Glass. Book /'/ o ^ HISTOEY THE UNITED STATES. ' (>) HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES FROM 1492 TO 1866, FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. BY JOSEPH C. MARTINDALE, M.D. PRINCIPAL OF THE FOREST GRAMMAR SCHOOL, PHILADELPHIA; A MEMBER OF THE ACADEMT OP NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA; OF THK HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA, ETC. PHILADELPHIA: JAME S K. SIMON, No. 33 S. Sixth Street. 1866. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by JOSEPH C. MARTINDALE, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. _^^^* J. FAGAN & SOX, fe>5Mr ^^ <^ , 8TERE0TYPERS, PHILAD'A. \^'^'^^ ^'\c— ^ "^ ^^ PRINTED BY SHERMAN h CO. t'1 \Ki% PREFACE. In preparing this History of the United States, the author has endeavored to meet the wants of our Common Schools as expressed to him bj many of the prominent educators in this country, and as suggested by his own experience as a teacher. Some teachers instruct their pupils, when pre- paring a history lesson for recitation, not to com- mit the whole of the text to memory, but to extract the meaning from it and to express that meaning in sentences of their own. When this is done, the pupils, except it be in some of the higher classes of our Academies and Universi- ties, often neglect the events which are important and study those which are unimportant. They also frequently express what they do learn in ungrammatical sentences, or in sentences giving- a very imperfect idea of the meaning intended. In order to obviate these difficulties, most teachers require their pupils to commit the text to mem- ory, knowing, from experience, that the only VI PREFACE. way to teach children successfully is to require them to be exact in all their answers. When this is d^ne, much of the detail that is ususdly found in our school histories may, with advan- tage, be omitted. The author has therefore aimed at presenting the important events of the history of our country in a clear, concise style, unadorned by/ the vivid descriptions and imaginings which make our histories pleasing as reading-books, but which, experience teaches the practical in- structor, are not at all suited to the wants of the school-room. The Chronological Table contains almost every event mefltioned in this History, and will be found a useful adjunct if used in connection with the text. This little work is intended for the Common Schools of our country, and, as such, is submitted to the public. J. C. M. Philadelphia, 3d Month Ist, 1866. CONTENTS. Page Discoveries ^ Settlements King William's War . Queen Anne's War . King George's War French and Indian War From the French War to the Revolution The American Revolution Events to the Adoption of the Constitution The Federal Constitution Adams's Administration Jefferson's Administration Madison's Administration Monroe's Administration . Jackson's Administration Van Buren's Administration Harrison's Administration Polk's Administration Taylor's Administration Pierce's Administration . Buchanan's Administration Lincoln's Administration Chronological Table . (vii) 13 35 36 37 38 43 47 70 73 77 78 81 92 94 97 98 99 104 106 107 109 137 HISTOEY THE UNITED STATES DISCOVERIES (1492-1607). 1. In 1492, tlie New World, comprising the conti- nents of North and South America, was discovered by Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa. 2. In 1497, John Cabot, with his son Sebastian, sailed from England, and discovered Labrador and Newfound- land. 3. In 1498, Sebastian Cabot made a second voyage to America, and explored the coast from Labrador to Maryland. 4. In 1499, Americus Vespucius made a voyage to the New World, and succeeded in having it named after himself. 5. In 1512, Juan Ponce de Leon sailed from Porto Kico, and on Easter Sunday, called by the Spaniards Pas- cua Florida, he discovered a country which, on account Questions. — 1. When and by whom was America discovered? 2. What di8coveries were made in 1497 ? 3. In 1498 ? 4. What is said of Americus Vespucius ? 5. Give an account of the discovery of Florida. (9) 10 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. of its blooming appearance and the day when first seen, was called Florida. 6. In 1524, John Verrazani sailed from France on a voyage of discovery, and reached the continent in the latitude of Wilmington, North Carolina. He then ex- plored the whole coast northward as far as Nova Scotia. 7. In 1534, James Cartier sailed from France, and in twenty days reached Newfoundland. He discovered and named the Grulf and River of St. Lawrence, and took possession of the country in the name of the French king. 8. In 1535, while on a second voyage, Cartier sailed up the river St. Lawrence to Montreal. He returned to the Isle of Orleans, where he passed the winter, and in the spring sailed for France. 9. In 1539, Ferdinand de Soto, a Spaniard, landed on the coast of Florida with the design of conquering that country. He marched westward, and, in 1541, discovered the Mississippi River. 10. In 1542, as they were about to descend the Mis- sissippi, De Soto died, and his body was sunk in the depths of the stream he had discovered. The remnant of his followers afterwards found their way to a Spanish settlement in Mexico. 11. In 1541, Cartier sailed on a third voyage to the St. Lawrence. He built a fort near the present site of 6. Of the voyage of Verrazani to America. 7. "What i8 said of Car- tier's first voyage to America? 8. What of hia second voyage? 9. What is said of De Soto's expedition to America? 10. What became of him and his followers? 11. What is said of Cartier's third voyage ? DISCOVERIES. 11 Quebec, where he passed the winter; but his com- panions were dissatisfied, and he returned to France the following spring. 12. In 1562, Admiral Coligny of France sent an expedition under Ribault to Florida. He explored the coast from St. John's River to Port Royal entrance, where he planted a colony which was afterwards abandoned. 13. In 1564, Coligny sent out another expedition to Florida, under the command of Laudonnier, who made a settlement on the River St. John's. In 1565, Ribault arrived with additional emigrants and supplies. 14. The Spaniards sent out Melendez with an expe- dition to destroy the French colony in Florida. He arrived in September, 1565, and laid the foundation of St. Augustine, after which he captured the French fort and murdered all its inmates. 15. In 1565, De Gourges, a French soldier, sent out an expedition which destroyed some of the Spanish forts in Florida and put their garrisons to death. 16. In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, having obtained a patent from Elizabeth, Queen of England, set sail for Newfoundland. A series of disasters induced him to return to England, when the vessel in which he sailed was lost, and all on board perished. 17. In 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh, brother-in-law of Gilbert, sent out two vessels under the command of 12. What is said of the expedition sent out under Ribault? 13. What of the expedition under Laudonnier ? When did Ribault arrive? 14. What was done by Melendez? 15. How did the French retaliate? 16. What is said of Gilbert's expedition ? 17. What is said of the expedition under Amidas and Barlow ? 12 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Amidas and Barlow. They explored the Albemarle and Pamlico sounds, and named the country Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. 18. In 1585, Kaleigh sent out another fleet under Sir Richard Grenville, who left a colony on Roanoke Island under the control of Ralph Lane. They became dis- couraged, and, early the next year, all returned to Eng- land with Sir Francis Drake. 19. In 1587, Raleigh sent out another company of emigrants to Roanoke Island, under John White. He was sent to England^ for supplies, and on his return, three years afterwards, no trace of the colony remained. 20. In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold sailed from Eng- land to the coast of Massachusetts. He discovered and named Cape Cod, and the islands of Nantucket and Martha's Vinyard. 21. In 1606, the King of England granted the coun- try from the 34th to the 38th degree of north latitude to the London Company, and that from the 41st to the 45th degree to the Plymouth Company, for the purpose of establishing colonies. 18. What of the one under Richard Grenville? 19. What is said of the settlement on Roanoke Island under John White ? 20. What did Gosnold do? 21. What grants were made by the King of England? SETTLEMENTS OF THE STATES. VIRGINIA. 1. In 1607, Captain Newport, with one liundred and five persons, was sent out by the London Company to establish a colony in Virginia. He sailed up the James River and laid the foundation of Jamestown. 2. The early colonists suffered greatly from the hos- tility of the Indians, and from hunger, cold, and disease. Many of their number died, and they were about to abandon the colony, when Captain John Smith assumed the command and induced them to remain. 3. While on a voyage up the Chickahominy, Smith was captured by the Indians and taken to Powhatan, who condemned him to die. His life was spared through the intercessions of Pocahontas, the daughter of Pow- hatan, and he was permitted to return to Jamestown. 4. New settlers arrived, and the colony continued in a state of prosperity until Smith was compelled to return to England, in 1610, when order and industry ceased, and all was again confusion. 1. What was done by Captain Newport? 2. What was the con- dition of the early settlers? 3. What happened to Smith while on his voyage ? How was his life saved ? 4. What is said of the colony before and after Smith's departure to England? 2 (13) 14 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 5. The colonists now prepared a second time to aban- don the colony, but the arrival of Lord Delaware, with ships and supplies, prevented their departure. 6. The colony was governed by martial law until 1619, when the first Legislative Assembly in America met at Jamestown. 7. In 1620, African slavery was introduced into the colony by the Dutch. During the same year ninety young women were sent to the settlement, as wives for the planters. 8. In 1622, the Indians formed a plan for destroying the English. The plot was revealed by a friendly Indian, and some of the larger settlements were saved, but those on the outskirts of the colony were entirely destroyed. The number of the plantations was thus reduced from eighty to eight. 9. In 1624y the London Company was dissolved, Vir- ginia became a royal province, and its governors were appointed by the king. 10. In 1639, Sir William Berkeley was appointed governor. He ruled with moderation, and continued in oflSce for twenty-seven years. 11. In 1644, a second Indian massacre occurred. It was followed by a war which lasted two years, and ended in the submission of the Indians to the English. 5. What prevented the colony being abandoned ? 6. What change was made in the government of the colony? 7. What was brought into the colony in 1620 ? 8. What is said of the massacre in 1622? 9. What was done in 1624 ? 10. What is said of Sir William Berke- ley ? 11. What of the second Indian massacre ? SETTLEMENTS OF THE STATES. 15 12. In 1663, Parliament enforced the Navigation Act, which prohibited the colonists from importing or exporting goods except in British vessels. 13. In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon headed a party and compelled Governor Berkeley to submit to his authority. Soon after this Bacon suddenly died and the rebellion was suppressed. 14. In 1677, Culpepper became governor, but he was deprived of his office in 1684. Virginia then became a royal province, and was so continued until the Bevo- lution. NEW YORK. 1. In 1609, Henry Hudson, who was in the service of the Dutch East India Company, discovered the Hud- son River, which he ascended as far as Albany. In consequence of this the Dutch claimed the country and named it New Netherlands. 2. In 1614, the Dutch erected a few rude hovels on Manhattan Island. The settlement was called New Amsterdam. 3. In 1614, a settlement was made at Fort Orange (Albany). During the same year New Netherlands was captured by the English under Argall, who retained possession of it until the next summer. 12. What is said of the Navigation Act? 13, What is said of Bacon's rebellion ? 14. What changes were made in the govern- ment of Virginia ? 1. What discovery did Hudson make ? Who claimed the country, and why? 2. What is said of the settlement at New Amsterdam? 3. When was Albany settled? What is said of the capture of New Netherlands by the English ? 16 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 4. In 1645, the Dutch commenced a war with the Algonquin Indians, which lasted two years and ended in the defeat of the savages at Strickland Plains. 5. In 1664, the King of England granted the Terri- tory of New Netherlands to the Duke of York. The latter sent out a squadron under Colonel Nichols, which captured the settlement at New Amsterdam and changed its name to New York. 6. In 1673, New York was recaptured by the Dutch, through the treachery of Sir John Manning, but it was restored to the English the next year. 7. In 1674, Sir Edmund Andross commenced his tyrannical administration as governor of New York. He continued in office until 1682. 8. In 1683, a legislative assembly met at New York and established a " Charter of Liberties.'^ 9. In 1688, Andross again became governor and continued his administration until 1689, when William, Prince of Orange, ascended the throne of England, and the colonists were rid of their oppressors. 10. In 1691, King William appointed Colonel Sloughter governor of New York. He was succeeded by Fletcher, in 1692, whose acts caused him to be despised by the people. 11. In 1698, the Earl of Bellamont became governor. He was succeeded by Lord Cornbury, in 1702, whose 4. What is said of the war with the Indians? 5. What was done in 1664? 6. What in 1673? 7. What is said of the administration of Antiross? 8. What was done in 1683? 9. What is said of the second administration of Andross? 10. What changes were made in the governors in 1691 and 1692 ? 11. What in 1698 and 1702 ? SETTLEMENTS OF THE STATES. It oppressive measures caused great dissatisfaction among the inhabitants. MASSACHUSETTS. 1. In 1607, the Plymouth Company sent a hundred emigrants under George Popham to New England. They commenced a settlement near the Kennebec River, but it was abandoned the following spring. 2. In 1614, Captain John Smith explored the coast of New England. In 1615, he attempted to plant a colony there, but was unsuccessful. 3. The first permanent settlement in Massachusetts was made at Plymouth, by the Puritans, on the 20th of December, 1620. They had been driven from Eng- land by religious persecution, and they sought an asy- lum in the wilds of America. 4. On their arrival they elected John Carver governor. He made a treaty with Massasoit, the great Indian chief of the country, which was kept unbroken for fifty years. They sufi'ered greatly from disease, hunger, and cold, and many of their number perished, 5. In 1628, John Endicott and three hundred emi- grants made a settlement at Salem. In 1630, Governor Winthrop settled Boston. Charlestown,^ Dorchester, and Cambridge were settled about the same time. 1. What settlement was attempted by the Plymouth Company in 1607? 2. What was done by Captain John Smith? 3. What is said of the settlement at Plymouth ? 4. Who was elected governor, and what did he do? From what did they suffer? 5. What place was settled in 1628 ? What in 1630 ? 2* 18 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 6. In 1635, Roger Williams, minister of Salem, was banished from tlie xjolony for advancing doctrines in opposition to those held by his brethren. During this year a large number of emigrants arrived, among whom was Grovernor Vane. 7. In 1636, Ann Hutchinson and Rev. John Wheel- wright caused much trouble by their opposition to the clergy, and were finally compelled to leave the colony. 8. In 1643, Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven were united for mutual protection under the title of the " United Colonies of New Eng- land." This union lasted for more than forty years. 9. In 1656, a law was passed banishing all Quakers from the colony, and imposing the penalty of death on those who remained. Four persons were executed under this law. 10. In 1675, a war broke out between the whites and the Narrag'ansett and Wampanoag Indians under King Philip. Troops from Plymouth and Massachu- setts went against them and destroyed both the tribes. Philip was shot by a faithless Indian, in 1676, and his wife and children were captured and enslaved by the English. 11. In 1684, the charter of Massachusetts was de- clared invalid, and, in 1686, the King appointed Sir Edmund Andross governor of all New England. 6. When and why was Roger Williams banished ? Who arrived in 1635 ? 7. Who were banished in 1636 ? 8. What union was formed in 1643»? 9. What is said of the law against the Quakers ? 10. What is said of King Philip's War? 11. What was done in 1684 and 1686? SETTLEMENTS OF THE STATES. 19 12. THe people were mucli opposed to Andross, and, in 1689, during the revolution in England, they seized and imprisoned him, and restored the old form of government. 13. During King William's War the colonists suffered much from the hostility of the Indians and Canadians. Expeditions were sent against them, but they were generally unsuccessful. 14. At the close of the War, King William granted a new Charter to Massachusetts, which enlarged her territories and gave her many privileges ; but in it he reserved the right of appointing the governors. 15. In 1704, the French and Indians attacked and burned Deerfield, in Massachusetts, killed many of the inhabitants, and carried the remainder to Canada. NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1. In 1622, the Plymouth Company granted the territory of New Hampshire to Ferdinand Gorges and John Mason. 2. In 1623, they sent over two companies of emi- grants to make settlements on the Piscataqua River. One of the places settled was called Dover. In 1638, Exeter was settled by the Rev. John Wheelwright. 12. What was done with Andross in 1689 ? 13. What effect had King William's War on the colonists? 14. What is said of the new Charter granted by King William ? 15. What is said of the attack on Deertield ? 1. When and to whom was New Hampshire granted?, 2. What settlements were made in 1623? When and by whom was Exeter settled ? 20 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 3. The settlers suffered so much from the hostility of the Indians that they placed themselves under the protection of Massachusetts, in 1641. In 1679, they were again separated, and New Hampshire became a royal province. 4. A legislative assembly met at Portsmouth, in 1680, but the king disregarded its acts and appointed Edward Cranfield governor. By a course of injustice and oppression he became odious to the people, and was forced to leave the country. 5. In 1690, Samuel Allen, who had purchased Mason's claim to New Hampshire, was appointed governor. Between him and the people lawsuits about the land continued for many years. They were finally settled in favor of the colonists. 6. Previous to 1746, New Hampshire suffered greatly from the Indian wars. Dover and other towns were plundered and burned, and many of the inhabitants killed or carried prisoners to Canada. NEW JERSEY. 1. The first settlement in New Jersey was made at Bergen, by the Dutch, in 1624. 2. In 1664, Elizabethtown was settled by a company 3. When was New Hampshire placed under the protection of Massachusetts ? When separated from it again ? 4. What was done in 1680 ? What is said of Cranfield's administration? 6. What of Allen's administration ? 6. What is said of the Indian wars pre- vious to 1746? 1. When and where was New Jersey first settled? 2. What was done in 1664? SETTLEMENTS OF THE STATES. 21 of English under Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Philip Carteret was appointed the first governor. 3. The colony was flourishing until 1670, when the pay- ment of quit-rents was demanded by the proprietors. So great was the opposition to this measure that the settlers rose in rebellion in 1672, and appointed another governor. 4. In 1674, Lord Berkeley sold his share of New Jersey to Edward Byllinge. The latter sold out to the Friends, or Quakers, in 1676. In 1677, the province was divided, Carteret taking East Jersey, and the Friends West Jersey. 5. In 1682, William Penn, with eleven other Friends, purchased JEast Jersey of the heirs of Carteret and appointed Robert Barclay governor. 6. In 1688, the Duke of York made Andross gov- ernor of Jersey. Great confusion prevailed from this time until 1702, when East and West Jersey were united under the name of New Jersey, and placed under the government of Lord Cornbury of New York. 7. In 1738, the government of New Jersey was separ rated from that of New York, and Lewis Morris was appointed the first governor. DELAWARE. 1. In 1629, the Swedes and Finns purchased the territory extending from Cape Henlopen northward for 3. What troubles arose in 1670? 4. What changes were made in the ownership of New Jersey? When and how was New Jersey divided? 6. When and by whom was East Jersey purjhased ? 6. When did Andross become governor? What was done in 1702? 7. What in 1738? 1. What was done by the Swedes and Finns in 1629? 22 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. over thirty miks. They made a settlement near Cape Henlopen, which was, however, afterwards broken up. 2. In 1638, a body of Swedes under Peter Minuets settled near the mouth of Christiana Creek, and called the place New Sweden. 3. In 1651, the Dutch built a fort at New Castle. The Swedes under Rising visited them under pretence of friendship, and succeeded in obtaining possession of the fort. 4. In 1655, the Dutch governor of New York, with a fleet of seven ships, entered the Delaware and took possession of all the Swedish settlements. 5. In 1664, the English subdued the Dutch, and Delaware became a dependency of New York. 6. In 1682, the territory of Delaware, called the '' Three Lower Counties,'' was granted to William Penn, who landed at New Castle in October of that year. 7. Delaware increased rapidly in population and pros- perity, and remained annexed to Pennsylvania until 1691, when the two States were separated and Delaware was placed under the control of Colonel Markham. 8. In 1693, the two colonies were again united by Colonel Fletcher of New York; but, in 1702, they were Anally separated, and Delaware had a distinct legis- lature, althouerh both colonies remained under the same 2. What settlement was made in 1638 ? 3. What is said of the fort at New Castle? 4. What was done by the Dutch in 1655? 5. What was done in 1664? 6. What in 1682 ? 7. What was done in 1691 ? 8. What in 1693 and in 1702? SETTLEMENTS OF THE STATES. 23 MARYLAND. 1. In 1632, William Clayborne, a surveyor employed by the London Company, built several trading houses on Kent Island. 2. In 1632, George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, obtained a charter for the colony which was called Maryland in honor of Queen Maria. Before the charter passed the royal seal, George Calvert died, and the territory was granted to his son Cecil. 3. In 1633, Leonard Calvert was appointed governor of the colony. In 1634, he, with two hundred emi- grants, mostly Catholics, purchased an Indian village on the St. Mary's River, where they formed a settlement. 4. Under the wise government of Lord Baltimore, all Christian denominations were welcomed to the colony, and all were protected from persecution. The Indians were friendly and the soil and climate inviting. These things caused the colony to increase rapidly in wealth and population. 5. The peace of the colony was disturbed by Clay- borne, who refused to submit to Lord Baltimore. In 1635, he took up arms against the government, but was defeated and forced to leave the colony. 6. In 1642, a general Indian war broke out, which 1. What was done by Clayborne in 1632? 2. What is said of the charter granted to Lord Baltimore? 3. What was done by Leonard Calvert in 1634 ? 4. What is said of the colony under Lord Balti- more ? 5. What is said of Clayborne's rebellion ? 6. What occurred in 1642? What in 1645? 24 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. lasted two years. In 1645^ Clayborne returned to Maryland and excited another rebellion, which lasted for more than a year. 7. In 1652, during Cromwell's reign, Lord Baltimore was deprived of the government. A civil war ensued in 1655, and it was not until 1660 that Calvert's authority was fully recognized and harmony restored in the colony. 