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Journalists ; Born or Made? 
 
 
 A PAPER 
 
 BEAD BEFORK THE 
 
 ALUMNI ASSOCIATION 
 
 V 
 
 OF THE 
 
 WHARTON SCHOOL, 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLYMIA, 
 
 AT ITS 
 
 PIRST ANNUAL RE=UNION, 
 
 HELD AT TI 
 
 COLONNADE HOTEL. PHILADELPHIA, 
 March 27th, 1888, 
 
 BY 
 
 EUQENE rvI.CAIVIP, 
 
 Of the Editorial Staff of the Philadelphia Times. 
 
 \ 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THL" • ' 
 
 PHILADELPHIA SOCIAL SCIENCE' ASSOCIATION. 
 720 LocTJST Street, Piuladelphia. 
 
C3 
 
JOURNALISTS; BORN OR MADE. 
 
 It is one of the conditions of every trade that it discloses 
 to its followers, more than to others, its limitations and its dis- 
 advantages. Early newspaper makers encountered difficulties 
 surmountable only by great ambitions, wonderful endurance, 
 and strong mental powers. 
 
 The multitude fell ; the few conquered ; and as that few 
 beheld the newspaper wrecks about them, they were perhaps 
 excusable for concluding, with that modesty characteristic of all 
 journalists, that every maternal increase in the press-staff of the 
 world required some especial attention from the Almighty. 
 Not only did they so conclude, but they possessed exceptional 
 facilities for telling the world and us of their conclusions. 
 They had but to mark the copy " must," and the next morning 
 the butcher, the baker, the candlestick maker, who have no way 
 to advertise the coyness of the ebb in their affairs, were forced 
 to read it. From ancestral deference I am willing to admit 
 that the journalists of the past were born ; but in the following 
 paper I shall assert the belief of not a few who ought to know 
 that they can be made. 
 
 Journalism is a trade. It ought to be a profession. It is 
 a modern growth, without accepted definitions or reliable 
 statistics. What is news ? The books do not tell us. What is 
 its annual value ? Nobody knows. Even as a trade, journalism 
 has no recognized standard, no apprenticeship, no prescribed 
 preparation. Those who follow it, got into it, they hardly know 
 how. Most of them began as chroniclers of local events. 
 They found their initiatory work accepted by editors, not 
 because it was all that it should be, but because it was the best 
 obtainable. Little by little they learned to know news when 
 they saw it, and to relate it in a shape at least good enough to 
 sell. They met many ups and downs — mostly downs, but at 
 last they found themselves journalists, at salaries ranging from 
 $500 to ^5.000 a year, with a strong tendency to stay near the 
 
lower figure. All are tradesmen and fully three-fourths are no 
 more than apt craftsmen. They are not broad. They are 
 simply able to seize upon what will sell. To them the great 
 subjects of political economy, ancient and modern hisTory, 
 finance, law, civil government, literature, taxation, comparative 
 politics, and the innumerable array of topics upon which the 
 newspapers are expected to intelligently speak, are sealed books. 
 
 I recently asked twenty-two of the best news-gatherers of 
 my acquaintance to define the article in which they deal. More 
 than half of them replied that while they knew, news when they 
 saw it, they could not intelligently define it. The balance gave 
 varying definitions, no two of which were alike, and not one of 
 which covered the whole subject. I then submitted a formula 
 to about fifty leading journalists, and out of the discussion and 
 suggestions which followed grew the following answer to the 
 heretofore unanswered query : " What is news .'*" 
 
 News is any unpublished event of present interest ; and, it 
 may be added, the "nose for news," of which one hears so 
 much, is a curious combination of mental alertness, curiosity, 
 and unbounded energy. 
 
 Further, but far more extensive, inquiries were necessary to 
 obtain the approximate annual value of all the news published 
 in the United States. In its raw condition, news may be said 
 to cost nothing. Its value consists in the expense of 
 collection, transportation and editing. The chief cost is for 
 local news. That forms more than three-fourths of the annual 
 total, or ^15,600,000. News, other than local, costs as follows : 
 The interchange of routine-events $1,820,000, which is the total 
 annual incomes of the Associated and United Press Asso- 
 ciations and the foreign news ; $2,880,000 for special telegrams, 
 which sum covers the pay of the correspondent and the 
 telegraph tolls ; and $345,000 for bureaus maintained in the 
 large news centres ; or a total annual value of $20,655,000. 
 
