D209 1873 HI ill ■■h UMII iHSB! LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 00005bA4ADA "« % a* «*■ «5^ ,^c o 5, .'j.'.. "*b. >>^. V « c ,:<^k- * .*<* />^.*' "^ « v • '••- c^ — **:- v.. ..v^h*. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from The Library of Congress http://www.archive.org/details/summaryofhistoryOOwhit SUMMARY OF HISTORY; "DESIGNED TO ACCOMPANY LORD'S MODERN HISTORY. BY IDA P. WHITCOMB, OF PACKER COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, BROOKLYN, N. Y. PHILADELPHIA: CHARLES DESILVER; CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER ; J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. New York: Oaklet, Mason & Co.; A. S. Barnes & Co.; D. Appleton & Co.— Boston i Nichols & Hall. — Cincinnati: Wilson, Hinkle & Co.; Robert Clarke & Co. — CJiarleston, S. C. : J. M. Greer ; E. J. Dawson & Co.— Raleigh, N. 0. : Wil- liams & Lambeth. — Baltimore, Md.: Cushings & Bailey; Morfit & Adkis- son. — Neio Orleans, La. : Stevens & Seymour.— Savannah, Ga.: Cooper, Olcott & Co.— Macon, Ga. : J. M. Boardman.— Augusta, Ga. : Thos. Richards & Son.— Richmond, Va.: "VVoodhouse & Parham. 1870. L. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by CHARLES DESILVER, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. STEREOTYPED BY J. FAGAN & SON. PREFACE. THE following Summary I have used in my history classes, for the past three years. Spending but a few moments on it daily, before the recitation from the history, we have been able to keep clearly and pleasantly before our minds, the review-lessons of the book, while constantly advancing. In order sufficiently to aid the memory, I have in many cases taken more than the mere topic, while in others, that has seemed all that was necessary, to give a clear idea, of the subject to be enlarged upon. The great events of this century, I have but mentioned, feeling perfectly incompetent to dwell upon them, without Dr. Lord's assistance. This Summary has been very helpful to me, and I hope other teachers may find it .useful. IDA P. WHITCOMB. Packer Institute, Brooklyn, June \%tK 1869. A SUMMARY OF HISTORY. CHAPTER I. CHARACTER OF THE PERIOD AT WHICH THIS HISTORY COM- MENCES — DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS — REVIVAL OF ART — CHANGE IN POLITICAL AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY — IMPROVEMENTS IN THE INTELLECTUAL STATE OF EUROPE — EVILS IN THE CHURCH — BELIEF IN PAPAL INFALLIBILITY, AND CHARACTER OF THE CLERGY — ATTEMPTS TO RAISE MONEY — PREVALENCE OF AN IDOLATROUS SPIRIT — LAN- GUAGE OF THE CHURCH SERVICE — PERSECUTIONS — NEEDED REFORMS — EFFECTS OF THE REFORMATION. LUTHER. 1483. Luther born. His childhood and youth. (After taking his degree, he entered an Augustinian monastery, where he found light and repose in the doctrine of justification by faith.) Effects of life in an Augus- tinian monastery. 1507. Consecrated as a priest. 1508. Became Professor in the University at Wittemberg. 1512. Sent on an embassy to Rome, and returned dis- gusted with the frivolity of the clergy. Received title of D. D., and renewed his lectures in the University. 1517. His opposition to sale of indulgences caused him, in 1517, to issue his ninety-five propositions. Among those who greatly assisted Luther, and rejoiced in the appearance of these propositions, were 6 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. Frederic the Wise, Erasmus, and Melancthon. The pope, alarmed, attacked Luther, through De Vio and Miltitz. 1519. Leipsic controversy. Luther excommunicated. 1521. Diet of Worms. Voluntary imprisonment in Wartburg castle. Com- motions raised in Wittemberg by fanatical preachers, headed by Carlstadt. Luther returned, and silenced the tumults. Peasants' war. Luther's marriage. Contest with Ulric Zwingle. Extent of the reform in Germany. 1529. Charles V. summoned the Diet of Spires. The princes of Germany united in a protest against the decrees of this Diet, which originated the word Protestant. 1530. Diet of Augsburg. Confession of the Protestants read and condemned ; they united in the League of Smal- calde. Charles V. recalled his edicts, and made concessions to the Protestants. After this, Luther had many trials, owing to the different beliefs of the various reformers. 1545. Luther died. GERMAN HISTORY. CHARLES V. Charles early displayed a taste for government. 1516. He succeeded Ferdinand and Isabella as Charles I. of Sj)ain. 1519. On the death of Maximilian, elected Emperor of Germany as Charles V. ; • also succeeded him as Archduke of Austria, and inherited the Nether- lands from his father, Philip Duke of Burgundy. SUMMARY OF HISTOEY. 7 1521. Diet of Worms. Wars between Charles V. and Francis I. 1525. Battle of Pavia. Bourbon sacked Home. 1529. Peace of Cambray. After Charles visited Italy, he summoned the Diets of Spires and Augsburg.. 1530. League of Smalcalde. 1531. Diet of Ratisbon. Union of Germany. While Charles was defeating the pirate Barbarossa, Francis invaded Savoy. Charles, on his return, invaded France. 1538. Truce of Nice. Unfortunate expedition to Algiers. War with Francis. 1544. Peace of Crespy. 1545. Council of Trent. On the death of his rivals, Charles renewed his attack on the reformed reli- gion. 1547. Battle of Miihlhausen. Desertion of Maurice. Pro- testants advanced against Charles. After his re- treat from Innspruck, he rallied his forces, only for an unsuccessful combat. 1552. Treaty of Passau. Trouble with the French and Turks. Philip's marriage. 1555. Charles abdicated. 1558. He died. 1555. The Diet of Augsburg secured religious liberty to Germany, during the reigns of 1555. Ferdinand I. and 1564. Maximilian II. 1576. Rudolph. His dominions wrested from him by his brother Matthias. 1612. Matthias. Evangelical Union and Catholic League. Revolt in Bohemia. 1618. Ferdinand II. Resolved to suppress rebellion, and restore Catholicism. 1* 8 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 1620. Frederic, Elector Palatine, who had been made king of Bohemia, defeated in the Battle of Prague. Weakness of the Protestant cause. Count Mans- field's incursions. Wallenstein's depredations. His removal. Tilly took Magdeburg. 1630. Gustavus Adolphus came from Sweden, and took possession of many German provinces. 1630. Battle of Leipsic. Wallenstein recalled. 1632. Battle of Liitzen. Gustavus Adolphus killed. 1634. Wallenstein's aim to become king of Bohemia, was shortly after defeated, and he was assassinated. War continued several years, through the influence of Oxenstiern and Richelieu. After the battle of Nord- lingen, there were no signal successes. 1648. Peace of Westphalia. This was the most important treaty in European history, as it secured religious toleration, and established the Constitution of Ger- many, power of the Emperor, Diet, Imperial Cham- ber, and Aulic Council. 1657. Ferdinand III. succeeded by Leopold I. French in- vasion of the Netherlands and Palatinate. Hun- garian War. Sohiski's victory. The crown of Hun- gary made hereditary. Victories over the Turks. 1697. Peace of Carlovitz. Internal improvements. 1705. Joseph I. Continuation of the War of the Spanish Succession. Tranquillity restored to Germany. 1711. Charles VI. 1713. Peace of Utrecht. Charles, issued the Pragmatic Sanction, by which 1740. Maria Theresa ascended the throne. The claims of Frederic the Great of Prussia and the 1740-48. Elector of Bavaria caused the War of the Austrian Succession. Maria Theresa's attempts to recover Silesia, involved 1756-63. her again in the Seven Years' War. Internal improvements. Partition of Poland. SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 9 1780. She died. 1763. After the Peace of Hubertsburg, the political power of Germany declined, but the intellectual increased. Some of the great literary men were Goethe, Schiller, Leasing, and Klopstock. 1780. Joseph II. Attempted rash reforms. 1790. Leopold II. restored old customs. 1792. Francis II. Foreseeing the destruction of the German Union, owing to Napoleon's great victories, he abol- 1804. ished the title of Emperor of Germany and assumed that of Francis I. of Austria. 1805. Battle of Austerlitz. Peace of Presburg. 1809. Battles of Aspern and Wagram. By the Peace of Vienna, Napoleon married Marie Louise. 1813. Francis joined with the other powers against Napo- leon, and was more successful. 1814. Congress at Vienna. When peace was finally restored, the union of the small German States was almost destroyed. 1835. Ferdinand I. came to the throne amid discontents and insurrections. Metternich's power. Hungarian war. 1848. Ferdinand abdicated, and Francis Joseph ascended the throne. Attempts to maintain the supremacy of Austria over Prussia in the Germanic diet. 1858-59. War with France. Battles of Montebello, Ma- genta, and Solferino. 1859. Treaty of Villa-Franca. ENGLISH HISTORY. 1509. Henry VIII. 1513. Battle of Flodden Field. 10 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. Wolsey's power. Meeting with Francis I. Execution of Buckingham. Henry received the title of " Defender of the Faith." The divorce of Catharine of Arragon led to Wolsey's fall and Cranmer's rise. Execution of Sir Thomas More. 1535. Henry became head of the Church, and his religion led him to the indiscriminate massacre of Catholics and Protestants. After the execution of Anne Boleyn and the death of Jane Seymour, Cromwell was executed on account of Henry's displeasure in relation to Anne of Cleves. Henry's last wives were Catharine Howard, who was executed, and Catharine Parr, who survived him. Trouble with the Scots. 