Class Book___ GlPgM _ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. G1LDERSLEEVE-L0DGE LATIN SERIES SIX ORATIONS OF CICERO 1 1 With Introduction, Notes and Vocabulary ROBERT W. TUNSTALL CLASSICAL MASTER IN JACOB TOME INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK • : • BOSTON - : • NEW ORLEANS 1905 s it is of other orators. Moreover, with his large command of language he piles word upon word, phrase upon phrase, and sentence upon sentence in order to drive his point home. At the same time he resorts to all the tricks of rhetoric to make a deep and lasting impression. 5. Another important difference between Caesar and Cicero: the historian (Caesar), in telling his story, even though he had a chief share in the events he is narrating, is the more effective for telling it in an impersonal way — that is, without saying, "I did this" and "I did that/' The lawyer or politician (Cicero), however, who wishes to influence others, does so more effectively by taking his audience into his confidence, and saying how he feels or thinks in the case he is presenting to them. Hence, while Caesar is impersonal, Cicero uses the word " I" with great frequency. 6. Again, the only history Caesar tells us is that which he himself is making with his victorious legions. Cicero, however, is constantly drawing lessons from the past for his hearers' enlightenment. The Komans were a con- servative people, and in their conduct were guided by the examples of their forefathers. Hence, while urging them to adopt his advice, Cicero frequently tells them how their forefathers acted in similar circumstances. In the First Oration against Catiline, for example, in which he con- tends that Catiline deserves to die, he cites the cases of Gaius Gracchus, Maelius, and others who were put to ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS Cicero. Bust in the Royal Gallery at Madrid. Photograph Frontispiece PAGE The Roman Forum as it looks to-day. Photograph . . viii Ground Plan op the Forum and surrounding build- ings. Richter . ix, Julius Caesar. Marble bust in the British Museum. Pho- tograph .......... xviii Restoration of the Forum, von Falke xxii Map of the City of Rome xxxviii Map of Rome and the surrounding country . . xxxix Map of Italy 5 Cicero addressing the Senate. Photograph .... 10 Theatre at Faesulae (Fiesole). Photograph ... 27 The Mulyian Bridge. Photograph 39 Section of the Tullianum. Middleton 58 The Acropolis at Athens. Photograph .... 79 Map of Asia Minor 86 The Appian Way near Rome. Photograph . . . .104 \ CONTENTS PAGE Introduction vii The Last Century of the Republic ix The Roman Government in Cicero's Time . . . xx A. The Popular Assemblies xxii B. The Magistrates xxv C. The Senate xxxiii Outline of Cicero's Life ...... xxxv Leading Facts in Cicero's Life xl Ancient Rhetoric xlii Cicero's Works xliv First Oration against Catiline 1 Second Oration against Catiline 19 Third Oration against Catiline 35 Fourth Oration against Catiline 51 Defence of Archias 67 The Manilian Law 83 Notes m Vocabulary 1 / *3 V3<2 CICERO From a bust in the Royal Gallery at Madrid. INTRODUCTION" IX death in the political excitement of their times. To understand these orations, then, one must know some- thing of the history of Home, its politics, etc. THE LAST CENTURY OF THE REPUBLIC 7. The Early Republic. — The history of Rome after the expulsion of the kings (509 B.C.) is a story, first, of social controversies in which the plebeians in the course of about two centuries finally triumphed in their struggle with the patricians for civil and political equality ; then, of military conquests by which Rome, once a small town, enlarged her territory, until she had extended her do- minion successively through Latium, through the re- mainder of the Italian peninsula, and finally through almost the whole circuit of the Mediterranean. 8. Condition of Rome. — This rapid extension of terri- tory was followed by a gradual absorption of the public land in the hands of a favored few. Italy, once a land of small farms and peasant homesteads, became in time a land of large plantations, owned by rich speculators and worked by imported slaves. The farmers thus dispos- sessed flocked in crowds to the streets of Rome, where, together with the large numbers of foreigners attracted to the capital from every quarter, they formed a dangerous class of idlers, whose presence was a constant menace to the welfare of the state. The provinces meanw r hile had no share in the government, and were plundered by Roman officials and taxgatherers. The Senate, which as the controlling power in the commonwealth had once stood for all that was best in Roman statesmanship, had degenerated into an " order of lords, filling up its ranks by hereditary succession, and exercising collegiate mis- rule." In its degradation the Senate typified the general decadence that had taken place in the Roman character. 9. The causes of this decadence may be summed up as X INTRODUCTION follows : the rapid increase of wealth and luxury ; the spread of slavery of the most degraded sort, driving out free labor ; the presence in the city of a large class of citizens "without occupation except in politics and with no property save in their votes " to be sold to the highest bidder ; and the poverty of ancient society in forms of industrial employment.* Here should also be noted the inefficiency of the constitution, which, while well enough adapted to the needs of a small town, was altogether in- aieqpnte for the government of a people who had now o^ ariidn the whole of the then known world. 10. Parties. — Largely through the workings of the land system above described, the Eoman people in the last century of the Kepublic were divided into two great classes, consisting of the rich on one side and the poor on the other. Eoman society was now made up of princes and paupers. We hear little at this time of patricians and plebeians. As political factions, the two classes are usually designated as the optimates, or the party of the nobles, who acted regularly in the interest of the Senate, and the populares, or democrats, who advocated the cause of the people. The nobles were those whose an- cestors had held curule offices (§ 55), and included in their ranks both patricians and plebeians. This new nobility, * "Here we touchr^on the fatal and irremediable defect of an- cient society — the absence of industry as a social power, a necessary consequence of slave labor. The economic changes through which Koine had passed are in certain particulars strikingly like those of modern England — in the disappearance of peasant properties and the building up of a great landed aristocracy. What has saved England from the fate of Rome has been the absence of slavery and the mar- vellous development of new forms of productive industry, the great manufacturing and commercial interests of modern society. . . . It [Rome] lived upon the spoils of conquered nations, and its only large industries were farming the revenues, carrying on speculative operations, and dealing in money." — Allen's Short History of tM Eoman People, p. 187, IHTRODUCTIOtf XI being in virtual control of the government, monopolizing all the higher offices, was an aristocracy of wealth and office, taking the place of the old nobility, which had been an aristocracy of birth.* 11. Orders. — To be distinguished from the political fac- tions mentioned in the preceding paragraph are the so- called " orders " {or dines), often mentioned in Cicero's orations. These were classes of citizens considered with reference to their constitutional and social standing in the community. The senators, for example, were s~ oke: . of collectively as the ordo senatorius, or senatorial o der. Members of this order enjoyed special distinctions, such as the right to wear the davits latus (a broad stripe of purple, either sewn on the tunic or woven into it), to have reserved seats at shows, etc. At the same time they were excluded by law from trade and banking, and espe- cially from transactions connected with state contracts. 12. Hence there grew up another class, calhid equites, or knights, consisting of wealthy traders, speculators, and capitalists. They borrowed their name from the centuries of knights which had formerly constituted the cavalry of the state, for which a high property qualification was re- quired. In Cicero's time the term was applied to any Eoman family that was not noble, an<3 that possessed property worth 400,000 sesterces (between $16,000 and 820,000). Their numbers were from: v ime to time aug- mented by accessions from the lower classes, as these prospered sufficiently to reach the necessary property qualification. The knights constituted the ordo eqnester, or equestrian order, and, like the senators, enjoyed special * The number of patrician gentes (clans, or groups of families) was greatly reduced in Cicero's day. "During the last years of the Re- public, we hear of only fourteen still in existence, including thirty families. " — Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Anti- quities. A man might, of course, be a noble without being a patri- cian. Xll INTRODUCTION privileges to distinguish them from those beneath them in dignity. Among these badges of distinction were the gold ring and the clavus angustus (a narrow stripe of purple). They also had special seats at the shows, im- mediately behind the senatorial stalls. 13. While politically they formed an independent class, yet as men of substance with large financial interests at stake, the knights regularly sided with the party that promised best for those interests. AVhen the democrats, to gain their ends, resorted to violence, the knights, as the friends of law and order, sided with the Senate ; but when the Senate through apathy neglected equestrian in- terests (as, for example, when they allowed the pirates for a long time to interrupt Roman commerce on the Mediterranean), then the knights were on the side of the democrats. 14. The commercial importance of the knights was the basis finally of their political importance in the state. As the wealthy class they were enabled to farm the public taxes, i.e. for a round sum to buy the privilege of collect- ing the taxes laid upon the subject provinces of Rome. To increase their gains as much as possible, these publi- cant, as they were called, practised the most grievous op- pression towards the provincials, whose only recourse was to the provincial governors. The governors, however, were members of the Roman nobility, who were quite as bad as the publicani. Official misconduct, however, ren- dered the governors liable to prosecution at the close of their terms of office. Hence the question who should sit on the juries that tried the governors on their return to Rome was equally important to the governors themselves and to the knights, whose interests in the provinces were in a measure dependent upon the disposition of the gov- ernors. Until the time of Gaius Gracchus (123 B.C.) the jurymen had been taken exclusively from senatorial ranks, i»e. from the same class to which the governors belonged. INTRODUCTION Xlll As a consequence the courts had been notoriously partial to the offenders. If the student will glance ahead at sec- tions 17, 23, and 26 below (under the Gracchi, Sulla, and Pompey), he will see that the question of the courts was for a long time one of the great issues in Koman politics. In the trial of Verres (see the editors larger book), Cicero lays great stress on this matter, although loyalty to his own class, or order, makes him overstate the purity of the knights as jurymen. 15. While the senatorial class was spoken of as the ordo senatorius and the knights as the orclo equester, the pop- ulace was not dignified by any such title as ordo at all, but was simply called populus, a term applied in a wider sense to the whole people also. The importance of the distinction between orders and factions may be illustrated with examples. Caesar was not only a member of one of the few patrician families still left in Eome, but he was also of the ordo senatorius. Hence we should expect him to belong to the party of the jptimates. On the contrary, it suited his purpose to act with the populares, a party to which he was also bound by family ties, Marius (§ 18) having married his aunt, while tie himself married China's (§ 21) daughter. Cicero, on the other hand, was of equestrian birth, and throughout tiis career was loyal to the interests of the knights. Now the knights, as we have already seen, owed political allegi- ince to neither party, and hence Cicero's loyalty to them, 3oupled with his naturally conservative temperament, makes him sometimes appear inconsistent in his conduct. Nevertheless, after entering the Senate he acted, as a rule, with the Senate and the party of the optimates. 16. The Gracchi. — As the champion of the people Tibe- rius Gracchus (tribune* in 133 B.C.) sought to remedy * The tribunate was the usual organ of opposition to the Senate md the optimates. Abuse of its powers often led to revolution. For :he powers of the tribunes, see § 64. XIV INTRODUCTION the evils of the land system (§ 8) by enforcing certain old laws (the Licinian) which had fallen into neglect. These laws limited the amount of land which any individual might hold, and required all landholders to employ a certain proportion of free laborers. Eighty thousand citi- zens were thus provided with homesteads before the measure was suspended. At the end of his term of office, foreseeing the impossibility of the reelection which he sought, he resorted to violent methods, and was slain with three hundred of his followers by a mob with P. Scipio Nasica at its head. 17. Ten years later his younger brother, Gains Gracchus (tribune in 123-122 B.C.), saw the need of reform in the Senate itself as the supreme power in the state. Accord- ingly, after reenacting his brother's agrarian measures, he aimed his legislation directly at the Senate, restricting its powers both at home and in the provinces, while as a counterpoise to senatorial influence he raised the knights to a position of importance by transferring to them the functions of jurymen, which had hitherto belonged exclu- sively to the Senate (§ 14). With the lower classes he won popularity by regular distributions of grain at greatly reduced prices, a mischievous measure in that it attracted to the capital thousands of thriftless persons who fed at the public expense. Reelected tribune (122 B.C.), Gaius proposed to extend the franchise to the Italian allies (socii). Although the proposal was not carried, it lost for him his popularity, and in the disorder which followed he perished, like his brother, by a violent dfcath (121 B.C.). Most of his laws were speedily reversed by the Senate, which body once more resumed its sway of misrule. 18. Marius (b. 157, d. 86 B.C.).— The rise of G. Marius marks the beginning of a new force in Roman politics. Indebted for his fame chiefly to the crushing defeat with which he repulsed the Teubones and the Cimbri (102-101 B.C.), Marius was "the first of a line of military heroes INTRODUCTION XV under whom the Eepublic went out and the Empire came in." Under him military service became a regular pro- fession, and sacramentum, or oath of military obedience, in which the soldier identified his own interests with those of his general, became a stronger bond of allegiance than was loyalty to the state. The citizen soldier was super- seded by the mercenary. Marius himself, a simple-minded soldier, without political ability, and without any atoning social qualities, was easily led by the intriguing politicians who traded on his popularity. Y"~ 19. In 100 B.C. the two demagogues L.Appuleius Satur- ninus and C. Servilius Glaucia, aiming to carry out cer- tain radical measures in the democratic cause, procured for this purpose the election of Marius &s consul (for the sixth time), and of themselves as tribune and praetor respectively. They were both killed, however, in the outbreak caused by their revolutionary methods (99 B.C.), Marius having withdrawn his support from them, and, as the chief executive of the government, leading the sena- torial forces that crushed his former associates. 20. A period of comparative quiet followed, interrupted only by the demands of the Italian allies (socii) for the rights of suffrage. This cause was opposed by both the Senate and the people, but was boldly advocated by the tribune M. Livius Drusus (91 B.C.), whose cowardly assas- sination was the signal for an insurrection of the Italian communities. In the struggle that ensued, known as the Social War (90-88 B.C.), the Italians waged an unequal fight against the veterans of Eome, and though conquered in the end, won by their display of spirit the point at issue, smce the suffrage was extended (89 B.C.) to all of Italy south of the Po. 21. Sulla (b. 138, d. 78 B.C.).— Scarcely was this war ended, when the First Mithridatic War (88-86 B.C.) broke out in Asia. The command against Mithridates was in- XVI INTRODUCTION trusted to L. Cornelius Sulla, a member of the aristocracy, who had already distinguished himself, first, as lieutenant to Marius in the war with Jugurtha (111-106 B.C.), and later in the Social War mentioned above (§20). While Sulla was with his army in Asia, his democratic rivals, Marius, Cinna, and Carlo, raised a revolt in Borne, putting to death many of their opponents. These events marked the beginning of the first civil war. 22. On his return to Eome, in 83 B.C., Sulla in re- taliation inflicted a terrible punishment upon his political enemies. He introduced a system of legalized murder, known as " proscriptions."* It was near the close of this reign of terror that Cicero, a young advocate, twenty-six years of age, delivered his maiden speech in a criminal cause (Pro Sex. Eoscioj-) and, by opposing one of Sulla's favorites, laid the foundation of his reputation as a bold and adroit pleader. 23. Sulla soon addressed himself to the task of restor- ing the shattered government. He reestablished the powers of the Senate, restored its former control of the jury- courts, which Gams Gracchus had given to the knights (§17), and restricted the powers of the tribunes. The Sullan restoration had the merit of substituting orderly government for the anarchy which had preceded it, but it was not strong enough to withstand the strain of factional strife that followed. 4- 24. Pompey (b. 106, d. 48 b.c.).— After Sulla's death (78 B.C.) the most prominent figure in Eome was Cn. Pom- * " Every morning a list was posted (proscriptum) of the names of those whose lives were forfeited, and who might be put to death by any one with impunity. As the property of the proscribed was confiscated, the proscription was an invitation to crime, very accept- able to private enemies, or to those who hoped to buy the estates of the attainted at a low rate."— Allen's Short History of the Roman People. t See § 80, footnote. INTRODUCTION XY11 peius Magnus. Like Marios, Pompey Jiad military abilities of a high order, but was no politician. /His public career, covering a period of forty years, during thirty of which he occupied a position of considerable eminence, exhibits many possibilities of exceptional promise in the political world, but these he failed to appreciate.^- Nevertheless, his popu- larity with the people and with the soldiers w r as founded on genuine merit of a personal and a military sort. 2 5 -At the age of seventeen he served in the Social War (§ 20). A /In the civil war between Marius and Sulla (§§ 21, 22) he sided with the aristocratic party. WA few years later, how r ever, as a candidate for the consulship, he won the prize only by pledging himself to certain reforms demanded by the democrats, thus overthrowing the Sullan constitution in some important respects. (jj)26. He restored the powers of the tribunes, divided the control of the jury-courts between the senate, the knights, and the tribuni aerarii* and revived the censorship, which Sulla had quietly ignored. This was in the year 70 B.C., a year made memorable also by the oration which Cicero de- livered against Verves, the arch-criminal among Eoman provincial governors. C\o) 27. The brilliant success of Pompey in clearing the Mediterranean of pirates (67 B.C.), supplemented by Cicero's eloquence, led to the passage of the Manilian Law (66 B.C.), giving Pompey the command in the Third Mithridatic War, which had begun eight years beforej In two years he drove Mithridates into exile, and annexed the most important part of his kingdom as a Eoman province. * Who the tribuni aerarii were, is not clear. They appear to have been originally officers responsible for the collection of the tri- butum (war-loan) and for the payment of the troops. They probably ranked just below the equestrian order. Hence, by Pompey's legis- lation, two-thirds of the jury-panels were to be chosen from non- senatorial ranks. Xviil INTRODUCTION Under the same commission he annexed the province of Syria also. While he was still absent in the East with his army, the dangerous conspiracy of Catiline was crushed by the vigorous policy of Cicero as consul for the year 63 B.C. 28. In the following year an instance of the political jealousies of the time, and of the lengths to which they carried rival politicians, wa£ afforded in the trial of Archias, a naturalized Greek, who was charged with having improperly assumed the rights of Roman citizenship twenty-seven years before. The case probably grew out of the rivalry between the two generals L. Lucullus and Pom- pey. When Pompey was appointed to conduct the war against Mithridates (§27), he supplanted Lucullus, and each man had his supporters. Archias was a personal friend of Lucullus, and the charge now trumped up against: the poet was one of the little intrigues so often in- spired by political animosities. Archias was (probably successfully) defended by Cicero in one of his most agree- able speeches (Pro Archia). 29. Caesar (b. 102, d. 44 B.C.). — Upon Pompey's return from the East, the indifference of the Senate to his claims led to his forming a coalition with C. Julius Caesar and M. Licinius Crassus, leaders of the democracy, in the so- called First Triumvirate (60 B.C.). A few years later Crassus perished in a war with the Parthians in Asia (53 B.C.), and, the Triumvirate being thus dissolved, Caesar and Pompey soon became estranged. 30. Rome was now the scene of continual disorder. Street brawls, murder, besiegings of houses, and acts of incendiarism were frequent. Conspicuous rivals for supremacy in the streets were the two political adven- turers T. Annius Milo and P. Clodius Pulcher. The murder of Clodius by Milo and his followers furnished the occasion of Cicero's speech in defence of the latter (Pro Milone) in 52 B.C. JULIUS CAESAR From the marble bust in the British Museum INTRODUCTION XIX 31. At this time Caesar's achievements in Gaul were causing the Senate much uneasiness on account of the growth of his power, while his fame was fast eclipsing that of Pompey. Accordingly Pompey, who had remained in the city, once more drifted over to the senatorial party, thus breaking with Caesar, and precipitating the second Civil War. Defeated at Pharsalus (48 B.C.) Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was shortly afterwards treacherously murdered. The battles of Thapsus and Munda com- pleted the overthrow of the Pompeian party, and Caesar was created perpetual dictator with the title of Im- perator. 32. In the struggle between Caesar and Pompey, Cicero had™ sided with Pompey. At its conclusion, Caesar had given orders that no Pompeian should return to Italy without leave. He made an exception, however, in Cicero's favor, and invited him to return at once. Hence, in 46 B.C., when Caesar was at the height of his power, Cicero on several occasions acted the part of mediator between the dictator and the exiled Pompeians. In the speech Pro M. Jjfarcello delivered in the Senate, he thanked Caesar for permitting M. Claudius Marcellus, a political opponent, to return to Eome. In November of the same year he successfully defended, before Caesar, Quintus %/igarius, also a political enemy, in the speech, Pro Q. Ligario. 33. Caesar's regency was marked by great legislative activity in reforming existing evils, but his career was cut short by his assassination (March 15, 44 B.C.). His friend, Mark Antony, stirred up the popular wrath against Brutus and Cassius, leaders in the plot against Caesar. 34. In the ensuing strife between Antony and the Senate, Cicero with his fourteen orations against Antony, called the Philippics, closed his career, for he was shortly afterwards murdered by Antony's soldiers (December 7, 43 B.C.). - XX INTRODUCTION — -35. Augustus (b. 63 B.C., d. 14 a. d.).— Cicero's death had been procured with the consent of Antony's colleagues in the Second Triumvirate, Octaiiian (adopted son and heir of Caesar) and Lepidus. In the following year (42 B.C.) Brutus and Cassius, Caesar's murderers, were defeated by Octavian and Antony at Philippi (in Macedonia). Lepidus, the third member of the Triumvirate, was set aside by his more energetic colleagues, Octavian and Antony, who were themselves soon engaged in a contest for supremacy. The defeat of Antony at Actium (31 B.C.) made Octavian master of the world, and under the name of Augustus, conferred by the senate, he began his reign (27 B.C.) as the first Roman emperor. THE EOMAN GOVERNMENT IN CICERO'S TIME 36. The Governed. — Under the kings the population of Rome was made up of citizens, plebeians, clients, slaves, and resident foreigners. The citizens were called patricians, probably because related to the patres, or original house- holders, of Rome. Patrician families claiming descent from the same ancestor formed a clan (gens). To each family was attached a number of dependent persons, called clients, who bore the clan name, and cultivated the lands. When a slave was emancipated, he was called a freedman, and became the client of his former master, who was then called the client's patron (patronus). Probably not all clients were ex-slaves ; some may have been strangers attracted to the city for one reason or another, who at- tached themselves to the great families for the protection they thus secured at the hands of patrons. The origin of the plebeians is not clear. They were possibly a peasant class, natives of Latin towns conquered by the Romans, but re- taining their personal independence. In these early times only the patricians had any political rights. INTRODUCTION XXI 37. With the lapse of time, the plebeians grew in num- bers and wealth. They thus acquired a position of ever- increasing importance, until, under the Eepublic and long before Cicero's time, they had by persistent effort won all the rights of citizenship (§ 7). Thereafter the law recognized no distinction between patrician and plebeian ; each had the right to vote (ius suffragii) and each had the right of election to office (ius honorum). 38. This does not mean, however, that every citizen had an equal chance in the political world. It is true, the old aristocracy, based on blood, with their political privi- leges sanctioned by the law, had as such disappeared ; but in their place had sprung up meanwhile a new aristocracy, known as the nobility, based on descent from a curule magistrate (§ 55). This new aristocracy, composed of both patricians and plebeians, practically, though without the law's sanction, controlled the government. 39. After the Komans had spread their dominion throughout Italy, the inhabitants of the conquered towns stood in various relations to the central government. Some of them were allowed to have their own municipal government, and at the same time to enjoy Roman citizen- ship. Others were less fortunate. However, at the close of the Social War (89 B.C.) all free inhabitants of Italy, south of Cisalpine Gaul, became Roman citizens (§ 20) It must be remembered, however, that the Romans knew nothing of the modern principle of representation, and that those who enjoyed the Roman franchise had to go to Rome in order to vote. As this was inconvenient for those living at a distance from the city, the citizens in these distant communities had after all little share in the gov- ernment. 40. In 264 B.C. the Romans sent an army over into Sicily to drive the Carthaginians out of that island. They thus entered upon a new era in their history, one of foreign conquest outside of Italy, which did not end until XX11 INTRODUCTION" they had practically conquered the whole Mediterranean world. The new territory thus acquired was organized into " provinces/' whose inhabitants were excluded from the rights of citizenship, and were ruled, usually with great cruelty, by the governors sent out every year from Eome. 41. The Government. — The Eepublic of Eome was ad- ministered jointly by A. Popular Assemblies {comitia), B. Magistrates (magistratus), and a C. Senate (senatus). A. THE POPULAE ASSEMBLIES 42. General Powers. — The Assemblies are mentioned first, because from them all power was supposed to be derived. Their functions were to elect the magistrates, to accept or reject the laws proposed to them by the magistrates, and to hear appeals made to them from the decisions of the magistrates in important cases. 43. Contio and Comitia. — There were two kinds of popular assembly : the contio and the comitia. The con- tio was a mass-meeting, the comitia was a meeting in political groups or divisions. Each could be summoned only by a magistrate. In the contio the object was to hear announcements from magistrates, or, in a stricter sense, to hear a public question debated by a magistrate and such others as the magistrate allowed to speak. Such a debate was regularly followed by the comitia, in which the question previously debated was voted on. In other words, the contio was a debating body, the comitia a, voting body. A speech made at a contio was also itself called a contio, so that contionem habere meant either "to call a mass-meeting" or "to make a speech" before such a meeting. There were three classes of comitia : the " l\ : introduction xxiii Comitia Curiata, the Comitia Centuriata, and the Comitia Tributa. 44, Comitia Curiata. — In this assembly the voters met by curiae, or wards. A curia was a group of gentes, or clans, united by the ties of a common worship ; just as the gens was a group of families bound together by descent from a common ancestor (§ 36). There were thirty curiae, ten from each of the three original tribes comprising the whole people. This, the only political assembly in the days of the kings, was superseded in importance by those that were developed in later times. It now met chiefly for the purpose of conferring the imperium (§ 56) on certain magistrates, as it had formerly conferred it on the kings. 45. Comitia Centuriata. — The three original Eoman tribes were based on birth and descent, and included only patricians. Patricians alone served in the army and paid taxes. After the development of a large and well-to-do plebeian class, Servius Tullius made a new distribution of the people in order to increase the military strength of Home. He divided the people into four local tribes, in- cluding the plebeians as well as the patricians. He also divided all freeholders into five classes on a basis of landed property. Twenty acres formed the property qualifica- tion for admission to the first class, fifteen to the second, ten to the third, five to the fourth, and two to the fifth. Then each class was subdivided into companies, called centuries, of infantry — the term " century " at first prob- ably meaning a hundred men, but later losing this numer- ical meaning. The richest young men in the community furnished eighteen centuries of cavalry, while the poorest ranks made up five Centuries of carpenters, musicians, and substitutes. The following table shows these divi- sions in a convenient form : XXIV INTRODUCTION Classes Property Centuries Cavalry 20 acres 18 1st 20 " 80 2d 15 " 20 3d 10 " 20 4th 5 " 20 5th 2 " 30 Carpenters musicians, and substitutes 5 193 46. This organization, originally military in character, acquired under the Republic a political character as well, and became a voting body. Each century had one vote, •determined by a majority of individual votes in the cen- tury. As a voting body, however, it gave an undue ad- vantage to the rich, since the first class with the cavalry commanded 98 votes against the 95 of all the other classes. Many years later (about 241 B.C.) this advantage was taken away by a reform consisting in equalizing the number of centuries in each class. At this time there were thirty-five tribes. Each was divided, as before, into five classes based on wealth (in money), but each class was subdivided into only two centuries. This made 350 centuries. The eighteen centuries of cavalry and five of carpenters, etc., increased this number to 373. Both before and after the reform, each class contained an equal number of centuries of iuniores, or men of military age, and senior es, or men too old for active service. 47. The centuriate assembly elected the consuls, prae- tors, and censors (§ 52), and also had legislative powers. On account of its military origin it could be summoned only by a magistrate possessing the imperium (§ 56) ; for the same reason it always met outside of the city, usually in the Campus Martius. 48. Comitia Tributa. — In this assembly the people were grouped and voted by tribes. The tribal assembly grew out of an old plebeian assembly, the concilium plebis, INTRODUCTION XXV which hud been summoned from time to time by its tribunes to discuss matters affecting plebeian interests only. The concilium plebis was at first without legislative powers, its resolutions (plebiscita) being binding only on the plebeians themselves. Since, however, it could meet within the city, and also in its organization was more convenient than the centuriate assembly, in time it came to be attended by patricians also, and gradually acquired the power to make laws for the whole people. Under the name of the Comitia Tributa it grew in influence and power, until in the later years of the Eepublic it became the chief legislative assembly of the people. 49. The Comitia Tributa elected the four aediles, the tribunes, and the quaestors. It was summoned by a consul, a praetor, or a tribune. It usually met in the Forum. B. THE MAGISTRATES 50. Functions. — The Magistrates were the executive branch of the government, but with a larger field of action than we now understand by the term " executive " ; the praetors, for example, were the judges of Rome. See the table below. 51. Kinds of Magistrates. — Magistrates elected at regular intervals were called " ordinary ; " those appointed only on exceptionally grave occasions were called " extraordi- nary." Again, according to their relative rank and impor- tance, they were called "higher" (maiores) or "lower" {minor es). One board of Magistrates was peculiar to Rome in possessing originally only a negative kind of power, namely, the right of veto {intercessio). These were the ten tribunes of the people. XXVI INTRODUCTION 52. The following r 03 O 53 .-+3 c8 O HIGHER (maiores). r LOWER (minor es). j I PECULIAR. EXTRAORDINARY (appointed on excep- -< tional occasions). table should be studied carefully : 2 Consuls, executive heads of the gov- ernment (§§ 58-60). 8 Praetors, judges (§ 61). 2 Censors, with duties chiefly financial (§ 65). 2 Curule Aediles, supervisors of mar- kets, police, etc. (§ 62). 2 Plebeian Aediles, differing little from the curule aediles, but always ple- beians (§ 62). 20 Quaestors, treasurers, paymasters, and quartermasters (§ 63). 10 Tribunes, plebeians, each with veto power over any ordinary Magistrate, including his fellow-tribunes (§ 64). Dictator, with kingly powers (for six months only) (§ 66). The dictator's Magister Equitum, or mas- ter of horse (§ 66). Interrex, provisional head in case of con- sular vacancies (appointed for five days at a time) (§ 67). 53. Terms of Office. — All ordinary Magistrates (except the censors) were elected for terms of one year ; the cen- sors were elected every fifth year, and served for eighteen months. When the censors could not finish the work of their office in this time, the unfinished business was at- tended to by the consuls and aediles. The regular day for Magistrates to enter office was January 1, except for the tribunes, who began their duties December 10, and for the quaestors, who began theirs December 5. 54. Cursus Honorum.— In Cicero's time a citizen was not eligible to the consulship before he had been praetor, nor to the praetorship before he had been quaestor. This succession of office was known as the cursus honorum. The earliest age at which one might be quaestor was 30 ; praetor, 40 ; consul, 43. The lowest of these offices ad- INTRODUCTION XXY11 mitted the incumbent at the close of his term to member- ship in the Senate,, practically for life. 55. The Nobility. — The higher Magistrates were known as curule Magistrates, because they were entitled, while performing their official duties, to sit in the sella curulis, or chair of state, a folding stool inlaid with ivory. Their descendants formed the class called noMles (nobles), who not only enjoyed peculiar social distinctions, but espe- cially controlled and monopolized the important offices of the government. A man who was the first of his family to hold a curule office was called a novus homo, or self- made man. Cicero was a novus homo. It was next to impossible for such a man to get elected to the consulship. 56. Imperium, — The Magistrates were distinguished largely by the degree rather than the kind of power each exercised. All Magistrates had the potestas, that is, au- thority sufficient for the discharge of their duties. Impe- rium, however, is the technical name for general power (military, civil, and judicial) exercised by some Magis- trates. In principle it was the sovereign power formerly exercised by the kings. While primarily it meant military power, it also included " all governmental power not dis- tinctly withheld by custom or law." In practice it was limited, however, by the multiplication of Magistrates, by their short terms, by their accountability to the people after the expiration of their terms, and in the city by the right of appeal as well as by the tribunician veto. Outside of the city the Magistrates possessing imperium had absolute power, free from the interference of the tribunes. In the city the dictator alone had unrestricted imperium. The symbol of this authority was the axe and fasces borne by the lictors (§ 68 below). 57. Consuls and praetors alone (of the " ordinary " Magistrates) possessed imperium, but in different degrees. While the consular imperium was inferior to that of XXV111 INTRODUCTION" the dictator or his master of horse ("extraordinary" Magistrates), it was superior to that of the praetors. The other Magistrates (censors, tribunes, aediles, etc.) had not imperium; that is, their powers were not general, but special. Neither tribunes nor censors, however, were sub- ject to the commands of Magistrates having imperium. 58. Consuls. — The two consuls were elected annually by the Comitia Centuriafa with a consul presiding. They were the chief Magistrates and had equal powers. In ad- ministering the government they changed duties every month, and in the field they changed commands from day to day, if in the same locality. In emergencies a decree of the Senate (Senatus consultum) gave them dictatorial authority in the interest of the general welfare (according to the usual formula, ne quid res publico, detrimenti ca- piat) . The consuls had the right to summon the Senate and the Comitia Centuriata, over which they then presided. 59. A consul-elect was called consul designatus ; an ex- consul, consularis. When a consul died in office, his suc- cessor, who served for the unexpired term, was called con- sul suffectus. Each year was known by the names of the consuls for that year. Thus, Cicero's birth-year (106 B.C.) would be expressed in Latin as " coss. C. Atilio Serrano, Q. Servilio Caepione" the abbreviation " coss/' standing for consulibus (in the Ablative Absolute construction). 60. At the end of his term of office each consul might be assigned by lot to one of the provinces, thus having his term prolonged by an extension technically known as pro- rogate. He was then called a proconsul. The power of these provincial governors was far greater, however, than that of the consuls, because being outside of the city they were unrestricted in the exercise of the imperium (§ 56 above). For the time, therefore, they exercised judicial and military powers without limit over both Eoman citi- zens and provincials. As a rule they abused this power by IXTHODUCTION XXIX extortion and cruelty. Although liable to impeachment after their return to Borne, they usually escaped punish- ment. It was a common saying that every provincial gov- ernor hoped to make three fortunes out of the provincials : one for his creditors, another for the jury that might try him on his return, and the 4hird for himself. 61. Praetors. — The eight praetors administered the courts of justice, the departrnent of justice to which each was assigned being determined by lot. They were elected annually by the Comitia Centuriata with a consul presid- ing. The praetor urbanus {' city praetor ') heard civil cases between citizens and was the most important. In the ab- sence of the two consuls, he acted as consul. The praetor peregrinus heard civil cases arising between foreigners or between citizens and foreigners. The remaining six praetors presided over the quaestiones perpetuae ('permanent courts'), which had jurisdiction in important criminal cases. At the close of his term, each praetor, like each con- sul, went to one of the provinces as propraetor, in which sphere he had full consular power. The trial of Verres was due to his abuse of his power as propraetor in Sicily. 62. Aediles.— The four aediles had the general super- intendence of the police, organized and superintended the public games, took care of the public buildings, streets, etc., and supervised the markets (watching the traffic, testing weights and measures, etc.). Two were called plebeian aediles because elected from plebeian ranks, w^hile the re- maining two, the curule aediles, might be either patricians or plebeians. The age of eligibility was thirty-seven. The only importance of the office lies in the opportunities it afforded the incumbent to humor the populace with the splendor of the games, and so pave the way to future suc- cess in political life. 63. Quaestors. — The twenty quaestors were the finan- cial officers of the government. Two of them, the most im« XXX INTRODUCTION portant, always remained in the city, and hence were calle quaestores urbani. They had charge of the state treasur In the administration of their office they employed man clerks, accountants, and secretaries (scribae). The r< maining eighteen quaestors assisted the provincial goveri ors (proconsuls and propraetors) as quartermasters an paymasters. 64. Tribuni Plebis. — The ten tribunes of the people wei originally no more than protecting officers, created for tr purpose of protecting plebeians against patrician Magi: trates in earlier days. At the same time their persor were inviolable (sacrosancti) . Out of this original rigl of rescue (ius auxilii) grew the all important power c veto (intercessio) , which they exercised over the acts c other Magistrates, even of their own colleagues. A sing] tribune could thus block the machinery of the governmer by interposing his veto. This obstructive power was soo stretched so as to include the judicial power to punish b fine, and at first by chastisement or even death. Long b( fore Cicero's day, however, this jurisdiction was confine to cases punishable only by fine, the Comitia Centuriatc dealing with graver cases. Although the office represente the whole people, yet only plebeians were eligible to i1 Through abuse of its functions the tribunate became i: time merely an organ of revolution. 65. Censors. — The two censors were elected every fiv years (the period called lustrum), but served only eightee: months. They were usually consulares (ex-consuls). Thei duties at first were simply to assess the property of eacl citizen, and to draw up registers of the tribes, classes and centuries. Later they exercised a general supervisioi over morals {regimen morum). They also entered infr contracts for " farming" the taxes (i.e., selling them fo a lump sum to the highest bidder) and for performin: Dublic works, such as building and maintaining the tern INTRODUCTION XXXI pies, bridges, sewers, etc. The power of the censors to interfere in matters of private conduct led Sulla in his constitution (80 B.C.) to ignore, if not abolish, the office. Ten years later it was restored by Pompey. After the time of Marius, however, it lost its political impor- tance in consequence of constitutional changes, free- ing Roman citizens from taxation, and making military service general, thus rendering the census no longer necessary. 66. Dictator. — The dictator was an extraordinary magis- trate, appointed by a consul under senatorial advice, and possessing supreme power, but only for a period of six months, and only in times of stress and danger. He nominated his own master of horse (magister equitum). In Cicero's time the dictatorship had lost its original sig- nificance, the dictatorship of Sulla and later that of Caesar being perpetual, and otherwise unconstitutional. As was said above (§ 58), the consuls were in the later Republic sometimes clothed with dictatorial powers by senatorial decree. Mark Antony abolished the office in 44 B.C. 67. Interrex. — The interrex was a provisional chief Magistrate, appointed by the Senate to hold the consular elections when the consuls had died or resigned, or when the election had not been completed by the end of the year. He served for five days. If in that time the vacancy was not filled, the interrex nominated his succes- sor. In this way several successive interreges might be created. During the civil war between Sulla and the people both consuls were killed in the year 82 B.C., and an interrex had to be appointed. 68. Insignia, etc. — The higher Magistrates had certain insignia, or marks of distinction. The dictator, the con- suls, and the praetors, for example, and among the lower Magistrates the quaestors, were attended in public by lictors, men who bore the fasces (bundle of rods) as the symbol of their power. The dictator had twenty-four XXX11 INTRODUCTION lictors, the consul twelve, the praetor two (six when out- side of Home), while the quaestor had five. On the approach of a Magistrate, citizens, as well as Magistrates of rank lower than the one to whom such respect was shown, rose from their seats, dismounted if riding, or descended from their carriages. During the transaction of public business the Magistrate was seated, while the people remained standing. The sella curulis, or chair of state, has already been referred to (§ 55). Nobility con- ferred the ius imaginum* (right of images), and "he was most noble whose hall showed the greatest number of family portraits of consuls and censors." 69. Auspices. — Before taking any important step (sum- moning the Assemblies or the Senate, entering upon office, setting out on a military campaign, etc.), a Magis- trate was always required to ascertain the will of the gods concerning the act in contemplation. This he did through one of the board {collegium) of priests called " augurs," who were the hereditary guardians of the rules governing the science of augury. The augur thus com- missioned took the auspices {auspicia, ' bird watching') by observing the omens given by birds within a certain consecrated space {templum). If different Magistrates on consulting the augurs obtained different answers, the re- sult was determined by the relative rank of the consulting Magistrates, so that maiora auspicia (auspices taken at the request of a Magistrate with maior potestas, greater authority) outweighed minora auspicia. In the case of Magistrates with equal authority, a disagreement was in- terpreted as unfavorable. * These images were waxen portrait-masks of deceased members of the family, and were kept in shrines in the alae (wings) of the atrium (reception-hall) of the Roman house. At family funerals these masks were worn in the procession by persons specially appointed for the purpose; the insignia of the rank which the deceased had held when alive were also borne by the same persons. INTRODUCTION XXXlli 70. Since any public act of questionable constitution- ality might thus be settled by a reference to omens, the augurs played at times an important, if not always a creditable part, in Eoman politics. In the latter years of the Republic especially, the political uses to which augury was put brought it into bad odor. " An omen/' says Mr. Strachan-Dayidson, "was held to be' significant, not as it occurred in nature, but as it caught the atten- tion of the person concerned, and this doctrine admitted of many developments. If anything happened which it was inconvenient for the Magistrate to see, he might refuse to notice it ; much as Nelson put the telescope to his blind eye to look for the signal ordering him to retreat." By the abuse of augury in this way, a consul possessed a kind of veto-power even against a tribune. C. THE SENATE 71. Membership. — The Senate was the great council of state, giving advice to Magistrates, when summoned to do so, on difficult questions. Its membership had formerly been nominally 300, but this number was often reduced by wars and other causes. By Sulla's reforms (80 B.C.), about three hundred new members were ad- mitted, raising the membership to a number varying from 500 to 600. 72. Composition. — Before Sulla, the Senate was com- posed largely of ex- Magistrates — former consuls, praetors, aediles, and tribunes — nominated by the censors. In his legislation Sulla ignored the censors, making the law operative independently of their approval. At the same time he increased the num er of quaestors to twenty, and admitted all ex-quaestors also to the Senate. In this way the Senate became a body exclusively of ex-Magistrates, its membership was automatically maintained at about 600, and the tenure was for life. XXXIV IKTRODtTCTlOH 73. Strength of the Senate. — In its permanence of char- acter, and in the fact that it was composed of men of tried experience and wisdom, lay the strength of the Senate. In power and influence it came to overshadow both the Magistrates and the Assemblies. In contrast with it, the Magistrates were elected for short terms (§53), and thus were in a measure dependent upon it for guidance. Be- sides, the higher Magistrates had before them the prospect of becoming senators themselves, and would hardly care to disregard the advice of a body to which they would soon belong. The Magistrates, therefore, were little more than the instruments of the will of the Senate. Again, the Assemblies, made upas they largely were of the igno- rant masses, were incompetent to decide the weightier questions of state policy, were unwieldy, and often subject to demagogic influence. Hence it will readily be under- stood how it happened that the Senate, originally only an advisory body, without positive powers (since its advice was not binding), became more and more active as the governing organ of the state. Its decrees (senatus consulta), if accepted, as they usually were, by the consult- ing Magistrate, and not vetoed by another Magistrate with this power, became law. Even when vetoed, these decrees carried great moral weight as expressing the sense, or " authority/" of the Senate (senatus auctoritas) on matters about which it had been consulted. 74. Powers. — Among the powers of the Senate were : the preliminary discussion of legislation before it was submitted to the Assemblies ; the revision of the lists of candidates for the higher magistracies ; the suspension of all ordinary laws, in times of peril, by means of its senatus consultum ultimum. It also controlled the public finances (fixing the taxes, voting appropriations, etc.) and directed the state religion in concert with the priestly boards. In the management of the provinces, and in all foreign and diplomatic relations, it was supreme, while questions of INTRODUCTION XXXV peace and war, although they rested constitutionally with the Assemblies, could not in the later Republic be brought before the people except with the approval of the Senate. 75. Sessions. — The Senate met at the call of any Magis- trate possessing imperium (§ 56) or of a tribune. Its sessions were usually held in the Curia Hostilia at the northeast corner of the Forum. The Magistrate who summoned it acted as its chairman. When necessary to ask for the opinions of members on public business, he usually did so in the order of their relative rank : the princeps, or dean, of the Senate first of all, then the ex- consuls, ex-praetors, ex-aediles, ex-tribunes, and ex-quaes- tors. The princeps senatus was that member who by general consent or in the discretion of the chairman was deemed most worthy of the distinction. In the interval between election and entrance upon office, Magistrates- elect had precedence over ex-Magistrates. Magistrates in office were not asked for their opinions and did not vote. The Senate was collectively addressed as patres conscripti (conscript fathers). OUTLINE OF CICERO'S LIFE 106-43 B.C. 76. For our purposes the life of Cicero may be divided into three periods : The period of preparation, 106-81 B.C. The political period, 80-63 B.C. The literary period, 62-43 B.C. But these divisions are only approximately accurate. Since everything that Cicero wrote had the literary quality, the second period, in which he made some of his best speeches, might also be called literary; but the aims of this period were distinctively political, as those of the third period were distinctively literary. XXXVI INTRODUCTION 77. The Period of Preparation (106-81 b.c.).— Marcus* Tullius Cicero was born at Arpmum,f among the Volscian hills, January 3, 106 B.C. J Time and place are both im- portant to remember. For the place : the Arpinates were a sturdy rustic race, living a quiet, rugged life, almost as unchanging || as their own everlasting hills. They rarely visited the city, except when local pride carried them there to cast their votes for a fellow- Volscian as a can- didate for office. In the midst of this rural population, Cicero passed his childhood, learning "to love the past more than to know the present." For the time : Cfctero's townsman, Gaius Marius, a man of obscure origin, had proved himself to be a great military genius. He had just conquered Jugurtha, and for the next five years (104-100 B.C.) was reelected consul each year, during which period he achieved the crowning deed of his life by crushing the German hordes that threatened Rome to the north. Of the skill and prowess of Marius no doubt the honest Arpi- nates knew many a tale, and it is easy to imagine the im- pression such stories must have made upon the mind of the boy at the most impressionable age of his life. 78. To these influences in a measure may be attributed two traits of Cicero's character that were conspicuous in his future conduct: his political conservatism and his ambi- tion. Moreover, his ambition was fostered by an ambitious father, a cultivated man of quiet tastes. The family was * The Romans regularly abbreviated the praenomen. Thus, 31. Tullius Cicero is the way it would appear in Latin. f A small country town, about seventy miles southeast of Rome. At Arpinum the great Marius was also born (155 B.C.). X Pompey the Great was born in the same year (September 30). I Cicero's grandfather was a typical Arpinate. All his life he opposed the introduction of the ballot in voting,- an innovation advocated by his brother-in-law. He also resisted the influx of Greek influence just then beginning to be felt throughout Italy. One of his sayings was ut quisque optime Graece sciret, ita esse nequissimum* " the better a man knew Greek, the greater rogue he was." INTRODUCTION XXXV11 of equestrian rank,* although his mother — whose name was Helvia — may have been connected with the Roman nobility. A second son, Quintus, four years younger than Cicero, afterwards distinguished himself as a soldier in Caesar's Gallic campaigns. 79. At an early age the two boys were sent to school in Kome, where they had the best masters, both Greek and Roman. Cicero himself was always an omnivorous reader, believing that the orator, to excel, should know something of everything. Besides the theoretical knowledge thus ac- quired, however, he was diligent in his attendance upon the great orators of his times, constantly taking notes, while he never allowed a day to pass without some exercise in oratory. 80. The Political Period (80-63 B.C.). — His success as an orator won for him immense popularity from the begin- ning of his career. His first important speech {Pro Sex. Roscio f), made in a criminal case, was delivered in 80 B.C., * Cicero's equestrian origin often influenced his political conduct. For the political position of the Knights (equites, or ordo equester), read §§ 11-15, under the heading "Orders." f See § 22. The chief merit of this speech lay in the masterly tact displayed by the orator in a delicate situation. His client, Sextius Roscius, had been accused of murdering in the streets of Rome his own father, a wealthy citizen of Ameria, a neighboring town. The charge was preposterous, and easily disproved, but the plot that underlay it was such as to make the position of the defence one of extreme danger. The true murderers were neighbors and kins- men of Roscius. To cover their crime they accused the son of parri- cide, expecting at the same time to profit in a substantial way by the usual confiscation and auction sale of the murdered man's estate, if only his name could be entered on the proscription lists (§ 22). This was to be accomplished through one Chrysogonus, who, as a favorite of the all-powerful Sulla, possessed the needed influence, and in return for the service was to receive a share of the spoils. Cicero was the only man in Rome willing to undertake the defence. In doing this he attacked Chrysogonus, and by implication the dreaded Sulla himself, but all in a manner so adroit that under the veil of a XXXV111 INTRODUCTION when lie was in his twenty-seventh year. It cannot be doubted that only his youthf ulness prevented his reaping the immediate reward of this success in the official world. Although the law did not permit his election to the quaes- torship * until five years later, he was from the date of this speech a marked man with an assured future in the field of politics. It is proper, therefore, that his political life should be dated from this year. As soon as he reached the legal age, he was always successful as a candidate. He thus managed to do what no other Koman had done be- fore, for without belonging to the office-holding class (§§ 38, 55), and without being a great soldier, as was his townsman Marius, he yet reached the highest dignities of the state through his gifts as an orator and his integrity as a magistrate. He was successively quaestor, en rule aedile, praetor, and consul, each at the earliest age per- mitted by the constitution. In his consulship (63 B.C.) he had a troublesome constitutional question to settle, one that the world is still debating — how to deal with a great conspiracy against the state f — and his failure to solve the problem in an acceptable way, coupled with his opposition to the politicians J then uppermost in influence, soon led to his temporary exile (58 B.C.). 81. The Literary Period (62-43 B.C.). — Four years before his banishment, Cicero had in his speech Pro Arcliia (62 B.C.) uttered words that seemed to foreshadow a change in modesty befitting his position as an obscure young lawyer he gave voice to thoughts that no other man had dared to utter, while they echoed the secret sentiments of everybody in Rome. * The lowest magistracy in the cursus lionorum. See § 54 above. f The conspiracy of Catiline. % The democratic ring led by Caesar and known as the First Tri- umvirate. (See § 29.) Caesar made many overtures to Cicero in the effort to win him over to the plans of the Triumvirate, but Cicero found it impossible to trust Caesar, who had often shown that he had little respect for constitutional checks that stood in his way. INTRODUCTION XXXIX his life. As if satisfied with the political success that he had attained in winning the consulship, and as if foresee- ing that yet greater rewards awaited him in a different field, he disclosed in that speech his true character as a man of letters. A great politician he could hardly be called, his political success thus far having been due to his marvellous gifts of oratory, his clean record in office, and largely to good luck in the circumstances attending his candidature for the consulship* rather than to any unusual insight or tact that he had exhibited in dealing with men or the political conditions of his times. Hence after his recall from exile (57 B.C.), eighteen months from the time of his banishment, his political influence began to wane. As a man of peace, he was sadly out of place in the political life of Rome at this time. "Public issues, it became more and more plain, w r aited for their determination, not on the Senate-house or the Forum, but on the sword. " The coalition known as the First Triumvirate (60 B.C.) was only the beginning of a long series of events in the great game of politics which culminated in the open struggle between the two rivals, Caesar the democrat and Pompey the representative of the Senate. 82. Cicero's loss of political prestige was followed by great though intermittent activity in literary work. Be- sides many orations, chiefly legal, nearly all his works on rhetoric, those on philosophical subjects, and the greater part of his voluminous correspondence belong to this period. 83. After Caesars assassination (March 15, 44 B.C.), four years after the murder of Pompey in Egypt, Cicero was again for a few months the most conspicuous man in Rome. Once more called to lead the Senatorial party, now against the tyranny of Mark Antony, he delivered * His chief competitors being Catiline and Gains Antonius, two political desperadoes. See the Prefatory Note to the The First Oration against Catiline. Xl INTRODUCTION his famous "Philippics," so called from their supposed resemblance to the speeches delivered by Demosthenes against the Macedonian Philip. Cicero's Philippics proved to be his death-warrant, for shortly after the for- mation of the Second Triumvirate he was murdered by Antony's soldiers, December 7, 43 B.C., just a few weeks before reaching the sixty-fourth year of his age. LEADING FACTS IN CICERO'S LIFE FIRST PERIOD B.C. Age. 106 Born January 3, at Arpinum (70 miles S. E. of Eome). 90 Studies law under Q. Mucius Scaevola, the augur 16 89 Serves a short while in the Social War under Pompeius Strabo, father of Pompey the Great . . . . 17 88 Studies philosophy and rhetoric under Philo and Molo, respectively, at Eome ...... 18 81 First extant speech (Pro P. Quinctio) . 25 SECOND PERIOD 80 First speech in a criminal case (Pro Sex. Roscio), the foundation of his future success ...... 26 79-78 Tour of Greece and Asia Minor, studying under Greek masters at Athens and Rhodes, being absent two years . 27-28 77 Returns to Rome ; marries Terentia . 29 75 His official career begins with his quaes- torship in Sicily . . . .31 74 Returns to Rome, and is admitted to the Senate . . . . . .32 70 Impeachment of Verres (In C. Verrem) for corrupt administration as praetor of Sicily . . . . .36 69 Is curule aedile . . . . .37 INTRODUCTION" xli B.C. Age. 66 Is praetor ; makes his first political speech, in favor of the Manilian Law {Pro Lege Manilla, or De Imperio On. Pompei) 40 65 His son Marcus born. (His favorite child, a daughter named Tullia, was older than the son — how much, is uncer- tain.) ...... 41 63 Is consul ; four speeches against Catiline {In Catilinam L, II., III., IV.) . 43 THIRD PERIOD 62 Speech in favor of Archias {Pro Archia), marking a turning point in his career. 44 61 As a witness against Clodius on trial for sacrilege, he incurs that demagogue's lasting hatred ..... 45 58-57 In exile from March, 58, to September, 57, eighteen months .... 48-49 55 Begins his series of works on oratory with the De Oratore . . . .51 54 Begins his series on political philosophy with the De Eepuilica . . .52 53 Succeeds the son of Crassus (killed with his father at Carrhae) as augur . 53 52 In the midst of anarchy at Rome, he at- tempts to defend Milo {Pro Milone), charged with murdering Clodius . 54 51 Is sent to Cilicia as proconsul . . 55 50 Returns to Italy on the eve of the Civil War between Caesar and Pompey . 56 49 Joins Pompey in Greece ... 57 48 After Pompey's defeat at Pharsalus, he re- turns to Italy, remaining at Brundi- sium for a year . . . .58 47 Is permitted by Caesar to return to Rome. 59 46 Continues his works on oratory {Brutus and Orator) ; delivers the speeches Pro Mar cello and Pro Ligario ; di- vorces Terentia ; marries Publilia . 60 xlii IKTRODUCTIOK B.C. Age. 45 Death of his daughter Tullia and divorce of Publilia ; writes several works on philosophy (Be Finibus, Academi- cae Qitaest tones, Tusculanae Disputa- tiones, etc.) ..... 61 44 Writes other works on philosophy (Do Natura Deorum, Be Senectule, Be Amicitia, Be Bivinatione, Be Of- ficiis) ; delivers his First and Third Philippic, publishing the Second . 62 43 Delivers the remainder of his fourteen Philippics ; shortly after the forma- tion of the Second Triumvirate he is murdered by Antony's orders, Decem- ber 7, in the grounds of his villa near Formiae (on the coast of Latium) . 63 ANCIENT RHETORIC 84. Roman Oratory. — The Romans were essentially a race of conquerors and governors. For the first five cen- turies of their history they had little time for the develop- ment of a literature, except of a rude sort. Their first inspiration came from contact with the Grecian world. Hence, Roman beginnings in poetry and history were imi- tations of Greek models, sometimes mere translations. Roman oratory, however, has a different history. The growth of Roman power brought with it the practicnl problems of government and diplomacy, in the solution of which oratory played an important part. Moreover, for the ambitious Roman there were only two ways in whicn to gain distinction — one by a military career, the other in politics — and in the latter field the gift of oratory was essential to success. In its beginnings Roman oratory was like the Roman character, vigorous and direct, but lacked the equally important qualities of grace and artistic method : these came only after a closer acquaint- ance with the literature of Greece, and after the develop- INTRODUCTION xliii ment of a leisure class of citizens, under whose leadership " an intelligent interest in art and literature became the fashion of good society." 85. Varieties of Oratory. — There are three kinds of ora- tory : the forensic (judicial, legal), the deliberative (legis- lative, political), and the demonstrative. Forensic oratory is that of the law-courts ; deliberative, that heard before law-making bodies ; demonstrative oratory is confined to no particular place or occasion, meaning the oratory of display, such as is heard in a speech of public compliment, sailed "eulogy"' or "panegyric." The speech against Verres (see the editors larger book) is forensic ; that for the Manilian Law, the last in this book, is partly delib- erative, but largely a panegyric of Pompey ; the speech for Archias, the fifth in this book, is at first forensic, but for the most part demonstrative, holding up for our admiration the charms of the literary life. 86. Divisions of the Oration. — Every student of rhetoric knows that a finished literary production must have a plan, that this plan is a matter of studied calculation, and that it comprises three parts : an Introduction, a Discussion (or Development), and a Conclusion. These are the parts into which the oration — particularly the forensic oration — is divided, but with a further subdivision of the Discussion into three parts. The five main parts of the oration are named as follows : I. Exordium (Proemium), or Introduction. Its ob- ject was to render the hearer well disposed (benevohis), attentive (attentus), and eager to learn (docilis). II. Narratio, or Statement of the Case. The merits of a good Narratio were brevity, clearness, and probability. It sometimes included such subdivisions as the Propositio, or statement of the main theme ; the Partitio, or division into heads, etc. III. Probatio (Argumentation Conftnnatio), or Dis cussion of the Case in detail. Xliv INTRODUCTION IV. Eefutatio (Confutatio, Reprehensio), or Refuta- tion of Objections, etc., raised by the other side. V. Peroratio, or Conclusion, amplifying and en- forcing what was in the speaker's favor, weakening the opposite, appealing to the moral sense of the court, etc. The speech For the Manilian Lata has received formal treatment in this book according to these principles. CICERO'S WORKS * ORATIONS Of 107 Orations attributed to Cicero, we now possess only 57, some in a more or less incomplete condition, while the authorship of a few is questioned ; 20 are frag- mentary ; of the remaining 30 we know only the titles. PHILOSOPHY f Political : De Republican 6 books (on the ideal state). De Legibns,\ 3 books (supplementary to the De Republica). Speculative : Paradoxa (a discussion of six Stoic para- doxes). Hortensms \ (in praise of philosophy). De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, 5 books (on various theories of the highest good). Academicae Quaest tones, \ 2, in a later edition 4, books (giving an account of the teachings of certain philosophers). * Based on the Student's Companion to Latin Authors, by Middle- ton and Mills (Macmillan), pp. 73-89. f Besides the philosophical works here named, there are traces of two others, De Virtutibus and De Auguriis, and fragments of a translation of Plato's Protagoras and Timaeus. \ Only fragments remain. INTRODUCTION xlv Tusculanae Dispatationes, 5 books (on the chief essentials of happiness). De Natura Deorum, 3 books. De Divinatione, 2 books (supplementary to the preceding). De Fato * (on destiny). Ethical : Consolatio * (written after his daughter's death). De Senectute, or Cato Maior (on old age). De Amicitia, or Laelius (on friendship). De Gloria, \ 2 books. De Officiis, 3 books (on duty, written for the instruction of his son). rhetoric De Inventione, 2 books (a youthful work, on rhetorical invention). De Oratore, 3 books (giving the results of his own expe- rience in public speaking). Brutus, or De Claris Oratoribus (tracing the history of oratory down to his own times). Orator (a sequel to the two preceding works). Partitiones Oratoriae (a catechism on rhetoric, written for his son). Topica (a summary, based on the work by Aristotle on rhetorical commonplaces). De Ojjtimo Genere Oratorum (written as the preface to a Latin version of the speech of Aeschines gainst Ctesiphon and the reply of Demosthenes). LETTERS 774 Letters written by Cicero, with 90 addressed to him by friends, collected as follows : Epistulae ad Atticum, 16 books ; * Only fragments remain. f Now lost. xlvi INTRODUCTION Epistulae ad Quint am Fratrem, 3 books ; Epistulae ad Brutum, 2 books ; Epistulae ad Familiar es, 16 books. The extant correspondence of Cicero begins in the year 68 B.C. and ends July, 43 B.C. (a few months before his death). Those addressed to his intimate friend Atti- cus are especially valuable for their historical importance, as well as for the insight they give into Cicero's private life and character. MISCELLANEOUS (now lost) Prose : Panegyrics on Porcia and Cato, and funeral orations written for others to deliver ; memoirs of his consulship (in both Greek and Latin) ; Anecdota, a secret history; Admiranda, a book of wonders; Chorographia, a treatise on geography ; De lure Civili in Art em Redi- gendo, a treatise on law ; a translation of Xenophon's Oeconqmicus. Poetry * : Pontius Glaucius (an early effort) ; trans- lations of the astronomical poems of Aratus ; De Suo Consulatu (three books, on his consulship) ; De Tempjo- ribus Suis (also three books, about his troubles, written probably after his return from exile) ; Ad Caesarem; a poem on his great townsman Marius. * Cicero's poetry was never, except by a few admirers, rated high, and was often ridiculed. One of his enemies facetiously said that Cicero owed his banishment, not to his having put Roman citizens to death without a trial, but to the poor verses he had written on the subject. Juvenal, after quoting a line of Cicero's poetry, remarked that he might have scorned the swords of Antony if everything he wrote had been like that. It is the only form of composition which he essaved without success. FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE Catiline was surrounded by men of high birth whose fortunes were desperate as his own. There was Lentulus, who had been consul a few years before, and had been expelled from the Senate by the cen- sors. There was Cethegus, staggering under a mountain of debts. There was Autronius, who had been unsealed for bribery when chosen consul in 65. There was Manlius, once a distinguished officer in Sulla's army, and now a beggar. Besides these were a number of senators, knights, gentlemen, and dissolute young patricians whose theory of the world was that it had been created for them to take their pleasure in, and who found their pleasures shortened by emptiness of purse. — Froude's Caesar. FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE How long, Catiline, will you abuse our patience ? Does not every sign point to the discovery of your plans ? Quo usque tandem abutere, Catillna, patientia nostra ? Quam diu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet ? Quern ad f inem sese effrenata iactabit audacia? Nihilne te nocturnum prae- sidium Palati, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil 5 concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hie munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora voltusque moverunt ? Patere tua consilia non sentis ? Constrictam iam horum omnium scientia teneri coniurationem tuam non vides ? Quid pro- xima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convo- ^q caveris, quid consili ceperis, quern nostrum ignorare arbi- traris ? Questions {for answers see the Notes). — 1. In what year were the four orations against Catiline delivered ? 2. What was Cicero's rank ? 3. Give an account of Catiline's earlier career. 4. What office did he fill in 68 ? 67 ? 5. His purpose in 66 ? 6. Why unsuccessful ? 7. Who was Autronius ? 8. Narrate the circumstances of the so-called First Conspiracy of Catiline, naming three of the ringleaders. 9. Why did it fail ? 10. Date (years) of the Second Conspiracy ? 11. Who were three of the candidates for the consulship in 64 ? 12. What was Catiline's plan if elected ? 13. Reason for his failure ? 14. His plans for election day in 63 ? 15. How foiled ? 16. What was the ultimum decretum f 17. What led the Senate to pass \ '; ? " . On what day was it passed ? 19. Who was Manlius ? 20. What happened on Oct. 28 ? 21. Nov. 1? 22. Nov. 6? 23. Nov. 8 (or 7) ? 24. Immediate occasion of the First Oration against Catiline ? 25. Distinguish between the terms consul deslgnatus, consul, and consuldris. 3 4 ClCERO^S ORAllOXS What an aye is this ! when a man who deserves death by the consult order actually enters the Senate, and takes part in its deliberations. For treason, Catiline, like yours, Gracchus and Maelius paid with their lives. Only we, the consuls, are noiv to blame. 2. tempora ! mores ! senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hie tamen vivit. Vivit ? immo vero etiam in sena- tum venit, fit public! consill particeps, notat et designat 15 oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum : nos an tern, fortes vir!, satis facere re! piiblicae videmur, si istius furo- rem ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, Catilma, duel iussu consulis iam pridem oportebat ; in te conferri pestem quam tu in nos iam diu machinaris. 3. An vero vir amplissimus, 20 P. Sclpio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum niediocriter labefactantem statum rei piiblicae privatus interfecit : Oati- lmarn, orbem terrae caede atque incendiTs vastare cupientem, nos consules perferemus ? Nam ilia nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius Ahala Spurium Maelium novis rebus stu- 25 dentem manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica virtus, ut virl fortes acrioribus suppliciis civgm perniciosum quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habe- mus senatus consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave. Is on deest rei piiblicae consilium, neque auctoritas hums 30 ordinis : nos, nos, died aperte, consules desumus. The case of Opimius, and again that of Marius and Valerius, give us precedents for consular action. The Senate long ago armed us with the necessary decree. Yet in my lenience, Catiline, 1 have permitted you even to collect an army in Etruria. Your death would be wel- come news to every true patriot, but until your guilt becomes clear to all the world, you shall live, though under my continued surveil- lance. II. 4. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius con- sul videret, ne quid res publica detriment! caperet. Nox nulla intercessit : interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, maioribus ; 35 occisus est cum Kberis M. Fulvius consularis. Simil! sena- tus consults, C. Mario et L. Yalerio consulibus est permissa 10° Longitude 12" East from 14" Greenwich 1G" FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 5 res publica. Num unum diem postea L. Saturnlnum tribu- num plebis et C. Servllium praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est ? At nos vlcesimum iam diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis. Habemus enim huiusce 40 modi senatus consultum (verum inclusum in tabulls, tam- qaam in vagina reconditum) quo ex senatus consulto con- festim te interfectum esse, Catillna, convenit. Vivis ; et vivis non ad deponendam, sed ad conflrmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscript!, me esse clementem ; cupio in tantis 45 rei publicae perlculls me non dissoliitum viderl ; sed iam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. 5. Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Eomanum in Etruriae faucibus con- locata. Crescit in dies singulos liostium numerus. Eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium intra 50 moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus, intestinam aliquam cotldie perniciem rei publicae molientem)\ Si te iam, Cati- llna, comprehendl, si interficl iussero, credo, erit verendum mihi, ne non hoc potius omnes bonl serius a me, quam quis- quam crudelius factum esse dlcat. Verum ego hoc, quod 55 iam prldem factum esse oportuit, certa de causa nondum adducor ut faciam. Turn denique interficiere, cum iam nemo tarn improbus, tarn perditus, tarn tul similis, invenlri poterit, qui id non iure factum esse fateatur. 6. Quam diu quisquam erit, qui te clefendere audeat, vlves ; et vives ita, 60 ut vivis, multls mels et flrmls praesidiis oppressus, ne com- movere te contra rem publicam possls. Multorum te etiam ocull et aures non sentientem, slcut adhuc fecerunt, specu- labuntur atque custodient. Your designs are all known: then glue them up. Do you not remem- ber my foretelling in the Senate the very day on which Manlius would be in arms? and my prediction of your intended ?nassacre of the aristocracy 9 This plot, as well as your attack on Prae- ?ieste, was defeated through my efforts. III. Etenim quid est, Catillna, quod iam amplius ex- 65 spectes, si neque nox tenebrls obscurare coetus nefarios, nee 6 CICERO'S ORATIONS privata domus parietibus, continere voces coniurationis tuae potest ? si inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia ? Muta iam istam mentem ; mihi crede, obliviscere caedis atque incendi- 70 6rum. Teneris undique ; luce sunt clariora nobis tua con- silia omnia, quae iam mecum licet recognoscas. 7. Memi- nistine me ante diem xn. Kalendas Novembris dicere in senatu, fore in armis certo die (qui dies f uturus esset ante diem vi. Kal. Kovembris) C. Manlium, audaciae satellitem 75 atque administrum tuae ? S"um me fefellit, Catilma, non modo res tanta, tarn atrox, tamque incredibilis, verum, id quod multo magis est admirandum, dies ? Dixi ego idem in senatu caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem v. Kalendas Novembris, turn cum mult! prmcipes civitatis 80 Roma, non tarn sui conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa, prof ugerunt. Num Infitiari potes te illo ipso die, meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum, commovere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum tu. discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede 85 te contentum esse dicebas ? 8. Quid ? cum te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum nocturno impetu esse confideres, sensistine illam coloniam meo iussu meis praesidiis, custodiis, vigiliis esse munitam ? Kihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, 90 sed etiam videam planeque sentiam. As further evidence of my vigilance, I will tell you of the meeting which you held night before last at Laeca's house. You had a goodly attendance. There you completed your pla?is, assigning to each conspirator his particular duty. The plot included an at- tack on me, hut before your meeting had broken up I knew every thing. IV. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam superio- rem. Iam intelleges multo me yigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. Died te priore nocte venisse inter falcarios — non agam obscure — in M. Laecae 95 domum ; convenisse eodem compluris eiusdem amentiae FIRST ORATION" AGAINST CATILINE 7 scelerisque socids. Num negare audes ? quid taces ? con- vincam, si negas. Video enim esse hie in senatu. quosdam qui tecum una fuerunt. 9. di immortales ! ubinam gen- tium sumus ? in qua urbe vivimus ? quam rem publicam habemus ? Hie, hie sunt, in nostro numero, patres con- 100 script!, in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque con- silio, qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de huius urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hos ego video consul, et de re publica sententiam rogo ; et quos ferro tru- cidari oportebat, eos nondum yoce volnero. Fuisti igitur 105 apud Laecam ilia nocte, Catilina. Distribuisti partis Italiae ; statuisti quo quemque proficisci placeret ; delegisti quos Bomae relinqueres, quos tecum edticeres ; discripsistT urbis partis ad incendia. Conffrmasti te ipsum iam esse exiturum. Dixisti paulum tibi esse etiam nunc morae, quod ego vive- lie rem. Keperti sunt duo equites Eomani qui te ista cura libe- rarent, et sese ilia ipsa nocte, paulo ante lucem, me in meo lectulo interfecturos esse pollicerentur. 10. Haec ego om- nia, vixdum etiam coetu vestro dimisso, comperi. Domum meam maioribus praesidiTs munivi atque firmavi. Exclusi 115 eos quos tu ad me salutatum miseras, cum illi ipsi venis- sent, quos ego iam multis ac summis viris ad me id temporis venturos esse praedixeram. Then leave the city with your accomplices, for, although we have been fortunate enough to escape thus far, we cannot afford to take too many risks. Your attacks on me I repelled without trouble ; but now your plans are more sweeping. Your departure is more de- sirable than your death, for your adherents would then follow you out of the city. V. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti. Egredere aliquando ex urbe ; patent portae ; proficiscere. 120 Ximium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra desi- derant. Educ tecum etiam omnis tuos ; si minus, quam plurimos. Purga urbem. Magno me nietu llberabis, dum modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Xobiscum versaii -^.^ ^. '*•'■' 8 CICERO S ORATIONS 125 iam diutius non potes ; non feram, non patiar, v m si nam. 11. Magna dis immortalibus habenda est atque lnuc ipsi Iovi Statoii, antiquissimo custodi huius urbis, gratia, quod banc tarn taetram, tarn horribilem, tamque infestam rei publicae pestem totiens iam effugimus. Non est saepius in 130 uno homine summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. Quam diu mihi consul! designato, Catilina, msidiatus es, non pu- blico, me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi.XCum proximls comitiis consularibus me consulem in campo et competitores tuos interficere voluisti, compress! conatus tuos 135 nefarios amicorum praesidio et copris, nullo tumultu publico concitato. Denique, quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse coniunctam. 12. Nunc iam aperte rem publicam universam petis. Templa deorum 140 immortalium, tecta urbis, vltam omnium civium, Italiam denique totam ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Qua re quo- niam id quod est pnmum, et quod huius imperi disciplinae- que maiorum proprium est, facere nondum audeo, faciam id quod est ad severitatem lenius et ad communem salutem 145 utilius. Nam si te interfic! iussero, residebit in re publica reliqua coniuratorum manus ; sin tu, quod te iam dudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina rei publicae. 13. Quid est, Catilina ? num. dubitas id, me imperante, facere, quod iam tua sponte 150 faciebas ? Exire ex urbe iubet consul hostem. Interrogans me, num in exsilium ? Non iubeo ; sed, si me consulis, suadeo. Your crimes are so notorious that you can surely find no pleasure in this city. You are stained with vice and ruined financially. Not a man here but knows the story of your first conspiracy, which only the good fortune of the Roman people baffled. I need not mention your repeated attacks on me. VI. Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te iam in hac urbe delectare possit ? in qua nemo est, extrp, istam coniuratio' FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE g nem perditorum hominum, qui te non metuat ; nemo qui U uon oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non inusta vitae tuae est ? Quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret in f ama ? Quae libido ab oculis, quod* f acinus a manibus umquam tuls, quod flagitium a toto corpore afuit ? Cui tu adulescentulo, quern corruptelarum inlecebris inretisses, 100 non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem facem prae- tulisti P^\^4. Quid vero ? nuper cum morte superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredi- bili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti ? Quod ego praetermitto, et facile patior sileii, ne in hac civitate tanti facinoris im- 105 rnanitas aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. Praetermitto rumas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnis impeh- dere tibi proximls Idibus senties. Ad ilia venio, quae non ad privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesti- cam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem,, sed ad summam i ( , rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vitam salutemcjue pertinent. 15. Potestne tibi liaec lux, C a tiling aut hiiius caeli spiritus esse iucundus, cum scias horum esse nemiiiem qui nesciat, te pridie Kalendas Ianuarias, Lepiclo et Tullo consulibus, stetisse in comitio cum telo ? manum, consilium i;;, et principum civitatis interficiendorum causa, paravisse ? sceleri ac furori tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tiium, sed fortunam populi Eomani obstitisse ? Ac iam ilia omitto — neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa com- missa — quotiens tu me deslgnatum, quotiens consulem inter- isu ficere conatus es ! quot ego tuas petltiones ita coniectas, ut vitari posse non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore effugi ! Nihil agis, nihil adsequeris, nihil moliris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis. 16. Quotiens tibi iam extorta est ista sica de manibus ! Quotiens vero ib~. excidit casu aliquo et elapsa est ! Tamen ea carere diutius non potes, quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota sit nescio, quod earn necesse putas esse in consulis corpore defigere. 10 CICERO S ORATIOKS In pity rather than in hate I ash, Who of all your acquaintances in this body greeted you as you entered just now ? Your very presence causes general abhorrence. To be feared bg one's slaves were bad enough, but to be hateful to 07ie's fellow citizens, and even an object of dread to one's country, would be intolerable. Hear the cry, Catiline, of our common mother, our native land : she, too, bids you leave her. 190 VII. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita ? Sic enim iam tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti paulo ante in senatum : quis te ex hac tanta frequently tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis, salutavit ? Si hoc post hominum 195 memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam, cum sis gravissimo iudicio taciturnitatis oppressus ? Quid, quod adventu tuo ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt ? Quod omnes consulages, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam subselliorum 200 nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, — quo tandem animo tibi ferendum putas ? 17. Servi mehercule mei si me isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes elves tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem : tu tibi urbem non arbitraris ? et, si me meis civibus iniuria stispectum tarn graviter atque 205 offensum viderem, carere me aspectu. eivium, quam mfe.stis omnium oculis conspicl, mallem. Tu, cum conscientia scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diu tibi debitum, dubitas, quorum mentis sensiisque volneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare ? Si te parentes 210 timerent atque odissent tin, neque eos ulla ratione placare posses, tu, opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes : nunc te patria, quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et iam diu te nihil iudicat nisi de parricidio suo cogitare. Huius tu neque auctoritatem verebere, nee iudi- 215 cium sequere, nee vim pertimesces ? 18. Quae tecum, Cati- lma, sic agit, et quodam modo tacita loquitur : c Nullum iam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum nagitium sine te. Tibi uni multorum civium neces, tibi vexatio direp- FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE II tioque sociorum impunlta fuit ac libera. Tu non solum ad neglegendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad everten- 220 das perfringendasque valuistl. Superiora ilia, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut potul, tuli ; nunc vero me totam esse in metu. propter unum te, quicquid increpuerit, Catilinam timer!, nullum videri contra me consilium iniri posse quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. 225 Quam ob rem discede, atque nunc mihi timorem eripe: si est verus, ne opprimar ; sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam/ VIII. 19. Haec si tecum, ut dm, patria loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit ? 2;;0 Your very offers to give yourself up in custody amount to self-condem- nation. In the light of all this evidence, why hesitate what to do ? Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedistJ ? quod, vitan- dae suspicionis causa, ad M\ Lepidum te habitare velle dixisti ? a quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es, atque, ut dorm meae te adservarem, rogastl. Cum a me quoque id responsum tnlisses, me nullo modo posse isdem 235 parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem, quod isdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metelliim prae- torem venisti ; a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum optimum, M. Marcellum demigrasti ; quern tu videlicet et ad custodiendum te diligentissimum et ad suspicandum 240 sagacissimum et ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque a vinculis abesse de- bere, qui se ipse iam dignum custodia iudicarit ? 20. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si emori aequo animo non potes, abire in aliquas terras, et vitam istam, multis sup-- pliciTs iustis debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinlque man- dare 0C 12 CICERO'S ORATIONS " Put the matter to the vote $ " I need not do that to show you the senti- ment of the Senate. Hear me — I bid yon go into exile ! — and this audience hears my words in approving silence. Such words spoken to another would have led to scenes of violence. But bitterly as these citizens hate you, they would ivillingly act as your escort if you would only go. 'Kefer/ inquis, 'ad senatum'; id enim postulas, et, si hie ordo placere decreverit te Ire in exsilium, obtempera- 250 turum te esse dicis. Kon referam (id quod abhorret a meis moribus) et tamen faciam ut intellegas quid hi de te sen- tiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina ; libera rem publicam metu. ; in exsilium, si banc vocem exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est, Catilina ? ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis 255 horum silentium ? Patiuntnr, tacent. Quid exspectas^auc- toritatem loquentium, quorum voltmtatem tacitornm per- spicis ? 21. At si hoc idem huic adulescenti optimo P. Sestio, si fortissimo viro M. Marcello, dixissenr, iam mihi consul!/ hoc ijfsS in templo, senatus iure optimo vim et 260 manus intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant ; cum patiuntur, decernunt ; cum tacent, clamant. Neque hi solum (quorum tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima) sed etiam ill! equites Roman!, honestissimi atque optimi viii, ceterique fortissim! cives, qui circumstant 265 senatum ; quorum tu et frequentiam videre, et studia per- spicere, et voces paulo ante exaudire, potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te iam diu manus ac tela contined, eosdem facile adducam, ut te haec, quae vastare iam pridem studes, relin- quentem usque ad portas prosequantur. But why speak to you of exile? Would to Heaven yon would go ! 