SOMERVILLE SERIES TjlE BRITON^ AiyHED HISTORY OF ENGLAND AND THE ^OViilH, ENGLISH AHD GERMAN DATES, TOGETHER WITH GENERAL QUESTIONS. ■/■%.-j,t-;»ftSi LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. ©i^ajt.- ©op^ngi^t !|ii,..-.L.. Shelf i.hii UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. y THE BRITONS. Son^erVille Series. MEMORY EXERCISES, II. tiE K}To;^5 AND THE ROMAN, ENGLISH' AND GERMAN DATES, TOGETHER WITH G-ENERAL Questions BRENTANO'S : New Yokk, Chicago, London, Washington, Paris. \ , ^ THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON Copyright, 1889, By BRENTANOU All Rights Reserved ' * The object of studying dates is to train the memory to act with rapidity and accuracy TJie study of verses improves verbal memory, .... The memory attains its height about the time that the body does. If it is not strong then, its quantity and quality cannot be much improved. The judgment begins to show growth just about the time that the mem- ory reaches its height. The memory, then, should be disciplined in ^arly youth, systematically and evenly. It should be neither starved •nor crammed. " . Practical Philosophy. somerville series. PREFACE. The following rhymes have been in daily use in our school for nearly twenty years. Any child able to learn ^'The House That Jack Built," on which immortal master-piece they have been modelled, is old enough to begin to learn '' The Britons." They make an admirable memory exercise. The jingle of the doggerel catches the ear of children, and thus they take in readily, and long retain, a body of- history which, in later life, becomes of value. It would be right to give honour where honour is. due, if the authorship could now be ascertained. More than forty years ago a faithful governess taught a rhymed English history, orally, to a small pupil. When, in the course of human events, it be- came her lot to ^^ teach the young idea how to shoot, '^ these stanzas were written out, chiefly from mem- ory, and no doubt with many imperfections. Since then, here and there a line has been altered or added, sometimes by the teacher, quite as often by the pupils of successive classes. These emenda- tions are then our joint workmanship. Many of those children are now honoured matrons in the land. It is their turn to train the young iv. PREFACE. minds committed to their care; and it is because of their reiterated requests that this edition is set forth. It is easy to see that the history might be re- written and improved, but if it were done it would spoil it for them. This, then, is neither the original, nor yet the best possible version, it is simply the one so often copied by these little restless fingers and said, or sung, by our children. The English dates, and lines of kings, are those with which they are familiar. To the weekly recitation of them, "backwards, forwards, and skipping," they acknowledge that they owe much of their accuracy and promptness of memory. Though not properly belonging to this volume, the General Questions and the Dates at present in use in the school, have been added for the conve- nience of its members. These pupils have also asked for the short historic tales with which they were rewarded whenever the class had learned one of the reigns. So far, leisure has not been found for their preparation. One day, perhaps, they also may be put into shape. It is very sure that no wish of these dear children is ever will- ingly disregarded by Their loving August, 1889. Teacher, CONTENTS. ** The Britons," History of England in Verse . page 1 English Dates, ...... 23 Lines of Kings, and their Wives, . . . .28 J.iOngest and Shortest Reigns, .... 31 Sovereigns of England, in one Stanza, . . .33 Order of Succession, ..... 33 Homan Dates, . . . . . . .38 Eoman Emperors, by Centuries, .... 46 Emperors of Germany, . . . . . .48 Prussia, and New German Empire, ... 51 General Information on Ruling Families of Europe, . 53 The Napoleon Dynasty, ..... 55 The Orleans Family, . . ' . . . .58 The Spanish Royal Family ..... 63 Portugal, . . . . . . . .63 Italy, r64 Austria-Hungary, . . . . . .64 Russia, . . . ... . .65 Sweden and Norway . . . . . .65 Denmark, . . . . . . .66 Belgium, . . . . . • .66 Holland, . . ..... 67 X. CONTENTS. Greece, ..... General Questions, Greek and Latin Names of Greater Gods, Tlie Graces, . . , . The Fates, The Nine Muses, The Twelve Labors of Hercules, The Seven Wonders of the World, The Seven Decisive Battles, The Seven Champions of Christendom, The Seven Great Epic Poets, The Seven Wise Men of Greece, . The Seven Hills of Rome, The Seven Great Crusades, PAGE 67 69 . m 70 . 7a 70 . 71 71 . 73 73 • 74 74 . 74 75^ THE BRITONS, I. [FtT^IRST came the Britons, a barbarous race, '^ Chiefly employed in war and the chase, Who dwelt in "Merrie Olde England." II. (^^^HEN came the Romans, a people bold. Most warlike of all the nations old ; They conquered the Britons, a barbarous [race, etc. III. ^HE Picts and Scots, beyond the Tweed, Invaded the Britons that help did need. Feeling of power and hope bereft When by the Roman legions left Through Goths and Vandals, tribes of the North,, From forest and mountain sallying forth Subduing the Romans, once so bold, etc. ^ THE BRITONS. IV. ^ UTES, Saxons and Angles, from Germany's [shore, Came at King Vortigern's summons o'er, Drove Picts and Scots beyond the Tweed, Who mvaded the Britons, etc. V. HEPTARCHY. ^HESE are the kingdoms the Saxons framed. Seven in number, the Heptarchy named : Kent, East Angha, Sussex, Essex, And Northumberland, Mercia, and Wessex. When the natives, v^ho long for their country had striven. At last to the mountains of Wales were driven, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles, etc. YI. EGBERT. 827. N Wessex rose Egbert, whom w^e call First king of England. He reigned over all The petty kingdoms the Saxons framed. Seven in number, etc. THE BRITONS. 'S VII. ALFRED THE GREAT. 871. LFEED the Great, both brave and wise, Like a bright star in the dark did rise. He labored incessantly to assuage The fury and vice of a barbarous age. He quelled the Danes, v^ho, with ruthless hand^ Carried fire and sword throughout the land. Grandson of Egbert, whom we call First king of England, etc. VHI. THE DANISH LINE. ^HESE are the Danes on the throne that sat r First Canute, who is called the Great ; Then, two of his sons to him succeed ; Harold called Harefoot, because of his speed;. The last of his race is Hardicanute, Whose grossness with royalty little did suit. The Danish power had stronger grown, And Saxons been often overthrown, Since the days of great Alfred, brave and wise, etc. ^ n THE BRITONS. IX. 1066. BATTLE was fought upon Hastings Plain, Where Harold the King by an arrow was slain, While Saxons and Normans in combat mix Jn the year one thousand and sixty-six. Harold, earl Godwin, was successor To Edward, by Saxons called the Confessor. He followed three Danes, on the throne that sat, etc. NORMAN LINE. WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR. 1066. ylLLIAM the Conqueror, stern and bold, Ordered the curfew bell to be tolFd, He caused the Domesday Book to be made, And the Norman feudal laws obeyed. He won the great battle of Hastings Plain, "Where Harold, the King, etc. THE BRITONS. 5 XI. WILLIAM RUFUS. 1087. ylLLIAM called Eufus, which signifies red, Was a prince of bad manners and morals, ['tis said. His throne by his quickness in traveling he [won From his brother Kobert, the eldest son Of William the Conqueror, stern and bold, Who ordered the Curfew, etc. XII. HENRY I. 1100. ENRY, called Beauclerc, in learning skilled, Eeigned when his brother by chance was [knied, WiUiam, called Rufus, etc. XIII. STEPHEN. 