1547. Henry died. 1547. Edward VI. Duke of Somerset protector. Battle of Pinkney. Power of the Duke of Northum- berland. Execution of Somerset. Great Progress of the Reformation, owing to Cran- mer's influence. 1553. Edward died. 1553. Mary. Lady Jane Grey deposed. Catholicism restored. Mary married Philip II. of Spain. "Wyatt's rebel- lion. Lady Jane Grey beheaded. Terrible perse- cution of Protestants. Among the prominent persons burned at Smithfield were Cranmer, Ridley, Latimer, and Hooper ; and these, with nearly three hundred others, by their heroic deaths, strengthened the Protestant cause. "War with France. Victory of St. Quentin. Loss of Calais. 1558. Mary died. 1558. Elizabeth. SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 11 1559. Elizabeth crowned. Protestantism restored. Trouble with Mary Queen of Scots. Mary had married Francis II. of France, and, on his death, returned to Scotland, where she was strongly opposed by the Reformers. She married Lord Darnley, and then his supposed murderer, Bothwell. Elizabeth assisted in fomenting disturbances in Scot- land, which culminated in the defeat of Mary in the -Battle of Langside. Mary fled to England. Be- came the prisoner-guest of Elizabeth. Implicated 1587. in a plot to seize the English crown, and executed. Persecution in the Netherlands. Elizabeth's alliance with the Hollanders caused a war with Philip II. of Spain. Invincible Armada. Trouble in Ireland. Execution of Essex. Non- conformist persecutions in England. The principal men that brought about the great revival of litera- ture in Elizabeth's reign were Shakspeare, Bacon, Sidney, and Spenser; while Raleigh and Drake opened the way to discoveries. During this reign the resources of the ^country were improved to the best advantage, and the reign was glorious in the annals of history. 1603. Elizabeth died. 1603. James I. Union of England and Scotland. Conspiracy to place Lady Arabella Stuart on the throne. Gunpowder plot. Ascendency of favorites. Bacon's fall. Failure and execution of Raleigh. The trouble with the people, which grew out of the king's mistaken ideas of his own prerogative, caused the remonstrance of the Commons. Charles' marriage. Translation of the Bible. 1625. James died. 12 SUMMARY OF HISTORY* 1625. Charles I. Struggles between nobles, clergy, and kings. Charles ascended the throne with his father's debts and his father's ideas of royal prerogative. Trouble with the Commons. Assassination of Buckingham. Petition of rights. Power of Strafford and Laud. Ship-money. Insurrection in Scotland. The Par- liament not granting Charles supplies : he ruled eleven years without it. 1640. Long Parliament. Impeachment of Strafford and Laud. Rebellion in Ireland. Attempted seizure of five refractory members of Parliament. Defiance of Commons. Flight of the king. The refusal of the Governor of Hull to admit him was the declaration of war. 1642. Battle of Edgehill. During the first part of the war, though the Commons had the ablest leaders, the successes were equally divided. Union of the Scots with the Parliament. Attack on Oxford and York. 1644. Battle of Marston Moor. Power of Cromwell. Self- denying ordinance. 1645. Battle of Naseby. This, with other defeats, led Charles to deliver himself to the Scots. Sold by them to the Parliament. Seized by the army. Trouble between Presbyterians and Independents. Duplicity of the king. His escape to the Isle of Wight. The assistance now offered by the Scots came too late ; for Cromwell defeated Hamilton in several engage- ments. Cromwell next quieted the disturbances in Scotland. Trouble with royalists. The king again seized by the' army. Pride's Purge. 1649. Charles tried, condemned as a tyrant and traitor, and executed. ' SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 13 1649. Cromwell. After the execution of Charles I., royalty was abol- ished, a Council of State was appointed, Cromwell and Fairfax retained command of the army, and Sir Harry Vane of the Navy. Rebellion in Ireland quelled with great severity. Cromwell next defeated Charles Stuart in Scotland in 1650. the Battle of Dunbar, and again in England in the 1651. Battle of Worcester. Cromwell's conservatism. The Long Parliament converted into the Rump Parlia- ment, and finally destroyed. Cromwell summoned a new Parliament, which, in dissolving themselves, 1651. gave him the title of Lord Protector. Another Parliament called. Dutch War, signalized by the victories of Blake, Dean, and Monk, over De Ruyter and Van Tromp. After again dissolving Parliament, Cromwell ruled eighteen months without it. War with Spain. Jamaica conquered. After dissolving his third Parliament, Cromwell ruled alone. Character of his government. 1658. Cromwell died. Richard Cromwell, protector. Restoration of Parliament and royalty. 1660. Charles II. Charles restored amid the acclamations of the people. The causes for the reaction in the national mind, were : First, the unendurable evils connected with Crom- well's administration. Second, the expectations held out by Charles. Third, the reaction of the nation from moral elevation. During the first part of his reign, through Clarendon's influence, Charles ruled well ; but his weakness soon showed itself in the selection of the Cabal for his advisers. 2 14 SUMMARY OF HISTOEY. Triennial Bill. Corporation Act. Alliance with Louis XIV. Closing the Exchequer. Restrictions on the press. Forfeiture of the Corpora' tion of the City of London, and the Fining of Jurors. Influence of the Clergy. 1679. Habeas Corpus Act. Character of the king. Titus Gates' plot. Act of Uniformity. Ryehouse plot. Execution of Russell and Sydney. Manners and customs of England. 1685. Charles died. 1685. James II. Alliance with Louis XIV. Invasion and defeat of Argyle in Scotland. Invasion and defeat of Monmouth in England. Power and brutality of Kirke and Jeffries. Persecu- tion of the Puritans. Among the most illustrious sufferers were Baxter, Bunyan, and Fox. Attempts to restore Catholicism. Measures to protect Catholics. High Commission Court established. Trouble with the Universities. Refusal of the clergy to read the Declaration of Indul- gences, and the result. Failure in the attempts to produce a Parliament. Surrender of charters. Conspiracy to place William and Mary on the throne. Concessions of James. 1688. Invasian of England by William of Orange. Flight of the king. The contest between royal prerogative 1688. and popular freedom, which had lasted a hundred and fifty years, closed with the Declaration of Rights and the accession of William and Mary, and civil liberty commenced its reign. 1689. William and Mary. Rebellion in Ireland. After the terrible siege of Lon- donderry and the Battle of the Boyne, James fled, SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 15 and Ireland was subdued. War with Louis XLV. Jealousies between the Whigs and Tories. Place Bill. Triennial Bill. Liberty of the press established. Charters granted to the East India Company. Fi- nancial power of the Commons. Act of Settlement. Character of William. Description of the great men of the age, among whom Newton and Locke shone conspicuously. 1694. Mary died. 1702. William died. 1702. Anne. Although Anne was a weak sovereign, the abilities of Marlborough and Go dolphin made her reign illustrious in the annals of history. 1701-13. War of the Spanish Succession, in which Marl- borough gained the Battles of Blenheim, Ramillies, and Malplaquet, but was himself disgraced by Anne's union with the Tory party. Character of Marlbor- ough and Godolphin. Jealousies between the Whigs and Tories. Trial of Dr. Sacheverell. Union of the English and Scotch Parliaments. Some of " The Wits of Queen Anne's Reign " were Addison, Swift, Pope, and Steele. 1714. Anne died. 1714. George I. George I. was grandson of Elizabeth, daughter of James I. Increased power of the aristocracy. Walpole's influence. 1715. Unsuccessful invasion of Great Britain by the Old Pretender. Septennial Act. Failure of the Peerage Bill. South Sea scheme. Walpole's policy. 1727. George I. died. 1727. George II. 1730. Walpole re-chartered the East India Company. His pacific policy. Failure of the Excise Bill. 16 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. . After the resignation of Walpole and the short ad- ministration of the brilliant Grenville, the Pelhams , ruled for a time as representatives of the aris- tocracy. 1745-46. Invasion of the Young Pretender, which was the last attempt of the Stuarts to regain the throne. Charles marched victoriously through Scotland, gained the Battle of Preston Pans, and advanced into Eng- land, but was obliged, first to retreat, and, after the 1746. Battle of Culloden, to flee. 1740-48. "War of the Austrian Succession, caused by the fail- ure of the European powers to observe the Pragmatic Sanction. In this war, England, by assisting Marie Theresa, became involved in a war with France. The Duke of Cumberland was defeated by Marshal Saxe in the Battle of Fontenoy. The English took 1748. Louisburg, but restored it in the Peace of Aix-la- Chapelle. 