Qass -h-Sl Book :_^- ^° 1789% I THE 1 ifc WASHINGTON INAUGURATION 1889 (ILLUSTRATED) BY Mrs. Martha J. Lamb New York and London: white and allen MANUFACTURERS OF GRAND, UPRIGHT AND SQUARE WAREROOMS: NEW YORK: No. 112 FIFTH AVENUE, ABOVE SIXTEENTH tT. WASHINGTON: No. 817 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE. BETWEEN CHARLEa A ST. PAUL, These Instruments, more than Fifty "STears before the Public, haTs. by their •xcelleaoe. attained an unpurchased pre-eminence, which establishes thaoa the " XrNKQUALLED " in TONE, TOUGH. WORKMATTSHIP AND DURABILnT BALTIMORE. Not. 22 & 24 E. BALTIMORE ST., WILHCLM & GRAEF, Broadway and 26th Street, IMPORTERS OF CHINA, GLASS AND EARTHENWARE. Fine Table Glass Sets, 6o pieces, from $3.50. Fine New Engraved Glass Sets, 60 pieces, from $9.00. Complete Decorated Dinner Sets, from $15.00. G. DOKFLINSER & SONS' RIGH GUT GLASS. TOILET SETS AND JARS—At Low Prices. LAMPS — Newest Variety at Reduced Prices. -XiA-E/OE V.A.IiIETY. X.O'V^ I=K,ZGES. <#»• Worcester, Derby, MInton, Dresden, Berlin, French Fancy Goods, etc- 3SrOTE .A.13nDE,ErSS: BROADWAY AND 2r>tli STREET ESTABLISHED 1875. ESTABLISHED 1815. .^ ^ ^ T ^ ^ ESTABLISK ^^fl^\^^ NEJNT YORK. #/ ^ No. 3 East Fourteenth Street, ^^ Absolutely Fire and Burglar Proof Vaults. Safes To Rent for $8.00 to $250.00 Per Annum. Bonds, Papers, Plate, Bronzes, Paintings, Trunks, and Articles of Value, received for Safe Keeping. SEIP^A-ia-A-TE XJEIPJLIiTIMIEIsrT I^OIi IjJL3DIES. The Offices of this Company and the Fourteenth Street Bank are connecting. IIsrCOI^:POK.^TEID 1851. THE BERKSHIRE LIFE INSURANCE CO., PITTSFIKLE), MASSACHUSETTS. WILLIAM R. PLUNKETT, President. JAMES M. BARKER, Vice-President. JAMES ^A/^. HULL, Sec'y and Treasurer. The definite surrender values in cash, or paid-up insurance, guaranteed by the MASSACHUSETTS y ON- FORFEITURE LAW, in accordance with which all policies of the Berkshire are issued; the soUd financial condition of the Company; its large surplus; its hand- some dividends to policyholders; its liberal policies; its promptness in paying all legitimate claims, and its excellent reputation, make the Berkshire a most desirable Company for the policyholder. New York and New Jersey State Agency, 271 BROADWAY, NEVS^ YORK. GEO. W. ENGLISH, Manager. DON'T USE SOAP! Washes Everything QUICKER, EASIER, BETTER Than Soap or any other Preparation, SCHAUS'S ART GALLERY. 204 Fifth Avenue, Madison Square. The attention of lovers of High Art is invited to our representative collection of OIL PAINTINGS by Modern European Artists of the First Order. WATER COLOR DRAWINGS^ FROM NOTABLE STUDIOS. A Large Assortment of the Best Remarque and Artists' Proof ==^= ETCHINGS AND ENGRAVINGS, INCLUDING THE LATEST PARIS AND LONDON PUBLICATIONS. ARTISTS' BOXES IN GREAT VARIETY FOR PAINTING IN OIL, WATER COLOR AND PASTEL. ESTABLISHED HALF A CENTURY. Jl*FfjE&BURGLAR*W THAT Will WELL REPAY A^f INVESTIGATION ^ Tl\OSE^*g"°E TO SECURE THE BEST SAFE MARVIN SAFE CO. NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, LONDON. ENGLAND. Program of Celebration, Monday, April 29, 1889. President Benjamin Harrison on his arrival in Elizabeth, New Jersey, in the forenoon, will be met at the station by distinguished gentlemen and a military escort, and conducted through Broad and West Jersey streets to the residence of Governor Greene, where breakfast will be served. The proces- sion—civic, military, old-time agriculturist, firemen, state and city officials- will then proceed to conduct the President to Elizabethport, the route being as follows: through Cherry street to Rahway avenue (which was the old road over which Washington came), thence to Broad street, past the corner where the old tavern of 1789 stood, down Broad street, passing the old First Pres- byterian Church where Parson Caldwell preached, to East Jersey street, thence past the old Boudinot House, where Washington lunched in April, 1789,' to Spring street, and thence to Elizabeth avenue, formerly the old country road to Elizabethport, and thus to the wharf, where he will embark for New York. THE NAVAL PARADE. At Elizabethport, on Monday, April 29, 1889, President Harrison and his distinguished party, including the cabinet officers, will be welcomed by the New York Navy Committee with its chairman, Asa Bird Gardiner, at the head, and under its direction embark on the United States steamer Dispatch. The governors, commissioners of states, guests invited by the Committee on States, and members of the Centennial Committee will follow the Dispatch in the steamers Erasttis Wiman, Siriiis and others. The line of United States ships "CELLULOID" Novelties * and * Fancy * Goods. "/"CELLULOID" is now extensively used in the manufacture of all the leading styles of staple ^~^ and fancy wares, and reproduces the peculiarities of color and finish of the finest Ivory, Amber and Tortoise shell. Made in elegant and artistic shapes it rivals the genuine articles, and in varied and brilliant colors it is unsurpassed. The following comprise some of the articles made, and for which there is an ever increasing demand : MANICURE SETS in great variety of design. PEN HOLDERS. PAPER KNIVES. WHIST MARKERS. CORK SCREWS. BABY RATTLES. HAIR PINS. UMBRELLA and PARASOL HANDLES, &c., &c., &c. "CELLULOID" COLLARS AND CUFFS. WATER-PROOF. WATER-PROOF. WATER-PROOF. These are the only water-proof collars and cuffs made with an interlining, and are wari'antcd to give satisfaction to the wearer. It is in reality a linen collar covered on both sides with water-proof " Celluloid." CONSUMERS ARE CAUTIONED AGAINST ALL IMITATIONS. — ?«- PURCHASE ONLY GENUINE CELLULOID. _^ EVERY COLLAR AND CUFF STAMPED WITH OUR TRADE MARK. MARK. CKLLXJLOID NOVELTY COMPANY, SOLE MANUFACTURERS, Nos. 313 and 315 Broadway, New York. program of Celebration — continued. of war, yachts and steamboats will be formed in the Upper Bay, right resting near the " Kills," and each vessel, after saluting, will follow the Presidential steamers carrying the Presidential party and invited guests. It is expected that this Naval Parade will occupy about two hours, and that the Bay will present a more splendid and attractive appearance than it ever has before in its long and picturesque history. On arriving in the East River, opposite Wall Street ferry-slip, a barge manned by a crew of ship masters from the Marine Society of the Port of New York, with Captain Ambrose Snow of the Society, as coxswain, will row the President to the ferry stairs. The crew of the barge that rowed President Washington from Elizabethport to the foot of Wall Street one hundred years ago were members of the same Society. At the foot of Wall Street, President Harrison will be received by the Committee on States, its chairman, William G. Hamilton, the grandson of Alexander Hamilton, at its head, who will introduce the governor of the state and the mayor of the city of New York to the President of the United States. The ceremony of reception will be similar to that of one hundred years ago, when Washington was received by Governor Clinton and Mayor Duane. The President and his suite will then proceed, under the escort of United States troops, the veteran corps of the Seventh Regiment, delegations from the So- ciety of the Cincinnati, the Sons of the Revolution, the Loyal Legion, and Commanders of the Grand Army Posts in New York, up Wall Street to the Equitable Building, where, in the elegant rooms of the Lawyer's Club, a recep- tion will be given and luncheon served by the Committee, to the President of the United States and the Commissioners from all the States and Territories. At four o'clock, the President will proceed to the Governor's Room in the City Hall, where a public reception will be held from four to six o'clock. In the evening a ball is to be given in honor of the President of the United States, and other guests, in the Metropolitan Opera House. This has been projected on such a sumptuous scale that a temporary supper-room has been constructed which is nearly a quarter of a mile in length, and is said to be capable of accommodating three thousan.d guests at one time, and it will be elaborately decorated. HER MAJESTY *^*6 HIS ROYAL H»6«l^^* Branch House 42 VeseyStt N.Y Extra Dry C. M. MOSEMAN. MAKERS, IMPORTEES AND EXPORTERS OF E. W. MOSEMAN. ENGLISH RACING AND RIDING SADDLES COMPLETE FOR THE HUNT, THE PARK, AND THE CHASE. S— S) -^ * ^ (^ -5 S — e) ^ »•■■« U - C9 — I ENGLISH SNAFFLE. Pelham and Weymouth RIDING BRIDLES, BITS, BREASTPLATES, Etc., Etc. 'd. HOT., ALWAYS RKADY KOR QUICK DELIVERY. ^0. /^^ Chambers Si., NEW YORK. ^^ ^— J Program of Celebration — continued. The Great Centennial Day, April 30th. SERVICES IN THE CHURCHES. LITERARY EXERCISES IN WALL STREET. THE MILITARY PARADE. ART EXHIBITION OF HISTORIC RELICS. THE CENTENNIAL BANQUET. On Tuesday morning, April 30, a special service of thanksgiving will be held at 9 o'clock in St. Paul's Church, in Broadway, which will be attended by President Harrison and other distinguished guests. This service will be conducted by the Rt. Rev. Henry C. Potter, Bishop of New York, as the ser- vice on the day of Washington's Inauguration in 1789 was conducted by the Rt. Rev. Samuel Provoost, then Bishop of New York. At the same hour services will be held in the other churches of the city, and throughout the length and breadth of the country. It will be remembered in this connection that at nine o'clock on the morning of April 30, 1789, all the churches in the city of New York were open-ed for brief religious services. LITERARY EXERCISES IN WALL STREET. Following closely upon the religious ceremonies at St. Paul's Church, at 10 o'clock, A. M., the Literary Exercises commemorative of Washington's Inauguration will take place on the steps of the Sub-Treasury building in Wall Street, the exact locality where Washington took the oath on April 30, 1789. These exercises will be the most interesting and significant features of the entire celebration. There will be an opening prayer by Rev. Richard S. Storrs, D. D., L.L. D.; a poem by John Greenleaf Whittier; an oration by Hon. Chauncey M. Depew; an address by President Harrison; and the benediction by Most Reverend Michael A. Corrigan, Archbishop of New York. THE MILITARY PARADE. The military parade will be an affair of great magnitude. The procession ' will move north from Wall street and Broadway at the close of the literary exercises in Wall street. Its route will be up Broadway to Waverley Place, down Waverley Place to Fifth Avenue, and up Fifth Avenue to Fifty-ninth street. It will be in motion about 1 1 o'clock, A. M., General Schofield acting as Grand -»" ESXABI-ISHED IT 34. ^\^^ MANUFACTURERS OF ^fj -«*► Harness, Saddles, Borse Glothing AND TURF GOODS IN GENERAL. 40 Warren Street, New York. KA.OTORY, HARTFORD, CONN, \ WEDDING INVITATIONS VISITING AND PROFESSIONAL CARDS MONOGRAMS Coats of Arms ESTABLISHED 1848. STONE SEALS CRESTS, ETC. / m|^o/g|. Business Announcements CHECKS DRAFTS Letter Heads COLLEGE DIPLOMAS Seal Presses ETC. \ IN STORE OF MERIDEN BRITANNIA CO. Branch at 205 Broadway, cor. K\alton Street. Ik Program of Celebration — continued. Marshal. The principal features of this pageant will be the cadets from the Military Academy at West Point, and from the Naval Academy at Annapolis; troops from the Regular Army; and the governor of each state in the Union at the head of the militia of his state, Delaware leading off, and the other states following in the order of time in which they adopted the Constitution, or were received into the Union. At Madison Square President Harrison will leave the procession, and taking his place upon the Grand Stand, will review the parade. There will be triumphal arches of flowers spanning Fifth Avenue at Twenty-third street, at Twenty-sixth street, and near Fifty-seventh street; and other street decorations of great beauty. It is expected that there will be upwards of fifty thousand men participating in this magnificent demonstration. ART EXHIBITION OF HISTORIC RELICS. At 7 o'clock P. M. the Art Committee, of which Henry G. Marquand is chairman, will receive the President of the United States at the Assembly Rooms of the Metropolitan Opera House, to view the memorial exhibition of Historic Portraits and Relics, of which a special feature will be the pictures and relics of Washington, and of those who assisted in his inauguration a century ago. This exhibition will be opened to the public on the 17th of April, and continue three weeks. THE CENTENNIAL BANQUET. On the evening of the same day a banquet will be given to the President of the United States, and other invited guests, in the Metropolitan Opera House, where tables magnificently decorated will be laid for eight hundred guests. At the close of the banquet distinguished orators of national reputa- tion will address the assemblage. THE THIRD DAY. The Industrial Parade of May i, 1889. The Industrial Parade, on Wednesday, the first day of May, will embrace a succession of floating tableaux that will pass through the streets, demon- strating the progress of commerce, the arts, and trade, within the hundred years of our national life. This spectacle promises to eclipse anything of its IF YOU DOplT WANT ANYTHINI^ In our line just now, call and examine our stock, so that you will know where to buy to the best advantage when you need FURNITURE, CARPETS, BEDDING,&c. We do not claim to have the largest stock in the world, nor to sell the finest goods at the price of the commonest, but having proper facilities and moderate expenses, we can guarantee good value for your money. All our goods are marked in Plain Figures at Lowest Cash Prices. GATELY & WILLIAMS, • • 136 and 138 W. 23i SM, New YorL ANTIQUES AND BRIC-A-BRAC, 295 FIFTH AVENUE, REPRESENTING N E\A^ YORK B. SELIGMANN, 109 BELLEVUE AVE., Frankfurt a. Main. Newport r. i. Program of Celebration — continued. character New Yorkers have ever witnessed. Its route will be the same, reversed, as that of the military pageant of Tuesday, and will be reviewed by President Harrison. Historic scenes of great interest, such as the origin of states, will be represented, as, for instance: Virginia, "John Smith and his Party, 1607;" New York, " Hendrick Hudson and his Crew, 1609;" Plymouth, Mass., " Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers, 1620; " Delaware, Picture of Settlers, 1627 ; Maryland, "the Calverts," 1632; Pennsylvania, "William Penn and the Quakers, 1682;" Georgia, "the Cavaliers, 1732." Also, First Continental Congress, 1774; Declaration of Independence, 1776; Washington and his Staff, mounted; Washington Crossing the Delaware, December, 1776; Wash- ington at Valley Forge, 1777; Washington Presenting his Resignation, 1783, and the Inauguration, 1789. One section will represent the German as he came to this country, what he brought here and what he has accomplished here. Many wagons will be used to carry out the idea, each bearing an allegorical scene, as, for instance : A Dutch vessel with emigrants ; emigrant wagons with cattle, etc. ; the farmer with his agricultural implements ; the printing press in operation turning out an account of the parade for distribution ; the German heroes of the Revolu- tion — De Kalb, Von Steuben, etc. ; wagons with emigrants of 1848 ; the intro- duction of the wine culture ; the beer-brewing process ; the singers ; the engi- neers, and models of the Niagara and East River bridges ; the press ; the architectural and sculptural interests ; different groups from Wagner's operas ; Columbia and Germania, and, last, the different German costumes. The Ger- man athletes will form an escort for the whole section. The colossal pageant will include the different industries appropriately interspersed together with organizations of many kinds — civic, educational, political and charitable; the fire companies will be out with their antique goose-necked machines, followed by a battalion of the present force. It is estimated that as many, if not more, will participate in this procession as in the one of the previous day. FIRE WORKS. The centennial jubilee will present on the evening of the day a brilliant exhibition of fire works in different parts of the city. They will be set off at the Bowling Green; at City Hall Park; at Tompkins Square; at Madison Square; at Mount Morris Square; at the Plaza at 59th street and 8th avenue; at Abingdon Square ; at 86th street and avenue A ; at Washington Heights ; at Bryant Park; and various other places. 66 West 23d Street, New York. BON X MARGHE ^ GLOVES ^ AND ^ CORSETS, Which are FITTED ON BEFORE BEING PAID FOR, if so desired, are manufactured expressly for us and positively guaranteed. S. W. RICHARDS, 66 West 23d Street, New York. WARNER & KING, s IMPORTERS OF M$$ aqd Iifon BBd^tead? and (3i«ib?. SPECIALTIES IN BLACK, WHITE AND TINTED ENAMELLED BEDSTEADS. from $5.00 up. 'i aJmZm kinds of coiwiiwion' iron bedsteads.!-^ ►« ':^ ^ BEDDING ^ Fine Hair Mattresses, Spring Beds, Live Geese Feathers, Down Quilts, Cushions, Sheets, Slips, Comfortables, etc., etc. Mattresses made over at short notice. -.^^••©♦o— ^ 404 Sixth Avenue, - - - NEW YORK. BETIVEEN 24tli and 25tli STREETS. Committees on the Centennial Celebration. GENERAL COMMITTEE, NEW YORK CITY. Adams, Charles H. Allen, Charles F. Anderson, E. Ellery Arthur, Chester Alan AsTOR, Wm. Waldorf AucHMUTY, Richard T. Babcock, Samuel D. Barnes, John S. Barlow, S. L. M. Beach, Capt. Warren C. Benjamin, Frederick A. Beekman, J. W. Beekman, Wm. B. Belknap, Robert Lennox Buss, George Bliss, Cornelius N. Bird, John H. BissEL, William H. Borrowe, Samuel Boyeson, H. H. BowEN, Clarence W. Brown, James M. Burnet, James J. Campbell, Allan Cadwalader, John L. Cantor, Hon. Jacob A. Carter, James C. Carleton, Henry Guy Cheney, Alfred C. Clinton, Alexander James Clarkson, Col. Floyd Clarkson, Frederick Clarkson, Banyer, Claflin, John Coe, Charles A. Conway, Moncure D. CoNKLiNG, Alfred R. Connor, Washington E. Constable, James M. Cooper, Edward Cochrane, Gen. John CouDERT, Frederick R. Cruikshank, Edwin A. Cruger, S, Van Rensselaer Crosby, William Henry Cutting, W. Bayard Daly, Charles P. Dayton, Charles W. Davies, Richard T. Depew, Chauncey M. De Peyster, Frederick J. De Lancey, Edward F. DeWitt, George G. DeWitt, Richard Varick Di Cesnola, L. p. Dix, Dr. Morgan Dodge, W. E. Drake, A. W. Edson, Franklin Ehlers, Edw. M. L. Emmet, Thomas Addis Erben, Captain Henry EvARTS, Wm. M. Farragut, Loyall Fish, Stuyvesant Fish, Hamilton Fitzgerald, Louis Fisk, Josiah M. Ford, Gordon L. Gallatin, Frederick Gardiner, Asa Bird Genet, George Clinton Gedney, William H. Gerry, Elbridge T. Gilder, Richard W. Goelet, Ogden Goelet, Robert Grant, Hugh J. Grace, Wm. R. Haven, George G. Hamilton, Schuyler Hamilton, William G. Hart, Chas. Henry Hanselt, Chas. Hewitt, Abram S. Hendrichs, Edmund HiscocK, Hon. Frank Huntington, Daniel HusTED, Hon. James W. Hyde, Henry B. IsHAM, Charles IsELiN, Adrian Ives, Brayton Jackson, Joseph C. James, D. Willis Jay, William Jay, John loNES, John D. W. Kane, S. Nicholson Keese, William Linn Kelly, Eugene King, John A. King, Rufus Knox, Alex. Knox, John J. Lawrence, Frank R. Leary, Arthur Ledyard, Henry Brockholst LeRoy, Henry W. Livingston, Johnston, Livingston, James Duane Low, Seth LoEW, Edward V. Marquand, Henry G. McAllister, Ward McCuRDY, Richard A. Millet, Frank D. Mills, Darius O. Moore, Jacob B. Moore, Thomas S. Montgomery, James M. Morris, Gouverneur Morris, Louis G. Morgan, J. Pierrepont Morton. Levi P. Myers, Theodore W. Newbold, Thomas H. NicoLL, De Lancey Glin, Stephen H. Ottendorfer, Oswald Parsons. Charles Perry, Oliver H. Pendleton, George Hunt Pine, John B. Pierrepont, John J. Plummer, John F. Potter, Orlando B. Rhinelander, Frederick W. Roosevelt, Robert R. Roosevelt, Theodore Robb, J. Hampden Robertson, Wm. H. Russell, Chas. H., Jr. RuTTER, Robert Schall, Robert Schell, Edward Schermerhorn, F. Augustus Schuyler, John Schuyler, Philip Seligman, Jesse Seward, Clarence A. Shannon, Robt. H. Sherman, Gardiner Shultz, Jackson S. Sims, Clifford Stanley Simmons, J. Edward Sloane, John Sloane, Wm. D. Slote, Henry L. Smith, James D. Smith, F. Hopkinson, Smith, Wm. C. NEIV ARRIV.A.i:^S OF ''LONDON'S LATEST STYLES" IN MEDIUM WEIGHT OVERCOATS "The Pall Mall," !-•- "The Beaufort," "The Piccadilly," The "Strap Seam" Box Coat. Special $12.00 Spring Overcoats, Made by our own London House from "Special Fabrics" under the personal direction. of Mr. B. O. Thompson. EFFECTS 1 IBXIOLTJSI^E I IDISTIlsrOT DESIGNS Also PHILADELPHIA AND BOSTON. E. O. THOMPSON, CLOTHIER-TAILOR-IMPORTER 245 Broadway, (Near Post Office.) -5THE MOST EXTENSIVE MANUFACTURERS OF BILLIARD TABLES IN THE WORLD. THE BRUNSWICK-BALKE-COLLENDER CO., 860 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY. Newest and most elegant styles furnished xsrith the Unequalled Monarch Cushions. BILLIARD MATERIALS, CLOTH, BALLS, CUES, Etc., of our own Manufacture and Importation. .^_i===3) Tlx© 33x-«.ja.s-c'«7-±clx.-!Ba-ll3ce-Coll©ixci.©x- Oo., (2==^-o. MAIN OFFICES AND FACTORIES: NEW YORK :— Office and Salesroom, 860 Broadway, Corner 17th Street, Union Square. CHICAGO :— Office, Salesroom and Manufactory, Corner Market and Huron Sts., North-Side. Branch Salesroom. 47 and 49 State Street, South-Side. CINCINNATI:— 8, 10 and 12 West Si.xth Street. - - - ST. LOUIS :— 117 North Sixth Street. BRANCH OFFICES AND SALESROOMS: St. Paul, Minn 844 Jackson St. Minneapolis, Minn., ... 121 Washington Ave. North. Milwaukee, Wis., 144 West Water St. Omaha, Neb., 409 South Tenth St. Kansas City, Mo., 410 Delaware St. Denver, Col., 1525 Fifteenth St. Boston, Mass., 42 to 48 Hanover St. Philadelphia, Penn., 1002 ,Arch St. Baltimore, Md 11 West Fayette St. Pittsburgh, Penn., 117 Fifth Ave. Buffalo, New York, 587-589 Main St. Cleveland, Ohio, 174 Seneca St. Stedman, Edmund Clarence Steinway, Wm. Stoddard, Richard Henry Stokes, Wm. E. D. Stuyvesant, Rutherford Stewart, Lispenard Stanton, Walter Stevens, John Austin Standish, Miles Strong, William L. Stuyvesant, Robert Tallmadge, Frederick S. Tappan, Frederick D, TiEMAN, Daniel F. Tomlinson, John C. Tucker, John J. Vanderbilt, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Wm. K. Van Buren, Travis Coles Van Courtland, James S. Van Rensselaer, J.Tallmadge Varick, John Barnes Varnum, James M. Warner, Andrew Webb, Alexander S. Webb, G. Creighton Weeks, John A, Wiman, Erastus Winchester, Locke W. WiCKHAM, Wm. H. Wilson, Richard T. Winthrop, Buchanan WiNTHROP, EgERTON L. Wilson, James Grant Wilson, George Wright, Stephen M. .^$=3t;<^. Committees on the Centennial Celebration, April 30th, 1889, of the Inauguration of George Washington as President of the United States. ELBRIDGE T. GERRY, Chairman Executive Committee. CLARENCE W^, BOWEN, Secretary. HAMII.TON FISH, President. HUGH J. GRANT, Chairman. No. 1.— PLAN AND SCOPE. Hugh J. Grant, Chairman, Abram S. Hewitt, James M. Varnum, Cornelius N. Bliss, Frederick S. Tallmadge, Samuel D. Babcock. No. 2.— STATES. Wm. G. Hamilton, Chairman, James C. Carter, John Schuyler, J.Tallmadge Van Rensselaer James W. Husted, Theodore Roosevelt, Jacob A. Cantor, E. Ellery Anderson, Floyd Clarkson, Henry W. LeRoy, John B. Pine, Samuel Burrowe, Jas. M. Montgomery, Sec'y. No. 3.— GENERAL GOVERNMENT. John A. King, Chairman, John Jay, Edward Cooper, Wm. H. Wickham, Wm. R. Grace, Frederick J. De Peyster, Wm. H. Robertson, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Wm. M. Evarts, Frank Hiscock, Seth Low, Secretary. No. 4.— ARMY (Military and Indus- trial Parade). S. Van Rensselaer Cruger, John Cochrane, Chairman, Locke W. Winchester, J. Hampden Robb, Frederick Gallatin, Frederick D. Tappen, John C. Tomlinson, Secretary. No. 5.— NAVY. ASABlRDGARDINER,C/^wa«, John S. Barnes, George G. Haven, Jackson S~. Schultz, D. Willis James, Frederick R. Coudert, Capt. Henry Erben, U. S. N. Ogden Goelet, John Jay Pierrepont, LOYALL FaRRAGUT, Alfred C. Cheney, Buchanan Winthrop, S. Nicholson Kane, Secretary. No. 6.— ENTERTAINMENT. Stuyvesant Fish, Chairman, William Waldorf Astor, William K. Vanderbilt. William Jay, Egerton L. Winthrop, Robert Goelet, gouverneur morris, Wm. B. Beekman, S. L. M. Barlow, Stephen H. Olin, Wm. E. D. Stokes, Ward McAllister, Secretary and Manager. No. 7.— FINANCE. Brayton Ives, Chairman, Darius O. Mills, Richard T. Wilson, William L. Strong, Henry B. Hyde, James M. Brown, Louis Fitzgerald, Allan Campbell, John Sloane, James D. Smith, Edward V. Loew, Eugene Kelly, Walter Stanton, John F. Plummer, J. Edward Simmons, John Jay Knox, De Lancey Nicoll, Secretary. No. 8. — RAILROADS AND TRANS- PORTATION. Orlando B. Votter, Chairman, Chauncey M. Depew, Erastus Wiman, Charles W. Dayton, JOSIAH M. FiSK, Clifford Stanley Sims, Thomas S. Moore, Jas. Duane Livingston, Secy. No. 9.— ART AND EXHIBITION. Henry G. Marquand, Ch'n, Gordon L. Ford, Vice- Ch'n. Daniel Huntington, F. HoPKiNSON Smith, William E. Dodge, Chas. Parsons, A. W. Drake, Oliver H. Perry, Frank D. Millet, H. H. Boyesen, Charles Henry Hart, Rutherford Stuyvesant, John L. Cadwalader, Lispenard Stewart, Chas. H. Russell, Jr. Richard W. Gilder, Secretary. No. 10.