1135. /STEPHEN seized on the throne, and civil strife With the Empress Maud wasted treasure and [life, After Henry the First in learning skilled^ etc. I THE BRITONS, XIV. PLANTAGENET LINE, . HENRY II. 1154. ENRY the Second was wise and great, Yet sorrow reached his high estate. From Thomas a Beket much trouble grew, Whom at church the king's attendants [slew. For this the King, without complaint. Was scourged at the shrine of the new-made saint. XV. RICHARD I. 11'89. ^HEN came King Richard of Lion Heart, Who in Palestine played a warlike part. The Germans in prison did him detain. At the siege of Chains, in France, he was [slain. Son of Henry the Second, wise and great, etc. THE BBITONS. XVI. JOHN LACKLAND. 1199. <^p^HEN came the weak and wicked King John, (i^^, Whose barons combined and strongly con- ^^ [tended To cripple the power the sovereign defended. His crown to the Pope, through fear, he resigned, And famed Magna Charta at Runnymede signed. Brother of Richard of Lion Heart, etc. xvn. HENRY m. 1216. HEN came Henry the Third from whose life [we find. He was like his fa' her, despotic in mind. Earl Simon de Montfort,for freedom to strive. The first Parliament smnmoned in twelve sixty-five. This King reigned the longest of any but one. Son of the weak and wicked King John, etc. THE BRITONS. XVIII. EDWARD I. 12Y2. ^HEN came Edward the First, of lengthy limb, Wales was annexed to the realm by him. He warred with the Scots whom he often [beat, Yet Wallace and Bruce rallied under defeat. Son of Henry the First, from whose life we find, etc. XIX. EDWARD II. 1307. ^HEN came Edward the Second, whose deeds [evince That he was a silly and dastardly Prince. Defeated by Scotsmen at Bannockburn, And home with disgrace compelled to return. A cowardly murder concluded his days. His fate we must pity, his life cannot praise. Son of Edward the First, etc. THE BRITONS. ' 9 XX. EDWARD III. 1327. HEN came Edward, the flower of chivalry, The third of his name ; who, with his great [son, The battles of Cressy and Poictiers won. A fifty years' reign to this monarch was given, He died thirteen hundred and seventy-seven. ;Son of Edward the Second, etc. XXI. RICHARD II. 1377. ' >HEN came Richard the Second, an unhappy [king. Whose reign did many misfortunes bring. He was born at Bordeaux, at Pontefract* he [pined. Where usurping Bolingbroke kept him confined. 'The son of the Black Prince, and grandson was he Of Edward, the flower of chivalry, etc. * Pronounce Pumfret. 1^ THE BRITONS, HOUSE OF LANCASTER XXII. HENRY. IV. 1399. HEN came Henry the Fourth, called Boling- [broke, Son of John of Gaunt, the Lancastrian duke^ Hotspur and Glendower in rebellion arose, But Henry was victor over all of his foes. Both warlike and wise until death he retained The power which by force from his cousin he gained From Kichard the Second, an unhappy king, etc. XXIII. HENRY V. 1413. ^HEN came Harry the Fifth, a hero as bold As any of whom in romance we are told. He fought with the French upon Agincourt [field, The whole of that kingdom to him did yield ; He died after Paris succumbed to his yoke ; Son of Henry the Fourth, called Bolingbroke, etc. THE BRITONS. 11 XXIV. HENRY VI. 1422. ENRY the Sixth, meek, timid, and mild. Ascended the throne when a httle child. The whole of his reign with trouble was [dark. And France was reconquered by Joan of Arc. The Wars of the Roses, White and Red, Oaused rivers of English blood to be shed; Prince Edward (his son), and the king beside. By the hands of cruel assassins died. Son of Harry the Fifth, a hero as bold, etc. HOUSE OF YORK. XXV. EDWARD IV. 1461. -^^p^HEN reign'd Edward the Fourth, of handsome [mien, In whose time the first English printing was [seen. Of the house of York, his forces prevailed. When they the Lancastrian troops assailed. Successor to Henry, meek, timid, and mild, etc. 12 THE BRITONS. XXVL EDWARD V. 1483. >HEN came Edward the Fifth, poor hapless? [boy, Confined in the Tower with Eichard his [brother, An assassin was sent the young princes to smother,. Sons of Edward the Fourth, of handsome mien, etc^ XXVII. RICHARD HI. 1483. (^^HEN came Eichard the Third, who in fighfc [was killed, A monster as frightful in body and mind, As ever was suffered to plague mankind. Eichard spared neither kinsman, nor foe, nor friend„ To compass his wicked, ambitious end. His own little nephews he did destroy, One was Edward the Fifth, poor hapless boy, etc. THE BRITONS. 13 TUDOR LINE. XXVIII. HENRY VII. 1485. ' >HEN came Henry the Seventh of Tudor hne. Two insurrections disturbed his reign, But courage and vigilance made them vain. The heiress of York, Henry took as his wife. Thus ends of the Koses the long civil strife. Arts, commerce, and peace, began to increase After the great battle of Bosworth field. Where Eichard the Third in fight was kiUed, etc. XXIX. HENRY Vin. 1509. . ^HEN came Henry the Eighth, who married [six w4ves. Two w^ere divorced and two lost their lives By the headsman's axe. Gross, cruel, and [proud, A tyrant was he, with few virtues endowed. It was during his reign that the Enghsh nation In Parliament sanctioned the Reformation. He was crowned in the year fifteen hundred and nine Son of Henry the Seventh of Tudor line, etc. 14 THE BRITONS. XXX. EDWARD VI. 1547. <^^HEN came the reign of that excellent youth, ,//^^ Whose childhood was given to learning and ^P [truth, Young Edward the Sixth. Only sixteen [was he; • When he died in the year fifteen fifty-three. Son of Henry the Eighth, etc. XXXI. MARY. 1553. )HEN came Bloody Mary, wife of Philip of [Spain. Five years was the length of her unhappy [reign. iCranmer, Ridley, and Latimer burned at the stake /With hundreds of martyrs, for religion's sake. The kingdom, in her days, with trouble was tossed. In war unsuccessful, and Calais was lost.- Half-sister was she to that excellent youth, etc. THE BRITONS. 15 XXXII. ELIZABETH. 1558. )HEN came Elizabeth^ England's boast. The Spanish Armada invaded her coast, Its storm- shattered remnants, escaped from [the fight, Hurried homeward to Spain in a pitiful plight. Long and splendid her reign, yet it bears a dark stain, Queen Mary of Scots by her mandate was slain. Unmarried Elizabeth lived and died. Half-sister was she, by the father's side, To Mary, who married King Philip of Spain, etc. STUART LINE. xxxiii; JAMES I. 1603. HEN came James the First, since whose time [we remember The Gunpowder Plot on the Fifth of No- [vember. Then England and Scotland united became. As James to both sceptres had lineal claim, On the death of Elizabeth, England's boast, etc. 16 THE BRITONS. XXXIV. CHARLES I. 1625. )HEN came Charles the First, who lost his heady After Roundheads had triumphed and Cava- liers fled. Disputes had arisen and to war King Charles- [went With his unruly, regicide Parliament. Son of King James, since whose time we remember, etc. XXXV. THE COMMONWEALTH. OLIVER CROMWELL. 1653. ^LIVER CROMWELL, the State's director, (i )) The Commonwealth ruled as Lord Protector. ^^ He rose from a private gentleman's station By courage and cunning. He governed the [nation As Puritan chief, with an iron hand. Victories he won, by sea and by land. When King Charles the First had lost his head, etc. THE BRITONS. IT XXXVI. CHARLES II. 1660. 