1756-63. During the first part of the Seven Years' War, by the failures of Braddock in America, the expedi- tions against the French failed. Partly owing to these failures, Pitt became premier ; and as soon as he commenced his brilliant career, immense armies were sent to America. 1758. Louisburg and Fort Du Quesne jaken. 1759. Quebec and Niagara taken; and Crown Point and Ticonderoga abandoned by the French. In these campaigns, Washington, Amherst, and Wolf greatly distinguished themselves. By losing so many strongholds, the French colonial power was completely broken. Through Pitt's influence, the English were also suc- cessful in India. 1760. George II. died. 1760. George III SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 17 1763. Bute succeeded Pitt as premier, and secured the Peace of Paris, by which George III. became the most powerful sovereign of Europe. Grenville's administration was noted for the persecution of Wilkes, and the Stamp Act. Rockingham repealed this Act. Rockingham was succeeded by Grafton, who, in his turn, was followed by Lord Chatham, "the Great Commoner." His opposition to taxa- tion was disregarded, and new duties were imposed on the colonies. Lord North succeeded. 1775-83. American Revolution. In this war the English were unsuccessful, and were obliged to declare the Americans free. Discontents in Ireland. Gordon riots. After the resignation of Lord North, and the second premiership of Rockingham, William Pitt ruled 1783-1806. the British Kingdom. Character of his admin- istration. Continued troubles in Ireland. 1800. Union of the English and Irish Parliaments. Patriotism of Russell and Emmett. Parliamentary reform proposed. English encroachments in India. Trial of Hastings, in which Burke, Fox, and Sheri- dan greatly distinguished themselves. English government in India reorganized. 1787. Bill for the abolition of slavery brought forward by Wilberforce. 1793-1815. War with France. In this war, by Nelson's 1797. victories at Cape St. Vincent on the Nile and at Trafalgar, 1805, the naval supremacy of England was completely established. Wellington, after much hard fighting, succeeded in checking the French encroachments in Spain, and gained also the battle 1815. of Waterloo. 2* 18 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 1812-15. War with the United States. In this war the Americans showed their naval power. There were many skirmishes fought on the Northern and Eastern coasts of the United States. 1813. Commodore Perry gained a signal victory on Lake Erie, but the Americans were unsuccessful in taking Canada. 1815. Battle of New Orleans gained by the. Americans just after the treaty of Ghent. In this reign, a constel- lation of men of genius illuminated the world. 1810. From this year, owing to the mental incapacity of the king, his son, afterwards George IV., ruled. 1820. George III. died. 1820. George IV. Liberal reforms in home and foreign policy. Ca- tholic Emancipation Act. 1827. Battle of Navarino. 1829. George IV. died. 1829. William IV. Parliamentary reforms agitated. 1837. William died. 1837. Victoria. Corn laws repealed. Trouble with O'Connell. 1854-56. England united with the allies in the Crimean war, 1854-56. War in India, caused by the revolt of the Delhi Sepoys. England completely restored her supremacy in India. 1851. Crystal Palace exhibition. Victoria's prime ministers are, thus far : Peel, Pus- sell, Palmerston, Derby, Disraeli, and Gladstone. FRENCH HISTOKY. 1515. Francis I. Progress of the reform doctrines, and Calvin's influence. SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 19 Francis was engaged during most of his reign in wars with Charles V. of Germany, the apparent cause being the right of possession of different Italian provinces. 1547. Francis died. 1547. Henry II. Henry married Catharine De Medicis. Trouble with the reform doctrines. Battle of St. Quentin. Calais recovered. 1559. Henry died. 1559. Francis II. Francis married Mary Queen of Scots. Civil wars and persecutions in France, which culmi- nated, in the reign of 1560. Charles IX., in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572. 1574. Henry III. War of the " Three Henrys." 1589. Henry III. assassinated. 1589. Henry IV. Battles of Arques and Ivry. Henry renounced his religion. 1598. Peace of Verviens. Edict of Nantes. The country financially improved, and great advances made in civilization during this reign. 1610. Henry assassinated. 1610. Lonis XIII. After the death of Henry IV., Mary De Medicis and her favorites ruled, and universal disorder prevailed. When Louis became of age, he proved but a weak sovereign, and the history of this reign is but the history of Bichelieu's acts. Richelieu's aims were : 1. To suppress the power of the Huguenots, which 20 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. he accomplished by their surrender of their strong- hold, La Kochelle. 2. To humble the power of Austria, which he ac- complished by continuing the Thirty Years' War. 3. To suppress the power of the great nobles. Al- though conspiracies were raised against him, he accomplished this too, and became more powerful in France than any subject before or since. He did, also, many things for the internal improve- ment of the country. 1642. Richelieu died, Having accomplished great things for France, having abased the king, but made his reign illustrious. 1643. Louis XIII. died. 1643. Louis XIV. During the minority of Louis XIV., Anne of Austria and Mazarin for a time ruled the country. The people revolted from their encroachments, and the Fronde War resulted. Louis' reign virtually com- menced with the 1661. Death of Mazarin. During the first years of Louis' reign, he devoted himself to pleasure. His ministers were Le Tellier, De Lionne, and Fouquet. War with Holland. Louis crossed the Rhine, and soon had subjected nearly all the United Prov- inces. By the heroism of William of Orange, the assistance of some of the States of Europe, and the sea-victo- ries of De Ruyter and Van Tromp, Louis was unable to subdue Holland. Not to be baffled, however, he again sent four armies to the field, and the war was continued four years longer. Turenne died before the battle of Sasbach, in which Montecuculi defeated the French. Luxembourg SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 21 gained some victories over the Prince of Orange, but the forces of both parties were weakened. 1678. Treaty of Mmeguen. Nine years' peace. Administration of Colbert. Some of the court favorites were La Valliere, Mon- tespan, and Maintenon, the latter of whom Louis married after the death of Maria Theresa, his queen, the daughter of Philip IV. of Spain. 1685. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 1687. League of Augsburg. To oppose- this, Louis sent four armies to the field, and, during the war, Catenat gained a victory over Amadeus at Marsaglia, and Luxembourg at Charle- roi, Namur, and Neerwinden. Prince Eugene and the Duke of Schomberg at times succeeded in check- ing the career of the French. After the death of Luxembourg, Louis met with re- verses. 1697. Treaty of Ryswick. 1701-13. War of the Spanish Succession. Marlborough was the hero of this war. 1702-3. The campaigns uneventful. 1704. Battle of Blenheim, in which Marlborough com- pletely prostrated Louis' hopes. 1706. Battle of Ramillies. Louis' terms of peace rejected. Capture of Barcelona by the Earl of Peterborough. Louis' terms of peace again being rejected, the French prepared to meet the crisis. 1708. Battle of Oudenarde. 1709. Battle of Malplaquet. Another campaign would doubtless have enabled Marlborough to reach Paris ; but the death of Jo- seph L, and contentions between the Whigs and Tories, caused, in 1713. The Treaty of Utrecht. 22 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. This war was very disastrous to France. 1715. Louis XIV. died. 1715. Louis XV. During the minority of the king, the Duke of Orleans was regent. Mississippi scheme. Louis' first minister, on assuming the reins of government, was the Duke of Bour- bon, who was soon succeeded by Fleury. Controversy between the Jesuits and Jansenists. The quarrel resulted in the spoliation of Port Koyal, and the persecution of the Jansenists also gave rise to " Pascal's Provincial Letters." Quarrel be- tween the Clergy and Parliament. 1740-48. War of the Austrian Succession, in which the French gained some victories over the English. 1756-63. Seven Years' War, in which the French lost most of their colonial possessions. Power of Pompadour and Du Barry. 1767. The Jesuits abolished through Choiseul's influence. Ganganelli's death. 1774. Louis XV. died. 1774. Louis XVI. and the French Revolution. The five causes of the French Revolution were : 1. The influence of the writings of infidel philoso- phers. 2. The diffusion of ideas of popular liberty. 3. The burdens of the people. 4. The infatuation of the court and nobles. 