5^'- ?!> Reserve Storage Collection d^. •-. > .'X *i i LIEUTENANT-GENEEAL ULYSSES S, GRANT. ILLUSTRATED LIFE, CAMPAIGNS AND PUBLIC SERVICES OF LIEUT. GENERAL GRANT. THE Hero of Port Donelson ! Vicksburg ! Chattanooga ! Petersburg ! and Eiobmond! Also, Captor of General Lee's! General Johnston's ! and other Rebel Armies. With a full history of his Life, Campaigns, and Battles, and his Orders, Koports, and Correspondence with the "War Depart- ment and the President in relation to them, from the time ho first took the field in this war, until the present time. With a Portrait of General Grant, and other Illustrative engravings of the Battle of Fort Donelson; Battle of Chattanooga; General Lee's surrender to General Grant; the Union Army entering Richmond, etc., etc. PHILADELPHIA: T. B. PETERSON & BROTHERS, 306 CHESTNUT STREET. Copy 2/ Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 18G5, by T. B. PETERSON & BROTUERS, In the Clerk's Office of the District Conrt of the United States, in and for th\', he believed him, and would not trouble the debtor again. One of the Iciiding LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 33 merchants of St. Louis mentioned this circumstance to me. From all I can learn of his history hero, he was honest, truthful, indefatigable — always at work at something; but he did not pos- sess the knack of making money. He was honorable, for he always repaid borrowed money. His habits of life were hardy, inespeusive, and simple." In 1859 he removed to Galena, Illinois, where he be- came engaged in partnership with his father, in the leather trade. Devoting himself to his new business with the same attention and devotion which had marked his con- nection with the military service, the firm soon acquired a reputation second to none in the country, and such was the character of the two partners, that their recommenda- tion was considered a certain guarantee of the superiority of the article. In this connection it will not be out of place to mention the following anecdote : — A party of Illinois politicians visited the head-quarters of General Grant when they were located near Yicksburg, and endeavored to obtain his views on the political questions of the day. One of their number was especially earnest in his efforts, and while in the midst of what he considered a very persuasive speech, was interrupted by General Grant, who quietly remarked : " There is no use of talking politics to me. I know nothing about that subject, and, furthermore, I don't know of any person among my acquaintances who does. But," continued he, " there is one subject with which I am per- fectly acquainted ; talk of that, and I am your man." " What is that, General ?" asked the politicians in sur- prise. " Tanning leather," replied General Grant. Another anecdote is also given, for the truth of which we cannot vouch : — An infamous proposal of some kind was made on one occasion by a person to General Grant. The General becoming much annoyed, hastened the de- 34 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENEKAL GRANT. partnre of the offender by the application of his boot. An officer who witnessed the punishment, remarked that he did not think the man was much injured, when the re- ply was made that there could be no doubt of the effective- ness of the assault, as "that boot never fails under such circumstances, for the leather came from Grant's store in Galena." THE REBELLION— HE IS APPOINTED MUSTER- ING OFEICER OP ILLINOIS. When in April, 1861, the telegraphic wires transmitted to the loyal people of the country the astounding intelli- gence that the traitors had opened their batteries upon the little garrison at Fort Sumter, Ulysses S. Grant, con- sidering the claims of the Government paramount to those of family or business, raised and organized a company, and went with it to Springfield, where it was mustered into service. Governor Yates, of Illinois, soon afterwards, with a view of availing himself of the superior ability and military knowledge of the subject of our sketch, gave him the responsible appointment of mustering officer of the troops from that commonwealth, at the same time giving him the position of aid on his staff. After a brief period of arduous duty, he requested the Governor to give him an appointment in one of the three years' regiments then being organized, so that he might be enabled to carry out his earnest and patriotic desire to wield his sword upon the field of battle. Many of the officers who were leading the enemy, had been, until the breaking out of hostilities, warm friends of " U. S.," but when they united their fortunes with those of the seceding States, he blotted the past, with all its pleasant associations, from his mem- ory, and regarding them only as enemies of his country, expressed his eagerness and his wish either to lead a band of patriots to the field to punish them for their treason, or, LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 35 if the Executive thought l>est, to accompany his fellow- patriots in a more humble and less responsible capacity. IS APPOINTED COLONEL, AND IS ORDERED TO MISSOURI. His application was responded to favorably, and in the middle of June, 1861, he resigned bis position as muster- ing officer, and was appointed Colonel of the Twenty-first regiment of Illinois volunteers, organized at Mattoon, in that State. Colonel Grant immediately proceeded to Mattoon and removed his encampment to Caseyville, at which place for four weeks he superintended the organiza- tion and drill of his command. At the end of that time it was ordered into Missouri, and marching his men one hundred miles of the distance, he arrived at the point at which he had been instructed to report, and his command was detailed for guard duty along the line of the Hannibal and Hudson Railroad, in the northern part of the State. The military knowledge and experience of Colonel Grant were here first brought into requisition, and for the pur- pose of aff"ording them all the scope they merited, he was made an Acting Brigadier-General, and placed in com- mand of all the troops in that part of Missouri, then known as the "District of North Missouri." In the following August his regiment was ordered to Pilot Knob, and from thence to Ironton, and shortly afterwards to Marble Creek, and other important points, all of which he placed in a condition of defence. COLONEL GRANT APPOINTED BRIGADIER- GENERAL— HIS BOLD MOVEMENT UPON PA- DUCAH. In the same month Colonel Grant was detached from his regiment and appointed a Brigadier-General of Volun- teers, with rank and commission to date from the seven- teenth of May, 1861, an exalted position for which he was 36 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. admirably adapted, and in every way competent. Tlie wisdom of the Administration in making the selection has been proven too frequently since that period to require more than passing notice at this time. The following officers received commissions as Briga- diers on the same date : Samuel P. Heintzleman, Andrew Porter, William B. Franklin, and George A. McCall, of Pennsylvania ; Eras- mus D. Keyes, Darius N. Couch, and Frederick W. Lan- der, of Massachusetts ; Philip Kearney and William R. Montgomery, of New Jersey ; William T. Sherman, J. D. Cox, and Robert C. Schenck, of Ohio ; John Pope, S. A. Hurlbut, B. M. Prentiss, and John A. McClernand, of Illinois; A. S. Williams and I. B. Richardson, of Michigan ; James Cooper, of Maryland ; J. J. Reynolds and Don Carlos Buell, of Indiana ; Samuel R. Curtis, of Iowa ; Benjamin F. Kelly, of Virginia ; Franz Sigel, of Mis- souri ; Fitz John Porter and Charles P. Stone, of the Dis- trict of Columbia ; Thomas W. Sherman, of Rhode Island ; Rufus King and Charles S. Hamilton, of Wisconsin ; John W. Phelps, of Vermont, and Joseph Hooker, of California. The large majority of these ofiBcers still occupy respon- sible positions in the Union army, but Ulysses S. Grant has, by his repeated victories, become the recipient of honors more numerous and exalted than any of his col- leagues of 18G1, until at length, in March, 1864, he attained the highest position that the government of the United States can bestow upon a military hero. Soon after his appointment, General Grant was placed in command of a District composed of Southeast Missouri and Southern Illinois, with his head-quarters at Cairo, a point which previous to the war was regarded as an insignificant and unprepossessing western town, but which, from its location at the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 37 has become during the rebellion one of the most important positions in the loyal States. The enemy, at the time ho assumed command, were actively engaged in fortifying Columbus, Hickman, and other points admirably situated for offensive operations on the Mississippi river ; and as they appeared determined to extend their occupation to all the equally advantageous sites on that stream, and also on the Ohio river, General Grant made a strategic move, and on the sixth of September occupied Paducah, at the mouth of the Tennessee river, having arrived there before the rebels could secure possession. When his troops en- tered the town, the emblem of treason was floating from numerous flag-staffs, and the people openly expressed their disloyal sentiments. The railroad depot, post-office, tele- graph office, and other public buildings were seized, and the following proclamation was issued : " Paducah, Ky., September 6th, 1861. "To the Citizens of Paducah: " I have come among you not as an enemy, but as your fellow- citizen. Not to maltreat or anuoy you, but to respect and en- force the rights of all loyal citizens. An enemy, in rebellion against our common Government, has taken possession of, and planted its guns on the soil of Kentucky, and fired upon you. Columbus and Hickman are in his hands. He is moving upon your city. I am here to defend you against this enemy, to assist the authority and sovereignty of your Government. I have nothing to do with opinions, and shall deal only with armed re- bellion and its aiders and abettors. You can pursue your usual avocations without fear. The strong arm of the Government is here to protect its friends and punish its enemies. Whenever it is manifest that you are able to defend yourselves and maintain the authority of the Government and protect the riglits of loyal citizens, I shall withdraw the forces under my command. " U. S. Grant, Brigadier-General Covimanding." This movement was one of the boldest which had up to that date been made in the West. The troops under Gen- eral Grant, consisting of two Illinois regiments, with four pieces of artillery, left Cairo under the protection of two gunboats. The disembarkation at Paducah was rapidly 38 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. accomplished, and notwithstanding the offensive cheers for Jefferson Davis and other leading traitors, and the va- rious insulting remarks which greeted the troops in the highways and byways, they marched steadily forward, perfecting the occupation, and seizing immense quantities of stores which were awaiting shipment to the South. A small force was then sent down the railroad some seven or eight miles, and destroyed an important bridge over which until that moment the enemy had expected to be transported within a few hours. The gunboat Conestoga Avas in the meantime sent up the Tennessee river and cap- tured three steamers. General Paine was placed in com- mand, and General Grant returned to Cairo. On the twenty-fifth of September, 1861, Smithland, Kentucky, at the mouth of the Cumberland, was also occupied, thus blockading two important streams, and securing two almost indispensable bases of operations for future movements. PROPOSED EXCHANGE OF PRISONERS. In the following October, the following correspondence passed between General Grant and Major-General Polk, formerly a much respected Bishop of the Episcopal Church, but subsequently one of the most bitter and unscrupulous officers of the rebel service : " Head-quarters, First Division, " Western Department. " To the Commanding Officer at Cairo and Bird's Point : " I have in my camp a number of prisoners of the Federal army, and am informed there are prisoners belonging to the Missouri State troops in yours. I propose an exchange of these prisoners, and for that purpose send Captain Polk, of the Ar- tillery, and Lieutenant