'ING CHAELES the Second was then elevated On Great Britain's throne. He was wild, [dissipated, ^ Merry-hearted and vain, prizing power above [law. Then England some, dreadful calamities saw ; The plague devastated both country and town ; In sixteen sixty-six, half of London burned down. Charles's reign lasted twenty-five years, and began Less than two from the death of that ambitious man,. OHver Cromwell, the State's director, etc XXXVII. JAMES II. 1686. 'ill AMES the Second had to abdicate In the year sixteen hundred and eighty-eight. Monmouth's rebellion, and Jeffrey's assize, ^^^ And bishops in prison, had broken all ties. His Protestant kingdom refused to obey When he tried to restore the Romish sway. He was brother to Charles who was elevated, etc. 18 THE BRITONS. XXXVIII. WILLIAM AND MARY. 1689. ylLLIAM and Mary of Orange Nassau Were jointly made sovereigns, for so read [the law. ' The Bank of England was then begun, And the Grand Alliance great victories won. Jle was valiant in battle, in council most keen. An obedient wife Mary was, though a queen, Daughter of James, forced to abdicate, etc. XXXIX. ANNE. 1702. ^UEEN ANNE, the last Sovereign of Stuart [race. Was feeble in mind though pleasing in face. Wits and writers flourished, and on history's IBer reign is termed an Augustan age. [page Whig and Tory dissensions attained a great height; Harlborough was conqueror at Blenheim's fight. Saint Paul's cathedral was rebuilt by Wren In the year of our Lord seventeen hundred and ten. After William and Mary of Orange Nassau, etc. THE BRITONS. 19 HANOVERIAN LINE. XL. GEORGE I. 1714. )HEN came King George, the First of his name, In whose time the Pretender to Peterhead [came, But finding there was but a slender chance To conquer Great Britain, returned to France. His followers, unable the troops to withstand. As traitors proscribed, lost their lives and their land/ And the throne to the House of Hanover went. As laid down in the Act of Settlement. Queen Anne, the last Sovereign of Stuart race, etc. XLI. GEORGE II. 1727. ^HEN reigned George the Second of Brunswick [kings. Charles Edward in Scotland his gauntlet- [flings. Successful at first, till Culloden's defeat Forced the Young Pretender to final retreat. -20 THE BRITONS. Now was Canada conquered, and India subdued, And Anson's brave sailors their foemen pursued. Son of King George, the first of his name, etc. XLII. GEORGE III. 1760. ^HEN came George the Third, who was Eng- [Hsh born. For sixty long years his crown was worn. The Americans fought for their freedom and By the Eeign of Terror was France undone, [won. And Europe, enslaved, did to Bonaparte yield, Till Wellington conquered on Waterloo field. Grandson to the second of Brunswick kings, etc. XLIII. GEORGE IV. 1820. yHEN George the Fourth ascended the throne. Ten years he had ruled, as Prince Eegent [known While the old king, his father, was counted [insane. 'Then troubles were brewing; Eef orm started in vain. THE BRITONS. 21 'Though Cathohc Emancipation was passed. All England was quickly with gloom overcast ; Princess Charlotte, its heiress, Prince Leopold's [bride, And the king's only daughter, in early youth died. .He was Son to King George, who was English born, etc. XLIV. WILLIAM IV. 1830. came William the Fourth, the Sailor [King, While dissensions and riots confusion bring. The working-people were unemployed, The Parliament House was by fire destroyed. Erom Liverpool to London the first railway was [laid. The Keform Bill, at last, was successfully made. When King George, his brother, ascended the [throne, etc. 22 THE BRITONS. XLV. VICTORIA. 1837. t^^HEN came Victoria, only eighteen, |g^^ When her uncle's death made her Britain's ^^^ [Queen. To Albert, Prince Consort, she was a true^ [wife. Within and without, in peace or in strife. May the honour of England be safe in her hand. And her people defend it by sea and by land. O'er the land of our forefathers, long may she reign And the world by Old England's example gain. ENGLISH DATES. B.C. 55. Eoman Invasion. A.D. 449. Saxon Invasion. 597. Christianity introduced. 827. Egbert, first king of all England. ^ 871. Alfred the Great began to reign. 1017. Canute, first of the Danish line. 1041. Edward the Confessor. 1066. Norman Conquest. 1096. First Crusade. 1291. Last Crusade. 1066. Wilham the Conqueror began to reign, 1087. Wilham Rufus. 1100. Henry I. 1135. Stephen. 1154. Henry II., First Plantagenet king. 1189. Richard Coeur de Lion. 1199. John Lackland. 1216. Henry in. 1272. Edward L 1307. Edward IL 1327. Edward III. 1377. Richard IL 1172. Ireland annexed. 24 ENGLISH DA TES. 1215. Magna Chart a signed by Jolm. 1282. Wales annexed. 1314. Battle 'of Bannockburn. 1340. Gunpowder invented. 1346. Battle of Cressy. 1356. Battle of Poictiers. 1376. Black Prince died. 1415. Battle of Agincourt. 1431. Maid of Orleans burnt. . 1399. Henry IV. ascended the throne. 1413. Henry V. 1422. Henry VI. 1471. Printing introduced into England. 1471. Lancastrians defeated at Tewksburyc 1461. Edward IV. ascended the throne. 1483. Edward V. 1483. Eichardlll. 1483. Murder of the little Princes. 1485. Battle of Bosworth Field. 1485. Henry VII. began to reign. 1509. Henry VIII. 1547. Edward VI. 1553. Mary. 1558. Elizabeth. 1513. Flodden Field. ENGLISH DATES. 25 1520. Field of the Cloth of Gold. 1529. Reformation accomplished. 1536. Anne Boleyn beheaded. 1540. First authorized English Bible printed. 1554. Lady Jane Grey beheaded. 1555. Eidley and Latimer burnt. 1556. Cranmer burnt. 1572. Massacre of Saint Bartholomew. 1580. Sir Francis Drake sailed round the world. 158T. Mary Queen of Scots beheaded. 1588. Spanish Armada destroyed. 1603. James I. of England, and VI. of Scotland 1625. Charles I. 1660. Charles XL 1685. James 11. 1689. William and Mary of Orange. 1702. Anne. 1605. Discovery of the Gunpowder Plot. 1640. Long Parliament. 1644. Great Rebelhon. 1649. King Charles beheaded. 1653. Oliver Cromwell made Protector. 1658. Oliver Cromwell died. 1660. Restoration of Charles II. 1666. London Plague. 26 ENGLISH DATES. 1666. Great Fire in London. 1688. Landing of the Prince of Orange. ITOI. James II. died in exile. 1704. Battle of Blenheim. 1707. Union of England and Scotland. 1710. Eebuilding of St. Paul's Cathedral. 1714. Queen Anne died. 1714. George I. of the Hanover Line. 1727. George IL 1760. George in. 1820. George IV. 1830. William IV. 1837. Victoria. 1715. First rising in favor of the old Pretender^ James Francis. 1745. Second rising in favor of the young Pre- tender, Charles Edward. 1746. Battle of Culloden. 1776. Declaration of Independence, Fourth of July, 1793. Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette guillo- tined. 1801. Union of England and Ireland. 1805. Battle of Trafalgar and death of Nelson. 1812. Second Vs^ar with the United States. 1812. Battle of Salamanca. ENGLISH DA TES. 27 1815. Battle of New Orleans, 8th of January. 1815. Battle of Waterloo, 18th of June. 1817. Princess Charlotte died. 1821. Death of Bonaparte. 1829. Catholic Emancipation Bill. 1832. Eeform Bill passed. 1840, Victoria married Prince Albert. 1854. Crimean War. 1856. Peace with Kussia. LINES OF KINGS, I. — Norman Line. 88 years. 1066. William the Conqueror— Matilda of glan- ders. 108T. William Kufus. 1100 Henrvl 5 1st, Matilda Atheling. IIUU. ±ienry i. | ^d, Adeliza of Louvaine. 1135. Stephen— Matilda of Boulogne. II.— Plantagenet Line. 245 years. 1154. Henry II. — Eleanor of Aquitaine. 1189. Eichard Coeur de Lion— Berengaria of Na- varre. ii^n T 1. T 11 A \ 1st, Isabel of Gloucester. 1199. John Lackland | ^^/ig^^el of Angouleme. 