 The annual value of the products of American journalism 
 is $100,000,000. We have four times as many newspapers to 
 the thousand population as Great Britain ; and the German 
 newspaper having the largest circulation is published, not in 
 Germany, but in America. There is a periodical of some sort 
 
5 
 
 issued in this country every day for every man, woman and 
 child in the United States. The aggregate annual circulation 
 of all our periodical publications is about three and one-half 
 billion copies, and the ink to print them costs ^300,000 a year. 
 The ability to make 50,000 type impressions per hour, 
 added to the fact that wood can be manufactured in to a good 
 quality of paper, made cheap newspapers possible ; and cheap 
 newspapers brought large circulations. There are six times as 
 many regular readers of daily newspapers in this city as there 
 were ten years ago. With large circulations comes increased 
 influence, until it is now true that in the public economy there 
 is no one factor that forms a contact at more vital points than 
 the newspaper. It is a great educator. It is pedagogue to 
 more people every day than are all the college professors in a year. 
 It is a great moral teacher. It preaches seven times as often 
 as the clergy, and to congregations of millions instead of hun- 
 dreds. It is a great preserver of the public peace and conser- 
 vator of good government. There is no other power so feared 
 by crooks and congressmen. 
 
 ^ Journalism does not need to be told of its short comings. 
 It does not require the information that it is often sensational. 
 It cannot be surprised with the statement that it is many times 
 inaccurate ; that its assertions are, as a rule, hurriedly and 
 crudely made ; or that its grammar sometimes causes the upper 
 literary ten thousand to weep. There appear in our newspapers 
 every day hundreds of errors over which publishers, editors and 
 reporters groan, but which the public never notices or dreams of. 
 Yet editors are daily in receipt of complaints. These come 
 from all sorts of people. Some writhe under fact ; others 
 storm over fiction. Some write to f9rbid the use of their names 
 in print ; while scores of others write to the editor for no other 
 reason under heaven than to get their names into print. 
 Doctors and lawyers fume over unprofessional mentions ; actors 
 and clergymen send us puffs by the dozen that refer to them- 
 selves as beautiful and popular, and learned and eloquent. Not 
 long since an editor of my acquaintance received a complaining 
 letter from the mayor of a certain Pennsylvania city. Beneath 
 the signature the man himself had spelled his official title 
 ** mare." The writer was a college graduate, not, I am glad 
 
to say, of the University of Pennsylvania. Editors entertain 
 more cranks than angels unawares. 
 
 It was once the fortune of a journalist of this city to dine 
 occasionlly with a clergyman, a college professor, two school 
 teachers, and a half dozen ordinary people. The food was good, 
 the arguments were better. The party divided on most ques- 
 tions, but upon the utter degredation of the newspaper press 
 in general and of Philadelphia in particular, it was a unit — save 
 only the journalist. The chief abhorrence of the majority was 
 sensationalism, and it was in vain that the newspaper maker 
 argued that the demand for that article was quite up to the 
 supply. The charge, particularly against Philadelphia, was 
 scouted as ridiculous. One evening, when the journalist took 
 his seat, there was a religious discussion on, but half way 
 through the meal it ended, and he remarked quietly that 
 O'Donovan Rossa had been shot. 
 
 *' Who shot him .?" 
 
 "Where is?" 
 
 " Is he dead }" came from as many directions around the 
 table. If there is anyone in whom educated persons and public 
 purists have little cause to take interest, it is O'Donovan Rossa. 
 Without a word the journalist eyed each questioner in turn. 
 The argument told. There was never afterward any condemna- 
 tion of the press at that table. 
 
 There is another class who say that the newspaper of 
 to-day faithfully portrays the hourly history of the world ; that 
 while the editors edit the newspapers, the public edits the 
 editors ; and that if the world does not like the reflection it itself 
 produces in the mirror, it is at perfect liberty to alter the 
 original. 
 