Smith, of the Infantry, both of the Confederate States Army, with a flag of truce, to deliver to you this communication, and to know your pleasure in regard to my proposition. " The principles recognized in the exchange of prisoners ef- fected on the third of September, between Brigadier-Generul Pillow, of the Confederate Army, and Colonel Wallace, of the LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 39 United States Army, are those I propose as the basis of that now contemplated. " Respectfully, your obedient servant, " L. Polk, "Major-General Commanding." To this communication General Grant forwarded the following reply : " Head-quarters, Department " Southeast Missouri, Cairo, Oct. 14th, 1861. " General :— Yours of this date is just received. In regard to an exchange of prisoners, as proposed, I can of my own ac- cordance make none. I recognize no ' Southern Confederacy' myself, but will communicate with higher authorities for their views. Should I not be sustained, I will find means of com- municating with you. " Respectfully, your obedient servant, " U. S. Grant, "Brigadier- General Commanding. " To Major-General Polk, Columbus, Ky." THE BATTLE OP FREDERICKTOWN, MISSOURI. About the middle of October, 1861, General Grant ordered Colonel Plummer, of the Eleventh Missouri volunteers, to proceed with a portion of the troops stationed at Cape Girardeau in pursuit of Jeff. Thompson, who was then re- ported to be at Fredericktown. On the eighteenth, that officer left his head-quarters with about fifteen hundred men, cavalry, infantry and artillery, and on the twenty- first arrived at Fredericktown, where he found Colonel Carlin's command, and augmenting his strength by acces- sions from the ranks of his brother commander, he advanced about a mile beyond the town, and discovered the rebels drawn up in line. He immediately attacked him, and after a severe engagement of nearly three hours, compelled him to retire. On the following day he pursued Thomp- son twenty-two miles, but finding it impossible to overtake him, returned to Cape Girardeau, taking with him a num- ber of prisoners and small arms, and one small piece of, artillery captured upon the field. 40 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. Upon receiving Colonel Plummer's report of the engage- ment, General Grant addressed the following letter to tho victor : "Head-quarters, District Southeast Missouri, " Cairo, October 21th, 1861. " Colonel J. B. Plummer, Commanding United States Forces, "Cape Girardeau, Mo.: " Colonel : — Your report of the expedition under your com- mand is received. I congratulate you, and the ofiQcers and soldiers of the expedition, upon the result. " But little doubt can be entertained of the success of our arms, when not opposed by superior numbers ; and in the action of Fredericktown they have given proof of courage and de- termination, which shows that they would undergo any fatigue or hardships to meet our rebellious brethren, even at great odds. " Our loss, small as it was, is to be regretted ; but the friends and relatives of those who fell can congratulate themselves in the midst of their affliction, that they fell in maintaining the cause of constitutional freedom and the integrity of a flag erected in the first instance at a sacrifice of many of the noblest lives that ever graced a nation. " In conclusion, say to your troops they have done nobly. It goes to prove that much more may be expected of them when the country and our great cause calls upon them. " Yours, etc., " U. S. Grant, "Brigadier- General Commanding." THE MOVEMENT DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER— THE BATTLE OP BELMONT. Early in November, 1861, General Grant received orders from the commanding-general of the Department, to make a formidable movement down the Mississippi towards Bel- mont and Columbus. The order was obeyed, but unfor- tunately with an unsuccessful result, the intelligence of which, when received in tho loyal States, disheartened the timid, and, until the circumstances were fully known, pro- voked much invidious comment as to the ability and skill of the leader under whose command the repulsed troops had attacked the rebel works. The following official re- port, after the affair had been thoroughly investigated, was accepted as the true and correct account of the pro- ceedings upon that eventful day : LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 41 "Cairo, November 12th, 1861. " On the evening of the sixth inst. I left this place with two thousand eight hundred and fifty men of all arms, to make a re- connoissance toward Columbus. The object of the expedition was to prevent the enemy from sending out reinforcements to Price's army in Missouri, and also from cutting off columns that I had been directed to send out from this place and Cape Girardeau, in pursuit of Jeff. Thompson. Knowing that Columbus was strongly garrisoned, I asked General Smith, commanding at Paducah, Ky., to make demonstrations in the same direction. He did so by ordering a small force to May- field and another in the direction of Columbus, not to approach nearer, however, than twelve or fifteen miles. I also sent a small force on the Kentucky side with orders not to approach nearer than EUicott's Mills, some twelve miles from Columbus. The expedition under my immediate command was stopped about nine miles below here on the Kentucky shore, and remained until morning. All this served to distract the enemy, and led him to think he was to be attacked in his strongly fortified posi- tion. At daylight we proceeded down the river to a point just out of range of the rebel guns, and debarked on the Missouri shore. From here the troops were marched by flank for about one mile toward Belmont, and then drawn up in line of battle, a battalion also having been left as a reserve near the transports. Two com- panies from each regiment, five skeletons in number, were then thrown out as skirmishers, to ascertain the position of the enemy. It was but a few moments before we met him, and a general en- gagement ensued. , " The balance of my forces, with the exception of the reserve, was then thrown forward— all as skirmishers — and the enemy driven foot by foot, and from tree to tree, back to their encamp- ment on the river bank, a distance of two miles. Here they had strengthened their position by felling the timber for several hundred yards around their camp, and making a sort of abatis. Our men charged through this, driving the enemy over the bank into their transports iu quick time, leaving us in posses- sion of every thing not exceedingly portable. Belmont is on low ground, and every foot of it is commanded by the guns on the opposite shore, and of course could not be held for a single hour after the enemy became aware of the withdrawal of their troops. Having no wagons, I could not move any of the cap- tured property; consequently, I gave orders for its destruction. Their tents, blankets, etc., were set on fire, and we retired, taking their artillery with us, two pieces being drawn by hand ; and one otlier, drawn by an inefficient team, we spiked and left in the woods, bringing the only two to this place. Before getting fairly under way the enemy made his appearance again, and at- tempted to surround us. Onr troops were not in the least dis- couraged, but charged on the enemy again and defeated him. 42 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. Our loss was about eighty-four killed, one hundred and fifty wounded — many of them slightly — and about an equal number missing. Nearly all the missing were from the Iowa regiment, who behaved with great gallantry, and suflered more severely than any other of the troops. " I have not been able to put in the reports from sub-com- mands, but will forward them as soon as received. All the troops behaved with much gallantry, much of which is attrib- uted to the coolness and presence of mind of the officers, par- ticularly the colonels. General McClernand was in tlio midst of danger throughout the engagement, and displayed both coolness and judgment. His horse was three times shot. My horse was also shot under me. To my staff, Captains Rawlins, Logan, and Hillyer, volunteer aids, and to Captains Uatch and Graham, I am much indebted for the assistance they gave. Colonel Web- ster, acting chief engineer, also accompanied me, and| displayed highly soldier-like qualities. Colonel Dougherty, of the Twenty- second Illinois Volunteers, was three times wounded and taken prisoner. " The Seventh Iowa regiment had their Lieutenant-Colonel killed, and the Colonel and Major were severely wounded. The reports to be forwarded will detail more fully the particulars of our loss. Surgeon Brinton was in the field during the entire engagement, and displayed great ability and efficiency in pro- viding for the wounded and organizing the medical corps. " The gunboats Tyler and Lexington, Captains Walker and Stemble, U. S. N., commanding, convoyed the expedition and rendered most efficient service. Immediately upon our landing they engaged the enemy's batteries, and protected our trans- ports throughout. " I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, " U. S. Grant, ''Brigadier- General Commanding." In a private letter written by General Grant to his father on the day after the battle, was the following inter- esting description of the fight : " Day before yesterday I left Cairo with about three thousand men, in five steamers, convoyed by two gunboats, and proceeded down the river to within about twelve miles of Columbus. The next morning the boats were dropped down just out of range of the enemy's batteries, and the troops debarked. During this operation our gunboats exercised the rebels by throwing shells into their camps and batteries. When all ready, we proceeded about one mile toward Belmont, opposite to Columbus, when I formed the troops into line, and ordered two companies from each regiment to deploy iia skirmishers, and push on through the LIFE OF LIEUTENANT- GENERAL GRANT. 43 woods and discover the position of the enemy. They had gone but a little way when they were fired upon, and the ball may be said to have fairly opened. '• 'J'iie whole command, with the exception of a small reserve, WHS tljcu deployed in like manner and ordered forward. The order was obeyed with great alacrity, the men all showing great courage. I can say with great gratification that every colonel, without a single exception, set an example to their commands tliat inspired a confidence that will always insure victory when there is the slightest possibility of gaining one. I feel truly proud to command such men. " From here we fought our way from tree to tree through the woods to Belmont, about two and a half miles, the enemy con- testing every foot of ground. Here the enemy had strengthened their position by felling the trees for two or three hundred yards and sharpening their limbs, making a sort of abatis. Our men charged through, making the victory complete, giving us pos- session of their camp and garrison equipage, artillery, and every thing else. " We got a great many prisoners. The majority, however, succeeded in getting aboard their steamers and pushing across the river. We burned everything possible and started back, having accomplished all that we went for, and even more. Bel- mont is entirely covered by the batteries from Columbus, and is worth nothing as a military position— cannot be held without Columbus. " The object of the expedition was to prevent the enemy from sending a force into Missouri to cut off troops I had sent there for a special purpose, and to prevent reinforcing Price. " Besides being well fortified at Columbus, their numbers far exceeded ours, and it would have been folly to have attacked them. We found the Confederates well armed and brave. On our return, stragglers, that had been left in our rear (now front) fired into us, and more recrossed the river and gave us battle for a full mile, and afterward at the boats when we were embarkin"-. "There was no hasty retreating or running away. Takin^g into account the object of the expedition, the victory was com° plete. It has given us confidence in the oflicers and men of this command, that will enable us to lead them in any future enga"-e- ment without fear of the result. General McClernand (who,l3y the way. acted with great coolness and courage throughout, and proved that he is a soldier