1 ivould gladly bear all the odium such a course might bring upon me. But I know that every preparation has been made for your arrival at the camp in Etruria. 270 IX. 22. Quamquam quid loquor ? te ut ulla res frangat? tu ut umquam te corrigas ? tu. ut ullam f ugam meditere ? tu ut exsilium cogitcs ? Utinam tibi istam mentem di im- FIRST ORATION AGaiNST CATILINE 1 3 mortales duint ! tametsi video, si, mea voce perterritus, ire in exsilium, animum indaxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens tempus, recent! memoria sceie- 275 rum tuorum, at in posteritatem, impendeat. Sed est tanti, dum modo ista sit privata calamitas, et a re! publicae peri- culis seiungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis tuis commoveare, ut lcgum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus re! publicae cedas, non est postulandum. Xeque enim is es, Catilina, ut te 280 aut pndor umquam a turpitudine, aut metus a periculo, aut ratio a furore, revocarit. 23. Quam ob rem, ut saepe iam . dixi, profic!scere ; ac, s! mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo con- ilare vis invidiam, recta perge in exsilium. Yix feram ser- mones hominum, s! id feceris ; vix molem ist!us invidiae, 285 si in exsilium iussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin auteni servire meae laud! et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna sceleratorum manti ; confer te ad Manlium ; concita perditos cives ; secerne te a bonis ; infer patriae bellum ; exsulta im- pio latrocinio, ut a me non eiectus ad alienos, sed invitatus 290 ad tuos isse videaris. 24. Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo iam sciam esse praemissos qui tibi ad forum Aurelium praestolarentur armat! ? cu! sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem ? a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam quam tibi ac tuis omnibus confido perniciosam ac funestam 295 futuram, cui domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum con- stitution fuit, sciam esse praemissam ? Tu ut ills carere diutius possis, quam venerari ad caedem proficiscens solebas, a cuius altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulist! ? 300 Go you will to that camp at last, and with ivhat pleasure ! WJiat joys await yon among that abandoned crew ! There you will be in your natural sphere. Your defeat for the consulship will have the effect at least of making you appear in your true colors at last. X. 25. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te iam pridem ista tua cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Keque enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem 14 CICERO'S ORATIONS voluptatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas 305 exercuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu non modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concupisti. Nanctus es, ex perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna verum etiam spe derelictis conflatam, improborum manum. 26. Hie tu* qua laetitia perfruere ! Quibus gaudiis exsultabis ! Quanta 3i0 in voluptate baccliabere, cum in tanto numero tuorum, neque audies virum bonum quemquam, neque videbis ! Ad huius vitae studium meditati ill! sunt qui feruntur labores tui : iacere huml, non solum ad obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus obeundum ; vigilare, non solum Insidian- 315 tern somno maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Ha- bes ubi ostentes tuam illam praeclaram patientiam famis, frlgoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus te brevi tempore confectum esse senties. 27. Tantum profeci turn, cum te a consulatu reppull, ut exsul potius temptare quam consul 320 vexare rem publicam posses ; atque ut id, quod est a te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum nomi- naretur. Let me explain my position, conscript fathers. If my beloved coun- try should reproach me for remissness in allowing Catiline to escape : if she should invoke the examples of our forefathers, or plead that the laws were made for citizens not enemies, and charge me with ingratitude for the honors the people have con- ferred on me . . . XI. Nunc, ut a me, patres conscript!, quandam prope iustam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, 325 quaeso, diligenter quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res publica loquatur : ' M. Tulli, quid agis ? Tune eum, quern esse hostem comperisti, quern ducem belli futurum vides, 330 quern exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctdrem sceleris, principem coniurationis, evocatorem ser- vorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE *5 emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur? Non hunc in vincula duel, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio mactari imperabis ? 28. Quid tandem te impedit ? 335 Mosne maiorum ? at persaepe etiam privati in liac re publica perniciosos civls morte multaverunt. An leges, quae de civium Eomanorum supplicio rogatae sunt ? at numquam in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt, civium iura tenu- erunt. An invidiam posteritatis times ? praeclaram vero 340 populo Eomano refers gratiam, qui te hominem per te cogni- tum, nulla commendatione maiorum, tarn mature ad sum- mum imperium per omnis honorum gradus extulit, si propter invidiae aut alicuius periculi metum salutem civium tuorum neglegis. 29. Sed si quis est invidiae metus, num est vehe- 345 mentius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda ? An cum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, turn te non existimas invidiae incendio conflagraturum ? 9 In answer to this, let one say that, deserved as was the fate of Saturninus and others like him, yet putting Catiline to death would bring upon us the charge of tyranny without helping the situation. Rather let Catiline go, and with him his crowd, and every sign of disorder will disappear. XII. His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus, et eorum 350 hominum, qui hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respon- debo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu iudicarem, patres con- scripti, — Catilmam morte multari, — iinius usuram horae gladiator! isti ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si summi et clarissimi viri, Saturnmi et Gracchorum et Flacci et supe- 355 riorum complurium sanguine, non modo se non contamina- runt^ sed etiam honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat, ne quid, hoc parricida civium interfecto, invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quod si ea mihi maxime impen- deret, tamen hoc animo semper fui, ut invidiam virtute 3^ partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. 30. Quamquam non nullT sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae imminent non 1 6 CICERO'S CRATIOKS videant, aut ea quae vident dissimulent. Qui spem Cati- linae mollibus sententifs aluerunt, coniurationemque nascen- 365 tern non credendo conroboraverunt ; quorum auctoritatem secuti multl, non solum improbi, verum etiam imperiti, si in liunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc in tell ego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem tarn stultum fore qui non videat 370 coniurationem esse factam, neminem tarn improbum qui non fateatur. Hoc autem uno interfecto, intellego hanc rei publicae pestem paulisper repriml, non in perpetuum com- print posse. Quod si se eiecerit, secumque suos eduxerit, et eodem ceteros undique conlectos naufragos adgregarit, 375 exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec tarn adulta rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium. XIII. 31. Etenim iam diu, patres conscript!, in his peri- culis coniurationis msidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo 380 pacto omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae matu- ritas in nostri consulates tempus erupit. Quod si ex tanto latrocinio iste iinus tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu. esse relevati ; periculum autem residebit, et erit inclusum penitus in venls atque in 385 vlsceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, cum aestu febrique iactantur, si aquam gelidam biberint, primo relevaii videntur, deinde multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hie morbus qui est in re publica, relevatus istius poena, vehementius reliquis vivis 390 ingravescet. Then let these anarchists withdraw, ceasing from their corrupt and dan- gerous work in our midst, and begin their impious war : Jupiter the Stayer will defend its all, and bring them to justice, living or dead, 32. Qua re secedant improbi; secernant se a bonis; unum in locum congregentur ; muro denique, id quod saepe iam dixi, discernantur a nobis. Disinant insidiari domi FIKST OKATIOK AGAINST C ATILIKE 1 7 suae consul!, circumstare tribunal praetoris urban!, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces ad inflammaiidam 395 urbem comparare. J Sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius cuiusque, quid dere publica sentiat. Polliceor hoc vobis, patres conscript!, tantam in nobis consulibus fore dfligen- tiain, tantam in votes auctoritatem, tantam jn equitibus Romanis, virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, 400 ut Catillnae prof ectione omnia patef acta, inlustrata, oppressa, vindicata esse videatis. 33. Hisce ominibus, Catil!na, cum summa rei publicae salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie, cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omn! scelere parricidioque iunxerunt, proficiscere 495 ad impium bellum ac nef arium. Tu, Iuppiter, qui isdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis a Romulo es constitutus, quern Statorem huius urbis atque imper! vere nominamus, hunc et huius soclos a tufs ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium omnium arcebis ; et 41 q homines bonorum inimicos, hostis patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate coniunctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis. SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 19 Catiline went alone, and joined Manlius, and had he apme on at once he might have taken Rome. The army was to support an insur- rection, and the insurrection was to support the army. Catiline was to wait for a signal from his friends in the city, and Lentulus, Cethe- gus, Autronius, and the rest of the leaders waited for Catiline to arrive. — Froude's Caesar. 20 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE At last, fellow-citizens, we have driven Catiline out of the city ! He has been dislodged from his stronghold, and must now fight in open warfare. Tandem aliquando, Quirites, L. Catilinam, furentem audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molien- tem, yobis atque huic urbi ferro flammaque minitantem, ex urbe vel eiecimus vel emisimus, vel ipsum egredientem ver- bis prosecuti snmns. Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit. Nulla 5 iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsis intra moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem unum huius belli domestic! ducem sine controversial vicimus. Non enim iam inter latera nostra sica ilia versabitur ; non in campo, non in ford, non in curia, non denique intra 10 domesticos parietes pertimescemus. Loco ille motus est, cum est ex urbe depulsus. Palam iam cum hoste, nullo impediente, bellum iustum geremus. Sine dubio perdidi- mus homineixx magnificeque vicimus, cum ilium ex occultis hisidiis in apertum latrocinmm coniecimus. 15 Questions (for the answers see the Notes). — 1. What are the dates given for the First and the Second Oration against Catiline ? 2. The year ? 3. Before whom was the Second Oration delivered ? 4. What was the purpose of the Second Oration ? 5. Whom did Catiline leave in the city to manage the conspiracy after his own departure ? 6. By what title does Cicero address the people ? (See the first line of the Latin text). 7. Look back at the first line of chap, xi of the First Oration, and tell by what title he addresses the Senate. 21 22 CICERO S ORATIONS He lias had his very weapons wrested from Ms hands, and leaving us all alive he finds himself utterly routed. 2. Quod vero non omentum mucronem, ut voluit, ex- tulit ; quod vivis nobis egressus est ; quod el ferrum e manibus extorsimus ; quod incolumls civis, quod stantem urbem reliquit — quanto tandem ilium maerore esse adflictum et profllgatum putatis ? Iacet ille nunc, prostratusque est, 20 et se perculsum atque abiectum esse sentit, et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad hanc urbem, quam e suis faucibus ereptam esse luget : quae quidem mihi laetari videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit forasque proiecerit. It is true, he deserved death, hut many did not believe my words : in driving him out therefore my triumph is complete. 25 II. 3. Ac si quis est talis, quails esse omnis oportebat, qui in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, me vehementer accuset — quod tarn capitalem hostem non comprehend erim potius quam emiserim — non est ista mea culpa, sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. Catilmam et 30 gravissimo supplicio adfectum iam pridem oportebat, idque a me et mos maiorum, et htiius imperi severitas, et res publica, postulabat. Sed quam multos fuisse putatis qui quae ego deferrem non crederent ? quam multos qui propter stultitiam non putarent ? quam multos qui etiam 35 defenderent ? quam multos qui propter improbitatem fave- rent ? Ac si, illo sublato, depelli a vobis omne periculum iudicarem, iam pridem ego L. Catilinam non modo invidiae meae, verum etiam vitae periculo sustulissem. 4. Sed cum viderem, ne vobis quidem omnibus re etiam turn probata, 40 si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte multassem, fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus persequi non possem, rem hue deduxT, ut turn palam ptignare possetis, cum hostem aperte Yideretis, SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 23 We have now nothing more to fear — Quern quidem ego hostem quam vehementer foris esse timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod etiam mo- 45 leste fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus exierit. Uti- nam ille omnis secum suas copias eduxisset ! Tongilium mihi eduxit, quern amare in praetexta coeperat, Publicium et Minucium, quorum aes alienum contractum in popina nullum rei piiblicae motum adferre poterat : reliquit quos 50 viros ! quanto aere alieno ! quam valentis ! quam nobilis ! III. 5. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Gallicanis legio- nibus, et hoc dilectu quern in agro Piceno et Gallico Q. Metellus habuit, et his copiis quae a nobis cotidie compa- rantur, magno opere contemno, conlectum ex senibus despe- 55 ratis, ex agresti luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, ex els qui vadimonia deserere quam ilium exercitum maluerunt. Quibus ego non modo si aciem exercitiis nostri, verum etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, concident. except the adherents he has left behind : these also had better go. Hos, quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, 60 quos etiam in senatum venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui fulgent purpura, mallem secum milites eduxisset. Qui si hie permanent, mementote non tarn exercitum ilium esse nobis quam hos qui exercitum deseruerunt, pertimescendos ; atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod quicquid cogi- 65 tant me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoventur. 6. Video cui sit Apulia attributa, quis habeat Etruriam, quis agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has urbanas insidias caedis atque incendiorum depoposcerit. Omnia superioris noctis consilia ad me perlata esse sentiunt ; patefeci in 70 senatu hesterno die. Catilma ipse pertimuit, profugit : hi quid exspectant ? Ne illi vehementer errant, si illam meam pristinam lenitatem perpetuam sperant futuram. IV. Quod exspectavi, iam sum adsecutus, ut vos omnes factam esse aperte coniurationem contra rem publicam 75 24 cicero's orations videretis ; nisi vero si quis est qui Catilinne similis cum Catilina sentire non putet. Non est iam lenitati locus ; severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc conce- dam : exeant, proficiscantur, ne patiantur desiderio sui Ca- 80 tilinam miserum tabescere. Demonstrabo iter : Aurelia via profectus est ; si adcelerare volenti ad vesperam conse- quentur. What a relief since Catiline departed ! He was the intimate friend of criminals of every class. 7. 6 fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem hane sentmam urbis eiecerit ! tJno mehercule Catilina exhausto, levata 85 mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mall aut sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest quod non ille conceperit ? Quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis sicarius, quis parricida, quis testamentorum subiector, quis circumscriptor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae 90 mulier infamis, quis corruptor iuventutis, quis corruptus, quis perditus inveniri potest qui se cum Catilina non fami- liarissime vixisse fateatur ? Quae caedes per hosce annos sine illo facta est ? Quod nefarium stuprum non per ilium ? 8. Iam vero quae tanta umquam in ullo homine iuventutis 95 inlecebra fuit, quanta in illo ? qui alios ipse amabat turpis- sime r aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat ; aliis fructum libidinum, aliis mortem parentum, non modo impellendo, verum etiam adiuvando pollicebatur. Nunc vero quam subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris ingentem 100 numerum perditorum hominum conlegerat ! Nemo non modo Komae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae oppressus aere alieno fuit,, quern non ad hoc incredibile sceleris foedus asciverit. V. 9. Atque ut eius diversa studia in dissimili ratione perspicere possitis, nemo est in 105 ludo gladiatorio paulo ad facinus audacior, qui se non intimum Catilmae esse fateatur ; nemo in scena levior et nequior, qui se non eiusdem prope sodalem fuisse com- memoret. Atque idem tamen stuprorum et scelerum exer- SECOND OKATIOJS AGAINST CATILINE 25 citatione adsuefactus frigore et fame et siti et vigiliis per- ferendis fortis ab istis praedicabatur, cum industriae sub- 110 sidia atque instrumenta virtutis in libidine audaciaque con- sumeret. His accomplices are the most desperate characters, whose only thoughts are of murder, incendiarism, and rapine. 10. Hunc vero si secuti ertint sui comites, si ex urbe exierint desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, nos beatos, rem publicam fortunatam, praeclaram laudem 115 consulates mei ! Xon enim iam sunt mediocres hominum libidines, non humanae ac tolerandae audaciae. Mhil cogi- tant nisi caedem, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas. Patrimonia sua profMerunt, fortunas suas obligaverunt ; res eos iam pridem, fides nuper deficere coepit. Eadem tamen ilia, 120 quae erat in abundantia, libido permanet. Quod si in vino et alea comissationes solum et scorta quaererent, essent . ill! quidem desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi. Hoc vero quis ferre possit, inertis homines fortissimis viris Insi- diari, stultissimos prudentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, dormi- 125 entis vigilantibus ? qui mihi accubantes in conviviis, com- plex! mulieres impudicas, vino languid!, conferti cibo, sert!s redimiti, unguent!s obliti, debilitati stupris, eructant sermonibus su!s caedem bonorum atque urbis incendia. Our country is at peace with the rest of the world : to have removed these foes within will be the crowning glory of my consulship. 11. Quibus ego confido impendere fatum aliquod, et 130 poenam iam diu improbitatl, nequitiae, sceleri, libldini de- bitam aut instare iam plane aut certe appropinquare. Quos si meus consulatus, quoniam sanare non potest, sustulerit, non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula propagarit rei publicae. Xulla est enim natio quam pertimescamus ; 135 nullus rex qui bellum populo Romano facere possit. Omnia sunt externa unius virtute terra maiique pacata. Domesti- 26 CICEKO'S OKATIONS cum bellum manet ; intus insidiae sunt; intus inclusum peiiculum est ; intus est hostis. Cum luxuria nobis, cum 140 amentia, cum scelere certandum est. Huic ego me bello ducem profiteor, Quirites. Suscipio inimicitias hominum perditorum. Quae sanari poterunt, quacumque ratione sanabo; quae resecanda erunt, non patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere. Proinde aut exeant aut quiescant, aut, si 145 et in urbe et in eadem mente permanent, ea quae merentur exspectent. " Catiline an exile" my fellow-citizens ? Poor fellow ! But not he : he has gone, not to JIassilia, but to the camp of Ifanlius in Etruria. VI. 12. At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirites, a me in exsilium eiectum esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo adse- qui possem, istos ipsos eicerem, qui haec loquuntur. Homo 150 enim videlicet timidus, aut etiam permodestus, vocem consulis ferre non potuit : simul atque ire in exsilium iussus est, paruit. Quid ? ut hesterno die, Quirites, cum domi meae paene interfectus essem, senatum in aedem Iovis Statoris convocavi, rem omnem ad patres conscriptos detuli : 155 quo cum Catilina venisset, quis eum senator appellavit ? quis salutavit ? quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum civem, ac non potius ut importunissimum hostem ? Quin etiam principes eius ordinis partem illam subselliorum, ad quam ille accesserat, ntidam atque inanem reliquerunt. 13. Hie 160 ego vehemens ille consul, qui verbo citis in exsilium eicio, quaesivi a Catilina in nocturno conventu. ad M. Laecam fuisset necne. Cum ille, homo audacissimus, conscientia convictus, primo reticuisset, patefeci cetera. Quid ea nocte egisset, quid in proximam constituisset, quern ad modum 165 esset ei ratio totius belli descripta, edocui. Cum haesitaret, cum teneretur, quaesivi quid dubitaret proficisci eo, quo iam pridem pararet, cum arma, cum securis, cum fascis, cum tubas, cum signa militaria, cum aquilam illam argen- team^ cui ille etiam sacrarium scelerum domi suae fecerat. SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 2J scirem esse praemissam. 14. In exsilium eiciebam, quern 170 iam ingressum esse in bellum videbam ? Etenim, credo, Manlius iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano castra posuit, bellum populo Eomano suo nomine indixit, et ilia castra nunc non Catilinam ducem exspectant, et ille eiectus in exsilium se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra 175 conferet. Let him, if he will, go into exile. If he does, I may be misjudged, but I will gladly bear the consequences, be they what they may, if only the country be saved. But in three days you will know the truth. VII. condicionem miseram non modo administran- dae, verum etiam conservandae rei publicae ! Nunc si L. Catilina, consiliis, laboribus, periculis meis circumclusus ac debilitatus, subito pertiniuerit, sententiam mutaverit, 180 deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendi abiecerit, ex hoc cursu sceleris ac belli iter ad f ugam atque in exsilium con- verter^ non ille a me spoliatus armis audaciae, non obstu- pefactus acperterritus mea diligentia, non de spe conatuque depulsus, sed indemnatus, innocens in exsilium eiectus a 185 n 6nsule vi et minis esse dicetur : et erunt qui ilium, si hoc fecerit, non improbum sed miserum, me non diligentis- simum consulem sed crudelissimum tyrannum, existimari velint ! 15. Est mihi tanti, Quirites, huius invidiae falsae atque iniquae tempestatem subire, dum modo a vobis huius 190 horribilis belli ac nefarii periculum depellatur : dicatur sane eiectus esse a me, dum modo eat in exsilium. Sed mihi credite, non est iturus. Numquam ego a dis immor- talibus optabo, Quirites, invidiae meae levandae causa, ut L. Catilinam ducere exercitum hostium atque in armis 195 volitare audiatis ; sed triduo tamen audietis, multoque magis illud timeo, ne mihi sit invidiosum aliquando, quod ilium emlserim potius quam quod eiecerim. Sed cum sint homines qui ilium, cum profectus sit, eiectum esse dicant, eldem, si interfectus esset, quid dicerent ? 16. Quamquam 200 28 cicero's orations isti qui Catillnam Massiliam Ire dictitant, non tarn hoc queruntur quam verentur. Nemo est istorum tarn mise- ricors qui ilium non ad Manlium quam ad Massiliensls ire malit. Ille autem, si me hercule hoc, quod agit, num- 205 quam antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici mallet quam exsulem vlvere. Nunc vero, cum el nihil adhuc praeter ipsius voluntatem cogitationemque accident, nisi quod vivis nobis Koma profectus est, optemus potius ut eat in exsilium quam queramur. But leaving Catiline now as a self-confessed enemy, let me describe the classes to which his followers belong, 210 VIII. 17. Sed cur tarn diu de uno hoste loquimur, et de hoste qui iam fatetur se esse hostem, et quern, quia, quod semper volui, murus interest, non timeo. De eis qui dissimulant, qui Eomae remanent, qui nobiscum sunt, nihil dicimus ? Quos quidem ego, si ullo mod 6 fieri possit, non 215 tarn ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei publi- cae ; neque, id qua re fieri non possit, si me audlre volent, intellego. Exponam enim vobls, Quiiites, ex quibus gene- ribus hominum istae copiae comparentur ; deinde singulis mediclnam consill atque orationis meae, si quam potero, 220 adferam. The first class consists of propertied men who are yet deeply in debt. 18. Unum genus est eorum qui magnp in aere alieno maiores etiam possessiones habe'nt, quarum amore adductl dissolvl nullo modo possunt. Horum hominum species est honestissima ; sunt enim locupletes. Voluntas yero et 225 causa impudentissima. Tu. agrls, tii aedificils, tu argento, tu familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus sis, et dubites de possessione detrahere, adqulrere ad ficlem ? Quid enim exspectas ? bellum ? Quid ergo ? in vastatione omnium tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futiiras putas ? An tabulas 230 novas ? Errant qui istas a Catilina exspectant : meo bene- SECOND ORATIOK AGAtKST CATILINE 2g ficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum auctionariae; neque enim isti, qui possessions habent, alia ratione ulla salvi esse possunt. Quod si maturius facere voluissent, neque (id quod stultissimum est) certare cum usuris fructibus praediorum, et locupletioribus his et melioribus civibus 235 uteremur. Sed hosce homines minime puto pertimescendos, quod aut deduci de sententia possunt, aut, si permanebunt, magis mihi yidentur vota facturi contra rem publicam quam arma laturi. The second class, of needy but ambitious politicians. IX. 19. Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam 240 premuntur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, rerum potiri volunt, honores, quos quieta re publica despe- rant, perturbata se consequi posse arbitrantur. Quibus hoc praecipiendum videtur (unum scilicet et idem quod reliquis omnibus), ut desperent id, quod conantur, se con- 245 sequi posse : primum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, providere rei publicae ; deinde magnos animos esse in bonis viris, magnam concordiam in maxima multitudine, magnas praeterea copias militum ; deos denique immortalis huic invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi con- 250 tra tantam vim sceleris praesentis auxiliam esse latiiros. Quod si iam sint id, quod cum summo furore cupiunt, adepti, num ill! in cinere urbis et in sanguine clvium, quae mente conscelerata ac nefaria concupiverunt, se consules ac dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futuros? Xon yident id 255 se cupere, quod si adepti sint, fugitivo alicui aut gladia- tor! concedi sit necesse ? The third class, of Sully's veterans spoiling for another ivar. 20. Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen exercitatione robustum. Quo ex genere iste est Manlius, cui nunc Catilma succedit. Sunt homines ex els coloniis 260 quas Sulla constituit ; quas ego universas civium esse opti- $6 CICERO'S ORATIONS morum et fortissimorum virorum sentio, sed tamen ei sunt colon! qui se in msperatis ac repentinis pecuniis sumptuosius insolentiusque iactarunt. Hi dum aedificant tamquam 265 beati, dum praediis lectis, familiis magnis, conviviis appa- ratus delectantur, in tantum aes alienum inciderunt, ut, si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit eis ab inferis excitandus ; qui etiam non nullos agrestis, homines tenuis atque egentis, in eandem illam spem rapmarum veterum impulerunt : quos 270 ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum direptorumque pono. Sed eos hoc moneo : desinant furere, ac proscrip- tion's et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus enim illorum tem- porum dolor inustus est civitati, ut iam ista non modo homines, sed ne pecudes quidem mihi passurae esse vide- 275 antur. The fourth, of hopeless bankrupts, a motley crew. t X. 21. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et turbulentum, qui iam pridem premuntur, qui numquam emergunt ; qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo nego- tio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno vacillant ; 280 qui vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptione bonorum defatigati, permulti et ex urbe et ex agris se in ilia castra conferre dicuntur. Hosce ego non tarn milites acris quam Infitia- tores lentos esse arbitror. Qui homines primum, si stare non possunt, conruant, sed ita, ut non modo civitas, sed ne 285 vicini quidem proximi sentiant. Nam illud non intellego, quam ob rem, si vivere honeste non possunt, perire turpiter velint ; aut cur minore dolore perituros se cum multis, quam si soli pereant, arbitrentur. The fifth, of criminals of every sort ; and the sixth and last, of young debauchees, Catiline's especial favorites. 22. Quintum genus est parricidarum, sicariorum, deni- 290 que omnium facinorosorum. Quos ego a Catilina non revoco ; nam neque ab eo divelli possunt, et pereant sane in SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 31 latrocinio, quoniam sunt ita multl, ut eos career capere non possit. Postremum autem genus est non solum numero, verum etiam genere ipso atque vita, quod proprium Catilinae est, 295 de eius dllectu, immo vero de complexu eius ac sinu ; quos pexo capillo, nitidos, aut imberbls aut bene barbatos videtis, manicatls et talaribus tunicls, yells amictos, non togls, quorum omnis industria vltae et vigilandl labor in antelu- canis cenis expromitur. 23. In his gregibus omnes alea- 300 tores, omnes adulter!, omnes impuri impudlclque versantur. HI pueri tarn lepidi ac dencati non solum amare et amari, neque saltare et canta^ s^d^tiam slcas vibrare et spargere venena didicerunt ; qul%ni^ exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiam si Catilina perierit, scitote JK>c in re publica seminarium 305 Catillnarum futurum. VerSin jfcamen quid sibi isti miser! yolunt ? \ Num suas secum mulierculas sunt in castra duc- turi ? Quern ad modum autem illis carere poterunt, his praesertim iam noctibus ? Quo autem pacto ill! Apenninum atque illas pruinas ac nivls perf erent ? nisi idcirco se facilius 310 hiemem toleraturos putant, quod nudl in convivils saltare didicerunt. Contrasting the two sides, your own and that of Catiline, we find that we have nothing to fear ; for this is a war between strength and weakness, virtue and vice, right and wrong, the result of which can be safely foretold, XI. 24. bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum hanc sithabiturus Catilina scortorum cohortem praetoriam! Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tarn praeclaras Catilinae 315 copias yestra praesidia vestrosque exercitus. Et primum gladiator! ill! confecto et saucio consules imperatoresque vestros opponite ; deinde contra illam naufragorum eiectam ac debilitatam manum florem totlus Italiae ac robur educite. Iam vero urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum respondebunt 320 Catilinae tumulis silvestribus. Neqne ego ceteras copias, ornamenta, praesidia vestra cum illius latronis inopia 6 32 CICERO'S ORATIOKS atque egestate conferre debeo. 25. Sed si, omissis his rebus, quibus nos suppeditamur, eget ille (senatti, equitibus 325 Komanis, urbe, aerario, vectigalibus, cimcta Italia, pro- vinces omnibus, exteris nationibus) — si, his rebus omissis, causas ipsas quae inter se confligunt contendere velimus, ex eo ipso, quam valde illi iaceant, intellegere possumus. Ex hac enim parte pudor pugnat, illinc petulantia ; hinc pudi- 330 citia, illinc stuprum ; hinc fides, illinc fraudatio ; hinc pietas, illinc scelus ; hinc constantia, illinc furor ; hinc honestas, illinc turpitudo ; hinc continentia, illinc libido ; denique aequitas, temperantia, fortitudo, prudentia, virtutes omnes certant cum iniquitate, liixuija, Ignayia, temeritate, cum 335 vitiis omnibus ; postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum perdita, mens sana cum^mentia, bona denique spes cum omnium rerum desperatione confligit. In eius modi certamine ac proelio nonne, etiam si hominum studia defi- ciant, di ipsi immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtti- 340 tibus tot et tanta vitia superari ? Guard your homes ; I have provided for the safety of the city. I have also taken every means of defence outside. XII. 26. Quae cum ita sint, Quirites, yos, quern ad modum iam antea, vestra tecta custodiis vigiliisque defen- dite ; mihi, ut urbi sine vestro motli ac sine ullo tumultli satis esset praesidi, consultum atque provisum est. Colon! 345 omnes miinicipesque yestri, certiores a me fact! de hac noc- turna excursione Catilinae, facile urbis suas f Inisque def en- dent. Gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certissimam fore putavit, quamquam animo meliore sunt quam pars patrici- orum, potestate tamen nostra continebuntur. Q. Metellus, 350 quern ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum Picenumque praemisi, aut opprimet hominem, aut omnis eius mottis conatiisque prohibebit. Eeliquis autem de rebus constitu- endis, matiirandis, agendis iam ad senatum referemus, quern ^ocari videtis. SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 33 To the conspirators left behind by Catiline I give warning once more Let them go if they will ; for, guilty as they are, I ivill not detain them. This war I will wage in the garb of peace, and with the least possible disturbance. 27. Nunc illos, qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui 355 contra urbis salutem omniumque vestrum in urbe a Catilina relicti sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, quia sunt cives, monitos etiam atque etiam void. Mea lenitas si cui adhuc solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id, quod latebat, erumperet. Quod reliquum est, iam non possum oblivisci, 360 meam hanc esse patriam ; me horum esse consulem ; mini aut cum his vJ vendum aut pro his esse moriendum. Nullus est portis custos, nullus insidiator viae : si qui exire volunt, conivere possum. Qui vero se in urbe commoverit ; cuius ego non modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conatumve 365 contra patriam deprehendero — sentiet in hac urbe esse consules yigilantis, esse egregios magistrates, esse fortem senatum, esse arma, esse carcerem, quern yindicem nefari- orum ac manifestorum scelerum maiores nostri esse yolu- erunt. 370 XIII. 28. Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut maximae res minimo motu, pericula summa nullo tumultu, bellum intestmum ac domesticum post hominum memoriam crudelissimum et maximum me uno togato duce et impera- tore sedetur. Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, ut, si 375 Alio modo fieri poterit, ne improbus quidem quisquam in hac urbe poenam sui sceleris sufferat ; sed si vis manifestae audaciae, si impendens patriae periculum me necessario de hac animi lenitate deduxerit, lllud profecto perficiam, quod in tanto et tarn insidioso bello vix optandum videtur, ut 380 neque bonus quisquam intereat, paucorumque poena vos omnes salvi esse possitis. 34 CICER0 3 S ORATIONS We may safely rely on the help of the gods. 29. Quae quidem ego neque mea prudentia neque hu- manis consiliis fretus polliceor vobis., Quirites, sed multis et 385 non dubiis deorum immortalium significationibus, quibus ego ducibus in hanc spem sententiamque sum ingressus; qui iam non procuL, ut quondam solebant, ab externo ho- ste atque longinquo, sed hie praesentes suo numine atque auxilio sua templa atque urbis tecta defendunt. Quos 390 vos, Quirites, precarL, venerari, implorare debetis, ut, quam urbem pulcherrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt, hanc omnibus hostium copiis terra manque superatis a per- ditissimorum civium nefario scelere defendant. THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 35 Conspirators never think that they have taken precautions enough, or have gained allies enough ; and in endeavoring to gain fresh sup- port, the Catilinarians made a fatal mistake. — Froude's Caesar. Thus Cicero's first object was fully attained ; the conspirators in the city, whose machinations had hitherto been hidden from the public, were now caught in a flagrant act of rebellion, and an act which had conspicuously failed. — Strachan-Davidson's Cicero. 36 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE Fellow-citizens, I have saved the state, and am entitled to rank with Romulus himself . I will telly oil oriefly what has occurred in the Senate. Eem publicam, Quirites, vitamque omnium vestrum, bona,, fortunas, coniuges liberosque vestros, atque hoc do- micilium clarissimi imperii fortunatissimam pulcherrimam- que urbem, hodierno die deorum immortalium summo erga vos amore, laboribus, consiliis, periculis meis, e flamma 5 atque ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis con- servatam ac restitutam videtis. 2. Et si non minus nobis iucundi atque inlustres sunt ei dies quibus conservamur, quam ill! quibus nascimur, quod salutis certa laetitia est, nascendi incerta condicio, et quod sine sensu nascimur, cum 10 voluptate servamur, profecto, quoniam ilium, qui hanc urbem condidit, ad deos immortalis benevolentia famaque sustulimus, esse apud vos posterosque vestros in honore debebit is qui eandem hanc urbem conditam amplificatam- que servavit. Nam toti urbi, templis, delubris, tectis ac 15 moenibus subiectos prope iam ignis circumdatosque re- stinximus ; Idemque gladios in rem publicam destrictos ret- tudimus, mucronesque eorum a iugulis vestris deiecimus. 3. Quae quoniam in senatu inlustrata, patefacta, comperta sunt per me, vobis iam exponam breviter, Quirites, ut, et 20 Questions {for answers see the Notes). — 1. How long a time elapsed between the delivery of the Second and the Third Oration against Catiline ? £. What action did the Senate take about this time ? 3. What was Cicero's object during the interval ? 4. What is the theme of the Third Oration ? 37 38 cicero's orations quanta et qua ratione investigata et comprehensa sint, vos qui ignoratis et exspectatis scire possitis. From the first it has been my aim, since Catiline } s departure, to secure such evidence against the conspirators as could not be questioned. Prmcipio, ut Catillna paucis ante diebus erupit ex urbe, cum sceleris sui socios, lruiusce nefarii belli acerrimos duces, 25 Eomae reliquisset, semper vigilavi et providi, Quirltes, quern ad modum in tantis et tarn absconditis insidils salvT esse possemus. II. Nam turn, cum ex urbe Catilinam eiciebam — non enim iam vereor huius verbi invidiam, cum ilia magis sit timenda, quod vivus exierit — sed turn, cum 30 ilium exterminari volebam, aut reliquam coniuratorum manum simul exituram, aut eos, qui restitissent, Infirmos sine illo ac debilfs fore putab&m. 4. Atque ego, ut vidi, quos maximo furore et scelere esse inflammatos sciebam, eos nobiscum esse et Eomae remansisse, in eo omnis dies 85 noctisque consumpsi, ut quid agerent, quid molirentur, sentirem ac viderem, ut, quoniam auribus vestris propter incredibilem magnitudinem sceleris minorem fidem faceret oratio mea, rem ita comprehenderem, ut turn demum animis saliiti vestrae provideretis, cum oculis maleficium ipsum 40 videretis. I learned that certain delegates of the Gauls, visiting our city, had been tampered with by Lentulus, and that they with Volturcius, the representative of the conspirators, were to bear to their coun- trymen and to Catiline important letters, written by the revolution- ists in the city. Accordingly I yesterday sent two praetors, Flac- cus and Pomptinus, to intercept the party at the Mulvian bridge. The arrests were made early this morning, and the prisoners with the letters were brought to me. Itaque ut comperi legatos Allobrogum, belli Trans- alpini et tumultus Gallic! excitandi causa, a P. Lentulo esse sollicitatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos civis eodemque itinere cum litteris mandatisque ad Catilinam esse missos, THIKD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 3g comitemque eis adiunctum esse T. Volturcium, atque huie 45 ad Catilinam esse datas lltteras, facultatem mihi oblatam putavl, ut (quod erat difficillimum, quodque ego semper optabam ab dis immortalibus) tota res non solum a me, sed etiam a senatu et a vobls manifesto deprehenderetur. 5. Itaque hesterno die L. Flacum^i cfc C. Pompunum 50 praetores, fortissimos atque amantissimos rei publicae viros, ad me vocavi. Eem exposui ; quid fieri placeret, ostendi. 111! autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia sentirent, sine recusatione ac sine ulla mora negotium sus- ceperunt ; et, cum advesperasceret, occulte ad pontem 55 Mulvium pervenerunt, atque ibi in proximis villis ita bi- partito fuerunt, ut Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset. Eodem autem et ipsi sine cuiusquam stispicione multos fortis viros eduxerant, et ego ex praefectura Eeatina com- pluris delectos adulescentis, quorum opera utor adsidue in 60 re publica, praesidio cum gladiis miseram. 6. Interim, tertia fere vigilia exacta, cum iam pontem Mulvium magno comitatu legati Allobrogum ingredi inciperent, tinaqne Volturcius, fit in eos impetus. Ediicuntur et ab illis gladii et a nostris. Ees praetoribus erat nota soils, ignorabatur 65 a ceteris. III. Turn interventu Pomptmi atque Flacci pugna quae erat commissa sedatur. Litterae, quaec uni- que erant in eo comitatu, integris signis praetoribus tra- duntur. Ipsi comprehensi ad me, cum iam dilucesceret, deducuntur. Atque horum omnium scelerum improbis- 70 simum machinatorem Cimbrum Gabmium statim ad me, nihil dum suspicantem, vocavi ; deinde item arcessitus est L. Statilius et post eum C. Cethegus ; tardissime autem Lentulus venit, credo quod in litteris dandis praeter con- suetudinem proxima nocte vigilarat. 75 After consulting certain prominent citizens, I immediately assembled the Senate. 7. Cum summis ac clarissimis huius civitatis viris, qui audita re frequentes ad me mane convenerant, litteras a me 4Q CICERO'S ORATIONS prius aperiri quam ad senatum deferrem, placeret (ne, si nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus in- 80 iectus eivitati videretur), negavi me esse facturum ut de •iculo publico non ad consilium publicum rem integram stium, novem hominum perditissiniorum poena re publica 190 conservata, reliquorum mentis sanari posse arbitraretur. \ 15. Atque etiam supplicatio dis immortalibus pro singular! eorum merito meo nomine decreta est, quod mihi primum post hanc urbem conditam togato contigit, et his verbis decreta est : quod urbem incendiis, caede clvls, Italiam 195 bello liberassem. Quae supplicatio si cum ceteris confera- tur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene gesta, haec una con- servata re publica constituta est. Atque illud, quod faciendum primum fuit, factum atque transactum est. Nam P. Lentulus, quamquam patefactis indiciis, confes- 200 sionibus suis, iudicio senatus 11 on modo praetoris ivis, verum 44 CICERO'S ORATIONS etiam civis amiserat, tamen magistrate se abdicavit, ut, quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo viro, non fuerat, quo mi- nus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil nominatim erat decretum, 205 praetorem occlderet, ea nos religione in privato P. Lentulo puniendo liberaremur. The conspiracy was doomed, felloiv-citizens, from the moment I drove Catiline, its master spirit, out of the city. VII. 16. Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi pe- riculosissimiqne belli nefarios duces captosiam et compre- hensos tenetis, existimare debetis omnis Catilinae copias, 210 omnis spes atque opes, his depulsis urbis periculis, con- cidisse. Quern quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc providebam animo, Quirites : remoto Catilma, non mihi esse P. Lentuli somnum nee L. CassT adipes nee C. Cethegi furiosam temeritatem pertimescendam. Ille erat 215 unus timendus ex istis omnibus, sed tarn diu, dum urbis moenibus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnium aditus tenebat ; appellare, temptare, sollicitare poterat, audebat ; erat ei consilium ad facinus aptum, consilio autem neque manus neque lingua deerat. lam ad certas res conficiendas 220 certos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat. Neque ' yero, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat : nihil erat quod non ipse obiret, occurreret, yigilaret, laboraret. Frigus, sitim, famem ferre poterat. 17. Hunc ego homi- nem tarn acrem, tarn audacem, tarn paratum, tam calli- 225 dum, tam in scelere vigilantem, tam in perditis rebus diligentem, nisi ex domesticis InsidiTs in castrense latro- cinium compulissem (dicam id quod sentio, Quirites), non facile hanc tantam molem mail a ceryicibus vestris depu- lissem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia constituisset, neque 230 tanto ante exsili ac fati diem rei publicae dentin tiarisset j neque commisisset, ut slgnum, ut litterae suae testes manifest! sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae nunc, illo absente, sic gesta sunt, ut nullum in piivata domo furtum umquam sit tam palam inventum, quam haec tanta in re THIRD ORATIOH aGAIHST CATILINE 45 publica coniuratio manifesto inventa atque deprehensa est. 235 Quod si Catilma in urbe ad hanc diem remansisset, quam- quam, quoad fuit, omnibus eius consiliis occurri atque obstiti, tamen, ut levissime dicam, dimicandum nobis cum ill 6 fuisset ; neque nos umquam, cum ille in urbe hostis esset, tantis periculis rem publicam tanta pace, 240 tanto otio, tanto silentio liberassemus. That the gods ivere with us we have ocular proof. When Cotta and Torquatus were consuls, two years ago, we were reminded by the soothsayers of the learning given when lightning struck the Capitol. To ward off disaster they then directed that a new statue — a larger one — should he erected to face the east, and the work after great delay was finished on this very day. That such a coincidence between the completion of the work and the discovery of the conspiracy marks a divine intervention, no man can be so blind as to deny. VIII. 18. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirites, ita sunt a me administrata, ut deorum immortalium nutu atque consilio et gesta et provisa esse videantur ; idque cum coniectnra consequi possumus, quod vix videtur human! 245 consili tantarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, turn vero ita praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis tulerunt, ut eos paene oculis videre possemus. Nam ut ilia omittam, visas nocturno tempore ab occidente faces ardoremque caell ; ut fulminum iactus, ut terrae motus 250 relinquam ; ut omittam cetera, quae tarn multa nobis consulibus facta sunt, ut haec, quae nunc fiunt, canere di immortales yiderentur — hoc certe, quod sum dicturus, neque praetermittendum neque relinquendum est. 19. Nam profecto memoria tenetis,- Cotta et Torquato 255 consulibus, compluris in Capitolio res de caelo esse per- cussas, cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt, et statuae veterum hominum deiectae, et legum aera liquefacta. Tactus est etiam ille, qui hanc urbem condidit, Romulus, quern inauratum in Capitolio, parvum atque lactentem, 2G0 46 ClCERO^S ORATIOKS 1 uberibus lupinis inhiantem, fuisse meministis. Quo qui- dem tempore cum haruspices ex tota Etruria convenissent, caedes atque incendia et legum interitum et bellum civile ac domesticum et totius urbis atque imperi occasum ap- 265 propinquare dixerunt, nisi di immortales, omni ratione placati, suo numine prope fata ipsa flexissent. 20. Itaque illorum responsis turn et ludi per decern dies fact! sunt, neque res ulla quae ad placandos deos pertineret praeter- missa est ; idemque iusserunt simulacrum Iovis facere 270 maius, et in excelso conlocare, et contra atque antea fuerat ad orientem convertere ; ac se sperare dixerunt, si illud signum quod videtis, solis ortum et forum curiamque" conspiceret, fore ut ea consilia, quae clam essent inita contra salutem urbis atque imperi, inlustrarentur, ut a 275 senatu populoque Eomano perspici possent. Atque illud signum conlocandum consules ill! locaverunt : sed tanta fuit operis tarditas, ut neque superioribus consulibus, neque nobis ante hodiernum diem conlocaretur. IX. 21. Hie quis potest esse tarn aversus a vero, tarn 280 praeceps, tarn mente captus, qui neget haec omnia quae videmus/ praecipueque hanc urbem, deorum immortalium nutu. ac potestate administrari ? Etenim cum esset ita responsum, caedes, incendia, interitum rei , publicae com- parari, et ^ea per civis (quae turn propter magnitudinem 285 scelerum non nullis incredibilia videbantur), ea non modo cogitata a nef arils civibus, verum etiam suscepta esse sensistis. Illud vero nonne ita praesens est, ut nutu Iovis Optimi Maximi factum esse videatur, ut cum hodierno die mane per forum meo iussu et coniurati et eorum in- 290 dices in aedem Concordiae ducerentur, eo ipso tempore signum statrteretur ? quo conlocato atque ad vos senatum- que converso, omnia et senatus et vos, quae erant cogitata contra salutem omnium, inlustrata et patefacta vidistis. THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 47 That our enemies were deprived of their senses by Jupiter is clear from their conduct, and is another proof of his protecting care over us. 22. Quo etiam maiore sunt isti odio supplicioque digni, qui non solum vestris domiciliis atque tectis, sed etiam 295 deorum templis atque delubris sunt funestos ac nefarios ignis Inferre conati. Qnibus ego si me restitisse dicam, nimium mihi sumam et non sim ferendus. Ille, ille Iuppi- ter restitit ; ille Capitolium, ille haec templa, ille cunctam urbem, ille vos omnis salvos esse voluit. DTs ego immor- 300 talibus ducibus hanc mentein, Quirites, voluntatemque suscepi, atque ad haec tanta indicia perveni. lam vero ab Lentulo ceterisque domesticis hostibus tarn dementer tantae res creditae, et ignotis et barbaris commissae lit- tv -ae numquam essent profecto, nisi ab dis immortalibus 305 hnlc tantae audaciae consilium esset ereptum. Quid vero ? ut homines Galli ex civitate male pacata, quae gens una restat quae bellum populo Eomano facere posse et non nolle videatur, spem imperi ac rerum maximarum ultro sibi a patriciis hominibus oblatam neglegerent, 310 vestramque salutem suis opibus anteponerent, id non di- vinitus esse factum putatis ? praesertim qui nos non pu- gnando, sed tacendo superare potuerint. Never was occasion more meet for thanksgiving, fellow-citizens. Since the days of Sulla we have had many dissensions in our city, but in all these troubles revolution was the object of selfish politicians : in this our latest disturbance the very life of the state itself* was at stake. X. 23. Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pulvmaria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies 315 cum coniugibus ac Hberis vestris. Nam multl saepe honores dis immortalibus iusti habiti sunt ac debit!, sed profecto iiistiores numquam. Erepti enim estis ex cru.de- lissimo ac miserrimo interitu. ; erepti sine caede, sine sanguine, sine exercitu, sine dimicatione. Togati me uno 320 togato duce et imperatore vicistis. 24. Etenim recorda- 7 / 48 CICERO'S ORATIONS mini, Quirites, omnis civilis dissensiones — non solum eas quas audistis, sed eas quas vo&niet ipsi meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla P. Sulpicium oppressit ; eiecit ex urbe 325 C. Marium, custodem huius urbis ; multosque fortis viros partim eiecit ex civitate, partim interemit. Cn. Octavius consul armis expulit ex urbe conlegam : omnis hie locus acervis corporum et civium sanguine redundavit. Supera- vit postea Cinna cum Mario : turn vero, clarissimis viris 300 interfectis, lumina civitatis exstincta sunt. Ultus est huius victoriae crudelitatem postea Sulla : ne dici quidem opus est quanta deminutione civium et quanta calamitate rei publicae. Dissensit M. Lepidus a clarissimo ac fortis- simo viro Q. Catulo : attulit non tarn ipsius interitus re! 335 publicae luctum quam ceterorum. 25. Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones erant eius modi, quae non ad delen- darn, sed ad commutandam rem publicam pertinerent. Non ill! nullam esse rem publicam, sed in ea, quae esset, se esse principes, neque hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in 340 hac urbe florere, yoluerunt. Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium rei publicae quaesivit, eius modi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione concordiae sed internecione civium diiridicatae sint. In hoc autem uno post hominum memoriam maximo crudelissimoque bello, 345 quale bellum nulla umquam barbaria cum sua gente ges- sit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a Lentulo, Catilina, Cethego, Cassio constitiita, ut omnes, qui salva urbe salvi esse pos- sent, in hostium numero ducerentur, ita me gessi, Quirl- tes, ut salvi omnes conservaremini ; et, cum hostes vestri 350 tantum civium superfuturum putassent, quantum" infinitae caedi restitisset, tantum autem urbis, quantum flamma obire non potuisset, et urbem et civis integros incolumis- que servavi. In return for my services I ash for no reward other than the memory of my achievements. XI. 26. Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego 355 a vobis praemium virtutis, nullum insigne honoris, nul- THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 49 / lum monumentum laudis postulo, praeterquam huius diei memoriam sempiternam. In animis ego vestris omnis triumphos meos, omnia ornamenta honoris, monumenta gloriae, laudis insignia, condi et conlocari volo. Nihil me mutum potest delectare, nihil taciturn, nihil denique eius 360 modi, quod etiam minus digni adsequi possint. Memoria vestra, Quirites, res nostrae alentur, sermonibus crescent, litterarum monumentis inveterascent et conroborabuntur ; eandemque diem intellego (quam spero aeternam fore) propagatam esse et ad salutem urbis et ad memoriam con- 365 sulatus mei ; unoque tempore in hac re publica duos civis exstitisse, quorum alter finis vestrT imperT non terrae, sed caelT regionibus terminaret, alter eiusdem imperi domi- cilium sedisque servaret. Such services as mine have been, impose upon you a corresponding obligation, for it will be your duty in future to see that I suffer nothing at the hands of those whom ffiave for your sake made my enemies. This is all I ask of you, since you nave already bestowed on me the noblest gifts to which I could aspire. A nd as night is now upon us, fellow-citizens, with prayers to Jupiter, guard your homes as before ; you shall soon be free from aU anxiety. XI. 27. Sed quoniam earum rerum, quas ego gessT, 370 non eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum, qui externa bella gesserunt, quod mihi cum els yivendum est quos vici ac subegT, isti hostis ant interfectos aut oppressos reliquerunt, vestrum est, Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt, mihi mea ne quando obsint, providere. Mentes 375 enim hominum audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefariae ne vobis nocere possent, ego providi ; ne mihi noceant, vestrum est providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quidem ipsi nihil ab istis iam noceri potest. Magnum enim est in bonis praesidium, quod mihi in perpetuum comparatum est ; 380 magna in re publica dignitas, quae me semper tacita de- fendet ; magna vis conscientiae, quam qui neglegunt, cum me violare volent, se ipsi indicabunt. 28. Est etiam nobis is animus, Quirites, ut non modo nullius audaciae cedamus, • \ 50 CICEBO'S ORATIONS 385 sed etiam omnis improbos ultro semper lacessamus. Quod si omnis impetus domesticorum hostium, depulsus a vobis, se in me unum convertit, vobis erit videndum, Quirites, qua condicione posthac eos esse velitis, qui se pro salute vestra obtulerint invidiae periculisque omnibus. Mihi 390 quidem ipsi, quid est quod iam ad vltae fructum possit adquiri, cum praesertim, neque in honore vestro, neque in gloria virtutis, quicquam videam altius, quo mihi libeat ascendere. 29. Illud profecto perficiam, Quirites, ut ea, quae gessi in consulatu, privatus tuear atque ornem, ut, 395 si qua est invidia conservanda re publica suscepta, laedat invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. Denique ita me in re publica tractabo, ut meminerim semper quae gesserim curemque ut ea virtute, non casu gesta esse videantur. Vos, Quirites, quoniam iam nox est, venerati ~Iovem, 400 ilium custodem huius urbis ac vestrum, in vestra tecta discedite ; et ea, quamquam iam est periculum depulsum, tamen aeque ac priore nocte custodiis vigiliisque defen- dite. Id ne vobis diutius faciendum sit, atque ut in per* petua pace esse possitis, providebo. FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 51 \ By cutting the evil at the root, by surprising and punishing the conspiracy before it broke oat, Cicero perhaps delayed the advent of monarchical government at Rome for fifteen years. He was not wrong, then, in boasting of the services he rendered at that time to his country's liberty, and we must acknowledge with Seneca that if he praised his consulship without measure, he has not done so without reason. — Boissier's Cicero and His Friends. 52 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE Gratifying, conscript fathers, as are the evidences of your anxiety on my account, yet I pray you dismiss your fears as unworthy of my position. 1 will cheerfully hear whatever fate may have in store for me. Video, patres conscript!, in me omnium vestrum ora atque oculos esse conversos ; video vos non solum de vestro ac rei publicae, verum etiam, si id depulsum sit, de meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi iucunda in malls et grata in dolore vestra erga me voluntas ; sed earn, per deos im- 5 mortalrs, deponite, atque obliti saltitis meae de vobis ac de vestris liberis cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio consulates data est, ut omnis acerbitates, omnis dolores cruciatusque perferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum etiam libenter, dum modo meis laboribus vobis populoque Komano dignitas 10 salusque pariatur. 2. Ego sum ille consul, patres con- script!, cui non forum, in quo omnis aequitas continetur, non campus consularibus auspieiis consecratus, non curia, summum auxilium omnium gentium, non domus, commune Questions (for answers see the Notes). — 1. Give the date of this speech. 2. Before what body was it delivered ? 3. Where ? 4. Why was Silanus first called on for his opinion ? 5. What was Caesar's rank at this time ? 6. Give an account of the debate. 7. Also of the execution. 8. What bearing on the question of the legality of the executions had the lex Sempronia? (9. Why called lex Sempronia?) 10. Cicero's answer to this point ? 11. The weakness of this answer ? 12. What other consideration makes for the legality of this course ? 13. Does this settle the matter finally ? 14. What is the strongest justification Cicero had for doing what he did ? 15, Give some account of Catiline's defeat in battle and his death. $3 CICER0*S 54 CICERO*S ORATIONS 15 perfugium, non lectus ad quietem datus, non denique haec sedes honoris,, sella curulis, umqnam vacua mortis periculo atque Insidiis fuit. Ego multa tacui, multa pertuli, multa concessit multa meo quodam dolore in vestro timore sanavi. Nunc, si hunc exitum consulates mei di immortales esse 20 voluerunt, ut vos populumque Komanum ex caede miser- rima, coniuges liberosque vestros virginesque Vestalis ex acerbissima vexatione, templa atque deliibra, hanc pul- cherrimam patriam omnium nostrum ex foedissima flamma, totam Italiam ex bello et vastitate eriperem, quaecumque- 25 mihi uni proponetur fortuna, subeatur. Etenim si P. Lentulus suum nomen, inductus a vatibus, fatale ad per- niciem rei ptiblicae fore putavit, cur ego non laeter meum consulatum ad salutem populi Komani prope fatalem ex- stitisse ? Therefore let your present thoughts be only for fatherland and family. Do not suppose, however, that I am not moved by the anxiety and the tears of my loved ones : rather do these evidences of affection stir me to more energetic action that I may save them from threat- ened destruction. 30 II. 3. Qua re, patres conscript!, consulite vobls ; pro- spicite patriae ; conservate vos, coniuges, liberos fortunas- que vestras, populi Komani nomen salutemque defendite : mihi parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam primum debeo sperare omnis deos qui huic urbi praesident, pro eo 35 mihi ac mereor relaturos esse gratiam ; deinde, si quid obtigerit, aequo animo paratoque moriar. Nam neque turpis mors forti viro potest accidere, neque immatura consular!, nee misera sapient!. Nee tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui fratris carissimi atque amantissimi praesentis 40 maerore non movear, horumque omnium lacrimis, a quibus me circumsessum videtis. Neque meam mentem non domum saepe revocat exanimata uxor, et abiecta metii filia, et parvolus filius, quern mihi videtur amplest! res publica tamquam obsidem consulates mel, neque ille qui> FOURTH OKATION AGAINST CATILINE 55 exspectans huius exitum die!, adstat in conspectu meo, 45 gener. Moveor his rebus omnibus ; sed in earn partem, uti salvi sint vobiscum omnes, etiam si me vis aliqua op- presserit, potius quam et ill! et nos una rei piiblicae peste pereamus. For the present crisis is far more grave than those of former years, 4. Qua re, patres conscript!, incumbite ad salutem rei 50 piiblicae ; circumspicite omnis procellas quae impendent, nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum tribu- nus plebis fieri yoluit ; non C. Gracchus, quod agrarios concitare conatus est ; non L. Saturninus, quod C. Mem- mium occidit, in discrimen aliquod atque in vestrae 55 severitatis iudicium adducitur. Tenentur ei qui ad urbis incendium, ad vestram omnium caedem, ad Catilmam accipiendum Eomae restiterunt ; tenentur litterae, signa, maniis, denique unius cuiusque confessio : sollicitantur Allobroges, servitia excitantur, Catilina arcessitur ; id est CO initum consilium, ut, interfectis omnibus, nemo ne ad deplorandum quidem populi EomanT nomen atque ad la- mentandam tanti imperi calamitatem relinquatur. These things are clear from the evidence and from the confession of the prisoners, and you have already by your acts condemned the prisoners ; and yet as if it were still an open question, 1 will lay the matter before you now with the reminder that, whatever your course, you should decide before night. III. 5. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confess! sunt, vos multis iam iudiciis iudicavistis: primum, quod 65 mihi gratias egistis singularibus verbis, et mea virtfite atque diligentia perditorum hominum coniurationem pate- factam esse decrevistis ; deinde, quod P. Lentulum se abdicare praetura coegistis ; turn, quod eum et ceteros, de quibus iudicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis ; maxi- 70 meque quod meo nomine supplicationem decrevistis, qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini ; postremo, he- 56 cicero's orations ^terno die praemia legatis Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio dedistis amplissima. Quae sunt omnia eius modi, ut ei, 75 qui in custodiam nomiuatim dati sunt, sine ulla dubita- tidne a vobis damnati esse videantur. 6. Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscript!, tamquam integrum, et de facto quid iudicetis, et de poena quid censeatis. Ilia praedicam quae sunt consulis. Ego 80 magnum in re publica versari furorem, et nova quaedam misceri et concitari mala, iam pridem videbam ; sed hanc tantam, tani exitiosam liaberi coniurationem a civibus numquam putavi. Nunc quicquid est, quocumque vestrae mentes inclinant atque sententiae, statuendum vobis ante 85 noctem est. Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit, videtis. Huic si paucos putatis adfinis esse, vebementer erratis : latius opinione disseminatum est hoc malum. Manavit non solum per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit AlpTs et obscure serpens multas iam provincias occupavit. Id op- 90 primi sustentando ac prolatando nullo pacto potest. Qua- cumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est. Of the two proposals before us, that of Silanus favors the death- penalty ; that of Caesar, imprisonment for life and confiscation of their property. But Caesar's proposal is hardly practicable, and, after all, is the severer of the two. IV. 7. Video adhuc duas esse sententias : unam D. Silani, qui censet eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, morte esse multandos ; alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam 95 removet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnis acerbitates am- plectitur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pro rerum magnitudine in gumma severitate versatur. Alter eos, qui nos omnis, qui populum Romanum, vita privare conati sunt, qui delere imperium, qui populi Romani nomen 100 exstinguere, punctum temporis frui vita et hoc communi spiritu non putat oportere ; atque hoc genus poenae saepe in improbos civis in hac re publica esse usurpatum recor- datur. Alter intellegit mortem ab dis immortalibus non FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 57 esse supplici causa constitutam ; sed aut necessitatem na- turae, aut laborum ac miseriarum quietem. Itaque earn 105 sapientes numquam inviti, fortes saepe etiam libenter, oppetiverunt. Vincula vero, et ea sempiterna, eerte ad singularem poenam nefarii sceleris inventa sunt. Munici- piis dispertiri iubet. Habere videtur ista res.iniquitatem si imperare veils, difficultatem, si rogare. Decernatur 110 tamen, si placet. 8. Ego enim suscipiam et, ut spero, reperiam qui id, quod salutis omnium causa statueritis, non putent esse suae dignitatis recusare. Adiungit gra- vem poenam municipibus, si quis eorum vincula rviperit ; horribilis custodies circumdat, et dignas scelere hominum 115 perditorum. Sancit ne quis eorum poenam quos con- demnat, aut per senatum aut per populum levare possit ; eripit etiam spem, quae sola hominem in miseriis consolari solet. Bona praeterea publican iubet. Vitam solam re- linquit nefariis hominibus : quam si eripuisset, multos 120 uno dolores animi atque corporis et omnis scelerum poenas ademisset. Itaque ut aliqua in vita formido improbis esset posita, apud inferos eius modi quaedam ill! antiqui supplicia impiis constituta esse voluerunt, quod videlicet intellegebant, els remotis, non esse mortem ipsam perti- 125 mescendam. Since Caesar is a popular leader, to follow his opinion would perhaps he the safer course ; hut no such consideration shall influence me. One of these ivould-be democrats, I see, is absent to-day to avoid the necessity of voting in a capital case. Having already declared himself on the question, he is inconsistent. Caesar is aware that our laws were not made for enemies, and hence Lentulus deserves perpetual imprisonment. V. 9. Xunc, patres conscript!, ego mea video quid in- tersit. Si eritis secuti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam banc is in re publica viam, quae popularis habetur, secutus est, fortasse minus erunt, hoc auctore et cognitore huiusce 130 sententiae, mihi populares impetus pertimescendi ; sin illam alteram, nescio an amplius mihi negoti contrahatur. $8 CICEKO'S ORATIONS Sed tamen meorum periculorum rationes utilitas rei publi- cae vincat. Habemus enim -a Caesare, sicut ipsius dig- 135 nitas et maiorum eius amplitudo postulabat, sententiam, tamquam obsidem perpetuae in rem publicam voluntatis. Intellectum est quid interesset inter levitatem contionato- rum et animum vere popularem, saluti populi consulentem. 10. Video de istis, qui se popularis haberi volunt, abesse 140 non neminem, ne de capite videlicet civium Komanorum sententiam ferat. At is et nudius tertius in custodiam civis Komanos dedit, et supplicationem mihi decrevit, et indices hesterno die maximis praemiis adfecit. lam hoc nemini dubium est, qui reo custodiam, quaesitori gratula- 145 tionem, indici praemium decrevit, quid de tota re et causa iudicarit. At vero C. Caesar intellegit, legem Semproniam esse de civibus Eomanis constitutam ; qui autem rei pnbli- cae sit hostis, eum civem nullo modo esse posse ; denique ipsum latorem Semproniae legis, iussii populi, poenas rei 150 publicae dependisse. Idem ipsum Lentulum, largitorem et prodigum, non putat, cum de pernicie populi Eornani, exitio huius urbis tarn acerbe, tarn crudeliter cogitarit, etiam appellari posse popularem. Itaque homo mitissimus atque lenissimus non dubitat P. Lentulum aeternis tenebris 155 vinculisque mandare, et sancit in posterum, ne quis huius supplicio levando se iactare, et in perniciem populi Eornani posthac popularis esse possit : adiungit etiam publicationem bonorum, ut omnis animi cruciatus et corporis etiam ege- stas ac mendicitas consequatur. Whatever you decide, cruelty cannot be charged against you. When I think of Lentulus lording it as king, Gabinius his grand vizier, the outrages that would follow such a state of things assure me that severity in this case is the truest humanity. " Remember the words of Lucius Caesar and the example of the elder Lentulus. 160 VI. 11. Quam ob rem, sive hoc statueritis, dederitis mihi comitem ad contionem populo carum atque iucun- dum ; sive Silani sententiam sequi malueritis, facile me PRrgENT-VLOOR OF LOWER CHURCH THE TULLIANUM The prison consists of a large upper chamber and a smaller underground circular dungeon, cut in the solid rock. The latter was originally a kind of well-house and probably extended upwards to a point (G). This upper part was afterwards cut off when the upper prison was added, and a veiling of overlapping stone slabs was built with a small hole (A) through which criminals were thrust, and either left there to die of cold and starvation, or strangled by the executioner (see page 352). According to tradition, St. Peter and St. Paul were confined in the upper prison in the time of Nero, and therefore a church dedicated to St. Peter and called S. Pietro in Carcere (St. Peter in Prison) was built above it. FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 59 atque vos crudelitatis yituperatione exsolveritis, atque obtinebo earn multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam, patres conscript!, quae potest esse in tanti sceleris immanitate 165 punienda crudelitas ? Ego enim de meo sensfi. iudico. Nam ita mihi salva re piiblica vobiscum perfrui liceat, ut ego, quod in hac causa vehementior sum, non atrocitate animi moveor — quis est enim me nntior ? — sed singular! quadam humanitate et misericordia. Yideor enim mihi 170 yidere hanc urbem, lucem orbis terrarum atque arcem om- nium gentium, subito uno incendio concidentem. Cerno animo sepulta in patria miseros atque insepultos acervos civium. Versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus Cethegi et furor in vestra caede bacchantis. 12. Cum vero mihi pro- 175 posui regnantem Lentulum, sicut ipse ex fatis se sperasse confessus est ; purpuratum esse huic Gabmium ; cum exercitu yenisse Catilmam ; — turn lamentationem matrum familias, turn fugam yirginum atque puerorum, ac yexa- tionem virginum Vestalium perhorresco. Et, quia mihi 180 yehementer haec yidentur misera atque miseranda, idcirco, in eos, qui ea perficere yoluerunt, me seyerum yehemen- temque praebeo. Etenim quaero, si quis pater familias, liberis suis a seryo interfectis, uxore occisa, incensa domo, supplicium de seryo non quam acerbissimum sumpserit, 185 utrum is clemens ac misericors, an inhumanissimus et crudelissimus esse yideatur. Mihi yero importunus ac fer- reus, qui non dolore et cruciatu nocentis suum dolorem cruciatumque lenierit. Sic nos in his hominibus, qui nos, qui coniuges, qui liberos nostros trucidare yoluerunt ; qui 190 singulas unius ciiiusque nostrum domos, et hoc uniyersum rei publicae domicilium delere couati sunt ; qui id egerunt, ut gentem Allobrogum in yestigiis huius urbis atque in cinere deflagrati imperi conlocarent, si yehementissimi fuerimus, misericordes habebimur ; sin remissiores esse 195 voluerimus, summae nobis crudelitatis in patriae civium- que pernicie fama subeunda est. 13, IXisi yero cuipiam L. Caesar^ vir fortissimus et amantissimus rei publicae, cru- 60 CICERO'S OR ! N"S delior nudius tertius vl est, oum sororis suae, feminae 200 lectissimae, yirum prae em et audientem vita privandum esse dixit, cum avum suum itissu consulis interfectum, filiumque eius impuberem, legatum a patre missum, in carcere necatum esse dixit. Quorum quod simile factum ? quod initum delendae rei piiblicae consilium ? Largitionis 205 voluntas turn in re public aversata est, et partium quaedam contentio. Atque eo tempore huius avus Lentuli, vir cla- rissimus, armatus Gracchum est persecutus. Ille etiam grave turn volnus accepit, ne quid de summa re publica deminueretur : hie ad evertenda rei publicae fundamenta 210 Gallos arcessit, servitia concitat, Catilmam vocat, attribuit nos trucidandos Cethego, et ceteros civis interficiendos Ga- binio, urbem lnflammandam Cassio, totam Italiam vastan- dam diripiendamque Catilinae. Vereamini, censed, ne in hoc scelere tarn immani ac nefando nimis aliquid severe 215 statuisse videamini : multo magis est verendum, ne remis- sione poenae crudeles in patriam, quam ne severitate ani- madversionis nimis vehementes in acerbissimos hostis fuisse videamur. Let not the whispered fears that we lack the strength to deal with our enemies disturb you, I have made every preparation to meet the issue. Consider the unanimity of all good citizens : the knights, who may yield to you in rank, but not in patriotism ; the no less zealous civil servants, freedmen, and even slaves, while the shop- keepers are ever on the side of peace and order. VII. 14. Sed ea quae exaudio, patres conscript!, dis- 220 simulare non possum. Iaciuntur enim voces, quae per- veniunt ad auris meas, eorum qui vereri videntur, ut habeam satis praesid" id ea, quae vos statueritis hodierno die, transigunda. Om ia et pro visa et parata et constittita sunt, patres conscript!, cum mea summa cura atque dili- 225 gentia, turn multo etiam maiore populi Eomani ad summum imperium retinendum et ad communis fortunas conservan- das voluntate, Omnes adsimt omnium ordinum homing FOURTH ORATION A^at^ST CATILINE 6l omnium denique aetatum , ^u^uja 3st forum, plena tem- pla circum forum, plenl omnes ; "s huius tempi! ac loci. Causa est enim post urbem :i am haec inventa 230 sola, in qua omnes sentlrent uni x ae idem, praeter eos, qui cum sibi viderent esse pe .^dum, cum omnibus potius quam soli perire voluerunt. 15. Hosce ego homi- nes excipio et secerno libenter ; neque in improborum clvium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium numero habendos 235 puto. Ceteri vero, di immortales ! qua frequentia, quo studio, qua virttite ad communem salutem dignitatemque consentiunt ! Quid ego hie equites Eomanos commemorem ? qui vobis ita summam ordinis consilique concedunt, ut vobis- 240 cum de am ore rei publicae certent ; quos ex multorum annorum dissensione huius ordinis ad societatem concor- diamque revocatos hodiernus dies vobiscum atque haec causa coniungit. Quam si coniunctionem, in consulatu. confirmatam meo, perpetuam in re publica tenuerimus, 245 confirmo vobis nullum posthac malum civile ac domesti- cum ad ullam rei publicae partem esse ventiirum. Pari studio defendundae rei publicae convenisse video tribunos aerarios, fortissimos viros ; sciibas item univer- sos, quos cum casu hie dies ad aerarium frequentasset, 250 video ab exspectatione sortis ad salutem communem esse conversos. 16. Omnis ingenuorum adest multitudo, etiam tenuis- simorum. Quis est enim cul non haec templa, aspectus urbis, possessio Hbertatis, lux denique haec ipsa et hoc 255 commune patriae solum, cum sit carum, turn vero dulce atque iucundum ? VIII. Operae pretium est, patres con- script!, Hbertlnorum hominum str cognoscere, qui, sua virtute fortunam huius clvitati. « ^cutl, hanc suam patriam iudicant, quam quldam hL ., et summo loco 260 nati, non patriam suam, sed urberr ostium, esse iudica- verunt. Sed quid ego hosce >"^lnes ordinesque comme- moro, quos prlvatae fortunae, o»s communis res publica, 62 CICERO'S ORATIOKS quos denique libertas, ea quae dulcissima est, ad salutem 265 patriae defendendam excitavit ? Servus est nemo, qui modo tolerabil! condicione sit servitutis, qui non audaciam clvium perhorrescat ; qui non haec stare cupiat ; qui non, quantum audet et quantum potest, conferat ad salutem voluntatis. 270 17. Qua re, si quern yestrum forte commovet hoc quod auditum est — lenonem quendam Lentuli concursare cir- cum tabernas, pretio sperare sollicitari posse animos egen- tium atque imperltorum — est id quidem coeptum atque temptatum ; sed null! sunt invent! tarn aut fortuna miser! 275 aut voluntate perditi, qui non ilium ipsum sellae atque operis et quaestus cotidiani locum, qui non cubile ac lec- tulum suum, qui denique non cursum hunc otiosum vitae suae salvum esse velint. Multo vero maxima pars eorum qui in tabernis sunt, immo vero — id enim potius est 280 dicendum — genus hoc universum amaiitissimum est oti. Etenim omne instrumentum, omnis opera atque quaestus, frequentia civium sustentatur, alitur otio. Quorum si quaestus occlusis tabernis minui solet, quid tandem in- censis futurum fuit ? With every advantage, therefore, in your favor, and with everything that is dear at stake, so act that never again may such a con- spiracy be possible. 285 18. Quae cum ita sint, patres conscript!, vob!s popul! Boman! praesidia non desunt : vos ne populo Komano deesse videamin!, providete. IX. Habetis consulem ex plurimis perlculis et Insidi!s atque ex media morte, non ad vitam suam sed ad salutem vestram reservatum. Omnes 290 ordines ad conservandam rem publicam mente, voluntate, voce consentiunt. Obsessa facibus et tells impiae coniura- ti-onis vob!s supplex manus tendit patria communis ; vob!s se, vobls vitam omnium clvium, vob!s arcem et Capitolium, vobls aras Penatium, vob!s ilium !gnem Vestae sempi- 295 ternum, vob!s omnium deorum templa atque delubra, vobls j FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 63 muros atque urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea de vestra vita, de coniugum vestrarum atque liberorum anima, de fortunis omnium, de sedibus, de focis vestris, hodierno die vobis iudicandum est. 19. Habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblitum sui, quae 11611 semper facultas datur ; habetis omnls 300 ordines, omnis homines, imiversum populum Eomanum (id quod in civil! causa hodierno die primum videmus) unum atque idem sentientem. Cogitate quantis laboribus fun- datum imperium, quanta virtute stabilitam libertatem, quanta deorum benignitate auctas exaggeratasque fortunas, 305 una nox paene delerit. Id ne umquam posthac non modo non confici, sed ne cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodi- erno die providendum* est. Atque haec non ut vos, qui mihi studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus sum ; sed ut mea vox, quae debet esse in re piiblica princeps, officio 310 functa consularl videretur. As for myself, come ivhat may, I shall never repent of my course. Let Scipio the elder and his younger namesake, let Paulus and Marius, and Pompey, greatest of them all, enjoy the glory to which they are entitled : beside these names my own shall have its modest place. Meanwhile 4he violence of my private enemies will be harmless against the support for which I look to you. X. 20. Nunc, ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam. Ego, quanta manus est coniuratorum, quam videtis esse permagnam, tantani me inimicorum multitu- dinem suscepisse video ; sed earn iudico esse turpem et 315 infirmam et. abiectam. Quod si aliquando alicuius furore et scelere concitata manus ista plus valuerit quam vestra ac rei publicae dignitas, me tamen meorum factorum at- que consiliorum numquam, patres conscript!, paenitebit. Etenim mors, quam illi fortasse minitantur, omnibus est 320 parata. Vitae tantam laudem, quanta vos me vestris de- cretis honestastis, nemo est adsecutus ; ceteris enim sem- per bene gesta, mihi uni conservata re publica, gratula- tionem decrevistis. 21.fSit Scipio ille clarus, cuius consilio 8 64 Cicero's orations 325 atque virtute Hannibal in Africam redire atque Italia decedere coactus est ; ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, qui duas urbis huic imperio Infestissimas, Karthaginem Numantiamque, delevit ; habeatur vir egregius Paulus ille, cuius currum rex potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus 330 Perses honestavit ; sit aeterna gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione et metu. servitutis liberavit ; anteponatur omnibus Pompeius, cuius res gestae atque virtutes Isdem, quibus solis cursus, regionibus ac terminis continentur : — erit profecto inter horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, 335 nisi forte maius est patefacere nobis provincial quo exire possnnus,, quam curare ut etiam illi, qui absunt, habeant quo victores revertantur. 22. Quamquam est uno loco condicio melior externae victoriae quam domesticae, quod hostes alienigenae aut oppress! serviunt aut recepti in 340 amicitiam beneficio se obligatos putant : qui autem ex numero civium, dementia aliqua depravati, hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos cum a pernicie rei publicae rep- puleris, nee vi coercere nee beneficio placare possis. Qua re mihi cum perditis civibus aeternum bellum susceptum 345 esse vid eo.) Id ego vestro bonorumque omnium auxilio, memoriaque tantorum periculorum (quae non modo in hoc populo qui servatus est, sed in omnium gentium sermo- nibus ac mentibus semper haerebit) a me atque a meis fa- cile propulsari posse confido. Neque ulla profecto tanta 350 vis reperietur, quae coniunctionem vestram equitumque Komanorum, et tantam conspirationem bonorum omnium confringere et labefactare possit. Let my reward be your recollection of these events and your 'protection of my son. Decide, then, fearlessly, and I will do your will. XL 23. Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, pro provincia quam neglexL, pro triumpho ceteiisque 355 laudis insignibus quae sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque salutis custodiam repudiata, pro clientelis hospitiisque pro- vincialibus, quae tamen urbanis opibus non minore labore FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 65 tueor quam comparo — pro his igitur omnibus rebus, pro meis in vos singularibus studiis, proque hac quam per- spicitis ad conservandam rem piiblicam diligentia, nihil a 360 vobis, nisi huius temporis totiusque mei consulates memo- riam, postulo : quae dum erit vestris fixa mentibus, tutis- simo me nruro saeptum esse arbitraborj Quod si meam spem vis improborum fefellerit atque superaverit, com- mendo vobis parvum meum f ilium ; cui profecto satis erit 365 praesidi, non solum ad salutem, verum etiam ad dignita- tem, si eius, qui haec omnia suo solius periculo conser- varit, ilium filium esse memineritis. 24. Quapropter de summa salute vestra populique Komani, de vestris coniu- gibus ac HberTs, de aris ac focis, de fanis atque templis, de 370 totius urbis tectis ac sedibus, de imperio ac libertate, de salute Italiae, de iiniversa re ptiblica decernite diligenter, nt Instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum consulem qui et parere vestris decretis non dubitet, et ea quae statueritis, quoad vivet, def endere et per se ipsum praestare possit. 375 DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 67 "Strange words these to fall from the pleader's lips in the dusty atmosphere of the praetor's court ! noa fori, neque iudiciali con- suetudine, says Cicero himself, in the few words of graceful apology with which the speech ends. But in truth, as he well knew, he was not speaking to the respectable gentlemen on the benches before him. He addressed a larger audience : posterity and the civilized world.'' — Mackail's Latin Literature. 68 DEFENCE OF AECHIAS Whatever talent or skill I may possess, I am bound to devote it to the defence of A. Licinius here, for all that I am I owe to him. Si quid est in me ingeni, iudices, quod sentio quam sit exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, in qua me non | infitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut si huiusce rei ratio aliqua ab optimarum artium studiis ac disciplina profecta, a qua ego nullum confiteor aetatis meae tempus abhorru- 5 isse — earum rerum omnium vel in primis hie A. Licinius fructum a me repetere prope suo iure debet. Nam quoad longissime potest mens mea respicere spatium praeteriti temporis, et pueritiae memoriam recordari ultimam, hide usque repetens lmnc video mihi principem et ad suscipi- 10 endam et ad ingrediendam rationem liorum studiorum exstitisse^j Quod si haec vox, huius hortatu praeceptisque conformata, non nullis aliquando saluti fuit, a quo id accepimus quo ceteris opitulari et alios servare possemus, huic j>rofecto ipsi, quantum est situm in nobis, et opem et 15 salutem ferre debemus. 2. Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici forte miretur, quod alia quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingeni, neque haec dicendi ratio aut disciplina, ne nos quidem huic uni studio penitus umquam dediti fuimus. ? ■& Etenim omnes artes quae ad humanitatem pertinent, 20 Questions (for the answers see the Notes). — 1. When was the Pro Archia delivered.? 2. What was its object ? 3. The true secret of the prosecution ? 4. Give a short sketch of the life of Archias. 5. His earliest association with Cicero? 6. What city gave him its fran- chise ? 7. Discuss the legal aspects of the case. 8. In what does the real interest of the speech lie ? 69 7° cicero's orations habent quoddam commune vinculum, et, quasi cogna- tione quadem, inter se continentur. For the unusual character of my speech my apology must be the char- acter of my client and of this court. II. 3. Sed ne Mi vestrum mirum esse videatur, me in quaestione legitima et in iudicio publico (cum res agatur 25 apud praetorem populi Komani, lectissimum virum, et apud severissimos iudices, tanto conventu hominum ac frequentia) hoc uti genere dicendi, quod non modo a con- suetudine iudiciorum, verum etiam a forensi sermone ab- horreat, quaeso a vobis, ut in hac causa mihi detis hanc 30 veniam,) adcommodatam liuic reo, vobis, quern ad modum spero, non molestam, ut me pro summo poeta atque erudi- tissimo homine dicentem, lioc concursu hominum littera- tissimorum, hac vestra humanitate, hoc denique praetore exercente iudicium, patiamini de studiis humanitatis ac 35 litterarum paulo ldqifi liberius, et in eius modi persona, quae propter otium ac studium minime in iudiciis pericu- lisque tractata est, uti prope novo quodam et inusitato genere dicendi.i 4. Quod si mihi a vobis tribui concedi- que sentiam, perficiam profecto ut hunc A. Licinium non 40 modo non segregandum, cum sit civis, a numero civium, verum etiam si non esset, putetis asciscendum fuisse.l ! From his earliest years Archias displayed astonishing talents, and these were developed by study and travel. In Italy he received a most flattering ivelcome. Finally settling at Borne, he soon num- bered our leading men among his friends. III. Nam ut primum ex.pueris excessit Archias, atque ab eis artibus quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem infor- mari solet, se ad scribendi studium contulit, primum Anti- 45 ochiae — nam ibi natus est loco nobili — celebri quondam H . . . . urbe et copiosa, atque eruditissimis hominibus liberalissi- misque studiis adfluenti, celeriter antecellere omnibus ingeni gloria contigit. Post in ceteris Asiae partibus DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 7 1 cunctaeque Graeciae sic eius adventus celebrabantur, ut famam ingeni exspectatio hominis, exspectationem ipsius 50 adventus admiratioque superaret. 5. Erat Italia tunc plena Graecarum artium ac disciplinarum,, studiaque haec et in Latio vehementius turn colebantur quam nunc eis- dem in oppidis, et hie Romae propter tranquillitatem rei publicae non neglegebantur. Itaque hunc et Tarentini et 55 Eegini et Neapolitani civitate ceterisque praemiis donarunt, et omnes/qui aliquid de ingeniis poterant iudicare, cogni- tion e atque hospitio dignum existimarunt. Hac tanta ce- lebritate famae cum esset iam absentibus notus, Eomam venit, Mario consule et Catulo, Nactus est primum con- 60 sules eos quorum alter res ad scribendum maximas, alter cum res gestas, turn etiam studium atque auris, adhibere posset. Statim Lueulli, cum praetextatus etiam turn Ar- chias esset, eum domum suam receperunt. Sed etiam hoc non solum ingeni ac litterarum, verum etiam naturae 65 atque virtutis, ut domus quae huius adulescentiae prima fuit eadem esset familiarissima senectuti. 6. Erat tem- poribus illis iucundus Metello illi Numictico et eius Pio filio ; audiebatur a M. Aemilio ; vivebat cum Q. Catulo et patre et filio ; a L. Crasso colebatur ; Lucullos vero 70 et Drusum et Octavios et Catonem et totam Hortensi- orum domum devinctam consuetudine cum teneret, ad- ficiebatur summo honore, quod eum non solum colebant qui aliquid percipere atque audire studebant, verum etiam ei qui forte simulabant. 75 While travelling with Lucullus he was enrolled as a citizen of Hera- clia, and having duly fulfilled every legal requirement he was entitled under the law to the Roman citizenship, IV. Interim satis longo intervallo, cum esset cum M. Lucullo in Siciliam profectus, et cum ex ea provincia cum eodem Lucullo decederet, venit Ileracliam. Quae cum esset civitas aequissimo iure ac foedere, ascribi se in earn civitatem voluit ; idque, cum ipse per se dignus putaretur, 80 7 2 CICERO'S ORATIONS turn auctoritate et gratia Luculli ab Heracliensibus impe- travit. 7. Data est civitas Silvani lege et Carbonis : si QUI FOEDERAT1S CIVITATIBUS ASCRIPTI FUISSENT I SI TUM, CUM LEX FEREBATUR, IN ITALIA DOMICILIUM HABUISSENT, 85 ET SI SEXAGINTA DIEBUS APUD PRAETOREM ESSEN T PRO- fessi. iCum hie domicilium Eomae multos iam annos habere^ professus est apud praetorem Q. Metellum famili- arissimum suum. What more needs to he said ? His citizenship of Heraclia is vouched for, Gratius, by the upright Lucullus, who speaks from actual knowledge, and by the noble delegates from Heraclia here present, so that ive do not need the missing records of that city. That my client has long been a resident of Rome, everybody knows. Finally, he made his declaration as required before Metellus, ivhose records are above suspicion. 8. Si nihil aliud nisi de civitate ac lege dicimns, nihil 90 dico amplius : causa dicta est. Quid enim horum in- firmari, Gratis potest ? Heracliaene esse turn ascriptum negabis ? Adest vir summa auctoritate et religione et fide, M. Lucullus ; qui se non opinari sed scire, non audisse sed vidisse, non interfuisse sed egisse dicit. Adsunt He- 95 raclienses legati, nobilissimi homines ; huius iudici causa cum mandatis et cum publico testimonio venerunt ; qui hunc ascriptum Heracliensem dicunt. Hie tu tabulas desideras Heracliensium publicas, quas Italico bello in- censo tabulario interisse scimus omnis. Est ridiculum ad 100 ea quae habemus nihil dicere, quaerere quae habere non possumus ; et de hominum memoria tacere, litterarum memoriam flagitare ; et, cum habeas amplissimi viri re- ligionem, integerrimi municipi ius iurandum fidemque, ea, quae depravari nullo modo possunt, repudiare, tabulas, 105 quas idem dicis solere corrumpi, desiderare. 9. An do- micilium Eomae non habuit is qui tot annis ante civitatem datam sedem omnium rerum ac fortunarum suarum Eomae conlocavit ? At non est professus. Immo vero eis tabulis professus, quae solae ex ilia professione conlegioque prae- DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 73 torum obtinent publicarura tabularum auctoritatem. V. 110 Nam; cum Appi tabulae neglegentius adservatae dice- rentur, Gabini, quam din incolumis fuit, levitas, post damnationem calamitas omnem tabularum fidem resi- gnasset, Metellus, homosauctissimus modestissimusque om- nium, tauta diligentia fuit, ut ad L. Lentulum praetorem 115 et ad iudices venerit, et unius nomiuis lit lira se commotum esse dixerit. In his igitur tabulis nullam litnram in nomine A. Licini videtis. The first objection raised to my clients citizenship is absurd, since not only Heraclia, but other cities also admitted him to the franchise. The second objection — the absence of his name from the census — is easily explained, and more than offset by other facts ivell known. 10. Quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de eius civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque in .civitatibus fuerit 12c ascriptus ? Etenim cum mediocribus m iritis, et aut nulla ■ . U aut humili aliqua arte' praeditis, gratuito civitatem in Graecia homines impertiebant, Eeginos credo aut Locrensis aut Xeapolitanos aut Tarentinos, quod scenicis artificibus largiri solebant, id huic summa ingeni praedito gloria Uc noluisse ! Quid ? cum ceteri non modo post civitatem datam, sed etiam post legem Papiam aliquo modo in eorum municjpiorum tabulas inrepserunt, hie, qui ne utitur quidem illis, in quibus est scriptus, quod semper se Heracliensem esse voluit, reicietur ? 