.*.*•- 
 
 K 
 
 ■ 
 
(.lass 
 Book. 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 

AN ACCOUNT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ELECTIVE COURSES 
 
 GIVEN AT 
 
 HARVARD COLLEGE. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE 
 
 EDITORS OF THE HARVARD DAILY ECHO. 
 
 1881. 
 
S3t. &L a ^ St / 
 
 \?fa» 19. /yy^ 
 
 AN ACCOUNT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ELECTIVE COURSES 
 
 GIVEN AT 
 
 HARVARD COLLEGE. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE 
 
 EDITORS OF THE HARVARD DAILY ECHO. 
 1881. 
 

 V 
 
 PRINTED AT THE 
 CAMBRIDGE TRIBUNE JOB OFFICE, 
 
 Gift 
 £dwn L Whitney 
 
 DEC 8- 1938 
 
2£ 
 
 In preparing the following descriptions 
 of courses in Harvard, care has been 
 taken to consult the various instructors, 
 and to benefit by the experience of those 
 students who have taken the courses. 
 It is believed that this attempt to sup- 
 plement the College Elective Pamphlet 
 by more detailed descriptions will be 
 found useful in selecting courses for next 
 year. As a considerable portion of this 
 was written early in the year, allowance 
 must be made for changes in the num- 
 bering and arrangement of some of the 
 electives. Owing to recent changes in 
 several electives, and the late appear- 
 ance of the Elective Pamphlet, much 
 hasty revision has been necessary, and 
 there are some alterations which may 
 have been neglected. The index is ar- 
 
ranged according to next year's pamphlet, 
 so that there will be no difficulty in find- 
 ing the courses, although the arrange- 
 ment, owing to tho method of printing, 
 is hap-hazard. No description of Math- 
 ematics 8 is given, as the nature of the 
 course varies from time to time, and it 
 is uncertain whether it is given at all 
 next year. We wish to express our 
 thanks to the professors and students who 
 have assisted in preparing these pages. 
 
ELECTIVE PAMPHLET. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY 1, 4 AND 8. 
 
 To the student who aims at attaining 
 a practical knowledge of geology these 
 three courses are indispensable. They 
 are also well nigh indispensable to any 
 man who looks forward to a life outside 
 of city walls, or who values education 
 as a key to a deeper enjoyment of the 
 beautiful and useful in nature. These 
 three popular electives form a logical 
 series, the first designed to be taken in 
 the Sophomore year, the second in the 
 Junior, and the third in the Senior, by 
 those who desire to carry out practical 
 geology to a further extent. Natural 
 History 1 may be taken as a two hour 
 elective, in which case the lectures are 
 on physical geography — the size, shape 
 and density of the earth, oceans and 
 their distribution, the character of the 
 sea bottom, and the land and its fea- 
 tures ; or as a three hour course — the 
 third hour beino; given up to meteorolo- 
 gy, or the physics of the atmosphere, 
 
including storm phenomena, weather 
 probabilities, etc. No text book is re- 
 quired in either branch of this course, 
 although Buchan's "Text Book of Me- 
 teorology is recommended for use. The 
 predominance of mathematical calcula- 
 tions in parts of Natural History 1 has 
 rendered it to some minds too difficult 
 for an elementary course. For this and 
 other reasons it has lost somewhat of its 
 popularity. 
 
 Natural History 4 is, on more ac- 
 counts than one, the most popular of 
 the series, and has generally the largest 
 number of entries of any elective in Col- 
 lege. This also may be taken as a two or 
 three hour elective, the third hour being 
 devoted to lectures enlarging on the more 
 important parts mentioned in the other 
 hours, and carrying out into particulars 
 the work of those hours. This third 
 hour, for part of the year at least, while 
 the expeditions in N. H. 8 are possible, 
 is conducted by Mr. Davis. In former 
 years this time has been occupied in field 
 work, but it has been found desirable 
 that those who take field work should 
 know beforehand something of what 
 
they are going to see. Therefore all 
 field work of a minute kind (all, that 
 is, except the voluntary Saturday expedi- 
 tions) , is now confined to N. H. 8., for 
 which course, the matter of these third 
 hour lectures is a suitable introduction. 
 The field work is voluntary, consisting 
 of expeditions in the spring and fall to 
 various quarries and other places of in- 
 terest in, the neighborhood (often trips Dy 
 rail to Chelsea, Quincy, Princeton, etc.), 
 and the time consumed in them is usual- 
 ly half a day on Saturdays. The text 
 book used serves more as a table of con- 
 tents to the lectures than anything else, 
 and the lectures are invariably crowded 
 with valuable and entertaining informa- 
 tion. Following the general arrange- 
 ment of topics in the text book (Dana's 
 new "Manual of Geology") the nature 
 
 of the earth's crust is first treated of, 
 and mountain forms, dikes and veins, 
 the stratification and fracturing of rocks, 
 and kindred points, are explained. Then 
 follow explanations of glacial, volcanic 
 and earthquake action, of the erosive 
 and up-heaving forces of the earth, and 
 
8 
 
 of the formation of lakes, coal and peat 
 deposits, and of coral reefs. 
 
 The latter part of the year is devoted 
 to a compact review of modern informa- 
 tion as to the history of geological ages. 
 From the genesis of animal and plant 
 species, the class is led forward from 
 age to age to the appearance of prehis- 
 toric man, and then with a sketch of 
 the wonderful part which man fills in 
 the scale of life and development, the 
 course closes with so many suggestions 
 of unexplored fields of science, that the 
 true student regrets the brevity of Col- 
 lege life which cannot permit him in 
 Chemistry, Mineralogy, Zoology, Bot- 
 any and Palaeontology, to trace them to 
 their far-lying extremes. The price of 
 Dana's book is $4. In both Natural 
 History 1 and Natural History 4 hour 
 examinations are held, and the semi-an- 
 nual in the third hour consists of an 
 hour examination held some time before 
 the semis begin, the regular semi cover- 
 ing only the two-hour part of the course. 
 
 The third in this series of electives is 
 Natural History 8, less popular be- 
 cause localized and made more prac- 
 
9 
 
 tical. This course has out-door as 
 well as in-door work in it. It util- 
 izes spare days in pleasant weather by 
 filling them with extended trips to lo- 
 calities of geological interest, while in win- 
 ter connected in-door work in reading on 
 the topics taken up, requires a large 
 amount of additional time. The lec- 
 tures treat mainly of the fundamen- 
 tal theories of geology, such as evolu- 
 tion, time ratios, and the equilibrium and 
 harmony of earth force. An opportunity 
 is offered, though this is aside from the 
 required work, for a general study of 
 lithology, using the student's collection 
 in the Museum. The course counts as a 
 three-hour Elective, though only two 
 of the hours are taken up by lectures, 
 the third being filled by supplementary 
 work and reading. It is only open to 
 those who have already taken Natural 
 History 4. Ly ell's "Principles of Geolo- 
 gy," 2 vols., is used, cost about $7.00. 
 

 NATURAL HISTORY 3 AND T. 
 
 Very few of the men that have not 
 taken or To not take either of the elec- 
 tive? in Botany, properly so called, have 
 anv idea of the opportunity for delightful 
 
 study that they are allowing to slip by 
 unimproved. Although Natural His- 
 tory 5 (Biolugy [Morphology, Histology 
 and Development of Plants and Ani- 
 mals""', three times a week. Profes- 
 sor Farlow and Dr. Faxon. ) deals some- 
 what with crypt oganiic botany, and 
 takes up for a short time the examina- 
 tion of vegetable cells : yet. it cannot 
 strictly speaking be called a course in 
 Botany. The only true botanical courses 
 for undergraduates are Natural History 
 3 (Gray's text-book. Lectures and 
 laboratory work, three times a week. 
 Professor Goodale).and Natural His- 
 tory 7 (lectures and laboratory work, 
 three times a week. Professors Good- 
 ale and Farlow ) . In Natural History 
 3, the more elementary of the two 
 courses, the general scheme of • "Gray's 
 Structural and Scientihe Botanv." is ad- 
 
11 
 
 hered to ; but the subject is much more 
 carefully elaborated than in Mr. Gray's 
 book. The instruction given consists 
 principally of lectures by Professor 
 Goodale, supplemented by practical 
 laboratory work in the lecture room and 
 in the herbarium. The morphology 
 and physiology of plants are in turn 
 taken up. The plant is studied in its 
 embryonic state, and is traced through 
 its successive stages of development, 
 from the time when it begins to germi- 
 nate until it reaches maturity. A com- 
 prehensive study is made of about twenty 
 of the more important order of plants ; 
 so that a man may be enabled to place 
 at sight any common plant that he 
 chances to meet with. 
 
 The economic products of plants are 
 studied with the aid of the economic col- 
 lection in the Museum, which shows all 
 the uses to which plants are put in the 
 arts and manufactures. During the 
 latter part of the year, systematic botany 
 is studied, and frequent recourse is had 
 to the garden to illustrate the system- 
 atic arrangement of plants. The analy- 
 ses made during the year are for the 
 
 
12 
 
 most part made under simple micro- 
 scopes ; although at times compound 
 microscopes are used for the examination 
 of the more intricate cellular structures. 
 While the season permits, specimens for 
 analysis are brought directly in from the 
 garden, and during the winter, from the 
 greenhouses. The herbarium contains 
 one of the most complete collections in 
 existence of native and exotic plants, 
 and is the result of years of patient 
 labor by Professors Gray, Goodale, Far- 
 low, and many other well known botan- 
 ists. The collection is much used for 
 reference during laboratory work. The 
 Museum has also a rich collection of 
 diagrams for use as illustrations at lec- 
 tures. In Natural History 3 there are 
 two lectures a week ; and about three 
 hours laboratoty work is required from 
 each member of the elective. This 
 course may be taken without the labora- 
 tory work, in which case it counts as a 
 two-hour study, but such an omission is 
 not considered advisable by the instruct- 
 or. The text-books used are u Gray's 
 Structural and Systematic Botany" and 
 u Gray's Manual ;" and each man is ex- 
 
13 
 
 pected to supply himself with a pocket 
 microscope and a scalpel. The total cost 
 of text-books and instruments is about 
 $4.50. 
 
 Natural History 7 has for its pri- 
 mary object an exhaustive study of the 
 Morphology of Vegetable Cells and Tis- 
 sues. Much attention is given to Histolo- 
 gy and Physiology. No special text-book 
 is used, but frequent reference is made to 
 works in the Botanical Library. Profes- 
 sor Goodale gives two lectures a week, 
 and each man undertakes certain prac- 
 tical experiments, such as the growth 
 of plants m different conditions of atmos- 
 phere, soil, etc. During the second half 
 year a careful study of cryptograms is 
 made, beginning with the Algas. From 
 seven to nine hours laboratory work is 
 required. Polariscopes, spectroscopes, 
 compound microscopes, and all the other 
 accessions to laboratory work are pro- 
 vided. This course is of special import- 
 ance for men that intend to study medi- 
 cine, as it gives experience in practical 
 dissection, and a knowledge of the anat- 
 omy of the lower forms of life. 
 

 NATURAL HISTORY — GRADUATE 
 GEOLOGY. 
 
 There are, including the course in 
 Palaeontology, six graduate courses in 
 Geology. These will be described in 
 the order in which they are mentioned 
 in the catalogue. 
 
 Graduate 39. Palaeontology (twice 
 a week, Prof. Shaler) is intended to give 
 the advanced students of Geology and 
 Zoology a knowledge of the extinct 
 faunae of the world. Each group of 
 animals, beginning with the protozoa, is 
 taken up in turn, and is exhaustively 
 studied in referenee not so much to ' 
 species as to comparative tendency of 
 development. Two lectures are given 
 each week, and in addition students are 
 expected to spend several hours in the 
 examination of specimens and in draw- 
 ing. The course is open to those only 
 that have taken Natural History 2 or ">. 
 and Xatural History 4. The ability to 
 read at sight scientific French and Ger- 
 
15 
 
 mail is essential. The text-book used is 
 Nicholson's Palaeontology. 
 
 Graduate 40. Historical Geology. 
 Prof. Shaler ; two hours a week ; lec- 
 tures, field and laboratory work. In 
 this course the relations of the fossils to 
 the various horizons are carefully 
 studied, with the view of enabling the 
 student to determine the age of fossilifer- 
 ous rocks. Owing to the wide varia- 
 tion of the comparative values of the 
 different species in determining rocks, 
 an accurate acquaintance with zoology 
 is required. The work done is almost 
 entirely practical, each man taking a 
 special group and working it up by him- 
 self. In the study of the fossils use is 
 made of the various governmental re- 
 ports. These are numerous, and in 
 many cases comprise several volumes. 
 The course is open to those only that 
 have taken advanced Geology and Palae- 
 ontology. No examinations are held, 
 but the results of the year's work are 
 presented in the form of theses. 
 
 Graduate 41. Geological field work, 
 Professor Shaler and Mr. Davis, counts 
 as a two hour study. The aim of the 
 
16 
 
 course is to give special training in ob- 
 servation and description of geological 
 phenomena. In fine weather students 
 are expected to be in the field one day 
 in a week, or an equivalent amount of 
 time. Places in the vicinity of Cam- 
 bridge are carefully studied, surveyed 
 and mapped. Generally two men take 
 a section of country of about twenty 
 square miles area ; and this they are re- 
 quired to prepare a map of, noting all 
 the geological features, and to present a 
 report thereon. They are also required 
 to make collections of the rocks occur- 
 ring in their section. A map is ex- 
 pected from each student, but a single 
 report is considered sufficient for a re- 
 gion. Natural History 4 and 6 and 
 Chemistry 2 or their equivalent are 
 necessary for preparation, and some 
 knowledge of typographical surveying is 
 desirable. 
 
 Graduate 42. History of geological 
 opinions, once a week. Prof. Shaler, is 
 open to those only who have taken Nat- 
 ural History 4 and 8 and who can read 
 French and German. This course is 
 intended to give in two successive years 
 
17 
 
 a review of the literature of Geology, as 
 far as it deals with the more important 
 hypotheses of the science. As a history 
 of geological thought it is of great value 
 to the specialist, while to the general 
 student it is of interest as showing the 
 mode of scientific thought in past times. 
 
 Graduate 43. Dynamical Geology, 
 twice a week, Prof. Whitney, is, as the 
 name indicates, devoted to the study of 
 geological forces. The subject is con- 
 sidered from a practical point of view. 
 The general arrangement of Part IV. 
 Dana's "Manual of Geology" is fol- 
 lowed. 
 
 Graduate 44. Economical Geology, 
 twice a week, Prof. Whitney. About 
 sixty lectures in the year, treating of the 
 occurrence and distribution of useful 
 minerals and rocks. 
 

 GREEK 2. 
 
 The first eight weeks of this course 
 will be devoted to Greek Etymology. 
 This word conveys to many men the 
 idea of a dry. uninteresting study, per- 
 haps calling to mind nothing but the 
 early days of grammar, paradigms and 
 woe. Every man is not aware that 
 Etymology, as studied in this course, is 
 a means of tracing the descent from a 
 common origin of all the different races 
 of Europe, and of some of those of 
 western and southern Asia : and of 
 learning as much as possible about the 
 condition of that original father tribe 
 which lived many centuries before the 
 time of Homer. Besides their value 
 and interest from a historical point of 
 view, these lectures are of great service 
 in the study of language. This study 
 of Etymology shows how to trace the 
 same word-root through the different 
 languages (though Greek. Latin, and 
 German, or English are the languages 
 
19 
 
 mainly considered) , and gives the laws 
 governing the different forms that it will 
 assume in each. It shows how to re- 
 cognize roots in their various disguises. 
 It gives the meanings of different pre- 
 fixes and suffixes, thus helping to deter- 
 mine the meanings of derivatives, and 
 enabling one to group together large 
 numbers of words as derivatives of a 
 single root. In fact the main object of 
 this study is to enable the student to 
 form a Greek vocabulary on scientific 
 principles, instead of in a random, hap- 
 hazard way. Its purpose is to give him 
 rules which will enable him to find the 
 meaning of words without constantly 
 referring to the dictionary, and which 
 will aid him in remembering their mean- 
 ing when he has once ascertained them. 
 The recitation hours of the first three 
 weeks will be devoted to introductory 
 lectures, describing the principles of 
 Comparative Etymology. Up to the 
 present time the instructor has used 
 the eighteenth book of the Iliad in ap- 
 plying the principles of Etymology. 
 After this year, however, he intends in- 
 stead to make a list of about 1,000 or 
 

 20 
 
 1,500 of the commonest Greek words, 
 and to have the members of the elective 
 arrange them in groups about the roots 
 from which they are derived. To the 
 vocabularies thus formed it is intended 
 that the student shall add other words as 
 they occur in the course of his reading. 
 The instructor's object in this will be 
 not so much to put the student in posses- 
 sion of a large vocabulary (there would 
 be no time for that ) . as to teach him 
 the method of the scientific acquisition 
 of such a vocabulary. After the first 
 eight weeks the Sicilian expedition of 
 Thucydides is taken up. The method 
 of instruction employed in this pan of 
 the course is not to have men read such 
 difficult Greek as Thucydides without 
 previous explanation of the text. The 
 instructor lectures, prefacing each lec- 
 ture by questions as explained below, 
 and when twenty or twenty-hve pages 
 have been considered, this is then trans- 
 lated to him in a single hour by the 
 members of the elective. This reading 
 of a large quantity in a short time, after 
 proper explanation of the difficulties, is 
 of great service in giving men practice 
 
21 
 
 in reading fluently and elegantly. It 
 may be mentioned, to show the success 
 of this method, that, at a recent recita- 
 tion, twenty-five men reading about 
 twenty-five verses apiece, read six hun- 
 dred and seventeen verses of Homer in 
 less than an hour, the reading losing 
 nothing in correctness on account of its 
 rapidity. The regular work is arranged 
 in the following manner : The men 
 read about three pages before the recita- 
 tion. At the beginning of the hour the 
 instructor asks a few questions about 
 the previous lecture. He then asks 
 questions on the construction of the text 
 upon which he is going to lecture. This 
 plan does away with the necessity of 
 hour examinations, and keeps the men 
 up to their daily work. After this he 
 lectures for the rest of the hour, giving 
 opportunity for questions. The men 
 read collaterally, at the rate of a page 
 and a half a day, in another book of 
 Thucydides. This year Classen's Ger- 
 man edition is used ; but by next year a 
 translation of Classen's book, at which 
 the instructor is working, will be read v. 
 At the end of the year a play of Aris- 
 

 .. 
 
 tophanes ill be read at the rate of one 
 hun :V. ed verses ■ less o . The work of 
 the course is so arranged that Thn 
 ides, which is the most dim cult part- of 
 it, will come during the sold weather. 
 The sosf : text books is small, not rx- 
 ceedins three d 1 1 r - 
 
 SPANISH L 
 
 v I. is inten to beat once an 
 
 indepen'T : urse. and an introduction 
 to the more advanced S sh elect: - 
 Its main : is enable men. in a 
 
 years" time, with reasonable diligence, 
 to read any ordinary Spanish author un- 
 :andincrlv and with - tion to 
 
 them- ». To do this, the first requi- 
 site > tsa lerable vocabulary. As 
 soon, tfa - the more elementary 
 grammatical difficulties are cleared away, 
 translation is begun. The less is are 
 lually increased in length, till a very 
 -iderable facility in translation is 
 acquired. sss is laid on read- 
 ing at sight. The : is Gil Bias. 
 