8. In 1676, Cecil Calvert died. He was distinguished for wisdom, benevolence, and liberality of sentiment, xit his death his son Charles succeeded to his title and estate, and was governor of the colony during the next fourteen years. 9. In 1691, King William made a royal province of Maryland. Religious freedom was abolished, and the Church of England was established as the religion of the State to be supported by taxation. 10. In 1715, the government was again restored to the heirs of Lord Baltimore, with whom it remained until the Ilevolution. CONNECTICUT. 1. In 1630, the soil of Connecticut was granted by the Plymouth Company to the Earl of Warwick, and in the following year he granted it to Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brooke, and others. 7. What is said of Maryland during Cromwell's reign ? 8, When did Calvert die, and for what was he distinguished? Who succeeded him ? 9. What was done in 1691 ? 10. AVhat in 1715 ? 1. To whom was Connecticut granted ? SETTLEMENTS OF THE STATES. 25 2. In 1633, the Dutch built a fort at Hartford. During the same year the English erected a trading- house at Windsor. 8. In 1635, emigrants from Massachusetts made set- tlements at Windsor and Weathersfield. In 1636, the Rev. Thomas Hooker, with one hundred emigrants, left Massachusetts and laid the foundation of Hartford. 4. In 1637, a war was commenced between the Pe- quod tribe of Indians, numbering over two thousand warriors, and the Connecticut settlers. It was termi- nated the same year by the destruction of the tribe. 5. In 1638, the Kev. John Davenport and Theophi- lus Eaton founded New Haven. After a day of fasting and prayer they made a covenant " to be governed in all things, civil and religious, by the rules and principles of the Bible." 6. In 1639, the people of Hartford, Windsor, and Weathersfield met at Hartford and formed a separate government for themselves. Their constitution was very liberal, and carefully protected the rights of the people. 7. In 1650, Governor Stuyvesant made a treaty with the English, by which the Dutch gave up all claim to the territory of Connecticut. 8. In 1662, John Winthrop was sent to England to secure a charter for the colony, from Charles II. He 2. What was done in 1633? 3. What in 1635? What in 1636? 4. What is said of the Pequod War? 5. What is said of the settle- ment of New Haven? 6. AVhat was done in 1639? 7. What is said of the treaty in 1650? 8. What is said of the charter obtained by Winthrop ? 3 26 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. obtained one whicli was very liberal in its provisions, and embraced the New Haven colony within its limits. Tliat colony, however, refused to be united under the charter until 1665. 9. In 1675, Andross proceeded with a naval force to the Connecticut River and endeavored to extend his authority over the settlements there, but the colonists were firm in their opposition to him, and he was com- pelled to return to New York without having accom- plished his object. 10. In 1687, King James commissioned Andross as governor of all New England. He went to Hartford, where the Assembly was in session, and demanded their charter. It was placed on the table. The discussion was continued until evening, when the lights were sud- denly extinguished, and Joseph Wadsworth took the charter and secreted it in a hollow tree, which has ever since been called the "Charter-Oak." 11. Although Andross failed to obtain the charter, he assumed the control of the government in 1687, and continued to rule until 1689, when his patron King James was driven from the throne of England. 12. In 1692, Governor Fletcher of New York was appointed commander of the Connecticut militia. In 1693, he went to Hartford to take the command, but he was so resolutely opposed by Wadsworth, their captain, that he gave up the attempt and returned to New York. 9. What was done by Andross in 1675? 10. What is said of An- dross's attempt to obtain the charter? 11. What did Andross do after failing to obtain the charter? 12. What was done by Governor Fletcher ? SETTLEMENTS OF THE STATES. 27 RHODE ISLAND. 1. In 1636, Rhode Island was settled by Roger Wil- liams, who had been banished from Massachusetts the previous year. The town was called Providence, to express his confidence in the mercies of God. 2. The colony soon became an asylum for the persecuted in other provinces. In 1638, William Coddington and several others who had been banished from Massachusetts settled at Portsmouth, on the island of Rhode Island. In 1639, they commenced the settlement of Newport, 8. In 1614, Roger Williams obtained from the Parliament of England a free and absolute charter for the government of both the settlements. 4. In 1647, delegates from the several towns met at Portsmouth and adopted a liberal constitution for the government of the colony. 6. In 1663, Charles II. granted a charter to Rhode Island, which embraced all the principles of the previous charter, and secured to the people the civil and religious liberty for which they had contended. 6. This charter was dissolved by Andross when he became governor of the New England colonies, in 1687, 1. When and by whom was Rhode Island settled? What was the town called? 2. For whom did the colony become an asylum ? What was done by William Coddington and others? 3. What was done in 1644? 4. What was done by the delegates at Portsmouth ? 5. What is said of the charter granted by Charles II. ? 6. What did Andross do with this charter, and how long did it remain in force ? 28 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. / but after his imprisomnent it was resumed and con- tinued in force until a state constitution was adopted, in 1842. NORTH CAROLINA. 1. Between the years 1640 and 1650 a number of persons from Virginia began a colony north of Albe- marle Sound. In 1661, a number of emigrants from Massachusetts settled on Cape Fear River, but the settlement was afterwards abandoned. 2. In 1663, a settlement was made on Albemarle Sound, and William Drummond was appointed governor. In 1665, emigrants from the island of Barbadoes settled on Cape Fear Biver near the former settlement. 8. In 1663, a large extent of territory was granted to Lord Clarendon and seven associates, who gave it the general name of Carolina. 4. In 1665, they employed the celebrated philosopher John Locke to prepare a constitution for the govern- ment of the colony. Its provisions were at variance with the wishes of the people, causing much discord among the settlers, and was finally abandoned. 5. In 1683, Seth Sothel, one of the proprietors, arrived as governor of the province. He was avaricious and corrupt, and used his office solely for the acquisition of wealth. The people, after bearing his cruel oppres- sions for nearly six years, banished him from the colony. 1. What settlement was made between 1640 and 1650? "What in 1661? 2. What settlement was made in 1663 ? What in 1665? 3. What grant was made in 1663 ? 4. What is said of the constitu- tion prepared by John Locke? 5. What is said of Seth Sothel? SETTLEMENTS OP THE STATES. 29 6. In 1695, the amiable Quaker, Archdale, became governor. Under his administration the people were prosperous and happy. 7. In 1707, a company of French Protestants settled on the Trent River, and, in 1710, one hundred German families settled near the same place. 8. In 1711, the Tuscarora and Coree Indians massa- cred one hundred and thirty of these settlers. Troops from South Carolina were sent to their relief. They defeated the Indians, capturing eight hundred of them, and driving the remainder to New York, where they joined the confederacy of the Five Nations. 9. North and South Carolina were united under the same board of proprietors, until 1729, when a distinct government was established over each. From this period until the Eevolution the colony was peaceful and prosperous. SOUTH CAROLINA. 1. In 1670, a number of English emigrants under William Sayle entered the harbor of Port Koyal. After a brief sojourn they sailed into Ashley River, on the south side of which they commenced the settlement of Old Charleston. 2. This place was not suited for commerce, and, in 6. What is said of Archdale ? 7. What is said of the settlements on Trent River? 8. ^Vhat is said of the war with the Tuscarora and Coree Indians ? 9. What is said of the separation of North and South Carolina ? 1. What was done by William Sayle in 1670 ? 2. What was done in 1680 ? From what did the early settlers sufifer? 3* 30 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 1680, it was deserted for the more eligible one known as Oyster Point, where the present city of Charleston was commenced. The early settlers suffered from the hostility of the Indians and the tyranny of their rulers. 3. In 1690, Seth Sothel, who had been banished from North Carolina, came into the province and was made governor. But peace was not restored, and Sothel, after two years of oppressive rule, was banished from the colony. 4. In 1693, the " Fundamental Constitution" was abolished. In 1695, John Archdale became governor. By a wise and equitable administration he did much to restore order in the colony, and establish friendly relations with the Indians. 5. In 1702, during the European wars, James Moore, governor of South Carolina, made an unsuccessful expedition against the Spanish settlements in Florida. Soon after his return he marched against the Apalach- ian Indians, who were in alliance with the Spaniards, captured eight hundred of their warriors, and took possession of all their territory. 6. In 1706, a fleet of French and Spanish vessels from Havana, attempted to capture Charleston, but was repulsed by the inhabitants. 7. In 1715, a general war broke out with the 3. What was done by Seth Sothel ? 4. When was the Funda- mental Constitution abolished? What is said of John Archdale? 6. What is said of Moore's expedition against the Spanish settle- ments in Florida? What of the one against the Apalachinn Indians? 6. What was done by the French and Spanish in 1706? 7. Describe the Yamasee war. SETTLEMENTS OP THE STATES. 31 Yamasee Indians. They destroyed the frontier settle- ments, and threatened the whole colony with ruin. Governor Craven, with twelve hundred men, defeated their main body, on the banks of the Salkehatchie, and drove the survivors into Florida. 8. The oppressions of the proprietors continued until 1719, when the people rose in rebellion and elected James Moore governor of the colony. The difficulties, however, were not entirely settled until 1729, when North and South Carolina became distinct royal prov- inces. PENNSYLVANIA. 1. In 1643, the Swedes erected a fort on Tinicum Island, where their governor, John Printz, built a handsome residence. Several Swedish settlements were on the Schuylkill and the west side of the Delaware, as early as 1677. All of these were embraced in " Upland County." 2. In 1681, William Penn, a member of the Society of Friends, received a grant of the territory west of the Delaware River, on account of his father's claim on the British Government for sixteen thousand pounds sterling. To this he gave the name of Pennsylvania. 3. In the autumn of 1681, a large company of 8. What is said of the rulers of South Carolina? How and when were the difficulties settled ? 1. What settlement was made by the Swedes in 1643? What other Swedish settlements were made as early as 1677 ? 2. What grant was made to William Penn in 1681 ? 3. When and by whom was Chester settled? Who was appointed governor ? 32 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. emigrants, mostly Quakers, left England and settled at Chester. They were under the direction of William Markham, who was appointed deputy-governor. 4. In 1682, Penn received from the Duke of York the grant of the present State of Delaware, and, in October of that year, he, with two thousand colonists, landed at New Castle. 5. On the day after his arrival, he addressed the people, explaining the principles of his government, and promising to secure them civil and religious liberty. 6. Penn next proceeded up the Delaware River and founded Philadelphia. In order to secure the friend- ship of the Indians, he invited them to the city, where a treaty of peace and friendship was made which was kept unbroken for more than seventy years. 7. In December, 1682, the first Assembly met at Chester. In the following year they assembled at Phi- ladelphia and adopted a charter which was of unex- ampled liberality. 8. In 1684, Penn returned to England, leaving the government in thejiands of five commissioners. 9. Little occurred to disturb the peace of Pennsyl- vania, until 1692, when King William supposing Penn to be friendly to James II., the deposed sovereign, deprived him of the government of the province and conferred it upon Colonel Fletcher of New York. 4. What was done in 1682 ? 5. What did Penn do the next day ? 6. What city did Penn found ? How did he secure the friendship of the Indians? 7. What is said of the Assembly? 8. What did Penn do in 1684 ? 9. How was the peace of Pennsylvania disturbed ? SETTLEMENTS OP THE STATES. 33 10. The innocence of Penn was soon established, and, in 1694, he was restored to his proprietary rights. In 1699, Penn visited his colony a second time. 11. Finding that the inhabitants were dissatisfied with the government, Penn granted them a new char- ter in 1701. This was more liberal than any previous one, and conferred upon the people all the political privileges they desired. 12. Soon after this (1701) Penn returned to England and left Andrew Hamilton as deputy-governor. Under the government of Penn the colony became an asylum for the oppressed of every clime, and increased in wealth and population beyond any previous example. 13. William Penn died in London, in 1718, leaving his province to his children. It continued in the Penn family until 1776, when their claims were purchased by the Commonwealth for 580,000 dollars. 14. The boundary line separating Pennsylvania from Maryland caused much trouble between Penn and Lord Baltimore for many years. It was finally settled in 1761, when two surveyors, Mason and Dixon, fixed the present boundary, which has since been known as " Mason and Dixon's Line." 10. What was done in 1694? When did Penn revisit his colony? 11. What is said of the new charter granted in 1701 ? 12. What is said of Penn's return to England? What is said of Pennsylvania under Penn's government? 13. When did Penn die? How long did the province continue in the Penn family? 14. What is said of the boundary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland ? How was the difficulty settled? 34 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. GEORGIA. 1. In 1732, a company of benevolent gentlemen obtained from George II. the grant of the territory now constituting the State of Georgia. They designed it as an asylum for the poor of England and for the persecuted Protestants of all nations. 2. In November, 1732, James Oglethorpe with one hundred and twenty emigrants left England for Amer- ica. He ascended the Savannah River, and, in Feb- ruary, 1733, commenced a settlement which was called Savannah. 3. Oglethorpe made treaties of friendship with the neighboring Indian tribes, and by his kindness gained their confidence. 4. The trustees made liberal ofi'ers to all who would settle in the colony, and hundreds from Germany, Switzerland, and Scotland were induced to emigrate. 5. In 1736, Oglethorpe, who had been to England, arrived in the colony with three hundred emigrants. In 1738, George Whitefield, a celebrated preacher, visited the province and founded an orphan asylum at Savannah. 6. In 1739, England declared war against Spain, and Oglethorpe prepared for an expedition against the set- tlements in Florida. In May, 1740, he attacked St. 1. What is said of the grant of Georgia? 2. "What of the settle- ment of Savannah? 3. How did Oglethorpe treat the Indians? 4. How were persons induced to settle in the colony? 5. What was done in 1736 ? In 1738 ? 6. What was done ^ » 1739 ? In 1740 ? KING WILLIAM S WAR. 35 Augustine, but was defeated and obliged to return to Georgia. 7. la 1742, the Spaniards with a fleet of thirty-six vessels and three thousand men invaded Georgia, but they were defeated by Oglethorpe and compelled to leave the coast. 8. In 1743, Oglethorpe returned to England. The trustees then appointed a president and council to manage the affairs of the colony. Its prosperity, how- ever, was not fully established until 1752, when the trustees gave up their charter and Georgia became a royal province. KING WILLIAM'S WAR (1689-1697). 1. King William's War commenced between England and France, in 1689, and soon extended to their colo- nies in America. In July, of that year, the town of Dover was destroyed and many of the inhabitants killed or carried prisoners to Canada. 2. In 1690, Schenectady, in New York, was burned and sixty of the inhabitants massacred. These barbari- ties induced the colonists of New England and New York to make preparations for invading Canada. 7. What is said of the invasion of Georgia by the Spaniards ? 8. What change in the government was made in 1743 ? How was the prosperity of the colony established? 1. What is* said of King William's War? What of the destruc- tion of Dover? 2. What was done at Schenectady ? What did these barbarities induce the colonists to do ? 36 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 3. Tn 1690, an expedition under Sir William Phipps was sent against Quebec and a force by land against Montreal. Both were unsuccessful. • 4. The colonists continued to suffer severely from these attacks by the French and Indians until the war was ended by the Treaty of Ryswick, in 1697. QUEEN ANNE'S WAR (1702-1713). 5. In 1702, Queen Anne's War commenced between England on the one side and France and Spain on the other, and in it the colonists soon became involved. 6. In 1704, Deerfield in Massachusetts was burned and its inhabitants killed or carried prisoners to Canada. These attacks became so alarming that many of the set- tlements were abandoned and the people collected in forts for protection. 7. In 1710, New England sent out a fleet, aided by one from England, which captured Port Royal and changed its name to Annapolis. Nova Scotia then became a British province. 8. In July, 1711, a large fleet and army under Ad- miral Walker arrived in Boston, where they obtained additional forces, and, in August, departed for Canada with nearly seven thousand men. Eight of their ships 3. What expeditions were sent out in 1690? 4. When did the sufferings of the colonists end? 5. What is said of Queen Anne'g War? 6. When was Deerfield attacked? What effect had the war upon the settlements ? 7. What is said of the capture of Port Royal f 8. Describe the naval expedition against Canada. KING George's war. 37 were wrecked in the St. Lawrence, and nine hundred of the men lost. This misfortune caused the expedition to be al^ndoned. 9. The army, which was assembled at Albany to cooperate with the fleet, returned upon hearing of this disaster. In 1713, the war was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht. KING GEORaE'S WAR (1744-1748). 10. In 1744, King George's War commenced between France and England and at once involved the colonies. The important event of the war in America was the capture of Louisburg on Cape Breton Island. 11. Governor Shirley of Massachusetts proposed a plan for capturing the place, and New York, Pennsyl- vania, and the New England States joined in the expe- dition. Three thousand two hundred troops under William Pepperell sailed for Boston, in April, 1745. At Canso they were met by Admiral Warren, who with a British fleet was ready to assist them. 12. The combined forces, numbering four thousand men, commenced a regular siege of the place, which was continued until the 28th of June, 1745, when Louisburg and the Island of Cape Breton were surren- dered to the English. 9. What was done by the army at Albany ? When was the war ended? 10. When did King George's War commence? AVhat was the important event of the war? 11. Describe the preparations for an expedition against Louisburg. 12. What is said of the siege of Louisburg ? 4 38 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 13. In 1746, a large fleet was sent by the French to desolate the English colonies, but storms, shipwrecks, and disease caused the enterprise to be abandoned. In 1748, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle terminated the war, and Louisburg was restored to the French. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (1754-1763). 1. The territory along the great lakes and the Mis- sissippi River was claimed by the French, who, about the year 1750, commenced erecting a chain of forts from Lake Erie to the Gulf of Mexico. 2. This territory was also claimed by the English who opened a trade with the Indians, but the traders were seized -by the French, in 1753, and imprisoned in their fort on Presque Isle. 3. Governor Dinwiddle sent George Washin^on, a young Virginian in his twenty-second year, with a remonstrance to the French governor. After a journey of four hundred miles, one half of which was through a dreary wilderness, Washington delivered the message and brought back a reply to the remonstrance. 4. The reply was not satisfactory, and, in April, 1754, Washington with four hundred men marched against the French at Fort Duquesne. On his arrival at the 13. What was done by the French in 1746 ? When and how was the war terminated ? 1. What was done by the French about 1750 ? 2. AVhat by the English? 3. What was done by Dinwiddie ? What is said of Wash- ington's journey ? 4. What did Washington do in 1754? EVENTS OF 1755. 39 Great Meadows lie surprised and captured a body of the enemy, only one of their number escaping. 5. Learning that a strong force was coming to meet him, Washington built Fort Necessity. Here he was attacked by the enemy, and, on the Fourth of July, 1754, was compelled to surrender, but he and his troops were permitted to return unmolested to Virginia. 6. In June, 1754, delegates from seven colonies met at Albany and agreed upon a plan for the union of all the provinces. This plan was rejected by the British government and also by the colonies as unsatisfactory. EVENTS OF 1755. 1. General Braddock, who was appointed commander- in-chief of the English forces in America, arrived in Februkry, 1755. Expeditions were planned against Nova Scotia, Fort Duquesne, Niagara, and Crown Point. 2. Generals Winslow and Monckton with three thou- sand men were sent against Nova Scotia. They took possession of the whole country and carried away seven thousand inhabitants, who were afterwards scattered among the English colonies. 3. Braddock with two thousand men marched against Fort Duquesne. He reached the vicinity of the fort 5. What was done at Fort Necessity ? 6. What was done at Albany in 1754? 1. What General arrived in 1755, and what expeditions were planned? 2. What is said of the expedition against Nova Scotia? 3. What of Braddock's expedition against Fort Duquesne ? 40 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. on the 9th of July, 1755, where he was attacked and defeated by the French and Indians. In this battle Braddock was mortally wounded and one half of his army was destroyed. Washington then took the com- mand, and the army retreated to Philadelphia. 4. Governor Shirley commanded the expedition against Niagara. He advanced to Oswego where he built a fort, but storms, sickness, and the desertion of the Indians caused him to abandon the enterprise. 5. General Johnson commanded the forces sent against Crown Point. He built Fort Edward, where he left a part of the troops, and then proceeded to Lake George. Colonel Williams was sent out to attack the French and Indians under Dieskau, but he was killed and his troops defeated. 6. Dieskau then attacked the fort, but was repulsed. Johnson now gave up the enterprise and, having built Fort William Henry, returned to Albany where he disbanded his army. EVENTS FROM 1756 to 1759. 1. In May, 1756, England formally declared war against France. Lord Loudon, who was appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in America, arrived 4. What of Shirley's expedition against Niagara? 5. 6. What was done by General Johnson ? 1. When did England declare war against France? What is said of Lord Loudon ? EVENTS FROM 1756 TO 1T59. 41 in July, but nothing was attempted until the next spring. 2. In August, 1756, the French under Montcalm captured the forts at Oswego, took sixteen hundred prisoners and one hundred and twenty cannon, which they carried safely to Canada. 