13C 11. Census nostros requiris scilicet. Est enim obscurum proximis censoribus hunc cum clarissimo imperatore L. Lucullo apud exercitum fuisse ; superioribus, cum eodem quaestore fuisse in Asia ; primis Iulio et Crasso nullam populi partem esse censam. Sed, quoniam census non ius 135 civitatis conflrmat, ac tan turn modo indicat eum, qui sit census, ita se iam turn gessisse pro cive, eis temporibus, quibus tu criminaris ne ipsius quidem iudicio in civium Romanorum iure esse versatum. et testamentum saepe fecit nostris legibus, et adiit hereditates civium Roma- 140 74 CICERO S ORATIOHS norum, et in beneficiis ad aerarium delatus est a L. Lucullo pro consule. VI. Quaere argumenta, si qua potes : num- quam enim hie neque suo neque amicorum iudicio revin- cetur. The reason, Gratius, why I take such delight in the defence of Archias, is that he provides us advocates with a necessary relaxa- tion. The time that others devote to more frivolous pursuits y I have given to literature. 145 12. Quaeres a nobis, Grati, cur tanto opere hoc homine delectemuxj Quia suppeditat nobis ubi et animus ex hoc forensi strepitu reficiatur, et aures convicio defessae con- quiescant. An tu existimas aut suppetere nobis posse quod cotidie dicamus in tanta varietate rerum, nisi animos no- 150 stros doctrina excolamus ; aut ferre animos tantam posse contentionem, nisi eos doctrina eadem relaxerAus ? Ego vero fateor, me his studiis esse deditum. Ceferos pudeat^3 : , si qui se ita litteris abdiderunt, lit nihil possint ex eis neque ad communem adferre fructum, neque in aspectum 155 lucemque proferre : me autem quid puaeatf qui tot annos ita vivo; iudices, ut a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo aut otium meum abstraxerit, aut voluptas avo- carit, aut denique somnus retardarit ? 13. Qua re quis tandem me reprehendat, aut qnjy=; *mihi hire suscenseat, 160 si, quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas, quantum ad festos dies ludorum celebrandos, quantum ad alias voluptates et ad ipsam requiem animi et corporis conceditur temporum, quantum alii tribuunt tempestivis conviviis, quantum denique alveolo, quantum pilae, — tantum mihi egomet ad 165 haec studia recolenda sumpsero ? Atque hoc ideo mihi concedendum est magis, quod ex his studiis haec qiioque crescit oratio et facultasj quae quantacumque in me est, nnmquam amicorum periculis defuit. Quae si cui levior videtur, ilia quidem certe, quae summa sunt, ex quo fonte 170 hauriam, sentio. DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 75 True merit is ivorth its full cost to attain ; yet its memory would per- ish but for the records of literature. Here I find the memorials of those great exemplars, the story of whose lives has always sus- tained me in my public life. 14. Nam nisi multorum praeceptis multisque litteris mihi ab adulescentia siiasissem, nihil esse in vita magno opere expetendum nisi laudem atque honestatem, in ea autem persequenda omnis cruciatus corporis, omnia pelli- cula mortis atque exsili pa'rvi esse diicenda, numquam 175 me pro salute vestra in tot ac tantas dimicationes atque in hos profligatorum hominum cotidianos impetus obie- eissem. \Sed pleni omnes sunt libri ; plenae sapientium voces, plena exemplorum vestustas ; quae iacerent in tene- bris omnia, nisi litterarum lumen accederet. Quam multas 180 nobis imagines, non solum ad intuendum, verum etiam ad imitandum, fortissimorum virorum expressas scriptores et Graeci et Latini reliquerunt ! Quas ego mihi semper in administranda re publica j^roponens animum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione ho J mirttim excellentium conforma- 185 bam. " Have the great then themselves always been lettered men ? " This I cannot say, but nature and culture have certainly united to pro- duce the greatest men. Yet apart from this the delights of litera- ture are 'perennial. VII. 15. Quaeret quispiam : 'Quid? illi ipsi summi viri, quorum virtutes litteris proditae sunt, istane doctrina, quam tu effers laudibus, eruditi f uerunt ? '\ Difficile est hoc de omnibus confirmare, sed tamen est certe quod 190 respondeam. Ego multos homines excellenti animo ac virtute fuisse, et sine doctrina naturae ipsius habitu prope divino per se ipsos et moderatos et gravis exstitisse fateor. Etiam illud adiungo, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem naturam sine doctrina quam sine natura valuisse doctrinam. 195 Atque idem ego contendo, cum ad naturam eximiam atque inlustrem accesserit ratio quaedam conformatioque doc- (Af \ r tf 76 CICERO^ ORATIONS trinae, turn illud nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare solere exsistere. J 16. Ex hoc esse liunc numero, quern patres 200 nostri viderunt, divinum hominem Africanum ; ex hoc C. Laelium, L. Purium, moderatissimos homines et continen- tissimos ; ex hoc fortissimum virum et illis temporibus doctissimum, M. Catonem ilium senem ; qui profecto si nihil ad percipiendam colendamque virtutem litteris adiu- 205 varentur, numquam se ad earum studium contulissent. Quod si v non hie tantus fructus ostenderetur, et si ex his studiis delectatio sola peteretuiv, tamen, ut opinor, hanc animi adversionem humanissimam ac liberalissimam iudi- caretis. Nam ceterae neque temporum sunt neque aetatum 210 omnium neque locorum : haec studia adulescentiam alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversis per- fugium ac solacium praebent, delectant domi, 11011 im- liediunt foris, pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusti- cantur. Even if without these accomplishments ourselves, we must admire them in others. We all admired lioscius the actor: is Arc hi as the poet less deserving of our esteem ? Our own Ennius called poets " sacred : " may you so regard them, gentlemen of the jury. Many cities honored Homzr dead : shall Archias living receive less honor ? And Archias has devoted his genius to singing the glories of Borne. 215 17. Quod si ipsi haec neque attingere neque sensn nostro gn stare possemus, tamen ea mirari deberemus, etiam cum in aliis videremus. VIII. Quis nostrum tarn animo agresti ac duro fuit, ut Eosci morte nuper 11011 commoveretur ? qui cum esset senex mortuus, tamen 220 propter excellentem artem ac venustatem videbatur om- nino mori non debuisse. Ergo ille corporis motu tantuni amorem sibi conciliarat a nobis omnibus : nos animorum incredibilis motus celeritatemque ingeniorum neglegemus ? 18. Quotiens ego hunc Archiam yidi, indices, — utar enim 225 vestra benign itate, quoniam me in hoc novo gen ere di- cendi tarn diligenter attenditis, — quotiens ego hunc vidi, DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 77 cum litteram scripsisset nullum, magnum numerum opti- morum versuum cle eis ipsis rebus, quae turn agerentur, dicere ex tempore ! Quotiens revocatum eandem rem dicere commutatis verbis atque sententiis ! Quae vero adcurate 230 cogitateque scripsisset, ea sic vidi probari, ut ad veterum scriptorum laudem perveniret. Hunc ego non- diligam, non admirer, non omni ratione defendendum put em ? Atque sic a summis hominibus eruditissimisque ac- cepimus, ceterarum rerum studia et doctrina et praecep- 235 tis et arte constare ; poetam natura ipsa valere, et mentis viribus excitari, et quasi divino quodam spiritu inflari. Qua re suo hire noster ille Ennius sanctos appellat poetas, quod quasi deorum aliquo dono atque munere commendati nobis esse videantur. 19. Sit igitur, iudices, sanctum 240 apud yos, humanissimos homines, — hoc poetae nomen quod nulla umquam barbaria violavit. Saxa et solitudines . voci respondent ; bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur atque consistunt : nos, instituti rebus optimis, non poeta- rum voce moveamur ? j Homerum Colophonii civem esse 245 dicunt suum, Chii suum vindicant, Salaminii repetunt, Smyrnaei vero suum esse confirmant, itaque etiam delu- brum eius in oppido dedicavcrunt ; permulti alii praeterea pugnant inter se atque contend unt. IX. Ergo illi alie- num, quia poeta fuit, post mortem etiam expetunt : nos 250 hunc vivum, qui et voluntate et legibus noster est, repu- diabimus ? praesertim cum omne olim studium atque omne ingenium contulerit Archias ad populi Eomani gloriam laud.emque celebrandam ? Nam et Cimbricas res adulescens attigit, et ipsi illi C. Mario, qui durior ad haec 255 studia videbatur, iucundus fuit. Great men have ever loved the poets who sang of their exploits. The poets who have praised our national heroes have at the same time sited lustre on the Roman name. Ennius the alien for such ser- vices received the citizenship : shall Archias he deprived of his ? 20. Neque enim quisquam est tarn aversus a Musis, qui non mandari versibus aeternum suorum laborum facile 7 8 CICERO S ORATIONS praeconium patiatur. Themistoclem ilium, summum 260 Athenis virum, dixisse aiunt, cum ex eo quaereretur, quod acroama aut cuius vocem libentissime audiret : eius, a quo sua virtus optime praedicaretur. Itaque ille Marius item eximie L. Plotium dilexit, cuius ingenio putabat ea, quae gesserat, posse celebrari.J 21. Mithridaticum vero 265 bellum, magnum atque dinicile, et in multa varietate terra marique versatum, totum ab hoc expressum est ; qui libri non modo L. Lucullum, fortissimum et clarissimum virum, verum etiam populi Romani nomen inlustrant. Populus enim Romanus aperuit, Lucullo imperante, Pon- 270 turn, et regiis quondam opibus et ipsa natura et regione vallatum ; populi Romani exercitus, eodem duce, non maxima manu innumerabilis Armeniorum copias f udit ; populi Romani laus est, urbem amicissimam Cyzicenorum eiusdem consilio ex omni impetu regie atque totius belli 275 ore ac faucibus ereptam esse atque servatam ; nostra semper feretur et praedicabitur,, L. Lucullo dimicante, cum interfectis ducibus depressa hostium classis, et incre- dibilis apud Tenedum pugna ilia navalis ; nostra sunt tro- paea, nostra monimenta,, nostri triumplii : quae quorum 280 ingeniis efferuntur, ab eis populi Romani fama celebratur. 22. Carus fuit Africano superiori noster Ennius; itaque etiam in s epulc ro Scipionum putatur is esse constitutus ex marmore. \At eis laudibus certe non solum ipse qui lau- datur, sed etiam populi Romani nomen ornatur. In cae- 285 lum huius proavus Cato tollitur : magnus honos populi Romani rebus adiungitur. Omnes denique illi Maximi, Marcelli, Fulvii non sine communi omnium nostrum laude decorantur. X. Ergo ilium qui haec fecerat, Rudi- num hominem, maiores nostri in civitatem receperunt : 290 nos hunc Heracliensem, multis civitatibus expetitum, in hac autem legibus constitutum, de nostra civitate eiciemus? DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 79 The fact that Archias writes in Greek, the language of the world, is the greater stimulus to our ambition. Alexander grieved that he had not a Homer ; our own Pompey honored Theophanes with the gift of citizenship, Archias also would have been so honored by one of our generals, had not the laws already made him a citizen. 23. Nam si quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex Graecis yersibus percipi quam ex Latinis, vehementer errat, propterea quod G-raeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus, Latina suis finibus, exiguis sane, continentur. Qua re si 295 res eae, quas gessimus, cu-bis, terrae regionibus definiuntur, cupere debemus, quo manuum nostrarum tela pervenerint, eodem gloriam famamque penetrare ; quod, cum ipsis populis, de quorum rebus scribitur, haec ampla sunt, turn eis certe, qui de vita gloriae causa" dimicant, hoc maximum 300 et periculorum incitamentum est et laborum. 24. Quam multos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille Alexander secum habuisse dicitur ! Atque is tamen, cum in Sigeo ad Achillis tumulum astitisset : ' fortunate, 9 inquit, ' adu- lescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum praeconem inveneris ! ' 305 Et vere. Nam nisi Ilias ilia exstitisset, idem tumulus, qui corpus eius contexerat, nomen etiam obruisset. Quid ? noster hie Magnus, qui cum virtute fortunam adaequavit, nonne Theophanem Mytilenaeum, scriptorem rerum sua- rum, in contione militum civitate donavit ; et nostri illi 310 fortes viri, sed rustici ac milites, dulcedine quadam gloriae commoti, quasi participes eiusdem laudis, magno illud clamore approbaverunt ? 25. Itaque, credo, si civis Eomanus Archias legibus non esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore civitate donaretur, perflcere 315 non potuit. jSulla cum Hispanos donaret et Gallos, credo hunc petentem repudiasset: quern nos in contione vidimus, cum ei libellum malus poeta de populo subiecisset, quod epigramma in eum fecisset, tantummodo alternis versibus longiusculis, statim ex eis rebus, quas tunc vendebat, iubere 320 ei praemium tribui, sed ea condicione, ne quid postea scri- beret. Qui sedulitatem mali poetae duxerit aliquo tamen 9 80 CICERO^ ORATIOKS praemio dignam, huius ingenium et virtutem in scribendo et copiam non expetisset ? , 26. Quid ? a Q. Metello Pio, 325 familiarissimo suo, qui civitate multos donavit, neque per se neque per Lucullos impetravisset ? qui praesertim usque eo de suis rebus scribi cuperet, ut etiam Cordubae natis poetis, pingue quiddam sonantibus atque peregrinum, tamen auris suas dederet. The love of fame is universal, and the poet, as the herald of fame, is as dear to the citizen as to the soldier. Hence my own solicitude forArchias,forhe has begun a great epic on the events of my consulship. 330 XI. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod obscu- rari non potest, sed prae nobis ferendum : trahimur omnes studio laudis, et optimus quisque maxim e gloria ducitur. I Ipsi illi philosophi etiam in eis libellis, quos de contemnenda gloria scribunt, nomen suum inscribunt ; in eo ipso, in quo 335 praedicationem nobilitatemque despieiunt, praedieari de se ac nominari volunt. 27. Decimus quidem Brutus, sum- mus vir et imperator, Acci, amicissimi sui, carminibus templorum ac monumentorum aditus exornavit suorum. lam vero ille, qui cum Aetolis Ennio comite bellavit, Ful- 340 vius, non dubitavit Martis manubias Musis consecrare. Qua re in qua urbe imperatores prope armati poetarum nomen et Musarum delubra coluerunt, in ea non debent togati indices a Musarum honore et a poetarum salute ab- horrere. \ 345 28. Atque ut id libentius faciatis, iam me vobis, indices, indicabo, et de meo quodam amore gloriae, nimis acri for- tasse verum tamen honesto, vobis confitebor. Nam quas res nos in consulatu nostro vobiscum simul pro salute huius- ce imperi, et pro vita civium, proque universa re publica, 350 gessimus, attigit hie versibus atque inchoavit ; quibus auditis, quod mihi magna res et iucunda visa est, hunc ad perficiendum adornavi. \ Null am enim virtus aliam merce- dem laborum periculorumque desiderat praeter banc laudis v&. J DEFENCE OE ARCH! AS 8 1 et gloriae : qua quidem detracta, iudices, quid est quod, in hoc tam exiguo vitae curriculo et tarn brevi, tantis nos in 355 laboribus exerceamus ? 29. Certe si nihil animus prae- sentiret in posterum, et si quibus regionibus vitae spatium circumscriptum est, eisdem omnis cogitationes terminaret suas ; nee tantis se laboribus frangeret, neqiie tot curis yigiliisque angeretur, nee totiens de ipsa vita dimicaret. 360 Nunc inside t quaedam in optimo quoque virtus, quae noctis ac dies animum gloriae stimulis concitat, atque admonet, non cum vitae tempore esse dimittendam commemoratio- nem nominis nostri, sed.cum omni posteritate adaequan- dam. XII. 30. (An. vero tam parvi animi videamur esse 365 omnes, qui in re publica atque in his vitae periculis labori- busque versamur, ut, cum usque ad extremum spatium nullum tranquillum atque otiosum spiritum duxerimus, nobiscum simul moritura omnia arbitremur ?J An statuas et imagines, non animorum simulacra sed corporum, stu- 370 diose multi summi homines reliquerunt ; consiliorum relinquere ac virtutum nostrarum effigiem nonne multo malle debemus, summis ingeniis expressam et politam ? Ego vero omnia, quae gerebam, iam turn in gerendo spar- gere me ac disseminare arbitrabar in orbis terrae memoriam 375 sempiternam. Haec vero sive a meo sensu post mortem afutura est, sive (ut sapientissimi homines putaverunt) ad aliquam mei partem pertinebit, nunc quidem certe cogita- tione quadam speque delector. And so, gentlemen of the jury, as Archias is a man of modest worth, whose case has been fully established, and a man of great gifts, which he has employed to the glory of the Roman name, you can- not but acquit him. 31. Qua re conservate, iudices, hominem pudore eo, 380 quern amicorum videtis comprobari cum dignitate turn etiam vetustate ; ingenio autem tanto, quantum id con- venit existimari, quod summorum hominum ingeniis ex- petitum esse videatis ; causa vero eius modi, quae beneficio 82 cicero's orations 385 legis, auctoritate municipi, testimonio Luculli, tabulis K Metelli comprobetur. Quae cum ita sint, petimus a vobis,-v iudices, si qua non modo humana yerum etiam divina in f tantis ingeniis commendatio debet esse, ut eum, qui yos, > qui vestros imperatores, qui populi Komani res gestas \ 390 semper ornayit, qui etiam his recentibus nostris vestrisque f domesticis periculis aeternum se testimonium laudis da- fc turum esse profitetur, estque ex eo numero qui semper apud omnis sancti sunt habiti itaque dicti, sic in vestram accipiatis fidem, ut humanitate vestra levatus potius quam 395 acerbitate violatus esse yideatur. 32. Quae de causa pro i mea consuetudine breviter simpliciterque dixi, indices, ea I confido probata esse omnibus : quae autem remota a mea iudicialique consuetudine, et de hominis ingenio et com- . muniter de ipsius studio, locutus sum, ea, indices, a vobis. I 400 spero esse in bonam partem accepta ; ab eo qui iudicium . exercet, certo scio. ' THE MANILlAX LAW 97 tecta defendere. Sociis ego nostris mare per hos annos clausum fuisse dicam, cum exercitus vesfcri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transniiserint ? Qui ad vos ab exteris nationibus yenirent, captos querar, cum legati populi Eomani redempti sint ? Mercatoribus tutum mare 375 non fuisse dicam, cum duodecim secures in praedonum potestatem peryenerint ? 33. Cnidum aut Colopkonem aut Samum, nobilissimas urbis, innumerabilisque alias captas esse commemorem, cum vestros portus atque eos portus, quibus yitam ac spiritum ducitis, in praedonum fuisse 380 potestatem sciatis ? an yero ignoratis portum Caietae cele- berrimum ac plenissimum navium, inspectante praetore, a praedonibus esse direptum; ex Miseno autem eius ipsius liberos, qui cum praedonibus antea ibi bellum gesserat, a praedonibus esse sublatos ? Nam quid ego Ostiense incom- 385 modum atque illam labem atque ignominiam rei publicae querar, cum, prope inspectantibus yobis, classis ea, cui con- sul populi Eomani praepositus esset, a praedonibus capta atque oppressa est ? Pro di immortales ! Tantamne unius hominis incredibilis ac diyina yirtus tarn breyi tempore 390 lucem adferre rei publicae potuit, ut yos, qui modo ante [ostium Tiberinum classem liostium yidebatis, ei nunc nul- lam intra Oceani ostium praedonum navem esse audiatis ? !34. Atque haec qua celeritate gesta sint quamquam yidetis, Itamen a me in dicendo praetereunda non sunt. Quis enim 395 limquam aut obeundi negoti aut consequendi quaestus stu- fiio tarn brevi tempore tot loca adire, tantos cursus conficere fcotuit, v.. am celeriter Cn. Pompeio duce tanti belli impetus lavigavit ? Qui nondum tempestivo ad nayiga ndum, ffl flgbljMi Biciliair adiit, Africam exploravit; inde Sardinian! cum llasse veir.t, atqae haec tria f rumen taria subsidta rei publicae ■rmissii us praesidiis classibusque munivit. . 35. Inde, cum ■ in Ita, am recepisset, duabus Hispaniis et Gallia transal- Bna praesidiis ac navibus confirmata, missis 'item in oram Jlyrici maris et in Achaiam omnemque Graeciatii navibus, 405 aliae duo maria maximis c\n> le pra .sidiis *mp 98 CICERO^S ORATIOKS adornavit. Ipse an tem ul Brundisio profectus est, unde- quinquagesimo die totam ad imperium populi Komani Cili- ciam adiunxit; omnes, qui ubiqne praedones fuerunt, parti m 410 capti interfectique sunt, partim unius liuius se imperio ac potestati dedidernnt. Idem Cretensibus, cum ad eum usque in Pamphyliam legatos deprecatoresque misissent, spem deditionis non ademit, obsidesque imperavit. Ita tantum bellum, tarn diuturnum, tarn longe lateque dispersum, quo 415 bello omnes gentes ac nationes premebantur, Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere* suscepit, media aestate confecit. He is the model soldier. XIII. 36. Est haec divina atque incredibilis virtus im- peratoris. Quid ceterae, quas paulo ante commemorare 420 coeperam, quantae atque quam multae sunt? Non enim bellandi virtus solum in summo ac perfecto imperatore ' quaerenda est, sed multae sunt artes eximiae liuius admi- nistrae comitesque virtutis. Ac prim am, quanta innocentia debent esse imperatores, quanta deinde in omnibus rebus,. 425 temperantia, quanta fide, quanta facilitate, quanto ingenio,;* quanta humanitate ? Quae breviter, qualia sint in Cn.. Pompeio, consideremus; summa enim omnia sunt, Quirites,v sed ea magis ex aliorum contentione quam ipsa per sese cognosci atque intellegi possunt. 37. Quern enim impera- 430 torem possumus ullo in numero putare, cuius in exercitu centuriatus veneant atque venierint ? Quid hunc hominem magnum aut amplum de re publica cogitare, qui pecuniam ex aerario depromptam ad bellum administranclum aut propter cupiditatem provinciae magistratibus diviserit aut 435 propter avaritiam Romae in quaestu reliquerit? Vestr ■dmurmuratio facit, Quirites, ut agnoscere videamini q 1 ^ h ^eceriijjt. Ego autem nomino neminem: qua re in milr^ ni no poterit, nisi qui ante de se voluerit confite: Itaque*^ ropter banc avaritiam imperatorum, quantas cal 440 mitates, qnocnmque ventum est, nostri exercitus feran THE MAK1LIAH LAW 99 quis ignorat? 38. Itinera qiia6 per hosce aniios in Italia per agros atque oppida civium Komanorum nostri impera- tores fecerint, recordamini : turn facilius statuetis quid apud exteras natioues fieri existimetis. Utrum pluris arbitramini per hosce annos militum vestrorum armis hostium urbis, an 445 hibernis sociorum civitates esse deletas ? Xeque enim potest exercitum is continere imperator, qui se ipse non continet, neque severus esse in iudicando. qui alios in se severos esse indices non volt. 39. Hie miramnr liunc bominem tantum excel lere ceteris, cuius legiones sic in Asiam pervenerint, ut 450 non modo manus tanti exercitus, sed ne vestigium quidem cuiquam pacato nocuisse dicatur? lam vero, quern ad modum milites hibernent, cotidie sermones ac litterae per- feruntur: non modo ut sumptum faciat in militem nemini vis adfertur, sed ne cupienti quidem cuiquam permittitur. 455 Hiemis enim, non avaritiae perfugium maiores nostri in sociorum atque amicorum tectis esse voluerunt. His self-control is the key to his success. XIV. 40. Age vero; ceteris in rebus quali sit temperan- tia, considerate. Unde illam tan tarn, celeritatem et tarn incredibilem cursum inventum putatis? Xon enim ilium 460 eximia vis remigum, aut ars inaudita quaedam gubernandi, aut venti aliqui novi, tarn celeriter in ultimas terras pertu- lerunt; sed eae res, quae ceteros remorafi solent, non re- tarJarunt. Xon avaritia ab instituto cursu ad praedam aliquam devocavit; non libido ad voluptatem, non amoenitas 465 ad delectationem, non nobilitas urbis ad cognitionem, non denique labor ipse ad quietem. Postremo signa et tabulas ceteraque ornamenta Graecorum oppidorum, quae ceteri tol- lenda esse arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne visenda quidem existi- mavit. 41. Itaque omnes nunc in eis locis Cn. Pompeium 470 sicut aliquem, non ex hac urbe missum, sed de caelo de- lapsum intuentur; nunc denique incipiunt credere fuisse homines Romanos hac quondam continentia, quod iam 100 CICERO'S ORATIONS nationibus exteris incredibile ac falso memoriae proditum 475 videbatur; nunc imperi vestri splendor illis gentibus lucem adferre coepit; nunc intellegunt non sine causa maiores suos turn, cum ea temperantia magistratus habebamus, ser- vire populo Eomano quam imperare aliis maluisse. lam vero ita faciles aditus ad eum privatorum, ita liberae queri- 480 moniae de aliorum iniuriis esse dicuntur, ut is, qui dignitate principibus excellit, facilitate inflmis par esse videatur. 42. lam quantum consilio, quantum dicendi gravitate et copia valeat, in quo ipso inest quaedam dignitas imperatoria, vos, Quirites, hoc ipso ex loco saepe cognovistis. Fidem 485 vero eius quantam inter socios existimari putatis, quam hostes omnes omnium generum sanctissimam iudicarint? Humanitate iam tanta est, ut difficile dictu sit utrum hostes magis virtutem eius pugnantes timuerint au mansuetudinem victi dilexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit quin huic hoc 490 tantum bellum transmittenclum sit, qui ad omnia nostrae memoriae bella conficienda divino quodam consilio natus esse videatur ? Mis very prestige is a tower of strength. XV. 43. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellis admi- nistrandis multum atque in imperio militari valet, certe 495 nemini dubium est quin ea re idem ille imperator plurimum possit. Vehementer autem pertinere ad bella administranda quid hostes, quid socii de imperatoribus nostris existiment, quis ignorat, cum sciamus homines in tantis rebus, ut aut contemnant aut metuant aut oderint aut ament, opinione 500 non minus et fama quam aliqua ratione certa commoveri ? Quod igitur nomen umquam^in orbe terrarum clarius fuit? Cuius res gestae pares ? De quo homine vos, id quod ma- xime facit auctoritatem, tanta et tarn praeclara indicia fecis- tis ? 44. An vero ullam usquam esse oram tarn desertam 505 putatis, quo non illius diei faina pervaserit, cum universus populus Eomanus, referto foro completisque omnibus tem- plis ex quibus hie locus conspici potest, unum sibi ad com- THE MASTILIAlSr LAW IOI mune omnium gentium bellum Cn. Pompeium imperatorem depoposcit ? Itaque, ut plura non dicam, neque aliorum exemplis confirmem quantum huius auctoritas valeat in 510 bello, ab eodem Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiarum exempla sumantur: qui quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator, tanta repente vilitas annonae ex summa inopia et caritate rei frumentariae consecuta est Junius hominis spe ac nominej quantain vix in summa uber-,515 tate agrorum din turn a pax efficere potuisset. 45. lam ac- cepta in Ponto calami tate ex eo proelio, de quo vos paulo ante invitus admonui,, cum socii p&r'timuissent, hostium opes animique crevissent, satis firmum praesidium provincia non haberet, amisissetis Asiam, Quirites, iiisi ad ipsum 520 discrimen eius temporis divinitus Cn. Ponipeium ad eas regiones fortuna populi Eomani attulisset. Huius adventus et Mithridatem insolita inflammatum victoria continuity et Tigranem magnis copiis minitantem Asiae retardavit. Et quisquam dubitabit quid virtute perfecturus sit, qui tantum 525 auctoritate perfecerit? aut quam facile imperio atque exer- citu socios et vectigalia conservaturus sit, qui ipso nomine ac rumore defenderit ? XVI. 46. Age vero, ilia res quan- tam declarat eiusdem hominis apud hostis populi Eomani auctoritatem, quod ex locis tarn longinquis tamque diversis 530 tarn brevi tempore omnes huic se uni dediderunt! quod a communi Cretensium legati, cum in eornm insula noster imperator exercitusque esset, ad Cn. Pompeium in ultimas prope terras venerunt, eique se omnis Cretensium civitates dedere velle dixerunt! Quid? idem iste Mithridates nonne 535 ad eundem Cn. Pompeium legatum usque in Hispaniam misit? eum, (juem Pompeius legatum semper iudicavit, ei, quibus erat semper molestum ad earn potissimum esse mis- sum, speculatorem quam legatum iudicari maluerunt. Po- testis igitur iam constituere, Quirites, banc auctoritatem 540 multis postea rebus gestis magnisque vestris iudiciis ampli- flcatam, quantum apud illos reges, quantum apud exteras nationes ^valituram esse existimetis. CICEHO S ORATIOKS May ive not call him the favorite of Fortune ? 47. Eeliquum est ut de felicitate. — quam praestare dc 545 se ipso nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de altero possumus, sicut aeqnum est homines de potestate deorum, — timide et pauca dicamus. Ego enim sicexistimo: Maximo, Marcello, Scipioni, Mario, et ceteris magnis imperatoribus non solum propter virtutem, sed etiam propter fortunam 550 saepius imperia mandata atque exercitus esse commissos. Fuit enim profecto quibusdam summis viris quae dam ad amplitudinem et ad gloriam et ad res magnas bene gerendtis divinitus adiuncta fortuna. De hums autem liominis felici- tate, de quo nunc agimus, liac utar moderatione dicendi, 555 non ut in illius potestate fortunam positam esse dicam, sed ut praeterita meminisse, reliqua sperare videamur, ne aut invisa dis immortalibus oratio nostra aut ingrata esse vide- atur. 48. Itaque non^sum praedicaturus quautas ille res domi militiae, terra marique, quantaque felicitate gesserit; 560 ut eius semper voluntatibus non inodo cives adsenserint, socii obtemperarint, hostes oboedierint, sed etiam venti tem- pestatesque obseciindarint. Hoc brevissime dicam: nemi- nem umquam tarn impudentem f uisse, qui ab dis immortali- bus tot et tantas res tacitus auderet optare, quot et quautas 565 di immortales ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt. Quod ut illi proprium ac perpetuum sit, Quirites, cum communis salutis atque imperi turn ipsius hominis causa, sicuti facitis, velle / et optare debetis. 49. Qua re, cum et bellum sit ita necessarium, ut neglegi . 570 non possit, ita magnum, ut adcuratissime sit administran- dum, et cum ei imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia, singularis virtus, clarissima aucto- ritas, egregia fortuna, dubitatis, Quirites, quin hoc tantum boni, quod yobis ab dis immortalibus oblatum et datum est, Mj^l 575 in rem publicam conservandam atque amplificandam con- f eratis ? THE MANILIAN LAW IO3 Add Jo these advantages his fortunate presence at this time in Asia with an armyG***t+ }+f» **$***?-■ XVII. oO. Quod si Romae Cn. Pompeius privatus esset hoc tempore., tamen ad tantum bellum is erat deligendus atque mittendus-; nunc cum ad ceteras sum mas utilitates haec quoque oj^^^fmtas'^acfiungatur, ut in eis ipsis locis 580 adsit, ut habeat exercitum, ut ab eis, qui habent, accipere statim possit, quid exspectamus? aut cur non ducibus dis immortalibus eidem, cui cetera summa cum salute rei pu- blicae commissa sunt, hoc quoque bellum regium commit- tamus ? 585 But Gatulus and Hortensius are opposed to the law. 51. At cnim vir clarissimus, amantissimus rei publicae, vestris beheflciis amplissimis atTiectlis^ Q. Catulus, itemque summis ornamentis honoris, fortunae, virtutis, ingeni prae- ditus, Q. Hortensius, ab hac rationc dissentiunt. Quorum ego auctoritatem apud vos multis locis plurimum valuisse 590 et valere oportere confiteor; sed in hac causa, tametsi cognoscetis aifctoriSat&^contrarias virorum fortissimorum et clarissimorum, tamen, omissis auctoritatibus, ipsa re ac ratione exquirere possumus veritatem, atque hoc facilius, quod ea omnia, quae a me adhuc dicta sunt, eidem isti vera 595 esse concedunt, et necessarium bellum esse et mjagnum, et in uno Cn. rompeio summa esse omnia. To the objection raised by Hortensius, the Gabinian law of last year furnishes answer enough. 5~%~ J-T f 52. Quid igitur ait Hortensius V Si uni omnia tribu- enda sint, dignissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad imum tamen omnia deferri non oportere. Obsolevit iam ista "oratio, re 600 multo magis quam verbis refutata. Xam tu idem, Q. Hor- tensi, multa pro tua summa copia ac singulari facilitate dicendi et in senatu contra virum fortem, A. Gabinium, graviter ornateque dixisti, cum \* do uno impemtore cou- 104 CICERO'S ORATIONS 605 tra praedones constituendo legem promulgasset, etexhoc ipso loco permulta item contra earn legem verba fecisti. 53. Quid? turn, per deos immortalis! si plus apud populum Eomanum auctoritas tua quam ipsius populi Eomani salus et vera causa valuisset, hodie hanc gloriam atque hoc orbis 610 terrae imperium teneremus ? An tibi turn imperium hoc esse videbatur, cum populi Komani legati, quaestores, prae- toresque capiebantur ? cum ex omnibus provinciis commeatu et privato et publico prohibebamur ? cum ita clausa nobis erant maria omnia, ut neque privatam rem transmarinam 615 neque publicam iam obire possemus ? XVIII. 54. Quae civitas antea umquam fuit, — non dico Atheniensium, quae satis late quondam mare tenuisse dicitur; non Karthaginj- , ensium, qui permultuin classe ac maritimis rebus vkluerunt; non Ehodiorum, quorum usque ad nostram memoriam disci- 620 plina navalis et gloria remansit,— sed quae civitas umquam antea tarn tenuis, quae tarn parva insula fuit quae non portus suos et agros et aliquam partem regionis atque orae maritimae per se ipsa defenderet ? At hercule aliquot annos continuos ante legem Gabiniam ille populus Eomanus, cuius 625 usque ad nostram memoriam nomen invictum in navalibus pugnis permanserit, magna, ac multo ma^ima^ parte, non modo utilitatis, sed dignitatis atque imperi caruit. 55. Nos, quorum maiores An tiochum regem classe Persenque supera- runt, omnibusque navalibus pugnis Karthaginiensis, homi- 630 nes in maritimis rebus exercitatissimos paratissimosque, vicerunt, ei nullo in loco iam praedonibus pares esse potera- mus. ISTos, qui antea non modo Italiam tutam habebamus, sed omnis socios in ultimis oris aujertoritate nostri imperi salvos praestare poteramus (turn, cum insula Delos, tarn 635 procul a nobis in Aegaeo mari posita, quo omnes undique cum mercibus atque oneribus commeabant, referta divitiis, parva, sine muro, nihil timebat), eidem non modo provinciis atque oris Italiae maritimis ac portubns nostris, sed etiam Appia iam via carebamus; et eis temporibus non pudebat 640 magistratus populi Eomani in hunc ipsum locum escendere, sideraL are, THE MAKILIAN LAW !05 cum eum nobis maiores nostri exuviis nauticis et classium spoliis ornatum reliquissent. XIX. 56. Bono te animo turn, Q. Hortensi, populus Eomanus et ceteros, qui erant in eadem sententia, dicere existimavit ea quae sentiebatis; sed tamen in salute com- 645 muni idem populus Eomanus dolori silo maluit quam auc- toritati vestrae obtemperare. Itaque una lex, unus vir, unus annus non modo nos ilia miseria ac turpi tudinelibera- vit, sed etiam eflfecit, ut aliquando vere videremur omnibus gentibus ac nationibus terra marique imperare. 650 And by the ivay let me say that Gabinius has fairly earned the right to be appointed legatus to Pompey in the present war. 57. Quo mihi etiam indigniits videtur obtrectatum esse adhuc, Gabinio dicam anne Pornpeio, an utrique, id quod est verius, ne legaretur A. Gabinius Cn. Pompeio expetenti ac postulanti. Utrum ille, qui postulat ad tantum bellum legatum quern velit, idoneus non est qui impetret, cum 655 ceteri ad expilandos socios diripiendasque provincias quos voluerunt legatos eduxerint; an ipse^ cuius lege salus ac dignitas populo Eomano atque omnibus gentibus constituta est, expers esse debet gloriae eius imperatoris atque eius exercitus, qui consilio ipsius ac periculo est constitutus? 660 58. An C. Falcidius, Q. MeteUus, Q, Caelius Latiniensis, Cn. Lentulus, quos omnis liffnons causa nomino, cum tri- buni plebi fuissent, anno proximo legati esse potuerunt: in uno Gabinio sunt tarn diligentes, qui in hoc bello, quod lege Gabinia geritur, in lioc imperatore atque exercitu, quern 665 per vos ipse constituit, etiam praecipuo iure esse deberet ? De quo legando consules spero ad senatum relaturos. Qui si dubitabunt aut gravabuntur, ego me profiteor relaturum: neque me impediet cuiusquam inimicum edictum, quo minus vobis fretus vestrum ins benericiumque defend am, neque 67) praeter intercessionem quicquam audiam, de qua, ut arbitror, isti ipsi, qui minantur, etiam atque etiam quid liceat con- siderabunt. Mea quidem sententia, Quirites, unus A. Gabi- »* 106 CICERO^ ORATIONS nius belli maritimi rerumque gestarum Cn. Pompeio socius 675 ascribitur, propterea quod alter uni illud bellum suscipien- dum vestris sufiragiis detulit, alter delatum susceptumque confecit. As for Cafulus, you have yourselves answered him in part ; for the rest of his objection, he knows that Pompey's career shows that the Roman people in a time of war do not wait for precedents. XX. 59. Keliquum est ut de Q. Catuli auctoritate et sententia diceiidura. esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobis quae- 680 reret, si in uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si quid eo factum esset, in quo spem essetis habifcuri, cepit magnum suae virtutis fructum ac dignitatis, cum omnes una prope voce in eo ipso vos spem habituros esse dixistis. Etenim talis est vir, ut nulla res tanta sit ac tarn difficilis, quam ille 685 non et consilio regere et integritate tueri et virtute conficere possit. Sed in. hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime dissentio, quod, quo minus certa est hominum ac minus diuturna vita, hoc magis res publica, dum per deos immortalis licet, frui debet summi viri vita atque virtute. 60. ' At enim ne quid 690 novi fiat contra exempla atque instituta maiorum.' Non dicam hoc loco maiores nostros semper in pace consuetudini, in bello utilitati paruisse; semper ad novos casus tenrporum novorum consiliorum rafiones "adcommodasse. Non dicam duo bella maxima, Punicum atque Hispaniense, ab uno im- 695 peratore esse confecta, duasque urbis potentissimas, quae huic imperio maxime minitabantur, Karthaginem atque Numantiam, ab eodem Scipione esse deletas. Non com- memorabo nuper ita vobis patribusque vestris esse visum, ut in uno C. Mario spes imperi poneretur, ut idem cum 700 Iugurtha, idem cum Gimbris, idem cum Teutonis bellum administraret. 61. In ipso Cn. Pompeio, in quo novi con- stitui nihil volt Q. Catulus, quam multa sint nova summa Q. Catuli voluntate const ituta, recordamini. XXI. Quid tarn novum quam aclulescentulum privatum 700 exercitum difficili rei publicae tempore conficere? Con. THE MAKILIAN LAW \Oj fecit. Huic praeessc ? Praefuit. Rem optime ductu suo gerere? Gessitv Quid tarn praeter consuetudinem quam homini peradulescenti, cuius aetas a senatorio gradu longe abesset, imperium atque exercitum dari, Siciliam permitti, atque Africam bellumque in ea provincia administraudum ? 710 Fuit iu his provinciis singulari innocentia, gravitate, vir- tute. Bellum in Africa maximum confecit, victorem exer- citum deportavit. Quid vero tarn inauditum quam equitem Eomanum triumphare ? At earn quoque rem populus Bo- manus non modo vidit, sed omnium etiam studio visendam 715 et concelebrandam putavit. 62. Quid tarn inusitatum quam ut, cum duo consules clarissimi fortissimique essent, eques Komanus ad bellum maximum formidolosissimumque pro consule mitteretur ? Missus est. Quo quidem tem- pore, cum esset non nemo iu senatu qui diceret non opor- 720 tere mitti liominem privatum pro consule, L. Philippus dixisse dicitur, non se ilium sua sententia pro consule, sed pro j^onsjiliJaus mittere. ; Tanta in eo rei publicae bene gerendae spes constituebatur, ut duorum consilium muniis unius adulescentis virtuti committeretur. Quid tarn siugu- 725 lare quam ut exsenatus consulto legibus solutus consul ante fieret, quam ullum alium niagistratum per leges capere licuisset? quid tarn incredibile quam ut iterum eques Eo- manus ex senatus consulto triumpharet? Quae in omnibus hominibus nova post hominum memoriam coifstTtuta sunt, 780 ea tarn multa non sunt quam haec, quae in hoc uno homine videmus. 63. Atque haec tot exempla, tanta ac tarn nova, prbfecta sunt in eunclem hominem a Q. Catuli atque a J* ceterorum eiusdem dignitatis amplissimorum hominum auctoritate. 735 Well may tee trust the wisdom of the people. ^ ~ — XXII. Qua'Te videant ne sit periniquum et non ferun- dum, illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompei dignitate a vobis comprobatam semper esse, vestrum ab illis de eodem homine iudicium populique Eomani auctoritatem improbari; prae- -aaaJ. 108 CICERO'S ORATIONS \ . > 740 sertim cum mm suo iure populus Eomanus in hoc homine suam auctoritatem vel contra omnis qui dissentiunt possit defendere, propterea quod, isdem istis reclamantibus, vos unum ilium ex omnibus delegistis quern bello praedonum 4 pr a oponor c fe — 64. Hoc si vos temere fecistis, et rei publicae 745 parum consuluistis, recte isti studia vestra suis consiliis re- gere conantur; sin autem vos plus turn in "re publica vidis- tis, vos eis repugnantibus per vosmefc ipsos^ dignitatem huic imperio, salutem orbi terrarum attulistis, ali^uando 1 isti principes et sibi et ceteris populi Eomani universi auctori- 750 tati parendum esse fateantur. The fact is, Pompey is the only choice we have. Atque in hoc bello Asiatico et regio non solum militaris ilia virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae quoque virtutes animi magnae et multae requiruntur. Dif- ficile est in Asia, Cilicia, Syria regnisque interiorum na- 755 tionum ita versari nostrum imperatorem, ut nihil aliud nisi de hoste ac de laude cogitet. Deinde etiam si qui sunt pudore ac temperantia moderations, tamen eos esse talis propter multitudinem cupidorum hominum nemo arbitra- tur. 65. Difficile est dictu, Quirites, quanto in odio simus 760 apud exteras nationes propter eorum, quos ad eas per hos annos cum imperio misimus, libidines et iniurias. Quod enim fanum putatis in illis terris 'nostris magistratibus re- ligiosum, quam civitatem sanctam, quam domum satis clau- sam ac muni tarn fuisse ? Urbes iam locupletes et copiosae 765 requiruntur, quibus causa belli propter difipiendi cupidi- tatem inferatnr. 66. Libenter haec (foram ' cum Q. Catulo et Q. Hortensio, summis et clarissimis viris, disputarem. Noverunt enim sociorum volnera; vident eorum calamitates; querimonias audiunt. Pro sociis vos contra hostis exerci- 770 turn mittere putatis, an h ostium simulatione contra socios atque amicos? Quae ci vitas est in Asia quae non modo imperatoris aut legati, sed unius tribuni militum animos ac spiritus capere possit? XXIII. Qua re, etiam si quern THE MANILIAK LAW 109 habetis qui conlatis sigtii's exercitus regios superare posse videatur, tamen nisi erit idem, qui se a pecuniis sociorum, 775 qui ab eorum coniugibus ac liberis, qui ab ornamentis fano- rum atque oppidorum, qui ab auro gazaque regia manus, oculos, animum coliibere possit, 11011 erit idoneus qui ad bellum Asiaticum regiumque mittatur. 67. Ecquam puta- tis civitatem pacatam fuisse quae locuples sit? Ecquam 780 esse locupletem quae istis pacata esse videatur ? Ora mari- tirna, Quirites, Cn. Pompeium non solum propter rei milita- ris gloriam, sed etiam propter animi contineutiam requisivit. Yidebat enim praetores locupletari quot annis pecunia pu- blica praeter paucos, neque eos quicquam aliud adsequi clas- 785 sium nomine., nisi ut detrimentis accipiendis maiore adfici turpitudine videremur. Xunc qua cupiditate homines in provincias, quibus iacturis et quibus condicionibus pro- ficiscantur, ignorant videlicet isti, qui ad unum deferenda omnia esse non arbitrantur ? quasi vero On. Pompeium non 790 cum suis virtutibus, turn etiam alienis vitiis magnum esse < videamus. 68. Quaere nolite dubitare quin liuic uni creda- "tis omnia, qui inter tot annos unus inventus sit, quern socii in urbis suas cum exercitu venisse gaudeant. If the sanction of statesmen is asked for, here are the names of four eminent authorities. _ . . Qiiod si auctoritatibus hanc eausam, Qui rites, confirman- 795 dam putatis, est vobis auctdr vir bellorum omnium maxi- marumque rerum peritissimus, P. Servilius, cuius tantae res gestae terra marique gxstiterunt, ut, cum de bello de- liberetis, auctor vobis gravior nemo esse debeat; est C. Curio, summis vestris beneficiis maximisque rebus gestis, summo 800 ingenio et prudentia praeditus; est Cn. Lentulus, in quo omnes pro amplissimis vestris honoribus summum consi- lium, summam gravitatem esse cognovistis; est C. Cassius, integritate, virtu te, constantia singulari. QnaTre videte ut horum auctoritatibus illorum orationi, qui dissentiunt, re- 805 spondere posse videamur. 4 110 ClCERO^S ORATION'S Stand firm then, Manilius, in your proposal, and count on my help. XXIV. 69. Quae cum ifca sint, C. Mauili, primum istam tuam et legem et voluntatem et sententiam laudo vehemen- tissimeque comprobo; deinde te hortor, ut auctore populo 810 Eomano maneas in sententia, neve cuiusquam vim aut minas pertimescas. Primum in te satis esse animi perse verantiae- que arbitror; deinde cum tantam multitudinem £nm tanto studio adesse videamus, quantam rterum nunc in* eodem liomine praeficiendo vi dentins, quid est quod aut de re aut . 815 de perficiendi facilitate dubitemus? Ego autem, quicquid est in me studi, consili, laboris, ingeni, quicquid hoc bene- ficio populi Eomani atque hac potestate praetoria, quicquid auctoritate, fide, constantia possum, id omne ad hanc rem conficiendam tibi et populo Eomano polliceor ac defero; 820 70. testorque omnis deos, et eos maxime, qui huic loco tem- ploque praesident, qui omnium mentis eorum, qui ad rem publicam acleunt, maxime perspiciunt, me hoc neque rogatu face re cuiusquam neque quo Cn. Pompei gratiam mi hi per hanc causam conciliari putem neque quo mihi ex cuiusquam 825 ampiil,umfie aut praesidia periculis aut adiumenta honoribus quaeram; propterea quod pericula facile, ut hominem prae- stare oportet, innocentia tecti repellemus, honorem autem neque ab uno neque ex hoc loco, sed eadem ilia nostra labo- riosis§ima ratione vitae, si vestra voluntas feret, conse- 830 quemuY. 71. Quam ob rem. quicquid in hac causa mihi susceptum est, Quirites, id ego omne me rei publicae causa suscepisse coiinrhio; tantumque abest ut aliquam mihi bo- nam gratiam quaesisse videar, ut multas me etiam simultates partim obscuras, partim apertas intellegam, mihi non neces- 835 sarias, vobis non inutilis, suscepisse. Sed ego me hoc honore praeditum, tantis vestris beneficiis adfectum statui, Quirites, yestram voluntatem et rei publicae dignitatem et salutem provinciarum atque sociorum meis omnibus com- modis et rationibus praeferre oportere. 4l. NOTES 'VlRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE (In L. Catilinam Oratio Prima) PREFATORY XOTE 1. The four Orations against Catiline were delivered by Cicero in the year 63 B.C., when as consul he crushed the conspiracy formed by Catiline and others against the government. 2. Catiline's Earlier Career. L. Sergius Catilina was born about the year 103 B.C., of a patrician family that had fallen into poverty. He began his public life in the bloody days of Sulla (Introduction, §§21- 23). thus early distinguishing himself by the murder of his brother- in-law — an act nominally of party service but really committed to satisfy a private grudge. He was also said to have murdered his wife and his son. These crimes are only a small fraction of the total with which he is credited ; but as Cicero in these orations tells the story of his numerous villanies a repetition is needless here. Catiline was a bold, energetic man, of great physical strength and endurance, and not without a certain cleverness, especially noticeable in the influence which he possessed and exercised over others. While these qualities of body and mind well fitted him for the part which he essayed to play, he lacked the patience and cool head necessary to succeed in his schemes. 3. Catiline and Autronius. In 68 he was praetor urbanus, the follow- ing year going as propraetor to govern Africa (Introduction, §61). On his return to Rome (66 B.C.) he became a candidate for the consulship, but was forced to withdraw on account of a prosecution brought against him for extortion in Africa during his propraetorship. Now, P. Autronius Paetus and P. Cornelius Sulla (nephew to the great Sulla), who had been elected consuls for that year, were convicted of bribery in the election, and hence were disqualified ; in their stead two other candidates were elected consuls. Note. — The grammatical references are to the Gildersleeve-Lodge Latin Grammar, School Edition (G.); Allen and Greenough (A. & G.); Bennett (B.); Harkness (H.). An occasional reference to the Larger Gildersleeve is marked G. (L. Ed.). in 112 HOTES ^ 4. The First Conspiracy (65 B.C.)- Autronius, the aggrieved candi- date, then made common cause with Catiline. They were joined by a third confederate, one Cn. Piso, a dissipated young noble. Their plan was to murder the successful candidates on January 1 (the day on which consuls regularly entered office) of the year 65. They were then to set themselves up at the head of the government, Catiline and Autronius as consuls, and Piso as generalissimo. The last named with an army was to seize the province of Spain as a base of military operations for the support of the revolutionists. Pompey's absence in Asia with the regular army left Rome without any armed force to • quell the proposed insurrection. Unfortunately for the conspirators, the plot was divulged, and hence its execution had to be postponed to February 5. Again it failed, however, this time because Catiline in his impatience gave the signal before the hired assassins were gathered in sufficient numbers to carry out their purpose. Either from timidity or from indifference the Senate took no action against the conspirators further than to assign a guard to the consuls for their personal protection and an armed band to oppose that of the revolutionists. Many persons believe that this first conspiracy, as it is called, was organized in the interest of the democracy, and that Caesar and Crassus as leading democrats gave it their sanction, if not their active support. •4 -- 5. The Election in 64 B.C. Although Catiline was acquitted in his trial for extortion mentioned above, yet it cost him dearly for bribery ; the decision of the court, also, came too late to enable him to be a candidate for the consulship in the year 65. The next year, however, he once more presented himself as a candidate with several competi- tors in the field. Of these, only two need be mentioned here : C. Antonius Hybrida and Cicero himself. The former, a weak character and a bankrupt, was believed to be in sympathy with Catiline's plans, which now included a proscription of many leading citizens (Introduc- tion, §22), a confiscation of their property, and especially an abo- lition of all debts. The alarm caused by Catiline's candidature, however, threw the influence of the best classes (boni, as Cicero calls them) on the side of Cicero, novus homo though he was (Introduction, §55), resulting in his election at the head of the polls with Antonius as his colleague. Thus the first step in Catiline's programme failed through his defeat in the election. One of Cicero's first acts then was to induce Antonius to desert the conspiracy by promising him for his proconsulship (in 62 b.c.) the rich province of Macedonia. The two consuls, Cicero and Antonius, entered office January 1, 63 b.c. 6. During Cicero's Consulship (63 B.C.). Undaunted by his repeated FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 113 failures, Catiline again sought the consulship in the year G3, a year in which, for some reason not clear, the elections were held later (October) than usual (July). Peaceful citizens were thoroughly alarmed by the rumors rife at this time concerning Catiline's inten- tions. It was said that there was to be a riot on election day ; that gangs of ruffians, of which the city was only too full, had been or- ganized for the purpose ; that Cicero, one of the consuls, - with many other leading men, was to be assassinated. Accordingly, the day before the election Cicero summoned the Senate, and had the elec- tions again postponed in order to enable him to make further inqui- ries. The Senate was in session for several days. On October 21 that body in consequence of Cicero's disclosures passed its ultimum decretum, or extreme decree, virtually declaring martial law in the usual words — Videant consules ne quid res publico, detrimenti capiant ('Let the consuls see to it that the state suffer no harm'). The announcement made by Cicero that had called for this extreme action was that the revolutionists were contemplating an armed insurrection — that Manlius, formerly an officer in Sulla's army, now Catiline's right-hand man, would be at Faesulae (in Etruria) on October 27 at the head of an army. Cicero's words proved true. In fact, all through this period Cicero by means of spies kept himself informed of every move contemplated by the revolutionary party, and was thus enabled to defeat them at every point. 7. October and November, 63 B.C. On the day of election (October 28), in consequence of the threats made by Catiline, many Senators prudently absented themselves from town, while Cicero attended the ceremony, armed with a cuirass under his gown and surrounded by a guard of young men. These precautions show r ed Catiline the useless- ness of attempting violence. Moreover, the votes of the people went against him, so that he was again defeated. November 1 the con- spirators attempted to seize the stronghold Praeneste (about 20 miles S. E. of Rome), but failed because the inhabitants had been warned by Cicero in time to resist the attack successfully. Again, on the night of November 6 Catiline held a meeting of his adherents, at which it was arranged that two of them should murder Cicero early in the morning ; but before the meeting broke up, Cicero had heard all about the plot, and was prepared to baffle it when the would-be assassins presented themselves at his barred doors. 8. The Speech. To protest against these continued outrages and adopt some energetic course to crush the conspiracy, Cicero again summoned the Senate on November 8 (some say November 7) in the temple of Jupiter Stator, one of the strongest positions in the 114 NOTES city, on the Palatine. Throngs of citizens keenly interested crowded the hill. When in the midst of the excitement, and in spite of the purpose for which the meeting had been called, Catiline as a member of the Senate had the hardihood to enter that body, the consul rose, and delivered his First Oration against Catiline. It has been said that the opening sentence of this speech (Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra f) is more generally known than any other sentence from an ancient author, while "the whole speech well mer- its its fame as a masterpiece of passionate and defiant eloquence " (Strachan-Davidson). As an immediate effect of the speech, Catiline left the city to join Manlius in Etruria. 1. tandem : often used to strengthen an interrogative or impera- tive sentence, and translated pray, in the name of heaven, or the like. abutgre : of the two endings -ris and -re in the Second Per- son Singular Passive, Cicero regularly uses -ris in the Present Indica- tive and -re in the Future and other tenses. Notice the quantity of the penult (g). patientia: why Ablative ? G. 407; A. & G. 249; B. 218, i ; H. 421, i. Observe in this opening the three expressions quo usque, quam diu, and quern ad finem, beginning the first three sen- tences, and all meaning approximately the same thing, yet varying by shades of meaning. Translate : how far f hoiv long f to what lengths f 2. iste: Demonstrative of the Second Person, meaning that of yours ; compare hie, Demonstrative of the First Person, meaning this of mine, and ille, Demonstrative of the Third Person, meaning that of his, hers, etc., or simply yonder. From its frequent use in speaking an opponent in a case at law, iste often carries a contemptuous sense. 3. nihilne : stronger than the simple nonne, and translated not . . . at all. On account of its long subject, this sentence is best translated passively: Are you not disturbed at all by the guard on (lit. of) the Palatine by night (lit. nightly guard), etc. 4. Palati: the smallest but most celebrated of the seven hills of Rome. It was the site of the original city, and was surrounded by the other six hills. Naturally the strongest position in the city, it was guarded on this occasion at night in anticipation of any attempt the conspirators might make to seize it. vigiliae : patrols. 5. bonorum : patriots, a favorite word in these Orations, often con- trasted with its opposite improbi. habendi senatus : G erundive construction, the substantive taking the case of the Gerund, while the Gerund is attracted to the gender and number of the substantive. 6. ora voltusque : an instance of the figure called Hendiadys, in FIBST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE I I 5 which two words are used to express a single complex idea. Trans- late : expression on the countenances ; lit. faces and expressions. 7. non : used instead of nonne, the omission of the interrogative sign (-ne) being an indication of Astonishment, Blame, etc. G. 433 ; B. 162, 2, d. 9. proxima: last; superiore : (night) before last. The exact dates here, as was stated in the Prefatory Note, §8, are uncertain. The meeting at Laeca's house described in Chapter iv. was held on the night of November 6 (superiore), and probably the attack on Cicero's life was not attempted until the following night or early on the second morning (proxima). egeris, fueris, convocaveris, ceperis : Subjv. in Indirect Questions, depending on the last clause of the sen- tence beginning with the words quern nostrum, etc. Note also that this last clause is itself a Direct Question. Avoid changing the order of clauses, and translate: What you did last night, what the night before, etc., who among us (lit. of us) is not aware? 10. consili : Part. Gen. depending on the neuter quid. quern * from the interrog. quis, not the rel. qui. nostrum : explain the use of this form. G. 364, r. ; A. & G. 194, b ; B. 242, 2; H. 446, N.- 3. 13. vivit : learn the Principal Parts of this verb, and compare with those of vinco and vincio. immo vero : used either to remove a doubt or (as here) to heighten a previous statement, and translated : nay, rather. G. 471, c; A. & G. 209, d. consili: why Genitive ? G. 374 ; A. & G. 218, a; B. 204; H. 399, 1. 3. 15. oculis : Ablative of Means. 16. viri fortes : ironical. videmur : fancy. furorem ac tela: mad violence, lit. madness and weapons ; Hendiadys. See Note on 1. 6 above. 17. vitemus : Subjv. in Indirect Discourse after videmur. Cicero is quoting indirectly from the thought attributed to himself and his colleague in the consulship. duci : in English ought (oportebat) has come to be felt as a Present, the Past notion having been trans- ferred to the dependent Infinitive — to have been led. So conferri in the next clause. 19. an : the regular conjunction for the second part of a Disjunctive (or Double) Question. But often, as here, the first part is omitted, being sufficiently clear from the context. Note that the interrogative force of this sentence does not really begin until the words Catilinam, orbem, etc., are reached, since the fate of Tiberius Gracchus was a well-known fact. Translate: Or (while) that honorable man, the pontifex maximus, Publius Scipio, as a private citizen, put to death, etc., shall we as consuls endure Catiline, desiring (as he does) to lay Il6 NOTES waste, etc. ? privatus is contrasted with consules, since the pontlfex maximus was not a magistrate. For the historical facts referred to, see Introduction, §16 ; also, §17 for the experience of Gaius Gracchus, referred to below. 23. nam ilia . . . praetereo : an illustration of the common trick in oratory, which pretends to leave unsaid the very things said. In rhetoric it is known as Praeteritio. Several examples occur in this oration. Shakspere makes Mark Antony in his funeral oration over Caesar's body say: "I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him," and yet all through his speech Antony refers to his dead friend as " the ruins of the noblest man that ever lived in the tide of times." C. Servilius Ahala, Sp. Maelium : Ahala as master of horse to the dictator Cincinnatus slew with his own hand the rich plebeian Spurius Maelius (439 b. a), who was suspected of aiming at kingly power because he sold grain to the poor at reduced rates in a time of great distress. 25. fuit : repeated for emphasis — there was, yes, there once was such vigor, etc. 27. coercerent : Subjv. in a Consecutive Sentence, following the demonstrative ista. G. 552; A. & G. 219 ; B. 284; H. 500. 28. vehemens et grave : avoid the habit of translating Latin words by their English derivatives when these are unsuitable. Use the Vocabulary. 29. rei publicae : account for the case. G. 349, R. 4; A. &G, 231, a ; B. 190; H. 387. 30. nos, nos : see Note on 1. 25 above (fuit). 31. decrevit : Principal Parts ? ut . . . videret : Complementary Final Sentence. ne : that... not, introducing a negative Com- plementary Final Sentence. What words introduce a negative Con- secutive Sentence ? quid : Indefinite Pronoun, regularly used after si, nisi, ne, num, and Relatives. G. 315 : A. & G. 105, d ; B. 252, i; II. 455, i. detrimenti : Partitive Genitive. nox nulla intercessit : in English this thought would have been expressed in a mere phrase, ' ' before night " ; but Cicero, by making it a separate sentence, emphasizes the fact that the punishment was swift in overtaking the offenders. 34. clarissimo patre, avo, maioribus : Abl. Absolute, but best trans- lated : sprung from illustrious father, grandfather, {and) ancestors. 35. cum liberis : Abl. of Attendance. consularis : what does this word mean ? 37. num : distinguish between -ne, num, and nonne. unum diem : Ace. of Extent in Time. L. Saturninum, C. Servilium : two demagogues iu the time of Marius. See Introduction, §19. FIRST ORATION AGAIXST CATILINE 117 38. mors ac . . . poena : two subjects with a Singular verb, because they express a single idea, death-penalty ; Hendiadys. rei publi- cae : of the state; that is, imposed by the state. Observe the curious notion involved in the verb remorata est, kept them waiting. 39. patimur: ive have been suffering. Account for the use of the Present in Latin. What other tense is similarly used ? G. 230 and 234 ; A. & G. 276, a, and 277, b ; B. 259, 4, and 260, 4 ; EL 467, 2, and 469, 2. hebescere : to what class of verbs does this belong, and what are its Principal Parts ? aciem : edge, comparing the authority of the Senate to a sword. 40. horum : to whom does this refer ? 42. in vagina, etc. : continuing the metaphor of the sword. ex : according to. 44. ad deponendam, etc. : expresses Design. Mention at least five ways of expressing the general sense of a Final Sentence. 45. me : omit in translating. The use of the pronoun indicates that the matter desired was not altogether in his power. pa- tres conscripti : conscript fathers, the regular term used in address- ing the Senate. The expression has been explained in several ways. The most common explanation is that patres meant patricians, the Senate having originally been made up of patricians exclusively, while, at a later date, when that body was recruited from the plebeians, conscripti was added, meaning enrolled, i.e. among the Senators. 46. dissolutum : remiss. inertiae nequitiaeque : why Genitive ? See G. 378 ; A. & G. 220 ; B. 208, 2, a; H. 409, 11. 47. castra : meaning of the Singular ? See the Vocabulary. What officer was in command at this camp ? 49. in dies singulos : from day to day. 51. atque adeo : yes, even. 53. comprehendi, interfici : both depend on iussero. iussero : the Latin is more exact in the use of tenses in dependent clauses than the English. G. 242, r. 1 ; A. & G. 281, r. ; B. 261, 2; II. 473, 2. This Fut. Perfect after si is loosely translated by the Present, if I order. credo : frequent in Cicero in an ironical sense — i" suppose (not believe). 54. mihi : Dat. of the Agent. G. 355 ; A. &. G. 232 ; B. 189 ; II. 388. ne : after verbs of Fearing, what is the rule for the use of *ne and ut* G. 550, 2 ; A. & G. 331, /; B. 296, 2 ; II. 498, in. x. 1. Observe, non belongs to only a part of the sentence, not the whole. Literally translated, the sentence reads : that not true patriots (may say) that this was done by me too late rather than that any one may say it was done too cruelly ; more freely ; not that true patriots Il8 NOTES (may say) this was done by me too late, but rather that some one may say that it was done too cruelly. Since the sentence is ironical, Cicero means just the reverse of what he says ; namely, that he would be more afraid of being reproached by patriotic citizens for acting too tardily than of being criticized by any captious person for cruelty. 55. verum ego, etc. : but for a well-defined (certa) reason I am not yet induced to do that which, etc. The Subjv. faciam follows adducor in a Complementary Consecutive Sentence. 57. interficiere : what tense ? See Note on 1. 1 (abutere). 59. qui (= ut is) . . . fateatur : as not to admit, etc. This is the Subjv. in a Characteristic Relative Sentence. The construction is so frequent in Cicero that it would be well to make a special study of it. The relative here implies the notion of Character and Adaptation, and is followed by a Subjv. of Tendency. The following varieties of the construction occur (G. 631) : 1, with a definite antecedent, when the character is emphasized ; regularly after the adjectives idoneus, aptus, dignus, indignus ; also, after demonstratives (is, talis, tarn, tantus, etc.) and the two superlatives unus and solus ; 2, after negative expressions (nemo, nihil, etc.) and questions implying a negative answer (e.g. quis est, implying nemo est), and such indefinite expressions as sunt qui (there are some who), multi sunt, alii sunt, etc. ; 3, after comparatives with quam. Which two of these varieties are illustrated in the present passage ? 60. qui audeat : Subjv. of Characteristic, belonging to the second variety (see preceding Note), quisquam erit being an indefinite ex- pression like multi sunt. 61. oppressus : held in check. 65. quid est . . . quod exspectes : to which variety of the Character- istic construction does this belong ? See Note on 1. 59. Observe that quid here is equivalent to nihil. 66. tenebris : Abl. of Means. 67. parietibus : paries means a 'partition wall, the wall of a house ; moenia, the walls of a city ; murus is the general word for wall, 69. mini crede : take my advice, caedis : why Genitive ? G. 376 ; A. & G. 219 ; B. 206 ; H. 407. 71. licet recognas : you may review; lit. it is permitted that you review. 72. ante diem xii. Kalendas Novembris : October 21. G. p. 491 ; A. & G. 376 ; B. 372 ; H. 642. Be prepared to give the other dates in this chapter in their English form. 74. C. Manlium : it was Cicero's prediction referred to here that prompted the Senate to issue its ultimum decretum. FIRST ORATION AGAIXST CATILINE I ig 75. num me fefellit, etc. : on account of the long subject, it is best to translate this sentence passively : Was I mistaken — I will not say (lit. not only) in the event, so important, etc. — but ivhat is far more remarkable, in the date ? idem : also, lit. the same, Nom. agreeing with the subject. G. 310; A. & G. 195, e; B. 248, i ; H. 451, 3. 78. contulisse : had appointed; translated by our Pluperfect because prior to an action already Past (dixi). 80. sui conservandi, of saving themselves. G. 428, r. 1; A. & G. 298, a ; B. 339, 5 ; H. 542, 1. Note the use of causa to express Design. For the fact here stated, see the Prefatory Note, §7. 83. commovere te: make a move, take a step; lit. move or bestir yourself. 84. discessu ceterorum : the tamen following shows that these words must be taken in a Concessive sense — notwithstanding the escape (lit. departure) of the rest. esse: would be, lit. were; so translated simply to suit the English idiom. G. 254, r. 1 ; A. & G. 264, b ; B. 271 ; H. 476, 5. The Subjv. remansissemus is due to 0. 0. after dicebas. nostra : Abl. agreeing with caede, but equivalent here to the Gen. Plural of ego (— of us), and so translated. 85. quid : again. This word, either alone or with vero, igitur, etc., is very frequent in Cicero in the sense what of this, i.e. of what I am about to say. 87. sensistine : did you see ; or possibly -ne here leans to the nega- tive, in which case translate : did you not see. 89. moliris : a word implying strenuous effort. audiam, videam, sentiam : for the Subjv. see Note on 1. 59. 91. superiorem : (night) before last. 93. prior e = superior e. 94. inter falcarios : to the street of the scythe-makers, a certain quarter of the city. 95. compluris : Accusative Plural. 96. socios : accomplices. 97. hie in senatu, etc, : these words show the extent of the danger with which Cicero had to deal. The conspiracy included in its ranks men of even senatorial rank as well as a few knights. 98. nbinam gentium: where in the ivorld ; Part. Genitive with an adverb of Place. 103. atque adeo : see Note on 1. 51. cogitent : Subjv. of Char- acteristic. 104. de re publica sententiam rogo : a technical expression, referring to the manner in which the presiding magistrate at a session of the 1 20 NOTES Senate called on members for an expression of their views (sententiam) on public business (re publica). 105. igitur : well, resuming the story begun in the first part of the chapter. apud : at the house of. 107. quo : interrog., introducing an Ind. Question, hence the Subjv. placeret. quos : relative, introducing a Final Sentence {men to leave at Rome). 109. confirmasti : gave the assurance. 110. morae: Part. Geuitwe after paulum. G. 369 ; A. & G. 216, 3 ; B. 201, 2 ; H. 397, 3. etiam nunc : even now, still. viverem: Subjv. after a Causal conjunction quod in O. 0. G. 541 ; A. & G. 321 ; B. 286, 1 ; H. 516, 11. 111. liberarent : Subjv. of Characteristic with definite antecedent. 112. sese . . . interfecturos esse: after verbs of Promising, etc., the Fut. Inf. with subject expressed is the rule ; in English the simple Inf. is used — to hill. in meo lectulo : the diminutive is used here not in the sense of littleness, but rather, perhaps, with the idea of security : of all places a man might naturally be expected to be most secure from harm when he is in bed. Translate : in my very bed. 114. vixdum etiam. . . diinisso (Abl. Abs.) : almost before your meet- ing had adjourned ; lit. your meeting having scarcely yet even been dismissed. 116. salutatum : to greet. How is the supine in -turn used ? G. 435 ; A. &. G. 302 ; B. 340, 1 ; H. 546. 117. id (temporis) : Accusative of Extent in Time. G. 336, r. 5 ; A. & G. 240, b ; B. 185, 2 ; H. 373, 2. viris : what is the Dat. Plural of vis 1 119. quae cum ita sint : this being so ; Causal cum in the so-called "Ciceronian formula." 121. nimium diu desiderant: have too long been missing. Account for the tense ; see Note on 1. 39. 122. educ : note the Imperative forms die, due, fac, and fer. si minus : how is this expression used ? G. 592, ft. ; A. & G. 209, e ; B. 306, 2; H. 552, 3. quam plurimos : what force has quam with the superlative ? G. 303; A. & G. 93, b ; B. 240, 3; H. 170, 2. 123. metu : Abl. of Separation. dum modo : if only, expressing a Conditional Wish. G. 573 ; A. & G. 314; B. 310; H. 513, 1. 124. me atque te : the regular order in Latin, whereas in English we say you and me. 126. Note the phrase gratiam habere : to feel grateful. In the present passage gratia is postponed to the end of its clause, making FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 121 clearer the dependence on it of the quod-clause which immediately follows. atque : and especially. 129. saepius : too often (a frequent meaning of the comparative), in uno homine : in the case of a single person. This is a common mean- ing of in with the Abl. 131. consuli designato : of course, during the latter half of the pre- ceding year (64 B.C.). See the following Xote. 133. proximis comitiis consularibus : at the last consular elections. These elections were regularly held in July, and the consul-elect entered office on the following January 1. campo : Campus Mar- tins, where the elections were held, just outside of the city. 136. per me : by my private efforts. 138. nunc iam: the absolute now usually without reference to what has already taken place (nunc) and the now of experience (iam) combined; translate: now finally. He has just been speaking of Catiline's personal attacks upon his life, but now, he says, the con- spirator has more ambitious aims. 142. id quod, etc. : the two clauses are objects of facere. huius imperi, etc.: The authority which I possess and the teacMng of, etc. The word imperium refers to the official authority which he possessed as consul (Introduction, §56), and huius as Dem. of the First Person means this which I hold. Account for the Genitives. G., 359, r. 1 ; A. & G. 234, d ; B. 204, 2 ; H. p. 205, footnotes 1 and 3. 143. audeo : Prin. Parts ? Learn at the same time the Principal Parts of gaudeo, soleo, and fido (the "semi-deponents," as they are called). ad : as regards. 145. iussero : for the translation of the Fut. Perfect here, see Xote on 1. 53. 146. sin : but if. This is the regular word to introduce a Condition that excludes a preceding Condition. G. 592; B. 306, 3. 147. hortor : how translated? See Xote on 1. 39. exieris : Fut. Perfect, how translated? tuorum comitum : consisting of your com- panions; Appositive Genitive. The word sentina (refuse, scum) is modified by both Genitives rei publicae and tuorum comitum. 148. quid est, Catilina : well, Catiline; lit. what is it, Catiline? 149. dubitas : with the Infinitive this word regularly means hesi- tate, imperante me : Abl. Absolute. 150. consul hostem: placed side by side for the contrast, and last in the sentence for further emphasis. 154. possit : Subjv. of Characteristic after quid est ; so metuat and oderit after nemo est in the next sentence. 156, oderit: Perf. because a defective verb, else it would be Present; 122 NOTES translate as Present, quae nota domesticae turpitudinis : what stain of domestic disgrace. Here quae is interrog., being the adj. form of quis, quid, which corresponds in form to the relative. 157. vitae: why Dat. aiter imista (branded on)? See G. 347; A. & G. 228; B. 187, in. ; H. 386. haeret in fama : clings to your name (reputation), 159. cui adulescentulo : for what poor youth, the diminutive indi- cating not littleness of body, of course, perhaps not mere youthfulness of years, but rather weakness of character ; hence the Characteristic Snbjv. following — such as (lit. whom) you could ensnare with your enticing arts (quern . . . inretisses). Note the derivation of inretisses from rete, a net, toil, snare. The tense is Pluperfect because its time is prior to that of the leading verb, itself Perfect (praetulisti). 162. quid vero : these words, like quid alone, are often used by Cicero to introduce a general question, leading up to a more specific question as in the case here (nonne . . . cumulasti). Translate: but again, and compare Note on 1. 85. cum. . . vacuefecisses : having cleared. What use of cum is this? G. 585; A. & G. 325; B. 288, i; H. 521, ii. 2. Cicero charges Catiline with having murdered his first wife, and then his son by that wife, the second deed to accommodate his second wife, who (according to Sallust) objected to having a grown- up stepson. 164. cumulasti: the central idea of this word is that of "piling up." 165. tanti facinoris immanitas : lit. the monstrosity of so great a crime, that is, so monstrous a crime. non vindicata esse : to have passed unpunished. 167. praetermitto, etc.: what figure? See Note onl. 23. 168. proximis Idibus : Abl. of Time When. 169. ad . . . pertinent : relate to. 170. difficultatem: troubles. 171. nostrum : the regular form to use with omnium. How is nostri used? 173. cum : Concessive, horum neminem : not a man here, lit. no one of these men. 174. nesciat : Subjv. of Characteristic. pridie Kalendas Ianuarias : give the date in English. 175. comitio : the Singular of this word (comitium) means the place of assembly; the Plural (comitia), either the assembly itself or the elec- tions for which it met. cum telo : armed, lit. with a weapon. The occasion was the sitting of the Senate on February 5, 65 B.C. See Prefatory Note, §4. FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 23 177. non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum: not some reflection (or other) or panic on your part. 178. obstitisse : ob in composition means towards, against, in front of; hence obstare = to stand in one's ivay, thwart. ac iam ilia omitto : see Note on 1. 167 above (praetermitto). ilia refers to what follows (as often). 179. non multa : not few in number. 180. designatum : supply consulem from the next clause following. 181. coniectas : aimed. 182. declinatione et . . . corpore : by a slight movement of the body ; Hendiadys. The metaphor is taken from fencing. The student should not take Cicero's words literally : he speaks of only one actual attempt on his life, and that was frustrated by his refusing to admit visitors to his house, as described in 11. 114-116 above. 183. adsequeris : accomplish. What tense? See Note on 1. 1 (abut ere). 184. neque: split in translation {and not). 187. quae . . . quibus : the former is a relative (translated it), the latter interrogative {with what religious rites). In Latin the relative regularly takes the first place in its sentence, so that in translating it is often necessary to change the order of words, quod below gives the supposed reason for Catiline's course, and may be translated : as a reason that, or simply that ; thus, / know not with what religious rites it (quae, referring to sica) has been consecrated and vowed that (quod, as a reason that) you should think it necessary to plunge it, etc. 191. permotus : actuated ; why Nominative ? G. 528, 1 ; A. & G. 330, b ; B. 332 ; H. 534, 1, n. 1. quo debeo : here permotus esse is understood, but it is as unnecessary to supply the words in the Eng. as in the Latin ; so, after misericordia, we must understand per- motus esse videar, but in translating it is simpler to omit ut, and translate simply but by pity. nulla: in no wise, lit. none, Nomi- native. 194. salutavit : greeted. si : this " if " is equivalent to a Causal conjunction. post; since. 195. exspectas : are waiting for (not expecting). The idea is, their silence was significant enough ; was he also waiting for them to in- sult him in words ? 196. quid, quod : what (of this), that, quid here stands for a whole sentence = "What do you think of this that I am about to tell you ?" See Note on 1. 85. 197. ista : those (near you) ; Demonstrative of the Second Person. 20 124 NOTES 199. simul atque (sometimes written simul ac) : as soon as. For the tense here, see G. 561 ; A. & G. 324 ; B. 287, i ; H. 518, n. 1. 200. nudam atque inanem : Pred. Adjectives to be translated after the verb reliquerunt. quo tandem animo : with ivhat feelings, pray. On this clause depend the preceding clauses. tibi : Dat. of the Agent. 201. servi mehercule mei si me . . . metuerent : to translate these words, if my slaves should fear me, would be wrong ; note the tense. This is the Protasis of an Unreal (contrary to fact) Condition, and your translation should imply the falsity of the supposition ; hence translate : if my slaves feared me, implying they do not. Read (with special attention to the examples translated) G. 597 ; A. & G. 308 ; B. 304, i ; H. 510. isto : Dem. of the Second Person, an- ticipating the following te and tui. 202. putarem : I should think ; the Apodosis (or conclusion) of the Conditional Sentence. reliquendam: what is the force of the ending -dus % This word must be repeated in translating the next clause (tu tibi urbem, etc.). 204. si . . . viderem : how translated ? See Note on 1. 201 above. 205. civium: Subj. Gen. after aspectu. G. 263, i ; A. & G. 214 ; B. 199 ; H. 396, II. 206. oculis : Ablative of Means. 209. si te parentes timer ent ... tui : the Roman was frugal in the use of words. If he wished to say "My father loves me," he would sometimes use not four words, Meus pater me amat, but only three, Me pater amat, the position of me as well as the natural inference suf- ficiently indicating whose father is meant. In such a case the pro- noun me does double duty : it shows the object of the sentence and at the same time, by its proximity to pater, suggests meus. In the present passage, Cicero, however, prefers to emphasize the rela- tionship ; hence he repeats the idea of te in tui of the next line. 210. odissent : why Pluperfect ? It refers, like timerent, to Present time in an Unreal Condition, which is regularly Imperfect. Trans- late hated (not had hated), and see Note on 1. 156. 211. aliquo: to some place or other. nunc: as it is. 212. te patria : account for the position of te. See Note on 1. 209. nostrum : why not nostri "? 213. iam diu . . . iudicat : how is the Present tense translated here ? See Note on 1 39. nisi : frequent after negatives in the sense of except, but, etc. 215. sequere; what tense is this ? See Note on 1. 1 (abutere), FIRST ORATIOX AGAINST CATILINE 12$ 216. agit : treats, deals. tacita (with Concessive force) : al- though silent. 218. uni: what case is this ? vexatio direptioque sociorum : re- ferring to Catiline's treatment of the provincials during his proprae- torship in Africa (67 B.C.). He was prosecuted at the end of his term, but managed by bribery to escape punishment. Note the position here of tibi, and compare Xote on 1. 209. 220. ad neglegendas, etc. : Design. quaestiones (from quaero, inquire into, investigate) : law-courts. See Introduction, g6L. 222. lit potui : as (well as) I could. 223. me totam esse in metu, etc. : that I should he wholly alarmed, lit. whole in fear. Xote the use of the adjective totam for an adverb and the phrase in metu for an adjectival idea. This Ace. and Inf. with the one following is the subject of est ferendum. quicquid increpuerit (Pf. Subjv.), Catilinam timeri : that whatever (rumor) is noised abroad, Catiline should be feared ; Pf. (increpuerit) because the noise is prior to the panic, and Subjv. because the clause depends on an Infinitive. G. 629 ; A. & G. 342 ; B. 324, 2 ; H. 529, n. 225. quod a tuo scelere abhorreat : that is inconsistent with your {life of) crime ; Subjv. of Characteristic. 226. mini : Dat. of Advantage, but translated from me. 227. ne opprimar: that I may not be overwhelmed; negative Final Sentence. sin : this Avord regularly introduces a second Condi- tion to exclude the preceding one. falsus : unfounded. 228. haec : Neut. Plural. si . . . loquatur : the Ideal (less vivid) Condition. The proper auxiliary for the translation of this Condition is should or were to. So in the next clause : even if she should not be able to bring force to bear {upon you). See G. 596 ; A. & G. 305, b, 2, a ; B. 303 ; H. 509. quid, quod : see Xote on 1. 196. 231. tu te ipse : the subject rather than the object emphasized by the Xominative of ipse(G. 311, 2; A. & G. 195, 1 ; B. 249, 2; H.452, 1), lay- ing stress on his own agency in the matter. custodiam (sc. liberam) : when a citizen w T as to be tried on a criminal charge, he was not im- prisoned, but was allowed to go free on bail for his appearance at the proper time, or he might surrender himself into the keeping — free custody, as it was called — of some responsible person. Catiline had been indicted for riotous conduct (de vi). In this passage Cicero refers to Catiline's offers to give himself up in free custody to several persons successively. Each in turn declined to be responsible for his safe keeping until he applied to a friend (our text says M. Marcel- lus, 1. 239, but the name is in doubt). This friend, whoever he was, was not so watchful as the case required, since it was during his cus- 126 KOTES tody of Catiline that the prisoner attended the meeting at Laeca's house two nights before this speech was made. Hence Cicero's ironical words below (ad custodiendum diligentissimum) in reference to this friend's carefulness. 232. ad : at the house of (usually apud), the verb habitare apparently implying motion (go and live). Compare ad me venire in the next line, and several instances further on. velle : were willing. 234. domi meae: Locative. G. 411, R. 3 ; A. & G. 258, e; B. 232, 2 ; H. 426, 2. adservarem : Subjv. in a Complementary Final Sentence after rogasti. 235. id responsum: like a verb of Saying, this substantive is fol- lowed here by an Ace. and Inf. construction, me nullo modo . . . esse. 236. parietibus : see Note on 1. 67. qui . . . essem : a dependent clause in 0. 0. and also Causal in sense, hence Subjv. for two reasons. 239. demigrasti : an allusion to Catiline's unsuccessful wanderings from person to person. What is the rule for this contraction ? G. 131, i ; A. & G. 128, a, i ; B. 116, i ; H. 235. videlicet: of course (ironical). 240. ad custodiendum diligentissimum : very careful to guard. 241. sagacissimum : very sharp, keen. 242. videtur : its subject (antec. of qui) is understood. While the verb is personal according to the rule for its simple tenses, it is best to translate impersonally ; thus, how long does it seem that he, etc. 243. custodia: why Ablative ? G. 397 ; A. & G. 245, a; B. 226, 2 ; H. 421, in. iudicarit : for the contraction, see Note on demi- grasti above (1. 239). quae cum ita sint : see Note on 1. 119. 244. dubitas : what does this verb mean when followed by' the In- finitive as here (abire) * See Note on 1. 149. 245. istam : how is this pronoun translated ? See Note on 1. 2. 246. ereptam : which has escaped, the verb taking an Abl. of Sep- aration after it. 248. refer : technical word for laying a matter before (ad) the Sen- ate, id enim postulas : for that is what you demand. 249. ordo : give an account of the orders in Rome; see Introduction §£11, 12, and 15. decreverit : if this is a part of Catiline's lan- guage, dependent on dicis, it is Perfect Subjunctive ; if Cicero's words, Fut. Perfect. In either case translate as Present. 250. id quod abhorreat a meis moribus: a course that (lit. that ivhich) is foreign to my character. He seems to mean that as the Senate would certainly condemn Catiline, he did not care to be so severe as to lav the question before it. The real reason for not putting the question to a vote was that the Senate was not a judicial body, and FIRST ORATION" AGAINST CATILINE \2J hence had no right to pass sentence. Catiline knew this, and his request was a mere blind to make it appear that he was willing to abide by the decision of the Senate. Cicero also knew it, but he scores a point against Catiline in the next sentence by getting a kind of silent vote. 251. faciam ut intellegas : a common circumlocution in Lat. vari- ously translated ; here, make you understand {show you). . quid sentiant : Indirect Question, hence Subjunctive. For the meaning of the verb, compare the English derivative. hi : the Senate. 253. metu : Abl. of Separation, si hanc vocem exspectas : if that is what you are waiting for me to say. Notice the force of hanc as the Demonstrative of the First Person. At this point Cicero pauses to see the effect of his words. As there is no remonstrance from the audience, he resumes in the next line with the words quid est, Catilina : ivell, Catiline? lit. what is it? 255. quid exspectas, etc. : lit. why do you wait for the authority of (those) speaking, of whom silent you see clearly the desire; that is, more freely, why do you wait for the expressed wish of those whose silent desire you (so) clearly see. tacitorum, of course, agrees with quorum, but is best translated with voluntatem. 257. si . . . dixissem : Unreal (contrary to fact) Condition — if I had said, implying the opposite to be true. The Apodosis is intulisset (1. 260). 258. M. Marcello : a very different person from the one of the same name mentioned above as Catiline's friend (1. 239). The present Marcellus was a prominent aristocrat, consul twelve years later on the eve of the great Civil War, and an enemy to the democrat Caesar. 259. senatus vim et manus intulisset: the Seriate would have laid violent hands ; Hendiadys. 260. cum (= quod) quiescunt, probant ; in that they are silent, they approve (their silence is a proof of their assent). SeeGr. (L. Ed.) 582; A. &G. 325; B. 290, i; H. 521. 262. neque : split in trans, (and not). hi : i.e. the Senate, sub- ject of the verbs understood from the preceding clauses. Of course, so important an occasion as the present was, had attracted a large attendance to this sitting of the Senate, not only members attending, but many knights (equites, 1. 263) and other worthy citizens (fortissimi cives, 1. 264). All alike, says Cicero, condemned Catiline by their silence. videlicet : to be sure (ironical). 263. vita, etc. : before this clause, we must understand sed or et, but it is not necessary to supply either in translation. This omission of the conjunction is called Asyndeton. 128 NOTES 265. quorum frequentiam : whose crowded presence. 267 y vix : not hardly, but = difficulter (as often). contineo : why .Present ? eosdem : antecedent of the preceding quorum, and to be translated before the relative. 268. adducam ut . . . prosequantur : will induce them to escort, Com- plementary Consecutive Sentence. haec: lit. these things, said with a sweep of the hand, hence, this city. studes : tense as in contineo preceding. usque ad : as far as. 270. quamquam : and yet, a frequent meaning of the word in these orations. te ut ulla res frangat : tvhat ! anything subdue you ? an Exclamatory Question. G. 558 ; A. & G. 332, c ; H. 486, n. n. The same construction occurs in the next three sentences. Notice the emphatic position of the pronoun. 272. utinam . . . duint : Heaven grant you this {change of) mind ! A Wish thus expressed represents the matter wished for as in the Future, and hence still possible, duint is an old form of the Present Subjv. (compare malim, velim, etc.) for the regular form dent. Learn the following "scheme for the expression of Wishes : I. Possible : Cras (utinam) domi sim, May I be at home to-morrow ! 1) in Present time : Nunc utinam domi essem, Would I were at home now ! 2) in Past time : Heri utinam domi fuissem, Would 1 had been at home yesterday ! The negative is ne. In the first form utinam may be omitted ; in the second and third forms, vellem, niallem, and (theoretically) nollem may take the place of utinam. See G. 261 ; A. & G. 267 ; B. 279 ; H. 483, i and 2. 274* animum induxeris : how is the Fut. Perfect translated after quanta tempestas . . . impendeat : how great a storm of odium, Indirect Question, depending on video. 275. si minus : see Note on 1. 122. in praesens tempus : for the present. memoria : Abl. of Cause, giving a reason for his immu- nity from blame for the present. 276. est tanti : it is worth while, i.e. to take the risk of censure. Account for the case. G. 380, i, r. 1 ; A. & G. 252, a; B. 203, 3 ; H. 404. 277. dum modo : if only, a Conditional Wish. G. 573 ; A. & G. 314 ; B. 310, 1. ; H. 513, 1. a periculis : Abl. of Separation. 278. ut commoveare, etc. : a Complementary Final Sentence de- pending on est postulandum at the end of the sentence. Note the ending (-re), and see Note on 1. 1. 279. ut temporibus rei publicae cedas : that you should yield to the i of the commonwealth. II. Unreal FIRST ORATION AGAIHST CATILIKE 1 29 280. neque enim is es . . . ut te, etc. : for you are not such (a man) that either modesty has ever, etc. The Subjv. is Characteristic. 283. inimico : personal enemy : Dat. (with mihi) after con- in com- position (conflare). 284. vis : from volo. vix : see Note on 1. 267. 285. feceris : Pnt. Perfect in a Logical Condition. G. 595 ; A. & G. 307, c; B. 302, 1 ; H. 508. 286. iussu : Abl. of Cause. sin antem servire meae, etc. : but if you prefer (mavis from malo) to minister to my praise and glory. Avoid confounding servare = to preserve, save (which takes the Ace.) and servire = to be a slave to, serve (which takes the Dat.). 288. confer te : betake yourself. What three other verbs form the Imperative as fero does ? See Note on 1. 122. 289. patriae : Dative after in- in composition (infer). 290. latrbcinio : brigandage. ut . . . videaris : why Subjunctive ? The non of this sentence negatives only the phrase eiectus ad alienos. 291. quid . . . invitem : Potential Rhetorical Question. G. 259 ; A. & G. 311, a ; H. 486, 11. Rhetorical questions are so called because they are not genuine Questions, but strong statements in the inter- rogative form. 292. sciam : Subjv. either (1) because dependent on another Subjv. (invitem), i.e. by Attraction, or (2) because Characteristic. The subject of esse praemissos is the omitted antecedent of qui. qui . . . prae- stolarentur : to wait for. Forum Aurelium : a small place in Etruria, about 50 miles from Rome. 293. cui : Dat. of the Agent with the Perfect Passive (pactam and constitutam). In the next line the Agent is expressed by the more common a with the Abl. (a quo). 294. aquilam : the eagle used as a standard. This particular eagle is said to have belonged to the democratic general Marius. 295. quam: subject of esse futuram {which 1 trust may prove, etc.). 296. cui : for which, referring like quam to the eagle. In translating this whole sentence it is best to take in sciam esse praemissam (at the end of the sentence) immediately after a quo : a man by whom 1 Jcnow has been sent forward that silver eagle, etc. 297. tu ut . . . carere possis : what! you able to do without that standard any longer. For the construction, see Note on 1. 270 (ut frangat). 299. a : from. 301. ibis: emphatic position. quo: whither. 304. ad (for) hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exercuit, for- tuna servavit : observe this thoroughly Ciceronian sentence. In pre- I3O NOTES senting a succession of clauses, particularly in Climax, all having certain words in common, he often crowds the words that are com- mon to the whole into the first part of the sentence (ad hanc te amen- tiam here), and then introduces the subjects and predicates in close succession. It is like " clearing for action " before <; firing the broad- side." Learn the Principal Parts of peperit, and at the same time for comparison those of paro and pareo, with the meanings. 305. non modo : lit. not only, but often (as here) best translated, 1 will not say. The second negative in this sentence (ne . . . quidem) should be translated affirmatively even, rather than not even. The sentence begins with a general negative (numquam) and ne . . . quidem simply strengthens it, whereas in English two negatives destroy each other, making an affirmative. 306. nisi : used after a negative in the sense of except. 307. Order of words : nanctus es manum (a band) improborum con- flatam (agreeing with manum) ex perditis (Abl. of Material) atque de- relictis (in the same construction as perditis) ab non modo fortuna (personified, hence ab to express the Agent), verum etiam spe. 308. hie: here, i.e. with his boon-companions described in the pre- ceding sentence. perfruere : note the ending ; what tense ? 311. audies : will hear of. quemquam: any one (at all); the regular word for any in negative sentences. 312. studium : pursuit. meditati : practised, deponent verb in a passive sense. ill! qui feruntur labores tui : lit. those your labors that are talked of, that is, those much-talked -of practices of yours. The following Infinitives (iacere, vigilare) explain what these practices were, and are in apposition to labores. 