23 
 
 published by the Appletons at a cost of 
 $1. Subordinate to this main object, 
 but still important, are the matters of 
 composition and practice in speaking the 
 language. The exercise in composition 
 which occurs, on the average, about once 
 a week, is the principal means of instruc- 
 tion in grammar, and is so conducted as 
 to afford important aid in acquiring and 
 using the long vocabulary of words 
 which it is desirable to secure. In con- 
 nection with the exercises in conversa- 
 tion, which are begun in the latter part 
 of the year, use is made of a little book 
 — '-E1 Eco de Madrid," (cost $1.20), 
 which contains the more common idio- 
 matic phrases. The dictionary employ- 
 ed is Seoanes Neuman and Baretti's, 
 edited by Velasquez. Like all Spanish- 
 English dictionaries, it leaves much to 
 be desired, but it is, on the whole, the 
 best. Tn the larger edition it costs about 
 $5. There is a smaller edition of the 
 work for $1.25, but men who in- 
 tend to make a future use of Spanish are 
 advised to procure the larger book. The 
 grammar used is Sales, at a cost of 
 $1.50. The book, although antiquated, 
 
24 
 
 is superior to the other English-Spanish 
 grammars, in that but little that it gives 
 must be afterwards unlearned. The rule 
 which forbids this course to men taking 
 Italian I. is inflexible, and is the result 
 of experience. The two languages are 
 so very similar, that even when taken at 
 different stages, it is almost impossible 
 to avoid confounding the two, especial- 
 ly in the work of composition. The ex- 
 ceptional case of a very clear head, and 
 a special aptitude for languages, only re- 
 duces this confusion to a minimum. 
 Beginning both in the same year, would 
 render it simply hopeless. The study of 
 Spanish commends itself, not only from 
 its historic interests, its rich literature, 
 and its intrinsic beauty, but from the 
 fact that it may often be practically use- 
 ful to men of business in view of the 
 many Spanish-speaking peoples with 
 whom we have commercial relations. 
 
GREEK 4. 
 
 This course, which is generally taken 
 by about sixty men, is divided into two 
 sections, one of them reciting Mondays 
 at three P. M., and the other on Fri- 
 days at the same hour. During the first 
 third of the term, most of the time is 
 given to translation from English into 
 Greek. Sidgwick's Greek Composition 
 is used, one exercise being required 
 weekly. The hardest part of the year's 
 work comes at this time, the work re- 
 quired being rather more than would 
 ordinarily be required for a one-hour 
 course. This extra work is regarded as 
 part of the extra work required of can- 
 didates for second year honors. After 
 Christmas the work is lighter. The 
 written exercise is required once every 
 two weeks, the hour of the intervening 
 week being devoted to reviewing cor- 
 rected exercises, and to doing written 
 translations at sight. Moreover, at odd 
 
26 
 
 times there is oral translation at sight. 
 'The text book used in translating is 
 "Passages for Translation at Sight," bv 
 James S. Reid. Part II. Greek. This 
 book contains short selections from all 
 ths best Greek writers. 
 
 The method with regard to the Greek 
 exercises, is to return the corrected ex- 
 ercises of each week at the next recita- 
 tion, and to give with each a slip on 
 which is printed the exercise as trans- 
 lated by the instructor. Throughout the 
 year constant reference is made to Sidg- 
 wick's notes on constructions, especially 
 to his notes on Idioms. One of the 
 many merits of this book is that it 
 makes Greek Composition not only in- 
 teresting, but at times even funny. This 
 course is designed especially to prepare 
 men for taking second year honors, and 
 is conducted entirely with reference to 
 this end. The semi-annual examina- 
 tion counts like any ordinary examina- 
 tion, simply with reference to a degree ; 
 but the annual examination, held at the 
 end of the year, counts also as a special 
 examination for second year honors. 
 The cost of the books in this elective is 
 
27 
 
 $1.60 for "Sidgwick's Prose Composi- 
 tion," and $1.00 for "Reid's Greek at 
 Sight." 
 
 FRENCH. 
 
 French is. perhaps, the only study in 
 which all the courses given at Harvard 
 are arranged upon a definite system. 
 Beginning with Freshman Prescribed 
 French, the courses form an evenly 
 graded scale, each a year more advanced 
 than the course below it, up to French 
 4. A beginner, in order to acquire 
 a thorough knowledge of the language, 
 ought to take the French courses in sev- 
 en consecutive years. The courses are all 
 conducted on much the same plan. The 
 instruction is given in French, and stu- 
 dents are advised to do the outside read- 
 ing as much as possible without the help 
 of a dictionary. Students are required 
 to find out themselves what they do not 
 know, and to seek information on those 
 points at the instructor's hands. 
 
 French 5 (twice a week, Mr. Ben- 
 delari), is, properly speaking, a course 
 
28 
 
 in history, and as such it will be consid- 
 ered in its turn. 
 
 Freshman Prescribed French, (Fene- 
 lon's "Fables," Voltaire, ["Histoire de 
 Charles XII."] Modern Novels, Bro- 
 chet ["Petite Grammaire Francaise"] , 
 three times a week, Assistant Prof. Jac- 
 quinot,) is intended for men that have 
 never studied French. During the first 
 part of the year one of Fenelon's 
 fables is committed to memory for each 
 recitation. One man recites this while 
 the rest of the elective write it. After 
 the first few weeks the instruction is 
 given entirely in French. Voltaire's 
 "Histoire de Charles XII.," and some 
 modern work, such as "Le Clos 
 Pommier, " are read. At first the 
 books read are translated in the class, 
 but after the students have gained a 
 certain facility in reading French, they 
 are not required to translate, but to un- 
 derscore all the words they do not under- 
 stand, and to come to the instructor for 
 explanation. Brochet's "Petite Gram- 
 maire Francaise" is studied for the pur- 
 pose of becoming familiar with the 
 
29 
 
 more elementary principles of the lan- 
 guage. 
 
 French 1. (E. About, G. Sand, 
 French plays, exercises, conversation 
 and composition. Three times a week. 
 Assistant Prof. Jacquinot.) In order to 
 give the students facility in speaking and 
 writing French, some easy modern 
 work, such as Alfred de Musset's 
 ' 'Merle Blanc," is memorized, ten to 
 twenty lines at a time, and recited or 
 written in class during the first four 
 weeks. During the second period a 
 French novel is read. All doubtful or 
 strange points are explained in full by 
 the instructor. Third period : Trans- 
 lation at sight, conversation, composi- 
 tion. Before the end of the year the 
 amount read at sight at each recitation 
 usually reaches twenty pages or over. A 
 man that works faithfully in French 1 is 
 able at the end of the year to read any 
 modern French prose. 
 
 French 2 (La Fontaine, Racine, 
 Taine, Alfred de Musset, grammar and 
 composition, three times a week, 
 Professor Bocher,) is for those that 
 have already acquired some facility in 
 

 ng 7 b. The system : i istruc- 
 tion differs little from that yi the 
 
 F al ine's fab] - 
 
 are committed to nir ; . very little 
 oslation is lone, but all difficult pas- 
 sages are expl sd in the class. 
 
 gi m i is studied, an I st i- 
 dents are required i it the plots 
 
 oft;. 5 fabl r e lean. 
 
 F: Mol ] lon- 
 
 mmar, sition, and 1 
 
 je : : -. js re b . Prof. B b 
 Ft m fifteen t< twenty li 
 aem L rhis gives 
 
 and . s could in 
 
 no oth I. In 
 
 to the reading : :ion. 
 
 a number of plays re given 
 tra outside reading, which the student is 
 The Saturday's b 
 
 »n the French 
 iture. In thi- 
 
 be su': stituted for 
 sics. French 3 
 may be taken is two-] se by 
 
 ag the S lectin 
 
31 
 
 French 4 ("Litterature Francaise," 
 themes, lectures, three times a week, 
 Assistant Prof. Jacquinot,) is for those 
 only that already speak and understand 
 French with ease. The instruction given 
 is wholly in French. The course em- 
 braces in three consecutive years the lit- 
 erature of the seventeenth, eighteentn 
 and nineteenth centuries. During 
 1881-82 the literature of the eighteenth 
 century will be considered. French 4 
 may be taken as a two -hour course by 
 omitting the lecture on Saturday ; but 
 most men prefer to take the full number 
 of hours, The Monday hour is devoted 
 to the authors of the epoch. From 
 twenty-five to forty pages are gone over. 
 The instructor answers questions and 
 explains difficult points. The second 
 lesson, Thursday, has for its basis the 
 history of French literature. Each stu- 
 dent is required to prepare a chapter of 
 about twenty pages, and write a theme 
 on it. The themes are examined by the 
 instructor and returned with criticism. 
 The Saturday hour is devoted to a lec- 
 ture on French literature. It is proba- 
 ble that the lectures during '8I-'82 will 
 
32 
 
 be on Voltaire's "Litterature Francaise 
 au 18eme Ciecle." No preparation is 
 required for the lectures ; but copious 
 notes are taken, and these are afterwards 
 elaborated and completed with the as- 
 sistance of reserved books in the library. 
 In addition, from five to seven themes 
 are written in English during the year 
 on comparisons between standard French 
 works and works in the dead languages 
 or in English, — as, for example, the 
 Phedre of Racine and the Hippolytus 
 of Euripides. French 4, as a history 
 of French literature, might be taken 
 with advantage by a Frenchman. It is 
 to be hoped that before long a course 
 will be given on the literature of the 
 sixteenth century. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY 2, 5, 6. 
 
 Natural History 2 is meant to giv r e 
 geDeral information to men that wish 
 merely an outline sketch of the more 
 
33 
 
 important facts and theories of zoology, 
 while Natural History 5 is a course of 
 practical laboratory study, backed by 
 lectures, and is intended for those that 
 mean to follow out a special interest in 
 natural history or in medicine. Natural 
 History 6 is a course in advanced 
 zoology. 
 
 Natural History 2, zoology, twice a 
 week, Dr. Mark. The instruction 
 given is almost entirely in the form of 
 lectures. Portions of some of the lec- 
 ture hours are devoted to questioning 
 on preceding lectures ; but no lessons are 
 assigned. Huxley's "Elementary Phy- 
 siology" ($1.20), is used, more as a 
 book of reference than as a text-book. 
 Lectures are given on the anatomy and 
 physiology of the different organs in 
 man, comparing them with their homo- 
 logs in the lower animals. The pri- 
 mary constituents of the animal body 
 are considered ; and the embryology of 
 special organs, especially of the sense 
 organs ; the various stages of develop- 
 ment shown in different animals ; and 
 the classification, relationship, and dis- 
 tribution of animals. Numerous dia- 
 
34 
 
 grams and figures are shown ; also ana- 
 tomical preparations and models, micro- 
 scopic preparations, and preserved spec- 
 imens. Practical dissections are made 
 before the class by the instructor ; but 
 no dissections are made by students. 
 At the beginning of the hour Dr. Mark 
 writes a synopsis of the lecture on the 
 board. This is of great assistance to 
 the student. Two or three hour exam- 
 inations are held during the year be- 
 sides the regular midyear and annual 
 examinations. Natural History 2 was 
 given for the first time in 1879-80, and 
 changes in the scope of the course and 
 system of instruction will, from time to 
 time, be made. In 1880-81 the scope 
 of the course was as follows : statement 
 in regard to animal structures, cells, 
 organs ; general view of the animal 
 kingdom, main groups of invertebrates ; 
 functions — muscle, skeleton; nervous 
 system ; nutrition ; circulation ; respira- 
 tion ; secretion ; reproduction. 2nd-half 
 year : subdivision of the different groups 
 of animals ; habits of animals ; commer- 
 cial interests. 
 
35 
 
 Natural History 5. (Biology, Mor- 
 phology, Histology, and Development of 
 Plants and Animals.) Three tim^s a 
 week. Prof. Farlow and Dr. Faxon. 
 Prof. Farlow has the course for the first 
 half year. With the aid of the com- 
 pound microscope the different orders of 
 plants are studied, beginning with the 
 lowest, the protophytes, and ending with 
 the phanerogams. The work done is 
 principally microscopic. The student is 
 expected to make drawings of what he 
 sees, and is taught how to preserve 
 specimens. , In the lecture a review is 
 made of the laboratory work done dur- 
 ing the week, and points not touched 
 upon in the laboratory are considered. 
 The second half year is devoted to zool- 
 ogy. Systematic dissections, under Dr. 
 Faxon, are made in the laboratory, sup- 
 plemented by lectures on the histology, 
 embryology and development of animals. 
 One or more forms of each great group 
 of the invertebrates is studied, viz., 
 hydra, lobster, clam and starfish. Two 
 or more hour examinations are held 
 during the year. No text book is used ; 
 seven hours a week are required, six 
 
36 
 
 hours in the laboratory and one hour 
 lecture. The work given out permits of 
 little or no cutting. The greatest defect 
 in the course so far has been insufficient 
 supervision of the laboratory work. As 
 the number of students that take Xat- 
 ural History 5 is necessarily limited, 
 preference is given to those that intend 
 to take 6 or 7. or to study medicine. 
 While Natural History 5 is an interest- 
 ing and essential course for those that 
 make natural history an important aim, 
 it is in no sense a popular course, nor is 
 it to be recommended for those with 
 whom this science is a side issue. 
 
 Xatural History 6. (Advanced Zool- 
 ogy. Thres times a week. Dr. Faxon.) 
 Ditfers each year. One special form (in 
 80-81 it was the frog) is studied 
 thoroughly in the laboratory. This form 
 is the basis from which to make a com- 
 parative study of the vertebrates, includ- 
 ing man. During the latter part of the 
 year some group of the invertebrates is 
 taken up. Xine hours a week are re- 
 quired, out of which one hour and some- 
 times two are taken for lectures. Xo 
 text book is necessarv. but students are 
 
37 
 
 advised to procure a biological atlas 
 ($2.50) and Flower's "Osteology of the 
 Mammalia" ($2.50.) 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY— EMBRYOLOGY. 
 
 Graduate 32. Embryology. Once a 
 week. Dr. Mark. This course is in- 
 tended to furnish special and advanced 
 students with a practical introduction to 
 the study of comparative embryology. 
 It has for its scope : 
 
 1st. A theoretical knowledge of the 
 embryology of the main groups of the 
 animal kingdom. 
 
 2d. A practical knowledge of the 
 early stages of development, including 
 the changes that precede cleavage, and 
 the processes of segmentation and gas- 
 trulation. 
 
 3d. A practical knowledge of the 
 
 subsequent stages in the development of 
 
 one or more animals. (This varies for 
 
 individual students.) The instruction 
 
 5 
 
38 
 
 given consists in lectures and practical 
 work in the laboratory under super- 
 vision. One hour a week, on Monday 
 morning, is devoted to a lecture, and 
 the student is expected to be in the lab- 
 oratory at Least three hours a week, and 
 also it is necessary to drop in from time 
 to time to shift specimens from one so- 
 lution to another. In the first lectures 
 the general nature ol the sexual pro- 
 ducts is considered : next the origin of 
 these products in the various groups of 
 animals : and lastly the develot-mc^: of 
 the embryo is carefully traced. The 
 laboratory work consists in the stud; 
 the embryo of some of the commoner 
 vertebrates and invertebra fact of 
 
 whatever embryos can be conveniently 
 obtained. The work is principally mi- 
 croscopic. Th^ reagents are provided by 
 the College, but the student is required 
 to furnish his instruments. The ordi- 
 nary outfit of a micros ist's table is 
 neces-arv. a zoologist's set of dissecting 
 instruments, and a good compound mi- 
 croscope. It is desirable, although not 
 lutely mdi tble, that the stu- 
 
 dent possess Balfour's fct Comj 
 
39 
 
 Embryology" ($4.50). The accommo- 
 dations are limited to six students. This 
 course is counted by the Faculty as only 
 one hour, although in order to do the 
 work satisfactorily one must spend at 
 least six hours a week, and much more 
 time could with advantage be devoted 
 to it. 
 
 NATURAL HISTOKY— ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Graduate 33. Twice a week. Prof. 
 Hagen. For the sake of convenience 
 this course may be divided into two 
 parts, lectures and laboratory practice. 
 The lectures treat of insects generally. 
 First, the grosser structure of the insect 
 is described, and then the various sys- 
 tems and divisions of the body. The 
 lectures are not confined to the anatomi- 
 cal structure alone, but the histologi- 
 cal structure as well is consid- 
 ered. In addition, the various theo- 
 ries of the homologies and modes of evo- 
 lution are studied. This course takes 
 
-xV 
 
 the subject troni a point of view _- 
 tirely new to the student, and the lec- 
 turer endeavors tc give more advanced 
 ideas than are taught in the undergrad- 
 uate «K)]ogi al i-ourses. H::. :-. it is nc : 
 Lvisal Le for a man to choose this sic - 
 live until he has quired familiarity 
 with the work :: the more n mtary 
 urse= in zooL: ?y. Tac le :•: b il- 
 
 lusti ate 1 by a a: an:n" v : • - 
 
 imens; 1 at is : ken not 
 
 : : ?re a a_:Y-i :a "!; y ta a ^ : 
 
 a the table a once. All the more im- 
 portant rring tc the sul ject of 
 
 upon a table 
 
 the plans mai a - fter the 
 
 . a man can 1 k up any point he 
 
 may lesire. By this m ans the student 
 
 "ith the literature 
 of the sul ject, and is pi rith mar 
 
 I think a his Leisui . In 
 the Lai >rat ry the I est m ;th Is : : lis- 
 ting insects and : preparing speci- 
 mens for the micros pe are taught. 
 The student is required : ride his 
 
 I sis, scissors and good hand lens are 
 
 ;a X: : aa . ; a- .-,: 
 
41 
 
 It is almost superfluous to say that 
 Graduate 33 is a course of great inter- 
 est as well as value to the student of 
 natural history. 
 
 HISTOKY 1, 5 AND 6 
 
 History 1. (Mediaeval and Modern 
 — chiefly of Germany, Italy and Spain.) 
 Twice a week. Dr: Emerton. In this 
 course the history of Germany down to 
 the end of the thirty years' war and that 
 of Italy down to about 1800 are taken 
 up. Tt is an introductory course, and is 
 intended to acquaint the student with the 
 bare facts of the history of those two 
 countries. The student is held accounta- 
 ble for everything in the text-books, but 
 in the recitation room the instructor does 
 not confine himself entirely to the book. 
 There are no hour examinations. The 
 text-books are Lewis' u History of Ger- 
 many" and Hunt's "History of Italy," 
 
42 
 
 and both together cost about three 
 dollars. 
 
 History 5 and 6. Three times a week. 
 Dr. Enierton. These courses alternate 
 with each other, and taken together 
 cover the history of continental Europe 
 from the year 800 to 1550. or, in other 
 words, from the coronation of Charle- 
 magne to about the time of the edict of 
 Restitution. In 1881-'82 History 6, 
 which begins at the year 1300, will be 
 given. 
 
