/o
IVtSt^A^
TEEEITOEIAL EXPANSIOE"
OF THE
UNITED STATES.
/-ir
^3/
THE ADDITIONS MADE TO THE TERRITORY OF THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND ITS
TRANSFORMATION INTO TERRITORIES AND STATES.
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE ADDITIONS WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI EIVER
AND PRESENT CONDITIONS IN THAT AREA.
969
■H54
TERRITORIAL EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES,
The ai^proaclimg centennial celebration of the Louisiana Purchase, to be followed by a similar recognition of the great exploring
expedition which resulted in extending the control of the United States to the Pacific coast at the northwest, suggests the presentation
of some data showing the variou-i additions to the original territory of the United States, and the steps by which all of its area has been
transformed into the present political divisions which form the United States of America.
There have been twelve additions to the original territory of the Union, including Alaska, the Hawaiian, Philippine, and Samoaii
islands and Guam, in the Pacific, and Porto Rico and Pine Island, in the West Indies; and the total area of the United States, including
the noncontiguous territory, is now fully five times that of the original thirteen colonies. The series of maps which follow show each of
these additions to the original territory, also the steps by which the original territorj' and that added at the various dates were trans-
formed first into Territories and then into the States as they now exist. In attempting to present to the eye by a series of maps a
chronological history of the transition from the original territory of about 700,000 square miles to the present area of 3,770,954 square
miles, and from the thirteen original colonies to more than fifty pohtical divisions, only the important steps can be presented, and
many comparatively imimportant changes in boundary lines must necessarily be omitted.
The maps which follow show in outline the territory claimed by the thirteen colonies at the beginning of the war of the
Revolution; the additional territory included within the boundaries agreed upon between the united colonies and Great Britain at the
close of that war; the cession of a part of the territory of the colonies to the common union; the additions to this common territory
made by the Louisiana, the Florida, the Mexican, and the Gadsden purchases, the Texas annexation, the settlement of the Oregon
claim, the Alaska purchase, and the more recent additions of noncontiguous territory, and, chronologically, the transition of these
various areas into the States and Territories now existing. It is proper to add that the boundaries claimed by the various colonies prior to
and at the close of the war of the Revolution frequently intersected and overlapped each other, so that certain areas, especially in the
Ohio Valley, were claimed by more than one of the colonies. It was largely due to these conflicting claims that the colonies decided to
obviate the possibility of discord and internal conflict by mutually ceding to the common union that part of the territory in which these
conflicting boundary lines overlapped each other. It has not been practicable, in presenting in the first map of the series the outline of
the thirteen colonies, to show all of these conflicting boundary lines, but only to indicate those most generally accepted. Nor has it
been practicable to determine accurately the area of the original thirteen colonies. The census of 1790 gave tlie total area at that time
at 827,8-14 square miles, but this included the area added to the original territory of the thirteen colonies by the treaty of 1783, in which
Great Britain ceded to them certain territory at the Northwest and Southwest not originally within their boundaries, but which they
then claimed by possession and otherwise, at the termination Of the war of the Revolution.
The additions to the territory of the United States subsequent to the peace treaty with Great Britain of 1783 are shown by the
following table, prepared by the General Land Office of the Interior Department:
Additions to the Tereitoey of the United States from 1800 to 1900.
TERRITORIAL DIVISION.
Year.
Area added.
Purchase
price.
Louisiana purchase
1803
1819
1845
1846
1848
1850
1853
1867
1897
1898
1898
1898
1899
1899
1901
Square miles.
875,025
70,107
389, 795
288,689
523,802
(=)
86,211
599, 446
6,740
3,600
882
175
113,000
73
68
Dollars.
15, 000, 000
'6,489,763
Florida
Te.xas
Oregon Territory
2 18,250,666
10,000,000
10,000,000
7,200,000
Purcliase from Texas
Gadsden purchase
Alaska
Pine Islands (West Indies)
Guam
20,000,000
Samoan Islands
Additional Philippines
100, 000
Total
2, 937, 613
87,009,768
'Includes interest payments.
''OE which S3,250,000 was in payment of claims of American citizens asrainst Mexico.
^ Area purchased from Tc-Kas amounting to 123,781 square miles is not fnoUukMi in the
column of area added, because it became a part of the area of the United States
with the admission of Texas.
971
972
TEEEITOEIAL EXPANSION OP THE UNITED STATES.
[SeI'TE.MBER,
Tlie following table, published by the United States Census Office in May, 1901, shows the gross area and population of the United
States at each of the decennial censuses from 1790 to 1900, exclusive of all noncontiguous territory.
Akea and Population of the United States.
YEARS.
Area.
Population.
1790
Square viiles.
827, 844
827,844
1,999.775
2,0.59,043
2, 069, 043
2,059,043
2, 9S0, 9.59
3,025.600
3, 025, 600
3,025,600
3, 025, 600
3,025,600
3,929,214
5,308,483
7,239,881
9,633,822
12,866,020
17,069.4.53
23,191,876
31,443,321
38, .568, 371
50,1.55,783
62, 622, 250
75,695,379
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
I860
1870
1880
1890
1900
OUTLHsTE HISTOET OF THE LOITISIAI^A PURCHASE ; ITS DEVELOPMEIiT
INTO TEREITORIES AND STATES, AIS'D ITS PRESENT AND EELATIYE
VALUE AS A PRODUCING SECTION.
SPANISH EXPLORATION.
The earliest record of the acquaintance of the white man with the mouth of the Mississippi is the visit of Alvarez de Pineda and
hia cfunpanions in 1.519, who, it is said, entered the mouth of the Mississippi and spent six weeks on its banks. Ten years later, De
Narvacz touched at the mouth of the !\Iississippi, and in 1541 De Soto crossed the Mississippi at a considerable distance above its mouth,
and, afier further wanderings, perished on its bank near the mouth of the Arkansas, his followers, after considerable delay, passing down
the stream and arriving at its mouth July 18, 1543, turning westward along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico and ending the record of
Spanish exploration of the Mississippi.
FRENCH EXPLORATION AND OCCUPATION.
The French exploration of the Mississippi Valley in the following century was from the north, where explorers from their Canadian
settlements moved down the Mississippi; Ijut it was not until April 7, 1682, that the first party of explorers, headed by Eobert Cavalier
de la Salle, reached the mouth of the ^Mississippi, and on April 9 erected a column and took possession of the country, affixing to the
column the arms of France with this inscription: "Louis le Grand, Koi de France et de Navarre, regne; le neuvieme Avril, 1662."
La Salle and his followers returned northward shortly, but three years later Henri de Tonty, who had accompanied him, again
visited this spot and replanted further from the banks of the stream the column which had been thrown down by driftwood.
In 1698 Louis XIV fitted out an expedition to colonize Louisiana, with Capt. Pierre le I\Ioyne d'Iberville in command. It arrived
at the mouth of the Mi.-isissippi early in 1699, and built a fort and established the first permanent colony on the eastern side of the mouth
of Biloxi Bay, communication being maintained at long intervals between this post and the French colonies in Canada.
In 1712 the first regular charter for the government of Louisiana was granted to Antoine Crozat, whose efforts to establish a settle-
ment and develop the comitry soon proved unsatisfactory and 5vere abandoned in 1718. Another cb.arter was immediately granted to
John Law, whose operations seem to have been less disadvantageous to the Louisiana colony than to those of France who became
interested in his operations, as William Preston Johnston says that the privilege granted him " finally inured to the benefit of the
colony," while other writers indicate that the colony flourished during at least a part of the control of his Mississippi, or West India
Company.
FOUNDING OF NEW ORLEANS.
In 1717 Jean Baptiste de Bien\'ille selected the tract whereon New Orleans now stands as a site for an agricultural and commercial
settlement, and in the year following, being appointed governor, sent his chief engineers with a force of 80 convicts lately arrived from
the iirisons of France, to clear the land and trace out the plan of a town, which he named Nouveau Orleans in honor of Orleans, then
duke of France. From that time until 1722 it was maintained only as a small military trading post, but in August, 1733, it was made
the official quarters of the governor of the colony.
BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH FIXED AT THE MISSISSIPPI.
The seven years' war in which France and Great Britain contended for the final possession of this continent terminated with the
definitive treaty of Paris signed in 1763, which fixed the western boundary of the British possessions along the middle of the Mississippi
River from its source down to the Iberville, and thence down the center of that river or bayou and through lakes Mam'epas and
Pontchartrain to the Mexican Gulf.
1901.]
TEEEITOBIAL EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES.
973
i^V-,
■^"i.
v^ \
No. 1. — 17iC. Area of the TniRTEEX Coloxies at Date of Revolution.
•v.
No. 2. —1783. Showing Addition by Peace Treaty of 1783 on the Northwest and Southwest.
974 TEEEITOEIAl EXPAI^SIOX OP THE UNITED STATES. [September,
FRANCE CEDES LOUISIANA TO SPAIN.
The Louisiana Territory was ceded by France to Sjiain by a secret treaty on November 3, 1762, which, however, was not made public
until 1703, and in 1764 the director-general of Louisiana was directed to acquaint the inhabitants of that pro'vince with the act of cession
and to turn over the government to the oiiicers of Spain when they should arrive to receive it. The motive of this cession, according to
AVallace, "appears to have been to indemnify Spain for her expenses in the war then just closed, and to prevent Louisiana from falling
into the hands of Great Britain." He adds, however, that, "moreover, the province had become a burden to the French Government,
of which it was anxious to be disencumbered. It has been computed that France, in her prolonged attempt to colonize Louisiana,
exjiended directly or indirectly nearly $20,000,000, without receiving any proportionate return."
SPANISH OCCUPATION.
The Spanish governor, Antonio de Ulloa, arrived at New Orleans March 5, 1766, but his restrictions upon commerce of French
citizens with France created such dissatisfaction that a convention of planters on October 28, 1768, passed resolutions praying for a
restoration of their former privileges and the expulsion of the Spaniards, and on the passage by the council of a decree requiring the
Spanish troops to leave the colony within three days, Ulloa and hia troops immediately embarked for Spain. He was succeeded,
however, by another Spanish governor, who brought the colony under complete Spanish control.
DIFFICULTIES REGARDING FREE NAVIGATION OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
During the occupancy of the territory by Spain, American colonists experienced much difliculty in maintaining the right of free
navigation of the JMississippi, and the opposition of Spain was so great that in 1786 the Congress of the Confederation, by a vote of 7 to 5,
agree<i to suspend temporarily its demand for this right, and a treaty was framed by which the claim was to bo suspended for twenty-five
years, but not relinquished. This, however, proved very unsatisfactory to the population of the Mississippi Valley, and the entire question
was referred to the new Government which assumed control in 1789. In 1795, Thomas Pinckney, as envoy extraordir.ary, negotiated a
treaty with Spain by which it was agreed that the navigation of the Mississippi should be free to the citizens of the United States, and
that they should for the space of three years have the privilege of depositing their merchandise in the port of New Orleans, and to export
it from thence without paying any other duty than a fair price for hire of the buildings in which it might be stored. It was also agreed
to renew this 2:irivilege at New Orleans at the end of three years or grant a similar privilege at some other point on the banks of the
Mississipiii.
LOUISIANA TERRITORY RETROCEDED TO FRANCE.
In the year 1800 the King of Spain, desiring the aid of Napoleon in the erection of the kingdom of Etniria for his son-in-law, the
Duke of Parma, made an agreement for the retrocession of the Louisiana Territory to France as an equivalent for that aid, the French
Government being quite willing to obtain new tenitory in America in lieu of that lost to England a fev/ years earlier. This agreement,
made October 1, 1800, remained a secret for more than a year, and even then France did not asvume control of the territory. In 1802
the Spanish official still in charge at New Orleans abrogated the right of deposit at that city and refused to name any other place as
provided by the treaty.
ALARM IN THE UNITED STATES AS A RESULT OF RETROCESSION TO FRANCE.
The announcement made in 1802 that Louisiana had been retroceded to France cau-ed great alarm in the United States, whose
relations with France had been recently strained through the treatment accorded the enibassy sent in 1797 to adjust the differences
between the two nations, and the people of the Mississippi Valley especially felt that control of tlie Louisiana Territory and city of New
Orleans by France threatened the permanent closing of the Mississippi Eiver against American commerce.
MISSION SENT TO FRANCE TO PURCHASE NEW ORLEANS.
