U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, _ _ BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY— Bulletin No. 74. S F ■ D. E. SALMON, D. V. M., Chief of Bureau. V ^9 ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL INVESTIGATIONS WITH THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER, IN COOPERATION WITH THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBT, Ph. D., LL. D., and J. AUGUST FRIES, B. S. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1905. 1.^ Qass $F ?}? ] Book__ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from The Library of Congress http://www.archive.org/details/energyvaluesofreOOarms y. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANIMAL I NDUSTRY— Bulletin No. 74. D. E. SALMON, D. V. M., Chief of Bureau. ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. INVESTIGATIONS WITH THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER, IN COOPERATION WITH THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY, Ph. D., LL. D., and J. AUGUST FRIES, B. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING. CFFICE. 1905. OCT 20 1906 0. ofD, LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C, June 17, 1906. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of an article dealing with "Energy values of red clover hay and maize meal." This work comprises the results of further careful and dif- ficult experiments carried on, in cooperation with this Bureau, by Dr. H. P. Armsby and J. August Fries at the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. I recommend that this manuscript be published as Bulletin No. 74 of the series of this Bureau. Respectfully, D. E. Salmon, Ch ief of Bureau. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. State College, Pa. , Ajyril i, 1906. Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the second series of cooperative experiments with the respiration calorimeter at the Pennsylvania Experiment Station. The first series, repo^rted in Bulletin No. 51 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, included deter- minations of the energy values of timothy hay. In the present series the same general methods have been applied to clover hay, and also to maize meal as a representative of the concentrated feeding stuffs. While results upon a single animal must be accepted with some reserve, nevertheless the data obtained indicate certain characteristic differences in the energy values of different classes of feeding stuffs, and appear to show clearly that the more or less current method of comparing feeding stuffs on the basis of their so-called "fuel values" in the bod}^ is fundamentally erroneous. As in the previous experiments, the details of the calorimetric work have been in charge of Mr. Fries, assisted by Messrs. T. M. Carpenter, J. B. Robb, Firman Thompson, and H. L. Wilson. The chemical division of the station, under the general direction of Dr. William Frear, has conducted the necessary chemical work, Mr. M. S. McDowell having had immediate charge of the reception and care of samples. The determinations of carbon and hydrogen were executed by Mr. Thompson and the determinations of heats of combustion by Mr. Carpenter. The weighing and sampling of feeds and excreta and the records of the digestion work were cared for by Mr. A. K. Risser. Very respectfully. D. E. Salmon, D. V. M., Chief of Bureau - of Animal Industry. 4 Henry Prentiss Armsby, Expert in Animal Nutrition. CONTENTS, Page. Introductory 7 Description of the experiments 8 Analytical methods 8 The feeds 8 Hay 8 Maize meal 9 Periods and rations - 9 Live weights 10 Determinations of digestibility 10 Weighing and sampling of feed 10 Hay 10 Maize meal 11 Treatment of samples 11 Hours of feeding 11 Collection and sampling of excreta 11 Digestibility of rations 12 Period I 12 Period II 12 Period III 13 Period IV 14 The urinary excretion 15 Growth of epidermal tissue 15 Determinations of respiratory products 16 Check tests 17 External air.... 17 Alcohol check tests : 17 Results upon the animal 17 Hydrocarbon gases 18 Determinations of heat 20 Rate of heat emission 21 Heat emission and heat production 25 The balance of matter 28 The nitrogen and carbon balance 28 Gain or loss of protein and fat 29 The balance of energy 30 Discussion of results ^ 32 Digestibility 32 Hay ...- 32 Maize meal 32 Metabolizable energy 33 Hay 34 Maize meal 35 Comparison of results 37 Net available energy 38 Available energy of hay 39 Available energy of maize meal 40 Replacement values 41 Percentage utilization of energy 42 Distribution of energy 44 Appendix 48 5 LLUSTRATIONS. Page. Diagram I. Live weights 10 II. Rate of heat emission 22 III. Availabihty and utiUzation of energy 43 ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. By Henry Prentiss Armsby, Ph. D., LL. D., and J. August Fries, B, S. INTRODUCTORY. The experiments here reported are a continuation of the investiga- tions described in Bulletin No. 51 of this Bureau, "The available energy of timothy hay." In the experiments there described the metabolism of matter and energj^by a steer fed four different amounts of timothy hay together with a small quantity of linseed meal was determined, and the metabolizable, available, and utilizable energy of the hay computed from a comparison of these results. The present experiments, carried out with the same steer in the winter of 1902-3, aimed to determine by similar methods the corresponding energy values for red clover ha}^ and for maize meal. The general plan of the experiment was as follows: In the first period the animal was given an amount of clover hay estimated to be somewhat less than sufficient for maintenance. In the second period the amount of hay was considerably reduced. A comparison between the first and second periods affords the means of determining the net availability of the energy of the ha3^ In the third period there was added to the minimum hay ration of the second period an amount of maize meal estimated to be sufficient to make the total ration some- what less than a maintenance ration. A comparison between Periods II and III affords data for computing the availability of the energy of the maize meal. In the fourth period the maize meal was increased sufficiently to produce a moderate gain, thus affording the means of determining the percentage utilization of the energy of maize meal in the production of gain. It was the intention to add a fifth period, in which the maize meal was to be still further increased, but circum- stances prevented. The rations for the several periods were as follows: Periods and rations. Period. Clover hay. Maize meal. Grams. 5,200 3,700 3,700 3,700 Orams. 850 4,000 11 HI IV BUREAU OP ANIMAL INDUSTRY. The animal used was the same grade Shorthorn steer which served in the experiments of 1901-2. At the time of these experiments he was approximately four years old. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENTS. ANALYTICAL METHODS. The methods employed for the analysis of the feed and excreta were substantially those recommended by the Association of Official Agri- cultural Chemists. The nitrogen of the feces was determined in the fresh material by Konig's method and the nitrogen of the urine by direct oxidation by the Kjeldahl method. In the computation of proteids from proteid nitrogen, the factor 6.0 was used for the maize meal and the conventional factor 6.25 for the clover hay. The non- proteids were computed from the nonproteid nitrogen by multiplica- tion by 4.7, the factor for asparagin. Carbon and hydrogen were determined by combustion with cupric oxide in a current of air, fol- lowed by oxygen. The heats of combustion of the food and excreta were determined by means of the Atwater-Hempel bomb calorimeter. THE FEEDS. Hay. — The hay used was second-growth red clover hay grown on the station farm in the summer of 1902. It was cut on August 16 and hauled to the barn August 20 to 22. It was secured without rain and retained most of the leaves on the stems. On December 4 about a ton of this ha}^ was run through a Ross feed cutter and cut to lengths of about 7 to 10 centimeters. From the mass of cut hay two separate samples were taken by the same method as in the previous experi- ment." During the progress of the experiments a sample of hay was also taken at time of weighing out for each period, as described in subsequent pages, or four samples in all. The following table shows the composition of the ^vy matter of the several samples, the generally close agreement of the results indicating that the method was suflS- ciently accurate: Composition of clover hay {dry matter). General samples. Samples taken during experiments. Constituents and energy. A. B. Average. Period I. Period II. Period III. Period IV. Ash percent.. 6.26 6.53 6.40 6.40 6.46 6.64 6.64 Proteids (N.x 6.25) do.... 12.83 12.96 12.90 11.77 12.06 13.11 12.82 Nonproteids do 1.52 1.69 1.61 1.81 1.60 1.87 1.14 Crude fiber do. . . . 31.48 31.74 31.61 33.87 33.67 31.48 32.63 Nitrogen-free extract . . .do 45.25 44.40 44.81 43.25 43.51 44.05 43.90 Ether extract do.... 2.66 2.ftS 2.67 2.90 2.70 2.85 2.87 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 100.00 1 Compare Bureau of Animal Industry Bulletin No. 51, p. 10. ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. Composition of clover hay {dry matter) — Continued. General samples. Samples taken during experiments. Constituents luul encrsy. A. B. Average. Period I. Period II. Period III. Period IV. Total nitrogen per cent. . Albuminoid nitrogen . . .do. . . . Carbon do — Hydrogen do Energy .... Calori c:s per gram . . 2. 376 2. 053 45. CO 6.45 4,469.0 2.439 2.079 45.31 6.19 4, 445. 8 2.408 2.066 45.44 6.34 4, 457. 4 ■ 2. 265 1. 882 45.25 6.'ll 4,449.4 2.271 45.93 6.27 4,426.5 2.494 2. 098 45.40 5.90 4, 421. 2.292 2.050 45. 60 6.01 4,449.4 Maize meal. — The maize meal used was purchased from a firm of feed dealers in Belief on te, Pa., and was stated to be from old yellow corn. It was of excellent qualit}^ Two separate samples were taken of this meal on very nearly the same plan as in the case of the hay. The meal was then stored in a galvanized-iron tank with a wooden cover. At the time of weighing out for the third and fourth periods, samples were also taken for analysis. The following table shows the composition of the dry matter of these several samples: Composition of maize meal {dry matter). Constituents and energy. General Samples. taljen dur- ng experiments. Period Period III. IV. Ash per cent Proteids (N.x6.00) do.. Nonproteids (N. x4.7) do. . Crude fiber do. . Nitrogen-free extract do. . Ether extract do. . Total nitrogen do. . Proteid nitrogen do. . Carbon do. . Hydrogen do . . Energy Calories per gram 1.41 10.35 .17 2.72 81.16 4.19 1.33 9.53 .78 2.48 81.61 4.27 1.37 9.94 .48 2.60 81.38 4.23 1.48 9.46 .68 2.38 81.90 4.10 1.45 10.20 .29 2.19 81. 65 4. 22 100. 00 100.00 I 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 1.762 1.726 44.88 4,458.9 1.753 1.588 45.17 6.70 4,403.2 1.758 1.657 45.03 6.65 , 431. 1 1. 721 1.575 45.59 1.761 1.700 45.75 6.91 365.9 PERIODS AND RATIONS. On November 12, 1902, the steer was put on a ration of 12 pounds of uncut clover hay of the same kind as that prepared for the experi- ment. The weekly weighings of the animal indicated that this amount of hay was approximately a maintenance ration. On January 23, 1903, the animal was removed from the barn to the calorimeter building and put upon the ration of the first period. The hay was somewhat dusty as a result of the considerable handling which it had received, and it was sprinkled with a small amount of water to facilitate its consump- tion, 520 grams of water being used daily. The hay was fed in approximately equal feeds night and morning. 1231— No. 74—05 2 10 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Each period covered twenty-one days, of which the first eleven were regarded as a preliminary period, and the last ten as constituting the digestion period proper. The table shows the exact dates of the sev- eral periods, the rations being also repeated as a matter of convenience: Dates and rations. Date. Ration. Period. Preliminary period. Digestion period. Clover. Maize meal. I 1903. Jan. 24-Feb. 3 Feb. 14-24 1903. Feb 4-13 Orams. 5,200 3,700 3,700 3,700 Orams. II Feb. 25-Mar.6 Mar. 7 17 IV Mar.28-Apr. 7 Apr. 8-17 4 000 The animal was watered daily at about 1 p.m., except the days when he was in the calorimeter and the day before and after, when water was given immediately after the morning feeding. Diagram I.— Live weights. LIVE WEIGHTS. The animal was weighed daily at 1 p. m., immediately before water- ing and also immediately after, the difference being taken as repre- senting the amount of Avater consumed. On the days when the animal was in the calorimeter the weight was taken immediately before enter- ing and immediately aftej leaving the apparatus. The figures for live weight and amount of water consumed are given in Table I of the Appendix in connection with the weights of the excreta, and the live weights are shown graphically on Diagram I above: DETERMINATIONS OF DIGESTIBILITY. WEIGHING AND SAMPLING OP THE FEED. Hay. — The hay for each period was weighed out in advance in cloth bags, a day's ration in a bag. In filling the bags the mass of hay was worked into from the side, taking all the material down to the floor. While the bags were being filled two or three large handf uls of the hay ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 11 were taken from each bag- and set aside in a covered vessel. Imme- diately after the weighing this sample was rapidly chopped in a meat chopper, thoroughly mixed, and a sample of 1,000 to 1,500 grams taken immediately to the laborator}'^ in a covered vessel for determi- nation of dr}^ matter and of the composition of the latter, with the results shown in the table on pages 8 and 9. Maize meal. — The maize meal required was also weighed out in advance for each period in tightl}^ covered tin pails, which were kept in a cool place until used. At the time of weighing, a sample of 300 to 100 grams was drawn and taken immediately to the laboratory for determination of dry matter and its several ingredients, with the results shown on page 9. TREATMENT OF SAMPLES. The samples when received at the laboratory were immediately weighed, air dried at a temperature of about 60° C. , allowed to hang at ordinary temperature in heavy paper bags for several days, and then ground in a mill as rapidly as practicable, and preserved in sealed bot- tles. The analyses were made as promptly as practicable, although not in all cases immediately. HOURS OF FEEDING. As a matter of convenience in arranging for the work with the respi- ration calorimeter, the hour of 6 p. m. was taken as the beginning of the day. Approximately one-half of the hay and maize meal was given at this time and the remainder twelve hours later. COLLECTION AND SAMPLING OP THE EXCRETA. The animal was provided with the rubber duct described and illus- trated in a previous publication,'* for the collection of the feces, and with the ordinary urine funnel. During the experiments these were worn constantly, both during the preliminary da3^s and during the digestion period proper. The apparatus served its purpose excel- lently, loss of excreta occurring in few instances. During the digestion period the excreta were weighed promptly at the end of each twenty-four hours, a sample drawn, after thorough mixing, and taken at once to the laboratory for treatment. There a uniform percentage of the total excretion was set aside for a composite sample, chloroform being employed as a preservative. At the close of the period these composite samples were thoroughly mixed. In the feces the total nitrogen in the fresh substance was determined by the Konig method, while a portion of the composite sample was also air dried at 60° C. and the air-dry sample subjected to the usual method of analysis, including the determination of its heat of combustion and of carbon and hydrogen. In the mixed sample of urine the total nitrogen, total carbon, hydrogen in organic combination, and heat of combustion were determined. «Penn. Experiment Station Bulletin No. 42, p. 74. 