 At the beginning of the year each stu- 
 dent must provide himself with a sylla- 
 bus, which contains the topics to be con- 
 sidered during the year. Besides these 
 topics it contains a list of the most relia- 
 ble authorities for the period. These 
 authorities are in German. French and 
 Latin for the most part, although a num- 
 ber of them are in English. For each 
 recitation the instructor gives out a few 
 topics to be looked up. A great many 
 of the hours are also given up to lectures 
 on the prevailing institutions and cus- 
 toms of the time. For instance, this 
 year, in History 5, the feudal system 
 has been explained in detail. 
 
43 
 
 Besides the regular work for the class 
 each student is required to write two 
 theses, from twenty to sixty pages of 
 theme paper in length. He is expected 
 to go to the original sources and get the 
 most reliable information he can about 
 his subject. The first thesis is due two 
 weeks before the semi-annual examina- 
 tions, and the second one two weeks be- 
 fore the annuals. 
 
 The object of the instructor is to go 
 beneath the surface and examine into the 
 under- currents which are constantly at 
 work. He also aims to break the stu- 
 dent of the habit of trusting blindly to 
 whatever statements some unreliable 
 English historian may make. He wishes 
 him to go to the source himself and find 
 out the truth. To take these courses a 
 knowledge of German and French is very 
 desirable, though not absolutely indispen- 
 sable. As there is no fixed text-book it 
 cannot be stated exactly what the ex- 
 pense will be. However, it is advisable 
 to obtain the student histories of the pe- 
 riod, which cost about one dollar and 
 seventy-five cents apiece. But by free 
 use of the library no books at all need 
 
44 
 
 be purchased. There are only two ex- 
 aminations — the mid-year and the 
 annual. 
 
 HISTORY 2 AiST) 3. 
 
 History 2. (Mediaeval and Modern 
 History, chiefly of France and England.) 
 Twice a week. Mr. Macvane. This 
 course is intended partly for those stu- 
 dents who wish to get an outline of 
 French and English history without any 
 intention of making history a special 
 study ; and partly as a preparation for 
 the more advanced courses, especially 
 History 7, 10 and 11. The history of 
 France is carried down to about 1789, 
 and the history of England to about 
 1760. In the recitations, or rather lec- 
 tures, the instructor very carefully goes 
 over the matter given out to be read for 
 that day, explaining the meaning of such 
 words as are unintelligible to an Ameri- 
 can reader, and describing at length the 
 various customs and organizations which 
 
45 
 
 are merely mentioned in the text books. 
 The feudal system is explained, and all 
 the laws and institutions of the Anglo- 
 Saxons and French are described. A 
 few references to the reserved books are 
 made, and on the examination paper is 
 generally one optional question embrac- 
 ing the subjects mentioned and referred 
 to in the lecture. Two one-hour examin- 
 ations will probably be given during the 
 year. In the examination the student is 
 held accountable for the narrative of po- 
 litical history as given in the u Students' 
 History of France (price $1.50) and 
 the "Students' Hume," (Prof. Brewer's 
 revision, price $1.50,) with such ex- 
 planations of constitutional and legal 
 terms as are necessary for understand- 
 ing the text, also for the historical geog- 
 raphy of France and England, — divis- 
 ions, chief towns, rivers, etc. No 
 change is likely to be made in the gen- 
 eral scope of the course for 1881-82. 
 The course is new, and satisfactory 
 books are hard to find. The books 
 named above are used for the first time 
 this year, and will be abandoned if bet- 
 ter ones can be found. 
 
46 
 
 History 3. (Constitutional Govern- 
 ment in England and the United States. 
 Introductory course.) Twice a week. 
 Mr. Macvane. This course is intended 
 partly for students who wish to obtain 
 an elementary knowledge of "the 
 two oldest constitutions in existence," — 
 partly also as a preparation for the 
 study of English and American his- 
 tory in the advanced courses. No hour 
 examinations are given, but a short 
 thesis is required each half year. The 
 recitation is carried on more as a lecture 
 and conference, and no text books are 
 required. Students, however, are ex- 
 pected to make use of reserved books, 
 magazine articles, etc., at the Library. 
 The present organization and practical 
 working of the English and American 
 systems of government is considered. 
 The two systems are studied compara- 
 tively as far as possible, Probably no 
 changes will be made in the course next 
 year. 
 
 History 10 and 11 — three times a 
 week — Mr. Macvane, together cover the 
 history of Europe from the year 1600 
 down to about the present time. As 
 
47 
 
 some of the greatest events in the 
 world's history occurred during that pe- 
 riod, the courses are both important and 
 interesting History 10 ends some- 
 where near the year 1725. History 11, 
 beginning about 1750, comes down to 
 about 1870, and is the course which 
 will be given in 1881-2. No fixed les- 
 sons are given out, but at each recita- 
 tion the instructor puts on the board a 
 synopsis of events, and during the hour 
 enlarges on them. Thus a connected 
 history of the whole period is obtained. 
 A liberal use of the alcove in the library 
 is desirable, as there are many different 
 books on the period which it is best to 
 consult. There are usually two hour 
 examinations in addition to the semi and 
 annual. In English history next year 
 the text book will probably be " May's 
 Constitutional History." It is not cer- 
 tain what the other books will be, but 
 the total expense probably will not ex- 
 ceed five dollars. In History 10 this 
 year "Hallam's Constitutional History" 
 and "Gardiner's Thirty Years' War" 
 have been used. 
 
GREEK. 
 
 Greek 3. The object of this course 
 is to teach men to read with as little de- 
 pendence upon the lexicon as possible. 
 The method which the instructor in- 
 tends to have pursued is as follows : At 
 the beginning of the year, lessons of 
 about two pages are assigned. The 
 student in working upon this, first reads 
 the lesson straight through without any 
 help whatsoever. He then reads it 
 through a second time, underlining the 
 words that he does not know and making 
 marks in the margin against the passages 
 which he cannot make out. After this 
 he settles his doubts, as far as possible, 
 with the lexicon and his notes. At the 
 beginning of the recitation the instructor 
 occupies five or ten minutes in asking 
 questions upon the vocabulary of the 
 previous lesson. He then answers all 
 questions on the lesson for the day. tak- 
 ing up one chapter after another, after- 
 wards asking questions himself upon any 
 
49 
 
 important points not already brought up. 
 Sometimes there is translation. After 
 about one-half of the hour has been taken 
 up in this manner, the section reads 
 ahead at sight for the remainder of the 
 hour. The instructor's intention is not 
 to get over the ground with the greatest 
 possible speed, but to instruct the men in 
 the proper method of translating at sight. 
 A student is called upon to read at sight 
 exactly as he would in getting out his 
 lesson. When he goes wrong the mis- 
 take in his method is pointed out. The 
 instructor, moreover, goes through the 
 same process himself, reading from the 
 text as if he were translating it for the 
 first time. After the men have become 
 moderately proficient in translating at 
 sight they are allowed the greatest lib- 
 erty in modifying the method, the object 
 being not so much to fim an arbitrary 
 method of translation as to overcome 
 fundamental defects in the methods of 
 individuals. The main object of the 
 course is to give every man the habit of 
 depending upon himself in translating to 
 the fullest extent possible. The length 
 of the lessons is gradually increased un- 
 
50 
 
 til by the middle of the year the lessons 
 are of six, seven or eight pages in length, 
 about half of Herodotus being now read 
 in the course of the year. Occasion- 
 ally, during the year, one hour examin- 
 ations are held. The greater part -of all 
 the examination papers is translation at 
 sight. The edition of Herodotus which 
 is used is Stein's. The notes of all five 
 volumes of the original German edition 
 are now being translated into English, 
 and some of these volumes will be ready 
 for use next year. There will ultimately 
 be a sixth volume in the American edi- 
 tion consisting simply of the text. This 
 elective will in time be made a three- 
 hour course, when with the help of Mr. 
 White's ' 'Greek Word-Book," which is 
 in preparation, it is hoped that Herodotus 
 will be read through, from cover to 
 cover, in a single year. 
 
CHEMISTRY. 
 
 Chemistry 1 (Descriptive Chemis- 
 try — three times cC week — Asst. Pro- 
 fessor Jackson) is a course in descriptive 
 chemistry. The primary object of this 
 course is to give a general idea of the 
 whole subject of chemistry, and of the 
 position it occupies among the practical 
 sciences of today. No natural science 
 can properly be studied without some 
 general knowledge of chemistry ; such 
 a general knowledge Chemistry 1 aims 
 at giving. Another great object which 
 the instructor keeps ever in view is to 
 make the subject so simple and interest- 
 ing to the general student as to induce 
 him to take some of the higher courses. 
 Lectures are given twice a week (Mon- 
 days and Fridays) , and four hours a 
 week laboratory work is required, either 
 on Wednesdays and Fridays from 3 to 
 5, or on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 
 2 to 4. The lectures are upon the prop- 
 erties and reactions of the elementary 
 substances, and their most familiar com- 
 pounds. The more important reactions 
 are practically illustrated by experiments 
 
on the lecture table. The lal 
 work consists in doing experiment? in 
 connection with the subject matter of 
 the lectures. During the year the prin- 
 cipal chemical processes used in the arts 
 are considered, such as the extraction of 
 metal from their ores, the manufacture 
 of gun | >wder, Le Blanc's process, etc. 
 Chemistry 1. is a course which while 
 essential would under any circunista:. 
 : <rreat assistance to a general edi 
 tion. If our gove tficials had 
 
 studied this course we should not find 
 one tariff for brimstone and another for 
 sulphur. But at present those men who 
 form the tariff are so ignorant of the 
 most elementary principles of descrip- 
 tive chemistry that the grossest errors 
 are of frequent occurrence. An assess- 
 ment of ten dollars is made upon each 
 member of this course for reagents and 
 use of apparatus. In addition to this 
 the usual charge for breakage ranges 
 from four to ten dollars. 
 
 Chemistry 2. Determinative Min- 
 eralogy and Lith : 1 _ ~ ( with study iu the 
 mineral cabinet). Three time* a week. 
 Prof. Cooke and assistant. Chemistry 
 
53 
 
 2 is a course in practical mineralogy and 
 crystallography. Three lectures a week 
 are given by the instructor, and the stu- 
 dent can work in the laboratory when- 
 ever he chooses. The work done is ar- 
 ranged as follows : The first part of 
 the year until Thanksgiving is occupied 
 with the study of crystallography and 
 the drawing of a few crystals. Wooden 
 models of crystals, with all the com- 
 monly occuring modifications, are used 
 for this study. After Thanksgiving 
 come two or three lectures on blow-pipe 
 analysis, and then the members of the 
 course are furnished with bottles of sub- 
 stances to be analyzed by means of the 
 blow-pipe. At the end of four weeks 
 the study of the mineral species is taken 
 up following the order of Dana's (small) 
 "Mineralogy." After the lectures 
 upon one group of minerals have been 
 given, about a fortnight is allowed for 
 the study of the members of that group 
 before taking up the next group. The 
 mid-year examination includes the first 
 two groups, and consists in the determi- 
 nation of two or three crystals and some 
 specimens from among the minerals that 
 
 7 
 
54 
 
 have been studied. The work of the 
 last half year is upon the remaining 
 groups of minerals. The student is 
 greatly aided in his work by having ac- 
 cess to the mineral cabinet, which is 
 probably the finest in America. There 
 is a separate cabinet of specimens de- 
 voted to blow-pipe analysis. The an- 
 nual examination is upon the work of 
 the last half year. Hour examinations 
 are occasionally held for the purpose of 
 reviewing the work done. There is an 
 assessment of five dollars upon every 
 member of the elective for reagents and 
 use of apparatus, and in addition the 
 annual charge for breakage ranges from 
 
 O © © 
 
 twenty-five cents to a dollar. Dana's 
 (smaller) ' 'Mineralogy" ($2.75) is re- 
 quired. 
 
 Chemistry 3. Qualitative Analysis. 
 Three times a week. Asst. Protessor H. 
 B. Hill. Chemistry 3 is intended to 
 give all the instruction in qualitative 
 analysis necessary to enable a man to 
 make practical analyses. The course is 
 counted as three hours, but those who 
 take it are expected to spend at least 
 nine hours a week in the lecture-room 
 
55 
 
 or in the laboratory. It is presumed 
 that the work of the elective can faith- 
 fully be performed in this time by a 
 man of ordinary capacity- — some men 
 do it in much less, but on the average, 
 nine hours is none too much to allow. 
 The lectures are purely supplementary 
 to the laboratory work ; first as prac- 
 tical directions for doing that work, sec- 
 ondly to give the rationale of the pro- 
 cesses necessary to be gone through. 
 The lectures occur irregularly as they 
 are needed to keep the class in work. 
 On Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, 
 at 12 o'clock, the members of the elec- 
 tive are expected to present themselves 
 either at a lecture in Boylston 3 or for 
 laboratory work in the upper laboratory. 
 The remaining six hours consist entirely 
 of laboratory work and may be taken at 
 any time except at the regular hours as- 
 signed to Chemistry 1 for laboratory 
 work. This exception is necessitated 
 by the fact that, owing to the scarcity 
 of desks, a large number of Chemistry 
 3 men are obliged to share their desks 
 with Chemistry 1 men. The lectures are 
 given by Professor Hill ; the laboratory 
 
5Q 
 
 work is superintended by Professor Hill 
 and Mr. Mabery. In 1880-81 the first 
 term was occupied in the separation of 
 the bases, of which twenty-six were 
 considered. After Christmas the acids 
 were taken up. and twenty-three of the 
 more important ones were considered. 
 The mid-year examination, howeyer. 
 coyered the bases alone. During the 
 first-half of the year all the substan- 
 ces to be analyzed were giyen out in so- 
 lution : during the last half year analy- 
 sis in the dry way will be taken up. and 
 all substances to be analyzed will be 
 giyen out in the solid. As blow-pipe 
 analysis is rarely sufficient, these sub- 
 stances will also haye to be treated in 
 solution ; accordingly, the course will 
 take up salts soluble in water, salts in- 
 soluble in water and soluble in acids, 
 salts insoluble in water or in acids, 
 which last will haye to be treated by 
 fusion. The course in 1881-82 will be 
 substantially the same, but Mr. Hill 
 hopes to be able to coyer more ground 
 than is done this year. The only text 
 book required is "Notes on Qualitative 
 Analysis" (75 cents), by Mr Hill. 
 
57 
 
 "Thorpe's Inorganic Chemistry" ($3) 
 is recommended. A regular charge of 
 $15 for reagents and use of apparatus 
 is made upon every member of the 
 course, and the bill for breakages is 
 usually between $6 and $10. Chem- 
 istry 3 is open to those only who have 
 already taken Chemistry 1. 
 
 Chemistry 4 (Quantitative Analysis 
 [in the laboratory] , three times a week, 
 Professor Cooke and assistant) is a 
 course for the purpose of teaching chem- 
 ical analysis, and giving the student an 
 idea of the manner of conducting chem- 
 ical investigation. It also gives prac- 
 tice in doing work with neatuess and 
 with scientific accuracy. A very care- 
 fully arranged plan is followed including 
 the various methods of anlaysis. The 
 general order is as follows : Simple 
 salts, volumetric analysis, analysis of 
 alloys, rock analysis. Lectures are 
 given once or twice a week upon the 
 methods to be employed in the labora- 
 tory. No text books are used and the 
 marks are upon trie laboratory work. A 
 certain percentage of the mark is gener- 
 ally "personal," i. e., upon the manner 
 
58 
 
 of doing the work irrespective of the re- 
 sult. The object of this is to induce 
 the student to work carefully and neatly. 
 The processes of quantitative analysis 
 are naturally long, and consequently in 
 order to do justice to the course one 
 must spend a large part of his time in 
 the laboratory. The laboratory is open 
 all the time and the student may do his 
 work whenever he pleases ; but he is ex- 
 pected to be in the laboratory from three 
 to four on Mondays, Wednesdays and 
 Fridays. An assessment of $10 is 
 made upon each member of the course 
 for reagents and use of apparatus. The 
 total expense of the course will be from 
 Si 5 to $20, including charge for break- 
 age. 
 
 Chemistry 5. (The carbon com- 
 pounds — lectures and laboratory work — 
 three times a week. Asst. Prof. H. 
 B. Hill), is a course in organic chemis- 
 try desirable for those only who intend 
 to make a special study of chemisty, 
 either as a profession or with a view to 
 teaching. This course might be well 
 described in saying that it is Chemistry 
 1 applied to organic analysis. Three 
 
59 
 
 lectures a week are given throughout 
 the year, covering the entire ground of 
 organic chemistry ; but as the field is so 
 extensive, the lectures can at best be 
 but an outline, giving the most impor- 
 tant formulas and describing the most 
 interesting processes. Thus they are 
 chiefly upon theoretical chemistry, and 
 they require much careful study. The 
 members of the elective are supplied 
 with copies of the lecture notes, as no 
 text book is used. In the laboratory it 
 is intended that the student shall get 
 a general idea of the methods of con- 
 ducting organic analysis and synthesis, 
 since those processes differ entirely from 
 inorganic analysis and synthesis. This 
 work is upon the carbon compounds. 
 No definite amount of laboratory work 
 is required, and the examinations are 
 upon the subject matter of the lectures. 
 The remarks given are, however, upon 
 the laboratory work as well as upon the 
 work done at the examinations, and no 
 one can obtain the maximum mark with- 
 out spending some time in the labora- 
 tory. The best scholars generally do 
 original work during the latter part of 
 
60 
 
 the vear. An assessment of ten dollars 
 is made upon each, member of the course 
 for reagents and use of apparatus. In 
 addition to this the usual charge for 
 breakage ranges from seven to twelve 
 dollars. TTohler's "Grundriss der Or- 
 ganischen Chemie von Dr. Rudolph 
 Fikig.'" (price 85.50) is required as a 
 work of reference. Chemistry 5 is 
 open only to students who have taken 
 Chemistry 3. 
 
 Chemistry 6. Advanced course in 
 experimental chemistry (in the labora- 
 tory) — three times a week — Professor 
 Cooke. This course is similar to the 
 graduate courses. That is to say. the 
 student does original work in the labo- 
 ratory under the direction of Professor 
 Cooke. The more accurate determina- 
 tion of atomic weights may be given as 
 an example of the nature of the work 
 done. At the end of the year the stu- 
 dent writes a page upon his work, and if 
 he adds new facts to science the paper 
 may be published in the proceedings of 
 the American Academy. Chemistry 6 
 is open only to students who have taken 
 Chemistry 4. 
 
61 
 
 Chemistry 7. Crystallography and 
 the physics of crystals (with work in 
 the mineral cabinet) — three times a 
 week — Professor Cooke. This is an 
 advanced course in crystallography. 
 Three lectures a week are given follow- 
 ing the plan lafd down in Miller's Crys- 
 tallography. Each member of the 
 course is furnished with the lecture 
 notes. The student is taught to measure 
 and to determine crystals. A reflecting 
 goneometer is used for this purpose, and 
 the crystals are drawn by spherical pro- 
 jection. Some knowledge of trigonom- 
 etry and spherical geometry is necessary. 
 Chemistry 7 was first introduced in 
 *79-80, and it is given on alternate 
 years only. 
 
HISTORY 8 AXD 9. 
 