1216. Henry III. — Eleanor of Provence. ■io/rn TT-;! ^ T ( Ist, Eleauor of Castlle. 1272. Edward I. | ^d/Margaret of France. 1307. Edward 11. —Isabella of France. 1327. Edward HI.— Phihppa of Hainault. -.o^^ -D- u ^ TT ( 1st, Anne of Bohemia. 1377. Eichard H. ^d, Isabel of Orleans. LINES OF KINGS. 29 in. — Lancastrian Li?^e. 62 years. 1399. Henry IV. j J^^' f ^^T de Bohun. -^ I 2d, J oanna of Navarre. 1413. Henry V. — Katharine of France. 1422. Henry VI. — Margaret of Anjou. TV. — House of York. 24 years. 1461. Edward TV.— Elizabeth Wydevile. 1483. Edward V 1485. Eichard III. —Anne Neville. V. — Tudor Line. U 8 years. 1485. Henry VII.— Elizabeth of York. ( 1st, Katharine of Arragon. •< 2d, Anne Boleyn. 1509 Henrv VITI ' ^^^' '^^^^^ Seymour. I5uy. neniy vill. ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ Cleves. < 5th, Katharine Howard. ( 6th, Katharine Parr. 1547. Edward VI. 1553. Mary.— PhHip of Spain, 1558, Elizabeth. so LINES OF KINGS. VI. — Stuart Line. Ill years. 1603. James I. — Anne of Denmark. 1625. Charles I. — Henrietta Maria of France. Interregnum of eleven years. Oliver Cromwell, 1653 to 1658. 1660. Charles II. — Katharine of Braganza. ( 1st, Anne Hyde. 1685. James II. < 2d, Mary Beatrice d'Este of ( Modena. 1689. William and Mary ot Orange. 1702. Anne. — George of Denmark. VII. — Hanoverian Line. 175 years. 1714. George I.— Sophia Dorothea of Zell. 1727. George II. — Caroline of Anspach. 1760. George III.— Charlotte of Mecklenburg- Strelitz. 1820. George IV. — Caroline of Brunswick 1830. William IV.— Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. 1837. Victoria.— Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. The Hanoverian line began to reign August 2d, 1714. Queen Victoria, born May 24th, 1819, as- cended the throne June 20th, 1837. The heir-ap- LINES OF KINGS. 3L parent is Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, born JSFovember 9th, 1841. He married March 10th, 1863, Alexandra of Denmark, born December 1st, 1844. Their eldest son. Prince Victor of Wales, was born January 8th, 1864. Their second son. Prince George of Wales, was born June 3d, 1865. LONGEST REIGNS. George III 60 years Henry III 56 years Edward III 50 years Yictoria 52 years Elizabeth .„ 45 years SHORTEST REIGNS. Edward V a few months Richard III • 2 years James H 4 years Mary , 5 years Edward VI 6 years SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND. First William, the Norman; then William, his son;. Henry, Stephen, and Henry, then Richard and John; Next Henry the third, Edwards one, two and three ; And again, after Richard, three Henries we see;, Two Edwards, third Richard, if rightly I guess; Two Henries ; sixth Edward ; Queen Mary ; Queem ^656* ; Then Jamie, the Scotchman ; then Charles, whom they slew, Yet received after Cromwell, another Charles too. Next James, the second ascended the throne; Tlien William and Mary together came on; Till Anne, Georges four and fourth William, all past, God sent Queen Victoria, may she long be the last ! ORDER OF SUCCESSION. 1. William the Conqueror was succeeded by his third and second surviving son, 2. William Kufus, v^ho was succeeded by his younger brother, 3. Henry I. , who was succeeded by the third son of his sister Adela, Countess of Blois, fourth daughter of William the Conqueror, 4. Stephen, who usurped the throne of his cousin, the Empress Matilda, who had married secondly Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of An- jou. He was succeeded by her son, 5. Henry H. , who was succeeded by his third and eldest surviving son, 6. Richard I., when the crown was assumed (in defiance of the right of Arthur, son of the elder brother Geoffrey), by his youngest brother, 7. John Lackland, who was succeeded by his elder son, 8. Henry HI., who was succeeded by his third and eldest surviving son, 9. Edward I., who w^as succeeded by his third and eldest surviving son, ^4: ORDER OF SUCCESSION. 10. Edward II., who was succeeded by his eldest son, 11. Edward III., who (having survived the Black Prince, his eldest son), was succeeded by his grandson, 12. Eichard 11., who being deposed and murdered, the throne was usurped by his cousin, the eldest son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancas- ter (third son of Edward III. ), 13. Henry IV., who was succeeded by his eldest son, 14. Henry V. , who was succeeded by his only son, 15. Henry VI., who was deposed, and was suc- ceeded by his cousin, son of Eichard, Duke of York, and grandson of Edmund, Duke of York and of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, fourth and second sons of Edward III., ancestors of 16. Edward IV., of York, who was succeeded by his son, 17. Edward V., deposed and murdered, and his crown usurped by his uncle, 18. Eichard III., killed at Bosworth Field, when the victor, the earl of Eichmond, great-great- grandson of John of Gaunt and Katharine Swynford, and grandson of Katharine of ORDER OF SUCCESSION. 35 France (widow of Henry V.) and of Owen Tudor, took the crown by right of conquest as, 19. Henry VH., who married EHzabeth, eldest daughter of Edward IV., and was succeeded by their second and eldest surviving son, 20. Henry VHI. , who was succeeded by his third and only surviving son (by Jane Seymour, his third wife), 21. Edward VI., who was succeeded by his half- sister, daughter of Katharine of Arragon, 22. Mary, who was succeeded by her half-sister, daughter of Anne Boleyn, 23. Elizabeth, who w^as succeeded by her cousin, who was only son of Henry Darnley, by his wife Mary, Queen of Scots, only daughter of James V., by his w^ife Mary of Guise, who was third and eldest surviving son of James IV. and Margaret, eldest daughter of King Henry VII. of England, whose great-great- grandson became thus 24. James I. of England and VI. of Scotland, w^ho was succeeded by his second and eldest surviving son, 25. Charles L, who w-as beheaded. After an in- terregnum of eleven years the Crown was re- ;36 ORDER OF SUCCESSION. stored to his second and eldest surviving son, 26. Charles II., who was succeeded by his young- er brother, 27. James II., who abdicated, and the crown was g^ssumed by the elder of his two surviving daughters (by his first wife, Anne Hyde), Mary, who conjointly with her husband, nephew of James II. (his sister Mary having married the Prince of Orange and their son, William, having married his cousin Mary), reigned as ^8. William and Mary. They were succeeded by her sister :29. Anne, who leaving no children and the chil- dren of her father James II., by his second wife, Mary Beatrice of Modena, having been excluded from the throne by act of Parlia- ment, the crown passed to George, Elector of Hanover, son of Sophia, the daughter of Eliz- abeth, wife of the titular King of Bohemia, Frederick Elector Palatine, and daughter of James I. Thus in accordance with the Act of Settlement the crown devolved upon the great grandson of James I., 50. George I., who was succeeded by his only son, ORDER OF SUCCESSION. 37 SI. George II., who was succeeded by his grand- son, eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, 32. George III. , who was succeeded by his eldest son, who had been Prince Regent, 33. George IV., who was succeeded by his broth- er, third son of George III., 34. William IV. , who was succeeded by his niece, the only daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III., 35. Victoria, Queen regnant of England. ROMAN DATES. B.C. 1230. (Supposed) Pelasgic migration to Italy. 1183. (Supposed) Arrival of ^neas in Latium. 