Hon. 
 J - ph Grinnell, of New Bedford, Ma.-.s., and selected for his home the pleasant 
 "Idlewild," which has been made memorable by his " Out-Loorsjjof Idle- 
 wild," and later labors. About the same time he became associated with 
 Mr. George P. Morris, as Editor of the Home Journal, a weekly, which 
 rapid;y won a large share of the public favor, and has continued, from that 
 to the present time, a popular organ of literature, society, fashionable life, 
 and the news of the day. The extent of Mr. Willis's works comprise almost 
 a lior iry of volumes, which are doubtless too well known to demand a 
 repetition in this place. 
 
 ntj or thirty years ago Mr. Willis was the recognized leading Poet 
 of America; and at that time he deserved the reputation. His earlier 
 poenu are marked by elegant diction, real grace, and genuine pat:. 
 Several of them were at once adopted by compilers of school-books, and thus 
 a large portion of the youth of the country have become familiar with 
 Wi .i-.'s beat productions. His elegy on the death of President Harrison, 
 and his " B tptisrn in Jordan," are among his most widely-known poems. 
 
 cmal acquaintance of unnenal '-xtent, and both 
 hers a nd abroad he had hosts of friends. He died of paralysis, January 20, 
 the sixtieth anniversary of his bir th -day. 
 
rrt 
 
 12i. WASHINGTON ALLSTON. 
 
 "Washington Allston, the eminent Poet and Painter, was born "in 
 South Carolina, in 1780, and graduated at Harvard College in 1800. 
 
 The year following, he embarked for Europe, and remained abroad for 
 eight years, studying the works of the j^reat masters, and enjoying the 
 friendship of the most distinguished poets and painters of England and 
 Italy. Among those with whom he lived on terms of familiar intimacy, 
 were "Wordsworth, Southey, and Coleridge, each of whom enshrined in verse 
 their affectionate remembrance of his genius and virtues. He had. the in- 
 struction and friendship of West, Fuzeli, and Reynolds. 
 
 While in Europe, he was not only ingratiated to every one with whom 
 he came in contact, but his talents and genius commanded the respect and 
 consideration of the masters of his art. 
 
 "In painting, the genius of Allston was adapted to the creation of ; both 
 the beautiful and the sublime ; although it may be inferred from the nature 
 of his works, that the tendencies of his mind were to subjects of stern 
 grandeur, and of strong, deep feeling. His conceptions, taken from the 
 highest departments of art, were always bold and originaL He possessed a 
 powerful, as well as brilliant, imagination; while the execution of his pic- 
 tures was marked by a rare combination of strength, freedom, and grace. 
 As a colorist, his qualities are best described by the name applied to him 
 by the artists of Italy, and by which alone he was known to many, that of 
 the . American Titian.' " 
 
 Among his principal works were : " The Dead Man Restored to Life by 
 Elijah," " The Angel Liberating Peter from Prison," " Jacob's Dream," 
 "Elijah in the Desert," "The Angel Uriel in the Sun," "Saul and the 
 Witch of Endor," " Spalatro's Vision of the Bloody Hand," " Gabriel Setting 
 the Guard of the Heavenly Host," " Anne Page and Slender," "Beatrice," 
 and other exquisite productions. 
 
 During the last years of his life, Mr. Allston was engaged upon a chef- 
 d'oeuvre, called " Belshazzar's Feast," which, most unfortunately for the 
 honor of his name and the credit of the art, he was not permitted to com- 
 plete. Enough was accomplished, however, to show that the ripened mind 
 of the great artist was not marred nor weakened by any manifestation of 
 physical decay. It is the production of a great mind and heart. 
 
 Mr. All.-, ton also cultivated the muses with considerable success. A 
 small volume of his poems were published in London, in 1813 ; and his poems 
 afterward contributed to the press, rank him among the first American 
 poets. 
 
 He published a tale called " Monaldi," a work of great power and beauty. 
 It is full of delicate touches in its coloring, and shows him to have been 
 .ssed of a soul keenly alive to all that is beautiful and pure in nature 
 and in humanity. 
 
 In the classic shades of Cambridge, Mr. Washington Allston, the Painter, 
 Poet, and Poet-Painter, bade adieu to the scenes of earth, on the 9th of July, 
 tb4o, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. 
 
125. WASHINGTON IEYING. 
 
 Washington Irving was bom April 3, 1782, in the city of New York:i 
 He was the youngest son of a numerous family, and received his academic ' 
 honors at Columbia College. 
 
 About this time he commenced his career as a public 'writer by contribu^ 
 ting a series of letters to the Morning Chronicle, under the signature of 
 " Jonathan Old-Sty le." These juvenile essays attracted much notice at the 
 time ; and, in 1823 or 1824, were collected and published without the sanc-j 
 tion of the author. 
 
 On leaving college, he commenced the study of the law ; and, after read-^ 
 ing the allotted time, duly installed himself in tbat profession, and 
 opened an office in New York City. It is said that he never was so unfortunate 
 as to have but one client, and his cause he was altogether too diffident tO| 
 manage ; so, turning over both client and cause to one of his brethern who: 
 had less modesty, he left the profession in disgust, and decided to pursue, 
 the more flowery path of literature. In this choice he evinced a rare judg-; 
 ment; some say he committed a happy blunder.^ It was to him the only; 
 sure one to fame. 
 
 In 1804 Mr. Irving visited Europe for his health, and returned in 1806. 1 
 In December, 1809, he published his " Knickerbocker History of New York." 
 In 1810, his two brothers, who were engaged in commercial business, gave 
 him an interest in the concern, with the understanding that he was to 
 pursue his literary avocation. 
 
 On the close of the war, in May, 1815, he embarked for Liverpool, with 
 the intention of making a second tour of Europe, but was prevented by the 
 sudden reverses which followed the return of peace, overwhelming the house 
 in which he had an interest, and involving him in its ruin. 
 
 In 1818, while residing in London, he wrote and published his " Sketch- 
 Book ;" and, after seventeen years' residence in Europe, during which he 
 wrote various works, and held, for several years, the office of Secretary of 
 Legation to the American Embassy in London, he returned to New York in 
 1832, and was greeted everywhere with the warmest enthusiasm. 
 
 In 1842 he was appointed Minister to Spain, in which capacity he had 
 evidence enough of his unfitness for the drudgery of official detail. He was 
 better adapted to pour into the living souls of millions of his race the 
 refreshing and strengthening waters of a benevolent, holy, and highly inten- 
 sified intelligence. He returned in 1846 ; and, in 1850, commenced his " Life 
 of "Washington," completing his last and fifth volume in April, 1S59. 
 The versatility of Mr. Irving's pen is wonderful, and its power to create a 
 laugh " beneath the ribs of death," or wring a tear of genuine sympathy 
 from the eye of cold philosophy, all have been compelled to confess. There 
 is, too, a freshness and raciness in all he wrote that smacks of nothing but 
 his own high genius and all-embracing heart. Pick up a stray leaf from 
 any of his many books, and though it have no mark or signature to identify 
 it, yet you will know it by the faithful daguerreotyped lineament of his 
 beautiful and harmonious mind. Unlike some whose charter of nobility 
 lies in their pen, Mr. Irving was the personation of his best fictions — a true 
 gentleman, and kind neighbour. 
 
 His beautiful " Sunnyside " residence was as quiet and sheltered as the 
 heart of man could desire, in which to take refuge from the troubles and 
 care* of the world. He died, November 28, 1859. 
 
//• 
 
 126. JOHN STARK. 
 
 General John Stark, tbe hero of Bennington, was born in Londonderry, 
 now Manchester, New Hampshire, on the 28th of August, 1728. 
 
 At a very early age, he, together with his three brothers, became qiiite 
 famous as trappers and hunters. On one occasion in 1 752, having followed 
 his vocation far into the wilderness, he was taken prisoner by the Indians, 
 with whom he suffered incredible hardships. He was after a while redeemed 
 at a great price, and returned home. 
 
 In 1756 he was chosen Captain under the famous Major Robert Rogers. 
 This was the school in which not only John Stark learned the practice of 
 war, but many others on the borders of New Hampshire were thus prepared 
 to dare and overcome the power of England. 
 
 When the first blood was spilt at Concord and Lexington, he hastened 
 with his trained band to Cambridge, and was commissioned Colonel. The 
 same day eight hundred men enlisted to serve under him. He was at the 
 battle of Bunker Hili, and occupied the bloodiest position on that memorable 
 occasion. He was afterward ordered to New York, and was at the battles 
 of Trenton and Princeton, where he manifested that heroism, courage, and 
 prudence which were so conspicuous afterward at Bennington. 
 
 He threw up his commission for some slight of Congress, and returned 
 to his native State, whose Legislature voted him thanks for his services, and 
 sent him to oppose the progress of Burgoyne, with the command of a brigade. 
 He soon found himself at the head of a considerable army, and forthwith 
 commenced operations by marching to Bennington, Vt., where he met the 
 enemy ; and, after some sharp skirmishing, on the 16th day of August, 1777, 
 he gained that splendid victory which made his name and Bennington 
 famous. 
 
 As they were about to commence the attack, General Stark called his 
 " Green Mountain Boys " into a hollow-square, and thus addressed them : 
 " Boys ! There's the enemy. They must be beat, or Molly Stark must sleep 
 a widow this night ! Forward, boys — March /" With an enthusiasm sel- 
 dom equaled, they went into the fight, determined to win, and they came off 
 victorious. 
 
 For these important services, Congress voted General Stark their grateful 
 thanks, and commissioned him Brigadier-General in the Continental army ; 
 and, joining Gates, he rendered efficient aid in the destruction of that 
 splendid army which laid down its arms to the American commander, at 
 Saratoga. 
 
 In 1779 he served in Rhode Island. In 1780 he was with Washing-ton 
 at Morristown, and fought in the battle of Springfield. He was also a mem- 
 ber of the court-martial that sentenced Major Andre to be hanged. 
 
 He continued In the service till 1783, when he carried the news of peace 
 to his native colony, now a State. Henceforth he declined public employ- 
 ment, and retired to private life, enjoying the blessings of peace and quiet 
 to the great age of ninety-three, dying May 8, 1822. 
 
 A granite shaft marks the place of his interment, on the east bank of the 
 Merrimac, at Manchester, N. H., bearing the simple inscription, "Major- 
 General Stark." • ~ " H 
 
127. JOAN OF AEG. 
 
 Joan OF Arc, one of the most remarkable enthusiasts that history has 
 commemorated, was born about the year 1400, in the village of Domremy 
 Lorraine, France, and was the daughter of poor but industrious parents. 
 
 Her early years were employed in tending cattle ; and the solitude in 
 which much of her time was passed, seems to have fostered a disposition 
 naturally religious and enthusiastic. About the year 1425 France was in a 
 wretched condition, Charles VII being acknowledged King only in a few 
 provinces, the rest being occupied by the English, and presenting one vast 
 scene of desolation. The chief occupation of the inhabitants was theft or 
 robbery. 
 
 The degradation of her country had so deeply impressed her mind, that 
 she was persuaded " Heaven had commissioned her to effect its deliverance." 
 Encouraged, as she fondly imagined, by " angelic voices," she determined 
 to declare to the King her mission ; and, though she met with great opposi- 
 tion, at length appeared before Charles, who at first treated her as a vision- 
 ary. Persisting, however, in her declaration that she was delegated by 
 Catharine, her patron saint, to raise the siege of Orleans, and to crown her 
 native monarch in Rheims, at that time in the hands of the enemy, she 
 obtained a party of troops for the relief of the besieged town in 1428. 
 
 With the veteran Dunois at her side, and having pevfect faith that she 
 was supported by hosts of angels, she exhibited such heroic courage and 
 unbounden confidence in her success, that she instilled into her followers 
 the same spirit, and produced such an impression upon the enemy, that she 
 succeeded in making her way into the city, the assailants retiring before 
 her, a prey to superstitious terrors, not less strongly felt by Talbot and 
 Chandas than by the meanest soldiers under their command. 
 
 In the course of the next year she had the gratification of seeing her 
 sovereign consecrated in the Cathedral at Rheims. 
 
 She was soon after taken prisoner by the Bungundians, while endeavor- 
 ing to raise the siege of Compeigne, and John of Luxemburg surrendered 
 her to the Duke of Bedford for a large sum of money. 
 
 She was burned, on a charge of witchcraft, at Rouen, in 1431, it having 
 been declared that the defeat of the English " were caused by the unlawful 
 doubt that they had of a disciple and limb of the fiend, called the " Pucelle," 
 who had used false enchantments and sorcery." 
 
 If the cruel fate of Joan of Arc be a stain on the glory of England, what 
 can be said of Charles VII and his friends who abandoned her to languish 
 in captivity, and to perish at the stake. 
 
 No ransom was offered for her, no attempt made to alleviate the rigors of 
 her confinement, no notice taken of her execution. 
 

 128. RICHARD MONTGOMERY. 
 
 General Richard Montgomery was born in the north of Ireland, in 
 1737. Possessed of a brilliant genius and cultivated mind, he entered the 
 English service at the age of twenty, with considerable eclat. He fought 
 side by side with Wolf, at the taking of Quebec — a place so singularly 
 destined to witness his first and last battle. 
 
 On his return to England he decided to make his home in America; 
 and, marrying a daughter of Robert R. Livingston, he settled on the 
 banks of the Hudson, as an American citizen. On the breaking out of 
 the Revolution he took sides with his adopted country, and became a de- 
 voted patriot. 
 
 With a brigadier's commission he joined the expedition against Que- 
 bec, in the winter of 1775, under Gen. Schuyler, where he soon took com- 
 mand, in consequence of the illness of his superior, and was honored with 
 a major-general's commission. In this arduous campaign his brilliant 
 military talents fully developed themselves. With an army half-clad, 
 half-fed, shoeless, and nearly destitute of artillery ; in midwinter, in the 
 severest weather, it required the genius, the prompt and noble daring, of 
 Montgomery, to lead such a forlorn hope to victory. Thrice — at St. 
 Johns, at Chambly, and at Montreal — had his undisciplined and mutinous 
 troops achieved a victory through the genius of their leader ; and it only 
 wanted that Quebec should be added to make the list of his conquests 
 complete. 
 
 Everything combined to oppose his success. Whole companies de- 
 serted ; others became mutinous and difficult to control. The snow had 
 been piled in large drifts, and the cold intense. Yet nothing cooled the 
 ardor of Montgomery. On the last day of the year, between the hours 
 of four and five in the morning, in the midst of a heavy snow storm, he 
 caused the attack to commence ; encouraging his men with the memora- 
 ble words : " Men of New York, you will not fear to follow your general ! 
 March !" He had already passed the first barrier, when the single dis- 
 charge of a cannon, loaded with grape, proved fatal to him, killing at the 
 same time several of his officers, who stood near him. The death of 
 Montgomery was the token of defeat, and shortly afterward the army 
 surrendered. A monument was^erected by Congress, in front of St. Pauls 
 Church, New York city, with the following inscription : 
 
 THIS 
 
 MONUMENT WAS ERECTED BY ORDER OP CONGRESS, 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH OF JANUARY, 1776, 
 
 To transmit to posterity a grateful remembrance of the patriotic 
 conduct, enterprise, and perseverance, of 
 
 Major-Oeneral RICHARD MONTGOMERY, 
 
 Who, after a series of successes amidst the most discouraging 
 
 difficulties, 
 
 JPlsU in the attack on Quebec, Zlsi December \ 1775, 
 
 Aged 37 years. 
 
/J b 
 
 129. FEANCIS MAEION. 
 
 General Francis Marion — the brave, chivalrous, glorious old Marion, 
 whose feats of arms remind one of the gallant old chevaliers in the times of 
 the Crusade — was born at Wingam, near Georgetown, South Carolina, in 
 1732 — the natal year ef Washington. 
 
 His father was poor ; hence his education was sadly neglected. Having 
 acquired a passion for the sea, at the age of sixteen he cured himself of it, 
 by making a trip to the West Indies, in which he suffered shipwreck, and 
 barely escaped with his life, in a state of starvation. 
 
 In 1759 he entered the service of the State against the Indians, in Cap- 
 tain Moultrie's company of horse, where he is described as an active, brave, 
 and hardy soldier, and an excellent officer. 
 
 In 1775 he was chosen to the Provincial Congress of South Carolina, 
 from St. John's. While a Member of that body, the news of the battle of 
 Lexington arrested their proceedings, as it was like a flake of fire thrown 
 into a magazine. 
 
 Instantly, with that prompt patriotism which ever distinguished this 
 chivalrous State, it was resolved to raise two regiments of infantry and one 
 of cavalry, Marion receiving the commission of Captain in the cavalry, 
 under the command of General Moultrie. 
 
 At the affair at Sullivan's Island, he acted as Major, and for his bravery 
 and coolness on that occasion, he was raised to a Colonelcy. 
 
 He was with Lincoln and D'Estang in Georgia, and retired with Lin- 
 coln to South Carolina, after their defeat. 
 
 At the siege and capture of Charleston, he was prevented from taking 
 part in the operations by an injury received in his leg. Before he had 
 quite recovered, he made his way to Virginia, joine*d General Gates' army, 
 and became aid to General De Kalb. 
 
 The fatal battle of Camden soon followed, and Marion, with a handful 
 of thirty men, escaped. With these brave companions he determined to 
 commence a partisan warfare, which was one of the most brilliant and 
 romantic ever recorded by the pen of the historian. 
 
 His first exploit was to capture a British guard of ninety men, which 
 had charge of two hundred American prisoners, whom he set at liberty. 
 "He then cut up a party of tories of forty-nine men, and took their ammuni- 
 tion, baggage, arms, and horses, without the loss of a man. 
 
 During the bloody and disgraceful march of Cornwallis, whose track 
 bore such horrible marks of cruelty, he and his braves did the country great 
 service, in cutting off supplies and harrassing the enemy's operations, until 
 Cornwallis was shut up in Yorktown, and afterward captured. 
 
 In 1782 he was chosen S nator to the State Legislature, but soon retired 
 to his plantation at St. John's, married, and spent the rest of his days in 
 domestic peace. He died February 27, 1795. 
 
AT 
 
 130. JOHN MILTON. 
 
 John Milton was born in London, England, in 1608. In order to cul- 
 tivate the great genius which early displayed itself, his father was at the 
 expense of a domestic tutor, from which he was removed to St. Paul's 
 School, to complete his acquaintance with the classics; and, after a short 
 stay, transferred to Christ's College, where he distinguished himself in all 
 kinds of academical exercises. 
 
 After some years spent in studious retirement, he traveled for two years 
 in France and ■ Italy, when, civil war breaking out, he returned home, and 
 undertook the education of a number of young men. 
 
 In 1843 he married a lady who deserted him in little more than a month 
 afterward, which provoked him to write several treatises on divorce. She 
 soon after, however, returned to him ; and, throwing herself at his feet, im- 
 plored his forgiveness and reconciliation ; which scene he has graphically 
 pictured in " Paradise Lost," where Eve addresses Adam for pardon and 
 peace. 
 
 The keenness of Milton's pen so effectually recommended him to Crom- 
 well's esteem, that, when he took the reins of Government into his own 
 hands, he appointed, him Latin Secretary to himself and Parliament, which 
 he enjoyed during the lifetime of the usurper and his son. 
 
 His wife died about this time, and soon after he became totally blind. 
 In his early days he wrote the " Mask of Comus," " L'Allegro," "II Pense- 
 roso," and " Lucidas," all in such an exquisite strain, that, though he had 
 left no other mementos of his genius behind, his name had been immortal. 
 The fall of man was a subject that he had for some years before fixed on as 
 a tragedy, which he intended to form by models of antiquity ; and some say 
 the play opened with that speech in " Paradise Lost" which is addressed by 
 " Satan to the Sun;" but, whatever truth there may be in the report, it is 
 certain he did not begin to mould his subject in the form it now bears, be- 
 fore he had wholly lost his sight, and was obliged to employ an amanuensis. 
 
 Yet, under all his discouragements and various interruptions, in the 
 year 1669 he published his " Paradise Lost" — one of the noblest poems that 
 ever the wit of man has produced in any age or nation. 
 
 It may seem strange, but nevertheless true, that Milton, after, with diffi- 
 dulty, getting his poem licensed for the press, could sell the copy for no 
 more than fifteen pounds. 
 
 About two years after, he published " Paradise Regained," which he pre- 
 ferred to " Paradise Lost." 
 
 Milton died in 1674, in the sixty-sixth year of his age. In youth, he is 
 said to have been extremely handsome ; his hair light brown, long, and 
 worn in curls; the symmetry of his features exact, and his complexion 
 ruddy, with an agreeable air. His perception was quick, memory tenacious, 
 and genius transcendent. 
 
/J € 
 
 131. CHRISTOPHEE COLUMBUS. 
 
 Christopher Columbus was born at Genoa, Italy, about the year i435. 
 He commenced his maritime career while yet a mere youth, his first voyage 
 being with a naval expedition fitted out at Genoa, in 1459, by John of 
 Anjou, Duke of Calabria, to recover the Kingdom of Naples for his father, 
 Rene, Count de Provence. 
 f For many years after this, the traces of his career are faint. His saga- 
 cious mind led him to believe that there were other lands afar off, toward 
 the setting sun ; and he resolved to convince the world that his views were 
 correct. 
 
 Poor and friendless as he was, he conceived the bold idea which led to 
 the discovery of the Western Continent. Full of this purpose, he sought 
 the aid of powerful courts, first applying to the throne of Portugal, and 
 then to, that of Spain. But here he encountered the fiercest opposition ; and 
 not till after many years of struggle and disappointment did he succeed in 
 securing the patronage of Ferdinand and Isabella, who fitted him out with 
 a squadron of three small vessels, carrying only one hundred and twenty 
 persons. 
 
 With this little fleet, full of hope and the solemn purpose he had so long 
 and ardently cherished, he set sail from Huelva, on the 3d of August, 1492. 
 After a long and perilous voyage, in which the terrors of the Atlantic were 
 among the smallest difficulties he had to encounter, his officers, crew, and 
 passengers being in constant fear and mutiny, his heart was made glad, and 
 the fears of all dissipated, by the joyous cry of "Land Ho /" on the morn- 
 ing on the 12th of October, 1492. 
 
 Columbus speedily landed, and took possession, in the name of their 
 Catholic Majesties, amidst a wondering crowd of naked savages, who re- 
 ceived him with simple sincerity. 
 
 He cruised among the Islands for several months, and gave them the 
 general name of " West Indies." 
 
 January 4, 1493, he set sail for Spain, where his return was hailed as a 
 triumph, and he was treated with all the pomp and ceremony of a mighty 
 conqueror. 
 
 He soon sailed with a larger and better- provisioned squadron, bearing 
 the title of Admiral, Viceroy, and Governor of all the lands he had, or 
 might discover ; with unlimited powers to make laws for their government, 
 erect cities, &c. 
 
 r He reached his place of destination, and immediately commenced to 
 carry into execution the plans he had so long cherished ; but intrigue and 
 treachery at Court made his lot a continual strife, and he, at length, re- 
 turned to Spain, rather as a prisoner than a conqueror. 
 
 He again returned to the New World ; and, after a futile effort to regain 
 his wonted sway, he again sought redress at the foot of the throne ; but 
 Isabella being dead, Ferdinand treated him with such duplicity and base 
 ingratitude, that the old mariner died, broken-hearted, and carried his 
 cause to a higher Court. 
 
 The discovery of America by Columbus, may be regarded as the most 
 important event that has ever resulted from individual genius and enter- 
 prise. Although another has received the honor of giving a name to this 
 continent, yet the world accords to Columbus the honor of its discovery. 
 
•r- 
 
 132. FELIX E. ZOLICOFFEK. 
 
 Felix R. Zolicoffer was born May 19, 1812. He received an aca- 
 demical education ; became Printer, and Editor of a newspaper in Paris, 
 Tennessee, in 1829 ; and was elected State Printer in 1835. 
 
 He removed to Nashville in 1842, and became Editor of the Banner, a 
 Whig journal. 
 
 In 1845 he was chosen Comptroller of the Treasury, and in 1849 was 
 elected to the State Senate. 
 
 He received the contract to build the suspension-bridge over the Cum- 
 berland River, at Nashville ; after which, in 1852, he was sent to the United 
 States Congress, and again in 1859, when he joined the Democratic party, 
 on account of its sympathy with the institution of Slavery. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Rebellion, he joined the Southern Confed- 
 eracy, and was commissioned Brigadier-General in the Rebel army, July 21, 
 1861, when he took command of a large body of Rebel troops, and marched 
 into Kentucky. 
 
 He telegraphed Governor Magoffin, September 14, 1861, that the safety 
 of Tennessee demanded the occupation of Cumberland Gap, and the three 
 long ranges of mountains in Kentucky, and that he should hold them until 
 the Union forces were withdrawn. But the Kentucky Legislature issued 
 an address to the people, in which it was declared that, as the Confederates 
 had violated the neutrality of Kentucky, it left them no alternative but " to 
 drive the invaders out ;" and General Anderson assumed command of the 
 United States forces in that State. 
 
 Zolicoffer had a slight skirmish at Barboursville with the Home Guards 
 of that place, September 18, 1861 ; but on the arrival of an Indiana regiment, 
 they (the Rebels), shouting that they were Union men, approached within a 
 short distance, and, taking deliberate aim, fired upon them before the false- 
 hood was discovered. The Indiana regiment returned the fire with vigor, 
 and the enemy precipitately retired. Zolicoffer afterward attacked them 
 twice, but was forced, at last, to retreat to Barboursville. 
 
 About the middle of November he made his camp at Mill Spring, on the 
 southern bank of the Cumberland, and at Buck's Grove, on the northern 
 bank. 
 
 At the same time the Union forces were about twenty-five miles north- 
 west of Beech Grove, at the cross-roads ; and, as the roads were bad, and rivers 
 swollen, Zolicoffer determined to attack them before they could get any 
 reinforcements. Accordingly, on the 19th of January, 1862, he advanced, 
 encountered, and drove in, the Federal cavalry ; and, moving rapidly up the 
 road, met the main body of the Union troops, with whom he commenced a 
 sharp engagement. 
 
 General Zolicoffer, surrounded by his body-guard, was leading his men 
 to the charge, when Colonel Ery, of the Fourth Kentucky, shot him dead 
 with a pistol. 
 
 His death had such a depressing effect upon his troops, that, in the con- 
 fusion, being charged with the bayonet by the Ninth Ohio, they were driven 
 from the field, and at night they fled to the Cumbei'land. 
 
 His death occurred on the 19th of January, 1862. 
 
ft & 
 
 133riSAAC TOUCEY.' 
 
 Isaac Toucey was born in Connecticut in 1798. Like many of our 
 eminent public men, he received the benefits only of a common-school edu- 
 cation ; but, by force of character and rare natural abilities, he rose to the 
 highest positions in the land. , The profession, which is the leading one to 
 public distinction in this country — that of the law — Mr. Toucey adopted for 
 his career ; and, at an early age, he was appointed States Attorney for his 
 native county. 
 
 He was elected a Representative to Congress in 1835, and re-elected in 
 1837. Retiring to private life in 1839, he returned to the practice of his 
 profession, and became distinguished. 
 
 His prominence and ability as a lawyer recommending him to President 
 Polk as a member of his Cabinet, he accepted the position of Attorney- 
 General in 1848, and continued in that office during the remainder of 
 Polk's administration. 
 
 In 1850 he was elected to the State Senate of Connecticut ; and to the 
 United States Senate, in 1852, which position he filled with marked ability 
 until 1857, when he resigned to accept the appointment of Secretary of the 
 Navy, tendered him by President Buchanan. This office he held to the 
 close of Mr. Buchanan's administration. 
 
 Senator in the United States Congress, Attorney-General of the United 
 States, and Secretary of the Navy, Mr. Toucey filled all these distinguished 
 national positions with marked ability, besides holding, with honor, various 
 offices of distinction in his native State. Terminating his official career 
 with the close of President Buchanan's administration, he retired to pri- 
 vate life. 
 
 Whoever saw this venerable statesman during the period he held the 
 office of Secretary of the Navy, could not fail to have been impressed with 
 his dignified and courtly demeanor and his urbanity of manner. Added to 
 these external accomplishments, he has shown great ability throughout a 
 most active and successful political and professional career. Associated, as 
 Mr. Toucey was, in the Cabinet of Mr. Buchanan, with Cobb, Floyd, and 
 Thompson, who were conspicuous in their endeavors to place the United 
 States Government in such a position as to render it powerless to prevent 
 the withil ;.. wal of the Slave States from the Union and oblige it to acknowl- 
 edge their independence, it is not strange that the people of the North 
 should look upon the fact that the navy was scattered to distant waters on 
 the breaking out of the Rebellion, as an evidence of his sympathy with 
 secession; and it will be difficult to remove that impression from their 
 minds, notwithstanding his distinguished ability as a statesman and the 
 high positions he has held. 
 
134. EPHEAIM E. ELLSWOETH. 
 
 Colonel Ephratm E. Ellsworth, the -well-known early Union martyr, 
 was born at Mechanicsville, Saratoga County, New York, April 23, 1837. 
 
 The youthful Ellsworth early aspired to military fame. He was desirous 
 of an education at the Military Academy, at West Point, but failing in this, 
 he persisted in acquiring as good an education as circumstances permitted. 
 
 After a brief experience in New York, he went "West, and sought to 
 make an occupation as Patent Agent ; was deceived and despoiled of his 
 earnings, but persevered in renewed efforts. 
 
 His military bent continuing predominant, he studied and practiced the 
 French Zouave drill, and formed a corps in Chicago, adapting it to the Ameri- 
 can idea. His discipline was rigid in abstinence from all stimulants, and 
 was strictly enforced. In a year he was enabled to exhibit his corps at the 
 State Fair, where success and admiration awaited him. The corps visited 
 the East, and won the greatest applause. Returning to Chicago, Ellsworth 
 organized a regiment on the same plan, and offered it to the Governor for the 
 defense of the State. 
 
 In 1860 he entered heartily into the canvass in favor of Mr. Lincoln for 
 President of the United States, organizing and drilling " Wide-Awake" 
 clubs, and afterward accompanied him to Washington. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Rebellion, Ellsworth hastened to New York, 
 and organized a Zouave regiment, recruited mostly from the Eire Depart- 
 ment, and, soon after, marched to Washington. His success in disciplining 
 and controling his men was remarkable, and their attachment to him was 
 equally so. 
 
 On the 23d of May, 1861, his regiment was ordered to Alexandria, 
 reaching there early on the next morning, and the town was occupied with 
 scarcely any resistance. 
 
 The secession flag was flying from a hotel, called the "Marshall House," 
 kept by a violent secessionist, named Jackson. Colonel Ellsworth, with a 
 rashness characteristic of a brave and enthusiastic, but inexperienced officer, 
 entered, with his chaplain and a single private, and demanded whose flag it 
 was. The proprietor denied its ownership, whereupon Ellsworth, with his 
 two companions, ascended to the roof, took it down, and wrapped it around 
 him, saying, as he descended, " This is my trophy !" " And you are mine ! " 
 exclaimed Jackson, the proprietor, at the same moment discharging the 
 contents of a shot-gun into the breast of the Colonel, killing him instantly. 
 But Jackson instantly fell dead himself, from a musket-ball through the 
 head, and a bayonet-thrust, from Francis E. Brownell, the private accom- 
 panying Ellsworth. 
 
 The event caused much regret, Ellsworth being considered a young 
 officer of unusual promise, and of approved loyalty ; and, had he deputed to 
 another to perform, what was, after all, a duty too trivial to devolve upon 
 an officer of rank, he might have lived to render important services to his 
 country. 
 
 Colonel Ellsworth was buried with all the tributes of a grateful and ad- 
 miring country, and his name is forever enshrined in the popular heart. 
 
/ 6 l. 
 
 135. FLETCHER WEBSTER. 
 
 Colonel Fletcher "Webster, of the 12th. Massachusetts Volunteers, 
 was the last surviving child of the late Daniel "Webster, and was born at 
 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, July 23, 1813. 
 
 Commencing his education in Boston, he graduated at Harvard Uni- 
 versity in 1833, and entered upon the study of the law at Hopkinton, 
 N. H., and began the practice in 1836. Marrying in that year, he 
 removed to Detroit, Mich., and remained there one year, when he re- 
 moved to La Salle, 111. Residing there four years, he became an active 
 member of a sporting club, and proved his efficiency as a good shot, and 
 daring rider, in the chase of the wolf and the deer. 
 
 During the period of his father's administration of the State Depart- 
 ment, he was appointed Chief Clerk, and filled it creditably. He subse- 
 quently accompanied Caleb Cushing, as Secretary of Legation, to China ; 
 and, on his return, in 1845, delivered several lectures on China and the 
 Chinese. 
 
 Elected to the Massachusetts Legislature in 1847, as a Representative 
 from Boston, he distinguished himself in a very able speech in support of a 
 resolution appropriating $ 20,000 in aid of the Massachusetts regiment 
 raised for the Mexican "War. 
 
 In 1850 President Taylor appointed Colonel Webster to the office of 
 Surveyor of the port of Boston, an office which he continued to hold under 
 the subsequent administrations of Presidents Pierce and Buchanan. 
 
 In 1855, he edited a valuable edition of his father's correspondence. He 
 subsequently published, anonymously, several humorous poems; and had 
 he cultivated literature as a profession, he might have taken high rank as 
 a man of letters. 
 
 At the beginning of the Rebellion, Colonel "Webster raised the 12th 
 Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers. Mustered into service at Fort 
 Warren, June 2G, 1861, it left Boston on the 23d of July, and arrived at 
 Sandy Hook, Md., on the 27th. Marching next to the Monocacy River, 
 Hyattstown, Darnestown, Muddy Branch, Edwards' Ferry, Poolsville, and 
 Seneca Mills, they finally wintered near Frederick, Md. Moving into 
 the Shenandoah Valley on the 22d of January, 1862, they were in active 
 operations at Charlestown, "Winchester, Berry ville, Snicker's Gap, Aldie, and 
 Grove Creek. Leaving, on the 28th, for Cub Run, they marched the next 
 day for Bull Run, and from this time till August they operated in the Shen- 
 andoah Valley, their activity of service confining them but briefly to one 
 point. They took part in the battle of Cedar Mountain on the 9th of August, 
 and, on the 20th, in the battle of the Rappahannock. Continually on the 
 move from that time until the end of the month, they participated in the 
 battle of Grovetown, August 30, 1862, where Colonel "Webster was 
 mortally wounded. 
 
/1 3 
 
 136. WILLIAM BAINBKIDGE. 
 
 Commodore William Bainbridge was born at Princeton, New Jersey, 
 May 7, 1774. He received his education in a common school. At sixteen 
 he entered the mercantile business, and went to sea in the employment of a 
 house in Philadelphia. He was in the merchant service till 1798, when, on 
 the commencement of hostilities with Trance, our Government appointed 
 him to the command of the United States schooner Retaliation, of fourteen 
 guns, with the rank of Lieutenant in the navy. 
 
 In 1800 he was promoted to the rank of Captain, and sailed in the frigate 
 George Washington with presents to the Dey of Algiers. 
 
 War being declared, while he was at Algiers, against France, and all the 
 citizens of France ordered to quit the country, Captain Bainbridge received 
 them all on board his frigate ; and, having landed them at Alicante, sailed 
 for Philadelphia, where he arrived in April, 1801. 
 
 In June following, he took command of the frigate Essex, and proceeded 
 to the Mediteranean to protect our commerce against Tripolitan depreda- 
 tions. 
 
 In 1803 he was placed in command of the frigate Philadelphia, and joined 
 Commodore Preble's squadron. While chasing a strange vessel he ran upon 
 a reef of rocks, where his vessel was captured by the enemy and carried into 
 the harbor, and where she laid, until recaptured and burned, by Decatur, 
 in February, 1804. 
 
 On the breaking out of the war with England, in 1812, he held command 
 of the Constellation; but on the arrival of the Constitution, he took charge of 
 that frigate, and, in a short time, made his name and his ship famous in 
 the bloody conflict with the British frigate Java, Captain Lambert, which 
 he captured with the loss of only nine men. Finding it was impossible to 
 bring the Java to the United States, she was blown up, and her crew set 
 ashore at St. Salvador, on parole. 
 
 This was the second frigate this noble ship had destroyed in a short time; 
 and, from the little damage she had sustained in her numerous conflicts 
 with the enemy, she received the subriquet of " Old Ironsides," a name 
 which awakens a thrill of national pride in the bosom of every American 
 sailor who loves to see the " Stars and Stripes" floating at his masthead. 
 
 At the close of the war, Commodore Bainbridge sailed once more to the 
 Mediterranean, in command of the Columbus, 6eventy-four guns. This was 
 the last cruise of this gallant naval officer, after which he retired from the 
 sea altogether. 
 
 On his return home he commanded for several years, at different naval 
 stations, and was also one of the Board of Naval Commissioners. 
 
 He died in Philadelphia, July 27, 1833. 
 
6 Y- 
 
 137. X PAUL JONES. 
 
 Commodore John Paul Jones -was born in the South of Scotland, near 
 the Frith of Solway, on the 6th of July, 1747. 
 
 At the early age of six or eight he used to be seen rigging out his mimic 
 fleet of chips, and giving imperious commands to imaginary sailors engaged 
 in bloody naval fights. 
 
 At twelve he entered the merchant marine service ; and, purchasing his 
 indentures at eighteen, he became master of a brig engaged in the Ameri- 
 can slave trade, which he soon left in disgust. 
 
 In his voyages young Paul had made several visits to the American con- 
 tinent ; and, in 1773, having occasion to reside in Virginia while the estate 
 of an elder brother, recently deceased, was being settled, he became 
 enamored of the country, and resolved to make it his own. 
 
 The stirring times of the Revolution roused him from his repose, and 
 decided him to engage in the contest for Freedom with the Colonists. 
 
 In 1775 we find, him at the head of the list of first-class Lieutenants. 
 
 As subordinate in the Alfred and commander in the Providence he sig- 
 nalized himself as a brave and sagacious officer. He is said to have been " the 
 first man thafc ever ran up the Stars and Stripes to masthead." 
 
 As commander of the Manger he sailed to Brest, and obtained a salute to 
 his flag from Abe French — the first that was ever accorded to it. 
 
 By superhuman effort he obtained an old ship from the French, which 
 he named the Bon Homme Richard, in compliment to Dr. Franklin, whose 
 assistance had largely contributed to his success. 
 
 As Captain, he put to sea with a fleet of seven vessels, hoisting the flag 
 upon the Bon Homme Richard. To the terror of the English, he cruised 
 along their coasts, entering their rivers and harbors, taking prizes and men, 
 and burning ships. 
 
 On the 23d of September, 1779, he fought by moonlight his celebrated, 
 and by for his most bloody and successful, battle with the British frigate 
 Serapts, xn size, men, and metal, greatly superior to his own ship. This 
 6plendid victory gave the crowning eclat to one of the most brilliant cruises 
 that the world had ever witnessed, and dazzled all Europe, filling America 
 with joy and pride. 
 
 After many sharp conflicts with the enemy, daring exploits, and hair- 
 breadth escapes, he reached Philadelphia in the winter of 1781, vhere he was 
 received with many marks of distinction, and Congress voted him thanks. 
 
 On the close of the war, Commodore Jones passed the ^est of his life in 
 important public service abroad, and died, at Paris, on the 18th of July, 1792. 
 
138. NATHANIEL GREENE. 
 
 General Nathaniel Greene was born in "Warwick, Rhode Island, in 
 1742, of Quaker parents. 
 
 He early manifested a love of learning 1 ; and, by his own unaided efforts, 
 he laid in a good stock of general and scientific knowledge, and acquired a 
 tolerable acquaintance with Latin, while he was yet a mere stripling ; and 
 a strong military taste was awakened in him by the stories of war, which 
 fired his youthful imagination. 
 
 At a very early age he was sent to the Legislature of his native State. 
 When the battle of Lexington sent„ the electric spark of freedom through 
 the oountry, Greene, at the head of three regiments of soldiers, over whom 
 he had been chosen Major-General, hastened to Cambridge, where he was 
 speedily joined by Washington, Gates, Reed, and others, ready " to do and 
 die " for the just and holy cause. 
 
 Accepting from Congress a commission of Brigadier-General, he accom- 
 panied the army to New York, and in the battles of Trenton and Princeton 
 greatly distinguished himself. 
 
 He was, in this part of the country, acting with Washington and Sulli- 
 van, until he superceded General Gates in command of the Southern army. 
 Here, for the first time, he was in supreme command, and here his genius 
 became manifest, leading him through weakness to strength, through defeat 
 to victory, and through disaster to glorj 7 ". 
 
 Having recruited his oft-defeated, worn-out, and dispirited army, he 
 commenced operations. 
 
 The brilliant affair of the Cowpens, where the lion-hearted Morgan first 
 broke the English prestige, was the auspicious entree to this last glorious 
 campaign. 
 
 On the 15th of March, 1781, he met the foe, and fought the battle of 
 Guilford with Cornwallis. Although defeated, the victory was a dear one 
 to the English. 
 
 After several unsuccessful fights, he was compelled once more to retire, 
 recruit, and march once more to victory, with that noble resolve on his lios 
 and in his bosom : " I will recover South Carolina, or die in the attempt/" 
 
 After declining to meet General Greene at Orangeburg, the enemy was 
 compelled to fight at Eutaw Springs, where they were defeated, with the loss 
 of eleven hundred men, while our own loss was only half that number. 
 
 This broke the power of George III in South Carolina, and Cornwallis 
 was soon after compelled to surrender. 
 
 After the war, General Greene removed to Georgia, having an estate 
 near Savannah. Here he died of coup-de-soleil, on the 19th day of June, 
 1786, in the forty-fourth year of hia age. 
 
139. STEPHEN DECATUR 
 
 Commodore Stephen Decatur was born, on the eastern shore of Mary 
 land, on the 5th day of January, 1779. He entered the navy as a Midship- 
 man ; and, after passing through the several grades, we find him, in 1803, at 
 the age of twenty-four, a Lieutenant in Commodore Preble's squadron, then 
 acting against Tripoli. On the 31st of October, 1803, the frigate Philadel- 
 phia, under Captain Bainbridge, having ran upon a reef of rocks, was cap- 
 tured by the Tripolitans; and early in February following, Lieutenant 
 Decatur, in command of the schooner Intrepid, with seventy-six men, 
 entered the harbor of Tripoli, ran alongside the Philadelphia, leaped 
 aboard, killed twenty men, drove the rest into the sea, set it on fire under 
 the very muzzle of the guns of the Turkish batteries, and succeeded in 
 getting out of the harbor without losing a single man. 
 
 He afterward captured, in a gallant fight, the British frigate Macedonian, 
 October 25, 1812 ; and, when subsequently cooped up in the Thames 
 River, in Connecticut, sent a challenge to the commander of the British 
 squadron, to pit the two frigates, United States and Macedonian, with any 
 two frigates in the English fleet, which honor, however, was declined. 
 
 His subsequent negotiations with Tripoli, where he had been sent to 
 adjust some important matters, resulted gloriously to the Government under 
 whose orders he had sailed, and whose flag he went to vindicate. 
 
 In all the leading acts of his gallant life, as well as many of minor 
 account, Decatur exhibited the greatest talents for a naval leader, and 
 wreathed for his brow a chaplet of renown which the world shall honor, and 
 his countrymen glory in, until " the sword shall be beaten into ploughshares, 
 and the spear into a pruning hook." 
 
 A nobler or a braver man never trod the planks of a man-of-war's decks 
 than Stephen Decatur, while his cool sagacity and clear-headedness were 
 fully equal to his courage. 
 
 It would be well if we could here drop the pen of record, and draw the 
 veil of oblivion over his tragic end. 
 
 On the 27 th of June, 1807, Commodore Barron, who was in command of 
 the Chesapeake, having refused to give up four men, claimed by the Eng- 
 lish as deserters, his vessel was fired into by the British ship Leopard. Being 
 unconscious of danger at the time, and unprepared for the attack, the 
 Chesapeake struck her colors, and the four men were transferred to the 
 British vessel. Commodore Barron was court-martialed, and suspended for 
 several years. Decatur superseded him in the command of the Chesapeake, 
 and five years later, when the War of 1812 broke out, he decidedly and 
 openly opposed the reinstatement of Barron. From that moment an enmity 
 was established between them, which time only served to strengthen, and 
 which led to many hard words on either side, and, in 1819, to a correspon- 
 dence between them, which only precipitated matters, and ended in a chal- 
 lenge. Both gentlemen professed to reprobate dueling ; yet such was their 
 mutual hatred, that neither would offer conciliation, although the friends 
 of both did what was in their power to prevent the dreadful result. On a 
 raw, chilly morning, in March, 1820, these brave men, who had fought side 
 by side for glory and their country, met in mortal combat on the field of 
 Bladensburg, so famous for its unholy and bloody sacrifices to false honor. 
 The combatants took their ground, each fired at the same instant, and each 
 received the ball of his antagonist. Barron was very dangerously, and 
 Decatur mortally, wounded. The latter was carried to Washington, and 
 borne to his home. Until then, his wife was ignorant of the matter. Her 
 distractions were heart-rending, and the whole city was shrouded in gloom. 
 He died of his wound, March 22, 1820. 
 
140. HENRY WINTER DAVIS. 
 
 Henry "Winter Davis was born at Annapolis, Maryland, August 16, 
 1817. His education began early, at home, under the care oi' his aunt, Eliza- 
 beth Brown Winter, who taught him to read before he was four years old, 
 though much against his will. 
 
 i His father removed to Wilmington, Del., where Henry was instructed 
 under his own supervision ; but, in 1827, he returned to Maryland, and 
 settled in Anne Arundel County, where Henry became very much devoted 
 to out-door life, roaming the fields with his gun, accompanied by one of his 
 father's slaves. 
 
 While here he saw much of slaves and Slavery which impressed him 
 profoundly, and laid the foundation for those opinions which he so heroically 
 and constantly defended in after-life. Referring to this period, he said : 
 " Being a boy, the slaves spoke with more freedom before me than they 
 would before a man. They felt wronged, and sighed for Freedom. They 
 were attached to my father, and loved me; yet they habitually spoke of the 
 day when God would deliver them." 
 
 He subsequently attended school at Harvard, and afterward entered 
 Kenyon College, in Ohio, in 1833, where he graduated in 1837. 
 
 His father dying, left him a number of slaves ; but he never held any of 
 them under his authority, nor would he accept any of their wages, and ten- 
 dered each and all a deed of absolute manumission, whenever the law would 
 allow. 
 
 He entered the University of Virginia in 1839 ; and, after a thorough 
 course at that institution, entered upon the practice of the law in Alexan- 
 dria, Virginia. His ability and industry attracted attention, and he soon 
 acquired a respectable practice. His natural aptitude for public affairs 
 made itself manifest in due time, and some articles which he prepared on 
 municipal and State politics gave him a great reputation. 
 
 He also published a series of newspaper essays, wherein he dared to 
 question the divinity of Slavery. 
 
 In 1850 he removed to Baltimore, and immediately a high professional, 
 social, and political position was awarded him. He became prominent in 
 the Whig party ; and, in 1852, in the Scott campaign, was everywhere 
 known as the " brilliant orator and successful controversialist." He after- 
 ward led off in the American movement, and was elected to the Thirty-Fourth, 
 Thirty-Fifth, and Thirty-Sixth Congress, by the American party, and to the 
 Thirty -Eighth by the Unconditional Union party of the Fourth District of 
 Maryland. Mr. Davis's most striking characteristics were his devotion to 
 principle and his indomitable courage. He hated Slavery, and he did not 
 attempt to conceal it. It was through his persevering energy that Maryland 
 was redeemed from the leprous stain of this institution. 
 
 He lived to witness the triumph of his country in its desperate struggle 
 with treason — to see it rescued from the grasp of despotism, and rise vic- 
 torious, with her garments purified, and her brow radiant with the unsullied 
 light of Liberty. He lived to greet the return of Peace, and then he gently 
 laid his head upon her bosom, and breathed out his noble spirit, Decem- 
 ber 30, 1865, so quietly, that no one knew the moment of his departure. 
 
/£/- 
 
 141. ALEXANDER CLAXTON. 
 
 Commodore Alexander Claxton was born in Philadelphia, in 1792. 
 His father removed to Washington when that city became the seat of 
 government, in 1800. 
 
 In 1806 young Claxton received an appointment as Midshipman in the 
 navy, and was forthwith ordered to the frigate Chesapeake, and was on that 
 vessel when it was overhauled by the Leopard. The only gun fired from the 
 Chesapeake in the encounter, was the one at which young Claxton was 
 stationed. 
 
 On the declaration of war, in 1812, Claxton was commissioned Lieutenant, 
 and ordered to the Wasp, Captain Jacob Jones, and was in the action which 
 resulted in the capture of H. B. M. sloop-of-war Frolic, Captain Wingate. 
 The gallantry of the young Lieutenant was particularly commended by 
 Captain Jones. 
 
 The Wasp and her prize were captured by the British seventy-four gun 
 ship Poictiers, and carried into Bermuda. 
 
 After the exchange of prisoners, which was soon effected, Captain Jones 
 and his officers were ordered to the frigate Macedonian ; but, being block- 
 aded in New London, the entire crew and officers were transferred to Perry's 
 squadron on Lake Erie. 
 
 "We next hear of Lieutenant Claxton as second in command, under Com- 
 modore Porter, at the " Battle of the White House," ten miles below Wash- 
 ington, where an ineffectual attempt was made to stop the return of the 
 English squadron down the Potomac, after the burning of the city of 
 Washington. 
 
 For his gallantry in the action between the Wasp and Frolic, Lieutenant 
 Claxton was voted the thanks of Congress, the privilege of the floor of both 
 Houses, and a silver medal. 
 
 In 181G he was ordered to the command of the schooner Nonesuch. From 
 that time until 1839 he served in command of various vessels, in different 
 parts of the world; and, on the 12th of March of that year, he hoisted his 
 broad pennant on board the frigate Constitution, the flag-ship of the squadron 
 then ordered to the Pacific coast. 
 
 He remained in command of that squadron until his death, which oc- 
 curred at Talcahuana, on the 8th of March, 1841, at the early age of forty- 
 nine years. 
 
 In private life, Commodore Claxton was most esteemed. His frank and 
 open manner was a passport to all hearts, while his many virtues endeared 
 him to a host of warm and devoted friends. 
 
 A fitting tribute to the memory of this gallant officer is embodied in a 
 work, entitled " Old Ironsides," the author of which, sailed under him. 
 
/^ 
 
 142, WILLLIAM PINKNEY. 
 
 William Pinkney was born in Anapolis, Maryland, March 17, 1765. 
 
 With an extremely deficient early education, his personal application, 
 and strong and quick natural perceptions, made up for the deficiency, and 
 placed him among- the foremost of his acquaintances and friends. He first 
 studied medicine ; but, feeling that it did not chime with his inclinations, 
 he turned to the law, and having prepared himself for the bar under the 
 instruction of Judge Chase, he was admitted to practice in 178(3. He 
 removed to Harford County, where he opened an office, and immediately 
 gave promise of high distinction. He was a Member of the Convention 
 which ratified the Federal Constitution ; and from 1789 to 1792, was a 
 Representative in Congress. He was then elected a Member of the Execu- 
 tive Council of the State of Maryland ; and, in 1795, was a Member of the 
 State Legislature. 
 
 In 1796, he was appointed by President Washington a Commissioner of 
 the United States, under the seventh article of Jay's Treaty, in conjunction 
 with Mr. Gore, and remained in England eight years. 
 
 During his residence abroad, questions of vital importance on interna- 
 tional law and reciprocity, came before the Commission, on which he gave 
 his written opinion, exhibiting a profound knowledge and clear apprehension 
 of the subject discussed. He recovered for Maryland a claim on the Bank 
 of England for $800,000. 
 
 In 1805 he removed to Baltimore, and was appointed Attorney-General 
 of Maryland. 
 
 In 1806 he was Envoy Extraordinary to England; and, in 1808, on the 
 return of Mr. Monroe, was made Minister Plenipotentiary. He returned 
 in 1811, and, the same year, was elected to the Senate of Maryland. In 
 December following, he was appointed, by President Madison, Attorney- 
 General of the United States, remaining in that position until 1814. 
 
 Mr. Pinkney entered with great spirit into the controversy that grew 
 out of the War of 1812 : and, during the war, commanded a battalion, fight- 
 ing with great bravery at the battle of Bladensburg, where he was severely 
 wounded. 
 
 He was a Representative to Congress from 1815 to 1816, and then made 
 Minister to Russia, and Envoy to Naples. On his return, in 1819, he was 
 elected to the United States Senate, where he exhibited his great 
 knowledge, and political as well as legal acumen, in the discussions which 
 took place in that body on the admission of Missouri into the Union. 
 
 While in the Senate, several very important trials came before the 
 Supreme Court of the United States, in which he was retained as counsel. 
 These demanded of him almost superhuman exertions, under the pressure 
 of which his health yielded, and he fell a prey to an acute disease, on the 
 25th of February, 1822. 
 
 Mr. Pinkney possessed splendid talents, was one of the brightest orna- 
 ments of the American bar, and one of the most accomplished orators and 
 statesmen of his time. 
 
; 
 
 143. HENDRICK HUDSON. 
 
 Hendrick or Henry Hudson, an eminent discoverer and explorer of 
 the American coast, was born in England, and devoted his early life to the 
 seas. But little is known of him prior to 1607-8, when we find him on a 
 voyage of discovery along the coast of Greenland, his object being to find a 
 northwest passage to Japan or China. 
 