 History 8 and 9. three times a week, 
 Mr. Snow. These two courses are de- 
 voted to the Constitutional and Political 
 History of the United States down to 
 the year 1860. This is a very impor- 
 tant subject, about which every Ameri- 
 can ought to be fully informed. During 
 that time the foundations of the two 
 great political parties were laid and very 
 many of the important questions of to- 
 day were started then. A full knowl- 
 edge, therefore, of the ground covered 
 by these courses is very valuable to 
 every one who wishes to be an intelligent 
 citizen. In 1880-81, History 8, which 
 last year came down to 1829. will be 
 given. In this course, the history of 
 the colonies, to the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, is briefly touched upon. 
 Then the articles of Confederation are 
 taken up and their defects shown. The 
 proceedings of the convention which 
 adopted the Constitution are given in 
 detail, and then begins the study of the 
 
63 
 
 history of the United States as it is now 
 under the Constitution. The Constitu- 
 tional and Political History, both do- 
 mestic and foreign, is gone into very ex- 
 haustively and includes some very im- 
 portant questions — such as the Tariff, 
 the foundation of a National Bank, 
 the Embargo, the Lousiana Purchase, 
 State Rights and the Missouri Compro- 
 mise. The foreign relations, also, du- 
 ring the first four or Hive administrations 
 are very important, especially the causes 
 which led up to the war of 1812, His- 
 tory 9 began this year with Jackson's 
 first administration, and takes up the 
 abolition of the National Bank, Nulli- 
 fication, the troubles with the Cherokee 
 Indians, the Texas purchase, — in short, 
 all the causes of the Rebellion. The 
 course is conducted entirely by lectures, 
 the instructor during the lecture giving 
 full reference to his authorities. All 
 these books are reserved in the Library, 
 and, if a student writes up his own 
 notes, he is obliged to use the reserved 
 books to a great extent. Generally, 
 some student writes out very full notes 
 and has them printed for all those who 
 
64 
 
 wish to buy them, charging enough for 
 them to cover expenses. There is no 
 book on the period which contains all 
 that is needed. Most of the authorities 
 are the lives and letters of the promi- 
 nent men of the time. However, the 
 book Avhich every student is advised to 
 get, and which may be called the text- 
 book, is "Von Hoist's Constitutional 
 History of the United States." Volume 
 1 covers the ground for History 8, and 
 Volume 2 for History 9. These books 
 are quite expensive, costing about $4 
 apiece. "Johnston's American Politics" 
 is a very good outline of the period and 
 may be used to advantage to get a gen- 
 eral idea of the important questions. 
 There are no hour examinations. 
 
PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 Philosophy 1. (Laws of Thought 
 and the Phenomena of Consciousness — 
 lectures on Logic and Psychology — twice 
 a week — Prof. Bowen.) This is dis- 
 tinctly an introductory course, and is 
 considered a parallel course to Philoso- 
 phy 2. The first part of the year is de- 
 voted to Bowen's "Logic," the second 
 half to Mill's "Sir William Hamilton." 
 The method of instruction is by recita- 
 tions and lectures combined, and freedom 
 in asking questions and discussions in the 
 class room is desired. Besides the mid- 
 year and annual, two or three hour ex- 
 aminations are held during the year. 
 The cost of books is about $5. 
 
 Philosophy 2. (Logic and Metaphys- 
 ics. Jevon's Logic. Tenier's Lectures 
 on Greek Philosophy. Twice a tueeh. 
 Asst.-Prof. Palmer.) This is distinctly 
 an introductory course, and covers about 
 the same ground as Philosophy 1. In 
 the first half-year an outline of both de- 
 ductive and inductive logic is given ; in 
 
66 
 
 the second, all the problems of meta- 
 physics are proposed, though not solved. 
 A history of Greek Philosophy is taken, 
 not so much as a history of this philos- 
 ophy, but because it shows the natural 
 growth of philosophy in the mind of 
 man. The method of instruction is by 
 lectures in connection with the text 
 books, which are used in order that the 
 student may not depend entirely on the 
 lectures. For the first ten minutes of 
 each hour a question is given out for the 
 students to write on. Though this is en- 
 tirely voluntary, most of the class hand 
 in papers at the end of the hour. This 
 is intended to show how the class is 
 studying, and to give them some prac- 
 tice in writing on the subjects they are 
 considering. An hour examination is 
 held in both Logic and Metaphysics. 
 The mid-year examinations cover the 
 whole of Logic ; the final examination 
 covers the work of the whole year, 
 but is devoted chiefly to the work of the 
 second half-year. The cost of text books 
 is about $4.50. 
 
 Philosophy 3. Elementary Psychol- 
 ogy — twice a week — Prof. James. This 
 
67 
 
 course will be materially different from 
 the Philosophy 3 of 1880-81. It is 
 Prof. James' belief that the course in 
 Spencer has proved too hard for an ele- 
 mentary course. The course will differ, 
 too, from the Philosophy 5 of this year, 
 by the use of a simpler text-book (the 
 translation of Taine on "Intelligence"), 
 and more elementary lectures. There 
 will be no thesis work, but probably 
 hour examinations, besides the mid-year 
 and annual. 
 
 Philosophy 4. (Ethics — three times 
 a week — Dr. Peabody.) It is particu- 
 larly difficult to give such a description 
 of this course as may aid men in choos- 
 ing their electives for next year. In the 
 first place, the text-books, except one, 
 have been frequently changed, and in 
 the second place, the instructor who has 
 conducted the course for many years 
 past retires from his position in June. 
 It is to be hoped, however, that his suc- 
 cessor will make but few changes in the 
 general plan of the elective. The text- 
 book used in the first term is Peabody's 
 Moral Philosophy, and the system of 
 instruction is by recitations and lectures. 
 
68 
 
 This year the other text -books are, 
 Plutarch on the "Delay of the Divinity 
 in Punishing the Wicked," and Cicero 
 "De officiis." The originals, not the 
 translations, of both these works are 
 used. The instructor each day appoints 
 men to prepare a translation of the next 
 lesson, and also reads his own transla- 
 tion of it, thus giving those appointed 
 a key to the substance of the text. At 
 the end of each book he lectures on the 
 general subject on which it has treated. 
 There are no hour examinations, and 
 the cost of books is about five dollars. 
 The title of the course is a sufficient 
 exposition of what it proposes to teach. 
 
 Philosophy 5. Mill's "Logic" — three 
 times a week — Prof. James. It is not 
 to be supposed that this is to be simply 
 a course in logic. Mill's book lies at the 
 foundation of much of modern philo- 
 sophic thought, and the book deals with 
 all the great questions of philosophy. 
 Besides the lectures and recitations there 
 will be theses and occasional hour ex- 
 aminations. 
 
 In addition to Philosophy 3 and 5, 
 Prof. James will have a graduate course 
 
69 
 
 in psychology, which will serve some- 
 what as a continuation or enlargement of 
 this year's Philosophy 5, and in which 
 ability to read G-erman easily will be 
 required. 
 
 Philosophy 6. (English Philosophy. 
 Locke, Berkeley, Hume. Three times a 
 iveek. Asst.-Prof. Palmer.) This 
 course requires a great deal of time, 
 and is intended for those who wish to 
 make a more special study of Philoso- 
 phy. The limited field of English sen- 
 sationalism (Locke, Berkeley and 
 Hume) is taken. A very different method 
 of instruction from that in Philosophy 2 
 is used, the men being left much more 
 to themselves. At the beginning of 
 each week a certain amount (about 30 
 pages) from an author is given out, 
 and the work for the week consists in 
 writing a thesis on this, the first half be- 
 ing a summary of the author's argu- 
 ments, and the second the student's own 
 reflections on them. This, however, 
 is not obligatory, but the theses handed 
 in are marked. During each week lec- 
 tures are given on the work done by the 
 student during the previous week, and 
 
'0 
 
 sometimes the recitation hour is siven 
 up to discussion. During the year two 
 hour examinations are held to test the 
 student's familiarity with the text of the 
 authors. The object of the mid-year 
 examinations is substantially the same : 
 most of the questions being those that 
 the students have already discussed in 
 their theses. The final examination, 
 however, is very different. At the be- 
 ginning of the year fifty topics are given 
 out. Each student is to choose one of 
 these, though during the year he may 
 change if he thinks lit. He is to ar- 
 range his ideas on the topic chosen, and 
 to go into the examination at the end of 
 the year without any notes. Here he is to 
 write as systematically and as well as he 
 can. in three hours, a thesis on his sub- 
 ject, the object being to see what he can 
 do under pressure. The aim of the 
 whole course is thus to develop the orig- 
 inal power of the students. The cost of 
 text books is about 85.00. 
 
 Philosophy 7. (Earlier French Phi- 
 losophy. Descartes to Leibnitz, and Ger- 
 man Philosophy. Kant to Hegel — three 
 times a iveek — Prof. Bowen.) In this 
 
71 
 
 course Prof. Bowen's ''Modern Philoso- 
 phy'' is used as a basis in studying the 
 various philosophers taken up, but this 
 is supplemented during the first half 
 year (when Descartes, Malebranche, 
 Spinoza and Leibnitz are studied) by 
 Bouillier's "Histoire de la Philosophic 
 Cartesienne," and during the second 
 half year by Meiklejohn's translation of 
 Kant's "Critique." More time is de- 
 voted to Kant than to any other single 
 author. The method of conducting the 
 course is virtually the same as in Phi- 
 losophy 1. Prof. Bowen's lectures and 
 comments, especially on Kant, are of 
 great value. The course is a very com- 
 prehensive one, giving as complete a 
 view of modern philosophy as is possible 
 in a year's time. Cost of text books 
 about $8. 
 
 Philosophy 8. (Schopenhauer's "Die 
 Welt als Wille und Vorstellung," and 
 Hartmann's "Philosophie des Unbewus- 
 sten" — three times a week — Prof. Bow- 
 en.) This course is devoted exclusive- 
 ly to the two authors named, and as 
 there are no transla r ions a knowledge of 
 German is necessary. The method is 
 
72 
 
 less of translation or recitation than of 
 lectures and running comments by Prof. 
 Bo wen. The number who take the 
 course is necessarily small, so that the 
 conversational character of recitation is 
 generally pursued. The course is in- 
 valuable to the thorough student of phi- 
 losophy, and Harvard is the only Ameri- 
 can University that offers such a course. 
 The cost of books is about $14. 
 
ENGLISH. 
 
 English!". English Literature. Chau- 
 cer, Bacon, Milton, Dryden. Prof. 
 Francis J. Child. Three times a week. 
 This course aims at a careful study of a 
 few well-edited selections from the above 
 mentioned authors. Of Chaucer's works, 
 the prologue to the "Canterbury Tales," 
 "The Knightes Tale," and "The Nonne 
 Prestes Tale," are read, in all about 
 thirty-seven hundred lines. The text 
 book is Morris' selections (cost, $0.90). 
 Sufficient attention is given to forms, 
 derivation, and metre, to enable the 
 student to read Chaucer easily and in- 
 telligently ; also the life of Chaucer is 
 briefly discussed. Bacon's essays are 
 read, and familiarity with about one- 
 half of them is required. The text 
 book is Lewis' Bacon (cost, $1). Of 
 Milton the smaller poems are read, 
 "Paradise Lost and Regained," and 
 "Samson Agonistes" being omitted; 
 possibly a little prose is read. The text 
 book is the Milton of the Clarendon 
 
74 
 
 Press Series (cost, $1.10). Dryden's 
 "•Absalom and Achitophel," "Peligio 
 Laiei," and "The Hind and the Pan- 
 ther" are read. The text book is selec- 
 tions of Dryden in the Clarendon Press 
 Series (cost, $0.90). In this course, 
 there are no hour examinations and the 
 regular examinations require a wide and 
 ready knowledge of the work. The 
 lessons are read in the class by members 
 of the section, and the explanations of 
 form and matter given in the notes are 
 asked for. The larger part of the in- 
 struction, however, is in the valuable 
 and interesting comments of the instruc- 
 tor explaining the frequent references to 
 history, politics and literature. Some 
 portions of the authors read are to be 
 committed to memory, and there is al- 
 ways a question on this work on the 
 examination papers. 
 
 English 2. Shakspere — Prof. Fran- 
 cis J. Child — three times a week. This 
 course gives during the year an oppor- 
 tunity for the careful study of seven or 
 eight of Shakspere's plays, including 
 several of the most difficult ones. Du- 
 ring the year 1881-82 the list will in- 
 
5 
 
 elude "Hamlet," "Winter's Tale," 
 "Othello," "Henry V.," "Merchant of 
 Venice," and "As You Like It." The 
 text-books contain a single play each, 
 and are of small cost. For some plays 
 Rolfe's edition is used, and for others 
 the Clarendon Press edition. There are 
 no hour examinations, and the regular 
 examinations require thorough familiar- 
 ity with the work. The lessons are 
 read in the class by the members of the 
 section, and the instructor asks for the 
 explanation given in the notes, after 
 which he makes his own explanations 
 and comments. The class is required in 
 the course of the year to commit a few- 
 selections to memory, and some knowl- 
 edge is required of the life of Shakspere, 
 and of the chronology of his plays as 
 given by Dowden in the Literature 
 Primer on Shakspere. A few recita- 
 tions are devoted to the study of the 
 metre used in the plays, but by far the 
 greater portion of the work required is 
 upon the text of the plays. It may be 
 supposed by some that time is given to 
 criticisms of the plays and to the consid- 
 eration of beauties or apparent defects. 
 
The object :>f the instructor is. however. 
 to enable the students to obtain, as tar 
 as possible, an nnderstan ling of the 
 : - :: >hakspere by the study :: 
 
 those words which have changed in 
 form or meaning by the farther levelop- 
 ment of the language. For the same 
 put] sc alsc mo h time is le voted to ex- 
 nations of obscure pass ges, and of 
 allusions I mst ms and events of the 
 writer's time. In this the students fa 
 the benefit :■: the instructor's lone study 
 of our language in every stage of its de~ 
 y m sans >i his sxpL oar 
 ti na they _ : only an undersea i - 
 
 ing of Shakspere's allusions, but als 
 a vast amount of information about the 
 age in which he wrote. Only those who 
 have taken this course realize b 
 
 much is g y the revelatio 
 
 innumerable beauties that are hidden 
 rs as G illy as are most I 
 
 :..r ' :,\ ,: - : Homer from those who 
 have never studied Greek. We arc very 
 glad to be able to an ; that in fu- 
 
 Eng ish 2 will I e made a two years' 
 I that in the two years the 
 section will read fifteen plays, including 
 all of the finest ones. 
 
English 3. Anglo-Saxon — Professor 
 Francis J. Child — twice a week. By 
 this course a good Anglo-Saxon voca- 
 bulary is obtained. The only text-book 
 is Sweet's Reader (cost, $1.90), which 
 contains both prose and verse. Among 
 other selections there are extracts from 
 the Old and New Testament, from King 
 Alfred, and from the Saxon Cronicle ; 
 and of verse, from u The Battle of Mal- 
 don," and from Beowulf. The lessons 
 are translated in the class room by mem- 
 bers of the section, and considerable at- 
 tention is paid to grammatical forms. 
 There are no hour examinations. This 
 course is of great benefit to any one in- 
 tending to study early English and 
 Chaucer, If three or more students 
 qualified to do so are sufficiently in- 
 terested to carry the work further, Prof. 
 Child will give Graduate Course 7, 
 Beowulf once a week. 
 
 English 4. Early English — Profes- 
 sor Francis 3. Child — twice a week. 
 The text-book is Matzner's Altenglische 
 Sprachproben (cost, $4.40), which con- 
 tains selections from English poetry of 
 «the period between th^ Norman Conquest 
 
 10 
 
78 
 
 and the time of Chaucer. A knowledge 
 of Anglo-Saxon will be of great benefit. 
 As the notes are in German, that lan- 
 guage will also be of assistance, but it is 
 not necessary. The selections deal 
 largely with early English history and 
 with the legends of the period. There 
 are no hour examinations. 
 
 English 5. Rhetoric and Themes 
 (advanced course) — three times a week — 
 Prof. A. S. Hill. Those who wish to 
 take this course must first consult Prof. 
 Hill, and usually only those Juniors or 
 Seniors are admitted who have done 
 good work in English composition in 
 the preceding year. It may be taken 
 instead of Junior Themes, in which case 
 it counts as a two-hour course. Each 
 man is required to write a theme once 
 in two weeks, and the recitations con- 
 sist of the reading of the themes by Prof. 
 Hill, and his criticisms upon them. 
 Three books are selected by the instructor 
 to be read before the mid-year, and the 
 mid-year examination consists in writing 
 a theme upon one out of a list of nine or 
 ten subjects connected with these works. 
 The same plan is pursued at the annual, 
 
79 
 
 with three more books. The principal 
 part of the work, however, is on the 
 regular fortnightly themes, which have 
 to be handed back corrected, and some- 
 times re- written. The course is of great 
 value in giving a man the ability to 
 write fluently and correctly. The sub- 
 jects are generally chosen by the in- 
 structor, but in some cases the men are 
 allowed to choose their own subjects. 
 
 English 6. Oral Discussion — three 
 hours once a fortnight — Prof. A S. 
 Hill. This course is open to Seniors 
 only. Prof. Hill selects the subjects 
 for discussion and appoints the speakers 
 from the section in turn, acting himself 
 as presiding officer and critic. As the 
 section is usually of moderate size, each 
 man is chosen disputant four or five 
 times a year, theie being six disputants, 
 three affirmatives and three negatives in 
 each debate. It is expected, however, 
 that each man will be familiar with the 
 question discussed at each meeting, and 
 will join in the debate when it is thrown 
 open to the house. Men who do not 
 take the course are invited to attend 
 whenever they choose and to join in the 
 
80 
 
 debate — always allowing members of 
 the section the time which they require. 
 The men who open and close the debate 
 on either side are allowed fifteen min- 
 utes each ; the other two regular dis- 
 putants, ten minutes each, and any mem- 
 ber of the house, five minutes. Votes 
 are always taken on the merits of the 
 question and of the debate, and the sub- 
 jects given out are always of general in- 
 terest. The debate is thrown open to 
 the house after two disputants from each 
 side have spoken. The course is of 
 great value in teaching a man confidence 
 in public speaking, and in rendering him 
 effective in argument. Considerable 
 time must be expended in looking up the 
 subjects for debate, but, as the elective 
 is conducted, perhaps no more time is 
 demanded than should be bestowed on a 
 regular one hour course. There are no 
 examinations. 
 
 English 7. Literature of eighteenth 
 and nineteenth centuries — once a week — 
 Prof. Hill. This course, in this, its 
 second year, has grown from a small 
 section into a large one, and its popular- 
 ity will doubtless continue. The period 
 
81 
 
 studied is from Drydeu to the present 
 day, or approaching as near the present 
 as time permits. The method of in- 
 struction is to appoint an author or a 
 single work of an author to be studied 
 by one man, who is to give the results 
 of his researches to the class by lecturing 
 or reading an essay on the subject on the 
 appointed day. In this way the course 
 happily combines a general knowledge 
 of the whole period with a more particu- 
 lar knowledge of five or six authors that 
 in the course of the year fall to the lot of 
 one man. Besides this, practice in writ- 
 ing, in addressing an audience, and in 
 writing to address an audience, is ob- 
 tained. Members of the section are not 
 expected to gain their general knowledge 
 of the authors simply from the lectures 
 delivered in the class, but each man is 
 expected to read as much of each au- 
 thor as possible, and Prof. Hill desig- 
 nates certain works which must be read 
 by every man for examination. 
 