753. Foundation of the City of Eome (A. U. C.) 750. Union of the Eomans and Sabines. 717. Death of Eomulus. 716. Accession of Numa Pompilius. 679. TuUus Hostilius. 640. Ancus Martins. 618. Tarquinius Priscus. 578. Servius TuUius. 534. Tarquinius Superbus. 509. Expulsion of the Tarquins. Kings replaced by Consuls. 507. War with Lars Porsena. 498. Lartius created first Dictator. 493. People go to Mons Sacer and Tribunes ap- pointed. 443. Censorship instituted. 395. Veil taken by Camillus. 391. Gauls im^ade Italy for the first time. 390. Eome sacked. Gauls defeated by Camillus. 384. Manlius put to death for treason. 363. Curtius devotes himself in the Eoman Forum. ROMAN DATES. 39 343. Beginning of the Samnite War. 339. Manlius put to death for disobedience. 339. Decius devotes himself for his country. 321. Romans defeated by Samnites pass under the yoke. 282. Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, invades Italy. 272. Pyrrhus finally defeated by Curius Dentatus. 270. Tarentum surrenders to the Pomans. 264. Beginning of the First Punic War. 260. Carthaginians defeated by Duilius. 256. Regulus defeated by Xantippus. 241. End of First Punic War. 234. Temple of Janus shut for the second time since the building of the City. 229. War w^ith the Illyrians. 225. Second invasion by Gauls, defeated by Mar- cellus. 218. Second Punic War. 218. Hannibal crosses the Alps, 218. Battle of Ticinus and Trebia. 217. Battle of Lake Thrasymene. 216. Battle of Cannae. 215. Fabius Cunctator resigns his consulship. 214. Hannibal winters in Capua. 214. Fabius reappointed Consul. 40 ROMAN DATES. 214. War with Macedon. 213. Scipio opposes Asdrubal in Spain. :212. Marcellus takes Syracuse and Archimedes slain. 208. Asdrubal crosses the Alps. 207. Asdrubal defeated and slain. :202. Battle of Zama and end of the Second Punic War. 197. Philip conquered by the Romans. 192. War against Antiochus. 189. Death of Hannibal. 171. Beginning of Second Macedonian War. 168. Macedon becomes a Roman Province. 149. Third Punic War begins. 146. Carthage destroyed by Scipio ; Corinth by Mummius. 133. Sedition of Tiberius G-racchus. 123. Sedition of Caius G-racchus, 111. Jugurthine War begins and lasts five years. 1 00. Julius Caesar born (4th of July). 91. Social War begins and lasts three years. ■88. Mithridatic War begins and lasts twenty-two years. 87. Civil War between Sulla and Marius. 71. Insurrection of Slaves under Spartacus. ROMAN DATES. 41 M. Mithridates conquered by Pompey. 60. First Triumvirate, Cgesar, Crassus, and Poni- 65. Caesar invades Britain. 49. Civil War between Caesar and Pompey. 48. Battle of Pharsalia, and death of Pompey. 46. War in Africa and death of Cato. 44. Caesar murdered in the Senate House. 43. Second Triumvirate^ Octavius, Antony and Lepidus. 43. Proscription and death of Cato. 31. Battle of Actium, between Antony and Au- gustus. 30. Death of Antony and Cleopatra. 27. Octavius Caesar receives the imperial title of Augustus. A.D. Christian Era. Christ was born four years before the Vulgar Era. 14. Augustus died. 51. Caractacus carried captive to Eome. 64. First general persecution of the Christians. 70. Siege and destruction of Jerusalem. 79. Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum by Vesuvius . ^8. The Dacian War. ^2 ROMAN DATES. 107. Third general persecution of the Chris- tians. 121. Wall in Britain built by Adrian against the- Picts and Scots. 132. Great rebellion of the Jews. 162. The Parthian War began. 169. War with the Marcomanni. 200. Eoman Empire offered for sale. 200. Severus subdues the Parthians. 325. First general council of Nice. 325. Christianity made the religion of state. 328. Capital removed from Eome to Byzantium. 337. Destruction of the Flavian family. 376. Goths settle in Thrace and Huns enter Europe. 379. Theodosius reunites the Eastern and West- ern Empires. 395. Death of Theodosius, and final separation of the Empire. 406. Vandals and Alans settle in Gaul. 410. Alaric takes Eome. 412. Establishment of Vandal kingdom in SpaiUy under Genseric. 415. Establishment of Visigoth kingdom in Spain^ under Ataulphus. ROMAN DATES. * 43 449. Eomans abandon Britain, and Saxon Inva- sion. 453. Final subversion of the Koman Empire. 455. Eome plundered by African Vandals under Genseric. 476. Augustulus resigns his throne to Odoacer, King of the Heruli. EOMAN KINGS 1. Romulus. 2. Numa Pompilius. 3. Tullus Hostilius. 4. Ancus Martins. 5. Tarquinius Priscus. 6. Servius Tullius. 7. Tarquinius Superbus. Kingly government in Rome, from 753 B.C. to 509 B.C. Roman Republic, 509 B.C. to 27 B.C. Roman Empire, 27 B.C. to 453 a.d. ROMAN EMPERORS, B.C. 2( r. 1, Augustus Osesar. A.D. 14. 2, Tiberius. 37. 3, Caligula. 41. 4, Claudius. 54 5, Nero. 68. Q, Galba. 69, 7, Otho. 69. 8;Vitellius. 69. 9, Vespasian. 79. 10, Titus. 81. 11, Domitian. 96. 12, Nerva. 98. 13, Trajan. 117. 14," Adrian. 138. 15, Antoninus Pius. 161. 16, Marcus Aurelius and Verus. 180. 17, Commodus. 193. 18, Pertinax. 193. 19, Didius. 193. 20, Severus. 211. 21, Caracalla and Geta. 217. 22, Macrinus. 218. 23, Heliogabalus. ROMAN EMPERORS. 45 222. 24. Alexander Severus. 235. 25, Maximinus. 237. 26, Gordian I. 237. 27, Gordian II. 238. 28 and 29, Pupienus and Balbinus. 238. 30, Gordian III. 244. 31, Philip the Arabian, and his son, 249. 32, Decins. 251. 33, Gallus. 253. 34, Emilianus. 253. 35, Valerian. 259. 36, Gallienus. 268. 37, Claudius. 270. 38, Aurehan. 275. 39, Tacitus. 276. 40, Probus. 282. 41, Cams. 284. 42, Diocletian, and 285. 43, Maximian, and 294. 44, Constantius Chlorus, and Galerius. 306. 45, Constantine the Great. .337. 46, 47, 48, Constantine II., Constantius and Constans. 360. 49, Julian, the Apostate. 363. 50, Jovian. 46 ROMAN EMPERORS. 364. 51, 52, Valentinian I., and Valens. 375. 53, Gratian, 388. 54, Valentinian II. 379. 55, Theodosius the Great. 395. Arcadius, Emperor of the East, to 408. 395. Honorius. Emperor of the West, to 423. Ten petty emperors succeeded Honorius in the West, 475. of whom the last, Komuhis Augustulus, was banished by 476. Odoacer, King of the Heruh, who founded the kingdom of Italy. Arcadius, Emperor of the East, was succeeded by Theodosius II., Marcian, Leo and Zeno. Theodoric, a hostage at the court 493. of Zeno, founded the Kingdom of the Ostro- goths. First Century. Augustus Caesar, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Yitellius, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Nerva, Trajan. Second Century. Adrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius and Verus, Commodus, Pertinax, Didius, Severus. ROMAN EMPERORS. 47 Third Century. Caracalla and Geta ; Macrinus ; Heliogabalus ; Alexander Severus ; Maximinus ; Gordian I., Gor- dian II ; Pupienus and Balbinus ; Gordian III. ; Philip, the Arabian ; Decius ; Gallus, JEmilian ; Valerian and Gallianus ; Claudius 11. ; Aurelian ; Tacitus ; Probus ; Cams ; Carinus and Numerian ; Dioclesian and Maximian; Constantius Chlorus and Galerius. Fourth Century. Constantine the Great ; Constantine II., Coiistan tins and Constans ; Julian, the Apostate ; Jovian ; Valentinian I. and Valens ; Gratian ; Valentin ian 11. ; Theodosius I. ; Arcadius^ emperor of the East and Honorius, emperor of the West. The last Eoman Emperor was Eomulus Augustulus, who re- signed A.D. 476, being conquered by Odoacer, King of the Heruli. EMPERORS OF GERMANY. A.D. 768 to 1806. 768. 1, Charlemagne. 814. 2, Louis the Pious. 84:3. 3, Louis the German. 876. 4, Charles the Fat. 887. 6, Arnulf of Carinthia. 899. 6, Louis the Child. House of Franconia. 