313. humi : what case ? 315. somno, bonis (property) : Dat. after the intrans. verb insidi- antem. G. 346 ; A. &. G. 227 ; B. 187, n. a ; H. 385. 316. babes ubi ostentes : lit. you have where you may show off, that is, you have an opportunity to display ; Subjv. of Character- istic, patientiam : ability to bear (followed by a Genitive). 318. confectum: undone, ruined. tantum profeci : thus much 1 accomplished, leading up to the Consecutive clauses ut . . . posses and ut . . . nominaretur following. 319. a . . . reppuli : defeated . . . for. exsul . . . consul : a play upon words. Cicero is fond of these plays. Several are noted in The Impeachment of Verres (see the editor's Eleven Orations of Cicero), 324. detester ac deprecer : may avert by entreaty and prayer, 326. etenim si mecum patria . . . loquatur : this Protasis introduces a FIRST OBATION AGAINST CATILINE I 3 I long quotation, which extends to the end of the chapter. Accord- ingly there appears to be no corresponding Apodosis (conclusion), the current of thought having been forgotten when we reach the end of the speech. But a slight examination will show that the Apodosis is contained in the first words of the following chapter (his ego sanetis- simis, etc.). See Note on these words below (1. 350). The Protasis quoted above is of the Ideal (less vivid) kind, and should be translated should or were to say. Note the position of the word mecum in front of patria. What does this position suggest ? See Note above 011 1. 209. 327. vita : why Ablative ? multo : why Ablative ? 328. tune : = tu + ne, the interrog. sign, which is regularly added to the emphatic word ; hence translated will you (i.e. of all men). This tu is the subject of patiere (1. 332). 332. abs te : the form abs occurs only before te and the enclitic -que. It is avoided by Cicero in his later works. 333. emissus, inmissus : a play upon words (let out and let in). Com- pare exsul, consul in 1. 319, and see Note. 335. mactari imperabis : if the verb dependent on imperare is Active, imperare takes the Dative (Ind. Object) and ut + the Subjv. ; but if the dependent verb is Passive or Deponent, the Ace. and Inf. (as above) may be used. 336. at, etc. : his country is supposed to be asking Cicero why he does not put Catiline to death, and to each of his supposed reasons the country opposes an objection beginning with this word at. 337. morte multarunt : punished with death. G. 378, R. 2 ; A. & G. 220, b, 1 ; B. 208, 2, b; H. 410, in. 338. rogatae : introduced, the technical term. 340. praeclaram (emphatic position) vero, etc. : a fine return truly you are making (ironical). 341. per te cognitum: known only through your personal efforts. What does this mean? See Introduction, §55. 343. omnis honorum gradus : what offices (honorum) had he filled? 345. si quis : what words does quis (Indefinite) follow? See Note on 1. 31. 346. severitatis : due to, or springing from, severity, Possessive Genitive. inertiae : supply invidia. 350. his ego, etc. : here Cicero begins his answer to the complaint (querimoniam) supposed to come from his country, taking him to task for his alleged remissness in dealing with the conspirators. 351. hoc idem : Ace. of the Inner Object. Neut. adjectives and pronouns are frequently used with verbs which supply the substantive idea necessary to the sense. Here the word sentiment is supplied by 132 NOTES the verb sentiunt. We may, therefore, translate : who entertain the same sentiment. Similarly a little further on pauca = pauca responsa, the substantive responsa being contained in the verb respondebo. 352. si iudicarem : not if I should judge, but if 1 judged {thought). What kind of Condition? 353. Catilinam morte multari : appositive to hoc preceding. 354. gladiatori : ruffian. ad vivendum : Design. 355. Saturnini (Gen.) et Gracchorum et Flacci : who were the summi et clarissimi viri that crushed Saturninus, ,the Gracchi, and M. Fulvius Flaccus? See Chap. ii. and the Notes. 358. quid : followed by a Part. Genitive invidiae (lit. anything of odium). hoc parricida civium interfecto : Abl. Abs. — si hie parricida interfectus esset (Fut. Perfect in 0. 0. after verendum erat). 359. quod si ea mihi maxime impenderet : but if (though) this odium threatened me ever so much (maxime, in the greatest degree) ; the Protasis of an Unreal (contrary to fact) Condition with Concessive force. 360. hoc animo : lit. of this mind, that is, so disposed. The Demon- strative hoc prepares the way for the Consecutive clause ut putarem. 361. partam: from pario. gloriam, non invidiam: Pred. sub- stantives after esse implied. He always thought, as he says, that the odium created by doing one's duty was true glory rather than real odium. quamquam : as in 1. 270. 362. qui . . . videant : Subjv. of Characteristic after the indefinite expression non nulli sunt. quae imminent : rel. clauses dependent on Subjvs. or Infs. are usually attracted into the Subjv. themselves, but here the rel. clause is a mere circumlocution for a single word (pericula or the like). See G. 629, R. (a) ; A. & G. 342, a ; H. 524, 2, 2. dissimulent : disguise, conceal. 364. mollibus: weak, timid. 365. non credendo : by not believing (that the danger existed), quorum auctoritatem secuti: following (guided by) whose influence; the participle secuti agreeing with the subject multi. 366. improbi : a favorite word in these Orations as contrasted with boni. See the Vocabulary. 367. si in hunc animadvertissem : Protasis of an Unreal (contrary to fact) Condition in Past time with an Apodosis in Present time (dicerent, would be saying). regie : like a tyrant. 368. quo intendit : whither he is aiming (to go). 369. pervenerit : probably Perfect Subjv. by Attraction (see Note on 1. 362, quae imminent), representing the Fut. Perfect dependency ex- pressed after intellego. Translate as if present: reaches. qui non FIEST ORATIOX AGAINST CATILINE 1 33 videat : as not to see, Characteristic Subjunctive. Here quin might have been used for qui non on account of the preceding negative neminem. G. 552, 3; A. & G. 319, d; B. 284, 3; H. 500, 11. 371. hoc uno (= solo) interfecto = si hie unus interfectus erit (Fut. Perfect): Abl. Abs. representing a Protasis. G. 667; A.&G. 310, a; B. 337, 2, b ; H. 549, 2. 372. reprimi: checked; comprimi: crushed. 374. eodem : to the same place ; compare eo, to that place, thither, naufragos : shipwrecked characters. Derivation of this word? 376. stirps ac semen malorum omnium : the root and seed of all our misfortunes. Compare the Eng. expression " root and branch." 379. versamur : have been living ; a frequent word in Cicero, and variously translated. in, in the midst of. nescio quo pacto : somehow ; lit. I know not in ivhat way, originally introducing an Ind. Question. It gradually lost its interrog. force and was treated as if one word, without affecting the mood of the dependent verb. Com- pare the Eng. phrase "I fear I-know-not-what." Read Gr. 467, R. 1 ; A. & G. 334, e ; B. 253, 6 ; H. 529, 5, 3. 381. maturitas : the full development, in tempus erupit : has burst upon the time. 382. latrocinio : plot of brigands. unus : see Xote on this word above (1. 371). tolletur: Principal Parts? ad: for. 385. visceribus : the vital organs, vitals. 386. aestu febrique : with the heat of fever (Hendiadys). iactantur : frequentative form of iacio. 387. gravius : compare in its three degrees. 389. relevatus = si relevatus erit (Fut. Perfect). istius : Cati- line's, poena : Abl. of Means. reliquis vivis : Abl. Abs. = si reliqui vivi erunt. 391. secedant : what use of the Subjunctive? improbi : mean- ing? bonis: meaning? 392. id quod : a rel. clause referring to a sentence is regularly intro- duced by these two words, less commonly by quod alone. G. (L. Ed.) 614, r. 2 ; A. & G. 200, e; B. 247, 1. b; H. 445, 7. 394. consuli : Dat. after the intransitive insidiari. tribunal praetoris urbani : the court of the city praetor (of course, for purposes of intimidation). What were the duties of the city praetor ? See Introduction, §61. 396. sit denique inscriptum : finally let it be written on, etc., what he thinks, i.e. what his sentiments are. Here quid is Ace. of the Inner Object. Why is sentiat in the Subjunctive ? 134 NOTES 398. in nobis fore : Possession of Qualities is expressed by in with the Abl. or some other turn instead of the Dat. of Possession. 400. consensionem : harmony. 401. omnia: the whole plot. patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa, vin- dicate : choose suitable words to bring out the Climax intended, videatis : shall see, the Subjv. (Consecutive) getting its time (Future) from the leading clause (polliceor fore). 403. hisce ominibus: with these prophetic words from me (hisce, Dem. of the First Person). He refers to the words used in 11. 397-402 concerning the consuls' activity, the authority of the Senate, etc. For the ending -ce, see G. 104 r. ; A. & G. 100, footnote ; B. 87, foot- note 2 ; H. 186, i. cum summa, etc. : instead of with, we should say to in the sense here intended — to the highest welfare, etc. 406. tu : subject of arcebis and mactabis, the last word. Iup- piter : addressed to the statue of Jupiter the Stayer (Stator). qui isdem quibus haec urbs (sc. constituta est) auspiciis, etc. ; who wast established under the same auspices as this city, etc. Observe the relative quibus following isdem according to rule. G. 310, R. 2 ; A. & G. 234, n. 2 ; H. 451, 5. 409. a : from. 411. inimicos: (personal) foes; hostes : (public) enemies. la- trones: brigands. 412. foedere : Abl. of Means. inter se : together, lit. among themselves. The Latin method of expressing Reciprocal Relations {each other, one another) is by the use of inter with nos, vos, or se, whether the verb be active or passive, transitive or intransitive. G. 231 ; A. & G. 196,/; B. 245 ; H. 448, n. REVIEW QUESTIONS (First Oration against Catiline) I. Translate Cat. 1. 3, 7 : Meministine through esse dicebas. 1. Explain the Roman method of dates, and give the Latin for Sept. 10, Oct. 21, and March 4. 2. Account for the use of id quod in 11. 76, 77. (See Note on 1. 392.) 3. Explain the use of idem in 1. 77. 4. Account for the form sui in 1. 80. 5. How is ne used in Questions ? num ? nonne ? FIRST ORATION" AGAINST CATILINE 1 35 II. Translate Cat. 1. S, 21, through 1. 269 : At si through prose- quantur. 1. What kind of Condition in the first sentence ? 2. Give the Dat. Plural of vir and of vis. 3. What is the exact force of vim et manus ? 4. Explain the use of cum in cum quiescunt probant. 5. To what word is vix equivalent ? 6. Justify the use of the Present contineo. III. Account for the following cases (figures in parentheses refer- ring to lines of the text): consili (10), diem (37), caedis (69), morae (110), metu (123), vitae (157), ea (186), animo (200), tanti (276), cui (293), vita (327), severitatis (346). IV. Tell what you can about the following words and phrases : 1. credo. 2. murus, moenia, and paries. 3. consularis, consul, and con- sul designatus. 4. boni and improbi. 5. abhorrere a with the Abla- tive. 6. tandem. 7. quaestio (1. 220). 8. nescio quo pacto. 9. ubinam gentium. 10. quam plurimos. 11. servare and servire. 12. mavis. 13. patientia famis. 14. proximis comitiis consular ibus. 15. furor em ac tela. V. Discuss the Characteristic Subjunctive. (See Note on 1. 59.) 2. Give the scheme for the expression of Wishes. (See Note on 1. 272.) VI. 1. Contrast hie, iste, and ille. 2. What is Cicero's usage with reference to the endings -re and -ris in the Second Person Singular Passive ? 3. How is si minus used in Conditions ? sin % 4. Discuss the use of an in Questions. 5. After what words is the Indefinite pronoun quis, quid used ? 6. What is a frequent translation of quamquam in these Orations ? 7. Name three verbs besides duco that form the Imperative without the final e. 8. Distinguish between the use of nostrum and nostri, as Gen. Plural of ego. 9. Give five ways of expressing Design. 10. How are Reciprocal Relations expressed ? VII. Tell the Principal Parts of : 1. vivo, vinco, and vincio. 2. pario, paro, and pareo. 3. tollo. 4. audeo, and three other " semi- deponents." VIII. Explain the term Praeteritio. 2. Hendiadys. 3. Asyndeton. 4. Give an example of Cicero's plays on words. 5. In the following sentence, account for the position (i) of te alone, then (ii) of the first four words : Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. 1 36 NOTES SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE {In L. Catilinam Oratio Secunda) PREFATORY NOTE On the evening of November 8 (but see the last paragraph of the Prefatory Note to the First Oration against Catiline), after Cicero's denunciation in the Senate, Catiline left the city for the camp of Manlius in Etruria. The next day Cicero summoned the people to the Forum, and there told them in the Second Oration against Cati- line of what had occurred on the preceding day. He reminded them that while he had gained an important point in driving Catiline out of town, yet Catiline's adherents still remained in Rome, ready under the leadership of P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, as Catiline's representa- tive, to carry out the plans of the conspiracy. 1. tandem aliquando : the second word merely strengthens the first. Translate : now at last. Quirites : a word of uncertain origin, but regularly used in addressing the people. Translate : fellow- citizens. 3. vobis, urbi : Dat. of Disadvantage after the intransitive minitan- tem. ferro flammaque : with fire and sword, Abl. of Means. 4. vel, vel, vel: this conjunction, which is connected with the verb volo, gives a choice between alternatives, and may be translated : if you choose, if you prefer, or the like. It is a good general rule in translating Latin to preserve as far as possible the order of words ; thus, Now at last Catiline, ragi7ig with boldness, etc., we have either driven out of the city, or allowed to escape, or, if you prefer, have escorted him with words as he went of his own accord (ipsum, lit. himself). 5. abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit : notice the Asyndeton (common in Climax). Get the exact meanings of these words, varying from merely going aivay (abiit) to precipitancy in rushing out (erupit) of the city. 6. moenibus : Indirect Object after the complex pernicies compara- bitur. G. 345 ; A. & G. 225, e; B. 187, 1 ; H. 384, 1. Translate : against the city (with special reference to the walls or fortifications). 7. atque hunc quidem, etc. : yes, him at all events as the sole leader, etc. Observe the meaning of unum here ; also, that atque is used to SECOND OKATIO^ AGAIXST CATILINE I 37 add to what precedes something more important. The important thing here is that Catiline was the head and front of the conspiracy, and vet had been driven out. As will be seen in the course of this speech, Cicero's object now was to make Catiline's adherents follow him. sine controversia : beyond dispute. 9. versabitur : will play about. See Xote on Cat. 1. 13, 31 (1. 379). 10. in campo : supply Martio. The Campus Martins, as the place where the consular elections were held, was a frequent scene of Cat- iline's operations. intra domesticos parietes : how does paries differ from moenia \ Is the gender of paries according to rule ? G. 55, 2 ; A. & G. 66, d ; B. 45, 2 ; H. 104. loco : position, a mili- tary term. 12. cum est . . . depulsus : explain this use of cum by reference to Xote on Cat. 1. 8, 21 (1. 260). cum hoste : Abl. of Attendance. nullo: why not nemine? G. 70, d; B. 57, 3 ; H. 457, 3. The Abl. Abs. may be translated : without anybody's preventing it. 14. cum : as in 1. 12 above. 15. latrocinium : brigandage. 16. quod, etc. : the four clauses beginning with this word all depend on the last clause of the sentence (quanto . . . putatis), and give the ground for his grief. 17. vivis nobis : leaving us alive ; lit. ice (being) alive, Abl. Abso- lute, ei : Dat. of Disadvantage. 18. civis : Ace. Plural. incolumis (Ace. PI.), stantem: Predica- tive Attribution. G. 325. The second quod (preceding stantem) is repeated for rhetorical effect, and may be omitted in translating. 19. quanto maerore : Abl. of Manner. tandem : force ? 20. iacet . . . prostratus est : helpless he now lies and prostrate. Xote the emphatic position of the verb iacet. .24. evomuerit, proiecerit : Subjv. of Partial Obliquity, giving the imputed reason for the city's rejoicing (laetari). G. 542 and 541 ; A. & G. 321 ; B. 286, 1 ; H. 516, 11. 25. talis, qualis . . . oportebat, qui . . . accuset : the clause beginning with qualis (Ace. PI.) is parenthetical, and may be translated : and such all ought to be. The relative qui, on the other hand, introduces a Characteristic clause in the Subjv. after the demonstrative talis. The whole may be translated : And if any one is of such a character — and of such all ought to be — as to (qui) accuse me in the very point (in hoc ipso), etc., (namely) because I did not arrest (for not arresting), etc., this is not my fault, but (the fault) of the times. While he thought it perfectly proper that everybody should take him to task for not arresting Catiline, yet such a course on his part would have been 138 NOTES premature, because so many persons had failed to realize the true state of things. 31. mos : usage, res publica : public interests. Notice here three subjects with a singular verb, because the three express a single com- plex notion. huius imperi : of this office (which I hold). 35. qui . . . crederent : Subjv. of Characteristic. quae deferrem : Subjv. by Attraction, depending on another Subjunctive. 36. illo sublato : by his removal ; lit. he having been removed, Abl. Absolute. iudicarem: Unreal (contrary to fact) Protasis ; how translated? See Note on Cat. i. 7, 17 (1. 201). 37. non modo invidiae . . . periculo : the Latin is inconsistent here. Translate: at the risk not only of unpopularity, but even of death ; or, at the risk not only of my popularity, but even of my life. 38. cum viderem : seeing, Causal. 39. re ... probata : since the matter had not even then (i.e. at that late day) been proved, etc., Abl. Absolute. 40. multassem : Subjv. in 0. 0. after viderem, while the Plup. rep- resents the Fut. Perfect, as is shown by the following Fut. Infinitive fore. This last word is translated : that the result would be, and is followed by Consecutive ut. 44. quern quidem : and (as for) him (lit. whom) indeed. hostem : as an enemy, to be translated after the words quam (how) . . . putem. The latter is an Indirect Question depending on intellegatis. 45. licet intellegatis : you may know, lit. it is permitted you should know. 46. moleste fero : a common phrase expressing A^arious shades of feeling from regret to indignation or anger, and hence followed by a quod-clause giving the reason for the emotion. exierit : Subjv. of Partial Obliquity. Cicero here puts himself in the place of his hearers, and quotes his own reason as if it were that of another. comitatus : deponent used in a passive sense. utinam . . . eduxisset : explain mood and tense. See Note on Cat. 1. 9, 22 (1. 272). 48. mini: Ethical Dative, confined to personal pronouns. It has been translated bless my soul (Lane), a good translation, but a little heavy. See G. 351; A. & G. 236; B. 188, 2, b; H. 389. Tongilius, Publicius, and Minucius were three of Catiline's worthies. in praetexta : in his boyhood. The garment is put for the age at which it was worn. The praetexta was worn until the seventeenth year. 49. aes alienum : lit. the money of others (alienum = aliorum), a descriptive phrase for debt. 51. quanto aere alieno : Abl. of Quality. The words describe viros preceding, and may be translated : how deeply in debt. Cicero lived SECOND OKATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 39 in an extravagant age when a man's importance in the world was measured somewhat by the amount he owed. 52. itaque : and so. ego : subject of contemno (1. 55). prae : in comparison with. Translate the Ablatives with prae immediately after itaque so as to bring in ilium exercitum last with its modifiers conlectum, etc., below. 55. ex senibus : Ablative of Material. G. 396 ; A. & G. 244 ; H. 415, in. 56. agresti luxuria : he has in mind the old soldiers of Sulla, who had received grants of land in Italy, and had lived beyond their means. They are described in §20 below. Note here the use of the abstract for the concrete, luxury for luxurious persons. 57. vadimonia : i.e. for their appearance in court. 59. ostendero. Fut. Perfect, translated as Present after si. The praetor's edict was the public announcement at the beginning of his term of office of certain rules which he would observe in the admin- istration of his judicial duties. Cicero says that it was unnecessary to show to Catiline's adherents the army of the government, for if he merely showed them what was in store for them in case they got into court, it would be enough to make the party collapse (concident). 60. quos, quos, quos : rhetorical repetition. In translating omit all but the first. 62. mallem . . . eduxisset : / would rather that he had led out. Ac- count for this construction, comparing Note on 1. 46 above (utinam eduxisset). milites : as his soldiers. qui si : for if they. The relative in Latin is more common than in English, and must often be resolved into the demonstrative with an appropriate con- nective (and, but, for, etc.). 63. mementote : the First Imperative is wanting in this verb, non tarn . . . quam : not so much . . . as. 65. atque: and moreover. hoc: on this account. 66. neque : split in translating (and . . . not). 67. cui sit : Subjv. in Ind. Question, depending on video, and Perfect because prior to the time of video. Each quis after the first has depoposcerit (Pf. Subjv.) for its predicate. Apulia was the dis- trict on the southeast coast of Italy; Etruria, on the west coast, just north of Latium; Ager Picenus, on the eastern coast, opposite to Etruria; Ager Gallicus, on the northeast coast. 69. superioris noctis : of a few nights ago, lit. of the former night. At whose house was the plot formed ? 71. hi : emphatic position because contrasted with Catilina. He means that their leader was gone : why did not they go too ? 21 I4O NOTES 72. ne : surely, adverb, not the common conjunction of negative Design. perpetuum : endless. illam : used instead of the Dem. of the First Person because he looks upon his former leniency as a thing of the past, and hence distant. 74. exspectavi : have been waiting for. 75. factam esse aperte coniurationem : because Catiline's flight was a virtual confession that Cicero's charges were true. 76. nisi vero : ironical. This combination is peculiar to Cicero, and always takes the Indicative. G. 591, R. 4 ; A. & G. 315, b. The si following may be omitted in translating. 77. non iam : no longer. locus : room. 78. unum : one point. 79. desiderio : through longing, Abl. of Cause. sui : for them. Objective Genitive. 80. Aurelia via : the road leading through Etruria, Catiline's real destination, to Massilia, his pretended destination. 81. ad vesperam consequentur : they will overtake him towards even- ing. 83. fortunatam, etc. : why Accusative ? G. 343. 1 ; A. & G. 240, d ; B. 183 ; H. 381. si quidem eiecerit : Fut. Perfect (how trans- lated ?) in the Protasis of a Logical (simple) Condition with Causal force. G. (L. Ed.) 595, r. 5; A. & G. 155, c; H. 507, 3, n. 2. Its Apodosis is implied in the words fortunatam, etc. 84. uno : alone. exhausto : used in a figurative sense {drawn off) to suit the Metaphor in sentinam of the preceding sentence. mehercule : an oath, sometimes written also as two words (me hercule), meaning literally me Hercules, that is (supplying some word like iuvet), may Hercules help me ! 85. mali . . . sceleris : Partitive Genitive after the interrog. quid. 86. conceperit : Subjv. of Characteristic. Notice that the position of non in this sentence emphasizes ille, he. 87. quis veneficus : as quis is a substantive pronoun, we might have expected its adj. form qui with veneficus, gladiator, etc. The sub- stantives are really Appositives, and the meaning is who that is a poisoner ; but avoid these heavy phrases, and say simply what 'poi- soner, etc. 88. subiector : forger. 89. nepos: spendthrift. 91. familiarissime : on the most intimate terms. Observe the posi- tion of the negative, emphasizing the superlative, and compare non ille above (1. 86). 92. per hosce annos : in all these years. We might have expected SECOXD ORATION" AGAINST CATILINE 141 the Abl. of Time Within Which, but note the negative (sine) and see G. 336, R. 2. 94. iamvero: once more; a common phrase in Cicero introducing a new thought, especially in Climax. The new thought here relates to Catiline's influence over the young. in ullo homine . . . fuit : did any {other) man ever possess ; why not Dat. of Possession ? G. 349, R. 3. 96. serviebat : was {in the habit of) ministering to. aliis . . . aliis : to some . . Jo others. fructum: the substantive correspond- ing to the verb fruor, hence enjoyment {indulgence). 97. impellendo : by encouraging {them); adiuvando : by {actually) helping. His promises were more than mere words. 100. nemo negatives the whole sentence, and its negative force is strengthened, not destroyed, by the following ne . . . quidem. G. 445 ; A. & G. 209, a, 1 ; B. 347, 2 ; H. 553, 2. non modo may be translated I will not say, and ne . . . quidem, even (affirmatively). 102. oppressus : overwhelmed. quern non asciverit : Subjv. of Characteristic after nemo fuit. 103. atque : and further, adding (as it usually does) something more important to what precedes. eius diversa studia in dis- simili ratione : his varied tastes in a different field {sphei*e). 105. ludo gladiatorio : gladiators were trained in schools to fight with deadly weapons for the entertainment of the Romans on public occasions. They were either selected from captives taken in war or were slaves, rarely free-born citizens. paulo audacior : a little bolder, i.e. than the ordinary. G. 297; A. & G. 93, a; B. 240, 1 ; H. 444, 1. 106. in scena: the stage was regarded as a degrading profession, and hence was open as a rule only to the lower classes. levior, nequior : see Note on audacior above (1. 104). Compare the adj. nequior in the three degrees. 108. stuprorum . . . perferendis : by the practice of debauchery and crime accustomed to endure cold, hunger, etc. G. (L. Ed.) 401, x. 2. 110. fortis . . . cum {although) . . . consumeret : in his public utter- ances before the people, Cicero was fond of moralizing when the opportunity presented itself. He here intimates that when a man abuses his powers as Catiline had done, it is cause for calling him a coward for his failure to make a proper use of his powers as aids to industry and instruments of virtue (industriae subsidia atque instru- menta virtutis) : that the cause was not sufficient, however, to influence Catiline's adherents (istis), and hence he was proclaimed (praedicabatur) 142 NOTES a hero (fortis) by them. Hence the use of Concessive cum here. G. 587 ; A. & G. 326 ; B. 309 ; H. 515, m. 113. hunc: by its emphatic position the real, though not the grammatical, subject of the sentence, hence the use of the reflexive sui. G. 309, 2 ; A. & G. 196, c ; B. 244, 4 ; H. 449, 2. Note the Fut. Perfects in this sentence. 114. nos, etc. : see Note on 1. 83. 116. non iam : see Note on 1. 77. hominum : of the creatures ; often used for forms of the determinative is, particularly to express contempt, as here. 117. libidines, audaciae : abstracts become concrete in the Plural. Translate : deeds of lust, bold acts. 118. nisi : hut, except, the usual meaning after a negative (nihil). 119. fortunas : estates. obligaverunt : have mortgaged. res : property. fides: credit. Having squandered their money and even mortgaged their estates, they now found their credit impaired by the failure of the political schemes through which they had hoped to satisfy their creditors. 121. in abundantia: denotes the Character of the Time (G. 394), in the days of their abundance {prosperity). quod si : now if. 122. essent ill! quidem desperandi : they would, it is true, have to be despaired of. quidem (it is true) in its Concessive sense of "I yield this point," preparing the way for a following reservation (but). How do you account for the use of the Subjv. here (usually Indie, in the Passive Periphrastic) ? G. (L. Ed.) 597, r. 3 (b) ; B. 304, 3, n. ; A. & G. 208, c, n. 1. 124. quis . . . possit : Subjv. in the Potential Rhetorical Ques- tion, inertis : Ace. Plural ; so dormientis below. homines : creatures. 126. xnihi : as in 1. 48 (see Note). 127. vino languidi, confecti cibo : note the change in the order of these words — substantive adjective, adjective substantive — called Chiasmus. It is also common in English. Compare the familiar " to fresh woods and pastures new" (Milton). 128. obliti : from oblino. 130. quibus : why Dative ? confido : I feel sure. 132. quos si . . . rei publicae (1. 134) : and if my consulship, since it cannot heal, shall-succeed-in-removing (sustulerit) them (quos), it will have prolonged the republic not (merely) for some brief period, but, etc. For the translation of quos si, see Note on 1. 62 above (end). The use of the Fut. Perfects in both clauses denotes simultaneous accomplishment (G. 244, r. 4). For the phrase nescio quod tempus, SECOND ORATIOX AGAINST C ATILIKE 1 43 see Xote on Cat. i. 13, 31 (1. 379). rei publicae is the Dat. of Ad- vantage, but is best translated as if the Direct Object of propagarit. 135. pertimescamus : Subjv. of Characteristic after the negative expression nulla est, etc. So possit in the next sentence. 137. unius : this refers to Pompey, who had four years before this cleared the Mediterranean of the pirates and was at this time in Asia Minor, settling matters with Mithridates, whom he had just con- quered in the Third Mithridatic War. 139. nobis : why not a with the Ablative ? G. 355 ; A. & G. 232 ; B. 189, 1 ; H. 888. 142. sanari . . . resecanda : Metaphor borrowed from surgery. qua- cumque ratione : in any way I may, lit. by whatsoever method. 143. ad: for, i.e. to threaten. The preposition expresses Design. 145. in urbe, in eadem sententia: such a blending of the literal and the figurative use of words in the same sentence would not be toler- ated in English. permanent : Pres. for Future. G. 228 ; A. & G. 276, c ; H. 4G7, 5. ea quae merentur : Indie, (instead of the Subjv. by Attraction) because the words are a mere circumlocution for a single word (merita or the like). See G. 629, r. ; A. &. G. 342, a ; H. 529, 11. n. 1. 147. etiam : = et iam, even now. 148. quod ego si : resolve the relative into a demonstrative with a suitable conjunction, now if I. . .this, i.e. this result. 149. homo : meaning ? See Notes on 11. 116 and 124. That the sentence is ironical is shown by the use of videlicet, forsooth. 151. simul atque : as soon as. 152. ut (with convocavi) : as soon as, Temporal, hence the Indica- tive. G. 561 ; A. & G. 324 ; B. 287, 1; H. 518. 155. quo : resolve as usual into a demonstrative (eo), etc. quis senator : see Note on 1. 87. 156. aspexit : looked upon, regarded. denique : finally, the usual word in the last of a series. 157. quin etiam: quin (= qui, Abl. and ne) may introduce a neg. question (why . . . not), or (as here) it may lose its original interrog- ative force and introduce a startling statement. Translate : why, even. 158. ordinis : body ; lit. order. 159. nudam atque inanem : denoting the result of the action of the verb reliquerunt. hie : lit. here, hence at this stage (of the occur- rences in the Senate). 160. vehemens : stern. This word with the following relative clause is, of course, ironical. 144 NOTES 161. quaesivi . . . fuisset necne : asked Catiline ivhether he had been, etc., or not : Ind. Disjunctive Question without any interrog. sign in the first part, and the second part consisting of the single word necne. G. 459; A. & G. 211; B. 162, 4; H. 529, 3, 2. Note that the verb quaero takes a with the Abl., although the prep, is omitted in transla- tion, ad : at the house of (usually apud). 164. egisset, constituisset, esset descripta: Subjv. in Ind. Question, depending on edocui. With proximam, the word noctem is understood. The first night referred to was that of the meeting held at Laeca's house, and the next was that on which he tried to execute his plot against Cicero's life. 165. ei : Dat. of Agent. ratio : plan. descripta : mapped out. 166. dubitaret : hesitated. eo, quo = in eum locum in quern (locum). 167. pararet : to be translated by the Eng. progressive Pluperfect. Why? cum: construe with scirem. securis, fascis : symbols of the consular authority, which Catiline intended to usurp. 169. fecerat : Indie, because not part of the question after quaesivi above, but a mere explanation to his present audience. 171. credo : force? 172. Manlius centurio : i.e. a subordinate officer, in contrast with Catilinam ducem in 1. 173. The contrast shows the absurdity of the supposition that Manlius rather than Catiline was the responsible person in the case. The effect is heightened by the position of non before Catilinam. 173. populo Romano : Dative after in- in composition (indixit). 175. in exsilium Massiliam : into exile at Massilia. Note the dif- ference between the Latin and the English idiom. G. 337, R. 6 ; A. &. G. 259, h ; compare B. 182, 2, b. Catiline had pretended to go into exile at Massilia (Marseilles), but was really on his way to the camp of Manlius in Etruria. 177. condicionem: task. See Note on fortunatam, etc., 1. 83. 178. si . . . pertimuerit {takes fright), deseruerit, abiecerit {abandons). converterit : explain the tense used here. 182. iter : object of converterit. Note the position of this word, dividing the two phrases that describe two courses of action. 183. spoliatus, obstupef actus {paralyzed), perterritus, depulsus, as well as eiectus, all go with esse to form the Pf . Inf. Passive. 186. vi et minis: threats of force, Hendiadys. ilium, si hoc fecerit . . . existimari : as the two clauses have the same subject, ilium referring to that subject precedes both, thus making a repetition unnecessary — a frequent occurrence in the economy of the Latin lan- guage, fecerit is Subjv. by Attraction, representing a Fut. Perfect SECOND ORATION AGAIKST CATILINE 145 after a Primary tense (erunt). The Subjv. has no Future tenses. If the context points to the Future (as is indicated in the present case by the leading verb erunt), the ordinary tenses of the Subjv. are used to express Future relations: the Pres. Subjv. representing a Fut. and the Pf. Subjv. representing a Fut. Perfect. 187. improbum: agitator; miserum : poor ivretch. 189. est mini tanti : see Note on Cat. 1. 9, 22 (1. 276). • 190. dum modo . . . depellatur : see Note on Cat. 1. 9, 22 (1. 277). 191. dicatur sane eiectus, etc. ; let him by all means, etc. 193. non est iturus : does not intend to go, denoting a present inten- tion, a . . . optabo : will pray to, lit. will desire from. 194. invidiae . . . causa : Design. ut . . . audiatis : Complemen- tary Final Sentence depending on optabo. 197. illud: this, referring to what follows. invidiosum (adj.): a cause of unpopularity, lit. a hateful thing. The subject of sit is the quod-clause following. 198. emiserim: allowed him to escape, cum: since, Causal. 200. eidem, si interfectus esset, quid dicerent : what would the same persons say if he had been put to death ? quamquam ; and yet (as often). isti: i.e. Catiline's friends in the city. dictitant: keep saying. non tarn . . . quam: meaning? 202. nemo est . . . qui . . . malit : because they were in the plot, and hence if Catiline had really gone to Massilia in voluntary exile, their own plans would be spoiled. While they pretended, therefore, to pity him, they in reality had no sentiment in the matter apart from their own selfish aims. 204. me hercule : see Note on 1. 84. 205. se interfici mallet : explain the use of the reflexive. See Note on Cat. 1. 2, 4 (1. 45). latrocinantem : (acting) as a brigand. 206. nunc vero: but as it is. cum: Causal. 207. praeter : contrary to. 208. vivis nobis : AbL Absolute. Roma : why without preposi- tion? G. 391; A. & G. 258, a; B. 229, 1, a; H, 412, 11. optemus, queramur: G. 263, 1; A. & G. 266; B. 274; H. 484, n. 211. quern, quia, quod: note this typical collocation of relatives. Translate : whom I do not fear, because, as (quod, lit. which circum- stance) I have always wished, a wall is between us. 213. dissimulant : conceal their purpose. Romae : G. 411; A. & G. 258, c, 2 ; B. 232, 1 ; H. 425, 11. 214. quosquidem: not whom indeed ; resolve the relative as usual into demonstrative and conjunction. si . . . possit, studeo : a Con- dition is determined by the form of its Protasis ; hence this is the I 46 NOTES Ideal (less vivid) Condition with an Indie. Apodosis. Note the Future sense of the Apodosis, however, where ulcisci studeo, am eager to punish, almost = cum studio ulciscar (Pres. Subjv.). See G. 596, 1 ; A. & G. 307, 2, d; B. 303, b; H. 509 and 511. 215. sanare sibi ipsos : cure them for their own sokes, lit. lxeal themselves for them. 216. neque : split in translating {and. . .not). possit : Subjv. in Ind. Question, its subject id referring to the wish just expressed. Translate : and I do not see why that cannot be done, if they ivill listen to me, 217. generibus : classes. 218 : singulis : lit. to one by one ; more freely, to every one of them. 219. quam: Indef. Pronoun after si. This clause, if expressed in full, would be si quam medicinam afferre potero. Note the Fut. potero, used for exactness. 221. est : consists. magno in aere alieno : (though) deep in debt, the Concessive force being derived from the context. 222. quarum: referring to possessiones, and Objective Gen. with amore. They are unwilling, he says, to part with their estates (pos- sessiones) in order to free themselves from debt (dissolvi), although their assets exceed their liabilities. 224. honestissima : thoroughly respectable. voluntas : their in- tentions ; causa: their cause, i.e. political principles. 225. tu agris . . . adquirere ad fidem: a Potential Rhetor. Quest., im- plying its own answer in the negative. To make the meaning clear, translate et, and at the some time : Could you be endowed and sup- plied with land, with houses, etc., and at the same time hesitate, etc. ? 227. de . . . detrahere : to take from, or to sacrifice apart of. fidem: credit. Notice the instance of Chiasmus here (see Note above on 1. 127), and also of Asyndeton. 228. omnium : of everything. 229. an tabulas novas : the first part of this Disjunctive (or Double) Question is contained in the word bellum above. By new tablets he means a wiping out of all debts, a frequent feature in the programmes of Roman revolutionists. In that age of extravagance and vice, debt was the normal condition of the ambitious. meo beneficio : thanks to me, lit. by my kindness. 231. verum auctionariae : but (they shall be) those of the auctioneer. He means that he intends to force these debtors to sell their property in order to pay their debts. 232. salvi : solvent. 233. quod si, etc. : and if they had been willing to do this earlier. SECOND OHATIOX AGA1XST CATILINE I47 231. certare cum usuris fructibus praediorum ; struggle against usury with the returns {income) from their estates, cum here is translated against to avoid the repetition of the word with. The thought is, that these landowners were making an unsuccessful effort to meet the interest on their debts with the revenue derived from their estates, whereas if they had only sold part of their property and paid what they owed, they would have been better off. 235. his . . . uteremur : ive should find them. The two adjectives lo- cupletioribus, melioribus are predicative, not attributive to civibus. 236. minime : least of all. 238. magis . . . vota facturi : more likely to utter prayers. 240. alterum : = secundum. 242. rerum potiri : get the upper hand. The Gen. (instead of the Abl.) is the rule in this phrase. honores . . . arbitrantur : that is, as long as the country was in a state of quiet (quieta), they despaired of obtaining the honors that their fellow-citizens had to bestow ; their only hope, therefore, lay in revolution. The words quieta re publica are in the Abl. Abs. construction ; so perturbata with re pub- lica understood. Each may be translated with a cum-clause. 244. hoc . . . videtur : this piece of advice must apparently (videtur, lit. seems) be given them (quibus). quod reliquis omnibus: supply praecipiendum est. 246. me ipsum vigilare, etc. : the Ace. and Inf. is due to the idea of Saying implied in the preceding sentence. 247. animos : courage, spirit. esse in: used instead of the Dat. of Possession because speaking of Qualities. G. 349, r. 3. bo- nis : meaning ? 249. immortalis : Accusative Plural. 251. praesentis : in person, Ace. Plural, agreeing with deos. 252. quod si iam sint . . . adepti : now if they were even to succeed-in- obtaining (lit. should have obtained), the Pf. Subjv. representing the Fut. Perfect in 0. 0. after sperant. 253. illi : subject of sperant. quae : Xeut. Ace. Plural, agree- ing with its antecedents cinere and sanguine in sense as inanimate objects rather than in gender (Masc). 254. mente conscelerata, etc. : Ablative of Manner. 255. non vident ... sit necesse : power got by force must yield to superior force is the meaning ; even a runaway (fugitivo) slave or a professional fighter (gladiatori) would have a chance to overthrow a regime set up by revolutionary methods. For the translation of si adepti sint, see Xote on 1. 252 above. 259. ex ... est : to. . .belongs. iste : contemptuous. 14-8 KOTES 260. succedit : not succeeds. 261. quas Sulla constituit (planted) : it is said that Sulla when dic- tator (82-80 B.C.) rewarded 120,000 of his soldiers with assignments of land, especially in Etruria. Faesulae, where Manlius was now in command of Catiline's forces, was a Sullan colony. universas : (taJcen) altogether, or as a class. esse : consist 263. in . . . pecuniis: in translating supply some expression like^os- session or acquisition of. These old fighters had not been accustomed to the role they were playing as landlords, and hence had lived beyond their means. 264. aedificant (and delectantur further on) : why Present ? G. 570 ; A. & G. 276, e; B. 293 i. ; H. 467, 4. 265. beati : ivell off, prosperous. familiis : establishments, reti- nues of attendants, slaves, etc. 266. si . . . sit excitandus : Logical (simple) Condition, but Subjv. because the whole is introduced by ut, Consecutive. eis denotes the Agent, and ab inferis, from the dead, is Abl. of Separation. 268. agrestis (Ace. PL) : countrymen (neighbors of the veterans), tenuis, egentis : Ace. Plural. 269. rapinarum veterum: of the old-time plunder, i.e. the kind that they had in the days of their commander Sulla. vetus usually (not always) means of long standing, while antiquus means old in origin. We might, therefore, have expected the latter word here. 270. utrosque : both crowds, i.e. the veterans and their country neighbors just described. uterque in the Plural is used regularly (as here) of sets only, not of single individuals, the latter being repre- sented by the Singular. Thus, uterque = both men ; utrique = both sides, parties, sets. 271. eos hoc (moneo) : the former is the Outer Object and the latter the Inner Object, See G. 376, r. 1, and 333, 1 ; A. & G. 219, c; B. 206, 2, a ; H. 374, 2. desinant : note the mood. 272. illorum temporum: i.e. the times of Sulla, with the proscrip- tions that made them a reign of terror. tantus dolor: so painful a memory, lit. so great a pain. 273. non modo, etc. : different from the use commented on in the Note on 1. 100. In the former case the sentence began with a negative (nemo), which negatived the whole sentence and was strengthened by ne . . . quidem in its second clause ; in the present instance, there is no such general negative affecting the whole sentence, hence a second non must be supplied after non modo. Translate : so that now, I will not say (non modo) men, but even the cattle do not seem likely to endure [put up with) those times (again). See G. 482, r. 1 ; A. & G. 149, e SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE I49 (6th Hue) : B. 343, 2, a; H. 552, 2. ista is the Neut. Ace. PI. referring to temporum. Observe that passurae agrees with the near- est rather than with the strongest geuder (with pecudes rather than homines). 277. premuntur : have been weighed down ; why Present ? 278 : male gerendo negotio : lit. by badly managing their business, hence, through bad management. 279. vetere : long-standing vacillant : are tottering. 280. vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptione bonorum : the three stages in the experience of a bankrupt — (1) giving bail for his appearance in court, (2) the trial in court, and (3) the confiscation of his property to satisfy the claims of his creditors. 282. infitiatores lentos : tardy debtors, contrasted with milites acris. 284. conruant : let them fall. ita ut, etc. : in such a way that. . .not, i.e. without. non modo : as above in 1. 273, on which see Note. 285. illud : this pronoun refers to the Ind. Questions following. 291, neque : as this word is followed by et, it should be split in translating, but observe that the English idiom would subordinate the first clause here, using some such conjunction as since. pereant : note the mood. sane : by all means. 294. numero, genere (character). G. 397 ; A. & G. 253 ; B. 226 ; H. 424. 295. quod : one that, 296. de eius dilectu, immo vero decomplexu eius ac sinu: lit. from his choice, or rather from his embrace and bosom ; more freely, his chosen friends, or rather the friends of his very heart and bosom. 297. pexo capillo : Abl. of Quality. imberbis (Ace. PI.) : beard- less, implying youthfulness and effeminacy. bene barbatos: either (1) full-bearded, the Romans of this period as a rule wearing no beard, or (2) with their dainty beards, in possible allusion to some ultra- fashionable manner of trimming their beards. 298. tunicis : the tunic ordinarily worn by the Romans as their principal under-garment had short sleeves and reached to the knees or thereabout. The deviations from the rule noted here (manicatis, talaribus) were, therefore, marks of effeminacy. togis : the semi- circular outer garment of the Romans, called the toga, was usually of restricted size, but in the case mentioned in the text was so large as to resemble drapery (velis). 299. antelucanis : all-night. 30 X, versantur; are found. 1 50 NOTES 303. neque : split in translation and repeat solum. saltare et cantare: regarded as accomplishments unworthy of a'sober Roman. 304. nisi exeunt : in the use here of the Present for the Future the two languages coincide. 305. scitote : explain the form. G. 267, R. ; A. & G. 269, e. 306. sibi . . . volunt : mean. 308. illis carere : do without them. noctibus : G. 393 ; A. & G. 256 ; B. 230 ; H. 429. 310. nivis : Accusative Plural. 313. bellum, etc. : ironical, of course. cum : since, Causal. 314. cohortem praetoriam : see the Vocabulary under cohors. 316. vestra, vestros : your own, in contrast with Catiline's forces, etc. 317. gladiatori : Dat. after ob- in composition (opponite). con- fecto et saucio : of course, not to be taken literally, his wounds con- sisting only in having his plot exposed, and himself forced out of town by Cicero. 320. urbes . . . tumulis silvestribus : the towns, which were the strongholds of the colonies and loyal to the government, are con- trasted with the woody hillsides, which were all that Catiline could control. 323. omissis his rebus : leaving out these advantages ; Abl. Absolute. The advantages are enumerated in the words senatu, equitibus, etc., following as Ablatives in apposition to rebus. 324. nos suppeditamur, eget ille : with which we are supplied {and) which he is without. Both Chiasmus and Asyndeton are illustrated in these words. 326. si: if, I say ; with velimus forming the Protasis of an Ideal (less vivid) Condition, the Apodosis intellegere possumus being almost equivalent to intellegamus. Compare Note on 1. 214 above. 327. causas: the causes, i.e. the principles, or motives, of the two sides. inter se: see Note on Cat. 1. 13, 33 (1. 412). 328. iaceant : for the meaning of this word, see Note on 1. 20 above. 329. ex hac parte : on the one side ; illinc : on the other. The two Demonstratives have their usual force with reference to persons. Throughout this passage the student should pick his words care- fully in order to bring out the exact force of the Latin words con- trasted, pudor, pudicitia : the former is modesty, as a state of mind ; the latter, purity, as a condition of the body. 335. bona ratio cum perdita: the words have their usual Ciceronian sense. Translate : a 'patriotic policy with a revolutionary (one). 341, mihi; Dat, of the Agent with consultum atque provisum est. SECOND ORATION AGAIXST CATILINE I 5 I 344. praesidi : Part. Genitive after satis. G. 369 ; A. & G. 216, a, 4 ; B. 201, 2 ; H. 397. 4. coloni, municipes : the colonists were those who were originally sent out from Rome to various parts of Italy, and carried their citizenship with them ; the inhabitants of the free towns were those living in conquered towns in Italy who, in time, acquired the rights of citizenship. After the Social War there was practically little difference between the two classes. 345. nocturna excursione : this refers to his abrupt departure from the city with threats of destruction against his enemies in Rome. 347. gladiatores : see Note on 1. 105 above. The conspirators had counted on the help of various schools of gladiators at Capua and elsewhere, but had seen their hopes dashed by the decree of the Senate which placed these schools under strict surveillance. quam : the relative often (as here) agrees with a predicate substantive (here manum) rather than with its antecedent (here gladiatores). G. 614, r. 3, b; A. & G. 199 ; B. 250, 3 ; H. 445, 4. 348. animo meliore : of a better disposition {better disposed), Abl. of Quality. 349. continebuntur : will be held in check. 352. de : {the question) of, a frequent translation of this preposition in the technical phrase referre de aliqua re ad senatum. 354. vocari : i.e. by the official criers (praecones). 357. contra: against, that is, as a menace to. vestrum: the regular form of the Genitive (instead of vestri) with omnium. 358. cui : Indefinite pronoun. 359. solutior: rather remiss. G. 297 ; A. & G. 93, a; B. 240, 1 ; H. 444, 1. hoc exspectavit : has been waiting for this (result). The following ut-clause is Consecutive, giving an explanation of the demonstrative hoc. 360. quod reliquum est : (as for) what remains. 363. portis, viae : why Dative ? 364. qui vero : but he who. commoverit : Fut. Perfect, but translated as Present ; so deprehendero further on. cuius : on ivhose part, lit. of whom. 369. esse voluerunt : intended should be. 371. atque: and further. 374. me. . .imperatore: with me alone in the garb of peace (togato, lit. dressed in the toga) as your leader and general ; Abl. Absolute. 378. patriae: Dat. of Ind. Object after the intransitive impendens. G. 346 ; A. & G. 227 ; B. 187, 11. a; II. 385, ir. 379. deduxerit : Fut. Perfect, illud : anticipating (as often) a clause (ut ... possitis, Consecutive), but with an intervening relative 152 NOTES clause (quod videtur). Translate : / shall surely accomplish that (re- sult) which seems scarcely to be hoped for, etc., (namely) that not only no patriot (lit. neither any good man) shall perish, but that you may all, etc. Observe the use of the rare combination neque . . . que. 383. prudentia . . . fretus : G. 401, r. 6 ; A. & G. 254, b, 2 ; B. 218, 3 ; H. note, top of p. 228. 385. quibus ducibus : Ablative Absolute. The antecedent is deorum. 389-393. In translating this last sentence do not separate any Eng- lish word from its modifiers — a common fault with beginners. This sentence may, in fact, be taken as an illustration of questions that frequently rise in rendering Latin into acceptable English. Imme- diately after ut we might bring in (1) the Abl. Absolute copiis supera- tis with its adjuncts, translating it actively and as an Abl. of Means (by) ; then (2), the main verb defendant with its modifying a with the Ablative ; and lastly (3), the rel. clause quam . . . voluerunt. This order is open to the objection that a rel. clause usually makes a weak ending, as it does here, notwithstanding the sonorous Latin superla- tives. It may be better, therefore, to translate in the order (2), (3), and (1). The antecedent urbem, which is incorporated in the rel. clause, must precede the relative in translation. The English would then run as follows ; that from the infamous crime of desperate citi- zens they will defend this city, which they have willed should be, etc., by conquering all the forces, etc. THIKD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE (In JO. Catilinam Oratio Tertia) PREFATORY NOTE With his First Oration against Catiline, Cicero drove the con- spirator out of Rome ; in the Second he announced the fact to the people assembled in the Forum, at the same time warning the Cati- linarians who remained in the city to leave. Then the Senate by proclamation declared the two leaders, Catiline and Manlius, to be outlaws, put under the ban any of their followers who should not have laid down their arms by a certain day, and called out new levies of troops, w T ith Antonius, Cicero's colleague in the consulship, at their head. Meanwhile Cicero kept a sharp lookout in the city for positive evidence against the conspirators. For this he had not long to wait. THIRD ORATIOX AGAIXST CATILINE 1 53 In the Third Oration^ against Catiline, delivered December 3, he tells the people in the Forum the interesting story of his success in this regard. 1. In translating the first sentence preserve the order of words as far as possible, Translate first the objects of the sentence, beginning with rem publicam and ending with urbem; then the phrases which immediately follow, through amore ; then the main verb videtis fol- lowed by the Ablatives laboribus, etc., through meis ; then the partici- ples, etc., observing that the phrases e flamma, etc., modify only the first participle ereptam. 2. vestros : this word qualifies all four preceding substantives, but agrees with the nearest in gender. G. 290 ; A. & G. 187, a, i ; B. 235, b. i ; H. 439, i. 4. deorum : Subjective Gen. with amore, while erga vos is used in- stead of the Objective Gen. for the sake of clearness. G. 363, r. 1 ; A. & G. 217, c; B. 200, i ; H. 396, in. x. 1. 7. non minus : a statement is often made stronger in the form of a denial of its opposite, hence the rhetorical figure called Litotes. G. 700 ; A. & G. 209, c ; B. 375, i ; H. 637, vm. 9. quod salutis . . . servamur: because the joy of safety {being saved) is certain, {while) our lot at birth (nascendi condicio) is uncertain, and because we are born, etc., {while) we are saved, etc. Observe the Asyndeton, shown by the word while in parentheses. 11. ilium: he refers to Romulus, the mythical founder of Rome. 13. sustulimus : have exalted. esse ... in honore : to be (held) in honor. 14. conditam amplificatamque : {when) built and enlarged, that is, after it had become a great city. 15. urbi, templis : Dat. after the compounds subiectos, circumdatos. 16. subiectos, circumdatos : in translating treat these participles as relative clauses, and bring out the force of the prepositions sub and circum, their prefixes. 17. idem: Xom. Plural, agreeing with the subject understood, but to be translated, we also. G. 310 ; A. & G. 195, e ; B. 248, i : II. 451, 3. rettudimus : the verb tundo has a reduplicated Perfect, tutudi, but its compound with re- loses the vowel of the reduplication (u) ; hence the double t. Similarly reppuli, repperi, etc. 20. per me: through me, the Personal Instrument, because he was acting as the representative of the Senate. 21. quanta et qua ratione . . , sint : ivhat important matters have been 154 NOTES traced out and grasped, and by what method. This is an Indirect Question, depending on the Final clause ut (1. 20) . . . scire possitis. 23. principio : with this word Cicero begins the story of his success in catching the conspirators red-handed in their treasonable plot. ut : ever since* paucis ante diebus : a few days ago. On what day did Catiline leave the city, and what is the date of the present speech ? 24. cum . . . reliquisset : having left, a frequent translation of cum Historical. 27. possemus : Subjv. in Ind. Question with the notion of Design present. Notice that the tense is Impf. even after the Pure Perfects vigilavi and providi, according to common usage. G. 511, R. 3 ; A. & G. 287, a ; B. 268, i ; H. 495, i. turn, cum . . . eiciebam : cum denoting mere time takes the Indicative here. The use of turn em- phasizes the Temporal idea. The Impf. denotes continued effort (ivas trying to drive out), the notion of effort being made still more distinct by the use of the word volsbam further on, repeating the thought. 28. non iam : no longer. huius verbi : attaching to (lit. of) this word. cum: since, Causal. 29. ilia: supply invidia. quod . . . exierit : Subjv. on account of the idea of Obliquity involved in the preceding words. The Causal conjunctions quod, quia, and quoniam regularly take the Indie, except in Ind. Discourse, Partial or Total. 30. exterminari: do not translate "exterminate," but follow the derivation. 31. restitissent : Subjv. because in a dependent clause in 0. 0. The tense represents the Fut. Perfect. Cicero's thought in the direct form was ei qui restiterint, infirmi erunt. 32. putabam : was thinking, i.e. all the time, the Impf. denoting action coincident with that of eiciebam and volebam. atque : as the words following this conjunction show a change from his previous policy of inactivity, we should say but in English. ut vidi : as soon as I saw {came to see). Note the tense in contrast with the preceding Imperfects. 34. in eo : i.e. in the effort ; leading up to the Final clause ut . . . vi- derem. 35. molirentur : were driving at. 36. quoniam . . . minorem fidem faceret oratio mea : since my words were commanding less credence, i e. than they ought. Why Subjv. here ? See Note above on 1. 29 (quod exierit). 38. rem comprehenderem : might grasp the situation. turn de- mum; then at last, implying the notion " not until, " THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 55 39. cum : conjunction. The clause completes the thought sug- gested by turn demum. In this passage notice the contrasted words auribus (1. 36), animis (1. 38), and oculis. He says that he had not yet succeeded in making much impression on their ears, and hence he began to devise ways of getting ocular proof of the facts, that the people might at last wake up to the necessity of using their minds in providing suitable safeguards, etc. 40. videretis : should see, the Fut. sense being due to its dependence on a Design clause. 41. Allobrogum : a tribe of Transalpine Gauls whose chief city was Vienna. They had sent envoys (legatos) to Rome to petition the Sen- ate for relief from the exactions of their Roman governors. In this expectation they had been disappointed, and the conspirators, headed by Lentulus, thought they saw a chance to make use of their discon- tent. The envoys, thinking it well to seek advice before entering into an alliance with the conspirators, reported the matter to their Roman patron, Q. Fabius Sanga. It was through this man that Cicero heard of the affair. He induced the visitors to feign devotion to the conspiracy, and in this way he succeeded in securing the com- promising letters that led to its overthrow. belli . . . tumultus . . . causa : force of causa with the Gerund ? To outbreaks in Italy or its immediate neighbor Gaul, the word tumultus was applied ; to dis- turbances elsewhere, bellum. 42. P. Lentulo : at this time praetor and hence senator. He had even been consul in 71 B.C., but having been expelled the following year for immoral conduct he was now forced to begin his career anew in order to rehabilitate himself. 43. eodemque itinere : Catiline was in Etruria, through which coun- try the envoys had to pass on their return to their homes in Gaul. 45. comitem: in other words, Volturcius went along as the repre- sentative of the conspirators in the city. 46. ad Catilinam : for {addressed to) Catiline. litteras : the last word in the Ace. and Inf. clauses depending on comperi above (1. 41). The main clause begins with facultatem, opportunity. 47. quod, etc. : when a rel. clause refers to a sentence, it is more commonly introduced by the two words id quod. 53. qui omnia . . . sentirent : being men who entertained all excellent and noble sentiments concerning the state ; Causal rel. clause. G. 633; A. & G. 320, e ; B. 283, 3 ; II. 517. omnia here is the Ace. of the Inner Object, See Note on Cat. 1. 12, 29 fl. 351). 55. pontem Mulvium : across the Tiber, two miles north of Rome, over which the envoys were to pass on their way to their destination, I56 NOTES 57. fuerunt : ivere (stationed). 58. eodem : to the same place. ipsi : the Distinctive pronoun, distinguishing the envoys from the Test of the party. 59. ex praefectura Reatina : a praefecture was (1) either the office of the Magistrate sent out yearly from the home government at Rome to govern certain towns or (2) the town itself (as in this case). Reate was a Sabine town, devoted to Cicero, who was its legal representa- tive, or patr onus, at Rome. 60. opera : service ; why Ablative ? praesidio : Dat. of the Object For Which (Design). 62. tertia vigilia : the night (from sunset to sunrise) was divided into four watches (vigiliae) ; hence, in this case, the night was nearly three-quarters gone. magno comitatu : the preposition cum is omitted on account of the adjective. G. 399 ; A. & G. 248 ; B. 220, 1 ; H. 419, in. 65. res ... ceteris : that is, only the praetors at first were in the secret. 66. interventu Pomptini, etc. : that is, the praetors explained matters to the Gauls. 68. integris signis : with their seals unbroken. 69. ipsi : as usual, this pronoun is used in a Distinctive sense, dis- tinguishing the Allobroges and Volturcius from the letters that they bore. comprehensi : having been arrested. 70. improbissimum machinatorem . . . Gabinium : it was through Ga- binius that the Gaulish envoys had held their conference with the conspirators, and secured the compromising letters with their signa- tures and seals. 74. credo . . . vigilarat : an ironical allusion to the stupidity and lazy habits of Lentulus. See 1. 213 below and Note on Lentuli som- num. The sarcasm is the more pointed from the fact that the letter which Lentulus "spent the night in writing" was only two or three lines long. It is given in 11. 151-154. 76. cum (conj.) . . . viris . . . placer et : although it was the advice of (lit. it pleased) some eminent and illustrious men of this state, etc. 78. prius . . . quam ad senatum deferrem : before reporting the matter to the Senate. The Subjv. is used because in 0. 0. after placebat (equivalent to a verb of willing). Observe also that the idea of nega- tive Design is present, i.e. his friends did not wish him to report the case unless the letters contained proof of treason. 79. si esset inventum : this form represents the Fut. Perfect after a Past (placeret). The direct words were si erit inventum. temere ; without cause, tumultus ; disturbance, THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 57 80. negavi : to be translated, said... not (rather than denied) ac- cording to rule. G. 447 ; A. & G. 209, b. esse facturum ut : a common circumlocution in Latin for the simple verb that follows ut. The awkwardness of a literal translation here is increased by the presence of a second negative (non) after negavit. Translate : I said that concerning a danger affecting the state (lit. public danger) I could not but (non) lay the matter unprejudiced (integrum, lit. fresh) before the council of state (i.e. the Senate). 82. etenim si: for even if, Concessive. 85. frequentem : full. 87. qui efferret : to bring out, the relative introducing a clause of Design. si quid telorum : such iveapons as, the Genitive being Partitive after the neuter quid. 90. fidem . . . dedi : lit. gave him the public faith; more freely, promised him immunity, i.e. for any disclosures that he might make. 91. sciret : a part of Cicero's injunction to Volturcius, hence Subjv. by Attraction to the mood of indicaret, itself Subjv. in a Complemen- tary Final Sentence. 92. vix : = difficulter, and not to be translated scarcely. 94. ut . . . utereter, ut . . . accederet : to avail himself of, {and) to ad- vance. These Complementary Final clauses depend on the idea of ordering involved in the substantives mandata and litteras. 95. id autem : this moreover. eo consilio : with this design, the phrase preparing the way for the final clause ut . . . praesto esset. 96. ex omnibus partibus : on all sides. 97. erat: why not Subjunctive ? G. 628, r. ; A. & G. 336, b; B. 314, 3 ; H. 524, 2. 98. qui . . . exciperet: to intercept ; relative clause of Design. 100. sibi (et litteras) : note the reflexives carefully in this passage. * The first three (sibi, suam, and sibi) refer to the Gauls as the subject of the sentence. 101. ad : addressed to. data : neuter because its subjects (ius iurandum, litteras) denote inanimate objects and differ in gender. G. 286, 1 ; A. & G. 187, b; B. 235, b, 2, j8 ; II. 439, 2. 102. sibi . . . esse praescriptum : the Dat. of the Active construction must be retained in the Passive, although we translate : that they had been directed. 104. sibi (copias) : this refers to Lentulus, and the other conspirators, the writers of the letters here quoted indirectly. But in sibi (confir- masse), further on, the reference is again to the main subject, the Gauls. Before the Ace. and Inf. pedestris . . . defuturas, we are to un- 158 NOTES derstand some such expression as saying, implied in the preceding words (esse praescriptum). 105. ex : according to. Sibyllinis fatis : the Sibylline books were kept in the temple of Jupiter at the Capitol, and were consulted in times of need. tertium Cornelium : Lentulus was a member of the gens Cornelia, as were also Cinna (one of the democratic succes- sors to Marius) and Sulla. Hence Lentulus assured the envoys that he was the third of the name for whom a great destiny was reserved. 108. eundemque : and that he also, introducing the same subject with a new predicate. G. 310 ; A. & G. 195, e ; B. 248, 1 ; H. 451, 3. 109. qui esset, etc. : oeing the tenth year since the acquittal, etc. It is not known to what event Cicero refers here. The violation of her vows of chastity, however, by a Vestal virgin was regarded as a crime of the gravest significance, for which she was buried alive. 110. Capitoli incensionem : in 83 B.C. at the outbreak of the first civil war. 111. Cethego cum ceteris : the Dative of Possessor is often asso- ciated with the Abl. of Attendance. 112. Lentulo et aliis . . . placeret : Lentulus and others advocated; lit. it pleased Lentulus and others. Saturnalibus : Abl. of Time When. This was the name of a festival held in honor of Saturn on Dec. 17. It was a time of general merry-making, when differences of rank were disregarded : the rich kept open house, and special indul- gence was granted to slaves ; hence a favorable time for the proposed outbreak. Note the Asyndeton between the last two clauses. 115. ne longum sit: i.e. not to detain you. tabellas: wooden folding tablets, not unlike folding slates, with raised margins round the edges, the inner surface being covered with wax, on which the letter- writer wrote with a metal point (stilus). The whole was then tied round with string (linum, two lines below) in a knot sealed with wax (signum, seal, also two lines below). 117. cognovit : acknowledged it as his. linum : see Note on tabellas, 1. 115. 119. sese: i.e. the writer, Cethegus. orare: supply se for subject. 120. ut . . . facerent : Complem. Final clause after orare. sibi . . . recepissent : had taken upon themselves. eorum : the persons ad- dressed, the Gauls (Allobrogum senatui et populo), while sibi refers to the subject of its own clause (legati). 121. qui ( = cum is) . . . respondisset : although he had answered ; Subjv. with Concessive relative. G. 6-34 ; A. & G. 320, e ; B. 283, 3 ; H. 515, in. tamen: i.e. notwithstanding the evidence against him. THIRD ORATIOX AGAINST CATILINE I $9 122. quae erant deprehensa : for the gender, see Xote on 1. 101 (data), and for the mood, resisting Attraction, see G. 629, r. ; A. & G. 342, a; H. 529, 11. n. 1, 2 ; compare B. 324, 1. 123. bonorum ferramentorum studiosum : an amateur {student) of good steel implements. 127. in eandem fere sententiam : to about the same effect. 130. avi : P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 162 B.C. 131. quae: i.e. imago. 132. eadem ratione : in the same manner. 134. si quid vellet : 0.0. after feci potestatem {I gave him permis- sion), implying speech. In the direct form it would be si quid vis (Pres. Indie). 136. exposito atque edito : set forth and recorded. quid sibi esset cum eis, quam ob rem, etc. : what business he had with them that (as a reason that) they, etc. esset here is Subjv. of Ind. Question while venissent is Subjv. of Characteristic. 139. per quern (from quis) . . . venissent : Ind. Question. The go- between was P. Umbrenus, as stated by Cicero in lines 186, 187. 140. nihilne : ne is always attached to the emphatic word in ques- tions. Here it emphasizes the negative nihil, thus calling in question the wholesale denial of Lentulus — nothing at all ? 141. esset : m (not teas), stating a general truth. The Latin tense is Impf . in obedience to the law of sequence. 142. cum: although. 144. ingenium : talent (natural) ; exercitatio : readiness (acquired). 145. valuit, superabat (tried to surpass) : note the difference of tense. 149. perturbatus : Concessive, as shown by the following tamen. 151. quis sim : Indirect Question depending on scies. 152. locum: position, i.e. to what lengths. 153. ecquid: whether anything, introducing an Ind. Question, cura ut . . . adiungas : explain this circumlocution. G. 271 ; A. & G. 269, g. 154. infimorum: meaning slaves. 156. ex eis : the Abl. with ex is frequently used for the Part. Gen. What other prepositions may be so used? 157. cum . . . turn : not only . . .but also. G. 588 ; A. & G. 208, d ; II. 554, 1. 5. In this combination prominence is given to the second word or clause, ilia often (as here) refers to what follows (tabellae, signa, etc.). certissima : unmistakable. 162. inter se : this phrase, expressing Reciprocal Relations, is vari- ously translated to suit the meaning of the verb with which the ex- pression is associated. It may mean from, with, at, etc., one another, l60 NOTES or simply, one another. Here, at one another is the meaning. G. 221 ; A. & G. 196, /; B. 245 ; H. 448, N. 164. expositis atque editis: see Note on this expression above (1. 136). 165. de summa re publica : concerning theivelfare of the state, quid placeret : Ind. Question depending on consului. principibus : leading men. 169. quid senatus censuerit : account for mood and tense. 170. virtute : by my resolution. 171. sit liberata: Subjv. in 0. 0., the reason (quod) being quoted by Cicero from the language used by the Senate. The leading verb being a virtual Past (Hist. Present), we might have had esset liberata, the sequence following the sense rather than the tense. As an illustration of this point, notice essem, fuissent, removisset a little further on. 173. usus essem: had found. forti fidelique are Pred. adjec- tives. Be careful not to confound opera here (Abl. of opera, -ae) with opera, the Plural of opus. 174. viri forti, conlega meo : C. Antonius Hybrida, a man of weak character, who was even suspected of sympathizing, if not actually cooperating, with the conspirators, until he was bought over by Cicero's promise of Macedonia as his province in his proconsulship the next year. 175. a suis et rei publicae consiliis removisset : had excluded them from his (personal) counsels and those of the state, i.e. had broken off all communication, both private and public, with the conspira- tors. 176. ita: to this end, leading up to the Complementary Final clause ut . . . traderetur. cum . . . abdicasset : the law shielded the Magistrate as long as he was in office, and hence he had to resign before he could be brought to trial. The resignation of the praetor- ship was, therefore, necessary in the case of Lentulus before he could be put under arrest. custodiam : see Note on Cat. i. 8, 19 (1. 231). 179. erant : Indie, because Cicero's words, not a part of the decree of the Senate. So depoposcerat, erat, est, deduxit, erat, constabat further on. 183. ex: Partitive, i.e. (one) of. 184. Faesulas : see Note on Cat. n. 9, 20 (1. 260). On account of the idea of motion involved, the Ace. is used here where the Eng. would prefer the preposition at. To "deduce " (i.e. plant) a colony was a familiar expression in early American history. 186. versatus : engaged. 188. ea : such, followed by the Consecutive clause ut . . . arbitraretur. 190. hominum : Subjective or Objective Genitive ? G. 363 ; A. & G. THIRD OKATIOX AGAINST CATILINE l6l 213 ; B. 199 and 200 ; H. 396. re publica conservata : Ablative Absolute. mentis : Accusative Plural. 192. supplicatio : a thanksgiving, covering a period that varied from one day to several. See Note on pulvinaria, 1. 314 below. 193. eorum : the gods. meo nomine : in my honor, quod : not the feminine quae, agreeing with supplicatio, but the neuter quod, referring to the whole preceding sentence. 194. post: since. togato: dressed in the toga, i.e. as a civil Magistrate. See Note on Cat. n. 13, 28 (1. 374). contigit: fre- quently used (as here) of good fortune. 195. civis : Accusative Plural. 196. liber assem : why Subjunctive ? See Note above on 1. 171. quae ... si : and if this. conferatur : Ideal (less vivid) Condition, and translated with the auxiliary should. The real Apodosis (we should find, or the like) is suppressed, being implied in the context ; if expressed, it would have been Pres. Subjunctive. The apparent Apodosis hoc interest (there is this difference) is Indie, because the difference exists whether one look for it or not. 197. ceterae : supply supplicationes constitutae sunt. gesta : like conservata, Abl. Abs. with re publica understood. una (Nom.): alone. Xote the Asyndeton. 198 : illud quod faciendum, etc. : referring to the resignation men- tioned in the next sentence. 199. factum atque transactum : legal phrase. 201. ius : the technical term for right(s). His rights as a praetor consisted in exemption from prosecution as explained above (1. 176), and as a citizen in immunity from the summary punishment which (as Cicero says further on) was visited upon the praetor C. Glaucia in the days of Marius (100 B.C.). magistratu se abdicavit: that is, was allowed to resign. 202. et quae religio . . . liber aremur (1. 206) : that in punishing P. Lentulus (as) a private (citizen) we might be freed from that religious scruple (religione) which had not deterred G. Marius, etc., from (quo minus), etc. Observe in this sentence : (1) the meaning of religio ; (2) the Dat. Mario with non fuerat (lit. had not existed for Marius), the phrase with religio implying Prevention. G. 549 ; A. & G. 331, e, 2 ; B. 295, 3 ; H. 497, 11. 2. 204. nominatim: hence, thecon'rast with the present decree, which had actually named the offenders. 205. religione : repeated for the sake of clearness. 210. concidisse : have collapsed. 211. cum pellebam . . . providebam : the use of the same tense in the l62 KOTES two clauses indicates coincidence of action. Translate : in trying to drive out (pellebam, Impf. of Attempted Action), I had this in mind. For this use of cum, see Note on the famous cum quiescunt, probant, Cat. i. 8, 21 (1. 260). 212. remoto Catilina : Ablative Absolute = si Catilina remotus esset (0. 0.), representing in the direct form the Future Perfect remotus erit. mihi: Dat. of the Agenb with pertimescendam. 213. Lentuli somnum : sleepiness; see Note on 1. 74 above. Lentulus was slow and stupid ; Cassius (L. Cassius Longinus, praetor in 66 B.C. and one of Cicero's competitors for the consulship in 64 b.c) was • fat and stolid ; Cethegus, fiery and impetuous, the hotspur of the conspiracy. 215. unus : alone. tarn diu dum : (only) so long as. With these words Cicero begins once more to paint the character of the conspira- tor, but in rather different colors from those employed before. In the First Oration (Cat. i. 9, 26), delivered before the Senate, in Cat- iline's presence, the conspirator is represented as a mere profligate with only something more than the usual share of physical vigor and ready for any crime against the laws of society ; in the Second Ora- tion (Cat. 11. 4, 7 foil.), delivered before the people, he is painted chiefly as the companion of the dissolute and discontented, an enemy to every honest citizen ; in the present case, as the consul's victory is hovering within sight, the enemy is described in rather extravagant style, the passage down through the words ferre poterat representing a stronger character than Catiline seems really to have been. 216. norat : = noverat, the Plupf. of a defective verb with the force of an Imperfect. aditus : the means of approaching. 218. consilium: subtlety. consilio: why Dative ? G. 349, r. 4; A. & a. 231, a; B. 190; H. 387. 219. manus, lingua : what does Cicero mean ? certas res : defi- nite objects (aims) ; certos homines : trusty persons. There is here a play upon words that cannot be reproduced in English. 220. delectos ac descriptos habebat : stronger than deligebat ac de- scribebat. G. 238; A. & G. 292, c; B. 337, 6 ; H. 388, 1, n. Above (1. 209) the verb teneo is used with the Perfect Participle Passive in the same way. 221. cum mandarat (for mandaverat, Plup.), putabat : Iterative (or repeated) Action in Past time. When two actions are repeated, one being prior to the other, tenses of completion are used for the prior action, tenses of continuance for the subsequent, according to the following scheme (G. 567): Past Time — Quotiens ceciderat, surgebat, as often as he fell, he rose ; Present Time — Quotiens cecidit, surgit, as THIRD ORATIOK" AGAINST CATILIKE 1 63 often as he falls, he rises; Future Time — Quotiens ceciderit, surget, as often as he falls (shall have fallen), he will rise. For the thought, Cicero means that Catiline did not count as done any task that he intrusted to another : when he wanted a thing done, he saw to it himself. 222. non ipse: note the position of the negative, emphasizing the pronoun — that he personally, etc. The Subjunctives are Character- istic after the negative clause nihil erat. 223. nunc hominem : to preserve the emphasis due to its position, translate the obj. of this sentence first — (as for) this man, etc., unless I had forced (him), etc., I should not readily have warded off, etc. What kind of Condition ? 229. non ille : note again the position of the negative and see Note on 1. 222. Saturnalia : see Note on 1. 112. Cicero means that Catiline would have thought the date too far off, as explained in the next clause. 230. rei publicae : Dat. of Ind. Object. 231. commisisset ut: would have made the blunder of allowing, fol- lowed by a Consecutive clause, commisisset and the two preceding Subj vs. (constituisset, denuntiavisset) are Apodoses of an Unreal (con- trary to fact) Condition with a Protasis implied in the preceding sentence. testes: as witnesses, Pred. Nominative after deprehen- derentur. 232. quae: resolve as usual — but these matters. nunc: as it is. 236. quod si : now if. 238. ut levissime dicam: to say the least; Final clause. dimi- candum . . . fuisset : ive should have had to struggle, etc. nobis : Dat. of the Agent. 240. hostis : Pred. Nom. after esset. periculis : Abl. of Separa- tion, pace, otio, silentio : Abls. of Manner with Adjectives ex- pressed (tanta, etc.), hence without Preposition. 242. quamquam : and yet. 244. cum . . . turn (1. 246) : not only . . . but especially. Translate id, that conclusion. 245. quod: Causal conjunction. humani consili . . . esse potuisse : could have been (an achievement) of human wisdom. G. 360, r. 1; A. & G. 214, c; B. 198, 3 ; H. 402. 248. nam ut ilia omittam, etc. ; what figure is this ? See Note on Cat. 1. 1. 3 (1. 23). 249. visas . . . terrae motus : compare Shakspere's Julius Caesar (1. 3) where in a similar manner " portentous things" are said to have pre- ceded the murder of Caesar. To point his moral, Cicero makes the 164 NOTES most of the people's superstitions. ab : in ; the Latin gives the Point of View From Which. 250. ut (terrae) : rhetorical repetition. Omit all but the first ut in translating. 251. tarn multa : Nom. but translated, in so many instances, nobis consulibus : in our consulship ; Abl. Absolute. 252. ut haec . . . viderentur : Consecutive clause after tarn multa. 254. praetermittendum : to be overlooked ; relinquendum : to be dis- regarded. 255. Cotta et Torquato consulibus : in 65 B.C. Note the Romans' method of giving particular years in their history. 256. de caelo: i.e. by lightning. The usual phrase is de caelo tangi (lit. to be touched from heaven) ; so two lines below tactus est without the limiting Ablative. 258. legum aera : law tablets, lit. bronze (tablets) of the laws ; in- dicating the material on which the laws were generally engraved. Stone was also so used. 259. ille . . . Komulus : yonder Romulus — said with a gesture. 260. quern inauratum : that is, whose gilded statue. 261. fuisse : once stood, the Perfect implying that it no longer stood there intact. Otherwise we might have expected esse with meministis. G. 281, 2, r.; A. & G. 336, a, n. 1 ; H. 537, 1. 262. cum haruspices convenissent : Subjv. with cum, notwithstanding the preceding Temporal phrase quo tempore. Pure time is expressed by the Indie, with cum ; but here the conjunction gives the occasion or circumstances, marking a closer connection between the two clauses than that of mere time, in fact characterizing the time. G. 585 ; A. & G. 323 and 325 ; B. 288, 1; H. 521, 11. 2. Etruria: the art of the soothsayers, i.e. of interpreting the divine will from the entrails of sacrificial victims, originated in Etruria. 265. appropinquare . . . nisi . . . flexissent : notice the Fut. meaning of appropinquare, were approaching, implying would soon be at hand; hence, flexissent, should turn aside, avert, the Pluperfect Subjv. (after dixerunt) representing Fut. Perfect flexerint in the direct words of the soothsayers. Do not confound this Condition with the Un- real ; it is the Logical Condition in 0. 0. G. 657 ; A. & G. p. 375 ; B. 319, a; H. 527, 1. 267. et (ludi) . . . neque res ulla : both . . . and nothing. 269. idem: how translated ? G. 310; A. & G. 195, e; B. 248, 1 ; H. 451, 3. facere : no subject expressed because none is needed, the soothsayers simply ordering the making of a larger statue, etc. 270. contra atque : adjectives and adverbs of Likeness and Unlike- THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 65 ness take atque or ac after them. G. 643 ; A. & G. 234, a, >\ 2 ; B. 341, i, c; H. 459, 2. Translate : to turn it toward the east (orientem), opposite to the way (contra atque) it had formerly faced. 271. si illud signum conspiceret {looked towards, faced), fore ut . . . inlustrarentur : the Logical (simple) Condition of the Future in O. 0., representing in the direct form si . . . conspiciet (Fut.), inlustra- buntur (Fut.). The periphrasis fore ut with the Subjv. is more com- mon in the Pass, than the Fut. Infinitive. See G. 248 ; A. & G. 288, f ; B. 270, 3, a ; H. 537, 3. quod videtis : the new statue on the Capitol, facing the east, overlooked the Forum, where Cicero's audi- ence was now standing. 275. atque: and further, introducing the crowning fact in his con- tention that the gods were responsible for the case. conlocandum locaverunt : verbs meaning to Contract, Let, Undertake, etc. , take the Ace. of the Ger. of the Object to be effected, or Factitive Predicate, as it is called. G. 430 ; A. & G. 294, d ; B. 337, 7, b, 2 ; H. 544, 2, N. 2). Translate : gave the contract for the erection, etc. Notice the difference between the simple verb locare, give a contract for some- thing to be done, and the compound conlocare, set up, erect. 277. neque superioribus consulibus, etc. : the words imply neither last year nor this until to-day. See Note on 1. 255. 279. hie: lit. here, (adv.), that is, in these circumstances. 280. praeceps : perverse. mente captus : blind of heart. haec omnia, etc. : said with a sweep of the hand, and referring to the whole visible world. 282. ita : to this effect, anticipating the following Ace. and Infini- tive. 284. et ea: and that; more usually Singular, here Plural for rhetorical reasons. 285. ea: those {deeds), referring to caedes, etc., above. 287 : illud vero . . . ut . . . ut, etc. : the first ut introduces an ordinary Consecutive clause after ita praesens (so opportune), while the second explains illud {this fact). Translate : but is not this fact so opportune that it seems, etc., {namely) that when early this morning both the conspirators and the witnesses against them (eorum) were, etc., the statue was being set up at that very moment ? For the use of the second ut, see G. 557 ; A. & G. 332, f ; H. 501, 2. 288. Optimi Maximi: best {and) greatest. Observe the Asyndeton in this formula. 294. quo (etiam) : Abl. of Measure of Difference with the compara- tive maiore, but to be translated, wherefore. maiore odio, etc. ; of greater hatred, Abl. of Specification after digni. I 66 NOTES 295. domiciliis, tectis : Dative after in- in composition (inferre). 297. ego, me : emphatic repetition to sharpen the contrast with ille, ille in the next sentence. 300. dis : the important word of the sentence, hence pnt first. 302. iam vero : and now. 304. tantae res creditae, etc. : matters of such importance would not have been intrusted, and the letters would not have been given over, etc., so rashly to strangers and barbarians, unless, etc. 306. huic tantae audaciae : abstract put for the concrete, that is, boldness for bold men. The case is Dat. of the Ind. Object. Trans- late as if Abl. of Separation {from). quid vero : but again, lit. but what (of this) ? 307. ut homines Galli . . . neglegerent . . . anteponerent : Consecutive clauses after a verb of Effecting (esse factum) in 1. 312 below, but do not change the order of the clauses, id, in 1. 311, sums up all that pre- cedes, quae gens una : superlatives (una) are often incorporated in the rel. clause, as here, whereas the Eng. idiom places them before the relative (the only nation that remains, etc.). G. 616, 3 ; A. & G. 200, d; H. 453, 5. 309. videatur : Characteristic Subjv. after the superlative una. imperi: sovereignty. 310. ultro (lit. voluntarily) : unsought, qualifying oblatam. 311. non divinitus : the negative, as usual, preceding the important word. 312. praesertim qui ( = cum ei) . . . potuerint (Perfect Subjv.) : espe- cially ivhen they might have prevailed, etc. ; Concessive rel. clause. 314. ad: at. pulvinaria: lit. the couches upon which the images of the gods were laid before the temples, on occasions of prayer or thanksgiving, with banquets spread before them. Trans- late, shrines. 315. celebratote: the impressive Second Impv., proclaiming the thanksgiving. G. 268, 2 ; A. & G. 269, d; B. 281, 1, b; H. 487, 1. 1. 320. togati, togato : see Note on 1. 194 above. The disturbances with which Cicero compares the events of his own consulship happened in the period of the first civil war, waged between the democratic party under Marius and his successors, and the aristocratic party under Sulla (Introduction, §§21-23). The events referred to may be summed up as follows : (1) The trouble began in 88 B.C. when, after Sulla's departure from Rome as the duly appointed commander against Mithridates, the tribune P. Sulpicius proposed to depose him in favor of Marius. Sulla returned to Rome at the head of his army and overthrew his enemies, Sulpicius being killed and Marius barely saving himself by THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 67 flight. Sulla then returned to the field against Mithridates. (2) The next year, when L. Cornelius China renewed the democratic schemes of Sulpicius, his colleague Cn. Octavius drove him out of the city at the cost of so much bloodshed (10,000 victims were said to have fallen) that the day was ever after known as the " day of Octavius. " Hence Cicero's words : onmis hie locus acervis, etc. (3) Shortly after (postea) Cinna and Marius raised an army, and returning to- the city, got the upper hand (superavit). For five days and nights they held a carnival of bloodshed, killing many of the most prominent aris- tocrats. Hence the words lumina civitatis in 1. 325. (4) Although Marius had died in 86 B.C. and Cinna been killed in a mutiny two years later, Sulla's enemies were still active when he returned from the East in 83 b.c He defeated them in the battle of the Colline Gate (82 b.c.) and by his " proscriptions " lessened the number of his fellow-citizens (diminutione civium, 1. 327) by some four or five thou- sand executions. After reforming the constitution he resigned his dictatorship ; he died in 78 b.c (5) Shortly after his death M. Lepi- dus tried to overthrow his constitution, but in the outbreak that followed was defeated by his colleague Q. Catulus (77 B.C.), the son of Marius' colleague a quarter of a century earlier. 334. ipsius . . . ceterorum : contrasted words, hence put as far apart (sometimes as close) as possible. Cicero means that the country did not grieve so much for the death of the principal author of the trouble, Lepidus himself, as for that of all the others implicated in the disturbance. rei publicae : Dat. after ad- in composition (attulit). 337. pertinerent : Characteristic Subjv. after eius modi, of such a character. non ill! . . . voluerunt : they did not wish, the pronoun emphasized by the position of non. They wished only to put them- selves at the head of the government (rem publicam), not to destroy it, says Cicero. 340. atque illae . . . diiudicatae sint : these words are thought to be a transcriber's explanation of what precedes, afterwards creeping into the text by mistake. 343. uno : strengthens the superlatives. post : since. 345. quale bellum, such a war as, quo in bello : a ivar in which. Note the Latin tendency to incorporate the antec. in the rel. clause. 346. lex: principle. 347. salva, salvi : the words in a slightly different sense, the former referring to the salvation of the state, the latter to these persons' solvency. 348. in hostium numero ducerentur : should be regarded as (lit. in the number of) enemies, G. 340, n, 1 (end) ; II. 362, 2, N. 3. l6& NOTES 350. tantum : {only) so many, lit. so much, with Part. Genitive. 351. restitisset: should survive; Fut. Perfect in 0. 0. af ter putas- sent. 354. pro : in return for. rebus : services, lit. circumstances. 355. insigne : mark. 360. eius modi, quod possint : Characteristic Subjunctive. 361. memoria : Abl. of Means. So sermonibus and monumentis. 363. litter arum monumentis : records of literature. 364. eandemque diem . . . consulatus mei : and I am sure that one and the same period (diem) — which I trust shall prove everlasting — has been extended both for the safety, etc. He means that the continued existence of the government must always remind the world of his consulship. 367. alter, alter : the former refers to Pompey, the latter to himself. 371. est : belong to, attach to, with Poss. Genitive (rerum). quae illorum : as (to the deeds) of those. 373. isti : refers to the same persons as illorum above. hostis : Ace. Plural. 374. vestrum : that is, your duty. ceteris : Dat. after prosunt. recte : adv. modifier of facta (right deeds). G. 437, R. ; A. & G. 207, c; H. 548, N. 2. 375. mihi mea: emphatic by position and repetition ; translate after ne. providere : subject of est, and itself followed by a neg. Complementary Final Clause. mentes : this word with its modi- fiers is, like mihi mea, emphatic by position, but must be translated after ne. 378. mihi ipsi : explain this Dative. G. 217 ; A. & G. 230 ; B. 187, ii. b ; H. 384, 5. Translate : and yet, fellow -citizens, to me per- sonally (ipsi) no harm can be done, etc. nihil is Ace. of Extent in Degree, but for convenience is to be translated as part of the subject. 379. bonis : true patriots (the usual meaning in these Orations). 381. dignitas : prestige. tacita: (though) silent, Concessive. 382. neglegunt : disregard. 383. est etiam nobis, etc. : I have even such a disposition (am so disposed) as not only to, etc. audaciae : Dative, not Genitive. 385. ultro : voluntarily. He means he will be the aggressor, quod si : but if. 387. convertit : Present for Future. 388. qua condicione : i.e. on what footing the people wish them to stand. velitis : Subjv. in Ind. Question. obtulerint : expose, the Perfect Subjv. representing the Fut. Perfect after a Primary tense. FOUKTH ORATIOX AGAINST CATILINE 1 69 389. mihi quidem ipsi : (as) for me personally, Dat. after ad- in com- position (adquiri). 390. possit : why Subjunctive ? in honor e vestro : in the dis- tinction^) which you confer, lit. in your honor. 392. videam: Subjv. after cum Causal. libeat: Characteristic Subjv. after the preceding neg. sentence with quicquam. 393. illud : explained by the following Consecutive ut-clause. 395. conservanda re publica : Abl. of Cause, invidia implying feeling or emotion. Observe here that the Perfect Pass. Part, might have been used (Abl. Abs.), but would have had a slightly different force, since it would have looked backward while the Gerundive looks for- ward, laedat . . . valeat : Asyndeton, some conjunction being (intentionally) omitted. 396. in re publica : in public life. 398. virtute : merit ; Abl. of Means. 399. venerati: Perfect Part. (Xom. PL), but best translated as Present. 402. aeque ac : just (lit. equally) as ; ac being used after the adverb of Likeness. 