— LITERARY EXERCISES. Elbridge T. Gkkry, Chairman, Clarence W. Bowen, Sec'y. ^,^Wt in jom \eepio^^ SN ^X^'X^ Ss TliG '% Dial" k Stoves, E60N0MIGAL, EFF!61ENT^D0RABLE. Largest * Assortment * and * Lowest * Prlc es. NO COAL, NO WOOD, NO SMOKE, NO ASHES, NO DIRT, NO WASTE, NO DANGER. Goodwin Gas Stove # Meter Go., No. 82 5 Broadway, NEW YORK. gend for Gataloguc. r=^==^==:=^== Jaques & Marcus, Jewelers a-^ Goldsmiths, WATCHES, Diamonds and Rare Gems. 857 BROADWAY, cor. 17th STREET. SOUVENIR OF THE Centennial Anniversary of Washington's Inauguration April 30, 1789; AS First President of the United States The Birth of the American Republic PAPERS BY MRS. MARTHA T. LAMB '' I) \^Froni the Magazine of American History of December, 1888, February, 1889, March, 1889] •WITH THE Program of Ceremonies New York and London WHITE and ALLEN COPYRIGHT, 1889, BY MRS. MARTHA J. LAMB [Original Painting; by Gilbert Stuart in the gallery of Lenox Librarv. SOUVBNIR OF THE GREAT NEW YORK CELEBRATION, 1889. Papers by Mrs. Martha J. Lamb. KIRSTT PAPKR. THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1789* IT is now almost a hundred years since New York — a city which attends so strictly to business as to leave reminiscence almost wholly to her neighbors — was the scene of the most sublime ceremonial in human his- tory, an affair which up to that time had no parallel on this continent, and one which thrilled the whole civilized world. The inauguration of Washington in 1789, the centennial anniversary of which is about to be celebrated in our great money centre, Wall street, and the ushering of a new nation into existence to take its permanent place in the great family of nations, were one and the same event. As our first President, standing grave and tranquil on the balcony of Federal Hall surrounded by a notable group of American heroes, took the impressive oath of office, action was given to the intricate machinery of a new form of government capable of developing the resources and insuring the prosperity, power, and permanence of an immense people. The life current of liberty in that supreme moment leaped into a perpetual flow. The story of the founding of colonies in America, their coming of age, and battles for independence, is irresistibly fascinating. But it has been told so often and so well during the last thirteen years of centennial uprising — by sections, in detail, as a whole, and with countless variations — • that its wonderful and significant sequel only will concern us in this paper. Turning the leaf backward to the beginning of April, 1789, we find the city of New York — -which was then bold enough to hope that through the aid of a kind Providence it might, some happy day in the far-away future, reach Canal street — in the attitude of hilarious anticipation. An electrical current seemed to have passed through every department of business, and every project prospered. Fresh paint, and rents, advanced with unusual celerity. A notable French writer says it then cost more to live in New * Paper written by special request, and read by the author before the New York Historical Society at the opening meeting of the season, October 2, 1888. Copyright 1888, by Mrs. Martha J Lamb. 2 THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1789 York than in France, as the price of board was from four to six dollars a week. The old Congress had been holding its sessions in Wall street dur- ing the four preceding years. Now all eyes were turned towards the coming of new legislators and the consummation of Union. The doctrine of state rights fell suddenly into disrepute, and the public mind wondered at its own obstinacy in contending for thirteen independent sovereign- ties — which would have been eternally counteracting each other. The new Congress under the Constitution was to have assembled on the 4th of March, but the delegates came slowly. On the 25th of that month Fisher Ames, who had arrived some days before, wrote to George R. Minot, of Boston : " We have 26 representatives ; and as 30 are necessary to make a quorum, we are still in a state of inaction. ... I am inclined to believe that the languor of the old Con- federation is transfused into the members of the new Congress. This city has not caught the spirit, or rather the want of spirit, I am Vexing myself to express to you. Their hall will cost ;^20,ooo, York money. They are preparing fireworks, and a splendid barge for the President, which last will cost ^^200 to ^300. We lose ^1,000 a day revenue. We lose credit, spirit, everything. The public will forget the government before it is born. The resurrection of the infant will come before its .birth. Happily the federal interest is strong in Congress. The old Congress still continues to meet, and it seems to be doubtful whether the old government is dead, or the new one alive. God deliver us speedily from this puzzling state, or prepare my will, if it subsists much longer, for I am in a fever to think of it." It was not until Wednesday, April i, that enough members of the House had appeared for a quorum, and the most of these had been obliged to make the journey from distant states on horseback or in spring- less stages, for it was too early in the season to drag their own chariots over the primitive roads, rendered nearly impassable by the March storms, and it was not every congressman who had a chariot of his own. They came into the city weary and worn, rejoicing to reach a haven where they could unpack their crumpled velvets and satins, burnish their shoe-buckles, and submit their heads to the barber for style and powder. It is instruct- ive to observe the picturesque costumes in which the wise men of that day advocated " republican simplicity." Even those who were the most pronounced in their censure of aristocratic influences looked sharply after the starch in their ruffles, and the status of their hair-dresser. Alexander White, one of the representatives from Virginia, who had distinguished himself for eloquence and patriotism in the old Congress, and now at the age of forty, was one of the most promising characters in the new body, wrote on the 1st of April, concerning the situation, naming the candi- THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1 789 3 dates for the speaker's chair, a letter which through the courtesy of Dr. Thomas Addis Emmet, who possesses the original, we are able to give in facsimile. .A***<— -«*-« "j^^ i/c^-.A^/f. 7 (.ICUn^Ef THE FEDERAL HALL IN WALL STREET, IN 1 789. able day of Washington's inauguration it was adorned with a canopy and curtains of red, interstreaked with white. There were numerous other rooms in the building, for various uses — a library, lobbies, and committee rooms above, and guard-rooms below ; but the legislative halls were the centre of attraction. Here were assembled the men of parliamentary talent and social ac- 8 THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1 789 compHshment, for which the first American Congress under the Constitu- tion has ever since been justly famous. They were nearly, if not quite all, fresh from some public service, local or general ; they were astute, self- reliant, influential, opinionated, and conscientiously and vigorously pre- pared for whatever serious work might come before them. While Wash- ington, summoned to the seat of government by Secretary Thomson, approaches New York from Virginia, in his private carriage, let us spend a few moments these statesmen, who were present to welcome him, bring- ing each one before us for cordial greeting. Beginning with the senate, we find two from Massachusetts, Tristam Dalton and Caleb Strong, both of whom were Harvard graduates. Dalton had studied law for pleasure, but being cumbered with a large fortune never had practiced at the bar ; he had, however, served many years in the Massachusetts legislature, and now at the age of forty-six, was widely known as a highly cultivated Christian gentleman, and one greatly beloved for his philanthropic tendencies. Caleb Strong was forty-four, a tall, angu- lar, dark-complexioned man, with a large head, hair slightly powdered and resting loosely over a high intellectual forehead, with blue eyes of singular sweetness and beauty of expression. He was profoundly learned in all the varied features of law, inflexible in his adherence to principle, and more inattentive to personal elegance of dress than any member of the senate. He is best remembered, perhaps, for his high-handed action twenty-five years later, when as governor of Massachusetts, during the war of 1812, he denied the right of the President, on constitutional grounds, to make requisition on the state for the troops. There were also two senators from Connecticut, William Samuel John- son and Oliver Ellsworth, the former nearly a score of years older than the latter. Johnson, a Yale graduate, and one of the most accomplished scholars in law, science, and literature, of his time, was now, at the ripe age of sixty-one the popular president of Columbia College. He had served in the old Congress, and in the convention that framed the Constitu- tion.f Oliver Ellsworth, subsequently chief justice of the United States, was then forty-three, but marvelously rich in experience for one of his years. His education had been completed at the College of New Jersey, after two years at Yale, and he had won distinction as a lawyer, in state legislation, in the old Congress and as one of the framers of the Constitu- tion. He was a well-bred, unassuming man, always self-possessed, cautious, and independent in utterance whenever his opinions were once formed. No one was more impressive and convincing in debate. THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1 789 9 The only senator from Virginia was Richard H. Lee, the same who made the motion in the Continental Congress of 1776, "that these United Col- onies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states ; that they ^re absolved from all allegiance to the British crown ; and that all prac- tical connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." It is said that his speech on introducing this bold measure was one of the most brilliant displays of eloquence ever heard. He signed the Declaration of Independence, also the " Articles of Confederation," but he opposed the Constitution, believing it would tend to destroy the independence of the state governments. His age at this time was fifty-six. But one senator had, as yet, arrived from South Carolina, Ralph Izard, whose grandfather had been one of the founders of that state. Educated at the university of Cambridge, Ralph Izard had imbibed foreign tastes, which his liberal fortune had enabled him to gratify. He had resided many years in Europe, at one time serving Congress as an ambassador to the court of the grand duke of Tuscany. He had also, at a great crisis in the destiny of America, pledged his large estate for the purchase of ships of war. His wife, whom he married in 1767, was the beautiful and accom- plished daughter of Peter De Lancey, of New York, whose ancestry reached backward among the distinguished families to the very beginnings of settlement on Manhattan Island. Her sister, Mrs. John Watts, resided in Broadway, near the Bowling Green, and during the first session of this first Congress entertained Senator Izard and his family in her spacious home. Izard was forty-seven years of age, a brilliant orator, and a cultured polished gentleman of the old school. Pennsylvania's senators were William Maclay and Robert Morris. The great financier was one year younger than the President-elect — fifty-five. He was an active man — alive in every fibre — large and florid, bright-eyed and pleasant-faced, with a touch of magnetism about him that was very effective. He spoke with ease, and whether on the platform or in private conversation captivated his audience with a rich fund of political and gen- eral information. He signed the Declaration, he helped to frame the Constitution, and much m.ore ; but for the magic of his genius in invention, our independence, so dearly bought, might never have been maintained.* Maryland sent Charles Carroll and John Henry. Carroll was fifty-two, refined, scholarly, and a model of dignified deportment. His education had been perfected in the best institutions of learning in Europe, and he, too, was one of the immortal signers of the Declaration. When the Rev- * Robert Morris made the motion by which Washington presided over the Convention. lO THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1 789 olution broke out he was considered the richest man in the colonies. He lived to see forty years of progress under the Constitution, and at the age of ninety laid the corner stone of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. John Henry was a graduate of Princeton, had served in the old Congress, and was subsequently governor of Maryland. Delaware sent Richard Bassett and George Read. Richard Bassett was a lawyer of fine standing, who had been in the old Congress, and in the convention that framed the Constitution, and subsequently was gov- ernor of Delaware. His daughter married James A. Bayard, and was the mother of our present Secretary of State. George Read was a tall, slight, graceful man of fifty-six, with a finely shaped head, refined features, and dark-brown lustrous eyes. He was distinguished for having signed all three of the great state papers on which our history is based — the original petition to the king from the Congress of 1774, the Declaration of Inde- pendence, and the Constitution — and he helped to conduct public affairs in his own state for thirty-five consecutive years.* New Jersey's two senators were Dr. Jonathan Elmer and William Pat- terson. Dr. Elmer was a practicing physician of distinction, who, after graduating with honors from the university of Pennsylvania, devoted him- self to study and became renowned for his learning. He was forty-four, the same age as William Patterson, who was graduated from Princeton, became a lawyer, and commenced his public career in the convention that framed the first constitution for New Jersey, in 1776. After filling many positions of trust he, in 1791, became governor of New Jersey, and in 1794 was appointed by Washington one of the justices of the supreme court of the United States. From New Hampshire we find but one senator, John Langdon, subse- quently three times governor of that state, and one of the framers of the Constitution — a severely practical republican, of sterling good sense, social habits, and pleasing address. It was he who furnished means to equip Stark's militia for the battle of Bennington, pledging his plate among other personal valuables for the purpose. His descendants intermarried with the Astor family of New York. His colleague was Paine Wingate, a graduate of Harvard, who studied divinity, and married a sister of Tim- othy Pickering. He was a man of talent and extensive knowledge, one who commanded universal confidence. Georgia had two senators present, James Gunn, who continued in the senate for twelve years, and William Few, who married one of the daughters of Commodore James Nicholson, *In person George Read was tall, slight, graceful, with a finely-shaped head, refined features, and •dark brown lustrous eyes. His manners were dignified and stately. THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1789 II TABLE AND CHAIR USED BY THE FIRST CONGRESS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. [In possession of the New York Historical Society ^^ a sister of Mrs. Albert Gallatin, and became a permanent resident and at one time mayor of New York city. The secretary of the senate was Sam- uel A. Otis, of Boston, brother of the celebrated James Otis, a Harvard graduate, who had seen public life in all its various phases. He married the only daughter of Harrison Gray, receiver-general of Massachusetts. In the House were men of similar prominence from the several states. James Madison and Fisher Ames were the leading party antagonists. Both were orators of marked ability, but in different ways. Madison was the better logician, Ames possessed the greater imagination. Madison was profoundly versed in domestic concerns, financial and political economy. Ames reasoned from principles of general policy and constitutional and international jurisprudence. Madison was the older by six years — Ames was thirty-two. With Madison, from Virginia, came the well-known John Page, afterwards governor ; Theodoric Bland, great-grandson of Poca- hontas, who was a poet and a scholar as well as a firm patriot ; Richard Bland Lee, one of those who subsequently voted for locating the seat of government on the Potomac ; Isaac Coles, who was re-elected for six years; Alexander White, a racy writer and a brilliant orator, in his fifty-first year, whose letters have already been quoted ; Samuel Griffin ; Andrew Moore, who served ten years; and Josiah Parker. From South Carolina were Thomas T. Tucker, Daniel Huger, and Judge Edanus Burke. From Mary- land Daniel Carroll, Benjamin Contee, George Gale, William Smith, Michael Stone, and Joshua Seney. 12 THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1 789 The Pennsylvania delegation included George Clymer,* then a man of fifty, who had signed both the Declaration and the Constitution — a highly educated, refined, and conscientious student, but a very diffident speaker, of fair complexion, ardent attachments, and gentle manners — whose opin- ions when expressed were always treated with respect, and who was the delight of the social circle ; Thomas Fitzsimmons, president of the Phila- delphia Chamber of Commerce, and also one of the framers of the Consti- tution ; Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg, soon to be chosen speaker of the House; his brother, Peter Muhlenberg ; Daniel Heister; Thomas Scott, and Henry Wynkoop, a member of the Continental Congress, 1779-1783, who was noted for his large and commanding figure. There was as yet no attendance from Delaware or North Carolina. From Georgia came James Jackson and Abraham Baldwin, the latter a young Connecticut lawyer of thirty-four, who removed to Georgia, at the request of General Greene, about 1784. He was a graduate of Yale, and one of the best classical and mathematical scholars of the age. In the Georgia legislature he origi- nated the plan of the state university, drew up the charter by which it was endowed, and was subsequently its president for some years. New Hampshire sent Nicholas Gilman, a boyish-looking but very talented young man of twenty-six, who had served in the old Congress and helped to frame the Constitution. The quartet from New Jersey included Elias Boudinot, the distinguished philanthropist ; Lambert Cadwallader, James Schureman, and Thomas Sin- nickson, all strong men, morally as well as politically. Connecticut was represented by a notable delegation : Roger Sherman, Jonathan Trumbull, Jonathan Sturges, Benjamin Huntington, and Jere- miah Wadsworth. Roger Sherman was sixty-seven, the oldest member of the House, and no one had had a broader experience in legislation. He was sent to the first Continental Congress in 1774, and to every subsequent Congress to the end of his life. He was the only American statesman who attached his name to the entire four great state papers which gave birth and power to a mighty empire. Trumbull was the son of the great war governor of that name, was forty-nine years of age, had been active and influential in state legislation, a paymaster in the army, and secretary and aid to Washington and a member of his household at one time for three years. He was subsequently speaker of the House, a senator, and gov- ernor of Connecticut. * George Clymer was the author of various, addresses. and essays, political, literary and scientific. His grandson Dr. Meredith Clymer, born ia Philadelphia in June, 181 7, also wrote with great ease, chiefly on medical themes. He was>one of the founders of the Franklin Medical College in 1846, and after removing to New York in 1851, was professor of medicine in the University of the city of New York, and twice President of the New York Society of Neurology. THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1789 I3 Massachusetts was not behind Connecticut in the quaUty of her dele- gation. Fisher Ames, Elbridge Gerry, George Thacher, George Leonard, Jonathan Grant, Benjamin Goodhue, and George Partridge were present. Elbridge Gerry, as all remember, was one of the signers of the Declaration, and he was in the convention that framed the Constitution, but refused to afifix his name to the instrument. He was a small, slight, urbane man of forty-four, a master in all questions of commerce and of finance, but decidedly anti-Federal. He claimed, however, to be neutral and impar- tial between the two parties, which course was criticised and denounced by Thacher, who was a celebrated \vit, and who made his sensitive col- league the perpetual victim of daring humor and biting sarcasm. The New York representatives were all men of mark.* Egbert Ben- son, the eminent jurist, who had been conspicuous in furthering the measures which resulted in the establishment of a general government, was one of the leaders among them, and his colleagues were William Floyd, who signed the Declaration, John Lawrence, a man of fine address and great personal popularity, John Hathorn, subsequently a sen- ator and Presidential elector, and Judge Peter Sylvester, who had been in the provincial Congress. It must have been a source of keen regret to such of the members of this Congress as were unable, for one cause or another, to reach their posts of duty prior to the great occasion. On the 13th of April, as recorded in the journals of Congress, Egbert Benson, from New York, Peter Muhlenberg, from Pennsylvania, and Samuel Grififin, from Virginia, were appointed a committee on the recep- tion of the President. On the 15th, the following resolutions were adopted : " That Mr. Osgood, the proprietor of the house lately occupied by the President of Congress, be requested to put the same, and the furniture therein, in proper condition for the residence and use of the President of the United States, and otherwise, at the expense ot the United States, to provide for his temporary accommodation. That 3 members of the Senate [Richard Henry Lee, Ralph Izard, Tristam Dalton,] and 5 from the house [Elias Boudinot, Theodoric Bland, Thomas T. Tucker, Egbert Benson, John Lawrence,] be appointed to attend the President from New Jersey, and conduct him without form to the house in New York lately occupied by the President of Congress." This house stood in what is now Franklin Square, corner of Cherry street, near the present publishing house of Harper & Brothers. But a hundred years ago it was esteemed so far out into the country that many objections were raised to its being used as a Presidential residence. It * Egbert Benson was born in 1746, and was one of the graduates of King's College in 1765, and became distinguished for eloquence as a pleader at the bar, and for legal learning. He was the first attorney-general of the state, and the first president of the New York Historical Society. 14 THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1 789 was a charming place in summer, overlooking the bay and Long Island, with bits of East River peeping through the foliage of its gardens, while towards the west and northwest the stretches of landscape were varied with sunny slopes, circles of small hills and beautiful valleys. This house had been previously occupied by the president of Congress, its owner, Samuel Osgood, one of the commissioners of the treasury — subsequently postmaster-general — having vacated it temporarily for the benefit of the government. The "Washington chair" which graces the platform of the audience- room of the New York Historical Society, and is occupied by its president on public occasions, was made from the wood of this house. It was a gift to the society, in 1857, from Mr. Benjamin R. Winthrop, of New York. A bust of Washington, in a wreath of laurel, forms the centre ornament of the upper part of the chair. The front of the seat bears the escutcheon and arms of the United States, while the arms of the city and state of New York are carved in relief on medallions. The legend is inscribed on a silver plate, inserted in the back of the chair. On one of these early days in April, John Armstrong wrote from New York to General Gates: "All the world here are busy in collecting flow- ers and sweets of every kind to amuse and delight the President in his approach and on his arrival. Even Roger Sherman has set his head at work to devise some style of address more novel and dignified than ' Excellency.' Yet in the midst of this admiration there are skeptics who doubt its propriety, and wits who amuse themselves at its extravagance." How the chief magistrate of the new America should be addressed was indeed a conundrum ! The question was no sooner propounded than it was discussed everywhere, on the street, in business and in social circles, in the halls of legislation, and in the newspapers. It enlivened a dinner party one day in Philadelphia, at which were present James Madison, John Page, Richard Henry Lee, and other distinguished characters. Chief Justice McKean, the master of the feast, maintained with much warmth that the President must have a title, and that he had examined all the titles of the princes of Europe to find one that had not been appropriated. Madison held quite an opposite opinion, and argued that no title except that of " President " would be necessary. Congress took the matter up, but a joint committee from the two houses were unable to agree. Thus the problem was left unsolved until the pleasure of Washington himself should become known. Meanwhile the chieftain's journey towards New York from Virginia was like one continuous triumphal procession. Cities, towns, and villages THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1 789 15 vied with each other in doing him honor. Men, women, and children of all ages, classes, and conditions gathered by the roadside, and often stood in waiting for many hours to see htm as he passed by. Their love was manifested in countless impulsive ways — sometimes by shouts, and then again by tears. Old men, who had left their plows in the field and tramped over the hills and through the valleys from distant settlements, broke down when he appeared and sobbed like children. Mothers brought their in- fant babes from afar, and held them high above their own heads, so that they might say in after life that they had actually seen the great Washington with their little eyes ! The sick and the aged were tenderly carried to windows and doors, that they too might behold the *' savior of their country." The excitement and the sentiment spread like a contagion. Soldiers were paraded in the towns through which he was to pass with as much apparent promptitude as if railroads and the telegraph had al- ready been invented. Guns were fired, triumphal arches were erected, not infre- quently stretched from tree to tree in rural districts, and flowers were strewn in the roads over which his carriage was to pass. It was the general outburst of the warmest and most devoted attachment of a loyal people. At Gray's Ferrj', across the Schuylkill, the President-elect was escorted through long avenues of laurels, transplanted from the forests for the occasion, bridged overhead with arches of laurel branches. As he THE WASHINGTON CHAIR. l6, THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1 789 passed under the last arch a beautiful civic crown of laurel was ingeniously dropped upon his head from above, greatly to his surprise, and the most deafening shouts arose from the immense multitude. At Trenton a mag- nificent triumphal arch had been erected, and above it the date of his victory at Trenton in gold lettering, around which flowers were grace- fully entwined ; and, as he passed under this, thirteen lovely young girls in white stepped in ahead, and marched before him singing an appropri- ate ode, while at the same time they scattered flowers in his pathway in great profusion from baskets which they carried on their arms. It was a lovely, graceful tribute, and Washington was very much touched by it. During these same long-to-be-remembered days John Adams, the Vice- President-elect, was approaching New York from New England. " On Monday, the 20th of April," says one of the writers of the day, " amidst the acclamations of all ranks of citizens. His Excellency, John Adams, Esq., Vice-President of the United States, arrived in New York. The cavalcade which escorted His Excellency into the city was numerous and truly respectable. From the Connecticut line to Kingsbridge he was attended by the light horse of West Chester County, under the com- mand of Major Pintard. At Kingsbridge he was met by General Malcom with the officers of his brigade, and the city troop of