911. 7, Conrad L House of Saxony. 919. 8, Henry I., the Fowler. 936. 9, Otho the Great. 973. 10, Otho XL 983. 11, Otho in. 1002. 12, Henry 11. House of Franconia. 1024. 13, Conrad IL 1039. 14, Henry III. 1056. 15, Henry IV. 1106. 16, Henry V. 1125. 17. Lothaire the Saxon. GERMAN EMPERORS. 49 House of Hohenstaufen. 1138. 18, Conrad III. 1152. 19, Frederick Barbarossa. 1190. 20, Henry VI. 1197. ( 21, Philip of Suabia to 1208. (Ghibelline). 1197. I 22, Otho IV. (Guelph). 1215. 23, Frederick II. 1254. 24, Conrad IV. Interregnum 1256-73. William of Holland. Eichard of Cornwall. Alphonso of Castile. House of Hapsburg. 1273. 28, Rudolf of Hapsburg. 1292. 29, Adolphus of Nassau. 1298. 30, Albert I. 1308. 31, Henry VII. of Luxemburg. 1314. ( 32, Louis of Bavaria. 1314. ( 32, Frederick the Fair. 1347. 33, Charles IV. of Luxemburg. 1378. 34, Wenceslaus. 1400. 35, Robert, or Rupert. 1410. 36, Sigismond. 1437. 37, Albert II. (Austrian Line). 1440. 38, 1493. 39, 1520. 40, 1556. 41, 1564. 42, 1576. 43, 1612. 44, 1619. 45, 1637. 46, 3 657. 47, 50 GERMAN EMPERORS. Frederick III. Maximilian I. Charles V. of Spain. Ferdinand I. Maximilian II. Rudolph II. Matthias. Ferdinand II. Ferdinand III. Leopold I. 1705. 48, Joseph I. 1711. 49, Charles VI. 1742. ( 50, Charles VII. to 1745. 1745. (51, Francis I. married Maria Theresa, 1740 to 1780. 1765. 52, Joseph II. 1790. 53, Leopold II. 1792. 54, Francis II. Francis II. was crowned Emperor of Austria August 10, 1804. He renounced all claim to the title of Emperor of Germany, August 6, 1806. Thus ends the old Empire of Germany. GERMAN EMPERORS. 61 THE NEW GERMAN EMPIRE. HOHENZOLLERN. This family trace their descent from Thasillo, 800. c. who was Count of ZoUen in the ninth 1200. c. century. In the thirteenth century they became hereditary burgraves of Nuremberg. 1415. Frederick YI. was made first ELECTOR OF BRANDENBURG. 1415. 1, Frederick I. 1440. 2, Frederick II. 1471. 3, Albert Achilles. 1486. ^, John Cicero. 1499. 5, Joachim I. 1535. 6, Joachim II. 1571. 7, John George. 1598. 8, Joachim III. 1608. 9, John Si^ismmK First Protestant Elector. Prussia. 1619. 10, George William. 1648. 11, Frederick William, the Great Elector. 1688. 12, Frederick, 1701, he became first 52 GERMAN EMPERORS. KING OF PRUSSIA. 1701. 13, Frederick I. 1740. 14, Frederick II., the Great. ^ 1786. 15, Frederick William 11. ' 1797. 16, Frederick William III. 1840. 17, Frederick William IV. 1861. 18, William (regent in 1858) who was pro- claimed at Versailles, first GERMAN EMPEROR. 1871. 18, William I. January 18, and died March 9, 1888. 1888. 19, Frederick III. March 9, and died June 15, 1888. 1888. 20, William IL ' GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE CHIEF COUNTKIES AND EULING FAMILIES OF EUEOPE. GENERAL INFORMATION. 55 THE NAPOLEON DYNASTY. Charles Bonaparte, native of Ajaccio, Corsica, born in 1746, died in 1785 ; married Letitia Kamo- lino, born in 1750, died in 1836, known as Ma- dame Mere. They had eight children: ^ I. Joseph, born 1768, died 1811:, who was king of Naples and then of Spain. He married Made- moiselle Clary, sister-in-law of Bernadotte. He left two daughters, Zenaide, born in 1801, and died in 1844, who married her cousin Charles Bonaparte. And Charlotte, born 1802, and died 1839, who married her cousin Napoleon Louis. IL Napoleon the Great. He was born in 1769 and died at St. Helena in 1821. He married, first, Josephine Tascher de la Pagerie, widow of the Count de Beauharnais, by whom she had two children, Eugene de Beauharnais, and Hortense, who was married to Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland, and who became the mother of Louis Napoleon III. Napoleon, having divorced the Empress Josephine, married, secondly, 1810, Marie Louise, grandduchess of Austria. Their son, born in 1811 and died at Vienna in 1832, was created king of Rome. He is counted Na- 56 GENERAL INFORMATION. poleon II. but was known during his brief life as Duke de Eeichstadt, which title was conferred on him by his grandfather, the Emperor of Aus- tria. III. Lucien, Prince of Canino, born 17Y5, died 1840, married first Christine Boyer, by whom he had two daughters, and secondly, Madame Jouber- thon, who had eight children. Of these the eldest son, Charles, born 1803, died 1857, married to his cousin Zenaide, was a distinguished or- nithologist. Louis Lucien, born in 1 8 1 3, is a phil- ologist. Prince Pierre, the youngest son, born in 1815, has become notorious from the killing of Victor Noir, a journalist, in 1870. Lucien, having refused his adhesion to his brother Na- poleon, his family was passed over in the impe- rial succession. IV. Elisa, Princess of Lucca and Piombino, Grand - duchess of Tuscany, born in 1777, died 1820, married Captain Felix Bacciochi, left one daugh- ter Elisa, ys^ho married Count Camerata. V. Louis, King of Holland, born 1778, died 1846, married Hortense de Beauharnais. Their chil- dren were Charles, born in 1802, died in 1807; JSTapoleon Louis, born 1804, died 1831, married GENERAL INFORMATION, 57 to his cousin Charlotte ; and thirdly, Charles Louis, Napoleon III., born in 1808, died in 1873. He was elected President of the French Repub- lic in 18-1:8. In 1852 he was declared emperor. At the battle of Sedan, Sept. 2, 1870, he was taken prisoner by the Germans. On his release ^ he went to England where he died in 1 873. He married, 1853, Eugenie, Comtesse de Montijo. Their son, Louis Eugene Napoleon, born 1856, killed by the Zulus in 1879, was Napoleon IV. He is commonly known as the Prince Imperial. TI. Pauhne ; born 1780, died 1825; married in ISOl to General Le Clerc, who died in 1802. In 1803, Pauline was married to Prince Camillo Bor- ghese. TIL Caroline, Queen of Naples, born 1782, died 1839, married to Joachim Murat, King of Na- ples. Their son, Achille, married Mrs. White, of Florida, and died in 1847. Lucien married Carohne Eraser, of South Carolina, and died in 1847. Till. Jerome, King of Westphaha, born 1784, died 1860, married, first, Ehzabeth Patterson of Balti- more, December 24th, 1803. Having been re- quired to repudiate his American wife, he mar- 58 GENERAL INFORMATION. ried Catherine, daughter of Frederick, King of WestphaHa. Their son, Joseph Napoleon, (Plon-plon), born 1822, married Clotilde of Savoy, daughter of King Victor Emmanuel of Italy. They have two sons. Prince Victor, who aspires to become Napoleon V., and Prince Louis. THE ORLEANS FAMILY. The direct line of Bourbon (the Spanish Bour- bons descended from Philip, grandson of Louis XIV., having solemnly renounced all right to the crown of France), became extinct with the death of Henry v., Duke of Bordeaux, commonly called the Comte de Chambord, born 1820, died 1884. He was the son of the Duke de Berri, assassinated in 1820, and of his wife Marie Caroline of Naples. The Duke de Berri was the younger and only surviving son of ^ Charles X., who was King of France from 1824 to 1830, when he abdicated. The French then trans- ferred the crown to a descendant of the House of Orleans, Louis Philippe, King of the French, who in his turn abdicated during the revolution of 1 848. Louis XIIL, King of France (1610) [father of Louis- XIV. (1643)] had a younger son. GENERAL INFORMATION. 