403. id ne . . , faciendum sit : that it may not have to be done, etc. FOUKTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE {In L. Catilinam Oratio Quarto) PREFATORY NOTE 1. On December 5 (two days after delivering the preceding ora- tion), Cicero convened the Senate to ask its advice on the question, What should be done with the prisoners ? The meeting was held in the Temple of Concord, at the foot of the CapitolineHill, about which many citizens were gathered ready with arms to carry out the wishes of the consul. 2. The Debate. To Silanus, as consul-elect, the question was put first (Introduction, §75). He advocated the death -penalty. Other Senators were then consulted in regular order until among the praetors-elect Caesar was asked for his views. While fully recogniz- ing the guilt of the men, Caesar warned the Senate against taking any step which they might afterwards have reason to regret. He therefore proposed life imprisonment for the culprits, and confisca- 1 70 NOTES tion of their property. Shortly after Caesar's speech, Cicero m chairman rose, and in his Fourth Oration against Catiline summed up these two opinions, somewhat as a judge might sum up the argu- ments in a case at court. Caesar's proposal had made a deep impres- sion upon the Senate, and seemed likely to prevail, when young Cato, a tribune-elect, sprang to his feet, and in severe terms denounced all half-way measures. The conspirators, he said, were criminals, caught in the act, and deserved summary punishment. An effort was made to adjourn the Senate before taking any action but failed, and Cato's motion for immediate execution was carried by a large majority. 3. The Execution. Without loss of time Cicero adjourned the Senate, and proceeded to carry out the sentence. He ordered that the prisoners should be brought from their places of confinement, and led to the door of the ancient dungeon known as the Tullianum, a large oblong underground chamber with a smaller dungeon, circular in shape, beneath. As each prisoner was brought to this place, lie was thrust down into the lower chamber, and there strangled by the executioners (tresviri capitales). When the fifth and last man was thus executed, the consul departed, and on his way through the Forum said to the wondering citizens whom he met, Vixerunt (' They have lived/ i.e. they live no longer). 4. Legality of the Executions. For nineteen centuries men have de- bated the question whether the executions were legal or not without having reached a definite conclusion. A schoolbook may, therefore, well leave the matter undiscussed. Nevertheless there are certain well-ascertained facts relating to the case which should be noted here. It is known, for example, that it was an old principle in the Koman law that no citizen might be put to death without the assent of the people ; and that this principle had been reaffirmed in a law of the tribune Gaius Sempronius Gracchus in 123 B.C. (hence called a lex Sempronia i as usual, after the gentile name of the proposer). (1) Now Cicero made the point that the conspirators were not citi- zens, but enemies, and as such were not entitled to the protection of a law made for citizens. If it was true that they had forfeited their citizenship, then Cicero's contention was correct; but this "if" in- volves one of the very points at issue. In the case of Catiline and Manlius, there could be no doubt : they were self-confessed enemies, being already in Etruria with an army ready to strike ; but how with Lentulus, Cethegus, and the rest of the conspirators in the city ? The letters which they had written and which Cicero had intercepted, pointed clearly to the existence of a plot of a dangerous kind, but the writers had not actually done anything, had not been caught in any FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE IJl overt act, and hence they were entitled to the benefit at least of a trial in court. It should be remembered also that the Senate was not a judicial body, and hence could not pass upon the questions involved. (2) On the other hand, it is also known that in times of grave peril the Senate passed, as it did in this instance, its ultimum decretum, or extreme decree, authorizing the consuls to "see to it that the commonwealth suffered no harm." The exact extent of the powers conferred on the consuls by such a decree is not clear now, and was not clear even in that day. Some said that it gave the consul plenary powers even to carry out the death-penalty, if need be, without trial. The democrats questioned this interpretation. In a strict interpretation of the laws, therefore, the legality of the executions is still an open question ; and yet few persons would deny that Cicero in putting to death Lentulus, Cethegus, and their accom- plices acted in the only way in which he could crush the uprising. His course was generally approved by the people, who showed their approval by hailing him as savior of his country. 5. Defeat and Death of Catiline. The vigorous course pursued by the consul frightened the followers of Catiline, and caused the rebel army in Etruria to waste away. Nevertheless Catiline, who never lacked courage, rallied his 3,000 desperate men about him near Pistoria (twenty miles from Faesulae), and there, while trying to re- treat to Gaul, was crushed between two Roman armies, one commanded by the praetor Q. Metellus Celer, the other by a lieutenant under Cicero's colleague Antonius. 4. iucunda : pleasing ; grata : welcome. 5. voluntas: i.e. good-will. 7. mihi (emphatic position) si haec, etc. : for my part, if these were the terms on which the consulship ivas given to me ; lit. if this condi- tion of the consulship, etc. 10. dum modo . . . pariatur : explain the use of dum modo. See Note on Cat. i. 9, 22 (1. 277). The verb is Singular because dignitas sa- lnsque expresses a single complex notion. 12. non : the negative is repeated for rhetorical effect, and placed before the emphatic word in each instance. This repetition is called Anaphora. forum : the Forum was surrounded by various public buildings, among them the courts of justice ; hence the word aequitas. 13. campus : the consular elections were held in the Campus Mar- tins, and, like every important step in the life of the Romans, were preceded by the ceremony of taking the auspices ; hence the Campus 23 1 7 '2 2STOTES is here spoken of as consecrated with the consular auspices (consulari- bus auspiciis consecratus). curia: called summum auxilium, etc., because the Senate shaped the foreign policy of the country. 16. sella curulis : see Introduction, §55. 17. fuit : Singular predicate with several subjects because each is considered apart from the others. multa tacui : have suppressed much. See Note on Cat. i. 12, 29 (1. 351). 18. meo quodam dolore : Abl. of Manner, but best translated, at the cost of some pain to myself. in : in the midst of. 20. ut : with eriperem (1. 24), forming a Consecutive clause, explain- ing the words hunc exitum (1. 19). G. 557 ; A. & G. 332, /; H. 501, 1.2. 25. subeatur: Subjv. for Imperative (Opt. Subjv.) with the preced- ing rel. clause as its subject, the whole being the Apodosis of the Logical (simple) Condition whose Protasis is si . . . voluerunt (11. 19, 20). 26. fatale : destined. 27. cur non laeter : Potential Rhetorical Question, implying its own answer. consulatum . . . exstitisse : what other construction may follow verbs of Emotion ? Principal Parts of exstitisse (not from exsto) 1 r 30. consulite vobis : distinguish between Dat. and Ace. when used with this verb. 34. debeo: I must (cannot help). pro eo ac: in proportion as. G. 643 ; A. &G. 234, a, n. 2 ; B. 341, 1, c; H. 554, 1. 2, n. 35. relaturos esse gratiam (with mini above) : will reward me. si quid obtigerit : Fut. Perfect (translated as Pres.) in the Protasis of a Logical (simple) Condition. 36. aequo animo, etc. : Ablative of Manner. 37. immatura consulari: a premature (death) to a consular t i.e. one who has once enjoyed the consulship can have no higher ambition. 38. sapienti: to a philosopher, i.e. the philosopher is indifferent to everything external, even to death. This was a tenet of the Stoics, who taught the sternest morality. ille ferreus qui . . . movear : so iron-hearted as not to be influenced : Characteristic Subjv. following Mie Demonstrative pronoun ille. 39. fratris : his brother Quintus Cicero, at this time praetor-elect. A few years later he served with Caesar in his Gallic war. 41. neque meam mentem non, etc. : note in this sentence the two negatives, making a strong affirmative, and the several subjects with their modifiers, filling three or four lines. It is best to translate non fail to, and treat the whole sentence as if passive, taking mentem as POUKTH ORATIOX AGAIXST CATIL1KB 173 subject and the real subjects as agents (by) : nor do my thoughts (mentem) fail to be recalled, etc. The position of non makes domum the emphatic word. 42. uxor: Terentia, by whom he had two children — Tullia (filia), probably fourteen years old, and Marcus, only two (parvolus nlius). 44. ille : by him (keeping up the passive translation). 46. gener: C. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, the first husband of Tullia. As he was not a member of the Senate at this time, he was probably standing near the door of the temple with the crowd that attended this session of the Senate. moveor : the position of the word emphasizes Cicero's contradiction of the negative statement — I am indeed influenced. in earn partem uti : to the end that, with a Complementary Consecutive clause. 47. vobiscum : the Senate ; omnes : his family. oppresserit (Fat. Perfect) : crush. 48. una : general, lit. one. peste : ruin. 49. pereamus: Subjv. on account of the idea of (negative) Design involved. G. 644, R. 3, a. 52. non Ti. Gracchus, etc. : (it is) not Tiberius Gracchus for wish- ing as he did (lit. because he wished), etc , not Gains Gracchus for attempting, etc., etc., (that) is brought, etc. For the story of the Gracchi and of Saturninus, read Introduction, §§10, 17, 18, and 19. 53. agrarios : the agrarian party, i.e. the adherents of the younger Gracchus in his measures providing for the allotment of public lands to the poorer classes of citizens. 1 54. Memmium : a candidate for the consulship in 100 b.c murdered at the instance of Saturninus. I 55. in discrimen aliquod : to some test or other. The Indefinite pro- noun makes the phrase vague, as was probably intended in deprecia- tion of the former danger in contrast with the present. 56. iudicium : the bar, lit. judgment. tenentur ei qui, etc. : in our power are those who, etc. ad : for, expressing Design. 57. omnium: while with this word Cicero regularly uses the Geni- tive forms nostrum and vestrum (rather than nostri and vestri), yet sometimes instead of the personal pronouns in the Gen. case he uses the possessive forms noster and vester. We have, for example, de nostro omnium interitu (Cat. 1. 4, 9), but vitamque omnium vestrum (Gat. in. 1, 1), and again in the present passage the possessive rather than the Genitive. 61. ut interfectis omnibus (Abl. Abs.) nemo . . . relinquatur : coordi- nate in translating (although strictly the Abl. Abs. is subordinate, of course) — that all (of us) may be put to death and not a man be left, 174 NOTES etc. ne . . . quidem here simply strengthens the general neg. nemo and should be translated affirmatively — even. Note the exceptional use here of ut nemo instead of ne quis in a Final clause. 64. rei : the accused men. 65. multis iudiciis: i.e. by its decrees as explained in the following words. 66. gratias egistis : thanked. 68. Lentulum . . . coegistis : see Note on Cat. in. 6, 14 (1. 177). 71. meo nomine : in my honor. 72. honos : the antec. incorporated in the rel. clause. Translate : an honor which. togato : explain the meaning. nemini : Dat. of Agent. 77. referre ad vos . . . integrum . . . et de facto quid, etc. : to lay before you, as if still an open question, both what your decision is concerning the fact, etc. The Subjunctives iudicetis and censeatis indicate In- direct Questions depending on referre. 79. quae sunt consulis : which a consul should ; lit. are the consul's, Possessive Genitive. 80. versari: was rife. nova: revolutionary schemes, lit. neu) things. 81. misceri : were brewing. concitari mala : mala is the Aec. subject of concitari, yet like the Ace. of the Inner Object gets its sub- stantive idea from the verb. Translate : a wicked turmoil caused. 85. delatum sit: Subjunctive in Ind. Question, depending on videtis. 86. huic : refers to facinus of the preceding sentence. adfinis : Ace. Plural. 87. opinione: account for this Ablative. G. (L. Ed.) 398, n. 1 ; A. & G. 247, b ; B. 217, 4 ; H. 417, n. 5. Translate : than you suppose. 89. serpens: participle. 90. sustentando : by withholding your hands ; prolatando : by pro- crastination. Both are Ablatives of Means. 91. ratione: method. With placet, supply vindicare from the fol- lowing clause. 92. sententias : the regular word for the views expressed by a sen- ator on a public question or the vote by which he declared his views. Translate : views, or proposals. D. Silani : (that) of D. Silanus. G. 308, R. 3 ; A. & G. 195, b; B. 247, 3 ; H. 451, 1. See Prefatory Note, §2. 93. haec : meaning here ? See the Vocabulary. 94. Caesaris : what was his rank at this time ? See Prefatory Note, %2. 95. removet: sets aside (rejects); amplectitur: includes. FOURTH ORATlOK AGAIXST CATILIKE 1 75 96. uterque : regularly Singular when referring to individuals, being Plural only of sets or parties. pro : suitably to. Caesar as praetor-elect had the consulship before him as the only honor remaining to complete the cursus honorum. 97. in . . . versatur : lit. is engaged in, i.e. advocates. The word admits of various translations. alter : one, subject of putat. 98. conati sunt : Indicative because Cicero's words, not a part of the quotation. qui : notice the rhetorical repetition of this word in this and succeeding lines. See Note on 1. 12. 100. punctum : Accusative of Extent in Time. temporis : Parti- tive Genitive. 103. alter intellegit, etc. Cicero contends that Silanus in recom- mencing the death-penalty is really less severe than Caesar, who advo- cated life-imprisonment as the proper punishment of the conspirators. At the same time he interprets the course of each Senator in his own way. He says, for example, that Silanus recollects (recordatur) that there are precedents for his proposal, although it does not appear that Silanus had mentioned them, and he declares that Caesar is aware (intellegit) that death is often a blessing, etc., of which the prisoners were unworthy, deserving rather all the pains of perpetual imprisonment. 107. et ea : and that. ad : for, expressing Design. singu- larem : special. 109. dispertiri : with eos understood for its subject. He means that they should be scattered by giving them over in custody to the various provincial towns. iubet : not orders. habere : to involve. iniquitatem : a hardship. 110. si velis : lit. if you should wish, that is, if one would : Ideal Second Person. G. 595, r. 3. " It would be unfair to force the towns to be responsible for the prisoners' safe keeping, while a mere re- quest to this effect would meet with questionable success," is his meaning. 112. qui . . . putent : Characteristic relative clause with Indefinite Antecedent. 113. esse suae dignitatis : Predicate Genitive. G. 366, R. 1 ; A. & G. 214, c; B. 198, 3 ; H. 402. adiungit : adds. Notice the em- phatic position, implying, "But this is not all, for he also proposes," etc. 114. ruperit : probably Pf. Subjv., representing Fut. Perfect in Caesar's direct words, but note that the two forms are the same. 115. horribilis (Ace. PI.) : because demanding great severity. 116. eorum : this word limits poenam and is antecedent of quos. 1/6 NOTES 117. per senatum : that is, through its decrees. per populum : that is, through measures passed in the Comitia. 120. multos uno (supply dolore) : side by side for contrast. 122. itaque : and so. The sentiment here expressed, that the idea of future punishment was a mere bugaboo invented by ancient writers (antiqui) to frighten would-be offenders, does not accord with what Cicero has written elsewhere. It is to be remembered, however, that he is merely summing up the views of Silanus and Caesar, and it is very evident that he is doing his utmost to make it appear that death for the prisoners would be true mercy both to them and to their countrymen. 124. voluerunt : maintained. 125. eis remotis = si ea (i.e. supplicia) remota essent, representing the Fut. Perfect in 0. 0. after a Past (intellegebant). 127. ego mea : emphatic by repetition and juxtaposition. mea . . . intersit : is to my personal interest. G. 381, 2 ; A. & G. 222, a; B. 211, i, a; H. 408, i. 2. 129. in re publica : in public life. popularis : political term for democrat as opposed to the optimates, or aristocrats, who were iden- tified with the Senate. 130. hoc . . . cognitore (Abl. Abs.) : with him as the author and ad- vocate. 131. populares : popular, i.e. of the people. sin: supply eritis secuti. How is this conjunction regularly used ? 132. nescio an: I do not know but. G. 457, 2; A. & G. 210, /, r. ; B. 300, 5 ; H. 529, 3, n. 2. negoti: trouble, Part. Genitive with amplius. 133. rationes: considerations. 134. vincat : let .. .prevail over (outweigh). ipsius : Ms own, as distinguished from that of the maiorum. 135. postulabat : Singular predicate with two subjects, the latter forming a single complex idea. 136. obsidem : guarantee, lit. hostage. 137. intellectum est : it was seen, that is, when Caesar spoke in the debate. quid inter esset : what a difference there is. contiona- torum: agitators, those who addressed the people in the contio for selfish purposes. 138. saluti: iv el fare. 139. de istis : — eorum, Partitive with non neminem, some, or perhaps here, one. Cicero seems to have had in mind particularly Metellus Nepos, the tribune-elect, and creature at this time of Pompey, who was offended because Cicero had dealt with the present trouble single- FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 77 handed, failing to call on Pompey to suppress the threatened out- break. A few weeks later, as Cicero was about to make the usual farewell speech at the close of his consulship on the last day of December, 63 B.C., this same Metellus, as tribune, interposed with the declaration that he who had deprived Roman citizens of their right of appeal to the people (referring to the execution of the con- spirators) had no right to address the people. 140. de capite . . . sententiam ferat : cast a vote concerning the civil rights, etc. 143. The order is : iam hoc nemini dubium est quid qui (he who) de- crevit custodiam reo, etc., iudicarit de tota re et causa, iudicarit is the Subjv. in Ind. Question, and its subject is the preceding rel. clause. 145. re: the fact ; causa: the case (in its legal aspects). 146. legem Semproniam : i.e. the law of C. Gracchus, whose gentile name was Sempronius. 149. latorem : that is, C. Gracchus. iussu populi : as this is not true, some have supposed that Cicero said rather iniussu {without the order), which certainly makes the sense clearer. If C. Gracchus, says Cicero (according to the changed reading), who proposed the law, was put to death without appeal, all the more may the present of- fenders be so treated. 150. idem: he also, i.e. Caesar. G. 310 ; A. & G. 195, e; B. 248, 1 ; II. 451, 3. largitorem et prodigum: Concessive, implying "with all his extravagance in courting the good-will of the people." 153. popularem: a friend of the people. 156. se iactare : to make a parade, i.e. in order to gain credit for political purposes. 158. ut omnis animi cruciatus (Ace. PL), etc.: that even poverty and beggary may follow (be added to) every, etc. 160. hoc : Caesar's proposal. Note the coincidence of attainment denoted by the Fut, Perfect in both the dependent and the principal clause (statueritis, dederitis). 161. ad: before. 164. obtinebo: I shall maintain (the view). 165. tanti sceleris immanitate = tarn immani scelere: attribute (sub- stantive) used for attributive (adjective). 166. de : by. G. 397, r. 167. ita mihi . . . liceat, ut . . . moveor : lit. so may it be permitted me, etc., as I am moved, etc. ; more freely, as I hope to be permitted, etc., I am actuated, in being rather severe in this case, not by cruelty, etc. Observe the common form of Asseveration expressed by ita with the I78 NOTES Opt. Subjunctive (liceat) followed by ut with the Indicative (moveor). G. 262 ; A. & G. 267 ; B. 279 ; H. 483, 4. 170. videor mihi : I fancy. 173. animo: i.e. with my mind's eye, Ablative of Means. 175. bacchantis : as lie revels, lit. revelling. cum vero mihi pro- posui . . . perhorresco : but whenever I picture to myself ; lit. have placed before myself, etc., Iterative Action in Present time. G. 567 ; A. & G. 322 ; compare B. 288, 3, and H. 518, N. 2. 177. purpuratum: suggesting the oriental form of despotism with courtiers robed in purple. Of course, in republican Rome the mere thought of a king was hateful. huic : i.e. Lentulo, Dat. of Advan- tage — for him, implying at his side. 185. sumpserit: the Latin says "take" where the English says inflict punishment. For the mood and tense, compare Note on 1. 114 above (ruperit). 186. utrum . . . an . . . videatur : explain the construction. G. 460 and 458 ; A. & G. 211 and d; B. 162, 4 ; H. 353, 1. 187. mihi : supply videtur. The word is emphatic by position — to my mind. 188. qui non . . . lenierit : Causal rel. clause. nocentis suum : the two words side by side for contrast between the culprit and his victim. 189. in : in the case of (as often). qui, qui, qui : see Note on 1. 12 above. 192. id egerunt, ut, etc. : have aimed at this, (namely) to set up, etc. 195. sin : account for the use of this word. 197. nisi vero : ironical (as usual)— unless indeed. L. Caesar : not the well-known Caesar, but a relative. He was consul the year before this. His sister, referred to in this passage, was Julia, who had been twice married — first to M. Antonius Creticus (father of Mark Antony), and after his death to the present conspirator, Lentulus ; hence the word virum, husband, in the text (1. 200). 201. avum suum: M. Fulvius Flaccus was the maternal grandfathei of Lucius Caesar. As an adherent of Gaius Gracchus, he perished in the riot of 121 B.C. with his leader. 202. filiumque eius : son to Flaccus, and uncle to L. Caesar. The fact that Lucius Caesar, Cicero means, could in his speech have con- demned his own relative Lentulus, comparing his case with that of his grandfather and uncle, was a strong argument in favor of the death-penalty. The younger Flaccus here referred to had been sent by the party of Gracchus to the consul Opimius in order, if possible, FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 79 to make terms with the senatorial party, but was thrown into prison by the consul and afterwards murdered. 203. quorum quod (interrog.) simile factum: what deed of t%eira (quorum, lit. of whom) was like (the present crime) ? 205. voluntas : the spirit, lit. intent. versata est : was rife. For the historical facts, see Introduction, §§16, 17. 206. contentio : rivalry. avus Lentuli : P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul in 162 B.C. and a leader of the senatorial party in the time of Gracchus. 207. ille : i.e. the grandfather ; hie in the next sentence refers to the present Lentulus, the grandson. 211. trucidandos : to be butchered. G. 430; A. & G. 294, d; B. 337, 7, b, 2; H. 544, 2, n. 2. 213. vereamini, censeo : you must surely be afraid, I think ; ironical. 219. exaudio : this word implies indistinctness of hearing on account of distance or surrounding noise. It seems to refer here to whispers exchanged between the Senators. 221. ut: meaning after verbs of Fearing ? G. 550, 2; A. & G. 331, /; B. 296, 2 ; H. 498, in. n. 1. 222. ad : with transigunda, expressing Design. 224. cum . . . turn : not only . . . but also. 231. sentirent : Characteristic Subjunctive after the superlative sola. unum atque idem : see Note on 1. 302 below. 232. cum viderent : seeing. 234. in . . . numero habendos : for the meaning of this phrase, see Note on Cat. in. 10, 25 (1. 348). 236. ceteri (vero) : subject of consentiunt (are united), but on account of its emphatic position best translated, but as for the rest, i.e. the other citizens. 237. ad: that is, to promote. 239. equites : the class from which Cicero himself was sprung, and for which he always has a word of praise. commemorem : should I mention, Potential Rhetorical Question. 240. ita . . . ut : only to. G. 552, R. 3; A. & G. 319, b. 242. huius ordinis : with (lit. of) this order, i.e. the Senate. con- cordiam: Cicero prided himself on bringing the two great orders of Rome into harmony at this time. The coalition, however, was the result only of a community of interests in a period of danger. So long as Catiline was plotting against the existing status, the Knights as the rich men of Rome with much at stake naturally acted with the Sen- ate in upholding the government and thwarting his revolutionary schemes ; after the conspiracy was crushed, the old jealousies revived, l80 KOTES and the "harmony of the orders" proved to be without any perma- nence of character. Three years after this speech, Pompey, to whom Cicero looked for cooperation in guiding the fortunes of his "new party," joined Caesar and Crassus in forming the First Triumvirate. 244. quam si : resolve the relative into demonstrative and conjunc- tion — and if this. 245. confirmatam : made sure, established. 246. confirmo: I assure. 248. defendundae : in defending, lit. of defending. 249. tribunos aerarios : revenue officers of one kind or another, with a rank just beneath the equestrian order. scribas: government clerks. This speech was delivered on December 5, the day on which (hie dies) the newly elected quaestors regularly entered upon their of- ficial duties (Introduction, §53). On this first day of their official term they drew lots to determine their respective fields of duty, the cere- mony taking place in the treasury building (aerarium). Cicero says that notwithstanding their personal interest in this ceremony, the clerks had left the treasury building to attend as patriotic spectators the great debate going on in the Senate. 254. non : as usual, preceding the words to be emphasized. 256. cum . . . turn : see Note on 1. 224. sit : Subjv. of Charac- teristic after the interrogative quis est, two lines above. 257. operae pretium : worth ivhile. 259. virtute : personal merit. huius civitatis : of our franchise, lit. of this citizenship. He means that by meritorious conduct they had gained (consecuti) the rights of citizenship. 260. patriam : Pred. substantive after an implied copula. Trans- late : look upon this as their native land. loco: rank, Abl. of Origin. G. 395 ; A. & G. 244, a; B. 215 ; H. 415, n. 263. communis res publica : the general welfare. 265. qui modo ... sit : be he only {provided he be). Account for the construction. G. 627, u. 1 ; A. & G. 320, d; B. 283, 5; H. 503, n. 1. 266. tolerabili condicione : Ablative of Quality. 267. perhorrescat : Subjv. of Characteristic after the negative ex- pression nemo est. So cupiat and conferat following. haec : these (institutions). 268. quantum audet . , . potest : these clauses have the force of neuter Accusatives with the Part. Genitive voluntatis — as much of his good will as he dares and as he can. For the Indie, see G. 629, r. (a) ; A. &G. 342, a; H. 529, 11. N. 1. 270. si quern . . . commovet : for convenience translate as if passive — if any one of you is perchance disturbed by that which, etc. hoc FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE l8l quod auditum est : this is explained by the following Ace. and Inf. (lenonem, etc.). 271. circum : round to, or (with concursare) is running the rounds of. 273. quidem: indeed, often (as here) followed by an adversative conjunction (sed). 274. tarn . . . miseri . . . qui non . . . velint : the Subjv. is Characteristic after the Demonstrative adverb tarn. Translate : as not to wish. 275. ilium : yonder, emphasized by the negative non preceding it. Cicero probably pointed to some such shops within sight along the Forum. sellae : i.e. the workman's bench. 279. immo vero : or rather, the following words heightening the previous statement. 280. genus : class. oti : peace. 282. quorum si quaestus : resolve the rel. as usual — and if their profits, etc. The two Ablative Absolute phrases, occlusis tabernis, incensis (sc. tabernis), may be resolved into cum- or si-clauses. Hence, the last part of this sentence stands for a disguised Conditional (Un- real, or contrary to fact), of which incensis is the Protasis (= si incensae essent) and futurum fuit is the Apodosis. Gr. 597, R. 3 ; B. 304, 3, b ; A. &G. 308, c; H. 511, 2. 288. atque : and even. 291. consentiunt : for meaning, see Note on 1. 236. impiae : because planned by citizens, her own children. Piety with the Romans meant reverence or respect for one's parents and, by transfer, one's country as well as for God. In English we retain the original meaning of the word in the expression " filial piety." 294. ilium (yonder) ignem Vestae, etc. : the sacred fire was kept day and night upon the altar in the temple of Vesta by virgins who had dedicated themselves under vows of chastity to the service of the goddess. 297. anima : translate as if Plural. 300. quae facultas : an advantage which. 301. id quod : the regular form for a rel. clause referring to a sentence (instead of a single word) as antecedent. Translate : some- thing that. 302. unum atque idem sentientem : breathing one and the same senti- ment. Explain the Accusatives. See Note on Cat, 1. 12, 29 (1. 351). 303. cogitate quantis . . . delerit : a compact and weighty sentence, typical of the Latin language, and to be rendered in English only by making two sentences of one. The grammatical predicate delerit is Subjv. because in an Tnd. Question, but the real predicate or main point of Cicero's question lies in the participles with their adjuncts. Trans- 1 82 NOTES late : Think by how great labors the empire (was) founded, etc., (that) one night almost destroyed. He refers to the night on which the Allobroges were stopped at the Mulvian bridge. 309. praecurritis : outstrip, 311. functa: supply esse. consulari (adj.): — consulis (Gen. of substantive). 312. ante quam redeo : G. 575 ; A. & G. 327, a; B. 291, i ; H. 520, i. I. 313. quanta: rel., not interrog., which would have required the Subjv. of Ind. Question. quam: also rel., but best resolved into a demonstrative with " and " (and you see that it is very large). The meaning is, that every man engaged in the conspiracy which Cicero had put down would prove his personal enemy in future. 317. plus valuerit : shall have more weight. 318. me, factorum: account for the cases. G. 377 ; A. & G. 221, b; B. 209 ; H. 409, in. 323. bene gesta : supply re publica, forming Abl. Abs. = quod res publica gesta est, giving the reason for the thanksgiving ; so con- servata re publica following. 324. sit : this and the following Subjunctives are Concessive. G. 264 ; A. & G. 266, c; B. 278 ; H. 484, in. Scipio: the elder Scipio, who defeated Hannibal at Zama in the Second Punic War (202 b.c). 326. alter Africanus : the younger Scipio (adopted by the elder Scipio's son), who destroyed Carthage in 146 B.C. and Numantia (in Spain) in 133 b.c 328. Paulus : father of the younger Scipio (the latter getting his name through adoption). He distinguished himself at Pydna (168 b.c) in the Third Macedonian War. 330. Marius qui bis, etc. : by his victories over the Teutones and the Cimbri. See Introduction, §18. 332. Pompeius: see Note on Cat. n. 5, 11 (1. 137). isdem : con- strue with regionibus, etc. quibus solis cursus : supply continetur. 334. aliquid loci : a modest phrase, although Cicero was not modest about his achievement. The Genitive is Partitive. gloriae ; Poss. Genitive as predicate. 335. nisi forte: ironical. G. 591, r. 4 ; A. & G. 315, b; H. 507. 3, N. 1. quo : whither, introducing a rel. clause of Design, hence the Subjv. possimus. So revertantur further on. 337. uno loco : in one respect. 338. quod, etc. : giving the reason why Cicero's victory in peace involved greater dangers than a general's victory won in war. FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILIXE 1 83 339. oppressi serviunt : (when) crushed become our slaves. 340. autem: while. 342. cum reppuleris, . . . possis : Ideal Second Person, you in the sense of one, in a Temporal sentence, where cum = si. Observe the Iter- ative idea due to the association of a tense of completion (reppuleris, Pf. Subjv.) with a tense of continuance (possis, Pres. Subjv.). 344. mihi : Dat. of Agent with the Pf . Pass. Participle susceptum. 345. id : subject of posse near the end of the sentence. It refers to the warfare he expects to be waged upon him by his personal foes. 348. haerebit : icill abide. 349. neque ulla, etc. : was this prediction verified ? See Note on 1. 242 above. 351. conspirationem : not conspiracy, as the word bonorum shows; coniuratio is the word for " conspiracy." 353. pro: in the place of. Cicero declined the provinces to which he was entitled at the close of his terms as praetor (66 B.C.) and consul (63 B.C.). If he had accepted them he would have been a propraetor or proconsul with imperium and an army. 356. clientelis : if he had accepted a province, he might have formed valuable connections with the provincials, for the governor of a prov- ince, by winning the confidence of the community which he governed, often afterwards became its patronus, or legal representative in Rome. In such a case the provincials were called his " clients." hospitiis : ties of friendship. 357. urbanis opibus : that is, by the influence which his prestige in the city gives him. 358. tueor : guard (those already acquired) ; comparo : acquire (new ones). pro (meis studiis) : in return for. Observe the change in the meaning of pro from that in the preceding lines. 362. quae dum : for so long as this, referring to memoriam. The relative here is resolved into ea enim. 367. solius : Genitive to agree with the possessive idea in suo. 373. habetis eum consulem qui, etc. : you have for consul one (lit. him) who, etc. The relative is Characteristic, hence the Subjv. du bitet, possit. 375. per seipsum praestare : answer for on his own responsibility. 1 84 NOTES THE DEFENCE OP AECHIAS {Pro Ar chia) PREFATORY NOTE 1. The Pro Archia was delivered by Cicero in 62 B.C., the year after his consulship, in defence of the rights of his old friend Archias as a Roman citizen. It is perhaps, with the exception of the four speeches against Catiline, the most widely known of Cicero's speeches. Archias had been accused of usurping the rights of citizenship with- out legal authority. The charge had little foundation. It seems likely that the prosecution was inspired by the democratic friends of Pompey, between w T hom and the aristocratic friends of Archias, the Luculli, much friction had existed ever since the Manilian Law was passed, for by that law Pompey superseded L. Lucullus as com- mander in the Third Mithridatic War. 2. Who Archias was. Archias was a Greek, born about 119 B.C. at Antioch (in Syria). In boyhood he was precocious, and gave rare promise as a poet. At the age of sixteen or seventeen he began to travel, and visited various cities in Asia Minor, Greece, and Southern Italy. Wherever he went, he was, according to Cicero, received with enthusiasm. 3. In Borne. In 102 he came to Rome, where his ability and his personal attractions made for him many friends among the foremost families. With the Luculli he was especially intimate. He became an inmate of their house and took their gentile name Licinius with the praenomen Aulus, thus giving his Greek name Arcliias the Roman form of A. Licinius Arcliias. A few years after coming to Rome — just when cannot be said with certainty — he became interested in Cicero, about thirteen years his junior, who with his younger brother Quintus was attending school in Rome. To this personal interest shown by Archias, Cicero, in the opening words of his speech, attrib- utes his first inspiration to literary effort. 4. At Heraclia. While travelling with M. Lucullus, Archias visited Heraclia, one of the Greek cities that gave to lower Italy its name of Magna Graecia. Heraclia honored its distinguished guest with the gift of citizenship, his friend Lucullus being present and assisting at the ceremony. The same honor had already been conferred on him by several other cities of Magna Graecia. THE DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 1 85 5. The Case. As a result of the Social War (Introduction, §20) two laws had been passed, by either of which Archias might have become a Roman citizen. These laws were (a) the lex Julia of 90 B.C., which provided that the inhabitants of any town which had not engaged in the Social War against Rome might, if it desired, be admitted collec- tively to the Roman franchise ; (b) the lex Plautia-Pa/pirid of 89 B.C., which provided that any individual might be so admitted, provided he fulfilled these three conditions : first, he must be a citizen of some federated city of Italy, i.e. of a city enjoying treaty relations with Rome ; secondly, he must have a domicilium, or fixed abode, in Italy ; thirdly, within sixty days after the law was passed, he must declare before a Roman praetor his purpose to become a Roman citizen. To prove his case, Archias used the provisions of the lex Plautia- Papiria, and claimed (1) that he possessed the civitas, or citizen- ship, of Heraclia (and really of four other cities besides) ; (2) that he had long been a resident of Rome ; and (3) that he had made the required declaration in due time before the praetor, Q. Metellus, in 89 B.C. The prosecution objected (i) that Archias could not produce the documentary evidence of the civitas of Heraclia, and (ii) that his name did not appear on the census books of Rome. In reply to the first objection, it was shown by the defence that the record office of Heraclia had been destroyed by fire during the Social War, so that it was true that Archias could not produce the documentary evidence of his being an Heracliot ; but, on the other hand, his friend Lu- cullus was a witness to the fact, and his evidence was corroborated by the best citizens of Heraclia, a delegation of whom was present at the trial for the purpose of testifying. As for the second objection, it was a well-known fact that the duty of taking the census of Rome (registering the names, the property, etc., of the citizens, for the purposes chiefly of taxation) had been generally neglected in recent years since personal taxation had been abolished; also, on the only two occasions (in 86 and 70 B.C.) when the censors had performed this duty, Archias was absent from the city. Everybody, however, knew that Archias had been a resident of Rome for many years, and had availed himself of the rights of citizenship without objection from any quarter. 6. The Speech. As was said above, the prosecution had little foun- dation on which to rest its accusation ; hence, while the fact is not definitely recorded, it is morally certain that Cicero won his case. The interest of the speech, however, does not rest upon its merits ag 1 86 NOTES a legal argument, but rather upon its character as the utterance of an ancient Roman on the glories and pleasures of literature. 1. The opening sentence consists of three Protases, each followed by a relative clause, and an Apodosis beginning with the words earum rerum (1. 6). est in me : — habeo, denoting Possession of Quali- ties, iudices : the case was tried before a jury with a praetor (Cicero- s own brother Quintus) as presiding judge. quod sentio quam sit exiguum : and I am aware how slight this is, the relative being resolved into conjunction and demonstrative. 2. exercitatio dicendi : readiness of speech. 3. huiusce rei : that is, dicendi. ratio : theoretical knowledge. 4. profecta : proceeding, that is, derived from. 5. aetatis : life. abhorruisse : has been free. 6. vel : even, strengthening the superlative. hie : my ^client, a frequent use of the Demonstrative of the First Person. A. Lici- nius : the advocate calls his client by his Roman name for effect. 7. fructum repetere : demand a return (as of something due). quoad longissime : as far bach as, lit. up to the time that farthest. 9. ultimam : earliest, lit. farthest from the present. inde usque repetens : looking back from that time on. Notice that the verb is intransitive here, and has a different meaning from that in 1. 7 above. 10. mini principem : my chief adviser, predicate after exstitisse. 13. non nullis . . . saluti: G. 356 ; A. & G. 233, a; B. 191, 2 ; H. 390. a quo : to be translated after its antecedent huic further on — surely (profecto) to that very man from whom, etc. 14. quo : with which, Abl. of Means. The relative is followed by Subjv. of Characteristic (possemus). opitulari : help ; servare : save. The words are afterwards echoed in opem and salutem. Note the difference between ceteris, all the others, and alios, some others. 15. quantum est situm in nobis : as far as lies in our (my) power ; lit. as much as is situated in us. quantum is Ace. of Extent. 16. ac ne quis, etc.: the thought is — "You may be surprised at my attributing to Archias a poet so much of my success as an orator ; but since all the arts that pertain to culture are really related to one another, I have not confined my attention to oratory." 17. quod ... sit : Subjv. in Partial Obliquity, being the implied thought of his audience. in hoc sit : — hie habeat, referring to Archias. See Note on est in me above (1. 1). 18. neque : split in translating — and not. ratio : meaning as in 1. 3 above. ne nos quidem : we (I) too. . .not. THE DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 1 87 19. penitus : that is, exclusively. dediti fuimus : for the use of fuimus instead of sumus, see G. 250, r. ; and compare A. & G. 291, b, r., and H. 471, 6, n. 1. 22. inter se : see Note on Cat. in. 5, 13 (1. 162). 23. cui : Indefinite pronoun. vestrum : Partitive Genitive (not vestri). in quaestione legitima : in a legal inquiry, that is to say, a case in court. iudicio : trial. 24. cum : Concessive, but it may be translated when. 25. apud : before. praetorem : see Note on iudices above (1. 1). Quintns Cicero was a man of some literary pretensions, though better known as a soldier. 26. tanto conventu . . .frequentia: Abl. Abs., but best translated as Abi. of Place Where (which takes in as a rule) — in so crowded an assemblage (Hendiadys) ; lit. the assemblage and crowding being so great. 27. uti : verb, its subject being me in 1. 23. quod a consuetudine . . . abhorreat : which is foreign to {inconsistent with), subordinate clause in Indirect Discourse, depending on mirum videatur (1. 23). 29. quaeso a vobis : I beseech you, the words beginning the main clause of the sentence. 30. veniam : indulgence, favor. quern ad modum : as. 31. ut me . . . patiamini : Complementary Final clause, explaining the favor asked for. 32. hoc concursu : Abl. Abs., as also the following hac humanitate and hoc praetore exercente, but all three may be freely translated — before this gathering, etc., before (men of) your culture, finally before this praetor presiding over the court. 35. in: in the case of. persona: character. The term is bor- rowed from the stage ; so tractata est, has been represented. 36. otium ac studium : {a life of) studious leisure, Hendiadys. 37. uti : in the same construction as loqui two lines above, the two Infinitives with their subject me depending on patiamini. 38. quod si: and if this. tribui: granted; concedi: yielded. 39. sentiam, perficiam: Future Indie, in Logical Condition. The latter is followed by a Complementary Consecutive clause, ut . . . pute- tis. G. 553, 1 ; A. & G. 332 ; B. 284 ; H. 501. 40. segregandum : supply esse. cum : notwithstanding, Con- cessive. 41. si non : instead of nisi and according to rule. G. 591, (a) 1 and 2 ; A. & G. 315, a, 1 ; B. 306, 2 ; H. 508, 3. asciscendum fuisse : Apodosis of an Unreal (contrary to fact) Condition, depending on putetis, with si non esset for its Protasis. The direct form would be 1 88 NOTES asciscendus fuit. G. 597, R. 3 ; A. & G. 308, c; B. 304, 3, b; H. 511,2. 42. ex pueris excessit : passed out of boyhood; lit. passed out of the boys. 44. contulit : coordinate with excessit, both following ut primum. Antiochiae : the capital of Syria. The case is Locative ; observe that its appositive urbe following is Ablative. G. 411, r. 2 (3); A. & G. 184, c ; B. 169, 4 ; H. 363, 4, 2. 45. loco: rank, Abl. of Origin (not appositive to Antiochiae). cele- bri : populous. 46. hominibus : this word depends on adfluenti ; so studiis. 47. adfluenti : in the same construction as celebri and copiosa. oji- nibus : Dat. after ante in composition (antecellere). 48. contigit : it was his fortune, lit. it happened. post : ad- verb. 49. adventus : Plural, implying successive visits to the various cities in Asia and Greece. For a similar reason the Impf. celebrabrantur is used. G. 231 ; A. & G. 277 ; B. 260 ; H. 469. 50. ipsius : Distinctive pronoun, contrasting the real man with his reputed self. 51. Italia: particularly in the south, where there were so many Greek colonies that it was called Magna Graecia. tunc : that is, in the interval between the last of the Gracchan disturbances (121 B.C.) and the Social War (90-88 B.C.) with the succeeding struggles between the Marians and Sulla (88-82 B.C.). 55. hunc : my client here. et : observe that this conjunction occurs four times in the sentence. The first and the fourth et may for convenience be translated not only . . .but also. 56. civitate : ivith citizenship. For the case, see G. 348 ; A. & G. 225, d; B. 187, 1. a; H. top of page 198. 57. aliquid : implying a higher standard than the use of quid (or quicquam) would have done, as in English something means more than anything. ingeniis : ivories of genius. Abstracts often become concrete in the Plural. 58. hac tanta celebritate famae: Abl. Abs., supplemented by the following cum-clause, giving the Circumstances of his arrival (not pure Time, which would require the Indicative). 59. absentibus : that is, to those ivhom he had not yet met. ; 60. consule : Singular for Plural, agreeing with Mario as the more important of the two names — when Marius ivas consul with (lit. and) Catulus. nactus est, etc. : hit upon, implying that Archias was lucky in the time of his coming to Rome* THE DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 1 89 62. studium atque amis: enthusiasm and taste, lit. zeal and ears (the ear being the organ of taste in music, rhythm, etc.). 63. posset : Characteristic Subjunctive. praetexxatus : Roman boys wore the toga praetexta until seventeen years of age. Cicero uses the word with a double object — to indicate the period of life to which it applied, and also to produce a favorable effect by speaking of Archi as as if a native of Rome. 64. domum suam : G. 337, R. 3 ; A. & G. 258, b, x. 1 ; B. 182, 1, b ; H. 380, 2. 65. ingeni ac litterarum : Hendiadys, the second word narrowing the scope of the first. Translate : a mark of his literary gifts. G. 366, R. 1 ; A. & G. 214, c ; B. 198, 3 ; H. 402. The Demonstrative hoc is explained by the Consecutive ut-clause following. G. 557 ; A. & G. 332, /; B. 284, 1 ; H. 501, 1. 2. Supply est with hoc. 67. temporibus illis : Abl. of Time Within Which. For the proper names in this section, see the Vocabulary. 68. illi : the well-known, a frequent meaning of this pronoun. 70. et patre et filio : both father and son. We might have expected the Plural for the Singular Catulo. 73. quod: in that, giving the reason for the preceding state- ment, colebant : on account of its long subject, translate pas- sively — he ivas courted by, etc. 74. percipere : to learn, lit. to grasp. 75. si qui forte, etc. : such as made the pretence, lit. if any, etc. 76. satis longo intervallo (Abl. Abs.) : after a sufficient interval, i.e. in due time. 78. Heracliam: a prosperous Greek city of Lucania (in Southern Italy), which enjoyed especially favorable treaty rights with Rome ; hence the words aequissimo iure, etc. (Abl. of Quality). 79. ascribi: to be enrolled (as a citizen). se : the subject of the Inf. is expressed because what he desired was not entirely within his control. G. (L. Ed.) 532, r. 2, 2d part. 80. cum . . . turn: although. . .yet especially. ipse per se : on his personal account. 81. auctoritate : influence (due to rank) ; gratia : popularity (per- sonal). 82. civitas : meaning as in 1. 56. For the law of Silvanus and Carbo (better known as the lex Plautia-Papiria from the gentile names of the tribunes M. Plautius Silvanus and C. Papirius Carbo), see the Prefatory Note above, §5. si qui : see Note on 1. 75 above. These words begin an indirect quotation from the law, hence the I90 HOTES Subjunctives, ferebatur, however, is Tndic. because merely explana- tory. The Pluperfects represent Fut. Perfects of the direct form. 85. apud: before. professi : declared themselves, i.e. given in their names. 87. haberet : had had (and was still having). For the Imperfect, see G. 234 ; A. & G. 277, b; B. 260, 4 ; H. 469, 2. 89. nihil aliud nisi : after negatives, nisi is common in the sense of except. 90. causa dicta est: our case is stated, i.e. there is no need to say more. 91. Grati : Gratius was the accuser, an obscure person otherwise unknown. 92. adest : here is. religione : scrupulous honor. fide : good-faith. non : translate with the Infinitives not that (rather than that. . .not). 95. iudici : trial. publico: official, i.e. the testimony of the city of Heraclia. 97. hie : in these circumstances, lit. here. 98. Italico bello : at the time of the ItalianWar (i.e. the Social War, 90-88 B.C.), Abl. of Time When. 99. omnis (Ace. Plural) : emphatic by position. ad: touching (with regard to). 100. This line contains an instance of Asyndeton ; also of Chiasmus. 101. memoria . , . memoriam : the word-play cannot be reproduced, the former word referring to the faculty of the mind, the latter to the official records. 102. cum: Concessive. religionem: i.e. the scrupulous testi- mony. 103. ea : the preceding cum-clause ends with fidemque, while ea (re- ferring to the testimony, etc., just mentioned) is the object of repudiare. Notice the Asyndeton after repudiare. 105. idem: at the same time ; lit. the same (person), Nom. Singular. G. 310; A. & G. 195, e; B. 248, 1; H. 451, 3. an: the first part of a Disjunctive Question (with utrum or the like) is often (as here) omitted, being supplied mentally. G. 457, 1 ; A. & G. 211, b; B. 162,4, a; H. 353, N. 4. 106. annis : Abl. of Measure of Difference. ante civitatem da- tam : before (the right of) citizenship (was) granted. G. 325, r. 3 : A. & G. 292, a; B. 337, 5 ; H. 549, n. 2. He means before the lex Plautia-Papiria was passed. 108. at, etc. : quoting the opponent's objection. immo vero : nay, indeed. THE DEFENCE OE AKCHIA3 I9I 109. quae solae, etc. : which (are) the only ones from that registra- tion-list (professione) and that board of praetors (that) possess the authenticity of public records. The prep, ex here is Partitive. 111. nam, cum Appi, etc. : this sentence explains the statement just made. Of the three praetors Appius, Gabinius, and Metellus, the last-named, he says, was the only one whose records were to be trusted, since Appius was careless and Gabinius was unprincipled, even before his conviction (for extortion as governor of Achaia) had destroyed all confidence in his official conduct, levitas and calamitas are both modified by the Genitive G-abini, and subjects of resignasset. Xotice the Asyndeton between the two subjects. 115. tanta diligentia : Abl. of Quality. 116. venerit . . . dixerit : exceptional sequence after the Secondary tense fuit, was. G. 513 ; A. & G. 287, c; B. 268, 6 ; H. 495, vi. 118. A. Licini : i.e. of Archias, whose name was registered in its Roman form. 119. quid est quod: ivhat reason is there why, followed by a Char- acteristic Subjunctive (dubitetis). 121. cum: conjunction with impertiebant below. mediocribus : i.e. commonplace persons, not gifted as Archias was. 122. humili arte : dependent on praeditis. praeditis : like the pre- ceding mediocribus, this word is the Indirect Object of impertiebant. 123. credo : I suppose, ironical. The four proper names here are those of the four cities (or their inhabitants) which, besides Heraclia, had conferred citizenship on Archias. Rhegium, Locri, Naples, and Tarentum were all Greek cities in Southern Italy, or Magna Graecia, called here simply Graecia. 126. noluisse : supply largiri from the preceding clause. quid : again, a general interrog. leading up to the specific question he is about to ask. post civitatem, etc. : see Note on 1. 106 above. 127. legem Papiam: an alien law carried by a tribune Papius, and aimed at ridding the city of the foreigners that helped to swell the ranks of the city. mob. It was passed about 65 B.C. 129. illis : supply tabulis (registers). Archias, for reasons of his own, in 89 b.c. based his petition for the Roman franchise on his citizenship of Heraclia rather than that of any other of the cities that had honored him. 131. census nostros requiris scilicet : you ask forsooth for our census- lists, est enim obscurum : ironical, meaning that all the world knew. 132. proximis censoribus : under the last censors, i.e. the last that had taken the census (70 b.c). So superioribus further on means under I9 2 KOTES the preceding {censors), that is, the last but one who had performed the duty (86 B.C.). In both years Archias was absent from Rome. 134. primis : that is, the first after Archias became a citizen. On this occasion the census was not taken. 136. non confirmat : does not establish. tantum modo : only. 137. iam turn : at that particular time. pro cive : as a citizen. 139. in . . . versatum esse : teas using (enjoying). et : both. 140. adiit hereditates : came into inheritances, i.e. property left by will. 141. in beneficiis : among (those recommended for) rewards. The meaning is that he was reported (delatus) to the Treasury (aerarium) for distinguished service under Lucullus, such a recommendation being good evidence that he was regarded as a citizen. 143. neque . . . neque : translated affirmatively, subdividing the gen- eral negative numquam. G. 445 ; A. & G. 209, a, 2 ; B. 347, 2 ; H. 553, 2. revincetur : will be refuted. 145. quaeres, etc. : at this point Cicero begins the second part of his speech with a panegyric on literature in general, and on Archias in particular as a type of the literary man. Grati: see Note on 1. 91. 146. ubi, etc.: with that ivherein our spirits are refreshed, Charac- teristic clause. G. 631 ; A. & G. 320 ; B. 283, i ; H. 503, i. 148. suppetere : intransitive. Its subject is the following relative clause (quod dicamus, something to say). posse . . . nisi . . . excolamus : in Indirect Discourse the distinction between Conditional Sentences often disappears. This may be either the Logical or the Ideal Condi- tion. G. 656, 3 ; A. & G. 337 ; B. 319, 320 ; H. 527. 152. pudeat: G. 263, 3 ; A. & G. 266 ; B. 275, 1; H. 484, iv. si qui : see Note on I. 75. 153. litteris : Abl. of Means. The verb abdere also takes in with the Ace. (on account of the idea of motion) and in with the Abl. (of rest or the result of motion). Distinguish between the Singular and the Plural of littera. 154. neque . . . neque : see Note on 1. 143. communem fructum : the general profit, i.e. the good of the world. 155. quid: interrogative. pudeat: Potential (should, etc.). 156. vivo: have been living. G. 230 ; A. & G. 276, a; B. 259, 4 ; H. 467, in. 2. a nullius umquam me tempore : for the position of these words, see Note on Cat. 1. 10, 25 (1. 304). tempore here means needs (as often). 157. abstraxerit, avocarit, retardarit : Consecutive Subjunctives. 159. reprehendat, suscenseat : Subjv. in Potential Rhetorical Ques- THE DEFEXCE OF ARCHIAS I93 tions, implying their own answers (G. 259). Observe that these questions are also the Apodoses of the Logical Condition with si . . . sumpsero for their Protasis. 160. The order is : si tantum (object of sumpsero) temporum, quan- tum conceditur ceteris (Dat. of Agent) ad obeundas suas res, ad cele- brandos {attending in crowds), etc., egomet sumpsero mini ad recolenda, etc. 163. tempestivis : protracted. 167. oratio et facultas : power of speech, Hendiadys. The close connection is shown by the Singular predicate (crescit). quanta- cumque, etc. : however much (or little) I may possess. The Indicative is the rule with general relatives, although the English implies a Sub- junctive. G. 254, r. 4 ; B. 312, 1 ; H. 476, 3. 168. quae si : and if this (accomplishment). 169. ilia : object of hauriam. quae is relative with ilia for ante- cedent while ex quo is interrogative, introducing an Indirect Question, hence the Subjv. hauriam. Translate : I know from what source I draw, etc. 171. nam nisi, etc. : unless the instructions of his teachers and his own reading had convinced him, etc., is his meaning. 173. nisi : see Note on 1. 89. laudem : true worth. 175. parvi esse ducenda : are to be counted of little importance. G. 379 ; A. & G. 252, a; B. 203, 3 ; H. 404. 177. obiecissem : Apodosis of the Unreal (contrary to fact) Condi- tion, the Protasis of which begins the sentence (nisi suasissem). The allusion is to his experience with the conspiracy of the year before (63 B.C.). 179. exemplorum vetustas: time-honored precedents, lit. the long existence of examples. G. 360, 1, r. 2; B. 354, 1, b. The words pleni, plenae, plena are apparently used absolutely {full, i.e. of instruction), in which case the Genitives belong to the substantives, not to the adjectives. Others take exemplorum with plena (full of instances). iacerent . . . nisi accederet : Unreal (contrary to fact) Condition. 182. expressas : portrayed. 188. istane : Dem. of the Second Person, as explained in the fol- lowing relative clause with tu for subject. 190. est quod respondeam : I have something at least (certe) to say in reply. The Subjv. is Characteristic. 194. illud refers to what follows (as often). ad laudem . . . valu- isse : has availed for (i.e. to produce) distinction and worth. 196. atque idem ego : and yet I also. G. 310 ; A. & G. 195, e ; H. 151, 3 ; B. 248, 1. 194 NOTES 197. ratio conformatioque : systematic training, Hendiadys. 198. nescio quid: G. 467, R. 1 ; A. & G. 334, e; B. 253, 6 ; H. 529, 5, 3- 199. ex hoc numero: i.e. among these. The Ace. and Inf. construc- tions in this and the following clauses depend on contendo above. 200. Africanum : Scipio the Younger, scholar as well as sol- dier. Laelium, Furium : friends of Af ricanus. The name of the former gives the title to Cicero's well-known treatise Laelius sive de Amicitia. 203. Catonem ilium {famous) senem : the elder Cato, so called to dis- tinguish him from his great-grandson Cato Uticensis, and also be- cause he lived to be 85 years old. He is variously called also Censor (having been censor in 184 b.c), Sapiens {the sage), and Maior {the elder). For the meaning of ilium, see Note on 1. 238. 204. nihil : not at all. adiuvarentur : Impf . in an Unreal (con- trary to fact) Protasis, either denoting continued action in Past time or involving the generic idea. G. 597, R. 1 ; A. & G. 308, a ; B. 304, 2; H. 510, N. 2. 206. si non : Concessive, hence not nisi. See Note on 1. 41 above. 209. ceterae : all other {diversions). temporum : Gen. of Pos- session. 210. omnium limits all three substantives. haec studia, etc. : one of the most famous passages in the world's literature. 211. secundas res : the meaning of these words is suggested by their opposite further on, adversis. With the latter supply rebus (Abl. Absolute). 215. quod si : but even if, Concessive, as shown by tamen following. 216. deberemus : it would still (tamen) be our duty. 217. nostrum : Partitive Genitive with quis. 218. Rosci : Q. Roscius, the great comedian of the Roman stage, who had died only a few months before (nuper). 220. videbatur : while this verb is regularly personal (the imper- sonal being rare), it is often best translated impersonally, or even parenthetically as here, as we all thought. 221. ergo: well, argumentative. corporis motu: i.e. grace of movement, a characteristic of Roscius as an actor. 227. cum (Concessive) . . . nullam : without having written a single letter. 228. turn agerentur : were the issues of the day, lit. were being dis- cussed. This verb is regularly used of political transactions in the Senate, the Forum, etc. THE DEFEXCE OF ARCHIAS 195 229. ex tempore: translate by the English derivative. revo- catum : encored. 232. diligam, admirer, putem: Deliberative Subjunctive. G. 265 ; A. & G. 268 ; B. 277, a; II. 484, v. 234. atque : and further. sic: redundant, merely anticipating the following Ace. and Inf. clause. 235. doctrina, praeceptis, arte : Abl. of Definite Price. G. 404 ; A. & G. 252 ; B. 225 ; H. 422. Note the meaning of constare here. In the sense consist of, it regularly takes ex. 238. ille: well-known. G. 307,2 ; A. & G. 102, h; B. 246, 3 ; H. 450, 4. quod . . . videantur : Subjv. of the quoted reason (Partial Obliquity), the thought being that of Ennius, not Cicero. Ennius was the first of the great Roman poets. He was born at Rudiae in Calabria (the " heel ? ' of Italy) in 239 B.C. He is frequently quoted by Cicero. 240. sit: may it be, Optative Subjunctive. 241. poetae : Appositional Gen. with nomen. G. 361, 1 ; A. & G. 214. /; B, 202 ; H. 396, vi. 242. saxa et solitudines, etc. : the story ran that Amphion, the son of Jupiter and Antiope, queen of Thebes, became himself king of Thebes, which city lie fortified with walls. By playing on the lyre he caused the stones to move of their own accord, and take their places in the walls. Of Orpheus, the son of Apollo and the muse Calliope, it was related that when his wife, the nymph Eurydice, died, he sang such tender strains that he enchanted even wild beasts to follow him like lambs, while rocks and trees also moved from their places. 245. moveamur: seeXote on 1. 232 above. Homerum: the great epic poet of Greece, the honor of whose nativity was claimed by seven cities. Note the variety of words used by Cicero for " claim," dicunt, vindicant, etc., arranged in the order of a Climax. 249. inter se : with one another. ergo: as in 1. 221, where see Xote. alienum : an alien, i.e. to six of the seven cities that claimed him. 251. vivum, noster : contrasted with post mortem and alienum pre- ceding. 254. Cimbricas res : referring to the well-known victory of Marius over the Cimbri (102 B.C.). 255. adulescens : in his youth; lit. a youth, Predicative Attribu- tion. Archias was about seventeen in 102 b.c See the Prefatory Note, §2. durior: somewhat rude (unsympathetic). 259. patiatur: Subjunctive of Characteristic. Theniistoclem : the famous Athenian statesman, general and admiral, through whom I96 NOTES Athens became a great naval power, and through whose advice the Long Walls were built. He was the hero of Salamis, where the Per- sian fleet of Xerxes was routed by the Greeks (480 B.C.). 260. Athenis : Locative. cum ex eo quaereretur : upon being asked ; lit. when it was ashed of him, impersonal. 261. quod, cuius : interrog. pronouns, hence followed by Subjv. in Indirect Question (audiret). 263. Plotium : L. Plotius Gallus, the first Roman to teach rhetoric at Rome. 264. Mithridaticum bellum: see the Prefatory Note to the speech For the Manilian Laiv, §4. 266. ab hoc : that is, by Archias. 269. aperuit Lucullo imperante (Abl. Abs.), etc. : that is, by his military successes against Mithridates, Lucullus threw the Pontic kingdom open to Roman merchants, etc. 270. natura et regione : by natural situation, Hendiadys. 271. non maxima: no very great, i.e. a rather small band. 272. Armeniorum : they were allies of Mithridates. 273. laus: the glory. Cyzicenorum: Cyzicus was an important seaport on the southeastern shore of the Propontis (Sea of Marmora). During the war it remained faithful to Rome. The text refers to its siege by Mithridates until relieved by Lucullus (eiusdem). The Ace. and Inf. clause (urbem, etc.) is the subject of est. 275. nostra: Pred. Nom. either with laus (understood) or pugna further on for subject. The correct reading here is questionable. Translate : (as) ours will it always be spoken of and proclaimed, that marvellous naval fight off Tenedos, when by the efforts of L. Lucullus (lit. Lucullus contending) the leaders of the enemy were slain and their fleet crushed. The et preceding incredibilis may be a mistake for est. The fight took place in 73 B.C. in the beginning of Lucullus' cam- paign against Mithridates. 279. quae quorum : two relatives beginning the same sentence, as often in Latin. The antecedent of the former is what precedes, while that of the latter is (ab) eis following, quae is the subject of effe- runtur, and should be translated and. . .these things. 281. Africano superiori : to the elder Africanus, a friend of Ennius. By his victory over Hannibal at Zama (202 B.C.) he brought the Second Punic War to an end, and won the surname Afri- canus. 282. is : i.e. his statue. ex marmore : Abl. of Material, regu- larly with the prep, in classical Latin. G. 396 ; A. & G. 244, 2 ; II. 415, in. THE DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS I97 285. huius : referring to the younger Cato (Cato Uticensis), who was present in court. See Note on 1. 203. 286. ill! : see Note on 1. 238. The proper names refer to some of the national heroes, especially Q. Fabius Maximus, surnamed Cuncta- tor on account of his successful policy of delay in the struggle with Hannibal in the Second Punic War (218-202 B.C.) ; Marcellus, who took Syracuse in the same war ; and Fulvius Nobilior, who in his victorious campaign against the Aetolians (189 B.C.) took the poet Ennius along as his companion. 288. ergo: as in 1. 221. ilium: Ennius. fecerat: the word " poet " comes from a Greek word meaning " maker." Rudinum . . . Heracliensem : Rudiae was a rather small place, Heraclia a city of some importance. Hence the contrast in favor of the latter as the city that had given citizenship to Archias. 290. civitatibus : Dat. of Agent. 292. nam : introducing a reason for rejecting the anticipated objec- tion that Ennius was worthier of recognition because he wrote in Latin while Archias wrote in Greek. 294. Graeca: Greek, Singular in English, Neut. Plural in Latin. So Latina. 297. quo pervenerint : the antecedent of quo is eodem (to the same point, i.e. as far) and the verb is Subjv. by Attraction, depending on the Inf. penetrare. G. 629 ; A. & G. 342 ; B. 324 ; H. 529, 11. 298. cum . . . turn : while. . .at the same time. 299. populis: Dative after ampla, honorable. haec: that is, gloria famaque. 300. de vita dimicant : fight at the peril of their lives. 305. qui . . . inveniris : to have found (in) Homer, etc., Causal relative clause. G. 633 ; A. & G. 320, e; B. 283, 3 ; H. 517. 307. quid: see Note on 1. 126 above. 308. Magnus : the surname of Pompey, conferred by Sulla. 311. milites : (mere) soldiers, the substantive having adjectival force. 314. credo : ironical, as usual when parenthetical. 315. ut donaretur perficere non potuit : could not have managed to be presented, etc. Note the Indie. Apodosis potuit according to rule. G. 597, r. 3; A. & G. 308, c ; B. 304, 3 ; H. 511, 1, n. 3. 317. repudiasset : the Protasis to this Apodosis is contained in pe- tentem. G. 593, 2 ; A. & G. 310, a; B. 305 ; IT. 549, 2. quern: i.e. Sulla. 318. poeta de (of) populo : that is, an untrained poet. subie- 498. ut aut contemnant, etc. : to despise, etc. ; Complementary Con- secutive clause, depending on commoveri. 499. opinione : general impression^ ; fama : report (gossip) ; ratione certa : well-defined reason. 502. id quod, etc.: a fact that, etc. (parenthetic). G. 614, r. 2; A. & G. 200, e ; B. 247, 1, b ; H. 445, 7. 503. iudicia : as evidenced by the honors which they had conferred on Pompey. §44. 505. quo (= ut eo) : relative adverb introducing a Character- istic Subjunctive. illius diei : when the Gabinian law was passed. SPEECH FOR THE 3IANILIAN LAW 2 29 507 : unum : construe with Pompeium. commune omnium gen- tium : because all were interested in clearing the Mediterranean of the pirates. 509. ut plura non dicam : to leave more unsaid ; for the more com- mon ne of negative Design, non here negatives a single word (dicam). 511. rerum egregiarum : conspicuous events. With the words qui quo die, etc., he begins to enumerate the events that indicated the prestige enjoyed by Pompey. He has already (in the first part of this section) adduced the popularity indicated by the passage of the Gabinian law as one of the signs, and devotes the remainder of this section and §§45, 46 to other evidences that go to prove the point, sumantur : let, etc. ; Optative Subjunctive. 512. qui quo die = eo die, quo die is : the day on which he. Note the two relatives beginning one sentence, not to be reproduced in English. bello : Dat. after prae in composition. 513. imperator : as commander. ex : after. 515. unius hominis spe ac nomine : from the hope inspired by one man's name; lit. from the hope and name, etc. The depredations of the pirates had caused such a panic in Rome that famine prices prevailed in the grain-market, until the appointment of Pompey by the Gabinian law brought reassurance and relief. 516. potuisset : the Apodosis of an Unreal (contrary to fact) Condi- tion, the Protasis being implied in the words in summa ubertate agro- rum = si agri uberrimi fuissent. See also Note on 1. 290. §45. 517. paulo ante : in §25 (end) above. To what disaster does he here refer ? See Note on 1. 287. 518. cum . . . naberet : observe that three verbs follow this cum. What use of cum is this ? The main clause begins with the word amisissetis. 520. amisissetis : an Apodosis to which nisi . . . attulisset is the answering Protasis. What kind of Condition ? ad ipsum discrimen eius temporis : for the very crisis of that occasion ; that is, in the nick of time. 523. continuit: checked; retardavit : arrested. 525. virtute : generalship. 527. ipso (mere) nomine acrumore: translate as Hendiadys, and com- pare Note on 1. 515. §46. 528. age vero : see Note on 1. 458. ilia res : explained by the following quod-clause, (namely) the fact that, etc. See G. 525, 2; A. & G. 333; B. 299, 1; H. 540, iv. 532. Cretensium: see Note on 1. 411. noster imperator : Metel- lus. 23O NOTES 533. in ultimas terras: i.e. Pamphylia, which was ultima to Rome but not to Crete. 537. eum : subject of iudicari below, the two together being the ob- ject of maluerunt, to which ei is subject. But to preserve the emphasis, translate : a man (eum) whom Pompey always considered an envoy, [while] they to whom it ivas annoying (molestum) that he should have been sent to Pompey especially (potissimum), py^ef erred that he should be considered, etc. At this time Metellus was in command against Sertorius in Spain, Pompey being a subordinate officer. Cicero means that the friends of Metellus were annoyed because Mithridates had sent his envoy to sound Pompey rather than his ranking officer Metellus. 540. auctoritatem : Prolepsis. G. 468; A. & G. 385; B. 374, 5; com- pare H. 636, iv. 3. The subject of the dependent clause (here of valituram esse) is treated as the object of the leading clause, (d) His Good Fortune (§§47, 48). While it is not becoming in mortals to speak too boldly of such sub- jects, yet it may be said with truth that the most successful com- manders have always been Fortune's favorites. This is so strikingly true in Pompey' s case that his successes have been more numerous and more marked than any other general has dared to hope for. You should be glad, therefore, to promote at once the public welfare and the success of one who has been its chief instrument, §47. 544. reliquum est ut, etc. : translate in the following order : de felicitate, quam nemo potest praestare {warrant, insure) de se ipso, (supply sed or the like) possumus meminisse et commemorare {record) de altero, reliquum est ut dicamus, sicut aequum est homines (supply dicere) de potestate deorum, timide et pauca (briefly), 547. Maximo : Q. Fabius Maximus, whose policy in the Second Punic War against Hannibal gave him the nickname Cunctator (from cunctari : to delay) and to our vocabulary the word "Fabian" (dilatory}. Marcello : M. Claudius Marcellus, the conqueror of Syracuse in the same war. Scipioni : probably P..Scipio Aemilianus, who from his conquest of Africa in the Third Punic War was called Africanus. Mario : C. Marius, who in Cicero's childhood crushed the Cimbri and the Teutones. 551. fuit enim profecto, etc. : for Fortune in a tvay (quaedam) has, I am sure (profecto), been yoked, etc. quidam (lit. certain) is often added to a word to tone down what might otherwise seem toe bold a statement. ad : for. SPEECH FOR THE MAKILIAN LAW 2$ \ 554. hac . . . non ut dicam : not such. . .as to assert (implying really a want of moderation); Consecutive Subjunctive. 556. ut . . . videamur : (such) that ice shall appear. In this and the preceding clause the idea of Design necessarily inheres in the con- text on account of the Future of the. first person (utar), although both clauses are Consecutive after hac. A sentence of pure Design (negative) follows in ne . . . videatur. §48. 559. gesserit : Subj v. of Indirect Question. 560. ut: how. 563. impudentem : presumptuous. 564. tacitus : adjective for the adverb. G. 325, r. 6; A. & G. 181; B. 239; II. 443. auderet: Subjunctive of Characteristic. 565. quod ut, etc. : and that this characteristic may, etc.; lit. which thing may, etc. 566. cum. . .turn: G. 588; A. & G. 208, d; B. 290, 2; H. 554, 1. 5. 567. causa : to be taken with salutis and imperi as well as hominis. §49. 569-576. In this section Cicero recapitulates the arguments he lias used in the Confirmatio under the heads of the character of the war, its magnitude, and the choice of a commander. Such summaries are necessary in any formal argument in order to keep in mind and enforce what has already been said before proceeding to the next stage of the subject. Yv r ith the transitions with which Cicero passes from one part of an oration to the next, these summaries help to promote the coherence of the whole. 569. cum : Causal. 571. ei = bello: Dat. after prae- in composition (praeficere). 573. quin : used because dubitatis is questioned. hoc tantum boni : this great blessing ; Partitive Genitive. 575. conferatis : ought to bring to bear, avail yourselves of. The Subjv. is original, representing the Deliberative Subj v. in the direct form. G. 555, r. 1. At this point, as a practical illustration of Pompey's felicitas, and as evidence of the will of the gods, Cicero in §50 closes the Confirmatio by reminding his hearers that that commander is already in Asia with an array. A Further Advantage (§50). In any event, Pompey should be your choice for the command on account of It is consummate qualifications ; but to all that I have said must be added- the further advantage of his presence in Asia, a cir- cumstance that points to the way the gods are leading. §50. 578. erat deligendus : would be the one to choose ; why not 2 2 NOTES esseU See G. 597, R. 3 (a)-, A. & G. 308, c; B. 304, 3, b; H. 511, 2. Note also the Concessive force of the Condition. 579. nunc : as it is. 580. opportunitas : lucky circumstance. ut . . . adsit, etc. : there are three ways in which these Subjunctives might be accounted for — (1) the influence of the preceding demonstrative (haec), leading to a Consecutive clause ; (2) the fact that the substantive opportunitas re- quires an explanation, also leading to a Consecutive clause ; (3) the meaning of the verb adiungatur (is added), although according to the grammars the third case is applicable only to impersonal verbs. G. 553, 4; A. & G. 332, a, 2; B. 297, 2; H. 501, 1. 1. It is to be noted, however, that the so-called impersonal verbs have an ut-clause for their subject, and in the present passage opportunitas only prepares the way for such a clause. In any case the Subjunctfves are Con- secutive, and perhaps are most naturally accounted for as explana- tory of opportunitas. G. 557; A. & G. 332, a, 2; B. 297, 3; H. 501, 1. 2. 581. ab eis, etc. : i.e. from the generals hitherto in command he could get a second army. 584. committamus : should, etc. ; Potential Rhetorical Question, im- plying we should, etc. IV. REFUTATIO (§§51-68). Objections to the Manilian law have been raised by Hortensius and Catulus, two men of unquestionable reputation. Their influence in the present case, however, cannot avail with you, especially as both admit the truth of all that I have said concerning the necessity and the proportions of the war, and the supreme worth of Pompey. (§51.) 1. The objections of Hortensius answered (§§52-58). 2. The objections of Catulus answered (§§59-63). 3. Senatorial objections in general answered, and authorities cited in defence of the proposed law (§§63-68). §51. 586. at enim : the usual words employed in introducing objec- tions. 587. vestris beneficiis amplissimis adfectus : honored with the proudest distinctions at your hands, lit. affected, or treated, with, etc. The verb adficere with the Abl. (honoribus, laetitia, ignominia, iniuria, etc.) is a very common circumlocution in Latin in both good and bad senses, and is best translated freely as here. Q. Catulus : one of the noblest members of the aristocracy, consul in 78 B,c, itemque, SPEECH FOR THE MAHTILIAN LAW 233 etc. : observe that in each instance Cicero describes the man before naming him. The words summis . . . praeditus apply, therefore, to Hortensius, Cicero's rival in oratory, and, until eclipsed by Cicero in the trial of Verres, the leader of the Iloinan bar. He was consul in 69 B.C. 589. ratione : view. 590. auctoritatem : influence, but in the next sentence opinions (auctoritates). In each instance the underlying idea is that of weight derived from rank or position. plurimum valuisse : has had the greatest weight, lit. has availed in the greatest measure; Ace. of Extent. 592. cognoscetis : will hear of, i.e. later in his speech. The idea is, that although he could match Catulus and Hortensius in their oppo- sition to the bill with other statesmen who favored it, yet he preferred for the moment to waive this point, and have the matter settled on its merits. In §68 below, he names some of those who advocated the measure. 593. ipsa re ac ratione : from the very reason of the case, lit. from the fact itself and reason ; Hendiadys. 595. isti : referring (as often) to the opposite side. 596. et necessarium, etc. : these two clauses (Ace. and Inf.) are in apposition to ea omnia quae . . . dicta sunt. 1. The Objections of Hortensius Answered (§§52-58). Hortensius admits that if all the power granted by the Mamlian law is to be conferred on a single person, then Pompey is the man most worthy of appointment; but he opposes on principle a measure that gives so much to one man. An answer to this argument is furnished in the case of the Gabinian law of last year, which conferred like powers on Pompey, and has been amply justified by the glorious results. For we, whose ancestors once ruled the seas, had become as helpless against the pirates as the most insignificant city, and now, thanks to the Gabinian law and to Pompey, we are once more masters of the world. (§§52-56.) How ungracious too is that opposition which would prevent the ap- pointment of Gabinius as Pompey 's lieutenant in the present war ! For to Gabinius, as the author of the former law, is due hardly less credit than to Pompey himself. (§§57, 58.) §52. 600. obsolevit : is out of date, lit. has grown old. oratio : argument. Observe the use here of iam as the "now" of experience — by this time. 2 34 NOTES 601. refutata: Nbm., agreeing with oratio. idem: meaning? 602. pro : in accordance with ; that is, as was to be expected of. 604. graviter ornateque : with weight and studied effect, lit. weightily and ornately. 605. promulgasset : had given notice of, as required by law, a few days before a measure could be voted on. 606. permulta verba fecisti : spoke at length. §53. 607. plus apud . . . valuisset : had weighed more with ; Plupf. Subjv. in an Unreal (contrary to fact) Protasis of Past time, the Apodosis (teneremus) denoting opposition to the Present time. 609. vera causa : their true interests. 610. an : in the Disjunctive (or Double) Question the second member is regularly introduced with this word. Here, however, as often, the first member of the sentence is only implied in the context. G. 457, i ; A. & G. 211, b; B, 162, 4, a; H. 335. Translate : or did this really seem an empire at the time when, etc. ? 611. legati: see Note on 1. 374. 614. rem transmarinam obire : conduct business across the sea. §54. 618. maritimis rebus : sea-power. 621. tenuis : insignificant, lit. slender in resources, tarn in this sentence leads to a Characteristic clause, quae . . . defenderet. 623. at : and yet, introducing a sharp contrast. 626. permanserit: as denoting a Characteristic, this Subjv. is far more effective here than the simple Indie, of the bare fact would have been. ac : indeed. parte : why Ablative ? G. 405 ; A. & G. 243, a; B. 218,8 ; H. 421, 11. 627. utilitatis : for the meaning of this word, see Note on 1. 155. §55. 628. Antiochum : Antiochus the Great, King of Syria, and ally of Philip V. of Macedonia in the Second Macedonian War (200- 197 B.C.). Persen : Perses, son of Philip V., in the Third Mace- donian War (171-168 B.C.). 629. Karthaginiensis : Ace. Plural. Carthage was the last rival Rome had in the struggle for supremacy in the ancient world. At the be- ginning of the First Punic War (264 B.C.) the naval power of the Car- thaginians was so far superior to that of Rome that their ambassadors told the Romans that they could not even wash their hands in the sea without permission from the Carthaginians. But the Romans were quick to learn from others, and after building their ships and devel- oping their own naval tactics they gained a victory in the first naval fight they had with their rivals (260 B.C.). The conquerors soon established their supremacy on the water, and extended their con- quests into the enemy's country. SPEECH FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 235 631. ei : in apposition to nos (four lines above), but serving to con centrate in one word the force of the preceding relative clauses. The effect may, perhaps, be reproduced by translating : we, alas ! 634. salvos praestare : to warrant safe ; that is, guarantee the safety of. 635. quo: whither; Terminal adverb. 636. commeabant : used to resort. The Imperfects throughout this passage (except carebamus) denote Customary Action. 637. eidem : we also, idem is the regular word to unite two or more attributes or predicates on a person or thing. G. 310 ; A. & G-. 195, e; B. 248, 1 ; H. 451, 3. 639. Appia via : the greatest of Roman roads, extending along the western shore of Italy till it reached Capua, thence running more easterly and ending at Brundisium in the " heel " of Italy. care- bamus : were losing, saw ourselves losing. 640. magistratus . . . escendere : account for the case and also for the Infinitive. G. 377 and r. 3 ; A. & G. 221, b and c; B. 209, 1, a; H. 409, in. and 410, iv. locum: i.e. the Rostra, where the people assembled in the contio to hear a question discussed before it came up in the Comitia for their votes. 641. exuviis : the name Rostra itself was derived from the fact that its platform, from which orators addressed the people, was embel- lished (ornatum) with the bronze prows (rostra) of ships captured in the Latin War at Antium (338 B.C.). §56. 643. bono animo: with good intentions; Ablative of Man- ner, qualifying dicere below. te and ceteros are the subjects of dicer e. 646. dolori: vexation, on account of Roman apathy in the face of the depredations of the pirates. 647. yestrae (not tuae) : referring not only to Hortensius but also to Catulus and all who had the same views (in eadem sententia) con- cerning the Gabinian law. Of course, the una lex was the Gabinian law, the unus vir Pompey, and the unus annus the year 67 B.C. 649. aliquando : at last, lit. at some time. 650. gentibus : peoples; why Dative ? G. 346; A. & G. 227; B. 187, 11. a; H. 385, 1. §57. 651. quo . . . indignius : wlxerefore all the more unworthy ; quo is Abl. of Measure of Difference (lit. by which), obtrectatum {disparaged) esse: intransitive verbs must in the passive become im- personal, the Dative being retained. G. 217; A. & G. 230; B 187, 11. b ; H. 301, 1. Translate : that — shall I say Gabinius or Pompey, or both. etc. — should have been disparaged in order that Gabinius might 236 NOTES not be appointed lieutenant, that is, to keep him from being appointed, etc. 653. expetenti, postulanti : Concessive participles. G. 664; A. & G. 292; B. 337, 2, e; H. 549. 654. utrum : modern English omits whether in the Direct Question. 655. velit : would like; Potential, or perhaps Subjv. of Partial Obliquity, implying Pompey's thought. qui impetret : Subjv. of Characteristic. This is a common construction after idoneus, also after aptus, dignus, indignus. Translate : the proper person to obtain his wish. cum : Causal, but may be translated when. 656. ad expilandos socios, etc.: if such men as these, says Cicero,, might choose their own legati, surely Pompey, the model soldier, should be allowed the same privilege. 657. ipse: the very man, i.e. Gabinius. The student should be cautioned against confounding the two laws here concerned — the Gabinian law of the preceding year, appointing Pompey in command against the pirates, and the present Manilian law for his appoint- ment to conduct the Mithridatic war. 659. expers (from ex and pars) : without a share. 660. qui ... est constitutus : Singular because of the close connection between the two subjects, both having been created by the same law. perieulo : risk, on account of the excited opposition to the passage of the law, and his responsibility for the consequences after its passage. §58. 661. an C. Falcidius, etc.: or (while) Falcidius, etc., although they had been tribunes of the people, were able to be legati the next year, are they (the opponents of the law) so careful in the case of (in) Gabinius alone, who, etc. The true reason for this opposition to the appointment of Gabinius (a reason of which Cicero says nothing) was possibly found in the old statute (the lex Aebutia, 170 B.C.) which pro- hibited the proposer of a law that created any office or power from active participation in the benefits of the office so created, for the present law, proposed by Manilius, only added to the powers already conferred upon Pompey by the law of Gabinius. According to Cicero's words the opposition was based on the fact that Gabinius had been tribune of the people the preceding year. 662. honoris causa : with all respect ; a common phrase. 666. etiam praecipuo iure esse : to enjoy even special rights, that is, Gabinius had a special claim to such an appointment ; Abl. of Qual- ity, deberet : Impf . because an Unreal Apodosis in Present time, Subjv. because Concessive (qui in 1. 664, its subject, being — cum is). Verbs of Obligation, etc., in the Apodosis of an Unreal Condition SPEECH FOR THE MANILIAtf LAW 237 regularly take the Indie, unless there are other reasons for the use of the Subjunctive. Compare the Note on potuisset, 1. 290, where the Subjv, was used for a different reason. 667. de quo legando : (the question) of his appointment as legatus. relaturos ad : will lay before ; the technical term for laying a subject before the Senate. qui si : and if they. 668. me relaturum : only Magistrates had this right. As praetor, therefore, Cicero had the right unless forbidden by a higher Magis- trate. 669. impediet ... quo minus : G. 549; A. & G. 331, e, 2; B. 295, 3; H. 497, 11. 2. This is the regular construction with impedire, although, on account of the negative, quin might have been used. Prohibere, on the other hand, regularly takes the Infinitive. 670. vobis: Abl. with fretus. G. 401, r, 6; A. & G. 254, 2; B. 218, 3; H. top of p. 228. vestrum ius beneficiumque : your right and favor, the right to appoint and the favor to be shown to Gabinius. 671. intercessionem : i.e. of a tribune. 672. quid liceat : what they are permitted (to do), i.e. how far they may go in their opposition ; Indirect Question. 673. unus : = solus. 674. socius: as partner (sharer). 675. alter, uni . . . alter : the first and the third of these words are regularly used of two definite persons, the one. . .the other ; uni seems to be used to avoid too much repetition, although it refers to the same person as the second alter, i.e. Pompey. The first alter, of course, refers to Gabinius. See G. 319; A. & G. 203; B. 253, 1; H. 459. 2. The Objections of Catulus Answered (§§59-63). As for the objection raised by Catulus, that if any accident should happen to Pompey he ivould be without any successor, you made the proper answer in saying as you did that in such an event you would put your faith in Catulus himself. His second objection— that the measure is without precedent — is also untenable, since in a time of war the Roman people are guided less by precedent than by expediency, as you have already shown in the case of Pompey himself. Indeed, Pompey' s career throughout has been a contradiction of all precedent, and that too with the assent even of Catulus and his friends. §59. 679. videatur : compare Xote on 1. 300. 680. si . . . poneretis, etc. : the direct question asked by Catulus was —si . . . ponetis (Fut.), si quid eo factum erit (Fat. Perf.), in quo (inter- rogative, not relative) spem habebitis (Fut.) or estis habituri (Fut. peri- 238 KOTES phrastic) ? In the indirect form (as in the text) the periphrastic form (essetis habituri) is necessary because nothing else in the context shows that the time is future. G. 515 ; A. & G. 334, a; B. 269, 3 ; H. 529, 11. 4. In the direct words given above, however, every verb is either Fut. or Fut. Perf., so that the periphrastic is not needed ; if used, it implies that Catulus put the question in the form of a present inten- tion : in whom are you going to put your faith ? omnia poneretis : made everything depend on. si quid eo factum esset : if anything should happen to him ; lit. if anything should have been done with him. For the use of the Abl. (eo) here, see G. (L. Ed.) 401, n. 7; A. & G. 244, d; H. 415, m. n. 1. 682. fructum : reward. cum : — quod : in that, G. 582. 684. res : enterprise. quam : = ut earn ; Characteristic relative, hence the Subjv. possit. 687. quo . . . hoc : the... the ; Abl. of Measure of Difference. G. 403 ; A. & G. 250, R.; B. 223; H. 423. 688. dum per deos, etc. : so long as the immortal gods permit. G. 569 ; A. & G. 328, 2; B. 293, 11.; H. 519, 1. 689. viri vita atque virtute : Alliteration. §60. 689. ' at enim ne,' etc. : out let no innovation be introduced, etc. : quoting the second and main objection of Catulus. Account for the use here of each of the words — ne (why not non !)$ quid (kind of pronoun, and used after what words ?), novi (why Gen. ?), and fiat (why Subjv. ?). 690. non dicam, etc.: an instance of Praeteritio, or pretended sup- pression of facts really mentioned. See Note on the First Oration against Catiline, 1. 23. 691. in : in a time of; denoting the character of the time. G. 394. 692. utilitati : expediency ; why Dative ? 693. novorum consiliorum rationes : this does not differ in meaning much from the simpler nova consilia, the circumlocution being used apparently only to balance the similar form ad novos casus temporum preceding. Trans. : to new emergencies have adapted new measures. 694. ab uno imperatore: i.e. Scipio Aemilianus, who destroyed Carthage in 146 B.C. and JSTumantia (in Spain) in 133 B.C. He was twice consul — the first time (147 b.c) before he was of age, the second (134 B.C.) when there was a law ne quis consul bis fieret. His election in both cases, therefore, was contra exempla atque instituta maiorum (1. 690). 698. vobis . . . esse visum ut, etc. : note this phrase for resolve, fol- lowed by an ut-clause of Design. For the career of Marius, read Introduction, §18 following. SPEECH FOR THE MAKILIAH LAW 239 §61. 701. in: meaning? r novi : Part. Gen. after nihil. 702. sint . . . constituta : Indirect Question depending on recorda- mini. summa voluntate : with the full approval. 704. tarn novum, quam adulescentem privatum, etc. : so unprecedented as that a young man as a private individual, etc. In his young manhood Pompey had raised (conficere) an army for Sulla in the first civil war. The facts here referred to have already been related in the Xote on 1. 325 aboA~e. 709. imperium : trans, the imperium, and see Introduction, §56. 710. administrandum : factitive predicate expressing Design. G. 430; A. & G. 294, d ; B. 337, 7, b, 2 ; H. 544, 2, x. 2. 711. innocentia, etc. : Ablatives of Quality. 712. victorem : crowned with victory, part of the predicate. 714. triumphare : the honor of a triumph was reserved by usage for men of either consular or praetorian rank. Pompey had been neither praetor nor consul, so that it required a special dispensation of the Senate to remove the legal restrictions in his case. §62. 717. ut: a variation from the more common Ace. and Inf. used in the preceding clauses. There is little appreciable difference between the two constructions, the Ace. and Inf. stating the mere idea, the ut-clause emphasizing the condition of things that produced the result. Compare G. (L. Ed.) 558, x. 719. Pompey when a mere knight was sent with proconsular powers to reenforce Metellus in his campaign against Sertorius. What was a proconsul ? See Introduction, §60. 720. non nemo: some; lit. not no one. With this expression com- pare nemo non = everybody ; similarly non nihil means somewhat, but nihil non everything. See G. 449, 4; A. & G. 150, b ; H. 553, 1. qui diceret : to say ; Subjv. of Characteristic. 721. privatum pro consule : put side by side to make the contrast more striking. L. Philippus : a distinguished orator, an ex-consul, and Pompey's friend. 722. non se . . . mittere : a witticism at the expense of the two con- suls, quoted by Cicero, of course, to enhance the credit of Pompey. 723. in eo . . . constituebatur : icas built on him. 724. munus : official duty. 726. legibus solutus : released from the legal restrictions. The Senate suspended two laws in Pompey's favor to allow him to be- come consul (70 B.C.). At this time Pompey was thirty-six, and had held no curule office. (1) What was the age of eligibility for the consulship ? (2) What other magistracies must the candidate for the consulship have held previously ? See Introduction, §54. 