12 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. DIGESTIBILITY OF THE RATIONS. Period I {January 24 to February 13, 1903). The live weights of the animal and the weights of excreta are shown in Table I of the Appendix. The following table shows the percent- ages of dry matter contained in the samples of hay fed and refused, and of excreta collected and spilled and the corresponding weights of fresh substance and dry matter: Feed and excreta. Feed and excreta. Fresh weight. Hay: Total in 10 days Uneaten , Eaten Eaten per day Feces: Collected in 10 days Spilled in calorimeter , Spilled in stall, February 13 Total excretion Daily excretion Grams. 52,000.0 17.7 r cent. 85.77 59.89 51, 982. 3 5,198.2 91, 677. 19.6 1.6 19.86 76.29 81.24 91, e Grams. 44,600.4 10.6 44, f 18,207.1 14.9 1.3 18, 223. 3 1,822.3 The composition of the dry matter of the feeding stuffs has already been stated on pages 8 and 9, and that of the dry matter of the feces is shown in Table II of the Appendix. Basing the computation upon the above average weights, the digesti- bility of the hay, as shown in Table III of the Appendix, was as follows: Digestibility of ration. Constituents and energy. Total digested. ''«:- Dry matter . grams 2, 636. 7 132.1 2,504.6 254.8 80.7 736.6 1, 348. 84.4 57.8 1,138.1 11, 188. 3 Per cent. 59.13 Ash do.... 46.29 do.... 60.00 Proteids do 48 58 do.... (100.00) 48 77 Crude fiber do. Nitrogen-free extract do 69 90 do.... 65.36 Nitrogen fin 57 23 Carbon do 56 41 56.39 a Assumed to be entirely digestible. Period 11 {February U to March 6, 1903). The following tables, corresponding to those for Period I, sum- marize the weights of food and excreta and the percentage digesti- bility of the hay, which are contained in detail in Tables tl and III of the Appendix. ENEKGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. Feed and excreta. 13 Feed and excreta. Fresh weight. Dry matter. Hay: Total in 10 days ..;... Eaten per day Feces: Collected in 10 days.. Spilled in calorimeter Total excretion Daily excretion Orams. 37,000.0 3, 700. Per cent. 84.97 56, 602. 19.4 56, 621. 4 5, 662. 1 Grams. 31, 438. 3, 143. 12, 656. 2 13.6 Digestibility of ration. Digesti- lity. Dige bill Dry matter grams. Ash do . Organic matter do. . . Proteids do. Nonproteidsa do. Crude fiber do . Nitrogen-free extract do. Ether extract do. Nitrogen .■ do. Carbon do. Energy Calories. Per cent. 59.70 46.48 60.61 53.19 (100. 00) 50.27 68.94 65.02 60.23 57. 27 58. 05 to be entirely digestible. Period III {March 7 to 27, 1903). In this period the final results were as follows: Feed, and excreta. Feed and excreta. Fresh weight. Dry matter. Hay: Total in 10 days Eaten per day Maize meal: Total in 10 days Eaten per day Feces: Total collected Spilled in calorimeter Spilled in stall February 20 Spilled in stall February 22 Spilled in stall February 24 Spilled in stall February 26 Total excretion Daily excretion Orams. 37, 000. 3, 700. 8, 500. 850.0 68,006.0 29.0 45.9 78.2 8.4 10.6 68,178.1 6,817.8 20.04 49.90 23.14 20.70 25.71 Grams. 31,627.6 3,162.8 7,347.4 734.7 13, 628. 4 14.5 10.6 16.2 2.2 3.6 13,675.5 1, 367. 6 14 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTKY. Digestibility of ration. Constituents and energy. Total digested. Digesti- bility. Dry matter grams. Ash do... Organic matter do. . . Proteids do. . . Nonproteidsa do... Crude fiber do. . . Nitrogen-free extract do. . . Ether extract ; do. . . Nitrogen do. . . Carbon do. . . Energy Calories. a Assumed to be entirely digestible. Period IV {March 28 to April 7, 1903). Tabulated as before, the results for this period are: Feed and excreta. 2, 529. 9 94.8 2,435.1 276.2 64.1 453.8 1, 551. 89.8 58.2 1, 109. 4 10, 854. 4 Per cent. 64.91 42. 91 66.26 57.05 (100.00) 44.79 77. 75 74.71 Feed and excreta. Fresh weight. Dry matter. Hay: Total in 10 days . Eaten per day . . . Maize meal: Total in 10 days . Eaten per day . . . Feces: Total collected . . Stall correction.. Total excretion Daily excretion.. Grams. 37,000.0 3, 700. Per cent. 86.12 40,000.0 4, 000. 86,763.0 18.09 20.37 87,146.6 8,714.7 Grams. 31, 864. 3,186.4 34, 508. 3,450.8 695. 4 78.1 15, 773. 5 1,577.4 Digestibility of ration. Constituents and energy. Total digested. Digesti- bility. 5, 059. 8 107.5 4, 952. 3 441.2 46.3 547.1 3,718.7 198.8 81.9 2,271.1 21, 912. 6 Per cent. Ash do 41 09 do. .. Proteids do 58 01 do.... (100.00) do Nitrogen-free extract do 88 20 do.... 83.89 Nitrogen do 61.58 do.... 74.92 74.93 a Assumed to be entirely digestible. ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 15 THE URINARY EXCRETION. Tabic IV of the Appendix, based upon the weights recorded in Table I, shows the total amounts of nitrogen, carbon, and potential energy in the urine. In those cases in which some was spilled, the material was taken up as completely as possible with the aid of dis- tilled water and the weight and nitrogen content of the washings determined. It has been assumed that their content of carbon and of energy was proportional to the nitrogen. The following table gives a summary of the average daily excretion : Average daily excretion in urine. Period. Nitrogen. Carbon. Energy. Energy per gram of car- bon. Grams. 74.97 58.50 • 59. 01 70.23 Grams. 150.46 103. 43 125.31 141. 87 Calories. 1,249.8 933.5 920.9 1, 194. 3 Calories. 8.31 II . . 9 05 7.35 IV It will be observed from the above table that the energy per gram of carbon was considerably less than that found by Kellner in similar experiments and likewise lower than the results found by ourselves in the previous year's experiments. We believe this discrepancy is due to the fact that the urine samples were dried at too high a tempera- ture. The loss of nitrogen in drying was determined and a correction made for it on the assumption that this loss represented urea decom- posed during the drying. Determinations of the loss of carbon, however, gave much higher figures than corresponded to the loss of nitrogen on the above assumption, making it evident that some mate- rial other than urea was being decomposed. Under these circum- stances it has been thought best to discard the above results for energy and to compute the energy contained in the urine on the basis of Kell- ner's average figures. GROWTH OF EPIDERMAL TISSUE. The steer was thoroughly brushed immediately before entering the calorimeter and after leaving it, and the hair, dandruff, etc., in the latter case collected. To this was added the small amount brushed up from the floor of the calorimeter. In these samples determinations of nitrogen, carbon, and energy were made with the following results: 16 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Weights and composition of brushings. Constituents and energy. Period I. Weight Dry matter per cent. Weight of dry matter grams. In dry matter: Nitrogen- Percentage Weight grams Carbon- Percentage , Weight grams Energy- Par gram Calories Total do.. 23.0 94.45 21.72 6.59 1.43 42.73 9.28 24.3 93.29 22.67 7.41 1.68 39.97 9.06 4.442 100. 67 47.5 90.15 42.82 43.88 18.79 4.815 206.2 57.4 90.01 51.67 42.78 22.10 4.660 240.8 On the average of the four periods the amounts of nitrogen, carbon, and energy contained in the brushings were as follows: Average composition of brushings. Constituents and energy. Total. Per day. Nitrogen grams.. 3.73 14.81 161.5 1.87 Carbon do 7 40 Calories.. 80.8 In the computations on the following pages it has been assumed that these figures represent the normal rate of production of hair, epider- mis, etc., by the animal during the experiment. They do not, of course, include the matter and energy contained in the growth of hoofs and horns. DETERMINATIONS OF RESPIRATORY PRODUCTS. Upon the first two days of the digestion period proper in each period the respiratory products were determined during forty-eight hours continuously, the time being divided into four subperiods of twelve hours each. The apparatus used was the respiration calorimeter briefly described in Bulletin No. 51, Bureau of Animal Industry, and more fully in a subsequent publication.'^ It is impracticable to reproduce here all the details of these determi- nations. For the general methods employed the reader is referred to the previous bulletin. « Experiment Station Record, Vol. XV, p. 1037. ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE. MEAL 17 ClIKCK TESTS. External air. — As noted in Bulletin No. 51, check tests are depended upon as a means of coiuputino- the amount of combustible gases con- tained in the air as it enters the respiration chamber. The check tests were made at intervals' during- the experiments here described with the following results: Combustible gases in air. Date. Volume of air. Water weighed. Carbon dioxide weighed. Per 100 liters air at 0° C. and 760 mm. Hydrogen. Carbon. January 27 1903 Liters. 1,200 1,250 1,200 1,100 1,250 Gram. 0. 01752 .02991 . 02259 .02269 .02479 Oram. 0. 00683 .00331 . 00863 .00644 .00803 Millijram. 0.178 .301 .229 .256 .247 Milligram. 170 .082 March 3 1903 .215 March 23 1903 178 .196 . .242 168 As in the previous year the results are somewhat variable, but in no case are the corrections large as compared with the total amounts determined in the experiments upon the animal. Alcohol check tests. — The accuracy of the apparatus was tested as in the previous year by burning in it known amounts of ethyl alcohol and determining the amounts of carbon dioxide, water, and heat evolved. The results of these alcohol check tests as regards carbon dioxide and heat are given below. The results upon water have not yet proven satisfactory. Results of alcohol check tests. Jan. 20, 1903. Mar. 26, 1903 Apr. 28, 1903. No. of hours. Weight of alcohol. Hydra- ted. Grams. 527.67 526.53 503. 16 Anhy- drous. Grams. 475. 62 474. 60 453. 53 Carbon dioxide. Com- puted. Grams. 908.91 Ob- served. Grams. 891.58 891.24 855. 73 Percent- age ob- served. Com- Ob- puted. served. Calories. Calories. 3,417.09 3,427.16 3,409.76 3,407.01 3,258.38 3,190.31 Percent- age ob- served. ICO. 3 97.9 KESULTS UPON THE ANIMAL. Tables V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X of the Appendix contain the results of the respiratory determinations for the several periods and subperiods. These are summarized in the table following. 1231-No. 74-05 3 18 BUREAU OP ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Carbon and hydrogen excretion. In CO2 and H2O. gen. In hydrocarbons. Carbon. Period I: Subperiod 1 . . Subperiod 2 . . First day — Subperiod 3 . . Subperiod 4 . . Second day Average — Period II: Subperiod 1 . . Subperiod 2 . . First day... Subperiod 3 . . Subperiod 4 . . Second day Average Period III: Subperiod 1 . . Subperiod 2 . . First day Subperiod 3 . . Subperiod 4 . . Second day Average Period IV: Subperiod 1 . . Subperiod 2 . . First day Subperiod 3 . . Subperiod 4 . . Second day Average Grams. 590.8 592.6 499.7 508.4 506.4 493.3 577.7 546.7 Grams. 262.9 262.9 Grams. 39.38 39.25 525.8 244.0 253.5 251.3 255.4 248.9 282.4 267.6 271.9 415.5 447.5 78. 29.29 29.50 40.06 38.66 64. 32 71.36 442.6 461.3 67.43 70.70 Hydrocarbon gases. — In the experiment with timothy hay in 1901-02 it was shown that the ratio of hydrogen to carbon in the combustible gases given off by the animal was ahnost identical with that for methane. The corresponding results for the present experiment were as follows: Ratio of hydrogen to carbon in combustible gases. Period I : Subperiod 1 1:3.145 Subperiod 2 1:3.176 First day ......,,....,,.,,....,..,_ 1:3.160 ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL, 19 Period I — Continued. Siibperiod 3 Siibperiod 4 1:8.132 1:3.170 Second day , 1 : 3. 155 Average, Period I 1 : 3. 156 Period II: Subperiod 1 1 :3.273 Subperiod 2 1:3.214 . First day 1:3.244 Subperiod 3 1 : 3.371 Subperiod 4 1 : 3.341 Second day. 1:3.356 Average, Period II 1 : 3. 299 Period III: Subperiod 1 1:3.075 Subperiod 2 , 1:3.133 First day 1:3.103 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 . 1:3.150 1:3.163 Second day 1 : 3. 155 Average, Period III 1 : 3.129 Period IV: Subperiod 1 1 : 3.074 Subperiod 2 1:3.081 First day 1 : 3.078 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 1:3.093 1:3.074 Second day 1 : 3. 083 Average, Period IV 1:3.078 Computed for CH, 1:2.976 According to the above figures, the ratio of hydrogen to carbon is somewhat less than that required for methane. The computed per- centage composition of the combustible gases compared with that com- puted for CH^ was as follows: Percentage composition of combustible gases. Gas. Observed; average. Observed; excluding Period 11. Computed for CH4. Carbon 76.00 24.00 75.74 24. 26 74 86 Hydrogen 25 15 100.00 100.00 100.00 20 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. The agreement with the composition of methane is less satisfactory than in the previous series of experiments, yet it seems difficult to account for a deficiency of hydrogen. If we assume that the combustible gases consist of methane and compute its amount from the amounts of carbon found, we have the following as the excretion of methane in the several periods: Period I: Grams. Subperiod 1 52.62 Subperiod2 52-44 Subperiod 3 51.89 Subperiod 4 49. 30 Average per day 103.13 Period II: Subperiod 1 37. 86 Subperiod 2 36.87 Subperiod 3 39.13 Subperiod4 39.41 Average per day 76.39 Period III: Grams. Subperiod 1 51.40 Subperiod 2 50. 