59 Philip, Duke of Orleans, who married first Henri- etta of England, and second Charlotte of Ba- varia, father of Philip the Kegent, who married Mademoiselle de Blois. Their son, Louis, Duke of Orleans, married Madame de Montes- son. He was father of 'Louis Philippe, whose son was Louis Philippe (Egalite), married to Mademoiselle de Penthievre. Then- son was Louis Philippe I., King of the French, who married Marie Amelie. He died in 1850. They had nine children : I. Ferdinand, Duke of Orleans, thrown from his car- riage and killed, in 1842. He married Helen of Mecklenburg, and left 1st, Louis Philippe, Count of Paris, born 1838, married Is^ibel of Montpensier. Children : Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, Amelie, married 18"86 to the Duke of Braganza. Helen. 2d, Robert, Philip, Louis, Eugene, Duke de Chartres, married to Frangoise de Join- ville. 60 GENERAL INFORMATION. They have a daughter AmeKe, married to Prince Waldemar of Denmark. II. Louise, married to Leopold I., King of Belgium. III. Louis, Duke de Nemours, born in 1814, married Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Grotha. 1st, Louis-Philippe, Comte d'Eu, born in 1842, married Isabel of Braganza of Brazil. 2d, Ferdinand Philippe, Duke d'Alengon, born 1844. 3d, Marie Adelaide, born 1846. 4th, Blanche, born 1847. IV. Marie, married the Grand Duke of Wlirttem- berg, and died in 1839. V. Clementine, married the Prince of Saxe-Coburg- Gotha. VI. Frangois, Prince de Joinville, Admiral, born in 1818, married Frangoise, Princess of Brazil. Their children are 1st, Frangoise, born in 1844, married her cousin the Duke de Chartres. 2d, Pierre, born in 1845, Duke de Pen- thievre. VII. Henri, Duke d'Aumale, born in 1820, General and Academician, married Caroline of Sicily. GENERAL INFORMATION. 61 1st, Louis Philippe, Prince cle Conde, born in 1845, died in 1865. 2d, Frangois, Duke de Guise, bom in 1852, died in 1867. VIII. Eobert, born in 1822, died young. IX. Antoine, Duke de Montpensier, born 1824, mar- ried the infanta Louise, daughter of Ferdinand VII. of Spain. 1st, Isabel, born in 1818, married the Count of Paris. 2d, Amelie, born in 1850. 3d, Christine, born in 1852. 4th, Ferdinand Antoine, born in 1859, mar- ried the infanta Eulalie. 6th, Mercedes, born in 1860, married Alfon- so XII. of Spain, and died 1878. The present aspirants to the French throne are: Louis Philippe, Count of Paris, descended in the 8th generation from Louis XIII. . Don Carlos, Duke of Madrid, descended in the 7tli generation from Louis XIV. Prince Victor, grandson of Jerome, the youngest brother of Napoleon I. 62 GENERAL INFORMATION. SPAIN. The Salic law had prevailed in Spain but it was revoked by Ferdinand VII. at the instigation of his wife, Queen Christina, so as to allow their eldest daughter Isabella, born 1830, to succeed to the throne. Ferdinand died Sept. 29th, 1833, and Isabella was proclaimed queen, and Christina, regent. The claims of Don Carlos, the late king's brother, were thus set aside. The Carhst war broke out and lasted seven years, when Don Carlos was banished by the Cortes. The queen was taken to France, and all power remained in the hands of Espartero. The young queen was married to her cousin Francisco d' Assisi in 1815, and began her reign. The revolu- tion of 1868 again drove her to France. A republi- can government was formed under Prim. In 1870 she abdicated in favor of her son, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias. Marshal Prim offered the crown to va- rious princes and it was accepted by Victor Ama- deus, second son of Victor Emmanuel, who was elected king in 1870, but resigned the crown. The recommendation of the Spanish ministers that a German, Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigma- ringen, should fill the vacant throne, was one of the GENERAL INFORMATION. 63 pretexts for the Franco -German war. Finally, in 1872, the son of Isabella ascended the throne as Al- fonso XII. He died November, 1885. By his second wife, Maria Christina, now regent, he left a posthu- mous son, Alfonso XIII., born May 17, 1886, and a daughter, the Infanta Mercedes, born in 1880. POETUGAL. 1195. Henry, grandson of Eobert of Burgundy, founded the kingdom of Portugal. 1420. Era of maritime discoveries. 1422. Alfonzo,Duke of Braganza, seized the throne. 1498. Vasco de Gama doubled the Cape of Good Hope, and reached India. 1510. Sumatra and Java discovered. 1580. Portugal overrun by Spaniards under Alva. 1640. Portugal regains independence. House of Bkaganza. 1640. John IV. 1656. Alfonso VI. 1667. Pedro II. 1706. John V. 1750. Joseph Emmanuel 1777. Maria. 64: GENERAL INFORMATION. 1807. Flight of royal family to Brazil. 1816. JohnVI. 1827. Maria da Gloria II. 1853. Pedro V. 1861. Louis I. succeeded his brother, and married Maria Pia, of Savoy. The heir apparent is Car- los, Duke of Braganza, born 1863. At the death of John VI., Don Pedro ceded the throne to his daughter Maria, who in 1836 married Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Don Pedro became Emperor of Brazil, 1822, and was suc- ceeded by his son Dom Pedro II. as Emperor of Brazil 1831. . ITALY. The kingdom of Italy was reunited in 1860, and Victor Emmanuel of Savoy, King of Sardinia, was proclaimed King of Italy. Victor Emmanuel died in 1878, and was succeeded by Humbert I. , his son. Humbert married his cousin, Margaret of Savoy. The heir apparent is their only son, Victor Emma- nuel, Prince of Naples, born November 11, 1869. AUSTRIA- ^ Francis the First, the last Emperor of Germany and the first Emperor of Austria, August 10, 1804, GENERAL INFORMATION. 65 died in 1835, and was succeeded by his son Ferdinand I., who abdicated in favor of his nephew, Francis Joseph I. in 1848. The Crown Prince Rudolph committed suicide in 1889. EUSSIA. The Normans dehvered Russia from the Tartar yoke. Ruric estabhshed his dynasty about 850 and it lasted until 1598. The House of Romanoff govern- ed from 1613 to 1762. Peter the Great, who died in 1725, elevated Russia. The House of Holstein-Got- torp has governed since 1762. The Czar Paul, mur- dered in 1801. was succeeded by Alexander, who died in 1825. His brother Nicholas became Czar, March 2, 1855, and Avas succeeded by Alexander 11. He was murdered by Nihilists in 1881, and was suc- ceeded by his son, Alexander HI., the present Czar. The Czarina is Dagmar, daughter of the King of Denmark, and sister of the Princess of Wales. The Czarevitch Nicholas was born in 1868. SWEDEN AND NORWAY. Charles XIH., the last king of the House of Hoi- stein-Gottorp, in default of heirs, adopted Berna- dotte, one of Napoleon's ' generals, who succeeded ^6 GENERAL INFORMATION. him in 1818 as Charles XIV. He died in 1844, and was succeeded by his son, Charles XV. The brother of Charles XV., the present King, Oscar II., began his reign in 1872. The heir apparent is Oscar Gus- taf, born June 16, 1858. DENMAEK. The House of Oldenburg has been on this throne since 1448. In 1801, the Danish fleet was destroyed by Nelson at the battle of Copenhagen. By its war with Germany in 1848, and again in 1864, the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein were wrested from it. The reigning king is Christian IX., father of the Princess of Wales and of the Empress of Kussia. He succeeded to the throne in 1863. The heir apparent is Prince Frederick, born 1843. BELGIUM. By the treaty of Luneville, 1801, Belgium was made part of France. By the congress of Vienna, ]May, 1815, it was made part of Holland. William Frederick of Orange was declared king under the title of King of the Netherlands. In 1830, Belgium declared itself independent, and succeeded in estab- lishing a constitutional monarchy. The crown was GENERAL INFORMATION. 