MUSIC. 
 
 Music 1 — Prof. Paine — twice a week — 
 text-book, Richter's Manual of Har- 
 mony — is intended to ffive a knowledge 
 of the rules of ordinary four part writ- 
 ing. The work is chiefly a practical 
 application of the theory as set forth by 
 Richter. Exercises are written con- 
 sisting of a harmonization of short musi- 
 cal themes and of chorals. 
 
 Music 2 is a more advanced study of 
 the rules of polyphonic writing, and con- 
 sists of exercises which employ both the 
 knowledge acquired by a study of har- 
 mony and the rules of counterpoint as 
 contained iu Richter's Manual of that 
 science. A certain amount of original 
 work is necessary. This course is a 
 direct continuation of Music 1. and is a 
 three hour course. 
 
 Music 3 and 4 require no exercises 
 and may be studied independently. A 
 fair knowledge of the piano-forte is re- 
 quired. The former is a study of the 
 development of modern music from the 
 earliest times, and is more historical 
 
83 
 
 than technical. Lectures three times a 
 week. 
 
 Music 4 is, perhaps, the most useful 
 to those who want merely an ornamental 
 knowledge of the various modern forms 
 of instrumental music. For those whose 
 study of music is more thorough it is as 
 indispensable as any of the other courses. 
 A knowledge of the piano-forte is neces- 
 sary. The works of the German com- 
 posers are studied analytically and their 
 construction discussed. The symphonies 
 and sonatas of Beethoven, Haydn and 
 Mozart form the main subject of study. 
 Lectures once a week. 
 
 The work of the two graduate courses 
 is entirely original, and is a more thor- 
 ough and advanced application of the 
 principles learned in Music 1 and 2. 
 They are each three hours a week. 
 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Natural History. Agricultural Zool- 
 ogy — at the Bussey Institution Gradu- 
 ate 38 — twice a week — Tuesday and Fri- 
 day — hours, 12-1.30 P. M. This course 
 comprises lectures by Prof. Slade with 
 occasional recitations and laboratory 
 practice, and instruction in Histology 
 given twice a week in the afternoon du- 
 ring the autumn months by the demon- 
 strator, Mr. Ford. The lectures com- 
 prehend a general review of the anatomy 
 and physiology of domestic animals, fol- 
 lowed by the special or regional anatomy 
 of those parts most exposed to disease or 
 accident. The pathology, as well as the 
 treatment of diseases, is also elucidated. 
 The laboratory work consists in dissec- 
 tion ; the dissecting room is open from 9 
 A. M. until dusk during the winter, so 
 that men taking this course can devote 
 considerable time to dissection if they 
 desire to do so. The demonstrator is 
 present every afternoon. Material is 
 supplied to students free of charge. The 
 
85 
 
 subjects dissected through the winter are 
 horses, cows, calves, dogs, cats, sheep, 
 goats, hogs and fowls. The aim of the 
 course is to give that amount of knowl- 
 edge of the anatomy and diseases of 
 domesticated animals which every scien- 
 tific or practical agriculturist should 
 possess. This course is not only valu- 
 able to the farmer but is of primary im- 
 portance to any man who ever expects to 
 have anything to do with horses or other 
 live stock, for it enables him not only to 
 properly diagnose the diseases or injuries 
 of animals, but it gives him the requisite 
 knowledge necessary to judge as to the 
 soundness, age and general character of 
 the animal he is examining. It also en- 
 ables him to guard against the imposi- 
 tions and. tricks of the horse dealer. It 
 protects him against the ignorance and 
 quack remedies of grooms. And it gives 
 a knowledge necessary to judge as to 
 the best manner of managing stock, as 
 regards air, light, grooming, food, ex- 
 ercise and shoeing. The casual observer 
 may deem these things unimportant, in 
 fact matters of no moment which should 
 be left to the discretion of the groom or 
 
 11 
 
-:' 
 
 farrier, but they are essential to the 
 health of animals. To illustrate our 
 point we will take as an example shoe- 
 ing. A propei knowledge of the man- 
 ner in wkioh ;. horse sh:uh:I ;»e shod is 
 d£ the utmost value, and particular at- 
 tention is paid to it in this ni se. For 
 most :: the lameness of horses, snch as 
 laminitis contraction, inflammation of 
 the ::::. or acute : ".;n:ler. .-orns. pricks 
 or wounds in the sole of the foe:, etc., 
 
 be g snerally traced either in 
 or directly to in shoeing : lue fee 
 
 ignorant and barbarous fashion : 
 farriers in cutting the I I the horse 
 
 : pieces an 1 lestr ying the b its the 
 bars u e the hoi Iges which lie 
 
 tween the walls of the ho:: . I the frog 
 at the posterior portion of the : 
 h nature has placed there : 
 
 the hoof from con- 
 ::::. L. . - 
 dent one is enabled to judge whether 
 is of a Scr: > ial na: 
 
 I: :: be seri us he a del - n 
 it will I .1 in skilled 
 
 assistan se r not. As an ea - we 
 
 will take the case of an animal falling 
 
87 
 
 and cutting his knee badly. A whitish 
 fluid flows out. The question arises is 
 this fluid synovia (joint oil) or is it 
 merely the rupture of some bursal sac ? 
 This can be easily determined by probing 
 the wound. If the ligament proves to 
 be cut through, and the fluid is therefore 
 found to be synovia, the animal had bet- 
 ter be killed at once, for even if he did 
 recover, which would be very doubtful, 
 he would henceforth have a stiff knee 
 and would consequently be worthless. 
 On the other hand if the ligament is 
 found not to be cut, the animal, after a 
 rest, would be in good condition again. 
 An ignorant person, or many so-called 
 veterinary surgeons, would have the 
 animal killed at once. This is one of 
 the many instances where a slight knowl- 
 edge would save a man considerable ex- 
 pense, and shows how important is a 
 knowledge of " applied zoology." It 
 must not, however, be supposed from 
 the above that a man who takes this 
 course comes out a veterinary surgeon ; 
 far from it, but it does give him a very 
 important knowledge of the diseases, 
 care and general management of our 
 
88 
 
 domestic animals. Students provide 
 their own instruments and books. A 
 case of dissecting instruments is re- 
 quired, which can be bought for 83. 
 The text-books recommended are Chau- 
 veau's '• Comparative Anatomy of the 
 Domestic Animals." Williams' ^Prin- 
 ciples and Practice of Veterinary Mede- 
 cine," Williams' "Principles and Practice 
 of Veterinary Surgery.'" Law's "'Far- 
 mers' Veterinary Adviser." 
 
ITALIAN. 
 
 Italian 2. Modern Drama and Es- 
 says — Torquato Tasso — Ariosto Read- 
 ing at sight — Composition — three times a 
 week — Asst. Prof. Nash. During the 
 first half of the year 1880-81 in this 
 course particular attention has been paid 
 to the idiomatic phrases and the dialogue 
 of the modern drama. Practice has 
 been given in reading at sight, while ex- 
 ercises in composition have occurred 
 from time to time. An hour examina- 
 tion in composition was held. Since the 
 spring recess one day in every week has 
 been devoted to the practice of idiomatic 
 and conversational Italian. The books 
 are inexpensive. 
 
 Italian 3. Boccacio, Petrarca, 
 Dante — Nannucci's Manuale della Let- 
 teratura del Primo Secolo — Outline of 
 tne History of Italian Literature — Com- 
 position — three times a week — Asst. 
 Prof. Nash. In this interesting course 
 selections from Boccacio's II Decameron 
 and from Petrarca's In rita di Laura, 
 
[)0 
 
 and In 7norte di Laura, and from his 
 "Trionfi" were read during the first part 
 of the year 1880-81. An outline of 
 Italian versification was also given. 
 The last half of the year lias been de- 
 voted to Dante, Italian Literature and 
 Composition, and conversation, and the 
 recitations have been occasionally con- 
 ducted wholly in Italian. In 18<S1 the 
 Inferno was read, and in 1882 the 
 
 Purgatorio will probably be selected ; 
 but the plan and connect ion of the whole 
 Divina Commedia is explained every 
 ycai-. Since the spring recess one day 
 in every week has been devoted to com- 
 position. The cost of books is moder- 
 ate. 
 
SPANISH. 
 
 Spanish 2. Modern Drama — Cer- 
 vantes — Reading at sight — Composi- 
 tion — three times a week — Asst. Prof. 
 Nash. This course is carried on in pre- 
 cisely the same manner as Italian 2. 
 
 Spanish 3. Calderon and Lope de 
 Vega — Early Spanish — Outline of the 
 History of Spanish Literature — Com- 
 position — three times a week — Asst. 
 Prof. Nash. This is carried on in the 
 same manner as Italian 3. 
 
 In all the courses particular attention 
 is given to pronunciation, and a consid- 
 erable maximum mark is assigned to 
 that subject. Students in all the courses 
 are encouraged to write original com- 
 positions in Italian or Spanish. The 
 No. 3 courses are of so advanced a 
 character that the instructor will not ad- 
 mit to them any student whose attain- 
 ments in the previous courses have not 
 been decidedly high. The courses of 
 next year will be essentially the same as 
 at present, but in all of them more atten- 
 tion will probably be given to conversa- 
 tion in order to make them, as far as 
 possible, practical courses. 
 
MATHEMATICS. 
 
 Mathematics 1. Surveying, Spher- 
 ical Trigonometry with applications to 
 Astronomy and Navigation. Twice d 
 week. Asst.-Prof. C. J. White. This 
 course was introduced by Prof. White, 
 and is the only practical course in Math- 
 ematics given in the College . In the 
 first half-year the practical applications 
 of Trigonometry to the measurement of 
 heights and distances are taken. In the 
 second half-year Spherical Trigonometry 
 is studied. At each recitation problems 
 are given out to be solved before the 
 next recitation, and the student is re- 
 quired to solve similar problems during 
 the recitation hour. Sufficient explana- 
 tions are given by the instructor on all 
 the difficult parts of the work, and the 
 course is made interesting to a mathe- 
 matician. The applications of the sub- 
 jects show the working of the astrono- 
 mer and navigator, and free the mind 
 from the prejudice that the higher math- 
 ematics have no practical value. The 
 text-books used are inexpensive. 
 
SANSKRIT. 
 
 Sanskrit 1. Prof. Lanman — three 
 times a week. This course is intended 
 to give a man a thorough acquaintance 
 with the grammar of classical Sanskrit, 
 which differs from the Yedic grammar 
 as Attic Greek differs from Homeric. 
 The first six weeks are spent entirely on 
 the grammar, but after that a short 
 grammar lesson is learned in conjunc- 
 tion with the reading lesson, until the 
 grammar is finished The reader used 
 is Prof. Lanman's own, and contains Hve 
 cantos of the story of Nala, which is an 
 episode from the great Indian epic, 
 "Mahabharata ;" some twenty-five fa- 
 bles from the "Hitopadeca," and a few 
 fairy stories from the "Katha-sarit-saga- 
 ra." This is all that will be read this 
 year. Next year, however, Mr. Lan- 
 man intends to read in addition to the 
 above some selections from the laws of 
 Manu, which are also included in the 
 reader. There are no hour exam- 
 inations and no semi-annual. The cost 
 
 12 
 
I 
 
 of the grammar (WJritney - i i J J.5C 
 The reader not berag completed, the 
 bests lent by Mr. Lan- 
 man. The - n rate resting, and is 
 
 -^ar_ Fn iTiibiii km i ft h 
 hoped that a large number will tak 
 in future. Pi : L m man hopes to have 
 . its .bulary entirely 
 
 compk" Bead year. The ■ 
 
 cour ■ 3 I may be taken by 
 
 undergrade tea i In have already taken 
 1. I: is a hhd kke Vedas. 
 
 A third - _ en among the gradu- 
 
 nesc ._ - : ; .. _ 
 
GKEEK. 
 
 Greek 1 — two hours a vjeek — Mr. 
 Dyer — Protagoras, Ajax and the Bac- 
 chae' of Euripides. Greek 1, as it is to 
 be conducted next year, will be an en- 
 tirely new course, and will not be at all 
 easier than Greek 2. Either Greek 1 
 or Greek 2 may be counted for honor- 
 able mention, but not both. The chief 
 difference between the two courses will 
 be that Greek 1 gives special attention 
 to the literary side of the authors read, 
 and does not offer special training in 
 reading at sight. During the first half 
 year the instructor will give half a 
 dozen lectures on the elementary points in 
 Plato's philosophy. The text-books are 
 Waite's Protagoras, Jebb's Ajax of 
 Sophocles in the series called 4 'Catena 
 Classicorum," and either Sand's or 
 Wecklein's edition of the Bacchae of 
 Euripides. 
 
 Greek 4 — Greek Composition. Some 
 changes have been made in the plan of 
 this elective, as given earlier in the year. 
 The division will take up the second 
 part of Sidgwick's Greek Prose Com- 
 position, and will write, at least, half 
 
96 
 
 an exercise weekly, with illustrations of 
 idioms, and of the structure of sentences 
 mainly from Thucydides, Xenophon and 
 Plato. Occasionally there may be some 
 practice in translating from English in- 
 to Greek. The exercise in translating 
 at sight from Greek into English, which 
 has belonged hitherto to Greek 4. has 
 been transferred to Greek 2. This 
 course is intended especially for stud 
 for second year honors. There will be 
 two divisions, one under Mr. Dyer, and 
 the other, probably, under Mr. Cross- 
 well. 
 
 Greek 5 — Mr. Dyer — Sidgwick's 
 Greek Prose Composition, part 3 — 
 written translations from Greek into 
 English. This course is offered only to 
 those who have already taken Greek 4. 
 It is the first year of a two year-' train- 
 ing for final honors. The exercises, one 
 a week, will be mainly from Sidgwick, 
 part 3, with illustrations of idioms, and 
 of the structure of sentences, chiefly 
 from Demosthenes, and other orators. 
 Occasionally there may be some prac- 
 tice in translating from English into 
 Greek. 
 
HISTORY. 
 
 History 4. Prof. Gurney — twice a week. 
 This is a comparatively new course under 
 an old name, the course formerly called 
 History 4 being now History 5, arid His- 
 tory 4 being what was called in last year's 
 pamphlet Graduate Course No. 21. This 
 is substantially an introduction to Histo- 
 ry 5, and to a third course which will 
 probably be added in 1883. The three 
 courses are to form a never ending 
 series, one of which is to be dropped 
 and one resumed each year. They 
 are to cover the whole ground included 
 in the growth of the Roman people, 
 History 4 opening with a series of in- 
 troductory lectures sketching the forma- 
 tion and gradual solidilication of the 
 earliest Greek and Roman governments, 
 continuing with a study of the Roman 
 Commonwealth to the beginning of the 
 Empire, and using Mommsen during its 
 progress as its standard author. No 
 text-book, however, is required in the 
 course. The theory of the course is to 
 
98 
 
 describe and make vivid the institutions 
 and political and social machinery of the 
 Roman people from their earliest exist- 
 ence to the time of Augustus. 
 
 History 5. Prof. Gurney — three 
 hours a week — formerly History 4, is a 
 continuation of the present History 4, 
 taking up the Roman institutions at the 
 opening of the Empire, and showing the 
 further development of the early munici- 
 pal forms into a central and now impe- 
 rial government. No text-book is re- 
 quired in this course either, but Meri- 
 vale and Gibbon are the best authorities, 
 the students' Gibbon being an excellent 
 book on which to review. The semi- 
 annuals find the class at the reign of 
 Constantine, and the annuals at that of 
 Charlemagne. One delightful feature of 
 this course is the outline given by Prof. 
 Gurney of the rise of Christianity in 
 the Empire. 
 
 The third course in this series, which 
 is to be added another year, will proba- 
 bly go hastily over the age of Charle- 
 magne, and beginning at the year 1000 
 A. D., trace the development of the 
 French people, as far as time will per- 
 
99 
 
 mit, illustrating the recurrence of the 
 tendency towards centralization, and the 
 effect on the new institutions of the pre- 
 viously gained results of Roman civiliza- 
 tion. In these courses the instructor 
 during part of the time delivers regular 
 lectures. Occasionally the hour is oc- 
 cupied in answering and asking ques- 
 tions, making the recitation what Presi- 
 dent Eliot in his report called a confer- 
 ence. There are no regular hour ex- 
 aminations. 
 
GERMAN. 
 
 German 1. German plays, stories 
 and essays — advanced grammar — three 
 times a week — Asst.-Prof. Cook. This 
 course is conducted strictly by recita- 
 tions. The students translate the lesson 
 given out, and, if any time remains, 
 read selections at sight. The advanced 
 grammar consists in notes, given during 
 the course of the lesson, on the peculiar- 
 ities of the text. There are no hour 
 examinations. In the three hour exam- 
 inations the student is held accountable 
 for everything he has read in the class ; 
 only a small part of the paper has thus 
 far been at sight — sometimes none at 
 all. The books for next year are not 
 yet fully determined. It is very prob- 
 able that they will be Lindan's u Kleine 
 Geschicten" (second hand at about 
 $1.50), with a play and an essay. Cost 
 of the whole about $3. 
 
 German 6. Goethe, Lessing, Schil- 
 ler — -composition — three times a week — 
 Asst.-Prof. Cook. Instead of the above 
 announcement, next year it may possibly 
 
101 
 
 read, Herder, Lessing, Wieland [etc., 
 composition]. But little composition is 
 given, however, and the announcement 
 is left only in order that the instructor 
 may feel at liberty to introduce a few 
 exercises into the course. It is not prob- 
 able, though, that any will be intro- 
 troduced. Regular lessons are given 
 out and recited, and, if time remains, 
 there is reading at sight. As in the 
 other course there are no hour examina- 
 tions. The text-books for next year will 
 cost about $2. Perhaps Wieland's 
 "Oberon" will be read among others. 
 The object of this course is to teach 
 students to read any German they may 
 meet afterwards. 
 
 Prof. Cook desires us to add that the 
 marks given in all these courses are 
 generally considered to be a great deal 
 lower than those given by other instruc- 
 tors for equal proficiency. Also, that 
 little or no account is made in marking 
 of industry, attention in class, regularity 
 of attendance, etc., or the opposite, 
 the percentage being assigned according 
 to the amount of knowledge of the sub- 
 ject shown by the examination book. 
 
 13 
 
102 
 
 German 4. Grammar and composi- 
 tion — once a week — Asst.-Prof. Cook. 
 The special object of this course is to 
 form an acquaintance with those gram- 
 matical peculiarities of German, which 
 are not learned by reading German au- 
 thors.] The work outside of recitation 
 will occupy about two hours a week. 
 The instructor will give out easy letters 
 of some author, to be translation into 
 German. He will himself supply in 
 class all the unfamiliar words, so as 
 to lessen the outside labour of the stu- 
 dents. During the recitation hours, 
 the students will read these exercises, and 
 the instructor will comment upon them. 
 Any time that may remain will be oc- 
 cupied in illustrating grammatical pe- 
 culiarities in passages read by this in- 
 structor. The course will be conduct- 
 ed entirely in German. 
 
HISTORY. 
 