horse, commanded by Captain Stakes ; also by officers of distinction, many members of Con- gress, and a large number of citizens in carriages and on horseback. His Excellency alighted at the home of the Honorable John Jay, in Broadway, where the committee of both houses of Congress, appointed for that purpose, attended to congratulate His Excellency on his arrival." It will be observed that the custom of addressing a man in high ofifice as " His Excellency," had not yet been abolished, as the title is used four times in this one paragraph. But the next day, when a com- mittee from the senate, consisting of Caleb Strong and Ralph Izard, con- ducted Mr. Adams to the senate chamber, he was received by John Lang- don, the president /r^ tern., with graceful courtesy, and introduced to the chair and the senate simply as " Vice-President of the United States of America." New York was astir early on the morning of Wednesday, April 23, and the booming of cannon and the ringing of bells proclaimed the glad tidings that Washington was in Elizabethtown. Business was entirely suspended, and the excitement was intense. At Elizabethtown Point the President-elect was received, as previously arranged, by the committee from Congress, of which Elias Boudinot was chairman, and by the heads of the departments under the confederation — who continued to act until THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1 789 17 the new government should be organized — John Jay, Secretary of Foreign Affairs, General Knox, Secretary of War, Robert R. Livingston, chancellor of the state of New York, Samuel Osgood, Arthur Lee, and Walter Liv- ingston, commissioners of the treasury, Ebenezer Hazard, postmaster- general — and by the mayor and recorder of the city. An extraordinary barge, constructed for the specific purpose, was in waiting for its distin- guished passenger, manned by thirteen masters of vessels in white uni- forms, and commanded by Commodore James Nicholson. In this Wash- ington was conveyed to the Capital. As it moved slowly from the Jer- sey shore other barges fancifully decorated fell into line. The glittering procession glided through the narrow strait between New Jersey and Staten- Island, when, as if by magic, dozens of boats, gay with flags and streamers, dropped into its wake ; and as it was passing Bedlow's Island a sloop under full sail came alongside the President's barge, upon which were twenty-five ladies and gentlemen singing an ode composed for the occasion to the stirring music of " God Save the King." Another and a smaller vessel was presently on the other side of the barge, distributing sheets of a second ode, written to welcome the great chief to the seat of government, and which a group of a dozen gentlemen commenced singing with great effect. Every vessel was in holiday attire ; the Spanish ship of war, Galveston, just as the barge came abreast of her, displayed, instan- taneously, every flag and signal known among nations. All the vessels saluted the barge as it passed, and bands of music on every side, and per- petual huzzas filled the air, while over the whole exhilarating scene the sunshine fell from cloudless heavens. Governor George Clinton, of New York, received the President-elect at the ferry stairs, which were carpeted and the rails hung with crimson, and as Washington's tall figure was seen ascending them, and his foot touched the shore of the flourishing city which his own valor and military skill had recovered from a powerful enemy, popular enthusiasm reached its climax. The wildest and the most prolonged cheers rent the air. Men shouted until they lost their voices. The crowds were so densely packed that it required a large force of city officers to make a passage for Wash- ington and his party. Colonel Morgan Lewis, aided by Majors Morton and Van Home, led the way, and the various regiments were followed by the officers of the militia, two and two, the committee of Congress, the Presi- dent-elect with Governor Clinton, the heads of the Departments, the mayor and aldermen of the city, the clergy, the foreign ministers, and an immense concourse of citizens. Every house on the route was decorated with banners, garlands of flowers, and evergreens. Every window, to the 1 8 THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1 789 highest story, was filled with fair women and brave men. Every inanimate object seemed alive with the waving of handkerchiefs and hats. Flowers fell in the streets, apparently from the skies, like snow-flakes in a blizzard. In every possible form of unique device and ingenious ornamentation the the name of WASHINGTON was suspended from roof to roof, and upon fanciful arches constructed for the occasion. The multitude cheered and shouted, and the bells and the guns caught up the echoes, and with cease- less clamor and deafening din proclaimed the universal rapture. Upon reaching the Franklin House, Washington despite the fatigue of his journey, expressed his willingness to receive such gentlemen as had expressed a desire to show their respect in the most affectionate manner. He stood in the great drawing-room of his new home and was welcomed and congratulated by foreign ministers, political characters, public bodies, military celebrities, and many private citizens of distinction. " And then,'* wrote Elias Boudinot, "we dined with his Excellency Governor Clinton, who had provided an elegant dinner for us. Thus ended our commission." In the evening the entire city was brilliantly illuminated. The six days between Washington's arrival and his inauguration were devoted to the perfection of arrangements for the imposing ceremonies of his inauguration. We find in the journal of the House the following entries : " April 24. The committee reported that they had attended the President from EHzabeth- tovvn yesterday to this city, where they arrived at 3 o'clock, P.M., and conducted him to the house appointed for his residence. April 25. The house appointed Mr. Egbert Benson, Mr. Fisher Ames and Mr. Charles Carroll a committee to act with the senate committee on the inauguration." In the journal of the Senate it is recorded: "Senate, April 23, 1789. A committee appointed of three members (Mr. Richard Henry Lee, Mr. Ralph Izard and Mr. Tristam Dalton) to consider the time, place and man- ner in which, and the person by whom, the oath presented by the Constitution shall be administered to the President, and to confer with a committee of the House of Repre- sentatives. Saturday, April 2^. The committee report that the President hath been pleased to signify to them, that any time or place which both houses may think proper to appoint, and any manner which shall appear most eligible to them, will be convenient and accept- able to him, that requisite preparations cannot probably be made before Thursday next (April 30), that the President be on that day formally received by both houses in the Sen- ate Chamber, that the Representatives' Chamber being capable of receiving the greater number of persons, that, therefore, the President do take the oath in that place, and in the presence of both houses. THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1 789 I9 That, after the formal reception of the President in the Senate Chamber, he be attended by both houses to the Representatives' Chamber, and that the oath be adminis- tered by the Chancellor of the state of New York. That a committee of both iiouses be appointed to take order for conducting the business. Mr. Lee, Mr. Izard and Mr. Dalton were appointed such committee on behalf of the senate. The Right Rev. Samuel Provoost was elected chaplain to Congress. Monday, April 27. The committee reported tliat it appears to them more eligible that the oath should be administered to the President in the outer gallery adjoining the Senate Chamber than in the Representatives' Chamber. Approved. Resolved, That after the oath shall have been administered to the President, he, attended by the Vice-President, and the members of the Senate and House of Representa- tives, proceed to St. Paul's Chapel to hear divine service, to be performed by the chaplain of Congress already appointed." Meanwhile the city opened its doors for the entertainment of guests from every part of the Union. The crush was bewildering. New York had never before housed and sheltered a gathering of such magnitude. And thousands were neither housed nor sheltered, content to camp in vacant lots, on the curb stones, or in the fields above the city. Miss Bertha Ingersoll wrote to Miss McKean, of Philadelphia, " We shall remain here if we have to sleep in tents, as many will have to do. Mr. Williamson had promised to engage us rooms at Fraunces' Tavern, but that was jammed long ago, as was every other decent public house ; and now while we are waiting at Mrs. Vandervoort's in Maiden Lane, until after dinner, two of our beaux are running about town, determined to obtain the best places for us to stay at which can be opened for love, money, or the most persuasive speeches." Another young lady, from Boston, wrote a graphic description of a series of accidents on her journey from that city to New York, with her picturesque adventures in finding accommodations in the metropolis, and added : " but I have seen him ! and though I had been entirely ignorant that he was arrived in the city, I should have known at a glance that it was General Washington ; I never saw a human being that looked so grand and noble as he does. I could fall down on my knees before him and bless him for all the good he has done for this country." This feeling seemed to be universal. Everybody struggled for a glimpse of the great general. The aged declared their readiness to die if they could but once behold his face. The young were intoxicated with infatuation. On the 29th the committee reported their scheme for the conduct of the inaugural ceremonies on the 30th, which proving satisfactory, a few copies were printed on foolscap sheets for the convenience of those par- 20 THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1 789 ticipating. Gne of these has been preserved and is now the property of the New York Historical Society, through whose courtesy it is given ver- batim to our readers as an illustration of the significance with which details were regarded at that period. "April 29th, 1789. The committees of both houses of Congress, appointed to take order for conducting the ceremonial of the formal reception, &c., of the President of the United States, on Thursday next, have agreed to the following order thereon, viz. : That General Webb, Colonel Smith, Lieutenant Colonel Fish, Lieut. Col. Franks, Major L'Enfant, Major Bleecker, and Mr. John R. Livingston, be requested to serve as assistants on the occasion. That a chair be placed in the Senate Chamber for the President of the United States, That a chair be placed in the Senate Chamber for the Vice-President, to the right of the President's chair ; and that the Senators take their seats on that side of the chamber on which the Vice-President's chair shall be placed. That a chair be placed in the Senate Chamber for the Speaker of the House of Representatives, to the left of the President's chair — and that the Representatives take their seats on that side of the chamber on which the Speaker's chair shall be placed. That seats be provided in the Senate Chamber sufficient to accommodate the late president of Congress, the governor of the Western territory, the five persons being the heads of three great departments, the Minister Plenipotentiary of France, the Encargado de negocios of Spain, the chaplains of Congress, the persons in the suite of the President, and also to accommodate the following Public Officers of the State, viz. : The Governor, the Lieutenant-Governor, the Chancellor, the Chief Justice, and other judges of the Su- preme Court, and the Mayor of the city. That one of the assistants wait on these gentle- men, and inform them that seats are provided for their accommodation, and also to signify to them that no precedence of seats is intended, and that no salutation is expected from them on their entrance into, or their departure from, the Senate Chamber. That the members of both houses assemble in their respective Chambers precisely at twelve o'clock, and that the representatives preceded by the Speaker, and attended by their clerk, and other officers, proceed to the Senate Chamber, there to be received by the Vice-President and the senators rising. That the Committees attend the President from his residence to the Senate Chamber, and that he be there received by the Vice-President, the senators and representatives rising, and be by the Vice-President conducted to his chair. That after the President shall be seated in his chair, and the Vice-President, senators and representatives shall be again seated, the Vice-President shall announce to the Presi- dent, that the members of both houses will attend him to be present at his taking the Oath of Office required by the Constitution. To the end that the Oath of Office may be administered to the President in the most public manner, and that the greatest number of the people of the United States, and without distinction, may be witnesses to the solemnity, that therefore the Oath be administered in the outer gallery adjoining to the Senate Chamber. That when the President shall proceed to the gallery to take the Oath, he be attended by the Vice-President, and be followed by the Chancellor of the State, and pass through the middle door, that the Senators pass through the door on the right, and the Represen- THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, I789 21 tatives, preceded by the Speaker, pass through the door on the left, and such of the per- sons who shall have been admitted into the Senate Chamber, and may be desirous to go into the gallery, are then also to pass through the door on the right. That when the President shall have taken the Oath, and returned into the Senate Chamber, attended by the Vice-President, and shall be seated in his chair, that the Senators and the Represen- tatives also return into the Senate Chamber, and that the Vice-President and they resume their respective seats. Both houses having resolved to accompany the President after he shall have taken the Oath, to St. Paul's Chapel, to hear divine service, to be performed by the chaplain of Con- gress, that the following order of procession be observed, viz. The door-keeper and messenger of the House of Representatives. The clerk of the House. The Representa- tives. The Speaker. The President, with the Vice-President at his left hand. The Sen- ators. The Secretary of the Senate. The door-keeper, and messenger of the Senate. That a pew be reserved for the President — Vice-President — Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the Committees ; and that pews be also reserved sufficient for the reception of the Senators and Representatives That after divine service shall be performed, the President be received at the door of the Church, by the Committees, and by them attended in carriages to his residence. That it be intrusted to the assistants to take proper precautions for keeping the ave- nues to the Hall open, and that for that purpose, they wait on his Excellency the Governor of this State, and in the name of the Committees request his aid, by an order of recommendation to the Civil Officers, or militia of the city, to attend and serve on the occasion, as he shall judge most proper." A national salute ushered in the morning of April 30. At nine o'clock the bells peeled merrily from every steeple in the city — then softened sud- denly, and in slow measured tones summoned the people to the churches, showing how general was the religious sense of the importance of the occasion. From one of the newspapers of the day we clip the following paragraph : " April 30. We have had this day one of those impressive sights which dignify and adorn human nature. At nine o'clock all the churches in the city were opened, and the people in prodigious numbers thronged these sacred temples — and with one voice put up their prayers to Almighty God for the safety of the President," At the close of these solemn exercises, just as the people were leaving the churches, the procession formed, the military marching from their respective quarters with inspiring music and unfurled banners to Franklin Square, where they halted in front of the Presidential mansion. One of the newspapers records : " About twelve o'clock the procession moved from the house of the President, in Cherry street, through Queen, Great Dock and Broad streets to the Federal State House in Wall street in the following order ; 22 THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1 789 Col. Morgan Lewis, Attended by two officers. Capt. Stakes, With the Troop of Horse. Artillery. Maj. Van Horne. Grenadiers, under Capt. Harsin." These, in imitation of the guard of the great Frederick, were composed of the tallest and finest-looking young men of New York, and they were dressed in blue coats with red facings and gold lace embroideries, cocked hats with white feathers, and white waistcoats and breeches, and black spatterdashes buttoned close from the shoe to the knee. "German Grenadiers, very gayly attired, under Capt. Scriba. Major Bicker. The Infantry of the Brigade. Major Chryslie. Sheriff. Committee of the Senate. Assistants. President-elect, In a chariot drawn by four horses. His Suite. I i I Assistants. !- 2 I a J ? Committee of the Representatives. Hon. Mr. Jay, Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Gen. Knox, Secretary of War. Chancellor Livingston. Several gentlemen of distinction." When within a proper distance of the Federal Hall the troops formed a line on both sides of the way, and having alighted, Washington passed through and was conducted to the senate chamber in the ceremonious manner described in the programme, Vice-President Adams said, " Sir, the Senate and the House of Repre- sentatives of the United States are ready to attend you to take the oath required by the Constitution, which will be administered by the chancellor of the state of New York." ** I am ready to proceed," was Washington's reply. The Vice-President then conducted Washington to the balcony, the gen- tlemen accompanying in the order prescribed. From this point, Broad and Wall streets, in each direction, was a compact mass of upturned faces, as silent as if every living form which composed the vast assemblage had been THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1 789 23 a statue carved in stone. The windows and house tops as far as the eye could reach were also crowded with people. They saw Washington's com- manding'figure appear in the centre of a group of statesmen between the two pillars, clad in a complete suit of elegant broadcloth of American manufacture, with white silk stockings, also a native production, plain silver buckles in his shoes, his head uncovered, and his powdered hair gathered and tied in the prevailing fashion of the day. He stepped upon a stone, slightly elevated above those about him. On one side of him was Chancellor Livingston, nearly as tall as himself, on the other Vice- President Adams, more showily dressed than either, and like Washington entirely in American fabrics. Samuel A. Otis, the secretary of the senate, CENTRAL SECTION OF THE HISTORIC RAILING. [/^ro»i the original in possession o/ the New York Historical Society. \ stood partially between Washington and the chancellor, holding an open Bible upon a rich crimson cushion, upon which Washington rested his hand. In the rear, conspicuous among those who were dear and familiar to the people, stood Secretary John Jay, who had done so much towards bringing about this grand result, a tall slight man whose face and attitude expressed the calm serenity and refined power of the highest type of character; the brave General Knox, who so well understood the man whom the country delighted to honor; Baron Steuben, Alexander Hamilton, Governor St. Clair of the Northwest Territory, Roger Sherman, and all that army of Congressional celebrities heretofore mentioned. A gesture of the chancellor arrested the close attention of the vast assemblage as he pronounced slowly and distinctly the words of the oath. Then the Bible 24 THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1 789 was raised, and as the President bowed to kiss the sacred volume he said audibly, " I swear," adding with fervor, his eyes closed, that his whole soul might be absorbed in the supplication, " SO HELP ME GOD," "It is done," said the chancellor; then turning to the multitude, he waved his hand, crying in a loud voice, " Long live George Washington, President of the United States." Silence was at an end. A flag was instantly displayed on the cupola of Federal Hall, and all the bells in the city broke forth in one tumultuous clamor. Shouts and acclamations burst from the waiting thousands, and repeated again and again like the cuckoo song, were answered and re- answered by cannon from every point of the compass upon both land and upon water, until it seemed as if the city would be jarred from its actual foundations. Even now at the end of a century, who among us, however prosaic, can be brought into a close review of this creative epoch in the history of our nation and of the nations of the world without a draught from the same ecstatic fountain of emotion? Washington with his attendants returned to the senate chamber, where after Congress and the other dignitaries present were seated, he delivered a short inaugural address. After this the new President, accompanied by both houses of Congress and the heads of the Departments, and many other distinguished characters, proceeded on foot to St. Paul's Chapel in Broadway, where divine service was performed by Bishop Provost, at the conclusion of which the President was escorted to his own house. Fisher Ames, in writing to Mr. Minot in Boston a few days afterward, said : "I was present in the pew with the President, and must assure you that, after making all deductions for the delusion of one's fancy in regard to characters, I still think of him with more veneration than for any other person. Time has made havoc upon his face. That, and many other circumstances not to be reasoned about, conspire to keep up the awe which I brought with me. He addressed the two houses in the senate chamber; it was a very touching scene, and quite of the solemn kind ; his aspect grave, almost to sad- ness ; his modesty, actually shaking ; his voice deep, a little tremulous, and so low as to call for close attention ; added to the series of objects presented to the mind, and over- whelming it, produced emotions of the most affecting kind upon the members. I, Pilgar- lic, sat entranced. It seemed to me an allegory in which virtue was personified, and addressing those whom she would make her votaries. Her power over the heart was never greater, and the illustration of her doctrine by her own example was never more perfect." In the evening the city was illuminated with unparalleled splendor. Every public building was in a blaze of light. The front of the little THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1 789 25 theatre in John street was filled with trans- parencies, one of which represented Fame like an angel, descending from Heaven to crown Washington with the emblems of immortal- ity. At the Bowling Green was an enormous transparency, with Washington's portrait in the centre, under a figure of " Fortitude," and the two branches of the new government represented upon his right and left, under the forms of Justice and Wisdom. All the pri- vate residences of the city were brilliantly lighted, but none more effectively than those of the French and Spanish ministers, who . seemed to have tried to rival each other. They both lived in Broad- way, near the Bowling Green. The doors and windows of the French minister's mansion were bordered with lamps, which shone upon numerous paintings sug- gestive of the past, the present, and the future of American history— from the brush of his artist sister. The principal transparency in front of the Spanish minister's house contained figures of the Graces artistically executed amid a pleasing variety of emblems ; and in the windows were moving pictures so skillfully devised as to present the illusion of a living panorama in a little spot of fairyland. One of the ships at anchor off STATUE OF WASHINGTON IN WALL STREET. [Erected by the New York Chamber 0/ Commerce, 1883.] 