89 Subperiod 3 53. 52 Subperiod 4 51.65 Average per day 103. 73 Period IV: Subperiod 1 85. 93 Subperiod 2 95.34 Subperiod 3 90. 08 Subperiod 4 94. 46 Average per day 182.91 DETERMINATIONS OF HEAT. It is impracticable to reproduce here the very voluminous records required for the determination of the heat produced, and it must suffice to indicate the general method and to summarize the main results. As explained in Bureau of Animal Industry Bulletin No. 51, the heat given off by the animal as sensible heat is removed from the apparatus by a water current, the amount thus removed being haeas- ured by the product of the amount of water passing through the absorbers and the rise in temperature during its passage through the apparatus. As noted, the temperature of the water was taken every four minutes, while the efflux of each 100 liters was noted on the records. In any portion of the experiment during which the rate of flow of water is uniform we may, without sensible error, compute the averages of the ingoing and of the outcoming temperatures and multi- ply the total weight of water by the difference between the two. Certain corrections are. necessary, however. First. The pipe composing our absorber being of small diameter, there is a not inconsiderable pressure upon the bulbs of the thermom- eters, and this pressure varies with the rate at which the water flows. Since the pressure is greater upon the ingoing than upon the outcom- ing thermometer, the effect is to render the observed difference in temperature too small. A correction for this effect was worked out experimentally for the range of pressure used, and is applied in the table. Second. The friction of the water in the absorbers is itself a source of a small amount of heat, which has been computed from the differ- ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MATZE MEAL. 21 ence in pressure at entrance and exit and the wcig-lit of the water passing- through the absorbers. Third. As Atwater and Rosa have shown, it is essential to take account of the variation in the specitic heat of water at different tem- peratures. We have followed their practice, and assuming the specitic heat of water at 20'-' C. as unity, have expressed all our results in Calories at 20", using for this purpose the table of the specitic heat of water given b}^ those observers.'* Fourth. Corrections have to be made for the heat introduced into the apparatus or withdrawn from it in case the feed, drink, excreta, and vessels containing- them were introduced or removed at a tempera- ture different from that of the calorimeter. The net amount of these corrections, as appears from the table, is ordinarily small, but the single factors are sometimes not inconsiderable. This is especially the case with the feces, where considerable difficulty was experienced in determining the true average temperature of the mass. The results of these several computations are contained in Table XI of the Appendix. To the heat thus measured is to be added the latent heat of water vapor produced in and carried out of the chamber. This is computed from the results for water, assuming the latent heat of vaporization to be 0.592 Calorie per gram. The following table contains a summary of the amounts of heat measured in the calorimeter in the several periods and subperiods: Heat measured in calorimeter. Subperiod. Heat measured. Period : Period II. Period III. Period IV. First day: Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Total Second day: Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Total Average per day Calories. 5,805.27 5,878.48 11, 3.75 6, 010. 82 6,616.18 11,627.00 11, 655. Calories. 5, 444. 53 4,813.02 Calories. 5,318.83 4,971.53 10,257.55 10, 290. 36 4, 971. 32 4,944.16 5, 716. 51 5,053.88 9,915.48 Calories. 7,306.18 7,424.14 14,730.32 7,085.07 7,418.97 KATE OF HEAT EMISSION. As in the previous experiment, the rate at which heat was given off by the animal varied remarkably according as the animal was standing or lying. The readings of the thermometers, .which were taken every four minutes, furnish an approximate!}^ continuous meas- urement of the rate at which heat was given off by the animal by «XJ. S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations Bull. No. 63, p. 56, n BUEEAU OF AKIMAL INDUSTEY. radiation and conduction. The individual readings are probabl}- sub- ject to some accidental fluctuations. To eliminate these, each three successive readings have been averaged and multiplied by the amount of water passing through the absorbers during the same twelve min- utes. The results, expressed in Calories per minute, are represented graphically on Diagram II, in which the arrows indicate the times at which the animal stood up or lay down, the possible effects of slight variations in the temperature of the calorimeter itself being disre- garded. ' The following table shows the total heat emitted during the periods of standing and lying, respectively. The figures of this table relate only to the amount of heat given off by radiation and conduction and removed from the calorimeter in the water current and do not include the heat carried off as latent heat of water vapor. Heat emission. Period and subperiod. Heat per minute. Period I: Subperiod 1 — 6.00 p. m. 7.46 p. m. 10.30 p. m. 1.02 a. m. 2.03 a. m. 4.20 a. m. Subperiod 2— 6.00 a. m. 6.30 a. m. 9.08 a. m. 11.22 a. m. 3.48 p. m. 5.34 p. m. Subperiod 3— 6.00 p. m. 8.10 p. m. 10.06 p. m. 4.28 a. m. Subperiod 4— 6.00 a. m. 6.38 a. m. 10.18 a. m. 12.50 p. m. 3.10 p. m. 5.10 p. m. Period II: Subperiod 1— 6.00 p. m. 10.10 p. m. 12.20 a. m. Subperiod 2— 6.00 a. m. 10.42 a. m. 1.20 p. m. to 7.46 p. m to 10.30 p. m to 1.02 a. m to 2.03 a. m to 4.20 a. m to 6.00 a. m to 6.30 a. m to 9.08 a. m to 11.22 a. m to 3.48 p. m to 5.34 p. m to 6.00 p. m to 8.10 p. m to 10.06 p. m to 4.28 a. m to 6.00 a. m to 6.38 a. m to 10.18 a. m to 12.50 p. m to 3.10 p. m to 5.10 p. m to 6.00 p. m to 10.10 p. m to 12.20 a. m to 6.00 a. tn to 10.42 a. m to 1.20 p. m to 6.00 p. m Minutes. 106 164 152 61 137 100 standing Lying ... Standing Lying ... standing Lying ... do... Standing Lying ... Standing Lying ... standing do... Lying ... Standing Lying ... do... Standing Lying ... Standing Lying . . . Standing do... Lying ... Standing .....do... Lying . . . Standing Calories. 736. 05 857.20 1,122.61 275. 43 976. 18 442. 62 1, 158. 72 606. 08 1,864.81 460. 09 206. 97 2, 735. 70 403. 63 533.37 1,461.47 512. 35 2, 305. 81 1,390.84 595. 17 1,462.70 Calories. 6.9439 5. 2268 7.3856 4.5152 7. 1254 4. 4262 4. 6103 7. 3337 4.5230 7.1006 4.3405 7. 9604 7. 5462 5. 0722 7. 1615 4.3873 4. 5205 6.7403 4. 2813 7. 1363 4. 4448 7. 7636 5.8459 3. 9412 6. 7818 Pugbam II.— Rate of heat emission. ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 23 Heat emisxion — Continued . Period and subperiod. Time. Position. Total heat. Period II— Continued. Subperiod 3— 6.00 p. m. to 9.00 p. 9.00 p. m. to 11.58 p. 11.58 p. m. to 1.54 a. 1.54 a. m. to 3.50 a. 3.50 a. m. to 4.48 a. 4.48 a. m. to 6.00 a. Subperiod 4— 6.00 a. m. to 8.48 a. 8.48 a. m. to 11.12 a. 11.12 a. m. to 3.16 p. 3.16 p. m. to 6.00 p. Period III: Subperiod 1— 6.00 p. m. to 7.45 p. 7.45 p. m. to 11.15 p. 11.16 p. m. to 1.04 a. 1.04 a. m. to 3.19 a. 3.19 a. m. to 6.00 a. Subperiod 2— 6.00 a. m. to 7.50 a. 7.50 a. m. to 11.47 a. 11.47 a. m. to 12.44 p. 12.44 p. m. to 3.44 p. 3.44 p. m. to 6.00 p. Subperiod 3— 6.00 p. m. to 6.52 p. 6.52 p. m. to 7.34 p. 7.34 p. m. to 9.23 p. 9.23 p. m. to 9.31 p. 9.31 p. m. to 11.11 p. 11.11 p. m. to 12.11 a. 12.11 a. m. to 2.33 a. 2.33 a. m. to 3.18 a. 3.18 a. m. to 6.00 a. Subperiod 4— 6.00 a. m. to 8.40 a. 8.40 a. m. to 11.17 a. 11.17 a. m. to 2.14 p. 2.14 p. m. to 5.18 p. 5.18 p. m. to 6.00 p. Period IV: Subperiod 1— 6.00 p. m. to 3.26 a. 3.23 a. m. to 6.00 a. Subperiod 2— 6.00 a. m. to 6.32 a. 6.32 a. m. to 3.28 p. 3.28 p. m. to 3.31 p. 3.31 p. m. to 6.00 p. Subperiod 3— 6.00 p. m. to 9.32 p. 9.32 p. m. to 10.58 p. 10.58 p.m. to 2.22 a. 2.22 a. m. to 6.00 a. Minutes. 180 178 116 116 Standing . . . Lying Standing . . . Lying Standing . . . Lying do Standing . . . Lying Standing . . . do Lying Standing . . . Lying Standing . . . .... do Lying Standing . . . Lying Standing . . . do Lying Staudiiig . . . Lying Standing . . . Lying Standing . . . Lying Standing . . . .....do Lying Standing . . . Lying Standing . . . ....do Lying ....do Standing . . . Lying Standing . . . ....do Lying Standing . . . Lying Calorias. 1,031.79 683. 85 748. 60 482.81 •412. 31 274. 82 978.50 975. 46 607. 27 946. 64 803. 49 605. 89 1, 048. 14 647. 80 789. 48 402.71 787. 62 858.28 334.89 179. 81 800. 92 19.19 722. 82 244.36 997.05 179.47 988. 65 550. 95 ,058.35 731.27 5, 043. 55 789. 13 168. 28 3,920.78 15.29 1,066.11 1,676.98 426. 64 1,646.90 971. 14 24 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Heat emission — Continued. Period and subperiod. Time. Position. Total heat. Heat per minute. Period IV-Continued. Subperiod 4— Minutes. 4 320 180 216 Lying Standing Lying Standing Calories. 22.82 2,516.92 1,672.97 Calories. 6 04 a. m. to 11.24 a. m 7 8654 * 11 24 a m to 2 24 p m 4 9631 From the foregoing table have been computed the following results for the total heat produced during the several periods in the lying and the standing positions, respectively, together with the average heat emission per minute. In making these computations the artificial division into subperiods has been disregarded: Total heat and average heat emission per minute. Period. Lying. Standing. Period I: Minutes . . number.. 1,113 5, 127. 63 4.607 1 1,066 4,248.90 3.986 1 1,258 5,034.68 4.002 1 677 3,277.56 4.841 . 1 1,767 12, 652. 21 Heat per minute Ratio . . . . do.... 7.160 1.554 Period II: Minutes ... number.. 1,814 10, 668. 25 Heat per minute Ratio do.... 5.881 1.476 Period III: Minutes ,. number.. 1,622 Total heat 10,340.01 Heat per minute , Ratio do.... 6.375 L593 Period IV: Minutes number.. 2,203 17,643.21 Heat per minute Ratio . 7.963 1.645 We should naturally ascribe these differences in heat emission to the increased muscular exertion required in standing. It will be noted, however, that the differences are much larger than those observed in the previous year with the same animal and are somewhat variable, the differences tending to be greater as the amount of food consumed increases. Moreover, as already noted, we are dealing only with the heat given off by radiation and conduction and not with the total heat emission. While, therefore, the above results are included for the sake of record, discussion of them is postponed until further data on this point shall have been accumulated. ENEliGY VALUES OF llED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 25 HEAT EMISSION AND HEAT PRODUCTION. The figures of the above tables show the amounts of heat given off by the animal. The heat emitted by the animal, however, is ecjual to the amount of heat actually produced only when the initial and final states of the animal arc the same. Consequently there may be, accord- ing to circumstances, either a storage of heat in the body or an emis- sion of heat produced in a previous period. In this respect there are two principal sources of error: first, variations in the body tempera- ture of the animal; second, a storage or loss of matter by the body. As regards the first of these sources of error, it has been assumed that under normal and uniform conditions the body temperature would be substantial 1}^ the same at the same hour of the day. We have not been able as yet to make systematic determinations of the body tem- perature of cattle as a check upon this assumption, but the rectal temperature of the animal was taken daily during the digestion periods proper of Periods I, II, III, and part of IV. The observations were made immediately before watering, by means of a mercurial ther- mometer, with the following results: Period I. Feb. 6.. 38.3 7.. 38.1 8.. 38.2 9.. 38.8 10.. 38.6 11.. 38.6 12.. 38.6 13.. 38.6 Period II. Feb. 27.. 38.5 28.. 38.5 Mar. 1.. 38.6 2.. 38.6 3-. - 38.4 4.. 38.5 5.. 38.6 6.. 38.5 Period III. Mar. 20.- 38.5 21.. 38.5 Period III— Continued. Mar. 22 38.7° C. 22 38. 5 (15 min. later) 22 ;38. 1 (6 p. mO 23 38.5 24 38. 8 (after drinking) 24 38.2 (4.30 p. m.) 26 38. 5 (15 min. later) 26 38.3 (1.50 p. m.) 26 38. 5 (6 p. m.) 27 38.6 27 38.8 (15 min. later) 27 38.6 (6 p. m.) Apr. 10. 11. 12. 13. 38.7'= 38.7 38.9 38.7 Aside from the abnormally low temperatures of February 6, 7, and 8, the range of the observations taken under corresponding conditions is 38.4° C. to 38.9 C, and the greatest difference between two succes- sive days is 0.2° C. With an average live weight of about 530 kilo- grams, assuming a specific heat of 1 for the body, this difference is equivalent to 106 Calories. 1231— No. 74—05 4 26 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. That the body temperature ma}^ be affected in particular by the consumption of water is rendered probable by the observations upon the rate of heat emission just considered as well as by those of the previous year. It is evident that for a time after drinking the aver- age temperature of the animal plus the water drunk must be somewhat reduced, and the somewhat marked fall in the rate of heat emission after drinking, as shown in Diagram II, strongly suggests that this effect may continue for a considerable time. Our animal, however, was watered twelve hours before entering and leaving the calorimeter, and it seems reasonable to assume that his body temperature would be fully restored to the normal within that time. If the animal stores up matter in its body, there must necessarily be a corresponding storing up of heat, since the matter which is stored was consumed in the food at a temperature considerably below that of the body. On the other hand, if there is a loss of matter from the body in any one of the various excreta, the temperature of this matter is reduced (either actually or by calculation) to that of the surround- ing air before it leaves the calorimeter, and this heat which was pre- viously stored up in the hodj is measured along with that actually produced during the experiment. The above statements are, of course, true, whatever be the kind of matter stored up or given off, but the income and outgo of water is of especial importance in this respect, both because of its large amount and because of the high specific heat of water. Indeed, a very simple calculation serves to show that in these experiments the difference in the income and outgo of dry matter does not materially affect the computation of the balance of energy, and that consequently only the income and outgo of water need be considered. From the data contained in the various tables of the Appendix is compiled the following table, showing the income and outgo of water by the animal and the consequent gain or loss of heat on each day of the calorimeter experiments. The body temperature has been assumed to be 38.5° C, while that of the calorimeter in every case was 18.2° C. In the case of feces spilled in the calorimeter, the water remaining in them when sampled has been divided equally between the two days. The amount of urine spilled has been calculated to the fresh weight upon the basis of its nitrogen content. ENEliGY VALUES OF KED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. Approximate water balance. 