 History 8. History of England to 
 the seventeenth century (Constitutional 
 and Legal) — three times a week — Dr. 
 Young. This course is most important 
 both for students of general history and 
 also for those who wish to study law. 
 It traces the development of the various 
 branches of the English government 
 from their sources in the purely demo- 
 cratic institutions of the ancient Ger- 
 mans, as described by Caesar and Taci- 
 tus, down to the time when they had 
 assumed forms familiar at the present 
 day. The development among the 
 Franks and Normans on the continent, 
 as well as among the Saxons in Eng- 
 land, is studied, and in this way the 
 effect upon England of the Norman 
 Conquest is shown, and some conception 
 is obtained of the origin of many insti- 
 tutions peculiar to England. Almost all 
 English historical and legal writers have 
 been led by national pride to make the 
 early Saxons of England the originators 
 of all of those institutions which made 
 
104 
 
 England for so long the only seat of 
 constitutional liberty. It is. therefore. 
 a peculiar advantage of this course that 
 the student can obtain in it much infor- 
 mation as to the origin and spirit of 
 English institutions that he might never 
 obtain in the course of his future read- 
 ing. Hitherto a part of the time of 
 this course has been devoted to the 
 study of political events, the knowledge 
 of which is essential to the intelligent 
 study of the constitutional history. In 
 future, however, it will be necessary for 
 the student to possess such knowledge of 
 the political history as may be obtained 
 in History 2. In most cases, therefore, 
 this course must be taken either at the 
 same time as History 8 or in some 
 previous year. By this arrangement the 
 main part of the work in History 8 can 
 be devoted to the study of constitutional 
 history alone. The text-book for this 
 course will be Stnbb'a Select Charters, 
 price about 82.50. Students are ad- 
 vised to procure also either Taswell- 
 Langmead's or Stubb's Constitutional 
 History. There will probably be one or 
 two hour examinations. A knowledge 
 
105 
 
 of German is not necessary. Matters 
 of private law will hereafter be omitted, 
 as a special graduate course has been es- 
 tablished for them. The examinations 
 will be upon the charters, etc., and upon 
 the lectures and collateral reading. 
 
GERMAN. 
 
 German 2 and 5. Assist. -Prof. Bart- 
 lett — three times a week. The first half 
 year is occupied in reading German his- 
 torical prose, and much attention is given 
 to reading at sight. The latter part of 
 the year is to be devoted during 1881-82 
 to reading selections from the works of 
 Uhland, Heine, Freitag and Heyse, and 
 other nineteenth century writers, es- 
 pecially prose writers. This is con- 
 trary to what has hitherto been the prac- 
 tice in this course, and is designed to 
 render it more directly a preparation for 
 German 5 than it has been in former 
 years. There will probably be no one 
 hour examinations. After the mid- 
 years the course will be conducted 
 mainly in German. Besides the read- 
 ing at sight, which occupies a large part 
 of almost every recitation, very much 
 attention is given in this course to train- 
 ing the ear, so that men may translate 
 by sound. In almost every recitation 
 the instructor reads from the text-books, 
 
107 
 
 and requires the students to translate 
 without looking on the book. Next 
 year much attention will be given to this 
 and to writing from dictation in order 
 that the men may be prepared for Ger- 
 man 5. This course is recommended 
 only to those who have done very well 
 in the Freshman year. 
 
 German 5. Prof. Bartlett — three 
 times a week. This course is intended 
 especially for students who have already 
 taken German 2, but may be taken by 
 others if they can satisfy the instructor 
 that they are qualified to do so. A few 
 weeks will be given to the study of 
 Luther and his times. Next year, how- 
 ever, by far the greater part of the work 
 will be upon German lyrics and ballads, 
 and upon the lives of lyric writers. A 
 few plays of the writers of the romantic 
 school will be read. The course is to be 
 conducted on the same general prin- 
 ciples as the last half year of German 
 2. It is the design of the instructor to 
 give as much training as possible to the 
 ear, and to give practice in reading at 
 sight. There is no translation into Eng- 
 lish, the course being conducted entirely 
 
108 
 
 in German. Writing in class from dic- 
 tation is one of the main features of the 
 recitations, and practice is also given in 
 speaking and writing, by requiring of 
 the students oral and written accounts 
 of the various subjects taken up in the 
 course. Moreover, every student is re- 
 quired occasionally to relate some anec- 
 dote in German, and in this way some 
 practice is obtained in colloquial forms. 
 This course forms good preparation for 
 German 7, and also for graduate 
 courses B and C. 
 
MATHEMATICS. 
 
 Mathematics 2 — Differential and In- 
 tegral Calculus — twice a week. This 
 course, which is distinctly elementary 
 in its character, is intended to give 
 some idea of the methods and scope of 
 this most important branch of mathe- 
 matics. The principles on which it 
 depends are clearly explained, not mere- 
 ly with reference to their mathematical 
 bearing but in their general connection 
 with physical investigations. Some 
 knowledge of these principles, which are 
 so wide in their application and so dif- 
 ferent from any learned before, is a 
 most desirable part of education for all 
 interested in science or philosophy. 
 During the year most of the simple 
 formulas are obtained, and their peculiar 
 power and value illustrated by the solu- 
 tion of important problems in physics 
 and geometry. 
 
 Mathematics 3— -Theory of Equations 
 including determinants — twice a iveek. 
 In this course equations of the third and 
 
 14 
 
110 
 
 fourth degrees are solved, the properties 
 of all equations are studied, and practi- 
 cal methods of solving them obtained. 
 Towards the end of the year determin- 
 ants are taken up and their use as a 
 means of simplifying the solution of 
 complicated equations of the first and 
 second degrees, is explained and illus- 
 trated. It has not yet been decided who 
 is to conduct these two courses next year, 
 but their general character will remain 
 unchanged. The text-books are also 
 uncertain, but in any case the whole 
 ground will be covered in the lectures 
 and the book used only for reference. 
 
 Mathematics 4 — Analytical Geometry 
 — For students who have taken the 
 Maximum Freshman course in Mathe- 
 matics — twice a week — Professor Byerly. 
 This is a continuation of the course 
 taken by the Maximum Freshman sec- 
 tion, and most of the year is devoted to 
 the application of modern methods to 
 analytic geometry. These methods in- 
 clude many of the recent additions to 
 mathematical science, and the most im- 
 portant of them, even down to the pres- 
 ent time, are treated in this course. 
 
Ill 
 
 Some of them are remarkably ingenious, 
 and all who have any taste for this kind 
 of study will find the course extremely 
 interesting. Later in the year the prop- 
 erties of curves of higher degrees than 
 the second are studied by means of sim- 
 ilar methods. No text-book is needed, 
 but Salmon's Conic Sections, price $4.80, 
 will be followed in the main. 
 
 Mathematics 5 — Differential and In- 
 tegral Calculus — Second course — three 
 times a week — Professor Byerly. This 
 course is a continuation of Mathematics 
 2, but is much more technical. It will 
 be devoted to a detailed study of the 
 subject of integration, and to the appli- 
 cation of the integral calculus and to 
 numerous problems in geometry, physics 
 and the calculus of probabilities. To- 
 ward the end of the year an elementary 
 treatment of differential equations will 
 be given. This course is essential for 
 students who intend to become mathe- 
 maticians and physicists. The text- 
 book used will be Professor Byerly's 
 New Integral Calculus, of which the 
 price will probably be about $1.50. 
 
112 
 
 Mathematics 9. Analytic Mechan- 
 ics — three times a week — Prof. Byerly. 
 This course will be devoted to the study 
 of problems in mechanics, and will re- 
 quire a good knowledge of the integral 
 calculus. It will follow in the main 
 TTalton's Problems in Theoretical Me- 
 chanics (price. 85). and this book, al- 
 though not essential, will be found very 
 convenient. Toward the end of the 
 year some problems in physics, connect- 
 ed with the propagation of sound and 
 the undulatorv theory of li srlit, will 
 probably be taken up. The course is 
 interesting and practical, but not es- 
 pecially easy. 
 
 Mathematics 10. Studies in Quater- 
 nions and in Analysis — once a week — 
 Prof. Peirce. This course is intended 
 especially for candidates for final honors 
 to enable them to study up the subjects 
 on which they write their theses while 
 doing their regular work. Each stu- 
 dent will choose some branch of mathe- 
 matics in which he is especially interest- 
 ed and will devote himself to this. The 
 recitations will consist chiefly of expla- 
 nations bv one or more men of the re- 
 
113 
 
 suits of their work during the preceding 
 three or four weeks, but the instructor 
 will sometimes lecture himself. There 
 is some thought of giving this as a three 
 hour course, in which case the instructor 
 will lecture oftener. As the course has 
 never been given before it is impossible to 
 say with certainty what will be done in 
 it, but the above describes what it is 
 now expected to be. A knowledge of 
 Quaternions will not be necessary as 
 each man can choose his own special 
 subject. 
 
CLASSICS. 
 
 Classics 1. Greek and Latin Com- 
 parative Philology — three times a iveeh — 
 Asst.-Prof. Greenough. This course 
 came only twice a week this year, but 
 will be changed to a three hour course 
 in 1881-82. The special object of this 
 course is to give a sound knowledge of 
 the principles upon which modern ety- 
 mology is treated. The discussion of 
 particular words is used only as subordi- 
 nate to this, since the details are more 
 easily filled up in the special study of a 
 single language. The recitation hour is 
 devoted to lectures and special investiga- 
 tions by individuals, with comments on 
 the work done and suggestions in answer 
 to questions. In general the course is 
 adapted to persons who have a denned 
 object and sufficient force of character 
 to pursue it with the assistance of a 
 teacher to remove difficulties. The text 
 books used are Curtius' "Grundziige der 
 Griechischen .Etymologie," and Papil- 
 lon's u Greek and Latin Inflexions." 
 
115 
 
 There are no hour examinations. In 
 the regular examinations the students 
 are held accountable for the subjects dis- 
 cussed, whether special instruction has 
 been given on a point or not. A wide 
 range of choice, however, is given in the 
 papers to allow more freedom in the 
 study. 
 
 About this study Prof. Greenough 
 says : There is a lamentable ignorance 
 and want of sound views in reference to 
 the etymology of words, even among 
 otherwise good scholars, which ought to 
 be removed. Even so excellent a book as 
 Roby's Latin Grammar, for instance, is 
 disfigured by errors in etymology of the 
 most glaring kind. It is a pity that 
 every classical honor student, at least, 
 should not be thoroughly grounded in 
 this branch. 
 
 Classics 2 — two hours a week — Dr. 
 Wheeler. Practice in speaking and 
 writing Latin in connection with the 
 elementary study of some Greek author. 
 Plato's vSymposium (Jahn's Ed.) Stu- 
 dents will be expected to take turns in 
 preparing a translation and interpreta- 
 tion of passages discussed from week to 
 
116 
 
 week, and the interpretation will be 
 made so far as possible in terms of gen- 
 eral conversation. In the course of the 
 year each student will be expected to 
 prepare one or more papers on subjects 
 connected with the literature of Plato, 
 and a considerable part of the marks for 
 the year will be given on these papers. 
 The language of these papers will be 
 Latin, and the recitations also will be 
 conducted in Latin. The course is de- 
 signed for students who have taken sec- 
 ond year honors. 
 
HEBKEW. 
 
 Hebrew Inflections. Reading from 
 Pentateuch, historical books and 
 Psalms — Davidson's Grammar — three 
 times a week — Prof. Toy. This course, 
 open to undergraduates, and required at 
 the Divinity School, begins with a study 
 of the forms and rudiments in the Gram- 
 mar, but the class begins to read as soon 
 as possible. This year fourteen chapters 
 of Genesis, a number of the Psalms, 
 and considerable portions of the prophets, 
 principally Ezekiel, have been read. 
 The first chapter of Genesis the class 
 are required to learn by heart. The 
 amount read is, therefore, considerable, 
 the study of the Grammar thorough ; 
 and Prof. Toy's admirable method makes 
 the course exceedingly interesting. It is 
 probable that this course, with its pres- 
 ent excellent management, will in the 
 future attract more undergraduates than 
 have ever been found in the Hebrew 
 class in past years. 
 
 15 
 
PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 Philosophy 3. Ethics— Mill's Utili- 
 tarianism — Kant's Metaphysic of Ethics 
 — Bradley's Ethical Studies — lectures 
 and theses — Assist. -Prof. Palmer. This 
 course is not intended to take the place 
 of the course in ethics, formerly given 
 by Dr. Peabody. The mental training 
 a man gets is essentially the same as 
 that we have described under Philosophy 
 5, formerly Philosophy 6. The inten- 
 tion is not to give a general outline of 
 ethics, but to examine minutely into a 
 limited portion of this field. Mill is 
 used for the Utilitarian view of ethics, 
 Kant for the Transcendental, and Brad- 
 ley for the Hegelian. The books used 
 in the study of the two last are Kant's 
 Metaphysic of Ethics (in Abbot's 
 Ethics), and Bradley's Ethical Studies. 
 Both are difficult in style. Sidgwick's 
 Method of Ethics is also used for refer- 
 ence in connection with the course. 
 Both the examinations and the method 
 of instruction are substantially the same 
 
119 
 
 as described under Philosophy 5, except 
 that the final theses may possibly not be 
 written in the examination room but 
 handed in at the end of the year, a final 
 examination also being given. On the 
 whole the course requires a large amount 
 of time, and is intended for those only 
 who expect to make to some extent a 
 special study of philosophy. Cost of 
 text-books about $5. 
 
POLITICAL ECONOMY. 
 
 No student should allow the four 
 years of his College life to pass with- 
 out devoting some of his time to the 
 study of Political Economy. It is need- 
 less to dilate upon its importance. Aside 
 from the great value of a scientific 
 knowledge of the subjects with which 
 this science deals, the value of the men- 
 tal training which the study of Political 
 Economy affords can hardly be over- 
 estimated. Surely there is no science 
 which investigates causes at once so 
 varied and so important, affecting, as 
 they do, the whole course of public and 
 private life. Xo citizen of the United 
 States has a right to neglect any oppor- 
 tunity to familiarize himself with the 
 principles regulating, whether we will it 
 or not, the whole social, moral, political 
 and financial development of the country 
 whose future rests partly in his hands. 
 
 Political Economy 1 is a course de- 
 voted principally to a study of the funda- 
 mental principles of the science of Polit- 
 
121 
 
 ical Economy. The text-book used is 
 John Stuart Mill's "Principles of Politi- 
 cal Economy," the difficulties in it being 
 cleared up in the recitation room. Just 
 before the* semi-annuals a course of lec- 
 tures on "Banking" is given by Prof. 
 Dunbar, and before the annuals a course 
 on the "Financial Legislation of the 
 United States," giving special attention 
 to the measures adopted during the war 
 and after it up to the present time. Both 
 of these are full of interest and valuable 
 information. The instruction, if the 
 course is conducted as in previous years, 
 will be given by means both of recita- 
 tions and of lectures, the latter predom- 
 inating during the last part of the year, 
 although even then there is enough of 
 delightful uncertainty maintained to pre- 
 vent the student from slighting the work 
 of each day. As yet no definite arrange- 
 ment has been made as to the amount of 
 work to be clone by each of the two in- 
 structors, Prof. Dunbar and Dr. Laugh- 
 lin. The course will be either two or 
 three hours, as the student may choose. 
 Let no one take it under the impression 
 that he is taking a "soft" course ; those 
 
122 
 
 seeking such must avoid Political Econ- 
 omy 1. To recommend such a course 
 to an earnest student would be super- 
 fluous ; to any other, useless. 
 
 Political Economy 2. This course, 
 heretofore known as Political Economy 
 3, is one that should be taken by every 
 one who has profited by Political Econ- 
 omy 1. As some peculiar ideas as to 
 this course exist throughout the College, 
 the best way to correct them is to tell 
 what the course has dealt with during 
 the past year. The first text-book used 
 is "Some Leading Principles of Politi- 
 cal Economy," by J. E. Cairnes. Prof. 
 Cairnes is a pupil and admirer of Mill, 
 but one who dares to oppose his master 
 on points where his reasoning or his con- 
 clusion seems faulty. He goes deeper 
 into some of the principles of the science 
 than Mill could possibly go in writing 
 such a work as his "Principles," and his 
 book is perhaps a needed corrective to 
 the mind of one too fully charged with 
 .Mill. The "Essays in Finance" is a 
 collection of essays on economical and 
 financial questions of the present time, 
 by Robert Giffen, a gentleman in the 
 
123 
 
 employ of the London Board of Trade, 
 a statistician, a member of the Statisti- 
 cal Society, and a contributor to the 
 Economist. These essays bring the stu- 
 dent face to face with the practical side 
 of Political Economy. Prof. Dunbar 
 has also given a course of lectures on 
 the "History of Political Economy," 
 tracing the various distinguished econ- 
 omists of England, France, Germany, 
 Italy and Russia ; he has also lectured 
 on other economical subjects. The class 
 has also studied the question of the 
 "Gold Standard," and undertaken a 
 slight analysis of some recent pamphlets 
 on "Free Trade" and "Protection." 
 Each student is required to write a thesis 
 on some subject connected with Political 
 Economy. The subjects of this year 
 were: "The Decline of American 
 Shipping;" "The Act of May 31, 
 1878," and "The Balance of Trade 
 since 1873 and its Probable Future." 
 The course is eminently a practical and 
 working course on Political Economy, 
 which no one who wishes thoroughly to 
 understand that science can safely neg- 
 lect. It might well be called a course 
 
124 
 
 in "Applied Political Economy." as in 
 it the principles learned in Political 
 Economy 1 are studied in their applica- 
 tion to actual events. Any one wishing 
 to take the course must first consult Prof. 
 Dunbar. Whatever may be Prof. Dun- 
 bar's private opinion on the. to us. vital 
 questions of free trade and protection, 
 the treatment which they receive in the 
 class is absolutely impartial, and neither 
 side can complain that it is misrepre- 
 sented. 
 
PHYSICS. 
 
 Physics I. Astronomy — Optics — 
 Acoustics — Twice a week — [Can be 
 taken three times] — Prof. Lovering. 
 The first two-thirds of the year is oc- 
 cupied by recitations, and lectures from 
 time to time, on Herschel's Outlines of 
 Astronomy. The nature of the elemen- 
 tary geometrical conceptions relating to 
 the globe of the earth and to the celes- 
 tial sphere, are first taken up, and are 
 followed by accounts of the various 
 astronomical instruments used in ob- 
 servation. A complete view of the 
 geography of the earth succeeds, in- 
 cluding the process of determining lati- 
 tude and longitude, of making maps, 
 etc. By this time the student is pre- 
 pared to begin the astronomy of the 
 heavens and uranography, including 
 the nature of refractions, parrallax, etc. 
 Then follows a study of the sun's ap- 
 parent motion and its physical constitu- 
 tion, a study of the moon's real motion 
 and its physical constitution, including 
 
 16 
 
126 
 
 an explanation of solar and lunar 
 eclipses. The movements of the planets 
 and the controlling laws of these now 
 are examined with a view to the study 
 of transits. Later on in the course a 
 careful and interesting study of comets, 
 and a hurried examination of the fixed 
 and periodic stars is made. The course 
 requires only elementary mathematics 
 and there are few mathematical demon- 
 strations. Optics [or Acoustics] is 
 given twice a week the rest of the year, 
 and the text-book used is Part IV of 
 Deschanel's Elementary Treatise on 
 Natural Philosophy. This course of 
 Optics takes up the propagation of light, 
 the reflection and refraction of light, 
 with interesting and explanatory ex- 
 periments on the lecture table, followed 
 by an investigation into the nature and 
 uses of lenses, and a study of the hu- 
 man vision and of optical instruments, 
 ending with an examination of the 
 spectra and the nature of color. Little 
 mathematics is needed for this part of 
 the course. 
 