3. In July, 1757, Montcalm besieged Fort William Henry then commanded by Colonel Monro. General Webb was stationed at Fort Edward, only fifteen miles distant, but he refused to send any assistance to Monro, and the fort was surrendered. The garrison were promised protection, but as soon as they left the fort the Indians plundered and butchered them without restraint. 4. In the summer of 1757, William Pitt was placed at the head of affairs in England. He recalled the inefficient Lord Loudon, appointed General Abercrombie in his place, and prepared to prosecute the war with vigor. 5. In June, 1758, General Amherst with twelve thousand men commenced the siege of Louisburg. The garrison, after a brave resistance, surrendered, and the whole island of Cape Breton fell mto the hands of the English. Fifteen hundred of the French were killed and five thousand taken prisoners. 6. In July, 1758, General Abercrombie with fifteen 2. What was done by the French in 1756? 3. What is said of the capture of Fort William Henry ? 4. What changes were made in 3757 ? 5. What is said of the capture of Louisburg? 6. What is said of the attack on Montcalm? What was done at Fort Frontenac? What change was made in the commanders? 42 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. thousand men attacked Montcalm at Ticonderoga, but after losing nearly two thousand men he retreated to the head of Lake George. Colonel Bradstreet was then sent against Fort Frontenac, which was captured and destroyed. General Abercrombie was now recalled, and General Amherst appointed to succeed him. 7. In July, 1758, General Forbes with eight thou- sand men was sent against Fort Duquesne, which he found deserted. The name of the place was then changed to Fort Pitt, in honor of the Prime Minister in England. EVENTS OF 1759 AND 1760. 1. In 1759, expeditions were planned by the English against Niagara, Ticonderoga, and Quebec. In July. General Prideaux commenced the siege of Fort Niagara. He was killed by the bursting of a cannon, and the command devolved upon Sir William Johnson, to whom the place was surrendered. 2. In July, 1759, General Amherst with eleven thousand men advanced against Ticonderoga. On his approach the garrison retreated to Crown Point and afterwards to Isle aux Noix. Amherst prepared to follow them, but storms compelled him to return to Crown Point where he passed the winter. 7. What was done by General Forbes, in 1758 ? What name was given to Fort Duquesne? 1. What expeditions were planned in 1759 ? What is said of the siege of Niagara? 2. What is said of the expedition against Ticonderoga? FRENCH WAR TO THE REVOLUTION. 43 3. In June, 1759, General Wolfe with eight thou- sand men commenced the siege of Quebec. On the 13th of September, they were attacked by the French under Montcalm, but the assailants were defeated and the generals of both armies killed. On the 18th of September, 1759, Quebec was surrendered to the English. 4. In April, 1760, the French attempted to recapture Quebec, but were unsuccessful. In September, Montreal, the last stronghold of the French in America, was sur- rendered to General Amherst, 5. A treaty of peace was signed at Paris, in February, 1763, by which France ceded to Great Britain all her territory in the northern parts of America east of the Mississippi. EVENTS FROM THE FRENCH WAR TO THE REVOLUTION (1763-1775). 1. Soon after the close of the French and Indian War England asserted the right to tax the American colonies in order to fill her exhausted treasury. In 1764, a bill imposing duties on sugar and other prod- ucts was passed by Parliament. 2. In 1765, the Stamp-Act was passed. It required 3. What of the siege of Quebec ? 4. What was done in 1760 ? j. What is said of the treaty of peace in 1763 ? 1. What right did England assert after the French and Indian War? What bill was passed by Parliament? 2. When was the Stamp- Act passed, and what did it require ? 44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. that all deeds, bonds, notes, newspapers, etc. should be executed upon stamped paper, for which a duty should be paid to the British government. 3. The news of the passage of the Stamp-Act was received in America with general indignation. In some places riots broke out, in others the bells were muffled and rung, the stamps seized and destroyed, the stamp officers compelled to resign, and appeals made to England that the Act might be repealed. The mer- chants of New York, Boston, and Philadelphia resolved to import no more British goods while the Stamp-Act was in force. 4. In October, 1765, the first Colonial Congress met at New York. It was composed of delegates from nine colonies. Timothy Buggies was chosen President. TTiey agreed upon a " Declaration of Bights " and a statement of grievances, in which was asserted the doctrine that England had no right to tax America. 5. So great was the opposition to the Stamp-Act, that it was repealed by the Parliament, in 1766. This caused great joy throughout America. But the British ministry did not give up the right of taxation, and, in 1767, a duty was imposed on tea, glass, and other articles. 6. This last act again aroused the people, and they adopted measures for resisting the King and Parlia- 3. How was the Stamp-Act received in America? 4. What is said of the first Colonial Congress ? 5. What is said of the repeal of the Stamp-Act? Did the British ministry give up the right of taxation ? 6. How was this act received ? What is said of the circular sent by Massachusetts ? FRENCH WAR TO THE REVOLUTION. 45 ment. In February, 1768, Massachusetts sent a circular to the colonies, asking their cooperation in obtaining a redress of grievances. There was a cordial response favorable to the circular from nearly every colony. 7. This act of Massachusetts displeased the British ministry, and in the name of the king the assembly was ordered to rescind the resolution adopting the circular. They refused to do so by an almost unani- mous vote, and reaffirmed that England had no right to tax America. 8. General Grage was now ordered to Boston, with a regiment of troops, to crush all opposition. In October, 1768, they arrived and were stationed in different parts of the city. 9. The insolence of the soldiers served to increase the opposition of the people, so that disturbances between them were of frequent occurrence. On the 5th of March, 1770, a conflict ensued, when the soldiers fired upon the citizens, killing three, and wounding eight. This was called the " Boston Massacre,'^ 10. The British Parliament, in March, 1770, re- pealed all the duties except that on tea. This did not satisfy the Americans, because they denied the right of England to tax them for any purpose whatever; they therefore agreed to use no more tea. 7. How was this act of Massachusetts received by the ministry? Did Massachusetts obey the order? 8. What is said of General Gage? 9. What resulted from having the soldiers stationed in Boston ? 10, What did the Parliament now do ? How was this received by the Americans ? 40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 11. In 1773, the East India Company was directed to send several cargoes of tea to America. The in- habitants of Philadelphia and New York refused to >ave the tea unloaded, and the vessels returned to England. 12. At Boston, the people refused to let the tea be landed, and the governor would not permit it to he sent back to England. Finding the authorities were determined to unload the tea, a party of men, on the 6th of December, 1773, disguised as Indians, went on board the ships, broke open the tea-chests, and emptied their contents into the harbor. 13. In order to punish the Bostonians, the Parlia- ment, in 1774, passed the Boston Port Bill, which forbade the landing or shipping of goods at Boston, and removed their custom-house to Salem. An Act was also passed authorizing the governor to send per- sons, indicted for crime, out of the colony for trial. 14. The Port Bill caused much suffering in Boston. The people of Salem generously refused to take the trade of their neighbors, and contributions were sent from many of the colonies for the relief of the Boston merchants. 15. In September, 1774, the first Continental Con- gress assembled at Philadelphia. It was composed of delegates from all the colonies except Georgia. They 11. What is said of the tea sent to America? 12. What was done with the tea at Boston? 13. How were the Bostonians punished for this act? 14. What was the effect of the Boston Port Bill? How were their suflFerings relieved? lo. What is said of the first Continental Congress? THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 47 adopted resolutions setting forth the rights of the colonists, and suspending all trade with Great Britain until those rights were acknowledged. 16. General Gage, who was appointed military gov- ernor of Massachusetts, now occupied Boston with an army to compel obedience. An assembly of delegates from Massachusetts met in October, 1774, and voted to raise and equip an army of twelve thousand men for the protection of the colonies. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION (1775-1783). 1. On the 19th of April, 1775, General Gage sent eight hundred troops under Major Pitcairn and Lieutenant-Colonel Smith to destroy the military sup- plies at Concord. At Lexington they met a small body of Americans whom they defeated and dispersed. This was the first battle of the American Revolution. They then proceeded to Concord and destroyed the stores. 2. On their return to Boston they were terribly har- assed by the Americans, and would have been captured had not Lord Percy with nine hundred men been sent to their assistance. They finally reached Charlestown, having lost two hundred and seventy-three men while the Americans lost but eighty-eight. 16. What was done by General Gage? What was done by the delegates from Massachusetts ? 1. Who were sent out to destroy the military stores at Concord? What was done at Lexington ? 2. What is said of their return to Boston ? 48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 8. The news of this battle spread through the land, and so many came to assist their countrymen that, by tiie 1st of May, the British were closely besieged in Boston by twenty thousand Americans. 4. Colonel 'Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, with a small body of troops, marched against the forts at Ti- conderoga and Crown Point. On the 10th of May, 1775, the fort at Ticonderoga was captured, and, on the next day. Crown Point surrendered. Along with these forts the Americans obtained forty-nine prisoners and one hundred and forty cannon. 5. On the 10th of May, 1775, the Continental Con- gress again met at Philadelphia. John Hancock was chosen president. They formed a union under the title of " The United Colonies,'^ voted to raise and equip an army of twenty thousand men, and elected George Washington commander-in-chief of all the forces. 6. On the 25th of May, 1775, large reen for cements of English troops arrived in Boston under Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne. General Gage now had twelve thousand men under his command. 7. On the evening of the 16th of June the Amer- icans sent Colonel Prescott to fortify Bunker's Hill which commanded Boston, but, by mistake, he ascended and fortified Breed's Hill nearer the city. 8. On the 17th of June, 1775, three thousand soldiers 3. What efiFect had the news of this battle upon the people? 4. Who marched against Ticonderoga and Crown Point? With what result? 5. What is said of the second Continental Congress? 6. By whom were the British reenforced in 1775 ? 7. What was done by Prescott ? 8. Describe the attack of the British. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 49 under Generals Howe and Pigot were sent to drive the Americans from the hill. They advanced against the redoubt but were twice repulsed and retreated in con- fusion. 9. General Clinton having arrived with reenforce- ments, the British advanced to a third attack, but the ammunition of the Americans was exhausted and they retreated from the hill. The British lost one thousand and fifty-four, and the Americans four hundred and fifty men. 10. On the 3d of July, 1775, Washington took com- mand of the army at Cambridge. It was composed of fourteen thousand undisciplined men who were deficient in the means necessary to carry on a siege. 11. The Americans now planned two expeditions for the invasion of Canada. One was sent by way of Lake Champlain under General Schuyler, but he was suc- ceeded by Montgomery, who captured St. John's on the 3d, and Montreal on the 12th of November, 1775. Montgomery then proceeded to Quebec. 12. General Arnold with the other expedition marched by the way of the Kennebec River to Quebec, where he arrived in November, 1775, and was joined by Mont- gomery. 13. The Americans commenced the siege, which was continued until December 31st, 1775, when an assault 9. How did the battle result? 10. What is said of the army at Cambridge? 11. What expeditions were planned? Describe the one under Schuyler. 12. What is said of Arnold's expedition? 13. What is said of the siege of Quebec? 5 60 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. was made upon the place, but they were repulsed with the loss of Montgomery and four hundred men. 14. Arnold with the remainder of the army retired a short distance from Quebec where they spent the winter. In the spring the Americans were unable to resist the attacks of the British, and, on the 18th of June, 1770, they evacuated Canada. 15. Lord Duunjore, governor of Virginia, seized a quantity of powder belonging to the colony. Patrick Henry headed a band of militia and demanded the powder or its value. Payment was immediately made. Dunmore was forced to leave the State, and in revenge he burned Norfolk, in January, 1776. EVENTS OF 1776. 1. The Americans continued the siege of Boston through the winter, and on the 2d of March, 1776, they commenced cannonading the city. On the night of the 4th, General Thomas was sent to fortify Dor- chester Heights which commanded Boston. An attempt was made to dislodge the Americans, but it was unsuc- cessful, and the British were forced to leave the city. On the 17th of March, 1776, they embarked for Hali- fax, and Washington with his army triumphantly entered Boston. 14. What was done by the Americans after the repulse at Quebec ? 15. What was done by Dunmore in Virginia? 1. What is said of the siege of Boston ? Of the fortifications on Dorchester Heights ? What is said of the evacuation ? EVENTS OF 1176. 51 2. Early in the spring of 1776, General Clinton, aided by a fleet under Sir Peter Parker, sailed for Charleston, South Carolina. On the 28th of June, they attacked the fort on Sullivan's Island, but, after an action of ten hours, were forced to leave the harbor and soon afterwards sailed for New York.- In honor of the commander, the fort was afterwards called Fort Moultrie. 3. On the 7th of June, Richard Henry Lee made a motion in the Continental Congress, then sittings in Philadelphia, to declare the colonies independent. After some debate it was postponed and a committee appointed to draft a Declaration of Independence. This was writ- ten by Thomas Jefferson and reported on the 2d of eluly. On the 4th of July, 1776, it was adopted and published to the world. The colonies now assumed the name of the "United States of America." 4. After the British had evacuated Boston, Washing- ton proceeded to New York which he thought would be the next point of attack. General Howe arrived in the vicinity in June, and, on the 2d of July, 1776, took possession of Staten Island. On the 12th, Admiral Lord Howe arrived with a fleet and troops from Eng- land. On the 1st of August, he was reenforced by Clinton and Cornwallis, from Charleston. The combined force of the British was not less than thirty thousand men, while the Americans had only seventeen thousand fit for duty. 2. Describe the expedition against Charleston. 3. What is said of the Declaration of Independence? What name did the colonies assume ? 4. What is said of the preparations for attacking Long Island ? 52 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. . 5. On the 22d of August, 1776, the British landed on the west end of Long Island. Generals Putnam and Sullivan, with about five thousand men, were stationed at Brooklyn. On the 27th of August, they were attacked by Clinton and driven to their fortifications with the loss of sixteen hundred in. killed, wounded, and prisoners, while the British lost but three hundred and sixty-seven. 6. General Howe feared to attack the fortifications at Brooklyn without the aid of his fleet. While he was waiting for it, Washington procured boats, and, on the night of the 29th, silently crossed over to New York with all his stores and baggage. 7. On the 12th of September, 1776, the Americans withdrew from New York to Harlem Heights. On the 15th, the British entered the city, and the next day attacked the Americans at Harlem Plains, but were defeated. The British army was now reenforced, and the Americans evacuated the whole of Manhattan Island, except Fort Washington, and proceeded to White Plains. 8. A battle was fought at this place on the 28th of October, 1776, when the Americans were driven to the rocky hills of North Castle. The British now returned to New York, and, on the 16th of November, captured Fort Washington and with it more than two thousand eight hundred Americans. 9. On the 18th of November, 1776, Cornwallis 5. Describe the attack. 6. Why did Howe not attack the Amer- icans? What was done while waiting for the fleet? 7. What is said of the evacuation of New York? 8. What is said of the battle of White Plains ? Of the capture of Fort Washington ? 9. What was done at Fort Lee ? What did Washington now do? . i EVENTS OF 1111. 53 marched against Fort Lee, wliicli was abandoned on liis approach. Washington now retreated across New Jer- sey, closely pursued by the British, and, on the 8th of December, crossed the Delaware with less than three thousand men. Cornwallis here gave up the pursuit and scattered his troops in several of the towns of New Jersey. 10. General Lee was directed to leave the Hudson and join the army under Washington. In his march across New Jersey he was captured by the British, and the command devolved upon General Sullivan, who hastened to the relief of the main army. 11. Washington now determined to attack the Hes- sians at Trenton. For this purpose he crossed the Delaware with two thousand four hundred men, and, on the 26th of December, 1776j fell upon the enemy, killed about twenty, and took one thousand prisoners. With his spoils Washington recrossed the Delaware, but the close of the year found him with his whole army again at Trenton. EVENTS OF 1777. 1. On the 2d of January, 1777, Cornwallis attacked the Americans at Trenton. The two armies encamped 10. What is said of General Lee? 11. Describe the attack on Trenton. 1. Describe the attack by Cornwallis. What was the result of the battle of Princeton ? . 54 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. for the night on opposite sides of a small stream. Cornwallis felt certain of capturing the Americans in the morning, but soon after dark, Washington silently moved off his army towards Princeton, where he met some British regiments on their way to Trenton. A battle ensued, when the enemy was defeated with the loss of four hundred men. The Americans lost about thirty, among whom was General Mercer. 2. Cornwallis arrived just as the battle ended; but the Americans were exhausted, and Washington ordered a retreat to the hills of East Jersey. Soon after this the Americans went into winter-quarters at Morristown and the British at New Brunswick. 3. In March, 1777, Congress sent Silas Deane to solicit aid of France. Dr. Franklin and Arthur Lee afterwards joined him. They secured about twenty thousand stand of arms and one thousand barrels of powder. Several of the French, among whom was Lafayette, came to America to take part in the struggle against England. 4. In April, 1777, Governor Tryon with two thou- sand men was sent to destroy the military stores at Danbury. He burned the town, but during his retreat was attacked by the Americans under Silliman, Wooster, and Arnold, and lost three hundred men. 5. Soon after this. Colonel Meigs attacked the British 2. What was done on the arrival of Cornwallis ? Where did the armies go into winter-quarters ? 3. What was accomplished by the commissioners sent to France? Did any of the French come to America? 4. Describe the attack on Danbury. 5. Describe the attack on Sag Harbor. EVENTS OF ItTT. 55 at Sag Harbor, on Long Island, took ninety prisoners and burned several vessels and magazines without losing a single man. 6. Washington's army now numbered about ten thousand men. In March, he left Morristown and encamped at Middlebrook. While here, the British tried to bring on a battle, but failing to do so they withdrew to Staten Island. 7. In June, 1777, Greneral Burgoyne with ten thou- sand men left Canada to invade the United States by way of Lake Champlain. On the 2d of July he drove St. Clair from Ticonderoga, and pursued him towards Fort Edward, capturing a large amount of artillery and stores. 8. General Schuyler, the commander of the northern army, made every effort to obstruct Burgoyne's march towards Fort Edward, and the latter did not reach' that place until the oOth of July. On the approach of the British, Schuyler retreated to the mouth of the Mohawk. 9. Colonel St. Leger with seven thousand men was sent by Burgoyne to besiege Fort Schuyler. General Herkimer went to the relief of the garrison, but he was attacked and four hundred of his men killed. Arnold was then sent to the assistance of the besieged. Upon his approach the Indians fled and St. Leger retreated to Canada. 6. What is said of Washington's army ? What did the British do? 7. What invasion was made from Canada? What did Bur- goyne do in July? 8. What was done by General Schuyler? 9. Describe the siege of Fort Schuyler. 56 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 10. On the 19th of x\ugust. General Gates, who had been appointed to the chief command of the northern army, superseded General Schuyler. Burgoyne sent Colonel Baum with six hundred men to capture the stores at Bennington. He was met by General Stark, on the 16th of August, 1777, and totally defeated. A reenforcement of five hundred men under Colonel Breyman was also defeated by Colonel Warner. In both battles the enemy lost over eight hundred men. 11. Burgoyne now stationed his army at Saratoga, while the Americans were encamped at Stillwater. On the 19th of September, an indecisive battle was fought at Stillwater. On the 7th of October, 1777, a second battle was fought at the same place, when the British were defeated with the loss of four hundred men. General Frazer being among the slain. 12. Burgoyne now attempted to return t^ Fort Edward, but his retreat was cut oiF by the Americans. He, therefore, oifered to surrender, and the articles of capitulation were signed on the 17th of October, 1777. The whole number of troops surrendered was five thou- sand seven hundred and ninety-one. 13. Clinton had sent three thousand men up the Hudson to meet Burgoyne, but when they heard of his surrender, they returned to New York, plundering and burning several villages along the river. ]0. What change was made in the commanders of the northern array ? What is said of the battle of Bennington ? II. Where were the two armies stationed? What is said of the first battle of Still- water? What of the second battle? 12. What did Burgoyne now do? 13. What is said of the expedition sent to meet Bur- goyne ? EVENTS OF ItTT. 5T 14. On the 23(i of July, 1777, the British fleet left New York for the Chesapeake Bay, with the intention of making an attack upon Philadelphia. They sailed up the Bay as far as Elkton, where they landed eighteen thousand troops and commenced their march towards the Delaware. 15. As soon as the British left New York, Washing- ton marched to Philadelphia, where he was joined by Lafayette and Count Pulaski. He then advanced to Chad's Ford, on Brandywine Creek, where he was attacked by the British, on the 11th of September, 1777. In this battle the Americans were defeated and forced to retreat with the loss of twelve hundred men. 16. Soon after this the armies again met, but a heavy rain prevented a battle, and Washington withdrew to Reading. General Wayne was now sent with fifteen hundred men to check the advance of the enemy, but he was surprised, on the night of the 20th, at Paoli, and lost three hundred men, 17. Congress adjourned from Philadelphia to Lan- caster, on the 18th, and soon afterwards to York. On the 26th of September, 1777, the British entered Phi- ladelphia and prepared to make the city their winter- quarters. A portion of the army was quartered at Ger- mantown. 