 On the 25th of March, 1609, he sailed from Holland on that adventurous 
 voyage, which, although it nearly cost him his life, resulted so conspicuously 
 to the interests of mankind, and added much to his renown and to the com- 
 mercial strength of his employers, " The Dutch East India Company." 
 
 After running along the coast of Lapland, he crossed the Atlantic ; and, 
 after a voyage of immense peril, discovered and landed on Cape Cod, in 
 Massachusetts Bay. He then pursued his course southerly, examining all 
 the principal rivers, to the Chesapeake, and ascended the great river which 
 bears his name as far as where Albany now stands, expecting to find a pas- 
 sage to the Pacific Ocean by that way ; but, being disappointed, he turned 
 his prow towards Holland, stopped, and left a few settlers at Manhattan, now 
 New York, and arrived home in 1610. 
 
 He started again, under a new patron, to discover " the Northwest Pas- 
 sage," which was destined never to be found. 
 
 But, although he failed in this, he ^discovered the great northern bay, 
 which bears his name, and where he was destined to find a violent grave. 
 After exploring the inlets and promonitories of this remarkable bay, he 
 drove his ship into a small inlet, where the ice closed around it, on the 3d of 
 November, 1611. 
 
 The prospects of a long and dreary winter was much relieved by enor- 
 mous flocks of wild fowl, which not only afforded abundance of food for 
 present use and future prospect, but diverted the attention of his crew from 
 their uncomfortable condition. Already some of the men had become 
 troublesome, and hints of revolt and threats of vengeance occasionally 
 reached the ears of their commander. But the mild influence of an early 
 spring softened, at once, the stony hearts of the desperadoes and the icy 
 fetters which held them in their prison-house for more than half a year. 
 
 As soon as he was clear of the ice, he started for home, but suddenly 
 found that his supplies were nearly exhausted. The discovery broke his 
 spirit, and infuriated the crew. He divided the provisions among the men 
 equally, which was but a few pounds to each ; yet some of them became 
 riotous, and in his despair he threatened to set them on shore : whereupon 
 several of the strongest wretches entered his cabin at night, seized and 
 bound his hands behind him, and then set him adrift, with his son and 
 seven of his men, who were sick, in a small shallop, and proceeded on their 
 way home, arriving at Plymouth after a voyage of terrible suffering and the 
 loss of seven men at the hands of the savages. 
 
 Hudson was never heard of more. He sleeps among the sands of that 
 ice-girt sea and that noble bay to which he gave his name as his perpetual 
 monument. 
 
. 
 
 144. BENJAMIN WEST. 
 
 Benjamin West, the celebrated Painter, was bom in Chester County, 
 Pennsylvania, October 10, 1738. 
 
 His parents were Quakers. His genius in the art in which he became 
 so distinguished, manifested itself at the early age of six, when he drew the 
 likeness of a little niece of his, who had been left in his charge in a cradle, 
 which was instantly recognized by his delighted mother. She eagerly and 
 fondly kissed her little boy ; and he, encouraged by such a reward, made 
 rapid progress. In speaking of this incident, Mr. West used to say : " That 
 kiss made me a Painter." 
 
 Soon after, he was put to school, and furnished with pens and paper to 
 amuse himself with drawing, none of his friends dreaming of any other ma- 
 terial being necessary. Here he became acquainted with some Indians, 
 who, being struck with the accuracy of his drawings of birds and animals, 
 furnished him with the pigment with which they bedaubed their faces, and 
 taught him how to use it. To this his mother added indigo, and his studio 
 was finished. 
 
 Hearing of camel's-hair pencils, he substituted the hair from his favorite 
 cat, until a fortunate circumstance put him in possession of a regular pallet, 
 pencils, and box of colors. 
 
 At eight years of age, young West removed to Philadelphia, and in a 
 few years attained great proficiency, under the tutelage of Provost Smith. 
 His first historical piece, the " Death of Socrates," was produced about this 
 time. 
 
 In 1759, Mr. West, then just twenty-one, embarked for Italy, arriving at 
 Leghorn, and thence to Rome. The journey was enjoyed by him with the 
 greatest zest ; and the wonderful works of art, and the rich exhibitions of 
 nature, filled his soul with tumultuous wonder and delight. 
 
 He soon made himself respected among the best artists of Rome, and 
 established his reputation as a Painter of great excellence. He visited 
 Florence, Bologna, and Venice, meeting with favor everywhere. 
 
 After a brief sojourn in Rome, he went to England. He did not intend 
 to remain there ; but ch'cumstances induced him to change his plans, and he 
 set up his easel in London. Here he was introduced to the youthful mon- 
 arch, who immediately took him under his patronage. 
 
 While painting his " Departure of Regulus," the plan of the " Royal 
 Academy of Fine Arts " was adopted. Reynolds was its first President, and 
 on his death, in 1791, West succeeded to the chair, and presided over the 
 institution, with the exception of a brief interval, until his death, in 1S20. 
 
 Mr. West was a man of great simplicity of manners, credulous and con- 
 fiding, diligent and temperate in his habits, and of a decidedly religious 
 turn of mind. 
 
 At the age of eighty-one, he closed his eyes on mortality, with his accus- 
 tomed cheerfulness, and with all his mental faculties uneclipsed. 
 
7 
 
 145 PHILIP KEAPNEY. 
 
 General Philip Kearney -was born in New York City, June 2, 181*. 
 From boyhood he manifested a strong preference to a military career ; but, 
 in obedience to the wishes of his family, he passed through Columbia Col- 
 lege, and began to study law 
 
 In 1837 his soldierly propensities got the better of him ; and, on the 8th 
 of March, he received a commission as Second Lieutenant of the First Dra~ 
 goons, then commanded by his uncle, Colonel S. W. Kearney. He saw 
 much hard service on the Western frontier, chiefly fighting the Indians, and 
 acquired such a reputation as a cavalry officer that, in 1838, he was sent to- 
 Europe by the Government to study and report upon the French cavalry 
 tactics. While there he became attached to the Chasseurs de Afrique. He 
 gained distinction during the campaign of 1838-'40, and was decorated 
 with the Legion of Honor, Returning home in 1840, he was appointed, in 
 November, Aid to General Macomb* and in December, 1841, Aid to General 
 Scott. In December, 1846, he was promoted to Captain ; and, at the out- 
 break of the Mexican war, his dragoons formed the body-guard to General 
 Scott, In the valley of Mexico, Captain Kearney commanded a regiment, 
 and for his gallantry at Contreras and Clierubusco, received the brevet of 
 Major. After the latter engagement, he pursued the flying Mexicans as far 
 as the gates of the city of Mexico. Here his troops, checked by a heavy 
 fire of artillery, began to waver, whereupon Kearney dashed forward alone, 
 the soldiers following him, and the battery was taken. In this affair he 
 lost his left arm. He resigned his commission in 1851, after having served 
 some time in California, and went again to Eui'ope to resume his military 
 studies. In 1859, he served as Volunteer Aid to the French General Morris 
 in the Italian campaign. 
 
 When the Rebellion broke out in this country, he immediately returned 
 home, and offered his services to the Government. He was appointed to the 
 command of a New Jersey brigade soon after the battle of Bull Run, in 
 General Franklin's division, his commission dating May 17, 1861. In March, 
 1862, on the organization of army corps, he was attached to the First (Gen- 
 eral McDowell's), but was soon afterward promoted to the command of a 
 division in the Third (General Heintzelman's), with which he served 
 throughout the Chickahominy campaign. In the battle of Williamsburg, 
 after Hooker had been for an hour or two struggling against an overwhelm- 
 ing force in front of Fort Magruder, Kearney was ordered to his relief, 
 when he gallantly attacked the enemy, and drove them back at every point, 
 enabling General Hooker to extrieate himself from the position, and with- 
 draw his wearied troops. In the battle of Fair Oaks and the famous " Seven 
 Days' Fight" his gallantry was universally admired, and soon after, he was 
 commissioned Major-General, dating from July 4, 1862. On the 23d of 
 August he joined General Pope at Warrenton Junction; and, on the 29th, 
 the battle of Centreville began. Kearney fought with the greatest despera- 
 tion for two days, when the army fell back to Fairfax Court-House. The 
 battle of Chantilly began on the 1st of September, 1862. Kearney was 
 sent to the support of General Reno, whose troops had given way, leaving a 
 gap, which the Rebels were hastening to occupy. Telling his orderly and 
 aids to keep back, Kearney rode forward, alone, to examine the position 
 himself. He never came back alive ; a musket-ball having pierced his. 
 body. 
 

 146. AMBEOSE P. HILL.> 
 
 General Ambrose P. Hill, one of the most distinguished leaders ol 
 the Confederate army against the forces of the Union, was horn in Cul- 
 pepper County, Virginia, in 1824, of highly respectable parentage. 
 
 He entered the Military Academy at "West Point in 1843, and graduated 
 in the same class with General Burnside. 
 
 In 1855 he was appointed an Assistant of the United States Coast Survey, 
 continuing until 1861, when he resigned his position in the United States 
 army, and was appointed by Governor Letcher, Colonel of Virginia Volun- 
 teers. 
 
 He was attached to General J. E. Johnston's army of the Confederacy, 
 and came in with him at Bull Bun, assisting to change the issues of that 
 battle. 
 
 He was made Major-General for his bravery, and took part in the battle 
 of Mechanicsville ; and, in the " Seven Days" fight, was a prominent leader, 
 where he gained a brilliant reputation. 
 
 He was actively engaged in the battles of Cedar Bun, Second Bull Bun. 
 Centreville, Chantilly, and in the campaign before Washington against 
 General Pope. 
 
 On the 14th of September, 1802, he captured Harper's Ferry, and made 
 a forced march to Antietam Creek, where he took part in that severe battle, 
 and repulsed the Federal troops, who crossed the river in pursuit of the 
 Bebels, with heavy loss. 
 
 In the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, his division formed 
 the right of Jackson's force, and fought desperately, finally repulsing the 
 Federal troops. At Chancellorsville, May, 1863, his division formed the 
 centre of Jackson's command, and participated in that flank movement by 
 which Hooker's right was crushed. 
 
 When "Stonewall" Jackson received his death-wound, the command 
 devolved on General Hill, who was himself severely wounded soon after. 
 For his gallantry in this battle he was made a Lieutenant-General, and 
 placed in command of the Third Corps in the Army of Northern Virginia. 
 
 In July, 1863, he took part in the great battle of Gettysburg. In the 
 autumn of 1863, he was in the affair of Bristow's Station, but was repulsed 
 with serious loss. 
 
 In the great battles of the spring of 1864, he was, next to General Lee, 
 the most prominent officer of the Bebel army in Virginia, and took part 
 in the severest fighting of that period. On the 22d of June his corps and 
 Long-street's repulsed the attempt of the Federal troops to gain possession of 
 the Weldon Bailroad. At the explosion of the mine at Petersburg, at Ream's 
 Station, and the bloody fight of Hatcher's Bun, and the subsequent move- 
 ments in that vicinity, General Hill led his corps with great ability. 
 
 When the final attack upon the Southside Bailroad and the defenses of 
 Petersburg came, he was active in his exertions ; and, on the 2d of April, his 
 corps was opposed to the Sixth, Ninth, and part of the Twenty-fifth Federal 
 Corps, almost unsupported; and then, as. always, exposing himself to fire 
 without hesitation, he was instantly killed by a rifle-shot. Thus closed the 
 career of one whose accomplishments as a military officer, acquired at the 
 expense of his country, was, like many of his confederates, devoted to 
 the destruction of the bosom that nourished him. 
 
n 
 
 147. JAMES E. B. STUART. 
 
 General J. E. B. Stuart was born in Patrick Henry County, Virginia, 
 about the year 1832. 
 
 In his youth he gave evidence of many qualities that fitted him for the 
 position he afterward occupied. He received a good education, and entered 
 the "West Point academy in 1850. Graduating in 1854, he received a com- 
 mission as Second Lieutenant in a Mounted Rifle regiment, in the United 
 States army. % 
 
 Under E. V. Sumner as Colonel, and J. E. Johnston as Lieutenant- 
 Colonel, Stuart fought in the wilds of New Mexico : now engaging tribes of 
 hostile Indians, anon hunting up hordes of lawless banditti, and ever per- 
 forming some dashing and fearless exploit. Soon he became noted among 
 his compeers for these bold and skillful charges upon a wily and dangerous 
 foe. 
 
 On the 29th of July, 1857, he was wounded in a severe fight with three 
 hundred braves of the Cheyenne tribe, who were, however, defeated. 
 
 In May, 1861, President Lincoln appointed him Captain in the United 
 States Cavalry, but he declined the appointment, and went over to the Rebel 
 army, where he was made Colonel of a Virginia cavalry regiment. 
 
 In July, 18G1, at the first battle of Bull Run, he commanded all the 
 aavalry attached to Beauregard's and Johnston's armies, and greatly assisted 
 the Confederate cause. 
 
 In September, 1861, he was made Brigadier-General, and in the ensuing 
 winter organized the Virginia cavalry, of which he took command. In the 
 beginning of the Peninsula campaign, Stuart made several cavalry expedi- 
 tions, culminating in that famous raid, in June, through and around Gen- 
 eral McClellan's army, which was the precursor of that General's change oi 
 base to the James River, and the seven days' fighting which accompanied 
 the movement. For this he was promoted to the rank of Major-General in 
 the Rebel army, and placed in command of a division of cavalry. 
 
 On the 22d August, 1862, he dashed in upon the right flank of General 
 Pope, at Catlett's Station, during a heavy storm, penetrated to headquar- 
 ters, and succeeded in capturing important papers, besides taking the 
 private effects and dress uniform of General Pope, and several of his officers. 
 
 He commanded the cavalry during the succeeding invasion of Maryland, 
 and, a few weeks after the battle of Antietam, again rode around the Union 
 lines, carrying off a considerable amount of spoils 
 
 In the Chancellorsville campaign, and Lee's second invasion of the 
 North, his cavalry was active ; and, after the battle of Gettysburg, effectu- 
 ally covered the Rebel retreat. 
 
 Daring the battles in the Wilderness, he encountered Sheridan's cavalry 
 on the 6th of May, 1864, and was driven back ; but on the 12th, 1 e again 
 encountered them, at Yellow Tavern, seven miles from Richmond, where he 
 was mortally wounded. He was conveyed to Richmond, where, at eight 
 o'clock in the evening of May 12, 1864, he died. 
 
 G meral Stuart was a short, thick-set, athletic man ; a bold and expert 
 rider, always joyous and gay, singing songs as he went into battle. He was 
 very lond of display in dress, and his fighting-jacket shone with double 
 rows of gilt buttons, and was covered with gold braid. Many regarded 
 him as a military fop, but lie was looked upon by the rank and file of the 
 army, and by the Southern people generally, as a bruve and gallant soldier. 
 

 148. AMEHICUS YESPUCIUS. 
 
 AMERTCUS Vespucius was born at Florenee, Italy, in 1451. From him 
 this continent derives its name, as its first discoverer, although it is gener- 
 ally conceded that Christopher Columbus first set foot upon its soil and 
 occupied the country. 
 
 He descended from a very ancient house, and belonged to one of the 
 proudest families of that celebrated city. His education was respectable, 
 and he was possessed of a bold and enterprising spirit. Fired with the 
 accounts of the discoveries of Columbus, he became desirous of seeing the 
 New World for himself ; and, accordingly, on the 20th of May, 1497, he 
 sailed from Cadiz, as a merchant, with a squadron of four small ships, under 
 command of the celebrated and valiant Ojeda. 
 
 During this voyage, Americus claims to have seen the continent. He 
 may have done so, but much doubt envelops the matter. At all events, his 
 success was such as to induce Ferdinand and Isabella to place a fleet of six 
 ships under his command, when he made his second voyage. 
 
 On his return in 1500, he received the same ungracious treatment from 
 the contemptible Ferdinand which had been visited on Columbus, and he 
 returned to Seville, mortified and disgusted at the ingratitude of princes. 
 
 Emanuel, King of Portugal, hearing of his humiliation, offered to fit 
 out a fleet of three ships and give him command, which he accepted, and 
 sailed from Lisbon in May, 1501. 
 
 He explored the coast of South America from Brazil to Patagonia, and 
 returned, laden with riches and honors, in September, 1502, to Lisbon. 
 
 He again set sail, with six larger vessels, in May, 1503, for the purpose 
 of finding a western passage to the Moluccas Islands, but, falling short of 
 provisions, he was foiled in the attempt. 
 
 Loading his vessels with specimens of the valuable wood of Brazil, and 
 other precious products, he returned to Portugal after an absence of a little 
 over a year, and was received with every demonstration of joy and respect. 
 
 He now retired, and devoted himself to the preparation of the history of 
 his adventures. 
 
 He drew and published the first chart of the American coast, in which 
 lie laid claim to be the discoverer of the country. 
 
 In 1507 he published a history of all his voyages. It was filled with 
 glowing accounts of the New World, mixed up with the most splendid 
 fictions, and was read all over Europe with great delight. It was published 
 just after the death of Columbus, and was thus placed beyond the reach of 
 that eminent navigator, who, had he lived, would doubtless have exposed 
 the pretensions of its author. 
 
 He died, at Terceira ,in the sixty-third year of his age, in 1514. 
 
•;' 
 
 149. HIRAM G. BEER" 
 
 General HlRAM G. Berry -was born in Thomaston, Elaine, August 27, 
 1824 He learned the trade of Carpenter, at -which occupation he worked 
 for several years, and afterward engaged in navigation. He was elected to 
 the office of Mayor in the city of Rockland, and filled various offices in the 
 Maine militia. Under the call for troops by the United States Government 
 to protect the national life and honor, in the spring of 1861, he offered his 
 services, and was commissioned Colonel of the Fourth Maine Volunteers. 
 marched for the protection of Washington, and participated in the first 
 battle of Bull Eun, where he fought in General Howard's brigade. The 
 regiment was afterward transferred to one of General Sedgwick's brigades, 
 and subsequently to that of General Birney's, Hamilton's division, and 
 participated in the siege of Torktown. Upon General Kearney taking 
 command of the division, Colonel Berry, who had been made Brigadier- 
 General of Volunteers, was placed in charge of a brigade of Heintzelman's 
 army corps, which separated him from his regiment. 
 
 He participated in the battle of Fair Oaks, June 1, 1862, and in the 
 * Seven Days' " battle, previous to the change of base from the ChicKahominy 
 to the James River. 
 
 On the 15th of August General Berry moved with his brigade to York- 
 town, from whence he was transferred to Pope's command at Warrenton 
 Junction, from which point they marched to the Rappahannock, and, on the 
 29th and 30th, participated with General Kearney's division in the battle of 
 Manassas, or Second Bull Run, at Centreville. On the 1st of September he 
 took part in the battle of Chantilly, where General Kearney lost his life. 
 At the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, Berry's brigade drove 
 back a Rebel force, thereby saving a great portion of Birney's division from 
 harm. He was made Major-General of Volunteers, March 9, lb63, to rank 
 from November 29, 1862. 
 
 At the battle of Chancellorsville, General Berry was placed in command 
 of the Second Division of the Third Army Corps, under General Sickles. 
 On the 2d day of May, when the enemy had defeated Schurz's division of 
 the Eleventh Corps, and, with wild yells, were rushing into the opening 
 made by the retreating Germans, General Berry's division threw itself into 
 the gap, and, with the aid of Captain Best's battery, stayed the torrent 
 which had threatened to roll up the line in disastrous confusion. Manfully 
 the small band bore up against the fierce assault of the desperate foe, and, 
 by dint of endurance, succeeded in keeping them at bay until support 
 arrived. The enemy's force comprised three strong divisions — A. P. Hill's, 
 Trimble's, and Rhodes's — of Jackson's corps, and greatly outnumbered the 
 Federal troops to whom they were opposed. 
 
 The next day General Berry's division engaged the enemy again : and, 
 although they advanced in overwhelming numbers, his brave men fought 
 with desperate gallantry, and held them in check. General Berry fell in 
 this assault, while gallantly fighting at the head of his command, May 3, 
 1863. 
 
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150. WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 William Penn, the founder of the State which bears his name, was 
 born in London, October 14, 1644. Before he was fifteen he entered Oxford, 
 and was converted to Quakerism by the eloquence of an itinerant preacher 
 of that sect, and was expelled from college for non-conformity before he 
 was sixteen. 
 
 Honest in his convictions and sturdy in adhering" to them, neither the 
 expostulation of his friends, the discipline of his father, nor the threats of 
 the church, could shake his faith in his purpose. 
 
 He studied law in Lincoln's Inn until the year 1665, when, the plague 
 breaking out in his native city, he went to Ireland, to manage his father's 
 estate. Here he joined a fraternity of Quakers, in consequence of which he 
 was recalled. 
 
 He was so persistent in his adherence to the habits and dogmas of his 
 sect, that his father banished him from his house. He then commenced 
 preaching, and was very successful in gaining proselytes to his sect. 
 
 He was exceedingly obnoxious to the Government, and was several times 
 fined and imprisoned. But nothing intimidated him. Even in prison he 
 wrote and published books, and sent them forth to the world. 
 
 On the death of his father, a large estate fell into his possession ; but he 
 continued to write, travel, and preach, as before. 
 
 The Crown owing large debts to the estate, Penn asked and obtained, in 
 1681, a charter of Pennsylvania, where a colony was soon planted, and he 
 himself arrived the next year. 
 
 Feeling that he had no moral claim on the soil, he negotiated with the 
 Indians who occupied it, and purchased it of them at a price perfectly satis- 
 factory to both parties. 
 
 He established the capital, and named it Philadelphia, drew up a code of 
 laws for his growing colony, ordaining perfect toleration for religious opin- 
 ion, and returned to England, in 1684, to exert his influence in favor of his 
 persecuted brethren there. He was instrumental in the deliverance of more 
 than thirteen hundred who had been cast into prison for heresy. So malig- 
 nant were his enemies, that they effected his imprisonment on the charge of 
 Papacy ; but he succeeded in obtaining his freedom, and returned once 
 more to America, where he revised his code of laws, and made some altera- 
 tions in the form of government, at the same time traveling through the 
 country, preaching and writing on the subject nearest his heart. 
 
 In 1700 he again returned to England, where he resumed his favorite 
 pursuit, until 1712, when paralysis put a stop to his active life, and caused 
 his death in 1718. 
 
 The character of William Penn, alone, sheds a never-fading lustre upon 
 our history. He established his commonwealth on the basis of religion, 
 morality, and universal love, and he won the confidence of the Indians by 
 his strict justice. 
 
 Few men have lived whose efforts have been so productive of good, and 
 so free from evil. 
 

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151. DAVID HUNTER. 
 
 General David Hunter was born in the District of Columbia about the 
 year 1800. He entered the academy at W-3st Point as a Cadet in 1818, from 
 which he graduated in 1822, and was made Second Lieutenant of the Fifth 
 Infantry on the 1st day of July of that year. 
 
 In 1828 he was appointed First Lieutenant, and, two years after, a Cap- 
 tain of the First Dragoons. On the 4th of July, 183ft, he resigned, but 
 returned to the army in 1841 as temporary Paymaster. 
 
 At the commencement of the Rebellion he was appointed Colonel of the 
 Sixth Regiment, May 14, 1861 ; and, at the battle of Bull Run, as a Brigadier- 
 General, commanded the Second Division under McDowell. He took position 
 at Ludley Springs, entered into the thickest of the fight, and was severely 
 wounded early in the action. 
 
 He was made Major-General of Volunteers, August 13, and took charge 
 of the forces at Rolla, Mo., in September, and was second to General Fre- 
 mont, on whose removal, in November, he became temporary commander, 
 until General Halleck took command, when he was appointed to the Military 
 Division of Kansas. 
 
 In March, 1862, he superseded General T. W. Sherman in the Department 
 of the South, because his views harmonized more with the Freedman's Relief 
 Association. He immediately demanded the surrended of Fort Pulaski, 
 which was defended by Colonel Ormstead, who replied, " that he was there 
 to defend, not to surrender." General Hunter immediately commenced a 
 bombardment, and in thii'ty hours the fort surrendered. 
 
 On the 9th of May, 1862, he issued an order, stating that the States of 
 South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida were under martial law, and added, 
 " that slavery and martial law being incompatible in a free country, the 
 persons in these States heretofore held as slaves are, therefore, declared for- 
 ever free." President Lincoln, however, disapproved the order, and General 
 Hunter resigned his command. But he was reappointed to the same depart- 
 ment in January, 1863. He then caused the able-bodied negroes of the 
 neighborhood to be formed into regiments, and drilled. In a short time he 
 was convinced they would make good soldiers, and they were afterward 
 employed as such in the army, and done good service to the country. 
 
 June 12, 1863, he was relieved of his command; and, on the 14th of 
 November, was sent on a tour of inspection through the Military District 
 of the Mississippi. 
 
 On the 20th of May, 1864, he was appointed to relieve General Sigel in 
 "West Virginia ; and, taking up his headquarters in the field, at Cumberland, 
 marched to Harrisonburg, which was occupied without difficulty. 
 
 On the 5th of June he met the Rebels under General Jones, near Staun- 
 ton, whom he engaged and completely routed, killing Jones, capturing 
 twenty guns and a large quantity of stores, and entered Staunton without 
 opposition. From Staunton he proceeded to Lynchburg, driving the enemy 
 before him ; but the Rebels being reinforced from Rich7nond, he retreated, 
 having run short of ammunition and supplier. Being cut off from the val- 
 ley, he retreated ©ver the mountains to Parkersbury, where he first learned 
 of the Rebel raid into Maryland. August 7, 1S64, he was superseded by 
 Gonerul Sheridan. 
 

 152. WILLIAM WIRT. 
 
 "William "Wirt was born at Bladensburg, Maryland,, on the 8th of No- 
 vember, 1772. 
 
 He lost his parents before he was eight years old, and his uncle, Jasper 
 Wirt, took him under his protection, and placed him at a flourishing' school 
 in Montgomery County. Here he continued four years ; and, being a boy 
 of brilliant mind, he made rapid progress in the rudiments of the Latin, 
 Greek, and his mother tongue. Here he also acquired a taste for general 
 literature, which afterward proved of such great advantage, and gave such 
 a charm to everything which emanated from his fertile pen. 
 
 Too poor to procure a classical course, at fifteen he became a Tutor, and 
 afterward studied law, and commenced practice at Culpepper Court-House, 
 Virginia, in 1792. 
 
 At this time he possessed a vigorous constitution, and was blessed with 
 a fine person, and an address winning in the extreme. His conversational 
 powers were of the highest order. 
 
 His first case in Court was successfully carried through, against con- 
 siderable difficulty, and immediately established his reputation as a lawyer, 
 which grew fairer and broader as long as he lived. 
 
 In 1795 he married the daughter of Dr. George Gilman, whose house was 
 the resort of all the celebrated men ; and he became acquainted with Jeffer- 
 son, Madison, Monroe, and other men of learning and eminence. 
 
 Being brought into gay society, and possessing a convivial disposition, 
 he soon became dissipated, and was fast falling into the slough of infamy, 
 when he was arrested in his downward course by the subduing eloquence 
 of a blind preacher, whose manner and appearance he has so graphically 
 described in his " British Spy." From this time, he devoted himself more 
 untiringly to the duties of his profession. 
 
 In 1799 he was elected Clerk of the House of Delegates, and, in 1802, 
 Chancellor of the Eastern District of Virginia. 
 
 In 1806 he removed to Richmond, and greatly distinguished himself in 
 the trial of Aaron Burr. 
 
 In 1812 he wrote the greater part of a series of essays, under the title of 
 " The Old Bachelor." The " Life of Patrick Henry," his largest literary 
 production, was first published in 1817. 
 
 In 1816 he was appointed United States Attorney for the District of 
 Virginia, and, in 1817, Attorney-General of the United States, which posi- 
 tion he filled with distinguished ability and success, through the adminis- 
 trations of Monroe and J. Q. Adams. 
 
 In 1830 he retired, to spend the remainder of his days, in the beautiful 
 city of Baltimore. Here he lived, the object of affection, and almost venera- 
 tion, in all the wide circle of his acquaintance, until near his death, which 
 occurred at the capital, February 18, 1835. 
 
 As a writer, Mr. Wirt ranked among the first of his time ; and the pro- 
 ductions of his pen sparkled with the most brilliant effusions of wit, at 
 times melting into inexpressible pathos and tenderness. 
 
153. FRANCIS AUGUSTUS 
 
 Francis Augustus was born in one of the interior towns of Massachu- 
 setts, July 2, 1832. 
 
 He early manifested a great passion for hunting and fishing, and for 
 weeks at a time, with his faithful dog, "Major," as his only companion, 
 would take his gun and angle-rod, and traverse the forests and neigaboring 
 
 f streams, for game and fish, camping out nights in some romantic spot in the 
 woods, or on some lone island of the village lake. 
 
 During these rambles, while resting in some shady nook, he would sit 
 for hours meditating upon the mysteries of nature and the problem of life. 
 The question on which his mind was most often exercised, was : "Why 
 God allowed some people to enjoy all the luxuries and comforts of life, 
 while others, equally honest, industrious, and worthy, could not obtain even 
 the necessaries ?" 
 
 In the long winter evenings, lie employed his time in reading books of 
 travel and history, and, by the time he was fifteen years of age, had con- 
 ceived an unconquerable desire to see those parts of the world of which he 
 had read. His parents, however, not being in circumstances to afford him 
 the luxury, he concluded he would be enabled to do so by becoming a sailor. 
 He, therefore, applied to his father for permission to go to sea, but could 
 not gain his consent. 
 
 Having set his mind upon it, he determined to go ; and, packing his 
 trunk, unknown to his parents, he sent it off by stage to Boston ; and, not 
 having the means to pay his fare, he walked thirty miles to that city, arriv- 
 ing about dusk, with only twenty -five cents in his pocket, after paying for 
 his supper, besides a few " Yankee-Notions " to sell. 
 
 While in a store in the evening, endeavoring to sell some of his Notions, 
 a young girl came in, begging for money enough to pay for a night's lodg- 
 ing, which was refused by the proprietor, and she left the store, weeping. 
 This was too much for the sensitive nature of young Augustus, who called 
 her back, and gave her his last quarter, leaving himself without the means 
 to pay for his own lodgings ; but fortune favored him, and he sold his 
 Notions in the next store. 
 
 He soon found an opportunity to ship as a sailor ; but, as he was about 
 to go aboard his vessel, he was stopped by a messenger from his father, and 
 was thus prevented from becoming a sailor. 
 
 After clerking a short time in Boston, he started on a trading tour 
 « through the Western and Southern States, where he traveled for two years, 
 'visiting nearly every city in the Union, and all places of interest and 
 curiosity. 
 
 On his return East, he soon sailed for South America, where, for a num- 
 ber of years, he traveled over the lofty Andes, climbing their almost perpen- 
 dicular sides, through the rugged and irregular paths, on his sure-footed 
 mule ; and feasting, from their dizzy heights, on the beauties and wonders 
 of nature, as he gazed, through the fleeting clouds ' elow, into the valleys of 
 the Magdalena, Oronoco, and Amazon ; and drinking in the inspiration 
 which these majestic and wonderful works of God yielded to his thirsty 
 soul. 
 
 Here he was taken sick with a fever, which, on his recovery, left con- 
 sumption fastened upon him ; and he returned home to die, January 3 r lb52. 
 

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 1. OLIYEE P. MOETON. 
 
 Possessing only a local reputation prior to 1860, Oliver P. Morton wis 
 elected, at that time, Lieutenant-Governor of the State of Indiana on the 
 same ticket with Governor Lane. The election of Mr. Lane to the Senate 
 of the United States, elevated Mr. Morton, according 1 to the provisions of 
 the State Constitution, to the office of Governor. In that position, not only 
 from its prominence and importance, but from the ability in its discharge 
 displayed by Governor Morton, he became the leading man in, as well as the 
 head of, the State. 
 
 The war, breaking like a thunderbolt suddenly upon the country, Indiana, 
 like most of the States, was divided in sentiment, and the Indiana Legis- 
 lature, having a majority of Democrats in both Houses, Governor Morton, 
 as a zealous advocate of the war to suppress the Rebellion, found himself 
 hampered in his efforts to adopt measures in aid of its vigorous prosecution. 
 To surround him with these difficulties, one of the most effectual methods 
 to do so, was for his opponents to adjourn the Legislature without making 
 provisions to pay the State debt. Such a movement, in the event of its suc- 
 cess, would have resulted in the destruction of the credit of the State ; and 
 to avert such a calamity, at such a time, Governor Morton set vigorously to 
 work to procure the means wherewith to liquidate the liability. 
 
 Receiving his unfaltering aid, though surrounded by his enemies, vigilant 
 for his defeat, the United States Government could, at all times, depend 
 upon Governor Morton for co-operation and support in conducting the war. 
 
 Re-elected Governor in 1864, he received a majority of twenty-one 
 thousand of the popular vote. 
 
 In political sentiments, Governor Morton belongs to the Republican side 
 of politics denominated Radical ; and, in 1867, was elected to the United 
 States Senate. Basing his opinions upon no one contracted idea, he possesses 
 a grasp of mind which places him, as a public- man, in the first rank of 
 statesmen. Of great ability, he is a ready and fluent speaker, and has, as 
 was predicted, made one of the ablest and most distinguished members of 
 the United States Senate. 
 
 Previous to the trial of the impeachment of President Johnson, Governor 
 Morton was prominently spoken of as the probable President of the Senate, 
 in order to succeed the President of the United States in the event of con- 
 viction following his impeachment. Considering the brief time he had 
 been a member of that body, this testimonial in his favor shows how deep 
 an impression his commanding talents and statesmanlike bearing made upon 
 the Senate. 
 
 The great reputation which Governor Morton gained during the financial 
 embarrassments of his State serves him now, with his experience, in the 
 Senate. He is one of the foremost men upon the Reconstruction and 
 financial questions now in that body. 
 
 A recent controversy, involving the public finances, has recently takeu 
 place between him and Horace Greeley, which has attracted wida attention. 
 
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 soldieksTfbiexd. 
 
 3V WttkU and HHonthln Journal, 
 
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 THE UNION— THE INTERESTS OF SOLDIERS AND SAILORS- 
 NEWS— PAY— PENSIONS— BOUNTIES— EMPLOYMENT— 
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 AND INCIDENTS OF THE WAR— SKETCHES. 
 
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 acknowledging our indebtedness to the following eminent writers, who 
 have already contributed to the columns of The Soldier's Friend : 
 
 His Excellency, Reuben* E. Fenton. Rev. L. G. Binoeam. 
 
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 Rev. Alexander R. Thompson. Rev. Wm. Rollinson. U. S. A. 
 
 Hon. David S. CoddlnltI. >. Maokue Hammond. 
 
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 Mrs. Henry Baylis, 
 Rev. Theo. L. Ctyleb, 
 
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 Rev. Wm. P. Strickland. D. D. Henry C. Carey. LL. D. 
 
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 Wm. Ross Wallace, ables Eliot Norton. Cinibridg^?. 
 
 We have assurance of contributions from others, which afford a guaran- 
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 as a literary journal of the war. 
 
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 Xo. 1? Centre St . K. F. 
 
 Rev. W. W. Meech. 
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 Rev. Maurice G. Hos-sex, 
 Rev. Robert Lowey. 
 
•2. ROBERT ANDERSON. 
 
 General a Ay? r "»:v. :'.: here .:' F rt Sumter. 
 
 Kentucky, in I805l He entered West Point A . 1831 _: . " bed in 
 
 l v ,~ - mad • I Lieutenant in the Third Artillery. 
 
 Daring the :.- k Hawk War he .1 as Inspector-General oi meld.- is 
 
 Volant ta ad in June, lfi wna ] L to a First I 
 
 . I 9 ' : L837hewas Assistant Instructor at the I'm:: d St.. - 
 A... .".-;::.; ..- .. — ._:. .'. .. :'..: star! of General "Winfield Scott, as Aid- 
 
 ilc-. ? r-. la L£ - od hia • m ". ns for Field 
 
 Artillery B rs ... :: Arranged for the Service sf the United Stal - 
 aL: . .: great prad due. 
 
 Hiss-em sinl . lian trouble? were ac kno w l edged by a Bre 
 
 12,1838 En July of th< Baaac year he i si h Assistant 
 Adjn I - . : Captain, and rail Captain in 1841 
 
 En Mai 1843 - - si - sent in "'.. i ..■_■-._■■■ ■ ■ ralS tt, 
 
 and took part in the - _ I • .:. - rst whom 
 
 was mtrustedthe nunand of the batteries. This duty he act mplishc 1 
 with .»:_. Le Lg llantry. He remain* '. % ith : until its tri- 
 
 umt :'-. mt entry into the Mead I I ag September, when he 
 
 : M ijor ami A. :::._• 1 I :' . : L - '. : _ . .".-. " : gallantry 
 at X was severely w onded En L851 
 
 prcanoted to full rank of M n i 5 first brigade I - hoi ding 
 
 tiii: mm:. ..ml in •: mm. . " irarmsmu ..: F;rt Moultri I tat 
 
 90th. of 1 ■ '- "'o State :t S nth - : lina seceded, and 
 
 declared itself ov.: . : : hot ":.■.:. 1 is bed throng] 
 
 S othern cities, and the plague : Lisl yalty overspread the entire S nth. 
 Finding himst U s. ::.- in an untenable fort, with less than one hundred 
 men. hia government 1 . send bim re s, and being 
 
 men •.:-. i. ;n £Vrry rile, en: :fr from supplies, with the deer murmurs :: m.r 
 
 wing louder and re iten i ._ . m.l Anderson dm m ned to 
 
 : Fort Moultrie. Accordingly, lesti ... thai was : us I 
 
 fart, and] 1 hia men to Fort Sumtei the strongest of the d a- 
 
 r ._e . : :'..-: 5 :u:h at t'nis - _ ment was intense r.d my 
 
 I by the thrill ofj h ran through the North Before the burst 
 
 ;: : . :::..'..!> • m . :./\ . m.s mm :.:—.>-..:..: I y : h 
 
 5 .-'.. . .: lim ms, and rut ir . sm: : : :■ ns: St: :._ : : ibts - 
 thrmvr. up on Morris and J .:.. - Islands, Fort Johnson, and - ::ey 
 
 . also occupied, and Sumter sted N si ipe ,i.d appr. 
 
 it in tne teeth . : : -. - ... • -:':..: A \h. - 1 
 
 Stal - rnmenl i nfutauid the ins nr genta thai tt isl edte send sup- 
 
 . an an unarmed trans] at were d lis- 
 
 1.. man al th a IE Jelly infoi nwid them that snppliee u 
 
 be aa : I M r Araers;r poss rce. 
 
 11th : Arr:".. General Be . had command of th Be 
 
 demanded al leneral And n let : Fori S which, 
 
 being refuse 
 and the 14th, the fori a _ 1 1 . and. be:: .; 
 
 raonaurrei red. "Wit'n : : tat: . : _ - - 
 
 j loui : I rt Sumter, I : band p". _ :s. 
 
 - - gadier-General, and sen ucky 
 
 to take eonunand in t S La valth. ur.: 
 
 and . . retired from the am. s sini nded in the city of 1 
 
 ] . rk. 
 
tf r 
 
 OF 
 
 CHARLES D. FREDRICKS & CO., 
 
 IVo. 587 Broadway, 
 
 Opposite Metropolitan Hotel, NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 Me. Fredricks would respectfully inform his old customers 
 and the public, that he has, after^an absence of several years, re- 
 turned to New York, and from this time will give his personal 
 supervision to his art. 
 
 Having dissolved his old copartnership, he has associated 
 with him Mr. HUGH O'NEIL, the unrivaled Photographer, 
 and will continue the Photographic business at the^oldfstand, under 
 the old firm-name of CHARLES D. FREDRICKS & CO. 
 
 The proprietors guarantee to execute all orders in the 
 highest perfection of the Photographic Art. 
 
 Customers will meet with polite attention and prompt 
 dispatch. 
 
 No connection with any other Establishment by the name of 
 FREDRICKS in this City. 
 
 [From the Rom* Journal.'] 
 
 FHO TO GRAPHIC VIE WS.—^e see that Mr. Fredricks, 
 of the firm of Charles D. Fredricks & Co., is out with a card, saying 
 that the old partnership, which existed for some years, is dissolved, and a 
 new one formed under the old name. The new partner is Mr. Hugh 
 O'Neil, a gentleman who has been identified with this house for the last 
 ten or twelve years, and whom we know to be a first-class operator, and one 
 of the best Photographic Chemists in the country. Mr. C. D. Fredricks, 
 the senior partner, has been absent in Europe and elsewhere for the most 
 part of the last half dozen years, but it is his intention now to devote his 
 whole time to the business, and in future he will be found daily at the 
 gallery, No. 587 Broadway, during business hours. Mr. Fredricks 
 has been in the Photographic aud Daguerreotype business for more than 
 twenty years. The high reputation he has gained in that time, the many 
 personal friends he has made, and the superior ability of Mr. O'Neil as a 
 Photographer, insures for the new firm more than a continuance of patron- 
 age from the public than the old firm was favored with. 
 
// 
 
 3. JOHN POPE. 
 
 General John Pope was born in Kentucky, March 12, 1823, and, during" 
 his infancy, his father removed with him to Kaskaskia, 111. After receiving 
 a careful preliminary education, he was admitted, in 1838, a cadet in the 
 West Point Military Academy, where he graduated in 1842, standing high 
 in his class. In July of the 6ame year he was commissioned Brevet Second 
 Lieutenant in the corps of Topographical Engineers. 
 
 Upon the breaking out of the war with Mexico, he was attached to the 
 army under General Taylor, and, " for gallant and meritorious conduct" at 
 the battle of Monterey, was breveted a First Lieutenant, his commission 
 bearing date September S3, 1840. For " highly gallant and meritorious 
 conduct" on the hard-fought field of Buena Vista, he was breveted a Cap- 
 tain, his commission being dated February 23, 1847. 
 
 In 1849 he conducted the Minnesota Exploring Expedition, which demon- 
 strated the practicability of navigating the Red River of the North with 
 steamers, after which he acted as Topographical Engineer in New Measico 
 until 1853, when he was assigned to the command of one of the expeditions 
 to survey the route of the Pacific Railroad. From 1854 to 1859 he was 
 engaged in this work, during which time (July 1, 1856) he was promoted to 
 a Captaincy in the corps of Topographical Engineers. 
 
 On the 17th day of May, 1861, he was commissioned a Brigadier-General 
 of Volunteers in the Union army, and assigned to a command in Northern 
 Missouri. 
 
 In December he served in Central Missouri, under General Halleck, and, 
 on the 17th of that month, he scattered the Rebel camp at Shawnee Mound. 
 
 On the 18th he surprised another camp, near Milford, and took some 
 thirteen hundred prisoners. This campaign cleared this district of the 
 Rebels. 
 
 On the 14th of March, 1862, he captured New Madrid, and, on the 7th 
 of April, the Rebel garrison of Island No. 10, amounting to nearly seven 
 thousand men — for which services he was made a Major-General. He was 
 next commander of a corps of the army to co-operate with Halleck in the 
 reduction of Corinth. 
 
 In June, 1862, he was assigned to the command of the Army of Virginia, 
 over Fremont, Banks, and McDowell, and, on July 14, was commissioned 
 a Brigadier-General in the Regular Army. 
 
 At the conclusion of the Second Bull Run campaign, September 3, 1862, 
 he was relieved at his own request, and assigned to the Department of the 
 Northwest, <rom whence, in the spring of 1865, he was transferred to that of 
 Missouri. 
 
r 4. PHILIP H. SHEEIDAN. 
 
 General Philip H. Sheridan, the " Hero of the Shenandoah/* was born 
 in Perry County, Ohio, in 1831, and graduated at West Point in 1853. He 
 saw considerable service in the West, and, after the outbreak of the Rebel- 
 lion, was commissioned a Captain in the United States Infantry. For nearly 
 a year he acted as Chief Quartermaster in the trans-Mississippi Department, 
 and in May, 1862, was appointed Colonel of the Second Michigan Cavalry. 
 
 In June he was put in command of a cavalry brigade, and for a brilliant 
 victory over the Rebel General Chalmers, at Booneville, Mississippi, July 1, 
 he was promoted, on General Grant's recommendation, to be a Brigadier- 
 General of Volunteers. During the invasion of Kentucky by Bragg, in 
 1862, he was assigned to the command of a division in Buell's army, and 
 subsequently fought at Perryville and Murfreesboro', earning, by his valor 
 in the latter engagement, his promotion to Major-Gen ecal of Volunteers. 
 
 He participated in the campaign against Chattanooga, and again distin- 
 guished himself at Chickamauga and the succeeding battle on Missionary 
 Ridge. 
 
 In the spring of 1864 he was summoned Eastward to assume command 
 of the cavalry of the Potomac, in which capacity he led several daring 
 expeditions against the enemy's communications. 
 
 In August he took charge of the military division of the Shenandoah, 
 gained the brilliant victories of September 19 and 21, over Early, when 
 he sent him " whirling through Winchester," and, on the 19th of October, 
 won the hard-fought battle of Cedar Creek, changing, by his opportune 
 arrival, a Union defeat into a signal victory. Having driven Early up the 
 valley to Browne's Gap, Sheridan returned to Cedar Creek, where he 
 encamped in a position which was thought to be impregnable. On the 
 morning of the 19th, before daylight, Early, having been reinforced, and, 
 taking advantage of the absence of Sheridan, who had gone to Washington, 
 made an attack upon the Union army, which he took by surprise during a 
 thick fog. 
 
 Sheridan had reached Winchester — " twenty miles away " — the night 
 before, and started for his command at eight o'clock that morning. He soon 
 heard the rumbling of cannon, and putting spurs to his famous charger, 
 arrived just as the army was in full retreat. Dashing up to the front, his 
 charger reeking with foam, he ordered his men to halt. His -voice and 
 presence infused new courage and confidence into the disheartened troops, 
 and they soon reformed. The cavalry dashed forward on the charge, followed 
 by the infantry, and, after a desperate fight, turned the tide of battle, and 
 completely routed the enemy. 
 
 In March, 1865, he moved his cavalry to the James River, and in the 
 flanking movement, by which General Lee was . driven out of Petersburg 
 and eventually captured, Sheridan held the chief command, defeating the 
 Rebels, with severe loss, at the battle of Five Forks. 
 
 At the close of the war he went to New Orleans as commander of the 
 Military Division of the Gulf, and was promoted to Major-General of the 
 Regular Army. 
 
 His faithful performance of duty in carrying out the Reconstruction 
 laws of Congress made him obnoxious to President Johnson, who removed 
 him from that Department, against the protest of General Grant, and trans- 
 ferred him to th© Western frontier, where he is now engaged againstthe 
 hostile Indian.^. 
 
/ 
 
 5. DANIEL E. SICKLES. 
 
 General Daniel E. Sickles was born in New York City, October 20, 
 1823. He acquired the printers' trade, which, he followed for some years, 
 when he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1843. 
 
 He commenced his political career in 1847, when he was elected to the 
 Assembly of New York, and, in 1856, to the State Senate. For a short time, 
 when Mr. Buchanan was American Minister to England, Mr. Sickles was 
 the Secretary of that Legation. 
 
 In 1857 he was elected a Representative from New York to the Thirty- 
 Fifth Congress, and was a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. 
 He was re-elected to the Thirty-Sixth Congress. His first term in Congress 
 was made painfully memorable by his shooting of Philip Barton Key, in 
 February, 1859, an occurrence which grew out of a sad domestic difficulty. 
 His trial lasted twenty days, and he was acquitted. 
 
 Upon the breaking out of the Rebellion, in 1861, Mr. Sickles raised a 
 brigade of five thousand men, and was appointed Brigadiei'-General of Vol- 
 unteers, his commission bearing date, September 3, 1861. During the winter 
 of that year and 1862, he operated in Lower Maryland, his brigade forming 
 the second in Hooker's division. Crossing into Virginia in April, 1862, they 
 gained eminent distinction for their bravery at the battle of Williamsburg, 
 May 5; were again distinguished at Fair Oaks, June 1; and won new 
 laurels in the Seven Days' fight. Sent with the Army of the Potomac to 
 the relief of General Pope, at the end of August, the Sickles Brigade con- 
 tinued in active service throughout the Maryland campaign, and distin- 
 guished itself at the battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862. 
 
 Succeeding General Hooker in the command of the Second Division of 
 the Third Army Corps, General Sickles participated in the battle of Fred- 
 ericksburg, December 13, 1862. 
 
 Upon the reorganization of the Army of the Potomac, February 5, 1863, 
 he was placed in temporary command ; and, on March 7, was appointed 
 Major-General, dating from November 29, 1862. He took command of the 
 Third Army Corps, and was especially distinguished for his valor at the 
 battle of Chancellorsville, May 1 to 3, 1863, where he gained the reputation 
 of being instrumental in saving the whole army from destruction. At tho 
 battle of Gettysburg, where he lost a leg, he gained additional distinction, 
 and is hailed by many as the " hero" of that conflict. 
 
 General Sickles continued to serve, establishing a reputation for distin- 
 guished valor and skill, until early in 1865, when he was sent by President 
 Lincoln on a confidential mission to Bogota, and other South American 
 capitals ; and for the success of these negotiations, he received an autograph 
 letter of thanks from the President. 
 
 Receiving the appointment of Minister to Holland in 1866, he declined 
 it, preferring to proceed with the work of Reconstruction in the Carolinas. 
 He was relieved of his command by President Johnson, on account of a dif- 
 ference of views en Reconstruction, and General Schofield appointed in his 
 place. 
 
 In 1863 he entered heartily into the canvass in support of the Congres- 
 sional r d! tj /if Reconstruction,, and for the election of Grant and Colfax. 
 
6. SIMON CAMEEON. 
 
 Simon Cameron was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in 1799. 
 Left an orphan when only nine years of age, he was employed in a printing 
 office, and learned the trade of printer. Laboring in i his vocation in Harris- 
 burg, Pa., and Washington, D. C, he devoted his leisure time to study. 
 Working his way up by energy, talent, and industry, in 1820 he became 
 editor of a newspaper at Doylestown, Pa. 
 
 In 1821 he removed to Harrisburg, and there established a journal, in 
 which he espoused the cause of General Jackson for the Presidency, and 
 advocated the principles of the Democratic party generally. Prospering 
 rapidly in his personal and political enterprises, in 1832, his financial suc- 
 cesses found him at the head of the Middletown Bank, of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Devoting himself at this time more especially to the railroad interests of 
 his native State, he became the President of two railroad companies, the 
 Cashier of a bank, and filled the office of Adjutant-General of the State, 
 an office the duties of which were not then very burdensome. 
 
 On the inauguration of President Polk in 1845, Mr. Buchanan resigning 
 his seat in the United States Senate to accept the office of Secretary of State, 
 General Cameron was elected to fill the vacancy. 
 
 He voted in the Senate, in 1846, in favor of the notice to England to ter- 
 minate the joint occupancy of Oregon ; against settling the Oregon contro- 
 versy by ceding to England the region between lat. 54 p -40 and 49° N. ; and 
 advoted the war with Mexico on the ground that war existed with that 
 power by the act of Mexico itself. 
 
 In 1843 he voted in favor of Senator Douglas's proposition to extend 
 the Missouri Compromise line of lat. 36-iiO N. to the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 His term expiring in the Senate, March 4, 1849, he returned for a time 
 to private life. Repudiating violent partisan feelings, and numbering his 
 friends among the Whig, the Democratic, and the American parties, after 
 the Act to repeal the Missouri Compromise in 1854, and the attempt to estab- 
 lish slavery in Kansas against the wishes of the majority, he identified 
 himself with the " People's Party " in Pennsylvania; and, in 1856, voted for 
 General Fremont for the Presidency. His party, defeated in the State, did 
 not defeat General Cameron for re-election to the United States Senate, 
 through the support of the Republican, the American, and a portion of the 
 Democratic party. Uniformly acting during this term of service with the 
 Republican party, he was regarded as a prominent candidate of that party 
 for the Presidency at the next election ; and was proposed at the Repub- 
 lican National Convention held at Chicago, May 16 and 17, 1860, as a can- 
 didate for the Presidency. 
 
 Mr. Lincoln becoming President, he selected General Cameron for Sec- 
 retary of War. On taking charge of that department, he found the arsenals 
 depleted, and the facilities of the Government armories vastly insufficient 
 to supply the army then waiting to be sent forward to the field. Reliable 
 foreign guns could be obtained only in limited quantities. Secretary Cam- 
 eron, with admirable forethought, sought to establish private manufactories 
 for the Springfield rifle — a gun superior to any in use— and to facilitate 
 which, he gave out favorable contracts to individuals, which, if they had after- 
 ward been strictly adhered to by the War Department, would have given to 
 the Government thousands of reliable guns much sooner and cheaper than 
 poorer ones that were afterward received. Resigning this post, January 
 14, 1862, he was appointed Envoy Extraordinary to Russia, and returned in 
 November of the same year. He was afterward elected to the United 
 States Senate, which position he now holds. 
 
/ 
 
 43 
 
 7. JOHN SLIDELL, 
 
 John Slidell -was born in the city of New York in 1793. His fatter 
 Was a highly respectable gentleman, and largely engaged in the manufacture 
 of soap and candles ; was also prominent as President of the Mechanics* 
 Bank, and as a Commissioner for the Public Improvement of the City, The 
 son received the best education afforded at the time, and became a promi- 
 nent young Lawyer. 
 