5. The derangement of the finances. Amid the tumults consequent on the state of feeling in France, in 1774. Louis XVI. ascended the throne. The discontents of the nobles caused him to choose as ministers of finance in turn, Maurepas, Turgot, Malsherbes, Necker, Calonne, Brienne, and Necker; but they could not lighten the burdens of the people, as the nobles refused to be taxed. SUMMARY OF HISTORY, 23 After much trouble about the " Tiers Etat," the Na- 1789. tional Assembly met. The first year they accomplished little good ; the people assembled iu masses, captured the Hotel des Jnvalides, stormed the Bastile, and brought the royal family from Versailles to Paris. 1790. During this year the National Assembly established a democratic constitution, regulated finances, abol- ished titles, established the National Guard, and obliged the king to sign the new constitution. Death of Mirabeau. Flight, return, and strict con- finement of the royal family. 1791. The Assembly dissolves, and the Legislative Assembly took its place. This was divided into three parts : 1. Feuillants. 2. Girondists. 3. Jacobins. The news that some of the sovereigns of Europe were advancing to assist Louis, newly excited the people ; the insurgents stormed the Tuileries and the Hotel de Ville, and the king sought refuge in the Assembly. Then followed the confinement in the Temple, the departure of foreign ambassadors, the confiscation of property, &c. The National Convention now opened. Among its first acts, were the abolition of monarchy, 1793. and the trial and execution of the king. A Committee of Public Safety was appointed, under the dictatorship of Danton, Marat, and Kobespierre. Among the first to suffer under " ThePeign of Terror," were Marie Antoinette, and the Princess Elizabeth. After the massacre of thousands, fear united the people against their rulers ; they too were executed. The National Guard was reorganized under a presi- dency, and vigorous measures were put forth to carry on the war against united Christendom. The Legislative power vested in two councils. 1795. The French Revolution terminated in the defeat of the National Guard. 24 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE AND THE FRENCH EMPIRE. 1769. Napoleon born. He so distinguished himself in the capture of Toulon, that he was appointed second in command against the revolution of the National Guard. He sub- dued it. 1796. He married Josephine, and as her dower, Barras gave him command of the army in Italy. 1796. In the campaign of this year, some of the battles gained were Montenotte, Dego, Lodi. Napoleon took Mantua, and subjected the whole of Northern Italy. 1797. Financial troubles in England. Mutiny in the English fleet. Naval battles of Camperdown and Cape St. Vincent. In this year's campaign Napoleon pursued the Arch- duke Charles nearly to Vienna. Fall of Venice. Treaty of Campo Formio. Triumphal march to Paris. Invasion of Egypt. Na- poleon defeated the Mamelukes, in the battle of the Pyramids; himself defeated by Nelson in the battle of the Nile. Napoleon went to Syria, stormed Jaffa, and was defeated, at Acre, by Sir Sidney Smith ; then after gaining the battle of AJboukir, he returned quietly to France. During Napoleon's absence, Switzerland, Sardinia, and the Papal States had been subjected, but, the spirits of the English reviving, they united with Austria and Prussia, and the French were obliged to relinquish many of their Italian conquests. 1799. Napoleon received the title of First Consul. The peace he now offered Great Britain being refused, the French prepared to meet the crisis. SUMMAEY OP HISTOEY, 25 1799. Napoleon crossed, the Alps, and his troops gained the battles of Montebello and Marengo, while among General Moreau's successes in Germany was the victory of Hohenlinden. 1801. Treaty of Luneville. Reconstruction of society. Legion of Honor. Code Napoleon. Conspiracies to overturn the consular throne. 1804. Napoleon crowned Emperor. 1805. Coalition of England, Austria, and Russia, to destroy the French power. Nelson's victory at Trafalgar weakened the naval power of France and Spain. Frustrated in his design of invading England, Na- poleon advanced to the Danube, and after taking Ulm, gained the great battle of Austerlitz. Treaty of Presburg. 1806. Death of Pitt and Fox. Napoleon now defeated the Prussians in the battle of Jena, and entered Berlin. Indecisive battle of Eylau, with the Russians. 1807. Peace of Tilsit. Napoleon returned to France, and devoted himself to reforms of various kinds. He elevated his brother Louis to the throne of Holland, and Joseph to that of Naples, but his attempt to place Joseph on the throne of Spain led to a disas- trous war with the English, in Spain and Portugal. Some of the events of this war were the defence of Saragossa by the Spaniards, Sir John Moore's victory at Corunna ; the surrender of Tortosa, Tarragona, Saguntum, and Valentia to the French ; the victory of Wellington in the battle of Albuera, in the capture of Ciudad, Rodrigo, and Salamanca. 3 26 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. The English were on the whole successful, and the French power was effectually weakened in Spain. 1812. Napoleon's invasion of Russia. He crossed the Nie- men, took Smolensko, gained the battle of Borodino, and found in Moscow a burning city. His disastrous retreat was followed by the uprising of Germany. 1813. Napoleon was successful in the battles of Lutzen and Bautzen. Defeat of the French in Spain. Napoleon was now opposed by Bliicher and Schwar- tzenberg. He gained the battle of Dresden, but was defeated at Leipsic. 1814. Grand Alliance arrayed against France. The Rus- sians, Austrians, and Prussians invaded France. On their advance to Paris, Napoleon abdicated, and retired to Elba. Louis XVIII. placed on the throne. 1815. Napoleon returned to France, and Louis fled. 1815. Battle of Waterloo. The Bourbons restored. Na- poleon fled, was taken by the English, and placed on the island of St. Helena. 1821. Napoleon died. 1815. Louis XVIII. " The Hundred Days' Revolution." Louis' political measures and the fear of foreign 1824. powers kept him on the throne till his death. 1824. Charles X. 1827. Battle of Navarino, against the Turks. Charles was not as politic as his brother ; and, by his restrictions on the press and other severe meas- 1830. ures, he lost his throne in a "Three Day's Revolu- tion." 1830. Louis Philippe. Louis was the son of the Duke of Orleans, and was the " People's King." Algiers conquered. Forti- fication of Paris. Reform banquets. SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 27 1848. During another revolution Louis lost his throne. 1848. A provisional government was now appointed, in which Cavaignac was soon succeeded, as president of the Republic, by Louis Napoleon, son of Louis, king of Holland and Hortense. 1851. By coup d'etat Louis dissolved the Assembly, assumed dictatorial power, obtained the support of the army, 1852. and was crowned emperor. 1852. Napoleon III. 1854-56. Napoleon united with England, in the Crimean War, against Russian aggressions. 1855. Capture of Sebastopol. 1858-59. War in Italy against Austria. Battles of Montebello, Magenta, and Solferino. 1859. Peace of Villafranca. The Jesuits and the Papal Power. The Power of the Jesuits in the seventeenth century. The Pope's assistance. Influence of Loyola's follow- ers. Xavier's travels. Paraguay missions. Jesuits as teachers, preachers, and confessors. The power of the popes at this time^ Puritanism. Causes of dissensions among the Protestants during the seventeenth century. Queen Elizabeth's standard. Irregularities in per- forming divine service. Origin of the Court of Ecclesiastical Commission, Parker's persecution of Non-conformists. 1566. Separation of Non-conformists from the Church of England. Grindal's mild measures. Whitgift's crusade against the Non-conformists. James L's severity. Bancroft's measures. Flight of the Puri- 28 SUMMARY OF HISTOEY. tans from England. Laud's persecution in Charles I.'s reign. Troubles in Scotland. 1638. The Covenant drawn up. Differences between the Presbyterians and Indepen- dents. Troubles among them. Character of the Puritans. Methodism. Rise of the sect of Methodists during the eighteenth century. State of religion at this time in England. Wesley's early life. Origin of the word Methodist. Wes- ley's assistants and labors. Whitefield's preaching. Comparison between Wesley and Whitefield. Wes- ley compared with Luther. Wesley's church pol- ity, class system, itinerancy. The progress of Methodism under Wesley's rule. Conquests in India. After Vasco De Gama's discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, the Portuguese and Dutch enriched themselves by trade with the East Indies. The first important English settlement was on the island of Java. 1658. The English obtained a grant of land on the Coro- mandel coast; in 1668. The island of Bombay was ceded to them, and they 1698. also made settlements on the Hooghly. The French also made settlements in India, which were con- trolled by two presidencies. 1744. In the war between the English and French, the lat- ter took Madras. The attempts made by the French to found an Indian empire were frustrated by Clive. SUMMARY OP HISTORY. 29 Calcutta seized by the Viceroy of Bengal, and 140 people confined in " the Black Hole." It was soon recovered, however, and became the capital of a great empire. Clive, by constant encroachments and intrigues with the native princes, firmly estab- lished the English power in India. 