26 THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1 789 the Battery is said to have resembled a pyramid of stars. The display of fire-works, under the direction of Colonel Bauman, was the finest this country had ever yet seen. President Washington drove from his resi- dence in Franklin Square to that of Chancellor Livingston in the lower part of Broadway, from whose windows he had a full view of the cheering spectacle. Henceforward Washington was the observed of all observers. He was fifty-seven at this important epoch in his career, with a character so well rounded, firm and true, kindly and sweet, kingly and grand, as to remain through all subsequent history unshaken as the air when a boy wings his arrow into it. His wonderful figure was neither unreal nor marble. He stood six feet three inches in his slippers, was splendidly proportioned, evenly developed, and straight as an arrow. He had a long muscular arm and probably the largest hands of any man in New York. His uniform gravity and his marvelous will-power seem to have most attracted the attention of the world, which were indeed but the index to a manly self- poise founded upon the most perfect self-control. His enthusiastic wel- come to the Presidential chair, by the people of all classes without any division of interest, reads in this age like a poem ; yet he was able to meet it with unrufifled composure. He had come to the front when there was an ocean of problems to solve — of forms and ceremonies to be adjusted. But industry was one of his cardinal virtues, and he did not seek to be afflicted with waste moments. His personal influence tied as with a knot of steel the conflicting forces together. He was dignified even to a lofty reserve, while at the same time his irresistible magnetism disproves the notion that he was cold and unsympathetic. His breeding was that of a gentleman, he was fond of society, conversed well, enjoyed humor in a quiet way, and was sensitive to the beauty and open to the appeal of a good story. If' there is anyone locality in this country more than another where the memory of Washington should be cherished, and his glorious deeds honored, it is New York City, the scene of his severest trials, and of his most brilliant triumphs. The 50th anniversary of his inauguration was celebrated by the New York Historical Society, April 30, 1839 — the accomplished John Quincy Adams, ex-President of the United States, delivering an able and eloquent address on the occasion. In 1880, the Chamber of Commerce of New York initiated a movement to erect a colossal figure in bronze of Wash- ington on the steps of the sub-treasury building in Wall street, which stands upon the exact site of old Federal Hall, and Hon. S. B. Chittenden, THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1789 2/ member of Congress, secured the necessary legislation to authorize its erection and subsequent care by the United States. The necessary money was soon raised, and the work was executed by the eminent sculptor, John Q. A. Ward. Under date of November i, 1883, the following peti- tion was addressed : " To the Honorable the Mayor and Board of Aldermen of the City of New York : The Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York respectfully represents that, pursuant to an Act of Congress, the Chamber is now erecting, on the steps of the Sub- Treasury, Wall street, corner of Nassau, a statue of Washington, to commemorate his taking the oath at that place, April 30, 1789, as the tirst President of the United States of America. That the Chamber is informed that the balcony and the stone upon which he stood, on that occasion, are now in Bellevue Hospital, where they have been carefully preserved. This balcony and stone, your memorialists are further informed, are the property of the City of New York ; they therefore respectfully represent to your honorable body the peculiar propriety of incorporating these interesting relics in the monument, and pray that your honorable body will direct the delivery of the same to Mr. Richard M. Hunt, the architect, in order for their safe transfer. In their new position they will be an additional reminder to countless numbers of the great historical event, which they have already commemorated, for centuries to come." The response was in the af^rmative, and the statue was therefore placed upon the identical stone upon which Washington stood when he took the solemn oath of ofifice, " a stone which will remain in the eyes of all men, an imperishable memorial of the scene." The time chosen for the unveiling of this statue, and its presentation to the national govern- ment, was the 25th of November, 1883, the one hundredth anniversary of Washington's triumphal entrance into New York City, after its long occu- pation by hostile forces. The ceremonies took place in the midst of a drenching rain. George W. Lane, president of the Chamber of Commerce, introduced Rev. Dr. R. S. Storrs who offered an appropriate prayer. Royal Phelps, in behalf of the committee of the Chamber of Commerce, reported the complete fulfillment of its duties respecting the work^ then Governor Cleveland of New York unveiled the statue, and President Arthur accepted it in behalf of the government of the United States. An eloquent address was then delivered by George William Curtis, and the benediction was pronounced by Right Reverend Henry C. Potter, Bishop of New York. The movement to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of Wash- ington's Inauguration, on April 30, 1889, which emanated from a resolu- tion adopted by the New York. Historical Society some four years since, has already assumed vast proportions. The strength of such historic bodies as the Chamber of Commerce, the Society of the Cincinnati, the Sons 28 THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1 789 of the Revolution, and the New York Historical Society, is already united in a grand committee of citizens, thoroughly alive to the magnitude and importance of the celebration in prospect. The precise spot, the point of national interest on this approaching anniversary, is appropriately owned and occupied by the national government. Its location in the throbbing heart of the great city, the financial nerve-centre of a continent, is in itself significant, for America offers no place more becoming for these august ceremonies, or more conspicuously, honorably, or intimately identified with the history of American liberty. In the language of George William Curtis, " The task upon which Washington entered here was infinitely greater than that which he under- took, when, fourteen years before, he drew his sword under the elm at Cambridge as commander-in-chief of the American army. To lead a people in revolution wisely and successfully, without ambition and with- out a crime, demands, indeed, lofty genius and unbending virtue. But to build their state — amid the angry conflict of passion and prejudice and unreasonable apprehension, the incredulity of many, and the grave doubt of all, to organize for them and peacefully to inaugurate a complete and satisfactory government — is the greatest service that a man can render to mankind. This also is the glory of Washington. His countrymen are charged with fond idolatry of his memory, and his greatness is pleasantly depreciated as a mythologic exaggeration. But no church ever canonized a saint more worthily than he is canonized by the national affection, and to no ancient hero, benefactor, or lawgiver, were divine honors ever so justly decreed as to Washington the homage of the world," The music of Centennial bells has been ringing in our ears from all parts of the country for nearly a decade and a half. New York now has the opportunity of ringing her own bells, in honor of the most majestic, far-reaching, and interesting event that ever was celebrated on this or any other continent, and we trust the music will be melody indeed. THE WASHINGTON PEW IN ST. PAUl's CHAPCL. \ The pe^ in -Which Washington vjorshiped in St. Paul's Cha/>el is on the north side of the chapel under the gallery about half-way between the chancel and the vestry room. Directly opposite tt on the south side of the chapel is the pew then occupied by Governor George Clinton.} Engraved by Mrs. Martha J. Lamb for the Magazine of American History of February, 1888. PRBSIDENT WASHINGTON AND HIS FAMILY, I789-I790. SKCOND PAPKR. WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1789-1790 NEW YORK CITY THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT FROM the beginning of his Presidential career in New York city Washington exercised each day in the open air, sometimes on horse- back, then in his chariot or post-chaise, and often walked for an hour or two. The little city that posed before the world as the capital of the new nation, rejoiced in his stately presence — was literally enraptured with undisguised admiration. The New York of 1789 was but a mere speck on the map in comparison with the New York of 1889. The Brick Church, with its little grave-yard in front, then standing on the site of the old building of the New York Times, was at the upper limits of the city proper ; a smooth, clear, beauti- ful, miniature inland sea, sixty feet deep, known as Fresh Water Pond, spread over nearly four blocks of territory in the vicinity of the Tombs in Centre Street ; while a series of swampy fields to the northwest, in the region of what is now Canal Street to the Hudson River, gave little promise of future value. At a club dinner in the winter of that year, some imaginative individual incurred overwhelming ridicule by suggesting the propriety of purchasing the pond for a prospective park ! Capitalists had no faith in any wild visionary scheme of that character; New York city, in their judgment, would never have occasion to extend itself thus far into the country. Water was supplied to the citizens from the old Tea Water Pump, near the head of Pearl Street, in water-carts which paraded the streets daily, selling ** good fresh drinking water" at so much per cask or gallon. Milkmen, with yokes on their shoulders from which tin cans were suspended, traversed the town in the early morning shouting, " milk, ho! " Negro boys went their rounds about the same hour seeking chim- neys to sweep. Hickory wood was the principal article of fuel, and wood- sawing paraphernalia ornamented the street corners and other convenient places at all hours of the day. Every citizen attended to the sweeping of the street in front of his house twice a week ; and in the evening the 31 32 WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1789-I79O principal thoroughfares were lighted with oil lamps. The city itself had a unique appearance. Antique churches with moss-covered roofs and grassy church-yards, dwelling-houses of all sizes and varieties, small hotels, stores, gardens, blacksmiths' shops, great ware-houses, trees, trailing vines, rose- bushes, and markets, flourished in neighborly juxtaposition. Every New York family of any pretension to affluence owned slaves — in all the news- papers of the day advertisements may be noticed of negroes for sale, and of runaways. The community embraced many excellent, well-educated, and highly cultivated people, as well as the most diverse elements from other places and countries. The first congress added to the population its group of heroic statesmen who were to make the age illustrious. The infant republic was marvelously interesting even while it was learning to walk, and the city in which it was cradled, petted and nour- ished it with intense pride. Republicanism was a novelty, and some very extraordinary expectations prevailed. There never had been a President before, on this continent, nor any chief magistrate of the people. It was popularly supposed that he would be accessible at all times to all citizens. The throngs were self-respectful, as if under the spell of some powerful fascination, whenever Washington rode or walked in the streets. He was not followed nor his movements obstructed, as far as can be learned, by rude sight-seeing mobs. But the public knew exactly when he left his house each day, which direction he took for his outing, and when he returned home — and the rush to gain admittance to an interview, the besieging of his door, was the first serious difificulty he encountered. He believed it his duty to see every caller on proper occasions and for reasonable purposes. But he had work before him, and must secure time to accom- plish it. To establish a system of special days for receptions was a deli- cate undertaking. John Adams, who had seen much of foreign courts, was inclined to chamberlains and masters of ceremony; John Jay was anxious to do away with the flavor of courts, and favored " republican simplicity ; " Alexander Hamilton was for maintaining the dignity of the presidential office, but recommended the utmost caution lest too high a tone shock the popular notions of equality. All felt that confused theo- ries must not be roughly jarred. Washington finally appointed Tuesday afternoons from three o'clock until four for the reception of visits of courtesy. No invitations were extended, guests came and retired at their pleasure. A servant conducted them to the drawing-room, where Washington stood. He writes of this ceremony : " At their first entrance they salute me and I them, and as many as I can I talk to. Gentlemen often in great numbers come and go ; chat with each other, and act as WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1789-I79O 33 they please." Persons who wished to see him on business were admitted on any day of the week ; and foreign ambassadors and official characters could see him at any time by appointment. Meanwhile he applied himself to the study of the actual condition of foreign and domestic affairs. He industriously read all the correspond- ence that had accumulated since the close of the war, and one notable feature of his lessons was to produce with his own hand abstracts of the reports of the secretaries, and of the treasury commissions, in order to impress facts more accurately upon his memory, and thereby enable him to master all the subjects in detail. He also looked after his household concerns — the arrangement of fur- niture, the hanging of pictures, and the locating of vases, bric-a-brac, china, cut glass, silverware, and linen, which Mrs. Washington had sent by sea from Mount Vernon — with as much precision as he ever directed his farmer or steward how to plough, plant seed, buy nails, scissors, grains, gloves, buttons, shingles, hats, dishes, soap, hoes, rakes, horses, and other necessaries, all of which appears in his well-known hand-writing among the 117 folio volumes of " Washington Papers," in the State Department at Washington. While he was thus variously employed Mrs. Washington was setting her house in order at Mount Vernon for a protracted absence, and in the course of four weeks had made the journey to New York in her own car- riage, accompanied by her two grand-children, Nelly and George Washing- ton Parke Custis, the latter then eight years of age. These children appear in our beautiful frontispiece, a picture for which the reader is indebted to the collection and the never-failing courtesy of Dr. Thomas Addis Emmet. Mrs. Washington missed the great ball on the 7th of May, but on the 29th of that month she held her first reception, or levee, as it was styled, which was attended by all that was distinguished in official and fashion- able society. She had approached New York with a retinue of attendants, and been greeted continuously on the way by the old and the young, the rich and the poor, the wise and the simple, receiving scarcely less homage than that accorded to Washington himself. From Philadelphia she was accompanied by Mrs. Robert Morris, and at " Liberty Hall," the home of ex-Governor William Livingston, in Elizabeth, she was met by Mrs. John Jay. She spent the night there, and in the morning early Pres- ident -Washington, John Jay, and Robert Morris, and other prominent characters, arrived to breakfast with her and her host and hostess, in the old historic dwelling, and then the whole party set out for New York. New York Bay presented a similar scene to that witnessed on the day of 34 WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1789-179O Washington's memorable reception. No foreign queen was ever welcomed by a loving people with more genuine delight. Unconsciously as it were polite intercourse with the President and Mrs. Washington assumed a high tone. The intellectual and the cultivated, as well as the diplomatic, polit- ical and the fashionable visited them familiarly. On the evening prior to Mrs. Washington's first reception the following gentlemen dined informally at the President's table : Vice-President John Adams, Governor George Clinton, Secretary John Jay, the French minister De Moustier, the Span- ish minister Gardoqui, Governor Arthur St. Clair of the Northwest terri- tory, Speaker Muhlenberg, and Senators John Langdon, Ralph Izard, William Few, and Paine Wingate. The latter has left a description of this dinner. He says, no clergyman being present, Washington himself said grace, on taking his seat. He dined on a boiled leg of mutton, as it was his custom to eat of only one dish. After the dessert a single glass of wine was offered to each of the guests, when the President rose, the guests following his example, and repaired to the drawing-room, each departing at his option without ceremony. Among the prominent ladies who grouped themselves about Mrs. Washington were Mrs. Jay, Mrs. Adams, Mrs. Hamilton, Mrs. Robert Morris, Mrs. Ralph Izard, Mrs. Knox, Lady Mary Watts, Lady Kitty Duer, Mrs. Beekman, Mrs. Provost, Mrs. Livingston, Mrs. Elbridge Gerry, and Mrs. Rufus King. Mrs. Washington, after her first grand entertain- ment, received every Friday evening from eight until ten o'clock. These levees were arranged on the plan of the English and French drawing- rooms, those entitled to the privilege by official station, social position, or established merit and character, coming without special invitation. But full dress was required of all. Such of our readers as have never had the pleasure or opportunity of examining the great historic painting of Daniel Huntington, will welcome the fac-simile of it presented on another page accompanied by a key to the portraiture. It is an elaborate work of art, representing intense and careful study, and it is eminently a national picture. It may best be described and criticised perhaps in the language of Henry T. Tuckerman : " The painting represents a reception given by Mrs. Washington during the Presi- dency of our peerless chief. No specific date is chosen, and some liberties are taken with the chronological facts — as, for instance, the introduction of General Greene, who died shortly previous to this time, but whose prominence in the Revolution makes it desirable to include him in the 'Republican Court.' Sixty 'fair women and brave men ' occupy the eight feet of canvas. Not one is a lifeless figure ; all are disposed easily, all are naturally occupied. The grouping is admirable. As a composition the WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1789-179O 35 painting is, therefore, a genuine success. Mrs. Washington stands, dignified, but not constrained, upon a raised platform ; behind her is Alexander Hamilton, talking to a lady ; near by is John Jay ; Washington is approaching the ladies with a foreign guest. We recognize forms and faces at a glance— Mrs. Jay, Mrs. Adams, Mrs. Rufus King, Mrs. Theodore Sedgwick, Mrs. Robert Morris, General Greene, Jonathan Trumbull, Oliver Ellsworth, Mrs. Duer, Clinton's venerable mother, Jefferson, the Duke of Cam- bridge (on a visit to America), Mrs. Bingham, pretty Nelly Custis, naively standing beside her (grand) mother, Mrs. Knox, Mrs. Rutledge, Mrs. Phillipe, Mrs. Schuyler— all the heroic and lovely faces, the statesmen and the belles, familiar to us through the portraits and miniatures. Huntington has painted the costumes with rare taste and skill ; they are elegant, and as authentic as they are picturesque. The drawing is for the most part masterly ; the color full of the richest contrast, yet harmoniously toned. All of the portraits are copied from Copley, Stuart, Malbone, and from family likenesses in the possession of the living descendants of many of the persons represented." At the extreme left in the picture, Mrs. Adams, the wife of the Vice- President, and Mrs. Hamilton, will be recognized ; Mrs. Robert Morris stands beside Mrs. Washington on the raised platform. Jonathan Trum- bull is seated at her left in an arm-chair; Mrs. Bingham and Mrs. Jay are conspicuously in the foreground, and little George Washington Parke Custis is attracting the attention of Mrs. Winthrop and Mrs. Ran- dolph, at the extreme right. In all its parts the picture is a pleasant study, and doubly dear at the present moment when thousands are groping in the dark for bits of the glorious past in our history— particularly that which relates to its social manifestation. The most important business of the first Congress was to create the department of State, and the Treasury and War departments, the Con- stitution having left the details of administration to this august body. Troublesome questions arose on the start. The President for instance had been empowered to appoint the heads of departments, but the Con- stitution was silent as to where the powers of removal should be lodged. Equally acute thinkers and interpreters of the law stood opposed in the discussion, which was finally decided in favor of the President. That this should not be regarded as a grant of actual power by Congress, the bill was carefully worded so as to imply a constitutional power already existing in the President, thus, " Whenever the secretary shall be removed by the President of the United States," etc. It is to this day a question whether our first legislators acted wisely in the matter. It was not until September that the permanent secretaries were appointed by Washington, after which the intricate machinery of each department was to be devised, set in motion, and with much experimenting adjusted to its purposes. Thomas Jefferson was made Secretary of State; 36 WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1789-179O LADY Washington's reception day. {From Huntingion^s celebrated painting:'] WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1 789 179O 37 LADV WASHINGTON S RECEPTION DAY. [From Huntington'' s celebrated painting.] 38 WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, I789-1790 e o ri go p . s s i| i is ^ s g s ;|,§ I i^ttpq «(t) ;^s E s s » a (3 fjggqo»<2o^t§s2g 5 Hi p II li o •< C g n ri.s > S »: g"^ 2 * ^, ^ ' --^ fl>t m <«i 10' <^ I* CO o» o* ^ c) »i WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1789-1790 39 Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury; Knox, Secretary of War- Ex- Governor Edmund Randolph of Virginia, Attorney-General ; and Samuel Osgood of New York, Postmaster-General. These officers were Washington's auxiliaries rather than his counselors for the Cabinet as an advisory body was unknown to the Constitution and to the laws of Congress. The President called them together at intervals but It was chiefly to give them instructions, as he was held responsible for the good conduct of the departments. He could take advice of them if he chose, but at his own option. While the house was vigorously debating several knotty questions in connection with the establishment of the departments-chiefly the contemplated revenue system, and the matter of the salaries to be paid the President, Vice-President, and other officials of the government— the senate took up the subject of the national judiciary, and established the supreme court and circuit and district courts, an organization which has remained substantially the same to the present time. It seemed eminently fitting that John Jay, who had been the first chief-justice of the state of New York in the most critical of all periods, should become the first chief-justice of the United States and he received the appointment, although the court was not fully organized until the following April. Oliver Ellsworth was chairman of - the committee that prepared the bill creating this tribunal, which was to hold two sessions annually at the seat of government. Six associate- justices were appointed— William Gushing, James Wilson, Robert H Harrison, John Blair, John Rutledge, and Patrick Henry. Harrison declined, and James Iredell of North Carolina was appointed in his stead These gentlemen procured homes and brought their families to reside in New York city. There were not many good houses then to rent, and the varied experi- ences of the new-comers would form an amusing chapter. The salary fixed for the attorney-general was only $1,500 a year; and Mr. Conway in his recent work on Randolph, says that " Madison was unable to find a house in New York fit for his friend to live in for less than $250, though Randolph had begged him to get one for less. ' Frugality is my object and therefore a house near the town which is cheap in point of rent would suit me. An hundred and sixty-six and two-thirds dollars, i;5o Virginia currency, is what I think I may allow per annum.' " Randolph wrote soon after to his wife : " I have a house at a mile and a half or thereabouts from Federal Hail-that is from the most public part of the city. It is, in fact, in the country, is airy, has seven rooms, is well finished and gentle- manlike. The rent, ^ys our money. Good water is difficult to be'^found 40 WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1789-179O in this place, and the inhabitants are obliged to receive water for tea, and other purposes which do not admit brackish water, from hogsheads brought every day in drays. At our house there is an excellent pump of fresh water, I am told. ... I am resolved against any company of form, and to live merely a private life." Oliver Wolcott, then a brilliant young man of thirty, was appointed auditor of the treasury, and his salary was, like that of Randolph, §1,500 a year. Oliver Ellsworth furnished him with an estimate of the cost of living in New York, and remarked that he could keep his expenses within $1,000 per annum, unless he should change his style, which was wholly unnecessary. Wolcott, on reaching New York, wrote to his wife : " The example of the President and his family will render parade and expense improper and disreputable. We can live as retired or as much in the world as we choose." In December following he wrote to his mother : " We have not been able to hire a house, and shall continue in lodgings until spring." Washington's immense activity, which in effect had condensed a score of life-times into his fifty-seven well-rounded years, showed that his origi- nal endowment of nerve and brain power was magnificent. Claude Victor, Prince de Broglie, who was arrested by the revolutionary tribunal in Paris, tried, condemned, and guillotined June 27, 1794, left among the records of his visit to America the following pen-portrait of Washington : " He is tall, nobly built, and very well proportioned. His face is much more agreeable than represented in his portrait. His accost is cold though polite. His pensive eyes seem more attentive than sparkling ; but their expression is benevolent, noble, and self-possessed. In his private conduct he preserves that polite and attentive good-breeding which satisfies everybody, and that dignified reserve that offends no one. He is a foe to ostentation and to vain-glory. He receives with perfect grace all the homages which are paid him, but he evades them rather than seeks them. His company is agreeable and winning. Always serious, never abstracted, always simple, always easy and affable without being familiar, the respect which he inspires is never oppressive. He speaks but little in general, and that in a subdued tone, but he is so attentive to what is said to him that, being satisfied he understands you perfectly, one is disposed to dispense with an answer. This behavior has been very useful to him on numerous occasions. . . . At dessert he eats enormously of nuts, and when the conversation is entertaining he keeps eating through a couple of hours, from time to time giving sundry healths, according to the English and American custom. It is what they WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1789-179O 41 call toasting. I toasted very often with him, and among others on one occasion I proposed to drink to the Marquis de Lafayette, whom he regards as his own child. He accepted with a benevolent smile, and had the politeness to respond by proposing the health of my father and my wife." During the greater part of the months of June and July of that first year of his presidency, Washington was suffering from a violent illness and confined to the house. But August found him convalescent, and ere long- he was taking his accustomed drives over the roads on the upper part of Manhattan Island, and walking from his house in Franklin Square to the Battery with the same light, firm, elastic step as formerly. The summer of 1789 was fortunately very cool and comfortable, and the busy legislators toiled on, taking no vacation until the adjournment of Congress on the 26th of September. The city was then quiet, comparatively, for a few weeks. Washington had for some time been contemplating a tour