The result of this feeling was a resolution offered in Congress authorizing the President to call out 50,000 militia and take possession
of New Orleans, but a substitute was adopted appropriating 52,000,000 for the purchase of New Orleans, and on January 10, 1803, James
Monroe was sent as minister extraordinary to cooperate with our then minister to France, Robert E. Livingston, for the purchase of New
Orleans.
COMMISSION PURCHASES LOUISIANA TERRITORY.
Monroe, on his arrival in France, found that negotiations for the purchase of New Orleans had been begim by Minister Livingston,
and the commissioners were surprised by a counter proposition from Napoleon's representative, Barb6-Marbois, in which he offered to
sell all of the Louisiana Territory to the United States, suggesting 100,000,000 francs as the price; and the commissioners, although they
had not been authorized to negotiate for more than the city of New Orleans, offered $10,000,000, and on the following day, April l", an
agreement was reached for the sale to the United States of the entire Louisiana Territory for $15,000,000, of which $11,250,000 was to be
in the form of 6 per cent United States bonds, and the United States to assume the payment of certain claims of American citizens against
the French Goverment, amounting to $3,750,000.
This treaty reached AVashingtou for ratification July 14, Congress was called in special session October 17, and the treaty conlii-med
by the Senate after two days of discussion, and on October 28 a resolution to carry it into effect was passed after much opposition by
many who expressed the belief that the territory was not worth the price proposed to be paid, and that its control would lie difficult and
unprofitable.
1901.]
TEREITOEIAL EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES.
975
No. 3. — 1781-1790. Shotving Fiest Okganiz.\tion of Territory Ceded to the Union by the Colonies pkom 1781 to 1790. (All
OP THE Colonies except Georgia had during this time ceded their Western Territory.)
-^
No. 4. — 1790-1800. Vermont cut off from New York and Admitted as a State (1791). — Tennessee Formed akd Admitted as
A State (1796), and Adjacent Territory at the South Design.\ted as "Territory South op Tennessee." — Territory at the
Extreme Southwest Organized as Territory op Mississippi (1798).
No. 3 7
976 TEEKITOEIAL EXPANSIOiSr OF THE UNITED STATES. [September,
AMERICAN OCCUPATION.
The Spanish representatives were still in control at New Orleans and in possession of the entire territor)' when the treaty was
ratified, and the Spanish representatives at Washington insisted that France had not carried out her agreement for the cession by Spain
to France, and therefore the cession to the United States was void. Nevertheless the French charg^ at Washington directed the
representative at New Orleans to transfer that city and territory to the representatives of the United States. The message reached New
Orleans November 23, 180.3, and after some consultation the Spanish governor handed the keys of the city to the French representative,
who on December 20 surrendered them to the representatives of the United States Government, who assumed conU'ol of the city and
territory.
POPULATION OF LOUISIANA TERRITORY AT DATE OF PURCHASE.
The population of the Louisiana Territory at the date of its cession to the United States was probably not far from 100,000. A
volume written by M. Wante in Paris in 1803 states the population of the Territory at that date to be .50,100 whites, 39,820 blacks, and
10,340 mulattoos; total 100,260. The bishop of the province estimated the population of hia jurisdiction at that date at 144,000, but his
Jurisdiction included Pensacola and Mobile. The census of 1810 shows the population of 97,401 for the entire area, of which 76,556 were
accredited to Orleans Territory occupying the extreme southern portion of the purchase, and 20,845 to the remaining section of the Lou-
isiana purchase.
TERRITORY EAST OF THE MOUTH OF THE MISSISSIPPI ADDED TO LOUISIANA.
After the cession of 1803 questions arose between Spain and the United States as to whether the cession included any territory east
of the Mississippi other than New Orleans. The claim of the United States was that the original Louisiana Territory extended a
considerable distance east of the Mississippi; and although this was not admitted by Spain, Congress in 1804 passed an act for collecting
duties in the disputed territory and placed it under the jurisdiction of Louisiana Territory. In September, 1810, the inhabitants of this
section (i. e., of West Florida) declared themselves independent of Spain and notified the President of the United States of that fact,
asking recognition as a part of the United States, and on October 27 of that year President Blonroe by proclamation extended the claim
of the United States over tlie territory in question and authorized the governor of New Orleans Territory to take possession. In 1812
an act was passed enlarging the limits of Louisiana and including the area in controversy.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE INTO STATES AND TERRITORIES.
1803. French cession of Province of Louisiana, comprising entire Louisiana purchase.
1804. The Territory of Orleans established with boundaries jiractically identical with those of the present State of Louisiana. The
remainder of the Louisiana purchase was designated as the District of Louisiana.
1812. The Territory of Orleans admitted to the Union as a State under the name of Louisiana and name of the territory known aa
Louisiana District changed to the Missouri Territory.
1819. Territory of Arkansa-ti' formed, including the present State of Arkansas and a large part of the present Indian Territory and
Oklahoma. In 1824 an act was passed fixing the western boundary and excluding from the limits of Arkansaw Territory practically all
of that territory now known as Oklahoma and a part of that now known as the Indian Territory. In 1828 the western boundary line
was again changed and made practically identical with the present western bomidary of Arkansas, and the territory thus defined was
admitted as the State of Arkansas June 15, 1836.
1821. State of Blissouri formed, the boundaries nearly identical with those now existing (except as to the northwest corner), the
remaining undivided area of the Louisiana purchase retaining the title of Blissouri Territory until 1834, when it was given the title of The
Indian Country.
1838. Territory of Iowa formed, including the present State of Iowa, and extending thence northward to the Canadian line and
including all territory between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, comprising most of the present State of Minnesota and the eastern
portion of the present States of North and South Dakota. ' In 1845 an enal>ling act was passed for the admission of Iowa as a State, its
northern boundary being somewhat farther north than at present and its western boundary an arbitrary line running due north and
■ south, excluding all that portion fronting upon the Missouri Eiver and including in the then hmits of Iowa about two-thirds of the eastern
portion of the State as at present defined. This, however, was not accepted, and in 1846 another enabling act was passed by which the
western boundary was extended to the Missouri River and the present northern boundary established.
1849. Territory of Minnesota organized, comprising the area of the present State of Minnesota and that part of North and South
Dakota lying east of the Missouri Kiver. In 1858 Minnesota was admitted as a State and the western portion of the territory not included
in the State was in 1861 combined with a part of Nebraska and organized as the Territory of Dakota. The State of Minnesota also
includes about 52,319 square miles of the area of the original thirteen States.
1854. Territory of Kansas organized, with practically its present boundaries, except that its western Hmit extended to the summit
of the Rocky Mountains and included a part of the present State of Colorado. In 1861 Kansas was admitted as a State, and the western
boundary line changed to its present location.
1854. Territory of Nebraska formed, with its southern line identical with the southern line of the present State of Nebraska, but
extending westward to the Rocky Jilountains, the Territory thus including all that area between the southern Ime above described and
Canada on the north, the Missouri River on the east, and the Rocky Mountains on the west. The northern portion of this area was
designated in 1861 as the Territory of Dakota, and in the same year the formation of the Territory of Colorado removed a section from
the southwestern portion of the area then designated as Nebraska, while in the formation of the Territory of Idaho in 1863 the western
boundary of Nebraska was fixed at about its present location. Admitted as a State March 1, 1867.
1861. Territory of Dakota organized from parts of Nebraska and IMiunesota Territories. Its eastern boundary was practically
identical with that now separating the State of Minnesota from North and South Dakota, and its southern boundary identical with that
separating Nebraska from South Dakota, and extending westward to the summit of the Rocky Mountains, and thence northward to the
Canadian line. In 1863 the western portion of Dakota was transferred to the Territory of Idaho, and in 1889 the boundary between
North and South Dakota was named, and the two sections severally admitted as States.
1901.]
TEEEITOELAL EXPAJ>fSION OF THE UNITED STATES.
977
No. 5.— 1800. "Terkitoky Nokthwest of the Ohio" Divided and the Western Pakt Okganized as "Indiana Territory."
No. 6. — 1802-1804. Ohio Admitted as a State and the Eemainder op the Territory Northwest of the Ohio Attached to
Indiana Territory (1802).— Georgia Cedes Her Western Territory to the Union (1802), and this Abea and the Unoh-
GANIZED TeKRITOKY SoUTH OP TENNESSEE WERE INCORPORATED WITH MISSISSIPPI TERRITORY (1804).
978 TEEEITOEIAl, EXPAl^SION OF THE UNITED STATES. [September,
1861. Territory of Colorado organized boundaries identical with those of the present State of Colorado, being made up from portions
of Idaho, Utah, New Mexico, Kansas and Nebraska, the northeastern section being taken from the Louisiajia purchase, the central and
southeastern portion from the Texas annexation, and all of the remainder from the Mexican cession.
1863. Territory of Idaho, formed from parts of Nebraska, Dak(.)ta, and Wasliington Territories, and included, Isesides the present
State of Idaho, all of the territory now known as Montana and Wyoming. Its boundaries were, therefore, Dakota and Nebraska on the
east, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada on the south, Oregon and Washington on the west, and Canada on the north, the portion east of the
Rocky Mountains being taken from the Louisiana pui'chase, and that West of the Rocky filountains from the Territory of Oregon.
1864. IMontana Territory was formed fi-om the northeastern portion of Idaho Territory.
1868. Wyoming Territory formed from the southeastern part of the Idaho Territory; in 1890 Idaho and Wyoming admitted as
States. Wyoming has the unique distinction of being the only State which contains within its boundaries territory originally included
in four different additions to the territory of the United States, viz, parts of the Louisiana purchase, the Texas Territory ceded to the
United State.s, the Mexican cession, and the Oregon Territory.
• AREA, POPULATION, AND PRODUCTION.
The land area of the Louisiana purchase exceeds that of the original thirteen States, being 864,944 square miles, against a total land
area of 820,944 square miles in the original thirteen States. The States and Territories which have licen created in whole or in part
from its area number fourteen, and their pojjulation in 1900 was 14,708,616, against a population of less than 100,000 in the tenitory at
the time of its purchase. Their total area is nearly one-third that of the entire LTnion, and their population about one-fifth that of
the entire United States. They produced in 1890 164,000,000 bushels of wheat, and m 1900 264,000,000 bushels, at a value in 1900 of
1152,000,000, their total wheat production being over 50 per cent of that of the entire United States. They produced 603,000,000
bushels of corn in 1890 and 1,013,000,000 bushels in 1900, with a value in 1900 of $314,000,000, their total corn crop forming in 1890 40
per cent and in 1900 48 per cent of the total corn crop of the United States. Of oats they produced in 1900 311,000,000 bushels, or 38
per cent of the total product of the coimtry, with a valuation of $71,000,000. Their production of barley in 1900 was valued at over
§10,000,000, and of rye at over $2,000,000; while their production of potatoes in 1900 amounted to over ?25,000,000, of hay $130,000,000,
and of cotton ?50,000,000. The total value of the agricultui-al products of the States formed from the Louisiana purchase, including in
that category simply wheat, corn, oats, barley, rye, hay, potatoes, and cotton, was in 1890 5670,000,000 and in 1900 §755,000,000. The
wool product of these States amounted in 1894 to 61,871,357 pounds, and in 1900 to 100,390,982 pounds, or 35 per cent of the total wool
product of the United States, with an estimated value of about $15,000,000, or equal to the cost of the entire area. The value of the
farm animals in these States in 1890 was 1772,000,000, and in 1900 $825,000,000. Add to these easily measured farm products the
estimated value of the wool, the sugar, the dairy and poultry products, and the proportion of the live stock annually turned into
provisions, and it may be safely estimated that the agricultural products of a single year amount to one hundred times the original cost
of the area; or, in other words, that its cost is repaid by 1 per cent of the agricultural productions of each recurring year.
MINERAL WEALTH.
The product of the mines is also of very great value. The coal produced in this area in 1899 amounted to 22,000,000 tons, against
14,000,000 tons in 1890; the iron ore to 8,491,000 tons in 1900, against 1,269,000 tons in 1890; the silver product of 1899, $50,300,768 in
coining value, against $44,799,998 in 1890, and gold, $37,712,400 in 1899, against $10,650,000 in 1890.
BANKING STATISTICS.
The prosperity shown by these figures is further evidenced by the banking institutions of the States formed from this territory.