18. On the 4th of October, 1777, Washington 14. What did the British do in July ? 15. How did Washington try to prevent the capture of Philadelphia? 16. What did Washington do after retreating to Philadelphia? What happened to General Wayne? 17. What did Congress do? What is said of the entry of the British into Philadelphia? 18. Describe the battle of German- town. 58 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. attacked the enemy at Germantown, The Americang were repulsed with the loss of one thousand men and returned to their camp at Whitemarsh. The British lost about six hundred. 19. After Howe's army had been landed at Elkton, the British fleet sailed round to the Delaware, but was pre- vented from reaching Philadelphia by the obstructions iii the channel and by the forts below the city. In October, 1777, Count Donop with a body of Hessians attacked Fort Mercer, but was repulsed. The attack on Fort Mifflin, by the British ships, was also unsuc- cessful. Howe afterwards sent a large force which cap- tured these forts and removed the obstructions, so that the fleet sailed up to Philadelphia in November. 20. On the 4th of December, 1777, Howe attempted to surprise the American camp at Whitemarsh, but was unsuccessful. On the 11th of December, Wash- ington went into winter-quarters at Valley Forge, on the Schuylkill. EVENTS OF 1778. 1. The condition of the American army at Valley Forge was truly distressing. The soldiers were insuf- ficiently clothed and worse fed. Many were without shoes, and their bare feet were terribly bruised on the 19. What was done with the British fleet in the Chesapeake ? How were the obstructions in the Delaware removed? 20. What attempt was made aj?ainst the camp at Whitemarsh? When and where did Washington go into winter-quarters? 1. Describe the condition of the American army at Valley Forgo. EVENTS OF Ills. 69 frozen ground, in the march from Whitemarsh to their winter-quarters. A few of the officers resigned their commissions, and some of the soldiers deserted, but the most of them bore their sufferings with patience. 2. During the winter an attempt was made to remove Washington from his command and give it to General Gates, but, fortunately for America, it did not succeed. In the spring of 1778, France openly acknowledged the Independence of the United States and sent troops to assist the Americans. 3. On the 11th of May, 1778, 8ir Henry Clinton arrived at Philadelphia and succeeded General Howe as commander-in-chief of the British forces. News was received that a French fleet was expected at the mouth of the Delaware. This alarmed the British, and, on the 18th of June, 1778, they evacuated Philadelphia and proceeded across New Jersey towards New York. 4. Washington immediately left Valley Forge and commenced the pursuit. He crossed the Delaware above Trenton, and, on the 28th of June, 1778, attacked the enemy at jMonmouth. In this battle the Americans were nearly defeated by the retreat of General Lee. Washington succeeded in checking the retreat and the battle was continued until evening, when Clinton with- drew his army to New York. Washington soon after- 2. What is said of the attempt to remove Washington from his command ? What did France now do ? 3. Who now took command of the British army ? What is said of the evacuation of Philadel- phia? 4. What course did Washington take? Describe the batlle of Monmouth. What did Washington do after the battle ? 60 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. wards inarched to White Plains, where he remained until he went into winter-quarters at Middlebrook. 5. On the 8th of July, a French fleet under Count D'Estaing arrived at the mouth of the Delaware. An arrangement was made between the Americans and French to recapture Rhode Island. In August, 1778, General Sullivan landed on the island, and during the same day D'Estaing attacked the British fleet oif the coast. Soon after this the French sailed to Boston for repairs, and General Sullivan was compelled, after some skirmishing, to leave the island. 6. In July, 1778, about sixteen hundred Tories and Indians, under Colonel Butler, attacked Wyoming, mas- sacred the settlers and burned their houses. In No- vember, Colonel Brant with a band of Tories attacked Cherry Valley and butchered or carried off most of the inhabitants. 7. In December, 1778, two thousand British troops, under the command of Colonel Campbell, landed near Savannah, in Georgia, and, after defeating a small force under General Robert Howe, took possession of the city. EVENTS OF 1779. 1. Early in January, 1779, General Prevost took Sunbury and marched to Savannah, where he assumed 6. What is said of the arrival of the French? Describe the attempt to recapture Rhode Island. 6. Describe the attacks on Wyoming and Cherry Valley. 7. Describe the attack on Savannah. 1. What did Prevost do? Who took command of the Americans? Describe the battle of JCettle Creek. EVENTS OF 17t9. 61 the command of the British forces. General Lincoln also arrived and took command of the American army on the Savannah. In February, 1779, Colonel Pickens routed a band of Tories in a battle on Kettle Creek, killing seventy and taking seventy-five prisoners. 2. Lincoln sent General Ash with two thousand men against the British in Georgia. He encamped at Brier Creek, where he was surprised by Prevost, in March, 1779, and defeated with the loss of nearly five hundred men. The British now laid siege to Charleston, and Lincoln hastened to the relief of that city. On his arrival the enemy withdrew, but left a strong detach- ment near Stono Ferry. In June, Lincoln attacked this detachment, but was repulsed with the loss of three hundred men. 3. Early in September, 1779, a powerful fleet under D'Estaing arrived On the coast of Georgia, ready to cooperate with Lincoln in besieging Savannah. In October they attempted to carry the works by storm, but were repulsed and soon afterwards abandoned the siege. 4. In May, 1779, the British plundered Norfolk and Portsmouth, in Virginia. Soon after this, Clinton cap- tured Stony Point and Verplanck's Point on the Hud- son. In July, Tryon went to Connecticut, where he plundered New Haven and burned Fairfield and Norwalk. 5. In July, 1779, General Wayne attacked Stony Point, which was garrisoned by six hundred British 2. Describe the battle on Brier Creek. What is said of the siege of Charleston ? .3. What of the siege of Savannah ? 4. What was done in May ? In July ? 5. Describe the capture of Stony Point by the Americans. Of Paulus Hook, 6 Id HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. troops. His men advanced with fixed bayonets and captured the place without firing a gun. About the « same time Colonel Lee captured the fort at Paulus Hook (now Jersey City), killing thirty and taking one hundred and sixty of the British garrison prisoners. 6. In August, 1779, General Sullivan was sent against the Indians, on the frontiers of New York and Penn- sylvania. The savages were everywhere defeated and forty of their villages destroyed. The Americans then returned to Easton. 7. During the summer of 1779, the American com- missioners at Paris fitted out a squadron which was placed under the command of Paul Jones. In Septem- ber, while cruising near the British coast, he captured two English ships which he carried as prizes to Holland. EVENTS OF 1780. 1. The Americans, in their winter-quarters at Mor- ristown, suffered much from want of food and clothing. They were paid in continental money, which had decreased so much in value that thirty or forty dollars of it were worth only one of silver. They were often without food, and it was with the greatest difficulty that enough could be obtained to save the army from destruc- tion. 6. Describe Sullivan's expedition against the Indians. 7. What prizes were taken by Paul Jor.es ? 1. What was the condition of the Americans at Morristown ? EVENTS OF 1780. 63 2. Clinton with five thousand troops sailed from New York with the intention of invading South Carolina. In February, 1780, he landed near Charleston and began preparations for besieging that city. In April, Colonel Tarleton captured Monk's Corner. This shut off the supplies from Charleston. The siege was con- tinued with so much vigor that Lincoln, on the 12th of May, 1780, surrendered the city. With it the British obtained about five thousand prisoners and four hundred cannon. 3. General Clinton supposing the war at the South nearly at an end, sailed for New York, in June, 1780, leaving Cornwallis with four thousand men to keep possession of the subjugated States. The Americans, however, were not conquered, and soon collected another army with which they harassed the enemy. 4. In July, General Gates arrived and superseded Baron de Kalb in the command of the Southern army. He immediately marched to Clermont twelve miles from Camden. The British under Lord Rawdon and Cornwallis were stationed at the latter place. 5. A battle was fought at Sander's Creek, in August, 1780, when the Americans were defeated with the loss of one thousand men, among whom was Baron de Kalb. Soon after this Sumpter's forces were badly defeated by Colonel Tarleton, at Fishing Creek. 2. What did Clinton now do? Describe the siege of Charleston. 3. Why did Clinton go to New York? What is said of the Ameri- cans? 4. Who took command of the American army? Where did he go? Where were the British ? 5. What is said of the battle at Sander's Creek ? At Fishing Creek ? 64 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 6. Cornwallis now established a military despotism at the South, and sent out detachments of his army to encourage the Tories in their work of plunder. In October, 1780, one of these bands under Colonel Ferguson was attacked and defeated at King's Moun- tain by a body of militia. More than eleven hundred of the British were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners, while the Americans lost but two hundred. On the 2d of December, General Greene superseded Gates, in the command of the army, but no engagement occurred until January. 7. In June, 1780, Washington marched to the High- lands in order to protect West Point. In July, a French fleet with six thousand troops arrived at New- port, Rhode Island. Soon afterwards a large fleet arrived from England and prevented the French from cooperating with the Americans. 8. About this time Arnold was making preparations to betray West Point to the enemy. While he was military governor of Philadelphia, after its evacuation by the British, his conduct was so imprudent that he was sentenced by a court-martial to be reprimanded by Washington. His pride was now wounded, and medi- tatino; reveno-e he turned traitor. ~9. Arnold obtained from Washington the command 6. How did Cornwallis act? What happened to one of these bands? What change was made in the command of the Americans? 7. Where did Washington go in .June ? What fleets arrived ? 8. What was Arnold doing at this time ? What is said of him while governor of Philadelphia? p. How did he attempt to execute his plans? What was necessary to complete the arrangements? What agree- ment was made? EVENTS OP 1180. 65 of West Point, and opened a correspondence with Major Andre, a British officer, proposing to betray that place to Sir Henry Clinton. A personal interview was necessary to complete the arrangements, and Major Andre went up the Hudson in the sloop-of-war Vulture for that purpose. It was there agreed that Arnold should receive thirty thousand pounds sterling for his treachery, and be made a brigadier-general in the British army. 10. When Andr^ was ready to return he found the Vulture had been moved down the river, therefore he attempted to reach New York by land. For this pur- pose Arnold furnished him with a pass under the name of John Anderson, and he set out on his journey dis- guised in the dress of a citizen. At Tarrytown he was seized by three militiamen to whom he confessed that he was a British officer. They sent him to Golonel Jameson at the nearest military post. 11. The capture of Andre was then made known to Arnold, who fled immediately to the Vulture and joined the British army. Andre was tried by a court-martial, and, on the 2d of October, 1780, hanged as a spy. His captors were John Paulding, Isaac Van W^ert, and David Williams. To each of them Congress voted a silver medal and a pension of two hundred dollars a year. 12. In December, 1780, England declared war against 10. What is said of Andre's return ? 11. What became of Arnold ? What was done with Andre ? Who were his captors, and how were they rewarded ? 12. Against what nation did England declare war ? Against what nations had she previously declared war ? 6* #6 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Holland on account of the protection that nation had given to American privateers. She had previously declared war against France and Spain. EVENTS OF 1781. 1. On the 1st of January, 1781, thirteen hundred of the Pennsylvania line left the camp at Morristown, with the intention of marching to Philadelphia to obtain a redress of grievances. They were met at Princeton by a committee from Congress who satisfied their demands and they returned to camp. 2. On the 18th of January, 1781, a portion of the New Jersey line revolted, but they were promptly quelled by military force. Robert Morris of Philadel- phia was now appointed treasurer by Congress. To him the country was indebted for the means of carrying on the campaign of 1781. 3. Arnold, the traitor, had been sent by Clinton with sixteen hundred troops to invade Virginia. In January, 1781, he marched to Richmond where he destroyed much property. In March, he was joined by General Phillips with an army of two thousand men. With these he went on another plundering expedition up the James river. In May, Cornwallis took the command and Arnold returned to New York. 1. Describe the revolt of the Pennsylvania line. 2. Of the New Jersey line. What is said of Robert Morris? 3. Describe Arnold's invasion of Virginia. EVENTS OP ItSl. 6T 4. Early in January, Greene sent out General Morgan with one thousand men to occupy a position on the Broad river. Tarleton with eleven hundred men was sent against him. The two armies met at the Cowpens, where a severe battle was fought, on the 17th of January, 1781. The British were defeated with the loss of nearly seven hundred men. The Americans lost but seventy-two. 5. Morgan immediately set out with his spoils for Virginia. Cornwallis started in pursuit as soon as he heard of the defeat of Tarleton, and endeavored to cut off the Americans before they reached the Catawba river. Two hours after Morgan had crossed the stream the British arrived on the opposite bank. During the night a heavy rain fell which made the river impassable. 6. Cornwallis crossed as soon as possible and con- tinued the pursuit. Greene now took the command and hastened to the river Yadkin, where a portion of his baggage was cut off by the enemy. Both armies then started for the river Dan, but Greene crossed it before Cornwallis arrived. 7. The British now gave up the pursuit and retired to Hillsborough. Greene soon returned to North Carolina, and, in March, reached Guilford Court-House where he was attacked by the enemy. The Americans were driven from the field, but the British army was 4. Describe the battle of Cowpens. 5. 6. Describe the retreat of the Americans. 7. Where did the two armies now go ? What is said of the battle at Guilford Court-House ? 68 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. SO much shattered that Cornwallis retreated towards Wilmington, and, in April, set out for Virginia. 8. Greene marched to Hobkirk's Hill where he was attacked and defeated by Lord Rawdon, in April, 1781. About this time, Greneral Marion and Colonel Lee captured several British posts, among which were Fort Watson, Fort Granby, and Fort Motte. 9. In May, General Greene commenced the siege of Ninety-Six. Learning that Lord Rawdon was advanc- ing to the relief of the garrison, the Americans made an assault upon the fort, but were repulsed. 10. In September, 1781, Greene attacked the British under Colonel Stewart, at Eutaw Springs. The Amer- icans had the advantage in this battle, and the enemy soon afterwards retreated to Charleston. 11. Cornwallis reached Virginia, in May, 1781. His first object was to capture Lafayette, who was at Rich- mond with three thousand men, but that general retreated until he was reenforced by General Wayne and nine hundred troops. He then pursued Cornwallis who retreated to Yorktown, which was afterwards strongly fortified. 12. At the North, Washington made preparations to attack New York. For this purpose he was joined by the French army under Count de Rochambeau. Learn- ing that a French fleet under Count de Grasse was on 8. Describe the battle at Hobkirk's Hill. What did Marion and Lee capture? 9. Describe the siege of Ninety-Six. 10. Describe the battle at Eutaw Springs. 11. What is said of Cornwallis and Lafayette ? 12. What preparations did Washington make ? Why did he change his plana ? EVENTS OF nSl. -69 its way to the Chesapeake, Washington abandoned the attack upon New York and marched against the enemy in Virginia, where he arrived on the 25th of Sep- tember. 13. As soon as Clinton was assured of Washington's movements, he sent Arnold on an expedition to Con- necticut. On the 6th of September, 1781, he burned New London and captured Fort Griswold. In the latter fort nearly the whole garrison were massacred after they had surrendered. 14. De Grasse arrived in the Chesapeake, on the 5th of September, 1781, after he had driven off the British fleet under Admiral Graves. On the 28th of Sep- tember, the allied armies, numbering twelve thousand men, appeared before Yorktown. The siege was soon commenced, and, on the 9th of October, the batteries opened upon the British fortifications and the town. Cornwallis now attempted to escape across the river, but was prevented by a violent storm. Retreat was entirely cut off, and on the 19th of October, 1781, he surrendered his army, amounting to seven thousand men, to Washington, and his ships and seamen to Count de Grasse. 15. The news of this event was hailed with joy throughout the counting, for it was considered the death- blow to the war. The power of the British was now 13. Describe the expedition to Connecticut. 14. When did De Grasse arrive? Describe the siege of Yorktown. 15. How was the news of this event received? To what cities was the power of the British limited ? Where did the French and American armies spend the winter ? 70 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. limited almost entirely to the three cities, Savannah, Charleston, and New York. The French army remained in Virginia during the winter, while the Americans encamped at Newburg on the Hudson. EVENTS FROM 1781 TO THE ADOPTION OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION IN 1789. 1. In the spring of 1782, the British ministry offered to treat with the Americans. John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and John Jay, were ap- pointed commissioners for the United States, to con- clude a peace with Great Britain, and, on the 20th of January, 1783, a treaty was signed at Paris. This joyful news was proclaimed in the American army, on the 19th of April, 1783, just eight years after the battle of Lexington. 2. On the 25th of November, 1783, the British evacuated New York, and General Washington, accom- panied by Governor Clinton and others, entered the city. On the 4th of December, Washington took a final leave of his officers, after which he proceeded to Annapolis where Congress was in session, and on the 23d of the same month resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the American armies. 1, What was done in 1782? By whom and when was a treaty made ? When was the news proclaimed in the American army ? 2. What is said of the evacuation of New York? What did Washington do in December? EVENTS FROM HSl TO 1789. 71 8. At the close of the war there was much murmur- ing by the unpaid soldiers. In order to increase the discontentment, some persons circulated letters through the American camp, at Newburg, advising the soldiers to march to Philadelphia and compel Congress to do them justice. It required all of Washington's influence to satisfy the disaffected and prevent a general mutiny. 4. The Articles of Confederation gave Congress no power to tax the people or provide for the expenses of the government. All they could do was to recommend certain measures to the States without any means of enforcing them. Business was depressed and the resources of the country were exhausted. The States now laid heavy taxes on their citizens for the support of government. 5. These things caused insurrections among the people in 1786. In Massachusetts, Daniel Shay with a number of citizens went to Worcester to compel the Assembly to repeal the taxes. General Lincoln with a body of militia was sent to quell the disturbance. Fourteen of the leaders were taken and condemned to death, but were afterwards pardoned. 6. A change in the general government was badly needed, and in May, 1787, representatives from all the States, except Rhode Island, met at the State House in Philadelphia, with Washington as president. 3. "What occurred in the camp at Newburg? 4. Mention some of the defects in the Articles of Confederation. What was the con- dition of the country after the close of the Revolution ? 5. What is said of Shay's insurrection ? 6. What measures were taken to change the goA'ernment? Y2 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 7. After deliberating for four months, they agreed upon a new Constitution which was presented to Con- gress, on the 17th of September. It was sent to the States, where it met with some opposition, but was finally ratified by eleven of them. The 4th of March, 1789, was named as the day for the new government to go into operation. 7. What is said of the adoption of the new Constitution? / THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRxVTION (1789-1797). 1. Congress assembled in New York, in the spring of 1789, when it was found that General Washington was unanimonsly chosen President, and John Adams Vice-President, of the United States. On the oOth of April, 1789, the oath of ofl&ce was administered to Washington, at New York, by Chancellor Livingstone. 2. The first session of Congress was chiefly occupied in organizing the new government. Alexander Hamil- ton was appointed Secretary of the Treasury, Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State, Henry Knox Secretary of War, John Jay Chief Justice, and Edmund Randolph Attorney-General. 3. Congress adjourned on the 29th of September, and soon afterwards Washington made a tour through the New England States, where he was received with many marks of affection. 4. The second session of Congress commenced in 1790, when Mr. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, recom- 1, Who were chosen President and Vice-President in 1789 ? When and by whom was the oath of ofBce administered to Washing- ton? 2. How was the first session of Congress occupied? What officers were appointed? 3. What did Washington do after Con- gress adjourned? 4. What did Hamilton recommend to Congress? 7 (73) 1% HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. mended to that body a plan for establishing the public credit. He wished the National Government to assume the debts both of the United States and of the several States, amounting in all to about seventy-four millions of dollars. After considerable opposition, the plan was adopted, and confidence in the government restored. 5. In 1790, an Act was passed, in which it was agreed that Congress should hold their sessions at Philadelphia for ten years, and, at the end of that time, a territory ten miles square, on the Potomac River, which was called the District of Columbia, should become the seat of the National Government. 6. The Indians north-west of the Ohio became so hostile, that, in September, 1790, General Harmer with fourteen hundred men was sent against them. After destroying some of their villages, he was badly defeated. In November, 1791, an expedition of fifteen hundred men was sent out under General St. Clair, but he was surprised and defeated by the Indians, with a loss of nine hundred of his troops. 7. Congress met, in December, 1790, at Philadelphia. In 1791, Vermont was admitted into the Union as a State. The first settlement was made at Fort Dummer, now Brattleborough, in 1725, by the English. During the year 1791, a bill establishing the Bank of the United States, with a capital of ten millions of dollars, was passed. Congress also passed an Act for taxing distilled spirits. 