 He sought in New Orleans a more congenial field of ambition, where he 
 speedily rose to eminence. President Jackson appointed him United States 
 District-Attorney, and Mr. Slidell took the initiative in urging the remis- 
 sion of the fine on General Jackson for alleged violations of law during the 
 defense of New Orleans. 
 
 After frequent service in the Legislature, he was sent to Congress in 
 1843, when Mr. Polk selected him as Minister to Mexico. This mission being 
 unsuccessful, he returned, and the Mexican "War followed. 
 
 In 1853 he was elected to the United States Senate to fill the unexpired 
 term of Mr. Soule, and was re-elected for six years. He was Chairman of 
 the Committee on the Condition of the Banks and a member of the Com- 
 mittees on Naval Affairs and Foreign Relations. He was distinguished for 
 his zeal in promoting the interests of Louisiana, particularly in the growth 
 of her great staple, the sugar-cane, and in providing military defenses and 
 improving the navigation of the Mississippi. 
 
 In 1854 Mr. Slidell made efforts adverse to relaxing our laws for the sup- 
 pression of the slave trade ; but, on the Kansas question, he avowed the 
 most decided opposition to the interference of Congress with slavery ; and, 
 in 1859, introduced the famous bill for the acquisition of Cuba by purchase. 
 
 On the commencement of the Rebellion he resigned his position in the 
 Senate, and joined the Southern Confederacy ; was sent to France to nego- 
 tiate for the recognition of its independence ; and, with James M. Mason, 
 was taken from the British mail-steamer Trent by the United States man- 
 of-war San Jacinto, Commodore "Wilkes, and imprisoned in Port "Warren, 
 until released by the United States Government, when he proceeded to 
 Prance, and took up his residence in Paris. 
 
 On the 8th of November, 1861, the San Jacinto descried the Trent when in 
 the narrow passage of the Old Bahama channel. A shot from the pivot-gun 
 was fired across her bow. She hoisted English colors, and soon after, a shell 
 brought her to. A boat was sent alongside the steamer ; Messrs. Slidell and 
 Mason were requested to come on board the San Jacinto, but declined. 
 Another boat was sent from the San Jacinto ; and, after " a gentle applica- 
 tion of force," the commissioners and two friends in their company were 
 taken, and placed on board the United States vessel. 
 
 A most intense excitement was aroused in England upon the arrival of 
 the news. Preparations for war were commenced. Troops were sent to 
 Canada, and a formal demand of surrender, and an apology for the act, made. 
 A vote of thanks to Captain "Wilkes passed the House of Representatives 
 subsequently ; but the authorities at "Washington sent instructions to 
 deliver them up to the representatives of the British Government. They 
 were quietly placed on board a small steamer, and taken to an English 
 steamer, which conveyed them to St. Thomas, where they took passage for 
 England, and landed without any special official attention. 
 
 Many Americans considered it «n act discreditable to our national spirit 
 to relinquish these emissaries of treason, but the circumstances demanded 
 the course taken. 
 
CLARK & CHAPMAN, 
 
 IRON FOUNDERS 
 
 AND 
 
 MACHINISTS, 
 
 BELLO^WS FALLS, Vt., 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 CHAPMAN'S IMPROVED 
 
 Turbine Water-Wheel, 
 
 The Best Wheel now before the Public. 
 
 This Wheel is no new or untried article, but for eight 
 tears has been working itself to distinction, and now stands 
 without a superior, giving from ten to twenty-five per cent. 
 more power than other Wheels, so that people that use them 
 find their ponds keep full, and with other Wheels they 
 draiv down or dry up entirely. 
 
 Also Manufacturers of the 
 
 Best Circular- S a w^ Mills. 
 
 NOW I1V USE, WITH 
 
 BALL'S PATENT-LEVER LOG-SET. 
 
 The most perfect Mill Set yet made. Its superiority will be readily 
 conceded when seen and examined. The great importance and uni- 
 versal demand for Circular Mills, and the almost universal complaint of the 
 Sets in use, led us to the consideration that the right principle had not 
 been found in operating the Set; hence the result of this new invention, 
 on an entirely new principle, differing from all other Sets in the manner 
 of moving the Head-Blocks, and the manner of the movement. It has the 
 accuracy of the Screw, with the advantage and convenience of the Lever. 
 Persons in want of a Mill or Wheel, need look no further. 
 
 Also, Saw and Grist Mill Gearing, Shafting, and General Jobbing. 
 
 With an experience of ten years, we believe we know the wants of our 
 customers, and can work for their interest. 
 ■Soliciting your favors we are, as ever, 
 
 Your humble servants, 
 
 CLARK & CHAPMAN. 
 
; 
 
 8. CHABLES SUMNER. 
 
 Charles SUMNER -was born in Boston, Massachusetts, January 6, 1811. 
 
 At ten years of age he was placed in the Public Latin School of Boston, 
 and dui-ing the five years that he remained there, gave abundant evidence 
 of industry and ability. 
 
 Passionately fond of history, he devoted much of his leisure time to its 
 reading. 
 
 At the age of fifteen he entered Harvard College, graduated in 1830, 
 and entered the Law School at Cambridge in 1831, where he acquired a 
 profound knowledge of judicial science, and neglected no opportunity to 
 trace the principles of law to their sources. While still a student, he con- 
 tributed articles to the American Jurist, which attracted attention by 
 their marked ability and learning. In 1834 he was admitted to the bar, at 
 Worcester, and commenced practice in Boston, where he soon gained an 
 extensive business. He was appointed Reporter to the Circuit Court, and 
 published three volumes, known as " Sumner's Reports." During Judge 
 Story's absence in Washington, Mr. Sumner filled his place for three winters 
 at the Cambridge Law School. In 1837 he visited Europe, where ho 
 remained until 1840, storing hi3 mind with useful information in law, 
 literature, and art, which has since made itself manifest on many occasions. 
 
 In 1844-'46 he produced an edition of "Vesey's Reports," in twenty 
 volumes, enriched with numerous notes and biographical illustrations of the 
 text. In 1845, on the death of Judge Story, Mr. Sumner was offered the ap- 
 pointment to the chair he occupied, but declined the honor. His oration, 
 delivered in Boston, July 4, 1845, on the "True Grandeur of Nations," 
 elicited encomiums from noted men of this country and England ; and that 
 delivered before the " Phi-Beta-Kappa Society," of Harvard University, in 
 August, 1846, excited equal admiration. 
 
 Previous to 1845, he had kept aloof from politics ; but in that year he op- 
 posed the annexation of Texas, and his speech on that subject in Faneuil 
 Hall is one of the most brilliant and pointed he ever delivered. He worked 
 with the Whigs until the organization of the Free Soil Party, to which he 
 attached himself, and, in 1851, was elected to the United States Senate, 
 as successor to Daniel Webster, which position he has ever since held. 
 His first speech was directed against the Fugitive Slave Law, which he de- 
 nounced as unconstitutional, tyrannical, and cruel ; on which occasion he 
 laid down the well-known formula, that "Freedom is National, and Slavery 
 Sectional," and on the formation of the Republican party in 1856, he became 
 identified with it. On the 19th and 20th of May, 1856, Mr. Sumner delivered 
 in the Senate his celebrated speech, called " The Crime against Kansas," 
 which being unanswerable by argument, Preston S. Brooks, attempted to 
 silence him by force ; and, entering the Senate chamber, struck him over the 
 head with a heavy cane, which so disabled him that he was prevented from 
 taking any part in public affairs for over three years. 
 
 In the winter of 1859 he again entered the Senate in comparative vigor; 
 and his first speech, on his return, was entitled, "The Barbarism of Slavery," 
 which was a clear and eloquent exposition of its demoralizing influence. 
 At the commencement of the war, he maintained a stern opposition to ail 
 compromises with slavery as a meam of restoring the seceding States to the 
 Union ; and was in favor, from the first, of making Emancipation an element 
 in the contest, as the speediest, if not the only method of bringing the war 
 to a close. Since the surrender of Lee, he has endeavored, by the most co- 
 gent arguments, to impress upon the Senate and the country the necessity of 
 reconstructing the States, North and South, on a National and Impartial 
 bams. 
 
9. MATHEW F. MAUEY. 
 
 Mathetv F. Maury, Astronomer and Hydrographer, was born in Spot* 
 sylvania County, Virginia, January 14, 1806. 
 
 His parents removed to Tennessee when he was but three or four years o£ 
 age. Possessed of moderate circumstances, and being in a newly-settled 
 country with a family of nine children, they could afford to each one the 
 means for only a limited education. In 1825 Mathew obtained a Mid- 
 shipman's appointment in the navy, and was ordered to the Brandywine^ 
 then fitting out in Washington to convey General Lafayette to France. 
 Returning in that vessel to the United States in the spring of 1826, he 
 again sailed in her to the Pacific. There he joined the Viricennes (sloop), 
 and, having circumnavigated the globe, returned in her to his native land, 
 after an absence of about four years. 
 
 After passing his examination, he was again ordered to the Pacific 
 Station, as Master of the Falmouth. 
 
 He commenced his work on " Navigation" in the steerage of the Vincen- 
 nes, and completed it in the frigate Potomac, to which he was ordered as 
 Acting Lieutenant, when the Falmouth was about to return to the United 
 States. From the time of his first entering the navy up to this period, he 
 had been a close student. Proceeding upon the principle of making every- 
 thing bend to his profession, he made himself master of the Spanish 
 language by studying a course of mathematics and navigation in that 
 tongue. On his return to the United States, he was regularly promoted to 
 a Lieutenancy, and received the appointment of Astronomer to the South 
 Sea Exploring Expedition, under Commander Thomas Ap Catesby Jones. 
 Soon after that officer gave up the command of this expedition, Lieuten ant 
 Maury retired from it also, and was afterward put in charge of the Depot 
 of Charts and Instruments, which has served as a nucleus for the National 
 Observatory and Hydrographical Office of the United States ; of both of 
 which he had charge until 1861. 
 
 His labors in organizing the Observatory, and placing it at once upon 
 the most respectable footing, as well as his investigations with regard to the 
 winds and currents of the sea, are familiar to all. In 1851 Mr. Maury pub- 
 lished " Letters on the Amazon and Atlantic Slopes of South America," and 
 the " Relation Between Magnetism and the Circulation of the Atmosphere ;" 
 in 1853, "Astronomical Observations;" and, in 1854, " Letters Concerning 
 Lanes for Steamers Crossing the Atlantic Ocean." 
 
 In 1861, on the secession of Virginia from the Union, Mr. Maury joined 
 the Southern Confederacy, and gave all his scientific experience and efforts 
 i v t'ie overthrow of that Government under whose auspices he had been 
 enabled to obtain his education. 
 
/ 
 
 
 10. KOBEKT TOOMBS. 
 
 Robert Toombs was born : n Washington, "Wilkes County, Georgia, 
 July 2, 1810. The first three ea • ? of his collegiate life were spent at the 
 University of Georgia, but ho 1 i u i; at the close of the latter year, went to 
 Schenectady, N. Y., and graduated at Union College in 1828.. 
 
 He read law at the University of Virginia, under Judge Lomas ; was 
 admitted to the bar of Georgia, in 1829, and practiced regularly until his 
 election to Congress, in 1845. 
 
 His first public service was as Captain of Volunteers in the Creek "War, 
 under General Winfield Scott. In 1837 he was elected to the Legislature 
 of Georgia from his native county, where he now resides; and, with the 
 exception of 1841, continued a Member of the lower branch, until his elec- 
 tion to the Federal House of Representatives, where he served for eight 
 years with marked ability. 
 
 He entered the United States Senate in 1853, during the Thirty-Third 
 Congress, for six years, and was re-elected, in 1859, for a second term, end- 
 ing March 4, 1865. In the House, and also in the Senate, he always served 
 upon important committees. 
 
 In 1856 he delivered his celebrated lecture in Tremont Temple, Boston, 
 Mass., in "Vindication of Slavery; its Constitutional Status; the Duties oi 
 the Federal Government in Relation to it ; and the Influence of Slavery, as it 
 Existed in the United States, upon the Slave and Society;" in which he 
 endeavored to show that Congress had no power to limit, restrain, or in any 
 manner impair, slavery ; but, on the contrary, was bound to protect and 
 maintain it wherever its flag floated, or its jurisdiction extended — a doctrine 
 which, a few years later, was engrafted into the platform of the Southern 
 wing of the Democratic party, and on which they lost the election of their 
 candidate for the Presidency, in 1860. The failure of that was the imme- 
 diate cause of the secession of a number of the Slave States. On the 
 withdrawal of Georgia from the Union, Mr. Toombs resigned his seat in 
 the Senate, January 23, 1861, and became Secretary of State of the Confed- 
 erate Government, February 21, of the same year. 
 
 In the following July, he resigned, and was soon after commissioned a 
 Brigadier-General in the Rebel army, in which capacity he never rose above 
 mediocrity. 
 
 Since the surrender of Lee, and the passage of the Reconstruction Acts 
 of Congress, he has been using his utmost endeavors to induce the people 
 of Georgia not to accept the terms on which they are allowed to resumo their 
 former position in the Union._ 
 
/ f/ 
 
 ©M&MWMAWWM 
 AMERICAN 
 
 Seli^AcLjn.sting' 
 
 OR 
 
 PAT'T SELFADJUSTINGlMANGEE. 
 
 Family Ironing - Machine, 
 
 Is Creating a "Revolution" in the Laundry. 
 
 It irons clothes without heat (by Roller pressure) much 
 letter, and ten times as fast as can be done with heated irons. 
 
 It saves time, labor, and fuel; prevents the wear and scorching 
 of clothes, and avoids the uncomfortable heat of ironing in the usual 
 way. It adjusts itself to any thickness, ironing one or ten pieces at 
 once with the same ease, by simply passing them between the 
 rollers. " Any girl can use it." 
 
 It is the only Self- Adjusting Mangle in existence," and _J;he 
 Cheapest Ironing-Machino in the United States. 
 
 Price, Retail* - - #S5.00.^ 
 
 Liberal Discount to the Trade. 
 
 Apply to House-Furnishing stores generally, or to 
 
 The American Self-Adjusting Mangle and Wringer Co., 
 
 171 BROADWAY, Office No. 14. 
 
 In England and other parts of Europe the " Mangle " has 
 been an indispensable "Household Article." It is, however, but a 
 short time since they have been introduced into this country, 
 even in hotels and laundries, on account of the large space they 
 occupied, and the expense of the Machine. But since the " In- 
 vention of the Self- Ad justing Mangle," which takes up no more 
 room than a Sewing-Machine, and is sold at a very moderate 
 price, they are becoming extensively used in private families, as 
 well as hotels and laundries, in all parts of the United States. 
 
/ 
 
 
 11. HENEY WILSON. 
 
 Henry "Wilson was born at Farming-ton, New Hampshire, February 
 12, 1818. At ten years of age he was apprenticed to a farmer till he was 
 twenty -one. Here he had the usual lot of a farm-boy, receiving but a few 
 weeks' schooling in winter; but, during that time, he read over one thou- 
 sand vo'umes of history, biography, and general literature, borrowed from 
 school-libraries and individuals. 
 
 At the age of twenty-one he went to Natick, Mass., to learn the trade of 
 shoemaking; and, after working two years, had saved uoney enough to 
 attend the academy at Concord, N. H. ; but the person with whom he 
 had deposited his money, failed, and Wilson was obliged to return to 
 Natick, and resume shoemaking. Undiscourag^d, he resolved to still 
 pursue his object, uniting it with his laily toil. He then formed a debating 
 society among the mechanics of the place, where he investigated subjects, 
 read, wrote, and spoke on all the themes of the day. 
 
 In 1840 he came forward as a public speaker in the Harrison campaign, 
 and soon distinguished himself as the " Natick Shoemaker," making over 
 sixty speeches during the canvass. 
 
 He was elected to the State Legislature that year, and, while there, made 
 one of the most elaborate speeches, against the extension of slavery, ever 
 m ide, an 1 went to Washington with the remonstrance of Massachusetts 
 against the admission of Texas as a Slave State. 
 
 In 1848, on the rejection of the anti-slavery resolution by the Whig 
 Convention, he left that organization, and took an important part in origi- 
 nating and building up the Free Soil party, for which services he was nomi- 
 nated by them in 1852, as their candidate for Congress, but was defeated. 
 
 In 1853 he was sent to the Constitutional Convention, and was the Free 
 Soil candidate for Governor, but was again defeated. In 1855 he was 
 elected United States Senator, in place of Edward Everett, and was re- 
 elected in 1859 and 1865, in which position he has greatly distinguished 
 himself. 
 
 From 1842 to 1851, he was actively engaged in the Militia of Massa- 
 chusetts, as an officer. In 1801 he raised the Twenty-Second Regiment 
 of Volunteers in that State, and was made its Colonel. After joining 
 the Army of the Potomac, he was made a member of General McClellans 
 Staff, on which he served until after the meeting of Congress. 
 
 During the war he was appointed Chairman of the Military Committee 
 of the rSenate, which had to pass upon thousands of appointments, and 
 devise important measures of legislation ; and, for the manner in which the 
 duties of the position were performed, Mr. Wilson received the highest 
 commendations from General Scott. Even the salvation of Washington in 
 the early days of the war was partially attributed to his energy. 
 
 Mr. Wilson's career since the war has been marked by the same practical 
 usefulness which has distinguished him throughout life. He has written a 
 history of the Reconstruction measures of Congress, giving a brief and 
 impartial narrative of the legislation since the close of the war. Mr. Wil- 
 son is one whose character and position is the result of the developments of 
 social life, in the education and elevation of the laboring class. Born in an 
 humble station, he has, by his own exertions and the equality inculcated by 
 our institutions, risen to one of the highest positions of the land. 
 
16$ 
 
 ATTRACTIVE AND STANDARD BOOKS, 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 W. J±. TOWN8END «fc ^S.I>^3X^ 9 
 
 434 Broome Street, New York. 
 
 FIELD PORTS AND NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 FRANK FORESTER'S WORKS. 
 FUR, FIN, AND FEATHER ; Containing the Game Laws of the principal States of the 
 United States and Canada. Price 50 cents. 
 
 GUN, ROD, AND SADDLE ; Personal Experiences (By Ubique) of Land and Water. 
 By Capt. J. Parker Gillmore, late of H. B. M. First Royal Regiment. Price, $2. 
 
 DEAD SHOT; Or, Sportsman's Complete Guide; being a Treatise on the Use of the 
 Gun, with rudimentary and finishing Lessons in the Art of Shooting Game of all kinds. 
 By Marksman. Price, $2. 
 
 CRACK SHOT ; Or, Young Rifleman's Complete Guide ; being a Treatise on the use of 
 the Rifle. By Edward C. Barber. Illustrated with numerous engravings. Price, $2.50. 
 
 COMPLETE MANUAL. For Young Sportsmen, of Fowling, Fishing, and Field Sports. 
 
 By Henry William Herbert. One vol., crown, 8vo. Price, $3. 
 THE DOG. By Dinks, Mayhew, and Hutchinson. Compiled, illustrated, and edited by 
 
 Frank Forester. Trice, $3. 
 
 FISH AND FISHING of the United States and British Provinces. Illustrated by 100 
 Engravings on wood and steel plate of 24 Colored Flies. Price, $5.50. 
 
 FIELD SPORTS of the United States and British Provinces of North America. Illustra- 
 ted on wood by the Author, two vols. Price. $7.50. 
 
 THE TURF, STUD, AND STABLE. 
 
 HORSE PORTRAITURE, Breeding, Rearing, and Training Trotters. Preparations for 
 Races; Management in the Stable ; On the Track; Horse Life, &c. By Joseph Cairn 
 Simpson. Price, $3. 
 
 THE HORSE. In the Stable and the Field ; with his Management in Health and Disease. 
 By Rob't McClure, M. D., with a History of the American Trotting Horse, with 70 
 illustrations. Price, $2. 
 
 HIRAM WOODRUFF ON THE TROTTING HORSE OF AMERICA. How to Tr:iin 
 and Drive Him ; with reminiscences of the Trotting Turf, illustrated by steel-plate 
 Portrait of the Author. Price, $2.25. 
 
 WALLACE'S AMERICAN STUD BOOK. A Compilation of the Pedigrees of American 
 and Imported Blood Horses, from the Earliest Records, with an Appendix of all named 
 animals without extended Pedigrees, prior the year L40. And a Supplement con- 
 taining a History of all Horses and Mares that have trotted in public from the earliest 
 trotting races till the close of 18C6. By J. H. Wallace. 1,000 pages, illustrated with 
 Portraits of 20 celebrated Racers and Trotters. Price, $10. 
 
 FRANK FORESTER'S HORSE AND HORSEMANSHIP of the United States and 
 British Provinces of North America. By Henry William Herbert. In two superb im- 
 perial octavo volumes of 1,200 pages, illustrated with steel-engraved Original Portraits 
 from paintings and drawings by the most distinguished artists, of over 20 celebrated 
 horses. Two vols., $20. 
 
 Any of the above Works sent prepaid, on Receipt of Annexed Prices. 
 In Remitting send P. O. Money-Order, or Registered Letter. 
 
f/ 
 
 12. EOBEET E. LEE. 
 
 General Robert E. Lee, son of Harry Lee, of Revolutionary fame, was 
 born at the family seat of Strafford, Virginia, in 1800. 
 
 He received a liberal education, was admitted to the military academy 
 at "West Point in 1825, and, on the 30th of June, 1829, graduated second 
 in his class. He entered the Engineer Corps as Second Lieutenant, in July 
 of that year ; "was promoted to First Lieutenancy, September 21 1830 ; and 
 to Captaincy, July 7, 1838. He served in the Mexican War as Chief-Engi- 
 neer in General Wool's command, and was breveted Major, Lieutenant- 
 Colonel, and Colonel, for gallant conduct at Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churu- 
 busco, and Chapultepec. 
 
 In July, 1848, he was appointed a member of the Board of Engineers at 
 West Point, and, September 1, 1852, was made Superintendent of the mili- 
 tary academy, which position he held until March 3, 1855, when he received 
 his full commission of Lieutenant-Colonel of the Second Cavalry. 
 
 In 1859 ne commanded the company of marines that captured John 
 Brown at Harper's Ferry, and, on the 10th of March, 1861, was promoted 
 to the Colonelcy of the First Cavalry. 
 
 On the 20th of April, 1801. he resigned his commission in the United 
 States army, and -was appointed Major-General by the State of Virginia, 
 and afterward General in the Confederate army. In August, 1801, he was 
 assigned to a command in West Virginia. His first engagement was at 
 Cheat Mountain, where he was defeated by General Reynolds. He then 
 proceeded to the Kana-wha region for the purpose of relieving Floyd and 
 Wise. In December he was transferred to the defenses of South Carolina 
 and Georgia. 
 
 When General J. E. Johnston was wounded at the battle of Seven Pines, 
 June 1, 1862, General Lee succeeded to the command of the Rebel army in 
 Virginia, and, after being reinforced by General "Stonewall" Jackson's 
 corps, took the offensive. The initial movement to the seven days' battles 
 "were planned by him, and the battle of Malvern Hill was fought under his 
 personal direction. When he was satisfied that General McClellan's army 
 had been withdrawn from the Peninsula, he transferred the main body of the 
 Rebel army to act against Pope, which resulted in the battles of Manassas, 
 August 29, 1802, and that of Chantilly, which was fought while the National 
 forces "were in retreat for the defenses of Washington. 
 
 General Lee then prepared for the invasion of Maryland, which resulted 
 in his defeat at Antietam. He was afterward engaged in the battles of 
 Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, in which he defeated or repulsed the 
 Union forces. In June, 1803, he made a second invasion of the North, when, 
 after destroying much public property, and obtaining immense stores of goods, 
 he concentrated his forces at Gettysburg, and fought the bloody battle at 
 that place, which ended in his defeat, July 3, 1803. Thus both his invasions 
 of the North proved failures. In both cases, however, he extricated himself 
 from these critical situations with extraordinary skill and dexterity. 
 
 In 1804, when General Grant took command of the Army of the Potomac, 
 Lee concentrated his forces around Richmond, and, acting on the defensive, 
 contested every inch of ground as he retreated toward that city, until he 
 was at last forced to surrender at Appomattox Court-House to General 
 Grant, April 9, 1805. General Lee was appointed General-in-Chief of the 
 Rebel forces, January 31, 1805, and attained a military reputation second to 
 none in the Southern army. On the close of the war he was elected to the 
 position of President of Washington College, Lexington, Va., where ho 
 now resides. 
 
t l 
 
 a; t. stewaet & cd> 
 DHY GOODS, 
 
 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 
 
 r Scarcely a stranger visits the city of New York who does not turn his 
 or her steps in the direction of the two vast " emporiums" of merchandise 
 owned and personally managed by the first merchant in the United States, 
 and probably in the world, 
 
 ALEXANDER T. STEWART. 
 
 Axexandeb T. Stewaet was born, about the year 1803, near the city of Belfast, Ireland, 
 of Scottish ancestry. At eight years of age he was left an orphan, with no near relative, 
 except a maternal grandfather, a pious Methodist, who educated him for the ministry. He 
 took his degree at Trinity College, but before he completed his course of study, his grand- 
 father died, leaving him to the guardianship of a Quaker friend, who furnished him with 
 letters of introduction to prominent merchants of that society in New York City, whither 
 the young, ambitious student determined to seek his fame and fortune, and where he 
 arrived in 1823. These letters gave him access to the best social circles, where he was soon 
 distinguished both for his pleasing address as a gentleman, and his attainments as a fine 
 classical scholar. For a brief time after his arrival, he was employed as a teacher. Accident 
 made him a merchant. Where he was to be in connection with an experienced business- 
 man, and to contribute capital, he suddenly found himself principal, alone, charged with 
 the rent of a store, and with the whole responsibility devolving upon him. With that 
 indomitable will and wonderful energy which has marked his whole life, he at once went 
 back to Ireland, converted into money the moderate fortune he had inherited, and invested 
 it in goods — principally laces, manufactured at and around his birth-place — and then he 
 returned to New York, and opened his store. His first customer was»alady acquaintance, 
 who said to him, the day before he opened : ♦' You must not sell anything to-morrow, until 
 I come and make the first purchase, for I will bring luck." Early the next morning she 
 purchased goods (principally laces) to the value of nearly two hundred dollars. 
 
 The lady married, and removed to a European city. Years after, Mr. Stewart was in 
 that city on business, and there he learned that his first customer had lost her husband 
 and fortune, and was then living in very reduced circumstances. Furnishing her with 
 suitable apartments, he settled an annuity on her, which enabled her to live in comfort the 
 rest of her life. 
 
 " If she brought luck to the young merchant, that first morning's purchase was a lucky 
 one for her." Since Mr. Stewart first opened that modest, well-supplied, and well-con- 
 ducted Dry Goods store, on Broadway, near City Hall Park, close attention to business, and 
 the highest sense of honor in conducting its details (with truth as his talisman), have 
 brought their sure reward. 
 
 Mr. Stewart is quick to discern, prompt to act, and energetic in all his movements. 
 He generally has the right man in the right place. It is his perfect system and thorough 
 discipline which enables him to control such a vast business — a business which connects 
 itself, not only with every State in the Union, but with every State and Kingdom in Eu- 
 rope. It includes that of Retailer, Jobber, Importer, and Manufacturer. 
 
 His gross sales are enormous in amount, and aid materially in the annual contribu- 
 tions which enrich the National Treasury. 
 
 I In 1867 Mr. Stewart was appointed by the Government, President of the Honorary Com- 
 mission to the World's Fair at Paris, and in 18"B8 was chosen an Elector, on the Republican 
 ticket, for President of the United States. — 
 

 13. ULYSSES S. GRANT. 
 
 General Ulysses S. Grant was born at Mount Pleasant, Ohio, April 
 127, 1822. His early opportunities for acquiring an education were limited, 
 having the benefit only of a school during the winter months, the summer 
 being devoted to labor on a farm or in his father's tannery. 
 
 He early evinced a particular fondness for mathematics, and, at the age 
 of seventeen, received the appointment of cadet in the military academy at 
 West Point, where he graduated in 1843, and entered the United States 
 army as a Brevet Second Lieutenant of Infantry. He served in the 
 Mexican War as Second Lieutenant and Regimental Quartermaster of the 
 Fourth Infantry, and, for gallant conduct at Molina del Key and Ghapul te- 
 pee, he was breveted First Lieutenant, and, in 1853, was promoted to full 
 Captaincy. 
 
 On the 31st of July, 1854, he resigned his commission in the army, took 
 ■up his residence near St. Louis, Mo., and engaged in farming for four years, 
 when, finding it unprofitable, he removed to Galena, 111., and entered into 
 the leather business with his brother, in which he continued^ until the 
 breaking out of the Rebellion, when, remembering what he owed his country, 
 he said to a friend : " The Government has educated me for the army ; what 
 I am, I owe to my country; I have served her through one war, and, live or 
 die, I will serve her through this." 
 
 He offered his services to Governor Yates, who appointed him Adjutant- 
 General of the State ; but, desiring active service, he was appointed Colonel 
 Of the Twenty-First Illinois Volunteers, June 15, 1861, and, August 7, was 
 commissioned Brigadier-General, with rank from May 17, 1801, and took 
 command of Southeast Missouri, with headquarters at Cairo. He occupied 
 Paducah on the 6th of September, and fought the Confederates at Belmont 
 on the 7th of November. 
 
 He commanded at the capture of Fort Henry, on the Tennessee River, 
 February 6, 1862 ; then marching across the country to the Cumberland, 
 he invested Fort Donaldson on the 12th, in conjunction with Admiral 
 Foote, with the gunboats, commenced the attack on the 13th, and, on the 
 16th, received an " unconditional surrender " from General Buckner. For 
 this victory he was made Major-General. After the capture of Nashville, 
 and fighting the severe battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, he was appointed 
 to command of the Department of Tennessee, with headquarters at Jackson, 
 Miss. Early in January, 1863, General Grant assumed the principal direc- 
 tion of the land forces before Vicksburg, and, after gaining the victories 
 of Grand Gulf, Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hills, and Big 
 Black River Bridge, invested that city, which he captured July 4, 1863. 
 For this victory he was made Major-General in the Regular Army. In 
 October, 1863, he was directed to assume command of the troops at Chat- 
 tanooga, and, on the 24th and 25th, gained an important victory over General 
 Bragg, which secured him a permanent base of operations at that point. 
 
 In March, 1864, he was appointed Lieutenant-General, with command 
 of all the armies of the Union, and, May 4, commenced hiscampaign against 
 Richmond. Having marked out his course, he " fought it out on that line," 
 until victory crowned his efforts, and Lee surrendered at Appomattox, April 
 9, 1865. He seems to have planned all his campaigns so as to insure suc- 
 cess, and the territory he conquered ever after remained in the possession of 
 the Federal arms. 
 
 In May, 1868, he received the unanimous nomination for President of 
 the United States by the Republican party, and was elected Nov. 3, 1868 
 
2 r Y 
 
 The Kotal Havana Lottery, of Cuba, is conducted 
 by the Spanish Government, and draws every seventeen days 
 in the City of Havana. The prizes amount to $390,000 in 
 gold, and is equivalent to $570,000 in currency of the United 
 States. Here, then, is a fortune distributed about every 
 month among the people. TAYLOR & CO., No. 16 Wall- 
 street, New York, sold $72,000 of prizes in the month of 
 June. The Havana Lottery is conducted on fair and equita- 
 ble principles. Persons wishing to invest are invited to send 
 their orders to Messrs. Taylor & Co., who are responsible 
 parties, having been many years connected with the Spanish 
 Government, and are favorably known throughout the 
 United States. — Chicago Post, Sept. 3. 
 
 The above firm, of whom the Chicago Post thus favorably speaks, is a 
 very old established house, which conducts its business in a strictly honor- 
 able manner. The Lottery which they represent is a legally established 
 concern that is largely patronized, not only throughout the West Indies, 
 but in every part of North and South America, and of Europe. The prizes 
 offered are princely fortunes, and investors are constantly drawing them. 
 For our part, we consider a chance taken in such a speculation quite as safe 
 and prudent as an investment in the usual Wall Street Stocks. Indeed, in- 
 many respects the lottery is to be preferred to fancy stock speculations. 
 For example : The reckoning day comes at the appointed time, and there 
 is no " bulling " or " bearing " connected with the transaction. Besides this, 
 somebody who is entitled to it, draws the prize, which is merely the case in 
 < legitimate stock operations. Every turn of the wheel is so much luck for 
 some one, and who can count the blessings that Fortune often showers in 
 this quiet way upon thousands who stand sorely in need. There are hund- 
 reds in this city who, if the truth were told, would trace their prospects in 
 business, and their Btation in society, to one humble but lucky venture in 
 the Havana Lottery. 
 
 We can also safely recommend Messrs. TaYLOK & Co., as being a firm 
 of long standing and well-known integrity ; the payment of prizes in all 
 cases is made promptly on demand. As far as the Lottery itself is concern- 
 ed, nothing need be said, the fairness of its transactions being too well 
 known to need remark. 
 
 [From the Evening Telegram of Sept. 30, 1868. 
 
:^'" 
 
 14. HOEACE GREELEY. 
 
 Horace Greeley, Editor and Founder of the New York Tribune, was 
 born in Amherst, New Hampshire, February 3, 1811. Until the age of 
 fourteen, he worked upon a farm, having no other opportunity of acquiring 
 an education than such as the district schools of his neighborhood afforded. 
 He early manifested a fondness for reading, especially newspapers, which he 
 would devour with the greatest relish, and which decided him to become a 
 Printer, whenever the time should arrive to choose an occupation for him- 
 self. He also, at a very early age, exhibited a remarkably retentive mem- 
 ory, and correctness in spelling, which especially adapted him to the 
 business he has since followed. 
 
 When about fourteen years old, his father having removed to Vermont, 
 Horace endeavored to find employment in a printing office in Whitehall, 
 but without success. Nothing daunted by the first rebuff, "for he was 
 made of sterner stuff than to bend before the first puff of ill-success," he 
 applied at the office of the Northern Spectator, Poultney, Vt., where his 
 services were accepted, and where he remained till 1830, when the paper 
 was discontinued, and he returned to work upon his father's farm. Here he 
 continued for a year, when he started, on foot, with his baggage slung across 
 his shoulder, to seek his fortune in the great city of New York, where he 
 arrived on the 31st of August, 1831. After persevering efforts, he obtained 
 work as a Journeyman Printer, and was employed in various offices, at 
 occasional intervals, for eighteen months. 
 
 In 1834, in connection with Jonas Winchester, he started The New Yorker, 
 a weekly journal, and became its Editor. After struggling on for several 
 years, with poor success, it was finally abandoned. During its existence, 
 Mr. Greeley published the folio wing campaign papers : The Constitution, 2 he 
 Jeffersonian, and the Log Cabin. 
 
 In 1841 he commenced the publication of the New York Tribune, with 
 which he is still connected, and of which he is now the principal Editor. In 
 1848 Mr. Greeley was chosen to fill a vacancy in the United States Congress, 
 and served through the short term preceding General Taylor's inauguration, 
 with manifest ability. 
 
 In 1851 he visited Europe, and rendered valuable service to the Ameri- 
 can exhibiters at the World's Fair, in England. He again visited Europe 
 in 1855 ; and, in 1859, took a trip across the plains and mountains to Cali- 
 fornia. He gave an account of each in letters to the Tribune, which have 
 since been published in volumes. He has also published a collection of his 
 addresses, essays, &c, under the title of "Hints toward Reforms." 
 
 During and since the Rebellion, Mr. Greeley has published a history of 
 that struggle, in a book, entitled " The American Conflict," which has had 
 a very extensive sale. He has also published his autobiography, entitled 
 " Recollections of a Busy Life." 
 
 Mr. Greeley's fame as a Journalist and Lecturer, are world-wide. 
 Wherever the Tribune is read (and where is it not ?), there the name 
 of Horace Greeley is familiar. During his whole life, his pen and his efforts 
 have been in constant service for the weak, against the strong. He early 
 espoused the cause of the slave; and, at a period in the history of the 
 slavery question, when to speak out boldly against that institution was to 
 risk one's life, there was no temporizing policy in Mr. Greeley's course. He 
 wields a fearless, vigorous, and ever-ready pen, in favor of all reforms — 
 political, social, and financial — and exhibits a clear understanding of all 
 these subjects. 
 
15. JEFFERSON DAVIS. 
 
 Jefferson Davis was born in Christian County, Kentucky, June 3,' 
 1808. Shortly after his birth, his father removed with his family to "Wil- 
 kinson County, Miss. He received a good aoademical education, and en- 
 tered Transylvania University, Lexington, Ky., in 1822, which he left in 
 1824, to enter the Military Academy at West Point, from which he gradu- 
 ated in 1828. He was appointed Second Lieutenant of Infantry, and 
 served on the Northwestern frontier during the Black Hawk War of 
 1831-'32. 
 
 In 1834 he was appointed First Lieutenant of Dragoons, and was em- 
 ployed in operations against the Pawnees, Camanches, and other Indian 
 tribes. In June, 1835, he resigned his commission, and retired to a cotton 
 plantation in Mississippi. 
 
 He continued in retirement until 1843, when he began to take an interest 
 in politics upon the Democratic side ; and, in 1844, was chosen a Presiden- 
 tial Elector. 
 
 In 1845 he was elected a Representative to Congress ; but resigned in 
 1846, to become Colonel of the First Mississippi Volunteer Regiment, and' 
 serve in the Mexican War. He distinguished himself at Monterey and] 
 Buena Vista, and was severely wounded in the latter battle. 
 
 He was appointed Brigadier-General of Volunteers by President Polk? 
 in 1847, but he declined the commission on the ground that, by the Consti- 
 tution, the Militia appointments were reserved to the States, and that such 
 appointments by the President were in violation of State Rights. He was 
 chosen, the same year, to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate, and 
 was re-elected, in 1850, for a full term. 
 
 In 1853 he was appointed Secretary of War by President Pierce, and, in 
 1857, was again elected to the United States Senate, when he took a prom- 
 inent position among the Southern leaders, and was among the keenest and 
 most sagacious of them all in his endeavors to precipitate secession upon the 
 country. On the 21st of January, 1861, he took his leave of the Senate in a 
 speech, in which he gave his opinion that, by the secession of his State, his 
 connection with that body was terminated, and reaffirmed the doctrine of 
 the right of secession, which he had long maintained. The Confederate Con- 
 gress, at Montgomery, Alabama, chose him President, under the Provisional 
 Constitution, on the 9th of February, 1861, and he accepted the office on the 
 16th, in a brief address, prophesying peace, but threatening that the ene- 
 mies of the South would be "made to smell Southern . powder, and feel 
 Southern steel." 
 
 On the 17th of April, two days after the first proclamation of President 
 Lincoln, he responded by a proclamation authorizing privateering ; and, on 
 the 14th of August, issued a proclamation warning all persons of fourteen 
 years and upward, owing allegience to the United States, to leave the Con- 
 federacy within forty days, or be treated as alien enemies. On the 6th of 
 November he was chosen permanent President, and was inaugurated Feb- 
 ruary 22, 1862. On the 27th of February, he vetoed a bill prohibiting the 
 Slave Trade; and on the 21st of May, he renewed the repudiation scheme 
 of Mississippi upon a large scale, by approving an Act providing that all 
 persons owing debts to parties in the North, should pay the same into the 
 Confederate Treasury. 
 
 Mr. Davis continued President of the Southern Confederacy, until his 
 capture at Irwinsville, Ga., May 10, 1865, having fled from Richmond 
 before its evacuation by General Lee, when he was conveyed to Fortress 
 Monroe, indicted by the Grand Jury of the District of Columbia for treason ; 
 and, after over a year's imprisonment, was released on bail, Horace Greely 
 magnanimously becoming one of his sureties. 
 

 16. PIEEEE SOULE. 
 
 Pierre Soule was born at Castillon about 1802, in the Pyrenees, during 
 the first consulate of Napoleon. His father had risen to the rank of Lieu- 
 tenant-General in the Republican armies, but afterward returned to his 
 native mountains and exercised the office of Judge, which was hereditary 
 in his family. Pierre was destined for the church ; and, in 1816, was ?ent to 
 the Jesuits' College at Toulouse, where his abilities were soon remarked and 
 appreciated. Young Soule, however, became dissatisfied with his situation, 
 and left the college. He was afterward sent to complete his studies at Bor- 
 deaux. 
 
 At fifteen he took part in the conspiracy against the Bourbons, and the 
 plot having been discovered, he was obliged to take refuge in a little vil- 
 lage of Navarre, where he remained for more than a year, following the 
 occupation of a shepherd. He was permitted to return to Bordeaux ; but he 
 longed for a more exciting scene of action, and, accordingly, repaired to 
 Paris. Here, in conjunction with Bartholemy and Mery, he established a 
 paper, advocating liberal republican sentiments. This, of course, soon 
 brought him under the eye of the authorities, and he was put upon his trial. 
 His advocate on that occasion was a friend named Ledru, who appealed to 
 the clemency of the court in behalf of the prisoner on the score of his youth. 
 This line of defense did not suit the prisoner, who rose from his seat, and 
 addressed the court in an impassioned strain, denying the criminalty of his 
 opinions, and defending the rectitude of his conduct. His eloquence did 
 not save him from St. Pelagie, whence he succeeded, with the aid of Bar- 
 tholemy, in making his escape to England, and then to Chili. 
 
 Disappointed in his expectations of obtaining a situation in Chili, which 
 had been promised him, and finding himself alone in a strange country, 
 wholly ignorant of the language, he returned to France. 
 
 At Havre he met a friend, a Captain in the French navy, who advised 
 him to seek an asylum in the United States, and offered him a passage in 
 his ship as far as St. Domingo. Soule accepted the proposition, and arrived 
 at Port-au-Prince in September, 1825. From this place he took passage to 
 Baltimore, and finally removed to New Orleans a few months later. 
 
 Having determined to make the law his profession, he applied himself 
 assiduously to the 6tudy of English, and passed his examination for the 
 bar in that language, and was admitted, when he soon rose to distinction by 
 his talents and eloquence. 
 
 In 1847 Mr. Soule was elected a Senator in Congress from Louisiana to 
 fill a vacancy, and was re-elected in 1849 for a term of six years. He took 
 an active part in the stormy session that followed ; and, after the death of 
 Mr. Calhoun, was regarded for some years as the leader of the ultra-Southern 
 party. In the Senate he preserved his reputation as a speaker, and his 
 oratory is said to be rendered only the more pleasing by a slight French 
 accent. 
 
 In 1853 he was appointed, by President Pierce, Minister to Spain. In 
 1862 he was arrested in New Orleans for disloyalty to the Government; and, 
 after an imprisonment of some months in Fort Lafayette, he was released 
 on condition that he would not return to Louisiana until the end of the 
 Rebellion. 
 
% # £ 
 
 17. BENJAMIN F. WADE 
 
 BENJAMIN F. Wade, the distinguished United States Senator from" 
 Ohio, was born im Springfield, Massachusetts, October 27, 1800. His father, 
 a Revolutionary soldier, was too poor to afford the son the advantages of more 
 than the ordinary education obtained in the common schools. In his youth 
 the future statesman labored as a Farmer or Husbandman, but, by diligent 
 application had acquired sufficient knowledge to become a Teacher during 
 the winter. 
 
 In 1826 we find him engaged in the study of the law in Ohio, Com- 
 mencing the practice in Ashtabula County a few years after, in 1835 he 
 was chosen as Prosecuting Attorney of that county, and, in 1837, was elected 
 ,to the State Senate. In 1847 he was elected by the Legislature presiding 
 Judge of the Third Judicial District of the State, and, in 1851, a United 
 ^States Senator, to which body he was again returned in 1857 and 1863. 
 
 In the Senate Mr. Wade has been prominent as a leader of the anti- 
 slavery party, and continued unrelenting in his hostility during the most 
 rampant period of the pro-slavery ascendancy. He opposed Mr. Douglas's 
 bill to abrogate the Missouri Compromise, the Lecompton Constitution in 
 |1858, Slidell's bill for the acquisition of Cuba, and was against all compromise 
 with the South after 1860. He advocated the Homestead bill, the Agricul- 
 tural College and the Pacific Railroad bills, and every measure for the pro- 
 tection of American industry. 
 
 On the opening of the Thirty-Seventh Congress, Mr. Wade became 
 Chairman of the Committee on the Conduct of the War, and took an active 
 part in urging the enactment of a law to confiscate the property of leading 
 Rebels and to emancipate their slaves. 
 
 . Ultra democratic in his views, and radically Republican in his princi- 
 ples, Mr. Wade has consistently carried out his policy with an independence 
 characteristic of his origin, education, and early associations and impres- 
 sions. He has been an opponent of West Point, because he thinks it fosters 
 an aristocratic and exclusive class, and because it numbered among many of 
 its graduates prominent military leaders of the Rebel army. He has also 
 opposed the increase of the standing army. The bill making Treasury 
 Notes a legal tender he advocated and voted for, and for the bill abolishing 
 slavery in the District of Columbia. 
 
 In 1862, as Chairman of the Territorial Committee, he reported a bill 
 abolishing slavery in all the Territories of the Government, and anticipated 
 the future policy of the Government growing out of a successful termina- 
 tion of the war by prohibiting it in any that may hereafter be acquired. 
 
 Mr. Wade, as President of the Senate, attracted renewed attention 
 throughout the country as the likely successor to the Presidency in the 
 event of the impeachment of President Johnson. He is distinguished as 
 presiding officer of the Senate by a certain degree of brusqueness, but at the 
 same time possesses a knowledge of parliamentary law which his long 
 experience in that body has enabled him to acquire. 
 
 A long debate ensued at the beginning of the impeachment trial as to 
 the propriety, considering his contingent relations to the Presidency, of his 
 sitting in judgment upon the arraigned President. The suspicion of his 
 interested motives in influencing his sense of public duty was repudiated 
 by the Hon. Reverdy Johnson in a very eloquent tribute to the public and 
 private honor and integrity of Mr. Wade. 
 
i 4 
 
 18. JOHN C. BKECKENBIDGE. 
 
 JOHN C. Breckenridge was born near Lexington, Kentucky, January 
 1G, 182L He was educated at Centre College, Kentucky; spent a few 
 months at Princeton, N. J. ; studied law at Transylvania Institute, and was 
 admitted to the bar at Lexington. He emigrated to Burlington, Iowa, 
 where he remained for a time, but returned to Lexington, where he prac- 
 ticed his profession with success. 
 
 He served as a Major of Infantry during the Mexican War ; and, while 
 in that country, distinguished himself as Counsel for General Pillow, during 
 the famous court-martial. 
 
 On his return from Mexico, he was elected to the State Legislature, and 
 afterward Representative in Congress from the Ashland District, from 1851 
 to 1855. During his administration, President Pierce tendered to him the 
 mission to Spain, but family affairs compelled him to decline the honor. 
 
 He was elected Vice-President of the United States, in 1856, on the ticket 
 with James Buchanan, and entered upon the duties of his office in March, 
 1857, as President of the United States Senate. In 1861 he succeeded Mr. 
 Crittenden as United States Senator from Kentucky, having been defeated 
 as candidate for President on the nomination of the Southern Democracy, in 
 1860. 
 
 In the summer of 1861, as the war of the Rebellion progressed, and 
 the debates in the Senate grew warmer, Mr. Breckenridge became more 
 demonstrative, charging the Government with the intent to make it a " war 
 of extermination," and, in October, joined the Confederate army, when 
 the United States Senate expelled him from that body, by a unanimous 
 vote. We next find him as a Confederate General at the battles of Mur- 
 freesboro', Baton Rouge, and Chickamauga ; defeating Sigel in the West ; 
 joining Lee's army, at Cold Harbor ; commanding under Early in the 
 attack on Washington, and in the Shenandoah valley, in 1864 ; defeating 
 Gillem in East Tennessee; and joining the councils of the Confederate 
 Government at Richmond, early in 1865, as Secretary of War, which posi- 
 tion he held until the war was brought to a close. He then fled to Eng- 
 land, and has since resided there and in Canada. 
 
 Mr. Breckenridge was a great favorite with the Democratic party, and 
 evinced the same deep-seated tenacity for " State Rights," which formed 
 part of the nature of men accustomed to the state of society prevailing in 
 the slaveholding sections of the country. His early rise to positions of im- 
 portance, evince the force of his talents ; and the continuance of his progress 
 attest his superior abilities. His conduct in public life showed a character, 
 in many respects, suited to such a sphere. 
 
 As a military man, he filled the station of commander with more credit 
 than many civilians, on either side, during the conflict. 
 
1 f V 
 
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 FOR ALL WHO USE BROKEN ICE. 
 
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 Premiums of Silver Medal from American Institute, N. Y., and Bronze 
 Medal by Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics' Association, "were awarded, in 
 1865, to Richardson's Ice-Crusher. To quote the Judge's report : " It 
 is very powerful ; suited to the use of Ice-Cream Saloons, Hotels, Fishing- 
 Vessels, and Packers." 
 
 Prices, [Delivered in Gloucester, Mass. 
 
 Largest Size, for Steam-Power, $150 00 
 
 Common Size, with Two Hand-Wheels, 73 00 
 
 Common Size, in general use, " (see Cut,) 60 00 
 
 Medium Size (new size), for Ice-Cream Dealers, 30 00 
 
 Small Size, for Bars, Soda-Fountains, and Families, 13 00 
 
 Manufactured by RICHARDSON MILL CO., 
 
 DAVID W. LOW, Agent, 
 
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 The following are among the many who are using our Ice-Crushers, we can refer to : 
 H. D. Parker & Co., Parker House, Boston. 
 Moon & Lanphear, Fulton (Fish) Market, New York, 
 
Z/J 
 
 19. BENJAMIN F. BUTLER. 
 
 Benjamin F. Butler was born in Deerfield, New Hampshire, Novem- 
 ber 5, 1818. He passed his boyhood in Lowell, where he attended the 
 High School, preparatory to becoming 1 a student at Exeter Academy. He 
 graduated with honor at Waterville College, Me., in 1838, studied law, and 
 was admitted to the ' • ii 1841. 
 
 Mr. Butler at c:i • plunged into law and politics, pursuing both with 
 equal ardor, and displaying the adroitness and energy which have always 
 characterized him. 11a espoused the most desperate causes, and became, in 
 court, the leader of " forlorn hopes." His singular fertility in expedients, 
 and success in defending rather awkward suits, soon won for him the repu- 
 tation of being the ablest criminal lawyer in the State. In 1853 he was 
 elected to the State legislature, and, in 1858, to the Senate. 
 
 In 1800 we find him playing a prominent role as Delegate to the Demo- 
 cratic Convention at Charleston and Baltimore. During all these years, he 
 }>..d been taking lessons in the " School of the Soldier ;" and, in 1857, was 
 appointed Brigadier-General in the State Militia. In the month of April, 
 1861, he responded to the call of President Lincoln for volunteers to defend 
 the Union against the Rebels, and, with a single regiment, marched into 
 Maryland, made a descent upon Annapolis (then the enemy's country), which 
 he held until the Department of Annapolis was created, when he was in- 
 stalled commander, with rank of Major-General. 
 
 Soon after, he took command at Fortress Monroe. While occupying 
 this post, the disastrous battles of Little and Big Bethel occurred. 
 Here, also, he originated and applied the term " Contraband of war " to the 
 captured slave, which settled the vexed question of the status of the slaves 
 of Rebels. 
 
 On the 20th of February, 1862, General Butler left Boston for Ship 
 Island, in Mississippi Sound, where he arrived March 23, with a force of 
 fifteen thousand men, to attack New Orleans. After the surrender of Forts 
 Jackson and St. Phillips to Admiral Farragut, he went up the Mississippi 
 with a portion of his command, and entered the city of New Orleans 
 with two thousand five hundred men on the evening of May 1, 1862. 
 
 He found the city much demoralized, but shaped order out of chaos ; and 
 he saved the city, not only from its own suicidal madness, but from that ma- 
 lignant epidemic, which had annually visited it. 3Phe yellow-fever raged 
 at Havana, Nassau, and other unhealthy ports ; but New Orleans escaped 
 untouched ; and the hopes of those who wished it to lay the invading Yan- 
 kees at the mercy of their enemies, were frustrated. General Butler's 
 course in New Orleans was, from the first, necessarily a stringent one. He 
 arrested several British subjects, for affording aid to the Rebels; seized a 
 large amount of specie belonging to the enemy in the office of the Consul 
 for the Netherlands ; distributed among the suffering poor the provisions 
 intended for the Southern army ; laid a tax on Rebel sympathizers ; and 
 issued that celebrated and characteristic proclamation respecting active 
 female traitors who insulted his soldiers, which extirpated at once a most 
 annoying nuisance. It was a fortunate day for New Orleans when "Butler 
 came to town." He was superseded by General Banks in November, 1862. 
 In the latter part of 1863 he was assigned to the Department of Virginia 
 and North Carolina; and, in 1864, participated in operations before Peters- 
 burg and Richmond, as commander of the Army of the James. 
 
 In the spring of 1865, he resigned his commission, and was elected to 
 Congress, where he particularly distinguished himself in the impeachment 
 trial of President Johnson, in the spring of 1868 ; and in November was 
 again elected to Congress. 
 
tf 2* 
 
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Z/3 
 
 20. SALMON P. CHASE. 
 
 Salmon P. Chase, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, 
 was born in Cornish, Xew Hampshire, January 16, 1S08. At twelve years 
 of age he was sent to "Worthington, Ohio, to be educated, under the care 
 of his uncle, Philander Chase, who was then Bishop of that State. He 
 entered Cincinnati College, but at the end of a year he returned to Xew 
 Hampshire and enteredthe junior class at Dartmouth College, in 1824, 
 and graduated in HC6. 
 