 With due respect, I firmly take issue with both these 
 classes. It is a daily endeavor with all representative journalists 
 to elevate the tone of their publications. Their present stand- 
 ard, whatever it may be thought to be, is above the mean of 
 the public taste. 
 
 Years ago the embryo doctor was assured that there was 
 no place to acquire a medical education but in the office of a 
 medical practitioner. There were many objections to such a 
 
place and plan for such instruction, but when these were sought 
 to be overcome by collegiate training in medicine, a general cry 
 arose from the medical profession that doctors could not be 
 made in schools. By and by, however, this professional preju- 
 dice was battered down, and now the medical profession itself 
 insists, through expressions in the organic law, that all practi- 
 tioners shall be graduates of some recognized medical college. 
 
 A little later there began to be talk about law schools. The 
 legal profession said there was no place except in a law office to 
 acquire a legal education. To-day law schools are the rule — 
 not so well established as the medical schools, it is true, 
 because the hammering at the professional prejudice has not 
 gone on so long, but the law colleges flourish and most of the 
 leading universities have recognized departments for legal 
 study. 
 
 Still later, it was declared that no one could become a civil 
 engineer who did not begin by carrying a chain. To-day, 
 schools of technology graduate, not chief engineers, to be sure, 
 but engineers who become successful in securing financial 
 rewards and often become leading authorities in their profession. 
 i At the present time there is making an effort to give 
 instruction in journalism in the colleges, and, following the 
 tradition of the old physician, the old lawyer and the old engi- 
 neer, the older class of journalists, with wonderful unanimity, 
 come forward to say that the only place to learn anything about 
 the making of a newspaper is in the newspaper office itself. 
 Indeed, they do not stop by saying that the colleges cannot 
 give instruction that will be advantageous to future journalists, 
 but they go so far as to attack the college men themselves and 
 to taunt them with impractibility. They point out that college 
 graduates who enter newspaper offices are generally distanced 
 by the upstarts who can do little more than spell. Nay, they 
 even assume to place tradesmen on the line with the Vergils, the 
 Chaucers, and the Longfellows of the world, and say that 
 newsgathers, like poets, are special dispensations of heaven. 
 
 During the current year, I propounded the following 
 queries to a large number of the working journalists of the 
 country. 
 
Granting ability and aptitude, can oral and written instruc- 
 tion accomplish as miuh for tJie ftUiire journalist, as for the 
 future lawyer, doctor or divine ? 
 
 If the learner knows ideas when he sees them, can he as well 
 be taught the selection of those that will combine in the making 
 of a good newspaper or magazine, as those that will argue well 
 to a jury, act well on the sick, or preach well to a congregation ? 
 
 Here are the replies : 
 
 Joseph Pulitzer, of the New York World'. "I see no 
 reason why a chair of journalism, filled by a man of real talent 
 and character, could not be made beneficial. Of course the 
 highest order of talent or capacity could no more be taught by 
 a professor of journalism, than could the military genius of a 
 Hannibal, Caesar, or Bonaparte, be taught in military academies. 
 Still, military academies are of value, and so could a chair of 
 journalism be made beneficial, if filled by a man of brains and 
 experience. I have thought seriously upon this subject, and 
 think well of the idea, though I know it is the habit of news- 
 paper men to ridicule it. The value of the idea would depend 
 upon its execution." 
 
 It was the opinion of the elder Bennett that journalists 
 were made. He was fond of hunting up men who had served 
 in small places. He believed that talent, no matter how bright, 
 needed training — a process that he delighted to perform for 
 himself. He insisted upon having men who had served on the 
 local staff of either his own or some other journal. 
 
 \i Charles A. Dana, of the New York Sun : " The scheme of 
 teaching journalism by a college professor who is to give 
 especial attention to English composition and to be helped out 
 by courses of lectures given by professional journalists, seems 
 to me just as much mistaken as woiild be the attempt to teach 
 medicine in the same manner. Every young man who studies 
 in a college should receive the most competent and most careful 
 instruction in English composition ; for without this any 
 education will remain very imperfect. In addition, he ought to 
 have the most complete general training that the college can 
 give, and when that is finished, let him go into an office to 
 learn the practice of the newspaper art. - Just as no man can 
 