1772. Hastings appointed Governor-General ; he greatly enriched the Company. To carry on his war suc- cessfully against Hyder Ali, he plundered Benares and robbed the Princesses of Oude. For his rapine and violence he was impeached in England. Fox, Burke, and Sheridan all distin- guished themselves in his trial. He was acquitted, 1784. From this time the Company was managed by a Board of Control and Court of Directors. While Cornwallis was Governor-General, he con- ducted a successful war with Tippoo Saib. 1798. The Marquis of Wellesley renewed the war. Tippoo was defeated and killed, and during the next few years the English added several more provinces to their Indian possessions. 1833. The charter of the East India Company expired ; the rights of the Company were sold to the English nation, and commerce with China and India was opened to the world. The power of the English in India considered. SPANISH HISTORY. Philip H. Inquisition established in the Netherlands. After the execution of thousands, seven united provinces de- clared William, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder ; and although the Spanish retook some of their posses- sions, they never recovered Holland. 3* 30 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 1581. Acquisition of Portugal. Revolt of the Monscoes. Spanish Armada. 1598. Philip II. died. 1598. Philip III. The Moors banished. 1621. Philip died. 1621. Philip IV. Catalan insurrection. 1640. Loss of Portugal and Jamaica. During this and the succeeding reigns, the Spanish monarchy declined, owing to the spiritual despotism and great wealth of the country. 1663. Charles II. Invasion of the Spanish Netherlands by Louis XIV. Triple Alliance. 1701-13. War of the Spanish Succession, which ended in confirming Philip V., of the House of Bourbon, on the throne. The reign of Ferdinand VI., 1746. Charles III, 1751, and Charles IV, 1788, were very weak. 1761. The only event of importance at this time was the Bourbon Family Compact. 1808. Ferdinand VII. deposed by Napoleon, who attempted to give Spain to his brother Joseph. A long war followed, which was very disastrous to the French. 1813. The French expelled from Spain. Ferdinand VII. abolished the Salic Law. 1833. Isabella II. Carlist War. 1868. Isabella lost her throne. The history of Spain, since the Sixteenth Century, has been a history of crime, bigotry, anarchy, and poverty. SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 31 RUSSIAN HISTORY. The first great event in Eussian history was the reception of the Greek worship about the tenth century. When Ghenghis Khan overran the world, he took possession of the kingdom of the Czars. The kingdom was soon recovered, the absolute power of the Czars established, provinces were brought under a central government, Moscow became the capital, the Kremlin was built, Siberia was dis- covered, and civilization commenced. 1682. Peter the Great. Peter early devoted his attention to increasing the military strength of his country. He visited foreign countries, and organized his army and navy on the European plan. Eeligions tolerated. Internal reforms prosecuted. "War with Sweden. 1700. Battle of Narva. Peter prosecuted his schemes of internal improve- ment, and by the conquests of Ingria and Livonia, opened the Baltic to his navy. Building of St. Petersburg. 1709. Battle of Pultowa. War with the Turks. Battle on the Pruth ended by Catharine's intercession. Peter devoted himself to internal improvements, and again travelled. Treaty of Neustadt. 1724. Catharine crowned. 1725. Peter died. His character. 1725. Catharine I. Power of Menzikoff. Her reign and the reigns of her successors, Peter III. and Anne, were very short and weak. £2 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 1731. Elizabeth. 1756-63. Elizabeth assisted Marie Theresa in Seven Years' War. Elizabeth founded universities. 1762. Peter IIL Exiles recalled from Siberia. Peace made with Frederic the Great. 1762. Catharine II. Character of Catharine. Assassination of Ivan. War with Turkey. The Turks lost many battles and provinces, and their defeats were culminated in the naval battle of Tschesme, gained by Orloff and Elphinstone. 1774. Peace made with the Turks most advantageous to Russia. 1772. Partition of Poland. 1778. War with Turkey, in which Potemkin and Suwarrow distinguished themselves, and which ended in estab- lishing the Russian supremacy on the Black Sea. 1792. Treaty of Jassy. Catharine having acquired half of Poland, the 1796. Crimea, and part of Turkey, died without realizing her dreams of conquest. Her favorites and her character. 1796-1801. After Paul's reckless reign, 1801, Alexander I. ascended the throne. 1805. The Russians joined the "Third Coalition" against France, and were, with the Austrians, defeated in the 1805. Battle of Austerlitz. 1807. The Russians refused to ratify the treaty with France and joined the " Fourth Coalition." 1807. The Russians defeated in the Battles of Eylau and Friedland. Peace of Tilsit. 1808. Meeting at Erfurt between Napoleon and Alexander. SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 33 1812. Napoleon's Russian campaign. 1813. Alexander again joined the Allies; with them gained the Battle of Leipsic, and entered France at the head of all the foreign forces. 1814. Congress at Vienna. Alexander assumed the title of King of Poland. 1815. Holy Alliance. 1825. Alexander I. died. 1825. Nicholas. 1826-33. Successful wars with Persia and Turkey. 1831. Insurrection in Poland, which ended by Poland's 1832. being incorporated firmly in Russia. 1853. The dispute with Turkey about the Holy places 1853-56. ended in a war, in which England, France, and Sardinia assisted the Turks. 1853. Battle of Oltenitza. Turkish fleet destroyed at Sinope. The Battle of Alma was one of the many gained by the Allies. The formidable array against him, and his constant 1855. defeats, hastened the death of Nicholas. 1855. Alexander H. 1855. Fall of Sebastopol. 1856. Peace signed at Paris by which Russia lost a little territory, and her naval supremacy on the Black Sea. Among Alexander's later acts are the eman- cipation of serfs, establishment of schools, building of railroads, and he has everywhere given a new impulse to trade and civilization. PRUSSIAN HISTOKY. 1701. The title of Elector of Brandenburg was changed to that of King of Prussia. After the splendid reign of Frederic I, and the tyran- nical one of Frederic William I., 34 SUMMAEY OF HISTORY. 1740. Frederic II., the Great, ascended the throne. Enraged at his seizure of Silesia, Russia, France, and Sweden united with Austria against him, and his resistance to this force constituted the European part of the 1756-63. Seven Years' War. 1757-58. By the victory of Lowositz, Frederic gained Sax- ony; he then lost the Battle of Prague. Frederic next gained the victories of Rossbach, Leuthen, and Zorndorff. Capture of Dresden. The Pope's attack. 1759. His losses culminated in the defeat at Kunersdorff. 1760. Fouque's defeat. Although Frederic was unable to retake Dresden, he prevented the union of the Austrians and Russians, and gained a victory at Torgau. 1761. The Campaigns this year were disastrous to Frederic. On Pitt's resignation, England withdrew her assist- ance ; but Peter III. of Russia was a friend to Frederic. France failed longer to assist Marie Theresa. 1763. Treaty of Hubertsburg. Results of the war. 1772. Partition of Poland. Bavarian War. Peace of Teschen. 1785. Germanic Union. 1786. Treaty with the United States. 1786. Frederic died. His character. 1786. Frederic William II. 1793. Prussia joined in the second division of Poland. 1797. Frederic William II. died. 1797. Frederic William III. 1805. The Prussians joined in the War against French en- croachments. 1806. Battle of Jena. Napoleon entered Berlin. 1807. Peace of Tilsit, most disastrous to the Prussians. 1813. The Prussians under Bliicher assisted in the over* throw of Napoleon. SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 35 The battles of Liitzen, Bautzen, Dresden, and Leipsic were fought. 1814. Congress at Vienna. 1815. Battle of Waterloo. Holy Alliance. When peace was established, though the Prussians regained their lost territory, there was great want of union among the German States. 1840. Frederic William III. died. 1840. Frederic William IV. Constant opposition between the people and govern- ment, and attempts to maintain supremacy in the Diet. 1861. Frederic William IV. died. 1861. Frederic William Louis. SWEDEN. Scandinavian mythology. Achievements of the North- men. Introduction of Christianity. 1448. Christian I. united Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. 1522. Gustavus Vasa made Sweden independent. Intro- duced Lutheranism. 1618-48. Gustavus Adolphus took part in the Thirty Years' War. After the reigns of Christina, Charles X. and Charles XI, 1697. Charles XII., the Great, ascended the throne. On finding three monarchs conspired to ruin him, his character completely changed. He defeated the 1700. Danes, then Peter the Great in the battle of Narva, and dethroned Frederic Augustus. Elated by his many successes, Charles invaded Russia. 