24° NOTES 728. licuisset : Plupf. because prior to fieret. iterum eques Romanus : when Pompey celebrated his second triumph on the last day of December, 71 B.C., he was only consul-elect (although he entered upon his duties as consul the next day) ; Cicero, therefore, says that he was still a mere knight. 729. quae . . . nova . . . constituta sunt, ea : all the unprecedented cases which have occurred, teen established. in : meaning ? §63. 732. atque : and what is more; the regular force of this word. exempla : precedents. 733. profecta sunt in hominem a . . . auctoritate : have been created for the same man with the sanction of Catulus, etc., lit. have proceeded to the same man from the authority, etc. 3. Senatorial Objections in General Answered, and Authorities Cited in Defence of the Law (§§63-68). The Roman people have hitherto seconded the Senate in honoring Pompey : let not the Senate now prove false to the popular cause. In the case of the Qabinian law a year ago you showed more insight than did these same objectors, and thus saved the country. (§§63, 64, 11. 736-750.) Again, the ill-repute into which the Roman name has fallen in Asia and the neighboring countries by reason of the scandalous conduct of our former generals leaves us no choice in the matter : other generals might conquer the enemy, but only Pompey is proof against temptation. (§§64-68, 11. 751-794.) And if his appointment needs the sanction of statesmen, it has the approval of such eminent men as Servilius, Curio, Lentulus, mid Cassius. (§68, 11. 795-806.) 736. videant : why Subjunctive ? ne sit : why Subjunctive ? 737. illorum : i.e. Catulus and other Senators. avobis: i.e. by the people. Observe that this clause, though grammatically coordi- nate with the next (vestrum ab illis . . . improbari), is logically subordi- nate to it. Translate : that {while) their opinion concerning the dig- nity of Pompey, etc. This placing of two clauses side by side on an equal footing is called Parataxis (coordination). The more common arrangement here would have been Hypotaxis (subordination). See G. 472 ; A. & G. p. 164. 738. comprobatam semper esse : as the popular assemblies in Sulla's time had really very little authority and as this was the time to which Cicero is referring in this passage, it will be seen that he overstates the degree of "popular approval" accorded to the measures of the SPEECH FOR THE MANIL1AN LAW 2 4 I Senate; this lie does in order to claim a return now from the senatorial party (Catulus, etc.) in favor of the people. 740, suo iure : with full rigid; that is, on account of the results that followed the passing of the Gabinian law, as stated in the follow- ing clause. 741, vel: even. 743. quern . . . praeponeretis : to place him in charge ; Subjv. of De- sign, bello : why Dative ? §64. 744. rei publicae : what is the difference in meaning between consulere with the Dative and with the Accusative ? 745. recte (emphatic position) . . . conantur: they are right to try. 746. sin autem . . . attulistis : if on the other hand you then showed more insight (plus vidistisi, etc., (and) in spite of their opposition (eis repugnantibus, Abl. Abs.) brought dignity ', etc. Why is sin used here ? 749. sibi, ceteris : Dat. of the Agent. On account of the following Dat. (auctoritati, Indirect Object of parendum esse), we might have ex- pected ab with the Abl., but the sense is so clear as to render the preposition unnecessary. 750. parendum esse: obedience must be rendered; lit. it must be obeyed, impersonal. Observe that intransitive verbs are regularly impersonal in the passive. G. 217; A. k G. 230; B. 187, 11. b ; H. 301, 1. fateantur : why Subjunctive ? 751. atque in hoc, etc. : in this and the three following sections there is an apparent repetition of what has already been said of the soldierly and other virtues of Pompey. Apart from the fact, however, that in oratory repetition is not only a virtue but a necessity, the similarity of thought between this passage and that of §36 following is only general : in the former case he eulogized Pompey as a commander under any circumstances ; in the present case he dwells upon his peculiar fitness for the command in Asia, where Roman generals and armies had brought the Roman name into ill-repute and where Pom- pey alone among Roman commanders enjoyed an unsullied reputation. His appointment was, therefore, a necessity if the people wished to rehabilitate the name of Rome in Asia. regio: adjective, but translated as if written cum rege. 752. in Pompeio : a common substitute for the Dat. of Possession when speaking of qualities. G. 349, r. 3. 755. ita versari : so to act, followed by a sentence of Result, imperatorem : Singular for Plural (one standing for all). nisi: except or but (so frequently after negatives). 757. pudore ac temperantia moderatiores : under better control (i.e. than is usually the case) in modesty and self-restraint; lit. more 242 NOTES moderate, etc. si here is Concessive, as shown by tamen follow- ing, talis (Ace. Plural) : that is, nobody gives them credit for it on account of the exceptional occurrence. §65. 759. simus : Subjv. of Indirect Question. 761. libidines et iniurias (after propter): the former is opposed to pudore above, and iniurias to temperantia. Translate eorum : on the part of those (Subjective Gen.). 763. quam : interrogative. So quod preceding (1. 761). 765. requiruntur : are in request. quibus {— ut eis) causa belli . . . inferatur : that an excuse for ivar may he brought up against them : relative clause of Design. §66. 766. libentur (emphatic position) . . . disputarem : I should have liked to discuss, lit. should gladly have discussed ; Potential of the Past. G. 258; A. & G. 311, a; B. 280; H. 485, n. 1. Avoid the common error of supplying unnecessary words to explain the Potential Subjunctive as an elliptical Condition. coram: face to face. 770. simulatione : under the pretence. 773. capere possit : can hold, has room for. Even subordinate officers, he says, w T ere in the habit of putting on high and mighty airs (animos ac spiritus) in Asia. 774. conlatis signis : in a pitched battle ; Ablative Absolute, si- gna conferre means to bring standards together, engage in a close fight. 775. idem (Nom.) : also. qui: one who. Note the rhetorical repetition (called Anaphora) of the relative, each having the same predicate possit. Observe also that the object of cohibere is se in each clause except the last, where it is particularized in the words manus, oculos, animum. The Subjv. is Characteristic ; so mittatur. See Note on 1. 655. §67. 780. pacatam : in a state of peace. 784. pecunia publica : Abl. of Means. He refers to money sent out by the home government for military purposes. 785. neque : split in translation (and not). quicquam : used on account of the negative. adsequi : gain, accomplish. classium nomine : on the score of the fleets. The word nomen here is probably used in the commercial sense of account. He seems to mean that when these commanders came to balance their accounts, they had nothing to show on the credit side of the navy's account. 786. nisi ut : except that, introducing an actual limitation. G. (L. Ed.) 591, R. 3. detrimentis accipiendis : the use of the Gerundive (instead of the Perf . Part, acceptis) here may be euphemistic, mention- ing a disagreeable fact less as a fact than as a prospect or possibility. Compare G. (L. Ed.) 426, n, 2. adfici: see Note on 1. 587 above. SPEECH FOR THE MANILIAH LAW 243 787. qua , . . quibus . . . quibus : interrogative, not relative. 788. iacturis : sacrifices, of various sorts to secure the necessary in- fluence, condicionibus : bargains, with politicians, creditors, etc. 789. ignorant videlicet isti : of course they (the opposite side) do not know; ironical. 790. quasi non . . . videamus : as if we did not see. Why not videremus (Unreal, or contrary to fact), since he means, of course, we do see ? G. 602, 2d parag.; A. & G. 312, r. ; B. 307, 2; H. p. 286, footnote 3. 791. cum (conj.) . . . turn t meaning ? Observe the position of non to negative all that follows. §68. 792. nolite dubitare : a Prohibition, never in prose ne with Imperative. quin credatis : that you ought to intrust, an orig- inal Sub] v., as if in answer to the Deliberative question credamus : are we to intrust t See Note on 1. 575 above. 793. qui . . . inventus sit : Causal relative, qui = cum is, since he. 794. gaudeant : Subjv. of Characteristic after unus. 795. auctoritatibus . . . auctor : in English the word authority may be applied either to the person or to his opinion ; hence the same English word may be used here in both cases. 797. P. Servilius : Servilius, Curio, Lentulus, and Cassius, the four authorities cited in this paragraph, were all consulars (ex-consuls) and prominent members of the Senate. They had also had experience in the field. 799. gravior : weightier, 801. in quo . . . esse : see Note on 1. 752. 802. pro : in keeping with, lit. according to. vestris : conferred by you, lit. your. 805. orationi: the argument. 806. videamur (probably in its orig. sense) : may be looked upon, re- garded, that is, have the credit of, V. PERORATION (§§69, 70). Wherefore, approving your law, Manilius, as I do, and the senti- ments that prompt your course, I call on you to stand firm in your proposal, and to fear the threats of no man. As for me, I pledge my every effort in behalf of this measure, and I call the gods to witness that in doing so I have nothing to gain save the consciousness that I have done my duty to those who have honored me, to my country, and to our provinces and allies. §69. 809. auctore populo Romano : having the approval of the Roman people; Abl. Absolute. 244 NOTES 810. neve : = et ne ; why not neque *? G. 543, 4 (end); B. 282, 1, d ; H. 497, it. 1, n. 811. animi : courage; Partitive Gen. with satis. 812. cum . . . videamus, quantam . . . videmus : seeing here present with so much enthusiasm (that is, so enthusiastic) so large a throng as we do (see) once more now (engaged) in (the task of) placing the same person in command: an awkward sentence, not easily turned into smooth Eng- lish, iterum : alluding to his command under the Gabinian law. 814. quid est quod : what reasoii is there to, leading up to the Char- acteristic Subjunctive dubitemus. re : proposal, i.e. the proposed - law. pernciendi facultate : the power to carry it through. 816. The second and the third quicquid (Inner Object) are taken with possum. hoc . . . praetoria : in the favor conferred on me (hoc) by the Roman people, ay, in my (hac) official capacity as praetor; lit. in this favor of the Roman people, etc. Note the force of the Demonstrative of the First Person; also, of atque, completing the meaning of hoc beneficio. 819. polliceor ac defero : I pledge and proffer. §70. 820. loco temploque : this consecrated spot ; Hendiadys. The word templum primarily meant that w r hich is cut off, especially for a sacred purpose ; hence, any space so marked off, whether in the heavens (Introduction, §69) or on the earth, and then to the building, raised upon such a place and duly consecrated. The term was applied to the Senate house (curia) and even, as here, to the Rostra. 821. mentis: Ace. Plural. ad rem publicam adeunt : take part in public affairs. 823. neque quo: nor because; a rejected reason. G. (L. Ed.) 541, N. 2; A. & G. 321, r. ; B. 286, 1, b; H. 516, 2. 825. amplitudine : advancement. periculis : against dangers; Dative. honoribus : the regular word for public office, or the magistracies. What office had Cicero probably in view? See Pref- atory Note, last part of the last paragraph. 826. ut hominem praestare oportet : so far as it behooves one (not a man, which would be virum) to do (or to warrant). For the use of ut in this limiting sense, see G. (L. Ed.) 642, r. 4. 827. tecti : Perf. Pass. Participle of tego. 828. ab uno : from any individual ; lit. from a single person. ex hoc loco : the Rostra, i.e. by speaking on political issues. 829. ratione : plan, course. He means that he intends to continue his practice as a lawyer in the courts. §71. 832. tantum abest ut . . . ut, etc. : so far am I from,, etc., that I, etc. Explain this construction. G. 552, r. 1 ; A. & G. 332, d; H. 502, 3. FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 245 833. me : subject of suscepisse, two lines below. 835. sed ego me, etc. : but as for me, invested with this office (honore), honored with such favors at your hands, I have thought that I ought, etc. Note the emphasis due to the repetition of the personal pronoun and the juxtaposition of the two words. 839. rationibus : interests, like commodis, Dative after prae- in com- position (praeferre), VOCABULARY All the long vowels in this vocabulary are marked. A., abbreviation for Aulus, a Koman praenomen or forename. a. d., for ante diem. See ante. a, ab, abs (a before cons., ab before vows, and some cons., always before h, abs in abs te and absque), prep, with abl. from, away from (opp. to ad). Of place, direction of motion, from, away from ; without motion, of separa- tion and distance, with vbs. like abesse, distare, and advs. like longe, procul, prope. Esp. of the point of view from which, in, on, at (e.g. a tergo, in the rear). Of time, from, since, after. Of the agent with passive vbs. by, on the part of. With vbs. of expecting, fearing, hoping, etc., showing the source, from. With many vbs. only implying separation, and with adjs. of kindred meaning. abdico, -are, -avi, -atum, [ab + dico] 1 tr. disavow; abdicate, resign, give up. abditus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of abdo] adj. hidden, concealed ; secret, secluded, re- mote. abdo, -dere, -didi, abditum [ab + do] 3 tr. put away, remove; conceal, hide ; reflex, abdere s<5, betake one's self, hide one's self in, bury one's self in. abduco, -ducere, -diixl, abductum, [ab + duco] 3 tr. lead away, lead aside, lead off, carry off ; lead astray; draw away, with drear. abeo, -Ire, -Ivi or -ii, abitum, fat. part abittirus, lab + eol irr. intr. go away, go off, depart, leave, go ; pass away, vanish, cease, expire. aberro, -are, -avi, — , [ab + erro] l intr. wander away, go astray, deviate from ; wander in thought. abhorreo, -ere, -ui, — , [ab+horreo] 2tr. and intr. shrink from, have a violent aversion for, shudder at, abhor; differ from, be inconsistent with, be out of har- mony tvith, be at variance with, be averse to ; be not connected with. abicio, -icere, -ieci, abiectum [ab + iacio] 3 tr. cast away, throw away, throw down ; give up, abandon ; reflex. abicere se, throw one's self down, pros- trate one's self, abandon one's self, give up in despair. abiectus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of abicio] adj. cast down, downcast, dispirited, de- spondent, overwhelmed, broken ; low, mean ; abject, fallen, worthless, vile. abiudico, -are, -avi, -atum, [ab + iudico] 1 tr. deprive by judicial deci- sion, adjudge away. abiungo, -iungere, -iunxi, abiunc- tum, [ab + iungo] 3 tr. unyoke; re- move, part, detach. abnuo, -nuere, -nul, , fut. part, ab- nuiturus, [ab + nuo] 3 tr. and intr. refuse by a sign ; refuse, decline, reject ; deny, dissent. abripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, [ab + rapio] 3 tr. take away forcibly, snatch a way ; carry off, remove ; drag away, hurry off. abrogo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ab+rogo] 1 tr. repeal, annul, abrogate; depose, remove from. abrumpo, -rumpere, -rfi.pl, abruptum, [ab + rumpoj 3 tr. break off, break away, sever, tear. abs, see a. VOCABULARY abscldo, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, [abs + caedo] 3 tr. cut off, hew off; separate, divide ; tear away. absconditus,-a,-um, [pf.p. of abscondo] adj. hidden, concealed, secret; hard to see or to grasp, obscure. abscondo, -condere, -condi, abscondi- tum, [abs + condo] 3 tr. hide, conceal ; make a secret of. absens, -entis, [pr.p. of absum] adj. absent, away ; in one's absence, while absent, though absent. absimilis, -e, [ab + similis] adj. unlike, dissimilar. absisto, -sistere, -stiti, — , [ab + sisto] 3 intr. withdraiv from, go away ; desist from, leave off ; keep away from, stand aloof. absolutio, -onis, [absolvo] f. as judicial term, acquittal ; completeness, perfec- tion. absolvo, -solvere, -solvi, absolutum, [ab + solvo] 3 tr. set free, discharge ; acquit, declare innocent ; complete, per- fect. abstergeo, -tergere, -tersl, -tersum, [abs+tergeo, wipe of] 2 tr. wipe off, wipe away; drive away, banish. abstinentia, -ae, [abstinens, from ab- stineo] f. a refraining from, ab- stinence, self-restraint ; integrity. abstineo, -tinere, -tinui, abs ten turn, [abs + teneo] 2 tr. and intr. keep back, hold off, withhold; reflex, abstinere se, keep one's self from, refrain, abstain from, absent one's self. abstraho, -ere, abstraxi, abstractum, [abs + traho] 3 tr. drag off, draw away; withdraw, divert ; cut off, exclude. absum, abesse, afui, fut. part, afuturus, [ab + sum] irr. intr. be away from, be absent, be far from, be distant; be free from; be disinclined to; be unsuitable, be inappropriate. tantum abest ut . . . ut, so far from . . . that. abundantia, -ae, [abund5] f. plenty, abundance. abundo, -are, -avi, , [ab + undo, from unda, wave] 1 tr. overflow ; abound in, be rich in, possess in abun- dance, enjoy. abutor, -titi, -usus sum, [ab + utor] 3 dep. use up; take advantage of, turn to account; misuse, abuse, outrage. ac, see atque. accedo, -cedere, -cessi, accessum, [ad + cedo] 3 intr. move towards, came to, come up, draw near, approach; happen, befall ; accede, assent to, approve; come near, resemble, be like ; enter upon, un- dertake; be added. accedit quod, tliere is the additional fact that, more- over, then again. accelero (adc-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + celero, from celer] 1 tr. and intr. hasten, quicken; make haste, hurry. accessus, -us, [accedo] m. a coming near, approach. accido, -cidere, -cidi, — , [ad + cado] 3 intr. fall upon, fall; reach, come to; come to pass, happen, take place, occur ; turn out, result. accido, -cidere, -cidi, accisum, [ad + caedo] 3 tr. cut, cut into ; impair, weaken. accipio, -cipere, -cepi, acceptum, [ad + capio] 3 tr. take, receive, accept ; ad- mit, welcome; meet with, sufer, un- dergo, experience ; hear, learn, under- stand; undertake, assume. Accius (Attius), -l, m. a Roman cog- nomen or family name. Esp. L. Accius, a Latin tragic poet of the second cen- tury B.C. accommodatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of ac- commodo] adj. suitable, fit, adapted, suited, appropriate ; useful. accommodo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + commodo, from commodus] 1 tv.fit, adapt, adjust, accommodate to; apply, bring forward ; with reflex, adapt one's self, conform to. accubo, -are, — -, — , [ad + cubo] l intr. lie at or near, lie beside ; recline at table. accurate, [accuratus, carefully wrought] adv. with care, carefully, with pains- taking care ; precisely, exactly, abscido— addictus accusatio, -onis, [accuso] f. accusation, prosecution, Indictment, arraignment, p/oseculor's speech. accusator, -oris, [accuso] m. accuser, prosecutor, plaintiff. accuso, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + causa] 1 tr. blame, find fault with, reproach, accuse ; bring to trial, arraign, indict, prosecute. Seer, acris, acre, adj. sharp, piercing; bitter, harsh ; shrewd, sagacious ; ac- tive, eager, keen, brave ; spi?'ited, zeal- ous ; hasty, passionate, violent, fierce, severe. acerbe, [acerbus] adv. bitterly, harshly, cruelly; sharply, severely ; painfully, grievously, with sorrow. acerbitas, -atis, [acerbus] i. bitterness, harshness ; severity ; PI. grief, an- guish, sufferings, sorrows, affliction. acerbus, -a, -urn, [acer] adj. sharp to the taste, bitter ; harsh, severe, hard, cruel ; ligorous, burdensome, grievous, distressing. acerrime (acerrume), superl. of acriter. acervus, -1, m. heap, pile • great num- ber or quantity, multitude, mass. Achaia, -ae, [Gr. 'Ax*" 1 ] f- a Roman province including the Peloponnesus and north Greece as far as Thessaly. Achaicus, -a, -um, [Gr. *Ax«uicos] adj. of Achaia, Achaean, Grecian. Achaius, »a, -um, [Gr. 'Ax*"**] adj. Ach aean , Greci an . Achill8s, -is, ['AxiAAevs] m. Achilles, the famous Grecian legendary hero of the Trojan war. acies, -Si, f. sharp point or edge; keen- ness of glance, sharpness of sight ; line of battle, battle array ; battle, engage- ment; aculeness of mind, force, power. Acilius, -1, a Roman nomen or gentile name. Esp. M. Acilius Glabrio, a tribune of the people. See Glabrio. acq-, Bee adq-. acriter, [acer] adv. sharply, fiercely ; keenly, precisely; energetically, vigor- ously; with spirit, actively, eagerly, zealously; passionately, severely, vio- lently, cr-uelly. acroama.-atis, [a.Acp6a/u.a, from ai/J m - a Roman cogno- men or family name. Esp. Q. Annius Chllo, a confederate of Catiline. Chius, -a, -um, [xloj] adj. Ohian, of Chios, an island in the Aegean. As subst. Chii, -orum, m. pi. the Chians, the people of Chios. cibus, -l, m. food, nutriment; nourish- ment^ sustenance. Cicero, -onis, [cicer, chickpea] m. a Roman cognomen or family name. Esp.: 1. M. Tullius Cicero, the orator. 2. Q. Tullius Cicero, his brother, praetor at the trial of Archias. Cilices -um, [KtAuces], m. pi. the people of Cilicia, the Cilicians. Cilicia, -ae, [KiAi/aa] f. the southern dis- trict of Asia Minor on the Mediter- ranean, the home of pirates till con- quered by Pompey and made a Roman province, 60 B.C. Cimber, -bri, m. a Roman name. Esp. Gabinius Cimber, a confederate of Catiline. Cimbri, -orum, m. plur. the Cimbrians, the German tribe conquered by the con- suls Marius and Catulus, 102 b.c Cimbricus, -a, -um, [Cimbri] adj. of the Cimbri, Cimbrian. cingo, cingere, cinxl, cinctum, 3 tr. surround, encompass, enclose; gird, gird on, wreathe, crown ; invest, beset, cinis, -eris, m. ashes, embers; ashes of the dead, the remains of the body after cremation. Cinna, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or family name. Esp. L. Cornelius Cinna, consul with Marius in 86 b.c, and his active partisan against Sulla. circiter, [circus, circle] adv., and prep, with ace, of duration or distance, about, nearly, not far from; of time, about, near. circum, [ace. of circus, circle] adv., and prep, with ace. around, about, among. circumcludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clusum, [circum + claudo] 3 tr. shut in, enclose, surround, hem in. circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum, [cir- cum + do] 1 tr. put around, place about, set around, surround. circumfundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusum, [circum + f undo] 3 tr. pour around. Pass, pour in, rush in on all sides; crowd around, press, throng; surround, envelop. circumscribo, -scribere, -scrlpsl, -scriptum, [circum + scribo] 3 tr. en- circle, enclose, bound, limit; circum- scribe, hinder, hem in, confine, hold in check; cheat, defraud; cancel, annul, set aside. circumscriptor, -oris, [circumscribo] m. defrauder, cheat. circumsedeo, -sedere, -s6di, -sessum, [circum + sedeo] 2 tr. sit around, sur- round; beset, invest, besiege. circumspicio, -spicere, -spexl, -spec- turn, [circum + speci5] 3 tr. and intr. look about, cast a look around; observe, see; exercise foresight, be cautious; view mentally, survey; think over, ponder, consider. circumsto, -stare, -steti, — , [circum + Sto] 1 tr. and intr. stand around; sur- round, encircle, encompass; beset, be- siege; be at hand, threaten. circus, -I, m. circus. Esp. Circus Maxi- mus, or simply Circus, an oval en- closure between the Palatine and Aven- tine hills for athletic games. cito, [citus, pf. p. of cieo, put in motion] adv. quickly, speedily, soon. citiui, com p. sooner, rather. cito, -are, -avi, -atum, [intens. of cieo, put in motion] 1 tr. set in motion, rouse, excite; call, summon; call to witness, appeal to, cite. Civilis, -e, [civisj adj. of a citizen, of Cethegus- coeo n citizens, chic, civil; internal, intestine; political, public, state. civis, -is, c. citizen, fellow-citizen. civitas, -atis, [civis] f. state of being a citizen, membership in the community, citizenship; the franchise: community of citizens, the citizens, body -politic, city (abstractly : cf. urbs, city, locally, the abode of the civitas), state; one's fel- low citizens. clades, -is, f . damage, disaster, calamity, destruction, ruin; loss, defeat, over- throw. clam, [cf. celo] adv. and prep, secretly, covertly, in secret; without the knowl- edge of. clamo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. and intr. cry out, exclaim, shout; call upon, in- voke; proclaim, declare. clamor, -oris, [clamo] m. loud cry, shout; shouting, outcry, shouts; ac- clamation, applause; clamor, uproar, din. clarus, -a, -um, adj. clear, bright, shin- ing; distinct, manifest, plain, evident; brilliant, illustrious, distinguished, honored^ renowned, famous; notorious, conspicuous. classis, -is, f. class, division of the people ; army; feet, naval forces. Claudius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp. : 1. Appius Claudius Caecus (ances- tor of P. Clodius Pulcher), to whom was due the building of the Appian Way, 312 B.c. 2. Appius Claudius Pulcher, elder brother to Clodius and consul in 54 b.c, predecessor of Cicero in the government of Cilicia. 3. Appius Claudius Pulcher, pro- secutor of Milo in 52 b.c. claudo, claudere, clausi, clausum, 3 tr. ohut, close; bring to a close, end; shut in, surround, enclose; shut up, confine, imprison; hem in, invest, besiege. clemSns, -entis, adj. mild, calm, quiet; gentle, kindly, gracious, kind, forbear- ing, compassionate, merciful. clementer, [clemens] adv. quietly. calmly; mildly, gently, kindly, gra? ciously, iv it h forbearance, mercifully. dementia, -ae, [clemens] f. modera- tion, mildness; kindness, gentleness; forbearance, humanity, mercy, clem- ency. cliens, -entis, [for clugns, from clueo, hear] m. dependant, follower, retainer, client, one under the protection of a patronus; vassal. clientela, -ae, [cliens] f. relation of client to patron, clientship; plur. often dependants, retainers, clients. cllvus, -1, m. slope, ascent, declivity. Esp. cllvus Capitolinus, Capitol Slope, leading from the Forum to the Capitol, a part of the Sacra Via. Clodianus, -a, -um, [Clodius] adj. of Clodius. Clodius, -I, [corrupted form of Claudius] m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. Esp. : 1. P. Clodius Pulcher, enemy to Ci- cero, for whose exile he was respon- sible ; murdered in a brawl with his enemy Milo. 2. Sex. Clodius, a client of P. Clodius Pulcher and ringleader in the riots of 53 and 52 B.c. Cluvius, -1, do. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp. Tullus Cluvius, a Roman envoy slain by Lars Tolumnius, king of the Yeientes. Cn., abbreviation for Gnaeus. Cnidius (Gn-), -a, -um, [K^'So?], adj. of Cnidus. As subst. Cnidii, -orum, m. pi. people of Cnidus. Cnidus or Cnidos (Gn-), -I, [Kw«os] f. Cnidus, a city in Caria. coactus -a -um, see cog5. coarguo, -arguere, -argul, , [com- + arguo] 3 tr. overwhelm with proof, refute, silence, expose, prove guilty; prove, demonstrate, establish. coeo, -Ire, -Ivi or -if, -itum, [com- + e6J irr. intr. go together, come together, as- semble; be united, unite, form by unit- ing; combine, agree. 24 VOCABULARY coepi, coepisse. def. tr. and intr. have begun, began, commenced, have started, have undertaken. Passive forms coep- tus sum, etc., in combination with a passive infinitive, have same meanings as active. coeptus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of coepi] adj. commenced, begun, undertaken. coerceo, -ercere, -ercui, coercitum, [com- + arcco, enclose], 2 tr. enclose on all sides, confine; restrain, repress, hold in check, curb, control. coetus, -us, [COCO] m. meeting, assem- blage, company, concourse, crowd. cogitate, [cogitatus, from cogito] adv. after mature reflection, with reflection, thoughtfully; purposely, designedly. cogitatio, -onis, [cogito] f . meditation, reflection, consideration; faculty cf thought, reasoning power; thought, reasoning, idea, imagination; resolu- tion, plan, project. cogito, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + agi- to] 1 tr. consider thoroughly, ponder, weigh, reflect upon, think over, think of; have in mind, meditate, intend, design, plan, plot. cognatio, -onis, [cognitus, sprung from the same stock] i. blood-relationship, connection by birth, kinship; relation- ship, connection, resemblance, affinity. cognitio, -onis, [cognosco] f. a becom- ing acquainted with, learning, knowl- edge, acquaintance; in law, investiga- tion, examination, hearing, trials cognitor, -oris, [cognosco] m. attorney, advocate; defender, protector, sup- porter; witness, voucher, sponsor. cognomen, -inis, [com- + (g)nomen] n. surname, family name ; name. cognosco, -ere, cognovi, cogmtum, [com- + (g)nosco] 3 tr. become ac- quainted with, learn; learn about; be- come aware, find out, discover, ascer- tain, jxrceive, understand; inquire into, investigate, examine; recognize, identify, acknowledge; in perfect tenses often (cf. nosco) be aware, know. cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, [com- + ago] 3 tr. drive together; bring together, get together, gather, assemble, convene; urge, constrain, oblige, compel, f wee. cohaereo, -ere, cohaesi, cohaesum, [com- + haereo] 2 intr. cling together^ be united, cohere; hold together, exist; be closely connected with, be in harmony with. cohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [com-+ha- beo] 2 tr. hold together, contain, confine; keep from, hold in check, restrain, re- press, subdue, control. Conors, -hortis, f. cohort, the tenth part of a legion; company, train, throng, band. Conors praetoria, the body- guard of a general. cohor tatio, -onis, [cohortor] f. exhmi,- ing, inciting, exhortation, encourage- ment; an encouraging address. cohortor, -ari, -atus sum, [com-+hor- tor] 1 dep. encourage, cheer, animate, rally; incite, urge on, admonish, ex- hort; address. collectio, see conlectio. collega, see conlega. collegium, see collegium. colligo, see conligo. collinus, -a, -um, [collis] adj. of the hill. Collina (sc. tribus), f • the Col- line (t?*ibe), the least reputable of the four city tribes. collis, -is, m. hill, height, elevation. colloco, see conloco. colloquium, see conloquium. colloquor, see conloquor. colluvio, see conluvio. colo, colere, colui, cultum, 3 tr. and intr. till, tend, cultivate; stay at, fre- quent, abide in, dwell in, inhabit (cf. in colo) ; cherish, esteem, love, honoi\ pay homage to; of religious service, ob- serve, reverence, revere, worship, wor- ship at; of abstract objects in general, cultivate, court, follow, seek, devote one's self to, practise, adhere to, cherish. colonia, -ae, [colonus] f. colony, settle- ment; colonists. colCnus, -I, [colo] m. tiller of the soil, ecepi-commodus 25 husbandman, farmer; settler, colonist, citizen of a colony. Colophon, -onis, [KoAo^cov] m. a city in Lydia. Colophonius, -a, -urn, [Colophon] adj. of Colophon. As subst. Colophonii, -orum, m. pi. the people of Colophon, the Colophonians . color, -oris, m. color, hue, tint: natural color, complexion; outward show, ap- pearance; coloring, character. columen, -inis, n. pillar, column; sum- mit, height, chief; prop, stay, support. columna, -ae, f . column, pillar, post. com-, prep., old form of cum, used only in composition. See cum. coma, -ae, [«om>?] f. hair of the head, hair, locks. comburo, -burere, -bussi, -bustum, 3 tr. burn up, consume; ruin. comes, -itis, [com-, cf . eo] c. companion, comrade, mate, intimate; partner, as- sociate, adherent; attendant, follower, retainer, dependant. comissatio, -onis, [comissor, revel] f. Bacchanalian revel, carousal, revel; revelry. comitatus, -us, [comitor] m. escort, train, following, retinue ; company, band, crowd, swarm. comitium, -I, [com-, eo] n. the Comi- tium, a part of the Forum. Plural, comitia, -orum, the Assembly of the people for political business (election of magistrates, etc.); election. Esp. comi- tia centuriata and comitia tributa ; see Introduction, §§11, 12. comitor, -ari, -atus sum, [comes] 1 dep. accompany, attend, escort, follow. commeatus, -us, [commeo] m. a going to and fro, a passing back and forth, trip; leave of absence, furlough; sup- plies, provisions, market. commemorabilis,-e, [commemoro] adj. memorable, worth mentioning, notewor- thy, notable, praiseworthy, remarkable. commemorandus, -a, -um, [fut. part, pass, of commemoro] adj. to be remem- bered, memorable, noteworthy. commemoratio, -onis, [commemoro] f. a calling to mind, reminding, sug- gesting; remembrance, reminder, men- tion; commemoration. commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + memoro, call to mind] 1 tr. call to mind, keep in mind, be mindful of, re- member, recall; relate, recount, speak of, mention. commendatio, -onis, [commendo] f. a commending, recommendation ; that which recommends, excellence, worth. commendo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + mando] 1 tr. commit for protection, in- trust, confide; commend for favor or protection, ask favor for, recommend. commeo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + meo, go] 1 intr. go and come, go back and forth, go about; make frequent visits, resort to. commercium, -1, [com- + merx] intr. commercial intercourse or dealings, trade, traffic, commerce; right to trade; connection, communion, fellowship. commisceo, -miscere, -miscul, -mlx- tum or -mistum, [com-+misce5] 2 tr. mingle together, intermingle, min- gle, mix; unite, join. committo, -mittere, -mlsl, commis- sum, [com- + mitto] 3 tr. bring to- gether ; join, unite, attach, put together, combine; of a fighi or struggle, set to- gether, join, begin, engage in, fight, carry on, wage; intrust, trust, yield, resign, expose, abandon; commit an offence, perpetrate, do, be guilty ef, be at fault, act so as that, allow (with ut); incur. commodo, -are, -avi, -atum, [commo- dus] 1 tr. and intr. accommodate, adapt; grant, supply, furnish; loan, lend; please, favor, serve. commodum, -I, [commodus] intr. con- venience, convenient opportunity, op- portune moment; advantage, interest, profit; reward, emolument, pay; loan. commodus, -a, -um, [com- + modus] with due measure; suitable, fitting, ap- propriate, opportune, convenient, favor- 26 VOCABULARY able, advantageous; serviceable, agree- able, pleasant, obliging. commoneo, -monere, -monul, -moni- tum, [com- + moneo] 2 tr. remind, put in mind. commoror, -arl, -atus sum, [com- + moror, delay] 1 dep. tarry, sojourn, re- main, stay; linger, dwell, insist. commoveo, -movere, -movl, -motum, COm- + moveo] 2 tr. put in violent mo- tion, shake, move, stir; agitate, disturb. disquiet, trouble; affect, influence; ex- cite, rovse, stir up. commllnico, -are, -avl, -atum, [com- munis] 1 tr. divide with, share; com- municate, impart; join, add. communio, -onis, [communis] f. a sharing, mutual participation ; fellow- ship, communion. communis, -e, [com- + munus] adj. com- mon, in common; general, universal, public; affable, courteous. As subst. commune, -is, n. community, state. communiter, [communis] adv. in com- mon, together, jointly, generally. commutabilis, -e, [commuto] adj. sub- ject to change, changeable; inconstant, fickle. commutatio, -onis, [commutS] f. a changing, change, alteration. commuto, -are, -avl, -atum, [com- + mtito] 1 tr. change entirely, alter wholly ; exchange, interchange, substitute, change; barter, traffic. 1. comparatio, -onis, [comparo, from com- + paro] f. a preparing, prepara- tion. 2. comparatio, -onis, [comparo, from compar, equal to] f. a companng, com- parison. 1. comparo, -are, -avl, -atum, [com- + paro] 1 tr. make ready, gel ready, pre- pare, provide; o?*ganize, arrange, ap- point, ordain, establish; get, obtain, procure, get together, collect. 2. comparo, -are, -avl, -atum, [corn- par, equal to] 1 tr. bring together as equals, match, join; regard as equal, rank with ; compare. compello, -pellere, -pull, compulsum, [com- + pello], 3 tr. drive together, col- lect, assemble; drive, impel, compel, force; incite, move, urge, constrain. comperendino, -are, -avl, -atum, [com- + perendinus, after to-morrow] 1 tr. and intr. adjourn (of a court) over an entire day; reach the end of the plead- ing, close the case. comperio, -perire, -peri, -pertum, 4 tr. obtain knowledge of, find end, discover, ascertain, learn. competitor, -oris, [competo, strive to- gether] m. rival, competitor, opposing candidate, opponent. complector, -plecti, complexus sum, [com- + plecto, braid] 3 dep. clasp, em- brace; encircle, surround, enclose, in- clude; seize, comprehend, understand; explain, describe, sum up, express con- cisely; care for, value, love, honor. compleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, [com- + ple5,^/] 2 tr. fill full, fill up, fill; fill with men, man ; complete, fulfil, ac-' complish, finish. complexus, -us, [complector] m. em- bracing, embrace, clasp ; bosom, affec- tion, love. complurgs, -a or -ia, gen. complurium, [com- + plures] adj. pi. several, quite a number of, a number of, many, very many, a great many. compono, -ponere, -posui, composi- tum, [com- + pono] 3 tr. put together ; join, unite, collect ; compare, contrast ; compose, write ; put away, lay aside, lay at rest, bury ; pacify, reconcile, quiet, settle, make a settlement; disjwse, arrange, set in order, prepare. comporto, -are, -avl, -atum, [com- + porto] 1 tr. bring together, bring in, gather, collect, accumtdate. compos, -otis, [com-, ef. potis] adj. in possession of, possessing, master of; participating in. compositus, -a, -um, [pf .p. of compono] jidj. well-ordered, arranged, orderly, regular; fitly disposed, prepared, ready, fit, qualified. commoneo— condicio v comprehends, -hendere, -hendl, com- prehensum, [com- + prehendo, seize] 3 tr. take hold of, seize, catch ; lay hold of, lay hands on, apprehend, capture, a?Test, take into custody; take in, grasp, comprehend, understand ; recount, de- scribe, set forth. comprimo, -primere, -press!, compres- sum, [com- + premo] 3 tr. press to- gether, press closely, compress ; keep in, restrain, repress, check, curb; suppress, put down, subdue, keep under. comprobo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + probo] 1 tr. approve, sanction, assent to, acknowledge ; attest, confirm, establish, prove. conatus, -us, [conor] m. attempt, en- deavor, effort; undertaking, enterprise. conc6do, -cSdere, -cessi, concessum, [com- + cedo] 3 tr. and intr. go away, depart, withdraw, retire; give place to, give precedence, yield the palm, yield, defer, submit; grant, concede, allow, permit; give up, forgive, pardon. concelebro, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + celebro] 1 tr. attend in throngs, fre- quent ; solemnize, celebrate ; publish, proclaim. concertatio, -onis, [concerto] f. dispute, controversy, contention, wrangling ; ri- valry. concerto, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + certo] 1 intr. contend wa?7nly, dispute hotly, wrangle. concido, -cidere, -cidi, — , [com- + cado] 3 intr./fl// together, collapse, fall down, tumble to the earth ; fall dead, fall; decline, fail, be defeated, be de- stroyed, go to 'ruin, concido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, [com- + caedo] 3 tr. cut to pieces, cut up ; cut down, kill, destroy; beat severely. concilio, -are, -avi, -atum, [concilium] 1 tr. bring together ; obtain, procure, acquire, win, gain; cause, bring about, make, win over, win the favor of, con- ciliate. concilium, -I, n. meeting, assembly; conference, council. concipio, -cipere, -cSpi, conceptum, [com- + capio] 3 tr. take up, take in, receive, incur; imagine, conceive, think; understand, compi^ehend ; harbor, en- tertain, plan, devise. concitatio, -onis, [concito] f . a quick- ening ; excitement, violent passion ; agitation, tumult. concito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of COJicio,move violently] 1 tr.s^ in motion, agitate ; stir up, arouse, excite ; mme, influence, stimulate, spur, urge, incite, instigate. concliido, -cludere, -clusi, conclusum, [com- + claudo] 3 tr. shut up, enclose, confine; include, restrict ; condense, comprise; close, conclude, finish; infer, argue. concordia, -ae, [concors] f. harmony, unanimity, union, concord. Esp. per- sonified, Concordia, -ae, f. Concoi^d, the goddess of Concord. concors, -ordis, [com- + cor, heart] adj. of the same mind, united, concordant ; hamnoniqus, amicable. concupisco, -cuplscere, -cupivi, -cupl- tum, [com- + inch, of cupio] 3 tr. be ve?~y desirous of, earnestly desire, eagerly desire, long for, covet ; aspire to, strive after. concurro, -currere, -cucurri or -currl, concursum, [com- + curro] 3 intr. run together, flock together, assemble ; rush up, rush in, msh together, engage in combat, fight; coincide, happen. concur so, -are, — , , [freq. of con- curro] 1 intr. run to and fro, run about, rush hit/ier and thither ; ramble about, traverse. concursus, -us, [concurro] m. a running together ; concourse, assembly, throng, crowd, mob ; tumultuous assembling, tumult ; charge, onset, attack, assault ; a meeting, dashing together, collision, shock. condemns, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + damno] 1 tr. prove guilty, convict, find guilty, sentence, condemn. condicio, -onis, [condicQ, agree] f. agreement, terms of agreement, terms, 28 VOCABULARY condition, stipulation ; bargain, com- pact; position, rank; situation, lot, cir- cumstances. conditio, see condicio. condS, -dere, -didi, conditum, [com- + do] 3 tr. put together, form ; build, found, establish; be the author of, com- pose, write ; lay by, store up, treasure up ; lay in the tomb, inter, bury ; con- ceal, secrete, hide. condonatio, -Snis, [condono] f. a giving away, giving up, donation. condono, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + dSnS] 1 tr. give, present ; give up, sac- rifice, devote; overloolc,forbear to punish, pardon. conducS, -ducere, -duxl, conductum, [com- + duco] 3 tr. draw together, Wing up, gather together, assemble ; hire, employ, bribe ; be of use, profit, cSnfectiS, -onis, [cSnficiS] f. a finish- ing, completing; composing , preparing . confero, -ferre, -tuli, conlatum or col- latum, [com-+fer5] irr. tr. bring to- gether, collect, gather, bring in; join, unite; set together, match against, op- pose; compare, contrast; consult, con- fer, consider, deliberate over; carry, convey, bring; bring upon; put, set upon, direct; apply, employ, devote; bestow upon, contribute, grant, lend; refer, attribute, ascribe, lay the blame on; assign, set, appoint; put off, defer, postpone; remove, transfer; establish; reflex, se cSnferre, betake one's self, take refuge, turn, go, devote one's self. cSnfertus, -a, -urn, [pf .p. of confercio, from com- + farcio, stuff] adj. closely crowded, croiuded, dense; close, com- pact, in close array; stuffed, filled full, crammed, gorged. cSnfessiS, -onis, [cSnfiteor] f sion , acknowledgmen t . confestim, [com-, cf. festlnS, hasten] adv. immediately, at once, speedily, in haste, forthwith, suddenly. tjonficio, -ficere, -feci, cSnfectum, [com- + facio] 3 tr. make ready, bring about; carry out, accomplish, execute. perform, do; make, draw up; com- plete, finish; finish up, exhaust, wear out, consume, overcome, kill, destroy; bring together, prepare, ])rovide, pro- cure. confictio, -onis, [coniingo] f. a making up, invention, fabrication . cSnfidS, -fidere, cSnfisus sum, [com- + fldS] 3 semi-dep. intr. have confidence in, confide, trust, rely on; be confident, believe, be assured. cSnfingS, -fingere, -finxi, cSnfictum, [com- + fingo] 3 tr. make up, manufac- ture, invent; feign, pretend. confirms, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + firmS] 1 tr. make firm, make strong, strengthen, reinforce ; confirm, estab- lish; encourage, cheer, animate, make bold ; corroborate, support, prove ; as- sert, declare, protest, assure solemnly. cSnfisus, -a, -um, see cSnfidS. cSnfiteor, -fiteri, cSnfessus sum, [com- + fateor] 2 dep. confess, make confes- sion; admit, own, acknowledge; grant, allow, concede. conflagrS, -are, -avi, atum, [com- + flagrS] 1 tr. and intr. burn, be on fire; burn up, be consumed, be destroyed; be consumed by the fires of, be condemned. cSnfligS, -fligere, -flixi, cSnfllctum, [com- + fllgS] tr. and intr. dash to- gether, dash against, collide; be in con- flict, contend, fight ; be engaged, be at war, be at variance. cSnflS, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + fluS], 1 tr. blow up; kindle, excite, inflame; get together, gather, raise, compose; bring about, effect, accomplish ; cause, occasion ; unite, fuse. cSnfluS, -fluere, confluxi, , [com- + fluo] 3 intr. flow together, run together; flock together, crowd, throng, assemble. confSrmatiS, -Snis, [cSnfSrmS] f. form- ing, shaping, form, shape, conforma- tion ; training, culture; idea, notion. cSnfSrmS, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + fSrmS, shape] 1 tv.form, mould, shape, fashion; train, cultivate, educate. conditio— conor 29 confringo, -fringere, -fregi, -fractum, [com- + fr ango] 3 tr. break in pieces, shatter; crush, destroy. confugio, -fugere, -fugl, — , [com- + fugio] 3 intr. flee, run for succor, take refuge; have recourse, resort. congero, -gerere, -gessl, congestum, [com- + gero] 3 tr. bring together, col- lect, heap together, heap up, pile up, accumulate ; build, construct ; heap upon, load. congredior, -gredl, congressus sum, [com- + gradior, advance] 3 dep. come together, meet; meet in strife, contend, fight, engage, join battle. congrego, -are, -avi, -atum, [com-, cf . grex] 1 tr. collect in a flock; gather together, collect, assemble; associate, join, unite; reflex, or in pass, assemble, gather. congressus, -us, [congredior] m. a meeting, assembly; conference, inter- view; encounter, onset, fight. congruo, -ere, congrui, , 3 intr. coincide, agree; be suited, be adapted, suit, fit; harmonize, be in harmony, accord, correspond. conicio, -icere, -iecl, coniectum, [com- + iacio] 3 tr. throw together, unite ; throw, cast, hurl, thrust; put, place, station; urqe,foixe, drive, turn, direct, aim ; guess, conjecture, infer; foretell, prophecy, interpret; reflex, seconicere, rush, rush out. coniectura, -ae, [conicio] f. guess, con- jecture, inference. conitinctio, -onis, [coniungo] f. a unit- ing, connection, union, agreement; in- timacy, ffiendsh ip. coniunctus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of con- iungo] adj. closely connected, united; adjoining, bordering on; in conjunction with, allied ; intimate, friendly ; per- taining, accordant, conformable. coniungo, -iungere, -iunxi, coniiinc- tum, [com- + iungo] 3 tr. fasten to- gether, join, connect, unite; associate, ally; unite to wage, wage in concert. coniunxass, happen, befall. gventus, -us, [gvenio] m. occurrence, equester— excogito 51 accident, event: fortune, fate, lot; out- come, issue, result. eversor, -oris, [everto] m. subverter, destroyer. everto, -vertere, -vertl, eversum, [6 + verto] 3 tr. overturn; overthrow, sub- vert, ruin, destroy; turn out, drive out. expel. evocator, -oris, [evoco] ni. summoner, recruiter, one who d? x u??is up. evocatus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of evoco] adj. called out. As subst. in pi. evocatl, -orum, m. veterans, discharged from service, but again enlisted. evoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [e + voco] 1 tr. call out. all forth, summon, evoke; e ? icit. stir, raise. evolo, -are, -avi, -atum, [e + volo,fly] 1 intr. fly out. fly away; rush forth, hasten out; escape, flee; ascend, rise. evomo, -vomere, -vomui, evomitum, [S +■ vomo, vomit] 3 tr. vomit forth, disgorge, cast out. expel; throw off, vent. ex, before consonants often e, prep, with abl. out of, from; of place, out -of , from ; of time, from, since, after ; of the whole from which a part is taken, from, of. out of. from among; of source or material, from, out of, of; of cause, from, in consequence of, on ac- count of. by reason of. by; of reference, according to. in accordance ivith, in pursuance of ; of other relations, from, by. with, in. on. ex aliqua parte, see pars. exaggero, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + ag- gero, bring'] 1 tr. heap up. pile up. ac- cumulate; amplify, magnify, exag- gerate. examino, -are, -avi, -atum, [examen, tongue of a balance] 1 tr. weigh; pon- der, consider; try. test, examine. exanimatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of exani- m6] adj. out of breath, exhausted, un- nemed, prostrated, half dead. exanimo, -are, -avi, -atum,[exanimus, lifeless] 1 tr. put out of breath, fatigue, exhaust, wear out; deprive of life, Jail; tc??ify, unnerve, prostrate, stun. exardesco, -ere, exarsl, exarsum, [ex -f-ardesco, inch, of ardeo] 3 intr. blaze out, blaze up; break out, be inflamed, be kindled; be exasperated, become en- raged, rage. exaudio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [ex + audio] 4 tr. hear under difficulties, distinguish, hear. excedo, -cedere, -cessi, excessum, [ex -cedo] 3 tr. and intr. go out; leave, depart, withdraw, retire; go beyond, pass beyond, exceed, pass. excellens, -entis, [pr.p. of excello] adj. towering, eminent; prominent, sur- passing, superior, distinguished. excello, -cellere, , (excelsus), 3 tr. and intr. be eminent ; rise above, be su- perior, su7~pass, excel. excelsus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of excello] adj. elevated, high.lofty; commanding. noble. As subst. excelsum, -1, n. high posi- tion, elevation; height. excido, -cidere, excidi, — , [ex + cado] 3 intr. /o/^ out. fall away ; slip out. es- cape ; pass away, disappear, be lost, excido, -cidere, -cidi, exclsum, [ex + caedo] 3 tr. cut out. cut off. hew down ; raze, demolish, destroy. excipio, -cipere, -cepi, exceptum, [ex + capio] 3 tr. take out; release, exempt, except, make an exception of ; take up, receive, capture, take; catch up. inter- cept, obtain, be exposed to, incur, meet ; take up eagerly, listen to; follow, come next, succeed. excito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of excio, call out] 1 tr. call forth, summon, rouse; raise up. revive; comfort, stimulate inspire; stir up, kindle, rouse, excite, incite. exclamo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + clamo] 1 tr. and intr. cry out. cry aloud, exclaim. excludo, -cliidere, -clusi, excltisum, [ex + claudo] 3 tr. shut out, exclude, cut off: except, hinder, prevent. excogito, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + cogito] 1 tr. think out. contrive, devise,, invent. 52 VOCABULAKY excolo, -colere, -colul, excultum, [ex + coloj 3 tr. cultivate, improve, refine, ennoble. excrucio, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + crucio] 1 tr. torture, torment, rack ; distress, harass, trouble, afflict. excubiae, -arum, [cf. excubo, keep ivatch] f. pi. a lying out on guard, keeping ivatch ; ivatch, watchman, guards, sentinels. excursio, -onis, [excurro, run out] f. a running out; sally, onset, attack; raid, inroad, invasion, expedition. excusatio, -onis, [excuso] f. an excus- ing, excuse, plea. excuso, -are, -avi, -at am, [ex + causa] 1 tr. excuse, make an excuse for ; allege in excuse, plead as an excuse, excuse one's self with. exemplum, -I, [cf. eximo] n. sample, specimen ; imitation, copy ; pattern, model; example, case, precedent; warn- ing, lesson; way, manner, kind. exeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, [ex + eo] irr. intr. go out, go forth, go away, depart; with- draw, retire ; move out, march out ; come out, escape ; of lots, fall out, be drawn; of time, run out, end, expire. exerceo, -ercere, -ercul, exercitum, [ex + arceo] 2 tr. drive, keep busy, keep at work; engage busily, occupy, employ; train, discipline ; practise, follow, ex- ercise, administer; disturb, vex, harass, plague. exercitatio, -onis, [exercito] f. exercise, practice ; training, discipline, experi- ence. exercitatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of exercito, freq. of exerceo] adj. practised, trained, disciplined; versed, experienced. exercitus, -us, [exerceo] m. a dis- ciplined body of men, army. exhaurio, -Ire, exhausi, exhaustum, [ex + haurio] 4 tr. draw out, drain of; take out, empty, exhaust ; take away, carry off. exhibeo, -ere, -ul, -itum, [ex + habeo] 2 tr. hold out, tender, present, give up, produce; show, display, exhibit. exigo, -ere, exegl, exactum, [ex + ago] 3 tr. drive out, thrust out, expel ; re- quire, demand, exact, collect ; spend, pass, finish, complete; examine, esti- mate, consider. exiguus, -a, -um, [cf. exigo] adj. exact; small, little, scanty, meagre; poor, petty \ mean, paltry. eximie, [eximius] adv. exceedingly, very much, uncommonly . eximius, -a, -um, [eximo] adj. taken out, excepted ; select, choice, distin- guished, excellent ; exceptional, extra- ordinary, uncommon, remarkable. eximo, -imere, -emi, exemptum, [ex + emo] 3 tr. take out, take off, take away, remove; free, release, deliver. exlstimatio, -onis, [existimo] f. judg- ment, opinion, estimate, decision, ver- dict; reputation, good name, honor. existimator, -oris, [existimo] m. ap- praiser, judge. existimo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + aestimo] 1 tr. estimate, reckon ; ap- . predate, esteem; think, suppose, believe; consider, regard, judge. exitiosus, -a, -um, [exitium] adj. de- structive, ruinous, pernicious, deadly. exitium, -I, [exeo] n. destruction, ruin ; hurt, mischief. exitus, -us, [exeo] m. a going out, exit, departure ; way out, outlet, passage ; end, close, conclusion ; end of life, death ; issue, insult, event. exoletus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of exolesco, grow up] adj. full grown, mature. As subst. exoletus, -I, m. an abandoned youth, young debauchee. exopto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + opto] 1 tr. wish earnestly, desire greatly, long for. exorior, -Irl, exortus sum, [ex + orior] 4 (and 3), dep. spiking up, rise up, ap- pear; take origin, arise, be caused. exorno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + orno] 1 tr. fit out, equip, furnish, supply, pro- vide ; deck out, array, adorn, embel- lish. excolo— exspectatio 53 exoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + oro] l tr. and intr. persuade by entreaty, prevail upon, induce. exorsus, -us, [ex3rdior, begin] m. be- ginning, commencement. expedio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [ex + pes] 4 tr. extricate, disencumber, let loose, set free, free ; bring out, get ready, pre- pare ; arrange, set to rights, adjust, settle; be advantageous, be profitable, be expedient. expeditus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of expedio] adj. unfettered, unimpeded, unencum- bered ; free, unembarrassed, easy, prompt; ready, convenient. expello, -pellere, -pull, expulsum, [ex + pello] 3 tr. d? ive out, thmst out, cast forth, expel, banish. experior, -Irl, expertus sum, 4 dep. try, prove, test, find from experience, learn. expers, -tis, [ex + pars] adj. having no part In; destitute of, devoid of, free from, without. expeto, -ere, -Ivi, -itum, [ex + peto] 3 Tr. seek after, aim at, strive for ; ask earnestly, demand ; wish, desire, long for. expilo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + pilo] l tr. pillage, plunder, rob. expio, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + pio, pro- pitiate] 1 tr. atone for, purify, expiate; make amends, make good, compensate. expleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, [ex, cf. ple- nus] 2 tr. fill up, fill full, fill; make up, complete, finish ; satiate, satisfy, ap- pease; fulfil, discharge, do. explico, -are, -avi or -ui, -atum or -itum, [ex + plico, fold] l tr. unfold, undo; disclose, display ; disentangle, set free, release; explain, set forth, express. exploratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of exploro] adj. ascertained, settled, certain, as- sured, sure. exploro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + ploro, cry out] 1 tr. search out, seek to discover, investigate, explore ; spy out, recon- noitre, examine. expono, -ponere, -posui, expositum, [ex + pono] 3 tr. pvt r»,f. set out ; land. disembark ; exhibit, expose ; set forth, relate, explain. exporto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + porto] 1 tr. carry out, bring out, carry away ; send away, export. exposco, -poscere, -poposci, , [ex + posco] 3 tr. ask earnestly, request, ben, implore, demand. exprimo, -ere, expressi, expressum, [ex + premo] 3 tr. press out, force out ; wring out, elicit, wrest from, extort ; represent, jiortray, describe, express. expromo, -ere, exprompsi, expromp- tum, [ex + promo] 3 tr. show forth, ex- hibit, display ; utter, declare, state. exptignatio, -onis, [expugno] f- a tak- ing by storm, storming. exptigno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + pugno] 1 tr. take by storm, storm,, capture. exquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, exquisi- tum, [ex + quaero] 3 tr. search out. seek diligently; inquire into .inquire, ask. exsanguis, -e, [ex + sanguis] adj. with- out blood, bloodless, lifeless, nerveless. exscindo, -scindere, -scidi, exscissum, [ex + scindo, cut] 3 tr. extirpate, an- nihilate, destroy. exsecratio, -onis, [exsecror, curse] f. execration, curse; oath, imprecation. exsequiae, -arum, [exsequor, follow to the grave] f. pi. funeral procession ; funeral rites or obsequies. exsilio, -Ire, exsilui, , [ex + salio, leap] 4 intr. spring up, jump up, start up. exsilium, -i, [exsulj a. exile. exsisto, -sistere, -stiti, exstitum, [ex + sisto] 3 intr. stand out, come forth; grow out, arise, spring, be produced, ensue ; become, come to be, turn into ; appear, be visible, be manifest; exist, be. exsolvo, -solvere, -solvi, exsolutum, [ex + solvo] 3 tr.unloose, release, deliver; free, set free; discharge, pay. exspectatio , -a, -um, [finis] adj. bordering on, on the borders of, neighboring, neighbors of, adjoining, adjacent. f 15, fieri, factus sum, in*, used as passive of facio, which see, and intr. become ; happen, occur, firmly. See fortis. fortitudo, -inis, [fortis] n. strength; courage, bravery, intrepidity ; fortitude, firmness, steadiness. See fortis. fortuna, -ae, [fors] f. chance, luck, fate, fortune ; position, rank, condition, lot, circumstances; good luck, good fortune, prosperity, success ; ill-fortune ; posses- sions, property ; personified, Goddess of Fortune, Fortune. fortunatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of forttino, prosper] adj. prospered, prosperous, fortunate, lucky, happy. fled— fugito 59 forum, -i, n. market place, forum ; the Forum, a large open area, in which public meetings were held and judicial and commercial business was transacted, surrounded by public buildings, courts of justice, state offices, places of wor- ship, as well as colonnades of one or more stories in which bankers, mer- chants, and tradesmen had their places of business. Forum Aurelium, see Aurelius. fragilis, -e, [cf. frango] adj. easily broken, fragile ; weak, frail, delicate ; fickle, transitory. fragilitas, -atis, [fragilis] f. weakness, frailty. frango, frangere, fregl, fractum, 3 tr. break, break in pieces, dash to pieces, shatter; break down, dishearten, sub- due, overcome, crush ; break the force of, weaken, soften. frater, -tris, m. brother. fraterne, [frater] adv. in a brotherly manner, like a brother, affectionately. fraternus, -a, -um, [frater] adj. of a brother, brotherly, fraternal. fraudatio, -onis, [fraudo] f. cheating, deceit, deception, fraud. fraudo, -are, -avi, -atum, [fraus] l tr. cheat, defraud; steal, embezzle. fraus, fraudis, f. cheating, deceit, fraud, treachery; crime; delusion, mistake; injury, harm, damage. fremitus, -us, [fremo, roar] m. confused noise, murmuring, roaring, din, Imid noise. freno, -are, -avi, -atum, [frenum] l tr. bridle, curb, check ; hold in check, re- strain. fr6num, -I, n. in pi. usually m. bridle; curb, check, restraint. frequgns, -entis, adj. often, repeated, regular ; frequent, common, usual ; in great numbers, in crowds, crowded, full; translated as adv. of time, often, frequently. frequenter, I frequgns] adv. often, fre- quently; in great numbers, by many. frequentia, -ae, [frequens] f. assembly in great numbers, numerous attend- ance, concourse; great numbers, multi- tude, crowd, throng. frequento, -are, -avi, -atum, [fre- quens] 1 tr. and intr. visit frequently or of ten, frequent, resort to; assemble in throngs, crowd together; celebrate. fretus, -a, -um, adj. leaning upon, sup- ported by, relying on; depending, trust- ing, confident. frigus, -oris, n. cold, coolness, chilliness. frons, frontis, f. forehead, broic; face, expression, look; forepart, front, van. fructus, -us, [cf. fruor] m. enjoyment, pleasure, delight; produce, fruit , crops; proceeds, yield, income, profit; conse- quence, fruits, advantages, return, re- ward, friictui esse, be an advan- tage, be profitable. frugalitas, -atis, f. economy, thrift, fru- gality; worth, excellence. frumentarius, -a, -um, [frumentum] adj. of corn, of grain, of provisions, grain-. r6s frtimentaria, grain sup- ply, provisions, grain. frumentum, -l, [fruor] n. com, grain. fruor, frui, fructus sum, 3 dep. enjoy, take pleasure in, delight in; reap the fruits or benefits of. frustra, [fraus] adv. in error; without effect, to no purpose, uselessly, in vain, for nothing; without reason, ground- frux, frtigis, [cf. fruor] f. fruit, produce. fuga, -ae, [cf. fugio] f. a fleeing, flight; exile, banishment; escape, avoidance, shunning. fugio, fugere, fugl, fugitum, 3 tr. and intr. flee, fly, take to flight, make Off; avoid, shun; escape the notice of; -es- cape, elude. fugitivus, -a, -um, [fugi5] adj. fugi- tive, runaway. As subst. fugitivus, -1, m. fugitive, runaway slave, deserter. fugito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of fugio] 1 tr. and \\Wx.flee eagerly, flee in ha^ie, fly from; avoid, shun. 6o VOCABULARY Fulcinius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. Esp. C. Fulcinius, a Roman envoy slain by Lars Tolinnnius, king of the Veientes. fulge5, fulgere, fulsi, — ,2 intr. flash, lighten; gleam, glisten, glitter, shine. fulmen, -inis, [fulgeo] n. lightning Jlash, stroke of lightning, thunderbolt. FulvillS, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp.: 1. M. Fulvius Flaccus, consul 125 B.C., grandfather of L. Caesar, and partisan of the Gracchi. 2. M. Fulvius Nobilior, consul 189 B.C., a patron of the poet Ennius. fumo, -are, , , [fumus] 1 intr. smoke, reek. fumus, -l, m. smoke. fundamentum, -I, [fundo] n. founda- tion ; basis, ground, support. funditus, [fundus] adv. from the bottom, from the foundation; utterly, entirely, totally. fundo, fundere, fudi, fusum, 3 intr. pour, pour out, pour forth, shed; scat- ter, spread, diffuse; bring forth, bear; overthrow, vanquish, rout, put to flight. fundo, -are, -avi, -atum, [fundus] l tr. lay the foundations of, found, establish. fundus, -1, m. bottom; piece of land, farm, estate. funesto, -are, -avi, -atum, [funestus] 1 tr. pollute, defile. funestus, -a, -um, [funus] adj. deadly, fatal, destructive; filled with mourning, mournful, sad, dismal. fungor, fungi, functus sum, 3 dep. be engaged in, perform, do; execute, ad- minister, discharge, fulfil. funis, -is, m. rope, cord. funus, -eris, m. funeral procession, fu- neral ; funeral rites, obsequies, inter- ment. fur, furis, m. thief. Furfanius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. Esp. T. Furfanius, a juror at the trial of Milo, and a victim of Clodius. furia, -ae, f. usually in pi. rage, mad- ness, fury ; scourge, curse ; tormenting spirits ; personified, the Furies, the three goddesses of vengeance. furibundus, -a, -um, [cf. furia] adj. raving, mad, furious, crazy. furiosus, -a, -um, [furia] adj. full of madness, mad, raging, furious, crazy. Furius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. Esp. : 1. P. Furius, a confederate of Cati- line. 2. L. Furius Philus, consul 136 b.c, a man of literary attainments. furo, furere, furui, — , 3 intr. rage, rave, be furious, be mad, be crazy. furor, -oris, [furo] m. a raging, rage, raving, fury, frenzy, madness. furtim, [furtum] adv. by stealth, stealth- ily, secretly, clandestinely, furtively. furtum, -l, [cf. fur] n. theft, robbery; thing stolen; stratagem. fustis, -is, m. cudgel, club. futurus, -a, -um, [fut. part, of sum] adj. going to be, likely to be, yet to be, to come, future. G Gabinius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp. : 1. A. Gabinius, the tribune, author of the law giving Pompey the com- mand against the pirates, 67 b.c; consul 58 b.c, the year of Cicero's banishment. 2. P. Gabinius, praetor 89 b.c, whose official records were untrustworthy. 3. P. Gabinius Cimber, a confeder- ate of Catiline, 63 b.c. Gabinius, -a, -um, [Gabinius] adj. of Gabinius, Gabinian. lex Gablnia, see Gabinius, l. Gaius, -1, m. a Roman praenomen or fore- name. Gallia, -ae, f . Gaul. Gallia Cisalpina, Cisalpine Gaul, that part of Gaul south of the Alps. Gallia Transalpina, Transalpine Gaul, that part of Gaul north of the Alps. Fulcinius— Gracchus 61 Gallicanus, -a, -um, adj. Gallic. Gallicus, -a, -um, adj. of the Gauls, Gallic. Gallus, -a, -um, adj. of Gaul, Gallic. As subst. Gallus, -l, m. a Gaul. ganeo, -onis, [ganea, low tavern] m. glutton, debauchee, 'profligate. gaudeo, gaudere, gavlsus sum, 2 semi- dep. rejoice, be glad, be delighted, take pleasure, be pleased, delight in. gaudium, -I, [gaudeo] n. joy, gladness, delight; expression of delight, etc. gavlsus, see gaudeo. gaza, -ae, f. treasure, riches, wealth. gelidus, -a, -um, [gelu, ice] adj. ice- cold, very cold, icy. gemitus, -us, [gemo] m. a sighing, sigh, groan, lamentation. gemo, gemere, gemui, , 3 tr. andintr. sigh, groan, c?*y out in pain ; sigh over, bewail, lament. gener, -eri, [cf. gigno] m. daughter's husband, son-in-law. gens, gentis, [cf. gigno] f. clan, house; people, nation, race. ubinam gen- tium \ where in the world f genus, -eris, [cf. gigno] n. race, stock, family, nation ; birth, origin, descent ; class, sort, variety, kind, character, nature; rank, order; way, manner. germanitas, -atis, [germanus] f. Motherhood, relation between children of the same parents. germanus, -a, -um, adj. full, own, of brother or sister; real, true. gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, 3 tr. bear, carry, have, held; wear; entertain, cherish; carry out, accomplish, perform, do ; administer, manage, ride, govern ; conduct, carry on, wage, transact. se gerere, bear one's self, conduct one's self, act, behave. r6s gestae, deeds, exploits, achievements, operations. gestio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [gestus, bear- ing] 4 tr. and intr. express strong feel- ing, leap for joy, exult, be delighted ; desire eagerly, yearn, thirst, long. gigno, gignere, genui, genitum, 3 tr. give birth to, beget, bear; produce, cause, begin. Glabrio, -onis, m. a Roman cognomen or family name. Esp. : 1. M\ Acllius Glabrio, author of a lex Acilia de repetundis. 2. M'. Aeilius Glabrio, son of No. 1, presiding judge at the trial of Verres, consul 67 B.C., and successor to Lucullus in the Third Mithridatic War, himself superseded by Pompey 66 b.c. through the Manilian law. gladiator, -oris, [gladius] m. swords- man, fighter in the public games, gladi- ator; cut-throat, i^uffian. gladiatorius, -a, -um, [gladiator] adj. of gladiators, gladiatorial. gladius, -1, m. sword. glaeba (gl6-), -ae, f • clod of earth, lump. Glaucia, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or family name. Especially C. Servllius Glaucia, associate of Saturninus in the outbreak of 100 b.c gloria, -ae, f . glory, fame, renown ; honor, praise ; thirst for glory, ambi- tion; vainglory, pride, vanity, boasting. glorior, -ari, -atus sum, [gloria] 1 dep. glory in, boast of, brag, pride one's self. gloriose, [gloriosus] adv. magnificently, gloriously ; boastfully, vauntingly, pompously. gloriosus, -a, -um, [gloria] adj. glori- ous, famous, renowned; to be proud of, honorable; vainglorious, boastful, con- ceited. Gnaeus, -l, m. a Roman praenomen or forename. gnavus (nav-), -a, -um, [cf. nosco] adj. busy, active, energetic, diligent. Gracchus, -l, m. a Roman cognomen or family name. Esp.: 1. Ti. SemprSnius Gracchus, trib- une and reformer, killed by a mob of senators under the leadership of P. Scipio Nasica, 133 B.C. 2. C. Sempronius Gracchus, young- er brother of No. 1, also tribune and 62 VOCABULARY reformer, killed with M. Fulvius in a tumult by the senatorial forees under the leadership of the consul Opimius. gradus, -us, m. step, pace, gait ; station, position, ground ; approach, advance, march ; degree, grade, rank, stage ; in pi. often, steps, staws. Graecia, -ae, f. Greece. Graeculus, -I, [dim. of Graecus] m. petty Greek, affected Greek, Greekling. Graecus, -a, -urn, [TpaUos] adj. of the Greeks, of Greece, Grecian, Greek. As subst. Graeci, -orum, m. pi. the Greeks. Graeca, -orum, n. pi. Greek writings, Greek. grandis, -e, adj. full-grown, la?*ge, great, full; advanced in. years, aged, old. gratia, -ae, [gratus] f. favor, esteem, regard, friendship ; kindness, courtesy; thanks, gratitude; return, recompense; abl. gratia, with preceding genitive,/or the sake of, on account of. gratias agere, give thanks, express one's thanks, thank, gratiam (gratias) habere, be or feel grateful or thankful. gratiam referre, make a grateful re- turn, requite, repay. gratiosus, -a, -um, [gratia] adj. in favor, enjoying favor, popular, agree- able. Gratius, -l, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp. Gratius, the accuser of Archias 62 b.c. gratuito, [gratuitus, without pay'] adv. without recompense, for nothing, gra- tuitously; for noparticidar reason. grStulatio, -onis, [gratulor] f. mani- festation of joy, rejoicing, congratula- tion; joyful festival, public thanksgiv- ing. gratulor, -ari, -atus sum, [gratus] l dep. manifest or show joy, be glad, re- joice; congratulate. gratus, -a, -um, adj. agreeable, accept- able, pleasing, dear; thankful, grate- ful, appreciative, deserving. gravis, -e, adj. heavy; loaded, burdened; weighty, of weight, momentous, im- portant, grave, influential, dignified, potent, strong, deep; steadfast, staging, solid; hard to bear, oppressive, severe, rigid, austere. gravitas, -atis, [gravis] f. weight, heaviness; oppressiveness, severity, harshness; importance, power, influence, force, dignity, seHousness, gravity. See gravis. graviter, [gravis] adv. weightily; ve- hemently, violently, severely, harshly; strongly, forcibly, deeply, sadly, griev- ously; ivith dignity, impressively, se- ?*iously, gravely. gravo, -are, -avi, -atum, [gravis] 1 tr. weigh doivn, burden. Pass, as dep. re- galed as a burden, be reluctant, be vexed, be indignant. grex, gregis, m. flock, herd, swarm; band, troop, gang, company, clique, set. gubernaculum (-clum), -I, [guberno] n. helm, rudder; guidance, direction, control, usually in plur. gubernatio, -onis, [guberno] f. a pilot- ing, steering; guidance, direction, man- agement. gubernator, -oris, [guberno] m. pilot, helmsman. gubern5, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. nvpep- vano] 1 tr. steer, pilot; direct, guide, manage, control. gusto, -are, -avi, -atum, [gustus, tast- ing] 1 tr. taste, partake of, enjmj. gymnasium, -l, [yvfxvdo-iov] n. gymna- sium, high-school, college. H, see HS. habed, habere, habui, habitum, 2 tr. and intr. have, hold, carry, wear; con- tain; keep, retain, detain] own, jx>ssess; have possessions, own property; occupy, inhabit; pronounce, deliver, utter, make; have in mind, entertain, cherish, be actuated by; mean, know; purpose, intend; think, believe, look upon; ac- cept, bear, endure; render. se ha- bere often, feel, be, be situated, be off. rationem habere, take account of gradus— hodie 63 have regard for, take into consideration, consider, gratiam (gratias) habere, see gratia. habito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of ha- beo] 1 tr. and intr. dwell, have one's abode, reside, live; inhabit; be habitu- ally, stay. habitus, -us, [habeo] m. condition, habit, deportment, appearance; nature, character, quality. haereo, haerere, haesl, haesum, 2 intr. hang fast, stick, cleave, cling; be fixed, adhere, abide; be caught, hesitate, be at a loss, be brought to a standstill. haesito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of haereo] 1 intr. stick fast, be caught, hesitate, be at a loss. Hannibal, -alis, m. the great Cartha- ginian general in the Second Punic War. haruspex, -icis, m. soothsayer, diviner. hasta, -ae, t. staff, pole; spear, lance, pike, javelin. haud, adv. not, not at all, by no means. haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum, 4 tr. draw up or out, drain off, drain, ex- haust; drink in, imbibe, take in, draw, derive. hebesco, -ere, — , — , [inch, of hebeo, be dull] 3 intr. grow blunt, become dull. Heraclla (-cl6a), -ae, ['Hpa«Aeia] f. a city in Magna Graecia (Southern Italy). H6racli6nsis, -e, [HSraclia] adj. of Heraclea. As subst. H6racliensis, -is, m. an Heracliot, citizen of Heraclea. hercule, [voc. of Hercules] interj. by Hercules, heavens, assuredly! me" hercule, in the name of Hercules, my heavens, most assuredly, in sooth ! h6r€ditas, -atis, [her6s] f. heirship, in- heritance; an inheritance. Herennius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. Esp. C. Herennius, a senator, condemned for embezzlement. h6r6s, -6dis, c. heir, heiress. hesternus, -a, -um, [heri, yesterday] adj. of yesterday, yesterday 's. h.6- sterno die, on yesterday, heus, interj. ho.', look you here.', ho there/, holloa/ hiberno, -are, -avi, -atum, [hibernus] 1 intr. 2?ass the winter, winter, have one's winter quarters, keep in winter quarters. hibernus, -a, -um, [hiems] adj. of win- ter, wintry, ^winter. As subst. hlber- na, -orum (sc. castra), n. pi. winter quarters, winter encampment. hie, haec, hoc, gen. huius, dem. pron. this (referring to that which is nearer the speaker), this. . .here, this. . .of mine or of ours, like this, the present; this man or woman, this tiling, he, she, it, this... here present, my client (legal); the following; of time often, this last, the next, haec, n. pi. often (with a sweep of the hand), these institutions, this country, our country, the govern- ment, the world. hie . . . ille, this. . . that or the other, the latter. . . the former. Abl. hoc, all the. huius modi, see modus. hie, adv. in this place, here ; in this, here- in, on this point, in this particular; now, at this time, at this juncture, on this occasion . hicine, [nice (hie, adv.) + -ne] interrog. adv. here. hiems (hiemps), -emis, f . winter, winter tune ; stormy weather, storm, tempest. hinc, [hie] adv. from this place, from here, hence ; from this source, from this, on this account, hinc . . . illinc, on one side. . .on the other, on this side .. .on that, here. . .there. Hirtius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. Esp. Aulus Hirtius, consul with C. Yibio Pansa, 43 b.c. Hispania, -ae, f. Spain. Hispaniensis, -e, adj. of Spain, Spanish, in Spain. Hispanus, -a, -um, adj. of Spain, Span- ish. As subst. HispanI, -5rum, m. pi. (he Spaniards. hodie, [hoc + die] adv. to-day; at the present day, in these times, (0 (his day, at (his time, now. 6 4 VOCABULARY hodiernus, -a, -urn, [hodie] adj. of to- day, to-day's. hodiernus dies, to- day, this day. HomSrus, -I, ["o^pos] m. Homer. homo, -inis, c human being, man, per- son; human race, mankind. novus homo, see novus. * honestas, -atis, [honos] f. honor received from others, repute, reputation ; honor- able position, good standing ; upright- ness, integrity, respectability. honest©, [honestus] adv. honorably, with honor, creditably, virtuously ; be- comingly, with decency, decently. honesto, -are, -avi, -atum, [honestus] 1 tr. honor, crown with honor, dignify, grace, decorate, adorn, se honestare, cover one's self with honor, gain honor. honestus, -a, -um, [honos] adj. regarded with honor, honored, respected, esteemed; honorable, zvorthy of respect, respectable, creditable; worthy, noble. honor, see honos. honorificus, -a, -um, [honos, cf. facio] adj. that does honor, honorable. honoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [honos] l tr. honor, respect; decorate, embellish, adorn. honos (honor), -oris, m. honor, repute, esteem ; source of honor, glory, praise ; public honor, official dignity, high posi- tion or office, post of honor, prej 'erment, mark of honor. honoris causa, out of respect, with due respect, to shotv honor. hora, -ae, [cf . wpa] f . hour. The Roman hour was a twelfth part of the day from sunrise to sunset. Horatius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp. M. Horatius, one of the three Roman brothers, champions of Rome in the combat with three Curiatii, champions of the Albans. horreo, horrere, horrui, , 2 tr. and intr. bristle ; shiver or shudder with cold or fright ; shudder at, tremble at, dread. horribilis, -e, [horreo] adj. dreadful, frightful, terrible, horrible. horridus, -a, -um, [cf. horre5] adj. bristly ; rough, rude, rugged, wild ; horrible, dreadful. hortatio, -onis, [hortor] f. encourage- ment, exhortation. hortatus, -lis, [hortor] m. used only in the abl. encouragement, incitement, ad- monition, exhortation. Hortensius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. Esp. Q. Hortensius Hortalus, Cicero's early rival in oratory, regularly identified with the aristocratic party, consul 69 B.C. hortor, -ari, -atus sum, 1 dep. encourage, cheer, urge, exhort; urge on, incite, in- stigate, prompt; address. hortus, -1, m. garden. hospes, -itis, m. entertainer, host; guest, visitor, stranger; guest-friend, friend. hospitium, -I, [hospes] n. hospitable re- ception, entertainment ; hospitality, tie of hospitality ; relation of host or guest, fyiendly relation, friendship. hostilis, -e, [hostis] adj. of an enemy, enemy's; inimical, hostile. hostis, -is, c. stranger ; enemy, foe; pub- lic enemy. HS, see sestertius. hue, [hie] adv. hither, here, to this place; to this point, so far; to this, besides. hucine, [hue + -ne] interrog. adv. hither- to, to this, so far. huius modi, see modus. htimanitas, -atis, [hiimanus] f . human nature, humanity; kindliness, kindness, sympathy, good nature, politeness; civilization, culture, refinement. humanus, -a, -um, [homo] adj. of man, human; humane, kind, courteous, polite; civilized, cultivated, cultured, refined. humerus, see umerus. humilis, -e, [humus] adj. low, lowly; slight, small; base, abased, mean, of low origin, obscure, poor, humble. humilitas, -atis, [humilis] f • lowness ; insignificance, humble position ; mean- ness, baseness. hodiernus —Ignobilis 65 humus, -I, f. ground, soil, earth. Loc. hum!, on the ground. iaceo, iacere, iacul, , 2 intr. lie, lie prostrate; lie dead; be low, be level ; fall to the ground, be overthrown, be disproved. iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum, 3 tr. throw, cast, fling, hurl; lay, construct, estab- lish; throw up, bring as an accusation, charge ; throw out, let fall, intimate ; mention, declare, utter. iacto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of iacio] 1 tr. throw, cast, hurl; throw about, toss about, toss, shake, flourish ; utter, speak, say. se iactare, boast, show one's self off, make a display. iactura, -ae, [iacio] f . a throwing away; lavish expenditure, expense, cost, sacri- fice; loss, damage. iactus, -us, [iacio] m. a throwing; throw, cast, stroke. iam, adv. at present, now, at this time ; still; at last, at length; already, by this time, ere now, so soon ; just, a moment ago, just noiv ; forthwith, straightway, immediately ; presently, soon; of assur- ance, now, then, then surely, no doubt; with coinp. from time to time, gradu- ally, iam dudum, long before, a long time ago, for a long time, this long time, iam pridem, long since, long ago, for a long time, iam turn, at that very time, even then, iam vero, moreover, again, but further, now fi- nally, sed iamj now however, non iam, no longer, not any more. Ianiculum, -I, n. the Janiculum, one of the hills on which Rome was situ- ated. ianua, -ae, f- door, gate, entrance. Ianuarius, -a, -um, [ianua] adj. of January, January. As subst. Ianu- arius, -1, m. January. ibl, adv. there, in that place; thereupon; in that case, on that occasion. ibidem, [ibl, cf. idem] adv. in the same place, there also, in that very place, just there, on the spot. ico, icere, Ici, ictum, 3 tr. strike, hit, smite; of treaties, make, enter into. Ictus, -us, [Ico] m. blow, stroke, thrust, stab, wound. idcircS, [id + abl. of circus] adv. there- fore, on that account, for that reason. Idem, eadem, idem, gen. eiusdem, [is] dem. pron. the same; often translated adverbially, at the same time, also, as well, too, likewise, furthermore; in com- parisons, the same as, identical with. identidem, [idem + et + idem] adv. again and again, repeatedly, constantly; ever and anon, now and then. ideo, [id + eo] adv. for that reason, on that account, therefore. idoneus, -a, -um, adj. fit, suitable, prop- er, adapted, convenient, deserving; ca- pable, sufficient. Idus, Iduum, abbreviated Id., f. pi. the Ides, the 15th day (of March, May, July, October) or the 13th (of other months). ieiunus, -a, -um, adj. fasting, hungry; poor, barren, insignificant, meagre, con- temptible. igitur, conj. then, therefore (cf. erg5), accordingly, consequently; then, tell me, say; in summing up an argument, 1 say then, so then, you see, in short. quid igitur, see quid. Ignarus, -a, -um, [in- + gnarus, cf. n5- SCO] adj. not knowing, ignorant, unac- quainted with, unaware; unskilled in, inexperienced. Ignavia, -ae, [Ignavus] f. laziness, idle- ness, shiftlessness, xvorthlessness; cow- ardice. Ignavus, -a, -um, [in- + gnavus] adj. lazy, slothful, sluggish, shiftless; cow- ardly, dastardly. Ignis, -is, m. fire. Ignobilis, -e, [in- + (g)n5bilis] adj. not famous, obscure; of low birth, base-born, ignoble. 66 VOCABULARY lgnominia, -ae, [in- + (g)nomen] f . dis- grace, dishonor, ignominy, infamy; as a legal or military term, degradation. Ignoratio, -onis, [ignoro] f. tvant of knowledge, lack of acquaintance, igno- rance. Ignoro, -are, -avl, -atum, [cf . Ignarus] 1 tr. and intr. not know, be unaware, be unacquainted with, fail to notice, be ignorant of. ignosco, -ere, Ign5vi, ignotum, [in- + (g)nosco] 3 tr. and intr. pardon, for- give, excuse; overlook, make allowances for. Ignotus, -a, -urn, [in- + (g)notus, from nosco] adj. unknown, unfamiliar, strange; without repute, obscure, mean. Ilias, -ados, pAias] f. the Iliad, the Greek epic poem by Homer. illatus, see inlatus. ille, ilia, illud, gen. illius, dem. pron. that (referring to that which is more remote from the speaker); he, she. it; the, the great, the famous, the well- known, hie . . . ille, see hie. illecebra, see inlecebra. illinc, [illim, thence, + ce] adv. from that place, from there, thence; from that quarter, on that side, there. nine . . . illinc, see nine. illii-, see inlu-. illuc, [illic, cf. ille] adv. to that place, thither, there. Illyricus, -a, -um, adj. of lllyria, llly- rian. imago, -inis, [cf. imitor] f. imitation, copy, representation, likeness, image; statue, bust, effigy; picture in imagina- tion, idea, conception, thought; empty form, semblance, shadow. imbecillitas (inb-), -atis, [imbecillus] f . weakness, feebleness, imbecility; help- lessness. imbecillus (inb-), -a, -um, adj. weak, feeble. imber, imbris, m. rain, shower; pour- ing rain, rainstorm. imberbis (inb-), -e, [in- +barba,fowrfl adj. without a beard, beardless. imbibo (inb-), -ere, imbibi, , [in + bibo] 3 tr. drink in, i?nbibe; fake in or conceive a notion. imbuo (inb-), -ere, imbui, imbutum, 3 tr. wet, moisten; steep, stain, faint; touch, affect, tinge, imbue. imitatio, -onis, [imitor] f. a copying, imitation. imitator, -oris, [imitor] m. imitator, copier. imitor, -ari, -atus sum, 1 dep. imitate, act like, copy. immanis (inm-), -e, adj. monstrous, enormous, huge, vast; inhuman, brutal; fierce, wild, savage. immanitas, -atis, [immanis] f. mon strous size; monstrousness, enormity, ba)barity, brutality, savagetiess, cruelty immaturus, -a, -um, [in- + maturus] adj. unripe, immature; premature, un- timely. immineo, -ere, — , , [in, cf . minor] 2 intr. project over, overhang; threaten, menace; be near, be at hand, impend. imminuo (inm-), -ere, -ui, utum, [in + minuo] 3 tr. lessen, diminish; reduce, weaken, impair, destroy; encroach upon, infringe, violate. immitto (inm-), -ere, immisi, immis- sum, [in + mitto] 3 tr. send in, let in, admit, introduce; send against, let loose, set on, incite; throw, discharge. immo, adv. nay, on the contrary, no in deed. immo vero, nay on the con trary, nay rather, nay even. immoderatus (inm-), -a, -um, [in- + moderatus] adj. beyond bounds; un. restrained, unbridled, excessive. immortalis (inm-), -e, [in-+mortalis] adj. undying, immortal; imperishable, endless, eternal. immortalitas (inm-), -atis, [immor- talis] f. immortality, endless life; inu perishable fame, undying renown. Ignominia— improbo 6 7 imparatus (inp-), -a, -um, [in- + para- tus] adj. not ready, unprepared; off one's guard. impedimentum, -I, [impedio] n. hin- drance, impediment; pi. travelling equipage, luggage, baggage. impedio (inp-), -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [in, cf. pes] 4 tr. entangle, hamper ; embar- rass; interfere with, hinder, impede, ob- struct, check, prevent. impeditus (inp-), -a, -um, [pf.p. of im- pedio] adj. entangled, hampered, em- barrassed, encumbered, impeded ; im- passable, inaccessible ; busy, preoccupied, embarrassing, difficult, troublesome. impello (inp-), -pellere, -pull, impul- sum, [in + pello] 3 tr. strike against ; drive forward, move, impel ; urge on, instigate, induce, incite, persuade. impendeo (inp-), -ere, — , , [in + pendeo] 2 tr. and intr. overhang; be near, be at hand, be imminent; Jiang over, threaten, impend. imperator, -oris, [impero] m. com- mander-in-chief, general ; imperator ; commander, leader, director, ruler. iinperatorius, -a, -um, [imperator] adj. of a commander, of a general. imperitus (inp-), -a, -um, [in- + perltus] adj. inexperienced, unversed, unfamiliar with, unacquainted with, ignorant. imperium, -i, [impero] n. command, order, orders; authority, control, su- preme authority ; supreme power, sov- ereignty, dominion, empire, supremacy, $way. impero, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + paro] 1 tr. and intr. command, order, give orders; exercise authority over, ride, govern, control, be master of. impertiS (inp-), -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [in + partio] 4 tr. share with, impart; bestow upon, confer, give; assign, attribute. impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + patro, perform} 1 tr. gain one's end, cany one's point, accomplish, succeed in get- ting, get, obtain one's request, procure by request or Influence, impetrare a (ab), obtain ones request from, prevail upon, persuade. impetus, -us, [in, or. petoj in. attack, onset, charge, assault ; rush, impetus ; impulse, excitement ; violence, vehe- mence, fury. impietas, -atis, [impius] f. disloyalty, irreverence, ungodliness, impiety. impius, -a, -um, [in- + pius] adj. un- dutiful, irreverent, ungodly, abandoned; impious, wicked, shameless. impleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, [in + pleo, fill] 2 tr. Jill up, fill full, fill ; fill out, finish; fulfil, discharge. implico, -are, -avi or -ui, -atum or -itum, [in + plico] 1 tr. infold, envelop; entangle, involve, embarrass, implicate ; interweave, connect intimately, unite, associate. imploro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + ploro, cry out] 1 tr. and intr. cry to for help, beseech, entreat, beg earnestly, implore. impono, -ponere, -posui, impositum, [in + pono] 3 tr. place upon, set on or over, put in, place ; put on board, em- bark ; impose, saddle upon; impose upon, cheat. importo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + porto] 1 tr. bring in, introduce, import ; bring upon, bring about, occasion, cause. importunus, -a, -um, adj. unsuitable, untimely; rude, harsh, unfeeling, cruel, unrelenting, savage, inhuman. imprimis or in primis, [in, primus] adv. among the first, especially, particu- larly, chiefly, principally. imprimo, -primere, -press!, impres- sum, [in + premo] 3 tr. press upon ; impress, imprint, stamp, mark, en- grave. improbe, [improbus] adv. wickedly, wrongly, recklessly. improbitas, -atis, [improbus] f. wicked- ness, rascality, dishonesty, want of principle, depravity. improbo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in- + probol 1 tr. disapprove, blame, con- demn, reject. 68 VOCABULAKY improbus, -a, -urn, [in- + probus] adj. wicked, bad, unprincipled, depraved, abandoned ; shameless, outrageous, base. As subst. improbus, -I, m. un- principled man, rascal; in pi. often, the dangerous, the seditious, revolution- ists, anarchists. improvidus, -a, -urn, [in- + providus, cf. pro video] adj. not foreseeing ; thoughtless, careless, heedless, reckless. improvisus, -a, -urn, [in- + provisus, from provideo] adj. unforeseen, unex- pected, improviso, adv., or de (ex) improviso, unexpectedly, on a sudden, unawares. imprudens, -entis, [in-+priidens] adj. not foreseeing, not expecting, not being aware, off one's guard, unsuspecting ; inconsiderate, heedless. imprudentia, -ae, [imprudens] f. want of foresight, thoughtlessness, lack of consideration, inadvertence, ignorance. impube's, -eris, [in- + pub6s] adj. beard- less, under age, youthful, mere boy. impudens, -entis, [in- + pudens, from pudeo] adj. shameless, impudent. impudenter, [impudens] adv. shame- lessly, indecently, impudently. impudentia, -ae, [impudens] f. shame- lessness, impudence. impudicus, -a, -um, [in- + pudicus, chaste'] adj. unchaste, immodest, in- decent, shameless. impune, [impunis, unpunished] adv. unpunished, with impunity. impunitas, -atis, [impunis, unpun- ished] f. freedom from punishment, safety, impunity. impunitus, -a, -um, [in- + punltus, from punio] adj. unpunished, unre- strained, without restraint, free from danger, secure. impurus, -a, -um, [in- + purus] adj. unclean, filthy; impure, defiled, aban- doned, vile. Imus, -a, -um, contraction for infimus, superl. of Inferus. ^ inc in, prep, with ace. and abl. : 1. With ace: of place, with verbs of motion, into, to, toward, against, into the midst of, among; of direc- tion and disposition, to, towards, against ; of time, into, till, to, for; of purpose, for, with a view to; of result, to, unto, so as to pro- duce; of manner, according to, after, in, on; of other relations, into, to, in, with respect to, concern- ing, about, accof^ding to, for. 2. With abl. : of place, in, within, on, upon, over, under, among; of time, in, during, in the course of, within, while; of other relations, in, in- volved in, engaged in, under the influence of, in inspect to, in the case of, in the matter of on the con- dition. in-, inseparable prefix [cf . Eng. un-, not] ; prefixed to adjectives, it negatives or re- verses their meaning. inanis, -e, adj. empty; empty-handed, stripped, deserted, unoccupied, vacant; useless, idle, worthless, profitless, vain. inauditus, -a, -um, [in- + auditus, from audio] adj. unheard of, unusual, strange, includible. inauratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of inauro, gild] adj. gilded, golden. incautus, -a, -um, [in- + cautus] adj. incautious, off one's guard, thoughtless, reckless; improvident. .pedo, -cedere, -c6ssi, incessum, [in + C(Bdo] 3 intr. advance, proceed, march, walk; come, arrive, attack; happen, befall, occur. incendium, -l, [incendo] n. burning, fire, conflagration; heat, flame, glow. incendo, -ere, incendi, incensum, 3 tr. set fire to, kindle, burn; rouse, excite, inflame, incense. incensio, -onis, [incendo] f. a burning. inceptum, -1, [incipio] n. beginning; attempt, undertaking. incertus, -a, -um, [in- + certus] adj. not determined, unsettled, vague, ob- scure; unproved, doubtful, dubious, un- improbus— indicium 6 9 certain; undecided, wavering, irreso- lute; untrustworthy, fickle. incessus, -us, [inc6do] m. walk, pace, gait. incestus, -a, -urn, [in- + castus,mora% pure] adj. impure, defiled, sinful; un- chaste, lewd, lustful, incestuous. incestus, -us, [incestus] m. incest. inchoo, see incoho. incido, -cidere, -cidi, incasum, [in + cado] 3intr. fall in, fall, strike; fall in with, happen upon, meet; fall into, incur, become involved; fall upon, be- fall, happen, occur. incidS, -cidere, -cidi, incisum, [in + caedo] 3 intr. cut into, cut through, cut open; cut in, engrave, inscribe. incipio, -cipere, -cepi, inceptum, [in f capio] 3 tr. and intr. take in hand, un- dertake; begin, commence. incitamentum, -1, [incit5] n. incentive, stimulus, inducement. incito, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + cito] 1 tr. set in rapid motion, hasten, quicken; urge on, spur on, incite, stimulate, en- courage, rouse, excite. inclinatio, -onis, [inclino] f. a leaning; inclination, tendency, bias. inclino, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. and intr. lean, bend, turn; incline, be inclined, be favorably disposed. incliido, -cludere, -clusi, inclusum, [in + claudo] 3 tr. shut in, shut up in, enclose, confine; stop up, obstruct; in- clude, embrace, comprehend. incognitus, -a, -urn, [in- + cognitus, from c5gnosc6] adj. not examined, un- tried, unheard, unknown. incoho (incho5), -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. begin, commence. incola, -ae, [incolo] c. inhabitant. incolo, -colere, -colui, — , [in + colo] '■!, tr. and intr. have one's home or abode, dwell, live; dwell in, inhabit. incolumis, -e, adj. unharmed, unhurt, uninjured, safe, sound, whole. incommodum, -i, [incommodus] n. in- convenience, trouble, disadvantage; harm, misfortune, disaster, loss, defeat. incommodus, -a, -um, [in- + commo- dus] adj. unsuitable, unfit; disagree- able, troublesome. inconsideratus, -a, -um, [in- + conside- rs tus, from consider 5] adj. not con- sidered; thoughtless, heedless, incon- siderate. incorrupt e, [incorruptus] adj. uncor- ruptly, justly, fairly, without bias. incorruptus, -a, -um, [in- + corruptus, from corrumpo] adj. unspoiled, uncor- rupted; unbribed, incorruptible. incrSbresco (-b6sc5), -ere, increbrui (-bui), — , [in + crSbr6sc6, cf. cr6- ber] 3 intr. become frequent; grow, rise, increase, spread. incredibilis, -e, [in- + crexlibilis] adj. incredible, beyond belief, extraordinary, marvellous, unparalleled. increpo, -are, -ui, -itum, [in + crepS, rattle'] 1 intr. and tr. make a noise, sound, rattle; be noised abroad, transpire. incultus, -a, -um, [in- + cultus, from COlo] adj. uncultivated ; neglected, un- polished, uncouth, rude. incumbo, -ere, incubui, incubitum, [in, cf. cub5] 3 intr. lie upon, lean or recline upon, bend to ; bend one's ener- gies to, make an effort, exert one's self. incurro, -currere, -cucurri or -curri, incursum, [in + curro] 3 tr. and intr. run into, run on, rush at, make an at- tack. indagS, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + ag5] 1 tr. trace out, track; seek out, investigate. inde, adv. from that place, thence ; from that point, from that, consequently, therefore ; from that time, thencefor- ward, after that, thereafter; thereupon, then. indemnatus, -a, -um, [in- + damnatus, from damno] adj. uncondemned, un- sentenced. * index, -icis, [cf. indico] c. discloser, in- former, witness. indicium, -i, [indico] n. disclosure, in- 7° VOCABULARY formation, evidence, testimony; sign, mark, indicat ion , pi vof. indic5, -are, -avi, -atum, [index] l tr. point out, shoiv, make known, inform, give information, disclose, reveal ; in- form against, betray, accuse. indico, -dicere, -dixi, indictum, [in + dlco] 3 tr. declare publicly, proclaim, announce, declare. 