5. What was done in regard to the seat of government? 6. De- scribe Harmer's expedition against the Indians'. St. Clair's expe- dition. 7.' Where did Congress meet in 1790? Whiit is said of Vermont? What bills were passed by Congress in 1791 ? Washington's administration. 75 8. In 1792, Kentucky was admitted into the Union as a State. The first settlement was made at Boones- boro', in 1775, by Colonel Daniel Boone. At the presi- dential election, in 1792, Washington was reelected President, and John Adams Vice-President, of the United States. 9. At the commencement of Washinu;ton's second term of office the country was disturbed by the revolu- tion in France. Many persons wished to aid the citi- zens of that nation in establishing a republic, but Wash- ington determined upon a strict neutrality. 10. The French appointed citizen Genet minister to the United States. He landed at Charleston, in May, 1793, and, in opposition to the laws, commenced to fit out privateers to cruise against the enemies of France. W'ashingtou requested his recall, and he was finally superseded by Mr. Fauchet. 11. In 179-1, the people of Western Pennsylvania re- sisted the attempt to collect the tax on distilled spirits. The President issued his proclamation warning the insurgents to desist, and finally sent General Lee with fifteen thousand troops, who at once enforced obedience. This is known as the " Whiskey Insurrection." 12. In 1794, General Wayne with three thousand men marched against the Indians west of the Ohio. He overtook them on the banks of the Maumee River, 8. What is said of Kentucky ? What was rhe result of the election in 1792? 9. What was the condition of the country at the com- mencement of Washington's second term? 10. What is said of Minister Genet? 11. Describe the Whiskey Insurrection. 12. De- scribe Wayne's expedition against the Indians. *IQ HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. where he gained a complete victory. In 1795, they entered into a treaty by which peace was secured. 13. During the year 1794, the British ministry did many acts which excited the hostility of the Americans, and it was feared that a war would result. Washington, desirous of peace, sent John Jay to Great Britain with full powers to settle the disputes. He concluded a treaty which provided that the western posts held by the British should be given up, and authorized a restricted trade between the United States and the British West Indies. It met with much opposition, but was finally ratified by the Senate, in June, 1795. 14. During the year 1795, a treaty was made with Spain, which secured to the Americans the free naviga- tion of the Mississippi River, and one with Algiers, which protected the United States commerce in the Mediter- ranean. 15. In 1796, Tennessee was admitted into the Union as a State. The first settlement was made at Fort Lou- don, in 1757. In the autumn of 1796, Washington published his Farewell Address, in which he announced his intention to retire from public life. 16. At the election, in 1796. John Adams was chosen President, and Thomas Jefferson Vice-President, of the United States. On the 4th of March, 1797, they were inaugurated, and Washington returned to Mount Vernon, where he hoped to spend the remainder of his days. 1,3. What is said of the difficulties with Great Britain ? 14. What is said of the treaties with Sj^ain and Algiers? 15. What is said of Tennessee ? Of Washington's Farewell Address ? 16. What was the result of the presidential election in 1796? What took place in March, 1797? JOHN ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION (1797-1801). 1. There were difficulties between the United States and France at the commencement of Adams's adminis- tration; he, therefore, called an extra session of Congress on the 15th of May, 1797. That body authorized the President to raise an army, enlarge the navy, and take such other measures as would maintain the honor of the United States. 2. In July, 1797, John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry, and Charles C. Pinckney were appointed envoys to France to secure if possible an honorable adjustment of all the difficulties. The French government refused to receive them, but intimated that a loan of money might open the way to a negotiation. This was indignantly refused. Marshall and Pinckney were then ordered to leave the country. 3. In May, 1798, Congress authorized the raising of an army of ten thousand men, and Washington was ap- pointed commander-in-chief They also ordered United States vessels to cruise against the armed vessels of France, and several of the latter were captured. Among these was the L'Insurgent, of forty guns, captured by the Constellation, of thirty-eight guns, under Commo- dore Truxton. 4. The French government now proposed to adjust all difficulties, and, in February, 1799, William V. Mur- 1. What is said of the commencement of Adams's adminis-'ration ? What did Congress do? 2. What is said of the envoys sent to France in 1797? 3. What did Congress do in 1798? What vessel was captured? 4. What is said of the envoys to France in 1799? 7* . (77) 78 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ray, W. R. Davie, and Oliver Ellsworth were appointed envoys to France for that purpose. They found Napo- leon at the head of the French nation and concluded a treaty of peace with him, in September, 1800. 6. In 1798, the Alien and Sedition Laws were passed by Congress. By the Alien Law, any person, not a citizen, suspected of conspiring against the government, might be expelled from the country by the President. The Sedition Law was intended to suppress all publica- tions which would tend to weaken the government. 6. On the 14th of December, 1799, Washington died. The whole nation mourned his loss, and impressive funeral ceremonies were everywhere observed. In 1800, the seat of government was removed from Philadelphia to Washington, in the District of Columbia, and Con- gress assembled there in December. 7. At the next presidential election, no candidate had a majority of all the votes, and it became the duty of the House of Representatives to choose a President. The contest was between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. At the thirty-sixth ballot, Jefferson was chosen President and Burr Vice-President. JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION (1801-1809). 1. In 1802, Ohio was admitted into the Union as a State. It was settled at Marietta, in 1788, and formed 5. What were the Alien and Sedition Laws? 6. What is said of Washington's death? What is said of the seat of government? 7. What was the result of the next election ? 1. What is said of Ohio? Of Louisiana? Jefferson's administration. 19 a part of the Northwestern Territory. In 1803, Louis- iana was purchased from France, by the United States, for the sum of fifteen millions of dollars. By this pur- chase the Americans secured the free navigation of the Mississippi River. 2. The United States had long been a sniferer from the depredations made upon her commerce by the Bar- bary States. This was on the increase, and, in 1801, the American government remonstrated in such terms as to cause a declaration of war on the part of Tripoli. 3. In 1803, a fleet under Commodore Preble was sent against the Tripolitans. While cruising before Tripoli the frigate Philadelphia, commanded by Captain Bainbridge, ran upon a rock and was captured by the enemy. In February, 1804, Lieutenant Decatur, with sixty men, entered the harbor of Tripoli, set fire to the captured frigate and returned without losing a man. 4. In August, 1804, the Americans bombarded that city, seriously injuring the fort and destroying some of the Tripolitan vessels in the harbor. In 1805, William Eaton, the American consul, captured Derne a Tripoli- tan city on the Mediterranean. He then marched towards Tripoli, but the reigning bashaw was so terrified at his approach that a treaty was made with Mr. Lear, American consul at Algiers. 5. In July, 1804, Alexander Hamilton was killed in 2. WhatissaiJofthedepredationsof the Barbary States? 3. What was done in 1S03 ? How was the frigate Philadelphia destroyed? 4. What did the Americans do in 1804? How was the war ended? 5. What is said of the duel in 1804? Of the election in 1805? What is said of Burr's conduct? 80 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. a duel by Aaron Burr. At the election, in 1805, Jef- ferson was reelected President of the United States, and George Clinton became Vice-President in place of Burr. In 1806, Burr secretly made preparations for an expe- dition down the Ohio. This caused him to be arrested, in 1807, on a charge of«attempting to separate the West- ern States from the Union, or of preparing to attack Mexico, but at the trial he was acquitted. 6. At this time England and France were at war, and the United States, as a neutral nation, was carrying on a trade with all the ports of Europe. In order to check this, the British government, in May, 1806, declared a large part of the coast of Europe in a state of blockade. In November, 1806, Napoleon retaliated by declaring the blockade of the British Islands. In consequence of these acts Amerigan vessels were captured and American commerce nearly destroyed. 7. Great Britain claimed the right of searching United States vessels and carrying away such of the crew as she suspected to be British deserters. The American government indignantly denied this right. 8. In June, 1807, while the frigate Chesapeake was going out to sea, she was attacked by the British ship Leopard, and three of her men were killed and eighteen wounded. Four men were then taken from the Amer- ican vessel, three of whom were native Americans. This outrage caused the President to order all British armed vessels to leave the harbors of the United States. 6. How did the European wars aflFect the United States ? 7. What right did Great Britain claim ? Did the Americans grant it? 8. De- scribe the attack on the Chesapeake ? - MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 81 9. In November, 1807, the British government issued the "Orders in Council" prohibiting all trade with France or her allies; and, in December, Napoleon in retaliation issued the "Milan Decree" forbidding all trade with England or her colonies. 10. In consequence of these decrees Congress, in De- cember, 1807, laid an embargo which prevented Amer- ican vessels leaving their ports. This put an end to the commerce with foreign nations. As the embargo failed to accomplish the desired object, it was repealed by Con- gress, in 1809, and an act prohibiting all intercourse with France and England substituted for it. Thomas Jefferson retired from office on the 4th of March, 1809, when James Madison became President and Geor2;e Clinton Vice-President of the United States. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION (1809-1817). 1. When Mr. Madison became President, he found the affairs of the nation much disturbed by the hostile conduct of England and France. In April, Mr. Ers- kine, the British minister, assured the President that the offensive orders should be repealed, but Great Bri- tain refused to sanction the arrangement. 9. What decrees were issued by the British and French in 1807 ? 10. What did Congress do in consequence of the decrees ? What was done with the embargo ? Who became President and Vice-Presi- dent in 1809? 1. What is said of the national affairs when Madison became Presi- dent ? 82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.. 2. In 1811, the English sent armed ships to the United States coast to seize American vessels as prizes. On the 11th of May, 1811, the British sloop-of-war Little Belt was hailed by the frigate President, Captain Kogers, when she replied by firing a gun. Rogers returned the fire and after killing or wounding thirty- two men received a civil reply. 3. The Indians northwest of the Ohio became so hos- tile that General Harrison marched against- them in 1811. As he approached one of their towns on the Tippecanoe, he was met by the chiefs who proposed terms of peace and requested him to encamp for the night. Before daylight next morning they attacked his camp but were finally defeated. 4. In 1812, Louisiana was admitted into the Union as a State. It was settled at Iberville, by the French, in 1699. The conduct of the British had become so grievous that Congress declared war against that nation, on the 18th of June, 1812. 5. Preparations were now made by Congress for raising a large army, and General Dearborne was ap- pointed commander-in-chief On the 12th of July, 1812, General Hull crossed the river Detroit into Canada, with two thousand men. On the 17th of July, the British surprised and captured the fort at Mackinaw. The loss of this post, the defeat of a small force under Major Van Home, and the appearance of the British at Maiden, 2. What did the English do in 1811 ? Describe the affair with the Little Belt. 3. Describe Harrison's expedition aga^inst the Indians. 4. What is said of Louisiana ? Of the conduct of the British ? 5. For trhat did Congress prepare ? Describe Hull's expedition to Canada. MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 83 induced Hull to return to Detroit. General Brock, with a force of British and Indians, now marched against Detroit which was surrendered along with the whole territory of Michigan without any defence. 6. A second army, under General A^an Rensselaer, crossed the Niagara River into Canada, on the 13th of October, 1812, and captured the British fort at Queens- town. The enemy under General Brock attempted to retake the heights but were repulsed and their general slain. The British soon afterwards made a second attack when the Americans were obliged to surrender. 7. While failures attended the array of the Amer- icans, their navy was very successful. In August, 1812, the Essex, Captain Porter, captured the British sloop Alert; and the Constitution, Captain Hull, captured the British frigate Guerriere. In October, the sloop-of-war Wasp, Captain Jones, captured the British brig Frolic. Soon after the battle both vessels were taken by the British ship Poictiers. On the 25th of October, the frigate United States, Captain Decatur, captured the British frigate Macedonian, and in December the Con- stitution, Commodore Bainbridge, captured the Java. 8. At the next election, Mr. Madison was reelected President of the United States, and Elbridge Gerry was chosen Vice-President in the place of George Clinton who died, April 20, 1812. 6. Describe Van Rensselaer's expedition into Canada. 7. What naval battles occurred in August? In October and December? 8. How did the next election result? 84 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CAMPAIGN OF 1813. 9. Three armies were raised for the campaign of 1813; one wo-s under the command of General Harri- son, one under General Dearborne, and the other under General Hampton. General Harrison's army, amount- ing to about eight thousand men, was stationed at Mau- mee Eapids. Eight hundred of his troops under General Winchester were sent to Frenchtown, where, on the 22d of January, 1813, they were attacked and defeated by a body of British and Indians under Colonel Proctor. The next morning the Indians brutally murdered all the sick and wounded Americans, 10. General Harrison now built a fort at Maumee Rapids, which he called Fort Meigs. Here he was besieged, on the 1st of May, by Colonel Proctor with two thousand British troops. General Clay with twelve hundred men came to the assistance of the Americans, and, on the 9th of May, 1813, the enemy abandoned the siege and returned to Maiden. 11. On the 21st of July, Proctor again attacked Fort Meigs, but it was so vigorously defended that he with- drew his forces. On the 1st of August, he attacked Fort Stephenson, but was repulsed by the garrison under JMajor Croghan, and soon afterwards returned to Maiden. 12. During the summer, a fleet of nine vessels, carry- 9. What armies were raised for the campaign of 1813 ? What is said of the attack on Frenchtown? 10. Describe the siege of Fort Meigs. 11. What is said of the second attack on Fort Meigs? Of the attack on Fort Stephenson ? 12. Describe the naval battle on Lake Erie. CAMPAIGN OF 1813. 85 ing fifty-four guns, was equipped at Erie and placed under Commodore Perry. To oppose this, tlie British had a fleet of six vessels, carrying sixty-three guns, under Commodore Barclay. The two fleets met at the western extremity of Lake Erie, on the 10th of September, 1813. The battle lasted three hours, when the whole British fleet surrendered. 13. Commodore Perry now conveyed Harrison's troops across Lake Erie to Maiden, which they found deserted. The Americans pursued the retreating British to the Moravian towns, on the river Thames, wiiere a severe battle was fought, on the 5th of October, 1813, and Proctor's army completely broken up. General Cass was now left in command of Detroit, and Harrison went to the assistance of General Dearborne. 14. In April, 1813, General Dearborne was stationed at Sackett's Harbor. While here he sent out seventeen hundred men under General Pike to attack York (now Toronto), in Upper Canada. They crossed Lake Ontario, in Commodore Chauncey's fleet, and, on the 27th of April, captured the place. As the British retreated they blew up their magazine, mortally wounding General Pike and killing or wounding two hundred of his men. 15. General Dearborne, having been reenforced, marched against Fort George, at the mouth of the Niagara river. This place was abandoned by the British, who retreated towards the head of Lake On- tario. Generals Chandler and Winder were sent in 13. What was done by Harrison's troops? l-i. Describe the attack on York. 15. What is said of Fort George ? Of the battle at Stony Creek ? 8 99 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. pursuit, but, on the night of the 6th of June, they were attacked at Stony Creek and both Generals made prisoners. The British, however, were defeated. 16. On the 29th of May, 1813, the British attacked Sackett's Harbor, but were repulsed by General Brown, and hastily retreated to their ships. In the following November, the enemy attacked Fort George. The Americans blew up this fort and fled to Niagara, where they were soon afterwards captured by the British, The latter now crossed the Niagara river and burned several towns on the American side. 17. General Wilkinson succeeded Dearborne in com- mand of the Americans. He went down the St. Law- rence to cooperate with General Hampton in an expe- dition against Montreal, but the enterprise was afterwards abandoned. 18. During this year (1813). the Creek and Seminole Indians commenced a war against the whites in Georgia and Alabama. On the 14th of August, 1813, they cap- tured Fort Mimms and massacred three hundred of its inmates. General Jackson marched against them with three thousand five hundred men. The Indians were defeated in a number of battles, the last of whicji was at Tohopeka, where more than eight hundred of them were slain. 19. Several naval engagements occurred in 1813. On the 24th of February, the sloop-of-war Hornet, Captain 16. What is said of the attack on Sackett's Harbor? What did the British do in November? 17. What did Wilkinson now do? 18. What is said of the Creek and Seminole Indians ? What was done by General Jackson ? 19. Describe the capture of the Peacock. CAMPAIGNS OF 1814 AND 1815. 87 Lawrence, captured the British brig Peacock. The latter sunk soon after the battle with thirteen of the British and four of the American seamen. 20. Lawrence was now appointed to the command of the Chesapeake, and, on the 1st of June, 1813, he was attacked and captured by the British frigate Shannon, Captain Brock. Lawrence with forty-eight of his crew was killed, and ninety-eight of them were wounded. 21. On the 14th of August, the brig Argus, Captain Allen, was captured by the British sloop-of-war Pelican, and on the 5th of September, the Enterprise, Captain Burrows, captured the British brig Boxer. 22. In the spring of 1813, a British squadron entered Chesapeake Bay and destroyed Frenchtown, George- town, Havre-de-G-race, and Frederick. They attempted to capture Norfolk, but were repulsed with a loss of two hundred men. After committing the most shocking brutalities at Hampton, they sailed for the West Indies. CAMPAIGNS OF 1814 AND 1815. 23. On the 3d of July, 1814, General Brown, assisted by Generals Scott and Ripley, crossed the Niagara river and captured Fort Erie. They then proceeded against Chippewa, where they defeated the enemy under General Riall on the 5th of July. The British retreated to Lake Ontario, where they were reenforced by General Drummond, who assumed the chief command. 20. What became of Lawrence ? 21. What naval battles occurred in August and September ? 22. What atrocities were committed in Chesapeake bay? 2.3. What is said of the capture of Fort Erie? Of Chippewa? Where did the British now go? 88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 24. Drummond advanced against the Americans and was met by G-eneral Brown at Lundy's Lane, on the 25th of July, 1814. Both armies chiimed the victory, but the Americans retained possession of the field. Each army lost over eight hundred men. General Riall was wounded and captured, and Generals Brown and Scott were wounded. 25. The Americans withdrew to Fort Erie, where they were besieged, on the 4th of August, by Brum- mond with five thousand men. On the 15th of August, 1814, the British assaulted the fort, but were repulsed with the loss of one thousand men. The siege was continued, and, on the 17th of September, General Brown sent out a strong force which drove the enemy from their intrenchments and compelled them to give up the siege. 26. General Izard soon after arrived with four thousand men from Plattsburg, and took command of the Ameri- cans. On the 5th of November, 1814, he destroyed Fort Erie and then retired across the ip^iagara River, where he went into winter-quarters. 27. Plattsburg was left with a garrison of fifteen hundred men, under General Macomb. In the harbor was Commodore McDonough with a fleet carrying eighty-six guns. General Prevost determined to attack the fleet and army at the same time. He arrived with twelve thousand men on the 6th, and his fleet, carrying ninety-five guns, under Captain Downie, arrived on the 24. Describe the battle of Lundy's Lanie. 25. Describe the siege of Fort Erie. 26. What did General Izard do? 27. Describe the attack on Plattsburg, and the fleet of McDonough. CAMPAIGNS OF 1814 AND 1815. 89 11th of September, 1814. The battle between the fleets lasted two hours, when the whole British squadron sur- rendered. The attack on land was also unsuccessful, and Prevost during the night n*etreated in confusion, leaving his wounded and stores in the hands of the Americans. 28. A British fleet under Admiral Cochrane sailed up the Chesapeake Bay, and, on the 18th of August, 1814, five thousand troops under General Ross landed at Benedict and commenced their march towards Wash- ington. On the 24th of August, they attacked and defeated General Winder at Bladensburg, and on the same day reached Washington where they burned all the public buildings. 29. The British returned immediately to Benedict and proceeded up the Chesapeake to attack Baltimore. The troops under Ross landed at North Point, on the 12th of September, and marched towards the city. The Americans, under General Strieker, met the enemy seven miles from Baltimore, where a skirmish ensued in which Ross was killed and the Americans driven back. In the meantime the British fleet made an unsuccessful attack on Fort McHenry, which commanded the en- trance to the city, after which the army reembarked and soon after left the bay. 80. The " Hartford Convention," composed of twenty- six delegates from the New England States, met on the 15th of December, 1814. They deliberated with closed 28. Describe Ross's e^Spedition against Washington. 29. Describe the expedition against Baltimore. 30. What is said of the Hartford Convention? 8* 90 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. doors for twenty days, proposed some amendments to the Constitution, and sent a committee to confer with the government at Washington. 31. In March, ISl'f, the Essex, Commodore Porter, was captured by two British vessels, the Phwbe and Cherub. In April, the Frolic, Captain Bainbridge, was captured by the British frigate Orpheus, and the Peacock, Captain Warrington, captured the British brig Epervier. The Wasp, Captain Blakely, captured the British brig Reindeer in June, and the Avon in September. 