27 Period. Income. Outgo. . Period. Income. Outgo. Period I: February -1— Grams. 443 1>,956 Orams. Period III: March 18- Hay Gravis. 319 115 19, 755 Gravis. Maize meal Water-T 48 7,819 4,388 4,732 Feces, spilled 7 Urine c 4,936 13, 588 4,781 5,760 16,987 16, 987 March 19- Hay 20, 189 20, 189 469 16, 345 February 5— 357 115 9,218 Water n Maize meal Feces b 6,151 5,036 4,477 1,150 Watera Feces b 5,738 Feces, spilled 7 Urine c 3,889 16,814 16, 814 4,799 250 19, 212 Period IV: April 8— Hay Period II: 14, 489 14,489 February 25— Hay 313 549 21, 707 3,082 3,587 4,264 8,537 Watera Feces& 6,573 Urinec 4,304 Water vapor 7,472 Balance 19, 462 19, 462 April 9— Hay 22,569 296 7,833 February 26— Hay 264 549 17,595 Watera Uneaten residue 2 4,341 4,163 4,660 Water n Feces t> Feces & 6 884 Urine c 4,181 8,134 Water vapor Water vapor 4,937 801 13,066 13,066 19, 199 19, 199 a Including water used to moisten hay. b Special sample. c Assumed to contain the same percentage of solids as the mixed urine for the period. Upon the basis of the above figures the actual heat production has been computed, as shown in the following table, the difference between the income and outgo of water, expressed in kilograms, being multi- plied by 20.3, the difference in temperature, to obtain the correction. 28 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Heal production. Measured in calo- rimeter. Correction for water. Heat pro- duced. Period I: First day . . Second day Average . Period II: First day . . Second day Average . Period III: First day . . Second day Average. Period IV: First day . . Second day Calories. 11, 683. 75 11,627.00 Calories. -275. 9a 11,655. 10, 257. 65 9,915.48 10,290. 10, 770. 14,730.32 14,504.04 -1-173. 30 -100. 11 -t-116. 93 - 97.42 85.67 16.28 Calories. 11, 407. 82 11,650.35 11, 529. ( 10, 430. 85 9,^5.37 10,407.29 10,672.97 14,815.99 14,487.78 THE BALANCE OF MATTER. Considering the figures for epidermal tissues on page 16 to repre- sent the average rate of growth of hair, etc., we may subdivide the gain or loss as ordinarily computed into the growth of these tissues and the real gain or loss of the proteids and fat in the body, as has been done in the computations which follow. THE NITROGEN AND CARBON BALANCE. The income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon are shown in the fol- lowing table. The figures for hydrogen are omitted for the reason that, as stated on page 17, the results for water were not found to be satisfactory: Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon per day and head. Period. Nitrogen. Carbon. Income. Outgo. Income. Outgo. Period I: Hav Grams. 101. 00 Grams. Grams. 2, 017. 70 Grams. 43.20 74.97 1.87 879. 60 Urine 150. 46 7.40 77.19 ' 1,186.40 19.04 283. 35 120. 04 120.04 2,301.05 2,301.05 ENERGY VALUES 01? HED CLOVER IIAY ANl) MAIZE MEAL. 29 Income mid outijo of nilrogoi (tud rarhoii. per daij and head, — ContiiincMl. Period. Nitrogen. Carbon. Income. Outgo. Income. Outgo. Period 11: Hny Grams. 71.40 Grams. Grams. 1,444.00 Grams. Feces... 28.40 58. 50 1.87 617 10 Urine 103 43 Methane 57 18 1,003.90 17.37 345. 01 Period III: Hay 88:77 88.77 1,789.01 1,789.01 78. 80 12. 60 1,435.90 334. 90 Maize ineal 33.20 59.01 1.87 Urine 125 31 7.40 Methane 77.64 1, 103. 90 2.68 204. 85 Period IV: Hay 94.08 94.08 1, 975. 65 1,975.65 73.00 60.90 1,453.00 1, 578. 70 Maize meal 51.10 70.23 1.87 Urine . . . 141 87 Brushings , 7.40 Methane 136 91 1,673.90 10.70 133.90 133. 90 3,031.70 3,031.70 GAIN OR LOSS OF PROTEIN AND FAT. Excluding the amount of epidermal tissue produced, the gain or loss of protein and fat has been computed in the usual manner, using Kohler's** figures for the composition of the nitrogenous tissue of cattle, namely, nitrogen 16.67 per cent and carbon 52.54 per i^ent. In other words, body protein is equivalent to nitrogen multiplied by 6. In the computation of fat from carbon the usual factor (1.3) has been employed. Gain or loss of protein and fat per day and head. Gain of nitrogen. Equiva- lent protein N.X6. Gain of carbon. Equiva- Period. Total. As pro- tein. As fat. lent gain of fat. I.. Grams. -19. 04 -17.37 +10. 70 Grams. -114. 24 -104. 22 - 16.08 + 64.20 Grams. -283. 35 -345.01 -204.85 +311.02 Grams. - 60.02 - 54.76 - 8.45 + 33.73 Grams. -223. 33 -290.25 -196.40 +277. 29 Grams. —290. 33 -377. 33 Ill -255. 32 IV +360. 48 aZeit. physiol. Chem., v. 31, p. 479. so BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. THE BALANCE OF ENERGY. In these experiments we have direct determinations of all the fac- tors of income and outgo of energy, except the potential energy of the methane excreted and that of the tissue gained by the animal. The energy of the methane, however, may be safely computed from its amount, its. heat of combustion at constant pressure being 13.344: Calories per gram. The energy of the gain of tissue bj^ the animal may be estimated in the usual way from the computed amounts of protein and fat given above, using the factors 5.7 Calories and 9.5 Calories per gram, respectively. Having done this we are in position to compare the income with the outgo of energy, and thus to check to a considerable extent the accuracy of our experiments. The following table contains such a comparison for each period. The difference between income and outgo, which has been entered in the table under the heading "Error," shows, of course, the extent to which our results appear to deviate from those required by the law of the conservation of energy. As noted on page 15, the figures for the urine are com- puted from its carbon content. Balance of energy per day and per head. Income. Outgo. Period I: Hay Calories. 19,840 Calories. Feces 8 652 Urine (computed) 1 505 Methane 1,376 11,529 Loss by body- 651 2, 758 Fat Error 106 23,249 23,249 Period II: Hay 13,917 Feces 5 838 1,034 Methane 1 020 Heat 10,123 Loss by body- Protein 694 3,585 Fat 18,096 18, 096 Period III: Hay .. . .... 13, 983 3,203 6,331 Urine (computed) 1,253 ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. Balance of energy per day and per head — Continiied. 31 Income. 0>itgo. Period III— Continued. Calories. Calorics. Heat 10,540 Loss by body- 92 2,426 Fat Error 115 19, 704 19, 704 Period IV: Hay 14, 178 15, 066 Feces 7 331 1,419 81 Brushings Heat Gain by body- Protein Fat 3 425 Error 471 29, 715 29, 715 With the exception of Period IV, the agreement between the results computed from the balance of matter and those obtained by the direct determination of the heat evolved by the animal is very satisfactory. In Period IV the discrepancy is larger than it should be. The follow- ing table contains a comparison of the observed heat production with that computed by subtracting the energy of excreta plus gain from the energy of the food. It will be seen that the percentage error is relatively small in each period except in Period IV. Heat production per day. Period. Computed. Observed. Computed -=- observed. I. Calories. 11,635 10, 123 10,655 14, 181 Calories. 11, 629 10, 123 10,540 14, 652 Per cent. 100 9 II 100 HI . 101.1 IV 96 8 32 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. DIGESTIBILITY. Hay. — The results tabulated in Table III of the Appendix and summarized also under the several periods are brought together in the following table: Percentage digeslibility of hay. Constituents and energy. Period I. Period II. Dry matter , Ash Organic matter Total protein (N.X6.25) Proteids Crude fiber Nitrogen-free extract . . Ether extract Energy Per cent. 59.13 46.29 60.00 57.23 48.58 48.77 69.90 65.36 56.39 Per cent. 59.70 46.48 60.61 60.23 53.19 50.27 68.94 65.02 58.05 It appears from the above figures that the digestibility of the hay was slightly greater in Period II, in which the smaller amount was fed, than in Period I. The results recorded in Bulletin 51, Bureau of Animal Industrj'-, appear to show a marked increase of digestibility as the amount of hay consumed was diminished. Such difference as there is in the present instance is in the same direction, but it is so small as to be practically within the limits of error. Ifaize meal. — The digestibility of the maize meal is computed in Table III of the Appendix upon the assumption that the hay fed in Periods III and IV was digested to the same extent as was the case in Period II, in which the same amount was fed. The results of the computation are as follows: Computed percentage digestibility of maize meal. Constituents and energy. Period III. Period IV. Dry matter Per cent. 87.34 Per cent. 91.50 Ash 18.40 89.16 85.23 80.14 92.60 Total protein (N. x6 25) 62 30 Proteids 66.43 Crude fiber 32.40 Nitrogen-free extract 98.11 103.72 85.46 97 75 95.74 Energy . . 90.81 ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER II AY AND MAIZE MEAL. 33 There is a very marked discrepancy in the results in the two periods, the maize meal appearlno- to have been more digestible in Period IV than in Period III, Avith the exception of protein, the ditferoncc falling largel}^ upon the crude fiber. We are unable to explain the discrep- ancy. Since, however, the proportion of maize meal fed was much greater in Period IV than in Period III, any variation in the digesti- bility of the hay, or any other errors of experiment, will affect the final figures to a less degree, and we are inclined, therefore, to consider these figures as more nearly correct than those of Period III. The results obtained upon total protein and proteids seem to indicate a decrease in the apparent digestibility of these constituents under the influence of the large supply of carbohydrates in the maize meal, METABOLIZABLE ENERGY. The term metabolizable energy has been used by the writers to designate that portion of the total energy of the food which is capable of conversion into the kinetic form in the body. In this sense it is equivalent to energy of food minus energy of excreta, or to what is often called "fuel value." The data of the foregoing pages enable us to compute the metabo- lizable energy of the rations in the several periods. Before doing so, however, a certain correction is necessary in the energy of the urine. For example, in Period I the animal lost 19.04 grams of body nitrogen, corresponding to a loss of 115.24 grams of protein. According to Rubner's results, the potential energy of the urine is increased by about 7.46 Calories for each gram of urinary nitrogen coming from the oxidation of body protein. In this case, then, the urine contained approximately 19.04 X 7.45 = 142 Calories of energy not derived from the potential energy of the food but from that of body tissue. It is plain, then, that the potential energy, of the urine must be diminished hj this amount before it is subtracted from the gross energy of the food in order to get the true metabolizable energy of the latter. The corresponding corrections for the several periods, computed in this way, are as follows: Corrected energy of urine. Period. Gain of nitrogen. Equivalent energy. Corrected energy of urine. I Orams. -19.04 -17. 37 -2.68 +10. 70 Calories. -142 -129 - 20 + 80 Calories. 1,363 905 II Ill . 1,238 IV 1 499 34 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Hay. — The data of Periods 1 and II enable us to compute the meta- bolizable energy of the clover hay fed, as shown in the following table: MetaboUzable energy of clover hay. Feed and excreta. Period I. Period II. Feed. Excreta. Feed. Excreta. Calories. 19,840 Calories. Calories. 13,917 Calories. 8,652 1,363 1,376 8,449 5 838 Urine (corrected) . . .. 9C5 1,020 6,154 Total 19, 840 19,840 13,917 13, 917 The relation of the metabolizable energy to the amount of matter in the food may be expressed in terms of Calories per gram of the total or of the digested organic matter. Computed in this way the results are as shown in the table following : Metabolizable energy per gram of organic matter of clover hay. Organic matter of rations. Metabolizable energy. Period. Total. Digested. Total. Per gram of total organic matter. Per gram of digested organic matter. I Orams. 4,174 2,941 Grams. 2,505 1,783 Calories. 8,449 6,154 Calories. 2.024 2.092 Calories. 3 373 11 3.462 The metabolizable energy of a feeding stuff may also be expressed as a percentage of the total or gross energy. Such a percentage is analogous to a digestion coefficient, so that if an average value for it were established for any particular kind of feeding stuff, the amount of metabolizable energy in a given amount of it could be computed from its total energy by multiplication by this coefficient just as the digestible dry matter or organic matter can be computed from the total amount present by the use of a digestion coefficient. The first half of the following table shows the percentage of the total energy which escaped in the several excreta or which was metabolized in the animal's body, while the second half of the table shows the same rela- tions based upon the energy of the digested matter: ENERGY VALUES OE RED CLOVER HAY AND MATZE MEAL. 35 Distribution of energy of clover It ay. Energy— Total energy. Jinergy of digested matter. Period I. Period II. Average. Period I. Period II. Average. In feces Per cent. 43. 61 G.87 ("i. 94 42. 58 Per cent. 41.95 0.50 7.33 44. 22 Per cent. 42.78 f). 69 7.13 43. 40 Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 12.18 12. 30 75.52 11.20 12. 02 76.18 Metabolizable 75 85 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 Maize meal. — In Periods III and IV, in which maize meal was fed, the total metabolizable energ}^ of the ration was as shown in the fol- lowing table: Metaholizahle energy of total ration. Feed and excreta. Period III. Period IV. Feed. Excreta. Feed. Excreta. Hay Calories. 13, 983 3,203 Calories. Calories. 