1. indictus, -a, -um, see indico. 2. indictus, -a, -um, [in- + dictus, from died] adj. unsaid ; unpleaded, untried, unheard. indict a causa, without a hearing. indigng, [indignus] adv. unworthily, undeservedly, dishonorably, shamefully; angrily, indignantly, indigne" ferre, see fer5. indignus, -a, -um, [in- + dignus] adj. unworthy, undeserving, not fit; unbe- coming, shameful, intolerable, outra- geous. indomitus, -a, -um, [in- + domitus, from domo] adj. untamed, unsubdued, indomitable; unrestrained, unbridled. induco, -ducere, -duxi, inductum, [in + dllco] 3 tr. lead in, bring in, introduce, bring forward ; lead on, move, excite, instigate, persuade, induce, animum inducere, determine, resolve. industria, -ae, [industrius] f . diligence, activity, zeal, industry. de" indu- stria, deliberately, on purpose, inten- tionally. industrius, -a, -um, adj. diligent, pains- taking, active, zealous, industrious. ineo, -ire, -Ivi or -il, -itum, [in + eo] irr. tr. and intr. go into, enter ; enter upon, undertake, engage in; come on, begin ; enter into, get into, gain, secure, adopt, iniens aetas or adulgscentia, early youth. inermis, -e, [in- + arma] adj. unarmed, 'without weapons, defenceless. iners, -ertis, [in- + ars] adj. unskilful, awkivard, incompetent ; idle, indolent, sluggish, lazy, shiftless, worthless. inertia, -ae, [iners] t unsUlfulness ; idleness, indolence, laziness, shiftless- ness. inexpiabilis, -e, [in-, cf. expio] adj. not to be atoned for, inexpiable ; impla- cable, irreconcilable. Infamia, -ae, [Infamis] f. ill-fame, bad repute, dishonor, disgrace, infamy. infamis, -e, [in- + fama] adj. of ill repute, disreputable, notorious, infamous. Infellx, -Icis, [in- + felix] adj. unfruit- ful, barren; unfortunate, unlucky, ill- starred, wretched, ill-omened, ill-fated. Inferior, -ius, see Inferus. Infer 5, -ferre, intuli, inlatum (ill-), [in + fero] irr. tr. bring in, introduce, carry in, take to, carry, bring ; move, bring against, wage, direct, put upon ; bring fonvard, adduce, allege ; cause, -excite, inflict ; of fire, throiv upon, ap- ply, set. Inferus, -a, -um, adj. beloiv, beneath, lower ; of the lower world. As subst. in pi. Inferl, -orum, m. inhabitants of the lower world, the dead, the shades. ab Inferls, from the dead. Comp. In- ferior, -ius, lower, inferior. Superl. Infimus (-umus) or Imus, -a, -um, lowest, last, the bottom of, at the bottom; basest, most degraded, meanest. infest us, -a, -um, adj. unsafe, in danger; hostile, troublesome, dangerous. Infidglis, -e, [in- + fidelis] adj. not to be trusted, unfaithful, faithless, perfidi- ous. infidelitas, -atis, [Infidelis] f. unfaith- fulness, faithlessness, infidelity, treach- ery. Infimus, -a, -um, see Inferus. Inflnitus, -a, -um, [in- + finuus, from finio, limit] adj. unlimited, unbounded, boundless ; endless, infinite ; countless, numberless. Inflrmitas, -atis, [Infirmus] f. weak- ness, feebleness, infirmity; instability, inconstancy. Inflrmo, -are, -avi, -atum, [Infirmus] 1 tr. weaken ; invalidate, disprove^ re- fute, annul. indico— iniuria 71 infirmus, -a, -um, [in- + flrmus] adj. not strong, weak, feeble, infirm; incon- stant, superstitious, timorous. Infitiator, -oris, [Infitior] m. denier, repudiator, shuffler. lentus Infitia- tor, bad debtor. infitior, -ari, -atus sum, [in- + fateor] 1 dcp. not acknowledge or confess, deny, disavow, disown; repudiate. Inflammo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + flammo] 1 tr. set fire to, set on fire, light up; kindle, inflame, excite, arouse. Inflo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + flo, blow] 1 tr. blow into, blow on; inspire, en- courage; puff up, inflate. Informo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in+formo, shape] 1 \\. shape, mould, form; in form, instruct, educate, train. Infringo, -fringere, -fregi, Infractum, [in + frango] 3 tr. break off, bruise; break down, overcome, destroy; weaken, impair, check. Infumus, -a, -um, sec Inferus. ingemisco, -ere, ingemui, — , [inch. of ingemo, groan over] 3 intr. utter a groan, heave a sigh, groan. ingenero, -are, -avi, -atum, [in, cf. glgnoj 1 tr. implant; engender, gen- erate^ create. ingenium, -i, [in, cf. gigno] n. innate quality, nature; natural disposition, temperament, character; bent, talent; talents, capacity, mental ability, intel- lect, genius. ingSns, -entis, adj. unnatural; huge, enormous, vast, prodigious, very great, remarkable. ingenuus, -a, -um, [in, cf. gigno] adj. native; free-born, born of free parents. As subst. ingenuus, -i, m. free-born person, freeman; pi. thefreeborn. ingratus, -a, -um, [in- + gratus] adj. unpleasant, disagreeable, unacceptable; thankless, ungrateful. ingravesco, -ere, — , , [inch, of ingravo, weigh down] 3 intr. grow burdensome; increase, be aggravated, groiv worse. ingredior, -gredl, ingressus sum, [in + gradior, go] 3 dcp. go forward, ad- vance, proceed, go; go into, march into, enter; enter upon, engage in, undertake, begin. ingressus, -us, [cf. ingredior] m. a going into, entrance; walking, going. inhaereo, -haerere, -haesi, -haesum, [in + haereo] 2 tr. and intr. stick fast, fasten itself, be fastened upon, cling, ad- here. inhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [in + habeo] 2 tr. hold in, hold back, restrain, curb. inhio, -are, -avi, -atum, [In+hio, gape] 1 tr. and intr. gape, hold the mouth open to. inhumanus, -a, -um, [in- + humanus] adj. inhuman, brutal, barbarous, cruel. initio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, [in + iacio] 3 tr. throw into, cast into,put in; throw on or around, put on; inspire, infuse, suggest, bring upon, cause. inimicitia, -ae, [inimicus] f. enmity, hostility; feud. inimicus, -a, -um, [in- + amicus] adj. w friendly, hostile, inimical; hurtful, injurious, damaging. As subst. ini- micus, -I, m. personal enemy, opponent, rival, enemy, foe. iniquitas, -atis, [iniquus] f . inequality, unevenness; unfavorableness, difficulty; unfairness, injustice. iniquus, -a, -um, [in- + aequus] adj. un- even, slanting, steep; unfavorable, dis- advantageous, dangerous; unfair, un- just; hostile, adverse, unkind. initio, -are, -avi, -atum, [initium] i tr. initiate into sacred mysteries, conse- crate. initium, -I, [ine5] n. a going in, en- trance; beginning, commencement, the first of. iniuratus, -a, um, [in- + iurStus] adj. unsworn, not on oath. iniuria, -ae, [iniurius, from in- + ius] f. injustice, wrong, injury, outrage; unlawful violence, assault, trespass; in- sult, affront; abl. iniuria, unjustly, wrongfully i undeservedly. 72 VOCABULARY iniuriose, i iniuriosus, unjust] adv. un- justly, unlawfully, injuriously, with outrage. iniustus, -a, -urn, [in- + iustus] adj. un- fair, unreasonable, severe, excessive, op- pressive, unjust, wrongful. inlatus, -a, um, see infero. inlecebra(ill-),-ae, [in + lacio, entice] f. enticement, allurement, seduction, charm, bait. inlucesco (ill-), -ere, inluxi, — , [in + inch, of lticeo] 3 tr. and intr. begin to shine, dawn, break. inlustris (ill-), -e, [in, cf. lustro] adj. bright, lighted, shining, brilliant; clear, manifest, self-evident, clear or plain as day; distinguished, noble, famous, il- lustrious. inlustro (ill-), -are^ -avi, -atum, [in + lustro] 1 tr. light up, illuminate; bring to light, make clear, elucidate, disclose, clear up, explain; make famous, make illustrious. innocens, -entis, [in- + nocens] adj. harmless, inoffensive; blameless, guilt- less, innocent; disinterested, frje from corruption, upright. As subst. m. in- nocent man; pi. the innocent. innocentia, -ae, [innocens] f . blameless- ness, innocence; blameless conduct, up- rightness, integrity, disinterestedness. innumerabilis, -e, [in-, cf. numero] adj. countless, innumerable, numberless; immeasurable. inopia, -ae, [inops] f. want, lack, scar- city, dearth; need, poverty, destitution, privation. inops, -opis, [in- + ops] adj. without re- sources, helpless, weak; poor, needy, destitute, in poverty, without. inquam, inquis, inquit, def. intr. al- ways parenthetic, i" say, say 1, quoth T. inquiro, -quirere, -qulslvi, inquisi- tum, [in + quaer 5] 3 tr. and intr. seek after, search for; inquireinto, examine, investigate; make investigations, seek grounds of accusation. inquisitor, -oris, [inquiro] m. exam- iner, inspector; investigator, collector of evidence. inrepo (irr-), -repere, -repsi, — , [in + repo, creep] 3 intr. creep in, slip in, steal in ; be stealthily inserted. inretio (irr-), -ire, -ivi, -itum, [in + rete, net] 4 tr. catch in a net, ensnare; entrap, entangle, involve. inrito (irr-), -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. in- cite, instigate; excite, provoke, exasper- ate, irritate. inrogo (irr-), -are, -avi, -atum, [in + rogo] 1 tr. propose ; impose, inflict. inrumpo (irr-), -rumpere, -rupi, -rup- tum, [in + rumpo] 3 intr. break in, force one^s way in, burst into, fall upon; break in upon, interrupt, intrude. inruo (irr-), -ruere, -rui, , [in +ruo] 3 intr. rush into, rush upon, make an attack ; force one^s self into, incur, enter upon eagerly. inruptio (irr-), -onis, [inrumpo] f. a breaking in ; incursion, inroad, in- vasion, raid. Insania, -ae, [insanus] f. unsoundness of mind, madness; mad folly, frenzy, craze, mad outbreak. insanio, -Ire, -ivi, -itum, [insanus] 4 intr. be of unsound mind, be without reason, be insane, be mad, rave. Insanus, -a, -um, [in- + sanus] adj. of unsound mind, mad, insane ; frantic, violent, foolish, absurd, crazy; out- rageous, monstrous, extravagant. Insciens, -entis, [in- + sciens] adj. not knowing, without knowledge, unaware; often translated adverbially, unwitting- ly, without one's knowledge, without knowing it, unawares. Inscientia, -ae, [Insciens] f. want of knowledge, ignorance, lack of acquaint- ance with, inexperience. Inscitia, -ae, [Inscitus, fromin- + scio] f. ignorance, inexperience, clumsiness, stupidity. inscius, -a, -um, [in-, cf. scio] adj. not knowing, unaware, ignorant ; often translated adverbially, unwittingly, iniuriose— insto 73 without one's knowledge, without know- ing if, unawares. Inscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, Inscrip- tum, [in + scrlbo] 3 tr. write upon, in- scribe; assign, attribute, ascribe. Insector, -ari, -atus sum, [freq. of in- sequor] 1 dep. follow up, pursue; at- tack, rail at, inveigh against. Insepultus, -a, -um, [in- + sepultus] adj. unburied, without burial. Insequor, -sequi, insectitus sum, [in + sequor] 3 dep. follow after, succeed, follow ; follow up, pursue, press upon, hunt down; censure, reproach. Inservio, -Ire, , -Itum, [in + servio] 4 tr. and intr. serve, be submissive to, be a slave to ; devote one's self, be de- voted to. Insideo, -sidere, -sedi, Insessum, [in + sedeo] 2 tr. and intr. sit upon, settle, have one's seat or place in, dwell; be in- herent in, inhere ; take jx)ssessio?i of, hold. Insidiae, -arum, [cf. insideo] f . plural, snare, trap; ambush, ambuscade; trick, stratagem, artifice, plot, treachery. Insidiator, -oris, [Insidior] m. one who lies in wait or in ambush, lurker, way- layer, highwayman, secret assassin. Insidior, -ari, -atus sum, [insidiae] l dep. lie in wait or in ambush for, watch for, plot against. insidiose, [Insidiosus] adv. cunningly, deceitfully, treacherously, insidiously. insidiosus, -a, -um, [insidiae] adj. cun- ning, deceitful, treacherous; dangerous :' Insido, -sidere, -s6dl, -sessum, [in + Sldo, cf. sedeo] 3 tr. and intr. sit upon, settle on ; occupy, keep possession of; fasten itself upon, be fixed in, be rooted in, remain, adhere to. insigne, -is, [Insignis] n. mark, sign, token, signal; badge, decoration; pi. often, insignia, regalia, costume, uni- form. Insignis, -e, [in + signum] adj. marked, remarkable, signal, notable, conspicuous, distinguished, extraordinary. Insimulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + simulo] 1 tr. charge, accuse, blame ; bring as a charge. Insolens, -entis, [in- + solens, from soleo] adj. unwonted, unusual; im- moderate, haughty, arrogant, insolent. Insolenter, [Insolens] adv. in an un- usual manner ; immoderately, haugh- tily, insultingly, insolently. Insolentia, -ae, [Insolens] f. strange- ness, novelty; want of moderation, extravagance, haughtiness, arrogance, insolence. Insolitus, -a, -um, [in- + solitus, from soleo] adj. unwonted, unaccustomed, unusual, uncommon, strange. Inspects, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of Inspicio, look into'] 1 tr. and intr. look at, look on, observe, view. Inspectante aliquo, under the eyes of some one, be- fore some one's eyes. Insperans, -antis, [in- + sperans, from spero] adj. not hoping, beyond one's hope, not expecting, contrary to one's expectations. Insperatus, -a, -um, [in- + speratus, from spero] adj. unhoped for, un- expected, unlocked for, unforeseen. instauro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in, cf . sto] 1 tr. establish; renew, repeat, resume. Instituo, -ere, institui, Institutum, [in -f-statuo] 3 tr. and intr. put in place, set; set up, plant, found, establish; draw up, arrange, array; make, build, consttmct ; get ready, prepare, provide, procure; constitute, appoint, designate; set about, undertake, begin, start; pur- pose, determine, decide, resolve upon; teach, instruct, train up. ab Insti- tuto cursu,//w/i one's purposed course. Institutum, -I, [Instituo] n. purpose, intention, design ; practice, habit, cus- tom, precedent ; institution, ordinance, regulation; established principle. Insto, -stare, -stitl, , fat. part, in- stattirus, [in + st5] 1 intr. stand on; be close at hand, be at hand, draw nigh, approach ; press upon, pursue, harass ; threaten, menace, impend ; persist, in- sist upon; urge, demand earnestly. 74 VOCABULARY Instructus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of Instruo] adj. furnished, supplied, equipped ; ar- ranged, ready; instructed, versed. Instrumentum, -I, [Instruo] n. imple- ment, tool, instrument ; appliances, stock, furniture, supplies; means, assist- ance, furtherance. Instruo, -ere, Instruxi, Instrtictum, [in + struo, pile up] 3 tr. build in ; pre- pare, make ready, fit up, furnish, pro- vide, fit out, equip; of troops, draiv up, array. insula, -ae, f. island, isle. Insulto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of in- silio, leap at] 1 intr. leap on, leap, bound; scoff at, revile, abuse, taunt, insult, out- rage. Insum, inesse, Infui, [in + sum] irr. intr. be in, be upon; be found, exist in, be present, belong to. integer, -gra, -grum, [in-, cf. tango] adj. untouched, entire, whole; unim- paired, uninjured, unbroken, unwea- ried, fresh, rigorous, sound; undecided, undetermined, open, new; unbiassed, impartial; uncorrupted, irreproach- able, blameless, of integrity, spotless, pure. integre, [integer] adv. purely, irre- proachably, blamelessly, honestly, with- out prejudice. integritas, -atis, [integer] f. sound- ness; blameless conduct, honesty, up- rightness, integrity. intellego, -legere, -16x1, -lectum, [in- ter + lego] 3 tr. see into, perceive, ob- serve, notice; come to know, be able to see, see plainly, be aware, understand, comprehend. intendo, -tendere, -tendl, -tentum, [in + tendo] 3 tr. and intr. stretch out, ex- tend; spread out fasten; strain, bend; direct, turn, aim, bring; urge, incite; give attention to, purpose, intend. intento, -are, -avi, -atum, [intens. of intends] 1 tr. stretch threateningly, wield in hostility, brandish, aim. inter, prep, with ace. between, among; of position, between, among, amid, in the midst of; of time, between, during, in the course of, for the last, within, in, while. inter se, among themselves, each other, one another, from or to or with each other. Interamna, -ae, f. a town in Umbria surrounded by the river Nar ; now Terni. Interamnas, -atis, [Interamna] adj. of Interamna. intercedo, -cedere, -cessi, interces- sum, [inter + c§do] 3 intr. come between, intervene, come to pass, happen, occur; exist between, be betiveen, be; interpose, stand surety; oppose, veto, protest against; of time, intervene, pass. interegssio, -onis, [intercedo] f . surety- ship; intervention, protest, veto. intercessor, -oris [interc6d5] m. me- diator, surety; interfere?', protester against, adversary ; often used of a vetoing tribune. intercludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clusum, [inter + claudo] 3 tr. shut out, cut off, intercept; shut off, separate; block up, slop, put a stop to, prevent. interdum, [inter + dum] adv. sometimes, at times, now and then, occasionally. interea, [inter + ea] adv. meamvhile, in the meantime, in the interim. intereo, -Ire, -II, -itum, [inter + eo] irr. intr. go among; be lost, go to ruin, be destroyed, decay, perish, die. interfector, -oris, [interficio] m. slayer, murderer, assassin. interficio, -ficere, -f6ci, -fectum, [inter + facio] 3 tr. put out of the way, de- stroy; put to death, slay, kill, murder. intericio, -icere, -i6cl, -iectum, [inter + iacio] 3 tr. throw between, intersperse, join, intermix; pass, be interspersed, be intermingled, intervene, be interme- diate. interim, adv. meanwhile. interims, -imere, -emi, -6mptum, [in- ter +emo] 3 tr. take from the midst, do away with, put an end to ; kill, slay, murder; overwhelm, intolerably dis- tress. . instructus— invenio 75 interior, -ius, gen. -oris, adj. inner, interior, farther inland, middle; more hidden, more profound; more intimate, closer. Superl. intimus < intumus > -a, -urn, inmost, innermost, deepest, pro- found; intimate, close; as Bubst. inti- mus, -1, m. intimate friend. interitus, -us, [intereo] m. overthrow, fat!, destruction, ruin; dea'h. intermortuus, -a, -um, [intermorior, die out] adj. dead, half -dead, lifeless. internecio, -onis, [inter, cf. nex] f. massacre, slaughter, annihilation, ex- termination. interpello, -are, -avi, -atum, [inter, cf. appello] 1 tr. interrupt, break in upon; interfere with, molest, hinder. interpono, -ponere, -posui, interposi- tum, [inter + pond] 3 tr. put in be- tween, place among, interpose; intro- duce, insert; allege, put forward, use as a -pretext. se interponere, inter- fere, act as go-between, intermeddle, engage in. interpres, -etis, c middleman, medi- ator, negotiator, agent. interpretor, -arl, -atus sum, [inter- presj 1 dep. explain, expound, inter- pret ; understand, conclude, decide. interrogo, -are, -avi, -atum, [inter + rogoj 1 tr. ash. inquire of, question. intersum, -esse, -fui, [inter + sum] irr. intr. be between, lie between; intervene, elapse; be different, differ; be present, take part in. assist. Impers. it concerns. it interests, it is of importance, if is im- portant, it makes a difference. intervallum, -I, [inter + vallum, pali- sades] n. space between palisades; in- termediate space, distance apart, dis- tance, interval; intermission, respite. interventus, -lis, [intervenio, come between] m. a coming between, inter - vention, interposition; coming in. ap- ' pear a fee. intestlnus, -a, -um, [intus] adj. in- ternal, intestine. intimus, -a, -um, see interior. intolerabilis, -e, [in- + tolerabilis] adj. "nen durable, intolerable . intolerandus, -a, -um, [in- + toleran- dus] adj. not to be borne, unendurable. intolerable. intra, [cf. interior] adv., and prep, with ace. within, inside; in, info; during, in the course of in less than. introduco, -diicere, -duxi, introduc- tum, [intro (cf. intra) + duco] 3 tr. lead in, conduct in. march in, bring in, introduce. introitus, -us, [intro (cf. intra), cf.'eo] m. a going in, entering, entrance; way of entrance, approach, passage. intueor, -eri, intuitus sum [in + tueor] 2 dep. look upon, cast one's eyes upon, look closely upon, gaze at; regard, con- template, consider, study; admire, won- der at. intus, [in] adv. on the inside, within. inultus,-a, -um, [in- + ultus, from ul- ciscor] adj. unavenged, unrevenged; unpunished; safe, with impunity. intiro, -tirere, -ussi, inustum, [in + uro, bum] 3 tr. burn in; brand upon, brand, imprint, fix indelibly. inusitatus, -a, -um, [in- + usitatus, from usitor] adj. unusual, uncommon, extraordinary, very rare. inutilis, -e, [in- + titilis] adj. useless, of no use, unserviceable, unprofitable ; in- expedient, unavailing. prejudicial, hurt- ful. invado, -vadere, -vasi, invasum, [in + vado, go] 3 tr. and intr. go into, enter; rush upon, make a rush upon, make a charge, attack, assail, fall upon ; lay hold of, seize, take possession of. usurp. inveho, -vehere, -vexl, invectum, [in + veho] 3 tr. carry in, carry to. Pass, as dep. be borne, Hde into ; fall upon, attack ; attack with words, inveigh against. invenio, -venire, -veni, inventum, [in + venio] 4 tr. come upon, find, meet with ; invent, originate, contrive, de- vise; find out, discover, ascertai/i, learn. 7 6 VOCABULARY inventor, -oris, [invenio] m. author, originator, discoverer, inventor. investlgo, -are, -avl, -atum, [in + vestlgS, cf. vestigium] 1 tr. track, trace out ; search into, investigate, find out, discover. inveterasco, -ere, inveteravi, — , [inch, of invetero, cf. vetus] 3 intr. grow old ; become fixed or established, become fastened on, be fixed, be deeply seated, be rooted. invictus, -a, -um, [in- + victus, from vinco] adj. unconquered, unsubdued; unconquerable, invincible. invideo, -videre, -vidi, invisum, [in + video] 2 tr. and intr. look askance at ; be prejudiced against, be jealous ; be envious, envy, grudge; look down on, look with contempt on. invidia, -ae, [invidus] f. envy, jealousy; dislike, ill-will, grudge, hatred; odium, unpopularity. invidi5s6, [invidiosus] adv. enviously, invidiously, hatefully ; in a manner to cause unpopularity. invidiosus, -a, -um, [invidia] adj./wtf of envy, invidious ; exciting hatred, hated, hateful, causing odium, odious. invidus, -a, -um, [cf. invideo] adj. en- vious, jealous, ill-disposed. inviolatus, -a, -um, [in- + violatus, from violo] adj. unhurt, unharmed, uninjured, inviolate; inviolable. invisus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of invideo] adj. hated, hateful, detested, odious. invitatid, -onis, [invito] f . invitation ; incitement, challenge. invito, -are, -avl, -atum, 1 tr. invite, ask ; entertain, feast ; summon, chal- lenge; attract, allure. invitus, -a, -um, adj. unwilling, reluc- tant, on compulsion ; often translated adverbially, against one's will, unwill- ingly, reluctantly. ipse, -a, -um, gen. ipslus, determ. pron. self ; myself, yoursef, himself etc.; / myself, etc.; / myself etc. and none other, I etc. personally, /etc. of my own accord, I am etc. the very man that; I etc. (emphatic) ; very, just, mere, pre- cisely, exactly, own. Ira, -ae, f. anger, wrath; indignation, passion, rage, fury. Iracundia, -ae, [Iracundus] f. prone- ness to anger, irascibility ; anger, pas- sion, wrath, rage, violence. Iracundus, -a, -um, [Ira] adj. prone to anger, easily provoked, irritable, iras- cible ; of a violent temper, passionate, ang?y, wrathful. Irascor, Irasci, Iratus sum, [Ira] 1 dep. get angry, be angry, fly into a passion, be in a rage. Iratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of Irascor] adj. angered, angry, in anger, enraged, furious, violent. irr-, see inr-. is, ea, id, gen. eius, determ. pron. that ; this ; he, she, it ; the, the one, the man ; such, such a man. Abl. eo with com- paratives, all the, the. atque is, et is, isque, and that too, and lie too, etc. id temporis, at that time, just at that time, at that particular time, pro eo ac, see atque. eius with modi, see eiusmodi. iste, -a, -ud, gen. istlus, dem. pron. that (referring to that which belongs to the second person), that of yours, that by or near you; he, she, it; your client (legal); this; such, of such a kind. ita, adv. so, in this way, in such a way, thus, under such circumstances, as fol- lows ; such, of this nature ; to such an extent, so far. Italia, -ae, [n-aAds] f. Italy. Italicus, -a, -um, [Italia] adj. of Italy, Italian. itaque, [ita + -que] conj. and so, accord- ingly, consequently, therefore (cf. ergo). item, adv. likewise, also, too, besides, moreover ; in like manner, just so, so also. iter, itineris, [cf. eo] n. a going ; way, route, journey, march j path, road, course, passage. inventor— Karthago 77 iterum, adv. again, a second time, once more; on the other hand. iterum et saepius, again and again. iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum, 2 tr. order, give orders, bid, tell; command, direct; think it best ; decree, enact, ratify, ap- prove; appoint, assign. iiicunditas, -atis, [iticundus] f. pleas- antness, charm; delight, enjoyment. iucundus, -a, -urn, adj. pleasant, pleas- ing, agreeable, delightful. index, -icis, [ius, cf. dico] c judge; juror (pi. jurors, gentlemen of the jury); arbiter, umpire. iudicialis, -e, [iudicium] adj. of a court, of courts, judicial. iudicium, -I, [iudex] n. trial, investiga- tion, legal process; court; judgment, verdict, sentence; decision, opinion, conviction. iudico, -are, -avi, -atum, [iudex] 1 tr. examine judicially, judge, be a juror, pass judgment, adjudge, hold an opinion, decide ; judge of, fown an opinion of, pass judgment upon ; declare, pro- claim. iugulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [iugulum] 1 tr. cut the throat of, kill, murder, as- sassinate. iugulum, -l, [dim. of iugum, yoke] n. collar bone; throat, neck. Iugurtha, -ae, m. Jugurtha, king of Numidia, conquered by Marius and his lieutenant Sulla, 105 B.C. Iulius, -I, rn. a Roman nomen or gentile name. See Caesar. iungo, iungere, iunxl, iunctum, [cf. iugum, yoke] 3 tr. join, unite, connect, fasten; yoke, harness, attach; bring to- gether, associate, ally. Iunianus, -a, -um, [Iunius] adj. of Junius, Junian, presided over by Junius. Iunius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. See Brutus. Iunius, -a, -um, adj. of June, June. Iuppiter (Iup-), Iovis, m. Jupiter, Jove, the Roman god, supremely good and great (Optimus Maximus), the Stayer (Stator) of Rome, whose temple was situated on the Capitoline Hill. iuratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of iuro] adj. sworn, on oath, bound by an oath. iuro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ius] 1 tr. and intr. swear, take an oath. ius, iuris, n. justice, right, law, duty; legal right, rights, power, authority, prerogative ; court of justice. Abl. iure, often as adv. by right, rightfully, with justice, justly. iusiurandum, iurisiurandi, n. oath. itissus, -US, [iubeo] m. used only in abl. sing, order, orders, command. itiste, [iustus] adv. rightly, justly, fairly, equitably. iustitia, -ae, [iustus] f. justice, equity; uprightness; sense of justice. iustus, -a, -um, Litis] adj. just, upright, righteous; in accordance with the law, lawful, right; fair, equitable, reason- able, proper, suitable, sufficient, com- plete. iuvenis, -is, adj. young. As subst. c. young person, youth, young man. iuventiis, -utis, [iuvenis] f. age of youth, youth; the youth, young people, young men, the young. iuvo, iuvare, itivi, iutum, 1 tr. and intr. help, assist, aid, benefit, support; gratify, please, delight. Kal., abbreviation for Kalendae. Kalendae, -arum, f. pi. the Calends, the first day of the month. Kartbaginiensis, -e, [Kartnago] adj. of Carthage, Carthaginian. As subst. Karthagini6ns6s, -ium, m. pi )eoole of Carthage, the Carthaginians Karthago, -inis, f. Carthage, a city on the north coast of Africa, long the rival of Rome until destroyed by Scipio, 146 B.C. V 78 VOCABULARY L., abbreviation for Lucius. labefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum, [labo + facioj 3 tr. cause to totter, shake, loosen; weaken, overthrow. labefacto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of labefacio] 1 tr. cause to totter, shake; undermine, weaken, overthrow, shatter, destroy. labes, -is, [labor] f. a sinking in; fall, ruin ; stain, spot, blemish, disgrace, scandal; scourge, pest. labo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. labor] l intr. totter, waver, give way; go to pieces, go to ruin. labor, labi, lapsus sum, 3 dep. glide, slip; sink, fall; begin to fall, go tor u in, perish; fall into error, err, commit a fault. labor, -oris, m. labor, toil, exertion, effort; hardship, trouble, distress. laboriosus, -a, -um, [labor] adj. labori- ous, toilsome, wearisome, difficult; in- dustrious; troubled, harassed. laboro, -are, -avi, -atum, [labor] l tr. and intr. labor, toil, strive, take pains; labor under, suffer, be afflicted; be in trouble, trouble one's self, be in distress, be hard pressed. lacero, -are, -avi, -atum, [lacer, mangled] 1 tr. tear to pieces, rend, lacerate, mangle, mutilate. lacesso, -ere, -Ivi, -Itum, [lacio, entice] 3 tr. provoke, challenge, irritate, exas- perate, harass; excite, stimulate, urge. lacrima, -ae, f . tear, lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atum, [lacrima] 1 tr. and intr. shed tears, weep ; weep for, bewail. lactens, -entis, [pr.p. of lacteo, from lac, milk] adj. taking milk, suckling. lacus, -us, m. lake, pool. Laeca, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or family name. Esp. M. Porcius Laeca, the senator at whose honse the Catilin- arians met to formulate the plans of the conspiracy, G3 b,c. laedo, laedere, laesi, iaesuin, 3 tr. hurt, wound, injure; vex, grieve, of- fend, insult; violate, betray, break. Laelius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp. C. Laelius, consul 140 b.c, a lover of literature and philos- ophy, whose intimacy with the younger Scipio is celebrated in Cicero's treatise, '"De Amicitia. 11 laete, [laetus] adv. joyfully, gladly, cheerfully. laetitia, -ae, [laetus] f. joy, gladness, delight, rejoicing, exultation. laetor, -ari, -atus sum, [laetus] l dep. rejoice, be joyful, be glad, take delight. laetus, -a, -um, adj. joyful, joyous, glad, full of joy, delighted; charming, grate- ful, prospe?vits. lamentatio, -onis, [lamentor] f. a wailing, weeping, lamentation. lamentor, -ari, -atus sum, [lamentum] 1 dep. wail, moan, weep; bewail, la- ment, bemoan. lamentum, -l, n. usually plural, a wail-. ing, iveeping, lamentation, languidus, -a, -um, adj. tveak, dull, sluggish, languid; feeble, inactive, list- less, spiritless. Lanuvlnus, -a, -um, [Lanuvium] adj. of Lanuvium. As subst. Lanuvini, -orum, m. pi. the people of Lanuvium, the Lanuvians. Lanuvium, -l, n. a town of Latin in : about twenty miles from Rome, the birthplace of Milo, who was its chief magistrate in 52 b.c. lapidatio, -onis, [cf. lapis] f. a throw- ing of stones, stoning. lapis, -idis, m. stone; milestone; statue. laqueus, -I, [cf. lacio, entice] m. noose, snare, trap; meshes. Lar, Laris, m. a household god, a guardian spirit whose altar was the domestic hearth ; hearth and home, fireside, home; usually plural. largg, [largUS, lavish] adv. abundantly, bountifully, liberally, lavishly. L.— Lemonia 79 largior, -Iri, -Itus sum, [largus, lav- ish,] 4dep. give lavishly, lavish upon, be- stow upon, supply with ; give largesses, bribe; grant, concede. largitio, -onis, [largior] f. lavish giving, dispensing freely, lavishing ; bribery, corruption. largitor, -oris, [largior] m. lavish giver, dispenser; spendthrift, prodigal; giver of bribes, briber. Lars (Lar), Lartis, m. a praenomen or forename of Etruscan origin. See To- lumnius. Iat6, [latus] adv. broadly, widely, ex- tensively; on all sides, far and wide. latebra, -ae, [lateo] f. hiding-place, lurking-place, retreat ; subterfuge, pre- tence. lateo, -ere, -ui, , 2 intr. lie concealed, lie hid. b* hidden, be concealed, lurk; escape notice, remain unknown: Latiaris, -e, [Latium] adj. of Latium; a surname of Jupiter as the protecting divinity of Latium. Latlniensis, -e, [Latium] adj. of Latium, Latin. As subst. a Roman surname. Esp. Q. Caelius Latlniensis, a tribune of the people. Latin us, -a, -um, [Latium] adj. Latin. Latium, -I, n. the district on the western coast of Italy in which Rome is situated, between Etruria on the north and Cam- pania on the south. lator, -oris, [latus] m. bringer; mover of a law, proposer. latro, -onis, m. freebooter, highwayman, robber, bandit, brigand. latrocinium, -I, [latrocinor] n. free- booting, highway-robbery, brigandage, robbery ; band of robbers or marauders. latrocinor, -ari, -atus sum, [latro] l dep. practise freebooting or brigandage, rob on the highways, plunder, 1. latus, -a, -um, pf.p. of fero. 2. latus, -a, -um, adj. broad, wide, ex- tensive. latUS, -eris, n. Hde, funk; the lungs; the person, life. laudatio, -onis, [laudo] f. praise, com- mendation ; funeral oration, eulogy, panegyric, laudatory address. laudator, -oris, [laudo] m. praiser, panegyrist ; eulogizer, approving wit- ness ; eulogist of the dead, funeral orator. Laudicea, -ae, f. a town in Syria. laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, [laus] l tr. praise, extol, eulogize, applaud, com- mend, approve. laureatus, -a, -um, [laurea, laurel- wreath] adj. crowned with laurel, laurelled. laus, laudis, f. praise, commendation ; glory, fame, renown; esteem, credit; praiseworthy thing, ground for praise, laudable action, glorious deed, merit, desert. lectulus, -I, [dim. of lectus] m. small couch, sofa, bed. lectus, -1, m. couch, bed, sofa, lounge. lectus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of lego] adj. chosen, picked, selected; choice, superior, excellent. legatio, -onis, [lego] f. office of legatus or ambassador, embassy, legation. legatus, -l, [lego] m. ambassador, legate; deputy, lieutenant; legatus. legio, -onis, [cf. Ieg5] f. chosen number, levy; legion, consisting of ten cohorts of infantry and three hundred of cavalry, in all between 4,200 and 6,000 men. lggitimus, -a, -um, [lex] adj. accm*d- ing to law, of or at laiv, legal, lawful, legitimate; right, just, proper. lego, -are, -avi, -atum, [lex] l tr. ap- point legally; send as ambassador, commission, despatch ; appoint as deputy, commission as lieutenant or legatus; bequeath, leave by will. lego, legere, legi, lectum, 8 tr, gather together, collect ; pick out, single out, choose, select ; elect, appoint ; read, peruse. Lemonia, -ae, (sc. tribust f. name of one of the country tribes of Rome. 8o VOCABULARY lenio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [lenis] 4 tr. soften, mollify, soothe, assuage; appease, mitigate, pacify, calm. lenis, -e, [cf. lentus] adj. soft, mild, smooth, calm ; gentle, moderate, favor- able, kind. lenitas, -atis, [lenis] f- softness, mild- ness; gentleness, tendeimess. leniter, [lenis] adv. softly, mildly, gently; quietly, calmly, leniently. leno, -onis, m. pimp, pander, procurer ; seducer. lente, [lentus] adv. slowly, leisurely ; calmly, dispassionately, indifferently. Lentulus, -l, m. a Roman cognomen or family name. Esp. : 1. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodi- anus, see Cornelius 4. 2. P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, see Cornelius 5. 3. L. Lentulus, a praetor. 4. P.Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, see Cornelius 6. 5. P. Cornelius Lentulus, see Cor- nelius 7. lentus, -a, -um, [cf. lenis] adj. pliant, flexible, tough, tenacious; slow, sluggish, backward; easy, indifferent, phlegmatic. lentus infitiator, see infitiator. lepidus, -a, -um, adj. pleasant, agree- able; elegant, graceful'; nice, effeminate. Lepidus, -I, [lepidus] m. a Roman cog- nomen or family name. Esp.: 1. M. Aemilius Lepidus, the consul in 78 b.c. who tried to overthrow the Sullan constitution, and was defeated and killed by his colleague Q. Catulus. 2. M\ Aemilius Lepidus, consul 66 B.C. 3. M. Aemilius Lepidus, son of No. 1, the interrex whose house was at- tacked by the mob after the murder of Clodius, 52 b.c; later a member of the Second Triumvirate with Octavian (Augustus) and Mark Antony. Leptines, -is, m. the assassin of Cn. Octavius, ambassador to the court of Antiochus V., king of Syria, levis, -e, adj. light; swift, fleet, nimble; of no weight, unimportant, trivial, slight, petty; capricious, fickle, incon- stant, untrustworthy, false; mild, gen- tle. levitas, -atis, [levis] f. lightness; fic- kleness, inconstancy, unsteadiness, levity. leviter, [levis] adv. lightly; slightly, not much, somewhat; easily, with equanimity. levo, -are, -avi, -atum, [levis] 1 tr. lift up, raise; lighten, relieve, ease; console, refresh, support; lessen, dimin- ish, alleviate, mitigate; free from the burden of, free, release, discharge. lex, l6gis, f . motion for a law, bill; law, statute; rule, regulation, precept, prin- ciple; contract, agreement; condition, stipulation. libellus, -I, [dim. of liber] m. little book, pamphlet, manuscript, writing, paper; notice, placard. libens dub-), -entis, [pr.p. of libet] adj. willing, with good will, with pleasure, glad; often rendered adverbially, glad- ly, etc. libenter, [libens] adv. willingly, cheer- fully, with pleasure, gladly. liber, -era, -erum, [cf. libet] adj./ra?, unrestricted, unrestrained, unimpeded, unembarrassed; unbridled, licentious. liber, libri, m. inner bark of a tree; book. liberalis, -e, [liber] adj. of freedom; befitting a freeman, dignified, noble, honorable; gracious, kind; generous, munificent, liberal. liberalitas, -atis, [liberalis] f. noble disposition or character, kindness; gen- erosity, liberality. liberaliter, [liberalis] adv. nobly; gra- ciously, kindly; generously, liberally, profusely. liberatio, -onis, [libero] f . a setting free, releasing from, liberation; acquittal. liberator, -oris, [libero] m. freer, deliv- erer, liberator. lenio— locuples 81 lfbere, [liber] adv. freely, wWibut re- straint; openly, frankly, boldly. liberi, -orum or -um, [liber] m. pi. free persons; children of a family, children. libero, -are, -avi, -atum, [liber] l tr. set free, liberate; free, release, extricate, relieve; absolve, acquit. libertas, -atis, [liber] f. freedom, lib- erty, freedom from restraint; inde- pendence; personified, Goddess of Lib- erty, Liberty. libertinus, -a, -um, [libertus] adj. of the condition of afreedman, of the class of freedmen. As subst. libertinus, -i, m. freedman. libertus, -i, [liber] m. one made free, freedman. libet (lub-), -ere, libuit or libitum est, 2 intr. impers. it pleases, it is pleasing or agreeable, one is pleased. libidinose (lub-), [libidinosus] adv. at pleasure, wilfully, arbitrarily; wan- tonly, licentiously. libidinosus (lub-), -a, -um, [libido] adj. wilful, arbitrary; ])assionate, sen- sual, licentious, wanton. libido (lub-), -inis, [libet] f. pleasure; desire, inclination, longing; ivilfulness, arbitrary conduct, caprice, laivless fancy; passion, sensuality, lust, wa?i- tonness. librarium, -i, [librarius, cf. liber] n. place in which to keep books, bookcase. licentia, -ae, [cf. licet] f. freedom, lib- erty; license, lawlessness, wantonness. licet, -ere, licuit or licitum est, 2 intr. impers. it is lawful, it is allowed, it is peivnitted, one may; introducing a con- cession, although, though, notwith- standing, even if, granted that. Licinius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. See Lticullus. lictor, -oris, m. lictor, the official attend- ant upon a Roman magistrate. Ligarius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp. : 1- Q. Ligarius, the Pompeian in Africa daring the Civil War. after- wards defended for his conduct by- Cicero before the dictator Caesar, 46 B.C. 2. T. Ligarius, brother of No. 1. lignum, -i, n. piece of wood, log. limen, -inis, n. threshold, sill; door, enhance. lingua, -ae, f . tongue; utterance, speech; dialect, language. linter (lunt-), -tris, f. trough; boat, skiff. linum, -i, [AiVof] n. flax; thread, line; fastening of a letter; linen-cloth, linen; net. liquefacio, -facere, , -factum, pass. liquefio, -fieri, -factus sum, [liqueo, be fluid + fa.cio] 3 tr. make fluid, melt, dissolve, liquefy. liquido, [liquidus, liquid] adv. clearly, plainly, evidently; with certainty. lis, litis, f. strife, dispute, quarrel; suit at law, action, process, litigation; sub- ject of an action, matter in dispute, amount in dispute, damages. littera (liter-), -ae, f . letter of the alpha- bet; writing, document, record; letter, epistle, literature, letters. litteratus (liter-), -a, -um, [littera] adj. lettered; learned, liberally edu- cated, cultivated. litura, -ae, [lino, smear] f. a smearing of the wax on a writing-tablet, erasure, blotting out; correction. Livius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. See Drusus. loco, -are, -avi, -atum, [locus] l tr. put, place, station; dispose, arrange; fix, establish; place by contract, let, have done by contract, contract for. Locrensis, -e, adj. of Locri, a city of Magna Graecia in Southern Italy. As snb*t. Locrens6s, -ium, m. pi. the Locrians, people of Locri. locupies, -etis, [locus, cf. pleo, fill] adj. rich in lands, rich, wealthy, opulent; well stored, richly supplied; responsible, trustworthy. 82 VOCABULARY locupleto, -are, -avi, -atum, [locuples] 1 tr. make rich, enrich. locus, -1, m. (pi. loca, -orum, n. locali- ties, loci, -orum, m. usually pas- sages iu books), place, spot; position, station, post; rank, degree: locality, region, country; space, room; situ- ation, condition, state of things; topic, subject, point ; opportunity, occasion. longe, [longus] adv. a long way of, far, far off, at a distance; away, dis- tant ; for a long time, long ; greatly, . much, by far; with superl./«r, by far, by all odds. longinquitas, -atis, [longinquus] f. distance, remoteness; duration, length. longinquus, -a, -urn, [longus] adj. far removed, far off , remote, distant; living at a distance, foreign; long, long-con- tinued, prolonged, lasting. As subst. longinqua, -orum, n. pi. remote events. longiusculus, -a, -um, [longior, from longus] adj. rather long. longus, -a, -um, adj. long, extended; of long duration, lasting, prolonged, te- dious; distant, remote. loquor, loqui, loctitus sum, 3 dep. speak, say, talk, converse; tell, mention. declare; talk of, have ever on the lips; show, indicate. lubet, see libet. lubido, see libido. Iticeo, lticere, luxi, , [cf. lux] 2 intr. be light, shine, beam; shine forth, be clear, be evident, be conspicuous. luctuosus, -a, -um, [luctus] adj. full of soi^row, sorrowful, mournful, doleful, lamentable. luctus, -us, [lugeo] m. mourning, sor- row, grief, lamentation; affliction, dis- tress; mourning garments or apparel. Lticullus, -1, m. a Roman cognomen or family name. Esp. : 1. L. Licinius Lticullus, the Roman commander in the Third Mithridatic War until superseded through the Manilian Law by Pompey. Later his name became proverbial for luxury and extravagance. 2. M. Licinius Liicullus, brother of No. 1. lticus, -1, m. sacred grove, grove. ludificatio, -onis, [ludifico, make sport of] f . jeering, derision, mockei-y. ltidus, -1, m. game, play, sport, pastime; jest, joke, fun; place for exercise, train- ing-school; pi. often, public games or spectacles, liidl votivi, votive games, held in pursuance of some vow. lugeo, lugere, luxi, ltictum, 2 tr. and intr. mourn, bewail, lament, deplore; be in mourning, wear mourning . lumen, -inis, [cf. luceo] n. light; eye, sight; brightest light, ornament, glory; clearness, perspicuity; celebrity. lunter, old form for linter. See linter. luo, luere, lui, lutum or luitum, 3 tr. loose; pay, suffer, undergo; atone for, expiate. lupa, -ae, [lupus, wolf] she- wolf, pros- titute. lupinus, -a, -um, [lupus, wolf] adj. of a wolf, wolf's. lustro, -are, -avi, -atum, [lustrum] l tr. light up, illuminate; go round, wan- der over, traverse; purify, cleanse by propitiatory offering. lustrum, -1, n. slough, bog; den of beasts; house of ill-fame, brothel; debauchery. lutum, -i, n. mud, mire. lux, lucis, f. light, brightness; light of day , daylight ; day; life; sight of men, public view, the public; encouragement, help, succor. ltixuria, -ae, and luxuries, — , ace. -em, [ltixus, excess] f. luxuriance, ex- travagance, riotous living, excess, lux- ury. M M., abbreviation for Marcus. M\, abbreviation for Manius. Macedonia, -ae, [MaKeSo^iV] r. a country in Europe, north of Greece. machinator, -oris, [machinor] m. con- triver, designer; deviser, oriqinator, inventor. locuplgtd -malus S3 machinor, -ari, -atus sum, [machina, devise] 1 dep. contrive, devise, invent; contrive artfully, scheme, plot. macto, -are, -avi, -atum, [mactus. glorified'] 1 tr. glorify, honor; sacri- fice, devote in honor of the gods ; daughter, kill, put to death; afflict, punish, pursue with punishment. macula, -ae, f. spot, stain; Mot. blemish, fault, disgrace. maculo, -are, -avi, -atum, [macula] 1 tr. spot, stain, pollute; defile, dis- honor, disgrace. Maelius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp. Spurius Maelius, a rich plebeian who was slain by Servilius Ahala. master of horse to the dictator Cincinnatas, in 433 b.c. maereo, -ere, , , 2 tr. and intr. be in sorrow, mourn, grieve, show grief ; mourn over, grieve for. bewail, lament. maeror, -oris, [maereo] m. mourning. sorrow, grief, sadness. maestitia, -ae, [maestus] f. sorrow, grief, sadness, dejection, melancholy. maestus, -a, -um, [cf. maereo] adj. full of sadness, sorrowful, sad. dejected. melancholy, gloomy. magis, [cf. magnus] adv. more, in a higher degree, more completely, far more, better, rather, in preference. magister, -tri, [cf. magnus] m. master, director, commander; teacher, instruc- tor, magister equitum, master of the ho?'se, chief of the cavalry, ap- pointed by the dictator. See Appendix c.sii. magistratus, -us, [magister] m. office of magistrate, magisterial office, magis- tracy; magistrate. magnifies, [magnificusj adv. nobly, generously, grandly, gloriously ; splen- didly, handsomely, magnificently. magnificus, -a, -um, [magnus + facio] adj. noble, glorious, distinguished ; splendid, rich, magnificent, grand. sublime. magnitudo, -inis, [magnus] f. great- i ness, great size, size, magnitude; great '• quantity, abundance ; great extent, vast ness ; impoi ia n ce . magnopere, see opus. magnus, -a, -um, com p. maior, super). maximus, adj. great in any sense, of size, quantity, or degree : large, spa- cious, vast, extensive; abundant, con- siderable; grand, noble, lofty, mighty; important, serious, momentous; power- ful, eminent ; severe, deep, intense, violent; proud; boastful, maior with or without natti, older, elder; as subst. maior 6s, -um, m. pi. elders, fathers, ancestors. Magnus, -l, m. a Roman cognomen. Esp. Cn. PompSius Magnus, see Pompelus. maiestas, -atis, [maior] t greatness, grandeur, dignity, majesty ; sovereign pow°r or authority, sovereignty. maior, see magnus. male, comp. peius, superl. pessime. [malus] adv. badly, ill, wretchedly; wickedly, maliciously, cruelly, injuri- ously; awkwardly, unsuccessfully, un- fortunately ; excessively, extremely, greatly; imperfectly, scarcely, not at all. maledictum, -I, [maledico, from male + dlCO] n. foul saying, insult, abuse. maleficium, -I, [maleficus, from male + facio] n. evil deed, misdeed, offence, wickedness, crime ; mischief, wrong, hurt. hai x m. malitia, -ae, [malus] f. badness, ill- will, spite, malice; roguery. malitiosg, [malitiosus, from malitia] adv. wickedly; knavishly, by trickery, perfidiously. malleolus, -l, [dim. of malleus, ham- mer] ni. small hammer; fire-dart, fire- bran I. mal5, malle, malui, [magis + volo] irr. tr. wish rather, choose rather, would rather, prefer. malum, -i, [malus j n. evil, mischief, misfortune, calamity ; punishment, hurt. harm, trouble. malus, -a, -um, comp. pelor, superl. pessimus, adj. bad; wicked, evil, 8 4 VOCABULARY depraved; unfortunate, injurious, de- structive, pernicious, dangerous. mancus, -a, -urn, adj. maimed, crippled, infirm; defective, imperfect. mandatum, -I, [mando] n. charge, commission ; order, command, instruc- tions; trust. mando, -are, -avi, -atom, [manus + do] 1. tr. put into one's hands, hand over, deliver, intrust, commission ; commit, consign; enjoin, order, command. mane, adv. in the morning, early in the morning. maneo, manere, mansi, mansum, 2 tr. and intr. stay, remain, tarry ; con- tinue, last, endure, persist in, abide by ; be a settled principle ; wait for, expect ; await, be destined to. manicatus, -a, -um, [manicae, sleeve] adj . long-sleeved, with long sleeves. manifesto, [manifestos] adv. palpably, clearly, plainly, manifestly ; in the act, red-handed. manifestos, -a, -um, [manus, cf. fendo] adj. palpable, clear, plain, evident, manifest; open, overt; exposed, proved by direct evidence. Manilius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp. C. Manilius, the trib- une of 66 B.C., whose law giving Pom- pey the command in the Third Mithri- datic War was advocated in the speech "Pro Lege Manilla.' 1 Manius, -1, m. a Roman praenomen or forename. Manlianus, -a, -um, [Manlius] adj. of Manlius, Manlian. Manlius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. Esp. : 1. Q. Manlius, a juror at the trial of Verres, 70 b.c 2.- C. Manlius, the officer in charge of Catiline's forces at Faesulae, 63 B.C. 3. L. Manlius Torquatus, consul 65 b.c. with L. Aurelius Cotta. mano, -are, -avi, , 1 tr. and intr. flow, drip, overflow: extend, be diffused, spread abroad. mansuete", [mansuetus] adv. gently, mildly, calmly, quietly. mansuettido, -inis, [mansuetus] f. gentleness, mildness, clemency. mansuetus, -a, -um, [mansuesco, grow tame] adj. tame; gentle, mild, quiet. manubiae, -arum, [manus] f. pi. booty, spoils ; money derived from booty, prize-money. manumitto or manti mitto, -mittere, -mlsl, -missum, [manus + mitto] 3 tr. set free, manumit, emancipate. manus, -us, f. hand; handwriting, style; work, skill; band, body, company, troops, forces. Marcellus, -I, [dim, of Marcus] m. a distinguished Roman cognomen or family name. Esp.: 1. M. Claudius Marcellus, five times consul, who conquered Syracuse in 212 b.c. 2. M. Claudius Marcellus, consul 51 b.c, an uncompromising enemy to Caesar, by whom he was never- theless pardoned, 46 b.c 3. C. Claudius Marcellus, brother of No. 2, consul 49 b.c 4. C. Claudius Marcellus, cousin of Nos. 2 and 3, consul 59 b.c 5. M. Claudius Marcellus, a friend of Catiline's. Marcius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp. C. Marcius, a Roman knight, the friend of Ligarius. Marcus, -l, m. a Roman praenomen or forename. mare, -is, n. sea. maritimus (-tumus), -a, -um, [mare] adj. of the sea, sea-, on the sea, maritime, naval. maritus, -I, [cf. mas, male] m. married man, fyusband. Marius, -l, m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. Esp. C. Marius, Roman gen- eral and democratic leader against the aristocracy under Sulla ; conqueror of the Teutones and the Cimbri (105-101 b.c); six times consul, in his last con- sulship leading the senatorial forces mancus— memoria 85 that crushed the outbreak under L. Ap- puleius Saturninus and C. Servilius Glaucia, 100 B.C. marmor, -oris, [^ap/mapos] n. marble, block of marble; marble monument, statue. marmoreus, -a, -um, [marmor] adj. of marble, marble-. Mars, Martis, m. Mars, the Roman god identified with the Greek Ares, god of war. Martius, -a, -um, [Mars] adj. of Mars. Massilia, -ae, f . Marseilles, a Greek city in Gaul on the coast of the Mediter- ranean. Massiliensis, -e, [Massilia] adj. of Massilia. As subst. Massilignses, -ium, m. pi. people of Massilia, Mas- sUians. mater, -tris, f . mother, parent. mater familias, see familia. materia, -ae, or materies, -61, [mater] f . stuff, material, timber ; subject, mat- ter; cause, source, opportunity; natural abilities, capacity, disposition. maternus, -a, -um, [mater] adj. of one's mother, maternal. mattirg, [mattirus] adv. seasonably, op- portunely; betimes, early, speedily. maturitas, -atis, [mattirus] f. ripeness, full development, maturity. maturo, -are, -avi, -atum, [mattirus] 1 tr. and intr. ripen; make haste, hasten; quicken, accelerate, expedite. mattirus, -a, -um, adj. ripe, mature ; fit, seasonable, proper; of mature years; early, speedy. maximg, [maximus] adv. in the highest degree, exceedingly, very ; especially, particularly . maximus, see magnus. Maximus, -1, m. a Roman cognomen or family name. Esp. Q. Fabius Maxi- mus, the celebrated opponent of Han- nibal, whose army he harassed and wore out by his policy of delay; hence eurnamed Cunctator, the Delayer. M6dea, -ae, [Miffiew] f. the daughter of Acetes, king of Colchis, who eloped with Jason, leader of the Argonautic ex- pedition in quest of the Golden Fleece. medeor, -6rl, , 2 dep. heal, cure; rem- edy, apply a remedy, relieve, correct, re- store. medicina, -ae, [medicus, healing] f. the art of healing, medicine; remedy, relief, antidote. mediocris, -e, [medius] adj. medium, middling, moderate, ordinary; mean, inferior, insignificant, small, trifling. mediocriter, [mediocris] adv. moder- ately, tolerably, ordinarily; not very, slightly, somewhat. meditatio, -onis, [meditor] f . a thinking over, contemplation; study, prepara- tion, practice. meditor, -arl, -atus sum, 1 dep. think over, reflect upon, consider; meditate, plan, devise, study, prepare, exercise one's self, practise. medius, -a, -um, adj. middle, in the middle, in the midst, mid-, the middle of; between, among. media aestas, see aestas. medius fidius, see dius. mehercule, see hercule. melior, see bonus. membrum, -l, n. limb, member; part, branch, division. memini, -isse, , dep. intr. and tr. re- member, recollect, recall; be mindful of, keep in mind, bear in mind. Memmius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. Esp. C. Memmius, a democrat in 111 B.C., who later changed sides, and as a candidate for the consul- ship was murdered by Saturninus and Glaucia, 100 b.c memor, -oris, adj. mindful, remember- ing, heedful. memoria, -ae, [memor] f. memory; re- membrance, recollection; time; tra6?] m. the ocean. Ocriculanus, -a, -um, adj. of Ocriculum, a town on the Via Flaminia near the junction of the Tiber and the Nar rivers. Octavius, -I, loctavusl m. a distin- guished Roman aomeii or gentile name. Esp. Cn. Octavius, the consul in 87 b.c. who was killed by the Marians in the first civil war. 9 6 VOCABULARY OCtavus, -a, -um,[octo] num. adj. eighth. OCt6, num. adj. hided, eight. OCulus, -1, m. eye. Odi, odisse, fut. part, osurus, def. tr. hate, detest. odiosus, -a, -um, [odium] adj. hateful, odious, offensive; unpleasant, disagree- able, vexatious, annoying. odium, -1, [of. odl] n. hatred, grudge, ill-will, animosity, enmity; offence, aversion, nuisance; offensive conduct. odor, -oris, ni. smell, scent, odor; inkling, hint, suggestion. offendo, -fendere, -fendi, offensum, [ob + fendo] 3 tr. and intr. hit, strike against; hit vjyon, stumble upon, meet with; stumble, blunder, make a mis- take; fail, be defeated", be unfortunate; take offence at, be displeased at; offend, be offensive, shock, disgust, displease. offSnsio, -<5nis, [offendo] f. stumbling; disfavor, dislike, disgust, aversion, ha- tred; accident, mishap, misfortune, de- feat, disaster. offensus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of offendo] adj. offended, incensed, embittered; offensive, odious. offer 6, offerre, obtuli, oblatum, [ob + fero] irr. tr. bHng before, present, offer, expose; bring forward, adduce; thrust upon, cause, inflict; confer, bestow. officio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, [ob + facio] 3 tr. stand in the way of, hinder, oppose, obstruct, thwart; be detrimen- tal, hurl. officiosus, -a, -um, [officium] adj. full of courtesy, courteous, obliging, service- able; dutiful, in disclwirge of one's duty, obligatory. officium, -I, [opus, cf. facio] n. service, favor, courtesy, kindness, kind offices; obligation, duty, function, part, office; sense of duty, dutifulness. offundo, -ere, offudi, offusum, [ob + fundo] 3 tr. pour out; jour out upon, spread over; flll, pel vade. olim, [cf. ollus, old form of ille] adv. at that time, once upon a time, once, for- \mrhj; some day, one of these days. omen, -inis, n. token, sign, harbinger, otnen. omitto, -mittere, -misi, omissum, [ob + mittS] 3 tr. let go; lay aside, give up, dismiss; neglect, disregard; let go by, pass over, say nothing of, omit; cease, abandon. omnino, [omnis] adv. altogether, en- tirely, utterly, wholly, totally; at all, whatever; in all, just, only; by all means, certainly; in general, generally. omnis, -e, adj. all, the whole, the entire, every. As subst. omnes, -ium, c. pi. all men, all; omnia, -ium, n. all things, everything. onus, -eris, n. load, burden; freight, cargo; weight, charge, trouble, diffi- culty. opera, -ae, [opus] f . labor, pains, trouble, exertion, efforts; service. operam dare, see do. operae pretium, see pretium. operio, -Ire, operui, opertum, 4 tr. cover, cover over. Opimius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp. L. Opimius, consul in 121 b.c. and leader against the Grac- chans. opimus, -a, -um, adj. fat; rich, fertile, fruitful; abundant, sumptuous, splen- did. opinio, -onis, [opinor] f . opinion, belief, impression, expectation, conjecture, fan- cy; esteem., reputation, opinione with a comparative, than is supposed, than was expected, or the like. opinor, -ari, -atus sum, 1 dep. be of the opinion, believe, think, trow, suppose, have an idea, imagine. opitulor, -ari, -atus sum, [ops. cf. tull, from fero] 1 dep. bring aid, aid, give help, assist, succor. oportet, -ere, oportuit, 2 impers. it is necessary, it is proper or becoming, it behooves, it ought, one must. oppeto, -ere, -ivi, -Itum, [ob + peto] 3 tr. go to meet, encounter. oppidum, -I, m. town, city. octavus— oro 97 oppono, -ere, opposui, oppositum, [ob + p6no] 3 tr. set against, place opposite. oppose; set before, bring forward, ad- duce, allege; object, adduce in answer. opportunitas, -atis, [opportunus] f. fitness, suitableness, convenience; ad- vantage, lucky circumstance. opportunus, -a, -urn, [ob + portus] adj. fit, adapted, suitable, convenient, timely, opportune; advantageous, useful. Loppositus, -US], [oppono] m., only abl. sing and ace. pi. a setting against, op- position, interposition. opprimo, -ere, oppress!, oppressum, [ob + premo] 3 tr. press against, press down; weigh down, burden, oppress; put down, suppress, quell; overwhelm, overpower, crush, subdue; overtake by surprise, fall upon; hide, conceal. oppugnatio, -onis, [oppiigno] f. storm- ing, besieging, siege; attack, assault. oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + pu- gno] 1 tr. fight against, attack, assail, assault; stoimi, besiege, lay siege to. [ops], opis, nora. and dat. sing, not in use, f. aid, assistance, help, succor, support; poiver, might, ability, influence, weight; pi. often, means, resources, property, wealth, riches. optabilis, -e, [opto] adj. to be wished for, desirable. optimas, -atis, [optimus] adj. of the best, aristocratic. As subst. optima- t6s, -ium, m. pi. the optimates, the aristocracy, the nobles, as opposed to popular es, the democrats, the party representing the masses. optimg, see bene. optimus, see bonus. opto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. choose, se- lect, prefer; wish, wish for, desire, htope for, long for. opus, -eris, n. work, labor, toil; works, structure, public building, fortifications ; work of art, workmanship; in nom. and ace. in phrases with esse, need, want, necessity, necessary. magno opere, very much, greatly; earnestly, heartily, vehemently^ urgently, quan- tO opere, with how great effort, how carefully; how greatly, how much. tanto opere, so much, so very, so ear- nestly. or a, -ae, f. shore, coast, sea-coast. oratio, -onis, [oro] f. speech, discourse ; address, harangue, oration ; language, style, expression; subject, theme; power of oratory, eloquence. orator, -oris, [oro] m. speaker, orator ; ambassador, negotiator. orbis, -is, m. ring, circle, orbit. orbis terrae or terrarum, the whole world, earth . or bus, -a -urn, adj. bereaved, bereft; de- prived, destitute, devoid of. ordior, -iri, orsus sum, 4 dep. begin, commence, start; set about, undertake. ordo, -inis, m. row, line, series, order ; company, rank, class, grade, degree. oriens, -entis, [pr.p. of orior] m. the rising sun, morning sun ; the East, the Orient. orior, -iri, ortus sum, 4 (and 3) dep. ai^ise, rise; be descended, be born; spring up, spring, proceed, begin, have its ori- gin in. ornamentum, -i, [orno] n. apparatus, equipment, trappings ; mark of honor, decoration, adornment ; distinction, honor, ornament. ornate, [ornatus] adv. ornately, ele- gantly. ornatus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of orno] adj. fitted out, furnished, well-supplied, equipped; excellent, admirable, distin- guished, eminent, highly honored. ornatus, -us, [orno] m. splendid dress, fine attire ; outfit, apparatus ; decora- tion, ornament. Orno, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. fit out, furnish, provide, equip, prepare; adorn, embellish ; praise, honor, add honor to, distinguish. 5rp, -ar6, -avi, -atum, [os] 1 tr. and intr. speak; treat, argue. plead; pray, beseech, en treat, implore. 9 8 VOCABULARY ortus, -us, [orior] m. a rising ; rise, be- ginning, origin. ortus solis, sun- rise; the East. OS, oris, n. mouth ; face, countenance, features, look. OS, ossis, n. bone. oscitans, -antis, [pr.p. of oscito, yawn] adj. listless, sluggish, lazy, negligent. ostendo, -tendere, -tendi, -tentum, [obs (ob) + tendo] 3 tr. stretch out, hold out, expose to view ; show, point out, disclose, display, manifest, exhibit ; in- dicate, say, make known, declare. ostento, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of OStendo] 1 tr. show, exhibit ; shoiv off, display, make a display of, parade, boast; offer, promise. Ostiensis, -e, [ostium] adj. of or at Ostia, the port of entry for Rome at the mouth of the Tiber. ostium, -I, [cf. 6s] n. door ; mouth, en- trance. Ocean! ostium, the mouth of the Ocean, the strait of Gibraltar. Otiosus, -a, -um, [otium] adj. at leisure, unoccupied, inactive ; unconcerned, in- different, neutral; quiet, calm. Otium, -1, n. leisure; idleness, inactivity, ease; peace, repose, rest, quietness. P., abbreviation for Publius. pacatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of paco] adj. pacified, quieted, quiet, peaceful, peace- able, submissive. paciscor, pacisci, pactus sum, 3 dep, agree, covenant, bargain, contract, stip- ulate. paco, -are, -avi, -atum, [pax] 1 tr. make peaceful, pacify, quiet, subdue. Paconius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp. M. Paconius, one of the victims of Clodius. pactum, -I, [pactus] n. agreement, cov- enant, contract, compact, stipulation ; manner, way, means. quo pactO,»fy/ what means, in tvhat way, how. nescio quo pacto, / know not how, somehow or other, nullo pacto, in no way, by no means. pactus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of paciscor] adj. agreed upon, settled, determined upon, stipulated. paene, adv. nearly, almost. paeniteo, -ere, -ui, , 2 tr. and intr. make sorry, cause to repent ; repent, be sorry. Impers. paenitet, -ere, paeni- tuit, it repents, it makes sorry, it grieves, one repents, one regrets ; it dis- pleases, it offends. paenula (pen-), -ae, f. travelling cloak, mantle. paenulatus, -a, -um, [paenula] adj. wearing the paenula, wrapped in a cloak. palam, adv. openly, publicly, wWiout concealment. Palatium, -1, [Pales, Italian goddess of shepherds] n. the Palatine Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome, the original site, and later a famous residential sec- tion of the city. Palladium, -I, [dim. of Pallas] n. the Palladium or image of Pallas Athena, the Roman Minerva, which was said to have fallen from the skies, and on the preservation of which depended the safety of Troy. It was captured by the Greeks Ulysses and Diomede. Hence, a palladium, bulwark, safeguard. palus, -udis, f . marsh, swamp, bog. Pamphylia, -ae, f. a small country on the southern coast of Asia Minor. Pansa, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or family name. Esp. C. Vibius Pansa, a friend of Caesar's and later consul with Hirtius in 43 B.C., in which year he fell in the attack on Mark Antony at Mutina. Paplrius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp M. Paplrius Maso, killed by the Clodians in 58 b.c See also Carbo. Papius, -a, -um, adj. of Papius, Papian. Esp. in the phrase l6x Papia, an alien law proposed by the tribune C. Papius in 65 b,c. ortus— paternus 99 par, paris, adj. equal, like, alike; on a par with, a match for, well-matched ; suitable, right, proper. par atque, see atque. par ate, [paratus] adv. with prepara- tion, with self-possession, composedly. paratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of paro] adj. prepared, ready ; well-pi^epared, pro- vided, furnished, equipped ; skilled, skilful. * parco, parcere, peperci or parsi, par- sum, 3 intr. spare, be sparing ; refrain from injuring, treat with forbearance, be considerate; refrain, cease, stop. parens, -entis, [pario] c. parent, father, mother. pareo, -6re, -ui, , 2 intr. appear, be visible ; be evident, be manifest ; obey, be obedient, submit, comply ; gratify, yield. parigs, -etis, m. wall of a house. pario, -ere, peperi, partum, fut. part. pariturus, 3 tr. bring forth, give birth to, produce ; create, effect, accomplish ; procure, acquire, obtain, get, win, secure. paro, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. and intr. make ready, prepare, provide, furnish, arrange, get ready for; intend, resolve; procure, acquire, get. parricida, -ae, [pater, cf. caedo] m. parricide; murderer, assassin; outlaw, desperate criminal. parricidium, -i, [parricida] n. parri- cide; murder, assassination; high trea- son, horrible crime. pars, partis, f.. part, portion, share, division; some, several; party, faction, side; character, role; function, office, duty; region, district; direction, way, degree, aliqua ex parte, in some measure. ex omnibus partibus, on all sides, in every direction. parsimonia (parci-), -ae, [parco] f. sparingness, frugality \ parsimony. particeps, -cipis, [pars, cf. capio] adj. sharing, partaking. As subst. m. sharer, participant, partner, associate. partim, [old ace. of pars] adv. partly, in part. partim . . . partim, partly . . .partly, some. . .oi'na s. partio, -Ire, -ivi, -itum, and partior, -iri, -Itus sum, [pars] 4 tr. and dep. share, divide, apportion, distribute. partitio, -onis, [partior] f. partition, division, distiibution. partus, -us, [pario] in. birth, delivery; offspring, young. parum, comp. minus, superl. minimB, [cf. parvus] adv. but little, too little, not enough, insufficiently, ill. As subst. too little, not enough. parvulus, -a, -um, [dim. of parvus] adj. very small, little, slight, insignificant, petty; young. parvus, -a, -um, comp. minor, superl. minimus, adj. little, small, inconsider- able; petty, trifling, insignificant, un- important, parvi, gen. of value, of little worth, of little account. parvi refert, it makes little difference, it matters little. pasco, pascere, pavi, pastum, 3 tr. and intr. feed, nourish, maintain, support; feed on, feast, gratify. passus, -us, m. step, pace. mllle pas- suum, thousand paces, mile. . pastio, -onis, [pasco] f . pasturing, graz- ing, pasture. pastor, -5ris, [pasco] m. herdsman, shepherd. patefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum, [pateo + facio] 3 tr. lay open, lay bare, open, throw open ; disclose, bring to light, expose. pateo, -6re, -Ui, , 2 intr. stand open, lie open, be open; be exposed, be un- covered; extend; be clear, be wellknoivn, be manifest, be obvious, be patent. pater, -tris, m. father, sire. PI. fathers, forefathers, ancestors ; senators. patr6s cQnscripti, see conscrlptus. pater familias, Bee familia. paternus, -a, -um, [pater] adj. of a father, father's, paternal ; of one's fathers, of the fatherland. 100 VOCABULARY patiens, -entis, [pr.p. of patior] adj. long-suffering, enduring, patient, tol- erant. patientia, -ae, [patiens] f. long-suffer- ing, endurance, submission, patience ; forbearance, indulgence, lenity. Patina, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or family name. Esp. T. Patina, a friend of Clodius. patior, pati, passus sum, 3 dep. suffer, undergo, endure, bear; put up with, tolerate; cdlow, permit, let. patria, -ae, [patrius] f. fatherland, one's native land, native place, own country; home. patricius, -a, -urn, [pater] adj. of fa- therly dignity, of senatorial rank; pa- trician, noble. As subst. patricil, -orum, m. pi. the patricians, nobility. patrimonium, -l, [pater] n. inheritance from a father, paternal estate, ancestral estate, patrimony. patrius, -a, -um, [pater] adj. of a father, fathers, paternal; of 'one's fathers, an- cestral, family- . patrSnus, -I, [pater] m. protector, pa- tron; defender, advocate. patruus, -I, [pater] m. father's brother, uncle on the father's side. paucus, -a, -um, adj. few, a few, little. As subst. pauci, -orum, m. y\.few, a few. pauca, -orum, n. pi. a few things, little, a few zvords, briefly. paulisper, [paulum + per] adv. for a little while, for a short lime. paulQ, [abl. of paulum] adv. by a little, a little, somewhat. paulo ante, a little while ago, just now. paululum, [paululus, very little] adv. a very little, a little, someivhat. paulus, -a, -um, adj. little, small, slight, insignificant. Paulus, -1, [paulus] m. a Roman cog- nomen or family name. Esp. : l. L. Aemilius Paulus, one of the best specimens of the Roman nobles, consul 168 b,c, when he conquered Perses, the king of Macedonia. 2. L. Aemilius Paulus, praetor in 53 B.C., an opponent to Clodius. pax, pacis, f . peace, treaty of peace, reconciliation; concord, harmony; tran- quillity, quiet. pace" tua, by yovr good leave, ivith your permission. peccatum, -I, [pecco] n. fault, wrong, offence, sin; mistake, blunder. pecco, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 intr. commit a fault, do wrong, offend, sin; err, go . wrong, make a mistake. pecto, pectere, pexl, pexum, 3 tr. comb. pectus, -oris, n. breast; heart, feelings, disposition; soul, mind, understanding. pecuarius, -a, -um, [pecti, cattle] adj. of cattle. As subst. pecuaria, -ae, f . cattle-breeding. peculatus, -lis, [pectilor, embezzle] m. embezzlement. pectinia, -ae, [pecus] f. property, wealth; money, sum of money. pectiniam repetere, see repeto. pecuniosus, -a, -um, [pectinia] adj. moneyed, rich, wealthy. pecus, -udis, f. a head of cattle; brute, dumb beast, animal; sheep. pedester, -tris, -tre, [pes] adj. on foot, pedestrian; infantry, foot-; on land, by land. pedetemptim (-tentim), adv. step by step, gradually, cautiously. peior, see malus. peius, see male. pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum, 3 tr. beat, strike, drive; drive away, expel, banish; drive back, repel, rout; move, touch, impress. Penates, -ium, [cf. penus, provisions] m. pi. household gods, the Penates, the guardian deities of the family ; home, fireside, hearth. pendeo, pendere, pependi, — , [cf. pendo] 2 intr. hang, hang down, be sus- pended; depend, rest, be dependent; be in suspense, be undecided^ hesitate, be irresolute. patiens— perexiguus IOI pendo, pendere, pependl, pensum, 3 tr. weigh, weigh out; pay, pay out; ponder, consider; of a penalty, pay, suffer. penes, prep, with ace. with, at the house of; in the power of, in, the control of, in the hands of. penetro, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. and mtr. eider, penetrate, force one's way. penitus, adv. inwardly, deeply, deep xoithin, far ivithin; l/ioroughly, pro- foundly, utterly, entirely. pensito, -are, -avi, — , [freq. of penso, ef. pendo] 1 tr. weigh out, pay. per, prep, with ace. through; of space, through, throughout, all over, across, along, among; of time, through, dur- ing., for, in the course of; of means and manner, through, by, by the agency of, by means of, under pretence of, for the sake of, with a view to; in oaths and adjurations, by, for the sake of. With reflex, per me, etc., by my- self, single-handed, alone, in person ; so far as I am concerned. In composition. through, tJwroughly, completely, very. peradulescens, -entis, [per + adule- scens] adj. very young. perago, -agere, -egi, -actum, [per + ago] 3 tr. pierce through; disturb, agi- tate; carry through, carry out, com- plete, accomplish; go through, relate, detai 1 . peragro, -are, -avi, -atum, [per, cf. ager] 1 tr. wander through, travel over, travel, traverse; spread through, pene- trate. perangustus, -a, -um, [per + angustus] adj. very narrow. perbrevis, -e, [per + brevis] adj. very short, very bi ief, concise. percall6sc5, -ere, percallui, — , [per + inch, of calle5, be callous] 3 intr. become tJwroughly hardened, grow cal- lous. percello, -ere, perculi, perculsum, 3 tr. beat down, strike doivn. smite, overturn, knock over; discourage, dishearten. percipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, [per + Capioi 3 tr. fake in. seize, qtt, collect, reap; perceive, observe; learn, hear, understand, know. percitus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of percieo, from per + cieo, move'] adj. deeply moved, excited, incensed. per commode, [percommodus, from per + commodus] adv. very opportunely, most conveniently, by gr-eat good for- tune. percrebresco (-besco), -ere, percrebrui (-bui), , [per + crebresco, cf. cr€- ber] 3 intr. become very frequent, grow prevalent, be spread abroad. percutio, -cutere, -cussi, percussum, [per + quatio, shake] 3 tr. thirst through, run through, pierce, transfix; strike hard, beat, hit, smite; kill, slay; shock, astound. perditus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of perdS] adj. lost, ruined, hopeless, desperate; aban- doned, profligate, corrupt. perdo, perdere, perdidi, perditum, [per + do] 3 tr. make away with, waste, squander; ruin, destroy; lose utterly or irrevocably. perdiico, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, [per + du.CO] 3 tr. lead through, lead; bring, carry along, guide; lengthen, prolong; biing over, win over, persuade, induce. perduellio, -onis, [perduellis, public enemy] f. high-treason. peregrinor, -ari, -atus sum, [peregri- nus] 1 dep. sojourn abroad; travel abroad, travel, roam; be abroad, be a stranger. peregrinus, -a, -um, [per + ager] adj. foi'eign, alien, strange, outlandish. As subst. peregrinus, -I, m. foreigner, stranger. perennis, -e, [per + annus] adj. everlast- ing, unceasing, unfailing, perpetual, perennial. pereo, -Ire, -ii or -ivi, -itum, [per + eo] irr. intr. pass away, disappear, vanish; be destroyed, be killed, perish, die; be lost, be tvasled, be spent in vain. perexiguus, -a, -um, [per + exiguus] adj. very small, petty, insignificant ; very short. 102 VOCABULARY perfectio, -onis, [perficio] f. finishing, completion, accomplishment; complete- ness, perfection. perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [per + fero] irr. tr. bear through; bring, carry, deliver; bring tidings, report; carry through, carry out, bring about, accom- plish; bear, endure, suffer, put up with, submit to. perficio, -ficere, -feci, perfectum, [per + facio] 3 tr. carry out, accomplish, perform; bring about, cause, effect; bring to an end, finish, complete, perfect. perfidia, -ae, [perfidus, from per + fi- dus] l. faithlessness, treachery, perfidy. perfringo, -fringere, -fregi, -fractum, [per + frango] 3 tr. break through, break in pieces, shiver, shatter; break, violate, infringe. perfruor, -frui, -fructus sum, [per + fruor] 3 dep. enjoy to the full, enjoy, be delighted. perfugio, -ere, perfugl, , [per + fu- gio] 3 intr. flee for refuge, take refuge in; go over, desert. perfugium, -I, [perfugio] n. place of refuge, refuge, shelter, asylum. perfungor, -fungi, perfunctus sum, [per+fungor] 3 dep. fulfil, perform, discharge; go through with, undergo, endure; get through with, get rid of. pergo, pergere, perrexi, perrectum, [per + rego] 3 tr. and intr. go on, pro- ceed, advance, march; keep on, con- tinue; make haste, hasten. perhorresco, -ere, perhorrui, — , [per +horresco, inch, of horreo], 3 tr. and intr. bristle up ; tremble all over, quake with terror, shudder at, be filled tvith dread, periclitor, -Sri, -atus sum, [pericu- lum] 1 dep. try, make a trial of, test; imperil, endanger, risk; be imperilled, be in danger, run a risk. periculosS, [periculosus] adv. danger- ously, with risk, with peril, perilously. periculosus, -a, -um, [periculum] adj. dangerous, full of danger, hazardous, perilous, periculum, -I, n. trial, attempt, lest; danger, risk, peril; trial at law, law- suit, suit. perimo, -imere, -emi, emptum, [per + emo] 3 tr. annihilate, destroy, put an end to. perinde, [per + inde] adv. in the same manner, just so, just, equally, exactly. perinde ac or atque, see atque. periniquus, -a, -um, [per + iniquus] adj. very unfair, most unjust; very un- willing, utterly discontented. peritus, -a, -um, adj. experienced; of great experience, practised, trained; skilled, skilful, expert. periurium, -I, [periurus, from per + ills] n. false oath, perjury. permagnus, -a, -um, [per + magnus] adj. very great, vast, immense. permaneo, -manere, -mansi, -mansum, [per + maneo] 2 intr. stay, remain; hold out, last, endure, continue, persist. permitto, -mittere, -misi, permissum, [per + mitto] 3 tr. let go; give up, hand over, surrender, put in the hands of, intrust, commit; grant, allow, permit. permodestus, -a, -um, [per +modestus] adj. very modest, excessively shy. permoveo, -movere, -movi, -motum, [per + moveo] 2 tr. move deeply, rouse, excite ; influence, incite, lead, prevail upon. permultum, [permultus] adv. very much, very far. permultus, -a, -um, [per + multus] adj. very much, very many, a great many. permtitatio, -onis, [permuto, from per + muto] f . thorough change, revolution, upheaval; exchange, interchange. perniciSs, -el, [per + nex] f. destruction, overthrow, disaster, ruin ; pest, bane, curse. perniciosus, -a, -um, [pernicies] adj. destructive, ruinous, baleful, pernicious. pernocto, -are, -Svl, -atum, [per + nocto, cf. nox] 1 intr. stay all night, pass the night. perfectio—pervenid 163 peroro, -are, -avi, -atum, [per + oro] 1 far. and intr. speak from beginning to er>d, plead ; close, wind up, conclude, sum vp. perparvus, -a, -um, [per + parvus] adj. very small, trifling, minute. perpauci, -orum, [per + paucus] adj. very few, only a very few. perpetior, -peti, perpessus sum, [per + patior] 3 dep. bear patiently, submit to, suffer, endure. perpetuus, -a, -um, adj. continuous. unbroken, uninterrupted, continual, constant; lasting, permanent, perpetual; entire, whole. in perpetuum, for all time, forever. perpolitus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of perpolio, from per + polio] adj. thoroughly pol- ished, refined, highly cultivated. persaepe, [per + saepe] adv. very often, very frequently, many times. persapienter, [per + sapienter] adv. very wisely, with great wisdom. perscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, -scrip- turn, [per + scribo] 3 tr. write in full, write out ; record ; describe fully, re- count, detail. persequor, -sequi, persecutus sum, [per + sequor] 3 dep. follow up, follow after, pursue ; copy after, imitate ; prosecute, punish, avenge ; follow out, accomplish, bring about ; set forth, re- late, recount. Pers6s, -ae, [Ilepo-Tjs] m. the last kins; of Macedonia, conquered by L. Aeniilius Paulus in 168 b.c. perseverantia, -ae, [persevSro] f. steadfastness, constancy, persistence, perseverance. persevero, -are, -avi, -atum, [per + severus] 1 tr. and intr. continue stead- fastly, persist, persevere. persolvo, -solvere, -solvi, -soliitum, [per + solvo] 3 tr. unloose ; pay in full, pay. persona, -ae, [per, cf. sono] f. mask; part. roll, character; person, personage. perspicio, -spicere, -spexl, perspectum, [per + specio] 3 tr. look through, look 34 into; examine, inspect ; perceive clearly, see plainly, observe, note, ascertain. perspicue, [perspicuus] adv. clearly, plainly, evidently. perspicuus, -a, -um, [cf. perspicio] adj. clear, plain, obvious, manifest. persuadeo, -suadere, -suSsi, persua- sum, [per + suadeo] 2 tr. and intr. con- vince, persuade ; piompt, induce, pre- vail upon. per tenuis, -e, [per + tenuis] adj. very thin, extremely slight, very weak. perterreo, -terrere, -terrui, perterri- tum, [per + terreo] 2 tr. frighten thoroughly, alarm, terrify. pertimgsco, -ere, pertimui, — , [per + tinigsco, inch, of timeo] 3 tr. and intr. be thoroughly frightened, be great- ly afraid, be alarmed ; fear greatly, dread. pertinacia,-ae, [pertinax] f. persistence, stubbornness, obstinacy, pertinacity. pertinax, -acis, [per + tenax, tenacious] adj. unyielding, stubborn, obstinate, per- tinacious. pertineo, -tinere, -tinui, , [per + teneo] 2 intr. stretch out, extend, reach; belong, have to do with, concern, refer ; tend, lead, conduce, be conducive. perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, [per + turbo, throw into confusion] 1 tr. throw into disorder, disturb, coitfuse, throw into confusion ; make anxious, agitate, alarm. pervado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum, [per + vado] 3 tr. and intr. go through, spread through, prevail ; penetrate, reach, extend, pervade, fill. pervagatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of per- vagor] adj. wide-spread, well-known. pervagor, -ari, -atus sum, [per + vagor] 1 dep. roam through, rove about; spread out, extend; pervade. pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum, [per + venio] 4 intr. come up, arrive, reach, get as far as; come, fall; come to, attain. 104 VOCABULARY pervolgo i-vulgo), -are, -avi, -atum, [per, cf. volgus] 1 tr. make common, spread abroad, publish. pes, pedis, m.foot. pessime, see male. pestifer, -era, -erum, [pestis + fero] adj. destructive, baleful, pernicious, pes- tilential. pestis, -is, f . plague, j>estilence ; destruc- tion, ruin, death ; pest, scourge, curse, bane; plague-spot, monster. Fetllius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp. Q. Petllius, a juror at the trial of Milo. petitio, -onis, [peto] f . thrust, blow, at- tack ; soliciting for office, canvass, can- didacy; claim, suit. pet5, petere, petivi or -ii, petitum, 3 tr. strive for, seek, aim at, try to get; attack, assault,. thrust at; demand by legal action, sue for, claim; beg, beseech, request, ask; solicit, be a candidate for ; make for, repair to, go to; obtain, get. petulantia, -ae, [petulans, saucy] f. sauciness, impudence; wantonness. Pharsalicus, -a, -urn, adj. of Pharsalia, the region about Pharsalus in Thessaly where Caesar defeated Pompey in 48 b.c. Philippus, -1, OiAittttos] m. a proper name. Esp. : 1. Philippus V., king of Macedonia, conquered by the Romans. 2. L. Philippus, a distinguished Ro- man orator, consul in 91 b.c. philosophus, -I, [<£>iA6o-oo?] m. philos- opher. Picenus, -a, -um, adj. of Picenum, a district in eastern Italy northeast of Rome. pictor, -oris, [cf. pingo] m. painter. pictura, -ae, [cf. pingS] f. painting, the art of painting; picture. pi6, [pius] adv. dutifully, conscientiously, religiously, devotedly. pietas, -atis, [pius] f. dutiful conduct, devotion, piety; filial affection, affec- tion, love, gratitude, loyalty. patriotism. plgnus, -oris or -eris, n. pledge, security; hostage. pila, -ae, f. ball; game of ball. pilum, -1, n. heavy javelin, pilum. pingo, pingere, pinxi, pictum, 3 tr. paint; picture, depict, portray. pinguis, -e, adj. fat; rich, fertile; dull, heavy, stupid, coarse. Pis 5, -Ollis, m.. a Roman cognomen or family name. Esp. L. Calpurnius Piso Caesonius, consul in 58 b.c, Caesar's father-in-law, one of a com- mission of three sent by the Senate to make terms of peace with Mark Antony at Mutina in 43 b.c Pius, -I, [pius] m. a name given to Q. Metellus. See Metellus 2. pius, -a, -um, adj. dutiful, conscientious, devout, religious, pious; devoted, filial, loving, loyal. placeo, placere, placui or placitus sum, 2 intr. please, be pleasing, be agreeable; be acceptable, meet with one's approval, suit, satisfy. Impers. it pleases, one approves; it is agreed, it is settled ; it seems right, it is thought best, it is decided, it is resolved. placo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. placeo] l tr. quiet, soothe, appease, pacify ; con- ciliate, win one's favor, propitiate, rec- oncile. plaga, -ae, f. blow, stroke, strike, thrust; injui^y, calamity, disaster. plane, [planus] adv. clearly, plainly, flatly, distinctly; wholly, quite, en- tirely, utterly. planus, -a, -um, adj. fiat, level, plane; clear, plain, distinct. plgbeius, -a, -um, [pl6bs] adj. of the common people, of the populace, plebeian. pl§bs, plebis, or piebes, -ei or -I, f. common people, commons, the plebeians, the people, the populace; masses, multi- tude. plenus, -a, -um, adj. full, filled; entire, complete, finished; rich, plentiful. plerumque, [plerusque] adv. for the most part, mostly, usually, generally, very often. pervolgo— porro 105 plerusque, -aque, -umque, adj. a very great part of, the most, the majority. most. As subst. plerique, -orumque, m. pi. most people, the majority, a. great many. Plotius, -1, m. a Roman noinen or gen- tile name. Esp. L. Plotius G-allus, the first Roman teacher of rhetoric, a friend of Manns. Plotius, -a, -urn, [Plotius] adj. of Plotius. Plotian. lex Plotia, a law for the punishment of riotous acts in 57 B.C.. when Cicero was recalled from exile. plurimum, [plurimus] adv. very much, most, especially; for the most part, generally. plurimus, -a, um, see multus. plus, pluris, see multus. plus, used as comp. of multum, adv. more, too much. poena, -ae, [noivri] f. indemnification, compensation, recompense; punishment, , penalty, retribution. poenas dare, see do. poenio, see punio. Poenus, -a, -um, adj. Panic. Carthagin- I ran. As subst. Poeni, -orum, m. pi. I the Carthaginians. po8ta, -ae, [ttoitjttj?] m. jx>et. polio, -ire, -Ivi, -ltum, 4 tr. smooth, ! polisli ; adorn, embellish ; refine, im- prove. polliceor, -eri, pollicitus sum, 2 dep. offer, make an offer, promise. polluo, -ere, pollui, polltitum, 3 tr.;*>/- lute, defi'e; desecrate, violate, dishonor. pompa, -ae, [71-0/^17] f. solemn j)?vces- sion, parade; ostentation, pomp. Pompeius, -l, m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. Esp. Cn. Pompelus Magnus, Pompey, the well-known general and rival of Caesar. See Ap- pendix A, §§18-25. Pomptinus (Pont-\ -l, m. a Roman cog- nomen or family name. Esp.C. Pomp- tinus, praetor in 63 b.c pondus, -eris, [cf. pendoj n. weight. burden; importance, consequence, in- fluence, authority. pono, ponere, posui, positum, 3 tr. put dotvn, put, place, set, lay; fix, station ; lay down, lay aside, give up ; spend, employ; class, consider, regard; appoint, ordain, make ; 'allege, assert, maintain ; pmpose, offer ; build, base, rest. pons, pontis, m. bridge. pontifex, -icis, [pons, cf. facio] m. high-priest, pontiff, pontifex. ponti- fex maximus, the chief priest, to whom belonged the general supervision of the state religion. Pontus, -1, [ndi-Tos] m. the kingdom of Mithridates, south and southeast of the Pontus Euxinus. or Black Sea. from which it derived its name. popa, -ae, m. priest's attendant, inferior priest. Popilius, -1, ni. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp. C. Popilius, a senator convicted of embezzlement. popina, -ae, f. eating-house, cook-shop, low tavern. popularis, -e, [populus] adj. of the jyeople. for the people, agreeable to the people, democratic, popular. As subst. populares, -ium, m. pi. democratic party, democrats, as opposed to opti- mates, the aristocracy, the nobles. populor, -ari, -atus sum, 1 dep. lay waste, ravage, devastate, destroy. populus, -i, ni. a people, a nation, a tribe; the people, the masses. populus Ro- manus, the Roman people, the whole body of citizens, constituting the Ro- man state. Porcius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. See CatO. porrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum, [por (pr5) + reg0] 3 tr, stretch forth, extend; hold forth, reach out, hand, offer. porro, [cf. pro] ad\\fo?'ward, farther on, afar off; henceforth, hereafter ; again, in turn, then again. further. io6 VOCABULARY porta, -ae, f. city-gate, gate; entrance, passage, avenue. portentum, -I, [portendo, portend\ n. sign, omen, portent; monster, monstros- ity, prodigy. porto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. carry, con- vey, take, bring. portus, -us, [cf . porta] m. harbor, haven, port. ex "porta, from customs. posco, poscere, poposci, , 3 tr. ask urgently, beg, demand, claim ; require, callfo?