as well as a statesman) and myself, each had our horses shot under us. IVIost of the field odicers met with the same loss, besides nearly oile-third of them being themselves killed or wounded. As near as I can ascertain, our loss was about two hundred and fifty killed, wounded and missing.'' General McClernand, who accompanied the expedition, and was subsequently cv:)mplimenteii for his valuable ser- 44 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. vices, in his official report, after referring to an important disposition which had been made of a portion of the troops, says : " We again opened a deadly fire from both infantry and artib lery, and after a desperate resistance drove the enemy back a third time, forcing them to seek cover among thick woods and brush, protected by the heavy guns at Columbus. " In this struggle, while leading the charge, I received a ball in one of my holsters, which faded of harm by striking a pistol. Here Colonels Fouke and Logan urged on their men by the most energetic appeals ; here Captain Dresser's horse was shot under him, while Captain Schwartz's horse was twice wounded ; here the projectdes from the enemy's heavy guns at Columbus, and their artillery at Belmont crashed through the woods over and among us ; here, again, all my stafi" who were with me displayed the greatest intrepidity and activity ; and here, too, many of our officers were killed or wounded ; nor shall I omit to add that this gallant conduct was stimulated by your presence and in- spired by your example. Here your horse was killed un- der you." And yet amid all these scenes of danger and carnage the noble commander rode from point to point, placing his troops in the most advisable positions and cheering them on to the assault, with as much coolness and self-possession as if not a single deadly missile was ploughing the earth within a hundred miles of his horse's feet. And when the apparent success was suddenly changed into actual disaster he, by his example, nerved his men to deeds which have been rarely exceeded even in the hour of victory. Returning to Cairo, the following order was read to the troops : " Head-quarters, District S. E. Mo. " Cairo, November 8th, 1861. " The' General commanding this military district returns his thanks to the troops under his command at the battle of Bel- mont on yesterday. "It has been his fortune to have been in all the battles fought in Mexico by Generals Scott and Taylor save Buena Vista, and he never saw one more hotly contested or where troops behaved with more gallantry. " Such courage will insure victory wherever our flag may be borne and protected by such a class of men. LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 45 " To the brave who fell the sympathy of the country is due, and will be manifested in a manner unmistakable. " U. S. Grant, "Bngadier- General Commanding.'" On the same day, a flag of truce was sent to Columbus, Ky., under charge of Major Webster, Chief of the En- gineer Corps, to make arrangements respecting the wounded. The following is the correspondence which passed on the occasion : GENERAL GRANT TO GENERAL POLK. "Head-quarters, District S. E. Missouri, " Cairo, November 8th, 1861. "General Commanding Forces, Columbus, Ky.: " Sir : — In the skirmish of yesterday, in which both parties behaved with so much gallantry, many unfortunate men were left upon the field of battle whom it was impossible to provide for. I now send, in the interest of humanity, to have these un- fortunates collected and medical attendance secured them. Major Webster, Chief of Engineers, district Southeast Mis- souri, goes bearer of this, and will express to you my views upon the course that should be pursued under the circumstances such as those of yesterday. " I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, " U. S. Grant, " Brigadier- General Commanding." GENERAL POLK TO GENERAL GRANT. " Head-quarters, First Division, Western Department, " Columbus, Ky., November Sth, 1861. "Brigadier-General U. S. Grant, U. S. A.: " I have received your note in regard to your wounded and killed on the battle-field after yesterday's engagement. The lateness of the hour at which my troops returned to the princi- pal scene of action prevented my bestowing the care upon your wounded which I desired. " Such attentions as were practicable were shown them, and measures were taken at an early hour this morning to have them all brought into my hospitals. Provision also was made for taking care of your dead. The permission you desire under your flag of truce to aid in attention to your wounded, is granted with pleasure, under such restrictions as the exigencies of our service may require. In your note you say nothing of an ex- change of prisoners, though you send me a private message as to your willingness to release certain wounded men and some invalids taken from our list of sick in camps, and expect in re- 3 46 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. turn a corresponding number of your wounded prisoners. My own feelings would prompt me to waive again the unimportant affectation of declining to recognize these States as belligerents, in the interests of humanity, but my (jiovernment requires all prisoners to be placed at the disposal of the Secretary of War I have despatched him to know if the case of the severely wounded held by rae would form an exception. " I have the honor to be your obedient servant. " L. Polk, '"Major-Genercd C. S. A." ASSUMES COMMAND OP THE DISTRICT OP CAIRO— IMPORTANT RECONNOISSANCE. On the twentieth of December, 1861, General Grant having been appointed by General Halleck, who had been placed in charge of the Department of the Missouri, to take command of the District of Cairo, which was at the same time greatly extended, the following order was issued : " Head-quarters, District of Cairo, " Cairo, December 2\d, 1861. " In pursuance of Special Order No. 78, from Head-Quarters, Department of the Missouri, the name of this Military District will be known as the ' District of Cairo,' and will include all the southern part of Illinois, that part of Kentucky west of the Cumberland river, and the southern counties of Missouri, south of Cape Girardeau. " The force at Shawneetown will be under the immediate command of Colonel T. H. Cavenaugh, Sixth Illinois Cavalry, who will consolidate the reports of his command weekly, and forward to these head-quarters. " All troops that are, or may be, stationed along the banks of the Ohio, on both sides of the river, east of Caledonia, and to the mouth of the Cumberland, will be included in the command, having head-quarters at Paducah, Ky. " Brigadier-General E. A. Paine is assigned to the command of the forces at Bird's Point, Missouri. "All supplies of ordnance, Quarter-Master and Commissary stores, will be obtained through the chiefs of each of these de- partments, at district head-quarters, where not otherwise pro- vided for. " For the information of that portion of this command, newly attached, the following list of Staff ODBcers is published : " Captain John A. Rawlings, Assistant Adjutant-General. " Captain Clark B. Lagow, Aide-de-('amp. LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 47 " Captain Win. S Hillyer, Aide-de-Camp. " Major John Risrsrin, Jr., A^olunteor Aide-de-Camp. "Captain R. !>! Hatch, Assistant Quarter-Master U. S, Volunteers, Chief Quarter-Master. " Captain W. W. Leland, A. C. S. U. S. Volunteers, Chief Commissary. \ " Captain W. F. Brinck, Ordnance Officer. " Surgeon James Simons, XJ. S. A., Medical Director. "Assistant Surgeon, J. P. Taggert, U. S. A., Medical Pur- veyor. " Major I. N. Cook, Pay-Master. " Colonel J. D. Webster, Chief of Staff, and Chief of En- gineers. " By order : " U. S. Grant, "Brigadier- General Commanding." At the same time arrangements were made for active operations in the District, and on the tenth of the follow- ing month, General McClernand with about five thousand men, and under the convoy of the gunboats Essex and St. Louis, left Cairo and steamed down the Mississippi. They were supplied with five days cooked rations, and landed on the Kentucky shore about eight miles below Cairo. On the next morning, three rebel gunboats attacked the two Union steamers, but after an engagement of an hour were compelled to retire behind their batteries at Columbus. On the same day, General Grant issued the following order to General Paine commanding at Bird's Point : " Head-Quarters, Cairo, January 11th, 1862. " Brigadier-General Paine, Bird's Roint : " I understand that four of our pickets were shot this morning. If this is so, and appearances indicate that the assassins were citizens, not regularly organized in the rebel army, the whole country should be cleared out for six miles around, and word given that all citizens, making their appearance within those limits, are liable to be shot. " To execute this, patrols should be sent out in all directions, and bring into camp, at Bird's Point, all citizens, together with their subsistence, and require them to remain, under penalty of death and destruction of their property, until properly relieved. " liCt no harm befall these people, if they quietly submit, 48 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. but bring them in and place them in camp below the breastwork, and have thera properly fijuarded. " The iutentiou is not to make political prisoners of these people, but to cut off a dangerous class of spies. " This applies to all classes and conditions, age and sex. If, however, women and children prefer other protection than we can afford them, they may be allowed to retire beyond the limits indicated — not to return until authorized. " By order of " U. S. Grant, "Brigadier- General Commanding." On the thirteenth of January, 1862, General Grant hav- ing perfected all his plans, issued an order to his troops to the following eifect : " Head-Quartkrs, District of Cairo, " Cairo, January 13th, 1862. " During the absence of the expedition, now starting upon soil occupied almost solely by the rebel army, and when it is a fair inference that every stranger met is an enemy, the following orders will be observed : " Troops, on marching, will be kept in the ranks : company officers being held strictly accountable for all stragglers from their companies. No firing will be allowed in camp or on the march, not strictly required in the performance of duty. While in camp, no privilege will be granted to officers or soldiers to leave their regimental grounds, and all violations of this order must be promptly and summarily punished. " Disgrace having been brought upon our brave fellows by the bad conduct of some of their members, showing on all occasions, when marching through territory occupied by sympathizers of the enemy, a total disregard of the rights of citizens, and being guilty of wanton destruction of private property, the general com- manding desires and intends to enforce a change in this respect. "The interpreting of confiscation acts by troops themselves has a demoralizing effect — weakens them in exact proportion to the demoralization, and makes open and armed enemies of many who, from opposite treatment, would become friends, or, at the most, non-combatants. " It is ordered, therefore, that the severest punishment be inflicted upon every soldier who is guilty of taking, or destroying, private property ; and any commissioned officer, guilty of like conduct, or of countenancing it, shall be deprived of his sword and expelled from the camp, not to be permitted to return. " On the march, cavalry advance guards will be thrown out, also flank guards of cavalry or infantry, when practicable. A rear-guard of infantry will be required to see that no teams, baggage, or disabled soldiers arc left behind. It will be the duty of company commanders to sec that rolls of their company LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 49 are called immediately upon going into camp each day, and every member accounted for. " By order : _ '• u. S. Grant, "Brigadier- General Commanding.'" On the following morning, General McClernand's forces moved from their encampment in the direction of Bland- ville, Kentucky ; General Paine moved from Bird's Point, and General C. F. Smith also took up the line of march. The three columns consisted in the aggregate of four regiments and two companies of cavalry, nineteen regi- ments of infantry, and seven batteries of artillery, and