14, 178 15, 066 Calories. Feces 6,331 1,233 1,384 8,238 7 331 Urine (corrected) 1 499 2,441 17 973 Metabolizable Total 17, 186 17, 186 29,244 29, 244 A part of the metabolizable energy shown in the above table, how- ever, was derived from the hay and only part from the maize meal. Knowing, however, the amount of gross energy contained in the haj^ consumed, we can apply to this the percentages computed in the pre- vious table and compute how much of the energy of the hay was lost in the excreta and how much was metabolizable. For this purpose the results upon Period II have been used, this being the period in which the same amount of hay was fed as in Periods III and IV. The com- putation is precisely similar in principle to the computation of the digestibility of grain in a mixed ration. The results are contained in the following table: Computed metaholizahle energy of maize meal. Organic matter. Total energy. Energy of excreta. Metabo- lizable energy. Total. Digesti- ble. Feces. Urine (cor- rected). Methane. Period III: Orams. 3,676.6 2, 952. 8 Grams. 2, 435. 1 1,789.7 Calories. 17,186 13, 983 Calories. 6,331 5,866 Calories. 1,233 909 Calories. 1,384 1,025 Calories. ' 8, 238 Clover hay 6 183 723. 8 645.4 3,203 465 324 359 2,055 Period IV. 6, 375. 6 2,974.8 4, 952. 3 1,803.0 29,244 14,178 7,331 5,948 1,499 922 2,441 17, 973 Clover hay 6,269 3,400.8 3 149.3 15,066 1,383 577 1,402 11,704 u SUKEATJ Ot AKIMAL iNDUSTfi"^. Computing these results per gram of total or digested organic mat- ter, and computing also the percentage distribution of the total energy as in the case of hay, we have the following: MetaboUzable energy per gram of organic matter in maize meal. Organic matter of maize meal. MetaboUzable energy of maize meal. Period. Total. Digested. Total. Per gram of total organic matter. Per gram of di- gested organic matter. HI Grams. 724 3,401 Orams. 645 3,149 Calories. 2,055 11,704 Calories. 3.441 Calories. 3 186 IV : : Distribution of energy of maize meal. Total energy. Energy of digested matter. Period III. Period IV. Period III. Period IV. In feces Per cent. 14.52 10.12 11.20 64.16 Per cent. 9.18 3.83 9.31 77.68 Per cent. Per cent. 11.83 13.11 75. oe In methane 10 25 Metabolizable 85 53 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100. (jO The results in these two periods show a very considerable diver- gence. The low percentage digestibility of the maize meal in Period III is equivalent, of course, to a greater apparent loss of energy in the feces and therefore to a lower percentage of metabolizable energy. Even when this is eliminated, however, by making the computation upon the energy of the digested matter we still find a marked differ- ence, Period 111 showing a greater loss in the methane, and particu- larly in the urine. While the outcome is unsatisfactory, it would seem that the results in Period IV are likel}^ to be nearer the truth than those of Period III. The above results represent what has been called the "apparent" metabolizable energy. It is not at all unlikely that the addition of maize meal affected to a greater or less degree the digestibility of the hay to which it was added. In particular, as was pointed out on page 33, it seems possible that it diminished the digestibility of the protein of the total ration. If such was the case the results obtained above are too small to represent the actual metabolizable energy of maize meal, just as the corresponding results upon the digestibility of the protein are too small. In the one case as in the other our figures represent the net effect upon the amount of metabolizable energy or of protein which the animal derived from its ration. Kny effect of ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 37 one ingTedicnt of the ration upon the dij^'estibility of the other in ascribed, by the method of computation employed, entirely to the maize meal. The results, therefore, as stated, represent the apparent digestibility or the apparent metabolizable energy. COMPARISON OF RESULTS. On account of the apparent variation in digestibility the results upon metabolizable energy are not very satisfactory, and the same was the case with the experiment of the previous year. Nevertheless, it may be of some interest to compare the data obtained for the various materials experimented with. In making this comparison the results for timothy haj^ obtained by comparing Periods A and C have been employed.* For clover hay the average of Periods I and II is used, and for maize meal the results of Period IV. Kellner's^ average figures for German meadow hay have also been included. Percentage metabolizable. Of total energy. Of energy of digest- ed mat- ter. Timothy hay. Clover hay . . . Meadow hay . Maize meal . . Per cent. 44.25 43.40 46.56 77.68 Per cent. a 86. 58 75.85 78.77 85.63 a Erroneously given in Bureau of Animal Industry, Bui. 51 as 85.58 per cent. Computed on the basis of total energy the maize meal naturally gives much higher figures because of its greater digestibility. Of the three coarse fodders the German meadow hay gives the highest results and the clover hay the lowest. The figures for the distribution of energy contained in the next following table show that the larger losses of energy in the case of clover hay as compared with meadow hay are partly due to inferior digestibility, and in part to larger losses in the urine and methane. In the case of timothj^ hay, while the digestibility is lower than that of either of the other two, the relatively small losses in urine and methane bring the percentage of metabolizable energy above that for the clover hay. When the computation is made upon the energy of the digested matter these relatively small losses in urine and methane result in a relatively high figure for metabolizable energy, the digested matter of the timothy hay not only being superior to that of the clover hay and meadow hay in this respect but even showing a slightly higher value than the digestible matter of maize meal. a Bureau of Animal Industry, Bui. 51, p. 52. l> Landw. Vers. Stat., v. 53, p. 447. 88 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY. Percentage distribution of energy. Total energy. Energy of digested matter. Timothy hay. Clover hay. Meadow hay. Maize meal. Timothy hay. Clover hay. Meadow hay. Maize meal. Per cent. 48.90 3.06 3.79 44.25 Per cent. 42.78 6.69 7.13 43.40 Per cent. 40.96 5.71 6.77 46.66 Per cent. 9.18 3.83 9.31 77.68 Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 6.00 7.42 86.58 11.69 12.46 75.85 9.66 11.57 78.77 4.22 10.25 Metabolizable 85.53 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 NET AVAILABLE ENERGY. Both our own observations and those of others, notably those of Zuntz and his associates, have shown that a considerable portion of the metabolizable energy of the food may be consumed in those mechanical and chemical processes incident to the digestion of the food and its conversion into forms fitted to nourish the body, or may otherwise be converted into the form of heat, and so not be directly available to make good the losses of potential energy from the body caused by the vital processes. The portion of the metabolizable energy remaining after subtracting the portion thus expended repre- sents the net contribution which the food has made to the maintenance of the stock of potential energy in the body. This portion of the energy of the food is designated as net available energy.'^ The availability of the energy of a food may be determined by adding the substance in question to a known basal ration and determining the extent to which the added food diminishes the previous loss of tissue. Such a com- parison may be based either upon the total energy of the food or upon its metabolizable energy, but the latter seems the more appropriate of the two. As the balance of energy on pages 28 and 29 shows, however, the gain or loss as computed from the nitrogen and carbon balance does not exactl}^ agree with that computed from the difference between income and outgo of energy. For the present purpose it seems most satisfactory to use the average of these results, or, in other words, to substitute in the balance of energ}^ the average of the computed and the observed heat production as given on page 31. For example, in Period I we obtain the following as the average loss of energy in the form of protein and fat: « Kellner (Ernahrung landw. Nutzthiere, p. 104) designates these two portions into which the metabolizable energy of the food may be divided as "Thermic energy" and "Dynamic energy," respectively. ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. Average loss of energy. 3{) Feed, excreta, etc. Income. Outgo. II a V Calories. 19, 840 Calories. 8, 652 Brushings 81 Computed loss of protein and fat 3,356 23, 196 23,196 In making the comparison with the metabolizable energy, however, the loss of tissue as thus computed must be corrected by subtracting Y.45 Calories for each gram of nitrogen in the urine, since the amount of metabolizable energy was corrected in the same way. The average figures for the growth of epithelial tissue must also be counted as part of the gain. Making these corrections, we have the following results for the several periods, those for Period IV being computed both on the basis of the observed and of the computed heat production as well as upon the average, as in other cases: Average gain or loss. Average gain or loss of protein and fat. of epithe- lial Correc- tion for nitrogen, Total gain or I II Ill IV (based on observed heat production) . IV (based on computed heat production) IV (average) Calories. -3,356 -4, 179 -2,461 +3,320 +3, 791 +3,555 Calories. +81 +81 +81 +81 +81 +81 Calories. +142 +129 + 20 Calories. -3, 133 -3,969 -2,360 +3,321 +3, 792 +3,556 The results in the above table are also shown graphically in Dia- gram III, in which the abscissae represent the total amounts of metab- olizable energy supplied to the animal, and the ordinates the resulting gain or loss of energy. AVAILABLE ENERGY OF HAY. A comparison of Periods I and II, in which different amounts of hay were fed, affords the means of determining the availability of the metabolizable energy of the latter, the results for Period II being subtracted from those for Period I, as in the table following. 40 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Availability of energy. Period. Organic matter. Metabo- lizable energy. Gain. Availa- Total. Digested. bility. Oravis. 4, 174 2, 941 Grams. 2,505 1,783 Calories. 8,449 6,154 Calories. -3,133 Per cent. II 1,233 722 2,295 836 36.42 From the above table it appears that the 2,295 additional Calories of metabolizable energ^y supplied in Period I diminished the loss of energ-}^ from the body by 836 Calories. The latter figure represents the portion of the added metabolizable energy which was available in the sense in which that term is here used, and is 36.42 per cent of the 2,295 Calories of added energy. The availability is indicated in Dia- gram III by the line AB. The above figures show a comparatively low availability for clover hay, particularly as compared with timothy hay, for which a percentage of 62.92 was found, and, pending further experiments, must be accepted with considerable reserve. AVAILABLE ENERGY OF MAIZE MEAL. The availability of the energy of the maize meal may be computed by a comparison of Periods II and III upon precisely the same princi- ple as that just made between Periods I and II. Owing, however, to slight variations in the percentage of moisture contained in the hay, the animal actually ate 18.9 grams more dry matter of hay in Period III than in Period II, an amount which is equivalent to 66.2 Calories of total energy. On the average of Periods I and II, 43.4 per cent of this total energy was metabolizable, or 29 Calories; and 36.42 per cent of the latter amount, equivalent to 10 Calories, was, according to the figures just given, available. In other words, if only as much hay had been consumed in Period III as in Period II, the metabolizable energy would have been less by 29 Calories and the gain less by 10 Calories. Making this correction, we have the results shown in the following table: Percentage availability of maize meal. Metabo- lizable energy. Gain. Percent- age avail- ability. Total, Period III Calories. 8,238 -29 Calories. -2,360 -10 Per cent. Correction for hay. Periodll 8,209 6,154 -2,370 -3, 969 2,055 1,599 77.81 ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MATZE MEAL, 41 These results iiro indicated in Dijigrain III by the line AC/' While this result is subject to the errors involved in the determina- tion of the metabolizable enorg-y of the maize meal, it is nevertheless evident that the energy of the latter is far more available than is that of either clover or timothy hay. Expressed in another v/ay, this is equivalent to saying that the expenditure of eneigy in digestion and assimilation is relatively less in the case of maize meal, a result which was to have been anticipated from the nature of the material. Even if we compute the metabolizable energy of the maize meal with the aid of the data obtained in Period IV, we still find an availability of 76.2 per cent. REPLACEMENT VALUES. The earlier investigations of Rubner upon the replacement values of the nutrients, and his theory of isodynamic replacement founded upon them, have led many writers to regard the so-called "fuel value" of nutrients and feeding stuffs as a measure of their value in nutrition, at least for purposes of maintenance. By the term "fuel value," equivalent to what we have here called metabolizable energy, is meant the amount of heat which the material is capable of liberating in the body when oxidized to the final excretory products, and the tacit assumption is that, since on a maintenance ration all the energy of the food finally leaves the body in the form of heat, the fuel value of a feeding stuff is equivalent to its nutritive value. Our results upon timothy hay,* however, showed that about 37 per cent of the metabolizable energy of this feeding stuff served simply to increase the heat production of the animal, while only the remain- ing 63 per cent were available to replace that lost by the katabolism of body tissue. In other words, the digestible organic matter of the hay was not isodynamic with body tissue. It was there pointed out that in all probability the availability of the metabolizable energy of differ- ent feeding stuffs would be found to differ, particularly in the case of grain as compared with coarse fodder, and that therefore the relative values of different feeding stuffs for maintenance would not be propor- tional to their metabolizable energy, or "fuel value." The results of the present series of experiments fully confirm this anticipation. From the data on the foregoing pages we find the metabolizable energy of one kilogram of total organic matter to be as follows: Metabolizable energy per kilogram of total organic matter. Calories. Clover hay (average of Periods I and II) 2, 058 Timothy hay (Periods C-A ) 2, 113 Maize meal (Period I V ) 3, 441 « The slight correction for hay is not shown on the diagram. & Bureau of Animal Industry, Bulletin No. 51, pp. 61-63. 