become a practicing physician or lawyer without studying the 
 details of the practice in a physician's or lawyer's office, and in 
 hospitals and courts, so no man can really acquire the theory 
 and skill of journalism except in a newspaper office. Of course 
 the preparatory education of one who means to devote his life 
 to newspaper making, must differ somewhat from that of one 
 who means to devote his life to any other intellectual pursuit ; 
 yet in the main the foundation should be the same. Languages, 
 law, morals, philosophy, logic, theology, history, mathematics, 
 chemistry, astronomy are all necessary ; but they are only the 
 foundation. After that is properly laid the teaching of a 
 special professor of journalism or of the prefunctory lectures of 
 experts, would be worthless compared with the efficient drill of 
 reporting, exchange reading, and writing under a competent 
 editor and managing editor." 
 
 Charles Emory Smith, of the Philadelphia Press : "To the 
 question whether oral instruction can accomplish as much for 
 the embryo journalist as for the embryo lawyer or doctor, I 
 answer yes. It is relatively more important, for while in law 
 and in medicine there may be a substitute for this form of 
 instruction, there is none in journalism. The principles of lav/ 
 are clearly defined, well established and laid down in the books 
 where the student may find them. The principles and rules of 
 journalism are nowhere presented in any such precise way and 
 are not accessible in the same form. Though less definitely 
 determined they are susceptible of clear statement and illustra- 
 tion. There are no practical text-books, though there are 
 special studies which may be recommended and pursued by 
 way of preparation. In fact, the rules of journalism are what 
 the best trained and most skillful masters of the art make, and 
 they can best be imparted by those who constitute the 
 authorities. Practical experience is the indispensable teacher 
 in journalism as in law, but the whole range of direction and 
 suggestion which will serve to guide the beginner and introduce 
 him to journalism as a profession rather than a daily task, must 
 come from oral instruction." 
 
 George William Curtis, of Harper s Weekly : " I should 
 think that oral instruction from a journalist of tact, ability and 
 
10 
 
 experience would be quite as serviceable to the tyro in journal- 
 ism as the lectures of the professor of law or medicine to the 
 young student." 
 
 E. L. Godkin, of The Nation : " Every professor in every 
 college is actively engaged in preparing all the students in his 
 charge to be journalists. The latter, for instance, ought to have 
 a forcible and clear style, but all the help he can get from any 
 professor he gets at college from the Professor of Rhetoric and 
 English Literature. He ought to be a strong and lucid reasoner, 
 but all that instruction can do to make him such is done by the 
 Professor of Logic. He ought to know all the history and 
 political economy, biography and mental philosophy, science 
 and art literature, which anybody knows who is not a specialist. 
 But it is the business of colleges to teach these through a dozen 
 chairs. Like all other callings it has its peculiar and technical 
 part ; but this is really a small and purely mechanical part, and 
 has to be learned in a newspaper office, just as practice has to be 
 learned in a law office. By far the greater part of the skill of the 
 news editor and reporter, as well as the editorial writer, is moral 
 and intellectual ; and the part that is not, cannot be communi- 
 cated by lecturing. It has to be learned by doing. Nobody can 
 show a man how to be a good collector of news. Capacity in this 
 direction is mainly constitutional. It is a mixture of energy, 
 curiosity, industry, working under the guidance of experience — 
 for it is experience, after all, which tells a man what is new and 
 what is not, and what the relative and absolute importance 
 of any particular piece of news is. The resemblance of chairs 
 in journalism to panaceas in medicine is very striking, for both 
 undertake the impossible at very low rates." 
 
 Henry Watterson, of the Louisville Courier-Journal : "A 
 school of special instruction in newspaper work is feasible and 
 desirable, and, if properly organized and conducted, would be 
 advantageous. There is not a newspaper manager in the country 
 who would not be glad to recruit his army of nev/s-gatherers 
 from a school in which the rudimentary principles of newspaper 
 requirement and responsibility are well taught. Such a school 
 would no more make a journalist than West Point makes a 
 soldier. But it would lay the needful foundations. The chief 
 
II 
 
 end to be aimed at by a college department of journalism should 
 be, first, simple training in the preparation of copy for publi- 
 cation, embracing the art of condensation, and, second, moral 
 training in the obligations of decency and truthfulness, which 
 the individual assumes when he becomes a public writer, or 
 reporter for the press. I am inclined to think that a time has 
 come when the organization of a faculty for a school of journal- 
 ism is possible, and I may add that in my opinion there is no 
 better site for such a department of a University than the city 
 of Philadelphia, which is in close contiguity to so many of the 
 great cities, yet apart from them, and where practical journalism 
 has made uncommon advances during the last ten or twelve 
 years." 
 