 The third hour of the course is de- 
 voted to the subject of heat, and the text 
 
127 
 
 book is the II Part of Deschanel's Nat- 
 ural Philosophy. All the phenomena 
 of heat are explained, and to the prac- 
 tical parts of the subject most attention 
 is given. In this part only of the 
 Elective are there hour examinations, 
 and these take the place of the final ex- 
 amination. The year's mark is de- 
 termined by the recitations as well as by 
 the examinations. 
 
 Physcis 2. Three times a week — 
 Prof. Trowbridge. Practical exercises 
 in the laboratory, including the use of 
 instruments of precision in testing the 
 laws of mechanics, acoustics, optics, 
 magnetism and electricity ; and an ex- 
 tended course in electrical measure- 
 ments. This is an elementary course in 
 practical physics to be taken either as 
 an introduction to a thorough study of 
 the subject, or by itself as their only 
 course in Physics by those who wish to 
 gain some knowledge of the methods of 
 investigation used in this branch of sci- 
 ence, without devoting too much time to 
 it. The instruction is alternately given 
 by means of lectures and laboratory 
 work, three hours of lectures one week 
 
128 
 
 and six hours of laboratory work the 
 next. Each man may arrange his lab- 
 oratory hours to suit himself, but not 
 less than two hours must be taken at 
 once. During the hrst half-year stu- 
 dents are expected to acquire some facil- 
 ity in using the most important pieces 
 of apparatus, and for this purpose they 
 perform various simple experiments. 
 The lectures comprise explanations 
 of these with a general view of 
 the subject which they illustrate. The 
 semi-annual is a laboratory examina- 
 tion to test the students' skill in the use 
 of apparatus. The men come in at 
 their regular hours and are required to 
 repeat two or three of the experiments 
 given out during the half year ; they 
 then write a description of these, and 
 on these descriptions, and the impres- 
 sions which the instructor has obtained 
 from their laboratory note books, and 
 their general work, the semi-annual 
 marks are based. After the mid-year 
 the instructor assigns to each man a 
 subject which he is to workup thorough- 
 ly during the half year, and on which 
 he is to prepare a thesis : he also as- 
 
129 
 
 signs to each another subject on which 
 he is to lecture to the class. Each has 
 to lecture thus once during the half 
 year. There is another laboratory ex- 
 amination at the end of the year. The 
 instructor's object is to enable each man 
 to get a thorough understanding of one 
 or two subjects by investigating them 
 himself rather than a more superficial 
 knowledge covering the whole field. 
 
 Physics 3. The Conservation of En- 
 ergy — recitations and lectures — twice a 
 week — Prof. Trowbridge. This is a 
 course of theoretical physics. The text- 
 book for the first month is Balfour Stew- 
 art's Conservation of Energy (price, 
 $1.20), but the recitations are largely 
 from reference books, which are reserved 
 in the library. Lectures are given from 
 time to time by the instructor, with 
 experiments illustrating the points taken 
 up. All the principal writers on the 
 Conservation of Energy are studied in 
 the course of the year. 
 
 Physics 4. Undulatory Theory of 
 Light — Electricity and Magnetism — three 
 times a iveek — Prof. Lovering. The 
 first half year is devoted to electricity 
 
130 
 
 and magnetism. The course is conduct- 
 ed on the recitation system, and lessons 
 assigned each day. The recitations are 
 illustrated by experiments performed by 
 the instructor. The second half year is 
 occupied with the study of light, and is 
 conducted largely by lectures. This 
 part of the course is intended more for 
 those who intend to specialize in physics, 
 than for those who want merely a gen- 
 eral knowledge. All the principal 
 phenomena of light are studied. A 
 knowledge of analytical geometry is es- 
 sential and some knowledge of the differ- 
 ential calculus will be found useful. 
 
 Physics 5 . The spectroscope and its ap- 
 plications — Thermodynamics and Ther- 
 mics, including the applications of heat — 
 three times a week — Prof. Gibbs. The 
 special object of this course is the en- 
 couragement of original scientific re- 
 search, and for this purpose the instruc- 
 tor will meet the students in the labora- 
 tory at any time and direct them in their 
 work. This year three lectures are de- 
 livered weekly and the marks are given 
 on the final and mid-year examinations, 
 but, if the students prefer, one recita- 
 
131 
 
 tion will be held a week, and marks will 
 be given for it. Beside these the stu- 
 dents are expected to spend as much 
 time in the laboratory as their engage- 
 ments will allow. For the first two 
 months the lectures are devoted to ex- 
 planations of the spectroscope, which 
 are chiefly experimental, but partly 
 mathematical. After this, lectures are 
 given on the experimental part of the 
 subject of heat, and towards the end of 
 the year on thermodynamics or the 
 mathematical theory of heat. A good 
 knowledge of the Calculus is necessary 
 in this course. No text-book is used. 
 
LATIN. 
 
 Latin 1. Terence (Phormio, with 
 selections from other plays) — Cicero 
 (Letters), also Tacitus (Agricola) — 
 Horace (Satires and Epistles) — transla- 
 tions at sight — three times a week — - 
 Assist.-Prof. Smith. The object of this 
 course is to continue the training of 
 those Avho are interested in Latin and 
 wish to continue the study bevond the 
 Freshman year. A variety of methods 
 is employed, partly determined by the 
 subject, partly with a view to keep up 
 the interest of the student. The best 
 idea of this course can be conveyed by 
 giving an account of the course as it 
 was in 1880-81. The first few weeks 
 were given up to lectures, in which the 
 whole of the Phormio was expounded 
 as an introduction to the study of Ter- 
 ence. An hour examination was then 
 held, the only one of the year. Then 
 two hours a week were occupied in tak- 
 ing up parts of Terence and reading 
 mostly at sight. The third hour was 
 
133 
 
 given to recitations in Cicero's letters. 
 In the second half year two hours a 
 week were given to recitations in 
 Horace's Satires and Epistles ; the third 
 hour to lectures on the -Agricola. There 
 is always some translation at sight to be 
 done in the mid-year and final examina- 
 tions. Cost of text-books insignificant. 
 Latin 2— Cicero, Terence. Horace's 
 Satires — twice a week — Assistant Prof. 
 Greenough. This course, together with 
 Latin 3 (composition) is intended es- 
 pecially for members of advanced di- 
 visions in the Freshman year, to pre- 
 pare them for second year honors. 
 It covers nearly the same ground as 
 Latin 1, but more grammatical knowl- 
 edge, on the part of the students, is 
 presumed at the outset. The instruc- 
 tion in the first half year is in reading 
 at sight, for the purpose of giving a 
 greater command of language than has 
 been obtained in the Freshman year, 
 with a bolder and freer style of transla- 
 tion. In the last half year the same 
 object is partly pursued, but more at- 
 tention is paid to the connection of 
 thought and allusions. Lessons are as- 
 
 17 
 
134 
 
 signed, but there are no recitations in 
 the ordinary sense. At the beginning 
 of each exercise students are expected to 
 ask questions on difficult points, and the 
 instructor than translates the lesson in a 
 free style with running comments. The 
 remainder of the hour is occupied with 
 instructions in reading a t sight. There 
 are occasionally hour examinations for 
 practice, but marks are assigned only on 
 the mid-year and final. The text -books 
 used are inexpensive, as German edi- 
 tions can be procured. 
 
 Latin 3, 7 and 9. Latin composi- 
 tion — each one hour a tveeJc — 3 under 
 Assistant-Professor Smith — These three 
 electives form one continuous course 
 and are intended to prepare men for 
 the honor examinations. The second 
 is open only to those who have taken 
 the first, and the third to those who 
 have taken the second. The first, Lat- 
 in 3, is intended to prepare men for 
 second year honors, and the instruction 
 in it is given during the first half year 
 by easy conversation and writing in 
 Latin, Caesar's Gallic War being the 
 text-book. One or two chapters are 
 
135 
 
 given out to be prepared before each les- 
 son, and the instructor asks questions 
 upon the subject matter of this text, the 
 entire conversation being carried on in 
 Latin. This occupies about half of the 
 recitation hour. During the rest of the 
 hour the students write a short composi- 
 tion on some subject assigned by the in- 
 structor, the subject being such that the 
 text studied will supply the student with 
 facts and words, but the phrases and sen- 
 tences must be his own. In this way 
 the students learn to use the language in 
 all its variations of tense, number and 
 person. In the second half year a regu- 
 lar composition book is used, and exer- 
 cises are previously prepared. The 
 marks are assigned for recitations and 
 examinations. The second course, Latin 
 7, is conducted like the second half year 
 of Latin 3, except that, the number 
 of students being small, each one is able 
 to get much more personal instruction. 
 In the third and final course, however, 
 the instruction is to individuals, not to 
 the class all at once. The professor goes 
 over each man's paper with him alone, 
 which is a great advantage. Exercises 
 
136 
 
 to be written in Latin are of course as- 
 signed. There are no hour examina- 
 tions in any of these courses. 
 
 Latin 4. Latin Poetical Literature — 
 twice a week — Asst. Prof. Smith. For 
 a man who is really interested in the 
 study of the Latin language, this is per- 
 haps the most enjoyable course at pres- 
 ent offered by the College. There is to 
 be obtained from it really useful knowl- 
 edge in a very agreeable way. The 
 period covered extends from the earliest 
 time to the end of the silver age. Of 
 course, when there is so much ground to 
 be gone over, there are many poets 
 necessarily dismissed with but passing 
 mention, but of all those with whom a 
 literary man would wish a closer ac- 
 quaintance, the lives and poems are 
 pretty thoroughly studied. Ennius, 
 Lucretius, Catullus, Tibullus, Proper- 
 tius, Lucan, Statins and Martial, to- 
 gether with some of our more familiar 
 friends, are introduced to our considera- 
 tion and admiration. The text-book 
 used is Thackeray's i 'Anthology" (a col- 
 lection of poetical extracts) ; its cost is 
 $1.60. The conduct of the elective is 
 
137 
 
 as follows : Lectures on the life of each 
 poet as he comes up ; lessons assigned 
 in the book of extracts ; at the beginning 
 of each exercise an opportunity given to 
 the students to ask questions ; then the 
 whole lesson translated by the instructor ; 
 no recitations by students ; no hour ex- 
 aminations. The course, though attrac- 
 tive, is by no means what is generally 
 known as u soft." 
 
 Latin 5 — Latin Prose Literature — 
 Cicero (Venine Orations) — Caesar (Civ- 
 il War) , Suetonius — three times a week — 
 Assistant Prof. Greenough. Latin 5 is 
 a new course, intended for students who 
 do not care to attain what is called ex- 
 act scholarship, or who wish to read a 
 great deal of Latin. The language will 
 be treated as a living means of com- 
 municating ideas, and less attention will 
 be paid to translation than to extensive 
 reading in the original. The continued 
 and increasing popularity of Greek 3 
 has shown how much this kind of in- 
 struction in the classics is needed, and 
 many will be glad to have an opportunity 
 of taking a similar course in Latin. 
 Courses like this help to show men that 
 
138 
 
 by the hard work which they do in get- 
 ting grounded in the classics, they open 
 for themselves a new field of enjoyments, 
 and it will certainly have the effect of 
 increasing the number of those who 
 keep up their Latin from a love of lit- 
 erature. The ordinary German edi- 
 tions of the authors read will be the only 
 text-books required. 
 
 Latin 6 — three times a week — Prof. 
 Lane. The authors read in this course 
 vary from year to year, although they 
 are usually in part at least selected from 
 the following : Tacitus, Suetonius, 
 Pliny, Juvenal. The method of instruc- 
 tion is by recitation. A fixed amount is 
 given for each lesson, and this is trans- 
 lated in the class by the members of the 
 section. Occasionally Prof. Lane trans- 
 lates himself. There is some reading at 
 sight besides, and considerable practice 
 in reading and pronouncing Latin. Prof. 
 Lane's comments on the text are valu- 
 able and cover a large field ; a large 
 part of them relate to the form of words, 
 their spelling, the quantity of the 
 syllables, and derivation. The class 
 has the benefit of some of the profes- 
 
139 
 
 sor's investigations in the preparation of 
 the coming Latin Grammar. The text- 
 books are inexpensive — generally Ger- 
 man texts. There are no hour examina- 
 tions, and regularity in the work of reci- 
 tations is considered of as much impor- 
 tance as excellence in examinations. Be- 
 sides passages from the works read, the 
 examination papers usually have some 
 Latin at sight, and questions on the com- 
 ments made in class. 
 
 Latin 8 — three times a week — Prof. 
 Lane. The method of instruction in 
 this course is identical with that in 
 Latin 5, indeed seven may be considered 
 a continuation of that course. There is 
 the same freedom in regard to authors, 
 but the following is the list usually 
 chosen from : Cicero, Lucretius, 
 Plautus, Catullus. 
 
MATHEMATICS. 
 
 Mathematics 6. Analytic Mechanics, 
 with an introduction to Quaternions — 
 three, times a week — Prof. Pierce. This 
 course is intended to be taken as a two 
 
 year course, bur it is expected that men 
 who do not care to spend another year 
 on it will take it for the sake of being 
 thoroughly grounded in the elements of 
 the subject. Analytic Mechanics is es- 
 pecially suited for treatment by the cal- 
 culus of quaternions, and those who 
 take this course will have the advantage 
 of being able as soon as they have mas- 
 tered the elementary principles of this 
 calculus to use them in the solution of 
 problems which would be more dirhcult 
 - >lve by any other method. Those 
 who have taken a number of courses in 
 pure mathematics, and are desirous to 
 apply their knowkd_re to practical prob- 
 lems, will find that a course in Analytic 
 Mechanics opens the widest, and most 
 interesting held for their application. 
 This course will differ from Mathematics 
 
141 
 
 9 in devoting more time next year to a 
 somewhat detailed study of the ground 
 work of the subject. Clifford's Ele- 
 ments of Dynamics (price, $1.90) and 
 Kerr's Rational Mechanics will be used 
 as text-books. 
 
 Mathematics 7. Descriptive Geom- 
 etry and Perspective — three times a 
 week — Prof. Eustis. Only the most ele- 
 mentary knowledge of mathematics is 
 required in this course, but a peculiar 
 kind of imagination, namely, the power 
 of picturing to one's self figures in space, 
 is needed, and this faculty will be great- 
 ly developed by the year's work. Dur- 
 ing the first few months the properties 
 of curves and surfaces in space are 
 studied by means of their projections 
 on two perpendicular planes, as a knowl- 
 edge of the principles of these projec- 
 tions is the basis of a thorough under- 
 standing of all mechanical and perspec- 
 tive drawing. Later in the year shades 
 and shadows and perspective will be 
 studied. Finally the section takes up 
 stereotomy, or the art of cutting solid 
 bodies into specified forms by means of 
 diagrams cut out of card board in such 
 
 18 
 
142 
 
 shapes that when the body has been 
 properly cut the diagram Trill fold round 
 it and exactly fit it. The text-book used 
 Trill be Church's Descriptive Geometry 
 (price. 83.50). Lessons Trill be as- 
 signed in this and recited, and at the 
 end of the recitation the instructor will 
 give explanations and information con- 
 nected with the lesson. This course is 
 necessary for all who. as engineers or 
 inventors, may have occasion to make 
 drawings of machinery, and it will be 
 found very useful by all who wish to do 
 any drawing or painting, as it will show 
 them the rationale of the common rules 
 of perspective, and enable them to make 
 their own rules in peculiar or excep- 
 tional cases. 
 
ROMAK LAW. 
 
 Roman Law 1 — three times a week — 
 Dr. Young. The course aims to teach 
 the elements of the Roman Law, and is 
 to be recommended to all those intending 
 to adopt law as a profession. The 
 Roman Law is important because it is 
 the foundation of all law, except in 
 English speaking countries, for today a 
 large part of Europe is ruled by codes 
 based on it. The English have devel- 
 oped a system side by side with the 
 Roman, and now of equal importance, 
 which, however, has been greatly influ- 
 enced by the Roman system. The course 
 is valuable also from the stand point of 
 philology and history, as many of our 
 institutions and customs are directly 
 traceable to the Romans. The institutes 
 of Gaius and Justinian are studied, 
 omitting, however, the law of inherit- 
 ance. The text-book is followed closely, 
 and a working knowledge of Latin is 
 necessary. A knowledge of German 
 also is desirable, but not necessary, as 
 
144 
 
 the best commentaries on the Roman 
 Law are in German. The text is com- 
 mented upon and the difficulties carefully 
 and interestingly explained ; the instruc- 
 tion is given, however, mostly by lec- 
 tures. No theses are required from the 
 student, but cases may be given out with 
 references to the digest, which must be 
 carefully worked up and the decisions 
 presented to the instructor. The exam- 
 inations cover the Institutes, comments 
 and lectures ; hour examinations may be 
 given, and for various reasons are desir- 
 able. The text-book used is Justiniani 
 et Gaii Institutionum Syntagma, Rudol- 
 phus Gneist, edidit, 1880. Cost about 
 $2. 
 
 Roman Law 2 — Prof. Gurney — once 
 a week. The course in Roman Law, 
 under Dr. Young, being so extensive 
 as to necessitate the omission of some 
 portion of its field, this additional 
 course on the Roman Law of inherit- 
 ance has been assumed by Prof. Gur- 
 ney. It will be found of great practi- 
 cal value to those who have already 
 taken Roman Law, or to students of 
 English Law, and of interest to any 
 who intend in future to make the study 
 of law or Roman history a specialty. 
 
FRENCH. 
 
 French 5. Translation and reading 
 at sight — Mr. Bendelari. This course 
 has been changed from a historical 
 course to one in literature. It is in- 
 tended for those men who, after having 
 taken French 1, wish to take only one 
 more elective in French. It may also 
 be taken at the same time with French 
 2, and in special cases may be taken by 
 those who have had only admission 
 French. The books read will probably 
 be Gautier's Capitani Fracasse, Victor 
 Hugo's Notre Dame de Paris ; Balzac, 
 La Recherche de l'Absolu ; Cherbuliez, 
 Comte Kostia. The section will also 
 read some of the writings of Taine and 
 of Ste. Beuve, and will take up some 
 modern French poetry. Certain books 
 will be assigned to individual students 
 to be read in addition to the regular 
 work. The French read in this elec- 
 tive will be difficult. The lessons at 
 the beginning will cover from twenty to 
 thirty pages. From two to three thou- 
 
146 
 
 sand pages will be read in the course of 
 the year. This course is intended es- 
 pecially to give the student facility in 
 translating and reading at sight, and 
 after the first part of the year this will 
 form the chief part of the work in class, 
 while much will be read outside. Any 
 one wishing to take this course must 
 first consult the instructor. 
 