were commanded by able and experienced officers, who with their men had implicit confidence in the superior skill and wisdom of their commander, who personally superin- tended every movement of his troops. The advance however was not intended, as was generally supposed, for an aggressive movement, but merely as a reconnoissance for the purpose of ascertaining the exact position and numbers of the enemy, and having, after a long march in the most inclement weather, accomplished all the desired objects, the command after about a week's absence returned to their former posts. PEEPAEIISTG FOR AW" ADVANCE — THE CAP- TUSE OP FORT HENRY. On the twentieth of January, 1862, General Grant, for the purpose of supplying the gunboats which had been built on the Western waters with sailors, instructed the com- manders of regiments in his district to report the number of river and seafaring men in their ranks who would accept transfer for service on the water, such volunteers to be discharged at the end of one year ; and on the fn"st of February the following was announced : " Head-Quabtkrs, District of Cairo, " Cairo, February \st, 18G2. "For temporary government, the forces of this military dis- trict will be divided and commanded as follows, to wit : 50 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. " The First Bii,Q:ade will consist ol thi; Eifrhth, Flighteenth, Twenty-seventh, Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth, and Thirty-first Regi- ments of Illinois Volunteers, Schwartz's and Dresser's batteries, and Stewart's, DoUin's, O'lTarnett's, and Canuichael's cavalry, Colonel R. J. Oglesby, senior colonel of the brigade, com- manding. " The Second Brigade will consist of the Eleventh, Twentieth, Forty-fifth, and Forty-eighth Illinois iui'autry. Fourth Illinois cavalry, Taylor's and McAllister's artillery. (The latter with four siege-guns.) Colonel W. H. L. Wallace commanding. "The First and Second Brigades will constitute the First Division of tho District of Cairo, and will be commanded by Brigadier-General John A. McClernand. " The Third Brigade will consist of the Eighth Wisconsin, Fortj'-ninth Illinois, Twenty-fifth Indiana, four companies of artillery, and such troops as are yet to arrive. Brigadier-General E. A. Paine commanding. " The Fourth Brigade will be composed of the Tenth, Six- teenth, Twenty-second, and Thirty-third Illinois, and the Tenth Iowa infantry; Houtaling's battery of Light Artillery, four companies of the Seventh and two companies of the First Illinois cavalry. Colonel Morgan commanding. " Genei'al E. A. Paine is assigned to the command of Cairo and Mound City, and Colonel Morgan to the command at Bird's Point. " By order of " U. S. Grant, '■'Brigadier- General Commanding. " John A. Rawlins, A. A. G.'" These troops did not include those under the command of 'Generals Lewis Wallace and C. F. Smith, then pre- paring for service at Smithland and Paducah. Having secured his rear from surprise, he started with the first division of the district of Cairo under General McCler- nand on an expedition against Fort Henry on the Ten- nessee river, near the boundary-line between Kentucky and Tennessee. Arriving near that work, he on the fifth of February, 1862, issued his orders prescribing the mode of attack. The gunboats, seven in number, had also arrived, and three of them were ordered by General Grant to proceed cautiously towards the fort, shelling the woods on either bank to ascertain if any hidden batteries had been erected. Tlie transports followed, and the troops were landed at a LIFE OF LIEUTE.VANT-GENERAL GRANT. 51 convenient point about four miles from the fort. A judi- cious arrangement was made that night of the camp-flres for the purpose of deceiving the enemy as to the strength of the force they would be called upon on the next morn- ing to encounter, and it was doubtless owing in a great measure to the impression thus created that the rebels made such a hasty flight after the surrender. Towards noon of the sixth, the troops commenced their advance upon the work, but before they could reach it the gunboats had opened their fire, and after an engagement of little more than an hour compelled the enemy to lower his colors and surrender to Flag-Officer Foote, who soon afterwards handed over the captured fortification with its garrison, including General Lloyd Tilghman, and its guns, to General Grant. The rebel commander in his official report of the surrender acknowledged the courtesies and consid- eration shown by General Grant, and Commander Foote, and the officers under their command ; and on the fifteenth of February the President of the United States officially returned thanks to General Grant and Flag-Officer Foote for their gallant achievements at Fort Henry. THE BATTLE AND CAPTURE OF PORT DONELSON. General Grant's plans did not permit him to tarry after the reduction of Fort Henry, and sending back to Cairo for reinforcements he prepared for further aggressive move- ments. On the eleventh of February he issued an order for the advance of the troops in the direction of Fort Donelson, a formidable work on the Cumberland river, and the army under Generals McClernand, C. F. Smith, and Lew Wal- lace, having taken up the line of march, their commander followed on the twelfth. At noon on that day, the troops moving in two columns, the advance of General McCler- 52 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. nand's command drove in the enemy's pickets, and from that time until dark, while the various assigned positions were being occupied, there was occasional skirmishing. But little was done on the thirteenth on account of the non-arrival of the reinforcements and of the gunboats which were to take part in the assault. The Carondelet, however, on that day attacked the fort and continued her iire for about two hours, but was then compelled to with- draw to repair damages. At two o'clock in the afternoon of the fourteenth, the expected gunboats and reinforcements having arrived, six of the arrived vessels moved up the river, receiving the fire of the lower batteries of the enemy. At seven minutes to three, the St. Louis opened her fire, which was kept up with great spirit during an hour and a half. The iron-clad boats took a position within three hundred yards of the batteries, silenced the water-battery, and drove its gunners from their posts ; but the enemy's shot having entered the pilot-house of the St. Louis and shattered her wheel, and the other vessels having also suf- fered severely, Flag-Officer Foote ordered the squadron to drop down the river, and the action ceased. Soon after daybreak, on the morning of the fifteenth, the extreme right of the Union line, near the river, below the Fort, was attacked by a heavy body of the enemy's forces. The Eighth and Forty-first Illinois regiments first received the shock ; and they maintained their position with great coolness, until reinforcements joined the assailants, when two of our batteries were also attacked and captured. The Eighteenth, Twenty -ninth. Thirtieth, and Thirty-first Illinois, .were quickly moved to the support of their as- sociates ; and after a desperate struggle, in which both sides displayed great daring, all but three of the pieces of the captured batteries were recovered by our troops. At length, overpowered by numbers and without ammunition, they were compelled to fall back ; and the enemy, with LIFE OF LIEUTEXANT-GENERAL GRANT. 53 cheers, pressed forward and outflanked them on the right, when four Union regiments, under Colonel Cruft, were brought up. An unfortunate mistake, on the part of this reinforcement, led one regiment to pour a volley into the ranks of another, causing terrible loss, and increasing the confusion, of which the enemy promptly availed himself by pressing forward with greater energy than before. A few minutes later, Colonel Wallace's brigade came up, but so completely had the enemy brought up his forces, that they were compelled to fall back with heavy loss ; notwithstanding, in another part of the line, another strong body of the enemy was driven back. General Grant saw the emergency, and he hastened to meet it. General Smith was ordered to make a strong assault on the left of the line, and to carry the position at all hazards ; while preparations were also made to renew the operations on the right, with a view to recover the position which had been lost in the morning. General Smith immediately ordered the Third brigade of his division — embracing the Seventh, Fiftieth, and Fifty-second Illinois, the Twelfth Iowa, and Thirteenth Missouri regiments — to move against one portion of the enemy's lines ; while, with the Fourth brigade — embra- cing the Second, Seventh, and Fourteenth Iowa, and the Twenty-fifth Indiana regiments — he, in person, dashed against another part of the works. The Second Iowa regiment led the advance, followed by the Fifty-second Indiana, and the other regiments of the brigade, while the sharpshooters were deployed on either flank as skirmishers. The column moved forward without firing a gun, and charged into the work, driving the, enemy before it at the point of the bayonet, and oc- cupying the position. The successful result of this desperate struggle inspired the troops, and in every portion of the line the wildest enthusiasm prevailed. 54 LIFE OF LTEUTEXANT-GENERAL GRANT. Soon afterwards Colouel Smith, commanding the Fifth brigade, moved the Eighth Missouri and Eleventh In- diana regiments against the position, on the extreme right of the line, from which the Union troops had been driven, at an earlier hour of the day ; and part of the First brigade, commanded by Colonel Cruft, was moved to his support. The assault was made in two columns ; the hill was car- ried by storm ; and the enemy was driven into his works. No further movements were made during the fifteenth ; both armies occupying their respective positions and pre- paring for a renewal of the engagement on the morning of the sixteenth. At daybreak, however, the enemy dis- played a white flag, and proposals for a surrender were tendered and accepted. The following are copies of the documents which passed between the two commanding-generals previous to the acceptance of the surrender : GENERAL BUCKNEE TO GENERAL GRANT. " IIkad-quartkrs, Fort Donelson, Feb. 16th, 1862. " Sir : — In consideration of all the circumstances governing the present situation of affairs at this station, I propose to the commanding officer of the Federal forces the appointment of commissioners to agree upon terms of capitulation of the forces and fort under my command, and in that view suggest an armis- tice until twelve o'clock to-day. " I am sir very respectfully, your obedient servant, " S. B. BUCKNER, " Bn'gadier-Gaieral, C. S. A. "To Brigadier-General Grant, commanding United States forces near Fort Donelson." GENERAL GRANT TO GENERAL BUCKNER. General Grant replied as follows : " Head-quarters, Army in the Field; " Camp near Donelson, Feb. l(>fh, 1862. "To General S. B. Bucknek, Confederate Army: " Yours of this date, proposing an armistice and appointment of commissioners to settle terms of capitulation, is just received. No terms other than an unconditional and immediate surrender LIFE OF LIEUTENAXT-GEXERAL GRANT. 