\ positus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of pono] adj. placed, situated, lying. possessio, -onis, [por (pro) + sedeo] f. a taking possession, seizing, occupying; holding, occupation, possession ; posses- sions, property, estates, lands. possideo, -sidere, -sedi, possessum, [por (pro) + sedeo] 2 tr. possess, own, be master of, hold possession of, occupy ; have, enjoy. possum, posse, potui, [potis + sum] irr. intr. be able, have poiver, can; be strong, have weight or influence, avail. post, adv. and prep, after : 1. As adv. behind, after; afterwards, later, next. 2. As prep, with ace. after ; of place, behind; of time, after, since; of other relations, after, beneath, in- ferior to, next to. post quam, see postquam. postea, [post + ea] adv. after that, there, after, afterwards, later ; then, in view of that. postea quam, after, with following clause. posteaquam, see postea. posteritas, -atis, [posterus] f. the future, future ages; future generations, posterity. in posteritatem,/6>r the future, in the future, hereafter. posterus, -a, -um, comp. posterior, superl. postremus, [post] adj. coming after, subsequent, later; next, following. As subst. posterl, -orum, m. pi. coming generations, posterity. in posterum, for the future. Comp. posterior, -ius, later, inferior, of less account. Superl. postremus, -a, -um, last, hindermost ; lowest, basest, ivorst. postrSmo, abl. as adv. at last, lastly, finally. posthac, [post + hac] adv. after this, hereafter, henceforth, in future. postquam, [post + quam] conj. after, as soon as, when. postremo, see posterus. postremus, see posterus. postridie, [posterl + die] adv. the next day, the day after. postulatio, -onis, [postulo] f. demand, request. postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. ask, de- mand, claim ; request, desire ; require, callfor. potens, -entis, [pr.p. of possum] adj. able, strong, powerful, mighty ; in- fluential, of influence, potent. potentia, -ae, [potens] f . poiver, might; authoi ity, sway, influence. potest as, -atis, [potis] f . power, ability, capacity ; authority, control, sway, do- minion, sovereignty; office, magistracy; opportunity, permission, privilege. potior, potiri, potitus sum, [potis] 4 dep. become master of, take possession of, get control of, get, obtain, acquire; be master of, hold, possess, occupy. potis or pote, comp. potior, superl. po- tissimus, pos. indecl. adj. able, ca- pable ; possible. Comp. potior, -ius, better, preferable, superior, more im- portant, potius, as adv. rather, more. Superl. potissimus, -a, -um, chief, principal, most important, po- tissimum, as adv. chiefly, principally, especially, particularly, rather than anyone or anything else, above all, most of all. potissimum, see potis. potius, see potis. potus, -a, -um, adj. having drunk, dminken, intoxicated; gluttonous. prae, prep, with abl. before, in front of ; in comparison with, in view of ; of pre- ventive cause, for, because of, on account of. In composition, befoi'e, before others, at the head of, very. porta— Praeneste 107 praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [prae + habeo] 2 tr. hold forth, proffer^ offer ; give, grant, supply; give up, yield; furnish, afford; show, disjrfay, present. praeceps, -cipitis, [prae + caput] adj. head-first, headlong, in haste; steep, precipitous, abrupt ; hasty, rash, incon- siderate, precipitate. praeceptum, -1, [praecipio] n. maxim, precept, instruction; injunction, direc- tion, order, command. praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, praeceptum, [prae + capio] 3 tr. take beforehand, get in advance, anticipate; advise, admon- ish, give instructions, enjoin, bid, give directions, order. praecipue, [praecipuus] adv. chiefly, principally, especially, eminently. praecipuus, -a, -urn, [prae, cf. capio] adj. special, particular, peculiar; ex- cellent, distinguished, extraordinary. praeclare, [praeclarus] adv. very clear- ly; excellently, vei*y well; admirably, nobly, gloriously. praeclarus, -a, -um, [prae + clarus] adj. very b? l ight; splendid, magnificent, admirable, excellent; very striking, re- markable; illustrious, distinguished, famous, renowned. praecltido, -cludere, -cltisi, -clusum, [prae + claudo] 3 tr. shut off, shut close; forbid access to. praeco, -onis, [prae + voco] m. crier, herald; eulogist. praeconium, -1, [praeconius, from praeco] n. proclaiming, heralding; ublic laudation, commendation. praecurro, -currere, -cucurri, rarely -curri, , [prae + curro] 1 tr. and intr. run before, hasten on before, pre- cede; outrun, outstrip, suipass, excel. praeda, -ae, f. booty, spoil, plunder; gain, pi y ofit. praedator, -oris, [praedor, rob] m. plunderer, pillager, robber. praedicatio, -onis, [praedicS] f . public proclaiming, proclamation; commenda- tion, praise. praedico, -are, -avi, -atum, [prae + dico] 1 tr. and intr. make known by proclamation, proclaim, announce; de- clare openly, assert, say; report, relate; praise, commend; vaunt, boast. praedico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum, [prae + dico] 3 tr. say beforehand, foretell, predict; advise, warn, admonish, in- struct, charge. praeditus, -a, -um, [prae + datus] adj. gifted, endowed, provided, possessing. praedium, -i, n. farm, estate, manor. praedo, -onis, [praeda] m. plunderer, freebooter, robber. praeeo, -ire, -ii or -ivi, — , [prae + eo] irr. tr. and intr. go before, precede; re- cite beforehand, dictate, prescribe. praefectura, -ae, [praefectus] f. pre- fecture, the office of the prefect or gov- ernor of a provincial town; also, the town so governed. See praefectus. praefectus, -i, [praeficio] m. overseer, superintendent; captain; prefect, gov- ernor of an Italian town, appointed an- nually and sent out from Rome. praefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [prae + fero] irr. tr. bear before, carry in front of; hold forth, hand to; place before, esteem above, prefer; show, manifest, reveal. praeficio, -ficere, -feci, praefectum, [prae + facio] 3 tr. set over, place in authority over, place at the head of, put in. command of. praefinio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [prae + fl- nio] 4 tr. determine beforehand, fix as a limit, ordain, prescribe. praemitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, [prae + mitto] 3tr. send forward, send on, despatch in advance. praemium, -i, [prae + emo] n. advan- tage, favor; reward, recompense; prize, plunder, booty. praemoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [prae + moneo] 2 tr. warn beforehand, fore- warn, admonish beforehand. Praeneste, -is, n. one of the most ancient and important towns in Latium, strongly situated among the hills twenty miles io8 VOCABULARY southeast of lioiiie; modern name Pa- lestrina. praeparo, -are, -avi, -atum, [prae + par5] 1 tr. prepare beforehand, pre- pare, make preparations for, provide for. praep5no, -pSnere, -posui, -positum, [prae + pono] 3 tr. put before, place first; put in charge, set over, place in command, appoint; set before, prefer. praeripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, [prae + rapi5] 3 tr. snatch aivay, carry off; seize in advance, carry off prema- turely; forestall, anticipate. praerogativus, -a, -urn, [praerogo, ask first] adj. voting first. As subst. prae- rogatlva, -ae, f- the prerogative cen- tury; previous choice, preliminary elec- tion; a sure sign, an earnest, a token. praescribS, -scribere, -scrips!, -scrip- turn, [prae + scribo] 3 tr. write before; prefix in writing; determine in ad- vance, ordain, direct, prescribe. praesens, -entis, [pr.p. of praesum] adj. at hand, present, here present, in per- son; immediate, instant, prompt, im- pending; powerful, influential; favor- ing, propitious. praesentia, -ae, [praesens] f. presence; the present time. in praesentia, at the present time. praesentio, -sentire, -sensi. -sensum, [prae + sentio] 4 tr. perceive before- hand^ have a presentiment of, presage, divine. praesertim, adv. especially, particularly. praesideo, -6re, praesSdf , , [prae + sedeo] 2 tr. and intr. sit before; watch over, guard, protect, defend; preside over, have charge of, direct, superin- tend. praesidium, -I, [praeses, cf . praesideo] n. defence, protection; guard, armed force as a guard, escort, garrison; post, station, fortification, camp; aid, help, assistance; safeguard, bulwark, strong- hold. praestabilis, -e, [prae + stabilis] adj. preeminent, excellent, distinguished. praestans, -antis, [pr.p. of praesto] adj. preeminent, surpassing, superior, excellent, distinguished. praesto, adv. at hand, ready, present, here. praesto esse, be at hand. praesto, -stare, -stiti, -stitum, fnt. part, praestaturus, [prae + st5] 1 tr. and intr. stand before; stand out, be at the head, be superior, surpass, excel; vouch for, answer for, be respon- sible for, make good; guarantee, give assurance of; fulfil, discharge, perform ; maintain, preserve, keep; shoiv, display, manifest. Impers. it is better, it is preferable. praestolor, -an, -atus sum, l dep. stand ready for, ivaitfor, expect. praesum, -esse, -fui, [prae + sum] irr. intr. be before; be set over, pyreside over, have charge of, be in command, com- mand, rule. praeter, adv., and prep, with ace. past, by, on before, in front of, along by; con- trary to, against; beyond, above, more than ; except, besides, apart from. praeterea, [praeter + ea] adv. besides, and besides, moreover, further. praetereo, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, or -itum, [praeter + eo] irr. tr. and intr. go by, go past, pass by ; pass over, disregard, overlook, leave out, omit. praeteritus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of prae- tereo] adj. gone by, past. As subst. praeterita, -orum, n. pi. the past. praetermitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sum, [praeter + mi tto] 3 tr. let go by, let pass; let slip, omit,' leave undone, neglect; pass over, pass without notice, overlook. praeterquam, [praeter + quam] adv. except, besides. praetextatus, -a, -um, [praetexta] adj. wearing the toga praetexta. praetextus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of prae- texo, border] adj. bordered. prae- texta (sc. toga), toga praetexta, the purple-edged toga worn by the higher magistrates, also by free-born Roman boys until their seventeenth year, when praeparo- probitas 109 they assumed Lhe toga virllis of plain white, inpraetexta «sc. toga\ in boy- hood. praetor, -oris, [cf. praeeo] m. praetor. one of the higher magistrates of Rome. See Appendix C, §6. praetorius, -a, -urn, [praetor] adj. of a praetor, praetorian. cohors prae- toria, see cohors. praetura, -ae, [praeeo] f. office of prae- tor, praetor-ship. pransus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of prandeo, breakfast] adj. that has breakfasted ; overfed, satiated. pravitas, -atis, [pravus] f. crookedness. irregularity, deformity ; perverseness, vieiousness. depravity. pravus, -a, -um, adj. crooked, deformed; perverse, vicious, bad. precor, -ari, -atus sum, [cf . prex] 1 dep. psray, supplicate, entreat, beseech, beg ; invoke, call upon. premo, premere, pressi, pressum, 3 tr. press; press hard, press upon, pur sue closely, crowd ; press down, burden, op- press ; weigh down, overwhelm, crush ; urge, drive ; check, restrain. pretium, -I, n. pmce, money, value, worth ; recompense, reward, return. operae pretium, worth the effort, worth one's while. [prex, precis], f. nom. and gen. sing, not in use, prayer, entreaty, request; curse, imprecation. pridem, adv. long ago, long since, iam pridem, long ago. long, for a long time, this long time. pridie, [cf. prior + die] adv. on the day before, the previous day. Prilius Lacus, a small lake in Etruria. now Lago di Castiglione. near the Via Aurelia. primarius, -a, -um, [primus] adj. of the first rank, superior, eminent, distin- guished. primo, [primus] adv. at first. primum, [primus] adv. first, in the first place ; for the first time. cum pri- mum, "s soon as. ut primum, as soon as. quam primum, as soon as pos- sible, ubi primum, as soon a*. primus, see prior. princeps, -cipis, [primus, cf. capio] adj. first, foremost; chief- most distin- guished. As subst. m. the first man. the first ; chief, leader, prime mover ; head, author, founder. principatus, -us, [princeps] m. begin- ning; the firstpjla.ee, leadership, suprem- acy; chief command. principium, -I, [princeps] n. beginning, com men cemen t, origi n . prior, -ius, gen. -oris, comp., superl. primus, adj. former, previous, before, prior, first ; better, superior. Superl. primus, -a, -um, first, foremost ; of the first rank, chief, superior, distinguished, noble. in primis, see imprimis. prlstinus, -a, -um, [prius] adj. former, original, of old, old-time, pristine. prius, [prior] adv. comp. before, sooner, first, previously, prius quam, sooner than, earlier than, before. priusquam, see prius. privatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of privo] adj. apart, individual, personal, private; retired. As subst. privatus, -I, m. man in private life, private citizen. privo, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. deprive, bereave, rob. strip; free, release, deliver. pro, prep, with abl. before, in front of. in the presence of ; for. in behalf of in the service of; in place of, instead of; in return for. for; in comparison with, in accordance with, according to; in pro- portion to; by virtue of. on account of. pro eo atque, see atque. pro, interj. 0! ah! alas! proavus, -I, [pro + avus] m. great- grandfather; forefather, ancestor. prob6, [probus] adv. well, rightly, honestly ; fitly, pwperly ; excellently ; vej-y well. probitas, -atis, [probus] f. honesty, up- rightness, moral worth, integrity. I TO VOCABULARY probo, -are, -avi, -atum, [probus] l tr. find good, approve, commend, esteem; represent as good, recommend, make acceptable ; show, make clear, prove, demonstrate. probus, -a, -urn, adj. good, superior, ex- cellent, honest, upright. procedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, [pro + cedo] 3 intr. go forward, advance, pro- ceed. procella, -ae, f. violent wind, storm, tempest, hurricane; violence, commo- tion, tumult. processio, -onis, [procSdo] f. a march- ing on, advance. procreo, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro + creo] 1 tr. bring forth, beget, procreate ; gen- erate, produce. procul, adv. at a distance, afar off, away, far away. procuratio, -onis, [procuro, take care of] f . a caring for, management, super- intendence, administration. prodeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, [prod (pro) + eo] irr. intr. gofoi^th, come forward, appear; go forward, proceed. prodigium, -I, n. prophetic sign, omen, portent; prodigy, monster. prodigus, -a, -um, adj. wasteful, lavish, prodigal. As subst. prodigus, -I, m. spendthrift, prodigal. • proditor, -oris, [prodo] m. betrayer, traitor. prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditum, [pro + do] 3 tr. put forth, exhibit ; re- veal, disclose, betray; relate, hand down, transmit. produco, -ducere, -duxi, productum, [pro + dtico] 3 tr. lead forth, bring out; bring forward, cause to appear, pro- duce ; bring forth, beget ; raise, pro- mote, advance; prolong, drag out. proelium, -i, n. battle, combat, fight. prof anus, -a, -um, [pro + fanum] adj. not sacred, secular, common. profectio, -onis, [profectus, from pro- ficiscor] f. a setting out, starting, de- parture. profecto, [pro + facto] adv. actually, really, truly, surely, Vm sure. profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [pro + fero] irr. tr. carry out, bring forth, produce; put forth, stretch out, extend ; put off, defer ; bring forivard, adduce, discover, make known, reveal; quote, cite, mention. professio, -onis, [profiteor] f . acknowc - edgment, declaration, promise; pro- fession, business. proficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, [pro + facio] 3 tr. and intr. make headway, make progress, advance, have success, succeed; accomplish, effect, gain; be useful, do good, avail. proficiscor, -I, profectus sum, [proficio] 3 dep. set out, start, go, depart ; go on, proceed; begin, commence; arise, origi- nate. profiteor, profiteri, professus sum, [pro + fateor] 2 dep. declare publicly, profess, acknowledge, own ; avow one's self, profess to be; offer freely, promise. profligatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of profligo] adj. abandoned, vile, corrupt, un- principled, profligate. profligo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. dash to the ground, prostrate, overthrow », overcome ; destroy, ruin, crush. profugio, -fugere, profugi, , [pro + fugio] 3 intr. flee, run away, take to flight, escape; flee for refuge, take refuge. profundo, -fundere, -fudl, proftisum, [pro + fundo] 3 tr. pour out, pour forth, shed; lavish, waste, dissipate, squander, throw away. profundus, -a, -um, [pro + fundus] adj. deej), profound; vast, boundless. profundum, -I, [profundus] n. depth; the depths of the sea, deep sea; abyss. progenies, , ace. -em, abl. -e, [pro, cf . glgno] f • descent, lineage, family ; posterity, offspring, child. progredior, -gredi, progressus sum, [pro + gradior, advance] 3 dep.goforth, go, go forward, advance, proceed; make headway, make prvgress* probo— proripio III prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [pro + habeo] 2 tr. hold back, check, restrain; keep off, hinder, prevent; keep, preserve, protect, defend; forbid, prohibit. proicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, [pro + iacio] 3 tr. throw or cast forth, throw ; throw forward, hold out ; cast out, ex- pel, banish ; throw away, sacrifice, abandon; hurry, precijntate. proinde, [pro + inde] adv. hence, accord- ingly, therefore, then ; just so, in like manner, equally, just. prolato, -are, -avi, -atum, [prolatus, from profero] 1 tr. extend ; put off, defer, delay, postpone. promissum, -l, [promitto] n. promise. promitto, -mitt ere, -mlsi, promissum, [pro + mitto] 3 tr. send or put forth ; hold out, give hope of, cause to expect, assure, promise. promo, promere, prompsl, promptum, [pro + emo] 3 tr. take out, give out, bring forth, produce. promptus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of promo] adj. set forth, apparent, manifest ; at hand, ready, quick, prompt. promulgo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. and intr. bring forward publicly, give notice of, propose, publish, promulgate. pronuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro + nuntio] 1 tr. and intr. proclaim, declare, announce, publish ; pronounce, decide ; promise, offer. propago, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. set for- ward:, extend, increase ; generate, en- gender, propagate ; prolong, continue, preserve. prope, comp. propius, superl. proxime, adv. and prep. : 1. As adv. near, nigh, at hand; nearly, almost. 2. As prep, with ace. near. prope modum, nearly, almost, just about. propemodum, see prope. propero, -are, -avi, -atum, [properus, quick] 1 tr. and intr. make haste, hasten, be quick, go quickly. propinquus, -a, -um, [propel adj. near, neighbonng, not far off; kindred, re- lated. As subst. propinquus, -l, m. relative, kinsman. propior, -ius, gen. -oris, comp., superl. proximus, [cf. prope] adj. nearer, closer; more nearly related, of more concern, of greater import. Superl. proximus, -a, -um, nearest, very near, next; last, latest, most recent; following ; closest, next of kin. As subst. proxi- mus, -1, m. near relative, next of kin. propono, -ponere, -posui, -positum, [pro + pono] 3 tr. set forth, place before; set before, propose; imagine, conceive; point out, adduce, declare, relate; offer, present; threaten, denounce; resolve, intend, determine, determine upon. propraetor, -oris, [pro + praetor] m. propraetor, one who governs a province after having been praetor. proprie, [proprius] adv. personally, in- dividually, solely, as one's own; prop- erly, accurately, appropriately. proprius, -a, -um, adj. one's own, indi- vidual, special, peculiar, characteristic; exact, appropriate, proper; lasting, en- during, permanent. propter, [prope] adv. and prep. : 1. As adv. near, hard by, near at hand. 2. As prep, with ace. near, next to, close to; on account of, by reason of, because of, for the sake of, for; through, by means of. propterea, [propter + ea] adv. for that reason, on this account. propterea quod, because. propugnaculum, -I, [propugno, from pro + pugno] n. rampart, outworks, fortress; bulwark, defence, protection. propugnator, -oris, [propugno, from pro + piigno] m. defender, soldier, champion. propulso, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of propello, from pro + pello] 1 tr. drive back, repel, repulse; ward off, avert. proripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, [pro + rapio] 3 tr. drag forth, drag off, snatch away. 112 VOCABULARY proscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, -scrip- turn, [pro + scribo] 3 tr. make public, publish, proclaim, announce; advertise, outlaw, proscribe. proscriptio, -onis, [proscribo] f. public notice of sale, advertisement; outlawry, confiscation , proscription. prosequor, -sequi, prosecutus sum, [pro + sequor] 3 dep. follow, accom- pany, escort; wait upon, attend; follow up, pursue; honor, pay respect, distin- . guish. prospere, [prosperus, prosperous] adv. favorably, luckily, fortunately, success- fully, prosperously. prospicio, -spicere, -spexl, prospec- tum, [pro + specio] 3 tr. and intr. look forward, look out, look; look to, lookout for, provide for, take care of. prosternS, -ere, prostravi, prostra- tum, [pro + sterno] 3 tr. strew before, cast down, overthrow, lay low, pros- trate; ruin, destroy. prosum, prodesse, profui, [pro + sum] irr. intr. be useful, be cf advantage, profit, do good, benefit, avail. protraho, -trahere, -traxi, protrac- tum, [pro + traho] 3 tr. draw forth, drag out, produce; bring to light, dis- close, reveal. providentia, -ae, [providens, from pro- video] f • foresight, forethought, pre- caution. provideo, -videre, -vidi, provisum, [pro + video] , 2 tr. and intr. see before- hand, foresee; act with foresight, take precautions or pains, see to it, be care- ful, take care; provide, make provision, make ready, look after. provincia, -ae, f. office, duty, charge ; province. provincialis, -e, [provincia] adj. of a province, in a province, provincial. provoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro + voco] 1 tr. and intr. call forth, call out, chal- lenge; rouse, stir up, excite, provoke. proxime, see prope. proximus, see propior. prudens, -entis, [for providens, from provideo] adj. foreseeing; skilled, versed, experienced; with knowledge, deliberate; far-seeing, knoiving, saga- cious, sensible, judicious, discreet, pru- dent. priidentia, -ae, [prudens] f. foresight; knowledge, skill; sagacity, practical judgment, good sense, discretion, pru- dence. pruina, -ae, f . hoarfrost, frost. pubes, -eris, adj. grown up, adult. As subst. puberes, -um, m. pi. grown men, adults, able-bodied men . pubes, -is, f • grownup young men, youth able to bear arms, young men. publicanus, -a, -um, [publicus] adj. of the public revenue. As subst. publi- canus, -1, hi. farmer of the revenues, publican. publicatio, -onis, [publico] f. confisca- tion of private property for the state. publice, [publicus] adv. publicly, in the name of the state, for or on behafofthe state, officially; generally, all together. Publicius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. Esp. a follower of Cati- line's. publico, -are, -avi, -atum, [publicus] 1 tr. adjudge to public use, confiscate. publicus, -a, -um, [for populicus] adj. of the people, of the state, state-, offi- cial, public; common, general. rSs pu- blica, the commonwealth, the state, republic, the government, the country; public business, affairs of state; public life, politics; public weal, general wel- fare, interests of the country. As subst. publicum, -1, n. public property; pub- lic treasury, public revenue; public place, publicity, carere publico, be in retirement, remain at home. Publius, -1, m. a Roman praenomen or forename. pudeo, -ere, pudui or puditum est, 2 tr. and intr. be ashamed; make ashamed, put to shame. Usually im- pers. one is ashamed, translating the accusative as subject. , proscribo— quaestor "3 pudicitia, -ae, [pudicus, modest] f. modesty, virtue, chastity. pudor, -oris, [pudeo] m. shame, sense of shame, feeling of decency, modesty, pro- priety; sense of honor or right, self- respect; disgrace, ignominy. puer, puerij ni. boy, lad, young man; servant, slave. ex pueris, from boyhood. puerilis, -e, [puer] &&j. boyish, childish, youthful. aetas puerilis, the age of boyhood. pueritia, -ae, [puer] f. boyhood, child- hood, youth. pugna, -ae, f. fight, combat, battle, en- gagement. pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, [pugna] 1 tr. and intr. fight, give battle, engage; contend, dispute; struggle with, oppose, resist; struggle, strive. pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj. beautiful, handsome, fair ; attractive, fine, excel- lent ; noble, honorable ; glorious, illus- trious. pulchre, [pulcher] adv. beautifully ; finely, excellently ; nobly, admirably. pulchritudo, -inis, [pulcher] f. beauty; attractiveness, excellence. pulvinar, -aris, [pulvinus, cushion} n. couch of the gods, a cushioned seat spread at a feast of the gods before their statues ; shrine, temple. punctum, -1, [pungo] n. puncture ; point. punctum temporis, an in- stant, moment. pungo, -ere, pupugi, punctum, 3 tr. puncture, punch, pierce, stab; make by piercing ; annoy, grieve, afflict. Punicus, -a, -um, [PoeniJ adj. Punic, Carthaginian. punio (poenio), -ire, -IvI, -Itum, [poena] 4 tr. punish, chastise; revenge, avenge. punltor, -oris, [punio] m. punUher; avenger. purgo, -are, -avi, -atum, [purus + ago] 1 tr. make clean, cleanse, purify ; clear from accusation, exonerate, excul- pate, justify; vindicate, establish. purpura, -ae, [nop^vpa] f . purple ; purple cloth, purple garment. purpura tus, -a, -um, [purpura] adj. clad in purple. As subst. purpuratus, -1, m. officer of a royal court, courtier. purus, -a, -um, adj. unstained, un- spotted, clean, pure; undefiled, chaste. puts, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. cleanse, clear up ; reckon, estimate, value ; es- teem, regard, consider ; think, believe ; suspect, suppose, imagine. Q., abbreviation for Quintus. qua, [abl. fern, of qui] adv. by which way, where, at which place ; by what means, how. quadraginta, [quattuor] num. adj. indecl. forty. quadringentiens (-ies), [quadrin- gentl, four hundred} num. adv. four hundred times. quadringentiens (sc. centena milia),/w^ million. quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesi- tum, 3 tr. seek, look for ; seek to gain, try to get, strive after ; gain, get, ac- quire; lack, need, want; ask. demand, require, call for ; make inquiry or in- vestigation, inquire into, investigate, conduct investigations ; put the ques- tion to, examine. quaesitor, -oris, [quaero] m. inquirer, investigator ; prosecuting officer, presi- dent of a court of inquiry, quaeso, [cf. quaerQ] def. 3 tr. and intr. beg, pray, beseech, entreat ; often paren- thetical, quaeso, / beg you, I pray, please. quaestio, -5nis, [quaerO] f. examina- tion, inquiry, investigation; judicial investigation, criminal inquiry, trial, court; subject of investigation, question on trial, caxe. quaestor, -oris, [for quaesitor, from quaero] m. quaestor. For the duties, H4 VOCABULARY etc., of the quaestor, see the Introduc- tion, §§13-16, and Appendix C. quaestorius, -a, -urn, [quaestor] adj. of a quaestor, quaestoHan. quaestuosus, -a, -urn, [quaestus] adj. profitable, lucrative, advantageous. quaestura, -ae, [cf . quaero] f. office of quaestor, quaestorship. quaestus, -us, [cf. quaero] m. acquisi- tion, gain, profit, advantage, interest; business, occupation. qualis, -e, [qui] pron. adj.,interrog. and rel.: 1. Asinterrog. of what sort? of what nature ? what sort of? 2. As rel. of such a kind, such as, such, talis . . . qualis, such ...as. quam, [quis, qui] adv. and conj., inter- rog. and rel. : 1. As interrog. how? how much? quam diti, how long ? 2. As rel. how, how much, as, as much as. quam diti, as long as. In comparisons, as, than, rather than. tarn . . . quam, as ... as, so much... as. With superlatives, forms of possum being expressed or under- stood, in the highest degree, as... as possible, quam plurimos, as many as quamdiu, see quam and diu. quamobrem, adv. phrase : 1. As interrog. for what reason? why? 2. As rel. for which reason, why, wherefore, hence, accordingly. quamquam, [quam + quam] conj. though, although, notwithstanding that; and yet, yet after all, however. quamvis, [quam + vis, from volo] adv. and conj.: 1. As adv. as you will, as much as you will, however much, no matter how. 2. As conj. however much, although. quando, adv. and conj.: 1. As adv. interrog. when? at what time ? ; indef . after ne, num, or si, at any time, ever, some time, some day. 2. As conj. ivhen, at the time that; since, as, inasmuch as. quandoquidem, [quando + quidem] adv. since, seeing that. quanto, see quantus. quanto opere, see opus, quantum, [quantus] adv.: 1. As interrog. how much? how great? how far? what? 2. As rel. so much as, to as great an extent as, as far as. quantus, -a, -um, pron. adj.: 1. As interrog. how great? how much? what? 2. As rel. as great as, as much as, as. tantus . . . quantus, as great as, as much as. As subst. quantum, -i, n. how much ? as much as. quanti, gen. of price, for how much ? at what price? at the price that, quanto, abl. as adv. by how much, how much, by as much as, according as. quantuscumque, quanta-, quantum-, [quantus + cumque] rel. adj. how great soever, of whatever size; however small, however trifling. quapropter, [qua + propter] adv. in- terrog. and rel. J or what reason? why?; on which account, wherefore, therefore. qua re or quare, adv. phrase : 1. As interrog. by what means? how?; on what account ? why ? 2. As rel. wherefore, and for that reason; by reason of which. quartus, -a, -um, [quattuor] num. adj. fourth. quasi, [qua + si] adv. and conj. as if, just as if as it were, as one might say ; about, nearly, proinde quasi, quasi vevd,just as if, forsooth. quasso, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of quatio, shake'] 1 tr. shake violently, brandish; shake, shatter, shiver. quattuor, num. adj. indecl./ow. -que, conj. enclitic, and. quern ad modum, adv. phrase, interrog. and rel. in ivhat manner? how? ; in ivhat ivay, how, as. quaestorius— quisquam 115 queo, quire, quivl or quii, , irr. intr. be able, can. querela (querella), -ae, [queror] f. lamentation, lament; complaining, com- plaint, cause of complaint. querimonia, -ae, [queror] f. lamenta- tion, complaining ; complaint, accusa- tion, reproach. queror, querl, questus sum, 3 dep. lament, bewail; complain, make a com- plaint; complain of ,jind fault with. 1. qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, interrog. adj. pron. which ? what ? what kind off 2. qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, rel. pron. who, which, what, that; whoever, whichever, whatever; often, in that, as, to. qui, [old abl. of qui] adv. interrog. and rel. how? by what means? in what way ? ; wherewith, by means of which, how. quia, conj. because. quicumque, quae-, quod-, [qui + cum- que] rel. pron. indef. whoever, which- ever, whatever ; whosoever, whatsoever; everyone who, everything that ; any- thing whatever, every possible, every, all that. quid, see quis. quidam, quaedam, quiddam, or as adj. quoddam, [qui] rel. pron. a certain, a certain one, one, a, a kind of; a certain man, someone, something, a thing; pi. some, certain, sundry. quidem, [qui] adv. indeed, in fact, as- suredly, Tm sure, certainly, most cer- tainly, doubtless ; at least, at any rate, yet. ne* . . . quidem, not even. quies, quietis, f. rest, repose, inaction, sleep; quiet, peace. quiesco, -ere, quievl, quietum, [quies] 3 intr. go to rest, rest, repose, do nothing, keep quiet, be at peace; sleep, be asleep. quietus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of quiesco] adj. at rest, in quiet, at peace, peaceful ; in- active, neutral; undisturbed, unruffled, calm, quiet. quilibet, quae-, quod-, and as subst. quidlibet, rel. pron. indef. ivhom you will, any one, no matter who, what you please, anything. quin, [qui + -ne] adv. and conj. why not? wherefore not?; but indeed, really, nay in fact ; in dependent clauses, so that... not, but that, but, without; who. ..not, but ; after words of hinder- ing, from with Eng. verbal in -ing ; after words of doubt or uncertainty, but that, that. quin etiam, nay even, in fact. qulnam, see quisnam. quindecim, [quinque + decern] num. adj. indecl. fifteen. qulngentl, -ae, -a, [quinque + cen- tum] num. adj. jive hundred. quinquaginta, [quinque] indecl. num. fifty. quinque, num. adj. indecl. five. quintus, -a, -um, [quinque] num. adj. fifth. Quintus, -I, [quintus] m. a Roman praenomen or forename. quippe, [qui + -pe] adv. of course, no doubt, as you see, naturally ; since, for, for you see; ironically, forsooth, indeed. Quiris, -ltis, m. Roman citizen ; esp. in voc. v\. fellow -citizens. quis, quid, interrog. pron. who ? which ? what?; quid, often in questions and ex- clamations, alone or followed by vero, turn, igitur, ergo, leading up to the main question, what of this, again, but again, why, but mark this, listen, etc. quis (qui), qua, quid, indef. pron. any one, anybody, one, any, anything; some one, some ; used chiefly after si, nisi, ne, num, and in relative sentences. quisnam, quae-, quid-, or as adj., qui- nam, quae-, quod-, [quis (qui) + nam] interrog. pron. who, pray ? which or what, pray? who, etc., in the world? what ? quispiam, quae-, quod-, or as subst. quidpiam, indef. pron. any one, any- body, anything, any ; some one, some- body, something, some. quisquam, quaequam, quicquam, in- def. pron. any one, any man, anybody* n6 VOCABULARY anything, any. neque quisquam, and no one, none. quisque, quae-, quid-, or as adj. quod- que, [quis + -que] indef. pron. tack, each one, every, everybody, every one. everything, all. optimus quisque, every good man. quotus quisque, see quotus. quisquis, quidquid or quicquid, or as adj. quodquod, rel. pron. indef. who- ever, whatever, whatsoever, no matter who, no matter what, every one w/io, all who. quivis, quae-, quid-, or as adj. quodvis, [qui + vis, from voloj indef. pron. whom you please, what yon please, any one you please or you like, any one, any- thing, any whatever or at all, any pos- sible. quo, [qui] adv. and conj.: 1. a. abl. of degree of difference with comparatives, by what, by as much as, the. /3. abl. of cause with nega- tives, for the reason that, because, that, as if. y. of result chiefly with comparatives, tvherefore, whereby, on account of which, and so. 6. of purpose, esp. with comparatives, that thereby, in order that. quo minus, that not, from with Eng. verbal in -ing. 2. a. interrog. to what place? whither? ivhereto? /3. rel. to ivhich place, whither, and to this point, as far as. y. indef. after si or ne, any w hither, to any place. quoad, [quo + ad] adv. and conj. as far as; till, until; as long as, while. quocirca, [quo + circa, cf. circum] conj. for which reason, wherefore, and for this reason, and therefore. quocumque, [quo + -cumque] adv. to whatever place, whithersoever, where- ever, whichever way. quod, [ace. n. of qui] adv. and conj. with respect to which, as to what, in what, wherein ; in that, the fact that, that ; because, inasmuch as, since, for; as for the fact that, as for with Eng. verbal in -ing. quod SI, but if, and if, now if quominus, see qu6, 1 6. quo modo, [quis + modus] adv. phrase, interrog. and rel. in what manner? how f ; in the manner that, as, just as. quondam, [quom (cum) + -dam] adv. once upon a time, once, formerly ; once in a while, sotne times. quoniam, [quom (cum) + iam] conj. since, seeing that, as, inasmuch as. quoque, conj. also, too, as well, even, placed after an emphatic word. quot, indecl. adj., interrog. and rel. how many ."; as many as, as. quotannis, [quot + annis, from annus] adv. every year, year by year, annually. quotidianus, see cotidianus. quotidig, sec cotidie. quotiens (-ies), Lquot] adv., interrog. and rel. how often ? how many times? ; as often, as often as. quotienscumque (quoties-), [quotiens + -cumque] adv. however often, just as often as, every time that. quotus, -a, -um, [quot] adj. which in number, of what number. quotus quisque, how many; how few. quo usque, adv. phrase, until what time ? how long ? E radix, -icis, f. root; lower part, foot, base; basis, foundation, origin, source, raeda, -ae, f. a heavy four-wheeled ve- hicle. raedarius, -i, [raeda] m. coachman, driver of a raeda. raplna, -ae, [rapio] f. robbery, plunder- ing, plunder, pillage, rapine. rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum, 3 tr. seize and carry off ; snatch, drag, drag off; snatch away, hurry away, carry along, carry away, impel; rob, plun- der, ravage, lay waste. raro, [rarus, rare\ adv. rarely, seldom, noiv and then. ratio, -onis, [reor, reckon] f. reckoning, numbering, calculation, account; t?*ans* quisque— recuso 117 action, business, affair, concern ; ref- erence, respect, connection; regard, con- sideration; relation, condition; course, arrangement, method, manner, kind, style; plan, plan of action, design, plan of life, principle; judgment, under- s Landing, course of reasoning ; reason, motive ; propriety, rule, order ; theory, doctrine, theoretical knowledge, science; view, opinion. rationem habere, see habere. ratiocinor, -an, -atus sum, [ratio] l dep. reckon, calculate ; reason, argue. re- or red-, inseparable prefix, again, anew, back, against. rea, see reus. Reatinus, -a, -urn, [Reate] adj. of Beate, a Sabine town of which Cicero was patronus. recede, -cedere, -cessi, recessum, [re- + cSdo] 3 intr. go back, fall back, retire, withdraw; desist. - recgns, -eiltis, adj. fresh, young, new, still fresh, recent; vigorous. recensio, -onis, [recensed, count] f. enumeration; census. receptor, -oris, [recipio] m. harborer, concealer; haunt. recessus, -us, [recgdo] m. a going back, retreating, retiring, withdrawal; re- tired spot, nook, corner, retreat. recido or reccido, -ere, reccidi or re- cidi, fat. part, recasurus, [re- + cado] 3 intr. fall back, return, relapse; fall, sink, be reduced; fall to, be handed over; recoil, be visited. recipio, -cipere, -cepi, receptum, [re- + capioj 3 tr. take back, bring back, gel back, regain, recover; admit, accept, receive, welcome ; take upon one's self, assume; be surety for, promise; take up, undertake. se" recipere, withdraw, return, retire, retreat. recito, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + cito] l tr. read out, read aloud, declaim, recite. reclamo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + clS- m5] 1 tr. and intr. cry out against, ex- claim against, protest, recognosco, -gnoscere, -gnovi, rec<5- gnitum, [re- + cognosco] 3 tr. know again, recognize, recall, recollect; look over, review, examine. recolo, -colere, -colui, recultum, [re- + C015] 3 tr. cultivate again, work over; practise again, resume, renew. reconciliatio, -onis, [reconcilio] f. a reestablishing, restoration, renewal; rec- onciliation. reconcilio, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + COncilio] 1 tr. regain, recover, restore, reestablish; reunite, reconcile. reconditus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of recondo] adj. put away, out of the way, hidden, retired, sequestered; abstruse, recondite. recondo, -condere, -condidi, recondi- tum, [re- + condo] 3 tr. put back; put away, shut up, close, hide, conceal; of a sword, sheathe. recordatio, -onis, [recordor] f. recollec- tion, remembrance. recordor, -ari, recordatus sum, [re- + cor, heart] 1 dep. recall to mind, recall, bethink one's self of, remember, recollect. recreo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + creo] l tr. re-create; renew, restore, receive, re- fresh, invigorate. rScta, [abl. f. of rectus, sc via] adv. straightivay, right on, directly. recte, [rectus] adv. in a straight line; rightly, with justice, properly; correct- ly, well, duly, suitably. rectus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of rego] adj. in a straight line, straight, direct, unde- viating; tight, correct, proper, befitting; just, upright. recupero, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-, cf. cupio] 1 tr. get back, regain, recover. recurro, -ere, recurri, , [re- + cur- ro] 3 intr. run back, hasten back; re- turn, revert, recur. recusatio, -onis, [recuso] f. a declining, refusal; objection, protest. recuso, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-, causa] 1 tr. and intr. make objections to, object to, object; decline, refuse; reject, repu- diate. Ii8 VOCABULARY red-, see re-, redactus, see redigo. redargue, -ere, redargui, , [red- + arguo] 3 tr. and intr. disprove, confute, contradict. reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum, [red- + do] 3 tr. give back, return, re- store; cause to be, make, render; repay, requite,pay; give up, resign, surrender; give, grant, bestow. redemptio, -onis, [redimo] f . a buying back, redemption, ransom; cowupt pur- chase, bribery. redemptor, -oris, [redimo] m. contrac- tor. redemptus, see redimo. redeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, [red- + eo] irr. intr. go back, turn back, return, come back; be brought back, be returned, be restwed. redigo, -ere, redegi, redactum, [red- + ago] 3 tr. drive back, force back, bring back; collect, raise, call in; re- duce, bring, subdue. redimio, -Ire, -ii, -Itum, 4 tr. wreathe, encircle, gird, crown. redimo, -imere, -6mi, redemptum, [red- + emo] 3 tr. buy back, redeem, ransom; buy off, set free, rescue; take by contract, contract for, farm, lease; buy, acquire, secure, gain. reditus, -us, [redeo] m. a going back, return; revenue, income. redoleo, -ere, redolul, — -, [red- + oleo, smell of] 2 tr. and intr. smell, smell of, be redolent of; savor of, ex- hale, breathe. redtico, -diicere, -diixl, reductum, [re- + duco] 3 tr. lead back, escort back, accompany ; bring off, withdraw ; bring back, restore, replace. redundo, -are, -avi, -atum, [red- + undo, from unda$ ivave] 1 intr. run over, overflow; swim, reek; be left, redound, abound, be in excess. redux, -ducis, [cf. redtic5] adj. active, that brings back ; passive, led back, brought back, returned, restored. refello, -ere, refelll, — , [re-+fall5] 3 tr. prove false, disprove, refute, expose. refercio, -fercire, -fersi, refertum, [re- + farcio, stuff] 4 tr. Jill up, stuff, stuff up, cram full, crowd full, pack. refero, -ferre, rettull, relatum, [re- + fero] irr. tr. bring back, carry back, bring; give back, return, restore, repay; reneiv, revive, repeat; reply, answer; report, announce, say; record, register, enroll; ascribe, attribute, refer. ad senatum referre, lay before the senate, submit to the senate for consideration, propose to the senate, consult the senate. se referre, go back, return, gratiam referre, see gratia. refert, referre, retulit, [re from r6s, +fero] impers. it is of advantage, it profits, it is one^s interest ; it is im- portant, it matters, it makes a differ- ence. refertus, see refercio. reficio, -ficere, -feci, refeetum, [re- + facio] 3 tr. make again, reconstruct, repair ; renew, refresh, recruit, rein- vigorate, restore. reformldo, -are, — , -atum, [re- + formldo] 1 tr. and intr. fear greatly, dread, be afraid of, stand in awe of, shrinkfrom. refrigero, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + frigero, cf . frigus] 1 tr. cool off, cool ; pass, grow cold, lose freshness. refugio, -fugere, refugi, — , [re- + fugio] 3 tr. and intr. flee back, run aivay, escape; flee for safety, take ref- uge; avoid, shun, recoil, shrinkfrom. refuto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. check, re- strain, repel; rebut, disprove, refute. regalis, -e, [r6x] adj. o/or like a king, kingly, royal, regal. regia, -ae, [regius] f. royal palace. Esp. Numa's palace on the Via Sacra. regie, [regius] adv. royally, in a regal manner; tyrannically, despotically. Regini (Rhe-), -orum, m. pi. the people of Regium. regio, -onis, [rego] f. direction, line; boundary line, boundary, limits ; guar- red- -renovo 119 ter, region, district, country ; ■position, situation. RSgium (R.he->, -l, n. a Greek city in the " toe " of Italy, now Reggio. rggius, -a, -urn, [rex] adj. of or like a king, kingly, royal, regal. bellum regium, 'war with a king. regno, -are, -avl, -atum, [regnum] 1 tr. and intr. have royal jjower, be king, rule, reign ; lord it, domineer. regnum, -l, [rego] n. royal authority, kingship, royalty ; government, domin- ion, sovereignty, supreme power, sway; arbitrary rule, despotism, tyranny ; kingdom, realm. rego, regere, rexl, rectum, 3 tr. keep straight, guide, direct, control, have control of, manage ; rule, govern, be master of. regredior, -1, regressus sum, [re- + gradior, advance] 3 dep. go back, turn back, return; withdraw, retreat. reicio, -icere, -iecl, reiectum, [re- + iacio] 3 tr. throw back, hurl back ; cast off or away, repel, reject; scorn, re- fuse, disdain, spurn ; refer, turn over ; of juries, set aside, challenge. reiectio, -onis, [reicio] f. a throwing back or away, rejection ; challenging, challenge. relaxo, -are, -avl, -atum, [re- + laxo, open] 1 tr. stretch out, open, loosen ; re- lax, relieve, lighten, ease, cheer. relego, -are, -avl, -atum, [re- + lego] 1 tr. send away, despatch, remove, se- clude; banish, exile, relegate. relevo, -are, -avl, -atum, [re- + levo] 1 tr. lift up, raise; make light, lighten; relieve, ease, soothe, alleviate, mitigate. religio, -onis, [re- + lego] f. conscien- tiousness, sense of right ; moral obliga- tion, duty ; regard for sacred things, reverence, devoutness, piety ; religious scruple, scruple of conscience, fear of the gods, superstitious awe ; worship of the gods, religious observance, religion, faith, cult ; sacredness, sanctity ; pi. objects of veneration, sacred scenes, holy 35 religiose, [religiosus] adv. conscien- tiously, sci-upulously, carefully ; piously, religiously. religiosus, -a, -um, [religio] adj. con- scientious, scrupulous, careful, precise ; reverend, pious, devout ; consecrated, holy, sacred, venerated, venerable. relinquo, -ere, reliqui, relictum, [re- + linquo, leave] 3 tr. leave behind, leave; leave alone, let remain; bequeath; give up, resign, relinquish ; leave out, omit, neglect; abandon, forsake, desert. reliquus, -a, -um, [cf. relinquo] adj. left, left over, remaining ; future, sub- sequent, after ; the rest of, the rest, the other, all other. reliquum est ut, it remains that, it only remains to. remaneo, -ere, remans!, — , [re- + maneo] 2 intr. stay behind, remain, be left; continue, last, endure, abide, be. remansio, -onis, [remaneo] f . a staying behind, remaining, stay. remex, -igis, [remus + ago] m. rower, oarsman. reminiscor, -1, , [re-, cf . memini] 3 dep. recall to mind, recollect, remember, bear in mind. remissio, -onis, [remitto] f. a sending back; relaxing, diminution, abatement, remission; relaxation, recreation. remissus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of remitto] adj. relaxed; slack, loose, lax, negligent, remiss; light, merry. remitto, -mittere, -misi, remissum, [re- + mitto] 3 tr. send back, let go back, cause to return ; throw back ; give up, yield, grant; relax, relieve, release', re- mit, grant exemption from. remoror, -ari, -atus sum, [re- + moror] 1 dep. hold back, detain, delay, retard. removeo, -mov6re, -movi, remotum, [re- + moveo] 2 tr. move back, take away, withdraw, remove ; set aside, put off. get out of the way, abolish. remus, -1, m. oar. renovo, -are, -avl, -atum, [re- + nov5, from novus] 1 tr. renew, restore ; re- fresh, revive. 120 VOCABULA&Y renuntiS, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + nuntio] 1 tr. bring back word, report, announce ; report upon, declare, pro- claim ; proclaim, as chosen, declare elected; retract, renounce, abandon. repellS, -ere, reppuli or repuli, repul- sum, [re- + pell5J 3 tr. drive back, repel, repidse; keep off, ward off, avert; reject. repente, [repSns, sudden] adv. suddenly, unexpectedly. repentinus, -a, -urn, [repens, suddeii\ adj. sudden, unexpected, unlooked for ; hasty, impetuous. reperio, reperire, repperi or reperi, repertum, 4 tr. find, meet with ; find out, find to be, discover, learn; Jut upon, devise, invent. repeto, -ere, -Ivi, -itum, [re- + petS] 3 tr. fall upon again, attack anew ; seek again, return to ; demand back, claim, ask for ; take hold of again, undertake anew, resume, repeat; think over, recall, recollect; trace back, deduce. pe- cuniam repetere, sue for the recovery of money, sue for extortion. repetundae, -arum, [old form of ger. of repeto, sc. pecuniae] f. pi. money de- manded back, suit for extortion; extor- tion. reports, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + ports] 1 tr. carry back, bring back ; carry off, get, obtain, gain. reposes, -ere, , — , [re- + pSscS] 3 tr. demand back, ask again ; claim, de- mand, exact. reprehends, -ere, reprehendl, repre- hensum, [re- + prehendS, seize] 3 tr. hold back, hold fast, seize, catch ; re- strain, check ; find fault with, blame, censure, reprove, rebuke. reprehensiS, -Snis, [reprehends] f. blame, censure, reproof. reprimo, -ere, repress!, repressum, [re- + prem5] 3 tr. press back, keep back, restrain, check, curb, repress; limit, confine. repudio, -are, -avi, -atum, [repudium, casting off] 1 tr. cast off ; reject, refuse, repudiate, scom, disdain, spurn. repugnS, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + piignS] 1 intr. resist, make resistance, oppose, be in opposition, contend against. reputS, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + puto] 1 tr. count over, reckon up ; think over, reflect upon. requies, -etis, ace. requiStem or re- quiem, [re- + quiSs] f . rest, repose, rec- reation; respite, intermission. requiesco, -ere, requievi, requiStum, [re- + quiSscS] 3 intr. rest, take rest, repose. requiro, -quirere, -quisivl, requisi- tum, [re- + quaeroj 3 tr. and intr. seek again, seek, search for ; ask for, de- mand ; ask, inquire, seek to know ; feel the lack of, miss, need, be in want of. r6s, rei, f. thing; matter, affair, business, object; event, occurrence, circumstance; deed, act, measure ; condition, case ; reality, fact, truth; effects, property, possessions, estate; benefit, profit, ad- vantage, interest ; cause, reason, ground; lawsuit, case at law, trial, action, res gestae, exploits, deeds. rSs secundae, see secundus. rSs publica, see publi- cus. res familiaris, see familiaris. res mllitaris, see militaris. res no- vae, see novus. The word admits of a variety of translations to suit particular contexts. rescinds, -ere, rescidi, rescissum, [re- + scindS, cut] 3 tr. cut off, cut loose, cut down; annul, abolish, repeal. resecS, -are, resecui, resectum, [re- + secS] 1 tr. cut off, cut away ; check, re- strain, stop. reservS, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + serv5] 1 tr. keep back, save up. reserve, hold in reserve; retain, keep. resides, -sidere, -sedi, — , [re- + sedeS] 2 intr. sit back, remain sitting ; remain behind, remain, be left, stay, rest; abide, resigns, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + sign5, cf. signum] 1 tr. unseal, open ; annul, cancel, destroy. resists, -sistere, restiti, — , [re- + sistS] 3 intr. stand back; remain stand- renuntio— rogatus 121 ing, hall, stop, stand still; withstand, make a stand against, oppose, resist. respicio, -ere, respexi, respectum, [re- + speciOj 3 tr. and iritr. look back, look behind; look back at, gaze upon, con- template ; have a care for, be mindful of, consider, respect. respiro, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + spiro] 1 tr. and intr. breathe back, breathe out, exhale; breathe again, revive, recover. respondeo, -ere, respondl, responsum, [re- + spondeo] 2 tr. and intr. answer, reply, make answer, respond; be a match for, be equal to; correspond, agree. responsum, -I, [respondeo] n, answer, reply, response; advice, opinion. res ptiblica, see res and publicus. respuo, -ere, respul, — , [re- + spuo, spit] 3 tr. spit back, spit out ; reject, re- pel, spurn. restinguo, -ere, restinxi, restinctum, [re- + stinguo, extinguish] 3 tr. jmt | out, quench, extinguish ; exterminate, annihilate, destroy. restituo, -ere, restitui, restittitum, [re- + statuo] 3 tr. set up again, replace, reconstruct, reestablish, restore ; revive, renew, repair, remedy; reinstate, recall. restitutor, -oris, [restituo] m. restorer, rebuilder. resto, restare, restiti, — , [re- + sto] 1 intr. withstand, resist, stand firm ; remain, be left. retardo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + tardo] 1 tr. and intr. keep back, delay, retard; hinder, impede; repress, check. reticeo, -ere, reticui, — , [re- + taceo] 2 tr. and intr. be silent, keep silence, say nothing ; leave unsaid, conceal. retineo, -tinere, -tinui, retentum, [re- + teneo] 2 tr. hold back, keep back, detain; holdfast, keep, retain; hold in check, restrain, repress ; maintain, up- hold, preserve, keep. retorqueo, -torquere, -torsi, retortum, [re- + torqueo, twist] 2 tr. twist back, turn back, throw back. retraho, -trahere, -traxi, retractum, [re- + traho] 3 tr. draw back, drag back, bring back ; ivithdraiv, remove, divert. retundo, -ere, rettudi or retudi, re- ttisum or retunsum, [re- + tundo, beat] 3 tr. beat back, blunt, dull; re- strain, check. reus, -I, m., and rea, -ae, f. [res] the ac- cused, the defendant, the prisoner. revello, -vellere, -velli, revulsum, [re- + vello, pluck] 3 tr. pluck away, tear away, pull off. revertor, -I, revert! (active), reversum, [re- + vertor] 3 dep. turn back, come back, return; go back, revert. revinco, -vincere, revici, revictum, [re- + vinco] 3 tr. conquer; convict, re- fute, disprove. revivisco, -ere, revixl, revictum, [re- + inch, of VIVO] 3 intr. come to life again, be restored to life, revive. revoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-+voco] 1 tr. call again, call back, recall ; call off, icithdraw; renew, regain, recover; divert, turn away. rex, regis, [cf. rego] m. king ; despot, tyrant. Rhgnus, -1, m. the Rhine. Rhodius, -a, -um, [Rhodus] adj. of Rhodes, Rhodian. As subst. Rhodil, -orum, m. pi. the people of Rhodes. Rhodus, -1, f. Rhodes, an island off the coast of Asia Minor. ridi cuius, -a, -um, [rideo, laugh] adj. laughable, droll, amusing; absurd, ridiculous, contemptible. ripa, -ae, f. bank of a river. robur, -oris, n. oak ; strength, vigor, en- durance, force ; best part, pith, flower. robustus, -a, -um, [robur] adj. ofoak- tvood; robust, hardy, lusty; firm, solid, strong, vigorous. rogatio, -onis, [rogo] f. an asking, question; request, entreaty; proposed law, resolution, bill. [rogatus, -us], [rogo] m. found only in abl. *in£. request, entieaty. 122 VOCABULARY rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. ask, in- quire, question; ask for, request, beg, implore, entreat ; of a resolution or law, bring forward, propose, move, in- troduce, sententiam rogare, ask an opinion, call upon to vote. Roma, -ae, f . Rome. Eomanus, -a, -urn, [Roma] adj. of Rome, Roman. As subst. Romanus, -I, m. Roman. Romilia, -ae, (sc. tribus) f. the Ro- milian tribe, one of the tribes of Rome. Roscius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp. Q. Roscius, the fa- mous comic actor of Rome. rostrum, -l, [rodo, gnaw] n. beak. PL the rostra or rostrum, a platform for speakers in the forum, adorned with the beaks of ships. Rudinus, -a, -urn, [Rudiae] adj. of Rudiae, a town in Calabria, the " heel " of Italy, the birthplace of the poet En- nius. rudis, -e, adj. raw, wild; rude, uncul- tivated, unpolished, unskilled, ignorant. Rufio, -onis, m. name of a slave. ruina, -ae, [ruo] f. a tumbling down, falling down, downfall, fall ; over- throw, disaster, destruction, ruin. rumor, -oris, m. vague sound, murmur; common talk, report, hearsay, rumor ; common opinion, reputation. rumpo, rumpere, rtipi, ruptum, 3 tr. break, burst, tear, rend ; violate, de- stroy, annul; break in upon, interrupt, cut short. ruo, ruere, rui, rutum, 3 tr. and intr. fall with violence, tumble down, go to ruin or destruction, be ruined ; rush headlong, rush, dash, hurry, run. rursus, [for revorsus, cf. revertor] adv. turned back ; back again, again, once more ; on the contrary, on the other hand, in turn. rus, ruris, n the country ; loc. ruri, in the country. rtisticor, -ari, -atus sum, [rtisticus] 1 dep. sojourn in the country, rusticate. rusticus, -a, -um, [rus] adj. of the coun- try, rustic, rural, country-. As subst. rtisticus, -I, m. countryman, peasant. Sabinus, -a, -um, adj. of the Sabines, Sabine. As subst. Sabini, -orum, m. pi. the Sabines. sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj. dedicated, consecrated, devoted, sacred. As subst. sacrum, -I, n. something sacred, holy thing; pi. sacred objects, divine wor- ship, sacred rites. sacerdos, -otis, [sacer, cf . do] c. priest, priestess. sacramentum, -I, [sacro] n. deposit, forfeit-money, guaranty ; cause, civil- suit or process. sacrarium, -I, [sacrum] n. shrine, sanc- tuary. sacrificium, -I, [sacrificus, from sa- crum +facio] n. sacrifice. sacro, -are, -avi, -atum, [sacer] l tr. set apart as sacred, consecrate, dedicate, devote. sacrosanctus, -a, -um, [sacer + sanc- tus] adj. hallowed by religious rites, sacred, inviolable. sacrum, see sacer. saeculum (saeclum), -l, n. race, genera- tion, lifetime/ age, century. saepe, comp. saepius, superl. saepis- sime, adv. often, frequently, repeatedly, many times. iterum et saepius, again and again. saepio (sep-), saepire, saepsi, saep- tum, [saepes, hedge] 4 tr. hedge in, enclose ; fortify, guard, protect. saepta, -orum, [saepio] n. fence ; en- closure for voting, booths, the polls. sagax, -acis, adj. keen-scented ; keen, acute, shrewd, sagacious. Salaminii, -orum, [Salamis] m. pi. the citizens of Salamis. saltern, [cf . salvus] adv. at least, at all events, at any rate. salto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of salio, leap] 1 intr. dance, leap. rogo-scaemcus 123 saltus, -us, m. forest, woodland, forest- pasture, wooded height; mountain- pass, defile, glen, glade. salus, salutis, f . soundness, health, vigor; welfare, prosperity, safety ; preserva- tion, deliverance; greeting, salutation. saltitaris, -e, [salus] adj. healthful. wholesome, beneficial, salutary; useful, serviceable, advantageous, valuable. saluto, -are, -avi, -atum, [salus] l tr. greet, salute, hail; call upon, visit, pay one** respects to. salvus, -a, -um, adj. sound, in good health, well, in good condition, un- harmed, uninjured, safe; solvent. Samos, -1, f. an island off the coast of Asia Minor; also the city on the island. sancio. sanclre, sanxi, sanctum, 4 tr. make sacred, render inviolable, conse- crate; solemnly establish, decree, enact. appoint; ratify, approve. sancte, [sanctus] adv. solemnly, con- scientiously, piously, reverently. sanctitas, -atis, [sanctus] f. sacred- ness, sanctity, inviolability; purity, piety, virtue, honor. sanctus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of sancio] adj. consecrated, sacred, inviolable; vener- able, revered, holy, divine; pure, con- scientious, upright, just. sanS, [sanus] adv. soundly, discreetly; doubtless, certainly, by all means. I'm sure, of course, truly, very, pretty. sanguis, -inis, n. blood; bloodshed, mur- der ; stock, race ; . vigor, force, life. sanitas, -atis, [sanus] f. soundness, health; sound mind, right reason, good s<- use. discretion. sano, -are, -avi, -atum, [sanus] 1 tr. moke sound, restore to health, heal, cure; correct, repair, allay. sanus, -a, -um, adj. sound, whole, healthy, well; sane, rational, sensible, discreet. sapiens, -entis, [pr.p. of sapio] adj. wise, sensible, discreet, of discretion. As subst. in. sage, philosopher. sapienter, [sapiens] adv. wisely, with wisdom, discreetly, prudently. sapientia, -ae, [sapiens] f. good sense, discernment, discretion, intelligence; wisdom, philosophy. sapio, sapere, sapivl, , 3 tr. and intr. taste, have taste; have discernment, be discreet, be wise. sarcio, sarcire, sarsi, sartum, 4 tr. re- pair, mend; make good, make amends for, correct. Sardinia, -ae, f. a large island in the Tuscan Sea, west of Italy. satelles, -itis, c. attendant, follower; minion, tool, assistant, accomplice. satietas, -atis, [satis] f. sufficiency, abundance; satiety, satisfied desire, weariness, disgust. satio, -are, -avi, -atum, [satis] 1 tr. satisfy, appease; satiate, sate, fill, glut; cloy, disgust. satis, adj. n. indecl. enough, sufficient, ample, adequate, satisfactory. As subst. enough, a sufficiency. As. adv. enough, sufficiently, adequately, quite, fully, tolerably, somewhat. Comp. satius, better, preferable. satis facere, see satisfacio. satisfacio, -facere, -feci, -factum, [sa- tis +facio] 3 intr. do enough for, give satisfaction, satisfy, content; make amends, make reparation. Saturnalia, -iorum, [Saturnus] n. pi. the Saturnalia, or feast of Saturn, be- ginning on December 17th and lasting several days. Saturninus, -1, m. a Roman cognomen or family name. Esp. L. Apulgius Saturninus, a democratic agitator, tribune of the people in 100 B.C., crushed by Marias. saucius, -a, -um, adj. wounded, hurt; injured, enfeebled, sick. saxum, -1, n. large stone, rock, boulder. scaena (sc6n-), ae, f. stage, scene. scaenicus, -a, -um, [scaena] adj. of the stage, scenic, dramatic. scaenici artifices, sec artifex. 124 VOCABULARY Scaevola, -ae, [dim. of scaevus, the left-handed] m. a Roman cognomen or family name. Esp. P. Mucius Scae- vola, the famous jurist, consul in 133 b.c. He was grandfather to M\ Glabrio. scalae, -arum, [cf. scando, climb up] f. ]A. flight of steps, stairs, staircase. Scantia, -ae, f. name of a woman in- jured by Clodius. Scaurus, -1, m. a Roman cognomen or family name. Esp. M. Aemilius Scau- rus, champion of the nobles, consul in 117 and 115 b.c He was father to Aemilia, wife of M\ Glabrio. sceleratg, [sceleratus] adv. impiously, wickedly, scandalously. sceleratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of scelerS, pollute'] adj. polluted, pi^ofaned; im- pious, wicked, villanous, infamous, ac- cursed. As subst. sceleratus, -I, m. scoundrel, villain. scelus, -eris, n. icicked deed, crime, sin; wickedness, villany. scenicus, see scaenicus. Schola, -ae, m. a Roman name. See Causinius. sciens, -entis, [pr.p. of scio] adj. know- ing, intelligent, well-informed, ex- perienced, skilful; often adverbially, knowingly, tvittingly, purposely. scientia, -ae, [sciens] f . knowledge, ac- quaintance with a thing; science, art, skill. scilicet, [for scire licet] adv. you may know; of course, naturally, evidently, undoubtedly, certainly; ironically, for- sooth, doubtless. scio, scire, scivi, scitum, 4 tr. know, have knowledge of, understand; be aware, perceive. Scipio, -onis, m. a Roman cognomen or family name. Esp.: 1. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior, "the elder Scipio," who conquered Hannibal and thus ended the Second Punic War in 202 b.c 2. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Minor, "the younger Scipio, 1 ' who ended the Third Punic War with the destruction of Carthage in 146 b.c 3. P. Scipio Nasica, see Nasica. scortum, -I, n. harlot, prostitute. scriba, -ae, [scribo] f. clerk, secretary. scribo, scribere, scrips!, scriptum, 3 tr. and intr. scratch, engrave; write, write out, draw up, compose; tvrite, about, give an account of in writing; name in a will, appoint in writing. scriptor, -oris, [scribo] m. one who writes; ivriter, author, rerum scrip- tor, historian. scriptura, -ae, [scribo] f. a writing, composition; pasture-tax, money paid for right of pasture on public lands. scrutor, -ari, -atus sum, [scrtita, trash] 1 dep. ransack, search carefully, ex- amine thoroughly ; inquire into, in- vestigate. scutum, -1, n. shield. S§, ace. and abl. of sui. se or sSd, [perhaps abl. of sui] prep, used mostly in composition, apart, away from, aside. sec6do, -cedere, -cessi, secessum, [se + c6do] 3 intr. go aside or aivay, with- draw, retire. secerno, -cernere, -crevi, secretum, [se + cerno] 3 tr. put apart, separate, sever; set apart, dissociate, distinguish; set aside, reject. secessio, -onis, [secedo] f. withdrawal; political ivithdrawal, secession. sgcius, see secus. seco, secare, secui, sectum, l tr. cut. sector, -an, -atus sum, [freq. of sequor] 1 dep. follow eagerly, pursue, attend. secundum, [secundus] prep, with ace. following; immediately after, after, next to ; in accordance with, accord- ing to. secundus, -a, -um, [sequor] ^.follow- ing, next, second; favorable, propitious, fortunate, successful. res secundae, prosperity. sectiris, -is, [seco] f . axe. Scaevola— sententia 125 secus, [sequor] adv. otherwise, differ- ently ; otherwise than is right, not well, badly. Comp. secius, less. sed, see se. sed (set), conj. but, but on the contrary, but for all that; but also, but even; however, yet. non modo or non solum . . . sed or sed etiam, not only, not merely... but, but also, but even. sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum, 2 intr. sit, remain seated ; sit still, sit idle ; pre- side, hold court. sedes, -is, [cf. sedeo] f. seat ; dwelling- place, residence, abode, home ; place, foundation, ground, site. seditio, -onis, [sed + eo] f . dissension ; civil discwd, insurrection, uprising, mutiny, sedition. seditiose, [seditiosus] adv. seditiously, to excite a riot. seditiosus, -a, -urn, [seditio] adj. se- ditious, factious, turbulent, ??iutinous. hom6 seditiosus, agitator, demagogue. sedo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. sedeo] l tr. bring to rest, check, stop ; settle, still, quiet, allay, appease. sgduco, -dticere, -duxl, seductum, [se + duco] 3 tr. lead aside, take apart. s6dulitas, -atis, [sedulus, diligent} f. assiduity, diligent attention, persistency, earnestness. seges, -etis, f. cornfield; crop of growing grain ; field, ground, soil. segnis, -e, adj. slow, inactive, sluggish. segniter, [segnis] adv. slowly, slug- gishly, lazily. segrego, -are, -avi, -atum, [se + grego, from grex] 1 tr. separate from the flock; separate, remove, exclude. seiungo, -iungere, -iunxi, -iunctum, [se^iungo] 3 tr. disjoin, separate, dis- connect. sella, -ae, f. seat, chair; stool, wwk- stool. sella curulis, curate chair, chair of state. semel, adv. once, a single time, once only, once for all. semen, -inis, [cf. sero, sow] n. seed; es- sence, pyrinciple, source. seminarium, -I, [semen] n. nursery ; hotbed, school. semiustilatus, -a, -um, [semi-, half + ustulatus, [cf . ustus, from tiro, bum] adj. half -burned. semper, adv. always, all the time, con- tinually, forever ; at all times, every time. sempiternus, -a, -um, [semper] adj. everlasting, eternal, imperishable. Sempronius, -a, -um, adj. of a Sernpro- nius, Sempronian. lex Sempronia, a law passed by the younger Gracchus, whose gentile name was Sempronius, reaffirming the old principle of appeal in capital cases. senator, -oris, [cf. senex] m. senator, member of the Senate. senatorius, -a, -um, [senator] adj. of a senator, of the senators, of the Senate, senatorial. senatus, -us, [senex] m. council of the elders, Senate. senatus consultum, decree or order of the Senate. senectus, -litis, [senex] f . old age. senex, gen. senis, adj. old, aged, ad- vanced in years. As snbst. m. old man. Comp. as subst. senior, -oris, m. elder, elderly man. senilis, -e, [senex] adj. of an old man, of old age, aged. senior, see senex. senium, -I, [senex] n. old age, weakness or decline of old age, senility; vexation, grief, affliction. sensini, [sentio] adv. just perceptibly, gradually, little by little. sensus, -us, [sentio] m. a perceiving. feeling, sensation ; perception, sense, consciousness ; feelings, sentiment, dis- position; opinion, view, notion. sententia, -ae, [sentio] f. icay of think- ing, opinion, view, sentiment; will, de- sire ; purpose, detenu i n ation; judgment, decision, vote, sentence. 126 VOCABULARY sentina, -ae, f. bilge* water, cesspool ; dregs, offscourings. sentio, sentlre, sensi, sensum, 4 tr. perceive by the senses, feel ; perceive, see, hear, understand, observe, find by experience; think, judge, be of opinion; think it best, decide. separatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of separo] adj. separated, separate, distinct, dif- ferent. separo, -are, -avi, -atum, [se + paro] 1 tr. separate, divide ; consider sepa- rately, distinguish. sepelio, sepelire, sepelivi, sepultum, 4 tr. bury, inter ; overwhelm, ruin, put an end to, destroy. septem, num. adj. indecl. seven. Septimius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. Esp. P, Septimius, a corrupt senator. septimus, -a, -urn, [septem] num. adj. seventh. sepulcrum (-chrum), -i, [cf. sepelio] n. bumal-place, tomb, grave, sepulchre. sepultura, -ae, [cf. sepelio] f. burial, burial rites, funeral obsequies. sepultus, see sepeli5. sequester, -tris, [sequor] m. depositary of money for bribery, agent of bribery, go-between. sequor, sequi, secutus sum, 3 dep. follow, attend, accompany; come after, come next; result, ensue; comply ivith, conform to, be guided by, adopt, obey; chase, pursue; stHve after, aim at. Sergius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp. : 1. L. Sergius Catilina,see Catilina. 2. T. Sergius Gallus, the owner of an estate near Bovillae on the Via Appia. sermd, -onis, m. conversation, talk, speech ; discourse, discussion ; utter- ance, remark ; common talk, rumor, repoi^t; gossip, scandal. sero, [serus] adv. late, at a late hour, at a late period; too late. Comp. serius, later, too late. serpo, serpere, serpsi, serptum, 3 intr. creep, crawl; extend gradually, wind its way, spread abroad. Sertorianus, -a, -um, [Sertorius] adj. Sertorian, of Sertorius, the Marian leader in Spain during the civil war be- tween Sulla and the democrats. serta, -orum, [sero, entwine'] n. pi. ivreaths of flowers, garlands. s6rus, -a, -um, adj. late, belated, long delayed; too late. servilis, -e, [servus] adj. of a slave, of slaves, slavish, servile. Servllius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. Esp.: 1. C. Servilius Ahala, see Ahala. 2. C. Servilius Glaucia, see Glau- cia. 3. P. Servllius Vatia Isauricus, consul in 79 B.C. servio, -Ire, -Ivi, -itum, [servus] 4 intr. be a servant, be enslaved, serve; be subservient to, be influenced by ; de- vote one's self to, labor for, aim at ; court, humor. servitium, -I, [servus] n. slavery, servi- tude; body of slaves, slaves. servitus, -litis, [servus] f. slavery, serfdom, servitude. Servius, -1, m. a Roman praenomen or forename. servo, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. save, preserve, keep ; guard, protect, watch ; maintain, observe. servus, -l, m. slave, servant. sese, see sui. sestertius, -a, -um, or HS, [s6mis, tertius] num. adj. two and a half. As subst. sestertius, -I, gen. pi. s6ster- tium, (sc. nummus) m. sesterce, a small silver coin, originally two and a half asses, between four and five cents. Sestius (Sextius), -i, m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. Esp. P. Sestius, a friend of Cicero's, tribune in 57 b.c. seu, see slve. severe, [sevSrus] adv. gravely, seri- ously; rigidly, severely, with severity. sentina— sin 127 severitas, -atis, [severus] f. gravity, seriousness ; -strictness, sternness, se- verity. severus, -a, -urn, adj. grave, serious ; strict, rigid, stern, severe, harsh. sex, num. adj. indeci. six. sexaginta, num. adj. indeci. sixty. Sextilis, -e, [sextus] adj. sixth ; of the sixth month, of August. Sextius, see Sestius. sextus, -a, -urn, [sex] num. adj. sixth. SI, conj. if, in case, supposing that ; in indirect questions, whether; after verbs and sentences implying trial, to see if, to try whether, that if possible. quod Si, see quod. Sibyllinus, -a, -um, [Sibylla, a proph- etess} adj. Sibylline. fata Sibyllina, the Sibylline books of prophecy sold to Tarquinius Superbus by the Cumaean Sibyl. sic, [si + -ce, cf. hie] adv. so, thus, in this way, in such a manner ; just so. in the same ivay. ut . . . sic, with clause of contrast, while., .yet, though. ..still. sica, -ae, f . dagger, poniard. sicarius, --I, [sica] m. assassin, mur- derer, ct/t-throat, bravo. Sicilia, -ae, [Si/eeAia] f. Sicily. Siciliensis, -e, [Sicilia] adj. of or in Sicily, Sicilian. As subst. Siciliensis, -is, m. a Sicilian. SiCUluS, -a, -um, [2i*eA6?] adj. of Sicily, Sicilian. As subst. Siculus, -1, m. a Sicilian. SlCUt or SlCUtl, [SIC + Ut, UtI], adv. so as, just as, as; as it were, just as if. SlgSum, -I, [St'vetov] n. a promontory on the coast near Troy. signifer, -erf, [signum + fero] m. standard-bearer, ensign; leader, head. slgnificatio, -onis, [signified] f. indi- cation, expression, sign, signal, token. signified, -are, -avi, -atum, [signum + faci5] 1 tr. and intr. make signs. indicate, show, point out, express, make known, intimate ; portend, mean, sig- nify. Signum, -1, n. sign, indication, mark, token ; military standard, ensign, ban- ner; image, statue; seal, signet. Sllanus, -1, m. a Roman cognomen or family name. Esp. D. Itinius Sllanus, consul-elect in 63 B.C., prominent in die debate in the Senate concerning the punishment of the Catilinarians. silentium, -1, [silens, from sileo] n. silence, stillness, quiet. sileo, silere, silui, , 2 tr. and intr. be silent, keep silence, say nothing ; keep silent about, pass over in silence, not speak of. silva, -ae, f. wood, woods, forest. Silvanus, -l, [silva] m. a Roman cogno- men or family name. Esp. M. Plautius Silvanus, tribune in 89 B.C. silvestris, -e, [silva] adj. of a wood, wooded, ivoody. similis, -e, adj. like, resembling, similar. similiter, [similis] adv. in like manner, in the same way, likewise, similarly. similitudo, -inis, [similis] f. likeness, resemblance, similarity. simplex, -icis, adj. simple, single, plain, unmixed ; frank, straightforward, guileless, sincere. simpliciter, [simplex] adv. simply, with simplicity, plainly ; in a straightfor- ward manner, frankly, ingenuously. simul, adv. at the same time, together ; also, likewise. simul atque (ac), as soon as. simulacrum, -I, [simulo] n. likeness, image, figure, statue; semblance, imita- tion, pretence. simulatio, -onis, [simulo] f. false show, shamming, pretence, insinceHty, deceit. simulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [similis] 1 tr. make like, imitate, copy ; make a pretence of, p?'etend, feign, simulate. simultas, -atis, [simul] f. rivalry. jealousy, grudge, enmity, hatred. Sin, [si + n6] conj. but if, if however, if on the contrary. 128- VOCABULARY sincerus, -a, -urn, adj. pure, clean, un- contaminated, uninjured, whole ; genu- ine, truthful. sine, prep, with abl. without, free from. singularis, -e, [singuli] adj. one by one, one at a time, single ; solitary, alone, exclusive ; matchless, extraordinary, unparalleled, remarkable, peculiar. singuli, -ae, -a, adj. one at a time, single, several; one to each, separate; often ad- verbially, severally, separately, individ- ually, in di6s singulos, each suc- cessive day, every day. sino, sinere, sivi, situm, 3 tr. let down, set, situate ; let, allow, give leave, per- mit, suffer. Sinope, -6s, [Sivcotttj] f. a Greek colony on the Euxine (Black Sea), the residence of Mithridates. sinus, -us, m.fold, hollow; fold of a toga, bosom, lap ; bay, inlet, gulf ; love, affec- tion, protection. si quando, see si and quando. si quidem, conj. if indeed, if it is true that; since indeed, since. si quis, see si and quis. sis, [for si vis] adv. phrase, if you please, will you ; often strengthening an im- perative. sisto, sistere, stiti, statum, 3 tr. and intr. cause to stand, place, set, fix; check, stop, put an end to. sitis, -is, ace. -im, f . thirst. situs, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of sino] ad]. placed, situated ; laid at rest, buried ; lying, resting, dependent. situs, -us, [sino] m. situation, position, location. sive or seu, [si + -ve] conj. or if, if or. sive . . . sive, whether. . .or, either. . . or. Smyrnaeus, -a, -um, [Smyrna] adj. of Smyrna, a city in Ionia. As subst. Smyrnael, -orum, in. pi. people of Smyrna. sobrius, -a, -um, [se + ebrius] adj. not drunk, sober ; moderate, temperate ; self-possessed, prudent, sensible, socer, -eri, m. father-in-law. socia, -ae, [socius] f. sharer, partner associate. societas, -atis, [socius] f. fellowship, association, union, society ; co-partner- ship, association in business ; league, alliance, confederacy. socius, -i, m. sharer, partner, companion, associate ; co-partner, associate in busi- ness; ally, confederate. sodalis, -is, c. associate, comrade, inti- mate, crony, boon-companion. sol, solis, m. the sun. solacium, -i, n. comfort, relief, consola- tion, solace. soleo, solere, solitus sum, 2 semi-dep. use, be ivont, be accustomed, be in the habit of. solitiido, -inis, [solus] f . loneliness, soli- tude, seclusion ; lonely place, desert, wilderness; want, destitution. sollemnis, -e, [sollus + annus] adj. every year, annual; stated, established, appointed; sacred, consecrated, relig- ious, solemn. sollicitatio, -onis, [sollicito] f. vexa- tion, anxiety ; inciting, instigation, solicitation. sollicito, -are, -avi, -atum, [sollicitus] 1 tr. disturb, trouble, make anxious, distress; stir up, rouse, incite, instigate, urge, tempt, solicit. sollicitudo, -inis, [sollicitus] f . anxiety, care, apprehension, solicitude. sollicitus, -a, -um, [sollus + citus, from cieo, move] adj. thoroughly moved, agi- tated ; disturbed, disquieted, troubled ; alarmed, apprehensive, uneasy, listless, anxious, solicitous; distressing, painful, alarming. solum, -i, n. bottom, base, foundation ; ground, soil; country, region, place. solum, [solus] adv. alone, only, merely. non solum, not only, not merely. solus, -a, -um, gen. solius, adj. alone, only, single, sole; lonely, solitary, for- saken, sincSrus— spoli5 129 soltitio, -onis, [solvo] f. loosing, relaxa- tion; payment. solutus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of solvo] adj. unbound, unfettered, unembarrassed, free ; lax, remiss, careless. solvo, solvere, solvf, solutum, [se + luo] 3 tr. loose, unbind, release, free, set free ; exempt ; acquit, absolve ; annul, abolish ; impair, weaken, destroy, end ; pay, discharge, fulfil, accomplish, com- plete, perform. somnus, -1, [sopio] m. sleep, slumber. sono, sonare, sonui, sonitum, [sonus] 1 tr. and intr. make a noise, sound, re- sound; speak, utter, express; celebrate with sound, sing. sonus, -1, m. noise, sound. sopio, -Ire, -Ivi, -ltum, 4 tr. deprive of sense, make unconscious, stun; put to sleep, lull, calm. [sordes, -is], in sing, only ace. and abl. in use, f . dirt, fdth, squalor ; vileness, baseness, meanness, sordidness ; pi. mourning garment, mourning. sordidatus, -a, -um, [sordidus, from sordes] adj. in dirty clothes, shabby; in mourning attire, clad in mourning. soror, -oris, f. sister. sors, sortis, f. lot; casting of lots, draw- ing, decision by lot; oracular response, prophecy; fate, destiny, fortune. sortior, sortiri, sortitus sum, [sors] 4 dep. cast lots, draw lots; draw lots for, assign by lot; allot; obtain by lot, get. sortitio, -onis, [sortior] f. a casting of lots, drawing, allotment. Sp., abbreviation for Spurius. spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsum, 3 " tr. strew, throw about, scatter ; dis- tribute, spread abroad, extend, dissemi- nate. spatium, -1, n. space, room, extent; dis- tance, interval; path, course, track; space of time, period of time; time, leisure, opportunity. specie's, gen. lacking, ace. -em, abl. -6, f . appearance, aspect, look, mien; sight, spectacle; show, seeming, semblance, pretence; display, splendor, beauty. spectaculum, -1, [specto] n. seat in a theatre; show, sight, spectacle; public show. spectatus, -a, -um, [pf .p. of specto] adj. tried, tested, proved; esteemed, respect- ed, worthy. specto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of specio] 1 tr. and intr. look at, behold, observe, see; gaze at, watch; look, face, lie; look to, bear in mind, keep in view, aim at; tend, incline, be directed; try, test, prove. specula, -ae, [specio] f . lookout, watch- tower, in speculis, on the lookout, on the watch. speculator, -oris, [speculor] m. look- out, spy, scout. speculor, -Sri, -atus sum, [specula] 1 dep. spy out, watch, observe, explore, reconnoitre. spero, -are, -avi, -atum, [spgs] 1 tr. and intr. hope, look for, trust, expect. bene sperare, see bene. spgs, -el, f- hope, hopes; anticipation, expectation. spiritus, -us, [cf. spiro] m. breathing, breath; the air we breathe; inspira- tion; the breath of life, life; high spirit, courage; haughtiness, pride, arro- gance. spiro, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. and intr. breathe, draw breath; live, be alive. splendidus, -a, -um, adj. bright, shin- ing, brilliant; splendid, magnificent, grand; illustrious, distinguished, no- ble. splendor, -oris, m. brilliancy, lustre; splendor, magnificence; distinguished merit, brilliant character, dignity, eminence. spoliatio, -onis, [spol^S] f. a pillaging, plundering, spoliation; unjust depriva- tion, robbery. spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, [spolium] 1 tr. and intr. strip, bare; rob, plunder, despoil, deprive. 130 VOCABULARY spolium -I, n. hide; arms stripped from an enemy, booty, spoil. spondeo, spondere, spopondl, spon- SUm, 2 tr. and intr. promise solemnly. vow, pledge one's self; vouch, become se- curity. [spons, spontis], [cf. spondeo] f. found only in abl. sing, usually with poss. pron.; sponte, of out's own accord, voluntarily, willingly; by one's self, without aid, alone; of itself, sponta- neously. Spurius, -I, [spurius, bastard] m. a Ro- man praenomen or forename. squaleo, squalere, squalui, — ,2 intr. be rough; be filthy, be neglected; go or be in mourning, ivear the garb of sor- row. squalor, -oris, [cf. squaleo] m. rough- ness; dirtiness, filthiness, squalor; as a sign of mourning, neglected raiment, filthy garments, mourning. stabilio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [stabilis] 4 tr. make firm, confirm, support; firmly establish, establish, fix, secure. stabilis, -e, [sto] adj. firm, steadfast, steady, stable, fixed; enduring, immu- table, unicavering. stabilities, -atis, [stabilis] f. steadfast- ness, firmness; durability, security, Statilius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- tile name. Esp. L. Statilius, one of the Catilinarian conspirators. statim, [cf. sto] adv. steadily; on the spot, at once, forthwith, straightivay, immediately. Stator, -oris, [sisto] m. the Stayer, the 'Stablisher, a title applied to Jupiter. statua, -ae, [c F . sisto] f. image, statue. statuo, statuere, statu!, statutum, [status] 3 tr. set up, set, station; erect, make, build; establish, fix, settle; con- stitute, appoint, ordain; decide, make up one's mind, determine, resolve, re- solve upon, purpose; decree, order, enact; be of opinion, hold, be convinced, conclude, think. status, -a, -urn, Ipf.p. of sisto] adj. set, fixed, appointed. Status, -us, [sto] m. station, position, place; posture, attitude; state, condi- tion, rank. sterno, stemere, stravi, stratum, 3 tr. spread, scatter, streiv; cover, lay; cast down, lay low, prostrate. Stimulus, -1, m. goad, spur; incentive, encouragement, stimulus. stipendiarius, -a, -um, [stipendium] adj. tributary, liable to imjwst, subject to tribute. stipendium, -I, [stips, gift, cf. pendo] n. paying of tax, tax, tribute; income, scdary, pay; military service, cam- paigning. stipo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. crowd to- gether, press, pack; surround with a crowd, accompany, attend. stirps, stir pis, f. stock, stem, root; race, family, lineage; source, origin, cause. sto, stare, steti, statum, 1 intr. stand, stand up; stand upright, be erect; stand firm, be unshaken, abide, remain, con- tinue; linger, delay. strepitus, -us, [strepo, make a noise] m. noise, din, clash, rattling, murmur. studeo, studere, studui, — , 2 tr. and intr. be eager, be zealous ; give atten- tion to, take pains; strive after, be bent on, desire, wish ; be devoted to, favor. studiose, [studiosus] adv. eagerly, zealously, devotedly ; carefully, stu- diously. studiosus, -a, -um, [studium] adj. eager, zealous, anxious ; devoted, fond, friendly, palatial. studium, -1, [cf. studeo] n. eagerness, zeal, enthusiasm ; desire, inclination ; pursuit, study ; devotion, friendliness, favor. PI. often, party spirit, party zeal, factional strife; scholarly pursuits* scholarly tastes. stultitia, -ae, [stultus] f. folly, foolish- ness, stupidity. stultus, -a, -um, adj. foolish, silly, stupid. 1, n. OeJUemt debauchery ; spolium-sul 131 ment by lust, •y ; dishonor, lust, stuprum, lewdness, grace. suadeo, suadere, suasi, suasum, 2 tr. and intr. advise, recommend, urge, per- suade; advocate, support. suavis, -e, adj. sweet, agreeable, pleasant, grateful. sub, prep, with ace. and abl. under. 1. With ace. of place whither, under, beloiv, beneath, up to, close to, to- wards ; of time, just about, until, immediately after, after ; of condi- tion, under, under the power of. 2. With abl. of place where, under, below, beneath, at the foot of, at, by; of other relations, under, during, under the power of, subject to. In composition, under, beneath; some- what, a little; secretly, under Jiandedly . subactus, -a, -um, see subigo. subeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [sub + eo] irr. tr. and intr. go under, enter ; come up. draw near, approach ; undergo, en- counter, sustain, suffer; submit to, yield to. subf-, see suff-. subicio, -icere, -ieel, subiectum, [sub + iacio] 3*tr. throw under, place under, cast beloiv ; present, submit ; forge ; make subject, subject, expose to; bring forward, propose, suggest. subiector, -oris, [subicio] m. forger. subigo, -igere, -egl, subactum, [sub + ago] 3 tr. drive up ; bring under, sub- ject ; put down, subdue, conquer, sub- jugate, reduce; force, compel. subito, [subitus] adv. suddenly, unex- pectedly, all at once. subitus, -a, -um, adj. sudden, unex- pected, surprising. sublatus, -a, -um, see tollo. sublevo, -are, -avi, -atum, [sub + levo] 1 tr. lift from beneath, lift up, support; lighten, mitigate, alleviate ; sustain, assist, encourage. suboles, -is, f . sprout, shoot ; offspring, posterity, issue, lineage* subp-, see supp-. subsellium, -i, [sub + sella] n. low bench, seat. subsidium, -i, [sub, cf . sedeo] n. reserve, auxiliary forces ; aid, help, assistance, relief, support, protection. subsido, -sidere, -sedl, subsessum, [sub + sido, settle} 3 intr. settle down, crouch down ; crouch down on the watch, lie in wait, lie in ambush. subsortior, -Iri, subsortitus sum, [sub + sortior] 4 dep. choose a substitute by lot, substitute by lot. substructio, -onis, [substruo, build beneath] f. foundation, substructure. subsum, -esse, — , [sub + sum] irr. intr. be under ; be near, be close by, be at hand ; impend, approach; be under- neath, lie at the bottom, lurk in. subterfugio, -fugere, -fugi, , [sub- ter, under, + fugio] 3 tr. and intr. escape, evade, avoid, shun. suburbanus, -a, -um, [sub + urbanus] adj. near the city, suburban. As subst. suburbanum, -1, (sc. praedium) n. suburban villa, estate near Rome. succedo, -cedere, -cessi, successum. [sub + c8do] 3 tr. and intr. go beloiv, come under; follow, come next, take the place of, succeed; approach, draw near; be successful, prosper. succenseo, see suscenseo. succurro, -currere, -curri, succursum, [sub + curro] 3 intr. run under, run to help, rush to the aid of, assist, succor ; run to meet, remedy, relieve. suffero, -ferre, sustuli, sublatum, [sub + fero] irr. tr. undergo, bear, sufer. . suffragatio, -onis, [suffragor, vote for} f. recommendation to office, support, suffrage. suffragator, -oris, [suffragor, vote for] m. supporter for an office, partisan. suffragium, -i, [sub, cf frango] n. fragment ; ballot, vote, suffrage ; right of voting, right of suffrage. SUl(gen.), dat. sibl, ace. and abl. s6 or (more emphatic) sese, reflex pron. 132 VOCABULARY himself, herself, itself, themselves ; he, she, it, etc. inter s6, each other, one another, mutually. Sulla, -ae, m- a Roman cognomen or family name. Esp. L. Cornelius Sulla, the great dictator. See Appendix A, §§15-17. Sulpicius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. Esp. : 1. P. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune in 88 B.C. 2. C. Sulpicius Galba, praetor 63 b.c 3. Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, the learned jurist, best known as the author of the famous letter of consolation to Cicero on the death of his daughter Tullia. See Note preceding text of the "Ninth Philippic. 1 ' sum, esse, fui, fut. part, futiirus, fut. inf. fore or futurum esse, irr. intr. be, exist, live ; stay ; come, fall ; with gen. be the part of, be one's place, be the duty of, belong to, have, be valued at, cost; with dat. serve for, be regarded as, be- long to. est ut, it is true that, there is reason for. est Ciir, there is reason why. summa, -ae, [f. of summus] f. chief place, leadership, supremacy ; main thing, chief point, sum and substance ; amount, sum, total. summus, -a, -um, see superus. sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum, [sub + emo] 3 tr. take, lay hold of; take up, take upon, assume, enter upon, begin ; exact, inflict; choose, select; claim; em- ploy, spend, consume; cite, mention. sumptuosg, [siimptuosus] adv. expen- sively, sumptuously, extravagantly. sumptuosus, -a, -um, [sumptus] adj. very expensive, costly, sumptuous; ex- travagant, lavish. stimptus, -us, [sumo] m. outlay, expense, cost, charge. superb§, [superbus] adv. proudly, haughtily, superciliously. superbus, -a, -um, adj. proud, haughty, arrogant, supercilious, insolent. superior, see superus. supero, -are, -avf^m||p fcuperus] i tr. and intr. go over, rise above, over- top; be in excess, abound ; remain, sur- vive ; surpass, excel, outdo, outstrip ; get the upper hand of, overcome, subdue, defeat, conquer, vanquish. supersum, -esse, -fui, [super, above + sum] irr. intr. be over and above, be left, remain over, remain; live after, outlive, survive. superus, -a, -um, comp. superior, superl. supremus or summus, [super, above'] adj. above, upper, higher. Comp. superior, -ius, higher, upper; former, past, previous, preceding; elder, senior; supe?*ior, victorious, greater, better. Superl. supremus, -a, -um, highest, loftiest ; last, final, dying. Also superl. summus, -a, -um, upper- most, highest, topmost ; the top of, the highest part of; greatest, most im- portant, of the utmost importance, best, perfect, supreme, utmost, extreme. suppedito, -are, -avi, -atum, [sub + pes] 1 tr. and intr. give in abundance, supply freely, provide ; abound, be in store, be at hand; suffice. suppeto, -ere, -Ivi, -Itum, [sub + peto] 3 intr. be on hand, be in store, be avail- able; be sufficient for, suffice. supplex, -icis, [sub + plico, fold] adj. kneeling in entreaty, entreating \ begging \ suppliant ; humble, submissive. As subst. m. suppliant, humble petitioner. supplicatio, -onis, [supplied] f. public prayer or thanksgiving, day of prayer. supplicium, -1, [supplex] n. a kneeling; prayer, supplication ; death penalty, execution ; punishment, torture, suffer- ing. supplico, -are, -avi, -atum, [supplex] 1 tr. and intr. kneel down, pray humbly, beseech, implore. suppono, -ponere, -posui, suppositum, [sub + pono] 3 tr. set under ; put in place of, substitute for; substitute falsely, forge, falsify. supra, [for super a, abl. f. of superus] adv. and prep, above, before, beyond, over, mo^e. Sulla— tamen 133 supremus, se< surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum, [sub + rego] 3 tr. and intr. rise, arise, get up, stand up. surripio (subr-), -ripere, -ripui, sur- reptum, [sub + rapio] 3 tr. snatch away secretly, steal. suscenseo (succ-), -censere, -censui, , [sus (sub) + censeo] 2 intr. be angry, be indignant, be provoked. suscipio, -cipere, -cepl, susceptum, [sus (sub) + capio] 3 tr. take up ; undertake, enter upon, engage in ; undergo, submit to, suffer, bear; incur, bring upon one's self. suspectus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of suspicio] adj. mistrusted, suspected. suspicio, -ere, suspexi, suspectum, [sub + specio] 3 tr. and intr. look up at; look up to, admire, respect; look askance at, mistrust, suspect. suspicio, -onis, [cf . suspicio] f . mistrust, distrust, suspicion. suspicor, -arl, -atus sum, [cf . suspicio] 1 dep. mistrust, have a suspicion, sus- pect; conjecture, surmise, suppose. sustento, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of SUStineo] 1 tr. uphold, sustain, main- tain, support; hold out, endure, suffer ; put off, delay. sustineo, -tinere, -tenui, sustentum, [sus (sub) + teneo] 2 tr. and intr. hold up ; sustain, maintain, support ; hold back, restrain, check ; hold out, with- stand, endure, undergo. suus, -a, -um, [cf. sul] poss. pron. adj. his, her, its, their ; his own, her own, etc.; of his, of hers, etc. As subst. sul, -orum, m. pi. one 's people, one f s country- men, one's associates, on e's friends, etc. ; sua -orum, n. pi. one's goods, one's property, one's possessions. symphoniacus, -a, -um, {av^uviaKoq] adj. of concerts, musical. pueri sym- phoniaci, choristers. Syracusae, -arum, [Supa/covo-cu] f. pi. Syracuse, the chief city of Sicily. Syria, -ae, [Svpia] f . the country in Asia on the eastern coast of the Mediterra- T., abbreviation for Titus. tabella, -ae, [dim. of tabula] f. little board; voting-tablet, ballot, vote; letter, epistle; document, record. taberna, -ae, f . hut of boards, cabin ; booth, shop, office; inn, tavern. tabesco, -ere, tabul, , [inch, of tabeo, melt away\ 3 intr. waste away, melt, decay; pine, languish. tabula, -ae, f . board ; writing-tablet, slate ; writing, memorandum, list, ac- count ; record, document ; painting, picture. tabulae novae, see novus. tabularium, -I, [tabula] ^.public reg- istry, depository of records, archives. taceo, tacere, tacul, taciturn, 2 tr. and intr. be silent, keep silence, say noth- ing, hold one's peace; pass over in silence, keep silent about, leave unsaid. tacite, [tacitus] adv. silently, in silence. taciturnitas, -atis, [taciturnus] f. si- lence, taciturnity. taciturnus, -a, -um, [tacitus] adj. si- lent, quiet, of few words, taciturn. tacitus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of taceo] adj. passed over in silence, not spoken of; tacit, implied ; secret, hidden ; silent, not speaking, still, mute. taedet, taedere, — , — , 2 impers. it excites loathing, it disgusts. taeter, -tra, -trum, adj. offensive, dis- gusting, repulsive, foul, loathsome ; shameful, base, abominable. talaris, -e, [talus, ankle] adj. of the ankles, reaching the ankles. talis, -e, adj. such, of such a kind, so great ; the following, such as this. talis . . . qualis, such. . .as. tarn, adv. in such a degree, so, so much, so very. tarn . . . quain, as. . .as, so much., .as. tamen, adv. notwithstanding, neverthe- less, for all that, yet, however, still. 134 VOCABULARY tametsi, [for tamen etsi] conj. notwith- standing that, although, though ; and yet. tamquam or tanquam, [tarn + quam] adv. as much as, just as, just like, like ; as if, so to speak, just as if. tandem, [tarn + -dem] adv. at length, at last, finally ; in eager or impatient ques- tions, pray, pray tell me, 1 beg, now. tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum, 3 tr. touch; border on, adjoin; reach, ar- rive at, come to; move, affect, impress; touch upon, mention. d€ caelo tangi, see caelum. tanquam, see tamquam. tanto, see tantus. tanto opere, see opus. tan turn, [tantus] adv. so much, so greatly, so far; only so much, only, merely. tantum modo, adv. phrase, only, merely. tantus, -a, -um, adj. so great, so large. such; so very great, so important; this great, that great, this important, that important; so small, so trivial. As subst. tantum, -I, n. so much, so many. tanti, gen. of value, of such value. worth so much ; of so little account, so unimportant, tanti est, it is worth while, tanto, abl. with a comparative, by so much, so much the. tantum boni, see bonus, tantus . . . quantus, as great as, as much as. tarde, [tardus] adv. slowly, tardily, late. tarditas, -atis, [tardus] f. slowness, sluggishness, tardiness. tardo, -are, -avi, -atum, [tardus] l tr. retard, delay, hinder, check. tardus, -a, -um, adj. slow, sluggish, tardy. Tarentini, -orum, [Tarentum] m. pi. the people of Tarentum, a Greek colony. tectum, -1, [tego] n. covered structure, building, shelter, house, abode; cover- ing, roof. tego, tegere, texi, tectum, 3 tr. cover, cover over; hide, conceW; cloak, veil, dissemble; protect, guard, defend. telum, -1, n. missile weapon, -missile; dart, spear, javelin; weapon of offence, sword, dagger, axe. temerarius, -a, -um, [temerel adj. rash, reckless, thoughtless, indiscreet. temerg, adv. by chance, at random, with- out purpose; rashly, recklessly, thought- lessly, indiscreetly. temeritas, -atis, [temerS] f. chance, accident; rashness, recklessness, fool- hardiness, thoughtlessness, indiscre- tion. temperantia, -ae, [temperans, from temper 5] f. moderation, temperance, sef -control, discretion. tempero, -are, -avi, -atum, [tempus] l tr. and intr. be moderate, restrain one's self, control one's self, forbear, refrain; divide properly , temper; rule, regulate, control, govern. tempestas, -atis, [tempus] f . portion of time, time, season, period; weather; bad weather, storm, tempest; disturb- ance, calamity, misfortune. tempestivus, -a, -um, [tempestas] adj. timely, seasonable, opportune, appro- priate, suitable; betimes, early. templum, -l, n. open place for observa- tion of auguries; consecrated place, sacred enclosure, sanctuary; temple, shrine. tempto (tento), -are, -avi, -atum, [in- tens. of tendo] 1 tr. handle, try, at- tempt; make attempts upon, attack, assail; tempt, sound, tamper With; worry, agitate, distress. tempus, -oris, n. division of lime, time, period, season; appointed time, right time, fit season, opportunity, occasion; state, condition, times, circumstances of the times, circumstances ; crisis, emer- gency, extremity. ex tempore, off- hand, on the spur of the moment, id temporis, see is. tendo, tendere, tetendi, tensum or tentum, 3 tr. and iutr. stretc><, stretch tamet si— Titus 135 out, extend; direct one's course, tend, go; aim at, strive, endeavor. tenebrae, -arum, f. darkness; gloomy place. I a iking -pi ace; gloom, obscurity. Tenedos (-US), -I, [TeveSo?] f. an island off the coast of Asia Minor. teneo, tenere, tenui, itentum), 2 tr. and intr. hold, holdfast, keep; grasp, take in, understand; have, possess, be master of , | control, occupy; uphold, support, main- j tain, preserve; watch, guard, defend; hold back, retain, restrain; bind, be binding on. tener, -era, -erum, adj. soft, delicate. tender, yielding, sensitive; of tender- age, young. tento, see tempto. tenuis, -e, adj. thin, slender, fine; slight. 1 rifling, in significant ; poor, mean, in- ferior, weak, ter, [cf. tres] num. adv. three times. th rice. tergiversatio, -onis, [tergiversor, from tergum + verto] f. a declining. refusing; subterfuge, pretence. tergum, -l, n. the back; hinder part, rear. a tergo, behind, in the rear. termino, -are, -avi, -atum, [terminus] 1 tr. set bounds to. bound, limit; finish, end, cloze. terminus, -i, m. boundary, bound, limit; end, conclusion. terra, -ae, f. the earth; the land, the ground, the soil; land, country, region, territory. terra marlque, on land and sea. orbis terrarum, see orbis. terreo, terrere, terrui, territum, 2 tr. frighten, alarm, scare, terrify. terrestris, -tre, [terra] adj. of the earth, on land, land-. terribilis, -e, [terreS] adj. frightful, dreadful, terrible. terror, -oris, [terreo] m. great fear, fright, dread, alarm, terror. tertius, -a, -um, [ter] num. adj. third. testamentum, -1, [tgstor] n. will, tes- tament. testificatio, -onis, [testificor, hear wit- ness] f. a bearing witness, giving evi- dence; evidence, proof. testimonium, -I, [testis] n. witness, evidence, testimony, proof; testimonial. testis, -is, c. witness. tgstor, -ari, -atus sum, [testis] l dep. call to witness, invoke, appeal to; make known, declare; show, prove. tetrarches, -ae, [Terpapxys] "?• tetrarch, petty prince. Teuton!, -orum, or Teutongs, -um, m. the Teutons, a Germanic people of whom a branch invaded the Roman Empire with the Cimbri and were defeated by C. Marius in b.c. 102. Themistocles, -is or -i, ace. -em or -en, [©e/ixto-To/cATJ?] m. a famous Athenian commander and statesman in the time of the wars with Persia. Theophanes, -is, [0€o