42 BUREAU OP ANIMAL INDUSTRY. The extent to which one kilogram of total organic matter diminished the loss of body tissue — i. e., its actual value for maintenance — is measured b}^ its available energy, and was as folllows: Available energy per kilogram of total organic matter. Calories. Clover hay 750 Timothy hay 1, 330 Maize meal 2, 678 Taking clover hay as unity, the relative maintenance values of one kilogram of total organic matter as computed from its metabolizable energy (fuel value) and as actually measured by its available energy were as follows: Relative values of total organic matter for maintenance. Feeds. Computecl from met- abolizable energy. Computed from avail- able en- ergy. Clover hav 1.000 1.027 1.672 1.000 Timothy hav 1 773 A similar comparison per kilogram of digestible organic matter gives the following result: Energy per kilogram, digestible organic matter. Clover hay . . Timothy hay Maize meal . Calories. 3,413 3,794 3,716 Calories. 1, 243 Relative values of digestible organic matter for maintenance. Feeds.' Computed from met- abolizable energy. Computed from avail- able en- ergy. 1.000 1.112 1.000 1.920 Maize meal 2.325 It is evident that the maintenance values based on the fuel values are not only much too high, but are not even approximately correct relatively. PERCENTAGE UTILIZATION OF ENERGY. In Period IV enough maize meal was added to the ration to cause a material gain by the animal. The percentage of metabolizable energy actually stored as gain may be designated as the percentage utiliza- tion in distinction from the percentage availability, which is measured ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 43 by the diminution of the loss below the niiiintenance re(|uii'enient. As we have seen, a certain percentag'e of tiie nietal)oliza))h; energy of the food is expended in its digestion and assimilation. When, however, this assimilated food is to be converted into tissue, we may assume as altogether probable that additional chemical work nmst be done upon it, involving a further expenditure of energy. If this is the case, we shall expect to find the percentage utilization correspondingly less than the percentage availability. In Period IV slightly more hay was consumed than in Period III. After correcting for this, as in the previous case, the subtraction of Period III from Period IV shows that in the latter 9,639 Calories more of metabolizable energy were consumed, resulting in a gain of 3,525 Diagram III.— Availability and utilization of energy. Calories instead of a loss of 2,360 Calories. The effect of the added 9,639 Calories, therefore, is a mixed one, namely, preventing a loss of 2,360 Calories, and causing an actual gain of 3,525 Calories. From these figures it is not possible to compute directly the percentage availability or the percentage utilization. If, however, we assume that the availability of the energy is independent of the amount fed, we can easily compute how much maize meal it would have been nec- essary to add to the ration of Period III to exactly reach the mainte- nance requirement. Obviously 2,360 Calories of available energy would be required for this purpose. We have already computed the availability to be 77.81 per cent. The required amount of metaboliz- able energy, therefore, is 2,360 ^ 0.7781 = 3,033 Calories. Geomet- rically, this operation is represented in Diagram III by the production 44 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. of the line AC to E. Subtracting this amount from the total differ- ence between the two periods we find, as shown in the table, that there remained 6,604 Calories of metabolizable energy which produced an average gain of 3,525 Calories, corresponding to a percentage utiliza- tion of 53.30 per cent, which is represented by the line ED in Dia- gram III. In the last two columns of the table are included also the results based respectively upon the maximum and minimum figures for the gain as given on page 39, the corresponding lines in the dia- gram being the broken lines ED^ and EDg. Percentage utilization. Metaboliz- able energy. Gain. Average. Maximum. Minimum. Period IV Calories. 17,973 -86 Calories. 3,556 -31 Calories. 3,792 -31 Calories. 3,321 Correction for hay . . . —31 Period IV corrected 17,887 8,238 3,525 -2, 360 3,761 -2, 360 3,290 -2,360 Difference 9,649 3,033 5,885 2,360 6,121 2,360 5,650 6,616 3,525 3,761 3,290 Percentage utilization Per cent. 53.28 Per cent. 56.85 Per cent. 49 73 Clearly the percentage utilization is much less than the percentage availability, even if we take the lower corrected figures for the latter. Of the net available energy supplied 31.52 per cent appears to have been expended in the work of tissue building, while 64.48 per cent was stored as gain. This result is quite in accordance with the indi- cations obtained in Period D of the previous year's experiments on timothy hay (idem, pp. 58 and 64.) DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY. The foregoing results, and those of Bulletin No. 51 , Bureau of Animal Industry, afford data for at least an approximate comparison of the percentage distribution of the energy of timothy hay, clover hay, and maize meal between the several excretory products, the expenditure in digestion and assimilation, the expenditure in tissue formation, and the resulting gain of tissue. The results are contained in the tables following, which are an extension of that given on page 38. The distribution is calculated both upon the total energy and upon the energy of the digested matter. Kellner's average results for German meadow hay are also included in the table for the sake of comparison. ENEKGY VALUES OF KED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 45 Percentage distribution of total energy. Timothy hay. Clover hay. Meadow hay. Maize meal. In feces Per cent. 48. 90 3.06 3.79 16.41 13.10 14.74 Per cent. 42.78 6.69 7.13 27. 60 } «.8.{ Per cent. 40. 96 5. 71 6. 77 } -■-! 19. 28 Per cent. 9 18 3.83 Expended in digestion and assimilation. 17 2H 19. 06 100.00 100.00 100. 00 100.00 27.84 15.80 Percentage distribution of energy of digested matter. Timothy hay. Clover hay. Meadow hay. Maize meal. In urine Per cent. 6.00 7.42 32.10 25.64 28.84 Per cent. 11.69 12.46 48.24 I 27. 61 Per cent. 9.66 . 11. 57 46.08 32.69 Per cent. 4 22 In digestion and assimilation f 18 97 1 20. 99 Stored as gain 45.67 100.00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 Net available . . . . . ... 54.49 27.61 65 55 The same results may also be computed in Calories per unit of dry matter, using the percentages of the above tables as coefficients. The total or gross energy of the materials, taking in case of timothy hay, clover hay, and maize meal the average of the two general samples, was as follows: Total or gross energy of materials. Materials. Per kilo- gram dry matter. Per kilo- gram di- gested or- ganic mat- ter. Calories. 4,554 4,457 4,431 4,413 a 4, 382 Clover hay b 4, 494 c 4, 327 German meadow hay 4,437 Preliminary period, steer No. 1. c Average of Periods III and IV. 'Average of Period.s I and II. On this basis have been computed the figures of the table following, showing the total energy per kilogram of dry matter and its distribu- tion in accordance with the percentage figures already given. 46 BUKEAU OF ANIMA.L INDTJSTKY. Energy per kilogram total dry matter. Timothy hay. Clover hay. Meadow hay. Maize meal. Calories. 2,227 139 173 747 597 671 Calories. 1,907 298 318 1,230 1 704: Calories. 1,807 252 299 1 1, 204 851 Calories. 407 170 413 Expended in digestion and assimilation f 763 1 844 1,834 Total 4,554 4,457 4,413 4 431 1,268 704 2, 679 Energy per kilogram digestible organic matter. Timothy hay. Clover hay. Meadow . hay. Maize meal. Lost in urine . . . Calories. 262 325 1,407 1,124 1,264 Calories. 525 560 2,168 I 1, 241 Calories. 429 513 2,045 1,450 Calories. 183 443 Expended in tissue formation j 908 Total 4,382 4,494 4,437 4,327 ' 1,241 2,880 Taking the figures for timothy hay as 1.00, the relative values of these four feeding stuffs are as follows: Relative values. Foods. Per kilogram total dry matter. Per kilogram digestible organic matter. For main- tenance. For fatten- ing. For main- tenance. For fatten- ing. Timothy hay 1.00 .56 1.00 1.00 .52 1 00 Meadow hay 1.27 2.73 1 15 2.11 1.21 1.56 These figures again render it evident that neither the maintenance value nor the value for productive purposes of these feeding stuffs is proportional to their metabolizable energy (fuel value). It must, of course, be remembered that the above figures, with the exception of Kellner's average for meadow hay, are the results of but a single experiment each upon one animal. It is scarcely necessary to say that far more extensive investigations are necessary to secure results which can be regarded as fixing the absolute values of these ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 47 three feeding stuffs for maintenance or for productive purposes. We are far from making- the general statement that one kilogram of the dry matter of timothy hay, for example, is capable of producing a gain of 671 Calories by a steer, or that it has a value of 1,268 Calories in a maintenance ration. The value of our results, in our judgment, lies in the very marked differences which they show between the "fuel value," the value for maintenance, and the value for productive purposes. These differ- ences appear to us too large to be accounted for by the possible errors of single experiments, and we therefore believe that our results con- stitute at least a qualitative demonstration of the existence of such differences, especially since they are entirely in harmony in this respect with those of other investigators, and with generally accepted conceptions of the physiology of nutrition. APPENDIX. Table I. — Weight, water drunk, and excreta. For 24 hours ended on date given. Live weight. Water drunli. Feces. Urine.a Grams. For 24 hours ended on date given. Live weight. Water drunli. Feces. Urine.a Hay only. Period I: Jan., 1903. 24 577.5 559.8 566.6 565.2 553.1 561.0 553.4 554.0 541.5 556.2 6 [545. 9] Kilos. 0.0 22. 45 Grams. Hay only— Con. Period II: Feb., 1903. 14 15 16 17 18 19 Kilos. 543.9 529. 8 540.8 527.7 634. 25 .fi9i n Kilos. 0.0 26.95 1.4 18.3 0.0 30.2 5.8 17.7 0.0 16.56 0.0 13.0 7.665 25.6 11.8 16.8 9.8 16.5 0.0 24.2 0.0 Grams. 4,058 5,713 6,712 6,942 4,588 7,896 5,569 6,438 4,960 4,727 G7-ams. 25 26 18.6 3.8 28.1 8.0, 18.0 27 28 29 30 20 536.4 21 .■>•>« fi 31 Feb., 1903. 1 31.8 0.0 24.05 2.5 16.1 10.9 24.1 13.0 12.8 20.9 10.85 12.2 18.0 22 23 24 25 532. 4 620. 25 6 [527.0] 2 3 3 840 9,738 7,793 9,430 8,500 9,545 10, £0') 8,652 8,975 9,196 9,344 4,730 5,433 5,371 5,602 rf[5,625] 6,283 6,015 6,290 6,050 26 27 28 Mar., 1903. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total .... c[524.9] 6[519. 4] 623. 4 520.8 524.2 618. 2 520.2 512. 523. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 [554.0] 6 [549. 5] 540.5 548.1 545.4 543.0 548.6 544.0 540.0 7,003 e[7,577] 6,366 6,300 7,033 4,160 3,963 5,830 91,677 19.5 1.6 57, 537 56, 602 19.4 Spilled in calo- Spilled in calo- Spilled install Feb 13 Spilled in stall Mar 1 58 8 a Including wash vcater. 6 Taken at 7.30 a. m. c Taken at 6.00 p. m., when removed from calorimeter. d Very small loss of urine. e Not composited— considerable loss. 49 50 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Table I. — Weight, water drunk, and excreta — Continued. For 24 hours ended on date given. Live weight. Water drunk. Feces. Urine.a For 24 hours ended on date given. Live weight. Water drunk. Feces. Urine.a Hay and maize meal. Period III: Mar., 1903. Kilos. 536.6 524.8 515.2 503.4 519.8 523. 6 520.6 519.9 519.8 513.8 6 [526. 8] KUos. 25.1 3.3 0.0 29.8 21.0 14.4 14.7 14.3 9.4 22.8 0.0 19.355 8.818 20.1 13.7 24.2 0.0 33.0 0.0 23.9 13.0 Grams. Grams. Hay and maize meal— Con. Period IV: Mar. 1903. 28 29 30 31 Apr.l 2.:.... 3 4 5 6 7 8 KUos. 507.0 514.2 526.0 521.8 530.6 527.4 533.0 526.0 527.0 511.2 6 [534.0] Kilos. 10.8 25.6 11.8 23.8 5.6 24.8 13.8 18.0 0.0 34.0 0.0 20. 907 16. 795 24.9 2L2 25.9 15.3 20.8 16.8 16.0 19.0 Grams. Grams. 8 ! g 1 t 11 1 14 16 18 5,875 7,167 7,169 6,915 7,070 7,947 5,868 6,710 7,360 5,925 5,235 4,125 5,368 6,950 8,485 d[8,610] 8,408 7,315 9,025 6,565 7,993 8,436 6,018 8,955 10, 560 7,392 9,710 9,350 9,360 9,000 4,627 4,495 6,020 4,720 5,925 6,130 5,578 5,195 6,110 5,885 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 e[519.9] 5[515.0] 516.5 515.0 521.1 505.4 522.2 506.4 514.6 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 c [532. 65 ft [524. 21 524.0 528.2 534.0 530.3 534.3 533.2 533.3 Total .... 68,006 29.0 45.9 78.2 8.4 10.6 70,086 86, 763 64, 685 Spilled in cal- orime ter Mar. 19 Dung in tube at end of period . Spilled in stall: Mar. 20 ... . Spilled in stall Mar. 22 . Mar. 8 Mar. 9 a Including wash water. b Taken at 7.30 a.m. c Taken at 8.00 p. m., when removed from calorimeter. d Very small loss of urine. ENESGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 51 Table II. — Composition of dry matter of feces. Constituents and energy. Hay only. Hay and maize meal. Period I. Period II. Period III. Period IV. Ash Per cent. 8.41 14. 81 42.40 31.86 2.46 Per cent. 8.58 14.01 41.54 33.53 2.34 Per cent. 9.22 15. 20 40.90 32.46 2.22 Per cent. 9.77 Protein (Nx6 25) 20.24 36.02 Nitrogen-free extract 31.55 2.42 100.00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 2.371 2.079 48.27 5.97 Calories per gram. 4,747.6 2.240 1.933 48.70 6.04 Calories per gram. 4,607.5 2.431 2.122 48.36 6.19 Calories per gram. 4,629.6 3.239 Proteid nitrogen 2.390 48.22 Hj'drogen ...^ Heat of combustion 6.54 Calories per gram. 4,647.4 Table III. — Digestibility of rations. Dry mat- ter. Or- ganic mat- ter. Pro- teids. Non- pro- teids. Crude fiber. Nitro- gen Nitro- gen. Car- bon. Ener- gy. Total rations. Period I: Hay Fece Di| Coefficient, p. ct Period II: Hay Feces Digested Coefficient, p. ct Period III: Hay Maize meal Total Feces Digested Coefficient, p. ct Period IV: Hay Maize meal Total Feces Digested Coefficient, p. ct Grms. 4,459.0 1,822.3 Qrms. 285.4 163.3 Grms. 4,173.6 Grms. 524.7 Grms. 80.7 Grms. 1,510.4 773.8 Grms 129.2 44.8 i-rms. 101.0 43.2 Cats. 9,839.' 8,651.1 2,636.7 ».13 132.1 46.29 2, 504. 6 60.00 254.8 48.58 80.7 100.00 736.6 48.77 57.8 57.23 1,138.1 56.41 11,188. 56.3 3, 143. 9 1,267.0 2, 940. 8 1,158. 379.2 177.5 1,058.5 526.4 1,367.9 424.9 71.4 28.4 1,444.0 617.1 13, 916. 5 5,837.7 1,876. 59.70 94.4 46.48 201.7 53.19 60.3 100.00 532.1 50.27 55.2 65.02 43.0 60.23 8, 078. 8 68.05 3,162.8 734.7 210.0 10.9 2, 952. 8 723. 414. 69.5 , 393. 2 601.7 90.1 30.1 1,435 334.9 13,982.7 3,203.1 3,897.5 i,3e 220.9 126.1 3,676.6 1,241.5 484.1 207.9 1,013.1 559. 