55 can be accepted. I propose to move immediately upon your worJcs. "I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, " U. S. Grant, "Bngadier-Generai, U. S. A., Commanding." GENERAL BUCKNER TO GENERAL GRANT. The determined answer of General Grant convinced the rebel commander that his opponent was not a man with whom he could trifle, and he immediately penned the fol- lowing reply : " Head-quarters, Dover, Tekn., Feb. \6th, 1862. "To Brigadier-General U. S. Grant, U. S. A.: " Sir : — The distribution of the forces under my command, incident to an unexpected change of commanders, and the over- wholming force under your command, compel me, notwithstand- ing the brilliant success of the Confederate arms yesterday, to ac- cept the ungenerous and unchivalrous terms which you propose. " I am, sir, your very obedient servant, " S. B. Buckner, "Brigadier-General, C. S. A." The battle of Fort Donelson was one of the most des- perate character, but throughout the bloody conflict not a man in the Union ranks had a doubt as to the glorious result which would ultimately attend their efforts. " Even the sight of the savage wounds," says a participant, " or the still more sickening one of the ghastly faces of the dead, seemed to have no effect upon our men. It did not unnerve or unman them. They fought on just as tran- quilly as though the hideous angel of death had been a thousand leagues away. When a man was wounded his comrades would help him to the rear, and then return instantly to their position, and resume their fighting as if nothing had happened." Our loss during the engagement was four hundred and forty-six killed, seventeen hundred and thirty-five wounded, and one hundred and fifty pris- oners ; while that of the rebels was two hundred and thirty-one killed, one thousand and seven wounded, and 56 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. nearly fourteen thousand prisoners, including General Buckner. They also lost forty-eight field-pieces, twenty thousand stand of arms, seventeen heavy guns, three thousand horses and a large quantity of commissary stores. On the day after the surrender, the number of prisoners was increased by the capture of two Tennessee regiments, which were allowed to march into the fort ignorant of the capitulation, with their colors flying and bands playing. This brilliant victory was attended with the most glorious results to the cause of the Union, and town after town, with the defensive works surrounding each, was evacuated, occupation being no longer possible after the fall of Forts Henry and Donelson ; and the flag of freedom once more floated in parts of Kentuck)' and Tennessee, where for many months it had been supplanted by the emblem of tyranny and oppression. HE IS APPOINTED MAJOR-GENERAL OP VOLUNTEERS. As a reward for the skilful manner in which he had performed the duties of this brief but successful campaign. General Grant was promoted to the rank of Major-General of Volunteers, to date from the sixteenth of February, 1862, the day of the surrender of Fort Donelson. HE TAKES COMMAND OP THE DISTRICT OP WEST TENNESSEE — ISSUES A CONGRATU- LATORY ORDER. On the fourteenth of February, 1862, General Halleck issued an order creating the new district of West Ten- nessee, embracing the country between the Tennessee and Mississippi rivers to the Mississippi State-line, and Cairo ; and on the seventeenth its commanding general thus con- gratulated his troops : " Head-Quarters, District of West Tennessee, " Fort Donelson, February 11th, 1862. "The general commamling takes great pleasure in congratu- LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 57 lating the troops of this command for the triumph over rebellion, gained by their valor, ou the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth instant. " For four successive nights, without shelter, during the most inclement weather known in this latitude, they faced an enemy in large force, in a position chosen by himself. Though strongly forti- fied by nature, all the additional safeguards suggested by science were added. Without a murmur this was borne, prepared at all times to receive an attack, and, with continuous skirmishing by day, resulting ultimately in forcing the enemy to surrender without conditions. " The victory achieved is not only great in the effect it will have in breaking down rebellion, but has secured the greatest number of prisoners of war ever taken in any battle on this continent. " Fort Donelson will hereafter be marked in capitals on the map of our United Country, and the men who fought the battle will live in the memory of a grateful people. " By order : " U. S. Grant, "Brigadier- General Commanding." MILITARY RESTRICTIONS IN TENNESSEE, By the middle of February, the forces of General Grant were again advancing into the rebel territory. The courts of Tennessee were ordered to be closed, and martial law was declared extended over the western part of the State, but at' the same time it was declared that whenever a number of citizens should return to their allegiance, suffi- cient to maintain law and order, the military restriction would be removed. On the twenty-third of February, 1862, the following order was published : "Head-Qdarters, Department op Missouri, " St. Louis, February 234, 1862." " The major-general commanding this department desires to impress upon all ofiBcers the importance of preserving good order and discipline among these troops and the armies of the West, during their advance into Tennessee and the Southern States. " Let us show to our fellow- citizens of these States, that we come merely to crush out this rebellion, and to restore to them peace and the benefits of the Constitution and the Union, of which they have been deprived by selfish and unprincipled 58 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. leaclers. They have been told that we come to oppress and plunder. By onr acts we will undeceive tliem. We will prove to them that we come to restore, not violate, the Constitution and the laws. In restoring to them the glorious flag of the Union, we will assure them that they shall enjoy, under its folds, the same protection of life and pi-operty as in former days. " ' Soldiers ! Let no excesses on your part tarnish the glory of our arms !' The orders heretofore issued from this department in regard to pillaging, marauding, and the destruction of private property, and the stealing and concealment of slaves, must be strictly enforced. It does not belong to the military to decide upon the relation of master and slave. Such questions must be settled by the civil courts. No fugitive slave will, therefore, be admitted within our lines or camps, except when especially ordered by the general commanding. Women and children, merchants, farmers, and all persons not in arms, are to be regarded as non-combatants, and are not to be molested, either in their persons or property. If, however, they assist and aid the enemy, they become belligerents, and will be treated as such. As they violate the laws of war, they will be made to suffer the penalties of such violation. " Military stores and public property of the enemy must be surrendered ; and any attempt to conceal such property by fraudulent transfer or otherwise will be punished. But no private proverty will be touched, unless by order of the general commanding. " Whenever it becomes necessary, forced contributions for supplies and subsistence for our troops will be made. Such levies will be made as light as possible, and be so distribiited as to produce no distress among tlie people. All property so taken must be receipted fully and accepted for as heretofore directed. " These orders will be read at the head of every regiment, and all officers are commanded strictly to enforce them, " By command of ''Major-General Halleck. " W. H. McLean, Adjutant-General. " By order of '■'Major-General U. S. Grant. "J. A. Rawlins, A. A. GT GENEBAL GRANT AT FORT HENRY— A TES- TIMONIAL OP REGARD. After the occupation of Nashville in the latter part of February, 1862, General Grant removed his head-quarters to Fort Hemy, where for some time he was engaged in organizing and fitting out important expeditions, his place in the field being assumed during that period by General C. F. Smith. LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 59 On the eleventh of March, 18G2, General Grant received one of the testimonials of regard of which he has been upon frequent occasions the worthy recipient, the officers at Fort Henry having on that day presented him with a costly sword, the blade of which was of the finest steel and thg handle of ivory mounted with gold. THE BATTLE OF PITTSBURG LANDING. Two days later, General Halleck assumed command of the Department of the Mississippi, a large and important district of which was intrusted to the charge of General Grant. Important reconnoissances wore immediately made, and an advance subsequently commenced towards Corinth, Mississippi, which had been strongly fortified by the rebels. As the Union troops advanced they encamped at Savannah and Pittsburg Landing, and other accessible points, until at length the entire army had concentrated ready for battle. The Union forces consisted of five divisions, or- ganized as follows : Major-General Grant, Commander-in-chief. First Division, Major-General McClernand. Second Dimaion, BRiGiVDiER- General W. H. L. Wal- lace. Third Division, Major-General Lewis Wallace. Fourth Division, Brigadier- General Hurlbut. Fifth Division, Brigadier-General W. T. Sherman. The rebel army was divided into three corps, and was mustered under the following leaders : General A. S. Johnston, Commanding General. General P. G. T. Beauregard, Second in Command. First Army Corps, Lieut. General L. Polk. Second Army Corps, Lieut. General Braxton Brago. Third Army Corps, Lieut. General W. T. Hardee. Reserves, Major-General G. B. Crittenden. On the evening of April second, 1862, the videttes of the 60 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. Third Division, stationed at Crump's Landing, were driven in and a brisk skirmish ensued, and ou the eveuin*- of the fourth, another attack was made by two rebel regiments, but after an exchange of volleys they were compelled to retreat. The fifth of April had been set apart by the rebel commander for the day of attack, but in consequence of the failure of reinforcements under command of Price and Van Dorn to arrive as expected, they resolved to wait another day. Their object was to attack the Union army before it could be strengthened by the forces under General Buell, wljich were then advancing from Nashville, and at an early hour on Sunday morning our pickets were attacked and driven in. Of the protracted and sanguinary battle which followed, an eye-witness gives the following interest- ing account : " PiTTSEDRG Landing, via Fort Henry, "April 9ih, 1862, 3.20 a.m. " One of the greatest and bloodiest battles of modern days has just closed, resulting iu the complete route of the enemy, who attacked us at daybreak, Sunday morning, April Gth. " The battle lasted, without intermission, during the entire day, and was again renewed on Monday morning, and continued undecided until four o'clock in the afternoon, when the enemy commenced their retreat, and are still ilying towards Corinth, pursued by a large force of our cavalry. " The slaughter on both sides is immense. We have lost in killed, wounded, and missing, from eighteen to twenty thou- sand ; that of the enemy is estimated at from thirty-five to forty thousand. " It is impossible, in the present confused state of affairs, to ascertain any of the details ; I, therefore, give you the best ac- count possible from observation, having passed through the storm of action during the two days that it raged. " The, fight was brought on by a body of three hundred of the Twenty-fifth Missouri regiment, of General Prentiss's Division, attacking the advance guard of the rebels, which were sup- posed to be the pickets of the enemy in front of our camps. " The rebels immediately advanced on General Prentiss's Division ou the left wing, pouring volley after volley of mus- ketry, and riddling our camps with grape, canister, and shell. Our forces soon formed into line and returu-ed their fire vigor- ously. By the time we were prepared to receive them, the LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 61 rebels had turned their heaviest fire on the left centre, Sher- man's Division, and drove our men back from their camps ; then, bringing- up a fresh force, opened fire on our h^fl Vving-, under General McOlernand. This fire was returned with "terrible fflect and determined spirit by both infantry and artillery, along the whole line, for a distance of over four miles. '■ General Hurlbut's division was thrown forward to support the centre, w^hen a desperate conflict ensued. The rebels were driven back with terrible slaughter, but soon rallied and drove back our men in turn. From about nine o'clock, the time your correspondent arrived on the field, until night closed on the bloody scene, there was no delermination "of the result of the struggle. The rebels exhibited remarkably good general- ship. At times engaging the left, with apparently their whole strength, they would suddenly open a terrible and destructive fire on the right or centre. Even our heaviest and most de- structive fire upon the enemy did not appear to discourage their solid columns. The fire of Major 'J'ayior's Chicago artillery raked them down in scores, but the smoke would no sooner be dispersed than the breach would again be filled. "The most desperate fighting took place late in the afternoon. The rebels knew that, if they did not succeed in whipping ua then, their chances for success would be extremely doubtful, as a portion of General Buell's forces had by this time arrived on the opposite side of the river, and another portion was coming up the river from Savannah. They became aware that we were being reinforced, as they could see General Buell's troops from the river bank, a short distance above us on the left, to which point they had forced their w:iy. "At five o'clock the rebels had forced our left wing back so as to occupy fully two-thirds of our camp, and were fighting their way forward with a desperate degree of confidence in their ef- forts to drive us into the river, and at the same time heavily en- gaged our right. " Up to this time we had received no reinforcements, General Lewis Wallace failing to come to our support until the day was over. Being without other transports than those used for quar- termaster's and commissary stores, which were too heavily laden to ferry any considerable number of General Buell's forces across the river, and the boats that were here having been sent to bring up the troops from Savannah, we could not even get those men to us who were so near, and anxiously waiting to take part in the struggle. We were, therefore, contesting against fearful odds, our force not exceeding thirty-eight thousand men, while that of the enemy was upwards of sixty thousand. " Our condition at this moment was extremely critical. Large numbers of men panic struck, others worn out by hard fighting, with the average percentage of skulkers, had straggled towards the river, and could not be rallied. 