 Col. Charles H. Taylor, of the Boston Globe: "A man 
 may be a good doctor, a good lawyer or a good preacher, and 
 still be a narrow man — a man of strong prej udice — but to be a 
 successful journalist one must be broad, many-sided, human. 
 A college course that will foster human sympathies, that will 
 keep young men out of ruts of thought and teach them, or lead 
 them to collect, a vast amount of general information, will turn 
 out good material from which to make journalists. I think 
 many of our colleges are doing this ; that the tendency in most 
 of them is in the right direction, I do not believe that prac- 
 tical journalism can be taught to-day in our colleges to any 
 advantage." 
 
 Col. A. K. McClure, of the Philadelphia Times : '* Journal- 
 ists are the greatest of our teachers, and there is every reason 
 why special education should specially fit them for such teach- 
 ing, as men are taught for all other channels of teaching." 
 
 William Penn Nixon, of the Chicago Inter-Ocean : " In my 
 judgment there is no reason in the world why a young journahst 
 should not be as much improved by proper training as the 
 embryo lawyer or doctor, but his teachers should be men who 
 understand the practical worth of everything they attempt to 
 teach. In other words, the instructor ought to be a journalist 
 himself, and he ought to send his pupils right out to do practical 
 work under his eye. Follow such a plan and the experiment 
 will, in my opinion, prove successful." 
 
12 
 
 George Jones, of the New York Times : " There is no 
 reason why a college man should not make a good journalist, if 
 he is content to begin at the bottom and learn those details of 
 the business which can be secured nowhere except in a news- 
 paper office, and which are essential to subsequent success." 
 
 Murat Halstead, of the Cincinnati Commercial Gazette : 
 ** The college is one of the schools of journalism — only one. A 
 good education is desirable in an editor — indeed, it must be had 
 in some form. There are as many ways of editing as preaching, 
 practicing law or farming ; indeed, there is nothing in human 
 affairs untouched. Those of an imperfect education in the 
 languages, literature, and the law, are perpetually embarrassed 
 by these limitations as editors, and also as professional men of 
 any sort. The bottom, of the newspaper business is native 
 sense — the knowing of a few things promptly — and endless hard 
 work." 
 
 If variety of opinion be sought, it is certain to be found in 
 this expert testimony. But if we take the mean of all the 
 opinions, we will discover that the answer is emphatically in 
 the affirmative, and that already the leading journalists admit 
 that the educational foundation for the trade can be laid in 
 college, if only it be correctly undertaken, and judiciously 
 carried out. In the latter is involved the all-important problem. 
 
 An attempt is to be made at Cornell University during the 
 coming year, to give elementary instruction in journalism. 
 There has been no chair in journalism established there, as has 
 been reported, and the instruction will be given by the depart- 
 ment of rhetoric only to seniors, and to such juniors as are 
 engaged in editorial labor upon the college publications. 
 Instruction in prose composition will be the same as has hereto- 
 fore been given to all students, but a practical journalist will illus- 
 trate in a series of lectures consuming two hours per week 
 throughout the college year, the routine of the metropolitan 
 and provincial newspaper offices, the financial problems involved, 
 and .the fact, too often lost sight of, that journalism has no 
 rewards for half-hearted application or mediocre ability, but 
 that it requires for success the life purpose of the best brains of 
 the community. Only the most elementary work will be under- 
 
13 
 
 taken this year. Future plans will depend upon the results 
 obtained. 
 