through the New England States, and as the autumn advanced he prepared for the journey, setting the example which has been variously followed by his successors even to the present administration. He left New York when the autumn foliage was gorgeous in all the colors of the rainbow, about the middle of October, and was absent a month, less one day. He traveled in his own chariot drawn by four handsome horses, attended by his two per- sonal secretaries, Tobias Lear and Major Jackson, on horseback. Wash- ington's own account of this tour is more terse and to the point than any other, hence we quote a few passages from his diary : " Thursday, October 15. Commenced my journey about 9 o'clock for Boston. . . . The Chief Justice, Mr. Jay, and the Secretaries of the Treasury and War Departments accompanied me some distance out of the city. • About 10 o'clock it began to rain, and con- tinued to do so until 11, when we arrived at the house of one Hoyatt, who keeps a tavern at Kingsbridge, where we, that is, Major Jackson, Mr. Lear, and myself, with six servants, which composed my retinue, dined. After dinner, through frequent light showers, we proceeded to the tavern of a Mrs. Haviland at Rye ; who keeps a very neat and decent Inn. The road for the greater part was stony but the land strong, well covered with grass and a luxuriant crop of Indian corn intermixed with pompions (which were yet ungath- ered) in the fields. We met four droves of beef cattle for the New York market (about 30 in a drove), some of which were very fine — also a flock of sheep for the same place. We scarcely passed a farm-house that did not abound in geese. The distance of this day's travel was 31 miles, in which we passed through (after leav- ing the Bridge) East Chester, New Rochelle, and Mamaroneck ; but, as these places (though they have houses of worship in them) are not regularly laid out, they are scarcely to be distinguished from the intermediate farms, which are very close together — and sep- arated, as one inclosure from another also is, by fences of stone, which are indeed easily 42 WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1789-179O made, as the country is immensely stony. Upon enquiry we find their crops of wheat and rye have been abundant — though of the first they had sown rather sparingly, on account of the destruction which had of late years been made of that grain by what is called the Hessian fiy. Friday, October 16. About 7 o'clock we left the Widow Haviland's, and after passing Horse Neck, six miles distant from Rye, the road through which is hilly and immensely stony, and trying to wheels and carriages, we breakfasted at Stamford, which is six miles further (at one Webb's), a tolerably good house, but not equal in appearance or reality to Mrs. Haviland's. In this town are an Episcopal church and a meeting house. At Norwalk, which is ten miles further, we made a halt to feed our horses. To the lower end of this town sea vessels come, and at the other end are mills, stores, and an Episcopal and Presbyterian church. From hence to Fairfield, where we dined and lodged, is 12 miles ; and part of it a very rough road, but not equal to that thro' Horse Neck. . . . We found all the farmers busily employed in gathering, grinding, and pressing the juice of their apples; the crop of which they say is rather above mediocrity. . . . The destructive evidences of British cruelty are yet visible both in Norwalk and Fairfield ; as there are the chimneys of many burnt houses standing in them yet. The principal export from Norwalk and Fairfield is horses and cattle— salted beef and pork — lumber and Indian corn, to the West Indies, and in a small degree wheat and flour. Saturday, October 17. A little after sunrise we left Fairfield, and passing through East Fairfield breakfasted at Stratford, which is ten miles from Fairfield, and is a pretty village on or near Stratford river. The road between these two places is not on the whole bad (for this country), in some places very good, especially through East Fairfield, which is in a plain and free from stone. There are two decent looking churches in this place, though small, viz. : an Episcopal, and Presbyterian or Congregationalist (as they call themselves). At Stratford there is the same. At this place I was received with an effort of military parade ; and was attended to the ferry, which is near a mile from the centre of the town, by several gentlemen on horseback. Doctor Johnson of the Senate [William Samuel Johnson, LL.D., president of Columbia College] visited me here, being with Mrs. Johnson in this town, where he for- merly resided. . . . From the ferry it is almost 3 miles to Milford, which is situated in more uneven and stony ground than the last three villages through which we passed. In this place there is but one church, or in other words but one steeple— but there are grist and saw mills, and a handsome cascade over the tumbling dam. . . . From Milford we took the lower road through West Haven, part of which was good and part rough, and arrived at New Haven before two o'clock ; we had time to walk through several parts of the city before dinner. " By taking the lower road we missed a committee of the Assembly, who had been appointed to wait upon and escort me into the town, to prepare an address, and to con- duct me when I should leave the city as far as they should judge proper. The address was presented at 7 o'clock, and at nine I received another address from the Congrega- tional clergy of the place. Between the receipt of the two addresses I received the com- pliment of a visit of the governor, Mr. Huntington, the lieutenant-governor, Mr. Wolcott, and the mayor, Mr. Roger Sherman." The newspapers of the day give a glowing account of Washington's entertainment in New Haven, where he spent the Sabbath. In the fore- WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1 789- 1 790 43 noon of Sunday he attended divine service at Trinity Church, escorted by Mr. Edwards, speaker of the Assembly, Mr. Ingersoll, and other gentlemen of prommence; and in the afternoon went to one of the Congrecrational churches, escorted by the governor, Heutenant-governor, the mayor and the speaker of the Assembly, all of whom dined with Washington at his mvitation, who notes the fact in his diary, and also that he took tea at the house of the mayor, Roger Sherman. New Haven was awake early in the morning on Monday, the 19th of October, as Washington left that city at 6 o'clock, accompanied for a con- siderable distance by a troop of cavalry and many of the most prominent citizens on horseback. He further says in his diary : " We arrived at Wallingford (13 miles) by half after 8 o'clock, where we breakfasted and took a walk through the town. . . At this place we see the white mulberry growing' raised from the seed, to feed the silkworm. We also saw samples of lustrino- (exceed- ingly good) which had been manufactured from the cocoon raised in this town \nd silk- thread very fine. This, except the weaving, is the work of private families." At I o'clock in the afternoon the Presidential chariot rolled into Mid- dletown on the Connecticut River, attended by a large party of mounted citizens who had gone out two or three miles to meet and di honor to the nation's ruler. He dined there while his horses rested, and as at many other points walked about the place "while dinner was getting ready " to observe its industrial features. At 3 o'clock he started for Hartford,' pass- ing through Wethersfield, where he was met by an escorting party from Hartford with Colonel Wadsworth at its head, which city he reached just as the sun was setting. Turning to his diary we read : "Tuesday, October 20. After breakfast, accompanied by Colonel Wadsworth Mr Ellsworth, and Colonel Jesse Root, I viewed the woolen manufacturing at this place vvhich seems to be going on with spirit. Their broadcloths are not of the first quality as yet, but they are good ; as are their coatings, cassimeres, serges and everlastings. Of the first that is, broadcloth, I ordered a suit to be sent to me at New York ; and of the latter a whole piece, to make breeches for my servants. . . Dined and drank tea at Colonel Wads- worth's, and about 7 o'clock received from, and answered the address of the town of Hartford. • Wednesday, October 21. By promise I was to have breakfasted at Mr. Ellsworth's at Windsor.* on my way to Springfield ; but the morning proving very wet, and the rain not ceasing till past 10 o'clock, I did not set out until half after that hour. I called, how ever, on Mr. Ellsworth and stayed there near an hour. Reached Springfield by 4 o'clock and while dinner was getting ready, examined the Continental stores at this place which I found in very good order at the buildings (on the hill above the town) which belong lo * Oliver Ellsworth, Senator [Magazine of American History, xx. 440], whose home was at Windsor, about seven miles above Hartford. 44 WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1789-179O the United States. . . There is great equality in the people of this state. Few or no opu- lent men— and no poor — great similitude in their buildings, the general fashion of which is a chimney (always of stone or brick) and door in the middle, with a staircase fronting the latter, . . . two flush stories with a very good show of sash and glass windows ; the size generally is from 30 to 50 feet in length, and from 20 to 30 feet in width, exclusive of a back shed, which seems to be added as the family increases." Washington's critical observations on this first Presidential tour through the country are of surpassing interest. He seems to have known how to use his eyes to the best advantage, and to have lost nothing worthy of note. He describes the average farm, how it was worked " chiefly by oxen, (which have no other feed than hay), with a horse and sometimes two before them, both in plow and cart," and states the condition of the roads he passed over on each day, the style of the fences, the quality of the soil, and the exact number of the churches in the principal towns. He pro- duces a picture of New England a hundred years ago, the colors of which will brighten and deepen as the years roll on. An amusing incident occurred between Springfield and Worcester. A messenger was sent forward to inform the keeper of a little wayside inn that " the President was near by and wished to be accommodated with a little necessary refreshment, and lodging." The proprietor was absent, and his wife, supposing it was the president of Rhode Island College, who frequently stopped with them, accompanied by his wife, and not feeling well enough to entertain them, sent word back " that the President must go on to the next tavern." The disappointment of the landlady may well be imagined when she found after it was too late that it was the great Washington who intended to honor her house. " Bless me ! " she cried, " the sight of him would have cured my illness ! " At Worcester he was received with great ceremony, and with the booming of guns. To gratify the inhabitants he rode through the town on horseback, his chariot following in the rear. He spent the night of the 23d at Weston. Saturday, the 24th, he writes : " Dressed by seven o'clock, and set out at eight — at ten we arrived in Cambridge, according to appointment." He called, and tarried for about an hour, at the residence of Mr. Longfellow, which was his headquarters in 1775, and then in his Continental uniform and mounted on a white horse, he was conducted into Boston by a military escort of one thousand or more men, led by General Brooks. Lieutenant-Governor Samuel Adams, with the executive council of Massachusetts, and the officers of the city government, met, welcomed, and preceded him into Boston, while he was followed by his secretaries, Vice-President John Adams, ex-Governor James Bowdoin, Senator Tristam WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, T789-I790 45 Dalton, distinguished citizens, committees, civil and military officers between forty and fifty societies, and bodies of mechanics and tradesmen! carrying banners of great beauty, with appropriate devices. Washington in reference to this parade says : " It was in every degree flattering^ind honorable." A triumphal arch was thrown across Main Street, bearing in front the inscription " To the man who unites all hearts," for him to pass through into the State House, and thence he proceeded to an outside gallery supported by thirteen columns, over the west door, where his appearance was greeted with prolonged shouts from the enthusiastic throng. He himself remarks incidentally: -The streets, the doors, win- dows and tops of the houses were crowded with well-dressed ladies and gentlemen." Washington remained in Boston four days, until the 29th, and during this memorable Presidential visit the ladies of Boston wore a sash of broad white ribbon, with G. W. in golden letters, encircled with a laurel wreath. At a brilliant assemblage which he attended at Concert Hall on the 28th, graced by all that was distinguished in affairs and society, the Marchioness Traversay wore in addition to the sash above described, on the bandeau of her hat, the initials G. W., and an eagle set in brilliants on a ground of black velvet. The illustrious guest of the evening observes: " There were upwards of one hundred ladies. Their appearance was elegant, and many of them very handsome." Every moment of Washington's time was agreeably and usefully occu- pied during his stay in Boston, and would in itself form a chapter of marvelous interest. A " large and elegant " dinner was given him at Faneuil Hall on the 27th, by the governor and council, prior to which he had that morning been to an oratorio, and between noon and three o'clock, P.M., had received the addresses of the government of the state, of the town of Boston, of the president and professors of Harvard Col- lege, and of the state branch of the order of the Cincinnati. He attended church on the Sabbath, both morning and afternoon ; he visited the French squadron in the harbor, and was received with the homage offered to kings ; he visited the institutions of learning, and he made special note of every manufacturing establishment of public utility. He went through Lynn on leaving Boston, and out of his way to Marblehead, because he wanted to see the place. He describes it as hav- ing " the appearance of antiquity: the houses are old ; the streets dirty; and the common people not very clean." His special desire was to learn about the fishing business of its people. Of Lynn, he writes : " It is said 175,000 pair of shoes (women's chiefly) have been made in a year by about 46 WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1789-179O 400 workmen. This is only a row of houses, and not very thick, on each side of the road." He was met by a committee and a handsomely uni- formed military escort, who conducted him into the flourishing town of Salem, where an ode in his honor was sung, addresses presented, respect paid to him by all classes of, people, and after dining he attended an assembly in the evening, where he says: "There were at least an hundred handsome and well-dressed ladies." On Friday, the 30th, he was received in Newburyport with military honors, where he spent the night. On Saturday, the 31st, after break- fasting with Senator Tristam Dalton, he proceeded toward Portsmouth. A cavalcade came out to meet him at the state line, in which the figures of the President of New Hampshire, John Sullivan, and Senators John Lang- don and Paine Wingate were conspicuous, and Washington, who had thus far been riding on horseback to gratify the people who lined the road the whole distance, dismounted, and took leave of the escort which had attended him to this point. Before reaching Portsmouth, however, the clamor of the spectators along the road was such that Washington mounted his horse and rode through the ranks of men, women, and chil- dren, to their never-ending delight. He says: " With this cavalcade, we proceeded, and arrived before three o'clock at Portsmouth, where we were received with every token of respect arid appearance of cordiality, under a discharge of artillery. The streets, doors, and windows were crowded here as in all other places ; and alighting at the town-house odes were sung and played in honor of the President. . . . From the town-house I went to Colonel Brewster's tavern, the place provided for my residence ; and asked the president, vice-president, the two senators, the marshal and Major Oilman to dine with me, which they did ; after which I drank tea at Mr. Langdon's." On Sunday Washington attended religious services in two of the churches, attended by Governor Sullivan, Senator Langdon, and others ; in the forenoon at the Episcopal, and in the afternoon at the Congrega- tional, Rev; Joseph Buckminster, pastor. In both cases he was conducted to his pew by the marshal of the district and two church wardens, with their staves. He remained in Portsmouth until Wednesday, the 4th, dur- ing which time he went in a barge to view the harbor, and landed for a few moments at Kittery, in Maine. He writes: "Having lines we pro- ceeded to the fishing banks a little without the harbour and fished for Cod ; but it not being a proper time of tide, we caught only two, with which about one o'clock we returned to town. Dined at Mr. Langdon's, and drank tea there, with a large circle of ladies, and retired a little after seven WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1789-179O 47 o'clock." He says that Portsmouth contained at that time about five thousand inhabitants. " There are some good houses (among which Colonel Langdon's may be esteemed the first), but in general they are indifferent, and almost entirely of wood. On wondering at this, as the country is full of stone and good clay for bricks, I was told that on account of the fogs and damp they deemed them wholesomer, and for that reason preferred wood buildings." On Tuesday a public dinner was given in honor of the President, attended by the principal officers of the state government, the clergy, the members of the bar, and eminent private citizens; and after the first toast, Washington himself arose and offered, "The State of New Hamp- shire," which created the utmost enthusiasm. The same evening, he writes: "At half after seven I went to the assembly, where there were about seventy-five well-dressed and many of them very handsome ladies — among whom (as was also the case at Salem and Boston assemblies) were a greater proportion with much blacker hair than are usually seen in the southern states. About nine I returned to my quarters." Washington was anxious that his journey homeward to New York should be without any public receptions whatever. He had been exceed- ingly gratified with the evidences of respect and affection which had made this first Presidential tour, thus far, a continuous triumphal march, unparalleled in history, but he feared such ceaseless demonstrations on the part of the people would react to the disadvantage of their private occupa- tions and business interests. He writes in his note-book: " Wednesday, November 4. About half after seven I left Portsmouth, quietly, and without any attendance, having- earnestly entreated that all parade and ceremony might be avoided on my return. Before ten I reached Exeter, 14 miles distance. This is con- sidered the second town in New Hampshire, and stands at the head of the tide-water of Piscataqua river. ... It is a place of some consequence, but does not contain more than 1. 000 inhabitants. A jealousy subsists between this town (where the legislature alter- nately sits) and Portsmouth ; which, had I known it in time, would have made it necessary to have accepted an invitation to a public dinner, but my arrangements having been otherwise made, I could not. From hence, passing through Kingstown (6 miles from Exeter), I arrived at Haverhill about half-past two, and stayed all night. . . . The inhabitants of this small village were well disposed to welcome me to it by every demon- stration which could evince their joy." He returned by a different route from'that taken in going to Boston and Portsmouth, and interested himself with every little detail of country life which he encountered, often halting to converse with the farmers along the road, questioning them about their crops. At Uxbridge he lodged at a small inn kept by Mr. Taft, and the letter he wrote back to the landlord 48 WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1789-179O after reaching Hartford, accompanying a gift to each of his young daughters, was the basis of the romantic story, " How Washington made the Fortunes of two Apple Pickers," published, as will be remembered, some dozen years ago. He stopped over the Sabbath on the 8th, giving his reasons as follows : " It being contrary to law and disagreeable to the people of this State (Connecticut) to travel on the Sabbath day— and my horses after passing through such intolerable roads wanting rest, I stayed at Perkins' tavern (which, by the way, is not a good one) all day — and a meeting-house being within a few rods of the door, I attended morning and evening service, and heard very lame discourses from a Mr. Pond." Washington passed through Mansfield, which was even then making a larger quantity of silk than any other town in the state. He spent the night of November 9 in Hartford, and at seven the next morning took the middle road to New Haven, which city he reached just before sundown. Here he met Mr. Elbridge Gerry, just in from New York, who gave him the first certain account of the health of Mrs. Washington since he parted from her. He reached his own house in Franklin Square between two and three o'clock on Friday, November 13, his horses looking as fresh and gay as if they had not been traveling continuously for a month ; and he was just in time to be present at Mrs. Washington's reception, of which he says : " A pretty large company of ladies and gentlemen were present." The winter of 1790 was superlatively mild and pleasant until February, and New York was indeed the gayest and most charming city on the conti- nent. The presence of so much dignity of character, statesmanship, legal lore, culture, and social elegance inspired all manner of ambitions. John Trumbull wrote to Oliver Wolcott early in December : " I see the President has returned all fragrant with the odour of insence. It must have given him satisfaction to find that the hearts of the people are united in his favor ; but the blunt and acknowledged adulation of our addresses must often have wounded his feelings. We have gone through all the popish grades of worship, at least up to the Hyperdoillia. This tour has answered a good political purpose, and in a great measure stilled those who were clamoring about the wages of Congress and the salaries of officers." The President was each day in consultation with the new secretaries in shaping the conduct of their departments, and the most complex and important subjects that came before the legislators in Wall Street were constantly being brought to his notice. But, notwithstanding the weighty affairs of state, he found time for loyalty to every social duty. The extracts from his diary published in the February magazine of 1888, the last entry then quoted being that of " February 18, 1789," furnish bewitching glimpses WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1789-179O 49 of his movements. The city was astir with all manner of festivities, public and private — the balls and dinners were far more numerous than the even- ings — and statesmen were constantly meeting in polite circles and every- where discussing the great topics of the hour, such as the trouble the Indians were giving on the Ohio river, and in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Alabama, the disturbed condition of foreign affairs, Hamilton's bill for funding the public debt, and the location of the permanent seat of govern- ment. The President continued his Thursday dinner parties, inviting members of Congress, foreign ministers, and other eminent persons. On the 1 8th of February the guests were Mr. and Mrs. Elbridge Gerry, Elias Boudinot, the New Jersey philanthropist, and Mrs. Boudinot, Isaac Coles and Mrs. Coles from Virginia, the brilliant Alexander White and Mrs. White, Samuel Grififin and Mrs. Griffin, Judge Gushing and his lady, and Postmaster-General Osgood and Mrs. Osgood. On Tuesday afternoons Washington was ready to receive visitors at three o'clock, usually dressed in coat and breeches of rich black velvet, with a white or pearl-colored satin vest, his hair powdered and gathered into a silk bag, silver knee-buckles and shoe-buckles, a cocked hat in his hand, and an elegant sword in its scabbard of polished white leather at his side. At Mrs. Washington's Friday levees he appeared as a private gentleman, without hat or sword. Mrs. Jay, Mrs. Hamilton, and Mrs. Knox each had a special evening aside from giving dinners every week. Chancellor Livingston's home in Broadway below Trinity Church was open to all that was notable in the world of politics and letters. Livingston was a great lover of art treasures, and the walls of his mansion were adorned with beautiful paintings and Gobelin tapestry of unique design, while costly ornaments greeted the eye in every apartment. His table service was of solid silver, valued, it is said, at upwards of thirty thousand dollars ; four side-dishes each weighed twelve and one-half pounds. On the anniversary of his fifty-eighth birthday, February 22, 1790, Washington was in the turmoil of removal from the Franklin house, which had been found exceedingly inconvenient on account of its great distance out of town, to the McComb mansion in lower Broadway, previously occu- pied by the French minister. So much of the Presidential furniture was carried during the day to the new house, that two of the gentlemen of the President's household slept there that night. At the same time most of the large towns in the United States were celebrating with enthusiasm his birthday. The Tammany Society or Columbian Order, then recently instituted in New York, held a meeting at their wigwam, and resolved that forever after it would " commemorate the birthday of the illustrious 50 WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1789-179O George Washington." Some extracts from Washington's diary are of special interest in this connection. "Tuesday, February 23. Few or no visitors at the Levee to-day, from the idea of my being on the move. After dinner, Mrs Washington and myself and children removed, and lodged at our new habitation. Wednesday 24 Employed in arranging matters about the house and fixing matters. Thursday 25 Engaged as yesterday. In the afternoon a committee of Congress presented an Act for enumerating the inhabitants of the United States. Friday 26 A numerous company of ladies and gentlemen here this afternoon. Exercised on horseback