82. On the 16th of January, 1815, the frigate Presi- dent, Commodore Decatur, was captured by a British squadron. In February, the Constitution, Commodore Stewart, captured the British vessels Cyane and Levant, and, in March, the Hornet, Captain Biddle, captured the British brig Penguin. 33. The Spanish Governor of Florida permitted the British to land troops at Pensacola and arm the Creek Indians. General Jackson, therefore, attacked that town, on the 7th of November, 1814, and compelled the English to leave the harbor. . News was now received that a British fleet was about to invade Louisiana, and Jackson hastened to New Orleans. 34. The British fleet entered the Mississippi, in De- cember, 1814, and landed twelve thousand troops under General Packenham. They were attacked by Jackson, on the 23d of December, and four hundred of their 31. What naval battles occurred in 1814? 32. What naval battles occurred in 1815 ? 33. What did Jackson do at Pensacola? What news did Jackson receive? 34. Describe the expedition against New Orleans. CAMPAIGNS OF 1814 AND 1815. 91 number killed or wounded. Jackson now intrenched his army near the city, where he was attacked, on the 8th of January, 1815, by the British. After a severe battle, in which Packenham was killed, the enemy fled in confusion, leaving more than two thousand dead or wounded on the field. The Americans lost but six killed and seven wounded. 35. A treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States was signed at Ghent, on the 25th of December, 1814. It was ratified by the United States, on the 17th of February, 1815, and put an end to all hostilities. 36. During the war with Great Britain, the Dey of Algiers had committed depredations on the American commerce. To check these, Decatur was sent with a fleet into the Mediterranean. He captured two of their largest vessels, and compelled the Dey to sign a treaty by which he released all American prisoners, made in- demnity for captures, and relinquished all claim to tribute in the future. 37. In December, 1816, Indiana was admitted into the Union as a State. It was settled at Vincennes, by the French, about the year 1690. At the next election James Monroe was chosen President, and Daniel D. Tompkins Vice-President of the United States. 35. When was tbe treaty of peace signed, and when ratified? 36. How did the Dey of Algiers act during the war? Where was Decatur sent, and what did ho accomplish? 37. What is said of the admission and settlement of Indiana ? What was the result of the next election ? yz HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION (1817-1825). 1. James Monroe was inaugurated President of the United States, on the 4th of March, 1817. During this year Mississippi was admitted into the Union as a State. It was first settled, in 1699, at the Bay of Biloxi by the French. 2. Towards the close of 1817, the Seminole and Creek Indians commenced hostilities against the in- habitants of Georgia. They were encouraged by the Spanish authorities of Florida. General Jackson was sent against them, and, in 1818, captured the town of St. Mark's. Armbrister and Arbuthnot, two British subjects found there, were convicted of inciting the Indians to war, and were put to death. Jackson then captured Pensacola, which ended all hostilities. 8. In December, 1818, Illinois was admitted into the Union as a State. It was first settled by the French, at Kaskaskia, about the year 1686. In 1819, Alabama was admitted as a State. It was first settled by the French at Mobile, in 1702. 4. In 1819, the American and British commissioners agreed on the 49th parallel of north latitude, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, as the boundary line between the United States and British America. In 1820, Maine was admitted into the Union 1. When was Monroe inaugurated ? What is said of the admis- sion and settlement of Mississippi ? 2. Describe the Seminole War in Georgia. 3. What is said of the admission and settlement of Illinois? Of Alabama? 4. What boundary line was settled in 1819 ? What is said of the admission and settlement of Maine? MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 93 as a State. It was first settled by the French, on Mount Desert Island, in 1613. 5. In 1821, Missouri was admitted into the Union as a State. At the time of its admission a violent debate arose as to whether it should be admitted as a free or a slave State. This was finally settled by the " Missouri Compromise,'^ which admitted it as a slave State, but prohibited slavery in all territory west of the Mississippi and north of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes north latitude. 6. President Monroe and Vice-President Tompkins entered on their second terms of office, in March, 1821. During their administration the United States recog- nized the independence of the South American republics. On that occasion the President proclaimed the " Monroe Doctrine," which is, that the American continents " are not to be considered as subject for future colonization by any European Power." 7. In 1821, a treaty between Spain and the United States was ratified. By it, Florida and the adjacent islands were ceded to the United States. In 1824, General Lafayette arrived in America, where he re- mained for upwards of a year. He visited every state in the Union, and was received with marks of affection and gratitude. At the next election John Quincy 5. What is said of the admission of Missouri ? 6. When did Monroe's second term of office commence ? What occurred during his administration? 7. What is said of the treaty with Spain? What is said of Lafayette's visit to the United States? Who became the next President and the next Vice-President, and when were they inaugurated ? 94 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Adams was chosen President, and John C. Calhoun Vice-President of the United States. They were in- augurated on the 4th of March, 1825. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION (1825-1829). 1. The 4th of July, 1826, was the fiftieth anniversary of American independence. On that day Thomas Jeiforson died, at Monticello, in Virginia, in his eighty- fourth year, and John Adams, at Quincy, Massachusetts, in his ninety-first year. 2. Adams's administration was noted for the peace which existed at home and abroad. The whole country enjoyed uninterrupted prosperity, and the arts and sciences flourished. The Union now consisted of twenty-four States, and contained ten millions of people. In 1828, Andrew Jackson was elected President and John C. Calhoun was reelected Vice-President of the United States ANDREW JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION (1829-1837). 1. General Jackson was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1829. On the 4th of July, 1881, James Monroe the fifth President of the United States died, in his seventy-third year. He had been a soldier in 1. What happened on the 4th of July, 1826? 2. What was the condition of the country during Adams's administration? What was the result of the next election? 1. When was Jackson inaugurated? What is said of James Monroe ? ANDREW JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 95 Washington's army, and was wounded at the battle of Princeton. 2. In 1832, the western Indian tribes, led by Black Hawk, commenced a war upon the inhabitants of Illinois. General Atkinson was sent against them. On the banks of the Mississippi the Indians were defeated, and Black Hawk taken prisoner. General Scott was afterwards sent to supersede Atkinson. He arrived after the battle, and remained until treaties were made with the Indian tribes, by which nearly the whole of Iowa and Wisconsin was ceded to the United States. 3. In 1832, Congress passed a tariff bill imposing additional duties upon foreign goods, which met with much opposition. A convention in South Carolina nullified or forbid the operation of the tariff laws in that State. This caused the President to issue a proclamation warning the Nullifiers that the laws of the United States would be enforced'. The difficulty was settled by a compromise, which provided for the gradual reduction of the duties. 4. At the election, in 1832, Jackson was reelected President and Martin Van Buren was elected Vice- President of the United States. In 1833, intense ex;citement was produced by the removal of the govern- ment funds from the United States Bank to the state banks. 2. Describe the war with the Indians under Black Hawk ? 3. What was done by Congress in 1832 ? What diflBculties arose in South Carolina, and how were they settled? 4. What was the result of the next election ? What was done in 1833 ? 96 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 5. In 1835, the Seminole Indians in Florida, in- fluenced by their chief Osceola, commenced a war against the United States. They had agreed by treaty to remove to the Indian Territory, but, becoming dis- satisfied, they refused to go, and began to plunder and murder the whites. 6. Major Dade, with one hundred and seventeen men, was sent to reenforce General Clinch at Fort King. On the 28th of December, 1835, he was attacked by the Indians, and all his men except four were killed. On the 31st, the savages were defeated by General Clinch on the Withlacoochee river. 7. On the 29th of February, 1836, General Gaines was attacked by the Indians, but the battle was indecisive. General Scott was now sent to take the command of the troops. By his management many of the Indians were sent west of the Mississippi river. 8. In July, 1836, the Treasury Department issued the " Specie Circular " which required the payment of gold and silver for the public lands. In 1836, Congress passed the " Distribution Act" which provided that all money in the United States treasury, on the 1st of Jan- uary, 1837, should be distributed among the States in proportion to their population. 9. In 1836, Arkansas was admitted into the Union as 5. What is said of the Seminole Indians, in 1835? To what had they agreed by treaty ? 6. What happened to Major Dade? By whom were the Indians defeated ? 7. What is said of the attack on General Gaines ? Who was now sent against the Indians, and Avhat did he accomplish ? 8. What is said of the Specie Circular ? Of the Distribution Act? 9. What is said of the admission and settlement of Arkansas ? What was the result of the next election ? MARTIN VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 97 a St^e. It was first settled, at Arkansas Post, in 1685. In 1837, Michigan was admitted into the Union. It was first settled, at Sault St. Marie, in 1668. At the next election Martin Van Buren was chosen President and Richard M. Johnson Vice-President of the United States. MARTIN VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION (1837-1841). 1. Martin Van Buren was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1837. In May, the banks suspended specie pay- ment. This was followed by mercantile failures all over the country, so that business was prostrated and confidence destroyed. An extra session of Congress met in September and passed several bills, among which was one for issuing treasury notes to the amount of ten million dollars. 2. The Seminole War was still going on. In 1837, several of the chiefs came to General Jessup's camp and signed a treaty agreeing to remove to the Indian Terri- tory. This treaty was soon broken by Osceola. In October, he, with seventy others, came to the American camp under a flag of truce when he was seized and imprisoned by General Jessup. 3. In December, Colonel Zachary Taylor defeated the Indians at Lake Okeechobee. After this battle the savages retreated to the swamps, where the United 1. When was Van Buren inaugurated? What was the condition of the country? What did Congress do? 2. What did the Seminole chiefs do in 1837 ? 3. Where did Taylor defeat the Indians ? How long did the war continue? 9 98 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. States troops could not follow, and continued thfe war until 1842, when peace was firmly established. 4. In 1837, a rebellion broke out in Canada which enlisted the sympathies of many of the American people, some of which crossed the line to give assistance to the " patriots.'' In order to check this the President issued a proclamation declaring that those who invaded the British possessions would forfeit the protection of their government. At the next election General William Henry Harrison was chosen President, and John Tyler Vice-President of the United States. HARRISON'S AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATIONS (1841-1845). 1. General Harrison was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1841. Desiring a change in the policy of the government, he issued a proclamation for an extra ses- sion of Congress, to meet on the 31st of May. On the 4th of April, one month after his inauguration, Harri- son died and John Tyler became President of the United States. 2. The extra session of Congress commenced on the 31st of May. Two separate bills were passed for rechartering the United States Bank, but both were vetoed by the President. 8. The boundary line of Maine, which had caused 4. What is said of the rebellion in Canada ? Give the result of the next election. 1. When was Harrison inaugurated, and what did ho do? What occurred on the 4th of April? 2. What was done by Congress? 3. What is said of the boundary line of Maine ? folk's administration. 99 much controversy between the United States and Great Britain, was settled in 1842, by the commissioners Daniel Webster and Lord Ashburton. 4. In 1842, serious difficulties occurred in Rhode Island. They grew out of the efforts to exchange the old charter granted by Charles II., in 1663, for a State constitution. Two parties were formed, and the quarrel between them became so bitter that the State was on the brink of civil war, and the President thought it neces- sary to send troops to keep the peace. Their constitu- tion was adopted the same year. 5. In 1845, Florida was admitted into the Union as a State. It was first settled at St. Augustine, by the Span- iards, in 1565, At the next election, James K. Polk was chosen President, and George M. Dallas Vice-Presi- dent of the United States, JAMES K. POLK'S ADMINISTRATION (1845-1849). 1, James K. Polk was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1845, In January, of this year. Congress passed a bill for the annexation of Texas. That repub- lic approved the bill, on the 4th of July, 1845, and thus became a State of the American Union, The people of Texas declared their independence in March, 1836, and, in the same year, totally defeated the Mex- 4. Describe the difficulties in Rhode Island originating from a change in the government. 5, What is said of the admission and settlement of Florida? What was the result of the next election? 1. When was Polk inaugurated? What is said of the annexation of Texas? Of the independence of Texas? 100 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. icans at the battle of San Jacinto. Their independence was afterwards acknowledged by France, England, and the United States. 2. Mexico, however, claimed Texas as a part of her territory and made preparations for defending her pos- sessions. The American government sent General Tay- lor with fifteen hundred troops to Corpus Christi, and Commodore Conner with a fleet to the Gulf of Mexico, to oppose the movements of the Mexicans. 3. In 1846, the boundary line of Oregon was settled by the American and British commissioners, James Bu- chanan and Richard Packenham. They agreed upon the forty-ninth degree of north latitude, and the Strait of Juan de Fuca to separate British America from the United States. In 1846, Iowa was admitted into the Union as a State. It was first settled at Burlington, in 1833. 4. In March, 1846, General Taylor moved from Cor- pus Christi to Point Isabel, which he fortified. He then proceeded to the Bio Grande opposite Matamoras, where he erected Fort Brown. The Mexicans commenced hostilities in April, by killing Colonel Cross, Lieutenant Porter, and three other persons, Taylor now left the fort in charge of Major Brown and moved back to Point Isabel. 2. What did Mexico do? What did the American government do? 3. When and how was the boundary line of Oregon settled? What is said of the admission and settlement of Iowa? 4. What was done by General Taylor? How were hostilities commenced? Where did Taylor now go ? folk's administration. 101 5. Soon after this the Mexicans attacked Fort Brown, and Taylor with two thousand three hundred men marched to the assistance of the garrison. On the 8th of May, 1846, he met and defeated General Arista with six thousand Mexicans, at Palo Alto. 6. On the following day, May 9th, Taylor attacked and defeated the Mexicans at Kesaca de la Palma. In this battle they lost one thousand men, while the Amer- icans only lost one hundred. On the 11th of May, Con- gress formally declared that war existed between the United States and Mexico. They authorized the Presi- dent to raise fifty thousand volunteers, and made an appropriation for carrying on the war. 7. On the 18th of May, General Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took possession of Matamoras. During the summer he was reenforced, and, on the 19th of Sep- tember, he arrived at Monterey with six thousand men. This place was defended by General Ampudia and nine thousand Mexicans. Taylor at once commenced the siege which was conducted with so much vigor that Ampudia surrendered the town on the 24th of Septem- ber, 1846. The loss of the Americans was about five hundred men, while the Mexicans lost over one thousand. 8. During this year, 1846, Colonel Fremont, aided by Commodores Sloat and Stoqkton, captured California, 5. AVhat is said of the attack on Fort Brown ? What occurred on the 8th of May? 6. What on the 9th? What was done by Con- gress ? 7. When did Taylor get possession of Matamoras ? De- scribe the siege of Monterey. 8. What other captures were made in 1846 ? 9* 102 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. General Kearney captured New Mexico, and Colonel Doniphan captured Chihuahua. 9. General Scott was sent to Mexico where he arrived, early in 1847, and took the chief command of the Amer- ican forces. He ordered a large part of Taylor's army to join him in the attack upon Vera Cruz. This left General Taylor with only five thousand men to oppose twenty thousand Mexicans at San Luis Potosi under General Santa Anna. 10. The latter attacked Taylor's army at Buena Vista, on the 23d of February, 1847, but was repulsed and driven in confusion from the field. The Americans were now in possession of all the northern part of Mex-. ico. Taylor remained with the army at Buena Vista, until September, when he gave the command to General Wool and returned to the United States. 11. On the 9th of March, General Scott landed near Vera Cruz and at once besieged the place. This was continued until the 26th of March, 1847, when the city and the castle of San Juan de Ulloa were surrendered to the American forces. General Worth was now ap- pointed governor of Vera Cruz, and Scott with about eight thousand men marched towards the city of Mexico. 12. Santa Anna stationed his army of fifteen thou- sand men at the mountain-pass of Cerro Gordo which was strongly fortified. Here he was attacked and totally 9. What is said of General Scott? What was Taylor's situation? 10. What is said of the battle of Buena Vista ? How long did Taylor remain at Buena Vista ? 11. What is said of the sie-ge of Vera Cruz ? Where did Scott now go ? 12. What is said of the battle of Cerro Gordo ? folk's apministration. 103 routed by General Scott, ou the 18th of April, 1847. In the battle the Americans lost about four hundred' men, while the Mexicans lost four thousand in killed, wounded, and prisoners. 13. On the 22d of April, Scott took possession of the fortress of Perote. On the 15th of jMay, 1847, the Amer- icans entered the city of La Puebla, where they remained until August. In the meantime the United States sent Mr. Trist to offer an honorable peace to, the Mexicans, but the offer was refused. General Scott, having been reenforced, left La Puebla early in August with terf thousand men. 14. On the 20th of August, 1847, the Americans captured Contreras, which was defended by eight thou- sand Mexicans. On the same day they proceeded to Churubusco, where they met Santa Anna with two thousand seven hundred men. After a battle of three hours the Mexicans were defeated and fled in confusion to the city of Mexico. 15. An armistice was now agreed upon, but was soon after violated by Santa Anna. On the 7th of Septem- ber, Scott declared the armistice at an end. On the 8th, he captured El Molino del Rey ; on the 13th the '^trong position of Chapultepec was taken ; and on the 13. When did Scott take the fortress of Perote? What city did the Americans enter in May, and how long did they remain there? What was accomplished by Mr. Trist's offer of peace? AVhen did Scott leave La Puebla ? 14. What is said of the capture of Contreras ? What of the battle of Cherubusco? 15, What is said of the armis- tice agreed upon ? Describe the battles leading to the capture of the city of Mexico. 104 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ' 14th of September, 1847, the Americans triumphantly entered the capital of Mexico. 16. This ended the war, and. on the 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace between the two countries was concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo. By it New Mexico and California were ceded to the United States, and, in return, the Mexican government was to receive fifteen millions of dollars for the ceded territory. 17. In May, 1848, Wisconsin was admitted into the Union as a State. It was first settled at Green Bay by t Cross Keys? EVENTS OF 1862. 119 20. On the 25tli of June, 1862, the forces under Fro- mont, Banks, and McDowell were consolidated and placed under the command of General Pope. President Lin- coln, on the 1st of July, called for three hundred thou- sand more troops for the army. 21. On the 11th of July, 1862, General Halleck was appointed commander-in-chief of the Union forces. On th^ 17th of July, Congress adjourned. During the ses- sion, an act was passed confiscating the property of per- sons in arms against the United States government, also an act abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia. 22. Soon after the "seven days' fight" the Confeder- ates beo-an to move towards Washington. The dana-er to that city became so great, that McClellan was ordered to withdraw from the Peninsula and hasten to the aid of General Pope. 23. On the 9th of August, 1862, the Union forces under General Banks were attacked at Cedar Mountain by General Jackson. In the evening General Pope arrived with additional Union troops, and the enemy, on the 11th, hastily retreated across the Bapidan. 24. General Jackson now attempted to destroy Pope's army before McClellan could reenforce it, and the Union forces were compelled to fall back towards Manassas. 20. What was done with the forces under Fremont, Banks, nnd McDowell? What was done by the President on the 1st of July? 21. When was Halleck appointed commander-in-chief? When did Congress adjourn, and what was done during the session ? 22. What did the Confederates do after the seven days' fight? What was McClellan ordered to do ? 23. What is said of the battle of Cedar Mountain ? 24. What is said of Pope's army ? What is said of the second battle at Bull Kun ? 120 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Oa the 29tli of August, 1862, they were attacked near the old battle-field of Bull Run and finally compelled to retreat to Centreville, and afterwards to the fortifica- tions around Washington. 25. General McClellan arrived on the 1st of Septem- ber, and took command of all the forces for the defence of the Capital. The Confederates under General Lee now crossed the Potomac into Maryland. They were followed by McClellan, and, on the 14th of September, 1862, a severe battle was fought at South Mountain, Maryland, when the enemy was defeated. 26. On the 15th of September, 1862, Colonel Miles surrendered Harper's Ferry, with eleven thousand five hundred Union troops and a large amount of stores, to Generals Jackson and Hill who commanded thirty-five thousand men, 27. On the 17th of September, 1862, the great battle of Antietam was fought, on Antietam creek, in Maryland. The Confederates, numbering ninety-seven thousand men, under General Lee, were defeated by McClellan, and, during the night, crossed the Potomac into Virginia. 