 I do not believe it advisable to attempt in college the 
 making of a newspaper. This task consumes time that can be 
 better spent, while it publishes all short-comings to the little, 
 but very critical, world interested in it. Most of the composi- 
 tion required of college students is constructive ; while that 
 required of journalists may almost be said to be destructive. 
 The one elaborates ; the other boils down. The one writes out 
 a prescribed number of pages on a given subject ; the other 
 sees how many statements he can make in a given space. In 
 this day of telegraphs and fast mails, the problem with editors is 
 not what to fill with, but how to find room for the mass of good 
 matter that is offered ; while to arrest the tons of driftwood, the 
 editor must resolve himself into a portcullis, whose bolts are 
 steeled sensibilities and whose bars are blue lead-pencils. 
 
 I am aware that what does appear in the newspapers is 
 criticised ; and equally aware that it deserves all the criticism 
 that it receives. But a newspaper style of composition is yet 
 in its formative state. It is no use to denounce it, as many do, 
 from the literary standard. It does not, and could not, aim to 
 be literature. It aims to tell the news in the fewest possible 
 words, and that few, those that will enable the reader to possess 
 the information and forget the language — like the perfectly 
 clear glass that reveals the object but is not itself seen. 
 
 College instruction in journalism should not differ greatly 
 from the instruction given in the regular college course. The 
 instructor should direct his pupils in what other part of the 
 university they can find instruction best suited to their future 
 needs. This instruction, which would of course include the 
 lectures on political economy, constitutional and administrative 
 law, comparative politics, taxation, money, ancient history, and 
 the political, industrial and social history of the United States, 
 should be taken from the regular professors in those subjects. 
 In addition to these the instructor in journalism should give a 
 course of lectures upon the following subjects : 
 
 What news is. 
 
 The value of news. 
 
 The collection and disposition of 7ietvs. 
 
14 
 
 These three heads will be found to cover the entire process 
 of newspaper making. For supplementary work, instruction 
 should be given in prose composition. This should involve the 
 telling of incidents of all sorts in the fewest possible words, 
 the definition of all words, especially of adjectives, and the con- 
 struction of grammatical and rythmical sentences in the mind 
 before consigning them to paper. It should likewise involve 
 the intelligent use of the right arm of journalism — the blue 
 pencil. 
 
 An invaluable adjunct to the work of the college tutor in 
 journalism would be occasional lectures by leading journahsts. 
 There could be six or eight of these each year, by different men, 
 so that during his three or four years at college the student 
 would have heard, and probably met, most of the great jour- 
 nalists of the country. The presence of a successful man 
 always inspires to renewed effort. If he did nothing more than 
 tell the story of his own life, it would be valuable. His visit 
 could be made a social event, and thus the benefit would be 
 mutual, for the men who direct the policy of our large journals 
 are too often office men and book worms ; and unless they read 
 it in their own newspaper, the work of some enterprising 
 reporter, are too apt to be ignorant of the work doing by the 
 great educational institutions. 
 
 At present there is no place in this country where the 
 shghtest attention is given to journalism, as a distinct study, 
 save in the newspaper offices, where careful preparatory work 
 is manifestly impossible. Only the practical side of the trade 
 is acquired there. It is a hand to mouth instrfiction. There 
 is no time for the broadening of the educational foundations, 
 and yet it is only by such broadening process that any, save the 
 geniuses in mind and body, can hope to win success. 
 
 There are in our newspaper offices hundreds of men just 
 entering middle life. They have had years of special train- 
 ing of the most laborious character. They are ambitious to 
 reap greater rewards in return for their peculiar acquirements. 
 Four out of five of them are unable to do so. Why ? Because 
 the technical training they have secured at the desks, at the 
 advice of the old school journalists, has made them simply 
 
15 
 
 admirable machines — routine chroniclers of other men's 
 thoughts and acts. Their duties bring brawn rather than brain 
 into service — and the pay is rated accordingly. They are the 
 practical run mad. To them the great economic, legal, his- 
 torical, financial, scientific and even literary subjects of the 
 world are sealed books, save only as a few of them are imper- 
 fectly opened in individual cases during hours that ought to be 
 spent in rest and sleep. 
 
 y If journalism is to maintain its place as the teacher of the 
 largest class of pupils in Christendom, the future working 
 journalist — the b^fte and sinew of the trade — must not remain 
 so handicapped a^he now is. He must be broadened by 
 knowledge, and deepened by research. He must create as 
 well as chronicle. 
 