1,994.9 443. 120.2 30.4 91.4 33.2 1,770.8 661.4 17, 185. 8 6, 331. 4 2,435.1 66.26 276.2 57.05 64.1 100.00 453.8 44.79 1,551.0 77.75 3,186.4 3,450.8 211.6 50.0 2,974. 3,400.8 408.5 352. 36. 10.0 1,039.7 75.6 1 2,817.6 91.1 145, 1,109.4 62.66 1,453.0 1,578.7 10,864.4 63.16 14,17T.6 15,065.8 6. 637. 2 1,577.4 261.6 154.1 6,375. 1,423.3 760.5 319.3 1, 115, 568.2 4,216.4 497.7 237.0 38.2 133.0 51.1 29,243.4 7,330.8 5, 059. 76.23 107.5 41. 4,952.3 77. 441.2 58.01 46.3 100.00 547.1 49.05 81.9 61.68 2, 271. 1 74.92 21, 912. f 74.9c 52 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Table III. — Digestibility of rations — Continued. Dry mat- ter. Ash. or- ganic mat- ter. Pro- teids. Non- pro- teids. Crude fiber. Nitro- frfe ex- tract. Ether ex- tract. Nitro- gen. Car- bon. Ener- gy. Computed digestibility of maize meal. Period III: Total digested... Computed d i - gestibleinhay. Orms. •2,529.9 Grms. 94.8 97.6 Grms. 2,435.1 1, 789. 7 Grms. 276.2 220.6 6i-ms. 64.1 59.1 Grms. 463.8 600.6 Grms. 1,55.1.0 960.47 Grms. 89.8 58.68 Grms. 58.2 47.46 Gi-ams. 1,109.4 822.3 Cals. 10,864.4 8,117.0 Digested from maize meal.. Coefficient, p. ct. 641.7 87.34 -2.8 645.4 89.16 56.7 80.14 5.0 100.00 -46.7 590. 53 98.11 31.22 103.72 10.74 86.23 287.1 85.42 2,737.4 85.46 Period IV: Total digested... Computed di- gestible in hay. 5,059.8 1,902.3 107.6 98.3 4,952.3 1,803.0 441.2 207.3 46.3 36.3 547.1 622.6 3,718.7 964.3 198.8 69.4 81.9 43. 96 2,271.1 832.1 21,912.1 8,-230. 1 Digested from maize meal.. Coefficient, p. ct. 3,157.5 91.50 18.40 3, 149. 3 92.60 233.9 66.43 10.0 100.00 24.5 32.40 2, 754. 4 97.75 139.4 95.74 37.94 62.30 1,439.0 91.09 13,682.0 90.81 Table IV. — Results on urine {inclusive of wash water). Weight. Aver- age specific gravity. Energy. Period. Total nitrogen. Total carbon. Per gram. Total. Period I: Grams. 57,537.0 5,764.0 1. 0413 Per ct. 1.303 Grams. 749.71 74.97 Per ct. 2.615 Grams. 1,604.59 150. 46 Calories. Calories. Daily average (10 days) . . . 217.2 1, 249. 8 Period II: Total collected 48,951.0 85.8 1.073 1.513 525. 24 1.30 1.897 "2.676 928.60 2.30 171.2 a 241. 4 8, 380. 4 Spilled in stall Mar. 1 20.7 Total 49,036.8 5,448.6 1. 0403 526. 54 58. 50 930. 90 103.43 8,401.1 Daily average ( 9 days) — 933 5 Period III: Total collected 70,086.0 7, 008. 6 1. 0365 0.843 690. 82 59.01 1.788 1,253.14 125. 31 Daily average (10 days; . . . 131.4 920.9 Period IV: 54, 685. 6 50.0 Spilledinstall Apr. 13.... 1 Total 54, 736. 6,473.5 1. 0398 1.283 702.25 70.23 2.692 1,418.73 141. 87 11 943 17 Daily average (10 days) . . . 218.2 1, 194. 3 1 Assumed to be proportional to nitrogen content. ENERGY VALUES OF BED CLOVEli HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 53 Table V. — Residual air. C t 1 a i a WeiKlU. (^orrospond- iiiK volume at O'^ iiiul 700 mm. Total vol- ume of .sample reduced. Total in chamber. Period. 1 -3 • 1 P 1 a < sa Ih' 3° Period. I. Liters Mm. °c. Gms. Gms. Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Gms. Gms. At end of preliminary run.. 26 710.2 19.7 0. 1548 0.1066 0.19 0.05 21.84 22.03 10,879 70.45 52.64 At end of subperiod 1 25 704.0 16.2 . 1432 .1009 .18 .05 21.91 22.09 10,719 69.48 48.96 At end of subperiod 2 25 696.2 16.0 .1786 .1196 .22 .06 21.69 21.91 10, 626 86.92 58.20 At end of subperiod 3 25 701.1 19.8 .1233 .15 .04 21.54 21.69 10, 742 61.00 43.94 At end of subperiod 4 25 712.2 18.5 .1599 .1107 .19 .06 22.00 22.19 10,879 78.39 54.27 Period II. At end of preliminary run.. 25 718.9 18.5 .1395 .0991 .17 .05 22. 15 22.32 10, 985 68.66 48.77 At end of subperiod 1 25 721.3 17.0 .1465 .0971 .18 .05 22.38 22.56 11, 014 71.53 47.41 At end of subperiod 2 25 725.6 16.6 .1479 .0987 .18 .05 22.55 22.73 11,074 72.06 48.09 At end of subperiod 3 25 726.6 15.5 .1225 .0947 .15 .05 22.77 22.92 11,075 59.19 45.76 At end of subperiod 4 25 724.1 18.0 .1331 .1107 .17 .06 22.41 22.58 10, 845 63.93 53.17 Period III. At end of preliminary run. . 25 719.1 17.2 .1482 .1044 .18 .05 22.30 22.48 10, 985 72.42 51.02 At end of subperiod 1 25 720.1 18.3 .1631 .1071 .19 .05 22.25 22.44 11, 008 80.01 52.54 At end of subperiod 2 25 721.4 17.8 .2030 .1124 .24 .06 22.34 22.58 11, 022 99.09 54.87 At end of subperiod 3 25 723.7 16.6 .1722 .1121 .21 .06 22.50 22.71 11, 045 83.75 54.52 At end of subperiod 4. 25 719.8 17.4 .2006 .1185 .24 .06 22. 32 22.56 10,998 97.79 57.77 Period IV. At end of preliminary run.. 25 708.1 20.0 .2008 .1514 .24 .08 21.78 22.02 10,862 99.05 74.68 At end of subperiod 1 25 710.4 18.8 .2167 .1405 .26 .07 21.93 22. 19'l0, 635 103. 86 67.34 At end of subperiod 2 25 709.0 18.2 .2004 .1487 .25 .07 21.93 22.1810,847 98.01 72.72 At end of subperiod 3. ...... . 25 711.8 19.3 .2035 .1382 .25 .07 21.94 22.1910,906 100. 02 67.92 At end of subperiod 4 25 710.7 17.6 .2069 .1525 .26 .08 22.04 22.3010,864 100.80 74.29 a Corrected for tension of aqueous vapor. The air in the aspirator is assumed to be saturated. 54 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Table VI. — Ventilation. Period. Volume at meter pump. Average barome- ter. Average tension of aque- ousvapor. Average tempera- ture. Reduced volume at meter pump, dry. Sample of resid- ual air. Methane pro- duced. Volume of entering air, dry. Period I. Liters. mm. mm. °C. Liters. Liters. Liters. Liters. Subperiodl 490, 773 720.9 1.54 16.7 437,738.8 21.9 73.9 437, 686. 9 Subperiod2 477, 546 711.7 2.53 17.1 419,407.2 21.7 73.6 419,355.3 SubperiodS 495,281 714.8 2.70" 17.1 436,729.2 21.5 72.8 436, 677. 9 Subperiod 4 486, 562 722.5 2.16 17.6 433,252.9 22.0 69.2 433,205.7 Period II. Subperiod 1 473, 732 735.2 1.47 18.4 428,453.7 22.4 53.2 428, 422. 9 Subperiod 2 460, 159 739.0 1.13 16.2 421,732.8 22.6 51.1 421,704.3 Subperiod 3 460,208 739.7 1.20 15.9 422,577.3 22.8 54.9 422,545.2 Subperiod 4 455,007 740.1 0.98 16.6 417, 079. 1 22.4 65.3 417,046.2 Period in. Subperiodl 462,090 734.8 2.17 16.1 420, 691. 8 22.3 72.2 420, 641. 9 Subperiod 2 455,056 737.0 1.91 17.1 414,154.4 22.3 71.4 414,105.3 Subperiod 3 467,242 737.4 1.80 16.3 426,728.2 22.5 76.1 426,675.6 Subperiod 4 460,307 736.8 1.56 15.7 421, 065. 4 22.3 72.5 421, 016. 2 Period IV. Subperiod 1 461,100 726.6 2.64 17.8 412, 274. 4 21.9 120.6 412, 175. 7 Subperiod 2 455, 700 724.3 1.67 17.0 407,931.7 21.9 133.8 407,819.8 Subperiod 3 474, 822 727.2 2.23 17.5 425,639.2 21.9 126.5 426, 534. 6 Subperiod 4 463, 676 727.5 2.35 17.4 415, 885. 4 22.0 132.6 416, 774. 8 ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 55 Table VIL — Ingoing air. Aspi- rator read- ing. Ba- rome- ter, a Tem- pera- ture. Re- duced aspira- tor read- ing, dry. Vol- ume of car- l)on diox- ide. Total volume of sam- ple re- duced and dry. Ratio of sam- ple to total ventila- tion. Water. Carbon diox- ide. Period. In sam- ple. In total venti- lation. In sam- ple. In to- tal ven- tila- tion. Period L Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Period II. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Period III. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Period IV. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Liters 200 200 200 200 43.5 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 mm. 700.8 695.9 702.3 712.0 719.3 724.1 726.0 724.5 720.2 721.2 723.7 720.4 711.0 708.6 713.1 711.4 °C. 17.8 18.4 21.8 19.6 19.4 18.4 19.4 20.6 20.0 19.6 18.0 19.8 20.4 19.8 21.0 19.0 Liters. 173. 12 171.58 172.04 174. 82 38.44 178. 52 178. 37 177.28 176. 58 177.09 178. 66 176. 75 174.09 173.85 174.25 175. 03 Liters 0.06 .06 .05 .05 .01 .05 .06 .06 .06 .06 .06 .06 .06 .06 .06 .05 Liters. 173. 18 171.64 172.09 174. 87 38.45 178. 57 178. 43 177. 34 176.64 177. 15 178. 72 176.81 174.16 173. 91 174.31 175. 08 1: 2, 527. 4 2,443.2 2,537.5 2,477.3 11, 142. 3 2,361.6 2,368.1 2. 351. 7 2, 381. 4 2,337.6 2, 387. 4 2,381.2 2,366.8 2, 345. 2,441.3 2. 374. 8 Oram. 0. 4039 .4209 .4318 .2896 .3597 .2204 .2100 .5241 .4369 .8396 .1655 .7725 .1264 .0924 .0772 Grams. 1, 020. 8 1,028.4 1,095.7 717.4 759.9 849.5 521.9 493.9 1,248.1 1,021.3 2, 004. 5 1,828.4 296.4 225.6 183.3 Oram. 0ms. 0. 1124 284. 01 .1102 269.2 . 1046 265. 4 . 1013 251. . 0251 279. 7 .1094 268.4 .1128 267.1 . 1165 274. .1188 282.9 .1202 281.0 . 1168 278. 9 .1150 273.8 . 1137 269. 1 . 1110 260. 3 .1117 272.7 . 1066 253. 2 '■ Corrected for tension of aqueous vapor. The air in the aspirator is assumed to be saturated. 56 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Table VIII. — Carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide in samples (corrected), a Pan No. 1. Pan No. 2. Grams. Grams. 12. 3144 12. 1553 12. 1142 12. 1389 12. 4777 12.3708 11. 9475 11.8761 10.5350 Lost. 10. 6092 10. 5461 10. 6495 10. 5518 10. 3482 10. 3452 11.2609 n.2802 11.3133 11. 3365 11. 9475 11. 9567 11.3273 11. 3569 16. 4772 16.6405 16. 7846 16.9196 16.3318 16. 4606 16.4890 16.8123 Total, Nos.l and 2x100 and cor- rected. 6 In sam- ple of resid- ual air. Correc- tion for residual air. Gram. Grams. 0.10 - 3.7 .1 + 9.2 .1 -14.3 .1 -1-10.3 .1 - 1.4 .1 -f- 0.7 .1 - 2.3 .1 + 7.4 .1 -t- 1.5 .1 + 2.3 .1 - 0.4 .1 + 3.3 .1 - 7.3 .2 -1-5.4 •1 - 4.8 .2 -f- 6.4 Total C0« in out- Total CO., in CO, added in cham- ber. Equiva- lent carbon. Period I. Subperiodl — Subperiod2 SubperiodS Subperiod4 ... Period II. Subperiodl — Subperiod2.... Subperiod3 — Subperiod4 — Period III. Subperiodl — Subperiod2 SubperiodS Subperiod4 Period IV. Subperiodl Subperiod2.... SubperiodS Subperiod4 Gi-ams. 2,454.3 2, 432. 8 2,492.3 2,113.3 2, 121. 8 2, 126. 4 2,075.5 2, 260. 8 2,271.7 2,275.1 3, 321. 6 3, 380. 4 3,289.0 3,340.1 Gi-ams. 2,450.7 2, 442. 1 2,478.1 2, 399. 9 2,112.0 2, 122. 6 2, 124. 2 2, 083. 2. 262. 4 2,274.1 2,397.3 2. 278. 5 3,314.4 3,386.0 3,284.3 3,346.6 Grams. 284.1 269.2 265.4 251.0 279.7 258.4 267.1 274.0 278.9 273.8 269.1 260.3 272.7 253.2 Grams. 2. 166. 6 2, 172. 9 2. 212. 7 2,148.9 1,832.3 1,864.2 1,857.1 1,809.0 1,979.5 2,118.4 2, 004. 7 3,045.3 3, 125. 7 3,011.6 3,093.4 592.6 603.4 586.0 499.7 508.4 506.4 539.8 543.5 577.7 546.7 830.5 852.4 821.3 843.6 a For number of pump strokes. bFor a slight leakage from the pans, amounting to about 0.3 per cent of the total volume. ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. Taule IX.— Water. 57 Water in sam- ples (cor- rected), a Pan No. 1. Pan No. 2. Oins. Gins. 7.6365 7. 6004 6. 1590 6. 1232 5. 7351 5. 6921 6. 3240 5. 2879 3. 6192 Lost. 2. 6218 2. 6181 2.8104 2. 8134 2. 2498 2.2443 5. 0911 5. 0179 4. 3981 4. 4001 4.2473 4. 2568 3.6406 3. 6510 6. 1930 6. 1550 4.6118 4. 6369 5.3601 5. 3707 5. 5070 5. 5432 1 1 P r II 1^ ° + a 1"- i s Gms. 6ms. ' Gms. Got. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. 1,528.21,868.0 0.0 0.1 - 6.9 -3.0 3,386.4 1,020.8 1,232.0 2,138.0 10.0 .2 +17.4 -3.0 3,394.6 1,028.4 1, 146. 1 2,185.0 - 10.0 .1 -25.9 -3.0 3,292.3 1,095.7 1,064.4 1,906.0 17.0 .2 +17.4 -3.0 3, 002. 717.4 705.9 2,024.0 .0 .1 + 2.9 -3.0 2,729.9 759.9 525.6 2, 610. .0 .1 + 0.6 -3.0 3,133.2 849.5 564.1 2,235.0 .0 .1 -12.9 -3.0 2,783.3 621.9 450.8 2,340.0 .0 .1 + 4.7 -3.0 2,792.6 493.9 1,013.9 2, 435. 34.0 .2 + 7.6 -3.0 3,487.7 1, 248. 1 882.4 2,563.0 101.0 .2 + 19.1 -3.0 3,662.7 1,021.3 852.9 3, 290. 288.0 .2 -15. 3 -3.0 4,412.8 2,004.5 731.3 2,369.0 -270. 8 .2 +14.0 -3.0 2,840.7 394.1 1,238.5 3,092.0 1,235.0 .2 + 4.8 -3.0 5,567.5 1,828.4 927.6 3, 168. 237.0 .2 - 5.9 -3.0 4,323.9 296.4 1,076.3 3,150.0 - 17.0 .2 + 2.0 -3.0l4,208.6 225.6 1, 108. 3 2,907.0 321.6 .2 + 0.8 -3.0 4,334.9 183.3 Period I. Subperiod 1 . . . Subperiod 2... Subperiod 3... Subperiod 4 . . . Period II. Subperiod 1... Subperiod 2 . . . Subperiod 3 . . . Subperiod 4 . . . Period III. Subperiod 1 . . . Subperiod 2 . . . Subperiod 3 . . . Subperiod 4 . . . Period IV. Subperiod 1 . . . Subperiod 2 . . . Subperiod 3 . . . Subperiod 4 . . . Gms. 2, 365. 6 2, 366. 2 Gms. 262.9 262.9 2,196.9, 244.0 2,284.6 253.5 970.0 2,283.7 2, 261. 4 2, 298. 7 2,239.6 2,641.4 2,408.3 2,446.6 4,027.5 3, 982. 9 4, 151. 6 218.9 263.8 261.3 255.4 282.4 267.6 271.9 415.6 447.5 442.6 461.3 a For number of pump strokes. b For slight leakage from pans, see previous table. 58 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Table X. — Carbon and hydrogen in combustible j Total COo weighed X200. Correc- tion for ingoing air. Carbon as hydro- carbon (cor- rected). a Total HoO weighed X200. Correc- tion for ingoing air. Hydro- gen as hydro- carbons (cor- rected)." Methane, CO„x Period I. Subperiodl Subperiod2 SubperiodS Subperiod4 Period II. Subperiodl Subperiod2 SubperiodS Subperiod4 Period III. Subperiodl Subperiod2 SubperiodS Subperiod4 Period IV. Subperiod 1 Subperiod2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Grams. 146.58 145. 96 144. 68 137.58 106. 24 102. 12 143. 16 111. 80 149.08 143. 84 236. 82 263.40 249. 16 260. 90 Orams. -2.70 -2.58 -2. 67 -2.64 -2.60 -2.60 -2.57 -2.55 -2.63 -2.60 -2.54 -2.51 -2.62 -2.56 Orams. 39.38 39.25 38.84 36.90 28.34 27.22 29.29 29.50 40.06 38.66 64.32 71.36 67.43 70.70 Grams. 121.74 119.88 120. 78 113.88 87.04 85.14 87.12 121.32 118.10 123. 42 118. 82 196. 56 216. 64 204.84 215.30 Grams. -9.53 -9.13 -9.51 -9.44 -9.18 -9.20 -9.16 -9.02 -9.29 -9.17 -9.27 -9.06 Grams. 12.52 12.36 12.40 11.64 12.51 12.16 12.72 12.23 20.92 23.16 21.80 23.00 Grams. 52.62 52.44 51.89 37.86 36.37 39.13 39.41 51.40 50.89 53.52 51.65 '■ For slight leakage from pans, see previous table. ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 59 Table XI. — Heat meaimremenls. > o Average temperature of water current. if Heat pro- duced in absorbers. Total heat. Calories at 20°. Period. o c t>i) i s .2 2 11 S2 a a 5*0 it Pekiod I. Subperiod 1. °c. °C. °c. or. °a Liters. Cm. Cal. 6 p. m. to 7.46 p. mii..'. 34 6. 2352 8.3270 2. 0918 -f 0.004 2. 0958 349.82 1. 0043 2.25 0.25 736.05 7.46 p.m. to 8.14 p. m.. 34 5.9443 7. 6986 1.7643 .004 1. 7583 95.18 1. 0045 2.25 .07 168.03 8.14 p. m. to 8.34 p.m.. 33 5. 8540 7. 7400 1. 8860 .002 1. 8880 55.00 1.0045 1.25 .02 104. 29 8.34 p. m. to 8.50 p. m.. 32 5.8350 7. 9950 2. 1600 .002 2. 1620 42.00 1.0045 LOO .01 91.21 8.50 p. m. to 9.30 p. m.. 31 5. 8310 8. 2940 2. 4630 .002 2.4650 86.00 1. 0044 .80 .02 212. 90 9.30 p. m. to 10.14 p. m. 30 5. 8491 8.6164 2. 7673 .001 2. 7683 77.00 1. 0044 .75 .02 214.08 10.14 p. m. to 10.30 p. m. 29 5. 9400 9. 2600 3.3200 .001 3.3210 20.00 1.0042 .70 .01 66.69 10.30 p. m. to 1.02 a.m. 33 5. 5195 8.0984 2. 5789 .002 2.5809 433.00 1.0047 L25 .17 1, 122. 61 1.02 a. m. to 2.03 a. m.. 29 5.4640 9.3260 3. 8620 .001 3.8630 7L00 1. 0043 .70 .02 275. 43 2.03 a. m. to 4.20 a.m.. 33 5.1429 7. 6779 2.5350 .002 2.5370 383.00 1.0048 1.25 .15 976. 18 4.20 a. m. to 4.42 a. m.. 29 5. 1566 8. 9033 3. 7467 .001 3. 7477 26.00 1.0044 .70 .01 97.86 4.42 a. m. to 6 a. m 28 5. 4163 10. 0710 4.6547 .001 4. 6557 73.75 1.0041 .50 .01 344. 76 Latent heat of water vapor 4,410.09 1,400 29 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessel 5 11 5, 805. 