67 accepted by Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, widower of Princess Charlotte of England. He married secondly, Louise, daughter of Louis Phi- lippe. Leopold I. died in 1865. His son, Leopold n., born 1835, succeeded him. The heir presump- tive is the king's brother, Philip, Count of Flanders, jDorn in 1837. HOLLAND. Holland, or the kingdom of the Netherlands, is governed by King William HI., born in 1817, who succeeded his father in 1849. By his second wife, Princess Emma of Waldeck, he has an only daugh- ter, Wilhelmina, born Aug. 31, 1880, who is heiress presumptive to the crown. Salic law obtains in the Duchy of Luxemburg, which, on the death of William HI., will revert to Adolf, Duke of Nassau. GREECE. Greece, finding an opportunity to throw off the heavy yoke of Turkey, declared its independence in 1822. Among the many Phil-Hellenists who sym- pathized with this struggle, was Lord Byron, who died at Missolonghi, in 1821. After the battle of Navarino, where the Turks were defeated by the '68 GENERAL INFORMATION. ;allies in 1827, followed the Peace of Adrianople, which acknowledged the independence of Greece. The capital was fixed at Athens, and Otho of Bavaria, in 1833, became King of the Hellenes. In 1863 he abdicated. The crown was offered to Prince Alfred of England, and various others, and was finally accepted by Christian IX. of Denmark for his second son, who began to reign as George I., King of the Hellenes, June 6th, 1863. He married in 1867, Olga, grandduchess of Eussia. The heir- apparent is their son, Constantino, Duke of Sparta, born August 2d, 1868. GENERAL QUESTIONS. THE TWENTY GREATER GODS. Xatin Names. 1. Jupiter 2. Neptune 3. Pluto 4. Juno 5. Mars 6. Vulcan 7. Apollo 8. Diana 9. Venus 10. Cupid 11. Minerva 12. Mercury 13. Ceres 14. Proserpine 15. Bacchus 16. Saturn 17. Aurora 18. Vesta 19. Cybele -20. Tethys Greek Names. Zeus. Poseidon. Hades or Dis. Hera. Ares. Hephaestus. Phoebus. Artemis. Aphrodite. Eros. Pallas. Hermes. Demeter. Persephone. Dionysius. Kronos. Eos. Hestia. Ops. Amphitrite. 70 GENERAL QUESTIONS. THE THREES GRACES. Daughters of Venus and Bacchus, Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and Thalia. THE THREE FATES. 1. Clotho, who held the distaff. 2. Lachesis, '' "' spindle. 3. Atropos, '[ '' shears. THE NINE MUSES. DAUGHTERS OF JUPITER AND MNEMOSYNE (mEMORY)^ AND SISTERS OF APOLLO. 1. Clio, history ; crown of laurel, trumpet and book. 2. Calliope, Epic poetry ; same as Clio. 3. Erato, lyric poetry ; roses and myrtle, lute and lyre. 4. Euterpe, music ; flowers, a flute. 6. Thalia, comedy ; holds a mask and crook. 6. Melpomene, tragedy ; buskin, dagger, sceptre and crown. 7. Terpsichore, dancing ; crown of laurel, musical instruments. 8. Polymnia, rhetoric; veiled, jewel- crowned, a sceptre. GENERAL QUESTIONS. 71 9. Urania, astronomy ; crown of stars, mathe- matical instruments. TWELVE LABORS OF HERCULES. DEMIGOD, SON OF JUPITER AND ALCMENA, THE WIFE OF AMPHITRYON. 1. Killing the Nemean lion, 2. Killing the hydra of Lerna. 3. Capture of the hind of Mt. Menalus. 4. Capture of the wild boar o'f Erymanthus. 5. Cleaning the Augean stables. 6. Extermination of the birds of Lake Stymphalis, 7. Capture of the wild bull of Crete. 8. Capture of the mares of Diomed. 9. Obtaining the girdle Of Hippolyta, Queen of the xlmazons. 10. Killing the monster Geryon. 11. Taking golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides. 12. Deliverance of Theseus, and chaining of Cer- berus. SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD. I. Pyramids of Egypt, at G-izeh, largest built by- Cheops, about 900 B.C.; second by Chephr en, hi& 72 GENERAL QUESTIONS. brother and successor, third by Mycsrlnus, son of Cheops. II. HANaiNG Gardens op Babylon, built by Nebu- chadnezzar, to gratify his wife, Amytis, daughter of the King of Media. III. Statue of Jupiter Olympus, at Olympus, made by Phidias, about 490 B.C., of ivory and gold ; height of statue seated, sixty feet. IV. Temple of Diana, at Ephesus, built about 570 B.C.; partially burned the night Socrates was born (400 B.C.), restored with greater splendor, finally burned the night Alexander was born (356 B.C.) Y. The Mausoleum, the tomb built by Artemisia in honor of her husband Mausolus, king of Caria, who died 353 B.C. VI. The Pharos of Alexandria in Egypt, built by Ptolemy Soter, after the death of Alexander. The architect was Sostratus, the Cnidian. The tower was 450 feet high, and could be seen 100 miles. VII. The Colossus of Ehodes, a statue of Apollo, m brass, 125 feet high, made by Chares of Lindus. It stood with one foot on each of the moles which formed the entrance to the harbor. Erected 300 GENERAL QUESTIONS. 73 B.C., thrown down by an earthquake about 240 B.C. SEVEN DECISIVE BATTLES. 1. Marathon, Greeks over Persians, 490 B.C. 2. The Issus, Alexander over Darius, 333 B.C. 3. Actium, Octavius over Antony, 31 b. c. 4. Chalons, Aetius over Attila, 451 a.d. 5. Tours, Charles Martel over the Saracens, 732 A.E. 6. Lepanto, Austrians over Turks, 1571 a.d. 7. Waterloo, English and Allies over French, JunelSth, 1815 a.d. SEVEN CHAMPIONS OF CHRISTENDOM. 1. St. George of England. 2. St. Andrew of Scotland. 3. St. Patrick of Ireland. 4. St. Denis of France. 5. St. Anthony of Italy. 6. St. James of Spain. 7. St. Barnabas of Germany. ^4 GENERAL QUESTIONS. SEVEN GREAT EPIC POETS. Virgil, The JEneid, Latin. TassOj Jerusalem Delivered, Italian. Camoens, The Lusiad, Portuguese. Klopstock, The Messiah, German. Milton, Paradise Lost, English. Voltaire, La Henriade, French. SEVEN WISE MEN OF GREECE 1. Thales of Miletus. 2. Bion of Priene. 3. Pittacus of Mitylene. 4. Cleobulus of Lindus. 5. Periander of Corinth. 6. Chilo of Sparta. 7. Solon of Athens. SEVEN HILLS OF ROME. 1. Capitoline. 2. Palatine. 3. Aventine. 4. Esquiline. 5. Quirinal. GENERAL QUESTIONS. 75 6. Viminal. 7. Coelian. Three added afterward : Janiculum, Vatican and Pincian. CEUSADES. FIRST CRUSADE. 1096 to 1099. Godfrey de Bouillon heads it. Peter the Hermit preaches it. Jerusalem taken. SECOND CRUSADE. 1146. Louis VII. of France, and the Emperor Con- 1148. rad make an unsuccessful siege of Damascus. St. Bernard was its apostle. Overwhelmed by its disastrous end, he maintained that Je- rusalem could only be- rescued by the Inno- cents. This was the origin of the pathetic 1212. tragedy known as the Children's Crusade. THIRD CRUSADE. 1189 to 1192. Kichard Coeur de Lion, of England, Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, and Philip Augustus of France, against Saladin. Acre 1190. taken. Barbarossa drowned in Cilicia. Rich- ard of England captured and confined in the castle of KieK el on the Rhine by Henry VI. T6 GENERAL QUESTIONS. FOURTH CRUSADE. 1203. The Knights of France and Flanders, at the instigation of Pope Innocent III., proceeded 1205. to the East. They captured Constantinople. Baldwin of Flanders was made Emperor. 1261. The Empire lasted a half century. FIFTH CRUSADE. 1228. Frederick II. proceeded to the Holy Land, under interdict of Pope Gregory IX. He 1229. took Jerusalem and crowned himself there, after obtaining the cession of Jerusalem, Nazareth, Bethlehem, and a strip of coast. SIXTH CRUSADE. 124:8 to 1254. St. Louis, of France, proceeded by way of Egypt, where he was taken prisoner. SEVENTH CRUSADE. 1270. Under the auspices of Clement IV., Saint Louis embarked. Driven by a storm to Tunis, he died there of the plague. Prince Edward, afterward Edward I., pro- 1271. ceeded to the Holy Land, and took Nazareth. He concluded a peace for ten years. There were three minor and unsuccessful crusades.-