Their capital stock amounted in 1900 to over $80,000,000; their circulation to $36,600,000, against $15,644,000 in 1890; their loans and
discomits in 1900 to $317,563,000, agamst $269,016,000 in 1890, and their total resources in 1900 to $1,099,111,000, against $746,903,000 in
1890, while a still more gratifying evidence of the prosperity of this section is the fact that individual deposits in national banks in 1900
amounted to $329,699,000, against $216,609,000 in 1890, an increase of more than $110,000,000 in individual deposits dm-ing the decade.
EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS.
A study of educational conditions shows equally rapid and gratifying development. The pupils enrolled in the public schools in
the States in question in 1890 numbered 2,580,495, and in 1899, 3,161,112; the teachers employed numbered, in 1890, 89,558, and in 1899,
102,202, and the expenditure for public schools in 1890 was $30,284,752, and in 1899, $37,185,881. The number of pupils in attendance
at high schools in 1899 was 113,847, with 4,937 teachers; normal schools, 15,843 students, with 625 teachers, and at higher educational
institutions, 40,249 students, and 3,925 teachers. The total figures for schools and educational institutions in the fourteen States formed
from the Louisiana purchase show: Teachers, in 1890, 95,365; in 1899, 111,689; attendance, in 1890, 2,670,541; m 1899, 3,331,051.
NEWSPAPERS, POST-OFFICES, AND RAILW^AYS.
The number of newspapers and periodicals published in this area in 1890 was 4,759, and in 1900, 5,618; the number of post-offices
in 1890, 12,919; in 1900, 16,228; the miles of railway in operation in 1890 numbered 51,823, and in 1899, 59,324, or 31 per cent of the total
railway mileage of the country.
FUTURE POSSIBILITIES CONSIDERED.
The powet of this vast area with its agricultural and mineral wealth to sustain a population much greater than that which it now
supports is su^ested by a comparison of its area with the area and population of the prosperous countries of Europe. The total area is
875,025 square miles and is slightly less than that of the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, and
Switzerland, whose total area is 885,978; with a present poimlation of 202,363,573, as against a present population of 14,708,616 in the
territory under consideration, whose agricultural and mineral possibilities fully equal those of the European States named.
1901.]
TEEEITOEIAL EXPAISSION OF THE UNITED STATES.
979
No. 7. — 1803. Louisiana Pdechase Added to the Terkitoby op the United States, more than DotTBLiNO its Land Area.
No. 8. — 1804. Territory of Orleans Formed from Southern Part of the Louisiana Purchase and the Remainder Designated
as Louisiana District.
980 TEEEITOEIAL EXPANSION OP THE UNITED STATES. [September,
HISTORICAIj sketch of the state of TEXAS.
The Erench and Spanish contended for the territory now known as Texas in the early period of its history. The little city of
Yaleta, located on the Rio Grande near El Paso, claims to be the site of a mission built by Coronado iu 1540, twenty-five years earlier
than the founding of St. Augustine. Aside from this, the first recorded attempt to establish a settlement within the present limits of
the State was that of La Salle, who, in 1685, conducted a colony of French emigrants from France with the purpose of establishing a
settlement at the mouth of the Jlississippi, but sailing past it unawares landed in Matagorda Bay and erected Fort St. Louis on the Lavaca.
In 1689 a Spanish officer, Captain De Leon, was sent to drive the French out of the country, but on arrival found the garrison already
scattered, and in the following year established the mission of San Francisco on the site of Fort St. Louis. A Spanish governor was
appointed in 1691, but the settlement was soon abandoned.
In 1714 the French again attempted to settle the country through an expedition sent from Louisiana by Crozat, to whom all of
Louisiana had been granted in 1712. His exiaedition was, however, captured by the Spanish, and for twenty years following the Span-
iards held control, giving to the country the name of "The New Philippines," the Philippines of the Orient having been then for more
than a century under their control.
In 1735 a French settlement was established beyond the Red River, and the Spaniards finally conceded the French a right to that
region. In 1762 the cession of Louisiana by France to Spain terminated the contest between the French and Spanish for control of this
territory, which, however, was renewed between the Americans and the Spanish on the cession of the Louisiana territory to the United
States. Spain claimed not only all of the present State of Texas, but territory east of the Sabine River, while the United States claimed
title as far as the Rio Grande. From 1806 to 1819 the question was undetermined, and this period was marked by numerous invasions
or attempted invasions by parties of Americans, beginning with the projected movement of Aaron Burr and including the engagement
at San Antonio in 181.3, in which all but 100 of a force of 2,500 Americans and Mexicans were slain, and nearly 700 of the peaceable
inhabitants of San Antonio murdered.
In 1819 the boundary between Texas and the United States was fixed at the Sabine River.
In 1820 Moses Austin, who was then residing in JNIissouri, received a grant of land in Texas from the Spanish authorities of Mexico,
and his son, Stephen F. Austin, conducted a colony to a point near the present city of Austin, and this was soon followed by other
colonies.
In 1824 Texas and the province of Coahuila were established as a Mexican State and a Mexican commandant placed in charge.
His treatment of American citizens created great dissatisfaction, and in 1833 the American settlers, who at that time numbered fully
20,000, held a convention, prepared a State constitution, and sent Col. S. F. Austin to the city of Mexico to request that Texas be
established as a separate State of the Mexican Republic. He was detained until 1835 and Mexican troops sent to occupy the territory.
Several engagements occurred during 1835 in which the Texans were successful, and in November, 1835, a provisional government was
formed, Henry Smith elected governor, Sam Houston commander in chief, and S. F. Austin a commissioner to the United States. On
December 22 a declaration of independence was issued. Santa Anna, then President of the Mexican Republic, entered the State at the
head of 7,500 men, suppressed the revolt, and during this period occurred the storming of the Alamo, a fort near San Antonio and the
slaughter of its garrison numbering 172 men, who on its capture after eleven days' siege by 4,000 Mexicans, were all slaughtered except
3 persons — a woman, a child, and a servant — the Mexican loss during the siege being 1,600. General Houston, in command of the
Texan troops, finally succeeded in defeating the Mexican forces and captured Santa Anna, ending the war; and in September, 1836,
Houston was elected president, and on October 22 inaugurated.
In March, 1837, the United States acknowledged the independence of Texas, and similar action was taken by France in 1839, and
by England, Belgium, and Netherlands in 1840. In August, 1837, according to A. Johnston (p. 97, Vol. I, of Lalor's Cyclopedia of
Political Economy and United States History) , the minister of the Republic of Texas made application to the Executive for membership
in the United States, but the proposition to that effect introduced in the Senate by Preston of South Carolina was tabled by a vote
of 24 to 14:
In 1843 President Tyler, according to the American Cyclopa;dia (vol. 15, pages 405, 678), made propositions to the president of
Texas for its annexation to the United States, and a treaty to that effect was framed on April 12, 1844, and submitted to the Senate, but
rejected June 8.
In January, 1845, the United States House of Representatives, by a vote of 120 to 98, passed a resolution providing for the annexa-
tion of Texas, and after long discussion it passed the Senate by a vote of 27 to 25 and on March 1 was approved by President Tyler,
three days before the close of his term, and a representative sent to Texas to submit the proposition. A convention, called by the presi-
dent of Texas approved the proposition for annexation (July 4, 1845) and prepared a State constitution, which was approved by popular
vote, and on December 29, 1845, a joint resolution of Congress declared Texas admitted into the Union as a State.
The boundaries of Texas as admitted differ materially from those forming the present limits of the State, having included the eastern
half of the present Territory of New Mexico, the central portion of the present State of Colorado, and a small section in the present States
of Wyoming and Kansas. In 1850 Texas ceded to the United States that portion of its territory outside its present State lines and was
paid ^10,000,000 in bonds, which sum was applied to the payment of the State debt.
Provision for the division of Texas into five States was made by the joint resolution of Congress by which Texas was admitted.
It provided that "new States of convenient size, not exceeding four in number in addition to the said State of Texas, and having
suflicient population, may hereafter, by consent of said State, be formed out of the territory thereof, which shall be entitled to admission
under the provisions of the Federal Constitution." Of this Alexander Johnston, the historian, says: "It is now practically impossible
to obtain any such consent from the State, and its size must remain imdiminished until the development of separate interests within it
shall produce a division naturally." Apropos to this suggestion, it may be said that the present area of Texas is about 50 per cent greater
than that of Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee combined, and is nearly equal to the combined area of Georgia, Florida, Alabama,
Mississippi, and Louisiana. It could retain its present distinction of being the largest State of the Union and yet spare sufficient territory
to make four States equal in size to the group known as the Middle States — New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware —
whose combined population is 15,638,531. The present area of the State exceeds that of England and Germany, whose combined
population is now over 85,000,000.
1001.]
TEEEITOEIAL EXPAJ^SION OF THE TINITED STATES.
981
No. 9. — 1805. Michigan Terkitory Formed from Northeastern Part of Indiana Territory.
No. 10. — 1809. Indiana Territory Divided and Western Portio.v called Illinois Territory.
982 TEERITOEIAL EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES. [September,
RECENT GROWTH.
The recent development of the State of Texas is suggested by the fact that its population increased from 2,235,523 in 1S90 to 3,048,710
in 1900; its com production, from G3,S02,000 bushels in 1890 to 81,083,000 bushels in 1900; its oats, from 11,059,000 bushels in 1890 to
28,278,000 bushels in 1900. The value of its cotton crop increased from $67,761,000 in 1888 to $92,187,000 in 1899, ami the value of its
farm i-)roducts, including wheat, corn, oats, barley, rye, hay, potatoes, and cotton, increased from ^128,988,465 in 1890 to $158,785,414 in
1900, wliile the value of its cattle increased from "f;75,227,000 in 1890 to $95,255,000 in 1900.
Tlie number of national banks in the State increased from 189 in 1890 to 223 in 1900; their circulation, from $3,821,000 in 1890 to
$7,177,000 in 1900; their loans and discounts, from $48,814,000 to $56,453,000; their total resources, from $83,099,000 to $103,418,000, and
their individual depo.sits, from $30,450,000 in 1890 to $49,749,000 in 1900.
The number of pupils enrolled in the public schools in 1890 was 466,872, and by 1899 had increased to 552,503. The number of
teachers in the public schools in 1890 was 10,880, and in 1899 was 14,989. The total expenditure tor public schools in 1800 was $3,178,300,
and in 1899, $4,476,457; and the attendance at schools of all classes, including public schools, high and normal schools, and higher
educational institutions, was in 1890, 476,992, and in 1899, 576,329.
The number of post-officea during the decade increased from 2,139 to 3,011; the number of newspapers and periodicals, from 542 to
794, and the miles of railway in operation, from 8,710 in 1890 to 9,722 in 1899. •
THE MEXICAN CESSION.
The first historical account of the visit of the white man to the great area north of the Eio Grande formerly known as New ]Mexico
is that of the wanderings of Cabeza de Vaca, who accompanied De Narvaez to Florida in 1528, and after the movement of de Narvaez and
party westward along the Gulf coast and the subsequent death of de Narvaez and some of his party, made his way with the few remaining
followers across the continent, reaching San Miguel in Sonora in May, 1536. His accounts of the trip led to the exploration of the
country in question, subsequently called, respectively, New Mexico and California. In 1539 Marcos de Niza visited the country, and in
the following year Coronado crossed the country north of the Gila eastward beyond the Eio Grande among the Pueblo Indians, who
then occupied the country, and they were followed by others. Toward the close of the century Juan de Ofiate was sent by the viceroy
of I\Iexico to take formal possession of the country in the name of Spain and establish colonies, missions, and f'jrts. This date ia
variously stated at from 1595 to 1599. IMissions were established, mines opened and worked, and the enterprise flourished until the
Indians rebelled against enslavement, and in 1680 drove the Spaniards out. In 1698 the Spaniards regained possession of the country,
and it remained a province or State of Mexico until 1846.
The annexation of Texas in 1845 was quickly followed by war with Mexico, the direct cause being a disagreement as to whether
the Nueces Elver or the Eio Grande formed the true boundary between Texas and Mexico, the Mexican Government claiming all
territory south of the Nueces, and the United States claiming the territory between the Nueces and the Eio Grande. War with Mexico
was declared in May, 1846. Immediately following this declaration Gen. Stephen Kearny, who had command of the Army of the West,
was ordered to take iiossession of the area known as New ^lexico, and in June set out from Fort Leavenworth with 1,600 men, crossed
the country and took possession of Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico, August 18, 1846. He then took formal possession of the State
and appointed Chai-les Bent provisional governor and moved westward, his original instructions having been to conquer California as
well aa New Mexico.