 I do not affirm that a college can graduate managing 
 editors. No trade school graduates shop foremen. But I do 
 affirm that if oral and written instruction can do as much for 
 the future journalist as for the future professional man, — and a 
 majority of the journalists interviewed declare it can — then the 
 place to impart such instruction is in college, by a tutor 
 especially adapted for the work, and not in the hurry of actual 
 business, where experience proves that only the mechanism of 
 the trade is acquired. One thing at least is certain. It is only 
 through such reform as is here suggested that journalism can 
 be raised from a trade, where it now is, to the dignity of the 
 learned profession that it ought to be. 
 
 ^ Journalism is a new industry. It utilizes the best brains of 
 the nation. Its rewards are fairly liberal, its work exacting, 
 and both have a tendency to increase. Col. McClure declares 
 journalists to be the greatest of our teachers. If that be true, 
 then journalism has become, as medicine and law became long 
 ago, of sufficient importance to demand special scholastic train- 
 ing. For such training, I believe, with Mr. Watterson, that no 
 other city affords so many advantages as Philadelphia ; and last, 
 but not least, I would like to see the honor of having been the 
 first institution in the world to lend its scholastic advan- 
 tages to journalism, belong to the Wharton School of the 
 University of-Pennsylvania. 
 
THE FOLLO^WING IS A LIST OF THE PAPERS READ 
 BEFORE THE ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Those Marked * out of Prir>t. f Not Printed. 
 
 iSyi. Compulsory Education. By Lorin Blodget. * 
 
 Arbitration as a Remedy for Strikes. By Eckley B. Coxe. * 
 
 The Revised Statutes of Pennsylvania. By R. C. McMurtrie. * 
 
 Local Taxation. By Thomas Cochran. * 
 
 Infant Mortality. By Dr. J. S. Parry. 
 1872. Statute Law and Common Law, and the Proposed Revision in Pennsyl- 
 vania. By E. Spencer Miller. | 
 
 Apprenticeship. By James S. Whitney. 
 
 The Proposed Amend^nents to the Constitution of Pen^ftJh;ania. By Francis 
 Jordan. ^P 
 
 Vaccination. By Dr. J. S. Parry. * 
 
 The Census. By Lorin Blodget. * 
 iSyj. The Tax System of Pennsylvania, By Cyrus Elder. * 
 
 The Work of the Constitiititnal Convention. By A. vSydney Biddle. 
 
 What shall Philadelphia do with its Paupers? By Dr. Isaac Ray. 
 
 Proportional Representation. By S. Dana Horton. * 
 
 Statistics Relating to the Births. Deaths^ Marriages, etc., in Philadelphia. 
 By John Stockton- Hough, M. D. 
 
 On the Value of Real Scientific Research. By Dr. Ruschenberger. 
 
 On tJie Relative Influence of City and Country Life, on Morality, Healthy 
 Fecundity, Longevity a7id Mortality. By John Stockton- Hough, M. D. 
 1874. The Public School System of Philadelphia. By James S. Whitney. 
 
 The Utility of Government Geological Surveys. Professor J. P. Lesley. 
 
 The Law of Partnership. By J. G. Rosengarten. * 
 
 Methods of Valuation of Real Estate for Taxation. By Thomas Cochran. 
 
 The Merits of Cre?7iation. By Persifor Frazer, Jr. 
 
 Outlines of Penology. By Joseph R. Chandler. 
 i8yj. Brain Disease and Modern Livi/ig. By Dr. Isaac Ray. f 
 
 Hygiene of the Eye, Considered with Reference to the Children in otir 
 Schools. By Dr. F. D. Castle. 
 
 The Relative Morals of City and Country. By William S. Pierce. 
 
 Silk Culture and Home Industry. By Dr. Samuel Chamberlaine. 
 
 Mind Reading, etc. By Persifor frazer, Jr. 
 
 Legal Status of Married Women in Pennsylvania. By N. D. Miller. 
 
 The Revised Status of the United States. By Lorin Blodget. 
 i8j6. Training Nurses for the Sick. By John H. Packard, M. D. 
 
 The Advantages of the Co-operative Feature of Building Associations. 
 By Edmund Wrigley. 
 