27 Subperiod 2. 6 a. m. to 6.30 a. m 28 5. 4980 10. 3740 4. 8760 .001 4. 8770 28.25 1. 0040 .5 .004 138. 31 6.30 a. m. to 9.08 a. m.. 33 5. 0255 7. 5598 2. 5343 .002 2.5363 454. 75 1. 0049 1.25 .180 1,158.72 9.08 a. m. to 11.22 a. m. 28 5. 8512 11.1473 5. 2961 .001 5. 2971 114.00 1. 0037 .5 .018 606.08 11.22 a. m. to 3.48 p. m. 33 5.2212 7.7381 2.5169 .002 2. 5189 737.00 1.0048 1.25 .290 1,864.81 3.48 p. m. to 5.34 p. m. . 28 5. 7746 10.3573 4.5827 .001 4. 5837 100.00 1. 0039 .5 .016 460. 09 5.34 p. m. to6p. m .... 33 5.3450 8. 1850 2. 8400 .002 2.8420 72.50 1.0046 L25 .029 206. 97 Latent heat of water vapor 4, 434. 98 1, 394. 92 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessel . +48. 58 5, 878. 48 Subperiod 3. 6 p. m. to 8.10 p. m 33 5. 1255 7. 7624 2. 6369 .0024 2. 6393 370.00 1.0048 1.50 .18 981. 05 8.10 p. m. to 10.06 p. m. 29 5. 2041 9.0069 3. 8028 .0008 3. 8036 154.00 1. 0045 .40 .02 588.37 10.06 p. m. to 4.28 a. m. 33 4. 6245 6. 9997 2, 3752 . 0024 2. 3776 1,145.00 1.0051 1.50 .54 2,735.70 4.28 a. m. to 4.56 a. m.. 29 4. 7686 8. 5957 3.8271 .0008 3. 8279 34.00 1.0047 .40 130. 76 4.56 a. m. to6a. m .... 28 5. 2547 10.5573 5. 3026 .0006 5. 3032 51.25 1.0040 .30 .01 272. 87 Latent heat of water 4, 708. 75 1,306.31 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessel -4.24 6, 010. 82 60 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Table XI. — Heat measurements — Continued. o II "a! Average temperature of water current. 1 Heat pro- duced in absorbers. Total heat, Calories at 20°. Period. .S 1 O 5 o g pi ii fS ft (So 4^ > O) Period I— Cont'd. Subperiod U. °C. °c. °c. °c. °c. LUers. Om. Cal. 6 a. m. to 6.38 a. m 28 5. 3400 10. 7710 5.4310 0.0006 5.4316 3L50 1.0040 0.30 171. 78 6.38 a. m. to 10.18 a. m. 33 4. 4636 7. 2065 2. 7429 .0024 2. 7453 537.501.0051 1.50 0.26 1,482.86 10.18 a.m. to 12.50 p.m. 28 5. 3345 11.0705 6.7360 .0006 5. 7366 113.001.0039 .30 .01 650. 75 12.50 p. m. to 3.10 p. m. 33 4. 4911 7. 3131 2.8220 .0024 2.8244 352.001.0051 1.50 .18 999.08 3.10 p. m. to 5.10 p.m.. 28 5. 3383 11.4453 6. 1070 .0006 6. 1076 87.001.0038 .30 .01 533.37 5.10 p. m. to 6p. m 33 4. 5508 7. 6083 3.0575 .0024 3.0599 126. 25 1.0050 1.50 .06 388.18 Latent heat of water 4,226.02 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and + 47.78 Total heat 5,616.18 Period II. Subperiod 1. 6.00 p. m. to 10.10 p. m. 34.0 6.0349 8. 3444 2. 3089 .0032 2. 3121 629.50 1.0044 2.00 .40 1,461.47 10.10p.m. to 11.18 p.m. 28.0 6.3859 12. 7188 6. 3829 .0006 6.3835 33.50 1.00325 .30 214. 54 11.18 p.m. to 11.40 p.m. 28.5 5. 9533 13.3300 7. 3767 .0007 7. 3774 12.00 1.00325 .35 88.82 11.40 p.m. to 12.20 a.m. 29.0 5.0010 11. 4090 6. 3080 .0008 6. 3088 33.00 1.0039 .40 .01 208. 99 12.20 a. m. to 4.13 a. m. 32.0 5. 0204 9. 3650 4. 3446 .0024 4. 3470 392. 00 1.0044 1.00 .12 1,711.40 4.13 a. m. to 4.34 a. m.. 31.5 4.2200 7. 7180 3. 6980 .0013 3. 6993 33.00 1.0051 .88 .01 122. 69 4.34 a. m. to 6.00 a. m.. 30.0 4. 4600 9. 4152 4. 9552 .0010 4. 9562 94.75 1.00455 .50 .02 471.72 Latent heat of water 4,279.63 1,166.31 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessel -1.41 Total heat 5, 444. 53 = Subperiod 2. 6.00 a.m. to 7.31 a. m.. 30.0 4. 4548 9. 5017 5. 0469 .0010 5.0479 100.00 1.0046 .50 .02 507.09 7.31a. m. tol0.4Za. m. 29.0 5.0240 11.3106 6. 2866 .0008 6. 2874 140.00 1.0040 .40 .02 883. 75 10.42 a. m. to 11.02 a.m. 28.0 6. 1640 13.0360 6.8720 .0006 6. 8726 5.00 1.0033 .30 34.48 11.02a.m. to 11.14 a.m. 30.0 5.0933 11. 4133 6.3200 .0010 6. 3210 12.00 1.0039 .50 76.15 11.14 a.m. to 12.14 p.m. 28.0 5.9053 12.7833 6.8780 .0006 6. 8786 3L00 1.0034 .30 213. 96 12.14 p. m. to 12.26 p. m. 29.0 5.4000 11.5200 6.1200 .0008 6. 1208 12.00 1.0038 .40 73.73 12.26 p.m. to 1.20 p. m. 28.0 6. 1800 13. 1864 7.0064 .0006 7.0070 28.00 1.0034 .30 .01 196. 85 1.20 p. m. to 1.32 p. m.. 28.0 5. 5100 12.7267 7. 2167 .0006 7. 2173 6.00 1.0035 .30 43.46 1.32 p. m. to 2.52 p.m.. 30.0 4. 8245 9. 6805 4.8560 .0010 4.8570 96.00 1.0044 .50 .02 468.30 2.52 p. m. to 3.34 p.m.. 29.0 4. 7700 9.1250 4.3550 .0008 4.3558 52.00 1.0046 .40 .01 227.53 3.34 p.m. to 6.00 p. m.. 28.0 5. 4103 11.5522 6. 4197 .0006 6.4203 112.25 1. 0038 .30 .01 723.41 Latent heat of water 3, 448. 71 1, 352. 04 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and +12 27 Total heat 4, 813. 02 ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 61 Table XI. — Heat measurements — Continued. "3 i _ > o si Average temperature of water current. ic Heat pro- duced in absorbers. 1 ID'S i| Total heat, Calories at 20°. Period. i tub P 1 5 .2 £ pi o g 5S 83 ft So Period II— Cont'd. Subpa-iod s: °c. °C. °c. °c. °c. Liters. Cm. Cal. 6.00 p. m. to 7.36 p. m.. 28.0 5.3020 12.2480 6. 9460 0.0006 6.9466 73.25 1.0037 0.30 0.01 510. 71 7.36 p. m. to 9.00 p.m.. 30.0 4. 7448 8. 6362 3.8914 .0010 3.8924 133.25 1.0047 .50 .02 521. 08 9.00 p. m. to 9.47 p. m.. 28.0 5.2845 10. 6518 5. 3673 .0006 5.3679 35.60 1. 0040 .30 191.32 9.47 p. m. to 11.58 p. m. 27.5 5. 6967 12. 0906 6. 3939 .0005 6. 3944 76.75 1. 0036 .25 .01 492. 53 11.58 p. m. to 1.54 a. m. 29.5 4.6900 9.2679 4. 5779 .0009 4. 5788 162. 75 1.0046 .45 .03 748. 60 1.54 a.m. to 3.50 a.m.. 27:5 5.6234 12.2586 6.6352 .0005 6. 6357 72.60 1.0036 .25 .01 482.81 3.50 a. m. to 4.48 a.m.. 29.5 4.2513 9.8733 5. 6220 .0009 5. 6229 73.00 1. 0045 .45 .01 412. 31 4.48 a.m. to 6.00 a.m.. 27.5 5. 1135 11.6924 6.4789 .0005 6. 4794 42.25 1. 0039 .25 274.82 Latent heat of water 3,634.18 1 338 76 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessel 1 61 Total heat . 4,971.32 = Subperiod k. 6.00 a. m. to 8.48 a.m.. 27.5 5. 1153 12.3023 7. 1870 .0005 7.1875 100.00 1.0037 .25 .01 721. 40 8.48 a. m. to 9.06 a. m.. 27.5 5.1700 13.3700 8.2000 .0005 8.2005 10.00 1.0035 .25 82.29 9.06 a.m. to 11.12 a.m.. 29.0 4. 4678 10.3893 5. 9216 .0008 5.9224 134. 00 1. 0043 .40 .02 79K.99 11.12 a.m. to 3. 16 p. m. 27.5 5. 7682 11.9164 6. 1482 .0005 6. 1487 158. 57 1.0036 .25 .01 978.60 3.16 p.m. to 3.20 p.m.. 27.5 6.3400 13. 1200 6.7800 .0005 6. 7805 3.43 1. 0032 .25 23.33 3.20 p. m. to 6.00 p. m. . 29.0 6. 7623 10. 8715 5. 1092 .0008 5. 1100 185. 625 1. 0038 .40 .02 962.13 Latent heat of water vapor 3,654.64 1,360.83 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and - vessel +28 69 Period IIL Subperiod 1. 6.00 p. m. to 6.06 p.m.. 42.0 7.2900 8.3500 1.0600 .0122 1.0722 32.00 1.0040 7.00 .07 34.38 6.06 p. m. to 7.45 p.m.. 40.0 7. 2088 8. 3396 1. 1308 .0098 1. 1406 501.00 1. 0041 5.60 .89 572.89 7.45 p.m. to 8.04 p.m.. 35.0 7. 1880 8. 6740 1. 4860 .0040 L4900 67.00 1. 0040 2.50 .05 100. 18 8.04 p.m. to 8.17 p.m.. 34.0 7.2367 8.8500 1. 6133 .0032 1.6165 41.00 1. 0039 2.00 .03 66.50 8.17 p.m. to 8.33 p. m.. 33.0 7. 2950 9.0900 1. 7950 .0028 1. 7978 41.00 1. 0039 1.60 .02 73.98 8.33 p.m. to 11.15 p.m. 3L0 7. 5588 9. 8495 2.2907 .0012 2. 2919 307. 00 1.0036 .75 .17 706. 98 11.15 p.m. to 1.04 a.m. 39.0 8.0296 9. 5564 L5268 .0086 1.5354 522.00 1. 0035 4.75 .79 803. 49 1.04 a.m. to 2.12 a. m.. 3L0 7. 2876 9.7776 2.4900 .0012 2. 4912 123. 00 1.0037 .75 .07 307. 48 2.12 a. m. to 3.19 a.m.. 30.0 7. 4362 10.2675 2.8313 .0010 2.8323 105.03 1.0036 .60 .02 298. 41 3.19 a. m. to 6.00 a. m.. 39.0 6. 9560 8. 3215 L3655 .0086 1. 3741 760.50 1.0041 4.75 1.15 1,048.14 Latent heat of water vapor 4,011.43 1,305.77 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessel . . +1.63 5,318.83 = 62 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Table XI. — Heat measurements — Continued. "S Average temperature of water current. Heat pro- duced in absorbers. Total heat, Calories at 20°. Period. 1 1 5 So Period III— Cont'd. Subperiod 2. °C. °C. °c. °c. °C. Liters. Cm. Cal. 6.00 a. m. to 7.30 a.m.. 39.0 6.7987 8.0569 1.2582 0.0086 1.2668 423.00 1. 0042 4.75 0.64 537.47 7.30 a. m. to 7.50 a.m.. 38.0 6.7900 8.0160 1. 2260 .0074 1. 2334 89.17 1.0042 4..00 .11 110.33 7.50 a.m. to 7.56 a.m.. 38.0 6. 8100 7. 8200 1. 0100 .0074 1. 0174 24.33 1. 0043 4.00 .03 24.83 7.56 a. m. to 8.29 a. m.. 31.0 7.0813 9. 045b 1.9637 .0012 1. 9649 63.50 1.0039 .75 .02 125.24 8.29 a. m. to 8.45 a. m.. 29.0 7.4725!l0.8075 3.3350 .0008 3. 3358 18.00 1.0034 .40 60.25 8.45 a. m. to 11.47 a. m. 28.0 8.111812.8844 4. 7726 .0006 4. 7732 121.00 1.0028 .30 .01 579.16 11.47 a. m. to 12.44 p. m. 36. 7.9040 9.7840 1. 8800 .0050 1. 8850 213.00 1.0035 3.00 .20 402. 71 12.44 p. m. to 3.44 p. m. 29.0 8.291211.7806 3. 4894 .0008 3. 4902 225. 00 1. 0030 .40 ;03 787. 62 3.44 p. m. to 4.32 p. m.. 36.0 8.6617il0.4258 1. 7641 .0050 1. 7691 169.00 1.0032 3.00 .16 299. 77 4.32 p. m. to 6.00 p. m. . 38.0 9. 5914 8.1668 1. 4246 .0074 1.4320 389. 00 1. 0035 4.00 .49 5.58. 51 Latent heat of water vapor 3, 485. 89 1, 444. 79 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessel +40. 85 4, 971. 53 Subperiod 3. 6.00 p. m. to 6.52 p. m. . 38 7.8007 9.2421 1. 4414 .0074 1.4488 230.50 1. 0037 4.00 .29 334.89 6.52 p. m. to 7.34 p. m. . 29 8. 2110 11. 6580 3. 4470 .0008 3. 4478 52.00 1. 0030 .40 .01 179. 81 7.34 p.m. to 9.23 p.m.. 38 7. 6689 9. 2863 1. 6174 .0074 1.6248 491.50 1.0037 4.00 .62 800.92 9.23 p. m." to 9.31 p. m. . 29 7. 6350 10. 0250 2. 3900 .0008 2. 3908 8.00 1. 0035 .40 19. 19 9.31 p. m. to 11.11 p. m. 38 7.3864 8.9948 1.6084 .0074 1.6158 446. 00 1. 0038 4.00 .57 722. 82 11.11 p. m. to 32.11 a. m. 29 7. 7366 11. 1186 3. 3820 .0008 3. 3828 72.00 1. 0033 .40 .01 244.36 12.11 a. m. to 2.33 a. m. 28 7. 2953 8.8967 1. 6014 .0006 1. 6020 620. 00 1.0039 .30 .06 997.05 2.33 a.m. to 3.18 a. m.. 29 7. 6055 11. 0782 3. 4727 .0008 3. 4735 51. 50 1.0033 .40 .01 179.47 3.18 a. m. to 6.00 a. m.. 38 7. 1295 8. 5090 1.3795 .0074 1. 3869 710. 00 1.0041 4.00 .09 988.65 Latent heat of water vapor 4, 467. 16 1,255.33 -5.98 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessel Total heat 5, 716. 51 ■■ Subperiod K. 6.00 a. m. to 6.49 a. m.. 38 7. 0377 8. 4338 1. 3961 .0074 1. 4035 200. 00 1.0041 4.00 .25 281. 60 6.49 a. m. to 7.09 a. m. . 35 7.0520 8.6540 1. 6020 .0040 1. 6060 71.00 1.0040 2.50 .06 114.42 7.09 a. m. to 7.26 a. m.. 33 7. 0750 8. 9475 1. 8725 .0024 1. 8749 43.00 1. 0040 1.50 .02 80.92 7.26 a. m. to 8.40 a. m.. 30 7.3128 10. 1811 2.8683 .0010 2.8693 117.00 1. 0036 .50 .02 336.90 8.40 a. m. to 11.17 a. m. 28 8. 0618 11. 9570 3.8952 .0006 3. 8958 141. 00 1.0030 .30 .01 550. 95 n.l7a.m. to 11.26 a.m. 30 8. 1450 11. 1350 2. 9900 .0010 2. 9910 15.00 1. 0032 .50 45.01 11.26a. m. to 12.03 p.m. 34 8.045610.0767 2.0311 .0032 2. 0343 113. 00 1.0034 2.00 .07 230.59 12.03 p. m. to 2.14 p. m. 37 7.9770 9.4718 1. 4948 .0062 1. 5010 520.00 1. 0036 3.50 .58 782. 75 2.14 p. m. to 4.18 p. m.. 28 8.609412.9810 4.3716 .0006 4. 3722 106. 00 1. 0026 .30 .01 464.65 4.18 p. m. to 5.18 p.m.. 31 8.858011.2100 2.8520 .0012 2.3532 113.00 L0029 .75 .06 266.62 5.18 p. m. to 5.33 p. m.. 37 8.9600 10.4350 1.4750 .0062 1.4812 6L00 1.0032 3.50 .07 90.57 ENERGY VALUES OE RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 63 Table XL — Heat measurements — Continued. "3 |l Average temperature of water current. 1 -5 Heat pro- duced in absorber.s. Total heat. Calories at 20°. Period. o 1 3 o i 1 s ii 11 (C ft 5o Period III— Cont'd. Subperiod i— Cont'd. °c. °c. °c. °C. °a Liters. Cm. Cal. 5.33 p. m. to 5.47 p.m.. 39 8.9100 10.2800 1.3700 0.0086 L3786 40.00' 1.0032 4.75 0.06 55.26 5.47 p. m. to 6.00 p.m.. 41 8. 8267 10. 1467 1.3200 .0110 1. 3310 83.00 1.0032 6.30 .17 110.66 Latent heat of water vapor 3,410.90 1 608 77 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessel +34 21 5, 053. 88 ______ -. Pekiod IV. Subperiod 1. 6.00 p. m. to 3.26 a. m.. 47 5. 7973 7.9033 2. 1060 .0196 2. 1256 2,365.50 1. 0046 10.25 7.69 5,043.55 3.26 a. m. to 3.34 a. m.. 47 5. 1750 7. 1050 1. 9300 .0196 1. 9496 34.00 1. 0050 10.25 .11 66.51 3.34 a. m. to 3.42 a.m.. 42 5.3200 7.2800 1.9600 .0122 1. 9722 29.00 1. 0049 7.00 .07 67.40 3.42 a.m. to 3.49 a. m.. 36 5. 3900 7. 7150 2. 3250 .0050 2. 3300 29.00 1.0048 3.00 67.89 3.49 a. m. to 6.00 a. m. . 29 6. 8769 10. 6672 3. 7903 .0008 3.7911 157.00 1. 0036 .40 .02 697.33 Latent heat of water 5, 832. 68 1,482.46 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and -8.96 Total heat 7, 306. 18 Subperiod 2. 6.00 a. m. to 6.32 a.m.. 29 7. 4588 11. 4025 3. 9437 .0008 3.9445 40.00 1. 0032 .40 158. 28 6.32 a. m. to 7.14 a. m.. 35 7. 0482 9. 7182 2. 6700 .0040 2.6740 123.00 1.0038 2.50 .10 330. 05 7.14 a. m. to 9.57 a.m.. 37 7.3239 9. 4312 2. 1073 .00621 2.1135 537. 00 1.0038 3.50 .64 1,138.62 9.57a. m. to 10.25 a.m.. 39 7.4843 9.5214 2.0371 . 0086 2. 0457 100.00 1.0037 4.75 .15 205. 18 10.25 a.m. to 10.52 a.m.. 41 7. 5067 9. 4250 1. 9183 .0110 1.9293 100. 00 1.0037 6.30 .21 193. 43 10.52 a. m. to 11.17 a.m.. 44 7. 6243 9. 3471 1. 8228 .0146 1.8374 100.00 1. 0038 8.25 .26 184. 18 11.17 a.m. to 3.28 p.m.. 47 7.2663 9. 0284 1. 7621 .0196 1. 7817 1,047.00 1.0039 10.25 3.40 1,869.32 3.28 p. m. to 3.31 p. m.. 39 7.1150 8.8000 1.6850 .0086 1. 6936 9.00 1.0040 4.75 .01 15.29 3.31 p. m. to 6.00 p.m.. 47 7. 1511 8. 8424 1. 6913 .0196 1. 7109 621.30 1. 0039 10.25 2.02 1,065.11 Latent heat of water vapor . . 6, 159. 46 2, 243. 98 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessel +20. 70 7, 424. 14 Subperiod 3. 6.00 p. m. to 9.32 p. m. . 47 6. 5785 8.4972 1. 9187 .0196 1. 9383 863. 00 1. 0042 10.25 2.80 1, 676. 98 9.32 p. m to 10.58p.m.. 29 6. 7748 10. 7471 3.9723 .0008 3. 9731 107. 00 1. 0036 .40 .01 426. 64 10.58 p.m. to2.22a. m.. 47 6.6867 8. 7053 2.0186 .0196 2. 0382 806. 00 1.0041 10.25 2.62 1, 646. 90 2.22 a.m. to 6.00 a.m.. 29 7.4237 n.i7n 3. 7474 .0008 3. 7482 258.25 1.0033 .40 .03 971. 14 4,721.66 64 . BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, Table XI. — Heat measurements — Continued. M -i o u OS 03 Average temperature of water current. i > Heat pro- duced in absorbers. Total heat, Calories at 20°. Period. a si) 1 1 5 B 11 i| 5o a a" Period IV— Cont'd. Subperiod 3— Cont'd. Latent heat of water °C. °C. °c. °C. °C. Liters. Cm. Cal. 2, 367. 96 4.55 Correction for heat, water, excreta, and Total heat 7,085.07 Subperiod 4. 6.00a. m. to 6.04 a.m.. 6.04 a.m. to 11.24 a.m.. 11.24 a.m. to 2.24p.m.. 2.24 p. m. to 6.00 p. m.. 29 47 29 47 i.mn 6. 6855 6.0264 6. 6894 11.6200 8. 7685 10.4762 8.8813 3. 7900 2.0830 4.4488 2. 1919 0.0008 .0196 .0008 .0196 3. 7908 2. 1026 4.4496 2.2115 6.00 1,194.00 200. 00 754.50 1.0031 1. 0041 1. 0039 1. 0041 0.40 10.25 .40 10.25 3.88 .04 2.45 22.82 2,516.92 893.85 1,672.97 Latent heat of water vapor 5,106.06 2, 267. 35 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessel +45. 66 7, 418. 97 lEFe -07 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS a :: - - =^ OREGON ^= RULE ^= — CO. — - 1 - =^ U.S.A. .= - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - OREGON RULE CO. Ill lll lll lll 1 U.S.A. I|M|M|I|I|I 2 l|l|l|M|M|l 3 WFWF 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 6 8 9 10