 Provided with a few letters of introduction, with no other means but 
 his education, he made his way to Washington, D. C, where, after teach- 
 ing a boys' school for three years, during which he studied law, he was 
 admitted to the bar of the District of Columbia in 1829. In the spring of 
 1830 he removed to Cincinnati, where his practice as a lawyer soon be- 
 came extensive and valuable. Almost at the outset of his* professional 
 career, he entered upon a course of constant and earnest anti-slavery 
 action, which has made his name widely known. 
 
 In 1834 he became counsellor of the United States Bank at Cincinnati. 
 In 1837 he defended a woman claimed as a fugitive slave, and James G. 
 Barney for harboring a fugitive slave. From" 1838 to 1846 he was asso- 
 ciated with Wm. H. Seward as defendants' counsel, in the famous Van 
 Zanelt case. These and other cases, gave Mr. Chase a national reputation, 
 both as a lawyer and an anti-slavery man. 
 
 In 1841 he united in organizing a Liberty party ; in 1843 was a member 
 of the National Liberty Convention, which was held at Cincinnati; and 
 was a delegate to the Free-Soil Convention, held at Buffalo in 1S48. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Chase first acted with the Democrats, but voted for 
 General Harrison in 1840. 
 
 His formal entrance into political life was in 1849, when he was elected 
 L nited States Senator from Ohio. In the Senate he continued his hos- 
 tility to slavery, and formally withdrew from the Democratic party in 
 1852. He joined the Republican party in 1854, was elected Governor of 
 Ohio in 1855, and re-elected in 1857. 
 
 He was again chosen United States Senator in 1860 ; but on the day he 
 took his seat — March 5, 1861 — he was appointed by Mr. Lincoln Secretary 
 of the Treasury. He found the national treasury exhausted and the credit 
 of the United States Government paralyzed. 
 
 The task imposed on him was gigantic, and failure in it would have 
 ruined the country at the outset. But his well-known financial ability 
 enabled him to obtain a temporary loan of the banks, when he immediately 
 set to work to negotiate the national bonds authorized by Congress, and 
 establish a greenback and national banking system, which has given us a 
 uniform currency throughout the Union. His success in changing the 
 various State banks into national banks, without any perceptible incon- 
 venience, will distinguish him as one of the greatest financial minds in the 
 country. 
 
 He resigned, as Secretary of the Treasury, in June, 1864, and was ap- 
 pointed Chief- Justice of the United States Supreme Court, December 6, 
 1864, which office he now holds. 
 
2/ 
 
 21. JAMES M. MASON. 
 
 JAMES MURRAY Mason, formerly United States Senator from Virginia, 
 and more recently a Commissioner from the States in rebellion to England, 
 was born in Fairfax County, Virginia, on December 3, 1798. (One of his 
 ancestors was George Mason, a famous Parliamentarian of the reign of 
 Charles I, and a strong supporter of the Royal cause. Subsequently joining 
 the Cavaliers, under Charles II, he fought against Cromwell ; but when 
 Charles was defeated, near Worcester, in 1651, Mason emigrated to 
 America, and settled in Virginia.) 
 
 Educated in Virginia and the District of Columbia, Mr. Mason graduated 
 in 1813, in the University at Philadelphia, and subsequently studied law 
 at William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va., completing his studies 
 in the office of the celebrated Benjamin Watkins Leigh, of Richmond. 
 
 Commencing practice in 1820, he was, six years thereafter, elected to the 
 Virginia House of Delegates, and re-elected for two subsequent terms. He 
 was chosen a member of the Convention to revise the State Constitution, in 
 1829, and was elected to Congress in 1837. 
 
 Returned to the United States Senate in 1846, he continued to occupy 
 his seat for fourteen years. A strong pro-slavery Democrat, he vehemently 
 opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill, and all other anti-slavery measures. The 
 author of the Fugitive Slave law, his arguments in support of it constitute 
 much of the bitter and vindictive sectional feelings and eloquence of the 
 debates in the Senate of that day. 
 
 Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs for ten years, his position 
 made him eminently conversant with that branch of the Government, and 
 qualified him for the subsequent position he held as Commissioner of the 
 Rebel States. 
 
 In 1850 he took an active part in the discussion which led to the admis- 
 sion of California, as a Free State, in the Union. 
 
 Still holding his position at the head of the Committee on Foreign Rela- 
 tions, in the Senate, he left his seat in 1861, to take sides with the Rebellion, 
 his term not expiring until March 4, 1863. Chosen as Commissioner to 
 England, in conjunction with Slidell, he set sail from Charleston, S. C, on 
 October 12, 1861. Arriving at Havana, Cuba, October 24, they were for- 
 mally received by the Captain-General. Remaining for a few days, they 
 took passage on board of the British mail-steamer Trent, for Europe. On 
 November 8, they were captured by Admiral Wilkes, in the Bahama Chan- 
 nels, and brought to the United States, and subsequently confined in Fort 
 Warren. Surrendered on January 2, 1862, to the British authorities, Mr. 
 Mason, with his colleague, sailed for England, where, during the civil con- 
 flict, they urged the recognition of the Southern States, but without suc- 
 cess. Mr. Mason has continued to reside abroad ever since the Rebellion. 
 The controversy between the United States Government and Great Britain, 
 growing out of their forcible seizure on the high seas, involved a great 
 many questions of international law, conducted with more or less ability, 
 and no little acrimony, by Lord John Russell and Mr. Seward, in support of 
 their respective Governments. 
 
 Mr. Mason was distinguished in the Senate as an austere man ; and 
 though of acknowledged ability and character, he was not a man to win 
 upon the affections of a stranger or his opponents, as are some of the public 
 men who afford a fair representation of the Southern aristocracy. 
 
l/S 
 
 22. EEVEEDY JOHNSON. 
 
 Reverdy Johnson was born in. Annapolis, Maryland, May 21, 1796, 
 His parents, highly respectable and comparatively wealthy, sent him to 
 St. John's College, where he obtained an excellent education. He graduated 
 therefrom when about seventeen years of age, and immediately commenced 
 the study of law in the office of his father, the well-known Chief-Justice 
 of Maryland. Two years after, he was admitted to the bar, and commenced 
 practice under the most favorable auspices. 
 
 He moved to Baltimore in 1817, where his legal residence has ever since 
 been, and rose rapidly to prominence as one of the ablest legal minds of his 
 State. 
 
 In 1819 he was appointed States Attorney, and, in 1820, Chief Commis- 
 sioner of Insolvent Debtors. This office he held for over a year, when he 
 resigned to take a seat in the State Senate ; was elected for a second term, 
 but, after retaining his seat one year, he resigned in consequence of his 
 extensive professional duties. 
 
 For nearly twenty years Mr. Johnson kept aloof from politics, devoting 
 his time to the law, and winning a reputation for legal ability such as few 
 men in this country have obtained. 
 
 In 1845 he was elected United States Senator, but resigned in 1849 to 
 accept the position of Attorney-General in President Taylor's Cabinet. On 
 the death of General Taylor, and the accession of Mr. Fillmore to the 
 Presidency, he was still retained in the Cabinet ; but on the retirement of 
 Mr. Fillmore he again resumed the practice of his profession, it being now 
 almost wholly confined to the Supreme Court of the United States. Daring 
 this period he aided in preparing seven volumes of reports of decisions of 
 the Court of Appeals of Maryland, which are regarded as very valuable 
 works of reference. 
 
 In 1861 he was a Delegate to the Peace Convention ; and, in 1862, was 
 elected to the United States Senate. 
 
 Throughout the war he sustained the Union cause and gave his hearty 
 support to the suppression of the Rebellion. "When the war had ceased, he 
 urged the readmission of the South without delay, at the same time 
 favoring such guarantees as would hereafter prevent the recurrence of the 
 causes which had operated to keep the two sections of the country in con- 
 tinual antagonism. Mr. Johnson voted for the first Reconstruction bill, and 
 also voted in favor of its passage over the President's veto ; but when the 
 second Reconstruction bill was introduced, he withdrew his support, and 
 voted against it. 
 
 Although connected with the Democratic party, he has frequently 
 opposed its measures and policies. He was appointed Minister to Fngland 
 by President Johnson, and was unanimously confirmed by the Senate, June 
 12, 1868. 
 
 Mr. Johnson's legal abilitv, moderate party affinity, and purity of char- 
 acter, combined with unusual suavity of manners and conversation tl 
 powers, will make him an acceptable Minister, and will do honor to the 
 United States at the Court of St. James. 
 
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 I In England and other parts of Europe the " Mangle " has 
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 even in hotels and laundries, on account of the large space they 
 occupied, and the expense of the Machine. But since the " In- 
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 room than a Sewing-Machine, and is sold at a very moderate 
 price, they are becoming extensively used in private families, as 
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*'/ 
 
 23. EDWARD BATES. 
 
 EDWARD Bates was bom at Belmont, Goochland County, Virginia, 
 September 4, 1793. Mis education, commenced by his father, was succeeded 
 by several years of academic instruction, mostly at Charlotte Hall, Mary- 
 land, and finished by an accomplished jurist tutor. Declining, in early 
 youth, a naval career, afforded by the offer of a Midshipman's warrant, he 
 afterward, in 1813, exhibited his patriotic ardor by serving as a volunteer 
 in the Virginia militia, in the war against Great Britain. 
 
 In 1814 he removed to Missouri, where, at that time, many of the enter- 
 prising and ambitious young Virginians migrated, to seek their fortunes, 
 and grow up with that then infant, but now powerful, State. He there con- 
 tinued his study of the law; and, in 1816, began to practice in St. Louis. 
 
 Rising rapidly into practice, in the year 1818 he was appointed Prosecu- 
 ting Attorney for that circuit. Advancing with the growing interests of the 
 State, he was, in 1820, appointed a Delegate to the State Constitutional Con- 
 vention. The satisfaction with which he discharged the duties of this im- 
 portant trust recommended him, in the same year, to his constituents, as 
 Attorney-General of the new State of Missouri. He resigned the office in 
 1822, and was elected to the lower branch of the State Legislature. The 
 confidence which he inspired in his previous public trusts, was abundantly 
 secured in this, his first legislative position. Becoming now prominent as 
 one of the rising young men of the rising young State, he was selected, in 
 1824, by President Monroe, United States A ttorney for the Missouri Dis- 
 trict. He held this position until 1826, when he resigned, and was elected 
 Representative to Congress from Missouri, serving from 1827 to 1829 with 
 distinction. 
 
 In 1830 he was elected to the State Senate ; and, in 1834, was again 
 elected to the Lower House of the Legislature. In 1836, being enfeebled by 
 sedentary labor, he moved to the country, where he continued in the active 
 practice of his profession for seven years, and varied his professional occu- 
 pation with horseback-tiding around the prairies, and other vigorous exer- 
 cise in the open air. 
 
 In 1842 he returned to St. Louis, in invigorated health, and renewed iu 
 that city the practice of his profession. In 1850 he was appointed, by Presi- 
 dent Filmore, Secretary of War, but declined the office. In 1853 he was 
 elected Judge of the St. Louis Land Court, which office he resigned in 1856. 
 His prominence as a Whig politician secured him, the same year, the posi- 
 tion of President of the Whig National Convention, which assembled in 
 Baltimore ; and his accomplishments and learning induced the Harvard Uni- 
 versity, in 1858, to confer upon him the degree of LL. D. 
 
 Again brought prominently before the public, he was appointed, in 1861, 
 Attorney-General in Mr. Lincoln's Cabinet, which position he held until 
 1865, when he resigned, having performed the duties of the office with 
 marked ability and fidelity. Mr. Bates, on the 5th of July, 1861, rendered 
 an elaborate opinion, justifying President Lincoln in arresting persons on 
 suspicion of intercourse with the insurgents, and refusing to obey a writ of 
 Habeas Corpus, sued out to ascertain whether the alleged suspicions were 
 just. 
 
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1/ 
 
 24. HENRY WARD BEECHER. 
 
 Heney "Ward Beecher, son of the celebrated Rev. Lyman Beecher, 
 ■was born at Litchfield, Connecticut, June 24, 1813. His mother died when 
 he was three years old ; and his father, marrying again, removed to Boston, 
 where Henry was placed in the Latin School, and pursued his studies with- 
 out the inspiration of zeal. 
 
 The sea became the object of his ambition. His father, apparently 
 acquiescing:, suggested his preparing himself for the navy ; but, as he went 
 to school at Amherst, the Dr. said, "I shall have that boy in the ministry 
 yet." Here he was placed under the care of a bright, attractive young man, 
 and labored perseveringly, with his face toward the navy. Here, also, he 
 was put through a strict drill in elocution by Professor John E. Lowell. 
 At the close of the year, a revival of religion occurred, and Henry, with 
 others, was powerfully impressed. The naval scheme vanished, and the 
 pulpit opened before him, as his natural sphere. 
 
 He entered Amherst College, where he surrounded himself with the best 
 English writings, which he read and pondered with never-ceasing delight ; 
 but was not attracted by Greek and Latin classics. 
 
 The stand he took in college was, from the first, that of a reformer. He 
 and his associates opposed all the customary irregularities and dissipations 
 of students. In no part of his life did he ever use tobacco, or ardent spirits, 
 in any shape. He graduated in 18o4, and studied theology at Lane 
 Seminary, in Cincinnati, of which his father was President. Previous to 
 cempleting his studies, he edited, for some months, the organ of the New 
 School Presbyterian Church, in the absence of Dr. Brainard. His editorials 
 condemning the pro-slavery rioters who destroyed Dr. Burney's press at 
 that time, were stamped with the most fearless spirit of reform. 
 
 On finishing his studies, Mr. Beecher married, and was settled at Law- 
 renceburg, Ind., but was soon after invited to Indianapolis, where he labored 
 for eight years, performing a great amount of professional labor, and causing 
 a remarkable revival. August 24, 1847, Mr. Beecher was called to take 
 charge of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, N. Y. On the 19th of September, he 
 bade farewell to his Western charge ; and, on assuming his duties at Ply- 
 mouth Church, he informed " all whom it might concern," that he considered 
 Temperance and Anti-Slavery a part of the Gospel, which he was deter- 
 mined to preach. 
 
 He took a deep interest in the settlement of Kansas by freemen ; and, 
 during the Rebellion, was unceasing in his labors for the Union cause. 
 Plymouth Church raised a regiment, and Mr. Beecher's eldest son was an 
 officer in it. 
 
 Mr. Beecher is the author of numerous volumes, replete with original 
 and earnest thought, and deeply imbued with Christian faith, and sympathy 
 with the beautiful in nature and art. His mind is a development charac- 
 teristic of our nationality. It may be compared to a column, based with 
 Eastern granite ; a shaft of Western marble ; and a capital, crowned with the 
 flowers and fruitage of cultured graces. 
 
V"V • 
 
 25. CLEMENT L. YALLANDIGHAM. 
 
 Clement L. Vallandigham was born in New Lisbon, Columbia County, 
 Ohio, in 1822. He descended from a Huguenot family, and received a good 
 early education, spending one year at Jefferson College, Ohio.. He afterward 
 removed to Snow Hill, Maryland, where he spent two years as Principal oi 
 an academy. 
 
 Returning to Ohio in 1840, he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 
 1842, and entered upon its practice in Dayton. He was elected to the State 
 Legislature in 1845, and re-elected in 1846. From 1847 to 1849 he was 
 Editor of the Dayton Enquirer ; and, for some years subsequent to that date, 
 had devoted himself wholly to his profession and politics. 
 
 He was a member of the National Democratic Convention held at Cin- 
 cinnati in 1856, and ran for Representative to the Thirty-Fifth Congress 
 against L. C. Campbell, whose seat he successfully contested, and was 
 re-elected in 1859. 
 
 At the commencement of the second session of the Thirty-Fifth Congress, 
 and during the Thirty-Sixth, he was placed on the Committee on Territories. 
 
 Elected to the Thirty-Seventh Congress in 1861, he took an ultra-Southern 
 view of politics ; during the most important session opposed the Republican 
 party in all their plans for the suppression of the Rebellion, exercising his 
 legislative abilities to thwart the Government in cariying on the war, and 
 addressing the people of Baltimore and other cities in favor of secession. 
 Returning to Dayton, he was received with mingled feelings of coldness 
 and confidence by his former constituents ; and, in the fall of 1862, the 
 election resulted in the defeat of Mr. Vallandigham in the district he had 
 carried at the three previous elections. Having the remainder of his term 
 to complete, he continued his opposition in Congress to the measures of the 
 Government. 
 
 Rejected for Congress, he continued his political activity in addressing 
 the people throughout the State, indulging in expressions which were con- 
 sidered disloyal ; and, for expressing his opinions against the war, he was 
 arrested at Dayton, May 5, 1863, by military authority, and tried at Cincin- 
 nati on the 6th and 7th of that month. He was sentenced to be confined in 
 a military prison during the war, which sentence was changed by the Presi- 
 dent to banishment to the Southern States. He was taken to Murfreesboro', 
 where, on the 24th, he was sent over the Confederate lines. From there he 
 went, by way of Bermuda, to Canada. 
 
 While in Canada he was nominated by the Democratic party of Ohio as 
 their candidate for Governor, but was defeated. 
 
 He subsequently returned, and was a Delegate to the Democratic Con- 
 vention held at Chicago in 1864. He was also a Delegate to the Convention 
 held at New York, July 4, 1868, which nominated Horatio Seymour and 
 Frank P. Blair, Jr., as candidates for President and Vice-President of the 
 United States. 
 

 26. GEOKGE BAJSTCEOET. 
 
 GEORGE Bancroft, a distinguished American Author and Historian, 
 was born in "Worcester, Massachusetts, in the year 1800. He graduated 
 with honor at Harvard College, before he .a seventeen years of age, and 
 soon entered upon a course of literary pursuits, having, as their ultimate 
 end, the profession of an Historian. 
 
 In 1818 he went to Europe, and there studied at Gottenburg and Berlin, 
 enjoying the high advantages of the most thorough system of instruction. 
 
 After an absence of four years, during which he traveled in England, 
 Switzerland, Germany, and Italy, he returned to the United States, when he 
 Was appointed Tutor of Greek, in Harvard University. During the interval 
 of severe labors, he made many contributions to American literature, 
 especially from the stores of German thought and intellect, then compari- 
 tively sealed, even to educated men in the United States. He early attached 
 himself to the Democratic party, in whose behalf his first vote was cast. 
 
 In 1826, in a public oration, afterward published, he announced as his 
 creed, " Universal Suffrage and Uncompromising Democracy." 
 
 In 1834 Mr. Bancroft published his first volume of his " History of the 
 United States," a work to which he had long devoted his thoughts and 
 researches, and in which he laid the foundation of a reputation at once 
 permanent and universal. 
 
 The first two volumes, comprising the Colonial history of the country, 
 were hailed with the highest satisfaction, as exhibiting, not only the facts, 
 but the ideas of American history. 
 
 In 1838 he was appointed Collector of the Port of Boston, which he held 
 until 1841. In 184* he was the candidate of the Democracy of Massachusetts 
 for Governor. In 1845 he was appointed Secretary of the Navy, and, in 
 1846, Minister Plenipotentiary to England, which position he held until 
 1849. 
 
 In England the prestige of Mr. Bancroft's literary reputation and his 
 high social qualities contributed to enhance the popularity and respect which 
 attached to him during his entire diplomatic career. 
 
 On his return, he fixed his residence in New York City, and resumed 
 more actively the prosecution of his historical labors, the fourth volume of 
 which appeared early in 1852, portraying the opening scenes of the great 
 drama of the American Independence. He has since issued a volume at 
 intervals, until now he has nine volumes published. 
 
 In 1867 Mr. Bancroft was appointed Minister to Prussia, which position 
 he now holds. 
 
 The work of Mr. Bancroft may be considered as a copious philosophical 
 treatise, tracing the growth of the idea of liberty in a country designed by 
 Providence for its development, and is esteemed as one of the noblest 
 memories of American literature. 
 
 He has published various public addresses, and has coLected a volume of 
 " Miscellanies," chiefly upon historical and philosophical topics. 
 
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 27. PETEE COOPEE. 
 
 Peter Cooper was born in the city of New York, February 2, 1791. 
 His youth was employed in his fathers hat manufactory. He attended 
 school only one-half of each day for a single year, and, beyond the humble 
 knowledge thus earned, his acquisitions are his own. 
 
 At the age of seventeen he was apprenticed to the trade of coach-making, 
 which he followed for a short time after he had served out his apprentice- 
 ship. He next manufactured machines for shearing cloth, which were in 
 great demand during the War of 1812, but lost all value on the declaration 
 of peace. He then manufactured cabinetware, afterward went into the 
 grocery business in New York City, and finally engaged in the manufac- 
 ture of glue and isinglass, which he has carried on for more than thirty 
 years. 
 
 Mr. Cooper's attention was early called to the great resources of the 
 country for the manufacture of iron ; and, in 1S30, he erected extensive 
 works at Canton, near Baltimore. 
 
 Disposing of them, he subsequently erected a rolling-mill in the city 
 of New York, in which he first applied anthracite coal to the puddling of 
 iron. 
 
 In 1S45 he removed the machinery to Trenton, X. J., where he erected 
 the largest rolling-mill at that time in the United States for the manufac- 
 ture of railroad iron, and at which he was the first to roll wrought-iron 
 beams for fire-proof buildings. These works have grown to be very exten- 
 sive, including mines, blast-furnaces, and water-power, and conducted by a 
 company of which Mr. Cooper is President. 
 
 While in Baltimore, Mr. Cooper built, after his own designs, the first 
 locomotive engine that was ever turned out on this continent, which was 
 successfully operated on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, thus identifying 
 his name with the early history of railroads. He has taken a great interest 
 in the electric telegraph, in which he has invested a large capital. He is 
 President and Director of various companies, and President of the North 
 American Telegraph Association, which represents two-thirds of all the 
 lines in the United States. Mr. Cooper has served in both branches of the 
 New York Common Council. 
 
 His great object in life has been to educate and elevate the industrial 
 classes of the community, and he determined, more than forty years ago, if 
 successful, to establish in his native city an institution in which the work- 
 ing classes could secure a scientific education. Accordingly the " Union 
 for the Advancement of Science and Art," commonly called the " Cooper 
 Institute," has been erected at a cost of over five hundred thousand dollars, 
 and devoted by a deed of trust, with all its rents, issues, and profits, to that 
 purpose. It includes a school of design for females, evening courses of 
 instruction to mechanics and apprentices, a free reading-room, a gallery of 
 art, a polytechnic school, and valuable collections of models of inventions. 
 
 Mr. Cooper is still engaged in active business. 
 
% 1 
 
 28. HERSCHEL Y. JOHNSON. 
 
 Herschel V. Johnson was born in Burke County, Georgia, September 
 18, 1812, and graduated at the University of Georgia in 1834. He adopted 
 the profession of the law ; and, while pursuing its practice, entered upon his 
 political career, advancing rapidly to distinction. 
 
 In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector, and was appointed to fill a vacancy 
 in the United States Senate in 1848. From the Senate he was elected, in 
 1849, a Judge of the Superior Court. 
 
 In 1860, when the popularity of Stephen A. Douglas was at its highest 
 point, Herschel V. Johnson was selected as a candidate for the Vice-Presi- 
 dency upon the Douglas ticket. Defeated by Lincoln and Hamlin, the tide 
 of secession overran the Southern land, and with the political landmarks 
 which had defied the ultra-Southern sentiment in times gone by, were swept 
 away, and Herschel V. Johnson among the rest. 
 
 Douglas died at the beginning of the war, in the very prime of his life 
 and in the zenith of an unprecedented popularity, with sentiments of loy- 
 alty upon his feverish lips ; but Johnson, hia fellow-candidate, went with 
 his native South, though in principle a Union man. 
 
 While the one terminated his career on the death-bed, the other con- 
 tinued his by taking part in the stormy proceedings which inaugurated 
 the Confederate States Government ; and, becoming a Member of the Con- 
 federate States Senate, he took an active part in its debates. 
 
 The rapidity with which men rise to public distinction in the United 
 States, and then fall into private life (though, in many instances, honorable 
 obscurity), is illustrated in the case of Herschel V. Johnson. At one time 
 the representative Union man of the South, he was the choice for the second 
 office in the gift of the people on the Presidential ticket, with one of the 
 mo^t popular men of the United States — Stephen A. Douglas. 
 
 Death and the active vitiated public life, which that political career 
 impelled, laid his chief in the grave ; but he who followed next upon the 
 b;mn<r left the emblem of the Union to die with his chief, lured by " strange 
 stars," " writing strange characters from rr ht to left." 
 
zis 
 
 29. OLIVER 0. HOWARD. 
 
 General Oliver 0. Howard was born in Leeds, Maine, November 8, 
 1830. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1850, and, four years later, at 
 West Point, where he was appointed Instructor in Mathematics, in 1857 ; 
 bi;t resigned his commission in 1861, to take command of a regiment of 
 Maine Volunteers. He commanded a brigade at Bull Run ; and, for gallant 
 conduct in that battle, was commissioned a Brigadier-General of Volunteers. 
 
 He fought at Williamsburg, and lost an arm at Fair Oaks, June 1, 
 1862. When the attack was made on General Casey's troops, May 31, 
 Howard's brigade was brought up in haste, and came into position just at 
 night-fall. The next morning one of his regiments was placed in the front 
 line, while the other three formed the second. Howard's and French's 
 brigades did most of the brave and steady work which repulsed and routed 
 the two obstinate and furious attacks of the enemy. He was highly com- 
 plimented by General Richardson, in his report, for the excellent disposi- 
 tion of his forces, the direction of his fire, and the moral effect he produced 
 upon his men, by his resolute demeanor in cheering and urging them on. 
 
 In this days battle, General Howard received two bullet-wounds in his 
 right arm, which had to be amputated. Scarcely waiting for his wound to 
 heal, he rejoined the army, and commanded the Third Brigade of Sedg- 
 wick's division, in Sumner's corps, at the battle of Antietam. 
 
 On the 11th of December, 1862, he led the advance of the Army of the 
 Potomac over the Rappahannock, at the battle of Antietam. 
 
 Early in 1863, he was assigned to the command of the Eleventh Corps. 
 He was present at the battle of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, in both of 
 which he bore a conspicuous and noble part ; and, in the autumn, accom- 
 panied his corps to Chattanooga, participating in the victory of November 
 25, in the front of that place. 
 
 Soon afterward, he received command of the Fourth Corps, and made the 
 campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta. He succeeded General McPherson 
 as command ?r of the Army of the Tennessee; and, in the expedition from 
 Atlanta to Savannah, he commanded the right wing of Sherman's army. 
 
 He also commanded a wing in the march northward from Savannah, 
 which terminated in the surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston, and all 
 the Rebel forces under his command. 
 
 Since the conclusion of the war, he has held the office of Commissioner 
 of the Freedmen's Bureau, which he has conducted with ability and discre- 
 tion. Besides his professional abilities as a soldier, General Howard is a 
 man of deep religious principles, and has been called the " Havelock cf 
 America." 
 

 30. GEORGE WILKES. 
 
 George "Wilkes was born in the city of New York in 1822. Receiving 
 the benefit of a liberal education, he early identified himself with the press, 
 and has become celebrated as one of the first journalists of the country. 
 
 Establishing, at a time when such a journal was much needed, Tlie 
 National Police Gazette, he made that paper a power in the land. Retiring- 
 from this journal, he traveled extensively in Europe, and, returning, Avrote 
 " Europe in a Hurry." Subsequently associated with the late lamented 
 "William T. Porter, he established Porters Spirit of the Times. Abandoning 
 this venture, he established another journal, identifying with its character 
 more of the personality of its Editor, called Wilkes' Spirit of the Times. Osten- 
 sibly a sporting paper of the better class, it contains, from time to time, 
 remarkable articles or essays upon public men and measures, written with all 
 the masterly vigor and ability for which George Wilkes is distinguished. 
 
 "Were it not for the versatility of talent for which journalistic literature 
 in America is distinguished, one would be surprised to find in a journal 
 ostensibly devoted to horses, so much talk upon men. The theme, however, 
 alternates between blooded horses and noted men, and Wilkes' Spirit descants 
 upon the merits of both with equal knowledge and spirit. 
 
 Revisiting Europe at the time of Heenan's great prize fight with the 
 celebrated English champion, Tom Sayers, Mr. Wilkes was presented at 
 the Court of St. James by Mr. Dallas, then our Minister to England. 
 
 Upon the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion, Mr. Wilkes accom- 
 panied McDowell's army into Virginia, and was present at the battle of 
 Bull Run. Writing a description of this battle, it was extensively recopied 
 throughout the country, and was remarkable for its graphic and picturesque 
 power of descriptive writing. 
 
 More comprehensive and generalizing in his political style of writing 
 4 than descending to detail, Mr. Wilkes is more successful as a weekly jour- 
 nalist, perhaps, than he would be as a daily journalist. This is no disparage- 
 ment to him, or his mode of dealing with men and measures. The daily 
 press exacts too much upon the brain of a writer to enable him always to do 
 justice to his subject. 
 
 George Wilkes, after years of unceasing labor and activity, has built up 
 a powerful press, and caused himself to be respected as a powerful journalist. 
 Having accumulated a handsome fortune, he is enabled to extend his enter- 
 prises with proportionate energy and success. 
 
 A strong and warm personal friend of General Grant, he advocated his 
 claims to the Presidency with characteristic ability. 
 
 Relieved again from arduous journalistic duties, Mr. Wilkes is now 
 sojourning for the fourth time in Europe. 
 

 31. JAMES LONGSTREET 
 
 General James Longstreet was born in South Carolina in the year 
 1820, and graduated at West Point in 1842, as Brevet Second Lieutenant of 
 the Fourth Regiment of Infantry. 
 
 In March, 1845, he was transferred to the Eighth Regiment, and was at 
 the storming of Monterey, in Mexico. In February, 1847, he was promoted 
 to the rank of First Lieutenant ; and, August 20, was breveted Captain, 
 for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churu- 
 busco, and Major, for gallantry in the battle of Molino del Rey, September 
 8, 1847. In the assault at Chapultepec, September 13, he greatly distin- 
 guished himself, and was severely wounded. 
 
 In December, 1852, he became full Captain ; and, in July, 1858, was made 
 Paymaster, with the rank of Major. 
 
 On the secession of South Carolina, he resigned , offered his services to 
 the Rebels, received an appointment of Brigadier-G-eneral, and soon after 
 participated in the battle of Bull Run, where his brigade covered Black- 
 burn's Ford. He was afterward made Major-General, under Jo. Johnston, 
 and remained with the army in its winter-quarters, skirmishing, until 
 March, 1802, when Manassas was evacuated. He then went to the Penin- 
 sula, and from the evacuation of Yorktown to the battle of Malvern Hill, he 
 was in almost every action, where he was conspicuous foi coolness, bravery, 
 and skill. In the second Bull Run and in the invasion of Maryland, ter- 
 minating with the battle of Antietam, he commanded a corps, and rendered 
 valuable service. General Longstreet also took a prominent part in the battle 
 of Fredericksburg ; and, in February, 1803, was sent to invest Suffolk, 
 Va., from which place he was recalled, after a fruitless campaign, to rein- 
 force General Lee at Chancellorsville. 
 
 General Longstreet commanded one of the three corps of Lee's army, which 
 invaded Maryland and Pennsylvania in the summer of 1803 ; and at the 
 battle of Gettysburg, in July, he was on the right of the Rebel army, and 
 opposed to General Sickles. In September he was sent to reinforce Gen- 
 eral Bragg, and greatly contributed to the Rebel victory at Chickamauga. 
 After this he was detached to capture Knoxville, and drive Burnside out 
 of East Tennessee, which he failed to accomplish. In January, 1804, being 
 heavily reinforced, he again made a movement on Knoxville, and was 
 enabled to advance within a few miles of the city ; but, after a short stay, was 
 obliged to retreat to his old position at Bull's Gap. 
 
 In April, 1804, he united his troops with General Lee's, and took an 
 active part in the battle of the Wilderness, where he was so severely 
 wounded, May 0, as to be incapacitated for service until the following 
 October. He held command of his corps during the winters of 1804 and 
 1805, in the defense of Richmond, and was included in the capitulation of 
 General Lee to General Grant, April 9, of the latter year. 
 
 Since the close of the war he has devoted himself to the pursuits of civil 
 life, and is using his influence to unite in friendship the two sections so 
 lately opposed to each other iu deadly conflict, by counselling his Southern 
 brethern to accept the Congressional terms of Reconstruction. 
 
32. WILLIAM FEEDEEICK. ^ 
 
 In a small village situated on an eminence, from which can be seen a 
 beautiful valley extending" for miles north and south, and through which 
 runs, meandering along, a still and placid stream, upon whose Intervals are 
 scattered the majestic walnut, and in summer are grazing droves of cattle, 
 and across which can be seen in the distance the rugged Monadnock and the 
 noble Mount Tom — " the first land descried by the mariner as he enters 
 Massachusetts Bay" — is to be seen a small country-house with its barn 
 alongside, its fruit-trees and garden in the rear, and black-heart cherry-trees 
 at the front-door. In this humble yet comfortable dwelling lives William 
 FREDERICK, one of nature's noblemen, a man of about fifty years, whose 
 life has been upright and temperate in all things, doing unto others (as near 
 as he could) as he would have others do unto him. 
 
 Although he never held public office other than that of Postmaster of 
 his village, or been distinguished by his contributions to the literature of 
 the day, or become noted for his military exploits, yet, in his sphere of life, 
 he has done as much toward the development of liberal ideas and the pro- 
 motion of temperance and honesty as many whose names are emblazoned in 
 our country's history. 
 
 William Frederick was born in Tingsboro', Massachusetts, February 28, 
 1820, but while yet a child his father removed to Worcester County, where 
 William received his early education at the common school, with a few 
 short terms at the academy. During the summer months he worked upon 
 the farm, and, in the winter, in the shop of his father, who, having a 
 numerous family of boys, was continually inventing some new device by 
 which he could keep them profitably employed during the long winter 
 evenings. ' 
 
 At the early age of eight he signed the temperance pledge, which pledge 
 he has strictly kept to this day. lie learned the trade of carriage-trimmer, 
 at which he worked for some years in Concord, N. H., Boston, and Worcester, 
 j The Nashua and Worcester Railroad being built about the year 1847, 
 which passed through an adjoining village, he applied for and received the 
 appointment of Depot-Master. Here he became acquainted with the daughter 
 of one of the prominent farmers of the village, and was soon after married. 
 He then purchased a small farm ; and, being appointed Postmaster of the 
 place, soon became one of its most influential men. 
 
 jBeing strongly imbued with the spirit of liberty and the importance of 
 temperance, he worked with untiring energy for the promotion of these 
 objects, until he saw liberal views prevail, ardent spirits driven from the 
 .village, and drunkenness among the things that were. 
 
 " In all questions of dispute between the villagers, and all subjects 
 requiring honest counsel, " Uncle William" is always consulted. 
 
%,% 
 
 33. AMBROSE E. BURNSIDE. 
 
 General Ambrose E. Burnside was born in Liberty, Union County, 
 Indiana, May 2o, 1824, and graduated at West Point in 1847, the fifteenth 
 in rank of a class numbering forty-seven. The full* .wing year he received a 
 full Second Lieutenancy and was attached to the Third Artillery. 
 
 He served with credit in the Mexican War, and afterward on the Mexi- 
 can frontier, where he was Quartermaster of the Boundary Commission. In 
 1851 he left with important dispatches for Washington, and traveled twelve 
 hundred miles through a hostile Indian country in seventeen days, meeting 
 with many hair-breadth escapes. 
 
 He was subsequently stationed at Newport, R. I., but resigned his com- 
 mission to engage in the manufacture of a breech-loading rifle of his own 
 invention ; failing in which, he entered the service of the Illinois Central 
 Railroad in 1858, as Cashier, and afterward as Treasurer. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Rebellion he was appointed Colonel of a Rhode 
 Island regiment by Governor Sprague ; and, at the first battle of Bull 
 Run, commanded a brigade, showing great gallantry, coolness, and skill in 
 its management throughout the engagement and retreat. On the 6th of 
 August he was made Brigadier- General of Volunteers, and soon after took 
 charge of the expedition to Roanoke Island, where he captured six forts 
 and batteries, forty cannon, and over two thousand prisoners, which he 
 exchanged for those taken at Bull Run. This was one of the first suc- 
 cesses of the Union army, for which he was made Major-General, and con- 
 firmed, March 18, 18G2. He afterward captured Newbern, Fort Macon, 
 and other important points in North Carolina. 
 
 After the disaster on the Peninsula in 1802, he was ordered North with 
 a great part of his army, and commanded the left wing of the Army of the 
 Potomac at the battle of Antietam. 
 
 November 7, 1862, General Burnside succeeded General McClellan in 
 command of the Army of the Potomac, when, at his suggestion, the plan of 
 operations underwent a material change. Instead of moving on Richmond 
 by the Gordonsville route, his plan was to make a feint in that direction, 
 and then make a rapid movement of the whole army on Fredericksburg ; 
 but the failure to get the pontoons in season prevented the carrying out of 
 his plan. AfteT waiting nearly four weeks for them, he made an attack on 
 Fredericksburg, which was unsuccessful. 
 
 In January, 18G3, he was relieved by General Hooker, and, March 26, 
 was appointed to command the Department of Ohio, captured Knoxville, 
 Tenn., and afterward held it against the besieging army of General Long- 
 street. At his own request, he was relieved by General Foster. 
 
 On the reorganization of the Army of the Potomac under Grant, he par- 
 ticipated in the campaign against Richmond, and shared in all the severe 
 battles that followed, meeting with several narrow escapes, and accompanied 
 the army in its movements to Petersburg. 
 
 He resigned his commission in May, 1865, and was elected Governor of 
 Rhode Island in 18G6, and re-elected in 1867. 
 
34. EICHAED S. EWELL. 
 
 General KiCHAltD S. Ewell was born in the District of Columbia about 
 the year 1820. In 1836 he entered the military academy at West Point, 
 and graduated on the 80th of June, 1840, receiving an appointment as 
 Brevet Second Lieutenant of Cavalry on the 1st of July. On the 10th of 
 September, 1845, he was made First Lieutenant, and with that rank went 
 into the Mexican War, serving in Colonel Mason's dragoons. He won his 
 promotion to Captain in the field, having received it for gallant conduct in 
 the battles of Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 In June, 1847, Captain Ewell was in New Mexico, greatly distinguishing 
 himself against the Indians ; and during the year 1858 he took charge of 
 and commanded the troops that garrisoned Fort Buchanan in that territory. 
 He was, however, suspended in 1859. 
 
 When Virginia seceded, Captain Ewell resigned his commission in the 
 Regular Army, and took sides with the South, entering the Rebel army as a 
 Brigadier-General, and, at the battle of Blackburn's Ford, July 18, 1861, 
 was stationed on the extreme right, at Union Mills. 
 
 In Beauregard's official report, he says : " Thanks are due to Brigadier- 
 Generals Bonham and Ewell for the ability shown in conducting and 
 executing the retrogade movements on Bull Run, directed in my orders — 
 movements on which hung the fortunes of the army." 
 
 Until April, 1862, no movements of any importance brought General 
 Ewell prominently forward, but in that month he was directed to join 
 " Stonewall " Jackson in the Shenandoah valley ; and then commenced the 
 brilliant career that has since marked his name. 
 
 General Ewell took the advance of Jackson's army in the valley, and 
 was engaged in several battles with Banks and Fremont, and afterward 
 accompanied it with his command to the battle-fields around Richmond, 
 where he shared in the heaviest of the engagements. 
 
 After the series of battles around that city had freed it from danger, 
 General Ewell was sent against Pope, and met him. on the old battle-field of 
 Bull Run, where a fierce engagement ensued on the 29th of August, 1862, 
 in which General Ewell was badly wounded in the knee, and his valuable 
 services were, therefore, lost in the momentous battle which took place the 
 next day. For several months after, he was unfit for any active duty in 
 the field, having been obliged to have his leg amputated. At length, on 
 the 29th of May, 1863, he rejoined his old corps as Lieutenant-Gpneral, and 
 led the advance of Lee's second Maryland campaign, which ended in the 
 memorable battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 2, and 3, 1863. 
 
 In November he was obliged to absent himself on sick leave, in conse- 
 quence of renewed trouble from his dismembered limb. In the following 
 April he again rejoined the army, and participated in the various battles of 
 1864, in which he acted a conspicuous part. 
 
 On the 6th of April, 1865, his corps wa3 disastrously routed by General 
 Sheridan west of Burkesville, and he himself captured. He was subsequently 
 confined in Fort Warren, but after some months was released. 
 
^ 3 / 
 
 35. GEORGE G. MEADK 
 
 General George G. Meade was born December 31, 1815jTat Cadiz, 
 Spain, where his parents were temporarily residing. 
 
 While yet an infant he was brought by his parents to Philadelphia on 
 their return ; and, at an early age, was sent to the boys' school at George- 
 town, D. C, at that time kept by the present Chief-Justice of the United 
 States Supreme Court, Mr. Chase. He afterward attended a military 
 school at Mount Airy ; and, in September, 1831, entered the Military 
 Academy at West Point. Graduating in the summer of 1835, he entered 
 the army as Brevet Second Lieutenant of the Third Artillery ; and, at the 
 end of the year he became a full Second Lieutenant ; but, in the October 
 following, resigned his position, and retired from the service, becoming a 
 Civil Engineer. His principal survey was the Northeastern boundary line. 
 
 In 1842 he was reappointed to the army, with the rank of Second 
 Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. 
 
 Shortly afterward, he was ordered to Mexico, and took part in that war, 
 in which he distinguished himself, and was breveted First Lieutenant for 
 gallantry at the siege of Monterey, in 1846. On the return of peace he 
 employed himself in river and harbor improvements, and in constructing 
 light-houses on Delaware Bay and off the coast of Florida. He became 
 First Lieutenant in 1851 and Captain in 1856. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Rebellion he was at Detroit, Mich., engaged 
 in the national survey of the lakes. He was ordered to report at Washing- 
 ton ; and, on the 31st of August, 1861, he received an appointment of Briga- 
 dier-General of Volunteers, with command of the Second Brigade of the 
 Pennsylvania Reserve Corps. He served throughout the Peninsular cam- 
 paign in McCall's Division, and was severely wounded at the battle of White 
 Oak Swamp. 
 
 In September, 1862, he took command of a division in Reynolds's First 
 Army Corps, which he conducted with great skill and bravery, and through- 
 out the day of the famous battle of Antietam, his Reserves were in the 
 hottest and thickest of the fight. 
 
 On the 29th of November he received the appointment of Major-General 
 of Volunteers, and was a participant with the Reserves in the battle of 
 Fredericksburg, in December, 1862 ; and, on the 25th of the month, was 
 appointed to the command of the Fifth Corps. After fighting throughout 
 the battle of Chancellorsville, on its defeat, his corps covered the retreat, 
 and guarded the crossings until the whole army was safely over the river. 
 
 On the 28th of June, 1863, he was suddenly and unexpectedly called to 
 assume command of the Army of the Potomac, and soon fought the great 
 battle of Gettysburg, which resulted in victory to the Union army, July 3, 
 1863. He pursued Lee's army for some days, but it escaped. 
 
 General Meade continued in command of the Army of the Potomac until 
 the surrender of Lee in 1865. He now holds the rank of Brigadier-General 
 in the Regular Army, anJ is in command of the Second Military District. 
 
I .:■ i» 
 
 36. PETEE G. T. BEAUEEGAED, 
 
 General Peter G. T. Beauregard was born on his father's planta- 
 tion, in the parish of St. Bernard, Louisiana, near New Orleans, May 28, 
 1818. 
 
 He was educated in New York City, and appointed to the military 
 academy at West Point, in 1834, from which he graduated in 1838, holding 
 the position of second in his class, and was soon after made Second 
 Lieutenant cf the First Artillery, from whence he was transferred to the 
 Corps of Engineers, and made First Lieutenant in 1839. 
 
 He served with distinction in the Mexican War, was breveted Cap- 
 tain, in August, 1847, for gallant conduct at Contreras and Churubusco, 
 and Major, in September of the same year, for services at Chapultepec. In 
 the assault on the City of Mexico, Major Beauregard was wounded. Subse- 
 quently, he was placed in charge of the construction of the Mint and Custom- 
 House at New Orleans, as well as the fortifications on and near the mouth 
 of the Mississippi River. 
 
 At the breaking out of the Rebellion, he was about to be appointed 
 Superintendent of the Military Academy at West Point ; but his views of 
 allegiance to the South compelled him to decline. Upon the secession 
 of Louisiana, he resigned his commission, and returned to New Orleans, 
 enlisting there as a private in the Second Company of the New Orleans 
 Guards. 
 
 February 26, 1861, he was appointed Brigadier-General in the Confed- 
 erate army, and ordered by Jefferson Davis to take command of the forces at 
 Charleston, South Carolina. Here he employed his engineering skill, 
 obtained at West Point, in surrounding Fort Sumter with batteries, on the 
 construction of which, the little peaceful garrison looked, without offering 
 resistance : for the policy of the United States Government was not to com- 
 mence the assault, but to act on the defensive. The steamer Star of the 
 West, which brought provisions for Fort Sumter, was fired upon, and driven 
 off ; after which, General Beauregard, by orders from the Confederate Secre- 
 tary of War, sent a special messenger to General Anderson (who had been 
 supplied with provisions from Charleston), stating that no further inter- 
 course with that city would be permitted, and demanded of him to evacuate 
 the fort, which being refused, he opened fire from Fort Johnson at 4:30, 
 A. M., April 12, and continued the bombardment froiu all the forts for 
 thirty hours, when the officers' quarters of Fort Sumter caught fire, and 
 General Anderson surrendered, April 14, 1861. 
 
 General Beauregard retired from the command at Charleston, May 28, 
 to resume command of the army at Manassas Junction, June 1 ; and July 21, 
 1861, fought the first battle of Bull Run, which proved so disastrous to the 
 Union army. While on the battle-field, he received a letter from Jefferson 
 Davis, conferring on him the rank of General. He continued with the army 
 in Virginia, until March 5, 1862, when he was transferred to the Army of 
 the Mississippi ; and, on the 6th of April, seconded Gen. Johnston at Shiloh. 
 
 In September, 1862, he was assigned to the command of South Carolina 
 and Georgia, where he was principally employed in the defense of Charleston, 
 until 1864, when he was stationed at Petersburg, from whence he went, in 
 the latter part of the same year, to oppose Sherman in the Southwest, where 
 his position was more that of a Military Director than as a General in the 
 field. 
 
 At the close of the Rebellion, he was acting under J. E. Johnston, and 
 was included in his surrender to Sherman. Since the close of the War, 
 Beauregard has had chargre of a railroad in Louisiana. 
 

 37. JOSEPH HOOKER. 
 
 General Joseph Hooker was born in Hadley, Massachusetts, in 1815. 
 He was a lineal descendant of Thomas Hooker, the Puritan pioneer, who led 
 the band of one hundred settlers, through the wilderness, to found the city 
 of Hartford, and colony of Connecticut ; hence his son's iron will and love of 
 danger, which have given him the name of " Fighting Joe." 
 
 He early manifested a fondness for study, which he first cultivated at 
 Hopkins's Academy, in his native town, and afterward at West Point, where 
 he graduated in 1887. He was at once appointed Second Lieutenant of the 
 First Artillery ; and, in November, 1838, was promoted to First Lieutenant 
 in the same regiment. He was successively breveted Captain, Major, and 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, for gallant conduct in the Mexican War ; and, in 1848, 
 became full Captain. He resigned his commission in 1853, and settled on a 
 farm in California. While in that State he superintended the construction 
 of the national road from California to Oregon. 
 
 At the breaking out of the Rebellion, Colonel Hooker sailed for the 
 Atlantic coast, reaching New York early in May, 1861 , and immediately 
 offered his services to the Government, was commissioned Brigadier-Gene- 
 ral of Volunteers on the 17th day of May, and assigned to the command 
 of a division in General Dix's department, but was subsequently transferred 
 to General McClellans army. 
 
 He served conspicuously in the Peninsular campaign, in operations before 
 Yorktown, at Williamsburg, Seven Pines, Gaines' Mills, Glendale, Malvern 
 Hill, Seven Days' contest, and second Bull Run. 
 
 On the 4th of July, 1862, he was commissioned Major-General of Volun- 
 teers, and ordered to make a reconnoissance of Malvern H'll, which, after 
 hard fighting, was finally gained. He afterward participated in the battles of 
 Centreville and Gainesville, and on the 1st of September, in the short and 
 decisive battle of Chantilly. September 14, in the battle of South Mountain, 
 he drove the enemy from their position,, over the summit of the mountain, 
 in confusion, and fought with great bravery at the battle of Antietam, 
 where he was wounded. For the distinguished skill he displayed on this 
 occasion, he was appointed Brigadier-General in the Regular Army He 
 commanded the Centre Grand Division, under Burnside, at Fredericksburg ; 
 and, on the resignation of that officer, in January, 1863, General Hooker suc- 
 ceeded him in the command of the Army of the Potomac. He fought the 
 battle of Chancellorsville in the May following, and was relieved bv General 
 Meade, June 27. Subsequently, he was sent to relieve Rosecrans, at Chat- 
 tanooga, and distinguished himself at Lookout Mountain, fighting " above 
 the clouds," where he captured a strong position, thereby causing the defeat 
 of Bragg, in November. 
 
 As commander of the Twentieth Corps, he participated in Sherman's 
 Atlanta campaign; but was relieved, at his own request, in July, 1864, and 
 was soon after appointed to the Departmeut of the North, and afterward the 
 Department of the East. 
 
% : 
 
 38. "PAHSON" BEOWNLOW. 
 
 "WILLIAM GANNAWAY Brownlow was born in "Wythe County, Virginia, 
 August 29, 1805. Being left an orphan at eleven years of age, he was 
 obliged to work in the humblest capacity until he arrived at his eighteenth 
 year, when, through natural force of character, he set about learning the 
 carpenters' trade, at which he worked till he had obtained means to procuro 
 a better education. 
 
 He entered the Methodist ministry in 1826, and became an itinerant 
 Preacher. In 18o2 he was a Delegate to the General Conference in Philadel- 
 phia, but afterward traveled a circuit in South Carolina, the home of Calhoun, 
 where the Nullification excitement led him into the controversy, by his ex- 
 pressions of attachment for the Union, and where he was subsequently 
 compelled to publish a pamphlet in his own defense, in consequence of the 
 fierce opposition soon excited against him. He also published a pamphlet 
 against the position of the Methodist Church South, in regard to slavery, in 
 which he predicted the troubles of the country on the slave question, and 
 avowed his determination to stand by the Union. 
 
 Mr. Brownlow commenced his political career in Tennessee, in 1828, as 
 an advocate of the election of John Quiney Adams to the Presidency, having 
 always been, as he says, " a Federal Whig, of the "Washington and Alexan- 
 der Hamilton school." About 1837 he became Editor of the Knoxville, Ten* 
 nessee, Whig, a political newspaper, which attained a large circulation ; and 
 it was under the bold and defiant tune of this paper that hu obtained the 
 soubriquet of the "Fighting Parson." 
 
 From the commencement of the secession movement, he boldly main- 
 tained an unconditional adherence to the Union, which course subjected him 
 to much persecution. On October 24, lbb'l, he published the last number of the 
 Whig, and was obliged to conceal himself from the violence of his enemies ; 
 but was induced, by false promises of protection, to report himself to the 
 Confederate General at Knoxville, where he was arrested for treason, and. 
 sent to jail. Here he was detained, in constant expectation of death, suffer- 
 ing from severe illness, and kept under military authority until March, 
 1862. He was then released and forwarded to the Union lines, at Knox- 
 ville. He published, about this time, his sketches of the " Rise, Progress, 
 and Decline, of Secession, with a Narrative of Personal Adventures among 
 the Rebels." 
 
 Parson Brownlow's career since the date of the trying events of the war, 
 is one belonging to the history of the State of Tennessee. His election as 
 Governor of the State, his efforts to restore public order, to promote free- 
 dom of opinion, and to extend the rights of manhood to every citizen, have 
 attracted the attention of the whole country ; and while Tennessee contains 
 unquestionably, many true and loyal people, "the ineradicable taint of sin" 
 appears to be so deeply ingrained, that not even the sturdy fidelity of the 
 firmest patriotism can prevent the savage and unnatural outrages which 
 stain her soil with horror. 
 
 Brownlow has proved that truth and loyalty can exist, in all their vigor, 
 in the midst of perverted and baneful influences. His record will outlive 
 the turbulent hates of the time, and glow with brightness on the — e 
 
39. HUMPHREY MAESHALL. 
 
 HUMPHREY MARSHALL, son of one of the earliest pioneers of Kentucky, 
 ■was born at Frankfort, Kentucky, January 13, 1812. He graduated at 
 "West Point Military Academy, but soon after resigned his commission of 
 Lieutenant, and applied himself to the study of law, "which profession he 
 practiced "with eminent success. 
 