1709. Defeated by Peter in the battle of Pultowa. Charles lingered five years in Turkey. On his re- turn to Sweden, he raised an army, and was killed 36 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 1718. in an attack on Frederickshall in Norway. The decline of Sweden resulted from Charles's mad enterprises. TURKEY. History of the Saracen Empire. Rise and conquests of the Turks. Cause of the Cru- sades. 1299. Othman founded the Ottoman Empire. His succes- sors greatly extended their dominions. Bajazet, 1402. after gaining many victories, was taken prisoner in the battle of Angora. 1453. Constantinople taken by Constantine XII. Power and extent of the Ottoman Empire. 1520. Solyman the Magnificent. By his great conquests the empire reached its height of glory. The successors of Solyman were weak and wicked. The Turks met with no signal reverses until the time of John Sobieski, who defeated an army threaten- ing Vienna; and so Europe was the second time freed from the ravages of barbarians. 1699. Peace of Carlovitz. By the conquests of Catharine II. of Russia, Turkey became a second-class power. Turkish government, and power of the Janizaries. POLAND. The early history of Poland and its importance in the sixteenth century. 1333. Casimir the Great. Lithuania added to the country, and the university of Cracow founded. 1572. The crown made elective. Henry of Anjou chosen king. After the reign of his weak successors, John Sobieski was rewarded by being made king, as 1674. John III. He gained a great victory over the Turks. SUMMARY OF HISTORY, 37 1696. Frederic Augustus. Poland taken by Charles XII. of Sweden, but soon given up again. 1733. Frederic Augustus II. had a most disastrous reign. 1764. Stanislaus II. In his reign, the Great Powers of Northern Europe, taking advantage of the internal dissensions in Poland, divided it among themselves. 1772. First division. 1793. Second division. 1794. Kos- ciusko's insurrection. 1795. Third division. 1812. Kingdom of Poland reestablished by the Diet of Warsaw. 1815. Poland again divided, and Alexander of Russia as- sumed the title of King of Poland. 1832. After another insurrection, Poland firmly united with Russia. AMERICAN HISTORY. 1492. The discoveries of Columbus were followed by the conquests of the Spanish in the West Indies ; in Mexico, from 1519-21, and in Peru in 1532. The Portuguese soon after established colonies in Brazil, and after Vasco De Gama's discovery of the Capes of Good Hope, the Portuguese and Dutch enriched themselves by trade with the East Indies. 1495. Cabot took possession of the Eastern coast of North America. Raleigh made settlements in the Caro- linas. 1607. Permanent settlement at Jamestown. Indian war. Navigation Act. Trouble with charters. The St. Lawrence early explored. 1608. Quebec settled by Champlain. The arrival of the Jesuit missionaries, and their won- derful work. 1609. Discovery of the Hudson. 4 38 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 1614. Manhattan Island taken by the Dutch, and, in 1664. by the English. 1620. The Puritans landed, and, with the exception of their bigotry, shown in the persecution of all Quakers, Baptists, and witches, their legislation was wise and good. 1630. Governor Winthrop arrived. Connecticut settled by a colony from Massachusetts. Pequod War. 1680. Pennsylvania colonized. Brainerd, Edwards, and Franklin were the lights of the age. Settlements were also made in New Jersey, Maryland, North and South Carolina, and Georgia. 1688. Twelve colonies existed, enjoying principles of civil and religious liberty. The jealousies between the French and English colo- nists, resulted in savage wars. 1740-48. In the War of the Austrian Succession the Eng- lish took Louisburg, but restored it to the French in the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. 1756-63. In the Seven Years' War the French lost most of their colonial possessions. 1775-83. The cause of the American Revolution was unjust taxation. Great excitement in the colonies^ Resolutions against taxation passed by assemblies in Massachusetts and Virginia. 1773. Bill of Rights. Tea thrown overboard. The bills passed by Lord North were obnoxious to the Americans. Declaration of Rights. In spite of the opposition of Dean Tucker, Chatham, and Burke, the British government declared the Americans rebels. SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 39 1775. Skirmish at Lexington. The Continental Congress assembled, and the army raised. Capture of Ticon- deroga and Crown Point. Battle of Bunker Hill. Howe succeeded Gates in command of the British forces at Boston. Invasion of Canada. 1776. Howe evacuated Boston. Declaration of Indepen- dence. Battle of Long Island. Americans retreated to New York, then to New Jersey and Pennsyl- vania. Battle of Trenton. 1777. Battle of Princeton. Washington's greatness. The defeat of the Americans at Brandywine com- pensated by the victory at Bennington, and the surrender of Burgoyne. 1777-78. "Winter at Valley Forge. 1778. Treaty with France. Clinton, who had succeeded Howe, in command of British forces, evacuated Philadelphia. Battle of Monmouth. Lee's disgrace. 1779. Lincoln and L'Estaing were unsuccessful in the South. 1780. Lincoln obliged to surrender Charleston. Gates was completely defeated by Cornwallis, and the American army in the South was broken up. Desertion of Arnold. 1781. Greene succeeded Gates, reorganized the Southern army, and bravely opposed Cornwallis. 1781. Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. 1782. Treaty of peace signed. 1783. The British evacuated New York, and the American army was disbanded. The results of the Revolutionary War. 1787. The Constitution of the United States adopted. 40 SUMMAEY OF HISTOEY. 1789. George Washington elected the first President. Revenues raised to pay the debts incurred by the war. National Bank established. 1794. The Indians defeated on the Miami. Proclamation of Neutrality. Treaty of Commerce with England. 1797. John Adams, President. The prospects of a war with France terminated by the accession of Napoleon to power. 1800. Washington died. 1800. The seat of Government removed from Philadelphia to Washington. 1801. Thomas Jefferson, President. War with Tripoli. 1804. Duel between Burr and Hamilton. Disputes with England and France respecting neutral rights. 1807. Aaron Burr's conspiracy. 1808-9. Embargo, and Non-intercourse Acts. 1809. James Madison, President. Freedom of the commerce with France restored, but with Great Britain pro- hibited. War with the Indians. 1812. War declared against Great Britain. In this war there were many hard-fought battles, both on the Canada frontier and the ocean. The American troops were unsuccessful in wresting Canada from the British. Perry and McDonough bravely-repulsed the British fleet on Lake Erie. 1815. Battle of New Orleans, in which the British were defeated and many killed. 1815. Peace of Ghent. War with Algiers. 1817. James Monroe, President. War with the Seminoles. Treaties with Spain and Great Britain. 1825. Lafayette visited the United States. SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 41 1825. Jolm Qnincy Adams, President. 1826. July 4th. Death of Ex-Presidents Adams and Jef- ferson. 1829. Andrew Jackson, President. Seminole war. 1835-37. Great mania for speculation. 1837. Martin Van Buren, President. Great commercial distress. Canadian rebellion. Bor- der difficulties in Maine. 1841. William H. Harrison, President. Political excitement. Harrison lived but a month. 1841. John Tyler, President. 1842. Treaty with Great Britain arranged by Daniel Web- ster. 1843. Celebration at Bunker Hill. Texas annexed. 1845. James K. Polk, President. War with Mexico, on account of the annexation of Texas. Among General Taylor's victories were the battles of Palo Alto, and Buena Vista. General Scott took Vera Cruz, and Mexico the Capital. In the treaty of peace the Americans obtained New Mexico, Utah, and California. Oregon boundary dispute. 1849. Zachary Taylor, President. 1847. Emigration to California, on account of the discov- eries there. 1850. Compromise measures. 1850. Millard Fillmore, President. Kossuth's visit. Lopes's Cuban expedition. Difficulties with Great Britain, relating to fisheries. 1853. Franklin Pierce, President. 1853. Japan expedition and treaty. 1853. Crystal Palace exhibition. 1854. Reciprocity treaty with Great Britain. Nicaragua troubles. 4* 42 SUMMAEY OP HISTOEY. 1857. James Buchanan, President. Troubles with Kansas, ending in a civil war. Trou- bles with the Mormons. 1857. Commercial distress. 1860. Visit from Japanese. Agitation of the slavery question. 1861. Abraham Lincoln, President. 1861-65. Civil War in the United States. 1861. This war commenced April 14, 1861, by the taking of Fort Sumter, by the Southerners. It lasted four years, and was brought to a close by the surrender 1865. of the Southern armies, under Generals Lee and Johnson, the capture of Richmond, and of Jefferson Davis, the President of the Confederacy. 1865. April 14. President Lincoln assassinated. 1865. Andrew Johnson, President. Amnesty proclamation. 1869. Ulysses Grant, President. APPENDIX, Coalitions against Napoleon. 1793. First Coalition, joined in by all the European powers except Sweden, Denmark, and Turkey. 