CALIFORNIA.
The earliest recorded visit of the white man to California is that of an expedition sent from Mexico in 1534 by Cortez, then
governor of that country, to explore the country northward. A romance published in Spain many years earlier had described the doings
of a queen of amazons who ruled an island rich in gold, diamonds, and pearls "on the right hand of the Indies known as California,"
and Cortez and his lieutenant, Grijalva, believing that they w'ere in the neighborhood of the coast of Asia, called the country thus
discovered ' ' California. ' '
The first settlements made in the country thus named were those of the Jesuit missionaries who were located in Lower California
in 1683. Sir Francis Drake had in 1578 passed up the western coast of America and touching temporarily at a bay on the wc.-tern
coast, believed by some to have been the Bay of San Francisco, called the country New Albion, or New England, remaining, hov.ever,
but a very short time. Explorations northward from the settlements in Old, or Lower, California, were only made in the following
centur}', and the first mis.sion planted in Upper, or "Alta," California, as it was termed in the Spanish language, was established at
the present site of San Diego in 1769. The Bay of San Francisco was not reached until 1770, and a mission was established there in 1776.
Eighteen missions had been established by the close of the century with over 15,000 converts among the Indians. The Spanish power
in Mexico was overthrown by the revolution of 1822, and California passed under control of the new governor of Mexico, which deprived
the mis.sions of their control of the Indians, secularizing the government of the section then known as California. Ten years later
immigrants began to arrive from the United States, and when the war with Mexico began in 1846 many thousands of citizens of the
United States were residents of Califsrnia, which, however, was still a part of Mexico.
Capt. John C. FriSmont had been sent in 1845 by the Government to explore the maritime region of Oregon and California, and in
May, 1846, received instructions to watch the movements of the Mexicans in California, who, it was believed, were disposed to hand the
province over to the British Government. He hurried to California, and finding the IMexican general marching against the American
settlements, engaged his forces successfully, and on July 5, 1846, the Americans in California declared themselves indeijendent and
elected Fremont governor of the province. Meantime Commodore Stockton had arrived with authority to conquer California, and he
and Frfimont jointly took possession of Los Angeles.
General Kearny, whose instructions on leaving Fort Leavenworth for New Mexico had been to "capture New Mexico and
California," arrived in California in December, 1846, with a small part of his command, and refusing to sanction the election of Fremont
as governor, in February, 1847, assumed that oflice himself and declared the annexation of California to the United States.
The war between the United States and Mexico was terminated by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed February 2, 1848, and
ratified by the Senate March 10, 1848. It transferred to the United States both New Mexico and California, the price being, accordmg
190i.]
TEEEITOEIAL EXPAISTSION OP THE imiTED STATES.
983
No. 11.— 1810-1812. United States Takes Control op Tekkitory East of Lower Mississippi River Ad.tacent to New Orleans
(1810).— Orleans Territory Admitted as a State (1812), and Name of Louisiana Territory Changed to Territory of
Missouri.
'"
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No. 12.— 1817. Territory of Alau.vma Formed from Eastern Portion of JIississippi Territory and Western Portion op
Territory Admitted as State op Mississippi.
No. 3 8
984 TERRITOEIAL EXPAJSTSIOif OF THE UNITED STATES. [SHaPTBUBER,
to Johnston, the historian, "$15,000,000, besides the assumption by the TTnited States of $3,250,000 in claims of American citizens against
Mexico."
Tlie territory included that part of New Mexico east of the Rio Grande, which was also claimed by Texas, and the disputed claim of
Texas was afterwards, in 1850, settled by tlie payment of $10,000,000 by the United States to the State of Texas in full satisfaction of her
claim. During the next five years disputes arose as to whether the Gila Kiver constituted the boundary line of that section now known
as Arizona and New Mexico, and in the latter part of 1853, by the Gadsden purchase, the United States obtained from Mexico, on the
payment of $10,000,000, the disputed territory as well as the right of free transit of troops, munitions, mails, and merchandise over the
Isthmus of Tehuantepcc.
The area added to the United States by the original Mexican cession, according to Johnston, was 545,783 square miles, and by the
Gadsden purchase, 45,535 square miles. Commissioner Hermann, in his "Louisiana purchase," page 69, gives the area of the IMexicau
cession as 522,568 square miles, and the Gadsden purchase, 45,535 square miles.
. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE OREGON TERRITORY.
The Oregon Territory had been long in dispute between the United States and Great Britain. Ferrelo, a Spaniard, had made
exploring voyages along the coast in 1543. Sir Francis Drake moved northward along the Oregon coast in 1578, after his landing on
the coast of California, described in the brief history of California above given; and several Spanish explorers visited the country
between 1592 and 1775. In 1792, Capt. Robert Grey, a trader from Boston, entered the mouth of the Columbia and thus laid the
foundation of the American title to Oregon. In 1805 the Lewis and Clarke exploring expedition dispatched by President Jefferson after
the purchase of Louisiana, crossed the Rocky Momitains and following down the Columbia River, reached the Pacific coast at the mouth
of the Columbia in November of that year, returning eastward in the sjiring of 1806.
In 1811 John Jacob Astor and others established a fur-trading post at the mouth of the Columbia, calling it Astoria, and in 1833
emigration to that region overland began, and by 1850 thousands of settlers from the United States had reached Oregon. The British
Government, however, made claim to the section, and in 1813 captured Astoria, the settlement founded by Astor's Pacific Fur Companj',
but in 1818 a treaty of joint occupation was made with the United States and Astoria restored to United States jurisdiction. From 1818 to
1846 the country was jointly occupied by the United States and Great Britain. In that year a treaty was made Jay which the forty-ninth
parallel and the Straits of Fuca were made the northern boundary of the United States possessions in the Oregon Territory, and the
treaty was ratified June 15, 1846. An organic law had meantime been framed and accepted by the American settlers, and this formed
the basis for a provisional government until Congress, in 1848, created the Territory of Oregon, which comprised all of the United States
territory west of the summit of the Rocky JMountains and north of the forty-second parallel, and on March 3, 1849, the territorial
government went into effect with Joseph Lane as governor.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE MEXICAN CESSION AND OREGON TERRITORY INTO STATES.
The discovery, exploration, settlement, and transfer to the United States of each of the above outlined sections — New Mexico,
California, and Oregon — are given consecutively, since their definite addition to the territory of the United States and their formation
into Territories and States are practically simultaneous.
The population of New iMexico, California, and Oregon Territories given by the census of 1850, the first taken after their acquisition,
is stated as follows: New Mexico, 61,547; California, 92,597; Oregon, 13,294; total, 167,438.
New Jlexico was governed by the military until 1850, when a territorial government was organized by act of Congress.
The discovery of gold in California, in 1848, attracted a large population, and the necessity for a substantial government becoming
quickly apparent, a convention of delegates was called by the military governor of the Territory, General Riley, to meet at Monterey
September 1, 1849. The constitution which it prepared was adopted on submission to the peoijle and California admitted as a State
September 9, 1850, after a prolonged discussion in Congress over the slavery question, which delayed final action, but it was not until
several years later that control by vigilance committees of the heterogeneous population drawn thither by the gold discoveries, terminated.
The process by which the Mexican cession and Oregon Territory were transformed into their present political divisions is as follows:
1S46. Control of Oregon Territory by the United States settled by treaty with Great Britain.
1848. Mexican cession of New Mexico and California.
September 9, 1850. State of California admitted and Utah Territory formed from northern portion of Mexican cession lying east of
the northern part of California.
December 3, 1850. Territory of New Mexico formed from that part of Mexican cession not included in California and Utah; also
including part of territory claimed by Texas, for which Texas was paid $10,000,000.
1853. Gadsden purchase, $10,000,000; made part of the Territory of New Mexico. Washington Territory formed from the northern
part of Oregon Territory.
1859. Western part of Oregon Territory admitted as a State and eastern part temporarily attached to Washington Territory.
1861. Territory of Nevada organized from western part of Utah, and Territory of Colorado organized from eastern part of Utah,
western part of Nebraska, and northern part of New Mexico and northwestern part of Kansas.
1863. Idaho Territory formed from the eastern part of Washington Territory and western part of Dakota Territory. Arizona
Territory formed from western part of New Mexico.
1868. Montana formed from the northeastern part of Idaho.
PRESENT CONDITIONS.
The territory added by the Mexican cession had, as above indicated, a population of 165,524 at the census of 1850, the firet
enumeration after the purchase. In 1890 it was 1,675,009, and in 1900, 2,122,378. This does not include any part of the State of
Colorado, of which about one-third falls within the Mexican cession, but does include all of New Mexico, which is formed 'in part from
territory which was claimed by Texas. The wheat production of the five States and Territories now representing the Mexican cession
was m 1890, 33,066,000 bushels; in 1900, 37,444,934 bushels. The barley production of 1900 was 15,105,060 bushels, valued at $6,527,226,
1901.]
TEREITOETAL EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES.
985
No. 13. — 1818. Terkitoky of Illinois Divided and State op Illinols Formed.— Kemaindek of Illinois Territory Attached to
Michigan Territory.
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Jv^««.DE.L. 1
No. 14. — 1819-1820. Florida Purchased from Spain (1819). — Arkansas Territory Formed from Southern Part of Territory of
Missouri (1819). — Maine, Formerly a District of Massachusetts, Admhted as a State (1820).
986
TEEEITOEIAL EXPAifSION OP THE DOTTED STATES.
[Septembkr,
and the hay crop alone in 1900 was valued at 5!30,427,256, or twice as much as the sum paid to Mexico (exclusive of the agreement to
settle the claims of American citizens, amounting to ?3,250,000) for the entire Territory. The States and Territories in question produced
in 1900 nearly one-fourth of the wool grown in the United States, their total wool production being in 1900, 62,704,883 pounds, out of a
total in the United States of 288,636,621 pounds. The total value of the production of wheat, corn, oats, rj'e, barley, hay, and potatoes
in these five States and Territories in 1900 was §63,734,169, or practically four times the sum paid for their purchase. The number of
horses and mules in 1900 was 627,108 and their value §20,374,787. The number of cattle in 1900 was 2,549,130, and their value ?5S, 761,330,
against 557,713,266 in 1890. The number of sheep ia 1900 was 10,028,126, agamst 10,583,146 in 1890, and their value in 1900, $24,790,675,
against §19,039,162 in 1890. The total value of farm animals in the five States and Territories formed from this purchase was in 1900
§106,203,619, or six times its original cost. The silver production in 1899 was §14,018,715, coining value, and the gold production in
1899, §24,017,800, against §17,830,000 in 1890.
The growth in educational facilities during the decade in the States and Territories in question is shown by the fact that the pupils
enrolled in public schools numbered in 1890, 292,626, and in 1899, 375,722; the number of teachers in pubhc schools increased dm-ing
that period from 7,081 to 10,969, and the total expenditure for public schools from §6,010,242 to §7,752,941; and the total attendance at
schools of all classes had increased from 312,945 to 403,427 and the number of teachers employed from 8,390 to 12,788.
The number of post-offices increased from 2,119, in 1890, to 2,705, in 1900; the number of newspapers and periodicals published
from 725, in 1890, to 911, in 1900, and the miles of railway in operation from 9,022 to 11,201. An additional evidence of the general
prosperity of the citizens as a class is shown by the fact that the individual deposits in national banks increased from §25,517,000, in
1890, to §46,334,000, in 1900; the circulation of the national banks in these States and Territories from §1,834,000 to §5,453,000, their
loans and discoimts from §28,569,000 to §40,189,000, and the total resources of all banking institutions (national, State, private, and
savings banks) in these States and Territories from §284,744,000 to 8446,281,000.