4 62 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. "General Grunt and staff, who had been recklessly riding along the lines during tl)e entire day, amid the unceasing storm of bullets, grape, and shell, now rode IVoiti right to left, inciting the men to stand firm until our reinforcements could cross the river. " Colonel AVebster, Chief of Staff, immediately got into posi- tion the heaviest pieces of artillery, pointing on the enemy's right, while a large number of the batteries were planted along the entire line, from the river bank northwest to our extreme right, some two and a half miles distant. About an hour before dusk, a general cannonading was opened upon the enemy from along our whole line, with a perpetual crack of musketry. Such a roar of artillery was never heard on this continent. For a short time the rebels replied with vigor and effect, but their return shots grew less frequent and destructive, while ours grew more rapid and more terrible. "The gunboats Lexington and Tyler, which lay a short dis- tance off, kept raining shell on the rebel hordes. This last effort was too much for the enemy, and ere dusk had set in the firing had nearly ceased, when, night coming on, all the combatants rested from their awful work of blood and carnage. " Our men rested on their arms in the position they had at the close of the night, until the forces of Major-General Lewis Wal- lace arrived and took position on the right, and General Euell's forces from the opposite side and Savannah, were being conveyed to the battle-ground. The entire right of General Nelson's divi- sion was ordered to form on the right, and the forces under General Crittenden were ordered to his support early in the morning. " General Buell, having himself arrived on Sunday evening, on the morning of Monday, April 7th, the ball was opened at daylight, simultaneously by General Neison's division on the left, and Major- General Wallace's division on the right. General Nelson's force opened up a most galling fire on the rebels, and advanced rapidly as they fell back. The fire soon became gen- eral aluiig the whole line, and began to tell with terrible eifect on the enemy. Generals McClernand, Sherman, and Hurlbut's men, though terribly jaded from the previous day's fighting, still maintained their honors won at Donelson ; but the resistance of the rebels at all points of the attack was terrible, and worthy of a better cause. "But they were not enough for our undaunted bravery, and the dreadful desolation produced by our artillery, which was sweeping them away lijic chaff' before the wind. But knuwing that a defeat here would be the death-blow to their hopes, and that their all depended on this great struggle, their generals still urged them on in the face of destruction, hojjing by flank- ing us on the right to turn the tide of battle. Their success was again for a time cheering, as they began to gain ground on LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 63 US, appearing to have been reinforced ; but our left, under Gen- eral Nelson, was driving them, and with wonderful rapiditj-, and by eleven o'clock General Bueil's forces had succeeded in flank- ing them, and capturing thoir batteries of artillery. " They, however, again rallied on the left, and re-crossed, and the rigiit forced themselves forward in another desperate effort. But reinforcements from (Jeneral Wood and General Thomaa •were coming in, regiment after regiment, which were sent to General Bueil, who had again commenced to drive the enemy. '•About three o'clock in the afternoon. General Grant rode to the left where the fresh regiments had been ordered, and, finding the rebels wavering, sent a portion of his body guard to the head of each of five regiments, and then ordered a charge across the field, himself leading; and as he brandished his sword and waved them on to the crowning victory, the cannon-balls were falling like hail around him. " The men followed with a shout that sounded above the roar and din of artillery, and the rebels fled in dismay as from a de- stroying avalanche, and never made another stand. " General Buell followed the retreating rebels, driving them in splendid style, and by half-past five o'clock the whole rebel army was in full retreat to Corinth, with our cavalry in hot pursuit, with what further result is not known, not having returned up to this hour. " We have taken a large amount of their artillery and also a number of prisoners. We lost a number of our forces prisoners yesterday, among whom is General Prentiss. The number of our force taken has not yet been ascertained. It is reported at several hundred. General Prentiss was also reported as being wounded. Among the killed on the rebel side was their Gen- eral-in-Chief, Albert Sidney Johnston, who was struck by a cannon-ball on the afternoon of Sunday. Of this there is no doubt, and it is further reported that General Beauregard was wounded. '"I'his afternoon. Generals Bragg, Breckinridge, and Jackson were commanding portions of the rebel forces. " There has never been a parallel to the gallantry and bear- ing of our officers, from the Commanding General to the lowest officer. " General Grant and staff were in the field, riding along the lines in the thickest of the enemy's fire during the entire two days of the battle, and all slept on the gi'onnd Sunday night, during a heavy rain. On several occasions General Grant got within range of the enemy's guns, and was discovered and fired upon. " Lieutenant-Colonel IVf cPherson had his horse shot from un- der him when along side of General Grant. "Captain Carson was between General Grant and your cor- respondent, when a cannon-ball took off his head and killed and wounded several others G4 LIFE OF LTEUTENANT-GENiiTlAL GRANT. "General Sherman had two horses killed under him, and Gen- eral McClernand shared like dangers; also General Hurlbat, each of whom received bullet holes through their clothes." General Grant's official report of the battle was worded as follows : "Head-quarters, Dist. Western Tennessee, " Pittsburgh, April 9lh, 1862. "To Captain N. H. McLean, A. A. G., Department of Missis- sippi, St. Louis : " Captain : — It becomes my duty again to report another battle fought between two great armies, one contenditig for the maintenance of the best government ever devised, and the other for its destruction. It is pleasant to record the success of the army contending for the former principle. " On Sunday morning our pickets were attacked and driven in by the enemy. Immediately the five divisions stationed at this place were drawn up iu line of battle to meet them. " The battle soon waxed warm on the left and centre, varying at times to all parts of the line. There was the most continuous firing of musketry and artillery ever heard on this continent, kept up until nightfall. "The enemy having forced the centre line to fall back nearly half-way from their camps to the landing, at a late hour in the afternoon a desperate effort was made by the enemy to turn our left and get possession of the landing, transports, etc. " This point was guarded by the gunboats, Tyler and Lexing- ton, Captains Gvvin and Shirk, commanding, with four twenty- four-pounder Parrot guns, and a battery of rifled guns. " As there is a deep and impassable ravine for artillery or cavalry, and very difficult for infantry at this point, no troops were stationed here except the necessary artillerists and a small infantry force for their support. Just at this moment the ad- vance of Major-General Buell's column and a part of the divi- sion of General Nelson arrived, the two generals named both being present. An advance was immediately made upon the point of attack, and the enemy was soon driven back. " In this repulse, much is due to the presence of the gunboats Tylerand Lexington, and their able commanders, Captains Gwin and Shirk. " During the night the divisions under Generals Crittenden and McCook arrived. " General Lewis Wallace, at Camp Landing, six miles below, was ordered, at an early hour in the morning, to hold his divi- sion in readiness to move in any direction it might be ordered. At eleven o'clock, the order was delivered to move it up to Pittsburgh, but owing to its being led Vjy a circuitous route, did not arrive in time to take part in Sunday's action. " Daring the night all was tpiiet, and, feeling that a great LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 65 moral advantasre would be gained by becoming the attacking party, an advance was ordered as soon as day dawned. The re- sult was the gradual repulse of the enemy at all points of the line, from nine until probably five o'clock in the afternoon, when it became evident the enemy was retreating. " Before tiie close of the action, the advance of Ueneral T. J. Wood's division arrived in time to take part in the action. " My force was too much fatigued, from two days' hard fight- ing and exposure in the open air to a drenching rain during the intervening night, to pursue immediately. "Night closed in cloudy and with a heavy rain, making the roads impracticable for artillery by the next morning. " General Sherman, however, followed the enemy, finding that the main part of the army had retreated in good order, " Hospitals with the enemy's wounded were found all along the road as far as pursuit was made. Dead bodies of the enemy and many graves were also found. I inclose herewith a report of General Sherman, which will explain more fully the result of the pursuit, and of the part taken by each separate command. "I cannot take special notice in this report, but will do so more fully when the reports of the division commanders are handed in. " General Buell, commanding in the field with a distinct army long under his command, and which did such efficient service, commanded by himself in person on the field, will be much bet- ter able to notice those of his command who particularly dis- tinguished themselves, than I possibly can. " I feel it a duty, however, to a gallant and able officer, Briga- dier-General W. T. Sherman, to make special mention. He not only was with his command during the entire two daj's of the action, but displayed great judgment and skill in the manage- ment of his men ; although severely wounded in the hand on the first day, his place was never vacant. He was again wounded, and had three horses killed under him. In making this mention of a gallant officer no disparagement is intended to other divi- sion commanders or major-generals, John A. McCIernand, and Lewis Wallace, and Brigadier-Generals Hurlbut, Prentiss, and W. H. L. Wallace, all of wlmm maintained their places with credit to themselves and the cause. General Prentiss was taken prisoner on the first day's action, and General W. H. L. Wal- lace was severely, and probably mortally, wounded. His As- sistant Adjutant-General, Captain William McMichael, is miss- ing, and was probably taken prisoner. My personal staff" are all deserving of particular niention, they having been engaged during the entire two days in carrying orders to every part of the field. It consists of Colonel J. D. Webster, Chief of Staff"; Lieutenant-Colonel J. B. McPherson, Chief of Engineers, us- siiQ LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. Hilyer, W. R. Rawley, and C. B. Lagon, Aidcs-de-Camp ; Colonel G. Pride, Volunteer Aid, and Captain J. P. Hawkins, Chief Commissary, who accompanied me upon the field. 