1798. Second Coalition, England, Russia, and Austria. 1804. Third Coalition, England, Russia, and Austria. 1806. Fourth Coalition, England, Prussia, and Russia. 1809. Fifth Coalition, England and Austria. 1813. Sixth Coalition, England, Austria, Russia, and Prussia. Attempts on the English Crown. In the reign of Mary, Lady Jane Grey, 1553. In the reign of Elizabeth, Mary Queen of Scots, 1568- 1586. In the reign of James I., Lady Arabella Stuart, 1603-4. In the reign of Cromwell, Charles Stuart, 1650-51. In the reign of James II., Argyle and Monmouth, 1685. In the reign of William and Mary, James II., 1688. In the reign of George I., " Old Pretender," 1715. In the reign of George II., " Young Pretender," 1745. 43 44 APPENDIX. Marriages in the Royal Families of England and France. SOVEREIGN. Henry VIII. Edward VI Mary . . . Elizabeth. James I . . Charles I Charles II . James II William III Anne . . . George I. George II . George III . William IV Victoria . . ENGLAND. MARRIED. ' 1. Catharine of Arragon. 2. Anne Boleyn. 3. Jane Seymour. 4. Anne of Cleves. 5. Catharine Howard. 6. Catharine Parr. Philip II. of Spain. Anne of Denmark. Henrietta Maria of France. Catharine of Portugal. ' 1. Annie Hyde. . 2. Mary of Modena. Mary of England. George of Denmark. Sophia Dorothea-of Zell. Caroline of Brandenburg Anspach. Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. Albert of Saxe-Coburg. APPENDIX. 45 FRANCE. SOVEKEIGN. Francis I. . Henry II . Francis II. . Charles IX: Henry III. . Henry IV. . Louis XIII. Louis XIV' Louis XV. . 'Louis XVI Napoleon. . Louis XVIII Charles X. . Louis Philippe Louis Napoleon ■{ 1. Claude of France. 2. Eleanor of Austria. Catharine De Medieis. Mary Stuart. Elizabeth of Germany. Louisa of Vaudemont. 1. Margaret of Valois. 2. Mary De Medieis. Anne of Austria. 1. Marie Theresa of Spain. 2. Madame Maintenon. Marie Lezinski of Poland. Marie Antoinette. 1. Josephine. 2. Marie Louise of Austria. Princess of Saxony. (?) Marie Theresa of Saxony. Amelia of Sicily. Eugenie Countess of Teba. STANDARD SPEAKERS, PUBIJSHED BY CHARLIES DESILVER. CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. SARGENT'S SERIES OF STANDARD SPEAKERS. THE STAIDARD SPEAKER: CONTAINING &mtim in *§tm nnSf f fletrg, FOR DECLAMATION IN SCHOOLS, ACADEMIES, LYCEUMS, AND COLLEGES. BKWI.Y TRANSLATED OR COMPILED FROM CELEBRATED ORATORS, AUTHORS, AK» POPULAR DEBATERS, ANCIENT AND MODERN. A TREATISE ON ORATORY AND ELOCUTION. WITH NOTES EXPLANATORY AND BIOGRAPHICAL. BY EPES SARGENT. In one demi-octavo volume, of 538 pages, Jialf-roan binding. Price, $ This Speaker nas undoubtedly acquired a higher reputation throughout uae Hasted States than any other similar -work. In its production there has been a great expenditure of original labor, it contains all the great master-pieces of elo- quence, and it abounds in original translations from the Greek, Latin, and French 5 SARGENT'S SERIES OF STANDARD SPEAKERS. 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All the above works are models of taste in typography, &c. ; they are printed upon fine paper, and great care has been taken to render them fully equal to tho requirements of the present progressive age. 6 STANDARD S6H09L HISTORIES, PUBLISHED BY CHARLES DESILVER, 714 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. LORD'S HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES k NEW HISTORY OE THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, For tlie Use of Schools. BY JOHN LOKD, A.M., AOTHCR OF A MODERN HISTORY FROM THE TIME OF LUTHER TO THE FALL OF NAPOLEOH. One volume, 12mo., 508 pages, half-morocco binding. Price, This work, written in the attractive style for which the author is so nofceo, it admirably calculated to produce a love for the study in the minds of those pupili who use it. It is beautifully illustrated with numerous fine Engra rings, and con- 'jiinu an excellent colored Map of the United States, beside several maps showing the rogitior of various battle-fields and places noted in our history. 17 LORD'S MODERN HISTORY. — » »» A HISTORY OP MODERN EUROPE, FROM THE TIME OF LUTHEB TO THE FALL OF NAPOLEON. FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. BY JOHN LORD, A.M., IECTCRER ON HISTORY, AND AUTHOR OF A NEW HISTORY OP THE UNITED BTATEi. One volume, 12mo., 544 pages, half-morocco binding. Frictf OPINIONS OF EMINENT EDUCATIONISTS. The narrative is clear, the style is animated and perspicuous, the estimate of the characww and motives of the prominent actors is discriminating and judicious, and, ahove all, thera 18 hn enlarged and generous spirit running through the whole, which produces the conviction that the author everywhere aims at truth, impartiality, and strict justice. — Jared Sparks President of Harvard College. I am satisfied that "Lord's History" is one of the most valuable hooka which has been issued from the press in this country or in England. It unites the qualities of brevity and clearness, with a power to interest which is rarely found in works of this class. — Rev. Dr. Tappan, formerly Professor of History and Philosophy in the University of New York. I scar3ely know any work on history as interesting, or better calculated to answer a most raluable purpose in the cause of education ; besides being especially useful as a text-book, H may be read to advantage by almost any person in any walk of life. — Prof. H. Websitr % Psin, cipal of the N»w York Free Academy. "Lord's Modern History" is a living book, and presents the great events of an age In a» attractive manner. Its style is beautifully simple and graphic. It is remarkable for its con- densation and clearness. — Professor West, Principal of Rutgers Institute, New York. I have carefully examined "Lord's History of Modern Europe," and am free to say that, for the use of schools, I consider it the best history with which I am acquainted. — Jimct Rhoads, Professor of Belles Lettres, Central High ScJiool, Philadelphia. 19 FROST'S SCHOOL HISTORIES. m» ■ ^ HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES, For tlxe Use of Common Scliools. BY JOHN FROST, LL. D. CONDENSED FROM THE AUTHOR'S LARGE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, BROUGHT DOWN TO THE PRESENT TIME. ILLUSTRATED WITH FORTY ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD. One volume, 18mo., containing 375 pages, neat half-roan binding. Price, cents. This smaller history is abridged very judiciously from the larger one, and can b% recommended confidently to general use. Many interesting and important facta relative to American affairs, omitted in other works of the kind, are herein skilfully introduced. The simplicity of the style cannot fail to please every attentive reader. The appendix, containing the Constitution of our country, as also a useful Chrono- logical Table, will render the work doubly valuable. These invaluable Histories are extensively used in the schools of Philadelphia, New York, Baltimore, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, St. Louis, New Orleans, and are daily being introduced into all the best schools throughout the Union. OPINIONS OF TEACHERS. The style is clear, concise, and spirited ; free, on the one hand, from the ambitious and rhe torical character, and on the other, from the negligence and inaccuracy into -which most of cur popular compends have fallen. As a History of the United States, it is, in my opinion more full and more exact than any of the same size, and in all other respects preferable, as a book intended to aid the business of instruction. — William Russell, Editor of the American Journal of Education, First Series. I cheerfully recommend " Frost's History of the United States" to the attention of teacher* as a very superior work. In style, a most important point in works of this character, it is decidedly superior to some of the most popular historical compends now used in our schools and academies. — R. Connolly, Teacher, Baltimore. I am so much pleased with the elegance of language, neat arrangement, copious questions, nnd style of getting up, exhibited in " Frost's History of the United States," that I shall at onte introduce it into my school, and use my influence to give it a wide circulation. ~ E B Uai-neu, Teacher, Baltimore. 