this forenoon. Saturday 27 Sat for Mr Trumbull this forenoon ; after which exercised in the coach with Mrs Washington and the children. Sunday 28 Went to St Paul's Chapel in the forenoon. Wrote letters on private business afterwards. Monday, March i. E.xercised on horseback this forenoon, attended by Mr John Trumbull, who wanted to see me mounted. Informed the House of Representatives (where the bill originated) that I had given my assent to the act for taking a census of the people. . . . Tuesday 2 Much and respectable company at the Levee to-day. Caused a letter to be written to the Gov'r of St lago respecting the imprisonment of a Captain Ham- mond. Wednesday 3 Exercised on horseback betvveen 9 and 1 1 o'clock. Thursday 4 Sat from 9 until half after 10 o'clock for Mr Trumbull. The following gentlemen dined here to-day, viz; the vice President (John Adams) Messers (John) Lang- don, (Paine) Wingate, (Tristam) Dalton, (Caleb) Strong, (Oliver) Ellsworth, (Philip) Schuyler, (Rufus) King, (William) Patterson, (Robert) Morris, (William) Maclay, (Richard) Bassett, (John) Henry, (William Samuel) Johnson, (Benjamin) Hawkins, (Ralph) Izard, (Pierce) Butler, and (William) Few, all of the Senate. Friday 5 A very numerous company of ladies and gentlemen here this evening. Saturday 6 Exercised in the coach with Mrs Washington and the children, and in the afternoon walked round the Battery." The general upheaval of society in France at this juncture, as described from time to time by Gouverneur Morris, caused much uneasiness. After spending an evening with De Moustier, the French minister who had returned to Paris, Morris writes : *' I find that, notwithstanding public pro- fessions as to the public proceedings of America, both De Moustier and Madame de Brehan have a thorough dislike to the country and its inhab- itants. The society of New York is not sociable, the provisions of America are not good, the climate is very damp, the wines are abominable, the people are excessively indolent." Thomas Jefferson, coming home from his mission to France, was overflowing with sympathy for the French revolu- tionists. He spent a few weeks at his beautiful Virginia country seat, and then traveled to New York to assume the duties of Secretary of State. He WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, I789-179O 5 1 arrived on Sunday. Washington had just returned from church when Jefferson was announced. " Show him in," was the quick and pleased response, and then the President, without waiting, stepped forward and greeted his guest with special warmth and cordiaHty in the entrance hall. Jefferson's coming on that day was particularly opportune. Washington and Jay were earnestly considering the course to be pursued in relation to some captives in Algiers — and also about the sending of charge's d'affaires to the courts of Europe. JefTerson was fresh from the old world, and brought the latest exact intelligence touching upon its affairs. But he did not find things in America as he expected. He was disappointed with the Constitution ; and he thought the leaning was toward a kingly instead of a republican government. Hamilton's project of a national bank shocked him — he regarded it as a fountain of demoralization. It was at Hamilton's dinner-table that he first advocated aiding France to throw off her monarchical yoke. Hamilton shook his head and declared himself in favor of maintaining a strict neutrality. This question presently assumed vital importance. Jefferson opposed Hamilton's funding system and seemed to distrust all his measures. Stormy discussions were of daily occurrence, trifles were magnified, and political excitement spread through the country. Thus developed that division in politics, which, gradually rising to the dignity of party organization, was known as Federalism and Republicanism. The Assumption Bill brought to the front all the local prejudices of a century, and created such feuds that when it was lost in the house by a vote taken one hot July afternoon, the whole business of the nation was in a deadlock. The northern members threatened seces- sion and dissolution of the union. Congress actually adjourned from day to day because opposing parties were too much out of temper to do busi- ness together. Washington was seriously alarmed. For some weeks the controversy over the location of the permanent seat of government had been almost as heated as that concerning the Assumption Bill. " The question of residence is constantly entangling every measure proposed," wrote Wolcott. New York city was preferred by the majority ; the gentlemen from the New England states could reach it with ease, and it was accessible by sea from the south. A house, intended for a Presidential residence, was already in process of erection near the Battery, on the site of the old fort, overlooking the Bowling Green. But neither the state nor the city authorities were ready to cede the territory and the jurisdiction of the ten miles square which it must inclyde, even if such a tract could be found appropriately situated. Harlem Heights was suggested as suitable for the proposed district, as was also West- 52 WASHINGTON -AS PRESIDENT, 1789-1790 WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1789-I79O 53 Chester and the heights of Brooklyn. Washington was incessantly act- ive and observant. His morning exercise on horseback was frequently extended to the site of the Harlem Heights battle-field, where he won his first absolute victory in an open field encounter with the British ; and this picturesque elevation between Manhattanville and Kingsbridge would have been unquestionably his choice for the site of a capitol and public buildings, if the question had been decided in favor of New York. One charming summer day a party was formed for a drive over Harlem Heights, and a visit to the remains of Fort Washington. The party con- sisted of the President and Mrs. Washington, the two children, Mrs. Lear, the gentlemen of the President's household, Vice-President John Adams and Mrs. Adams, their son and Miss Smith, Secretary and Mrs. Hamilton, Secretary Thomas Jefferson, and Secretary and Mrs. Knox. Returning, they alighted at the old Roger Morris mansion, with which Washington, as we all know, was thoroughly familiar, where a dinner had been provided for the entire party by Mr. Mariner, the farmer who occupied the premises, and an animated and delightful dinner-party it proved. This fine house with its extensive grounds had been confiscated, and was at the time in the care of a man employed by the government. Towards evening the party descended Breakneck Hill and drove rapidly back to the city. The " fourteen mile round," Washington's favorite drive, was over the old Bloomingdale road to the high bluff where Grant now sleeps, thence across to the Kingsbridge and old Boston roads in returning. Washington also visited Long Island not far from this time, driving through many of the towns, and carefully jotting observations into his note-book. Mrs. Jay wrote to her husband, who was in Boston, of the President's absence on this trip, and remarks : " On Wednesday Mrs. Washington called upon me to go with her to wait upon Miss Van Berckel, and on Thursday morning, agreeable to invitation, myself and the little girls took an early breakfast with her, and then went with her and her little grandchildren to breakfast at General Morris's, at Morrisania. We passed together a very agreeable day, and on our return dined with her, as she would not take a refusal. After which I came home to dress, and she was so polite as to take coffee with me in the evening." In another letter Mrs. Jay mentions, " Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton dined with me on Sunday and on Tuesday." She also refers to having entertained informally Mrs. Iredell and her daughter, and Mr. and Mrs. Munro. Stephen Van Rensselaer, of Albany, known as the patroon, was the newly elected senator, and, although scarcely twenty-six, was a model of masculine beauty and courtly manners; his bride was Mrs. Hamilton's sister Margaret. 54 WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT, 1789-I79O Pennsylvania made great efforts to secure the establishment of the future capita] on the banks of the Delaware; and Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia were anxious that it should be located on the Potomac. The South Carolinians objected decidedly to Philadelphia because her Quakers " were eternally dogging southern members with their schemes of emancipa- tion." The subject of slavery had indeed been introduced into congress by a petition from the Quakers that the negroes should receive their freedom. The Philadelphians resented any mention of New York as the ultimate choice. Dr. Rush wrote to Muhlenberg : " Do as you please, but tear con- gress away from New York in any way ; do not rise until you have effected this business." Jefferson was on his way to see the President one morning when he met Hamilton on the street, and the two walked arm in arm backward and forward in front of the President's house in Broadway for half an hour, Hamilton explaining with the utmost earnestness the anger and disgust of the creditor states, and the immediate danger of disunion, unless the excitement was calmed through the sacrifice of some subordinate principle. Hamilton appealed with such persuasive eloquence and so directly to Jefferson for aid in silencing the clamor which menaced the very existence of government that the latter yielded, and afterwards said he " was most innocently made to hold the candle " to Hamilton's " fiscal manoeuvre" for assuming the state debts. He proposed that Hamilton should dine with him the next day, inviting two or three other gentlemen ; and at the dinner-table the situation was dicussed in all its bearings. It was finally agreed that two of the Virginia members should support the Assumption Bill, and that Hamilton and Robert Morris should command the northern influence sufficient to locate the seat of government on the Potomac. The result was the adoption of Hamilton's funding system by a small majority in both houses, and the final decision which founded the city of Washing- ton on its present site. Congress adjourned August 12, to meet in Philadelphia in December, returning thanks to the corporation of the city of New York " for the ele- gant and convenient accommodations furnished the Congress of the United States." On the 14th of August Washington sailed for Newport, return- ing on the 2 1 St. On the 30th he left for a brief autumnal visit to Mount Vernon, bidding a final farewell to the metropolis to which he had become deeply attached. XHIRD PAPKR. mSTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS. THE BATTERY, BOWLING GREEN AND VICINITY. THE historic homes in the oldest portion of New York city — lower Broadway and the vicinity of the Battery — such as remain or have but recently surrendered their sites for the erection of massive structures, are associated with more picturesque and stirring events as well as fasci- nating romance than the public of the present are apt to suppose. Many of these were well along in years when Washington came to take the solemn oath of ofifice, in 1789, with which he entered upon his eight years' service in organizing and conducting the untried government of a new nation, and were even then vastly interesting. How much more so at this writing, a hundred years later, just as the chief city on the continent is preparing to commemorate the grandest event in the world's annals, and to extend its hospitalities to the ends of the earth ; when it is vigor- ously rummaging its archives, shaking the dust from unused tomes while making felicitous discoveries among the back leaves, and polishing up its rusty and sadly neglected memories. The Battery and the Bowling Green are familiar names wherever the English language is spoken. But they are more easily found by the sight- seer on maps and in books than in their respective and exact localities. Our foreign visitors look for some monumental indications of their whercr abouts, and wonder why Americans do not pay more respect to historic landmarks. The Swiss traveler, after sitting for an hour on one of the set- tees in the little circle with an iron railing known as the Bowling Green, watching the rushing, bustling throngs on business or pleasure bent — on " the roads in the air " and along the great surface thoroughfare — suddenly sprang to his feet and addressed a passer-by : " Vot you put your Liberty statue out in ze sea vor ? Vy not stood it on ze very spot vare you vurst come to, vare you build your vurst Dutch vort, vare you vight ze Indian 55 56 HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS savage, vare you vas.beat by ze British villi no vighting at all, vare you land your vine governors, vare you build your nize houses, vare you vire your big guns, vare you vurst does your commerce vith ze world, vare you stood your king's grand stature, vare you vorship it vith bon-vire and roast ox, vare you pull it down again and vire it vor liberty at ze king's own men in little bullets, vare you triumph over ze king and make ze country your very own, vare your congress valks up and down vor six years, vare you build ze vurst steamboat, and all ze ozer zings — I zay, vot vor you stood your Liberty statue out in ze sea, and have nottin at all on vis spot vare t'vould show you vhat it vas you vorget ? " There will doubtless be many among the multitude that promenade the grounds of the Battery a few weeks hence who will sympathize with our Swiss friend, and sigh for a sign, if not for the statue of Liberty or knowledge. If appearances are to be trusted New York is about to grap- NEW YORK IN THE BEGINNING. THE SOUTHERN POINT. pie with the boundless idea of consequences, to measure the century's growth of the country at large, and express this dependent continuity in a magnificent, speaking, and educating pageant in its streets on the 30th day of April next — such an one as was never before witnessed in America, rendering the impressive occasion memorable for all time. The points, therefore, which have received the largest legacies of historic riches during the two hundred and eighty years since the beginning of civilized life on Manhattan island, will be sought with freshly awakened interest by those who witness the spectacle. The two views of the southern extremity of the city are worth more than a volume of wordy eloquence. They both come within three cent- uries. The first fort was a little block-house with red cedar palisades. The site chosen for it was the same as that now occupied by the steamship offices' overlooking the Bowling Green, opposite the Field building. The edge of the water was much nearer to it than now, even in the Revolution, HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS 57 as will be noticed in an old view upon another page. This little fortress grew from small beginnings into a very respectable citadel. It was revised and remodeled and built over almost as many times as there were new governors to command it during the first century and a half of its exist- ence. When peace came to bless the country, it was allowed to fall into decay, and in [789 was removed altogether for the erection of the house for the President, illustrated in the February issue of this magazine. The fort was much more than a military landmark in its interest for the present generation — it was the historic home of all the early governors of the province. Peter Minuit who established it was the first to dwell in a thatched cottage within the inclosure, safe from the howling wolves and curious Indians. He was a man of adventurous spirit, middle-aged, gray- haired, with a dull black eye, large robust figure, and coarse manners. He NEW YORK IN 1889. THE SOUTHERN POINT, FROM BROOKLYN BRIDGE. [Frnm a recent J-kolOj^raph.'] is distinguished for having won the confidence of the savage inhabitants, and purchased Manhattan island from them in a very business-like fashion. His successor was Wouter van Twiller, who built a brick house in the fort and lived quite comfortably. Thus we can see progress from the start, although the steps were many and slow for numerous decades. Van Twiller was one of those inactive, good-natured, irresolute men, who with- out trying achieve fame. Thanks to the genius of Washington Irving his name is better known than that of any of his successors. Wilhelm Kieft succeeded him, and his twelve years of rulership were marked by bloody Indian wars, helplessness, and terror. The fort was the only place of security, and the people fled to it from every quarter. Just prior to the outbreak of savage hostilities — in 1642 — Kieft aided in the building of a church inside the fort, on the front wall of which he placed a marble slab bearing his name. When the fort was finally demolished, this slab was discovered buried in the earth, and was removed to the belfry of the old HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS VIEW OF THE OLD FORT, THE CHURCH, AND NEIGHBORING HOUSES. \_Frotn a rare antique draiuing?^ Dutch church in Garden Street, where it was consumed in the great fire of 1835. Governor Stuyvesant, the most remarkable of the four Dutch governors, and his accomplished Huguenot wife took possession of the house in the fort in the spring of 1647. He was the son of a Holland clergyman, had received a military education, possessed great will power, marvelous energy and subtlety of discernment, and for seventeen years governed the colony like a veritable autocrat. The great distinguishing feature of his administration was the incorporation of the city in 1653, unless we may except the surrender of both city and province to the English in 1664. He left the impress of his sterling character upon the forming institutions of New York. His descendants are among our most eminent citizens of to-day, one of whom, the Hon. Hamilton Fish, Secre- tary of State under President Grant, is president of the approaching cen- tennial celebration of the inauguration of Washington in 1789. The procession of governors who were sent over from England included scions of some of the best families in the realm. Let us observe each one in passing. Colonel Richard Nicolls, in 1664, was the first, and he laughed a little at the fort with its feint of strength and its gable-roofed church, but he found the governor's house within it tolerably supplied with comforts. He was well-born and well-bred, could speak the Dutch and HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS 59 French languages as well as his native tongue, and was accustomed to all the refinements and luxuries of court circles in the old world. He was about forty years of age, a little above medium height, with a fair, open face, a pleasing, magnetic gray eye somewhat deeply set, and hair slightly curled at the ends. In 1668, after four years' residence in the fort, he was succeeded by Sir Francis Lovelace, "a gallant soldier and accom- plished gentleman," writes Dr. George H. Moore, " who was himself a poet and an artist." He was a handsome, agreeable, polished man of the world — upright, generous, and amiable. One of the most important acts of his administration was the purchase of Staten Island from the Indian VIEW OF THE SITE ' [From a photog7aph.l\ sachems; the surveyors who explored that property reported that it was "the commodiosest seate and richest land in America." The two Dutch admirals who recovered New York for the Dutch in 1673, made Governor Lovelace a prisoner and raised the three-colored ensign of the republic over the fort, spent very little time in it ; but Anthony Colve, who was appointed by them to the chief command, took possession of and had a merry time in the governor's house ; it is said that he gave more dinners and disposed of more wine than any of its former occupants. He was a short, stout, dark-complexioned Dutchman, of some military renown among his contemporaries. He amused himself with assuming princely airs, and guarding well the gates— for little New York was then a walled 6o HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS city. Peace in Europe and the general restoration of conquests soon followed, and then came Sir Edmund Andros, " glittering in gold and lace," a gentleman who had been brought up in the king's household, of which his father was master of ceremonies. On the loth of November, 1678, he took formal possession of the citadel, and one of the friendly inci- dents of the occasion was the presen- tation by Colve of his coach and three horses to Sir Edmund. The next day was the Sabbath, and it is recorded that the new governor attended divine service in the old church in the fort, as was his habit subsequently during his entire administration. He was re- called in i68i,and Lieutenant-Governor Anthony Brockholls commanded in ^j> his place. In 1683 Governor Thomas Dongan became the occupant of the governor's house, although he soon provided himself with another resi- dence. In 1686 Andros was sent over to govern New England, which had been extended to embrace New York where was stationed his lieutenant-governor, Francis Nicholson, whose abode was in the house in the fort. During the revolutionary months beginning with 1689, when Jacob Leisler was at the head of affairs, the fortress was the scene of many exciting events. Henry Sloughter, the newly appointed governor of William III., arrived at the fort on the 20th of March, 1691. He died suddenly on the 23d of July following, and Lieutenant-Governor Ingoldsby commanded until the arrival of Governor Fletcher in August, 1692. The latter indulged in the same style of living to which he had been accustomed in England. He refurnished the governor's house, his servants wore handsome livery, his wife and daughters dressed in the latest European fashions, he rolled through the streets in a carriage drawn by six horses, and he was never happier than when extending the hospitalities of his home and his table. He was devoutly religious and had the bell rung twice every day for prayers in his household. In his zeal for the good of the church he built a small chapel in the fort in 1693, and the queen sent plate, books, and other furniture for it. Little is known of its history, how- AN EARLY DUTCH WINDMILL. HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS 6l ever, as it was burned with the other buildings in 1741. Fletcher was succeeded by the distinguished nobleman, Lord Bellomont, in 1698, whose three years' administration was more stirring, eventful, and remark- able in its consequences, than that of any other in the history of colonial New York. He died on the 5th of March, 1701, and was interred with appropriate ceremonies in the chapel in the fort. Prior to the erection of the President's house upon the site of the fort in 1789, his leaden cofifin was tenderly removed to 'St. Paul's churchyard. Lieutenant-Governor Nanfan governed until the arrival of Lord Corn- bury, May 3d, 1702. The latter was the first cousin of Queen Anne, and heir to an earldom, with a handsome face very like that of the queen, and CASTI.E GARDEN IX 1852. {From an old print.~\ bland manners, but he was vain, arrogant, and weak, and earned a most unenviable reputation. He was succeeded in December, 1708, by John, Lord Lovelace, baron of Hurley, who was ill the entire Avinter, and died on the 6th of the following May. The next governor sent from England was Robert Hunter, a strong, active, cultivated man of middle age, with refined tastes, and a most genial and delightful companion. He was fond of men of letters, was a personal friend of Swift, Addison, Steele, and other distinguished literary characters of the period, and something of a poet himself. He married the lovely and accomplished Lady Hay, who accompanied him to New York, and was the bright particular star of his destiny. She drew about her a " court circle," in which the same etiquette and ceremony were observed as in the higher European coteries. Hunter 62 HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS purchased a house in Amboy, which was his official residence while on his tours of duty in New Jersey, and to which he often retired in the heat of summer. One winter, at his home in the fort, he composed a farce, assisted by the clever and witty Lewis Morris, called " Androborus " — the man-eater — in ^W^^K^^^.