28. Early in October, 1862, a body of Confederate cavalry, under Generals Stuart and Hampton, made a raid into Pennsylvania, captured Mercersburg and Chambersburg, and escaped into Virginia with one thousand horses besides other plunder. 25. When did McClellan arrive, and what did he do? What was now done by the two armies? 26. What is said of the surrender of Harper's Ferry? 27. What is said of the battle of Antietam? 28. What is said of the raid into Pennsylvania by Stuart and Hampton ? EVENTS OP 1863. 121 29. McClellan followed Lee's retreating army through Virginia, and, on the 5th of November, he was super- seded in command by Burnside. On the 17th of No- vember, the Union forces encamped opposite Freder- icksburg where they went into winter-quarters. Burnside crossed the Rappahannock river, and, on the loth of December, 1862, attacked Lee's troops at Fredericks- burg, but he was defeated and compelled to retreat across the river with the loss of over eight thousand men. 30. The prospects of the country at the close of 1862, were indeed gloomy. The Confederates had still a very large army in the field and were vigorously preparing for the next campaign. The Union armies numbered about eight hundred thousand men, but with all this force they had seemingly accomplished but little towards ending the war. EVENTS OF 1863. 1. On the 1st of January, 1863, President Lincoln issued a proclamation freeing the slaves in Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Flor- ida, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia. On the 11th of January, the Union forces under General McClernand and Admiral Porter captured Arkansas 29. When and by whom was McClellan succeeded ? Where did the Union forces go into winter-quarters ? What is said of the battle of Fredericksburg? 30. What was the condition of the country at the close of 1862? 1. What was done by the President on the 1st of January, 1863? What is saiii of the capture of Arkansas Post ? 11 122 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Post and four thousand seven hundred Confederates under Churchill. 2. On the 5th of March, 1863, the Union forces under Coburn were defeated at Spring Hill, by Van Dorn, with the loss of twelve hundred prisoners; On the 7th of April, seventeen hundred Union cavalry, under General Dodge, were captured at Cedar Bluff by the Confederates under Forrest. 3. On the 10th of April, 1863, Van Dorn with fifteen thousand Confederates attacked General Granger, at Franklin, Tennessee, but he was repulsed. In April, Colonel Grierson made a cavalry raid through Georgia and Alabama, capturing five hundred Confederates, cutting all the railroads, and doing much other damage. 4. On the 1st of May, 1863, General Grant totally routed eleven thousand Confederates at Boulinsburg, Mississippi. On the same day Port Gibson was cap- tured by the Union forces under McClernand. 5. On the 16th of May, 1863, Grant defeated the Confederates under Pemberton at Champion Hills. On the next day Grant again defeated the enemy, compelling him to retreat to Vicksburg. 6. On the 18th, Grant, aided by Admiral Porter, 2. What of the defeat of the Union forces at Spring Hill ? What happened to General Dodge at Cedar Bluff? 3. What is said of the attack upon General Granger at Franklin? What of Grierson's cavalry raid through Georgia and Alabama? 4. What is said of the battle of Boulinsburg? Of the capture of Port Gibson? 5. What was done by General Grant on the 16th of May? On the 17th of May ? 6. Describe the siege and capture of Vicksburg. What was the loss of each army in the battles leading to the capture of Vicksburg? EVENTS OF 1863. 123 commenced the siege of Vicksburg, He made several attempts to carry the works by assault, but was repulsed with heavy loss. General Johnston with a large Con- federate force threatened the rear of the Union army ; but, after a severe struggle, General Pemberton, on the 4th of July, 1863, surrendered the place with thirty-one thousand men and an immense amount of stores to General Grant. In the battles leading to the capture of Vicksburg, the Confederates lost nearly fifty thousand men, while the loss of the Union forces did not exceed ten thousand. Is Port Hudson on the Mississippi was invested by General Banks, in May. Several assaults were made, but the Union troops were repulsed. The siege was vigorously continued until the 9th of July, 1863, when the town and five thousand five hundred men were sur- rendered by General Gardner to the Union army. 8. On the 8th of July, General John Morgan with five thousand Confederates made a raid into Indiana, where they plundered and destroyed much valuable property. The inhabitants volunteered in such num- bers to oppose the enemy, that Morgan retreated into Ohio with considerable loss. He was closely pursued, and, on the 26th of July, 1863, he and the remnant of his army were captured near New Lisbon, Ohio. 9. On the 19th of September, 1863, the Confederates under Bragg and Longstreet attacked General Rosecrans at Chickamauga, Georgia. After two days' hard fighting 7. What is said of the siege and surrender of Port Hudson ? 8. What of Morgan's raid into Indiana? 9. What of the battle of Chickamauga? 124 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. they withdrew their forces and the Union army fell back to the fortifications at Chattanooga. 10. In October, Wheeler's Confederate cavalry made a raid iiUo Tennessee, but were finally defeated at Farm- ington's Farm by General Crook. They lost during the raid over two thousand men. On the 20th of the same month, seven hundred Union troops were captured at Philadelphia, Tennessee, by the Confederate cavalry under Morrison. 11. On the 4th of November, the Union forces under Burbridge were defeated at Bayou Coteau, Louisiana, with a loss of seven hundred men. On the 23d of November, 1863, the battle of Chattanooga commenced. It continued for three days, when the Confederates under Bragg were routed and forced to retreat into Georgia with the loss of six thousand prisoners. 12. On the 30th of November, 1863, the Confederates under Longstreet made an assault upon Fort Sanders at Knoxville, Tennessee, but were repulsed. The enemy retreated to Beans's Station where he was attacked by General Shackelford. In the battle which followed the Union troops were defeated, but Longstreet continued his retreat until he joined Lee's army in Virginia. 13. On the 26th of January, 1863, General Hooker was appointed commander of the Army of the Potomac 10. What of Wheeler's cavalry raid into Tennessee? AVhat was done by the Confederate cavalry under Morrison? 11. What is said of the battle of Bayou Coteau ? Of the battle of Chattanooga ? 12. What is said of the assault upon Fort Sanders ? Of the battle at Beans's Station? 13. When was Hooker appointed commander of the Army of the Potomac? When was West Virginia admitted as a State ? EVENTS OF 1863. 125 in place of Burnside who resigned. On the 21st of April, West Virginia was admitted into the Union as a State. 14. During the session of Congress which ended in March, the " Conscription Act" became a law. Under this Act the President ordered a draft for three hundred thousand men. This led to a riot in New York city (July 13th, 1863), by which one hundred and fifty lives were lost and two millions of dollars worth of property destroyed. 15. Near the end of April, General Hooker, with the Army of the Potomac, crossed the Eappahannock, and, on the 2d of May, 1863, met the Confederates under General Lee at Chancellorsville, Virginia. A battle ensued which lasted until the night of the 4th, when the Union forces retreated across the Rappahannock. 16. General Stoneman with a large Union force made a raid through Virginia, passing within two miles of Kichmond. After having captured five hundred prison- ers and destroyed a large amount of property, he joined Hooker's army, on the 8th of May, 1863. 17. About the middle of June, Lee crossed the Potomac into Maryland and thence into Pennsylvania. He was followed by Hooker who was relieved of his command, on the 27th of June, and succeeded by General Meade. On the 1st of July,- 1863, the armies 14. What is said of the Conscription Act? What of the draft ordered by the President? 15. What of the battle of Chancellors- ville? 16. What of Stoneman's raid through Virginia? 17. Where did Lee go in June ? What is said of Hooker ? What of the battle of Gettysburg? 11* 126 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. met at Gettysburg, where a severe struggle com- menced which lasted for three days, when the Confed- erate army was badly defeated and fled back to the Rappahannock. 18. On the 18th of July, 1863, Fort Wagner, in Charleston harbor, was attacked by the iron-clad fleet and the Union forces under General G^lmore. An assault was made on the works, but the assailants were repulsed. The siege was continued during the remainder of the year. 19. There was much skirmishing between the Union forces under Meade and the Confederates under Lee, on the Rappahannock, but no very severe battle occurred until the next year. At the close of 1863, the Union forces held possession of the Mississippi river, of the States of Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and of a large portion of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Florida, all of which had been wrested from the Con- federates. EVENTS OF 1864. 1. On the 1st of February, 1864, President Lincoln ordered a draft for five hundred thousand men to sup- ply the army and navy. On the 3d of February, 18. What of Gilmore's attack on Fort Wagner? 19. What was done by the two armies on the Rappahannock ? What was the state of affairs at the close of 1863 ? 1. What was done by the President in February, 1864 ? What is said of Sherman's raid? EVENTS OF 1864, 127 General Sherman left Vicksburg, with twenty-six thou- sand men, and made an extensive raid through Mis- sissippi. He destroyed an immense amount of Con- federate property and liberated about five thousand slaves. 2. A large body of Union troops, under General A. J. Smith, made a raid through Mississippi with the intention of joining General Sherman, but was pre- vented by the enemy. He arrived at Memphis, on the 25th of February, 1864, after having destroyed much property, taken three hundred prisoners, and liberated two thousand slaves. 3. On the 25th of March, 1864, six thousand five hundred Confederates under General Forrest attacked Paducah, Kentucky, but were finally repulsed with the loss of fifteen hundred men. On the 8th of April, the Union troops under General Banks were defeated by the Confederates under General Kirby Smith, at Mans- field, Louisiana. 4. During the night General Banks withdrew to Pleasant Hill where he was reenforced by General A. J. Smith. On the next day (April 9th), the Con- federates again attacked him, but were repulsed with the loss of over one thousand men. 5. On the 12th of April, 1864, Forrest with six thousand Confederate troops captured Fort Pillow below Paducah, Kentucky, which was under the com- mand of Major Booth. Over four hundred of the 2. What of Smith's raid? 3. What of the rebel attack on Pa- ducah? What of the defeat of Banks at Mansfield ? 4. What is said of his retreat ? 5. What of the capture of Fort Pillow ? 128 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. garrison were cruelly massacred after they had sur- rendered. 6. On the 1st of June, 1864, General Sturgis left Memphis on an expedition against the Confederates under Forrest. On the 10th, he was attacked at Grun- town, Tennessee, by the enemy and defeated, after which he retreated to Ripley. 7. General John H. Morgan, with a body of Con- federates, made a raid into Kentucky. After capturing a number of places and destroying much property, he was defeated at Cynthiana, Kentucky, on the 13th of June, 1864, by General Burbridge. Burbridge also recaptured fifteen hundred Union prisoners which had previously been taken by Morgan. 8. On the 20th of July, 1864, the Confederates attacked Sherman's army, at Decatur, Georgia, but were repulsed and driven to Atlanta, where they were in turn attacked and defeated by Sherman, on the 22d of July. 9. On the 5th of August, Admiral Farragut with a fleet of thirty-two vessels defeated the Confederate fleet in Mobile Bay, capturing two vessels and two hundred and thirty men. On the 8th, Fort Gaines with over eight hundred Confederates was captured, and, on the 23d of August, 1864, Fort Morgan with six hundred prisoners was surrendered by General Page to Admiral Farragut and General Granger. 6. What is said of the expedition under General Sturgis ? 7. What of Morgan's raid into Kentucky ? 8. What of the battles at Decatur and Atlanta ? 9. What was accomplished by Farragut in Mobile Bay? EVENTS OP 1864. 129 10. On the 31st of August, 1864, Sherman's army was attacked at Jonesboro, Georgia, by Lee and Hardee. The battle was renewed the next morning, when the Confederates were defeated with the loss of three thou- sand men. 11. Late in September, 1864, Hood with a larg,e Confederate force commenced operating on the rear of Sherman's army. A portion of the enemy under Gen- eral French attacked General Corse at AUtoona, Georgia, but were defeated. 12. Hood now marched into Tennessee with an army of forty thousand men. General Thomas commanding the Union troops retreated to Franklin, where he was attacked by Hood, on the 30th of November. The Confederates were repulsed, but Thomas continued his retreat to Nashville where he was besieged by Hood. 13. On the 15th of December, 1864, Thomas attacked the besiegers in front of Nashville. After two days' hard fighting, Hood's army was routed and forced to retreat into Alabama. 14. On the 12th of November, Sherman commenced his march from Atlanta to Savannah. He captured Milledgeville and several other towns, destroyed an immense amount of Confederate property, and finally took possession of Savannah, on the 21st of December, 1864, after it had been evacuated by the Confederates under Hardee. 10. What is said of the attack on Sherman's army at Jones- boro? 11. What was done by Hood's Confederate force in Georgia? 12. What in Tennessee? 13. What is said of the siege of Nash- ville? 14. What of Sherman's march from Atlanta to Savannah? 130 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 15. On the 12th of March, 1864, General Grant was assigned the command of the armies of the United States. On the 20th of April, the Confederates under General Hoke captured Plymouth, North Carolina, along with the commander General Wessels and sixteen hundred men. 16. On the 4th of May, 1864, the Army of the Potomac under Grant crossed the Rapidan, and moved towards Richmond. On the 5th, they met the Con- federate army under General Lee, and commenced the battle of the Wilderness, which, after two days' fight- ing, resulted in favor of the Union army. The Union loss in these battles was about twelve thousand, while that of the enemy was still greater. 17. On the 10th of May, 1864, Grant attacked Lee's troops at Spottsylvania Court-House, Virginia, and after three days* severe fighting drove them from the field. Grant continued to advance, and, by the 1st of June, Lee's whole army had retreated to the defences of Richmond. 18. On the 5th of May, 1864, General Butler with a large force landed at Bermuda Hundred, near the mouth of the Appomattox River, in order to check the reenforcements under Beauregard which had been sent to Lee. General Grant now crossed the James River and commenced the siege of Petersburg. He sent out 15. When did General Grant take command of all the Union armies? What is said of the capture of Plymouth? 16. What was done by Grant in May? What is said of the battle of the Wilder- ness? 17. What of the battle of Spottsylvania Court-House? 18. What was done by Butler, in May ? What by Grant? EVENTS OF 1864. 131 three expeditions under Hunter, Wilson, and Sheridan, which destroyed the railway communications between Lee's army and Richmond. 19. On the 16th of May, 1864, General Butler's forces were surprised and defeated at Port Walthal, Virginia, by Beauregard. On the 21st, the Con- federates made a night attack upon Butler, at Bermuda Hundred, but were repulsed. 20. On the 19th of June, 1864, the pirate Alabama, Captain Semnies, was sunk on the coast of France by the Kearsarge, Captain Winslow. An English vessel picked up Semmes and a portion of the crew before they could be secured by Winslow, and carried them to England. 21. On the 6th of July, 1864, fifteen thousand Con- federate soldiers under General Early invaded Maryland by way of the Shenandoah. They met and defeated General Wallace at Monocacy, compelling him to retreat towards Washington. After securing a large amount of plunder they retreated to Winchester, Virginia, where they were badly defeated by General Averill. 22. The Confederates were afterwards reenforced, when they made another raid into Maryland and Penn- sylvania, and, on the 30th of July, 1864, burned Cham- bersburg. They soon retreated to Virginia, but not until they had secured an immense amount of plunder and destroyed much valuable property. 19. What is said of the attacks upon Butler's forces ? 20. What of the sinking of the pirate Alabama ? 21. What is said of Early's invasion of Maryland? 22. What of the raid into Penn- sylvania ? 132 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 23. The siege of Petersburg was continued by Grrant, and many advantages were gained by the Union forces, in June and July. The Weldon railway was seized, on the 18th of August, and the supplies for Lee's army cut off. Several desperate attempts were made by the Confederates to retake it, but they were repulsed with heavy loss. 24. On the 18th of September, General Sheridan totally defeated the Confederates under Early at Ope- quan, Virginia. On the 19th of October, Early was again defeated by Sheridan, at Cedar Creek, and com- pelled to retreat with heavy loss. 25. At the election, in November, 1864, Abraham Lincoln was reelected President, and Andrew Johnfaon was elected Vice-President of the United States. EVENTS OF 1865. 1. A military and naval expedition left Fortress Mon- roe, under Admiral Porter assisted by General Butler, to capture Wilmington. On the 15th of January, 1865, Fort Fisher was captured by a part of the land forces under General Terry assisted by the fleet under Porter. The siege was continued, and, on the 21st of February, 1865, Wilmington was captured. 2. On the 20th of January, 1865, Sherman left 2?,. What of the siege of Petersburg? 24. What of Sheridan's attacks upon the Confederates ? 25. What was the result of the election in November? 1. What is said of the expedition to capture Wilmington? 2. What is said of Sherman's march from Savannah to Goldsboro ? EVENTS OF 1865. 133 Savannah and commenced his campaign in South Caro- lina. On the 17th of February, they captured Colum- bia, and on the following day (February 18, 1865) they took possession of Charleston. Sherman marched on, capturing several places, until he arrived at Goldsboro, North Carolina, where he was joined, on the 22d of March, by Terry from Wilmington and schofield from Newborn. Throughout this expedition of five hundred miles the Confederates were unable to check Sherman's progress, and thousands abandoned their sinking cause and joined the Union army. 3. On the 27th of February, General Sheridan left Winchester, Virginia, on a cavalry expedition into the Shenandoah Valley. After defeating the Confederate army under Early and destroying the communications with Richmond by which Lee's supplies were cut off, he joined Grant's army on the James river. 4. On the 29th of March, Grant and Meade com- menced vigorous operations against Petersburg which were continued until the night of the 2d of April, 1865, when the Confederates evacuated it and retreated west- ward. They were so closely followed by the Union army that, on the 9th of April, 1865, General Lee surrendered the remnant of his forces to General Grant. On the 26th of April, General Joseph E. Johnston sur- rendered the Confederate army under his command to General Sherman. This was the only remaining army of any size in opposition to the government. 3. What of Sheridan's expedition into the Shenandoah Valley? 4. What of the operations against Petersburg ? What of the sur- render of Lee's army? What of Johnston's army? 12 134 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 5. The surrender of Lee's army caused feelings of great joy throughout the country, but they were soon changed into those of sadness. On the 14th of April, 1865, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, was assassinated at Ford's Theatre, in the city of Wash- ington, by John Wilkes Booth, and died on the following day. An attempt was also made at the same time to take the life of Secretary Seward, but it did not succeed. 6. On the 15th of April, 1865, Andrew Johnson took the oath of office as President of the United States. He appointed the 25th of May as a day of public mourning throughout the country on account of the death of Abraham Lincoln. 7. A reward of one hundred thousand dollars was now offered for the capture of Jefferson Davis, the President of the Confederacy, who was trying to escape from the country. He was captured near Irwinsville, Georgia, on the 10th of May, by Colonel Pritchard. 8. On the 29th of May, 1865, President Johnson offered pardon to all persons engaged in the rebellion, excepting those in the army who ranked above a Colonel and in the navy above a Lieutenant, and excepting a few other persons, providing they would take the oath of allegiance and keep it. Thousands availed themselves of the offer. 9. On the 23d of June, 1865, the President declared 5. What effect had the surrender of Lee's army ? What sad act changed the feelings of the nation ? 6. Who now became Presi- dent? What day was appointed for public mourning? 7. What is said of the capture of Jefferson Davis? 8. What pardon was offered by the President ? 9. What was done on the 23d of June ? EVENTS OF 1865. 135 that the ports in i\\e United States should be no longer blockaded, and that all ports should be open for com- merce on and after the 1st of July. 10. On the 18th of August, a military commission was appointed to try Captain Wirz for barbarous treat- ment of the Union prisoners at Andersonville prison, Georgia. He was found guilty of the most inhuman conduct and was afterwards hanged. 11. The ordinances of secession were repealed by most of the Southern States before the close of the year 1865, and several of them passed resolutions pro- hibiting slavery within their limits. 10. What was done with Captain AVirz ? 11. What is said of the repeal of the secession ordinances ? CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE (1492-1866). DISCOVERIES. 1492. America discovered by Columbus. (S.) * 1497. The Cabots discovered Labrador. (E.) 1498. Sebastian Cabot explored the coast of N. America. (E.) 1499. Vespucius visited the Nevs^ World. (S.) 1512. Ponce de Leon discovered Florida. (S.) 1524. Verrazani explored the coast of North America. (F.) 1534. Cartier discovered the Gulf and River of St. Law- rence. (F.) 1535. Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence to MontreaL 1539. De Soto invaded Florida. (S.) 1541. De Soto discovered the. Mississippi River. Cartier built a fort near Quebec. 1542. De Soto died. 1562. Settlementat Port Royal, S. Carolina, by Ribault. (F.) 1564. Settlement at St. John's river by Laudonnier. (F.) 1565. St. Augustine settled by the Spaniards. (S.) 1583. Gilbert's voyage to Newfoundland. (E.) 1584. Raleigh sent out an expedition under Amidas and Barlow. (E.) Virginia named. 15S5. Settlement made at Roanoke by Grenville. (E.) 1587. Second colony sent to Roanoke under John White. (E.) * The nations sending out the expeditions : S. (Spanish), E. (English), and F. (French). 12* (137) 138 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1602. Gosnold discovered Cape Cod. (E.) 1606. London and Plymouth Companies received grants in America. VIRGINIA. 1607. Jamestown settled by the English. Captain Smith taken by .the Indians. 1610. Smith returned to England. Lord Delaware arrived at Jamestown. 1619. First Legislative Assembly met at Jamestown. 1620. African slavery introduced into Virginia. 1622. Indians attempted to massacre the English. 1624. Virginia became a royal province. 1639. Berkeley appointed governor. 1644. Seco«d attempt of the Indians to massacre the English. 1663. Navigation Act enforced. 1676. Bacon's Rebellion. 1677. Culpepper became governor. NEW YORK. 1609. Hudson river discovered. 1614. New York (New Amsterdam) settled by the Dutch. 1645. Indians defeated at Strickland's Plain. 1664. New York captured by the English. 1674. Andross made governor of New York. 1683. A Charter of Liberties established. 