The population of the three States formed from the original Oregon Territory was in 1890, 747,524, and in 1900, 1,093,411. Their
production of wheat in 1890 was 22,306,000 bushels, valued at §16,851,802, and in 1900, 44,399,302 bushels, valued at §23,136,333. The
value of the hay crop was in 1894, §15,655,831, and in 1900, §23,730,012. The wool produced was m 1894, 31,297,223 pounds, and in 1900,
44,586,884 pounds. The value of cattle on farms and ranches was in 1890, §34,316,643, and m 1900, §36,595,280; of sheep in 1890,
§8,239,875, and in 1900, §16,447,148, and of all farm annuals in 1900, §60,672,916. The gold produced in 1900 was valued at §4,003,900,
and of silver, §4,971,312 (coining value) . The number of pupils in public schools was in 1890, 133,529, and in 1899, 219,097, and the
expenditure for public schools in 1890, §1,933,110, and in 1899, §3,229,297. The number of post-offices was in 1890, 1,346, and in 1900,
2,127. The banking resources were in 1890, §59,286,000, and in 1900, §72,877,000.
ToT.VL Akea op the Okiginal Thirteen States as defined by the Peace Treaty op 1783, and its Distkibution into States.
[Prepared by the General Land OfiSce, Interior Department]
STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Alabama!
Connecticut
Delaware
District o£ Columbia.
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucliy
M^iine
Maryland
Massacliusetts
Michigan
Minnesota !
Mississippi "^
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Tennessee
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Total 820,944
Land
surface
(area).
Sq. viilcs.
49, 876
4,794
1,969
59
58,850
56,004
35, 860
39, 898
29, .894
9,875
8,038
57, 530
26,
42,
9,
7,
47,
48,
40,
44,
1,
30,
41,
9,
39,
24,
65,
Water
surface
(area).
Sq. mil€f;.
318
818
411
10
586
2,350
727
434
3, 145
2,422
508
40,460
4, 855
471
321
719
6, 032
3,702
3,741
1, 249
166
588
370
449
2, 405
161
10,688
Total
area.
Sq. miles.
49, 194
6,612
2, 380
69
69,436
58,354
36,587
40, 332
33, 039
12,297
8,546
97,990
31,0116
43,280
9,377
8,173
53, 719
52, 674
44,464
45, 928
1,247
31,048
42, 056
9,563
42,330
24,604
65,805
909,050
Remarks.
1,674 square miles of Lake Michigan included.
230 square miles of Lake Michigan included.
(16.653 square miles of Lake Superior; 12,922 of Lake Mich-
L igan, and 9,925 of Lake Huron.
2,614 square miles of Lake Superior included.
3,140 square miles of Lake Ontario included.
3,443 square miles of Lake Erie included.
891 square miles of Lake Erie included.
2,378 square miles of Lake Superior, and 7,500 of Lake
Michigan included.
1 Ipcludes only that portion of the State formed from territory within boundaries of original thirteen States.
1901.]
TEEEITORIAL EXPAJ^fSION OF THE UNITED STATES.
987
No. 15. — 1821. State of Missouki Formed, but Name of JMissouei Territory Retained for teoe Undivided Portion of the
Louisiana Purchase.
No. 16. — 1824-1828. Eeduction op Area of Arkansas Territory in 1821 and in 1828.
988
TEEEITOEIAL EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES.
Statistics op States of the Union Oeganized from Acquiked Teeritoey.
[Seitember,
STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Date of act of
organization
as Territory.
Population
at census
next
following
Territorial
organiza-
tion.
Date of act of
admission as
State.
Population
at census
next
following
1 admission
as State.
POPULATION
BY CENSUS.
Area in
square mllea.
Popula-
tion per
square
mile.
Capital.
1890
1900
1900
LorisiANA Pckchase:
Jfar. 2, 1819
Feb. 28,1861
14, 255
134,277
June 15,1836
Mar. 3,1875
97, 674
194, 327 <
1,128,179
412,198
180, 182
1,911,896
J, 1,427,096
1,118,587
1,301,826
2,679,184
132, 159
1,058,910
182, 719
61,834
328, 808
60, 705
1,311,664
539, 700
391,960
2,231,863
1,470,495
1,381,625
1,751,394
3,106,665
243, 329
1,068,-539
319, 146
398,245
401,570
92,631
53,045
103,646
31,000
55,475
81,700
45,420
79,205
68,735
146,310
76,840
70,195
38,830
76,860
97,575
24.72
6.21
12.64
40.23
18
30.42
22. 11
45.19
1.67
13.90
4.54
10.26
5.22
.95
Little Rock.
Denver.
Indian Territory
Iowa
June 12,1838
May 30,1864
Jlar. 3, 1805
Mar. 3,1849
June 4,1812
May 26,1864
May 30,1854
Mar. 2,1861
May 2, 1890
Mar. 2,1861
July 25,1808
43,112
107,206
76, 566
0,077
2 20,845
20,595
28,841
(»)
61,834
'"^,118
Mar. 3,1845
Jan. 29,1861
Apr. 8,1812
May 11,1858
Mar. 2,1821
Feb. 22,1889
Feb. 9,1867
Feb. 22,1889
192,214
1107,206
2 76,566
172, 023
6 66,657
132, 169
122,993
182,719
Des Moines.
Topeka.
Baton Rouge.
St. Paul.
Jeffersju Citv
Helena.
Nortli Daliota .
Bismarck.
Guthrie.
Soutli Daliota
i?eb. 22,1889
July 10,1890
328,808
60, 705
Pierre.
Total
427,553
11,984.283
14,708,616
1,023,825
14.37
Feb. 24,1863
Mexican Cession:
9,658
* 92, 597
61,647
1 6, 857
11,380
59,620
1,208,130
1.53,593
46, 761
207,905
122,931
1,486,053
195,310
42, 335
276,749
112, 920
158,980
122,460
109, 740
82,190
1.09
9.62
1.69
.38
3.36
Phoenix.
Sept. 9,1850
92,597
New Mexico
Sept. 9,1850
Mar. 2,1861
Sept. 9,1850
Santa Fe.
Mar. 21,1864
July 16,1894
42, 491
207,905
Utah
Salt Lake City
Total
1,675,009
2,122,378
583,290
3.64
Mar. 3, 1863
Aug. 14,lSt8
Mar. 2,1863
July 3,1890
Feb. 14,1859
Feb. 22,1889
14, 999
13,294
11,594<
84,385^
52,465
349,390
84,385
313,767
349, 390
161,772
413,636
518, 103
84,290
94,560
66,880
1.92
4.37
7.74
Boise.
Salem.
Olympia.
Total
747,542
1,093,411
245,730
4.45
Dec. 29,1845
* 212, 592
212,592
2,235,523
3,048,710
262,290
11.62
Austin.
16, 642, 367
63,069,766
20,973,116
76,304,799
2, 115, 135
2,970,038
9.91
25.69
19
26.43
19.27
27.48
34.47
71.21
United States.
States.
1 Census of 1860.
2 Census of 1810.
spopulation of Dakota Territory by census of 1860, 4,837.
4 Census of 1850.
s Census of 1820.
eCensusof 1890.
1901.]
TEEEITOKIAL EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES.
989
No. 17.— 1834. PoHTiON OF Missouri Territory Lying North op the State of Missouri, Extending North to the Canada Line
AND West to the Missouri and White Earth Rivers Attached to the Territory of Michigan. — Eemainder op the Missouri
Territory Designated as the Indian Country.
jjo. 18. — 1836-18.37. Terbitoky of Wisconsin Formed from Western Part of the Territory op Michjga.v in 1836, and Rkmainijer
Admitted as the State ot' IMiciiigan in 1837. — Boundary Line op Missouri Extended to the Missouri River at tob
Northwest Corner of the St.vie (1836).
990
TERRITOEIAL EXPAl^SIOiv" O' THE UNITED STATES.
Statistics of States op toe Union Organized from Acquiked Tebritory — Continued.
[Septemrer,
WHEAT PnODUCTION.
CORN PEODDCTION.
0.4TS PRODUCTION.
STATES AND
TERRITORIES.
Bushels.
Value.
Bushels.
Value.
Bushels.
Value.
1890
1900
1890
1900
1890
1900
1890
1900
1890
1900
1890
isoa
Louisiana Pue-
cnASE:
Arkan,«as
Colorado
1,575,000
1,777,000
19,011,000
28,195,000
2,689,418
7,207,117
21,798,223
82,488,655
Dollars.
1,543,619
1,439,010
15,233,123
21,709,842
Dollars.
1,748,122
4,2.52,199
12,860,952
45,368,760
33,443,000
767,000
232,439,000
.55, 269, 000
16,979,000
21,286,000
175,345,000
45,22.5,947
3, 188, 941
30.5,8.59.948
163, 870, 630
24,702,698
31,794,708
180,710,404
23, 970
210,430,064
381,184
14,144,052
32,418,819
81,702
Dollars.
21,737,952
483,097
95,300,164
28,187,241
11,885,093
8,910,136
77,151,802
'26,'.5i8,"992'
3, COD, 000
Dollars.
19,447,1.57
1,. 530, 692
82,682,186
52,438,602
12,351,299
9, 220, 465
57,827,329
14,142
65,233,320
100, 097
3, 677, 4.54
9,401,458
49,021
3,967,000
2,498,000
71, 397, 000
31,269,000
567,000
38,402,100
24,579,000
2,797,000
22,430,000
10, 000, 090
7,038,665
3,272,390
130,572,138
43,063,943
614,142
41,907,046
24,695,373
2,568,735
37,778,572
6,299,284
Dollars.
2, 102, 361
1,248,990
27,130,903
11,882,302
345,849
14,208,796
9,585,707
1,650,398
8,747,761
3,000,000
Dollars.
2,463,533
1,407,128
26,114,428
Kansas
9,904,707
245, 667
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
North Dakota..
38,356,000
17,638,000
1,488,000
16,315,000
10,000,000
61,509,252
18, 840, 713
1,929,963
24,801,900
13,176,213
18,657,373
20,149,084
366,414
31,068,187
14, 039, .581
1,190,680
U, 639, 428
7,000,000
32,4.50,829
11,873,429
1,177,277
13,145,007
7,612,204
9,SSS,408
11,686,817
278,475
10,0.57,691
5,679,936
1,078,869
55,310,000
6,0(!0,000
9,006,857
2,015,771
South Dakota . .
30,411,000
21,287,719
6,030,000
3,015,233
14,846,000
12, 653, 266
630,272
4,950,815
3,036,784
296,228
Total
163,756,000
263, 620, 925
126,751,189
152,372,479
602,868,000
1,012,882,967
276,249,710
313,933,222
222,752,000 311,093,826
.84,853,882
71,307,589
Mexican Cession:
Arizona
California
New Mexico . . .
Nevada
Utah
811,000
29,121,000
1, 105, 000
250,000
2, 279, 000
365,637
28,513,628
3,847,347
991,196
3, 697, 106
280,044
22,131,778
1,050,170
214,658
1,777,927
288,869
16,66.5,304
2,616,196
693,837
2, 033, 408
4,396,000
1,126,000
1,351,975
554,752
2,867,694
821,819
824,705
355,041
1,943,000
392, 000
1,477,771
229,994
1,088,087
223,394
079,775
110,397
739,000
169,180
602,299
106,583
1,059,000
918,214
582,177
404,014
Total
33,066,000
37,444,934
25,4.54,577
22, 187, 614
6,261,000
2,075,907
4,181,812
1,286,329
3,394,000
2,625,979
1,893,658
1,194,185
Oeegon:
1,370,000
12,805,000
8,071,000
3,104,629
16, 198, 012
25, 096, 661
1,068,931
9,648,844
6,134,027
1,428,129
8,908,907
12,799,297
1,093,000
6, 658, 000
3,497,000
1,349,846
3,282,770
3,016,226
631,055
3,329,100
1,013,652
639,938
173,000
317,147
106, 140
114,205
180,774
62, 623
1,345,935
Washin^on ...
1,200,490
Total
22, 306, 000
44,399,302
16,851,802
23,136,333
178,000
423,287
114, 205
243,397
11,248,000
7,648,811
6,006,808
3,092,364
Texas
3, 675, 000
23,395,913 | 3,396,228
14,973,384
63,802,000
81,962,910
45,937,096
38,522,568
11,059,000
28,278,232 6,082,692
8,483,470
Grand total . .
Total United
States
223, 043, 000
399,26-1,000
368,801,074
522,229,505
172,483,796
334,773,678
212, 669, 810
323,515,177
673,104,000
1,489,970,000
1,197,295,071
2,105,102,516
326,453,423
754,433,451
353,985,516
751,220,034
248,453,000
623,621,000
349,646,878
809,125,989
98,437,040
222,048,486
84,137,609
208,669,233
Per cent Louisiana
Territory forms
of United States .