 Graduate Courses. Modern Lan- 
 guages D, old French — Mr. Bendelari. 
 This is either a two or a three hour 
 course. The work will be mainly 
 philological, showing the derivation of 
 the French from the Latin. Neverthe- 
 less a large amount of old French will 
 be read, enough to enable men at the 
 end of the year to read old French at 
 sight. The work in class is so arranged 
 as to accomplish both these objects. 
 Only those who have done well in the 
 higher French courses will be admitted. 
 No one will be be admitted to the course 
 after the first of July, as the books 
 must be ordered a long time beforehand. 
 
GERMAN. 
 
 German 3. German Scientific Prose 
 ■ — twice a week — Mr. Hodges. This 
 course counts as a one hour elective for 
 those who have had a course in German 
 previously. The books used are Helm- 
 holtz's c ' Wissenschaftliche Vortrage" 
 and U A Course in Scientific German," 
 by H. B. Hodges. The recitations for 
 the first part of the year are translations 
 of set lessons, and for the second half 
 year translations at sight, but the recita- 
 tions are not marked. The lessons are 
 of moderate length, and the German is 
 
 not hard when familiarity with the tech- 
 nical terms has been gained. Practice 
 in understanding spoken German is also 
 obtained in the class room. It is Mr. 
 Hodges' belief that it is useless for stu- 
 dents to try to learn to speak German in 
 the class room, but he does believe that 
 men can learn to understand the lan- 
 guage when heard, and so prepare 
 themselves for lectures in the German 
 universities. To accomplish this pur- 
 
148 
 
 pose several object lessons are given in 
 the course of the year. There are 
 generally two hour examinations, and 
 the papers at all the examinations con- 
 sist of passages that have been read. 
 passages at sight, and questions on Mr. 
 Hodges' explanations in the class room. 
 The course is of great value to those 
 who intend to pursue scientific studies. 
 as it gives an opening to the immense 
 field of German scientific literature. 
 German 7 — Prof. Bartlett — t 
 hours a . We take the liberty of 
 
 copying from the Register for June. 
 1880 : "This elective takes up the mas- 
 terpieces of the so-called second classic 
 period (1750-1825), with the examina- 
 tion of the lives of Goethe, Lessing and 
 Schiller, and some of the minor writers 
 of the time. Each student is obliged to 
 make special and exhaustive study of 
 some part of the work of the course, 
 and to lecture to the class on that part. 
 A tragedy of Schiller, for example, is 
 assigned to a student. When the class 
 reads this tragedy, the student, who has 
 had some weeks to prepare his work, 
 gives in a preliminary lecture an ac- 
 
149 
 
 count of the conception of the work in 
 the mind of the author, details as to the 
 time and place where it was written, the 
 first performance, and other kindred 
 matters of interest and importance. If 
 the plot be founded on history, the his- 
 torical incidents are dwelt upon, the au- 
 thor's deviation from truth, and portrayal 
 of characters are pointed out. The stu- 
 dent also furnishes notes upon the diffi- 
 cult points in the text, and after the 
 class has finished reading it, gives a 
 summary of the comments upon it, 
 drawn from the chief German, English 
 and American authorities. After read- 
 ing these criticisms the student gives his 
 own opinions upon the disputed points, 
 and the whole class takes part in the 
 discussion." Next year special atten- 
 tion will be given to Schiller. 
 
 19 
 
FIXE ARTS. 
 
 Fine Arts 1. Principles of delinea- 
 tion, color and chiaroscuro — Euskin — 
 Viollet le Due — Pyne's perspective — 
 twice a week — Mr. Moore. Fine Arts 
 2. Principles of design in painting, 
 sculpture and architecture — Euskin — Sir 
 Joshua Reynolds — Woltmann's History 
 of Painting — twice a week — Mr. Moore. 
 In these two courses there is the same 
 end in view, and the same method of 
 instruction is used. Course 1 is intro- 
 ductory to Course 2. and a student must 
 have passed satisfactorily in the former 
 as a preparation for the latter. One lec- 
 ture a week is given, and besides there 
 are two hours of free hand drawing in 
 the recitation room. The aim of this 
 drawing is that the student mav learn to 
 see and to apprehend art as language. 
 Though the drawing is thus used pri- 
 marily as a means of apprehending the 
 principles of the course, it is still an ex- 
 cellent preparation for any work of the 
 kind a man may wish to take up after- 
 
151 
 
 wards. So much of the history of art 
 is given as bears on the principles of de- 
 sign. Those who take the course are 
 expected to spend four hours a week 
 outside of the recitation room in study- 
 ing the text-books and in drawing. This, 
 with the lectures and recitations, six 
 hours a week in all, would be a fair 
 amount of work for these courses, 
 though those more particularly interest- 
 ed would give much more. The exam- 
 inations are on the lectures and text- 
 book. Besides the two regular exam- 
 inations, oral hour examinations are 
 held from time to time. Cost of text- 
 books for Course 1 about $10 ; for 
 Course 2 somewhat more. Drawing 
 material for Course 1 amounts to about 
 $10 ; the same materials will do for 
 Course 2. 
 
 Fine Arts 3. Ancient Art — Keber's 
 Kunstgeschichte des Alterthums — three 
 times a week — Prof. Norton. This 
 course is wholly a lecture course. The 
 lectures are very interesting and import- 
 ant, and to derive benefit from the 
 course it is necessary to pay them close 
 attention. The work to be done outside 
 
152 
 
 consists in reading the portions of Von 
 Peber's book designated by Prof. Nor- 
 ton, and the class is examined on these. 
 Besides this required reading, many 
 references are given to books of great 
 value to the student in connection with 
 the course, and a large field of parallel 
 reading is thus opened. There are no 
 hour examinations, and the text-book 
 costs about $3. The great value of 
 Prof. Norton's lectures gives the course 
 its deserved popularity. It is not a 
 hard course to get through, but it is a 
 hard course to attain great excellence in. 
 The course is not so much a coarse in 
 aesthetics as a course in history. The 
 history and philosophy of the age and 
 the people that lived in it are studied — 
 but from the artistic standpoint. This 
 is a fact not always recognized by those 
 w-ho propose taking Prof. Norton's 
 courses. Yon Peber's book is being 
 translated by Mr. Joseph T. Clark, the 
 leader of the Assos expedition, with 
 the revision of Prof. Ware of the Bos- 
 ton School of Technology. This trans- 
 lation will probably be ready next fall, 
 and at any rate some time in the course 
 of the year. 
 

 153 
 
 Fine Arts 6 . Romanesque and Gothic 
 Art, from the year 1000 to 1350 — once a 
 week — Prof. Norton. This course is 
 conducted upon much the same principle 
 as Fine Arts 3, except that there is no 
 text-book required. There are several 
 works to which Prof. Norton refers, and 
 which students are advised to read if 
 they desire a thorough knowledge of the 
 ground covered. The book most es- 
 pecially recommended is Schnaase's 
 "History of Fine Arts," the volume de- 
 voted to this period. Of this there is 
 no translation, but it is much the best 
 book for a general view of the subject. 
 Here, as in the other course, the histori- 
 cal importance of the study must be 
 borne in mind. The lectures cover a 
 period of great interest, and might well 
 be supplemented by a more purely his- 
 torical course of reading, such as would 
 be afforded by Dr. Emerton's elective. 
 The comparison and contrast, and the 
 gradual growth from one into the other 
 of the Romanesque and Gothic styles of 
 architecture, is most interestingly worked 
 out, and several famous cathedrals and 
 churches are most carefully studied — 
 
154 
 
 as St. Mark's, the Duomo at Florence, 
 the cathedrals at Pisa and Sienna, and 
 the great cathedral at Chartres. An idea 
 of the interesting character of these lec- 
 tures can be obtained by reading Prof. 
 Norton's book, published last Autumn, 
 entitled "Church Building in the Mid- 
 dle Aores." 
 
GREEK. 
 
 Greek 2. The lectures on Greek 
 Etymology have been transferred to the 
 Freshman year, where they will be giv- 
 en to the advanced section. The first 
 half-year will be given to Thucydides ; 
 the second to Aristophanes. The in- 
 struction in this elective, especially dur- 
 ing the first half-year, will be devoted 
 more particularly than heretofore to the 
 preparation of students who are candi- 
 dates for second year honors, for their 
 sight examinations in May. There will 
 be a critical examination at the mid- 
 years on selections from the two books 
 of Thucydides named, equal in amount 
 to five pages of the text a week for 
 a half-year. This part of the course is 
 given by lectures. Besides this, there 
 will be daily practice in translation at 
 sight. Part of the practice will be in 
 writing, and is designed to take the 
 place of the translation from Greek in- 
 to English previously done in Greek 4. 
 The two plays of Aristophanes together 
 
156 
 
 contain 3000 verses. The instructor's 
 comments will include, in addition to a 
 running comment on the text, an ele- 
 mentary explanation of the metres and 
 an exposition of manners and customs. 
 The plays are the Birds and Acharnians. 
 A good idea can he got of the subject of 
 these, and of the fun in them, from 
 Treve's translations of extracts in the 
 third volume of his works. 
 
 Greek 6. Greek Composition (third 
 course) . ' Sidgwick's Greek Prose Com- 
 position, Part 4 : written translations 
 from Greek into English — once a week — 
 Asst.-Prof. J. W. White. Course 6 is 
 the tinal composition course in the series 
 designed for honor candidates. The 
 work consists mainly of written exer- 
 cises from English and Greek in the 
 style of Plato. The instructor meets 
 each member of the elective separately, 
 and criticises and discusses with him 
 his translation, which has previously 
 been corrected, and put into his hands 
 together with a translation made by the 
 instructor himself, or by some third per- 
 son. The work thus has the advantage 
 of complete revision by the instructor. 
 
157 
 
 The Platonic exercises in the last part 
 of Sidgwick are first written, and after- 
 wards translations from Plato are given 
 out to be turned back into Greek. No 
 text-books are required, except those 
 which the student has already used in 
 College. The course is open to those 
 only who have taken Greek 5. 
 
 Greek 7. Demosthenes (De Falsa 
 Legatione and De Corona, with parts of 
 Aeschines against Ctesiphon), Thucy- 
 dides (parts of Books I and II), lec- 
 tures on the political history and an- 
 tiquities of Athens — three times a iveeh 
 — Prof. Goodwin and Asst.-Prof. J. 
 W. White. This course is intended to 
 enable men to read the more difficult 
 prose authors and to give them an un- 
 derstanding of Athenian history at these 
 important periods. The course is con- 
 ducted on the lecture system, the in- 
 structor reading in the class the amount 
 of matter which the student must have 
 prepared beforehand. Part of the 
 hour is devoted to answering questions 
 on previous work. The cost of the 
 text-books need not exceed $5. The 
 amount read is about three and a half 
 pages daily in connection with Grote* 
 
158 
 
 Greek 8. Plato (Republic), Aris- 
 totle (Ethics. Books I. IV and X) — 
 three times a week — Prof. Goodwin. In 
 this course particular attention is given 
 to the subject matter of the authors 
 read. The same system is pursued as 
 in Greek 7. and there are occasional 
 lectures on philosophical questions con- 
 nected with Plato and Aristotle. The 
 course may be substituted for a course 
 in Philosophy by candidates for hon- 
 ors in that department, and is also im- 
 portant for candidates for final honors in 
 Classics. The cost of books need not 
 exceed 83. 
 
 Greek 9. Aeschylus (Seven against 
 Thebes and Eumenides) . Sophocles 
 (CEdipus at Colonus). Aristophanes 
 (Knights), Pindar (selections) — three 
 times a week — Prof. Goodwin. This 
 course is intended for those who wish 
 to read rapidly, and have attained some 
 facility in reading. The lecture system 
 is used in this course also. The amount 
 read is about one hundred Hues a day, 
 and it is particularly necessary for the 
 student to read the work carefully before 
 the recitation. Other works of the 
 
159 
 
 Greek poets will be read in this course 
 in 1882-83, and the course can be taken 
 in two successive years. The cost of 
 the books varies between $4 and $15, 
 according to the editions purchased. 
 
 Greek 10. Arrian (Anabasis) — 
 Polybius (selections) — twice a iveek — 
 Prof. Sophocles. The first of these 
 authors taken up, Arvan, occupies the 
 time up to the mid-years. In the 
 Anabasis is given a very interesting his- 
 tory of Alexander, and of his marches. 
 The time from the mid-years to the an- 
 nuals is occupied with selections from 
 Polybius, in which are accounts of Han- 
 nibal, and of his battles. In this course 
 all accounts of trivial matters are passed 
 by, and the student's work is confined to 
 important battles and other matters of 
 historical interest. Much Greek is not 
 read, but particular attention is given to 
 accuracy of translation, and to a criti- 
 cal examination of all words. The 
 works of these authors should not be 
 classed, as they sometimes are, among 
 the writings of the Byzantine period, 
 but rather among the writings of what 
 might be called the Iron Age of Attic 
 
160 
 
 literature. The Greek is purely Attic. 
 The greatest benefit of this course is not 
 derived directly from the text but from 
 the instructor himself. Prof. Sophocles 
 enlivens the course with comparisons be- 
 tween the ancient and modern Greeks, 
 and between ancient and modern heroes. 
 The instructor has an inexhaustible sup- 
 ply of anecdotes relating to the work 
 gone over, and his dry humor makes the 
 recitations doubly interesting. The text- 
 books of this course cost about S3. 50. 
 
 Greek 11. The private life of the 
 Greeks, a course of illustrated lectures 
 on the manners and customs of the an- 
 cient Athenians : but with occasional 
 references to the other races and to the 
 Homeric times — one hour a week through- 
 out t/it year. Intended mainly for Jun- 
 iors and Seniors. The instructor's plau 
 is to give in a simple and elementary 
 way, but systematically, a picture of 
 how the ancient Athenians lived. He 
 will describe, for example, their houses 
 and how these were furnished ; what 
 they ate and drank, and how this was 
 served ; their dress, shoes and personal 
 ornaments, and their care of the hair 
 
161 
 
 and beard ; their system of education ; 
 their marriage and funeral rites, enter- 
 tainments, in-door and out-door sports, 
 markets, shops, exports and imports ; 
 the trades and professions among them ; 
 their country life ; their means of con- 
 veyance ; the ship, and how it was 
 manned and rigged ; the horse, and how 
 he was bridled and harnessed ; their 
 slaves, etc., etc. The lectures will be 
 illustrated as fully as possible by means 
 of diagrams, casts of w r orks of ancient 
 art, books on art and the magic lantern. 
 The instructor believes that this course 
 had better not be taken before the stu- 
 dent's Junior year. 
 
ITALIAN. 
 
 Italian 1. De Amicis (La Vita 
 Militare) — Goldini (II Bugiardo) — 
 -Mangoni (I Promessi Sposi) — Silvio 
 Pellico (Le Mic Prigioni) — Toscani's 
 Grammar — Prose composition — three 
 times a week — Mr. Bendelari. The 
 method of instruction pursued is that of 
 recitations and written exercises. Dur- 
 ing the first half year Toscani's Gram- 
 mar is carefully and exhaustively gone 
 through, including all the exercises to be 
 written. This gives a complete review 
 of the whole science of the language. A 
 portion of La Yita Militare is translated 
 from Italian into English. After the 
 mid-years, a part of I Promessi Sposi 
 and II Bugiardo are read to give an ac- 
 quaintance with the commoner idioms. 
 During the last half year the regular ex- 
 ercise in prose composition is the re- 
 translation into Italian of the English 
 translation of Le Mic Prigioni. One 
 hour examination in pronunciation is 
 held. The object of the course is to 
 give as much ability in reading and 
 writing Italian as is of use in ordinary 
 life. The method taken is eminently 
 calculated to equal in its results the most 
 sanguine expectations. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGES. 
 
 Hebrew, 117 
 
 Sanskrit, 93 
 
 Classics 1, ------ 114 
 
 Classics 2, 115 
 
 Greek 1, 95 
 
 "2, 155, 18 
 
 "3, 48 
 
 " 4, - - - - - - 25, 95 
 
 "5, 96 
 
 *' 6, - - - - - • - 156 
 
 "7, 157 
 
 "8, 158 
 
 "9, ----.- 158 
 
 "10, ,159 
 
 "11, 160 
 
 Latin 1, 132 
 
 "2, 133 
 
 "3, 134 
 
 " 4, ------- 136 
 
 " 5, - 137 
 
 " 6 (Latin 5), 138 
 
 '« 7 (Latin 6), - - - - 134 
 
 " 8 (Latin 7), 139 
 
 " 9 (Latin 8), -'.-'-.- 134 
 
 English 1, 73 
 
 "2, ----- 74 
 
 3, ----- - 77 
 
 "4, 77 
 
 " 5, 78 
 
 "6, 79 
 
 " 7, \-. - .- 80 
 
 German 1, - 100 
 
 " 2, 106 
 
 "3, 147 
 
 4, 102 
 
164 
 
 Gee:: an r . 107 
 
 :, : 
 
 ••-.-•--- 141 
 
 French 1, 27 
 
 "2. ■:' . 
 
 "3. :' 
 
 4, ----- 31 
 
 5, 145 
 
 Graduate D, Mi 
 
 Italian 1. 161 
 
 "2, £9 
 
 3. 
 
 Spanish 1, 22 
 
 " ;. - 91 
 
 91 
 
 Philosophy 1 PhiL : . - 
 
 . PfcfiL 3 . - M 
 
 3 ; 111! 
 
 I PluL : . - - 
 
 ; I hiL I . t9 
 
 G PhiL T . - - - 70 
 
 7 Phil. 8., --- 71 
 
 Political Economy 1, - KM 
 
 H | M 
 
 History 1, 41 
 
 •• :. 44 
 
 "3, 
 
 "4, 97 
 
 1 Kist. 5 . - - - - 42 
 
 7 Hist. .-- - 42 
 
 8 Hist. 7 . - I - 
 '• 9~, - - - - - 
 
 " r>. m 
 
 "11. 46 
 
 Roman Law 1, 14.°. 
 
 2, 144 
 
 Fine Arts 1, 
 
 2, - 151 
 
 3. lcl 
 
 "Formerly S and 9, two years' course. 
 
166 
 
 Fine Arts 6, - - - 153 
 
 Music 1, 82 
 
 "2, 82 
 
 "3, 82 
 
 " 4, 83 
 
 Mathematics 1, 92 
 
 " 2, - 109 
 
 ,' 3, ----- 109 
 
 " 4, - - - - 110 
 
 " 5, ----- 111 
 
 " 6, - - - - 140 
 
 " 7, ----- 141 
 
 9, - - - - 112 
 
 10, 112 
 
 Physics 1, ----- - 125 
 
 " 2, - 127 
 
 " 3,- 129 
 
 " 4, ----.- 129 
 
 " 5,- - - - - - 130 
 
 Chemistry 1, 51 
 
 2, 52 
 
 3, ----- 54 
 
 4, - 57 
 
 5, ----- 58 
 
 6, - ----- - 60 
 
 7, 61 
 
 Natural History 1, - - - 5 
 
 " 2, - - - - 32 
 
 3, - - - 10 
 
 4, - - - - 6 
 
 5, - - - 35 
 
 6, - - - - 36 
 
 7, - - - 13 
 " 8,- 8 
 
 Nat. Hist. Graduate 32, - - 37 
 
 " 33, - - - 39 
 
 38, - - 84 
 
 39, - - - 14 
 " 40, - - 15 
 
 41, - - - 15 
 
 " 42, - - 16 
 
 " 43, - - - 17 
 
 44, r • 17 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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