 During* the ten years preceding the Mexican "War, and while actively 
 demoting himself to his profession in Louisville, Ky., he took a prominent 
 and active part in the military affairs of the State. In this relation, he 
 successfully served as Captain, Major, and Lieutenant-Colonel. He served 
 in the Mexican War as Colonel of Cavalry, fighting at Buena Vista, and 
 leading the charge of the Kentucky Volunteers. 
 
 On his return to Kentucky, in 1847, he was offered several important 
 nominations, -which he declined, and retired to a farm. 
 
 Entering again into active life, he commenced his political career by 
 being elected, in 1849, as a Representative to Congress, and was re-elected 
 in 1851. He was appointed, by President Fillmore, Commissioner to China, 
 which was immediately raised to a first-class mission ; and, on his return, he 
 was again elected a Representative to Congress. 
 
 In 1856 he was a member of the American National Council held in New 
 York city, where he was instrumental in having abolished all secrecy in 
 the political organization of his party. 
 
 Re-elected to Congress in 1857, he served as a member of the Committee 
 on Military Affairs. Taking an active part in all the legislative proceedings 
 previous to the Rebellion, when the civil war broke out, he identified him- 
 self with the Southern cause, and was a prominent leader in its legislative 
 and military proceedings. 
 
 He was a Member of the First Confederate Congress, and was subse- 
 quently appointed a General of Volunteers, serving in many campaigns 
 during the war, if not always with success, with gallantry and distinction. 
 
 General Marshall comes of a family distinguished in the history of the 
 Republic as jurists and orators. A descendant of Chief-Justice Marshall, 
 the name is illustrious as one of the greatest in the old Commonwealth of 
 Virginia, and distinguished for eloquence and gallantry in the State of Ken- 
 tucky. Thomas Marshall, of old, so brilliant for his eloquence and wit in 
 Congress, was a cousin of Humphrey, and other members of the family 
 have been famous for their talents. 
 
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 40. WILLIAM H. SEWAKD. 
 
 William H. Seward was born in the village of Florida, New York, 
 May 1G, 1801. From childhood he exhibited a love of knowledge, and an 
 earnest inclination and taste for study ; and when yet a mere child, he ran 
 away to school. At nine years of age, he was sent to Farmers' Hall 
 Academy, at Goshen. Here books were his favorite companions ; and he 
 always read with pencil in hand, lest memory should drop a single one of 
 the pearls he gathered in his literary pilgrimage. 
 
 "When but fifteen he entered the Sophomore class at Union College, 
 Schenectady, N. Y. His favorite studies in College were rhetoric, moral 
 philosophy, and the ancient classics. 
 
 In 1810, when but eighteen years of age, and while in the Senior class, 
 he withdrew from College, and engaged himself as a teacher at the South. 
 He graduated in 1820, and soon after commenced the study of law in New 
 York City, where he was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court in 1822. 
 
 In January of the next year, he commenced practice in Auburn, N. Y., 
 where, by severe industry, he soon became possessed of an extensive and 
 successful practice. He, at the same time, gave considerable attention to 
 politics, and avowed his opposition to the extension of slavery. 
 
 In 1824 he drew up an address, which exposed the origin and design of 
 the Albany Regency. He joined the anti-Masonic organization ; and, in 
 1830, received the nomination of that party to the State Senate, for the 
 Seventh District, and was elected. He was the leading spirit of the State 
 among the advocates for the election of John Q. Adams as President of 
 the United States, in opposition to the Jackson party and the Albany 
 Regency. 
 
 In 1834 he was nominated by the Whig party, as candidate for Governor, 
 but was defeated by William L. Marcy. In 1838 he was again a candidate, 
 and elected by ten thousand majority. During his administration, impris- 
 onment for debt was abolished, and every vestige of slavery removed from 
 the statute-books. He upheld the system of internal improvements, and 
 devoted himself to reforming the mode of public education. 
 
 He was re-elected in 1840 ; and, on the expiration of the second term, 
 declined a renomination. In 1849 he was elected United States Senator, 
 and re-elected in 1855, at the expiration of which, he was appointed, by 
 President Lincoln, Secretary of State, which office he has filled with eminent 
 ability through the trying period of the Rebellion to the present time. 
 
 On the night of April 14, 1865, a desperate attempt was made by Rebel 
 sympathizers to assassinate him, while ho lay upon a sick bed. He was 
 severely and dangerously wounded, but survived the event. 
 
irjr 
 
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1 3 
 
 41. ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS. 
 
 Alexander H. Stephens -was born in Taliaferro County, Georgia, 
 February 11, 1812, and graduated at Franklin College, Atbens, Ga., in 1832, 
 at the head of his class. Choosing and studying the law, he was admitted 
 to the bar in 1834, and soon obtained a lucrative practice in the town of 
 Crawfordsville, in his native county. 
 
 After paying his debts, which he had incurred in obtaining his educa- 
 tion, his first earnings were devoted to redeeming from the handc of 
 strangers the home of his childhood, which had been sold after his fathers 
 death, and upon which he still resides. 
 
 In 183G he was elected to the Lower House of the State Legislature, 
 where he served five years, devoting himself especially to the internal 
 interests of his native State. 
 
 In 1839 he was chosen a Delegate to the Commercial Convention at 
 Charleston, where he is said to have made a deep impression by his peculiar 
 eloquence. In 1842 he was elected to the Senate of his State, and in 1843 
 he was elected a Representative in Congress from Georgia, as a Whig, 
 retaining his seat until 1859, when he voluntarily retired. He served on 
 many committees while in Congress, and delivered many speeches ; and it 
 was while he officiated as Chairman of the Committee on Territories, that 
 the Territories of Minnesota and Oregon were admitted into the Union. 
 After the first Kansas struggle in Congress, Mr. Stephens became a Democrat : 
 and, in 1858, steadily sustained the Lecompton Constitution. 
 
 The disturbances following the Presidential election of 1860 called him 
 from his retirement, and he made several speeches defending the Union and 
 deprecating secession. The subsequent spring, however, having been chosen 
 Vice-President of the Confederate States, he made a violent war speech at 
 Atlanta, Ga., charging the responsibility upon the North, and declaring that 
 the South would call out million after million, till the last man fell, rather 
 than be conquered. In a speech delivered at Savannah in the spring oi 
 1861, he says, " that slavery was the cause of the rupture ; that the prevail- 
 ing idea of Jefferson and most of the leading statesmen, at the time of the 
 formation of the Constitution, was that the enslavement of the African was 
 in violation of the laws of nature ; that it was wrong in principle — socially, 
 morally, and politically wrong ; that it would, in the order of Providence, 
 soon pass away. "But," said Mr. Stephens, " those ideas were fundamentally 
 wrong. We propose to found the new Confederate Government on exactly 
 opposite ideas. Its i corner-stone ' rests upon the idea that slavery is the 
 normal condition of the African ; and this stone, which was rejected by the 
 first builders, has become the chief stone of the corner of our edifice." Thus 
 boldly admitting what had been always claimed by the North respecting 
 the sentiments of the founders of the Republic. 
 
 Mr. Stephens's political life becomes consistent by remembering that he 
 was a follower of Calhoun, as a champion of Southern interest and policy, 
 throughout; He remained Vice-President of the Confederacy during the 
 Rebellion ; and, in May, 1865, after the surrender of General Lee, was arrested 
 and imprisoned in Fort "Warren, but soon after released. He has since 
 written a book, entitled, " The History of the Rebellion." 
 
 Mr. Stephens is a shrewd and specious writer and debater, when on the 
 wrong side of the question ; and, for sagacity and devotion to the Southern 
 cause, none has excelled him since Calhoun. 
 
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*</ 
 
 42, THABDEUS STEVENS. 
 
 Thaddeus Stevens, " The Old Commoner " of the United States House 
 of Representatives,' was born in Danville, Caledonia County, Vermont, 
 April 4, 1792. After attending 1 the common school, he fitted for college at 
 Peacham Acadamy, and entered the Vermont University in 1810, which 
 suspended operations after he had been there two years, on account of the 
 war, and he proceeded to Dartmouth College, where he graduated in 1814. 
 
 After studying law at Peacham, he left his native State, and settled in 
 York, Pa., where he taught school, and pursued his legal studies for a year, 
 when he removed to Gettysburg, opened an office, and entered upon the 
 practice of his profession. He was soon in the possession of an extensive 
 and lucrative business, to which he gave his entire attention for sixteen 
 years, during which he was employed in m&ny of the most important cases 
 tried in the Courts of the Commonwealth, and was one of the most acute 
 lawyers and able reasoners in the State. He was especially pleased to be 
 retained in causes where the oppressed and weak were to be protected from 
 the machinations of the tyrannical and strong. 
 
 In 1833 he was elected to the State Legislature, ana also in 1834, 1835, 
 1837, and 1841. In 1836 he was elected a Member of the Convention to 
 revise the State Constitution, but refused to sign his name to the completed 
 instrument, because it contained the word " white," as a qualification of 
 suffrage. In 1838 he was appointed a Canal Commissioner. 
 
 While in the Legislature, his efforts saved the Common School system 
 from being overthrown. By that effort he established the principle that it 
 is the duty of the State to provide the facilities for education to all the 
 children of the Commonwealth. In 1842, Mr. Stevens, finding himself in 
 debt from losses in the iron business, in which he was extensively engaged 
 at Gettysburg, and from liabilities for indorsements, removed to Lancaster, 
 Pa., where, his reputution having preceded him, his income from his profes- 
 sion soon became the largest at the bar. In a few years he paid his debts, 
 and saved the bulk of his estate. 
 
 In 1848, and again in 1850, he was elected to the United States Congress, 
 when, declining to be re-elected, he returned to his profession, until 1858, 
 when he was again sent to the House of Representatives, where he con- 
 tinued to serve without interruption until his death. His course in Con- 
 gress forms an important part in the history of a mighty people, in the 
 greatest crisis of their existence. 
 
 In private life, among his friends, Mr. Stevens was ever genial, kind, and 
 considerate. For them he would labor and sacrifice, without stint, com- 
 plaint, or regret. His rare conversational powers, fund of anecdotes, bril- 
 liant sallies of wit, and wise sayings upon the topics of the hour, made his 
 company sought and enjoyed. 
 
 Mr. Stevens was an honest and truthful man in public and private life. 
 In his private charities he was lavish, being incapable of saying " No,'* in 
 the presence of want or misery. His charity, like his political convictions, 
 regarded neither creed, race, or color. He was a good, classical scholar, 
 well read on subjects of philosophy and law, and a bold, determined, and 
 uncompromising foe to oppression, in every form. He died August 11, 1868, 
 and his remains lie in a private cemetery, for reasons stated in the follow- 
 ing epitaph, prepared by himself : 
 
 " I repose in this quiet and secluded spot, not from any natural prefer- 
 ence for solitude ; but, finding other cemeteries limited, by charter-rules, to 
 race, I have chosen it, that I might be enabled to illustrate in my death the 
 principles which I have advocated through a long life : Equality of man 
 before- h ; s Creator.'" 
 
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&& 
 
 43. THURLOW WEED. 
 
 Thurlow Weed was born in Catskill, New York, in 1797. The loss of 
 his parents, who were in poor circumstances, threw him at an early age 
 upon his own resources, and he engaged as a Cabin-Boy on a North River 
 sloop. 
 
 His first step towards his present profession was in the character of 
 " Devil " in the printing office of a country paper, but was subsequently 
 employed as an itinerant Journeyman in the office of the Herkimer Ameri- 
 can, edited by the late Colonel Stone. 
 
 During the war with Great Britain, he enlisted as Drummer in the United 
 States army, and served on the Northern frontier. 
 
 On leaving the army, he resumed his former occupation of Printer in 
 New York City. 
 
 Sometime after, he returned to the country, married, and started a 
 country paper, which he published fir^t in Onondaga, and afterwards in 
 Chenango County, New York, advocating the Canal policy of Governor 
 Clinton. 
 
 His paper not proving successful, in 1824, he resumed his occupation of 
 Journeyman Printer, in Albany. Here he became actively engaged in poli- 
 tics, especially in the struggle which terminated in the election of John 
 Quincy Adams as President of the United States. 
 
 Soon after this, he removed to Rochester, and edited a daily paper in that 
 city. During the excitement caused by the alleged abduction of Morgan 
 by the Free Masons, in 1826-'27, he edited the Anti-Mason Enquirer in that 
 city, and was three times elected to the State Legislature by the Anti- 
 Masonic party. 
 
 On the establishment of the Albany Evening Journal, in 1830, Mr. "Weed 
 returned to Albany, and became its Editor, where he continued until 18G6, 
 when, for a time, he was connected with the New York Times, and, in 
 March, 1867, associated himself with the Commercial Advertiser, of New 
 York City, with which he has, until recently, been connected. 
 
 Mr. Weed took a prominent part in procuring the nomination of General 
 Harrison for President in 1840, General Taylor in 1848, and General Scott 
 in 1852, in each instance as an independent adviser rather than as a member 
 of the respective conventions — a position which strict regard to the rule of 
 conduct which he had prescribed, has never allowed him to deviate from. 
 
 He warmly advocated the election of Fremont and Lincoln, although his 
 influence in each case had been exerted in favor of the nomination of Mr. 
 Seward. 
 
 In 1861 he visited Europe at the suggestion of influential friends of the 
 administration of President Lincoln, who thought that, in a " semi-diplo- 
 matic" capacity, he could be of service to the country in the political circles 
 of London and Paris, in respect to the delicate relations of the United States 
 with foreign powers, arising out of the civil war. He returned in June, 
 1862, receiving the freedom of the city from the Corporation of New York 
 on his arrival. 
 
 For a number of years Mr. Weed was the acknowledged leader of the 
 Whig and Pepiiblican parties in the State of New York, and has never been 
 excelled as a shrewd political manager. 
 
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 44. EDWIN M. STANTON. 
 
 Edwin M. Stanton was born at Steubenville, Ohio, about the year 
 1817. After graduating at Kenyon College, be applied himself diligently 
 to the study of law, commenced practice in Steubenville, and rapidly rose to 
 distinction in his profession, which he practiced for several years in Ohio. 
 
 In 1848 he removed to Pittsburg. Here he conducted, with signal suc- 
 cess, the case involving the "Wheeling controversy, wherein, for the first 
 time, the brilliancy of his talents received a national recognition. 
 
 He early turned his attention to politics ; and, although educated as a 
 Whig, he began his career as an ultra Democrat, 
 
 He was selected at the commencement of Buchanan's administration to 
 conduct an important law case in California, in which he was successful. 
 He then commenced practice at Washington, and shortly afterward received 
 the appointment of Attorney-General. At the close of Buchanan's adminis- 
 tration, he withdrew to private life, and resumed the practice of his profes- 
 sion in Pennsylvania, whence, however, at the opening of the battle year 
 of 1862, he was appointed Secretary of War, by Mr. Lincoln, to super- 
 sede Mr. Cameron. 
 
 So soon as his appointment was confirmed by the Senate, Mr. Stanton 
 grasped the reins of his difficult trust with characteristic vigor. One of his 
 primary measures was to provide for the wants and contribute to the com- 
 fort of our soldiers who were confined in Southern prisons. In his " Annual 
 Report" for the year 1863, the courage, devotion, patriotism, and brilliant 
 achievements of the national armies, are feelingly eulogized. 
 
 At the opening of the year 1864, some efforts were made to have him 
 removed from the stormy helm he had grasped so firm — probably from jeal- 
 ousy or partisan motives — but they were unsuccessful. Mr. Lincoln had 
 perfect confidence in his ability and patriotism, and few of his opponents 
 can truthfully withhold from him that respect which is due to promptness 
 of decision, vigor of deed, and probity of purpose. 
 
 A difference of views in regard to the carrying out of the Reconstruction 
 laws of Congress through the officers of the army occurring between Mr. 
 Johnson and himself, he was requested to resign, which he refused to do ; 
 and, August 12, 1867, President Johnson suspended him from office, and 
 appointed General Grant, Secretary of War ad interim ; but the Senate, 
 having decided that he was legally and rightfully Secretary of War, and 
 that President Johnson had no right to suspend him under the Tenure of 
 Office Law without the consent of the Senate, General Grant surrendered 
 the office to him again, January 13, 1868. 
 
 February 21, President Johnson again attempted to remove him by 
 appointing General Lorenzo Thomas, Secretary of War ad interim, and 
 ordered Mr. Stanton to transfer the office to him, to which he refused to 
 accede. For this and other causes, articles of impeachment were brought 
 against President Johnson ; but, failing to convict him, Mr. Stanton resigned. 
 
45. JUDAH P. BEINJAMIN. 
 
 Judah Peter Benjamin was born in St. Domingo in 1812, of Hebrew- 
 •parents. 
 
 In 18 1G the family emigrated to Savannah, Ga. The son entered Yale 
 College in 1825, but left in 1827, about which time his father died. In 1831 
 he went to New Orleans to study law, with very limited resources. Obtain- 
 ing a situation as a teacher, he applied himself with commendable industry 
 to his legal studies. Among his fair pupils was a young lady, Miss St. 
 Martin, whom he afterward married. 
 
 Admitted to the bar in 1834, he soon rose to eminence, and was attached » 
 to the Whig party. In the Convention to revise the Constitution of Louis- i 
 iaua, he advocated the article requiring the Governor to be a native-born 
 ci.izen of the United States. 
 
 In 1849 he declined the office of Attorney-General of the United States, 
 offered him by President Taylor. 
 
 Mr. Benjamin then engaged in sugar-planting, and published several 
 pamphlets on the subject, but never succeeded in realizing profits in the 
 business. 
 
 In 1852 he succeeded the Hon. S. N. Downs in the United States Senate, 
 and distinguished himself ; but, having been led by the developments of the 
 slavery question to ally himself with the Democrats, he rose to consider- 
 able prominence in the Southern section of that party. A sharp controversy 
 with Jefferson Davis was near causing a duel, but Mr. D. openly apologized 
 for his harsh language, which he attributed to his military propinquities. 
 
 Mr. Benjamin advocated Mr. Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska bill in 1854, 
 but subsequently insisted that the principle of popular sovereignty was set 
 aside by the Dred Scott case, which, he contended, ought to be considered 
 decisive. 
 
 He was re-elected to the Senate in 1859, through the influence of his 
 colleague, Mr. Slidell ; and went to California in 18G0 as Counsel in the New 
 Almaden Quicksilver case. Returning in the latter part of the year, he 
 announced his adhesion to the Southern cause in a speech of considerable 
 force, wherein he declared that the South could never be subdued. He 
 withdrew with Mr. Slidell, February 4, 18G1, and was immediately appointed 
 Attorney-General in the Provisional Government of the Southern Con- 
 federacy. 
 
 In August, 1861, he became Acting Secretary of "War in place of L. P. 
 Walker, and retained the office till alter the capture of Roanoke Island by 
 the Union forces in the early part of 1862, which was attributed to incom- 
 petency in the department over which he presided. He was then appointed 
 Secretary of State on the resignation of R. M. T. Hunter. 
 
 On the conquest of the Rebellion, Mr. Benjamin, who had figured con- 
 spicuously in the so-called Confederacy, betook himself, with others of his 
 confreres in the " lost cause," to the more congenial atmosphere of Great 
 Britain, where, with the easy adaptability of his race, he soon familiarized 
 himself to the legal profession there, and is occasionally heard of through 
 the press. 
 
 Among the remarkable episodes of Mr. Benjamin's career, the notorious 
 Teh u an tepee Railroad speculation formed a prominent feature. The United 
 States Senate Committee, Mr. R. Toombs, Chairman, denounced the transac- 
 tion with severity ; and the clause confirming the titles of Messrs. Benjamin 
 an I Slidell, introduced clandestinely in a bill to settle land claims in LI1-- 
 souri, was subsequently repealed. 
 
l< 
 
 / 
 
 46. HOWELL COBB. 
 
 Howell Cobb was born September 7, 1815, at Cherry Hill, uefferson 
 County, Georgia. 
 
 He graduated in 1834, at the Franklin University, Athens, Ga., standing 
 high in his class. In 1836 he was admitted to the bar, and there exhibited 
 talents which afterward distinguished him in more prominent positions. 
 
 He was chosen by the Legislature, in 1837, as Solicitor-General of the 
 "Western District of Georgia, which position he held for three years, and 
 acquitted himself successfully. ' 
 
 Being popular as a Jackson or Union Democrat, he was elected to Con- 
 gress in 1842, and re-elected in 1844, '46, and '48, where he distinguished 
 himself by his familiarity with parliamentary rules, fair skill as a debater, 
 strong professions of love for the Union, and of admiration for the course 
 of Andrew Jackson in suppressing nullification in South Carolina, and 
 equally vehement professions of fealty to " States Rights." 
 
 He became the leader of the House in the Thirtieth Congress, by his 
 efficient support of President Polk's policy of war against Mexico. In 1848 
 he supported Cass for President. , 
 
 He was elected Speaker of the House in 1849, and in 1850 distinguished 
 himself by his advocacy of the Compromise measures, for which he was op- 
 posed by the extreme advocates of Southern rights in Georgia. He defended 
 Congress, and, as the champion of the Union party, was nominated for 
 Governor. After a violent contest, he was elected by a large majority. On 
 his retirement he resumed the practice of law ; but in the Pierce campaign 
 was again called into active political life, when he was again elected to 
 Congress, in 1855. , 
 
 In 1856 he made a prominent tour through the Northern States, advoca-' 
 ting the election of James Buchanan for President, who, immediately on 
 his acoession, appointed him Secretary of the Treasury. Mr Cobb's admin- 
 istration of this office was disgraced throughout, in the prostitution of his 
 official power over the finances of the Government to the one base purpose 
 of bankrupting the Treasury, and promoting the success of the impending 
 Rebellion, by buying up portions of the outstanding debt at a premium of 
 twelve to sixteen per cent., and then going into the market to borrow money i 
 at an enormous interest to meet the current expenses. 
 
 On the 10th of December, 1860, he resigned, giving as a reason, that the] 
 bankrupt condition of the Treasury no longer needed his services. > 
 
 He was one of the Delegates to the Provisional Congress, over which he] 
 presided ; but, upon the formation of the Confederate Congress, his official 
 relation to the civil affairs of the Confederacy ended. He then took part 
 in organizing the Militia of Georgia, after which, he raised the Sixteenth 
 Georgia Regiment, served under Magruder on the Peninsula, was promoted 
 to Brigadier General, and subsequently to Major General ; but made no 
 mark during the Rebellion. Since its collapse, he has been among the un- 
 reconstructed, pouring out vials of wrath on Union men and Rebels who, 
 advocate the Reconstruction measures of Congress. 
 
JAMES GEANT WILSON. 
 
 General James Grant Wilson, -was among the many young Cavalry 
 officers who distinguished themselves during the late war, and is a gen- 
 tleman of high personal character, being possessed of a mind cultivated by 
 education and travel. Several of his ancestors were renowned as soldiers, 
 and one of his family followed Wellington through the Peninsular Cam- 
 paign, and shared in the glories of Waterloo, while other kinsmen have 
 been equally distinguished as litterateurs. One of his ancestors was the 
 savant, James Sibbald, who entertained Robert Burns, when he first ap- 
 peared in Edinburgh ; and his father, the late William Wilson, of Pough- 
 keepsie, N. Y., was a well-known contributor to the periodical press ; was the 
 author of many beautiful poems and charming Scottish songs; and was 
 the genial entertainer of men of letters, artists, and musicians. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was born in 1835 ; and, after completing his 
 studies, entered his father's publishing and bookselling establishment. 
 Soon after attaining his majority, he became a partner in the business. In 
 1858 General Wilson visited Europe, meeting many eminent men, to whom 
 he carried letters of introduction. Dissolving partnership with his father 
 soon after his return from the Old World, he established himself at Chicago, 
 where he resided for several years, pursuing, successfully, a literary career. 
 Among the honorable positions for so young a man, which were conferred 
 upon him, General Wilson was chosen a Delegate from Illinois to the 
 General Convention of the Episcopal Church, which met at Richmond, Va., 
 in 1859, and was the youngest member of the Convention. 
 
 Soon after the war broke out, he raised a battalion of volunteers, and was 
 commissioned Major in the fifteenth Regiment Illinois Cavalry, and ordered 
 to Tennessee. Here he was engaged in active operations, displaying great 
 personal gallantry, until February, 1863, when the death of the Colonel, 
 placed Major Wilson in command of the regiment. Two months later ne 
 was sent to join General Grant, at Vicksburg, and had the honor ox taking 
 part in that memorable campaign. In September, 18G3, he accompanied 
 Grant to New Orleans; and it was while they were riding together, that 
 the latter was thrown from his horse, and oeverely injured. Accepting the 
 position of Aid-De-Camp on the staff of General Banks, he took part in all 
 his campaigns, remaining with him till he was relieved from the command 
 of the Department of the Gulf. 
 
 General Wilson, who was promoted from the rank of Colonel, in March, 
 1865, for gallantry in the field, was for some time in comm md at Port 
 Hudson, but in the autumn of the same year resigned his commission, 
 since which period he has resided in New York, resuming the literary 
 career for which his education and tastes so admirably fit him. Among 
 his more important works, are " Memoirs of Illustrious Soldiers,' of the 
 last five centuries; "The Life and Campaigns of General IT. S. Grant;" 
 and the life of his distinguished poet-friend, Fitz Greene Halleck. 
 
 It was said of General Wilson, both of whose brothers served in the 
 war, and one of whom was mortally wounded at Frr-dericksburg : " He 
 fights as well as any man, and writes as well as he fights." 
 
I v i 
 
 
 47. SAMUEL C. POMEROY. 
 
 SAMUEL C. Pome kOY -was born in Southampton, Massachusetts, January 
 3, 1816, and spent his boyhood on his father's farm. After receiving an 
 academical education, he entered Amherst College, and graduated in 183G. 
 He spent four years in Onondaga County, New York, and, in lb42, returned 
 to Southampton. 
 
 While in New York, in 1840, he became a convert to political anti- 
 slavery through the eloquence of that remarkable man, Alvin Stewart. lie 
 immediately took steps to organize a county Liberty party, and called a 
 meeting to be held at Lyon, the county seat. Arriving there at the appointed 
 time, he found an audience of just two persons. Mr. Pomeroy called the 
 meeting to order, and delivered the speech, while one of the gentlemen took 
 the chair, and the other acted as secretary. Resolutions were then adopted, 
 and a county ticket nominated, which received at the election eleven voice 
 in a population of twenty thousand souls. 
 
 On his return to Southampton, he worked zealously in disseminating 
 anti-slavery truths, lecturing in school-houses, and making converts every- 
 where. 
 
 After eight years of battle, nominated for the Massachusetts Legislature 
 upon the same ticket year after year, Mr. Pomeroy at lentgh won, triumph- 
 ing over both Whigs and Democrats in 1851. This was a great victory. 
 
 In 1854 he engaged in organizing the New England Emigrant Aid 
 Society, and became its financial agent. On the 27th of August of that 
 year, the first little band of Kansas emigrants assembled in Boston under 
 the lead of Mr. Pomeroy, bound for the far West, a land by their efforts, and, 
 perhaps, at the sacrifice of lives, to be forever consecrated to freedom. When 
 the historian of another generation shall seek, among the incidents of our 
 brief and passing hours, to find the pivot upon which, at one moment of its 
 life, turned the nation's destiny, trembling and seeming all uncertain, he 
 will find it here. 
 
 Arriving in Kansas the same year, Mr. Pomeroy participated in the 
 affairs of that territory, and worked zealously toward organizing its society 
 upon the model of New England thrift, intelligence, and freedom. 
 
 He was a member of the Territorial Defense Committee, and a Delegate 
 to the Pittsburg and Philadelphia Conventions of 1850. It was in opposition 
 the infamous swindle of the Lecompton Constitution that - commenced the 
 political career of Mr. Pomeroy in Kansas. Down to this period his labors 
 had been purely those of the philanthropist. From henceforward we find 
 him in the political arena, and here, if anywhere, we firmly expect to find 
 the true record of a man. 
 
 In 1858 he was elected the first Mayor of Atchison, and was re-elected 
 the next year. The first free school was instituted by him while filling the 
 Mayoralty. He was a Delegate to the Chicago Convention in I860, which 
 nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency, and, during the famine of 
 that ) r ear in Kansas, was Chairman of the Pelief Committee. 
 
 In 1861 he was elected United States Senator from Kansas, and re-elected 
 in 1867. Mr. Pomeroy' s career in Congress has been radical in the best 
 sense of the word, and his anti-slavery record stands conspicuously among 
 the proudest of his peers Upon his tombstone let the motto of his life be 
 written : " I was right upon this question in 1840," 
 
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6 
 
 48. SCHUYLEE COLFAX. 
 
 Schuyler Colfax was born in the city of New York, March 23, 1823, 
 and is a lineal descendant from General Schuyler and Captain Colfax, both 
 of Revolutionary celebrity. 
 
 He received all his academical instruction before he was ten years of age.' 
 At the age of thirteen he went to Indiana, where he entered a printing 
 office, and continued to follow that pursuit with degrees of advancement, 
 until about the year 1844, when he became editor and proprietor of the 
 South Bend Register. Mr. Colfax was then only twenty-one years of age ; 
 but, by his energy and his sterling integrity, he worked himself into a posi- 
 tion of influence and responsibility. The paper he published was a political 
 organ, and in the interest of the Whig party. Its circulation was not 
 extensive, but its editor strove to render it a useful and healthy journal ; 
 and it was not long before he obtained considerable reputation for his bold 
 avowal of honest sentiments, for his temperate habits, and his substantial 
 abilities ; and eventually he became an influential leader in the politics of 
 Indiana. 
 
 In 1848 he was appointed a Delegate to the Whig National Convention,] 
 and elected Secretary. 
 
 In 1850 he was elected a Member of the Indiana State Convention, having' 
 for its object the preparation of a State Constitution. In this body he 
 proved very efficient in bringing about the adoption of the present Consti-j 
 tution of that State. 
 
 In 1851 he was a candidate of the Whig party for Representative to' 
 Congress, but was unsuccessful. 
 
 In lb52 he was again sent as a Delegate to the Whig National Conven-j 
 tion, and elected Secretary. 
 
 In 18o4 Mr. Colfax was elected by the Republican party a Representa- 
 tive to Congress, and from that time to the present has occupied a seat in 
 the House. At the opening of the Thirty-Fourth Congress, and during its 
 session, Mr. Colfax took his stand as one of the most promising Congressional 
 debaters. His speech against the extension of slavery was a masterly effort, 
 and stamped him at once as a most influential orator. 
 
 In 18.36' Mr. Colfax labored zealously for the election of John C. Fremont. 
 
 In the Thirty-fifth Congress he was elected Chairman of the Committee 
 on Post-Offices and Post-Roads, which position he held until his election as 
 Speaker of the Thirty-Eighth Congress, to which responsible position he has 
 since been twice re-elected — honors awarded before only to Henry Clay. 
 
 As a speaker, Mr. Colfax is earnest, frank, pointed, and fluent. His 
 manner is pleasing, and his language well chosen and refined. He always 
 commands the respect and attention of both sides of the House. 
 
 Mr. Colfax received the unanimous nomination of the Republican 
 Convention in May, 1868, for Vice-President of the United States, and was 
 elected. 
 
49. WADE HAMPTON. 
 
 General "Wade Hampton was born in the city of Charleston, South 
 Carolina, in the year 1818. His early education was received at South 
 Carolina College, where he graduated with much distinction. The pursuits 
 of Hampton, previous to the Rebellion, were almost exclusively those of a 
 planter, though he served in both branches of the South Carolina Legisla- 
 ture with distinction. 
 
 His argument against the opening of the African slave trade was spoken 
 of as a masterpiece of elegant and statesmanlike logic, dictated by the 
 noblest sentiments of the Christian and the patriot. 
 
 At the commencement of 1861, he was considered one of the richest 
 planters of the South, and owned the greatest number of slaves. When 
 hostilities commenced, he immediately raised a splendid legion of six com- 
 panies of infantry, himself their leader, and contributed largely toward 
 their equipment. 
 
 He joined the Confederate Army just in time to take part in the battle of 
 the first Bull Run, July 21, 1861, where his "soldierly ability" was espe- 
 cially noted by General Beauregard, who said that " veterans could not 
 have behaved better than his well-led regiment." Before the last charge, 
 however, he was wounded in the head, and obliged to retire from the field. 
 
 In the subsequent battles on the Peninsula, Hampton's Legion was ever 
 conspicuous; and, at the battle of Seven Pines, was especially noticed. 
 During the battle of Gaines' Mill, June 29, the Hampton Legion again 
 displayed great valor. 
 
 Hampton was now promoted to Brigadier-General of Cavalry, under 
 Major-General Stuart, and zealously seconded that officer in all his daring 
 exploits, accompanying him on his successful expedition into Maryland. 
 
 At the battle of Gettysburg, General Hampton was wounded thrice, 
 which compelled him to retire a while from his command ; but his active 
 spirit would not brook a longer absence than was imperative. Therefore, 
 we find him again zealously engaged with Stuart, the two Lees, and his 
 gallant men, in many other raids and adventures. On the death of General 
 Stuart, May 11, 1864, having been made a Major-General, he took command 
 of the cavalry ; and, in August, was made Commander-in-Chief of all the 
 Cavalry in the Army of Northern Virginia, and was henceforth considered 
 as General Lee's Master of Horse, — a position of no slight dignity in such 
 times. One of his most exciting raids, and one which was peculiarly ser- 
 viceable to the Confederate army, was his foray upon General Grant's com- 
 missariat, in which he captured over two thousand cattle. 
 
 General Hampton continued at the head of the cavalry until the surren- 
 der of Lee, April 9, 1865, having previously been promoted to a Lieutenant- 
 General 
 
 At the Democratic Convention which met in New York, July 4, 1868, 
 for the purpose of nominating candidates for President and Vice-President 
 of the United States, General Hampton was a Delegate from South Carolina, 
 and was one of its most prominent and influential members. 
 
 General Hampton is said to be a man of immense physical strength and 
 activity, of wonderful endurance, and of inexhaustible energy. He is pas- 
 sionately fond of horses, a splendid rider, a practical swordsman, and an 
 excellent shot. 
 
50. HENRY A. WISE. 
 
 Henry A. "Wise was born December 3, 180G, in Drummond Town, Acco- 
 mack County, Virginia. Ho became an orphan at an eaiiy age, but was, by 
 the kindness of relatives, sent to Washington College, Pa., and graduated, in 
 1825, with honor. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar at Winches- 
 ter, Va., in 1828. The same year he removed to Nashville, T.enn., and 
 practiced his profession two years, when, from local attachment, he returned 
 to Accomack County in 1830. He became one of the most vigorous exponents 
 of " State Bights ;" and, during the Nullification excitement of 1832-83, 
 espoused the doctrine of the Resolution of 1798-99, but opposed the extreme 
 measures of South Carolina, and thought General Jackson too severe. 
 
 In 1833 he was elected, to Congress, and fought a duel with R. Coke, his 
 political opponent, whose right arm was fractured. He was re-elected in 
 1835, and continued to serve until 1843. In the famous Graves and Cilley 
 duel, he was second of the former, but tried to prevent the collision. 
 
 Mr. Wise was instrumental in the nomination of John Tyler ; and, on 
 President Harrison's death, he urged Tyler to veto the United States Bank 
 bill, and to further the speedy annexation of Texas. In 1842 the Senate 
 rejected him as Minister to France. In 1843 he resigned his seat in Con- 
 gress for the mission to Brazil, which post he occupied until the fall of 
 1847. In 1848 he was one of the Presidential Electors of Virginia; and in 1850 
 was a Member of the Reform Convention of that State, which adopted the 
 late Constitution. In 1852 he was again Presidential Elector. 
 
 La 1854 the Know-Nothing party came into existence, which called out 
 Mr. Wise, with all the ardor of his temperament, in opposition to its 
 principles and objects ; and, in 1855, he was elected Governor of Virginia, 
 which office he held until 1860. 
 
 In 1859 he wrote with enthusiasm in favor of Mr. Douglas's nomination, 
 and published an elaborate treatise on Territorial Governments and the 
 admission of new States into the Union. That year commenced those 
 events which only ended when, after four years of bloody struggle, the 
 question of slavery was settled by its eradication. 
 
 Governor Wise took a very active part in the troubles of the times, and 
 was called upon, as Governor, to administer the laws against the conspirators, 
 headed by John Brown, at Harpers Ferry. He was a Member of the State 
 Convention to consider the relations of Virginia to the Federal Government, 
 and advised immediate secession. 
 
 He entered with his wonted enthusiasm into the war of the Rebellion, 
 and advised the people to " take a lesson from John Brown." He was 
 appointed Brigadier-General in the Confederate army, and occupied the 
 Kanawha valley, but was driven out by General J. D. Cox, losing the 
 " Gauley Bridge,'' and a large quantity of arms and stores. 
 
 He joined General Floyd in Western Virginia, until ordered to Rich- 
 mond, when he was sent to defend Roanoke Island, N. C; but, at the attack 
 by Burnside, he was sick at Nag's Head. " The Wise Legion " took part in 
 the action, and his son, Captain O. Jennings Wise, was among the killed. 
 Making his escape from the island, General Wise afterward took no active 
 part in the war. 
 
 Since the restoration of peace, he has been occasionally heard from, and 
 not without some of his characteristic vehemence. But he is, like many 
 who have played their parts in the great drama of our national strife, 
 retired into the shadowy precincts of the closing scenes. Henry A. Wise 
 is entitled to the tribute of honest and earnest purpose in a " lost cause." 
 
' ¥ 
 
 51. WENDELL PHILLIPS. 
 
 Wendell Phillips -was born in Boston, Massachusetts, November 29, 
 1811. He graduated at Harvard College in 1831, and at Cambridge Law 
 School in 1833. He was admitted to the Suffolk bar in 1834, and began life 
 with every advantage. 
 
 But at the very outset he was a witness of the mob in which Garrison 
 was dragged through Boston for the conscientious expression of his opinions, 
 and which aroused the Puritan spirit, and rendered Phillips a devoted 
 adherent of the anti-slavery cause. 
 
 When Rev. E. P. Lovejoy was murdered at Alton, 111., in 1837, a great 
 public meeting was held in Boston, to express the horror felt at this outrage 
 on the freedom of the press and the rights of opinion. The conservative 
 powers strenuously resisted the efforts of free speech, aud the Attorney- 
 General of the State denounced the reformers, and declared that Lovejoy 
 was presumptious and imprudent, and died as the fool dieth. Dr. Channing' 
 was declared equally out of place. This speech produced a sensation in the 
 " Old Cradle of Liberty," and Phillips, who had come, without expecting to 
 speak, rose, and, amidst the boisterous cries of the mobocratic party, rebuked 
 the spirit of conservative tyranny, till a storm of applause and hisses inter- 
 rupted the young orator. An attempt was made to silence him, but Phillips 
 persisted ; and, after the most eloquent and scathing speech, took his position 
 as the leading' orator of the Abolitionists and progressive Reformers of the 
 age. " In "Wendell Phillips the scornful world had found its match." 
 
 Henceforth he gave himself up to the cause of reforms, and abandoned 
 his legal practice. 
 
 " The little band of Abolitionists that gathered around him and Garrison, 
 men and women, were heroes." The career of the leaders of this despised 
 band was, in those days, often attended with danger of personal violence. 
 Assassination was held up to them as the penalty of the utterance of their 
 detested truths. Phillips's house was threatened with incendiarism, but no 
 threats of violence could prevent him from giving expression to his senti- 
 ments. 
 
 Far from limiting his labors to one idea, he has been a vigorous advocate 
 of Temperance, and a champion of the political rights of women. 
 
 " A drunken people," he says, " can never be the basis of a free govern- 
 ment." It is the corner-stoae neither of virtue, prosperity, or progress." 
 
 In our recent war he has always been for the most thorough measures; 
 and, since its close, seems to feel that the whole work of emancipation is 
 not finished ; that the status of the colored man is not fixed ; that the hates 
 and prejudices of the past incline to keep him an outcast. 
 
 Mr. Phillips is one of the most fluent and eloquent orators of the day, 
 and his fame always brought him a large and attentive audience even on 
 the unpopular subjects he had most at heart. 
 
52. REUBEN E FENTON. 
 
 Reuben E. FentoK was "born in Carroll, Chautauque County, Ne^v 
 York, July 1, 1819. He was educated at Pleasant Hill and Fredonia Acade- 
 mies, and adopted the profession of the law, but soon abandoned its prac- 
 tice, to engage in mercantile pursuits, and in which he was eminently 
 successful. 
 
 In 1843 he was elected Supervisor of the town of Carroll; and held 
 that position for eight successive years, and was for three of them Chair- 
 man of the Board of Supervisors. The fact that an avowed Democrat, as 
 ho was then, remained in office for such a long period in a strong Whig lo- 
 cality, is tho most unanswerable evidence ot hi* faithfulness a:* i\ public offi- 
 cer, and his popularity as i man. In 1853 he wa§ elected a Representative 
 from New York to tho Thirty-Third Congress, and was again elected to 
 the Thirty-Fifth Congress, serving on tho Committee on Private Land 
 Claims. In 1859 hcj waj re-elected to tho Thirty-Sixth Congress, serving 
 as Chairman of the Committee on Invalid Pensions. He was also elected to 
 the Thirty-Seventh Congress, serving as Chairman of the Committee on 
 Claims, and re-elected to the Thirty-Eighth Congress, when he served on 
 the Committee of Ways and Means. 
 
 Having distinguished himsell for high executive ability, as Chairman of 
 the Congressional Committees, and for integrity of character, and devoted 
 patriotism, he was selected by the Republican party as their standard-bearer 
 in the State of New York, and elected Governor of that State. 
 
 Fully realizing the anticipations of tho patriotic men of the State, ho 
 was re-elected in 1866. Witli ample experience as a legislator — a successful 
 merchant, like his predecessor, Edwin D. Morgan — Governor Fen ton brought 
 to the administration of the Gubernatorial office, great practical knowledge 
 of men and business, and executiva ability. 
 
 At the Republican Convention which met at Chicago, May, 1868, his 
 name was prominent as a candidate for the second office in the gift of tho 
 people, the delegation from New York sustaining their favorite son until tho 
 fifth ballot, when V huyler Colfax received the unanimous nomination for 
 Vice-President. 
 
 The position of Governor of the Empire State of the Union, is one now 
 of as much administrative importance as was once that of President of the 
 United States. To fill this position with honor, if not always with entiro 
 satisfaction, is a task which requires experience, ability, and firmness. 
 Bringing to the discharge of his official duties those qualities, Governor 
 Fen ton retired from the Gubernatorial chair with the approval of the pub- 
 lic voice. 
 
 Still in the prime of life and a gentleman of active habits, Mr. Fenton's 
 public career is far from being closed, and bids fair of attaining a yet 
 more distinguished future as United States Senator, to which position he 
 was elected January 19, 18CS. 
 
53. ALEXANDER RAMSEY. 
 
 ALEXANDER Ramsey was born in Dauphin County, near Harrisburg*, 
 Pv msylvania, September 8, 1815. .He was educated at Lafayette College, 
 an«4 was Clerk in the office of the Register of his native county, in 1838. 
 
 In 1840 he was appointed Secretary of the Electoral College of Pennsyl- 
 vania ; and*in 1841, was elected Clerk of the House of Representatives of 
 that State. He was elected a Representative to Congress in 1843, and re- 
 elected in 1845. 
 
 He succeeded to the Chairmanship of the State Central Committee of 
 Pennsylvania, in 1848, and was appointed, in 1849, by President Taylor, the 
 first Territorial Governor of Minnesota, serving in that capacity with a great 
 deal of credit to himself, and benefit to the country, until 1853. He effected 
 a treaty at Mendota, in 1849, for the extinction of the title of the Sioux 
 (half-breeds) to the lands on Lake Pepin. 
 
 In 1851 Governor Ramsey negotiated another treaty with the Sioux 
 nation, by which the Government acquired all the lands in Minnesota west 
 of the Mississippi River. This achievement, without a bloody Indian war, 
 opened that State to the large emigration which now peoples >t, and makes 
 it one of the most promising and prosperous of the great Northwest. 
 Added to these, Governor Ramsey made a treaty with the Chippewa 
 Indians, on Red River, which he followed up with another, in 1863. 
 
 He was elected Mayor of the city of St. Paul, in 1855 ; and, in 1860, was 
 elected Governor of the State of Minnesota, which had been admitted into 
 the Union as a State in 1858. 
 
 He continued in the official position of Governor until 1863, when he was 
 elected to the United States Senate, for the term ending 1869, and served 
 on the Committee on Naval Affairs, Post-0 ffices, Post- Roads, Patents and 
 the Patent-Office, Expenses in the Senate, Pacific Railroad, and as Chairman 
 of the Committee on Revolutionary Pensions, and of the Committee on 
 Revolutionary Claims. 
 
 Governor Ramsey was also a member of the National Committee 
 appointed to accompany the remains of President Lincoln to Illinois. 
 
 Fortunate in being the first Governor of Minnesota, Mr. Ramsey was 
 enabled to promote j udiciously the welfare of the people of that Territory 
 and State, the interests of the Government, and advance his own honorable 
 career. Acting honestly and wisely with the Indians, he cffeoted numer- 
 ous treaties, which averted the too frequent and bloody Indian wars, and 
 contributed to the mutual benefit of the two races. 
 
if 
 
 54. GEOKGE H. PENDLETON. 
 
 George H. Pendleton was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, July 25, 1825, 
 He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and has become distinguished in 
 his pi'ofession. His political career commenced by his election to the State 
 Senate of Ohio in 1854 and 1855. 
 
 In 1857 he was elected Representative to Congress from Ohio, and served 
 successively in the Thirty-Fifth, Thirty-Sixth, and Thirty-Seventh Con- 
 gresses, and was a member of the Committee on Military Affairs during 
 each term. He was re-elected to the Thirty-Eighth Congress, serving on the 
 Committee of Ways and Means, and as Chairman of the Committee for 
 Admitting Cabinet Officers to the Floor of the House of Representatives. 
 
 Identifying himself during hi^s last term in Congress with the Anti-War 
 Democrats, Mr. Pendleton became prominent for the boldness of his senti- 
 ments against the policy of the Administration in conducting the war, 
 though few who knew his honorable character doubted his patriotism. 
 
 lie was nominated for the Vice-Presidency in 18(54 on the Democratic 
 ticket, with General McClellan for President, and was defeated. But this 
 did not damp the ardor or shake the faith of his friends, who brought his 
 name forward for the Presidency in 1868. 
 
 Defeated in his nomination, when the whole Western delegation urged 
 it, he submitted with good grace, and went to work strenuously to assist in 
 the election of his most formidable rival, Horatio Seymour ; but, although 
 his popularity was unbounded in the West, he could not stem the tide that 
 had set in against the principles of the Democratic party, and Seymour was 
 defeated in all the Western States, except Kentucky and Oregon. 
 
 Eloquent, popular, and young, Mr. Pendleton is an admirable representa- 
 tive of the Northwest in its truest and frankest sense. Blending much of 
 the Southern ardor, the land of his forefathers, with Western independence, 
 he combines those elements of character which makes a man irresistible in 
 the free Western country. 
 
 Mr. Pendleton has been brought more prominently before the country by 
 the discussions of the financial question. Favoring the payment of the 
 Government bonds in " greenbacks," that phrase of the financial question 
 received new significance from his fearless advocacy of it. 
 
 Frank and bold in whatever public measure he advocates, he vindi- 
 cated his policy in this respect upon grounds of public necessity ; and it 
 soon came to be designated as the Pendletonian policy, although the same 
 .views were advocated by other prominent public men of both parties. 
 
 His policy was thoroughly ventilated during the Presidential canvass, 
 (and stigmatized by its opponents, some of whom were counted among the 
 'greatest financial minds of the country, as tending to repudiation and want 
 of faith in the Government to fulfill its obligations. 
 
55. HANNIBAL HAMLIN. 
 
 Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-President of the United States during the 
 first term of President Lincoln's administration, was born in Paris, Oxford 
 County, Maine, August 27, 1809. Like many of our noted public men, he 
 was the son of a farmer, and prepared himself for a collegiate education ; 
 but the death of his father obliged him to take charge of his farm, "where he 
 remained until he was of age. 
 
 Following a career frequently adopted by aspiring young men in this 
 country, Hamlin took to the calling of a printer, and spent a year in a 
 printing office as a Compositor. Then, with an eye still bent on advance- 
 ment, he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1833, continuing in 
 active practice until 1848. 
 
 Mr. Hamlin was a Member of the Maine Legislature from 183G to 1840, 
 and, for the three latter years, was Speaker of the House. He was elected to 
 the United States House of Representatives in 1843, and re-elected in 1845. 
 He was again elected a Member of the State Legislature in 1847. In May, 
 1848, he was elected to the Senate of the United States for four years, to fill 
 a vacancy occasioned by the decease of John Fairfield, and was re-elected 
 for six years, in 1851. 
 
 January, 1857, he was elected G-ovei'nor of the State of Maine, resigning 
 his seat in the Senate, and being inaugurated on the same day. On the 
 16th of the same month, he was re-elected to the United States Senate 
 for six years, and resigned the office of Governor, February 20, 1857. 
 
 "While in the Senate, he served as a member of the Committee on Com- 
 merce, and the Committee on the District of Columbia. 
 
 In 1860, at the Republican Convention which met at Chicago, he was 
 nominated as candidate for Vice-President, on the ticket with Abraham 
 Lincoln, and was elected. He presided over the Senate for four years with 
 marked ability and impartiality ; but the asperity of party feeling was 
 exhibited with extreme bitterness toward him, and the foulest abuse was 
 heaped upon Ids name and character, animated, however, always by the 
 inspirations of treason. Mr. Hamlin never sacrificed the dignity of his 
 position by the slightest notice of these absurd calumnies. There are 
 thousands throughout the country who profoundly feel that it was a dark 
 day for the Republic when a convention, largely composed of, or inspired 
 by, office-holders and contractors, decreed his displacement as Vice-Presi- 
 dent, to make room for Andrew Johnson, and who would like to see some 
 reparation made for that grave error. 
 
 After retiring from the office of Vice-President, Mr. Hamlin was 
 appointed Collector for the port of Boston, the most desirable post in New 
 England ; but, when Andrew Johnson commenced his course on the recon- 
 struction of the seceding States, instituting a policy in antagonism to Con- 
 gress, and the party which elected him, Mr. Hamlin resigned his office, and 
 took the stump for liberty and loyalty, and has done yeoman service in 
 the ranks ever since. Having filled every post in the gift of his fellow- 
 citizens, from State Representative to Vice-President, he may be averse to 
 further labor and responsibility ; but his integrity, fidelity, experience, and 
 well-earned popularity, render it highly probable that he may be invited to 
 fill some important post again in the public service. 
 
56. MONTGOMERY BLAIR. 
 
 Montgomery Blair, son of Francis P. Blair, Sr., the famous editor, and 
 brother of Francis P. Blair, Jr., late candidate for Vice-President, was born 
 in Franklin County, Kentucky, May 10, 1813. 
 
 He graduated at West Point Military Academy in 1835, and was 
 appointed Second Lieutenant in the Second Artillery, in Avhich capacity he 
 served in the Florida War. Resigning on May 20, 183b, he studied law, 
 and was admitted to practice in St. Louis, Mo., in 1837. 
 
 In 1S39 he was appointed United States District- Attorney for Missouri, 
 and neld that position until 1843, when he was appointed a Judge of 'the 
 Court of Common Pleas. He continued to officiate in this position until 
 1849, when he resigned, and, in 1852, removed to Maryland, where he was 
 residing when appointed, by President Lincoln, Postmaster-General, in 
 March, 1861. 
 
 He was a Democrat previous to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise ; 
 but, after the consummation of that measure, he identified himself with the 
 Republican party, with which organization he became a prominent member. 
 He was appointed by President Pierce to the office of Solicitor to the Court 
 of Claims, but, on account of his change in political sentiment, was removed 
 by President Buchanan. He presided over the Republican State Convention 
 in Maryland in 1860, and was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the 
 Republican ticket. 
 
 He gave his earnest support to the first election of Abraham Lincoln, 
 and in the formation of his Cabinet was tendered a place in it as Postmas- 
 ter-General, which he accepted. This position he continued to hold until 
 1864, when he resigned. 
 
 His subsequent course has been that of an ardent Democrat, advo- 
 cating strenuously the election of Seymour and Blair to the Presidency and 
 Vice-Presidency, and the overthrow of the Reconstruction measures of Con- 
 gress. 
 
 Mr. Blair's name was made prominent to the country as Counsel for the 
 plaintiff in the celebrated Dred Scott litigation ; and the active part he took 
 in the late canvass as brother of the candidate for Vice-President, not only 
 brought himself, but all the members of the Blair family more conspicuously 
 before the country. The founder of it, Francis P. Blair, Sr., the most 
 famous political journalist of his day, lived to an advanced age, to see his 
 eldest son a prominent politician and Cabinent Minister, and his younorest 
 son an aspirant and candidate for the Vice-Presidency, a Member of Con- 
 gress, and a distinguished officer of the army. 
 
57. JAMES GOEDON BENNETT. 
 
 James Gordon Bennett, the celebrated Editor of The New York 
 Herald, was born near the town of Keith, Banffshire, Scotland, abont the 
 year 1800. The son of a sincere Catholic, his father intended him and another 
 brother Cosmo, for the priesthood, and educated them for that vocation. 
 Cosmo, qualified for the Church, held an ecclesiastical office up to the time 
 of his decease. James, with ambition and energy directed to a more active 
 career, sought the pursuit of journalism and letters in America. 
 