Per cent grand
total forms of
United States....
41.02
55.86
50.48
70.63
37.86
51.51
47.09
65.73
40.45
46.10
48.11
56.88
36.61
43.27
41.79
47.12
42.54
47.45
38.44
43.21
38.21
44.33
34.2
40.32
1901.]
TEERITOEIAL EXPAl^SION OF THE UNITED STATES.
991
No. 19.— 1838. Terkitoey of Iowa Formed from that Part op Wi.scoxsix Tkrritorv Lying Between the Mississippi and Missouri
Rivers.
No. 20.-1815. Texas Annexed and Admitted as a State.
No.
992
TEERITOEIAL EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES.
Statistics of States op the Union Organized fisoii Acquired Territory — Continued.
[Septembek,
BARLEY PBODCCTION.
RYE production.
HAY CROP.
POTATO
CEOP.
STATES AND
TERRITORIES.
Bushels.
Yal
lie.
Bushels.
Value.
Value.
Value.
1893
1900
1893
1900
1893
1900
189S
1900
1894
1900
1891
1900
Louisiana Pur-
chase:
Dollars.
Dollars.
17,38.5
119,343
1,183.739
1,245,377
19,722
39, 480
1,806,570
1,922,481
Dollars.
10,083
59.672
485,333
473, 243
Dollars.
14,200
21,319
740, 094
826, 667
Dollars.
2,192,021
13,460,779
2.5,31,8,990
13, 364, 059
761,856
8, 063, 894
16,832,308
3, 188, 979
8,006,689
1.9.57,194
8,210,679
3, 018, 720
Dollars.
2, 022, 933
13, .5.51, 811
34,043,996
18, 343, 148
472,839
9, 892, 241
19,237,704
5, 1.38, 725
13,693,368
1,397,398
8, 153, 574
3, 602, 150
Dollars.
720, 433
1,691,043
5,230,870
3,016,978
858,149
2,270,782
3,374,909
276, 150
1,854,371
1,253,984
839, .597
229,860
Dollar.*^.
l,212,Kw
Colorado
Iowa
Kanst'.s
365. 315
11,. 599, 066
128,361
314,266
11,708,822
4, 186, 802
183,158
3, 827, 692
60,330
157,133
4,332,264
1,381,545
l,627,<s^o
6,181,693
3,478,188
426,308
Jliiinesota
Missouri
Monttina
Nebraska
North Dakota .
i^oulh Dakota .
9,268,011
32,6t:0
156, 008
920,280
2, ,S 11, 853
2,387,231
7,275,251
14,830
201,527
587,382
1, 998, 840
1,543,371
3,336,484
13,064
78,004
285,287
880,974
787, 786
2,764,595
6,674
96,733
193, 83G
699, 594
478,507
1,02.5,926
?3S,541
1,036,444
131,498
420, 630
107,343
435, ,306
68,594
2, 590, 817
3,537,436
.339, 6S7
991, 648
23,407
83,655
867,237
83.990
27,804
347,077
7.490
30,952
346,895
34,436
10,844
4,73.5,679
753,061
1,4.51,103
263, 862
Total
27,099,785
27, 831, 091
.9,452,779
10,110,981
4,929,021
5,938,226
1,911,823
2,498,955
105,582,168
129,449,893
21,033,126
25, 498, 445
Mexican' Cession:
298, 971
17,116,110
33, 329
280,923
236, 993
155,465
7, 188, 766
19,331
168,554
106,647
791,028
30,629,647
861, 465
4,499,002
2, 516, 061
&»8,970
22,071,594
765, 676
2,887,669
4, 0.53, 347
30,303
682, .507
37,080
76,185
243,446
California
14,856,170
31,204
6,388,153
19,346
604,000
602,580
302,400
291,496
1,477,657
21,110
l.'i3. 142
Utah
217,686
119, 727
42,769
69,202
20,101
30,785
311,. 520
Total
17, 9S6, .326
15,105,060
7,638,763
6,527,226
546,769
561,782
322,501
322,281
39, 197, 203
30, 427, 256
1, 069, 621
1,963,4.59
Oregox;
308,910
975, 096
1,860,961
399,012
905, 928
1,386,267
163,722
390,038
725, 775
199,506
380,490
640, 644
2,485,587
7,527,791
5,612,453
4,284,170
11,404,178
8,011,664
3-59,624
730, 3.56
639,770
321,518
Oregon
Washington . . .
75,506
35,062
94,040
39, 169
6.3,119
24,193
57,361
22,718
761,409
864, 633
Totftl
3,144,967
2,691,207
1,279,535
1,120, MO
110,568
133.209
79, 312
80,082
15,655,831
23, 730, 012
1,629,750
1,947,560
Tex \s
39,977
50,405
24,786
36,292
49,569
64,630
33, 707
43,302
4,633,684
3,732,377
1,113,314
806, .'iSS
Grand total..
Total United
States
48, 851, 055
69,869,495
4.5,677,763
58,92.5,833
18,395,863
28,729,386
17,795,139
24,075,271
5,635,927
26,555,446
6,697,847
23,995,927
2,377,343
13,612,222
2,944,620
12,295,417
165,068,886
468,578,321
187,339,538
445,538,870
24,84.5,711
91,626,787
30,216,352
90,811,167
Per cent Louisiana
Territory forms
of United States.
Per cent grand
total forms of
United States
39. C4
09.92
47.23
77.52
32.9
64.01
42
73.91
18.56
21.22
24.75
27.91
14.27
17.47
20.32
23.95
22.53
35.23
29.06
42.05
22.98
27.14
28.08
33.27
]901.]
TEERITOEIAL EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES.
993
No. 21.^1846. State op Iowa Fokmed from Southern Part of Iowa Territory. — Claim of ITxited States to Oregon Territory
Settled by Treaty with Great Britain, Terminating Joint Occupation by United States and Great Britain, Followed by
Immediate Withdrawal of L.attek.
No. 22.— 1848. New Mexico and California Ceded to United States by Mexico on Payment of $15,000,000 and Assumption op
$3,250,000 Claims of American Citizens Against Mexico.
994
TEEEITOEIAL EXPANSION OP THE UlSriTED STATES.
Statistics op States of the Union Organized feom Acquered Terkitoey — Continued.
[Skptembbk,
states and
territories.
COTTON PRODUCTION.
WOOL PEODCCTION.
TOTAL VALDE OF ONE
YEAR'S PEODUC-
TION OP -WHEAT, CORN,
OATS, BARLEY,
HORSES AND
STDLES ON FARMS.
Bales.
Value.
Pounds.
RYE, HAY, POTATOES,
AND COTTON.
Number.
Value.
1888
1S99
1888
1899
1894
1900
1890
1900
1890
1900
1890
1900
LonisI.\SA PUK-
cha.se;
Arkansns
597,290
669,385
Dollars.
25,283,293
DoUars.
24,298,678
1,290,408
8,861,328
6,247,480
2,635,472
876, 220
3,015,480
6,831,550
17, G42, 079
2, 421,. 522
2,213,825
127, 554
1,916,628
9,861,811
441,303
13,303,175
3,813,186
2,165,728
475, 295
2,761,809
3, 420, 768
26, 020, 120
2,448,462
2, 356, 328
218,916
21,422,661
21,549,231
DoUars.
53,596,762
18,471,749
172,536,075
78,693,995
32,255,001
68, 908, 909
121,704,714
6,384,211
57,429,605
4,099,642
DoUars.
51,207,478
22, 448, 178
165,856,213
131,741,717
39, 166, 103
67,411,944
98,231,102
7,845,293
106,314,862
12,702,661
13,565,862
34,219,087
4,489,842
316,979
145,835
1,137,616
821,032
219,435
406, 195
1,019,866
218,945
587,828
C)
876,721
154,293
1,010,621
815,262
237,751
467,921
889,623
147, 659
702,683
187,286
59, 910
294,468
72,312
Dollars.
19,655,643
8, 327, 804
82,967,074
53,317,337
14,540,035
31,771,171
62,887,089
9, 125, 262
41,827,953
P)
Dollars.
14,165,924
4,467,908
50, 519, 680
30, .523 648
Louisiana
446,778
699,476
18,904,054
25,670,000
11,066,025
25, 746, 621
32,102,039
3,5'^6 702
30, .505, 179
9, .■567, 646
1,. 564, 077
11,566,937
1,426,760
North Dakota
South Dakota
39,122,781
3, 848, 6S0
P)
144,4.50
6,7K,981
Total
1,044,068
1,368,861
44, 187, 347
49, 968, 678
61,871,357
100,396,982
070,052,024
755, 200, 242
5,331,418
6,416,510
352,349,067
220, .549, 146
MEXtcAN Cession:
6,221,214
26,275,158
13,389,994
11,047,936
11,756,M3
7, 529, .565
13, 352, 010
16,093,424
11,592,903
14,136,981
1,256,840
64,780,879
3,013,259
4,958,399
5,748,658
937,839
48,288,684
3,887,796
2,734,648
7,059,384
35,600
414,887
62,693
63,892
143,454
.53,462
370, 411
86,482
43,428
73,325
1,724,675
27,012,480
2,052,136
3,008,864
5,017,364
1 4.55 815
14,783,142
1,793,268
737,248
1,605,314
Utah
Total
68,690,345
62,701,883
79,758,035
63,908,3.51
710,532
627,108
38,815,619
20, 374, 787
Oregon:
Idaho
5,788,140
19,853,552
5,655,531
19,321,800
18, 810, 192
6,4.54,892
4,711,920
21,795,4.53
14,709,870
6,773,261
23,039,058
23,538,069
139,569
190, 156
119,901
128,710
189,427
172,861
5, 889, 162
8,678,634
7, 645, 544
2,896,314
6,727,164
6,809 489
Total
31,297,223
44,586,884
41,217,243
53,3.50,388
449,626
490,998
22,213,340
15, 432, 967
1,, 594, 305
2,438,555
67,761,358
92,187,133
23,529,155
14,485,225
128, 986, 465
1.58,785,414
1,503,490
1,386,187
55, 870. 755
32,673,448
Grand total..
Total United
States
2,633.373
3,807,116
111,851,705
142,155,811
185, 388, 080
298,057,384
222,173,974
288,636,621
920,013,767
1,031,244,395
8,055,066
16,544,864
7,920,803
16,623,561
471,248,681
1,160,910,661
295, 030, 348
715,686,534
Per cent Louisiana
Territory forms
of United States .
20.76
62.2
34,79
76.98
32. 2
48.69
84.67
60.7
30.85
40.59
31.65
Per cent grand
total forms of
United States
,
41.22
> Horses and mules on farms in Dakota Territory in 1890: Number, 313,237; value, 822,163,718.
1901.]
TEERITOEIAL EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES.
995
No. 23. — 1849. Tekkitoky of Minnesota Fokmed from Northekn Portion op Former Territory of Iowa.
No. 24. 1850. Texas Cedes 123,784 Square Miles op hek Nokthern Territory to the United States for the sum of $10,000,000.
996
TEERITOEIAL EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES.
Statistics of States of the Union Okganized from Acquiked Tekritoky — Continued.
[September,
NUMBER AND VALUE OP CATTLE ON FARMS
AND RANCHES.
NUMBER AND VALUE OF SHEEP ON FARMS
AND RANCHES.
NUMBER AND VALUE OF HOGS ON FARMS
AND RANCHES.
STATES AND
TERKITORIES.
Number.
Value.
Number.
Value.
Number.
Value.
1890
1900
1890
1900
1890
1000
1890
1900
1890
1899
1890
1899
Louisiana Pur-
chase:
Arkan)=as
Colorado
916. 333
1,114,496
3, 909, 049
2, .580, 237
473. 334
1,109,373
2, 290, 047
1,014,801
1, 726, 441
(')
419, 422
1,115,421
3,442,012
2,867,224
294,961
1, 2X1, 003
2,047,346
959,808
2,206,792
431,371
323, 971
879, 200
717,826
Dollars.
9,551,729
19, 688, 763
72,813,463
44, 596, 699
5,783,555
20,419,729
38,566,403
17,908,189
30,706,938
(')
Dollars.