'I'he medical department, under direction of Surgeon Hewitt, Medical Director, showed great energy in providing for the wounded and in getting them from the field, regardless of danger. " Colonel Webster was placed in special charge of all the artil- lery, and was constantly upon the field. He displayed, as always heretofore, both skill and bravery. At least in one instance he was the means of placing an entire regiment in position of doing most valuable service, and where it would not have been but for his exertions. Ijieutenant-Colonel McPherson, attached to my Ftaff as Chief of Engineers, deserves more than a passing notice for his activity and courage. All the grounds beyond our camps for miles have been reconuoitered by him, and the plans care- fully prepared under his supervision give the most accurate in- formation of the nature of the approaches to our lines. During the two days' battle he was constantly in the saddle leading the troops as they arrived to points where their services were re- quired. During the engagement he had one horse shot under him. " The country will have to mourn the loss of many brave mea who fell at the battle of Pittsburgh, or Shiloli more properly. " The exact loss in killed and wounded will be known in a day or two. " At present I can only give it approximately at one thou- sand five hundred killed, and three thousand five hundred wounded. "The loss of artillery was great, many pieces being disabled by the enemy's shots, and some losing all their horses and many men. There were probably not less than two hundred horses killed. " The loss of the enemy in killed and left upon the field was greater th.m ours. In the wounded an estimate cannot be made, as many of thera must have been sent to Corintli and other points. " The enemy suffered terribly from demoralization and de- sertion. "A flag of truce was sent in to-day from General Beauregard. I inclose herewith a copj' of the correspondence. "I am, respectfully, your obedient servant, " U. S. Grant, "3Iajiir- General Cnmmanding." CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN GENERALS BEAUREGARD AND GRANT. " nEAD-(>UAirrEi:s, 1)i;]'ai;t.m1':nt of JMi<^srssiPPT, " JiloNTKUKY, April Sth, 18G2. "Sir: — At the close of the conflict of yesterday, my forces being exhausted by the extraordinary length of the time during LIFE OF LIEUTENAKT-GENERAL GRANT. 67 which they were engaged with yours, on that and the preceding day, and it beiuij apparent that you had received and were still receiving, reinforcements, I felt it my duly to withdraw my troops from the immediate scene of the conflict. Under these circumstances, in accordance with the usages of war, I shall transmit this under a flag of truce, to ask permission to send a mounted party to the battle-field of Shiloh, for the purpose of giving decent interment to my dead. Certain gentlemen wish- ing to avail themselves of this opportunity to remove the re- mains of their sons and friends, I must request fur them the privilege of accompanying the burial-party; and in this connec- tion I deem it proper to say I am asking what 1 have extended to your own countrymen under similar circumstances. " Respectfully, General, your obedient servan-t, " P. (t. T. Beaureoard, ''General Commanding. "To Majok-Generai- U. S. Grant, "■Major -General Commanding U. S. Forces, Pittsburgh Landing.'' " Head-quarters, Army in Field, " Pittsburgh, April 9th, 1862. "To General P. G. T. Beauregard, Commanding Confederate Army on Mississippi, Monterey, Tenn. : "Your despatch of yesterday is just received. Owing to the warmth of the weather, I deemed it advisable to have all the dead of both parties buried immediately. Heavy details were made for this purpose, and it is Dow accomplished. There cannot, therefore, be any necessity of admitting within our lines the parties you desired to send on the grounds asked. I shall al- ways be glad to extend any courtesy consistent with duty, and especially so when dictated by humanity. " I am, General, respectfully, your obedient servant, " U. S. Grant, "Major- Gen eral Commanding." Tbe intelligence of the great struggle, with its success- ful result, was transmitted with lightning speed to every section of the Northern States, and while the loss we had incurred caused a universal feeling of sorrow to pervade every loyal community, songs of praise and rejoicing at the victory resounded through the land. The War De- partment officially thanked the heroes who had been in- strumental in repulsing the enemy ; General Halleck, the commander of the Deoartment, expressed his gratitude to 68 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. Generals Grant and Buell, and the officers and men of their respective commands, for the bravery and endurance which had led to the defeat of the enemy ; salutes were fired by patriots in various cities and towns ; and throughout the length and breadth of the loyal States there was the most enthusiastic rejoicing over this decisive repulse of the rebel army in the Southwest. After the battle of Pittsburgh Landing, General Buell began criticising in a friendly way the impolicy of his having fought a battle with the Tennessee river behind his men. " Where, if beaten, could you have retreated, General?" asked Buell. "I didn't mean to be beaten," was Grant's sententious reply. " But suppose you had been defeated, despite all your exertions ?" " Well, there were all the transports to carry the remains of the com- mand across the river." "But, General," urged Buell, " your whole transports could not contain even ten thou- sand men, and it would be impossible for them to make more than one trip in the face of the enemy." " Well, if I had been beaten," said General Grant, pausing to light another cigar as he spoke, "transportation for ten thousand men would have been abundant for all that would have been left of us." IMPORTANT RECONNOISSANCESL On the eighth of April, 1862, the army being now under the command of General Ilalleck, General Sherman, with a large cavalry and infantry force, made a reconnoissance in the direction of Corinth, and after a slight skirmish, com- pelled the enemy to retire, and then destroyed his camp ; and on the morning of the seventeenth of the same month, a mounted force, numbering about four thousand, under the command of General Smith, Chief of cavalry upon General Halleck's staff, left Pittsburgh Landing, and when tiear Monterey, the advance encountered the rebel pickets, and subsequently, a large body of infantry. The position LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 69 of the foe having been ascertained, the Union troops re- turned to carap. A week later, the same commander at- tacked the rebel pickets, and driving them back, advanced to Pea Ridge, where, finding the enemy drawn up in line of battle, he attacked and forced them to leave the field, their tents, equipnge and private baggage falling into his hands. On the twenty-seventh, Purdy, on the line of the Jackson and Corinth railroad, and about ten miles from the latter place, was evacuated by the rebels, and two days later, Monterey was visited by the Union troops, and the enemy's camp, which was deserted at the approach of our forces, destroyed. On the thirtieth of April a recon- noissance in force was made from the right wing of the Union army, and a large body of rebel cavalry attacked and compelled to fall bock beyond Purd3^ That town was then occupied for a period sufficiently extended to enable our troops to burn two important bridges, and thus cut off all railroad communication between Corinth and the North. This last achievement may be regarded as the commencement of the celebrated siege of Corinth. PtE-ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY— GENERAL GRANT SECOND IN COMMAND. Early in May, 18G2, the " Grand Army of the Ten- nessee" was organized, and was composed of the Army of the Tennessee (right) under General Grant; the Army of the Mississippi (left) under General Pope ; and the Army of the Ohio (centre) under General Ijuell. Tliere were sixteen divisions in all, eight of which were in Gen- eral Grant's command, four constituting the right or active wing under General Thomas, and four constituting the reserve corps under Gcnei'al McClernand. General Grant was at the same time ordered to retain command of his District, and was placed second in command under the major-general commanding the Department, General Hal- leck. 70 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. GENERAL GRANT VILLIFIED— AN ABLE CON- GRESSIONAL DEFENCE. This additional mark of appreciation bestowed by a superior officer who had ample opportunity- to witness the great ability and gallantry of General Grant, was tendered at a moment when jealous military opponents and unscru- pulous journalists were straining every nerve to have him removed from the field of his successful operations. His qualifications as a soldier were disparaged, and his private character most unjustifiably and villanously assailed, un- til at length the public outcry pervaded the halls of Con- gress. His friends, however, hastened to the rescue, and many addresses and arguments were made in his defence. In a speech made by the Hon. E. B. Washburne, of Hli- nois, in the United States House of Representatives, on the second of May, 1862, his assailants received a merited rebuke, as the following extract will show : " Mr. Speaker," said Mr. Washburne, " I will only trouble the House for a few moments, but when justice claims to be heard, it is said that a nation should be silent. " It may be inquired whether in this rebellion history is not repeating itself. I come before the House to do a great act of justice to a soldier in the field, and to vindicate him from the obloquy and misrepresentations so persistently and cruelly thrust before the country. I refer to a distinguished general who has recently fought the bloodiest and hardest battle ever fought on this continent, and won one of the most brilliant victories. I refer to the battle of Pittsburgh I.anding, and to ^fajor-General Ulysses S. Grant. A native of Ohio, he graduated at West Point, July 1st, 1843, with the brevet rank of second-lieutenant, and was appointed second-lieutenant, September 30th, 1845. Though but forty fears old, he has been oftener under fire and been in more battles than any other man living on this conti- nent, excepting that great chieftain now reposing on his laurels and on the affections of his countrymen, Lieutenant-General Scott. He was in every battle in Mexico that was possible for any one man to be in. He followed the victorious standard of General Taylor on the Rio Grande, and was in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and Monterey. He was with General Scott at Vera Cruz, and participated in every battle LIFE OF lieutexant-gp:xePvAl grant. 