 With this object in view he came to this country, and landed at Halifax, 
 N. S., in 1819. His good education qualified him for the position of a, 
 School-Teacher ; but this occupation was too limited for his energy and 
 ambition, and he abandoned it for the more congenial vocation of journalism. 
 Settling for a while in Boston, he became connected with the press ; but, the 
 field of journalism not offering great inducements for him to remain in that 
 city, he removed to New York. Here he became prominently connected 
 with the press. 
 
 Inducements having been held out to him by the proprietor of the 
 Charleston Courier, to connect himself with that journal, Mr. Bennett 
 removed to Charleston, S. C, where he remained for two years. Returning to 
 New York, where his perception and judgment inspired him to lay the 
 foundation of a powerful journal, he connected himself with various papers 
 before he established The New York Herald. This he started in 1835. 
 
 As a city goes through many gradations before it is established, so it 
 was with the building up of The New York Herald; but its completion 
 proves, not only as a monument of the enterprise, energy, and talents of 
 James Gordon Bennett, but also as a triumph of journalism in the nineteenth 
 century. Our space is too limited to attempt an analysis, even, of the genius, 
 enterprise, and liberality which were necessary to be expended in the estab- 
 lishment and growth of such a journal. 
 
 In a profession which unites relentless rivalry and daily partisan and 
 professional jealousy, more than in any other, it is conceded, in spite of it, 
 that Mr. Bennett has infused more enterprise into the American press, and, 
 for that matter, has furnished an example of energy to the European press, 
 which no other journalist of his age has inspired. Associating with him 
 the best journalistic talent in the country in the reportorial, editorial, and 
 corresponding departments, the Herald becomes a daily index of the active 
 brain, vitality, and movements of the world. With all this diversity of 
 talent, comprising so many departments of mind, there is one controlling 
 intellect over all, and that is James Gordon Bennett. What Richelieu was 
 to the State, he is to the management of the Herald. What the elder 
 Rothschild was in building up a great financial power, James Gordon Bennett 
 is in building up a great journalistic power. 
 
 The progress in the mechanical branch of printing has been observed by 
 the Herald in an equal ratio with its intellectual advancement. The mag- 
 nificent marble structure at the corner of Broadway and Ann street is one 
 of the most thorough and extensive printing offices in the world. 
 
58. PHINEAS T. BABNUM. 
 
 Phineas T. Baiinum was born in Danbury, Connecticut, July 5, 1810 
 Mr. Barnum is literally a self-made man. On the death of his father in 
 182G, he found himself without a cent, and compelled to struggle alone 
 through the world. 
 
 He commenced life as a clerk in a country store, and married when nine- 
 teen years of age. He published a newspaper in his native town, where he 
 was fined and imprisoned for publishing his own opinions too freely. After- 
 ward he tried mercantile business on his own account, in both Connecticut 
 and New York, with indifferent success. 
 
 In 1835 he became engaged in a strolling exhibition ; afterward in a 
 circus; and, in 1842, bought the American Museum in New York. This 
 establishment began to thrive immensely under his management. In 1843 
 he picked up General Tom Thumb, whom he exhibited in his museum for 
 a year, when he took him to Europe, where he remained three years, appear- 
 ing before all the principal courts and monarchs of the old world, and 
 returned with, a fortune to his native country. 
 
 In 1850 he engaged Jenny Land, the celebrated songstress ; and, with her, 
 made the most triumphant and successful musical tour ever known, clearing 
 some five hundred thousand dollars in nine months, after paying that lady 
 three hundred thousand dollars. Mr. Barnum built a magnificent oriental 
 villa, called " Iranistan," in Bridgeport, Conn., where he resided until it was 
 burned in 1855. 
 
 Mr. Barnum was connected with the Jerome Clock Company, in which 
 he became involved to a large amount, bringing him to the verge of bank- 
 ruptcy, but, after considerable litigation, he was enabled to settle with his 
 creditors, leaving him yet apparently rich. He still continued to carry on 
 the museum, occasionally traveling through the country with some "special 
 exhibition," such as " The Baby Show," Tom Thumb, &c. While in Boston, 
 exhibiting his White Babies, a counter exhibition was had of Colored Babies, 
 to test the natural ability or intelligence of the races. The palm was carried 
 by the colored babies — there being one who could talk when three months 
 old, and another who could read when only three years old. Mr. Barnum 
 could not brook being outdone, therefore got up an opposition " Colored 
 Baby Show ;" but, not being so popular with the colored people as his oppo- 
 nent, together with their fear to trust their children with him, he was obliged 
 to abandon it. 
 
 In 18G5 he lost his museum by fire, but sold his lease of the ground 
 to the editor of the Herald, James G. Bennett, who built a magnificent mar- 
 ble edifice in its place. Mr. Barnum then started a temporary museum on 
 Broadway, which was burned in the winter of 1867— '68. 
 
 In 1807 he was a candidate for Representative to Congress from his dis- 
 trict in Connecticut, but was unsuccessful. Mr. Barnum, by common con- 
 sent, ranks as one of the most expert and successful " showmen " of this or 
 any other age. His name and fame as a shrewd and successful business 
 man in this line are world-wide. Apart from this peculiar and striking 
 trait, his industry, enterprise, and energy, while enabling him to amuse, 
 instruct, and hoax mankind, secured to him a fortune and presented to the 
 rising population an example worthy of regard and admiration. 
 
59. LYMAN TRUMBULL". 
 
 LYMAN TRUMBULL was born in Colchester, Connecticut, in 1813, where 
 he received his education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. 
 
 Removing from Connecticut to Illinois, he was elected a Member of the 
 Legislature of that State in 1840. Rising rapidly in the line of political 
 promotion, he was made Secretary of State in 1841, which position he held 
 for two years, when he retired ; and, entering into the practice of his profes- 
 sion, became distinguished for his legal ability. His sound judgment as 
 a Lawyer led him to be chosen Justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois in 
 1848, in which office he continued until 1853, when he resigned, and was 
 elected to the House of Representatives of the United States in 1854. 
 
 In 1855 he was elected by the Legislature of Illinois to the United States 
 Senate, being the first Whig Senator from that State. During this term, he 
 served as Chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary, and as a member of 
 the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, and Indian Affairs. 
 
 Retaining the confidence of the State he so ably and faithfully served, 
 Judge Trumbull was re-elected to the Senate ; and, although he had to 
 encounter considerable rivalry, was again elected to the same office in 1867. 
 In 1864 he was appointed a Regent of the Smithsonian Institute, to serve 
 until December, 1865. 
 
 Judge Trumbull is descended from an ancestry illustrious in the Con- 
 tinental and Revolutionary history of this country, and which has sustained 
 its historical renown in the subsequent progress of the Republic. Jonathan 
 Trumbull, Joseph Trumbull, and Joseph Trumbull, Jr., were all Connecticut 
 men by birth, and prominent as legislators, Governors, and military men, 
 during the Revolutionary era. Judge Lyman Trumbull, inheriting the 
 talents and energy of his ancestors, has made a mark in the eventful period 
 through which the Republic has triumphantly passed. Emigrating to the 
 great West from the over-populated East, at a time when it was just begin- 
 ning to develop its immense resources and agricultural wealth, he has illus- 
 trated the energy of his countrymen, in the successful and honorable career 
 through which he has passed. Progressing with rapid strides, as that State 
 has, in population, wealth, and influence, in the country, Mr. Trumbull has 
 kept pace with that progress, and become equally influential and prominent 
 in the councils of the nation. 
 
2 £3 
 
 60. LEWIS T. WIGFALL. 
 
 Lewis T. Wigfall, United States Senator from Texas, from the year 
 1859 until that State seceded from the Union, left the Senate, with other 
 leading Southern Senators, and identified his fortunes with the South in 
 the great Rebellion. 
 
 In all the debates preceding the war, in the United States Senate, if 
 Mr. Wigfall failed to take a leading part as one of the wisest legislators of 
 that illustrious body, he did not fail in making himself distinguished for 
 the zeal (not always, perhaps exercised with the best judgment) in the 
 cause which he had espoused, and with which he honestly and disinterest- 
 edly cast his fortune. Without the endowments of great eloquence (in 
 this respect unlike many of the other Senatorial leaders of the Rebellion), 
 Mr. Wigfall was nevertheless a prominent and influential member with his 
 party in the Senate. His peculiar and defiant style of independent, not to 
 say reckless, bearing, furnished daily material for the Northern press ; and 
 many a paragraph, and often column, was written at Senator Wigfall's 
 expense. 
 
 Not content with his politics, the irreverent press, true to its mission of 
 ridicule as well as liberty, spoke irreverently and jokingly of the Texas 
 Senator, on account of his peculiar name ; and even when Mr. Wigfall said 
 nothing (which was seldom), the irreverent press of the more patriotic 
 caliber would not let him rest in peace, but w T ould pour in its hot shot 
 upon Mr. Wigfall's head, as if they were making the wig of his name as 
 w T ell as his head a target for their paper bullets. 
 
 After withdrawing from the United States Senate, he joined Ihe South- 
 ern Confederacy, served in the Rebel army, and distinguished himself as 
 the negotiator of the terms of surrender between Major Anderson and 
 General Beauregard for Fort Sumter, appearing at an cmbrazure of that 
 fort in a skiff, under the fire of both sides, hoisting the white flag upon his 
 sword, as a signal to cease firing. Going to Europe during the war, in 
 the service of the Confederacy, he has since remained there. 
 
 Witt* other Southern Commissioners, he has expressed his intention of 
 availing himself of the President's Amnesty Proclamation, and returning to 
 the United States. 
 
 After a long residence abroad, the Southern exiles, upon their return to 
 their long-lost homes, will, no doubt, be among our best and most useful 
 adopted fellow-citizens of the emigrating class. 
 
 Truly admitting them to ihe reunion of our nation, if we fail to appre- 
 ciate them as rulers, we will not deny their claims as citizens, among 
 whom, we doubt not, they will prove loyal in the future. 
 
61. MARCUS L. WARD. 
 
 Mahctts L. Ward was born in New Jersey in the year 1823, and after 
 receiving a collegiate education, adopted the law as a profession. Enter- 
 ing into politics, he held several offices of honor and trust, and was finally 
 elected Governor ot his State in 1865. 
 
 An active and zealous partizan, he maintained with characteristic zeal 
 his political views, and against the tide of disloyal opposition, as he re- 
 
 §arded it, he struggled with the Republican party to bring back the ancient 
 tate of New Jersey to its fealty to the Union. "Out of the United 
 States," as New Jersey was very often humorously regarded by many, 
 Governor Ward thought she was literally about to be classed with the se- 
 ceding States, that is, if the Democrats could possibly effect that end. 
 Regarded always as a stronghold of the Democratic party — a political for- 
 tification between the States of New York and Pennsylvania — that party 
 could not yield it without a desperate struggle, and the Ward party could 
 not secure it without an equal effort; and after a second attempt, Mr. Ward 
 brought the State triumphantly into the Union, being elected its Governor 
 for three years. 
 
 What is said of the slowness of the movements of large bodies, applies 
 relatively to the actions of small States. The great seal of the State of 
 New Jersey is a matter of the national legislative history; and the Dorr 
 rebellion of Rhode Island will live in history as the prototype of the Great 
 Rebellion. 
 
 Hence we see little States have a great deal to do in the settlement of 
 great questions. Holding for a long time sway in the State, ifwas not 
 until after a desperate struggle that the Democratic party yielded its as- 
 cendency in New Jersey. Of opposite politics, though of the same name 
 as Governor Ward, was another prominent politician of that State, the 
 son of a former United States Senator, and himself, for a brief term, a 
 Senator in the United States Congress; therefore the leading representatives 
 of the two dominant parties — the two Wards — are very often confounded 
 together. 
 
 Governor Ward is a man of great tenacity of purpose and positivensss 
 of character. The equal division of parties in New Jersey makes its par- 
 tizan warfare pretty hot, and Marcus L. Ward is — not what Artemus 
 would say, but Brick Pomeroy — " red-hot" in his politics. 
 
 It is upon the anvil of these Republican principles that the fiery red 
 sparks of Democracy are hammered out of New Jersey, with such men as 
 Governor Ward at the political bellow's, and his partisans, like General 
 Kilpatrick, dealing such trusty blows. Governor Ward was for several 
 years Chairman of the Republican Central Committee. 
 
Z CS' 
 
 62. JOHN W. FOENEY. 
 
 John "W. Forney was born at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, ^September 30, 
 1817. In 1833 he was an apprentice in the office of the Lancaster Journal; 
 and, in 1837, we find him joint Editor and proprietor of the Lancaster Intel' 
 ligencer. 
 
 Taking- a leading position as a Democratic partisan, he settled, in 1845, 
 in Philadelphia, in the Editorship of 1 he Pen nsylv anion. In 1851 he was 
 chosen Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, and was re- 
 el cted in 1853. 
 
 In the long and close contest for Speaker of the Thirty-Fifth Congress, 
 Mr. Forney gained great credit for the impartial performance of his duties. 
 He now ceased his connection with The Pennsylvanian, and became Editor 
 of Tlie Un>on, the Democratic organ at "Washington. 
 
 In 1856 Mr. Forney devoted himself to the canvass for Mr. Buchanan; 
 and, returning to Pennsylvania, was chosen Chairman of the Democratic 
 State Committee. 
 
 In 1857 he was the rival of Mr. Cameron for the position of United State* 
 Senator, but was defeated. In the same year he commenced the publication, 
 of The Press, an independent Democratic paper ; but in a shorfr time there- 
 after, the division between the Northern and Southern sections of the party 
 assuming a very serious character, Mr. Forney took sides warmly with 
 Mr. Douglas. When the Kansas troubles developed themselves, he took a 
 determined attitude against Mr. Buchanan's administration, and wan again 
 chosen Clerk of the House of Representatives in the Thirty-Sixth Congress. 
 His opposition to the pro-slavery power has since been thoroughly uncom- 
 promising; and he now publishes, besides The Press at Philadelphia, a 
 weekly paper in "Washington, The Chronicle, began in October, 1862. 
 
 In 1861 Mr. Forney was chosen Secretary of the Senate, which position 
 he has continued to hold up to this time. 
 | Ever since the assassination of President Lincoln, and the accession of 
 Mr. Johnson, as his successor, he has rendered himself very conspicuous 
 as an opponent of the Johnsonian policy, provoking a very un-Presidentiai 
 epithet from that high functionary, in one of the numerous addresses 
 which his Excellency has been in the habit of " getting off," at home and 
 abroad, who designated him as a " Dead Duck." Late events, however, indi- 
 cate that Mr. Forney "still lives" unharmed ; but, since the smoke has cleared 
 away, his opponent has been found crippled for life, from the explosion of 
 the overcharged blunderbuss with which he was celebrating that event. 
 
 During the Presidential canvass of 18G8, Mr. Forney was quite prom- 
 inently and actively engaged in the State of Pennsylvania, and contributed 
 much toward securing that State to the Republican party in the October 
 election, and to General Grant, for President, in the November following. 
 
63. CHAKLES F. ADAMS. 
 
 Charles F. Adams was born in Boston, Massachusetts, August 18, 
 1807. He spent most of his early years in St. Petersburg and London, 
 whilst his father, John Quincy Adams, was Minister to Russia and Eng- 
 land. He graduated at Harvard University in 1825, studied law, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1828. 
 
 Entering public life, he served three years in the House of Representa- 
 tives and two in the Senate of Massachusetts. He was a Delegate to the 
 Buffalo Free Soil Convention in 1848, and was nominated for Vice-President 
 on the ticket with Mr. Van Buren. He was elected to the Thirty -sixth 
 Congress from Massachusetts, serving with fidelity and credit as Chairman 
 of the Committee on Manufactures, but took no active part in the debates. 
 Mr. Adams was at one time the Editor of a paper called the Boston Whig, 
 has contributed extensively to the North American Review, was the Editor 
 of the well-known Adams Letters, and is the author of the standard 
 biography of John Adams. 
 
 He was re-elected to the Thirty-seventh Congress, and was subsequently, 
 in 1861, appointed by President Lincoln Minister to England, which position 
 he resigned in 1867. 
 
 Early initiated into diplomatic training under the experienced tuition 
 of his distinguished father, no position could have more appropriately 
 crowned Mr. Adams's public life than Minister to the Court of St. James at 
 the most critical period of our diplomatic history since the Revolution. The 
 foreign courts, supposed to be prepossessed in favor of the seceding States, 
 an American Minister abroad at that time had to exercise more than ordi- 
 nary energy and vigilance to compete with the agents and commissioners of 
 the South, as well as against the sympathy of the courts. More than any 
 other similarly situated, Mr. Adams had to contend against these combined 
 influences. The fitting out of Confederate cruisers by English shipbuilders, 
 involving the neutrality of the British Government, previously declared as 
 between the North and the South, led to the most serious controversies, 
 threatening the peace of the two countries. Growing out of these, the 
 Alabama claims loomed up the most threatening. Correspondence after 
 correspondence ensued. Questions of international law, the rights of bel- 
 ligerents, and the duties of neutrals, all were involved ; and throughout all 
 these controversies, sometimes in spite of diplomatic decorum, an acrimoni- 
 ous spirit pervading them, Mr. Adams conducted his cause with masterly 
 and dignified diplomatic ability. 
 
 Leaving the most serious question in a fair way of adjustment, Mr. 
 Adams asked, after a prolonged residence at the English Court, to be 
 relieved, which was, accordingly, granted ; and in 1867, he returned to the 
 United States. 
 
 Added to his public honors. Mr. Adams h_as had conferred upon him tl 
 degree of LL. D. by Harvard University. 
 
2 £ 
 
 64. WILLIAM LLOYD GAREISON. 
 
 William Lloyd Garrison, the most eminent and fearless leader of 
 the anti-slavery reform in the United States, was born in Newburyport, 
 Massachusetts, December 2, 1804. His mother, becoming a widow, was 
 obliged to place him in a situation of usefulness, and he was, at the early- 
 age of nine years, sent to learn the trade of a shoemaker ; but, longing for 
 educational advantages, he was sent to school at Newburyport, Mass., paying 
 for his board and school by his own labors out of school hours. After several 
 experiments he found a congenial occupation, as a printer, in the office of a 
 local newspaper ; and, at this early age, he was distinguished for his neat- 
 ness and accuracy of penmanship, and ever after remarkable for his talents, 
 both as a typographer and free and easy writer. 
 
 After sufficient experience as an assistant, he became, in 1826, the editor 
 of a paper called the Free Press. He toiled with unceasing energy and 
 industry, and frequently printed his editorials without previously writing 
 them. 
 
 He went to Boston, and, about 1827, became editor of The National Phil- 
 anthropist, the first journal that advocated total abstinence, and, in 1828, 
 joined a friend at Bennington, Vt., in a journal devoted to Peace, Temper- 
 ance, and Anti-Slavery. 
 
 On the 4th of July, 1829, he delivered an address in Park-Street Church, 
 Boston, on the subject of slavery. From this time his labors in the cause 
 to which he has devoted his life, assumed a more prominent and influ- 
 ential character. 
 
 Mr. Garrison then went to Baltimore, to join a quiet, persistent, worthy 
 Quaker, Benjamin Lundy, who was laboring for the cause. 
 
 Garrison's burning denunciations of the outrages of slavery roused the 
 indignation of slaveholders, and he was indicted for libel, found guilty, con- 
 demned, and imprisoned. He bore his cross with the cheerfulness of a true 
 martyr, until he was finally liberated by a well-known philanthropist of the 
 day, Arthur Tappan, a New York merchant, who paid the exorbitant fine. 
 
 On the 1st of January, 1831, Mr. Garrison issued the first number of 
 The Liberator, which, through over thirty years, was the leading organ of 
 the Anti-Slavery party in the country. 
 
 It is beyond the limits of this brief sketch to trace the various labors 
 and trials of the great reform of which Mr. Garrison was the dauntless 
 leader ; the mobs in Boston, where his life was only saved by the author- 
 ities hiding him in a prison ; the furious violence in New York, where 
 churches were sacked and negroes murdered ; the fierce and brutal ruffian- 
 ism which exhibited itself in various country places where he lectured, and, 
 as late as 1851, came near desolating the city of New York with blood and 
 rapine, because a steadfast band of quiet Quakers and others from the 
 country choose to protest against slaveholding. 
 
 Suffice it to say that, after the awful retribution had seared the land 
 with fire and blood, and liberated the slave, Mr. Garrison finished his toils 
 as the "Liberator," by discontinuing his paper and visiting Europe, to 
 recruit, at sixty years, the health impaired by more than an age of faithful 
 devotion to the cause of human emancipation. 
 
MIXSELL & CO., 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 ®vmtxm$ f tend m& $<ptm 
 
 PIANO FORTES 
 
 ALSO, ONLY MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 CAEPENTEE'S PATENT 
 
 ILUlIlUll 
 
 WAREROOMS, 209 East 19th St., 
 
 FOUR DOORS EAST OF THIRD AVENUE. NEW-YO^X 
 
65. JOHN T. HOFFMAN. 
 
 John T. Hoffman was born, in the village of Sing Sing, New York-, 
 January 10, 1828. He graduated with distinguished honors from the Col- 
 lege of Schenectady in 1846, studied law, and was admitted to the bar 
 in January, 1849. 
 
 He removed to New York city in October of the same year, and rapidly 
 rose in his profession, acquiring an extensive practice. 
 
 Connecting himself with Tammany Hall in 1854, he became eminently 
 Buccessful, for so young a man, in gaining rapid promotion both in his pro- 
 fession and politics. 
 
 In 1860 he was elected Recorder of the city of New York, and admiais- 
 tered justice with firmness, and rendered himself particularly conspicuous 
 for the rigid manner in which he sentenced the July rioters of 1863. He 
 was unanimously re-elected to that position in November, 1863, receiving 
 the vote of the Republican party as well as the Democratic. 
 
 He was elected Mayor of New York City in 1865, and re-elected in 1867. 
 
 In 1866 he was nominated for Governor by the Democratic party, but 
 was defeated by Mr. Fenton. He was again a candidate for Governor in 
 1868, was elected, and was inaugurated on the 1st of January, 1869. 
 
 Scarcely at what is called middle age, John T. Hoffman, after an honor- 
 able and successful professional career, has filled the highest judicial and 
 municipal positions with distinction and ability, and now occupies the first 
 and most exalted office in the gift of the people of the State. 
 
 Judging from the record of his past political and private life, the public 
 have a guarantee of his future ability and fidelity in the discharge of his 
 important trust. Arriving at the highest honors through the combinations 
 of political power more or less subject to suspicion, Governor Hoffman is a 
 remarkable instance of a public man who has passed through all these 
 ordeals with his honor unsullied and his integrity untarnished. Surrounded 
 by temptations, both social and political, which have wrecked so many pub- 
 lic men of promise, and even those who have gained the full fruition of their 
 hopes, Governor Hoffman stands an example of personal dignity in all the 
 relations of life. Yet his election as Governor was aided by the most 
 stupendous frauds upon the polls through the lax naturalization and regis- 
 tration laws of the State. 
 
 The highest honors of the State having been conferred upon him, his 
 friends do not despair of even higher distinction crowning his career. The 
 representative of a party that has had to contend of late against disastrous 
 defeats in other States, his name, the watchword of success, may be hailed 
 aa an inspiration to triumph in future political contests. 
 
66. GIDEON WELLES. 
 
 Gideon "Welles was born in Glastenbury, Connecticut, February 1, 
 1802, and descended from Thomas Welles, an early Governor of the colony 
 of Connecticut. He received his early education at the Episcopal Academy 
 in Cheshire, Connecticut, and afterward entered the Norwich University, 
 Vermont, then under the charge of Captain Alden Partridge. 
 
 He commenced the study of the law in the office of Chief-Justice "Wil- 
 liams; and, in 1826, became Editor of the Hartford Times, which, under his 
 charge, was the organ of the Democratic party in the State. 
 
 His journal was the first to advocate the election of General Jackson to 
 the Presidency, and continued his steadfast supporter. Mr. Welles was a 
 Member of the Connecticut Legislature from 1827 to 1835, when he was 
 appointed Comptroller of Public Accounts. He was opposed to the exclu- 
 sion of witnesses who denied the belief in a future state of rewards and 
 punishments, and endeavored for years, and with final success, to abolish 
 imprisonment for debt. He also instituted other measures of liberal prog- 
 ress. 
 
 In 1836 he was appointed Postmaster at Hartford, holding that office 
 until 1841. 
 
 In 1842 he was again elected State Comptroller ; and, in 1846, President 
 Polk tendered to him the office of Chief of one of the bureaus of the Navy 
 Department, which he accepted, and retained that position until 1849. 
 
 Mr. Welles was opposed to the extension of slavery ; and, on the organi- 
 zation of the Republican party, in 1855, he became identified with it, and 
 was it3 candidate for Governor of Connecticut in 1856. He was Chairman 
 c f the Republican delegation, which met in Convention at Chicago, in May, 
 1860, and nominated Abraham Lincoln for President. Mr. Welles has 
 been a contributor, for many years, to numerous leading journals, and 
 was prominently known throughout the country ; and when Mr. Lincoln 
 was inaugurated, in 1861, he appointed him Secretary of the Navy. His 
 long and arduous services in that trying position are too well known to 
 require detail here, but will occupy an important place in history. Few 
 statesmen have survived the fierce torrent of obloquy which has been poured 
 upon the head of the Secretary of the Navy, " from the loud roar of foaming 
 calumny, to the low whisper of the paltry few." 
 
 His policy has not only elevated the national character with the brilliant 
 career of our naval heroes, but has tended to strengthen the bonds of amity 
 and respect among all the civilized nations of the earth. 
 
171 
 
 67. WILLIAM P. FESSENDEN. 
 
 William P. Fessenden was born in Boscawon, Merrimack County, 
 New Hampshire, October 16, 1806. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 
 1823. studied law, and commenced its practice in 1827. He removed to 
 Portland in 1829; and, in 1830, was electei to the State Legislature. 
 Although the youngest member of that body, he acquired distinction as a 
 ready debater and skillful legislator, distinguishing himself particularly 
 in a debate on the United States Bank, which was remarkable for its spirit 
 and ability. 
 
 Devoting himself, from 1832 to 1837, exclusively to his profession, he 
 rapidly rose to the first rank, both as a counselor and advocate. His prom- 
 inence directed public attention to him for Congress, and in 1838 he was 
 invited to become a candidate, but declined. He was again chosen to the 
 Legislature from Portland, in 1839, was placed upon the Judiciary Commit- 
 tee^ and was made Chairman of the House Committee to Revise the Statutes 
 of the State. 
 
 Nominated, in 1840, as the Whig candidate for Congress, he was elected 
 by acclamation. Participating in the general debates, he made speeckt s on 
 the Loan bill, Bankrupt Act, Army Appropriation bill, against the repeal 
 of the Bankrupt law, &c. Nominated for re-election in 1843, he declined, 
 but received the support of the Whig party for a seat in the United States 
 Senate. 
 
 In 1845 and 1846 he was again elected to the Legislature, and, in 1850 
 he was again elected to Congress ; but, through an error in the returns, his 
 seat was successfully contested by his competitor. He was a Member of the 
 Convention which nominated General Harrison, in 1840 ; also, of that which 
 nominated General Taylor, in 1848, on which occasion he advocated tho 
 claims of Mr Webster, and served in the Convention which nominated Gen- 
 eral Scott, in 1852. On this occasion he opposed Mr. Webster, in favor of 
 General Scott. 
 
 In 1853 he was again elected to the State Legislature, and was elected by 
 the Senate as United States Senator, but failed in the Lower House by four 
 votes. Again a member of the Legislature in 1854, he was elected to tho 
 United States Senate on the first ballot. 
 
 The Kansas-Nebraska question entering largely into the contest, he 
 was elected by a Union of the Whigs and Free Soil Democrats, He 
 took his seat in the Senate, February 23, 1854 ; and, on the night of March 
 3, at the time that the Nebraska bill was passed, he delivered a most power- 
 ful speech against it. This effort was regarded as a master piece of eloquence, 
 and established his reputation in the Senate. He subsequently made 
 speeches on a bill to protect United States officers (1855), on our relations 
 with England, on the affairs of Kansas, on the President's Message of 1856, 
 and on the Lecompton Constitution of 1858. A leading member of the 
 Finance Committee, Mr. Fessenden has taken a conspicuous part in the , 
 general debates and legislation of that body. j 
 
 Re-elected to the United States Senate in 1859, for six years, by a unan- 
 imous vote of his party in the Legislature, without undergoing a previous 
 nomination, it distinguishes his Senatorial career as the first instance of 
 the kind occurring in the State. 
 
 In 1864 he was appointed, by President Lincoln, Secretary of the 
 Treasury, in the place of S. P. Chase, resigned, which position he held for 
 one year, when he resigned, and was again elected Senator. The degree of 
 LL. D. has been conferred upon Mr. Fessenden by Bowdoin and Harvard 
 Colleges. 
 
/ 
 
 W. KTJIRTZ, 
 
 895 and. 807 Broadway, New Yorfc 
 
 OPINIONS OF THE PEESS. 
 
 New York Herald, October 25. 
 
 * * The specimen Portraits exhibited at this establishment are beautifully 
 
 clear and harmonious in tone. The Colored Portraits are all finished by Mr. Kurtz, who 
 is a most accomplished painter, and whose artistic treatment of his s »ojects is not less to 
 be admired than the perfection of th« mechanical process itself. We have seen nothing 
 more Attractive and coquettish than the Female Portraits that come from his easel. 
 
 From the Evening Pott. 
 
 ACADEMY OF DESIGN. 
 
 Two exquisite crayon Portraits, by W. Kuktz (Nos. 88 and 96), are well worth 
 examination. In softness and elegance they can hardly be surpassed. 
 
 New York Tribune, November 2. 
 
 * * * But we have never seen, anywhere, such skillful workmanship* applied 
 to Photographs as Mr. Kurtz produces with his brush. When he has orders to make a 
 colored picture, the print is made from the negative on the porcelain as faintlytas possible, 
 so as merely to secure the likeness and the forms ; and, on this foundation, thegricture is 
 worked up in a most careful way, with colors, precisely as it it were a miniaturegm ivory. 
 Indeed, as it came fnom Mr. Kurtz's hands, it has all the delicate beauty ofthe ivory 
 miniatures, now nearly disused, with the greater certainty of securing a good likeness 
 added, &c. 
 
 From the Philadelphia Photographer. 
 
 * * * In this branch, viz., Porcelain Miniatures, the latter so far excel all 
 others, as to place comparison almost out of the question. * * * These 
 were all painted by Kurtz, and do his truly gifted pencil full justice. 
 
 Times, September 27. 
 
 * * * The plain photographs are simply superb, some of them, under 
 
 glass, seeming like fine engravings. 
 
 . Courier des Mats Unis. 
 
 ftien n'est plus charmant que les portraits qui sortent de cet atelier, et dont le coloris 
 est du au pinceau delicit de M. Kurtz, 1' un de nes meilleurs artistes en ce genre. 
 
 New York Democrat, June 25. 
 
 In fine Miniature Painting and Crayons, Mr. Wm. Kurtz decidedly carries off the palm. 
 The three Crayon Portraits (two ladies and a gentleman), in the much-admired style of 
 Vidal, deserve special notice, and are pronounced by competent judges to be the best 
 productions of art in this style. 
 
 This Establishment received the First Premiums on Porcelain 
 Paintings and Carbon Prints over all their competitors from New 
 York, Philadelphia, and Boston. 
 
z 7 
 
 68. CAEL SCHUEZ. 
 
 Carl Schurz is a native of Germany, and -was born, March 2, 1829, 
 near Cologne, on the Rhine. He received his education at his native town 
 and at the University of Bonn, from which he graduated a thorough classi- 
 cal scholar. 
 
 On the event of the revolutionary agitation in 1848, he took an active 
 interest, and joined in the publication of a liberal newspaper with Professor! 
 Kinkel. 
 
 In 1849 an unsuccessful attempt at insurrection was made, and the two 
 were obliged to flee. Joining the insurgents, Schurz became an Adjutant, 
 and participated in the defense of Rutland. On the surrender of that place, 
 Schurz suffered great privations, escaped into Switzerland, attempted to 
 rescue Kinkel, who had been condemned to twenty years' imprisonment, and 
 finally succeded, November 6, 1850. The fugitives then escaped into Meck- 
 lenburg, and thence to Boslock, and, after remaining concealed for some 
 time, took passage for Leith, in Scotland. Schurz went from there to Paris, 
 where he remained as Correspondent of German journals till June, 1851, 
 when he went to London, and became employed as Teacher, till July, 1852. 
 
 He then married, and removed to America, residing in Philadelphia a 
 short time, and afterward settling at Madison, Wis. He became known as a 
 German orator in 1856, and was nominated in 1857 by the Republican State 
 Convention as candidate for Lieutenant-Governor of Wisconsin, but was not 
 elected. 
 
 Mr. Schurz, having now become Americanized, made speeches in English, 
 which were very popular. He established himself in the practice of the 
 law at Milwaukee, where the very numerous German population offered 
 him great advantages. He continued a popular orator on the Republican 
 side, when, on Mr. Lincoln's election, he was appointed Minister to Spain. 
 
 On the outbreak of the civil war, he requested to be allowed to join the 
 army, but the Government required him to go to Madrid, where he remained 
 till the latter part of the year, and then returned to the United States. 
 
 He resigned his office as Minister, was appointed a Brigadier-General of 
 Volunteers, and, on June 17, 1862, took command of a division in the corps 
 of General Sigel, with which he distinguished himself at the second battle 
 of Bull Run. General Schurz also commanded a division of General 
 Howard's corps at the battle of Chancellorsville, which, being attacked by 
 " Stonewall " Jackson, gave way and was routed. 
 
 At the battle of Gettysburg he commanded the Eleventh Corps, while 
 General Howard took a higher command. On the close of the war, General 
 Schurz retired to private professional life, since when he has been heard of 
 occasionally as participating in public affairs. 
 
 He was chosen Temporary Chairman of the Republican Convention 
 which met in Chicago, in May, 1868, to nominate a candidate for President, 
 and made an able and eloquent address on taking the chair. He also pre- 
 sented two important resolutions, which were adopted as part of the plat- 
 form of principles of that Convention. 
 
 Mr. Schurz is a Liberal in the highest sense ; and his democracy is not 
 limited to party nor confined to race, but embraces universal humanity, and 
 seeks the emancipation of man from the shackles of tyranny in every shape. 
 
 On the 19th of January, 1869, Mr. Schurz was elected United States 
 Senator from Missouri 
 
69. ANDEEW JOHNSON. 
 
 Andrew Johnson, the 17th President, was born in Raleigh, North 
 Carolina, December 29, 1808. At the age of ten years, he -was apprenticed 
 to a tailor, in his native town, with whom he remained seven years. He 
 never attended school ; but, by his own exertions, he learned to read while 
 he was yet an apprentice. 
 
 A few years later, his wife instructed him in arithmetic and writing". 
 In 1826 he emigrated to Tennessee, and settled in Greenville, as a tailor. At 
 twenty years of age, he was elected an Alderman of that town ; was re- 
 elected in the two following years ; and from 1830 to 1834, he held the office 
 of Mayor. 
 
 In 1835 he entered political life as a Democratic Member of the State 
 Legislature ; was re-elected in 1839 ; and during the Presidential canvass of 
 1840, was an effective speaker in favor of the Democratic candidate. In 
 1841 he was elected a Member of the State Senate ; and, from 1843 to 1853, 
 held a seat in the Congress of the United States. In 1853 he was elected 
 Governor of Tennessee, which office he held until 1857, when he was elected 
 by the Legislature a United States Senator, 
 
 At the outbreak of the Rebellion, he pronounced strongly in favor of the 
 Union, and denounced, in severe language, those who favored secession. 
 
 \V hen the conflict commenced, he was appointed Brigadier-General of 
 Volunteers. In 1862 he was appointed, by President Lincoln, Military 
 Governor of Tennessee, which position he held until his election as Vice- 
 President of the United States, in 1864. 
 
 He was inaugurated March 4, 1865, at which time he delivered his ever- 
 to-be-remembered inaugural address which caused so much comment at the 
 time, especially in England. 
 
 On the ever-memorable 14th of April, of the same year, the assassin's 
 bullet deprived the nation of the lamented President Lincoln, and put Mr. 
 Johnson in his chair, which he has since occupied. Rebellion having been 
 conquered, the work of restoration and reconstruction became the probleS. 
 to be solved. Having a policy of his own, entirely different from that of a 
 large majority of the Members of Congress, which he was determined to 
 carry out, his administration has been an eventful one. 
 
 There having been a change in the fundamental condition of the seceding 
 States, caused by rebellion and the emancipation of the slaves, Congress 
 deemed it expedient to pass Reconstruction laws, which he vetoed ; but 
 they were again passed, over his veto. His neglecting to execute those laws 
 according to their letter and spirit, together with alleged violation of the 
 Tenure of Office Law, &c, caused the House of Representatives to bring 
 articles of impeachment against him, in February, 1868, which they pre- 
 sented to the Senate. That body resolved itself into a 4< High Court of 
 Impeachment ;" and, after a protracted trial, the votes of the Court were 
 taken hi May, 1868, on three of the eleven articles, which resulted in thirty- 
 five for conviction, and nineteen against. As two-thirds were required to 
 convict, he was acquitted on these, and the vote on the remainder was in- 
 definitely postponed 
 
i. 
 
 '■? 
 
 70. JAMES M. ASHLEY. 
 
 James M. Ashley was born in Virginia in 1824, and was, in the full 
 sense of the term, self-educated. 
 
 He became an adventurer and self-reliant youth at the age of fifteen ; 
 at one time acting as Clerk on the steamboats of the Ohio and Mississippi 
 Rivers, and afterward learning the business of a Printer — that profession or 
 trade which has given so many great men to the world. Aspiring to a 
 higher sphere of action, he commenced the study of law, and was admitted 
 to the bar of Ohio in 1849. Instead of practicing his profession, he went 
 into the business of boat-building, and was connected with the press. He 
 subsequently settled in Toledo, and engaged in the wholesale drug business. 
 
 In 1859 he was elected Representative to Congress from the Toledo Dis- 
 trict, serving as a member of the Committee on Territories in the Thirty- 
 Sixth Congress. He was re-elected to the Thirty-Seventh Congress, and 
 made Chairman of the Committee on Territories, and also re-elected to the 
 Thirty-Eighth Congress, serving on the Committee of Claims, and as Chair- 
 man of the Committee on Territories. He continued in Congress through 
 the Thirty-Ninth and Fortieth Congresses, and was more conspicuously 
 brought before the country from the prominent part he took in the Con- 
 gressional proceedings preceding the impeachment trial of President 
 Johnson. 
 
 In his zeal he was the most vehement in urging upon the House the adop- 
 tion of the impeachment resolutions. So violent was he in his denunciations 
 of the President that he startled the country by the announcement of a theory 
 that President Johnson had been accessory to the assassination of President 
 Lincoln, and followed it up by the equally startling intimation that the 
 other Presidents who had been taken off during their term of office, came 
 to their death by foul means, to gain ambitious ends. Forced to a singular 
 dilemma from the extreme violence of his opinions, Mr. Ashley announced a 
 theory" which was impossible to prove, therefore was received as prepos- 
 terous, and could not fail but to meet its own defeat. 
 
 Mr. Ashley was an active working Member, and showed considerable 
 ability as a debater. He is another illustration of the practical workings 
 of our admirable Republican institutions : self-made, self-reliant, and self- 
 risen. 
 
 Mr. Ashley was again a candidate for Congress in 1868, but was defeated. 
 
71. EOBEET M. T. HUNTER. 
 
 Robert M. T. Hunter was born April 21, 1809, in Essex County, 
 Virginia ; -was educated at the University of his native State, and graduated 
 with distinction. He studied law with Judge Tucker, at Winchester ; and, 
 in 1830, was admitted to the bar. 
 
 He was elected to the Virginia Legislature, in 1834, in which he served 
 three years, and attained a high position. 
 
 In 1837 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives, 
 by the "States Rights Whigs," where he served two terms. 
 
 On Mr. Hunter's advent to public office, financial questions of great 
 importance occupied the attention of Congress, and his ability in the dis- 
 cussions placed him in the front rank. On tbe meeting of the Twenty -Sixth 
 Congress, he was chosen Speaker. He was again a candidate for the Twenty- 
 Eighth Congress, but was defeated. In 1844 he took an active part in the 
 election of Mr. Polk, and was re-elected to Congress in 1845. At this session 
 the Oregon question occupied the attention of the country, and he distin- 
 guished himself by a high-toned conservatism. On the Mexican question 
 he advocated a vigorous prosecution of the war. The establishment of the 
 Independent Treasury, the Revenue Tariff of 1846, and the Warehousing 
 system, are much indebted to Mr. Hunter for their success. 
 
 The second session of the Twenty-Ninth Congress was marked by a 
 renewal of the Slavery agitation ; and his opposition to all the measures of 
 the Free Soil party stamped his character as a leader of the Southern 
 Democracy, and led to his elevation to the United States Senate in 1847. 
 To this body he was elected for three successive terms, serving as Chairman 
 of the Committee on Finance, and as a member of the Committees on the 
 Library, and on the Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Mr. Hunter was one of the ablest advocates of the policy of his section ; 
 and on all the great questions agitating the country, whether in debate, or 
 as Chairman of the Finance Committee, his conduct was highly approved, 
 not only by his party, but by numerous leading men in all parts of the 
 United States. Besides his efforts in the Senate, Mr. Hunter distinguished 
 himself by various discourses in different parts of the country. One eulogist 
 says : "He adds to the scholastic learning of Everett, the cabinet genius of 
 Hamilton, and the philosophic scope of Madison.'' 
 
 In 1861 he joined his Southern friends in secession, and was expelled 
 from the Senate in July of that year. He was chosen Secretary of State in 
 the Southern Confederacy on the resignation of Robert Toombs, and was 
 afterward a Member of the Confederate Congress. Mr. Hunter was one of 
 the Commissioners appointed to confer with President Lincoln on terms of 
 peace. On his return from Fortress Monroe, where the Conference had 
 been held, he addressed a public meeting in Richmond, and gave vent to 
 his feelings of indignation at the terms demanded, predicting the most dire- 
 ful evils from the consequences of submission ; and, expressing real Southern 
 scorn for the " Yankee Congress," he evoked the strongest spirit of resist- 
 ence. 
 
 Since the collapse of the Rebellion, Mr. Hunters name has been seldom 
 heard at the North, for such seems to be the fate of the most prominent 
 leaders, — men who figured foremost in the affairs of the nation under the 
 old regime, and who filled the trump of fame during the short-lived era of 
 secession, — that the historian finds it difficult to save their subsequent 
 career from total oblivion. Undoubtedly, Mr. Hunter exhibited the talents 
 of a statesman ; but, on the basis of slavery, nothing could thrive. 
 
V/> 
 
 72, FRANZ SIGEL, 
 
 General FiiANZ SiQEL was born in Zinsheim, in the Grand Duchy of 
 Baden, November 18, 1824, and was educated at the military school of 
 Carlsrhue. He became Chief-Adjutant in the Baden army, in 1847, and 
 Was called the best artillerist in Germany. 
 
 In the Revolution of 1848, he was Commander-in-Chief of the Revolu* 
 tionary army ; and, being defeated by an immense force, migrated to this 
 country in 1850\ He was for several months Major of the Fifth New York 
 Militia Regiment; subsequently, Professor of Military Science at St. Louis; 
 and, at the outbreak of the Rebellion, became Colonel of the Third Missouri 
 Volunteers, and Acting 1 Brigadier under General Lyom 
 
 He was made a Brigadier in August, 18(51, his commission dating from 
 May 17. He performed efficient service in the protection of St. Louis, and 
 seizure of Camp Jackson. He was soon ordered to Southwest Missouri, 
 where, near Carthage, Jasper County, with only nine hundred men, he met 
 General Jackson, with over four thousand men, whom he attacked with suc- 
 cess, until his artillery ammunition gave out, and he was obliged to retreat, 
 which he accomplished with but little loss, having only thirteen killed, and 
 thirty-one wounded, while the Rebel loss was over three hundred and fifty. 
 
 August 10, 1861, he conducted the famous retreat from Wilson Creek, 
 where Lyon was killed ; and was present at the battle of Pea Ridge, where, 
 on the 7th and 8th of March, 1862, he displayed great bravery and consum- 
 mate artillery skill, and by which he turned the tide of battle from what 
 seemed to be a defeat, to a decided victory ; for which gallantry and skill, 
 he was made Major-General, and received a command in Western Virginia. 
 He served through Pope's Virginia campaign ; took a prominent part in 
 the Second Bull Run ; and, in September, 1862, was appointed to com- 
 mand the Eleventh Army Corps, but was relieved early in the following 
 year. 
 
 In the spring of 1864, he commanded in the valley of the Shenandoah; 
 but having been twice badly defeated, he was relieved in M ly by General 
 Hunter, yet still continuing to act under that General, who, being defeated 
 and driven across the mountains, the enemy advanced down the valley to 
 Murtinsburg, flanking Sigel, and obliging him to retreat to Maryland 
 Heights, which he held tintil the enemy were driven back to the "alley. Id 
 May, 1865, he resigned his commission in the army. 
 

 73. CHARLES G. HALPIXE. 
 
 General Chables G. Halpine (more generally known by his non de 
 plume, Miles O'Reilly), was born in November, 1829, in the County Meath, 
 Ireland. His father who was an Episcopal minister, editor of the Dublin/ 
 Mail, and one of the principal contributors to Blackwood's Magazine, took 
 great pride in the education of his son, whom he prepared for and entered 
 at Trinity College, in 1846, In the following year, young Halpine hav- 
 ing married, removed to Boston, where he became an associate with B. P. 
 Shillaber (Mrs, Partington), on one of the literary papers of that city, called 
 The Carpet Bag J and subsequently connected himself with lite Pilot. 
 
 In 1848 he accepted the position of French Translator on the New York 
 Herald', and, while holding this position, wrote sketches, poems, and edito- 
 rials, for nearly all the other leading daily and weekly papers of the city. He 
 was next appointed the Nicaragua Correspondent of the New York Times, 
 and wrote a series of remarkably spicy letters on "Walker's famous filibus- 
 tering expedition to Central America. After acting as Washington Corres- 
 pondent and Associate Editor of that paper for a time, he purchased an inter- 
 est in the Leader, and assisted in editing that journal until the breaking 
 out of the Rebellion; but, at the same time, wrote for the Tribune, Times, 
 and Herald. 
 
 Although not known to the world at large as a writer, yet many brilliant 
 things came from his pen ; among others, a poem, published in the Tribune 
 some years before the war, entitled *' Stanzas to the American Flag," has 
 been credited to him, but is now claimed by William Oland Bourne, editor 
 of The Soldiers' Friend. It begins; "Tear down the flaunting lie"— 
 a poem prompted by the horrors of the last slave hunt, in which a poor 
 human being was dragged from toil-bought freedom into hated bondage 
 again, under the banner which waved " over the land of the free, and the 
 home of the brave." 
 
 In 1861 Mr. Halpine severed his connection with the Leader, and entered 
 the military service as a private in the Sixty-Ninth New York Regiment of 
 three-months' troops. At the close of the three months' service, he was ap- 
 pointed on the Staff of General David Hunter, with whom he served in 
 Missouri and at the South, but was afterward transferred to the Staff of 
 General Halleck. 
 
 At the South, under the nom de guerre, " Miles O'Reilly/' in a communi- 
 cation to a New York paper, he gave a long and entirely fictitious account 
 of the arbitrary imprisonment of a private by that name, who, it was pre- 
 tended, had given some slight offense to General Butler, the cause of which 
 was asserted to be a " Lampoon" written by "Private Miles O'Reilly," of 
 the Forty-Seventh New York ; and, in his next letter, he gave a copy of the 
 lampoon, which caused great merriment wherever it was read. This first 
 brought him into notoriety, which was greatly increased by his account of 
 a supposed dinner given to Miles O'Reilly at Delmonico's, whereat Mayor 
 Hoffman sang a comic song, and other well-known dignitaries indulged in 
 ridiculous speeches. 
 
 Just before his resignation from the army, he was made Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral of Valunteers, by brevet, and commissioned as Major in the Regular 
 Army. He was appointed on Governor Seymour's staff on his return to New 
 York; and, in 1866, was elected Register of the City and County of New 
 York. Previous to this, he purchased the Citizen, a weekly journal, of 
 which he remained Managing Editor until his death, Monday, August 3, 
 1868. Gerieral Halpine was a warm-hearted and generous companion — 
 ever ready to give or take a joke, — and was a favorite with all classes o: his, 
 readers. 
 

 74. JAMES T. SHADY. 
 
 James T. Brady, one of the most eminent and accomplished of New 
 York lawyers, was born in the city of New York, April 9, 1815, of Irish 
 parentage. His addresses and orations are characterized by all the wit 
 and eloquence of his gifted race. 
 
 He received a liberal education, studied law, and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1835. Commencing ics practice in New York, it gradually increased 
 until it rose to be among the most lucrative and influential of the distin- 
 guished lawyers of the day. 
 
 In addressing a Jury he was generally successful in gaining their entire 
 confidence and respect ; and the Judges were equally influenced by his logic 
 and legal acumen. 
 
 Associate counsel of the late Daniel Webster in the great India Rubber 
 case between Day and Goodyear, he received from that eminent statesman 
 and jurist the highest encomiums for the able manner in which he had 
 assisted in conducting the suit. 
 
 He early identified himself with the Democratic party ; and, about the 
 year 1845, was regarded as among the most influential of its active leaders 
 in the city of New York. Holding the office of Counsel to the Corporation 
 for several years, he retired from it with honor to himself and credit to the 
 city. 
 
 Popular and eloquent as a public speaker, Mr. Brady was constantly 
 the champion of popular rights and philanthropical movements, and was 
 always distinguished for his boldness and fearlessness in discussing 
 public men and measures. Never a seeker for office, he was always 
 enabled to hold an independent position either in his own party or toward 
 his opponents. 
 
 Early obtaining popularity as a public orator, Mr. Brady had the happy 
 faculty of swaying the " Fiery Democracy " either in its turbulence or 
 sympathy. Gifted with this power in voice, manner, and person, the 
 announcement of his name, when he took a more active part in politics, 
 would fill a large hall to overflowing, and possessed the most magical in- 
 fluence. 
 
 Ever just in his convictions, his detestation of oppression did not 
 leave him in sympathy with turbulence and disorder ; and, actuated by 
 these principles, he was one of the most influential in suppressing the riots 
 of July, 1863. 
 
 Outside of his professional and political life, Mr. Brady was peculiarly 
 amiable, and exceedingly fond of social enjoyments. He idolized the 
 children of his sisters, and was always happy in winning the confidence 
 and esteem of the little ones. 
 
 He never married, but, like Washington Irving, cherished fondly the 
 memory of one, from whom death had separated him. 
 
 Yet in the prime of life, with a vigorous frame and a powerful intellect, 
 Mr. Brady was struck with paralysis ; and, after lingering a few days under 
 that terrible malady, died February 9, 1869, in New York City. 
 
75. HENBY J. EAYMOND. 
 
 Henry Jarvis Raymond, the founder of The New York Times, was bona 
 In Lima, Livingston County, New York, January 24, 1820. The son of the 
 proprietor of a small farm, he early assisted in its labors ; but, while still 
 young, he entered the Academy of Lima, and in the winter of 1835-30, 
 taught a district school. He graduated at the University of Vermont in 
 1840, when he repaired to New York ; and, after studying law for a year in 
 the office of Edward W. Marsh, he maintained himself by teaching the 
 classics in a young ladies' seminary and by contributions to the New York 
 press. 
 
 He was connected with the New York Ti ibune upon its establishment, 
 in April, 1841 ; and, in the capacity of Assistant Editor, distinguished him- i 
 self by great ability as a Reporter, an art then in its infancy in the United 
 States. Accepting an offer from General James Watson Webb, of a position 
 on the New York Courier and Enquirer, he relinquished it in 1851. Some 
 four years previously he had formed a literary connection with the publish- 
 ing house of Harper & Brothers, which continued uninterrupted for ten 
 years. 
 
 The social doctrines of Fourier finding at this time a zealous champion 
 in Horace Greeley, Mr. Raymond entered into a prolonged and spirited 
 controversy with Mr. Greeley respecting them — ^which controversy was sub- 
 sequently published in a pamphlet edition, and attracted, from the ability 
 displayed on both sides, very general public attention. 
 
 Elected in 1849 to the State Legislature, he soon became prominent as a 
 ready debater and legislator. Re-elected in 1850, he was chosen Speaker of 
 the Assembly. During this session he advocated vigorously the Common 
 School System and the Canal policy of the State. The adjournment of the 
 Legislature found Mr. Raymond in impaired health, for the benefit of which 
 he sailed to Europe. Returning in August, he published, September 18, 
 1851, the first number of The New York (daily) Times, a journal which has 
 continued to grow in public respect and confidence from the great ability 
 displayed in its editorial management. 
 
 Acting as a substitute for a regular delegate to the Whig National Con- 
 vention at Baltimore in 1852, he addressed that body, against violent oppo- 
 sition, in defense of Northern sentiment. 
 
 Nominated, in 1854, by the Whig, Anti- Nebraska, and Temperance 
 Conventions, he was elected, over two competitors, by a large majority, 
 Lieutenant-Governor of the State. 
 