^^^I^I^^^^^^^^fe, which the clergy, Nichol- son, and the New York Assembly were so humorously exposed that it provoked uni- versal merri- ment. Following Hunter, in 1720, came Govern o r William Bur- net, son of the celebrated Bishop Burnet. His advent was an occasion of special interest. The fort was dressed in its best, the military paraded in full uniform, the whole city was alive with banners, and the cannon spoke an uproarious welcome. He was a large, handsome man, of stately presence, affable and captivating. The ladies all proceeded to fall in love with him. He was a widower, and within a few months married the pretty daughter of Abra- ham Van Home, one of his counselors. The fort henceforward was the scene of many festivities. Burnet bought Hunter's house in Amboy for a summer retreat, and spent a part of every year there until his removal in 1728 to the government of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. His successor in New York was Governor John Montgomery, fresh from the king's court, a soldier by profession, who knew something of diplomacy, but had very slight capacity for governing. He died suddenly on the 1st of July, 1731. Governor William Cosby, who was appointed in his place, and arrived in the summer of 1732, brought his wife and young lady DESTRUCTION OF THE STATUE OF KING GEORGE ill. [ This egtiestrian statue, by fVi/ton, of London^ was erected in the Bowline; Green in 1770. // was pulled down on the evening of July g, 1776, amid the ringing of bells and jubilant shouts of the multitude^ HISTROIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS 63 daughters with him, and they attracted great attention. Their house in the fort soon became the scene of brilliant entertainments, which brought together the beauty, wit, and culture of the capital. The young noble- man. Lord Augustus Fitzroy, son of the duke of Grafton, then lord chamberlain to the king, was for some weeks the guest of the governor and his family in their house in the fort. He was in love with one of the governor's daughters, but neither father nor mother dared consent to the marriage, for, according to the standard of society in England, the match was beneath him. The young people finally settled the question for VltVV FROM THE HOWLING GREEN IN THE REVOLUTION. {From an old printi\ themselves. A clergyman was adroitly assisted over the rear wall of the fort, and performed the ceremony in secret without a license. Another romantic wedding occurred within the fort a little later — Miss Grace Cosby, the second daughter of the governor, being united to Thomas' Freeman. Three days after these nuptials the mayor of the city, the recorder, aldermen, assistants, and all the other city dignitaries, marched in a body to the gubernatorial residence in the fort, and in the most stately and formal manner congratulated the lovely Grace upon her marriage, and then said : " This corporation being desirous upon all occasions to demonstrate the great defer- ence they have and justly entertain for his excellency, William Cosby, and for his noble 64 HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS THE GOLD BOX OF THE CORPORATION, CONTAINING THE FREEDOM OF THE CITY. family, have ordered that the honorable Major Alexander Cosby, brother to his excellency, and lieutenant-governor of his majesty's garrison of Annapolis Royal, recently arrived, and Thomas Freeman, the governor's son-in-law, be presented with the freedom of the city in a gold box." Cosby was the most generally- disliked of any governor since Corn- bury. During his brief administra- tion the great Zenger trial occurred, of which the world has heard so much, and he was in perpetual con- flicts with some of the best men in the province. From this troublous epoch arose two great parties, differing materially from those which had previously shaken New York, and which ever afterward divided the people of the province. Cosby died March lo, 1736, and the house in the fort was again vacant. George Clarke, one of the counselors, who had been secretary of the province, and in public life in the city since 1703, took charge of affairs, and was subsequently commissioned lieuten- ant-governor. He was from a prominent English family, and his wife was Ann Hyde, the cousin of Queen Anne. He removed his family to the house in the fort, and assumed all the powers and consequence of an executive chief. Mrs. Clarke was one of the most charming of women, and greatly beloved ; it is said that her sweetness of temper was such that nothing could ruffle it or draw an unkind criticism from her lips. Her generosity to the poor gave her the title of " Lady Bountiful." She died in the spring of 1740^ and the whole city was in tears. Clarke's seven years' administration was made memorable in history by the great negro plot of 1741. In March of that year his home in the fort was totally consumed by fire one morning, together with the little chapel, secretary's office, and several adjoining build- ings. A new governor's house was accordingly built, which was ready to receive Admiral Sir George Clinton on his arrival in September, 1743. He landed at a new battery which had recently been constructed at the foot of Whitehall Street, and was ceremoniously conducted to the fort, the way being lined with soldiers in full dress, where he was treated to an elegant luncheon with many wines, and thence, as was customary on all such occasions, proceeded to the City Hall in Wall HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS 65 Street, where his commission was published, and the oaths of office adminis- tered. CHnton's wife and several chil- dren a c c o m - panied him to New York, and the greater part of each year the fort was their home. As gov- ernor of a very refractory prov- ince, he had an uneasy and an unenviable career, c o n s t a n t 1 }' engaged in un- profitable quarrels, and was treated with less respect by the principal New York men and by the assembly than any English officer who had hitherto governed the colony. He entertained many visitors, among whom was Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, into whose ear he poured his woes. Sir William Johnson was often his guest. He finally lost his health as well as his temper, and pleaded for permission to return to England. Sir Uanvers Osborne, brother-in-law of the earl of Halifax, a gentleman whose birth, connections, education, and excellent character fitted him admirably for the place, was sent to New York to relieve Clinton in 1753, and at the same time a commission as lieutenant- governor was forwarded to Chief Justice James De Lancey. As the latter was one of the most unbending of the opponents of Clinton's measures, and the people were uproarious with joy, the effect was most depressing to the new-comer. Sir Danvers landed on Sunday, October 7, and Clinton being at his country seat in Flushing, Joseph Murray, one of the counselors, whose wife was Governor Cosby's daughter, and a relative of the late Lady Osborne, entertained him at his own residence. CELEBRATION OF THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTIOM IN I78S. [The most imposing pari of the gorgeous pageant was the Federal ship on ivheels, with Haittilton^s name emblazoned upon each side of it, its crew goitig througit rle was eziery nautical preparation and viovevtent for storms, calms, and squalls, as it moved slowly through the streets of Neiu York City. When opposite the Bowling Green a salute of thirteen guns was Jired?\ 66 HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS THE KENNEDV HOUSE, NO. I BROADWAY, OVERLOOKING THE BOWLING GREEN. On Monday Clinton came to town, and an elegant dinner was given to the two gov- ernors by the counsel- ors. On Wednesday, at the council-chamber in the fort, Clinton administered the oath of office to Sir Dan- vers, and delivered (very reluctantly) the commission to De Lancey. A procession was then formed ac- cording to ancient usage, and the new govern or was con- ducted to the City Hall to publish his commission. The party was scarcely outside the fort when De Lancey was cheered enthusiastically, while Clinton was so grossly insulted by the rabble that, to his intense mortification, he was obliged to turn back for refuge in the fort. Sir Danvers walked in silence beside the counselors, closely observing the noisy shouts of gladness with which De Lancey was greeted on every side. After his return to the council-chamber he received the address of the city corporation ; another dinner was given to the two governors in the afternoon, and in the evening the city was illuminated and brilliant fire-works displayed. Sir Danvers, however, was gloomy and silent. He told Clinton he expected like treatment to that which he had received ; and he remarked to De Lancey, " I shall soon leave you the government." Before the week ended, the city was shocked by the announcement that the new governor had Jianged himself. He had become convinced that he never could carry out his instructions from the king, particularly in relation to compelling a per- manent revenue from New York. De Lancey henceforward governed the colony until the arrival of Sir Charles Hardy in 1754, who, like Clinton, as an unlettered admiral, was better suited to the naval service, and the lords of trade soon made him a rear-admiral, and he sailed away. De Lancey again took the oaths and continued in the supreme HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS ^7 THE FIELD BUILDING, ON THE SITE OF THE KENNEDY HOUSE. THE BOWLING GREEN IN IC command until his death in 1760. Dr. Cadwallader Golden, as senior counselor, succeeded him, and shortly received the appointment of lieu- tenant-governor, which post he filled fourteen years, much of the time wielding supreme command. The four Britons who followed as chiefs of the colony, prior to the outbreak of the Revolution, were Major-General Monckton in 1761, for a brief period ; Sir Henry Moore in 1765, who died in the fort in 1769; the earl of Dunmore in 1770, occupying the executive chair nine months ; and Sir William Tryon, Bart., in 1771. 68 HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS Meanwhile, four native New-Yorkers as senior counselors had each administered the affairs of the colony under the crown — Abraham de Peyster in 1701, following the death of Lord Bellomont ; Dr. Gerardus Beekman in 1709, following the death of Lord Lovelace; Peter Schuyler in 1719, following the resignation of Hunter; and Rip van Dam in 1731, following the death of Montgomery. These eminent characters, as well as the other counselors from time to time, were more or less associated with the old historic fort. Ever since Lord Bellomont's day New York had been growing affluent and aristocratic. The landed gentry had city homes for the winter, as a rule, and lived in what Englishmen called " gilded luxury." There were many importing merchants in New York owning their own ships, who accumulated vast wealth in commercial enterprises, and in their frequent trips to European countries were perfectly familiar with the style of living among the best people of the world. Children were sent abroad to be educated much more frequently than now. At social entertainments guests were nearly all of one class, the majority were related by blood or marriage, and the etiquette of foreign courts was observed with a nicety that can scarcely be comprehended in this demo- cratic generation. Opposite the fort, on the site of the present Field building, stood the well-known Kennedy house. No. i Broadway, of late years the Washing- ton hotel. Captain Archibald Kennedy, for whom it was named, was the son of Hon. Archibald Kennedy, receiver-general, and counselor through many decades to a long line of governors residing in the fort. He left a handsome private fortune to his son, the young captain in the royal navy above mentioned, who married Catharine, the only daughter of the brave Colonel Peter Schuyler of New Jersey, who made such a brilliant record in the French and Indian war. The bride, whose mother was the daughter of John Walter, a man of great wealth, residing in Hanover square, inherited three distinct fortunes, that of her father, that of her grandfather Walter, and that of Richard Jones; but she did not live long to enjoy her riches. The site of the Kennedy house was originally the property of Arent Schuyler, brother of Peter Schuyler first mayor of Albany, and the father of Colonel Peter, of later renown. Eve, the daughter of Arent Schuyler, married Peter Bayard, to whom in his will Schuyler gave the lot of ground on lower Broadway; in June, 1745, according to the abstract of title, Mrs. Eve Bayard, then a widow, sold the lot to Archibald Kennedy, the wit- nesses to the sale being Philip Van Cortlandt and Colonel Peter Schuyler, her brother. The house was designed after the most approved English model. It had a broad, handsome front, with a carved doorway, broad HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS 69 halls, grand staircases, and spacious rooms. The parlor was some fifty feet long, with a graceful bow opening upon a rear porch, large enough for a cotillion party. The banqueting hall was a magnificent apartment, with walls and ceilings artistically decorated. In its palmy days its grounds extended to the water's edge, and were handsomely terraced and culti- vated with fastidious care. After the death of his first wife Captain Kennedy married Ann Watts, the daughter of Hon. John Watts, whose home was a great old-time edifice adjoining that of Kennedy. The rooms in the second stories of the two houses were connected by a staircase and bridge in the rear, for convenience when either family gave large parties. The Watts garden like those of its neighbors extended to the water, and was overlooked by a broad piazza that was often kissed by the spray in a high wind. Kennedy afterward became the eleventh earl of Cassalis, and his eldest son, born in this house, was not only the twelfth earl of Cassalis, but the first marquis of Ailsa. Lieutenant-Governor James De Lancey's home, at the time he received his commission from the king, was a spacious mansion in Broadway, on the site of the present Boreel building. Much has been said about the historic associations of the old City Hotel, but prior to 1793 the explorers of to-day seem to extract very little light. It is an interesting fact that the entire block above Trinity church was the site formerly of one^of the handsomest private dwellings in New York. It was erected by Etienne De Lancey (or Stephen, as Anglicized), the son of a French Huguenot nobleman, who brought to New York in 1686 many evidences of wealth and culture. He engaged in commercial enterprises, and became one of the richest men in the province. In 1700, he married the daughter of Hon. Stephanus Van Cortlandt, and the latter conveyed to him the property in Pearl Street, corner of Broad, on which he built the old home- stead, still standing with two added stories, and known as " Fraunces' Tavern," which enjoys the distinction of being labeled with a crude board sign bearing the words " Washington's Headquarters," it having been immortalized by the presence of our great chief, and particularly as the scene of Washington's parting with his officers at the close of the Revolution. After residing in this home for a quarter of a century or more, Etienne De Lancey moved into his new and larger house in Broad- way, which at his death, in 1741, became the property of his eldest son, James, the Heirtenant-governor. It was an immense edifice for the period, all its decorations and appointments costly and elegant, and it was encircled by balconies, with a broad piazza on the river side, command- ing one of the most beautiful views in the world, while its cultivated yo HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS gardens and grounds with winding walks and stairs extended to the water's edge. What is now Thames Street was the carriage-way to the stables. Admiral Sir Peter Warren was one of the frequent and favored guests in this New York home, and here he courted and married Susan, the beautiful daughter of Etienne De Lancey. It was here also that her cap- tivating sister Anne, the belle of the household, gave her heart and hand to John Watts, who, like her brother James, had been liberally educated in Europe. One of the tutors of young De Lancey at Cambridge was Dr. Thomas Herring, who became successively Bishop of Bangor, Arch- bishop of York, and Archbishop of Canterbury, and the master and pupil kept up an intimacy by letter long after the one became primate of all England and the other chief-justice and lieutenant-governor of New York. The genius and marvelous abilities of James De Lancey have rendered him a conspicuous figure of the century prior to the Revolution, No ruler of the province, foreign or domestic, ever exerted more healthful influ- ence, or possessed to such a degree the elements of popularity. His bearing was princely, as if born to command ; but the people, knowing that he was the richest man in America, instead of a foreign invader seeking to enrich himself with their surplus earnings, pinned their faith to his honesty, because he could have, they thought, no possible motive for stealing the public money. He was intellectually strong, extremely affable and condescending to inferiors, and his scholarship, culture, mag- netic presence, vivacity, and wit made him a favorite with all classes. His political opponents were many and sometimes atrociously mali- cious, and he could not with grace tolerate opinions differing from his own — was haughty and overbearing whenever he was thwarted in his purposes. At the same time, neither the elegance of his style of living nor his beautiful horses and gilded chariot, with out- riders in handsome livery, excited envy or criticism. New York was proud of him. His tact and statesmanship were brought into full play after the suicide of Sir Danvers Osborne, in adjusting the permanent revenue question, which had rankled for two-thirds of a century, and been the source of more torment to the English governors, and angry retort and resistance on the part of New York's little parliament, than all other subjects combined. De Lancey, as a jurist of great legal acumen, had repeatedly advised the legislators never to submit to 'the unreason- able demands of the crown. As a full-fledged officer of the crown he must now obey instructions, the same as those which his predecessors had found so thorny. The difficulty of the position was only equaled by HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS 71 its delicacy. In address- ing the assembly he chose such language as won the confidence of the ministry, and at the same time convinced his audience that he was not about to compel obedi- ence to ministerial orders. He urged that support- bills should be so framed that he could act in rela- tion to them consistent with his official duty — and the members were unrufBed, believing that V^ the genius of the man who had been their chief adviser for twenty years, and had proved himself a lover of the country of his birth as well as a just l^vf"' judge, would guide them safely even through the perils of continued oppo- sition. When the bill for his salary on the old plan was sent for his approval, he promptly rejected it, and sent all the resolutions and addresses concerning the measure to the ministry, and whenever he could do so with propriety he wrote to the chief men in England counseling concession to the iron opinions and wishes of New York. He continued to decline assenting to the annual money bills, and for three years received no salary. Finally, the battle was won in triumph for New York, the ministry in 1756 assenting to annual support-bills for' the future, and the spirited controversy was settled. De Lancey was in correspondence personally, as well as officially, with English statesmen during the critical period of the war with France, and his opinions and suggestions were noted and quoted at the court of St. James. He did not hve long enough to exert his powerful influence against taxing the colonies. The French war had proved severely costly, and the lords, while sipping their wine at the king's table, said there was wealth enough in CHANCELLOR ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON. {After painting in possession of Netu York Historical Society.] 72 HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS ClXy HOTEL, ON HISTORIC SITE OF THE OLD DE LANCEV HOiME. TRINITY AND GRACE CHURCHES IN 183I. [From an old print.'\ New York alone to pay the whole debt of England, and graphic stories were told of the triumphal reception and prodigal entertainments given to ofificers of the British army in the spring of 1760, with special descriptions of the display of " brilliant massive silver " at William Walton's dinners in the old Walton house in Franklin square. The colonists, they argued, were wasting their substance in mad extravagance. The next day in par- liament the subject assumed grave proportions. Before the news of how this logic was being turned to account reached New York, Lieutenant-Gov- ernor De Lancey suddenly died at his beautiful country-seat in the Bowery, just above Canal Street, 30th July, 1760. His sister, Lady War- ren, who was in England, went immediately to Secretary Pitt and asked that her younger brother, Oliver De Lancey, might be appointed to the vacant office. The minister received the application coldly. " I hope," exclaimed the lady with warmth, " that you have had reason to be satisfied with the brother I have lost ? " " Madam," was the answer, " had your brother James lived in England, he would have been one of the first men in the kingdom." HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS THE BOREEL BUILDING, ON HISTORIC SITE OF CITV HOTEL. VIEW OF TRINITY CHURCH IN i88q. 74 HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS The mansion in Broadway then became the property of the lieutenant- governor's eldest son, James, by whom it was given by deed, i6th May, 1765, to his brother John Peter, the younger son of the lieutenant-governor, who was sent to England to be educated — at Harrow and at the mili- tary school of Greenwich — and after a time entered the British army, but took no part in the war with America ; thus his estates were not confiscated. This edifice, being the largest of its kind in the city, was rented for a hotel. It had various proprietors by whose names it was successively called, and for nearly three decades it was the leading public house, the Delmonico of the time. During the Revolution it was the favorite resort of the British ofificers on account of its piazzas and balconies, and its prox- imity to the fashionable promenade in front of Trinity church, called " The Mall." It had a great ball-room, where dancing assemblies and concerts and grand dinner-parties were given. It was the scene of the great ball given on the 7th of May, 1789, in honor of Washington's inau- guration as President — usually spoken of as the first " inauguration ball." Having returned from England to reside permanently in New York, John Peter De Lancey took advantage of the rise in real estate and sold this property, conveying it by deed on the 23d of March, 1793, to Philip Liv- ingston, John Watts, Thomas Buchanan, Gulian Verplanck, James Watson, Moses Rogers, James Farquhar, Richard Harrison, and Daniel Ludlow, in trust " for all the subscribers to the New York Tontine Hotel and Assembly Room, upon such conditions, and with right of survivorship, as should be settled by the majority of the said subscribers or their represen- tatives." The consideration was ^6,000 New York currency. This '' syn- dicate," as it would now be called, pulled the old house down and built the City Hotel. Its history from that date until 1849, if recited, would fill a volume replete with instructive and captivating incidents. Its great banqueting hall accommodated five hundred guests at table. This hotel was for a long period the only place in the city where large public enter- tainments could be given. It stood until 1849, when it was taken down and a row of brown-stone stores erected on its site. The estate, purchased by John Jacob Astor, was settled upon his granddaughter, Sarah Langdon, who married Francis R. Boreel, a Dutch nobleman, chamberlain to the king of Holland, and who a few years since removed the stores and erected the great Boreel building on the historic site. The quarter nearest the fort was the court end of the town prior to the Revolution, although a few consequential families had even then removed to Wall Street and vicinity. The west side of Broadway was a charming place of residence until streets came to pass between them and the river, HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS 75 VIEW OF BROADWAY FROM THE BOWLING GREEN, l8 {From an old print. ^ and nothing could exceed the beauty of the outlook from the State Street mansions below the fort, which remain to this day. The third house in the Broadway row, adjoining that of Hon. John Watts, was the home of Judge Robert R. Livingston, father of the chancellor, who died in 1776. The journey of this family to and from their manor-house at Clermont every spring and autumn was imposing, for they were attended by a long train of men-servants and maid-servants, and the transportation by sloop or by land occupied many days. At the time of Washington's inaugura- tion this house was occupied by Chancellor Livingston, and it was here that Washington came to see the fireworks on the evening of that memor- able day, April 30, 1789. Next to this stood the interesting home of John Stevens, one of the counselors until 1776, whose wife was the daughter of the great lawyer and mathematician, James Alexander, and the sister of Lord Stirling. Their daughter became the wife of Chancellor Livingston ; and their son John, born in 1 749, who was associated with this old mansion through all his school days, graduating from King's college in 1768 (in the same class with Egbert Benson, Gouverneur Morris, and Bishop Moore) was the celebrated inventor of steamships, who owned the whole of what is now Hoboken, where he had a summer residence. He and his son, Robert Livingston Stevens, 'j6 HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS were the foremost men of any country to venture upon the ocean in a vessel relying entirely upon steam power. The next two houses, Nos. 9 and II, were built together, presenting a peculiar front, but they were deep, and much more roomy than they seemed to the passer-by, and had extensive grounds in the rear filled with shubbery and flowers. They were originally the property of the Van Cortlandts of Kingsbridge ; No. ii was the inheritance of Eve, daughter of Frederick and Frances Jay Van Cortlandt, who married Hon. Henry White, the counselor and one of the founders and fourth president of the Chamber of Commerce. White was notably one of the consignees of the tea — forbidden merchandise — the shipment of which caused such excitement in the winter of i773-'74. The tea-ships reached Boston first, and the world is aware how the issue was met. But every one may not be so well informed as to the peremptory and public manner in which New York sent back her tea-ship to the country whence it came without permitting the tea to be landed. All the bells in the city rang for an hour without stopping while the captain was being escorted from his lodgings to the wharf at the Battery, the band playing meanwhile " God save the King ; " and an immense but orderly crowd watched his embarkation and the departure of the vessel in a man- ner that expressed the sense of the community. White had no sympathy with the patriots. He went to England when the city was evacuated in 1783, where he died in 1786. His estates were among the earliest confis- cated. His residence had been in Queen Street, nearly opposite Pine, in the elegant old mansion built by Treasurer Abraham de Peyster in 1695, and purchased by White after the death of Abraham de Peyster, Jr., in 1769. It was a great double house, three stories high, the grounds occupying the whole block, with a coach-house and stable in the rear. It is interesting to note in this connection that Governor George Clinton was living in this house at the time of the inauguration of our first President, and that it was where Washington as President-elect, and the committees by whom he was received, dined on the 23d of April, 1789, the day of his arrival in New York from Mount Vernon. Mrs. White did not accompany her husband to England. She had great wealth of her own, and her daughters were gifted, beautiful, and much admired in society. Margaret became the wife of Peter Jay Munro. One of Mrs. White's sons was Lieutenant-General White of the British army, and another was Rear Admiral White of the royal navy. Mrs. White occupied this house until her death in 1836, at the age of ninety- nine years. The two dwellings were then converted into a public house known as the " Atlantic Garden," which was pulled down a few years ago ; HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS 77 NEAR VIEW OF THE TWO HISTORIC HOMES, NOS. Q AND II BROADWAY. AFTER 1836 CONVERTED INTO THE "ATLANTIC GARDEN." curiously enough historic fiction had misled some persons into identifying it with the Burns coffee-house where the famous non-importation agreement was signed, October 31, 1765, thus sundry chairs and canes were made from its rafters to preserve as precious relics. But the Burns coffee-house was farther up Broadway, and the relics lost their fancied