1688. Andross again became governor. 1691. Colonel Sloughter appointed governor. MASSACHUSETTS. 1607. Settlement commenced on the Kennebec river. 1614. Captain Smith explored the coast of New England. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 139 1620. Plymouth settled by the Puritans. 1628. Salem settled by John Endicott. 1630. Boston settled by Winthrop. 1635. Roger Williams banished. 1636. Ann Hutchinson and Rev. John Wheelwright ban ished. 1639. First printing-press in America established. 1643. Union of the New England colonies. 1656. Quakers banished from the colony. 1675. King Philip's War broke out. 1684. The Charter declared invalid. 1686. Andross appointed governor of New England. 1689. Andross imprisoned by the people. 1704. Deerfield destroyed by the Indians. NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1622. New Hampshire granted to Gorges and Mason. 1623. New Hampshire first settled at Dover. 1638. Exeter settled. 1641. New Hampshire placed under Massachusetts. 1679. New Hampshire separated from Massachusetts. 1680. Edward Cranfield appointed governor. 1690. Samuel Allen appointed governor. NEW JERSEY. 1624. New Jersey first settled at Bergen. 1664. Elizabethtown settled. 1670. The payment of quit-rents demanded. 1672. The settlers rebelled against the payment of quit- rents. 1676. A part of New Jersey sold to the Quakers. 1677. The province divided into East and West Jersey. 1682. East Jersey purchased by William Penn. 140 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1688. Andross appointed governor of New Jersey. 1702. East and "West Jersey united. 1738. New Jersey separated from New York. DELAWARE. 1629. The Dutch purchased the territory of Delaware. 1638. Swedes settled at mouth of Christiana Creek. 1651. Dutch built a fort at New Castle. 1655. Delaware captured by the Dutch. 1664. Delaware captured by the English. 1682. Delaware granted to William Penn. 1691. Delaware placed under a separate governor. 1702. Delaware finally separated from Pennsylvania. MARYLAND. 1632. Clayborne built trading-houses on Kent Island. Lord Baltimore o])tained charter for Maryland. 1634. St. Mary settled by Calvert. 1635. Clayborne's rebellion. 1642. Indian war broke out. 1645. Clayborne's second rebellion. 1652. Lord Baltimore deprived of the government of Maryland. 1676. Lord Baltimore died. 1691. Maryland became a royal province. 1715. The government restored to the heirs of Baltimore. CONNECTICUT. 1630. Connecticut granted to the Earl of Warwick. 1633. The Dutch' built a fort at Hartford. The English built a trading-house at Windsor. 1635. Settlements made at Windsor and Weathersfield. 1636. Hartford settled by Thomas Hooker. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 141 1637. Pequod war commenced. 1638. New Haven founded by Eaton and Davenport. 1650. The Dutch relinquished their claim to Connecticut. 1662. Charter granted by Charles II. 1687. Andross appointed governor of all New England. The Charter secreted in the " Charter-Oak.'' 1692. Fletcher appointed commander of the Connecticut militia. RHODE ISLAND. 1636. Rhode Island settled at Providence by Roger Wil- liams. 1638. Portsmouth settled. 1639. Newport settled. 1644. Charter granted to Roger Williams. 1647. Delegates met at Portsmouth. 1663. Second charter granted to Rhode Island by Charles II. NORTH CAROLINA. 1663. Settlement made on Albemarle Sound. 1665. Emigrants settled on Cape Fear River. 1683. Seth Sothel became governor. 1695. John Archdale became governor. 1707. French Protestants settled on Trent River. 1711. War with Tuscarora and Coree Indians. 1729. North and South Carolina separated. SOUTH CAROLINA. 1670. South Carolina settled at Old Charleston. 1680. The present city of Charleston settled. 1690. Seth Sothel became governor. 1695. John Archdale became governor. 1702. Moore's expedition against St. Augustine. 142 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1706. A French and Spanish fleet attacked Charleston. 1715. War with the Yamasee Indians. PENNSYLVANIA. 1643. The Swedes built a fort on Tinicum Island. 1681. Pennsylvania granted to William Penn. Emigrants arrived at Chester. 1682. Philadelphia founded by Penn. The first Assembly met at Chester. 1684. Penn returned to England. 1692. Penn deprived of the government until 1694. 1701. Penn granted a new Charter to the inhabitants. 1718. Penn died in London. 1761. Mason and Pixou's line fixed. GEORGIA. 1732. Georgia granted to a company of gentlemen. 1733. Savannah settled by Oglethorpe. 1738. George AVhitefield visited Georgia. 1739. Oglethorpe made an expedition against Florida. 1742. Georgia invaded by the Spaniards. 1752. Georgia became a royal province. COLONIAL WARS. 1689. King William's War commenced. 1690. The town of Schenectady destroyed. Expedition against Quebec under Phipps. 1697. The war ended by Treaty of Ryswick. 1702. Queen Anne's War commenced. 1704. Deerfield burned. 1710. Port Royal captured by the English. 1713. The war ended by the Treaty of Utrecht. 1744. King George's War commenced. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. liS 1745. Louisburg captured by the English. 1748. The war ended by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 1753. English traders seized by the French. Washington sent with a letter to the French governor. 1754. Washington surrendered Fort Necessity. Delegates from seven colonies met at Albany. 1755. General Braddock appointed commander-in-chief of the English forces in America. Nova Scotia captured by Winslow and Monckton. Braddock's expedition against Fort Duquesne. Unsuccessful expedition against Niagara under Shirley. Unsuccessful expedition against Crown Point under Johnson. 1756. England declared war against France. Oswego captured by the French under Montcalm. 1757. Fort William Henry captured by the French. William Pitt became Prime Minister of England. 1758. Louisburg captured by the English. English defeated at Ticonderoga. English captured Fort Frontenac. Fort Duquesne taken by the English under Forbes. 1759. Fort Niagara captured by the English. Ticonderoga captured by the English. Quebec captured by the English under Wolfe. 1760. Montreal surrendered to the English. 1763. War ended by the Treaty at Paris. FROM THE FRENCH WAR TO THE REVOLUTION. 1764. Parliament laid a tax on sugar, etc. 1765. Stamp-Act passed. 144 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1765. First Colonial Congress met at New York. 1766. Stamp-Act repealed. 1767. Tax imposed on tea, glass, etc. 1768. Massachusetts sent circular to the other colonies. Troops under General Gage arrived in Boston. 1770. Boston Massacre occurred. Duties repealed on all articles except tea. 1773. Tea destroyed in Boston harbor. 1774. Boston Port Bill passed by Parliament. First Continental Congress met at Philadelphia. General Gage appointed military governor of Massa- chusetts. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 1775. Battle of Lexington, April 19th. Ticonderoga and Crown Point captured by the Americans. Continental Congress again met in Philadelphia. Washington elected commander-in-chief. British reenforced by Clinton, Howe, and Burgoyne. Prescott sent to fortify Bunker's Hill. Battle of Bunker's Hill. Washington took command of the army at Boston. Invasion of Canada by the Americans. Montreal captured. Arnold marched through the wilderness of Maine. Quebec assaulted. Americans repulsed. Lord Dunmore seized the powder in Virginia. 1776. Norfolk burned. Americans evacuated Canada. British evacuated Boston. British attacked Charleston. Peclaration of Independence at Philadelphia. British took possession of Staten Island. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 145 1776. Battle of Long Island. British defeated at Harlem Plains. Battle of White Plains. Fort Lee abandoned by the Americans. Washington retreated across New Jersey. Battle of Trenton. 1777. Battle of Princeton. American winter-quarters at Morristown. Congress solicits aid of France. Lafayette arrived in America. Danbury burned by Tryon. Burgoyne invaded the United States from Canada. Fort Edward evacuated by the Americans. Fort Schuyler besieged by the British. General Schuyler superseded by Gates. Battle of Bennington. Battles of Stillwater. Surrender of Burgoyne. British fleet sailed up the Chesapeake. Battle of Brandywine. Wayne surprised at Paoli. Congress adjourned from Philadelphia to Lancaster. British entered Philadelphia (September 26th). Battle of Germantown. Attack on Fort Mercer. Washington's winter-quarters at Valley Forge. 1778. France acknowledged the Independence of the United States. Clinton succeeded Howe in the command of the British. Philadelphia evacuated (June 18th). Battle of Monmouth. Expedition to recapture Rhode Island. Massacres at Wyoming and Cherry Valley. 13 146 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1778. Savannah captured by the British. 1779. Sunbury captured by the British. Tories defeated at Kettle Creek. Americans defeated at Brier Creek. Lincoln repulsed at Stono Ferry. Savannah besieged by Lincoln and D'Estaing. Norfolk and Portsmouth plundered. Capture of Stony Point and Verplank's Point by the British. Stony Point recaptured by Wayne. Sullivan sent against the Indians. Paul Jones captured tvv^o English ships. 1780. Charleston surrendered to the British. General Gates took command of Americans at the South. Battle at Sander's Creek. Battle of King's Mountain. Green superseded Gates. Arnold's treason. Execution of Andr6. England declared war against Holland. 1781. Revolt of the Pennsylvania Line at Morristown. Arnold invaded Virginia. Battle of the Cowpens. Americans pursued by Cornwallis. Battle of Guilford Court-House. Battle of Hobkirk's Hill. Forts Watson, Granby, and Motte captured. Battle of Eutaw Springs. Cornwallis fortified Yorktown. Arnold burned New London. Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. 1782. Commissioners appointed to conclude peace. 1783. Treaty of Peace signed at Paris. Washington resigned his commission. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 14T 1786. Shay's Insurrection. 1787. The Convention at Philadelphia adopted the Federal Constitution. 1789. First Congress met at New York. Washington inaugurated the first President. 1790. General Harmer sent against the Indians. Congress met in Philadelphia. 1791. St. Clair sent against the Indians. Vermont admitted. Bank of the United States established. 1792. Kentucky admitted. "Washington reelected. 1793. The French Minister Genet landed at Charleston. 1794. The Whiskey Insurrection. Wayne defeated the Indians. 1795. Wayne's treaty with the Indians. Jay's treaty with Great Britain. Treaties with Spain and Algiers. 1796. Tennessee admitted. Washington's Farewell Address. 1797. John Adams's Administration. Difficulties with France. 1798. Congress authorized the raising of an army. French vessel L' Insurgent captured. Alien and Sedition laws passed. 1799. Death of Washington. 1800. Treaty of Peace with France. Seat of Government removed to Philadelphia. 1801. Jeflferson's Administration. War with Tripoli. 1802. Ohio admitted. 1803. Louisiana purchased from France. The frigate Philadelphia captured. 1804. The Philadelphia destroyed by Decatur. 148 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1804. Tripoli blockaded. Hamilton killed in a duel by Aaron Burr. 1805. Eaton captured Derne. Treaty with Tripoli. Jefferson reelected. 1806. Great Britain and France blockaded. 1807. Burr tried for treason. The Chesapeake attacked by the British ship Leopard. Orders in Council and Milan Decree issued. Embargo laid on American vessels. 1809. Intercourse with France and England prohibited. Madison's Administration. 1811. The frigate President fired into the British sloop Little Belt. Harrison sent against the Indians. Battle of Tippecanoe. 1812. Louisiana admitted. War declared against Great Britain (June 18th). General Hull crossed into Canada. Michigan surrendered to the British. Battle of Queenstown. Essex captured the British sloop Alert. Constitution captured the British frigate Guerriere. Wasp captured the British brig Frolic. United States captured the British frigate Mace- donian. Constitution captured British frigate Java. Madison reelected President. 1813. Battle at Winchester. Siege of Fort Meigs. British repulsed at Fort Stephenson. Perry's victory on Lake Erie. Maiden evacuated by the British. ^ CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 149 1813. Battle at the Moravian towns. Americans captured York. British abandoned Fort George. Battle at Stony Creek. British repulsed at Sackett's Harbor. War with the Creek and Seminole Indians. Massacre at Fort Mimms. Indians defeated at Tohopeka. Hornet captured the British brig Peacock. Chesapeake captured by the British frigate Shannon. Argus captured by the British sloop Pelican. The British brig Boxer captured by the Enterprise. British squadron entered the Chesapeake Bay. 1814. Fort Erie captured by Scott and Ripley. British defeated at Chippewa. Battle at Lundy's Lane. Siege of Fort Erie. Battle of Plattsburg and defeat of the British on Lake Champlain. British captured "Washington. Attempt to capture Baltimore. Hartford Convention. Essex captured by the British vessels Phoebe and Cherub. Frolic captured by British frigate Orpheus. Peacock captured the British Epervier. Wasp captured the British vessels Reindeer and Avon. Treaty of peace signed at Ghent. 1815. Frigate President captured by a British squadron. Constitution captured the Cyane and Levant. Hornet captured the British brig Penguin. Pensacola captured by Jackson. Attack on New Orleans. Decatur sent to the Mediterranean. 13^ 150 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1816. Indiana admitted. 1817. James Monroe inaugurated. Mississippi admitted. Seminole War in Georgia. 1818. Illinois admitted. 1819. Alabama admitted. Part of the northern boundary of the United States settled by treaty. 1820. Maine admitted. 1821. Missouri admitted. "Missouri Compromise "adopted. Monroe Doctrine proclaimed. Treaty between Spain and the United States. 1824. Lafayette visited the United States. 1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died. 1829. Jackson inaugurated President of the United States. 1831. James Monroe died. 1832. Black Hawk War. South Carolina passed the Nullification Act. Removal of government funds to state banks. 1835. Seminole War commenced by Osceola. Major Dade defeated. 1836. "Specie Circular" issued. "Distribution Act" passed. Arkansas admitted. 1837. Van Buren inaugurated. Osceola imprisoned by General Jessup. Rebellion broke out in Canada. 1841. Harrison inaugurated. Harrison died (April 4). Bills for rechartering the United States Bank vetoed. 1842. Treaty with Seminole Indians. Difficulties in Rhode Island. 1845. Florida admitted. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 151 1845. James K. Polk inaugurated. Annexation of Texas. General Taylor sent to Corpus Christi. 1846. Oregon boundary line settled. Iowa admitted. Hostilities commenced by the Mexicans. Fort Brown attacked by the Mexicans. Mexicans defeated at Palo Alto. Battle of Resaca de la Palma. Taylor took possession of Matamoras. Monterey captured by Taylor. California, New Mexico, and Chihuahua captured. 1847. General Scott took command of the army in Mexico. Santa Anna defeated at Buena Vista. Vera Cruz surrendered to General Scott. Santa Anna defeated at Cerro Gordo. Scott took possession of La Puebla. Contreras and Churubusco captured by Scott. El Molinos del Rey and Chapultepec captured. Scott enters the City of Mexico. 1848. Treaty of Peace at Guadalupe Hidalgo. Wisconsin admitted into the Union. 1849. Taylor inaugurated President. Henry Clay's compromise bill introduced into Con- gress. 1850. President Taylor died. California admitted into the Union. Death of Clay and Webster. 1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated President. Death of Vice-President King. Treaty with Mexico. 1854. Commodore Perry's treaty "with Japan. Territories of Kansas and Nebraska organized. 1857. James Buchanan inaugurated. 152 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1857. A military force sent against the Mormons. 1858. Minnesota admitted as a State. 1859. Oregon admitted as a State. John Brown seized Harper's Ferry. 1860. Kansas admitted as a free State. Abraham Lincoln elected President. South Carolina seceded from the Union. The Star of the West hred into by the South Carolina troops (January 9). 1861. Other States seceded from the Union. The Southern Confederacy formed. Abraham Lincoln inaugurated. General Anderson evacuated Fort Sumpter (April 12). The President called for seventy-five thousand men. Union troops attacked while passing through Balti- more. The public property at Harper's Ferry and Norfolk destroyed. Call for volunteers for the army and navy. Battle of Great Bethel (June 10). Confederates defeated at Rich Mountain, Virginia. Battle at St. George, Virginia. Battle of Bull Run (July 21). General McClellan appointed commander of the army. The forts at Ilatteras Inlet captured by the Union troops. General Rosecrans defeated the Confederates at Sum- merville. General Scott resigned as commander-in-chief. Hilton Head and Beaufort captured (November 7). Captain Wilkes captured Mason and Slidell. Battle near Carthage, Missouri. Fort Lexington, Missouri, captured by the Confeder- ates. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 163 1861. Confederates defeated at Milford, Missouri. 1862. Battle near Somerset, Kentucky. Fort Donelson captured by General Grant, (Feb. 16). Confederates defeated at Pea Ridge, Arkansas. Battle of Shiloh, Tennessee. Capture of Island No. 10 by the Union troops. Capture of Huntsville by General Mitchell. Surrender of New Orleans to the Union army. Invasion of Kentucky by General Bragg. Attack upon Corinth, Mississippi. Sherman defeated at Vicksburg. Capture of Roanoke Island. The frigates Cumberland and Congress sunk by the Merrimac. The Merrimac defeated by the Monitor. Army of the Potomac advanced towards JRichmond (February 22). Burnside captured Newbern. Forts Pulaski and Macon captured. McClellan landed at Fortress Monroe. Battle of A¥illiamsburg. , Norfolk captured. Battle of Fair Oaks. Seven days' fighting before Richmond. Banks attacked at Winchester. Confederates defeated at Cross Keys. The troops under Fremont, Banks, and McDowell consolidated. Three hundred thousand more troops called by the President. Halleck appointed commander-in-chief. Confiscation Act passed. Washington threatened. Battle of Cedar Mountain. 154 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1862. Attempt to destroy Pope's army. Battle of South Mountain. Harper's Ferry surrendered. Battle of Antietam. Cavalry raid into Pennsylvania. McClellan superseded by Burnside. Battle of Fredericksburg. 1863. Slaves freed in the Southern States (January 1). Arkansas Post captured by Porter. Union forces defeated at Spring Hill and Cedar Bluff. Confederates defeated at Champion Hills. Capture of Vicksburg by Grant. Capture of Port Hudson by Banks. Morgan's raid into Indiana. Battle at Chicamauga. Wheeler's raid into Tennessee. Burbridge defeated at Bayou Coteau. Battle of Chattanooga. Longstreet's atmy defeated. Hooker appointed commander of the Army of the Potomac. West Virginia admitted as a State. A draft for three hundred thousand men ordered. Pviot in New York. Battle of Chancellorsville. Stoneman's raid through Virginia. Battle of Gettysburg. Siege of Fort Wagner commenced in July. 1864. Draft for five hundred thousand men ordered. Sherman's raid through Mississippi. Smith's raid through Mississippi. Confederates repulsed at Paducah, Ky. Banks defeated at Mansfield, La. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 156 1864. Confederates captured Fort Pillow. Union forces defeated at Guntown, Tennessee, Morgan's raid into Kentucky. Morgan defeated by Burbridge. Confederates defeated by Sherman at Decatur and Atlanta. Confederate fleet defeated by Farragut in Mobile Bay. Fort Gaines and Fort Morgan captured. Confederates defeated at Jonesboro. General French defeated at Altoona. General Thomas retreated to Nashville. Hood's army defeated at Nashville. Sherman's march from Atlanta to Savannah. The command of the Union armies assigned to Grant. Plymouth captured by the Confederates. Army of the Potomac moved towards Richmond (May 4). Battle of the "Wilderness, Battle of Spottsylvania Court-House. Butler landed at Bermuda Hundred. Grant commenced the siege of Petersburg. Butler attacked by Beauregard. The pirate Alabama captured. General Early invaded Maryland. Chambersburg burned (July 30). Sheridan defeated the Confederates at Opequan, Virginia. Abraham Lincoln reelected President. 1865. Wilmington captured by the Union troops. Sherman's campaign through South Carolina. Sheridan's raid into the Shenandoah Valley. Vigorous operations against Petersburg commenced. 156 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1865. General Lee's army surrendered to Grant. Johnston's army surrendered to Sherman. Abraham Lincoln assassinated (April 14). Andrew Johnson inaugurated President. Jefferson Davis captured. The President issued a proclamation of pardon. The United States ports opened for commerce. Captain Wirz tried and hanged. Secession ordinances repealed. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 157 WARS OF THE COLONIES AND STATES. Pequod War between Pequod Indians and Connecticut settlers ; commenced in 1637, and ended the same year. King Philip's War between the Indians under Philip and the Massachusetts settlers ; commenced in 1G75, and ended in 1676. King William's War between England and France ; com- menced in 1689, and ended in 1697 by treaty oiT Rys- wick. Queen Anne's War between England and France ; com- menced in 1702, and ended in 1713 by treaty of Utrecht. King George's War between England and France ; com- menced in 1744, and ended in 1748 by treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle. French and Indian War between the English and French Provinces in America; commenced in 1755, and ended in 1763 by the treaty at Paris. Revolutionary War between England and American Colonies ; commenced 1775, and ended in 1783 by the treaty at Paris. War of 1812 between England and the United Scates ; commenced in 1812, and ended in 1815 by the treaty at Ghent. Mexican War between the United States and Mexico; commenced in 1846, and ended in 1848 by the treaty at Guadalupe Hidalgo. AYar for the Union between the United States Government and the so-called " Southern Confederacy'* ; commenced in 1861, and ended in 1865 by the capture of the Con- federate armies. 14 g . • . » o g 2 *< So t- ■'- '^ o C2 5 <5 S » o if ^ d d fl "^ H So 6C tC - • .- • ^ 0>-.---CQCC-eSG -^ 2 Ja S g-S -^-^ 5 -a be !3 O r3 fee tC 2 fl W a S 5 (158) . a eS CO ce c3 © U V © CO CO -rf CO OO ^ CO 'S a i: ■«ji ^ CO -* O © O O © O © . f>^ >% t^. ;^ C^ '^ '^ ^ O J— rH Oi i^ lO OS - w' - OS O o o O «o 1^ t^ CO CO :;^ > >► >s 9 u -©2»-"t. © TO O'CSmKoKT ""N CO s >H -a ^ I >. w ^-1 s § ^ .2~ E= ^ s r I c .S a fco es a © •< * to" ©-< g O . ^- m ^^ © © e >- --^ c §^^ egg l-H M cc T^ ITS «0 !>• CO OS O e^ ec Tt< urs o SETTLEMENTS AND ADMISSIONS OF THE STATES. States. Virginia New York Massachusetts ... New Hampshire New Jersey Connecticut Maryland Rhode Island Delaware. North Carolina.. South Carolina.. Pennsylvania.... Georgia Vermont Kentucky Tennessee Ohio Louisiana Indiana Mississippi Illinois Alabama Maine Missouri Arkansas Michigan Florida Texas Iowa Wisconsin California Minnesota Oregon Kansas West Virginia... Nevada When settled. 1607 1(314 1620 1623 1624 1633 1634 1(>36 1638 1663 1670 1681 1733 1725 1775 1757 1788 1699 1690 1699 1686 1702 1613 1763 1685 1668 1565 1690 1833 1690 1769 1846 1811 Where settled. By whom settled. Admitted into the Union as States. Jamestown New York Plymouth Dover Bergen Hartford St. Mary Providence New Sweden Albemarle Old Charleston Chester Savannah Fort Duinmer Boonsboro' Fort Loudon.. Marietta Iberville Vincennes Bayof Biloxi Kaskaskia Mobile Mt. Desert Island.... St. Genevieve Arkansas Post Sault St. Marie St. Augustine St. Antonia do Bexar Burlington Green Bay Los Angelos St. Paul Astoria English Dutch English English 1 Dutch IDutcli [English j English Swedes English English English 'English ! English I United States English United States French French French French French French French French French Spanish Spanish United States French Spanish United States United States United States United States United States 1791 1792 1796 1802 1812 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1836 18.37 1845 1845 1846 1848 1850 1858 1859 1860 1863 1864 * The thirteen original States. (159) THE END.