 Taking an active part in the organization of the Republican party, 
 caused by the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he drew up the " Address 
 to the People," submitted by its first National Convention, held at Pittsburg 
 in February, 1856. During the Presidential canvass which followed, he 
 made numerous public speeches in favor of General Fremont, its candidate. 
 
 His term of service as Lieutenant-Governor of the State, expiring Decem- 
 ber 31, 1857, Mr. Raymond declined, the same year, to be a candidate for 
 the Gubernatorial office. Entering energetically into the Presidential can- 
 vass of 18(i0, he took a prominent position both in his journal and in public 
 addresses, in favor of Abraham Lincoln's election, and sustained throughout 
 a zealous prosecution of the war against the seceding States. Governor 
 Raymond was subsequently elected to Congress, and in that body maintained 
 an influential position from his ability as a debater and an able legislator. 
 A popular speaker and a practical writer, he could not fail to wield a great 
 power by the combined strength of the forum and the press. 
 
76. HIRAM WALBRIDGE. 
 
 ITiram Walbridge was born in Ithaca, Tompkins County, State of 
 New York, February 2d, 1821. He commenced life by learning the trade 
 of a machinist, but subsequently received a collegiate education at the Ohio 
 University, in which State he had previously taken up his residence. 
 Leaving the University with a mind well s ored with practical as well as 
 theoretical knowledge, he took a special interest in the military affairs of 
 the S ate, and at the early age of twenty-three was elected Brigadier- 
 General of the Ohio Militia. Removing to New York City he, entered into 
 the mercantile business and soon became one of the most active commer- 
 cial men of the Metropo is. In 1853 he represented that class of its citi- 
 zens in the Congress of the United States, where he exhibited a clear ap- 
 preciation of our commercial importance and contributed greatly to the 
 promotion of our Ocean marine by his wise councils and devotion to its 
 interests. 
 
 So prominent had he become in his endeavors to build up our com- 
 mercial and maritime interests that he was elected President of the Com- 
 mercial Convention, held in Detroit, Michigan, in the year 18G5, and the 
 City of New York found in him a true representative in that Convention. 
 
 In 1861, General Walbridge having always been connected with the 
 Democrat c party, left it, and became the independent Republican candi- 
 date for Congress in opposition to Fernando Wood, the Democratic candi- 
 date. It is still well remembered how he stumped his district with his 
 six-horse team and brass band, haranguing the people from every corner. 
 Although he put forth extra efforts he was not able to defeat his opponent 
 in that Democratic stronghold. 
 
 During the Rebellion, General Walbridge was a firm supporter of the 
 Union and the Administration, and contributed by his voice and influence 
 to the diffusion of that liberal and patriotic sentiment which encouraged 
 enlistments. 
 
 In the Presidential canvass of 1868. he took an active interest in the 
 election of General Grant for the President of the United States, and in 
 the success of the Republican party, 
 
 General Walbridge is still engaged in many enterprises more or less 
 of a p ib.ic nature, and to show in how high an estimation his commer- 
 cial {services and talents are held by the mercantile community, he was 
 brought iorward by them as a candidate for the very important office, Col- 
 lector of Customs of the Port of New York in the spring of 1869, but his 
 senior, an old, tried merchant of New York, Mr. Grinnell, received the 
 appointment. Notwithstanding his failure to obtain this position, he 
 is undoubtedly destined to fill some appropriate place lor his peculiar 
 talents r.t tome fiuure ("a". 
 
A 
 
 77. GEOKGE B. McOLELLAN. 
 
 General George B. McClellan was born in Philadelphia, December 
 3, 1826. He entered the military academy at West Point in 1842, grad- 
 uated in 1840, and was immediately called into active service as Second 
 Lieutenant of a company of sappers and miners, which sailed for Mexico on 
 the 24th of September, with orders to report to General Taylor at Camargo, 
 by whom he was ordered to proceed to Matamoras. 
 
 Great praise was bestowed upon him for the amount and excellence of 
 the work done in this part of Mexico. From Tampico they went to Vera 
 Cruz, where Lieutenant McClellan was engaged in the most severe duties — 
 in opening paths and roads to facilitate the investment, and lighten the toil 
 and hardship of the trenches, which was always done with intelligence and 
 zeal. On the 20th of August, 1847, he distinguished himself at the battle of 
 Churubusco, for which he was promoted to First Lieutenant; at Molino 
 del Rey and Chapultepec, his gallantry secured him the additional rank of 
 Captain by brevet. 
 
 The following year he assumed command of the sappers and miners, 
 which position he held until 1851, in the autumn of which year he super- 
 intended the building of Fort Delaware. In 1852 he was assigned to duty 
 in the expedition that explored the Red River ; and also served as an Engi- 
 neer upon some explorations in Texas. 
 
 In 1853 he aided in surveying the Northern route of the Pacific Railroad, 
 for which he was highly complimented by the Secretary of War, Jefferson 
 Davis. Shortly after, he was sent on a secret mission to the West Indies, 
 and on his return, in 1855, received a Captaincy in the United States 
 Cavalry; and, the same year, was sent, in company with Captain R. E. Lee, 
 to watch the progress of the Crimean War, and perfect themselves in tht» 
 art. 
 
 In 1857 he resigned, and accepted the position of Vice-President of the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, which office he held for three years, when he 
 accepted the Presidency of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Rebellion, Ohio immediately made him 
 Major-General of her militia, which he organized quickly and thoroughly ; 
 and, on the 14th of May, was assigned to the Department of Ohio, as Major- 
 General in the United States Army. Then followed his campaign in West 
 Virginia, and victories of Rich Mountain and Philippi. November 1, 1801, 
 he was appointed to succeed General Scott as General-in-Chief of the United 
 States Armies. 
 
 He organized the army with great ability ; but when the advance took 
 place, in March, 1802, he was restricted to the command of the Army of the 
 Potomac. He first invested Yorktown, where he exhibited extraordinary 
 engineering skill, and which soon fell into his hands. He subsequently con- 
 ducted the campaign of the Peninsula, reaching James River on the 2d of 
 July; and, in the middle of August, conducted the army back to Washing- 
 ton, where, for several days, he held command of the Washington fortifica- 
 tions. 
 
 At the close of Pope's campaign, he resumed his old command, and 
 fought the battle of Antietam. On November 7, he was relieved by Gen- 
 eral Burnside. He was the Democratic candidate ior President of the United 
 States in 1804, and resigned his commission in the fall of that year. He 
 has since been travelin ■*• in Europe. 
 
ze< 
 
 78. JOHN C. FREMONT. 
 
 General John C. Fremont was born in Savannah, Georgia, January 
 21, 1813. His father was French, and his mother a Virginia lady. At 
 fifteen years of age he entered Charleston College, S. C, where he made 
 rapid progress, graduating at seventeen. 
 
 For three years he was employed as Instructor in Mathematics in various 
 schools in Charleston, and as Practical Surveyor. In 1833 he was appointed 
 Teacher of Mathematics on hoard the United States sloop-of-war Natchez, 
 and made a cruise of two years and a half in that vessel. From this time 
 until 838 he was employed as Engineer on the Charleston and Augusta 
 Railroad. In 1838 he accompanied M. Nicollet, to explore the country 
 between the Missouri and the British line, and assisted in preparing the 
 maps and report of the exploration, when he was appointed Second Lieu- 
 tenant, United States Topographical Engineers. 
 
 In 1842 he applied for and obtained an order to explore the "Wind River 
 Peak of the Rocky Mountains. He left the mouth of the Kansas Riv^r, 
 June 10, and proceeded up the Piatt River and its tributaries to the South 
 Pass, which was carefully examined. Thence he proceeded to the Wind 
 River Mountains, the loftiest peak of which was ascended, and returned to 
 Kansas, October 10. His report was laid before Congress in the winters of 
 1842-43. Humboldt praised it, and the London Athenewn pronounced it 
 one of the most perfect productions of its kind. He again, .n May, 1843, 
 set, out with twenty-five men, to find a new route across the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, and for nearly a year was lost to the world, suffering unheard-of hard- 
 ships in the snow-clad mountains, planting the flag of his country upon 
 their highest peak, discovering the Great Salt Lake, Sierra Nevada, the 
 valley of the Sacramento, and establishing the geography of the Western 
 portion of the continent. For this service he was breveted Captain in 
 1845, when he set out on his third expedition, which resulted in giving 
 California to the United States. Arriving in California, he became in- 
 volved with the Mexican Governor of that State ; and, with the aid of a 
 few Americans, defeated the Mexican forces, raised the Independent Be&r 
 Flag, and was elected Governor by the settlers, which election was 
 ratified by Commodore Stockton. He was afterward made a victim of a 
 quarrel between General Kearney and the Commodore, and dismissed 
 the service. The President reinstated him ; but Fremont would not accept 
 "mercy." He resigned his commission, returned to California, making his 
 home on the Mariposa, and was elected its first Senator. 
 
 In 1853 he set out to complete, at his own expense, the survey of the 
 direct line for the Pacific Railroad. In 1856 he was unanimously nominated 
 as a candidate for President of the United States by the Republican Con- 
 vention, but was defeated by James Buchanan. 
 
 Being in Paris at the breaking out of the Rebellion, he purchased a 
 quantity of arms for the United States Government with his own private 
 credit, and brought them with him. On his arrival, a Major-General's com- 
 mission awaited him, and he was assigned to the Western Military Depart- 
 ment, where he arrived, July 25, 1861. He at once set vigorously to work 
 organizing an army, fortifying St. Louis, and diatting plans for a Western 
 campaign. He continued in this- Department until November 2, during 
 which he issued his celebrated proclamation freeing the slaves of Rebels 
 within his command. 
 
 He afterward distinguished himself in the Shenandoah valley in various 
 battles with "Stonewall" Jackson; but his political prom.n n.e making 
 him a victim of jealousy and intrigue, he left the service, o uuo 27. io#, 
 and resigned his commission in May, 1804- 
 
'79. WILLIAM T. SHEEMAN. 
 
 General "William T. Sherman was born in Lancaster, Ohio, in 1820; 
 graduated at West Point, in 1840; and, in the same year, was appointed 
 Second Lieutenant of the Third Artillery. He served in California during 
 the Mexican War; was breveted Captain, in 1850 ; but, in 1853, resigned his 
 commission, and engaged in business in San Francisco. 
 
 In 1858 he became President of the Louisiana Military Academy, but 
 resigned his position at the outbreak of the Rebellion. 
 
 In June, 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of the Thirteenth Regular 
 Infantry, and was subsequently appointed Brigadier- General of Volunteers. 
 He participated in the first battle of Bull Run, and in the ensuing autumn 
 and winter was in Kentucky and Missouri. 
 
 In the spring of 1862 he commanded a division in Grant's army, and dis- 
 tinguished himself at the battle of Shiloh, earning thereby his promotion 
 to Major-General of Volunteers. He made an unsuccessful attack on 
 Vicksburg in December, 1862, and took part in the subsequent campaign 
 against that place under Grant. 
 
 He accompanied General Grant to Chattanooga, was placed in command 
 of the Department of Tennessee, and aided materially in the success of 
 Grant's movements against Bragg in that vicinity ; after which, ho marched 
 to the relief of General Burnside at Knoxville, who was besieged by General 
 Longstreet, compelling that General to raise the siege, and retreat to the 
 borders of Virginia. 
 
 Early in 1864 General Sherman conducted a successful raid through 
 Southern Mississippi and Alabama, where he made the most complete de- 
 struction of railroads ever performed, destroyed the arsenal at Mer id ian, which 
 was filled with valuable stores and machinery, and burned a large number 
 of Government warehouses filled with stores and ammunition, besides 
 destroying depots, bridges, and rolling stock ; after which, he retraced his 
 steps to the Mississippi, with over eight thousand liberated slaves and an 
 immense amount of spoils. His whole loss in the raid was less than two 
 hundred. 
 
 In March, 1864, Grant, then recently appointed Lieutenant-General and 
 Commander-in-Chief, turned over to Sherman the command of the Military 
 Division of the Mississippi, who soon after commenced his successful cam- 
 paign against Atlanta, during which he fought the series of battles from 
 Chattanooga to that place, driving General J. E. Johnston before him, and 
 succeeded in obliging Hood, who had superseded Johnston, to evacuate 
 Atlanta, September 1, 1864. 
 
 In the succeeding November, after driving Hood into Northern Alabama, 
 General Sherman commenced his triumphant march through Georgia, and 
 reached Savannah, which he captured in December. 
 
 Thence he marched North to Goldsboro', North Carolina, near whi^ r 
 place he received the surrender of General J. E. Johnston's army, Ap~\l ati, 
 1865. He was soon after appointed to the command of the Milit/»-~j Division 
 of the Mississippi, and subsequently transferred to the v . _oi,ern Division, 
 which position he now holds. 
 
 In June, 1868, he was made Lieutenant-General, Grant having been 
 raised to General. 
 
2 S 
 
 80. JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON. 
 
 General Joseph E. Johnston was born in Prince Edward County, 
 Virginia, about the year 1808. G-reat attention was paid to his early 
 education, which he received in Abingdon district. 
 
 In 1829 he graduated at West Point with great credit, and was immedi- 
 ately assigned to the Fourth Artillery as Brevet Second Lieutenant. He 
 remained there until 1836, when he was appointed First Lieutenant. 
 
 In 1838 he was appointed First Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers ; 
 and, in that capacity, served through the Florida War, where he greatly 
 distinguished himself by his coolness and bravery. 
 
 February 16, 1847, he was breveted Lieutenant-Colonel of Voltigeurs, 
 and sailed with the expedition of General Scott to Mexico, where, on the 
 advance to Cerro Gordo, he made a most daring reconnoissance, and where 
 he was severely wounded. He distinguished himself at Molino del Rey, 
 and was again wounded at Chapultepec. 
 
 At the close of the Mexican War he was retained as Captain in the Topo- 
 graphical Engineers ; and, at a later date (1855), was made full Colonel in 
 the Regular Army. In June, 1860, he was placed at the head of the Quar- 
 termaster's Department, with the rank of Brigadier-General. 
 
 When Virginia seceded he felt bound to join the service of his native 
 State, when he was appointed to a high command by Governor Letcher, and 
 afterward was commissioned Major-General in the Confederate army, with 
 command of the Army of the Shenandoah, where he acted against Patterson, 
 whom he eluded, and arrived at the first battle-field of Bull Pun in season 
 to turn the scale of battle against the Federals. He subsequently com- 
 manded at Richmond in the early part of the Peninsular campaign, and 
 was severely wounded at Fair Oaks, after which he was assigned to the 
 Trans-Mississippi Department, where, in attempting to succor General Pem- 
 berton at Vicksburg, he encountered General Grant at Jackson, was defeated, 
 and forced to evacuate that city. 
 
 In January, 1864, General Johnston took command of the Army of Ten- 
 nessee (General Bragg having been removed), and contested General Sher- 
 man's advance into Georgia in a series of battles, among which the most 
 severe were at Resaca and around Dallas, Altoona, and the Kenesaw Moun- 
 tains, all of which he conducted with great skill, but was obliged to retreat 
 before the superior force of Sherman to Atlanta, when he was superseded 
 by General Hood, in obedience to a popular clamor against what was called 
 his Fabian policy of retreat. 
 
 From this time until February, 1865, he was virtually retired from the 
 army, when public opinion had begun to set in strongly in favor of his 
 restoration, and he was reinstated and placed in command of the forces in 
 North Carolina, in place of Beauregard, who continued to serve under his 
 old commander. He concentrated his forces at Raleigh, where he prepared 
 to resist the advance of Sherman from Savannah ; and, by the time Sherman 
 vrrived, had made up an army sixperior to his in cavalry, and formidable 
 snough in artillery and infantry to make it incumbent upon Sherman to 
 move with caution, and to afford, a prospect of being able to resist his pro- 
 gress ; but, on the 26th of April, 1865, after being driven back beyond 
 Goldsboro', and hearing of Lee's surrender to Grant, he capitulated on the 
 same terms to General Sherman. 
 
p 
 
 81. JOHN A7 LOGAN. 
 
 General John A. Logan was born in Jackson County, Illinois, February 
 19, 1826. He was early thrown on his natural resources of energy for suc- 
 cess in life, and received a good common school education. When the war 
 with Mexico occurred, he entered the army as private, was elected a Lieu- 
 tenant of a company of the First Regiment of Illinois Volunteers, and was 
 made Quartermaster of his regiment. Returning home on the close of the 
 war, he was elected County Clerk of Jackson County in 1849, but resigned, 
 and commenced the study of law in 1850. Having graduated at the Louis- 
 ville University, he was admitted to the bar in 1852, and the same year was 
 elected to the State Legislature of Illinois, where he acquired distinction. 
 
 In 1853 he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney of the Third Judicial 
 Circuit ; in 1856 was a Presidential Elector ; and the same year was again 
 elected to the Legislature. 
 
 In 1858 he was elected a Representative from Illinois to the Thirty-Sixth 
 Congress, and, in 1860, was re-elected. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Rebellion he resigned his seat in Congress, 
 and entered the Union army as Colonel, distinguishing himself by his great 
 bravery at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. 
 
 Returning to Illinois in August, he organized the Thirty-First Regiment 
 of Illinois Volunteers. His regiment participated in the battle of Belmont 
 in November, 1861, and, also, at the capture of Fort Henry. He took 
 an active part in the capture of Fort Donaldson, and was wounded in the 
 left arm. 
 
 Commissioned a Brigadier-General of Volunteers, March 24, 1862, he 
 reported to General Grant, and, after participating in the siege of Corinth, 
 he was placed in command of the United States forces at Jackson. He com- 
 manded a division of the right wing in the movements into Mississippi in 
 December, 1862, and subsequently held one in the Seventeenth Corps, under 
 General McPherson. 
 
 In the spring of 1863 he was confirmed a Major-General of Volunteers, 
 with rank from November 9, 1862, and distinguished himself with General 
 Grant in his rapid march from Grand Gulf to Jackson, in May, 1863, when, 
 continually in the advance, he occupied the Mississippi capital. 
 
 He participated prominently in the battle of Champion Hills, and was 
 equally distinguished at the storming of Vicksburg, May 22, 1863. On the 
 surrender of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863, Genaral Logan's command occupied 
 the surrendered city, an honor bestowed upon his gallant corps for its dis- 
 tinguished services, and he was made Military Governor. 
 
 Returning North, General Logan took an active part in all the political 
 questions growing out of the war, addressing public meetings throughout 
 the country, and was again elected Representative to Congress, in 1866, 
 where he participated in the debates on Reconstruction, and was chosen one 
 of the Managers on the part of the House in the impeachment of Andrew 
 Johnson. 
 
 The great organization which constitutes the " Grand Army of the Repub- 
 lic" selected General Logan as its Chief ; and in that capacity, with hia 
 political prominence, he is one of the most influential men of the country. 
 
82. ROGER A. PRYOR. 
 
 Roger A. Prtor was born in Dinwiddle County, Virginia, July 19,1828, 
 and graduated at Hampton Sidney College and tue University of Virginia, 
 in 1845. 
 
 He adopted the profession of the law, commencing practice in Char- 
 lotteville, Virginia, but relinquished it on account of his health, and in 
 1851, became an Editor in Petersburg. 
 
 He was early drawn into politics in which he took an active and con- 
 spicuous part. 
 
 In 1852 Mr. Pryor connected himself with the "Washington Union'' 
 as a writer, but relinquished his position on account of a difference with 
 the Administration in respect to our relations with Russia, Mr. Pryor being 
 pro Russian in his sentiments. In 1853 he joined the "Richmond En- 
 quirer," which he edited. In 1855 he was appointed by President Pierce a 
 special commissioner to Greece to adjust certain difficulties wi h that coun- 
 try, originating in the persecution of the Rev. Dr. King, an American Mis- 
 sionary, which he successfully settled. On his return he established a polit- 
 ical journal called the "South," which stopped in eighteen months, and 
 was afterwards connected for four months with the " Waslrngton States." 
 In 1859 he was elected Representative to the thirty sixth Congress, and was 
 re-elected to the thirty-seventh Congress, but was among those who were 
 prominent in the secession movement. He was a member ©f the Provisional 
 Congress of the Southern Confederacy and was conspicuous among those 
 who aided in the formation of the New Government. 
 
 He was elected to the regular Congress of the Secession States, but 
 resigned his position to enter the Confederate Army and was appointed a 
 Colonel. He was promoted to a Brigadier-General and served in the Army of 
 Northern Virginia until 1864, when, resigning his rank on account of a differ- 
 ence with Jefferson Davis, he served as a private until the end of the war. 
 
 Removing to New York City, in 1865, he settled as a Lawyer and at 
 once took a prominent position at the bar, where he has advanced to 
 distinction and a lucrative practice. In Congress Gen. Pryor was distin- 
 guished as a ready debater and took a lead'ng part in all the stormy legis- 
 lation preceding the war. Eschewing politics since, he has devoted himself 
 exclusively to his profession, and, making numerous friends among his new 
 associates, both in find out of his profession, Gen. Pryor has a fair field 
 before him of f iture promotion and distinction. 
 
83. RICHARD TAYLOR. 
 
 General Richard Taylor (popularly known in the late war as " Dick" 
 Taylor, of the Confederate service), was the son of General Zachary Taylor, 
 the tenth President of the United States, and was born in Louisiana about 
 the year 1822. The son of a President of the United States, he also had 
 the peculiar fortune of being the brother-in-law of the President of the 
 Southern Confederacy. 
 
 He first distinguished himself in " Stonewall Jackson's " famous campaign 
 in the valley of Virginia, when, at Port Republic, the Louisiana Brigade, 
 commanded by General Taylor, decided the day by an attack upon the 
 Federal artillery, which was taken in response to Jackson's stern command, 
 " That battery must be taken !" 
 
 With the rank of Major-General, he was afterward transferred to 
 another field of operations, and placed in command of the District of 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Here transpired the chief interest of his military life, in its remarkable 
 connection with the city of New Orleans, which he indulged the hope of 
 relieving or capturing. 
 
 Engaging actively in the campaign in the La Fourche country in the sum- 
 mer of 1863, General Taylor captured Brashear City and its forts. This 
 position, with that of Thibodeaux, placed him in command of the Mississippi 
 River above New Orleans. The unexpected fall of Vicksburg, involving so 
 many other operations, proved equally disastrous to General Taylor's place ; 
 and, exposing Port Hudson, compelled it also to surrender, rendering 
 General Taylor's position in the La Fourche country still more hazardous. 
 Unable to hold it with a force of only four thousand men, he was compelled 
 to abandon it. 
 
 In the famous Red River campaign in the spring of 1864, acting under 
 the orders of General E. Kirby Smith, he encountered the army of General 
 Banks, moving from Alexandria, and gained, it is claimed by the Confed- 
 erates, two of the most important victories of the war. 
 
 The battle of Pleasant Hill being won, General Taylor favored the pur- 
 suit of the Federal troops with the view of the destruction of Banks and 
 Porter, and then rapidly opening the way to New Orleans. The views of 
 General Taylor, indulged from a romantic and brilliant point, were not 
 sympathized in by the Commander-in-Chief, so they were abandoned, much 
 to his disappointment. 
 
 Banks escaped before any concentration could be formed against him, 
 although Taylor, with a small force, was in hot pursuit. 
 
 Promoted to Lieutenant-General, he was transferred east of the Missis- 
 sippi, and placed in command of the Department of the Southwest, com- 
 prising East Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. Surrendering this 
 command to General Canby on the 4th of May, 1865, General Taylor's 
 military career ended with the end of the Confederacy. . 
 
/ 
 
 84. SILAS H. STRINGHAM. 
 
 Admiral Stlas Horton Stringham was born in Middletown, Orange 
 County, New York, November 7, 1798. He entered the navy as Midshipman 
 in 1810, and served in the frigate President, then under command of Com- 
 modore Rodgers, being on board during the fight with the Little Belt and 
 the Belvidere — British vessels. 
 
 In 1815 he was in Commodore Decatur's squadron, and took part in the 
 Algerine War. 
 
 In 1816 young Stringham distinguished himself by the rescue of part 
 of the crew of a French brig at Gibraltar. He served as Lieutenant in 1819, 
 on board the Cyane, which conveyed the first settlers to the Colony of 
 Liberia. Here he went on an expedition after slavers, and captured four, 
 was made Prize-Master, and sent home with his prizes. 
 
 In 1821 he was promoted to a First Lieutenancy ; and, in the Hornet, on 
 the West India station, aided in the capture of a notorious pirate and slaver. 
 
 From 1825 to 1829 he was on duty at the Brooklyn Navy- Yard ; then 
 sailed, as First Lieutenant .of the Peacock, to search for the Hornet, sup- 
 posed to have been lost near Tampico ; was transferred to the Falmouth, and 
 returned to New York in 1830. For the next five years he was engaged on 
 shore duty. 
 
 In 1835 he was ordered to the command of the sloop-of-war John Adams, 
 then in the Mediterranean squadron ; and, in 1837, was appointed second in 
 command of the Brooklyn Navy- Yard. In 1842 he was ordered to the razee 
 Independence; and, in the following year, was assigned to the command of 
 the Brooklyn Navy-Yard. In 1846 he took command of the ship-of-line 
 Ohio, and was engaged in the capture of Vera Cruz. 
 
 After various important services, in 1861, on the breaking out of the 
 Rebellion, he was appointed Flag-Officer of the Atlantic blockading squadron, 
 and ordered to the Minnesota. He commanded the joint expedition which 
 captured Forts Hatteras and Clark, August 27 and 28. 
 
 On September 23 he was relieved from his command at his own request ; 
 and, A\igust 1, 1862, was made a Rear-Admiral, and placed on the retired list. 
 
 Since that period, Admiral Stringham has been in the enjoyment of a 
 well-earned repose. His long and arduous life of patriotic service is grate- 
 fully remembered by his country, and he lives a noble example of the honors 
 of a well-spent life, spared by an all-wise and over-ruling 1 power to remind 
 us how faithfully we ought to cherisn the memory of those devoted spirits 
 which are now translated to higher and more glorious spheres of existence 
 as the reward of their fidelity and truth. 
 
l~p> & 
 
 85. S. F. DUPONT. 
 
 Admiral S. F. Dupont was born at Bergen Point, New Jersey, Sep- 
 tember 27, 1803. In 1815, when but twelve years of age, he was commis- 
 sioned by President Madison a Midshipman in the United States navy, and 
 sailed on his first cruise, in 1817, on board the frigate Franklin, under 
 Commodore Stewart. Owing to the peaceful relations subsisting between 
 the United States and other powers, the duties of his profession were of no 
 special importance. He, however, showed himself an active and able officer 
 in whatever capacity employed, and experienced a fair proportion of sea 
 service. 
 
 In 1845, being then a Commander, he was ordered to the command of the 
 frigate Congress, under Commodore Stockton, and was on the California 
 coast at the commencement of the war with Mexico. He was soon after put 
 in command of the Gyane, and took a conspicuous part in the conquest of 
 Lower California. In 1856, Dupont attained to the rank of Captain, and, in 
 the succeeding year, was placed in command of the steam- frigate Minnesota, 
 which conveyed Mr. Reed, the American Minister, to China; and, after visit- 
 ing Japan and the coast of Southern Asia, returned to the United States in 
 1859. In January, 1861, he was appointed to the command of the Philadel- 
 phia Navy- Yard. 
 
 At the breaking out of the Rebellion it was determined by the Govern- 
 ment to occupy one or more important points on the Southern coast, where 
 the blockading squadron or cruisers of the Government might resort for 
 shelter or supplies, or' rendezvous for expeditions; and to Captain Dupont 
 was intrusted the selection of such a place. The harbor of Port Royal, on 
 the coast of South Carolina, was fixed upon ; and, during the summer of 
 1861, preparations for a joint naval and military expedition thither were 
 vigorously pursued. On the 29th of October the whole fleet of over fifty sails 
 stood out to sea. After encountering a furious gale, which dispersed the 
 vessels in all directions and caused the loss of several transports, the 
 greater number arrived off Port Royal, November 4, when a recon- 
 noissanoe discovered that Hilton Head and Bay Point were protected by 
 works of great strength, scientifically constructed, and mounted with guns 
 of heavy calibre. After a few days' preparation, they were attacked by the 
 fleet on the morning of the 7th ; and, by two o'clock, the enemy were dis- 
 covered in rapid flight from Fort Walker, which was taken possession of, 
 and the next morning Fort Beauregard was also abandoned by its garrison. 
 
 This victory excited universal enthusiasm throughout the loyal States, 
 contributed to restore confidence, and increase the eclat which had attended 
 the naval operations of the war. 
 
 Commodore Dupont immediately took active measures to follow up this 
 success, and his fleet was afterward busily employed in expeditions along 
 the coast and in co-operation with the land forces under T. W. Sherman and 
 Hunter. 
 
 Apart from his sea service, and for the past quarter of a century, 
 Admiral Dupont has been employed on shore in numerous important public 
 duties requiring the exercise of high professional knowledge and experi- 
 ence. He died at Philadelphia, June 2 ; , 1865. 
 
2// 
 
 86. NATHANIEL B. FORREST. 
 
 Lieut-General N. B. Forbest was born on the 13th day of July, 1821, 
 at Chappil Hill, Bedford Co., Tennessee. Removing in 1834. with his father, 
 William Forrest, to Mississippi, he settled in that State. Amassing a con- 
 siderable fortune in various pursuits, the breaking out of the war found him 
 a successful planter on the Mississippi Bottom. 
 
 Entering the Confederate service as a private soldier, he soon obtained 
 the authority to raise a Regiment of Cavalry which he commanded with 
 distinguished gallantry at Fort Donelson. Subsequently accompanying 
 Gen. A. S. Johnston in his retreat to the Tennessee River he was with him at 
 the Battle of Shiloh, where, rendering distinguished service, he was 
 severely wounded. 
 
 Acting in co-operation with John Morgan, when that General made his 
 raid into Kentucky to operate on the communications of Gen. Grant's 
 Army in Mississippi, Forrest, with a cavalry force, marched to oppose those 
 of Gen. Rosencranz, in Tennessee. 
 
 Crossing the Tennessee River at Chattanooga, Forrest captured Mc- 
 Minnville, surprised the garrison of Murfreesboro, taking prisoner Gen, 
 Crittenden and capturing a force of 2000 infantry. 
 
 Gen. Bragg's Army advancing from Chattanooga towards Kentucky, 
 Forrest was sent again to Middle Tennessee. Forrest's Cavalry covering 
 the whole front of the Confederate Army, constant engagements were 
 fought between them and the Federals. 
 
 Col. Straight, the active Federal commander, disembarking a select 
 Brigade in the neighborhood of Tuscumbia, Alabama, Forrest marched 
 rapidly with a force of 1500 men to the Tennessee River. After 48 hours of 
 rapid pursuit he overtook the Federal rear-guard in the mountains. Bring- 
 ing his antagonist to bay, Straight made his disposition for battle. Forrest 
 demanding his surrender, Straight, believing himself overwhelmed by a 
 superior force, surrendered to his invincible enemy. 
 
 Gen. Van Dorn dying. Forrest was placed in command of the whole 
 Cavalry corps of the Army of the Tennessee. 
 
 At the Battle of Chicamaugua his command occupied the extreme right 
 of Bragg's line of battle. After many other achievements and his success- 
 ful expedition to Paducah, Gen. Forrest appeared before Fort Pillow on the 
 Mississippi. This fort, garrisoned by negro troops surrendered after terrible 
 slaughter, April 12, 1864. Its capture covered the name of Gen. Forrest 
 throughout the North with great ignominy from his alleged merciless mas- 
 sacre of the colored soldiers after their surrender. 
 
87. JEFFEKSON THOMPSON. 
 
 Jefferson Thompson was born in Virginia, but, when a youth, emi- 
 grated to Missouri. Engaging in commercial and speculative enterprises, 
 generally so rife in the West, he succeeded in gathering together a comfort- 
 able competency. 
 
 The great Rebellion coming upon Missouri, as upon the whole country, 
 found the inhabitants of that State in a more unfortunate position than 
 those of the more interior States. A border State, rent asunder by factions 
 and overrun by desperate border ruffians before the war, during the war its 
 inhabitants were divided in implacable hostility as Union men and seces- 
 sionists. 
 
 This state of affairs found Jefferson Thompson, the plain country Mer- 
 chant and land speculator, in the peaceful pursuit of his profession. 
 
 Answering the call of his country, as he fondly imagined, he joined the 
 motly crowd which formed the famous army of General Sterling Price. 
 
 After many severe battles, in which he displayed that native daring for 
 which he is distinguished, Jefferson Thompson was promoted to the rank of 
 Brigadier-G-eneral. With a marvelous adaptation which seems to have 
 been inborn, Jefferson mastered the most intricate and most delicate part of 
 the military art — namely, the issuing of orders. These he issued on all 
 possible and impossible occasions. Undoubted in his courage, he seems to 
 have envied the fame of Napoleon Bonaparte in issuing stirring appeals to 
 his soldiers. 
 
 The border Merchant transformed into the guerilla chieftain, he seemed 
 to have been keeping a deadly account of the losses and gains of the great 
 Rebellion. Eccentric, active, brave, all the time in motion, and advertising 
 his movements in war as he would his business in peace, Jeff. Thompson 
 kept his trade as a soldier all the time before the world as he would that of 
 a trader before the public. 
 
 Napoleon died in exile after losing Waterloo; but Jeff. Thompson, after 
 issuing as many military orders as ever Napoleon did — and, but for certain 
 failures, would have become as great a military genius — after the fall of 
 the Confederacy, true to his pacific promises, retired to New Orleans^ and 
 opened a grocery and commission store. 
 
t 
 
 88. WILLIAM J. HABDEE. 
 
 General William J. Hardee was born in Savannah, Georgia, about 
 the year 1817. He entered the military academy at West Point in 1834, 
 aod graduated -with honor in 1838. He was then commissioned Second 
 Lieutenant in the United States Dragoons, and was sent to Florida, where 
 he served nearly two years. On the 3d of December, 1839, he was promoted 
 to a First Lieutenancy, and was sent, by the Secretary of "War, to the cele- 
 brated military school of St. Maur, in France. There, he was regularly 
 attached to the cavalry department of the French army ; and, after com- 
 pleting his studies, returned to the United States, bringing a nattering let- 
 ter of recommendation from Marshal Oudinot to the Secretary of War at 
 Washington. 
 
 I Lieutenant Hardee's regiment was now stationed on the Western fron- 
 tier, and quickly joining it, he soon became actively employed in defend- 
 ing the advanced settlements from Indian depredations. On the 18th of 
 September, 1844, he was promoted to Captain of Dragoons, and accompanied 
 General Taylor across the Rio Grande, being, in the Mexican campaign, 
 the first to engage the enemy, at a place called Curricitos, where, 
 overwhelmed by superior numbers, he was taken prisoner; but was ex- 
 changed in time to take part in the battle of Monterey. He afterward 
 joined the forces of General Scott at Vera Cruz, and displayed great gallantry 
 in an affair at Madelin, for which he was promoted to Major of Cavalry. 
 
 After the close of the contest, Jefferson Davis, then Secretary of War, 
 detailed him to prepare a system of Tactics, which were published as 
 " Hardee's Tactics, or the United States Rifle and Infantry Tactics," in two 
 volumes. On the completion of the work, in July, 1856, he was appointed 
 Commandant of the Corps of Cadets at West Point, with local rank of Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel. 
 
 He resigned his commission in the United States Army, January 31, 
 1861, and offered his services to the Confederate Government, was made a 
 Brigadier-General, and was sent to Arkansas with his command. He was 
 afterward sent to Kentucky, when he was appointed a Major-General ; and, 
 on the 17th of December, 1861, fought the battle of Munfordsville, Ky. 
 In 1862 he commanded a corps in General Polk's division, and participated 
 in the battle of Shiloh, where his zeal and ability "was spoken of by Beaure- 
 gard, in his official report. From this time, General Hardee's corps was, 
 attached to Bragg's army, and accompanied it in all its movements, to the 
 battle of Perryville. His conduct on this occasion, and throughout the 
 campaign, procured him the appointment of Lieutenant-General. He took 
 a conspicuous part in the battle of Murfreesboro', in December, 1862. 
 
 In the month of July, 1863, he was assigned to duty in command of the 
 department formerly held by General Pemberton, but was soon recalled to 
 Bragg's army, and the Second Corps placed under him. The battles of 
 Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, followed; and, finally, 
 General Hardee was appointed to temporarily succeed Bragg in the general 
 command. 
 
 In May, 1864, General J. E. Johnston assumed full command of the 
 army; and, in September, General Hardee was relieved at his own request, 
 and appointed to the command of the Department of South Carolina. "When 
 General Sherman advanced upon Savannah, General Hardee occupied that 
 city, with fifteen thousand men ; but finding it vain to attempt resistance, he 
 evacuated, it December 21, 1864, and retired into South Carolina. He after- 
 ward held command under J. E. Johnston, in North Carolina, and was in- 
 cluded in the surrender of that General, in April, 1865. 
 
89. FRANCIS P. BLAIR, Jr. 
 
 General Francis P. Blair, Jr., was born in Lexington, Kentucky, In 
 1821. He graduated at Princeton College, New Jersey, and settled in St. 
 Louis, Mo., where he was the political associate of Thomas H. Benton, and was t 
 among the first public men in Missouri to denounce the institution of \ 
 slavery. His bold and fearless efforts did much to revolutionize public sen- * 
 timent in St. Louis. 
 
 In 1856 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, and was re-elected 
 by increased majorities, in 1858 and 1860. Throughout these years, he 
 continued earnestly to advocate Free Soil doctrines. At the commencement 
 of the Rebellion, he was among the first to organize troops for the defense 
 of St. Louis and Missouri ; and in conjunction with General Lyon, raised 
 the forces known as the u Missouri Home Guards." He was made Colonel 
 of the First Regiment, and assisted in the capture of Camp Jackson, near St. 
 Louis, May 10, 1861. Colonel Blair also participated in the battle of Boone- 
 ville, under General Lyon, June 17, 1861, and his regiment took a very active 
 part in the battle of Wilson's Creek, where General Lyon was killed, August 
 10, 1861 ; but, in conseqence of his having to occupy his seat in the special 
 session of Congress, Colonel Blair was not present during that action. 
 During the session of 1861-62, he was Chairman of the Committee on 
 Military Affairs, and, as such, did good service to the country. 
 
 Upon the close of the session, he returned to Missouri, and commenced 
 the organization of a regiment of artillery ; but afterward, at the request 
 of the Secretary of War, he raised a brigade of infantry, of which he was 
 placed in command, and commissioned a Brigadier-General in August, 1862. 
 General Blair participated in the siege of Vieksburg, and greatly distin- 
 guished himself. He also commanded his brigade in General Sherman's 
 wing of McClernand's army during the capture of Fort Hindman, on the 
 the Arkansas River, January 10 and 11, 1863. For gallantry displayed in 
 these contests, General Blair was promoted to Major-General of Volunteers. 
 During the remainder of the war, General Blair took an active part in nearly 
 all the great battles of the West, and exhibited many high traits of general- 
 ship. As soon as the war was over, he urged a liberal treatment oi the ex- 
 Rebels. 
 
 The Legislature of Missouri having passed a law disfranchising all who 
 participated in the Rebellion, it was opposed by him as proscriptive and 
 unconstitutional. 
 
 With regard to the test oath, he absolutely refused to subscribe to it, and 
 his vote was refused at the polls. For this act he brought a suit before the 
 courts, lot the purpose of testing the law. The case is now before the 
 Supreme Court of the United States. He gradually withdrew from 
 the Republican party, ani denounced the Reconstruction laws of Congress 
 as despotic. He opposed the policy of universal Negro suffrage, creating no 
 little surprise, as contrasted with his former opinions, and showing how 
 grently men's views chmge in the progress of events. 
 
 In July, 1868, he was nominated by the Democratic party a candidate for 
 Vice-President of the United States, but was defeated. 
 
2 
 
 90. NATHANIEL P. BANKS. 
 
 11 
 
 Nathaniel P. Banks was born in Waltham, Massachusetts, January 
 30, 1816. His father was overseer in a cotton factory, and when he was j 
 yet young, he became a " Bobbin boy." Some few months at school had . 
 instilled into him a thirst for knowledge, and all his leisure hours were 
 devoted to history, political economy, and the science of government. He 
 afterward learned the machinest trade. During all this time, he was 
 unremitting in his studies, and soon began to lecture before lyceums, 
 temperance societies, and political assemblies. 
 
 In 1840 he stumped the State of Massachusetts for the Democratic party. 
 He became editor of a paper in Lowell ; and, under Polk's administration, 
 received an office in the Boston Custom-House. For six years, he was a 
 candidate for a seat in the Massachusetts Legislature, but was defeated each 
 year. On the seventh, he was elected a Representative from Waltham. 
 
 In 1850 he was simultaneously elected Senator from Middlesex, and 
 a Representative from Waltham. He concluded to continue in the House, 
 and was chosen Speaker. He held this position for two years. In 1852, 
 Mr. Banks was elected to Congress, by the affiliation of the Democrats 
 and Know-Nothings. 
 
 He left the Democratic party in 1854, on the formation of the Republican 
 party, and was by them again elected Representative to Congress, where 
 he was chosen Speaker after a trial of nine weeks. In 1856 he was elected 
 Governor of Massachusetts, and was re-elected in 1857 and 1858, during 
 which time he administered the government of the State with eminent wis- 
 dom, and to the entire satisfaction of all parties. 
 
 Soon after the expiration of his third term, he removed to Illinois, where 
 he became associated with the conduct of a railroad, and so continued 
 until the war actually broke out. He was appointed Major-General of Vol- 
 unteers, May 30, 1861, and took command of the Department of Annapolis, 
 with headquarters at Baltimore, where he stopped one source of secession 
 aid, by arresting Marshal Kane and his police board, whose quarters resem- 
 bled, in some respects, a concealed arsenal. 
 
 July 25 he took command of the Department of the Shenandoah ; and, 
 on the 8th of February, 1862, General Banks commenced active operations 
 by moving up the valley, driving the Rebels before him. He had advanced 
 as far as Harrisonburg, when an order came to send a portion of his troops 
 to McDowell, and retreat to Strasburg. He succeeded in reaching Wil- 
 liamsport, without material disaster. On the 8th of August he successfully 
 fought the Rebels under Jackson and Ewell, at Cedar Mountain, where his 
 personal bravery and good management were conspicuous. 
 
 In November, 1862, ho was sent to New Orleans to relieve General 
 Butler, where he arrived December 17, 1862, and immediately sent out ex- 
 peditions, took Baton Rouge, Port Hudson, Bate le Rose, Corpus Christi, 
 and had numerous other engagements, some of which were defeats. He 
 was superseded by General Canby, in May, 1S64; and, on the close of the 
 war, having returned to Massachusetts, he was again elected Representative 
 to Congress, which position he now holds. 
 
I ^ . 
 
 91. GEOEGE H. THOMAS. 
 
 General GEORGE H. Thomas was born in Southampton County, Virginia, 
 July 31, 1816. He received a good education, and commenced the study 
 of law at the age of nineteen ; but his attention, from some cause, turning 
 to military life, he received an appointment as Cadet in the West Point 
 Military Academy, in 1830, and graduated in 1840, receiving a commission 
 as Second Lieutenant in the Third Artillery. 
 
 In November of the same year, he joined the army in Florida, when the 
 Seminole War was in progress ; and, for gallant conduct in that war, he was 
 breveted First Lieutenant. 
 
 On the first indications of war with Mexico, he was ordered to Texas, 
 and was with the first United States troops which occupied the soil of that 
 State. He was left by General Taylor to garrison Fort Brown, opposite 
 Matamoras, which was invested and bombarded by the Mexicans for about a 
 week, when they withdrew, to reinforce General Ampudia at Resaca de la 
 Palma. General Thomas served with General Taylor through the Mexican 
 campaign, and was breveted Captain and Major for gallant conduct. 
 
 In 1851 and 1852, he was Instructor of Artillery and Cavalry at West 
 Point, and subsequently saw much active service in the West. 
 
 In April, 1801, on the commencement of hostilities, he was assigned to 
 duty at Carlisle, Pa., to remount his regiment, which had been dismounted 
 by General Twiggs, and ordered out of Texas. He was promoted to Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel and Colonel of the Fifth United States Cavalry, and from 
 May to August, was acting Brigadier-General, under Patterson and Banks. 
 On the 17th of August, he was appointed Brigadier-General of Volunteers, 
 and ordered to the Department of Kentucky, where he defeated Zollicoffer at 
 Mill Spring, or Somerset, January 19, 1802. He was appointedMajor-General 
 of Volunteers in April ; and, during the summer, commanded a wing of the 
 Army of the Tennessee. 
 
 He commanded the centre of the Army of the Cumberland at the battle 
 of Stone River; participated in the advance upon, and occupation of, 
 Chattanooga ; and, at the battle of Chickamauga, saved the Union army 
 from destruction. In October, he was appointed to the Department of the 
 Cumberland, assumed command of his troops at Chattanooga, and had an 
 important share in the victory of November 24, at that place. He partici- 
 pated in Sherman's campaign, ending in the capture of Atlanta, in Septem- 
 ber, 1804, and was then ordered to Nashville, where, on December 15 and 
 16, he practically annihilated the army of Hood, jj£ a series of battles, which 
 may be said to have ended the war in the West. He is now a Brigadier- 
 General in the Regular Army, and commanded, at the ciose of the war, the 
 Military Division of Tennessee. 
 
 He now commands the Third Military District, under the Reconstruc- 
 tion laws. 
 
V 
 
 92. HOEATIO SEYMOUR 
 
 Horatio Seymour was born in Onondaga, County, New York, in 1811, 
 of wealthy parents. He received a liberal education, studied law, was 
 admitted to practice in Utica, N. Y., and became popular as an advocate. 
 But he did not long pursue the profession, the death of his father having 
 made him successor to a large estate, requiring his attention. 
 
 Mr. Seymour's politics were inherited from his ancestors. He first 
 appeared in political life as the Democratic candidate for Mayor of the city 
 of Utica, in 1842, and was elected by a fair majority, though one of the 
 strongest Whig localities. In the same year he was elected to the State 
 Legislature, and served until 1845, when he declined a re-election. 
 
 In 1850 he was a candidate for Governor of his native State, but was un- 
 successful. In 1852 he was again a candidate for the same office, against the 
 same opponent, Washington Hunt, and was elected by a large majority. 
 
 His administration was distinguished by his veto of' the Maine Liquor 
 Law bill, which had passed both houses of the Legislature. In 1854 he was 
 again a candidate ; but, there being four in the field that year — two Demo- 
 crats, "hard" and " soft shell," one Republican, and one Know-Nothing — 
 the Republican, Mr. Clark, was elected by a small majority 
 
 After his defeat, Mr. Seymour retired to private life, but still took an 
 active part in politics. 
 
 When the Rebellion broke out, he served as Chairman of the War Com- 
 mittee, in his county, aiding in forwarding troops to the seat of war. 
 
 In 1862 he was once more nominated for Governor, and was elected. 
 During his administration, he had quite a warm controversy with the Gen- 
 eral Government respecting the draft, by claiming that the quota of troops 
 from the southern portion of the State was larger, in proportion to the 
 voting population, than that of the northern. The matter was finally set- 
 tled by a revision of the draft list. 
 
 In 1803 the draft riots broke out in New York City, and Mr. Seymour 
 addressed the rioters, urging them to disperse, promising to do all he could 
 to stay the execution of the draft. 
 
 In 1804 he was again a candidate for the office of Governor, but was 
 defeated by Mr. Fenton ; and, in 1808, he was nominated by the Demo- 
 cratic Convention, held in New York City, in July of that year, a can- 
 didate for President of the United States, but was defeated by General 
 Grant. 
 
 In personal appearance, Mr. Seymour is quite dignified, and is said to be 
 a very sociable and hospitable gentleman. As a public speaker, he is fluent, 
 eloquent, and argumentative, and one of New York's most popular stump- 
 orators. 
 
93. FERNANDO WOOD. 
 
 Fernando Wood, a Member of the United States Congress, and for 
 three terms Mayor of the city of New York, was born in Philadelphia, in 
 1812, during the early part of the second war with England. Moving to 
 New York, he engaged in commercial pursuits, and amassed, by his energy 
 and talents for business, a handsome fortune. 
 
 His political life commenced as a Member of Congress from one of the 
 districts of the city of New York, having been elected for the term beginning 
 with December, 1841, and ending March 3, 1843. 
 
 Mr. Wood distinguished himself in Congress by taking a decided ground 
 against any concessions growing out of our controversy with Great Britain, 
 relative to the boundary line between Maine and Canada, that question then 
 being an absorbing one in the public mind. 
 
 Leaving Congress, he resumed his position as a merchant ; and, about 
 the year 1848, was a candidate for the Mayoralty, but was defeated. Un- 
 daunted, he ran again in 1854, and was elected for three successive years — 
 1855- T 57. 
 
 If a debt of gratitude was due Mayor Wood for nothing else, it would 
 be acknowledged for the energy and characteristic perseverance he displayed 
 in securing to the city the Central Park. 
 
 It was intended by the Board of Aldermen and Councilmen to limit the 
 southern extent of the Park to Seventy-Second street, when Mayor Wood, 
 on March 23, 1855, vetoed the resolution on the ground that, " though it 
 proposed to take from the Central Park a portion of the area agreed upon, 
 still it would be in effect a blow at the whole, and jeopardize the success of 
 the most intelligent, philanthropic, and patriotic public enterprise which 
 had been undertaken by the people of this city since the introduction of the 
 waters of the Croton River." 
 
 Being, ex officio, one of the Park Commissioners, he administered that 
 office with ability during the period of his Mayoralty. Among the number 
 of practical and beneficial reforms which he introduced was the organization 
 of the Municipal Police. The action of the Legislature in 1857 changed 
 this to the Metropolitan Police ; but it continued to retain, without municipal 
 control, many of the efficient features which Mayor Wood introduced. 
 
 Defeated in the election of December, 1857, by Mayor Tieman, Mr. Wood 
 was triumphantly elected at the subsequent election, and occupied the 
 Mayor's chair for 1860-'61. The Japanese Embassy and the Prince of Wales' 
 visit ware two conspicuous events which transpired during the year 1860 of 
 Mr. Wood's Mayoralty. 
 
 On the 1st of January, 1862, Mr. Wood was succeeded by the Hon. 
 George Opdyke, and in December following, he was elected to Congress for 
 the term ending March, 1865. 
 
 In tbe November election of 1868 he was triumphantly re-elected to Con- 
 gress, with a combination of two opposing candidates in the field. 
 
 Alternately victor or vanquished, Fernando Wood possesses a stamina 
 and vitality of character which knows no such word as fail, and is a man to 
 whom the public are indebted for many great reforms, and an example of 
 public spirit and invincible energy. 
 

 94. JOHN B, HOOD. 
 
 General John B. Hood was born in Bath County, Kentucky, June 29, 
 1831. He was educated at Mount Sterling, entered West Point Military 
 Academy in 1849, and graduated in 1853, when he joined the Fourth Regi- 
 ment of Infantry, with which he served nearly two years in California. In 
 1855 he was transferred to the Second Cavalry, and with this regiment did 
 duty on the Western frontier of Texas, where in July, 1856, he was wound- 
 ed in a fight with the Indians. It was here, no doubt, in the wild service 
 of the Texan West, that in common with others who were employed in 
 that service, he derived that boldness and dash so conspicuous in him 
 during the rebellion. He resigned his commission in the U. S. army April 
 16, 1861, and entered the army of the South with the rank of first lieute- 
 nant, with the order to report to General Lee early in May. 
 
 He was then appointed captain of cavalry and sent to Magruder, then 
 m command on the Peninsula, and took part in the battle of Great Bethel. 
 On the 30th of September, 1861, he was ordered to Richmond, and received 
 the rank of colonel of infantry, taking command of a regiment of Texas 
 volunteers. 
 
 When Senator Wigfall had to take his seat in the Confederate Con- 
 gress on Mar>i 3d, 1862, Colonel Hood was assigned to his post with a 
 brigadier's rank, and attached to Longstreet's corps. 
 
 The first great fight in which Gen. Hood took a prominent part was the 
 battle of Gaines' Mills, June 27, 1862, his brigade having been previously 
 held in reserve, and placed where skirmishing or outpost work was carried 
 on. Now, however, they were called upon to show of what stuff they 
 were made, and a desperate part was assigned them. The federal batteries 
 had to be charged, and when the word was given, Hood himself on foot, 
 led them forward, and, with a wild shout, at a run, they rushed on, right 
 into the redoubts and among the guns. A hand to hand conflict ensued. 
 The result is known. For his gallantry on this occasion Hood was promoted 
 to a major-general. 
 
 From this time the movements of General Hood were bound up with 
 the grand army under Lee, but we find honorable mention of him at the 
 first and second invasion of Maryland, at Fredericksburg and at Gettys- 
 burg, at which latter place he was wounded in the arm. He afterwards 
 accompanied Longstreet into East Tennessee and on to reinforce Bragg, 
 then preparing for the battle of Chickamauga, in which he took an active 
 part, and in the engagement of the second day, September 20, 1863, he was 
 again wounded, making amputation of his leg needful, it being terribly 
 shattered- For his valuable services in this and other engagements, Hood 
 was afterwards made a lieutenant-general. Six months elapsed before he 
 could again take the field. 
 