7,061,864
31,682,202
117,019,365
85, 400, 091
5,001,644
34, 986, 245
55,849,636
26, 643, 663
70, .549, 748
12, 580, 992
8,481,337
27, 5)3, 227
21,240,031
269,484
1,783.891
475,816
438,313
115,082
327, 375
1,198,200
1,989,815
239,400
108,957
2,185,327
619, 476
275, 118
113,206
419, 218
597, 619
3,884,179
322,057
374, 110
33,094
381,882
2,840,190
Dollars.
401.980
3,778,281
1,330,;!82
870,271
179,114
800, 105
2,506,754
4,467,799
503,338
(=)
Dollars.
181,795
6,250,036
2,487,816
835, 534
179,203
1,333,113
1,851,711
11,017,474
1,090,807
1,183,683
83,380
1,257,156
9,964,806
1,663,275
29. 608
6,805,000
2,734,195
706, 947
527, 526
5, 096, 000
29,254
2,309,779
1,280,120
20, 713
3,408,281
1, .591, 341
796,498
411,353
2,949,818
42,265
1,353,671
111,9.59
89,891
145,469
22,345
Dollars.
4,091,6.57
180, 737
34,481,700
15,256,810
2,120,842
2, 847, 686
18,569,824
198,926
12,985,679
Dollars.
2,982,680
103, 305
19,690,800
8,021,9.50
2,341,70-1
2,317,974
11,696,028
305, 156
7,201,529
080,712
383, 835
Kansas
Louis'iana
Minnesota
Missouri
Montei.na
Nebraska
North Dakota..
Soutli Dakota..
Wyoming
1,228,294
0)
18,576,476
1,017,373
2,249,921
5,200
34,424
824,083
133,555
Total
17,433,011 16,972,357
296,298,818
604,040,645
8,121,108
12,154,432
17,791,063
37,719,514
19,383,253
12,223,724
93,157,603
56, 583, 311
Mexican Cession:
Arizona
Calif;>rnia
New Mexico . . .
Nevada
Utah
620,960
966, 433
1,403,732
391, 926
479,080
381,861
913,753
679,359
238,081
336,076
9,398,350
19, 174, 134
15,993,662
5,978,194
7,168,926
6,591,343
26,289,377
12, 920, 038
5,690,740
8,269,832
698, 404
4,035,120
3, 092, 736
700,986
2, 055, 900
1,024,430
2,001,501
3,973,439
657,773
2,370,983
1,152,367
8,409,190
3, 872, 106
1,323,882
4,281,617
2,393,581
5,710,282
8, 622, 362
1,914,120
6, 150, 330
20, 140
647,000
22,693
19,232
47,641
23,286
374,141
30,204
14, 441
47,808
90, 030
3,176,476
113,010
101,931
326, .819
89,418
1,073.907
133, 503
47,401
332, 598
Total
3,862,131
2,549,130
57,713,206
58,751,330
10,583,146
10, 028, 126
19, 039, 162
24, 790, 675
766,606
489,880
3,807,860 1 2. 276. .827
. -,
Oregon:
Idalio
405,997
851,458
453,022
397,928
637,433
390, 444
7, 127, 676
15,502,557
11, 686, 510
9,727,840
15,776,411
11,091,029
487,357
2,929,830
673,060
2,658,662
2, 446, 695
790,217
1,072,185
6, 622, 314
1,545,346
7,444,254
6, 632, 676
2,470,218
31,000
270, 164
143,411
75,718
216, 430
156,718
155,000
1,153,059
785,892
441, 438
869, 831
Washington
886, 252
Total
1,710,477 1 1,425,805
34,316,643
36,595,280
4,090,247
5,895,574
8,239,875
16,447,148
444,675
448,896 1 2,093,951
2, 197, 521
Texas
8,011,195 1 5,046,335
75,227,682 | 95,254,682
4, 752, 640
2,416,721
7,239,696
4, 034, 063
2,321,246
2,684,987 | 8,073,292
9,316,906
Grand total ..
Total United
States
31,010,844
52,801,907
25,993,627
43,902,414
463,556,309
913,777,270
694, 651, 937
1,204,298,366
27,547,141
44,336,072
30,494,853
41,883,065
52,309,796
100,659,761
83,591,400
122,665,913
22,905,680
51,602,780
15,847,487
38,651,631
107,132,712
243,418,336
70,374,565
170,109,743
Per cent Louisiana
Territory forms
of United States..
Per cent grand
total forms of
United States
33.01
58.74
38.65
59.21
32.42
50.73
41.85
57.08
18.32
62.13
29.02
72.81
17.67
5J.96
30.75
68.14
37.66
44.39
31.62
41
38.27
44.01
33.25
41,37
1 Cattle on farms in the Dakotas in 1890: Number, 1,07*636; value, $17,783,874,
2 Sheep on farms in the Dakotas in 1890: Number, 266,329; value, 8703,108.
'Hogs on farms in the Dakotas in 1890: Number, 476,669; value, 82,389,518.
1901.]
TEREITOEIAL EXPAifSION OF THE UNITED STATES.
997,
No. 25. — 1850. State or California and Territories of Utah and New IVIexico Formed from Part op Mexican Cession and Area
PUEOHASED from TkXAS.
No. 26. — 1853. "Gadsden Purchase" Ceded by Mexico for §10,000,000 and Added to New Mexico. — Washington Territory
Formed from Northern Part of Oregon Territory.
998
TEERITORIAL EXPAS^SION OF THE UNITED STATES.
Statistics op States or' the Union Organized from Acquired Territory — Continued.
[Sei^em p.er,
TOTAL NrSIEER AND VALVE OF ANIMALS.
GOLD PRODUCED
SILVER PRODUCED
STATES AND
TERRITORIES.
Number.
Value.
(COINING VALUE).
(COINING VALUE).
1890
19001
1880
19001
1890
1899
1890
1899
1890
1899
1890
1899
Loiisiana; Poe-
CHASE:
Arkansas
Colorado
Indian Terri-
3,166,071
3,073,730
2,18.5,220
3,475,754
Dollars.
33,7M,019
31,875,585
Dollars.
24,392,263
42,503,461
Dollars.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Tons.
3.57, W3
2,762,503
776,097
3, 590, .538
2, 017, 788
Tons.
753,173
5 4, 298, 916
1,372,703
4,622,749
3,439,524
Tons.
Tons.
4,150,000
25,982,800
24,307,070
29,301,527
114, 275
307, 5.57
Tr \l-l'
11,327,4.51
6, .573, 777
1,514,798
2,370,469
9,604,113
3,252,845
4,863,448
8,480,390
5,548,945
1,442,415
2,53-5,495
6, 484, 406
5, 033, 911
4, .5.5.5. 203
1, 1(M, 726
606,866
1,701,019
3,682,673
191,592,619
114,041,117
22, 623, .546
55,838,591
122, 530, 070
31,700,176
80,023,808
159, 617, 661
124,781,823
18, .588, 576
64, 3S3, 953
101,. 502, 414
41,492,905
109,317,263
23, 813, 033
10,512,629
41,191,403
32,705,152
Kansas
Louisiana
Minnesota
Missouri
Montnna
Nebraska
Kortli Dakota .
891,910
181, 690
81,'632
8,161,289
22 720
2,442,162
462, 033
1,339
26, 786
2,701,620
1,336,117
3,300,000
4,760,100
20,363,636
20,810,990
88,222
2,395,317
26,626,802
3,200,000
6,469,500
129, 282
188,251
Wyoming
1,669,970
3,426,243
,
Total
50,268,820
46,767,023 ! 759, 5%, 551
824,892,616
10,650,000
37,712,400
44,799,998
50,300,768
14,106,559
22,039,267
1,269,607
8,491,666
Mexican Cession:
Arizona
California
1,375,U0
6,063,440
4, .581, 754
1,166,036
o 7'>t; 075
1,483,039
3,6.59,806
4, 769, 484
953,723
•? S-TS 1CI'>
12,366,022
67,771,280
22,0:«,914
10,412,871
16,794,726
10,630,167
47, 4.56, 708
23,469,171
8, 389, .509
16,358,074
1,000,000
12,500,000
860,000
2,800.000
680^000
2, 66G, 100
15,197,800
584, 100
2,219.000
3, 460, 800
1,292,9-29
1,163,636
1,680,808
6, 753, 535
IQ, 343, 434
2.040,630
1,065,762
6.50, 731
1,090,457
9.171.135
1
98,849
335, 515
143,725
• 903, 707
Nevada
Utah
< 54, 148
284, 070
701,829
r
Total
1.5,912,415
13,694,244
119,375,813
106,203,619
17,830,000
24,017,800
20,234,342
14,018,715
718,434
1,749,261
.54, 148
Oregon:
1,063,923
4,241.608
1,389,394
3.261,018
3, 489, 985
1,510,270
14,243,923
30, 966, 594
21,663,292
20, 509, 846
28,906,082
11,256,988
1,850,000
1,100,000
204,000
1,889,000
1,429,500
685,400
4,783,&38
96, 969
90,605
4,980,105
173, 641
330,990
54," 923'
1, 128, 294
18
77,679
1,812,394
Oregon
Washington . . .
Total
6,694,925
8,261,273
66,863,809
60,672,916
3,154,000
4,003,800
4,971,312
6,484,736
1,183,217
1,889,991
16, 648, 571
U, 534, 230
146,411,325
141,879,099
1
6,900
387, 878
672.323 1 164.679 1 789.136 1 22.000
14.7-19
I
, • -
Grand total. .
Total United
States
89, 5S4, 731
165,285,573
80,256,770
140,060,661
1,092,247,498
2,218,766,028
1,133,648,250
2,212,760,566
1 31,634,000
32,845,000
65,741,000
71,053,400
70,393,530
70,485,714
70,476,542
70,806,626
16,172,889 ! 26,467.655
140,882,729 226,553,564
1,291,607 8,560,443
16,036,043 24,683,173
Per cent Louisiana
Territory forms
of Unite'd States .
Per cent grand
total forms of
United States
SO. 41
54.16
83.39
57.3
84.24
49.23
37.28
61.23
82.42
96.31
63.07
92.52
63.56
99.87
71.06
99.54
10.01
U.47
9.73
11.68
7.91
8.05
34.4
34.08
1 statistics of swine for 1899.
2 Including 85,889 tons anthracite in Colorado and New Mexico.
STotal number and value of animals in the Dakotag, 1890: Number, 2,126,771; value, 463,040,218.
• Wyoming, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah.
1901.]
TEERITOEIAL EXPAXSIO]^ OF THE UMTED STATES.
No. 27.— 1854. Unokganized Portion op Louisiana Pukchase (then known as the Indian Country), organized as Territories
OF Kansas, Nebraska, and Indian Territory.
No. 28.— 185S-1859. State op Minnesota Formed fro.m Eastern Part of the Territory op Minnesota (1858).— Oregon Admitted
AS A State, and Eastern Part op Oregon Terkitorv Attached to Washington Territory (1859).
No. 3 10
1000
TEERITOEIAL EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES.
[>i:i'rEMBnn,
Statistics of States op the Union OitUANizED from Acquired Territory — Continued.
STATES AND
TERRITOIUES.
Louisiana ru r-
caisi::
Arliiinsas
Colorado
Indian Terri-
tory
lowii
Kansas
Louisiiuui
Minnciota
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
North Dakota..
Okla homa
South Dakota..
Wyoming
Total .
PETE0LEU5I PRO-
DDCED IN—
POBLIC-SCHOOL STATISTICS.
1S80
Barrels.
303,812
1,200
278
Mexican Cession:
Arizona
Californiii
New Mexico..
Nevada
Utah
Total.
Oregon:
Idaho
Oregon
Washington .
Total .
Texas.
Grand total..
Total United
States
370,320
307,360
307,360
M
677, 734
45, 822, 672
Per cent Louisiana
Territorv forms
of Unlte'd States.
Per cent grand
total fornis of
United States
1S99
Barrels.
"396,"278'
69,700
"'iisi'
5,560
465,670
2,642,095
2,642,095
669,013
3,776,778
57,070,860
.81
6.62
Pupils enrolled.
1S90
223,071
65,490
493, 267
399,322
120,253
280,960
620, 211
16,980
240,300
35,543
78,043
7,052
2, 580, 495
7,989
221,756
18, 216
7,387
37, 279
292, 620
14,311
63,254
55, 964
133,529
1S99
301,387
108,816
651,992
370, 240
193, 169
384, 0G3
668.018
35, 070
277,765
67,375
85,635
98,540
13,042
15,898
253,397
27, 173
7,348
71, 905
375, 722
Teachers employed.