24 PINNOCK'S HISTORICAL SERIES. II t 8* HISTORY OP ENGLAND. Pinnock's Improved Edition of Dr. Goldsmith's History of England, FROM THE INVASION OF JULIUS CAESAR TO THE DEATH OF GEORGE THE SECOND; WITH A CONTINUATION TO THE PRESENT TIME, AND QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION AT THE END OF EACH SECTI0N| BESIDES A VARIETY OF VALUABLE INFORMATION ADDED THROUGHOUT THE WORK, CONSISTING OF Tables of Contemporary Sovereigns and Eminent Persons, copious Explanatory Note* Bemarks on the Politico, Manners, and Literature of the Age, and an Outline of the British Constitution. By W. C. TAYLOR, LL. D., of Trinity College, Dublin, AUTHOR OP A "MANUAL OP ANCIENT AND MODEEN HISTORY," ETC., ETC. Ellustratett toft!) numerous 35nrjrabfnBR A NEW AND REVISED EDITION. In one vol. l2mo., 512 pages, half-roan binding Price . EXTRACT FROM THE PREFACE. «Among all the histories cf England which have teen written, none has been so long and bo deservedly popular as that of Dr. Goldsmith. Whether this be owing to its attractive an* perfectly intelligible style, or to the vivid impression which his simple and clear narrative of the facts never fails to leave, it is not now important to inquire. The fact of its eetablished classical character Is sufficient to justify the publisher in selecting the most improved edition of this work, to be revised and adapted to the use of schools in our own country." zo PIMOCK'S HISTORICAL SERIES. » ♦ ♦ HISTORY OP FRANCE AND NORMANDY FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT PERIOD; TOGETHER WITH QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION AT THE END OF EACH SECTION. Uy W. C. TAYLOR, LL. D., or Trinity College, Dublin, AUTHOR OP A " MANUAL OP ANCIENT, MODERN HISTORY," ETC., ETC., AND EDITOR OP "PINNOOK'S IMPROVED EDITIONS OF GREECE, ROME, AND ENGLAND." KllusttatetJ toftf) numerous SEnflrabfnfl*. A NEW AND REVISED EDITION. One vol. 12mo., 500 pages, half-roan binding. Price EXTRACT FROM THE PREFACE. "France not only presents to the American a most profitable study in its history, but it advances a strong claim to the sympathy of our own happy country. To her we are in a great measure indebted for the successful assertion of our own claim to national indepen- dence. To her we are indebted for the Lafayettes, the Rochambeaus, the Armands, the De Grasses, and the D'Estaings of the Revolution ; and to her great Napoleon we owe the easy acquisition of a most important portion of our national territory. " In this history, written by the accomplished Dr. Taylor, the events are narrated clearly and forcibly ; and justice is done to the great characters who have figured on that grand theatre of human affairs. The questions for examination of pupils, and mottoes at the heads of chap- ters, are the same as in the English edition. The American editor has made some few addi- tions to the text, including the last chapter, which brings the history down to the present time. He has also inserted the numerous historical embellishments, consisting of portraits, costumes, historical pictures of battles and sieges, and views of important places. In editing the work, he has endeavored to conform to the active spirit of improvement in books for the education of youth, which is bo marked a feature of the presont age.'* 26 PINNOCO HISTORICAL SERIES. < m t * HISTORY OP ROME PINNOCK'S IMPROVED EDITION OF DE. GOLDSMITH'S HISTORY OP ROME; TO WHICH IS PREFIXED AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF ROMAN HISTORY. A GREAT VARIETY OP INFORMATION IS GIVEN THROUGHOUT THE WORK, CONCERNING THE MANNERS, INSTITUTIONS, AND ANTIQUITIES OF THE ROMANS* TOGETHER WITH QUESTIONS FOB EXAMINATION AT THE END OF EACH SECTION. BY W. C. TAYLOR, LL.D. Bllustrateo toft$ numerous 3Bnflrabfns», BY ATHERTON AND OTHERS. A New and. Revised. Edition. One volume, 12mo., 399 pages, half-roan binding. Price, EXTRACT FROM THE PREFACE. "The researches of Niebuhr and several other distinguished German scholars have thrown a new light on Roman History, and enabled us to discover the true constitution of that re- public which once ruled the destinies of the known world, and the influence of whose litera- ture and laws is still powerful in every civilized state, and will probably continue to be felt tc the remotest posterity. These discoveries have, however, been hitherto useless to junior students in this country; the works of the German critics being unsuited to the purposes of schools, not only from their price, but also from the extensive learning requisite to follow- them through their laborious disquisitions. The editor has, therefore, thought that it would be no unacceptable service to prefix a few Introductory Chapters, detailing such results from their inquiries as best elucidate the character and condition of the Roman people, and explain the most important portion of the history." 2? PINNOCK'S HISTORICAL SERIES. HISTORY OP GREECE. PINNOCK'S IMPROVED EDITION OP DR. GOLDSMITH'S HISTORY OP GREECE; REVISED CORRECTED, AND GREATLY ENLARGED, BY THE ADDITION OP Several New Chapters, numerous Useful Notes, AND QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION AT THE END OF EACH SECTION. BY W. C. TAYLOR, LL.D. ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS, BY ATHERTON AND OTHERS. One vol. 12mo^ 365 pages, half -roan binding. Price EXTRACT FROM THE PREFACE. * ** The alterations that have heen made in this new edition of the Grecian history are so numerous and extensive" as almost to make it a new work. The original history of Dr. Gold- smith contains many anecdotes of questionable authority, and very doubtful interest, derived from Plutarch and Curtius; while such important matters as the Dorian migration and the sedition of Ceylon are wholly omitted. The compiler of the abridgment, following the same track, hurried over some of the most important periods with brief and scanty notice, while he assigned very disproportionate length to a few isolated incidents. The present editor has endeavored to remedy both evils, by abridging whatever appeared too diffuse, expanding those parts which wore so brief as to be scarcely intelligible, and supplying the numerous omissions of the original work. The authorities to which he has principally had recourse are the his- tories of Gillies and Mitford in the earlier part of the work, and Leland and Gast for the period subsequent to the Peloponnesian war. A brief sketch of modern Grecian history is nubjoined, in order that the student may have an opportunity of comparing the present pros, pects with the former fame of Greece." "A brief sketch of the history of the minor states and of the islands is subjoined to the Appendix, and references are given to the share they had in any of the transactions recorded in the body of the work." 28 STANDARD WORKS NATURAL SCIENCES, PUBLISHED BY CHARLES DESILVER, 1229 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. : ♦ » » JOHNSTON'S TURNER'S CHEMISTUT A MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY, ON THE BASIS OF DR. TURNER'S ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY; CONTAININO, IN A CONDENSED FORM, ALL THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTS AND PRINCIPLES OF THE SCIENCE, AN If DESIGNED AS A TEXT-BOOK IN COLLEGES AND OTHER SEMINARIES OF LEARNING. A New and. Improved Edition. BY JOHN JOHNSTON, LL. D., PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY. ILLUSTRATED BY TKBES HUNDBED AND EIGHTEEN ENGRAVINGS In one volume, 12/no., 379 pages, half turkey-morocco binding. Price, JOHNSTON'S TURNER'S ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY, FOR THE USE OP COMMON SCHOOLS. BY JOHN JOHNSTON, LL. D., PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE WE8LEYAN UNIYER8ITr. BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS ON WOOa A New and Improved Edition. In one volume, l2mo., containing 383 pages, half -morocco binding. Price "Johnston's Turner's Chemistry" is the standard text-book of many of the leading Colleges and prominent Medical Institutions of the United States ; and the " Elementary Chemistry " \& extensively used in the best Public Schools. 31 JOHNSTON'S NATURAL PHILOSOPHIES JOHNSTON'S NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. A MANUAL OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, COMPILED FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, AND DESIGNED AS A TEXT-BOOK IN HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES BY JOHN JOHNSTON, LL.D. PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY. jfllusttateti toft!) &i)«e j^untiretr antr STirfitn^Ttoo JSnflrabfnfls on S&ouU A New and. Revised. Edition, ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. In one volume, \2mo., 379 pages, half turkey-morocco binding. Price, & The present edition of this work will be found much enlarged and greatly im- proved. Exact in its definitions, original in its illustrations, full and familiar in explanations, the publisher feels confident that an examination of the work cannot fail to result in its decided approval. Recently it has been recommended for use in the common schools by the Board of Education of the State of New Hampshire. It has also been adopted in the High School of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and in Girard College, Philadelphia, as well as in many Academies and Schools in variou? leotions of the Union. 36 JOHNSTON'S NATURAL PHILOSOPHIES. ♦ ♦ ♦ PRIMARY NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, DESIGNED FOR THE USE OF THE YOUNGER CLASS OF LEARNERS. BY JOHN JOHNSTON, LL. D. MOPESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE WESLETAN UNIVERSITY, AUTHOR OF "JOHNSTOBT'8 TURNER'S CHEMISTRY," "JOHNSTON'S TURNER'S ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY," AND "JOHNSTON'S NATURAL PHILOSOPHY." 5llu»tratetJ bg ©ne ^untrreti antr Sebents^too 23nflrabfnfis. One vol. 18mo., 184 pages, 7ial/-roan binding. Price cents. This little volume is intended to aid the younger class of learners in acquiring a knowledge of some of the fundamental principles of Natural Philosophy, and to give them such a taste for the study as will lead to the examination of mow advanced works on the science. Though but a short time before th 4* .♦ '^ ^ .** ^. .ss V '*^>* J f\ WERT BOOKBINDING II Cfantville, Pa if JUKE i989 v > ^ ^ V