 On the 18th of July, 1864, General Johnston having been relieved of 
 the command of the Army of Tennessee, General Hood was appointed in 
 his place, and assumed command at Atlanta, Geo., which he evacuated 
 September 1st, being flanked by General Sherman. In October he moved 
 against Sherman's communications, and passing through Northern Ala- 
 bama invaded Tennessee in the latter part of November. After the hard 
 fought battle of Franklin he moved upon Nashville, where he was defeated 
 by General Thomas December 15 and 16, 1864, and retreated into Missis- 
 sippi with the remnant of his army, where he took leave of them, having 
 been relieved of his command. 
 
* 1 
 
 95. JUDSON KILPATEICK. 
 
 General Judson Kilpatrtck was born in New Jersey, January 14, 1836; 
 graduated at West Point, in 1801 ; was commissioned a* Second Lieutenant 
 of Company O ol tho First Regiment ol United States Artillery, May 6, 
 1861 ; and soon after wa* promoted to First Lieutenancy. 
 
 Obtaining leave of absence, he accepted :t Captaincy in Duryea's 
 Zouaves (Fifth New York Volunteers), and participated in the battle of JBi J 
 Bethel, June 16, 1861, in which he was wounded. Recovering, ha was com- 
 missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Harris Light Cavalry. Attached t> 
 General McDowell's army, his regiment guarded the outposts of tho Firss 
 Army Corps on the banks of the Rappahannock. 
 
 Subsequently, he was commissioned Colonel of this regiment, and par- 
 ticipated in the cavalry operations of the campaign of General Pope, in 
 August, 1862. In the various operations of General Pleasanton, in tho 
 Maryland campaign, he was actively engaged, as also at the time of tho 
 advance of the Army of the Potomac to Falmouth, under General Burnside. 
 At the last-named post he was particularly distinguished with his regiment 
 for conspicuous gallantry. 
 
 Upon the organization of the Cavalry Corps under General Stoneman, 
 General Kilpatrick received the command of the First Brigade of the Third 
 Division, and took part in the famous Stoneman raid, arriving at Louisa 
 Court-House, Va., May 3, 1863. He detached his own regiment from the 
 command ; and, through all the subsequent movements, led it in person to 
 Gloucester Point, opposite Yorktown, marching nearly two hundred miles 
 in less than five days. The expedition was attended with marked success, 
 capturing over three hundred men. Returning to the main army, then on 
 the north side of the Potomac, by way of Urbana, he passed completely 
 around the entire Rebel army. Previous to this, he had made three other 
 raids, and was speedily promoted for his bravery. 
 
 In June, 1863, he received the rank of Brigadier-General of Volunteers, 
 and commanded subsequently a division of cavalry under General Pleasan- 
 ton. June 17, 1863, he conducted the battle of Aldie, and took part in those 
 of Middleburg, June 21, and Hanover, July 1, of the same year. 
 
 In the campaign in Pennsylvania, after General Meade had taken com- 
 mand of the Army of the Potomac, General Kilpatrick was engaged in 
 operations on the flanks of Lee's Rebel army. In this service he destroyed 
 many trains, captured a number of prisoners, and otherwise dealt many 
 blows to the enemy. 
 
 On the 28th of February, 1864, he conducted a daring raid toward 
 Richmond, having for its object the liberation of the Union prisoners con- 
 fined in that city. He forced his way through the first and second lines of 
 the enemy's works ; but the bridge over Brook Creek having been destroyed, 
 and not being reinforced as he expected, he did not attempt the third, but 
 moved off toward the Chickahominy, destroying a large amount of the 
 enemy's property, and returned again in safety to the Union lines, having 
 again passed entirley around Lee's army. 
 
 He was afterward appointed to command a cavalry division in Sherman's 
 army, and was with that General in his triumphant march through Georgia, 
 and until the surrender of Johnston. At the close of this campaign, he was 
 breveted Major-General of Volunteers ; and, at the end of the war, was 
 appointed Minister to Chili. He returned on leave of absence in October, 
 1803, and took an active part in the Presidential canvass for Grant and Col- 
 fax, when he infused into his political campar'gn much of the spirit aud 
 e.ui.\,y whivih characterized his military operations. 
 
3" 
 
 96. ROBERT C. SCHENCK. 
 
 Robert C. Schenck was bom in Franklin, "Warren County, Ohio, Octo- 
 ber 4, 1SU9. Receiving a liberal academical education, he entered Miami 
 University, and graduated in 1827. He remained in this institution as 
 tutor for one or two years afterwards, when he commenced the study of the 
 law and was admitted to the bar in 1831. Settling in Dayton, Ohio, he 
 entered upon the practice of his profession, in which he became eminently 
 distinguished and successful. 
 
 He commenced his political career in the exciting Presidential cam- 
 paign of 1840, which elected General Harrison for President of the "United 
 •States, and Mr. Schenck as Representative to the Ohio Legislature. Serving 
 with satisfaction to his constituents he was re-elected in 1842. 
 
 The ability displayed in the State Legislature caused his nomination 
 and election as Representative to Congress in 1843. His peculiar fitness for 
 this position, and his fidelity to his constituents, made him more popular 
 than ever, and he was re-elected to the three successive Congresses, during 
 which he served on many Committees, and during the Thirtieth Congress 
 served as Chairman of the Committee on Roads and Canals. 
 
 On his retirement from Congress he was appointed by President Filli- 
 more, Minister to Brazil, and during his residence in South America he took 
 part in negotiating a number of treaties. 
 
 On his return to the United States in 1853, he became extensively 
 engaged ia the Railway business in which he continued until the breaking 
 out of the Rebellion in 1861, when he offered his services to the Governmenc 
 and was commissioned Brigadier-General of Volunteers in the Union Army, 
 serving during the Campaign of 1861 under McDowell. 
 
 Being ordered to dislodge a force of the enemy at Vienna a few miles from 
 Washington, he took the 1st Ohio Volunteers and on the 17th of June, pro- 
 ceeded by the Alexandria Railroad, cautiously towards that place. On 
 turning a curve in a deep cut, he was surprised by a volley of shot and 
 shell from a battery. Leaving the cars with his Regiment he retreated 
 under cover of the woods, until meeting reinforcements, when he returned 
 and dislodged the enemy. 
 
 He continued to serve during the Campaign of that year, and was pro- 
 moted to Major-General of Volunteers, but being elected in 1862 to the 
 Thirty-eighth Congress, he resinned his commission and took his seat in that 
 body, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs. Re-elected 
 to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses, he continued to serve as 
 Chairman of the same Committee, distinguishing himself for eminent ability, 
 sound statesmanship and patriotic energy. 
 
 Mr. Schenck particularly exerted himself to establish the National Mili 
 tary and Naval Asylum for the benefit of Disabled Soldiers and Seamen of 
 the Army and Navy of the Unite 1 Sates. 
 
 In 18G8 he w;is again a candid .te for Congress, his opponent being Mr. 
 Clement C. Vallandigham A spirited contest ensued and Mr. Schenck was 
 elected t_> the Forty-First Congress. 
 
4. 
 
 How to Read Characters A New Illustrated Hand-Book of Phrenology And 
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97. WILLIAM C. BEYANT. 
 
 "William Cullen Bryant was born at Cummington, Hampshire 
 County, Massachusetts, November 3, 1794. His father, who was a physician, 
 observed the manifestations of young Bryant's genius as soon as he could 
 read, and encouraged and trained it. 
 
 At five years of age he wrote verses that were quite respectable ; and, at 
 ten, his poetry was given to the world through the newspapers of his 
 neighborhood. At thirteen he published a political satire called the " Em- 
 bargo," which gained for him some applause, and soon passed into the 
 second edition. 
 
 He was not quite sixteen when he entered "Williams College in advance. 
 Here he made rapid proficiency ; and, after remaining less than two years, 
 he asked and obtained an honorable dismissal, that he might pursue the 
 study of the law. 
 
 In 1815 he was admitted to the bar, and opened an office at Plymouth, 
 where, for ten years, he followed the tortuous course of legal practice, but at 
 last gave it up for the more genial profession of literature. 
 
 When he was nineteen, and while yet studying law, he published his 
 *' Thanatopsis," " Entrance to the Woods," and several other pieces, in the 
 North American Review. 
 
 These publications brought the author into notoriety at once, and he 
 was requested to deliver the poems before the Phi- Beta-Kappa Society of 
 Harvard University. He removed to Great Barrington, where he married 
 a young lady of that place in 1821, and, the same year, tmblished the volume 
 entitled, " The Ages, and Other Poems." 
 
 In 1825 he removed to New York, and became one of the editors of the 
 New York Review. He published, in 1827, several poems and tales, which 
 quickly became popular. From this point he went on successfully, writing 
 in the chief periodical publications in connection with some of the leading 
 American authors of his day. He then became one of the editors of The 
 (New York) Evening Post, and his sweet voice, which, of yore, waked the 
 echoes of the still evening and the green hills, begun to grow hoarse with 
 the harsh epithets of the political arena, and the melodious days of this 
 great bird of song seem here to have ended. 
 
 In 1834-'35, and also in 1845, Mr. Bryant traveled in Europe, writing 
 descriptions of what he saw for his journal in America. He again visited 
 Europe in 1849, and, on his return, published his " Letters of a Iraveler," 
 being a resume of his tours in Europe and this country. He has gaimed a 
 high reputation by his poems ; and his political writings in favor of free 
 trade and free discussion, and against monopolies of all kinds, are marked 
 with clearness and vigor. 
 
 He has labored earnestly to diffuse a taste for the fine arts in this 
 country, and was President of the Apollo Association prior to its incorpor- 
 ation as the American Art Union. 
 
 Mr. Bryant, in his " Thanatopsis," has touched the chords of the human 
 heart, making thetn vibrate to the innermost of man's being, and stirring up 
 a consciousness of immortality within him, to which he was a stranger until 
 that deep, solemn, and heavenly music was drawn from the " wondrou 
 harp" of his existence by the magic wand of the poet. 
 
98. SAMUEL P. HEINTZELMAN 
 
 G-eneral S. P. Heintzelman was born at Manheim, Lancaster County, 
 Pennsylvania, in 1806. He graduated at West Point in 1826, as Brevet 
 Second Lieutenant. 
 
 He became Captain, in 1833; Assistant Commissary, in 183G; and Assistant 
 Quartermaster, in 1838. As Captain, he served in the Quartermaster's De- 
 partment in Florida during the Creek War. In 1846 he was ordered to 
 Mexico as Captain in his old regiment, the Second Infantry. Having 
 acquitted himself with distinction at Huamautla, he was breveted Major 
 in 1847. 
 
 In 1848 he was ordered to California, and assigned to the command of the 
 southern district of that State, where, for nearly three years, he acted against 
 the hostile Indians of that country. 
 
 From the close of 1831 to 1855, most or all of Heintzelman's time was 
 passed at the most distant of all the army posts, at the confluence of the Gila 
 and Colorado Rivers ; but in 1855 he returned East, and resided with his 
 family at Newport, Ky., until 1857, when he was ordered to join his regi- 
 ment, which was then serving in Texas under G-eneral Twiggs, where he 
 distinguished himself in an action against Cortinas, a Mexican, who was 
 ravaging the country about the Rio Grande, for which brilliant affair Gen- 
 eral Scott asked for him a brevet. 
 
 The treachery of General Twiggs surrendered the army in Texas on 
 the 18th of February, 1861, to the Rebels, and the officers and men were 
 paroled. Heintzelman escaped by having taken advantage of the retirement 
 of his Lieutenant-Colonel to procure leave of absence, and arrived in Wash- 
 ington in the spring of 1861. During all the portentous and despairing 
 months that signalized the opening of the new administration, his acknowl- 
 edged military ability and sterling loyalty made him the confidential 
 adviser of many officers at Washington. 
 
 In April he was stationed, for a short time, at Governor's Island, New 
 York harbor. A day or two after the occupation of Arlington Heights, he 
 received a commission as Colonel of the Seventeenth United States Infantry, 
 and was assigned to the command of the forces at Alexandria. 
 
 At the battle of Bull Run, on the 21st of July following, he commanded 
 the extreme right wing of McDowell's army, and was wounded in the arm 
 when leading the Brooklyn Fourteenth in a desperate effort to recover the 
 lost fortunes of the field, remaining in the saddle for fifteen hours after, 
 rallying his straggling troops in the best order he might, and slowly falling 
 back on Alexandria. 
 
 In October, 1861, he was made a Brigadier-General of Volunteers, and 
 assigned to the left wing of the Army of the Potomac. On the bth of March, 
 1862, the army was reorganized, and formed into five corps, and Heintzelman 
 took the Third. The history of this corps is a history of fighting. It was 
 the first to land and the first to advance on Yorktown. On the 5th of May, 
 Heintzelman fought the fiercely-contested battle of Williamsburg, General 
 Sumner, his ranking officer, being but slightly engaged. He was afterward 
 prominently engaged in all the battles of the Peninsula ; and, on arriving 
 at Harrison's Landing, was promoted to Major-General. 
 
 He was soon after ordered to serve with Pope on the Rappahannock, 
 where he again distinguished himself ii many hard-fought battles. 
 When Banks commenced the organization of the Gulf expedition, Heintzel- 
 man succeeded him in command of the defenses of Washington. History 
 sometimes brings out and emblazons forever, some whom the laurel of the 
 day has never crowned; and so may she do for Heintzelman, without 
 snatching a single leaf from the leaders under whom he fought. 
 
3* 
 
 99. JOHN S. MOSEBY. 
 
 General John S. Moseby was born December 6, 1833, at Edgemont, 
 Powhatan County, Virginia. Graduating at a noted institute in 1853, with 
 the highest honors, he soon after established himself in the practice of the 
 law in Albemarle. 
 
 Marrying, on the 30th of December, 1857, Miss Pauline Clark, the 
 daughter of the Hon. Beverly L. Clark, of Kentucky, he settled in Wilming- 
 ton County, where he was in the successful practice of his profession at the 
 breaking out of the great Rebellion. Volunteering at once as a private in 
 the First Regiment of Virginia Cavalry, he rapidly distinguished himself 
 by his reckless boldness and successful exploits as a scout. 
 
 The celebrated cavalry leader, General Stuart, seeing and admiring the 
 daring character of Moseby, took him into his confidence. The result of this 
 combination is said to be the wonderful tour which General Stuart made 
 around the enemy with such great success while on the line of the Chicka- 
 hominy. 
 
 Being captured about this time, he was kept a prisoner until after the 
 toattle of Malvern Hill, when he was exchanged. 
 
 Continuing his services with Stuart, as a scout, until March, 1863, he 
 was commissioned as a Captain, and authorized to raise a company of Par- 
 tisan Rangers. 
 
 Placed in this independent position, henceforth the name and career of 
 Colonel Moseby became famous throughout all the campaigns in Virginia 
 during the War of Rebellion. 
 
 What Morgan was as a Partisan Ranger to the Southwest, Moseby was 
 to Virginia. Daring, reckless, and bold, he was always on the skirts of the 
 Union army with his equally daring and reckless young Cavalrymen. 
 These embraced some of the hottest and truest blood of the boasted chivalry 
 of the Old Dominion, from a great-grandson of President MonFoe to the sons 
 of ex-Governors and Senators, all serving as privates in Moseby's famous 
 cavalry. 
 
 Surprising Federal Generals at night in their beds, when not in their 
 camp, making dashing raids into quiet and unsuspecting towns, surprising 
 railroad trains, anticipating telegraphic intelligence by cutting the wires, or 
 stopping it by the same means, were some of the arts of war which this 
 guerrilla chieftain practiced. Vary these with a love-making with the fair 
 dames and damsels of Old Virginia, and we have the bold, dashing, and 
 daring John Moseby pretty well photographed. — 
 
* P * 
 
 100. GEORGE D. PRENTICE. 
 
 George D. Prhnticb was born in Preston, Connecticut, in 1804. He 
 was educated at Brown University ii Rhode Island where he graduated in 
 1823. He afterwards resided in Hartford where he was several years 
 engaged in editing ik The New England Weekly Review," and in the year 
 18.il he removed to Louisville, Kentucky. Since that time he has been a 
 resident of that City and editorcf the celebrated "Louisville Journal," with 
 which bis name has since become identified and which, in his hands, has he- 
 come one of the most popuiar and successful in the country. For many 
 years the •• Louisville Journal" was a leading advocate in the West of the 
 policy of the Whig pirty, and Mr. Prentice won for himself a high and 
 world-wide reputation for political ability, and as one of the greatest wits 
 and most powerful satirical writers in the country. 
 
 In I860 he sustained the Union, or Bell and Everett party, and in 1861, 
 mainta ; ned with great zeal and ability the cause of Union against the 
 Secessionists. He was not, however, a very zealous supporter of the Ad- 
 ministration of President Lincoln and the policy of the Republican Con- 
 gress on the Reconstruction of the Seceding States. 
 
 Mr. Prentice particularly interested himself in procuring the release of 
 parties who were confined as prisoners ia Fort Lafayette, but his efforts 
 were unsuccessful, and on its destruction by fire in 1868, he hailed the event 
 with undisguised satisfaction. 
 
 To his other accomplishments Mr. Prentice unites that of being a poet. 
 Most of his poetical productions are the work of h s early years, and they 
 have never been collected into a volume but may be found in Collec ioni 
 of Amor can Poetry. A selection, however, was published V v\ n 1 ?; a- 
 per par.gr phs, in New York in ISC'), under tbo lit'.e of 'TV nticiana.' 
 
3 i 
 
 101. JOSEPH HOLT. 
 
 Centre College; DanviUe 1* 182 » b.l° Seph8 ^ ^ Bordsto ™. and It 
 Elizabethtown Kentucky SIS commenced the Practice of the Law in 
 Pointed Conimonw^ 1 S3 2, he was ap' 
 
 in its jurisdiction Louisville Fro Z he Jeff ,<r rs °n Circuit which included 
 Port Gibson, MisrisS in ^ to 
 
 fully he »etonStoS?^l^ PK ¥ tM ^ h ? P™**" 1 ^ there success- 
 
 ing succeeded to ^SrtSSfSSf ^ ?f War ' aud is re garded as hav- 
 ^^&^^^^J^^^^^ ^ been 
 
 ^«SES^^ P«rXch he exe, 
 
 Union cause iSKentackv and <Zi? ^J em P loved ** advocating the 
 icy, then advo^aTe^x!^ neutrality as a g poL 
 
 letter addressed to Mr Soeed of TCpnlLv J i! a I , A , fc thlS tlme ' ln a 
 ture of not merely h^df^ofj^mon^bithU^^ ?** ^ eXpeUdi ' 
 well expended, if the result wonMhot?: bllll °ns ° f trea sure would be 
 
 Institutions Appointed on Pnflr the P reserv ation of our Kepublican 
 
 War. "aviuj, ior men object a vigorous prosecution of the 
 
102. CASSIUS M. CLAY. 
 
 CasSIUS M. CLAY was boru in Madison County, Kentucky, October 9, 
 1810. He took the degree of A. M. in Yale College, in 1882. 
 
 In 1835 he commenced his political career by being chosen a Member of 
 the Legislature of Kentucky, and was re-elected in 1836 and 1840. While 
 a member of that body he advocated an improved jury system, internal i 
 improvements, and common schools, all of which were ultimately carried ' 
 into operation. 
 
 In 1839 he was chosen Congressional Delegate to the "Whig National 
 Convention which nominated W. H. Harrison for the Presidency. 
 
 In 1844 he traversed the Free States, canvassing in behalf of Henry Clay 
 for President of the United States, and in opposition to the annexation of 
 Texas. 
 
 On the 3d of June, 1845, he commenced, at Lexington, Ky., the weekly 
 issue of The True American newspaper, devoted to the overthrow of slavery 
 in Kentucky. 
 
 While sick, in August of that year, his press was torn down, and shipped 
 to Cincinnati, Ohio, by a mob, and a resolution passed that they would 
 assassinate him if he revived it. 
 
 When he recovered from his illness, he immediately revived his paper, 
 and fearlessly vindicated the freedom of the press ; and since that time the 
 press has been open to the discussion of this issue in that State. 
 
 War having been declared against Mexico, on the 7th of June, 1846, he 
 was mustered into the service of the United States, as Captain of the " Old 
 Infantry," the oldest company west of the Alleghany Mountains, then acting 
 as "mounted men." 
 
 They reached Monterey, by land, after its capture. Captain Clay was 
 detached from his regiment by General Taylor, and sent to the head of the 
 column at Saltillo. 
 
 On the 23d of January, 1847, under the command of General Gaines, 
 Captain Clay was taken prisoner at Incarnation. On the 25th, by great 
 coolness and presence of mind, he saved from massacre all the prisoners, for 
 which heroic act, on his return home, in 1847, he was presented with an 
 elegant sword. 
 
 In 1851 he separated from the Whig party, in consequence of the " Com- 
 promise measures." 
 
 In the summer of 1851 he ran for Governor of Kentucky, in opposition 
 to the regular Whig and Democratic nominees, upon the anti-slavery basis. 
 He received nearly four thousand votes (twenty thousand not voting), and 
 caused the defeat of the Whig nominee for the first time for more than 
 twenty years. 
 
 In 1856 he was an enthusiastic and zealous advocate of the election of 
 John C. Fremont for President ; and, in 1860, in the canvass for Abraham 
 Lincoln, he was equally earnest and zealous. 
 
 In 1861, at tie commencement of the Rebellion, he enlisted in the ser- 
 vice of the United States ; but before he had seen much active service he 
 was appointed Minister to Russia, in 1862, which position he has continued 
 to hold to the present time, and where he has rendered efficient service in 
 producing amicable feelings between the two countries. 
 
103. GEO±i^' F. TRAIN. 
 
 Geoege Francis Train was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He 
 started in life as a clerk in a store and rose rapidly to be a merchant. 
 
 The activity and energy of his mind, with the roving, enterprising 
 spirit, characteristic of the New England nature, led nim to seek a more 
 extensive field abroad, and following this impulse, he emigrated to Austra- 
 lia where he established a mercantile house. Returning to America he 
 entered into Street Railway enterpris s. and afterwards, travelled exten- 
 sively in Europe, where, in several of the Capitals, he attempted to estab- 
 lish the same system, in some of which he was partially successful. From 
 Street Railways he took an active part in the Pacific Railroad scheme, and 
 advocated it with characteristic zeal and energy. Going to England in 
 1868, he became prominently indentilied with the Fenian movement, and 
 from .his agitation and known syinpatilies. was arrested by the British 
 authorities and imprisoned in the jail at St. Patrick. Ireland. 
 
 From the prison he issued numerous letters to the press and addresses 
 to thejrish people, which tended far more toward establishing " Irish Na- 
 tionality" than had he been allowed to lecture through the country undis- 
 turbed by the authorities. 
 
 Released from prison, he returned to the United States, where he is 
 lecturing extensively on Fenianism and other popular topics. Prolific in 
 Financial as well as Railroad and political schemes, he was one of the most 
 active in founding the Credit Mobilier of America. 
 
 Without belonging to any political organization he has, upon several 
 occasions offered himself as a candidate for Congress, but without success. 
 Favoring Female Suffrage he made speeches in Kansas on the subject, in 
 1S67, and aided in establishing the "Revolution." a weekly paper, 
 especially intended to disseminate information which will bring woman on 
 a political equality with man, edited and conducted with eminent ability 
 by Mrs. Canton, Miss Anthony and Parker Pillsbury. 
 
 In I860 Mr. Train had a public controversy at the Cooper Institute, 
 New York, with Cassius M. Clay, our distinguished Minister to the Court 
 of St. Petersburg, on the questions that were then agitating the public 
 mind. 
 
 With the indomitable " American spirit" of not to be put down, im- 
 posed upon or defeated, he has brought suits for damages against the 
 English Government for false imprisonment and threatened the people of 
 the rTnited States with being their President before he dies. Bold, ardent, 
 fluent in speech, and prolific in resources, practical and chimerical. George 
 Francis Train is a mixed type of the New England mind in its more active 
 and turbulent state. With a constant ebullition of feeling, sympathising 
 with every popular movement, he becomes the leader and spokes- 
 man of more timid and less audacious people entertaining the same views. 
 
 By nature impulsive, he is by necessity a "Representative Man," and 
 possesses much more of the " popular" than many others who profess to 
 represent that character. 
 
/ i 
 
 104. ANDREW G. CURTIN. 
 
 Andrew Gregg Curtin, formerly Governor of Pennsylvania, was 
 born in Bellefonte, Centre County, Pennsylvania, April 22, 1817. A pupil 
 of the celebrated law school of the Honorable John Beed, Professor of Law 
 in Dickinson's College, he was admitted to the bar in 1839, and immediately 
 commenced practice at Bellefonte. Taking an active part in politics he 
 canvassed the State for Henry Clay, in 1841, and for General Taylor in 
 1848. Appointed by Governor Pollock in 1853, Secretary of State and 
 Superintendent of Public Schools in Pennsylvania, he brought to the 
 duties of both offices an ability which found new channels of exercise in 
 subsequent positions of public responsibility and trust. His term of office 
 closing in 1858, he returned to the practice of his profession at Bellefonte. 
 
 Nominated for Governor of Pennsylvania in 1800, by the Bepublican 
 party, after an exciting canvass in which he personally took an active 
 part by canvassing the entire State, he was triumphantly elected by the 
 overwhelming majority of thirty-three thousand votes over his popular 
 competitor General Foster, who held the odds against Governor Cur i in by 
 uniting the combined support of the Bell, Breckenridge a ad Douglass 
 parties. The outbreak of the civil war in 1861, found Governor Curtin at 
 the head of affairs in Pennsylvania, in which responsible position he de- 
 voted himself with great zeal and energy in equipping troops for the sup- 
 port of the Government and the speedy overthrow of the rebellion. In 
 May, 1861, he addressed a message to the Legislature, at its Special Ses- 
 sion, in which he urged the establishment of a reserve corps,- which sub- 
 sequently rendered important service to the country. 
 
 The invasion of Pennsylvania by General Lee and his Confederate 
 armies, being regarded as the turning point in the great rebellion, Gov. 
 Curtin achieved great reputation for the energy and ability he displayed in 
 his position as Commander-in-Chief of the forces of Pennsylvania, by 
 virtue of his office as Governor of the State, in arousing his fellow citizens 
 to action and resistance to the invaders. 
 
 The result of that memorable battle in favor of the Union forces, must 
 ever make the State of Pennsylvania, as one of the great border States, 
 pre-eminent, standing as a bulwark against the surging tides of rebellion, 
 and render its patriotic Governor, for the patriotic stand he took during 
 this trying period, eminently distinguished and historical. Fortunately 
 placed at the head of the State at this eventful time, he had the equal good 
 fortune to see, partially, through his own patriotic zeal and exertions, the 
 State saved as well as the Union, while other border States were suffering 
 all the terrors of a desperate civil war, their Governors and Councils in 
 many instances, at the mercy of conflicting parties it was the good fortune 
 of Pennsylvania to meet this shock of contending forces with intrepidity 
 and victory, and the distinguished merit of Governor Andrew Curtin to 
 be eaual to the position which he held and honored. 
 
B 
 
 105. EDWARD D, MORGAN, 
 
 Edward Dennison Mobga.n was born in Washington, Berkshire 
 Cou.ty, Mass., on the 8th of February, 1811. At an early age he com- 
 menced commercial pursuits in the town of Hartford. Conn., and when but 
 twenty years of age he Was taken into co-partnership in the house wheie 
 he commenced as a clerk. Removing to the City of New York in 1836, 
 he extended his commercial enterprises, and with that sagacity and fore- 
 sight which has so eminently distinguished him, he met with great success*. 
 Identifying himself with the Whig party upon coming to the City of New 
 York, he became a prominent leader of the Republican organization upon 
 iis consolidation with that party. 
 
 Elected to the State Senate in 1849, Mr. Morgan continued a member 
 of that body for four yeais. On the 22d of February, 1856, he was one of 
 the Vice-Presidents of the National Convention held at Pittsburgh. Elected 
 Chairm in of the National Committee he held that position for several 
 years, consolidating the strength of the Republican party and commanding 
 the support of its leaders. 
 
 Ejected in the year 1858 Governor of the State of New York, he was 
 inaugurated on the 1st of January, 1859. Re-elected to the Gubernatorial 
 tffice in 1830, he was fortunate in being the only Governor succeeding for 
 a second term for twenty years previously ; while his triumph with the elec- 
 tion of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency, made it mote historically 
 memorable. Entering upon his second term on the very eve of the 
 Rebellion, he conducted the affairs of the State in a manner which mastered 
 the situation, and by his judicious administration averted much of the blood- 
 shed which otherwise would have been occasioned by conflicts of authority 
 and opinion. 
 
 While zealously engaged in his Gubernatorial office, Governor Morgan 
 was active in extending all the support of his official position to the Na- 
 tional Government in aiding in the suppression of the Rebellion. With his 
 accustomed zeal and activity, less than sixteen months found him with one 
 hundred and twenty thousand men equipped for the field. Among the 
 other triumphs of his administration of the Chief Magistracy of the State, 
 was the reduction of the State debts and the increase of the revenues of the 
 canals. Courageous and honest in the exercise of his authority, he never 
 swerved from using h ; s veto power whenever it was attempted to be over- 
 awed by fraud or guarded the public interest. 
 
 Commissioned a Major-General of Volunteers, September 20, 1861, 
 Governor Morgan wis placed in command of the Military Department of 
 New York. With disinterested public spirit he refused to receive any pay 
 for this service. 
 
 In 1863 Governor Morgan was elected to the United States Senate from 
 the State of New York, and during his Senatorial period, as through his 
 Gubernatorial ad Military career, he has been distinguished for abilit" 
 public Fpirit and patriotism. 
 
S. B. WELLS, Editor. 
 
 Specially devoted to the " SCIENCE OF MAN"," his improvement, Mentally, Morally, 
 Physically, and Socially, by all the means indicated by Science. Contains Phrenology— 
 the location and function of all the Organs — with the directions for restraining and 
 cultivating the Faculties ; and Physiognomy, with all the " Signs of Character, and how 
 to read them ;" Ethnology, or the Natural History of Man, with all that is new on this 
 interesting subject ; Practical Articles on Physiology, Diet, Sleep, Exercise, and the 
 Laws of Life and Health. Portraits, Sketches, and Biographies of the leading Men and 
 "Women of the "World, are important features. Much general and useful information on 
 the leading topics of the day, is given. 
 
 As a guide to Parents and Teachers, in Educating and Training Children, this Maga- 
 zine has no superior, as it paints all peculiarities of Character and Education, and it is in- 
 tended to be the most interesting and instructive Pictoelvl Family Magazine published. 
 
 TERMS. — A New Volume, the 49th, commences with the January Number. Pub- 
 lished Monthly, in quarto form, at $3 a year, in advance. Sample numbers sent by first 
 post, 30 cents. Clubs of ten or more, $2 each per copy, and an extra copy to Agent. 
 Address, S. R. WELLS, Publisher, 
 
 389 Broadway, Xew York.. 
 

 106. FREDERICK DOUGLASS. 
 
 . Frederick Douglass was born a slave on a Maryland plantation. His 
 father was a white man, whom he never knew ; his mother, also a slave, 
 Whom he never saw but few times, because she was employed on a planta- 
 tion twelve miles away. She died while he was yet young. When he 
 Was ten years old he was sent to Baltimore to be a family servant, and his 
 new mistress treated him with all the tenderness of a mother, and taught him 
 to read ; and, being proud of his progress, exultingly told her husband, 
 Who, amazed at her simplicity, told her the dangers of her undertak- 
 ing, and promptly forbade her continuing it, assuring her it was unlmrful. 
 But the desire for learning, once awakened, could not be hushed. Doug- 
 lass persisted, by the most ingenious artifices, to grope his way to knowl- 
 edge, and speedily became deeply imbued with the ideas that expanded 
 his mind; becoming, however, taciturn and morose, as he reflected on 
 the degraded condition of his existence. He now became difficult to man- 
 age, and matured a plan of escape. He had learned to write, and was at 
 last allowed by his master to work on his own account, paying his owner 
 one-half his'earnings. He was a caulker in a shipyard, and succeeded, by 
 his acquaintance among vessels, in finding his way to New Bedford, Mass. 
 Here he enjoyed the privilege of being his own master, and speedily 
 abandoned his old name, assuming that of a character which had im- 
 pressed him with admiration while reading Sir "Walter Scott's beautiful 
 poem, " Lady of the Lake." He married an affectionate and thrifty wife, 
 subscribed for the Liberator, and was introduced to Mr. Garrison. From 
 this time his course was upward. The talents he exhibited in recounting 
 his experience as a slave, induced the Anti-Slavery Society to offer him the 
 position of an agent. He visited England. The interest excited in him 
 there was so great, that several English friends united and paid the sum of 
 one hundred and fifty pounds sterling for the purchase of his liberty. 
 This enabled him to pursue the work of a lecturer in the United States. 
 He settled in Rochester N. Y.. and established a paper, which was very 
 creditably conducted. Since then his course has been well known — more 
 through the ceaseless revilings of the enemies of American freedom than 
 his own writings; while as an orator, he has acquired a reputation of 
 acknowledged eminence. Two of his sons fought bravely in the war for 
 liberty, and Frederick Douglas has made his name to be honorable, 
 
107. DAYID G. FARRAGUT. 
 
 Admiral DAVID G. Farragut was born about the year 1801, near 
 Knoxville, Tennessee. 
 
 His early years were passed amid the dangers and vicissitudes of a bor- 
 der life, so that, while yet a boy, he became inured to peril and strife. On 
 one occasion he was rescued from the cruel mercies of an Indian tomahawk 
 only by the heroic bearing* of his mother, who kept the red-faced enemy at 
 bay until her husband, with a squadron of cavalry, caused them to take to 
 their heels. 
 
 A short time previous to the breaking" out of the "War of 1812, his father 
 was called to the command of a gunboat at New Orleans. Here was first 
 formed young David's taste for the navy. His youthful ambition was soon 
 gratified by Commodore D. D. Porter, who, pleased with the boy's appear- 
 ance, took him on board his own ship, the far-famed £Jssex> 
 
 In a bloody engagement off Valparaiso, between the Essex and the two 
 British sloops, Phebe and Cherub, he distinguished himself by his gallant 
 behavior ; but when he saw the American flag hauled down, he burst into 
 tears. Nor did he willingly surrender himself a prisoner until, after a 
 pugilistic encounter with an English " Middy," he har T secured a favorite 
 pig, the pet of himself and fellow-sailors. 
 
 At thirteen he was appointed Master of a British prize vessel from Guay- 
 aquil to Valparaiso. 
 
 He served on board various vessels in various parts of the world, until 
 1861, during which he had risen to the position of Captain. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Rebellion he resisted all the flattering induce- 
 ments of his many Southern friends to dosert the old flag ; and, after estab- 
 lishing his family at Hastings, on the Hudson, he remained ready for action 
 at his country's call. 
 
 His name was quickly suggested when the expedition against New 
 Orleans was fixed upon, early in 1862. He was appointed Flag-Officer of 
 the fleet, and sailed in the flag-ship Hartford for the " Crescent City,'' 
 which surrendered after a desperate defense from Forts Jackson and 
 St. Philip. The courage and skill displayed by Commodore Farragut in 
 this memorable engagement won for him the gratitude and admiration of a 
 generous people. 
 
 In July, 1862, he was promoted to Rear- Admiral, and continued in com- 
 mand of the Gulf blockading squadron ; passed the batteries of Port Hudson 
 in March, 1863, and rendered valuable aid to General Grant, then besieging 
 Vicksburg. 
 
 In August, 1864, he succeeded in effecting the passage of Forts Morgan 
 and Gaines, in Mobile Bay, with his fleet, destroying the Rebel ram Ten- 
 nessee, and compelling the forts to surrender by the 23d of the month ; for 
 which achievement he was promoted to Vice-Admiral, which grade was 
 specially created for him by Congress ; and, July 2o, 1566, he wad mad© 
 Admiral. 
 
$ / s 
 
 108. ANDEEW J. HAMILTON 
 
 Andkew J. Hamilton was born in Madison County, Alabama, January 
 28, 1815, received a good common-school education, and was in his earlier 
 years employed on his father's farm. Holding for some years the position 
 of Clerk of the Circuit Court ; he was engaged also in mercantile pursuits. 
 
 Subsequently studying law, Mr. Hamilton was admitted to the bar, and 
 removing to Texas in 1846. he devoted himself to his profession. He was 
 elevated to the office of Attorney-General of Texas, and was elected for 
 repeated terms to the Legislature. He was Presidential elector in 1856, 
 and was elected a Representative from Texas to the Thirt3'-sixth Congress, 
 serving as a member of the Select Committee of Thirty-three. He was 
 appointed by President Lincoln Military Governor of Texas in 1862. and 
 was appointed by President Johnson Provinsional Governor of the same 
 State in 1865. 
 
 Governor and General, and familiarly called Jack Hamilton, he occu- 
 pied a prominent position in the turbulent affairs of the country, particu- 
 larly in the anarchical state of Texas during its most rebellious period. 
 Originally an Alabama politician of the fire-eating school. Governor Hamil- 
 ton seems to have carried over to his new political principles all the fiery 
 elements of his nature. During the controversies in Texas, growing out 
 of its anarchical condition and his administration, the country was overrun 
 with depredators of all kinds, and Governor Hamilton came in for a great 
 share of abuse, doubtless animated much more from political hostility 
 than actual error in his administration. Coming north. Governor Hamil- 
 ton made speeches in which the fiery element of his extreme Radical doc- 
 trines met upon the opposite extreme of his former ultra Southern prin- 
 ciples. A type of an extreme Southerner, Governor Hamilton could not 
 adopt any political principle without infusing into it much of his own 
 spirit, and urging it with all the vehemence of a neophyte and all the 
 tenacity of an zealot. Withal, he was honest in his declarations and patri- 
 otic in his motives. 
 
f/£ 
 
 109. JOHN A. 1>IX. 
 
 General John A. Dix wai born in Bosccwan, New Hampshire, July 24, 
 1798. At an early agj ha wag sent t> the* academy at Salisbury ; afterward 
 at Exeter; and, in 1811, when fourteen yeari old, ha was transferred to a 
 collego at Montreal under th» direction oV tha Fathers of the Sulpician 
 Order, wher* L# diligently pursued his studies, until hostilities commenced 
 between the United State* and Great Britain, when he was compelled to 
 return. After a short study at Boston, he was appointed a Cadet in the 
 United States army, and was ordered to Baltimore, where his father was 
 then in command. 
 
 In March, 1813, the Secretary of "War offered him, without solicitation, 
 the choice of a scholarship at West Point or an Ensigncy in the army. He 
 choose the latter, and entered the Fourteenth Infantry, of which his father 
 was Lieutenant-Colonel, and immediately marched to Sackett's Harbor, N. Y. 
 
 In June, 1813, while only in his fifteenth year, he was appointed Adjutant 
 of an independent battalion, with which he descended the St. Lawrence, and 
 participated in the perils and hardships of that unfortunate expedition. The 
 same year, his father having* died, he obtained leave of absence to settle 
 his father's estate, which had become embarrassed. 
 
 In 1814 he was transferred to the regiment of artillery, under Colonel 
 Wallach, with whom he continued several years. 
 
 In 1819 he was appointed Aid to General Brown, and passed his leisure 
 hours in studying law, with a view of leaving the army at an early day. 
 
 In 1825 he was promoted to command of the Third Artillery, and the 
 same year, his health failing him, he traveled in Cuba and Europe. 
 
 In December, 1828, he retired from the army, and commenced the practice 
 of law in Cooperstown, N. Y. He also entered political life, and became 
 an active member of the Democratic party. In 1830 he was appointed 
 Adjutant-General of the State. In January, 1831, he was chosen Secretary 
 of State of New York. In 1841 he was elected Member of Assembly; went 
 to Europe again for his health in 1842 ; and, on his return, in January, 1845, 
 elected a Senator to Congress, to fill the place of Silas Wright, who was 
 made Governor of New York. He represented the " Barn-Burners," or 
 Free-Soil Democrats of New York. 
 
 In 1848 he was a candidate for Governor of New York ; but, not being 
 successful, he retired to private life. In 1853 he was appointed Assistant 
 Treasurer of the United States at New York City. In May, 18G0, he was 
 appointed Post-Master of New York ; and, in January, 1861, was made Sec- 
 retary of the Treasury by President Buchanan. 
 
 On the 29th of January, he sent that celebrated telegraphic dispatch to 
 Mr. W. H. Jones, whom he had previously sent to New Orleans, with orders 
 to save, if possible, the revenue cutters McClellan and Cass : "If any one 
 attempts to haul down the American Flag, shoot him on the spot." He 
 retired from the Treasury in March, 1861 ; and, on the 20th of May, presided 
 at the immense meeting at Union Square, N. Y., which organized " The 
 Union Defense Committee," and elected him Chairman. 
 
 He was appointed Major-General of Volunteers, May 6, 1861 ; and, on the 
 14th of June, the President appointed him to a similar position in the Regu- 
 lar Army • July 20, having been appointed to command of the Department 
 of Maryland, he was ordered to Baltimore, where he established his head- 
 quarters. In 1862 he was transferred to Eastern Virginia, with headquarters 
 at Fortress Monroe ; and, frcm 1863 to 1866, he comm aided the Department 
 'A the North, with headquarters at New York. In 1808. he was appointed 
 Minister to France. ■*"' 
 
INDEX TO PART FIRST. 
 
 Page. 
 
 1 George Washington Am. Photo-Lithographic Co. 
 
 2 Abraham Liicoln Henry « lews & Co., Bankers. 
 
 3 Andrew Jackson Ball, Black & Co. , jewellers. 
 
 4 Jonn Q. Adams .Chickering & Sons, Piano Fortes. 
 
 5 James Mo iroe Singer Manf. Co., Sewing Machines. j 
 
 6 James Madison C. Vanderbilt. 
 
 7 John Adams. 
 
 8 Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 9 John C. Calhoun Carralho, Photographs. 
 
 10 Daniel Webster Self- Adjusting Mangle. 
 
 11 Wm. H. Harrison Knitting & Sewing Machine. 
 
 12 Henry Clay Hager & Co., Printers' Emporium. 
 
 13 Joseph Story. 
 
 14 Alexander Hamilton. 
 
 15 Solomon Foor. 
 
 16 Thomas Corwin. 
 
 17 Roger B. Taney Eadway's Beady Belief. 
 
 1$ Stephen A. Douglas. 
 
 19 Francis Granger. 
 
 20 Gen. A. S. Johnston. 
 
 21 Gen. John Sedgwick. 
 
 22 Samuel Houston. 
 
 23 Gen. W. J. Worth. 
 
 24 Gen. J. Wadsworth. 
 
 25 Gen. Jesse L. Reno. 
 
 26 Martin Van Buren. 
 
 27 Robert Y. Hayne. 
 
 28 Benjamin Franklin Arnold & Co., Gas Burners. 
 
 29 Thomas Benton Kurtz Photographs. 
 
 30 Joshua R. Giddings. 
 
 31 William L. Yancey. 
 
 32 Theodore Parker. 
 
 33 John Brown. 
 
 34 Arch'p J. Hughes American Sign Co. 
 
 35 Owen Lovejoy Union Washing Machine. 
 
 36 George Evans. 
 
 37 Gen. Israel Putnam. 
 
 38 Gen. Henry Knox. 
 
 39 Josiah Winslow. 
 
 40 Preston S. Brooks. 
 
 41 William L.Marcy. 
 
 42 David Crocket New York Laundry Co. 
 
 43 Petras Stuyvasant. 
 
 44 William R. King. 
 
 45 Benjamin Lincoln. 
 V 46 John B. Floyd. 
 
 47 Gen. E. V. Sumner Smith's Compound. 
 
 48 Edward Everett Watches and Clocks. 
 
49 Benjamin Rush Guffroy's Dragees. 
 
 50 John J Crittenden Cod Liver Extract. 
 
 51 Patrick Henry W. H. Lee ; Furniture. 
 
 52 John Hancock 
 ■ 53 John Jay. 
 
 V 54 Wm. L. Dayton Dentist, Jewelry & Shoes, 
 
 55 James K. Polk. 
 
 56 Gen. Winfield Scott. 
 
 57 Lafayette. Lemaire. Passe Partout. 
 
 58 John Tyler. J 
 
 59 James Buchanan, 
 
 60 Samuel Adams. 
 
 61 De Witt Clinton. 
 
 62 Rufus Choate. 
 
 63 Samuel Appleton. 
 
 64 Stonewall Jackson. 
 
 65 Daniel S. Dickenson.'' 
 
 66 Gen. E. D. Baker. 
 
 67 Gen. Leonidas Polk. , 
 
 68 Gen. Nath'l Lyon. 
 
 69 Gen. J. B. McPherson. 
 
 70 Daniel Boone. 
 
 71 Silas Wright. 
 
 72 Adm'l A. H. Foote. 
 
 73 John A, Andrew Comstock's Rational Food, 
 
 74 John Van Buren. 
 
 75 Gen.T. F. Meagher. 
 
 76 Rev. W. H. Channing. 
 
 77 Rev. Hosea Ballou, 
 
 78 Rev. Lyman Beecher. . . . .Ives' Patent Lamps. 
 
 79 Lewis Cass. H 
 
 80 Chas. G. Atherton. 
 
 81 Fisher Ames. 
 
 82 Elbridge Gerry. 
 
 83 Gen. Joseph Warren. 
 
 84 Zachary Taylor. 
 
 85 Chancellor J. Kent. 
 
 86 C. Justice J. Marshall. 
 
 87 John Davis. 
 
 88 Com. W. D. Porter. 
 
 89 J, Fen^imore Cooper. 
 
 90 John Pierpont. 
 
 91 Indian Prophet. 
 
 92 Keo Kuk. 
 
 93 Gen. O. M. Mitchell Schermerhorn, EducationarBureau. 
 
 94 Gen. Jim Lane. 
 9 S John Smith. 
 
 96 John Hudson. 
 
 97 Col. J. Butrick. 
 
 98 George Henry. 
 
 99 Red Jacket. 
 
 100 Tecumseh Indian Clubs — Photographs, Mouldings. 
 
 101 Osceola. 
 
 102 Black Hawk. 
 
103 H. R. Schoolcraft. 
 
 104 Charles Carroll. 
 
 105 Thaddeus Kociusco. 
 Iu6 Arthur Middletou. 
 
 107 Gen. E. P. Gaines. 
 
 108 Starr King. 
 
 109 Aaron Burr. 
 
 110 B. F.Broderick. 
 
 1 1 1 John Randolph. 
 
 112 Timothy Bickering. 
 
 113 Gen. Wm. Moultrie. 
 
 114 Anthony Wayne. 
 
 115 Richard H. Lee. 
 
 116 F Hopkins. 
 
 117 Robert Fulton. 
 
 1 18 Com. Oliver Perry. 
 
 119 Com. Isaac HulL 
 
 120 Capt. J. Lawrence. 
 
 121 George P. Morris. 
 
 122 Simon Boliver. 
 
 123 Nathaniel P. Willis Home Journal. 
 
 124 Washington Allston. 
 
 125 Washington Irving. 
 
 126 Gen. John Stark. 
 
 127 Joan of Arc. 
 
 128 Gen. R. Montgomery. 
 
 129 Gen. Francis Marion. 
 
 130 John Milton. 
 
 131 Christopher Columbus. 
 
 132 Gen, F. K. Zoliicoffer. 
 
 133 Isaac Tousey. 
 
 134 Col. E. E. Ellsworth. 
 
 135 Fletcher Webster. 
 
 136 Com. W. Bainbridge. 
 
 137 Com. Paul Jones. 
 
 138 Maj-Gen. Green. 
 
 139 Com. St'n Decatur. 
 
 140 Henry Winter Davis. 
 
 141 Com. A. Claxton. 
 
 142 William Pinkney. 
 
 143 Hendrick Hudson. 
 
 144 Benjamin West. 
 
 145 Gen. Phil. Kearney. 
 
 146 Gen. A. P. Hill. 
 
 147 Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, 
 
 148 Americus Vespusius. 
 
 149 Gen. Hiram G. Berry. 
 
 150 William Pern Bendall & Co., Furniture. 
 
 151 Gen David Hunter Perfumery . 
 
 152 William Wirt. 
 
 153 Francis Augustus. 
 
• 
 
 INDEX TO PART SECOND. 
 
 Page. 
 
 1 Oliver P. Morton Westmoreland Hotel— Photographs. 
 
 2 Gen. Robert Anderson Soldier's Friend. 
 
 3 Gen. John Pope Frederick's Photographs. 
 
 4 Gen. P. H Sheridan. 
 
 5 Gen. Daniel E Sickles. 
 
 6 Simon Cameron. 
 
 7 John Slidell. 
 
 8 Charles Sumner Clark & Chapman, Water Wheels. 
 
 9 Professor M. F. Maury. 
 
 10 Robert Toombs. 
 
 11 Henry Wilson Reconstruction. 
 
 12 Gen Robert E Lee Field Sport and Turf Books. 
 
 13 Gen. U. S Grant A. T Stewart. 
 
 14 Horace Greeley Royal Havana Lottery, 
 
 15 Jefferson Davis. 
 
 16 Pierre Soule. 
 
 17 Benjamin F. Wade. 
 
 18 J. C. Breckenridge. 
 
 19 Benjamin F. Butler Richardson's Ice Crusher. 
 
 20 Salmon P. Chase A. C. & J. Bell, Clothing. 
 
 21 James M. Mason. 
 
 22 Reverdy Johnson. 
 
 23 Edward Bat^s , Self- Adjusting Mangle. 
 
 24 Henry Ward Beecher . . .Hayward's Masonic Marks & Jewelry, 
 
 25 C. L Vallandigham. 
 
 26 George Bancioft. 
 
 27 Peter Cooper Godard's Burring Machines. 
 
 28 Herschell V. Johnson. 
 
 29 Gen. O O.Howard. 
 
 30 George Wilkes. 
 
 31 Gen. J. Longstreet. 
 
 32 William Frederick. 
 
 33 Gen. A. E Burnside. 
 31 Gen. R. S. Ewell. 
 
 35 Gen. George G. Meade. 
 
 36 Gen. P. G T. Beauregard. 
 
 37 Gen. Joseph Hooker. 
 
 38 Parson Brownlow. 
 
 39 Humphrey Marshall. 
 
 40 William H. Seward The Equalizer. 
 
 41 Alexander H. Stephens Mathushek's Pianos. 
 
 42 Thaddeus Stephens The Revolution. 
 
 43 Thurlow Weed Hair Jewelry — Photographs. &e. 
 
 44 Edwin M Stanton Stationary, Hair Compound, Fireworks. 
 
 45 J. P. Benjamin. 
 
 46 Howell Cobb. 
 
 47 Samuel C. Pomeroy i/. James G. Wilson. 
 
 48 Sehny l^r Co'fax Babittonian Pens. 
 
 49 Wade Hampton. 
 
 50 Henry A. Wise. 
 
 51 Wende 1 Pnillips. 
 
 52 Reuben E. Ffiitori. 
 
 53 Alexander Ramsey. 
 
54 George H. Pendleton. 
 
 55 Hannibal Hamlin. 
 
 56 Montgomery Blair. 
 
 57 James G. Bennett. 
 £8 P. T. Barnum. 
 
 59 Lyman Trumbull. 
 <v go Louis T. Wigfall. 
 
 61 Marcus L Ward. 
 
 62 John W.Forney. 
 
 6 \ Charl s F. Adams. 
 
 64 W.Loyd Garrison. _' 
 
 6i John T. Hoffman Mixell & Co., Piano Fortes. 
 
 66 Gideon Welles. 
 
 67 Win. P. Fessenden. 
 
 6s Carl Schurz Kurtz, Photographs.^ 
 
 69 Andrew Johnson. 
 / 7o James M. Ashley. 
 
 71 R. M. T. Hunter. 
 
 72 Ge-. Franz-6cigeL 
 
 73 Miles 0"Reiley. 
 
 74 James T. Brady, 
 
 75 Henry J. Raymond. 
 
 76 Hiram Walbridge. 
 
 77 Geo. B- McClellan. 
 
 78 John C Fremont. 
 
 79 Gen. Wm. T Sherman. 
 
 80 Gen. Joe Johnson. 
 
 81 John A. Logan. 
 
 82 Roger A Pry or. 
 
 83 Gvn. Dick Taylor. 
 
 84 Com. C. H. Stringham. 
 
 85 Com. C. F. Dupont. 
 
 86 Gen. N. B. Forrest. 
 s 87 Jeff Thompson. 
 
 88 Gen. W.J.Hardee. 
 
 89 Gen. Frank P. Blair. 
 
 90 Nath'IP.Banks. 
 
 91 Gen. Geo H. Thomas. 
 
 92 Horatio Seymour. 
 
 93 Fernando Wood. 
 
 94 Gen. John B. Hood. 
 
 95 Gen. J. Kilpatrick. 
 
 90 Robert 0. Schenck. r,u^ n ^ nav 
 
 97 Wm. C.Bryant Wells -Phrenology. 
 
 98 Gen. S, P. Heintzelman. 
 
 99 Gen. John Moseby. 
 1< Gt o. D Prentice. 
 
 101 John Holt. 
 
 102 CassiusM. Clay. 
 
 1( 3 Geo. Francis Train. 
 K 4 Andrew G. Curtin. 
 
 1! 'I £* ta&SS*l«. Welle'-Phrenological Journal. 
 
 li 7 Adm'l L> G. Farragut. 
 V K 8 A J. Hami ton. 
 
 1C3 John A. Dix. 
 
 : - I 
 
 291 79 
 
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