value. The homes of the Van Homes, the Lawrences, the Ludlows, the Clarksons, and many others, were in full view of the fort. Hon. David Clarkson was a grandson of the Matthew Clarkson who was thirteen years secretary of the province, appointed by William and Mary, and connected, with the English nobility. He resided in a grand mansion in Whitehall Street, corner of Pearl, for at least twenty-five years prior to the Revolu- tion — a mansion which the newspapers of the day called an " ornament to the city." His wife was sister to the wife of Governor William Living- ston. His house was sumptuous in its appointments, its furniture, costly table service, silver-plate, works of art, and extensive library, chiefly imported from London. His family were influential in social affairs. In 1767 a letter appears written by Mr. Clarkson to a personal friend in 7^ HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS THE CLARKSON HOUSE, IN WHITEHALL STREET. ^^' England, requesting that the wife of his correspondent shall do a little shopping for Mrs, Clarkson- — to buy for her " twenty-four yards of best bright blue satin, and a fashionable winter cloak of crimson satin for her own use." The household serv- ants were chiefly slaves, as they were in all opulent New York families. Mr. Clark- son's fine house with all its treasures was burned in 1776, and about the same time his summer residence in Flat- bush was plundered by the Hessian soldiers, who had a royal drunken frolic over his choice wines which they dis- covered. His son, the afterward distinguished General Matthew Clark- son, purchased in 1793 the site of the old Clarkson house in Whitehall Street, and built thereon the substantial three-story brick mansion of the sketch in which he lived until his death in 1825. He married Mary, the beautiful daughter of Walter Rutherfurd. He was the president of the bank of New York some twenty-ont years, and his name is associated with the foundation of nearly all the early important societies of New York, whether intended for education, culture, or charity. Chancellor Kent said of him: " It belongs to Christianity alone to form and animate such a character." The great fire of 1776 swept away all the dwellings on the north side of Whitehall Street. The first French Huguenot church edifice in New York was built in Marketfield Street in 1688, and with its gallery, which was added in 1692, seated " from three to four hundred persons." The site is now entirely covered by the Produce Exchange, the west end of old Marketfield Street being closed to permit its erection. The governor's house in the fort was burned the second time during Governor Sir William Tryon's administration. It was a cold night in December, 1773, and the governor's family escaped with much difficulty, one servant perishing in • the flames. Tryon then took up his abode in a large house in Broad HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS 79 ^ :« 5 ^ 8o HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS Street. Dock Street con- tained the elegant residence of Hugh Wallace, who enter- tained Tryon on his return home from England in 1775. Isaac Low was his neighbor, of whom John Adams said in 1774: " He is a gentle- man of fortune and his wife is a beauty." The historic homes over- looking the fort and the Bay were legion, and nearly all occupied by families whose names are well represented in the New York of to-day. When peace came to bless the country, and a President came to charm New York with his presence, it was fit- ting that soil so thoroughly saturated with historic reminiscence as the site of the old fort, a central point in this antique vicinity, should be selected above all others for the erection of the stately edifice intended for Presi- dent Washington's home, and for the occupancy of all future heads of the nation. After the seat of government was removed to Philadelphia the structure was finished and appropriated to the uses of the governors of New York, as had been its predecessors on the same ground. It was con- structed of red brick, with Ionic columns, and was a striking example of the tendency of the period toward the severely classical in domestic archi- tecture. Governor George Clinton was the first to reside in it some three or four years. John Jay, who had been the first chief-justice of the state, and the first chief-justice of the nation, as well as one of the ministers in 1783 who negotiated and signed the definite treaty of peace in Europe, and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs during the five most critical years of America's history, was elected governor of New York in 1795, and resided in this grand house six years, until the end of his term of service in 1801. Of the elegances of social life during the period, of the beauty and grace of Mrs. Jay as the presiding genius of the governor's household, of MRS. JOHN JAY. [^Frojn a painting in possession of the family \ HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS Si JOHN JAY, FIRST CHIEF-JUSTICE OF THE UNITED STATES. GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK, I795-1801. the fashionable entertainments, and the distinguished people who met in these spacious rooms, we obtain glimpses here and there, but must leave our readers to trace them between the lines. A foreign writer gives us the following informing paragraph : " The first society of New York associate together in a style of elegance and splendor little inferior to Europeans. Their houses are furnished with everything that is useful, agreeable, or ornamental ; and many of them are fitted up in the tasteful magnificence of modern luxury. Many have elegant equipages. The dress of the gentlemen is plain, elegant, and fashionable, and corresponds in every respect with the English costume. The 82 HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS THE LUDLOW-MORTON HOUSE, NO. 9 STATE STREET. ladies in general seem more partial to the light, various, and dashing drapery of the Parisian belles, than to the ele- gant and becoming attire of our Lon- don beauties, who improve upon the French fashions. The winter is passed in a round of entertainments and amusements. The servants are mostly negroes or mulattoes ; some free, and others slaves. Marriages are con- ducted in the most splendid style, and form a most important part of the winter's entertainments. For three days after the marriage ceremony the newly married couple see company in great state. It is a sort of levee. Sometimes the night concludes with a concert and ball." The newspapers in Novem- ber, 1796, chronicle a marriage and reception of this character at the governor's mansion as follows: "Married on the 3d at his Excellency's, John Jay, Governor, Government House, John Livingston, of the Manor of Livingston, to Mrs. Catharine Ridley, daughter of the late Governor William Livingston." The bride was Mrs. Jay's accomplished and piquant sister, Kitty Livingston, who in 1787 became the wife of Matthew Ridley, of Baltimore, and after brief wedded happiness was left a widow. One of the romantic social events of June, 1797, was the marriage of the celebrated Josiah Quincy to Miss Eliza Susan Morton, in the old Ludlow-Morton house. No. 9 State Street. The father of the bride was John Morton, styled the " rebel banker" by the British officers, on account of the large sums of money he loaned the continental congress. The brother of the bride was General Jacob Morton, a prominent public character in New York city for nearly half a century, who married, in 1 791, Catharine, the daughter of Carey Ludlow, and the Ludlow mansion henceforward was his home. The president of Princeton college, Rev. Dr. Samuel Stanhope Smith, made the journey to New York to perform the ceremony, the lady having been a favorite in his family. The follow- ing day, the wedded pair started for Boston in a coach drawn by four horses, and were five days in reaching their future home. Moses Rogers, of the great firm of Woolsey and Rogers, resided for many years HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS 83 at No. 7 State Street. His wife was the sister of President Dwight of Yale college, who visited them frequently. At No. 6, lived James Wat- son, the first president of the New England society of New York, in whose parlors that society was founded in 1805. These State Street houses overflow with charming historic memories although shorn of their balconies and other beauties; very little remains of former architectural elegance. The Battery grounds in front of them have undergone extraordinary changes. Castle Garden, as it was when Jenny Lind immortalized it with VIEW OF THE STATE STREET HOMES FRONTING THE BATTERY, IN 1859. \_Fro7H an old ^rint^ her sweet voice, is expressed in the picture. The government house was turned into offices after John Jay retired from it, and was the home of innumerable societies and institutions struggling for life. The New York Historical Society occupied rooms in it from 1809 to 181 5, when it was taken down, and seven dwelling-houses erected on its site. Stephen Whitney lived in one of these for many years, also Samuel Ward, of the firm of Prime, Ward and King, the brother-in-law of Dr. Francis, and the active founder of churches, institutions, and charities. John Hone, brother of Mayor Philip Hone, dwelt in the same row ; and during the period, Nathaniel Prime's city residence was in the Kennedy house, No. i Broad- 84 HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS way, while John Watts, son of the counselor, one of the founders of the Leake and Watts Orphan Home in 1831, and a munificent donor to other philanthropic objects, occupied the stately old Watts mansion adjoining. Fashion pushed in a northerly direction for many generations before the residents near the Battery were disturbed. Among the mag- nificent spectacles from their windows, nothing probably, after the Inau- guration of Washington, ever exceeded the pageant on the occasion of the canal celebration in 1825. It was like a bewildering fairy scene. The magnificent and gorgeously decorated fleet formed a circle about the ':<%' iMyi^' -^ canal boat from Lake Erie of some three miles in circumference, when De Witt Clinton, with great solemnity, poured from an elegant keg adorned with many devices and inscriptions, and gilded hoops, the waters of Lake Erie into the Atlantic ocean. Medals of very beautiful design and work- manship were given to all the invited guests of the corporation on this occasion, both ladies and gentlemen ; and fifty-one gold medals were struck and sent to the different crowned heads of the world and eminent men. These were inclosed in elegant square red morocco cases. The silver medals, of which there were several hundred, were inclosed in boxes made from logs of cedar brought from an island in Lake Erie. The " canal celebration ball " was instituted on a grand scale. Some three thousand guests were present, including Governor and Mrs. Clinton. One of the belles of the evening wrote at a late hour : " We met all the world EVACUATION OP NEW YORK." COPV OP TRUMBULI.'S PAMOUS PAINTING IN THE CITY HAL.. iEn,rar,e,for ike Ma.a^ine of A.nerican History for No.e,u,er 1883.J 86 HISTORIC HOMES AND LANDMARKS and his wife ; military heroes, noble statesmen, artificial and natural characters, the audacious, the clownish, the polished and refined, but we were squeezed to death, are sleepy and heartily tired." It is but a few steps, seemingly, from the Bowling Green to Trinity church, at the head of Wall Street, which was a pile of ruins at the time of the Inauguration of Washington, It was rebuilt and consecrated, March 25, 1790, and a richly ornamented pew with a canopy over it was occupied by President Washington and his family on that occasion. The present Trinity church edifice was erected in 1846. The church-yard which surrounds the structure is an endearing memorial of the varied and interesting elements of character which have contributed to the present greatness of New York city. Alongside the noisiest and busiest thor- oughfare in America it surprises and interests the stranger, and leads him to pause beside its railings and peer with inquiring eyes into its sycamore shades, where the distinguished scions of Europe's nobility sleep on the same level with our own brave sons and fair daughters, and where talent, wit, beauty, worth, and patriotism share equally in the consecrated rest. The tomb of Alexander Hamilton can be seen from the sidewalk, whose tragic fate crowned what his genius had already achieved — an immortalized name ; and when the sublime scene of one hundred years ago is commem- orated in Wall Street on the 30th of April next, the impressive fact will be brought freshly home to the public mind that one of the most brilliant and powerful actors in the events which preceded and made Washington's Presidency a possibility, sleeps so marvelously near the spot where the political, commercial, financial, social, and domestic roots of a great country's life were first planted, that the inscription upon his monument can almost be read from the platform where our distinguished guests will stand assembled. ^y^Z^^y±<(^b^^ oC^y''^^ Pears' Soap HENRY WARD BEECHER writes: "If CLEANLINESS is next to GODLINESS, soap must be considered as a means of GRACE, and a clergyman who recommends MORAL things should be willing to recommend soap. I am told that my commendation of PEARS' Soap has opened for it a large sale in the UNITED STATES. I am willing to stand by every word in favor of it I ever uttered. A man must be fastidious indeed who is not satisfied with it." P r A n O ) is the best, the most elegant and the most economical of all soaps /or general Toilet Purposes I r U n A It IS not only the most attractive, but the purest and cleanest. It is used and recommended , ' ■ '"^ by thousands of mtelligent mothers throughout the civilized world, because while servine as a detergent and cleanser, its emollient properties prevent the chafing and discomforts to which infants are so liable. It has been established in London 100 years as A COMPLEXION SOAP, has obtained 15 Inter- national Awards, and is now sold in every city in the world. It can be had of nearly all Druggists in the United btates; but be sure that you get the genuine, as there are worthless imitations. ^£nt^ /n^rt^/Ju^c^ RAINlfs; ^ECTUAL Treat EMfif ""medicine ^ GUlNEAg^jj^. fPILLS THE SOCIAL SEASON. — During the season in London, Beecham's Pill8 are held in high regard. The exactions of social life, the strain con- sequent upon late hours, late suppers, and the indulgence of rich and highly-seasoned food, all combine to leave the system in a debilitated condition and the stomach in a state bordering on frenzy, if we may use the expression. Beecham's Pills, however, taken regularly, have a soothing effect on the stomach and the digestive organs. Their result is immediate. A few doses will restore lost complexion, bring back the keen edge of appe- tite, and give health, strength and energy to the whole human frame. BEECHAIM'S PILLS, taken as directed, will quickly restore females to complete health. For a Weak Stomach, Impaired Digestion, Disordered Liver, they ACT LIKE MAGIC:— a few doses will work wonders upon the Vital Or- gans; Strengthening the muscular System; restoring long-lost Complexion; hrmamg back tlie heen edge of anpetite, and arousing with the Ro.sebud of .^ i- . - f^*^f^^"^i"^.'^eho!eph!/sical energy of thf human {rame. These are "facts" admitted —■ *■ ^» ">' tliousands m all classes of society; ann one of the best guarantees to the Ner- .^■^ ^- -^ i,o"/ ^'irt I»ehijitated is that Beecham's PHlt, have the Largest Sale of any -* ^ Patent Medicme in the "World. Full directions with each Box. Prepared only by THOS. BEECHAM, St. Helens, Lancashire, England. UnS M^SWy::rtu^{Id^I^J^^;,^^' ^^^ ^^' ^-"-1 «*•• ^«- ^«^^' Sole Agents for the Will Mall BEECHAM'S PILLS on Receipt of Price, 25 Cents a Box-but inquire first of your Druggist. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE BOSTON CADETS. The First Corps of Cadets of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, the body- guard of the Governors of Massachusetts, originated in 1741, as the Independent Company of Cadets, under Governor William Shirley, at Boston, where it is still located. Lieutenant Colonel John Hancock, afterward President of the Continental Congress, and first signer of the Declaration of Independence, was commander of the company in 1774, when General Gage, on the i6th of May, arrived at Boston to assume the duties of Governor of the Province of the Massachusetts Bay, and, in accordance with established custom, was escorted by the Cadets from the wharf to the Council Chamber. Colonel Hancock's political sentiments, however, were so incompatible with those of the Governor, that Gage, in the following August, dismissed him from the command of the corps, whereupon its members returned the Governor a standard he had presented, informing him at the same time, that, as they thought his dismissal of their commander equivalent to a disbandment, they no longer considered themselves the " Governor's Company of Independent Cadets." In the stirring events that followed, the company took no part as an organization, whatever its members may have done individually; but after the besieged British troops evacuated Boston in 1776, many of the members came together again as the "Independent Company," and again chose Hancock as their colonel, although he was at that time in Philadelphia. He accepted, and had the full rank of colonel ; the office, however, was appar- ently honorary rather than active. Why the word "Cadets" was dropped from the official title does not appear, but contemporaneous newspapers and letters, in popular mention, supply the omission. Two years later, the company, under the immediate command of Lieutenant- Colonel Hichborn, marched to Rhode Island, and was in service there as a part of the Revolutionary forces ; but, like all the militia, of the country, the Cadets were dormant at the time of peace in 1783. After the establishment of the State Government, the corps was revived as the "Independent Company of Cadets" in the Summer of 1786, and were on service in the troubles caused by Shays' Rebellion. No suspension of its active existence has occurred since that year. When President Washington visited Boston on the 24th of October, 1789, this corps of Cadets had the honor of escorting him, and has performed the same office for every President of the United States who has visited Boston, besides many other distinguished personages. The Corps was on duty, locally, at the time of -the war of 181 2. During the war of the Rebellion it was in the United States service at Fort Warren for six weeks ; but its chief aid to the Government was in furnishing many officers for the Union armies. ScRiBNER'S Magazine. The publishers aim to make it the most popular and enterprising of periodicals, while at all times preserving its high literary character. 25,000 new readers have been drawn to it during the past six months by the increased excellence of its contents (notably the Railway articles), and it closes its second year with a new impetus and an assured success. The illustrations will show some new effects, and nothing to make Scribner's Maga- zine attractive and interesting will be neglected. " ScRiBNER has had many novelties and surprises to offer its reader in the course of its short and memorable history, but the chief of them perhaps is the admirable skill and intelligence with which its high level has not only been maintained, but constantly advanced." — New York Times, Oct. 25, 1888. $3.00 a year; 25 cents a number. ©/i ©0uver)ir ot ttZ asr)ir)qf or) s I^Gtirjfzp. THE LIFE AND WORKS OF GILBERT STUART. By GEORGE C. MASON. I Vol. 4to. $10.00. With 12 Portraits on Steel, on ■Wood and by Photogravure. This life of Washington's great painter was written at the wish and with the co5peration of Miss Jane Stuart, the daughter of the painter. It has everywhere been pronounced as the most im- portant contribution to the literature of American art ever made. Stuart's great portraits of Washington are given reproduction in this book. The " Gibbs portrait" is given in photogravure and in steel; the "Athenjeum portraits" of George and Martha Washington are both reproduced in photogravure, and a special chapter is devoted to a description of the artist's great portraits of Washington. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 743-745 Broadway, N.Y. A glance at above Cut reveals in the background a single sheet or slab of wood, and in the fore an air- tight complete barrel. The sheet when folded is encircled by wooden hoops, held firmly in place by copper wire bands. The Anchor Manufacturing Co., of Detroit, Mich., turns out 12,000 sets of staves, hoops and heads per day, 4,0(i0 of which are made up in complete barrels at our factory. The fact of its being adopted and liighly endorsed by Thurber, Whyland & Co., Francis IiCggett & Co., and other large and equally well-known Grocers, Flour Dealers, Coffee Merchants, Spice and Sugar Dealers, etc., etc., evidences our right to claim it the most sensible, economical, substantial and perfect barrel made. Order your supplies in the One Stave Barrel, or write us for prices and information. CKAS. F. BRO^WN ^€E» Q ^S^ Q tggt O for whitening the hands. Cures rough or cliapj^ed skin, sunburn, skin diseases, etc. Two sizes, 25 and 50 cents per box. ONGOLINE for bleaching and cleaning under the nails. Re- moves ink, ho- siery and glove stains from the skin. Bottle, 50c. PLIXINE. A harmless appli- cation for remov- ing supertiuous hair in five min- utes. Bottle, $1.00 OLIVINE OINTMENT. A dressing for all inflammations of the skin and feet. Box, 50 cts. Diamond Hail Gnamel. The quickest, most brilliant and lasting nail polish; fine and free from grit, color beautiful; does not stain ; fragrant perfume ; washing does not afiect the polish. Large Square Box, above style, 50 cents. The old origrinal diamond box of 1878, . . 25 " An invaluable beautifier of the skin, for tinting the lips, cheeks and nails a rosy hue, true to nat- ure. No 23repara- tion like this in color, compound and high medici- nal virtues. Two sizes, 25 and 50c. per box. Pod^etEmeryBoarl My patent design, rounded ends, used for shaping and finishing the nails. Box, now contains 10 pieces, 25c. MaDicnre Cases. Popular styles of plushes and leath- er, with fittings complete, of best quality. S8 to S12 each. Best and lowest price. O S O o o ® o e o Office and Salesroom, 38 W. 23d St., New York, U. S. A. ^^ ESTABLISHED 1868. ^> WEBSTER & WHITE, ^teriing f&W, fWw piate, Cutlery -AND- FIPM JMMMIiM¥, ►*- NEW YORK REPRESENTATIVES OF THE MERIDEN SILVER PLATE CO. QUADRUPLE PLATED WARE AWD TOWLE MANUFACTURING CO. STERLING SILVER. ^ No. 30 East 14th Street (Union Square,) - NEW YORK. Edward A. Morrison, 1- -^ -(^ CARRIAGE ENTRANCE, 13 East Nineteenth Street. EXCLUSIVE STYLES IN CMlta's Coats, Dresses ani CosUffles. INfANTS' WEAR OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. T>IIT>y BasHets, Cradles DUD 1 and Gribs. RICH NOVELTIES IN M$$ Trimming? and Buiston?. No. 893 BroadAPvay. ENGLISH AND FRENCH BONNETS and Round gats. DRESS AND BREAKFAST CAPS A SPECIALTY. taces, Smbroideries and jland^erchiefg. BRENTANO'S, Publishers, Booksellers, Stationers and Newsdealers, NEW YORK— 5 Union Square, WASHINGTON, D. C— 1015 Pennsylvania Ave., PARIS— 17 Ave. de I'Opera, CHICAGO— loi State Street, LONDON— 430 Strand. BRENTANO'S, Beg to announce the opening of their estabUshment in LONDON: 430 Strand, and direct attention to their well-estabHshed PARIS HOUSE: No. 17 Av«. de I'Opera. It is their intention to make these branches the headquarters of Americans in Europe, by offering them all possible facilities for keeping fully informed of the doings of American authors and publishers. They propose also to offer to the Eng- lish and Continental reading public an opportunity to acquaint itself perfectly with current American literature. The latest issues of all the leading American dailies, weeklies and monthlies, will be constantly kept in stock, as will be complete lines of Continental literature. A complete stock of books in all departments of literature, and embracing the classic, standard and modern authors, together with a representative stock of French, German, Spanish and Italian literature, will be found in our respective establishments. Inquiries cheerfully and promptly answered. GRAMMARS DICTIONARIES Our list of works used for the acquirement and study of French, German, READERS ETC ' Spanish, or any of the foreign languages, is the most complete in the United ' ■ States. Prices very moderate. Send for our catalogue of this stoclc. We cheerfully answer any inquiries from people who seek suggestions or advice as to the best book to use in particular studies. OUR SUBSCRIPTION This is a leading department of our business. Periodicals devoted to the nrPARTMENT Sciences, Arts, Fashions, Literature, or in any department of human thought ULrnniintni. ^^^ ^^ selected from our immense and varied list of newspapers and period- ical literature. All papers and magazines, wherever published, can be subscribed to through us, and sent to any address at the same price as at the office of publication. We are special agents for American and Foreign Publications. <«$— o^o—$^ BOOK CHAT. is simply of incalculable value to any one who, by reason of his or her profession, or for other causes, may require an instantaneous reference to any topic treated upon in the publications issuing from day to day. The ability to keep posted on what is appearing on any special subject, whether in the form of books, or as an article in magazine or periodical liter- ature, is given to any one who will subscribe to BOOK CHAT. It gives a synopsis of all books ; an index to all peri- odical literature, properly classified under subjects ; and, in addition, a complete survey of new books in all departments of literature. 10 CENTS PER COPY. »1.00 PER YEAR. BRENTANO'S, Publishers, Booksellers, Stationers and Newsdealers, NEW YORK— 5 Union Square, WASHINGTON, D. C— 1615 Pennsylvania Ave., PARIS— 17 Ave. de I'Opera, CHICAGO— loi State Street, LONDON— 430 Strand. rrr Call attention to the display of SXClLiXTSIVE: NOVEI^TIEIS IN Liadies', Misses' and Children's DEESSES, COSTUMES, JACKETS, WRAPS, LONG CLOTH GARl>rENTS, ETC., ALSO, &1P-E.CJ.A.1^ OFFEFtXrTGS IN Black and Colored Silks, China Silks, Dress Goods, French Sateens and Challies, French Lingerie, Silk House- waists, Parasols, Laces, Etc. All at prices guaranteed to be lower than those of any other house. Publishers of Koch & Co.'s semi-annual fashion Catalogue, the most com- plete guide on What to Wear and How tn Orflfr Jt ; indispensable to parties prevented by distance from doing their own shopping in New York. Will be mailed on receipt of Six Cents for postage. Sixth Avenue and Tirtrentieth Street. J. D. LYNCH, T nyn IP o I^ T IE] I?,