1890
5,016
2,375
28,567
12, 232
2, 676
8,817
13, 785
624
10, 555
1,982
4, 610
259
89,5.58
240
5,434
2 476
251
680
7,081
32, 696
88,485
97,916
219,097
466,872
3,473,522
12,722,581
20.28
27.30
552,503
4,308,434
1.5,138,715
20.88
28.46
497
2,666
1,610
4,673
10, SSO
112, 192
363,922
24.61
30.83
IS90
7,073
3,294
28,694
12, 513
4, 157
11,250
13,782
1,086
9,192
3,637
2, 182
4,806
536
102,202
Total expenditure for
public schools.
1S»0
Dollars.
1,016,776
1, 081, 379
6,382,953
4,972,967
S17, 110
4,187,310
5,434.262
361,084
3,370,3:32
626,949
225, 000
30,284,752
373
8,157
706
314
1,419
10,969
902
3,693
3,321
7,916
14, 989
136,076
415,660
24.59
32. 74
181,914
5, 187, 102
285,000
161,481
394,685
6,010,242
169, 020
805, 979
958, 111
1,933,110
3,178,300 4,476,4i
1S99
Dollars.
1,292,463
2,281,713
7,978,000
3, 991, 477
1,126.112
5,172; no
7,048, 826
776, 1.50
3,815,593
1, 2S8, 031
596,492
1,605,623
213,291
High schools.
Students.
Teachers.
1899
4,204
5,597
503
29,297
14, 3!- 5
3,035
13,374
24, 193
1, 045
14,269
1,072
343
2,118
352
37, 185, .SSI 113,847
238,741
6, 164, 053
154, 532
203,042
991,973
7,762,941
274,377
1,159,125
1,795,795
182
13,797
259
423
2,034
16, 695
524
2,705
3,503
3,229,297
6,732
41, 406, 404
140,506,715
21.55
29.63
62,644,676
197,281,603
18.85
26.69
17,564
154,838
580,006
193
254
35
1, 149
547
2''2
C47
1,014
52
582
64
23
104
21
4,9.17
Normal schools.
Students.
Teachers.
1899
529
509
10
762
25
19
100
916
36
141
181
7,014
28,128
182
1, 361 I
35
664
2,745
151
561
322
20, 770
68,380
39
25
4,664
170
2,032
87
445
25
2,199
82
1,745
m
130
8
2,249
45
413
20
251
9
620
30
6
79
4
33
122
10
31
17
856
3,093
' Including Michigan.
: Estimated.
1901.]
TEKRITOEIAL EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES.
1001
Xo. 29. — 1861. Terkitoky ok Xev.^d.v Formed from Western Part of Ut.\h. — Territory op Color.\do Formed from the Eastern.
Part of Utah, Western Part of Nebraska, and Northern Part of New Mexico. — Dakota Formed from Northern Pakt of
Territory of Nebraska and that Part of the Territory- of Minnesota not Inciatded in the State of Minnesota.
No. 30. — 1S63. Idaho Territory Formed froji the Eastern Part op Washington Territory and Western Part of Dakota
Territory. — Arizona Territory Formed prom Western Part op New Mexico. — West Virginia Formed from AVestern Part
OP Virginia.
1002
TEEEITOEIAL EXPANSIOI^ OF THE imiTED STATES.
Statistics of States of the Union Okganized from Acquieed Teeritoey— Continued.
[SeI'TBMBER,
HIGHER EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS, 1899.
TOTAL OF ALL SCHOOLS AND EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS.
POST-OFFICES, JAN-
NEWSPAPERS AND PERI-
MILES OF
lAILWAY
STATES AXD
TERRITORIES.
Students.
Teachers.
Attendance.
Teachers.
ODICALS PUBLISHED.
IN OPEKAIION.
1S90
1S99
1890
1899
1S90
1900
1890
1900
1890
1900
Louisiana I' v r. -
chase:
Arkansas
Colorado
IndianXerritory
Iowa
1,662
2,065
285
7,616
5,726
2,121
4,109
9,925
516
3,392
908
446
1,308
140
119
320
23
555
493
186
412
1,193
53
362
55
29
111
14
225,659
68,057
1231
615, 516
411.853
127; 455
292,099
640, 813
17,653
247,396
36, 151
307,842
117, 047
788
696, 669
392,383
201,770
403,736
703,881
36,791
297,676
69,768
86,675
102, 592
13,534
5,207
2,639
117
27,837
12,868
3,097
9,610
15,243
679
11,070
2,033
7,424
3,893
58
30,668
13,610
4,590
12,391
16,104
1,199
10,181
3,776
2,243
5,051
671
1,424
642
1258
1,760
1,816
811
1,236
2,300
312
1,069
464
1,SS5
730
614
1,907
1,673
1,155
1,642
2,945
475
1,088
616
593
692
307
198
276
IS
878
765
173
476
. 849
70
610
125
30
256
35
257
326
84
1,073
703
192
653
1,033
92
617
155
125
267
41
2,203
4.291
11,261
8,416
8,892
1,710
5,515
6,142
2,196
5,408
2,116
3,088
4,617
1,339
9,114
8,749
2,664
6,770
6,881
3,008
6,594
2,705
758
Kansas
Louisiana
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
North Dakota..
South Dakota . .
Wyoming
80,347
7,311
4,787
278
636
201
2,610
1,003
2,825
1,212
Total
40, 249
3,925
2,670,541
3,331,051
96,365
111,089
12, 919
16,228
4 759
R Alft
.51,823
69,324
Mexican Cession:
Arizona
Calilornia
New Mexico...
Nevada
Utah
133
6,728
335
331
1,738
16
619
41
23
82
8,064
240,220
18,513
7,773
38,375
16,395
274,786
27,802
8,102
76,342
244
6,604
603
278
761
405
9,617
776
356
1,634
163
1,334
231
146
24t
212
1,658
312
184
34
50S
47
25
51
54
698
62
30
77
1,095
4, 3.50
1,389
923
1,265
1,465
6,455
1,788
920
1,573
Total
8,265
781
312,945
403,427
8,390
12,788
2,119
2,705
723
911
9,022
11,201
Oregon:
183
1,686
1,343
19
199
130
14,443
66,153
57,344
33,554
93,437
103, 084
509
2,792
1,694
967
4,064
3,619
239
607
500
424
872
831
46
146
194
70
192
221
946
1,440
2,012
1,271
1,632
2,892
Oregon
Washington
Total
3,212
348
137,940
230,075
4,995
8,680
1,346
2,127
386
483
4,398
6,795
Texas
5,108
363
476, 992
576,329
11,394
16, 206
2,139
3,011
542
794
8,710 1 9,722
Grand total ..
66,834
5,417
3,598,418
4,540,882
120,144
149,363
18,523
24,071
6,412
7,806
73,953 1 86,042
Total United
States
201,669
19,896
13,228,588
1.5,988,729
395,065
466,777
60,140
75,388
18,536
20,806
166,703
190,833
Per cent Louisiana
Territory forms
of United States. .
20.19
27.2
20 83
28.4
24.14
30.41
23.92
32
21.48
30.79
21.52
31.93
25.67
34.59
27
37.61
31. OS 31.11
Per cent grand total
forms of United
States
1
1 Includes Oklahoma.
1901.]
TEERITOELVL EXPANSIOlSr OP THE UNITED STx\TES.
1003
No. 31.— 1S64. JMoxTAXA Terkitory Formed from Northeastern Part of Idaho Territory. — Additions Made to Nevada in
18G4 and 1866.
Nil. :il'. — 1S67. Alaska Purchased fro.m Russia for the sum of $7,200,000.
1004
TESKITOEL^L EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES.
[Seite.mcek,
Statistics of States of the Union Oeganized peom Acquired Termtoky — Continued.
BANKING STATISTICS.
NATIONAL BANKS.
TOTAL EESODBCES OF
NATIONAL, STATE,
PRIVATE, AND SAV-
INGS BANKS.l
STATES AND
TEUKITOKIES.
Number of banlcs.
Capital stock.i
Total individual
deposits.!
Loans and discounts.!
Circulation.!
1800
1000
1890
1900
1890
1000
1S90
1900
1800
1900
1890
1900
LOUISIAN.V PUK-
CH.tSE;
Arkansas
Colorado
IndianTcrritory
9
46
2
139
159
19
60
79
25
135
29
3
39
11
7
39
30
196
110
21
s:i
67
21
110
27
24
28
14
1, 530
7, 3fi5
110
11,320
13,909
4, 325
14,645
23,161
8,315
12, 555
1,9.-18
200
2,545
1,285
1,070
4,322
1,317
14.033
s;417
3,285
12,(«i2
17,950
2,305
9,965
1,525
865
1,.503
885
2,235
26,326
61
26,800
20, 685
14,784
31,000
45,011
12, 807
26, 152
3,810
169
4,075
2,694
8,102
51,214
2,307
49,041
29, 195
20,308
45, 805
64,419
13, 360
32,917
5,016
2,9.56
6,081
3,918
4,009
25,093
102
31,762
2.5,636
17,415
41,080
64,862
13,451
33, 364
4, 115
133
4,909
3,055
2,869
26, 899
2,876
60, .593
24, 782
18,441
44, 965
90, 253
9,134
31,716
5,416
2,137
4,302
3,1.80
2.56
1,164
18
2,667
2 924
"' 949
1,.517
1,929
546
2,340
4.58
34
580
262
246
2.974
353
6,915
3,9:51
1,764
3,491
10, 623
717
3,948
435
327
519
363
7,687
51,063
239
11.5,739
7S, 046
40,342
108, 506
19S, 0-16
21,622
93, 733
9,334
599
1.5,175
6,172
12,012
85; 110
4,821
223,064
Kansas
Louisiana
Jlinnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Norlli Daliota..
Olilahoma
South Dakota..
Wj-oming
87,510
55,527
137,998
302,949
■?,■>, 217
103,097
16,;303
9,226
21.413
7,864
Total
755
777
9S, 263
80,126
216,609
329, 699
209,016
317,563
1.5,644
36,596
746,903
1,099,111
Mexican Cession:
Arizona
California
Now Mexico . . .
Nevada
Utah
2
37
9
2
10
5'
38
9
1
10
150
8,475
975
2S2
2,060
400
10,998
710
82
1,600
293
18,236
2,301
245
4,442
2,076
&5.195
3;558
433
6,072
204
29,568
2,236
635
4,926
1,328
33,029
2, .525
351
2,956
83
1,188
249
63
301
187
3,&58
4.58
20
930
1,2.58
262,643
4,732
1,320
14,791
5.624
387, 583
7,668
2,670
42, 736
Total
60
63
11,942
13,790
25,517
46,334
28,669
40,189
1,834
5,4-53
284,7-44
446, '281
Oregon:
Idaho
7
37
51
9
27
31
400
2.975
5,327
550
2,370
8,2.50
1,398
9,ai3
14,341
3,799
11,782
20,934
1,088
11,060
15,106
1,367
7, .573
12,188
93
590
1,065
178
958
936
2,595
23,699
32,992
6,144
Oregon
Washington
23,517
43,216
Total
95
07
8,702
6,170
25,582
36,515
27,254
21,128
1,748
2,072
59,286
72,877
189
223
22,227
19,619
30,4.50
49,749
48,814
56,453
3,821
7,177
83,099
103,418
Grand total ..
1,099
1,130
141,134
119,705
298,158
462,297
373,653
435,333
23,047
51,298
1,174,032
1,721,687
• In thousands of dollars.
!001.
TEKEITOEIAL EXPANSION OP THE UNITED STATES.
1005
No. 33. — 1S6S. Wyoming TEKrxi-roKY Formed fko.m Eastern Part of Territory of Idaho.
No. 34. 1SS9-1890. Dakota Territory Divided and States of North and South Dakota Admitted (1889). — Oklahoma TERRiToitY
Formed (1890) from Part of Indian Territory and Unorganized Territory' North op Texas.
100(5
TEEEITOEIAL EXPAJS^SION OP THE UNITED STATES. [SErxEMiiEK, loul.] ^'
I H Ap '07
i
I
I