 The Operations of our Building Associations. By Joseph I. Doran. 
 
 Wisdom in Charity. By Rev. Charles G. Ames. * 
 iSyy. Free Coinage and a Self Adjusting Ratio. By Thomas Balch. 
 
 Building Systems for Great Cities. By Lorin Blodget. 
 
 Metric Syste?n. By Persifor Frazer, Jr. 
 1878. Cause and Cure of Hard Times. By R. J. Wright. 
 
 House -Drain age and Sewerage. By George E. Waring, Jr. 
 
 A Plea for a State Board of Health. By Benjamin Lee, M. D. 
 
 The Gertn Theory of Disease, and its Present Bearing upon Public and 
 Personal Hygiene. By Joseph G. Richardson, M. D. 
 iSjg- Delusive Methods of Municipal Financiering. By William F. Ford, f 
 
 Technical Education. By A. C. Rembaugh, M. D. 
 
 The English Methods of Legislation Compared with the American, 
 By S. Sterne. 
 
iSjg. Thoughts on the Labor Question. By Rev. D. O. Kellogg. 
 
 On the Isolation of Persons in Hospitals for the Insane. By Dr. Isaac Ray. 
 
 Notes on Reform Schools. By J. G. Rosengarten. * 
 iS8o. Philadelphia Charity Organization. By Rev. Wm. H. Hodge. 
 
 Public Schools in their Relatio7is to the Comtnitniiy . By James S. Whitney. 
 
 Industrial and Decorative Art in Public Schools. By Charles G. Leland. 
 
 Penal and Reformatory Institutiofts. By J. (j. Rosengarten. 
 iSSi. Nominations for Public Office. By Mayer Sulzberger. 
 
 Modelling for the Study of Human Character. By Edward A. Spring, j 
 1S82. Municipal Government. By John C. Bullitt. 
 
 Result of Art Education in Schools. By Chas. G. Leland. 
 
 Apprenticeship at it Was and Is. By Addison B. Burk. 
 iBSs- The American Aristocracy. By Lincoln L. Eyre. 
 
 A Plea for a Nezu City Hospital. By Thomas W. Barlow. 
 
 Some Practical Aims on School Hygiene. By Dr. Lincoln, f 
 
 The Pending School Problems. By Professor ^L B. Snyder. 
 
 Municipal Government. By Wm. Righter Fisher. 
 
 Social Condition of the Industrial Classes. By Lorin Blodget. 
 1884. Progress of Industrial Education. By Phillip C. Garrett. 
 
 A Plea for Better Distribution. By Charles ^L DuPuy. 
 
 Formation of Public Libraries in Philadelphia. By Lloyd. P. Smith. •{- 
 
 Best Means of Regaining Health. By Dr. Walters, f 
 
 Milk Supplies of our Large Cities, etc.^ etc. By J. Cheslon Morris, M. D. 
 1883. Alcoholism. By A. C. Rembaugh, M. D. 
 
 Sanitary Reforms in Large Cities. By Dr. Leffmann. f 
 
 Sanitary Influence of Forest Grozuih. Dr. J. M. Anders. 
 
 Outline of a Proposed School of Political and Social Science. By Edmund 
 J. James, Ph. D. 
 1886 ■ The Organization of Local Boards of Health in Pennsylvania. By Benj. 
 Lee, A. M., M. D., Ph. D. 
 
 Manual Training a Valuable Feature in General Education. By C. M. 
 Woodward, Ph. D. 
 
 The Gas Question in Philadelphia. By Edmund J. James, Ph. D. 
 
 Trade Dollars : The President's Potver^ etc., etc. By Dr. James C. Hallock. 
 
 The Balance of Power between Industrial a7id Intellectual Work. By Miss 
 M. M. Cohen. 
 
 Wife Beating as a Crime, and its Relation to Taxation. By Hon. Robert 
 Adams, Jr. 
 
 Defeat of Pai-ty Despotis7n. By Rev. Dr. Leonard W. Bacon, j 
 
 Land and Indizidualism. By Kemper Bocock. f 
 1887. Chairs of Pedagogics in our Universities. By Edmund J. James, Ph. D. 
 18S8. Journalists : Born or Made. By Eugene ^L Camp. 
 
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