71 from the Gulf to the city of Mexico. He was breveted first- lieutenant September 8th' 1847, for gallant and meritorious con- duct at the battle of Molino del Rey. and on tlie 13th of the same month he was breveted captaiti for gallant and merit orious conduct at the battle of Chapuitepec. He ha^ received the baptismal of fire. No young officer came out of the Mexican war with more distinction than Grant, and the records of the War Department bear official testimony to his gallant and noble deeds. He resigned in 185.'), and afterwards settled in Galena, in the district I have the honor to represent on this floor. " Grant was among the first to offer his services to the coun- try at the commencement of hostilities, saying that as he had been educated by the Government, that Government was entitled to his services in its time of peril. Early made a colonel of one of the Illinois regiments, he went into actual service in Mis- souri. His commands there were important, and he discharged every duty with great fidelity and advantage to the public ser- vice. With a mditary head and a military hand, he everywhere evoked order from chaos. Military discipline, order, and economy, travelled in his path. In time he was a brigadier- general, and intrusted with the important command of the dis- trict of Cairo; and how diligently, how faithfully, how satisfac- torily he discharged all his duties, is well known to the country. While in that command, learning of a movement about being made by the rebels at Columbus to send out a large force to cut off Colonel Oglesby, who had gone into Missouri after that roaming bandit, Jeff. Thompson, by a sudden and masterly stroke he fell upon Belmont, and after a brilliant and decisive action, in which he and all his troops displayed great bravery, he broke up the rebel camp with great loss, and then returned to Cairo. The expedition was broken up, Oglesby's command was saved, and everything was accomplished that was expected. " In time came the operations up the Cumberland and Tennes- see. By a singular coincidence, on the 29th day of January last, without any suggestion from any source. General Grant and Commodore Foote, always acting in entire harmony, applied for permission to move up the Cumberland and Tennessee, which was granted. The gunboats and land forces moved up to Fort Henry. After that" fort was taken it was determined to attack Fort Donelson. The gunboats were to go round and up the Cumberland river, while the army was to move overland from Fort Henry to Fort Donelson. " The roads were the worst ever known, and almost any other general or any other troops would have despaired of moving But they did move. If General Grant had been told that it was impossible to move his army there, he would have made a reply like to that of the royal Pompey, when he was told that his fleet could not sail : ' It is necessary to sail, not necessary to live.' It was necessary for this western army to march, but it 72 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENEEAL GRANT. was not necessary to live. The country knows the result — Donelson fell. The enemy, twenty thousand strong, behind his intrenchnients, succumbed bel'ore the unrelenting bravery and vigor of our troops, no more thau twenty-eight thousand en- gagfil. We took there, not twelve thousand, not fifteen thou- sand, but more than sixteen thousand prisoners. I have it from General Halleck, that we have actually paid transportation for more than sixteen thousand prisoners. That, in most countries, ■would have been called a most brilliant military achievement. Napoleon surrounded Old Mack at Ulm, and captured twenty thousand or more prisoners, and that exploit has filled a great space in history. " While the capture of Donelson filled the country with joy, there was a cruel disposition to withhold from the commanding general the meed of gratitude and jiraise so justly his due. Captious criticisms were indulged in that he did not make the attack properly, and that if he had done differently the work might have been better accomplished. It was not enough that he fought and gloriously conquered, but he ought to have done it differently, forsooth. Success could be no test of merit with him. That was the way the old generals spoke of the young Napoleon when he was beating them in every battle, and carry- ing his eagles in triumph over all Europe. He did not fight ac- cording to the rules of war. But there was a more grievous suggestion touching the generaFs habits. It is a suggestion that has infused itself into the public mind everywhere. There never was a more cruel and atrocious slander upon a brave and noble-minded man. There is no more temperate man in the army thau General Grant. He never indulges in the use of in- toxicating liquors at all. He is an example of courage, honor, fortitude, activity, temperance, and modesty, for he is as modest as he is brave and incorruptible. To the bravery and fortitude of Lannes, he adds the stern republican simplicity of Guvion St. Cyr. It is almost vain to hope that full justice will ever be done to men who have been thus attacked. Truth is slow upon the heels of falsehood. It has been well said that ' falsehood will travel from Maine to Georgia while truth is putting on its boots.' " Let no gentleman have any fears of General Grant. He is no candidate for the Presidency. He is no i)oliticiaii. Inspired by the noblest patriotism, he only desires to do his whole duty to his country. When the war shall be over he will return to his home, and sink the soldier in the simple citizen. Though living in the same town with myself, he has no political claims oa me, for, so far as he is a politician, he belongs to a different party. He has no personal claims upon me more than any other con- stituent. But I came here to speak as an Illinoisian, proud of his noble and patriotic State ; proud of its great history now being made up ; proud above all earthly things of her brave LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 73 Boldiers, who are shedding their blood upon all the battle-fields of the Republic. If the laurels of Grant shall ever be withered, it will not be done by the Illinois soldiers who have followed his victorious banner. " But to the victory at Pittsburgh Landing, which has called forth such a flood of denunciation upon General Grant. When we consider the charges of bad generalship, incompetency, and surprise, do we not feel that ' even the joy of the people is cruel V As to the question of whether there was, or not, what might be called a surprise, I will not argue it; but even if there had been, General Grant is no wise responsible for it, for he was not surprised. He was at his head-quarters at Savannah when the fight commenced. Those head-quarters were established there, as being the most convenient point for all parts of his command. Seme of the troops were at Crump's Landing, between Savannah and Pittsburgh, and all the new arrivals were coming to Savan- nah. That was the proper place for the head-quarters of the commanding general at that time. The general visited Pitts- burgh Landing and all the important points every day. The attack was made Sunday morning by a vastly superior force. In five minutes after the first firing was heard. General Grant and staff were on board a steamboat on the way to the battle- field, and instead of not reaching the field till ten o'clock, or, as has been still more falsely represented, till noon, I have a letter before me from one of his aides who was with him, and who says he arrived there at eight o'clock in the morning, and imme- diately assumed command. There he directed the movements, and was always on that part of the field where his presence was most required, exposing his life, and evincing in his dispositions, the genius of the greatest commanders. With what desperate bravery that battle of Sunday was fought ! what display of prowess and courage! what prodigies of valor! Our troops, less than forty thousand, attacked by more than eighty thou- sand of the picked men of the rebels, led by their most distin- guished generals ! " But it is gravely charged by these military critics who sit by the fireside while our soldiers are risking their lives on the field of conflict, that Grant was to blame in having his troops on the same side of the river with the enemy. I suppose they would have the river interpose between our army and the enemy, and permit that enemy to intrench himself on the other side, and then undertake to cross in his face. It was, in the judg- ment of the best military men, a wise disposition of his forces, placing them where he did. To have done otherwise, would have been like keeping the entire army of the Potomac on this side of the river, instead of crossing it when it could be done, and advancing on the other side. "After fighting all day with immensely superior numbers of the enemy, they only drove our forces back two and one half 74 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. miles, and then it was to face the gunboats and the terrible batteries so skilfully arranged and worked by the gallant and accomplished officers, Webster and Callender, and which brought the countless host of the enemy to a stand. And when night came, this unconquerable army stood substantially triumphant on tliat bloody field. "I believe, notwithstanding the desperate fighting on Sunday, and the partial repulse of our troops, that, aided by the fresh troops of the brave Lew. Wallace, that army could have whipped the enemy on Monday without further reinfurcements. That army could never have been conquered. But J would not de- tract from the glorious fighting of Buell's troops on Monday, for they behaved with great gallantry and fought bravely, suc- cessfully, and well. Justice must be done to all. By a general order, General Halleck, now on the spot and cognizant of all the facts, has publicly thanked the generals, Grant, Buell, and Sherman, indorsing their bravery and skill. " Sir, I have detained the House too long, but I have felt called upon to say this much. I came only to claim public justice ; the battle of Pittsburgh Landing, though a bloody one, yet it will make a bright page in our history. The final charge of General Grant at the head of his reserves will have a place, too, in history. While watching the progress of the battle on Monday afternoon, word came to him that the enemy was falter- ing on the left. With the genius that belongs only to the true military man, he saw that the time for the final blow had come. In quick words he said, 'Now is the time to drive them.' It was worthy the world-renowned order of Wellington, 'Up, Guards, and at them.' Word was sent by his body-guard to the different regiments to be ready to charge when the order was given ; then, riding out in front amid a storm of bullets, he led the charge in person, and Beauregard was driven howling to his intrenchments. His left was broken, and a retreat commenced which soon degenerated into a perfect rout. 'I'he loss of the enemy was three to our two in men, and in much greater pro- portion in the demoralization of an army which follows a defeat. That battle has laid the foundation for finally driving the rebels from the Southwest. So much for the battle of Pittsburgh Landing, which has evoked such unjust and cruel criticism, but which history will record as one of the most glorious victories that has ever illustrated the annals of a great nation." SKIRMISHING BEFORE CORINTH -THE EVAC- UATION OF THAT STRONGHOLD. Between the eighth and the middle of May, there were nunierous skirmishes between the opposing forces, which were gradually approaching closer to each other, and on LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 75 the seventeenth of the month, General Sherman's division advanced along the Corinth road, until they reached a point known as " Russell's House," where they encoun- tered the enemy, and after a sharp engagement, succeeded in driving them from their position, which General Sher- man occupied and intrenched. On the morning of the twenty-first, General Thomas A. Davies's division moved forward for the purpose of occupying an important ridge to the north of Phillips, '^'•eek. Fire was immediately opened by the enemy, and for . /me time a severe engage- ment progressed, but finally the rebels were compelled to retire, completely routed, and the Union troops occupied and fortified the ridge, which was within shelling distance of the enemy's intrenchments. On the twenty-seventh the rebels were whipped by General Sherman's division, and on the next day three columns, commanded respec- tively by Generals Thomas, Buell and Pope, and under the personal direction of General Grant, made a recon- noissance within gunshot of the works at Corinth. Their advance was hotly contested, but the I'ebels were driven back with considerable loss, and the objects of the recon- noissance were satisfactorily accomplished. On the twenty- ninth, much to the astonishment of our officers and men, who had anticipated another scene of blood, the rebels evacuated Corinth, and on the following morning the place, and the numerous formidable works around it, were occupied by General Halleck's army, the Fifth division of General Grant's Army of the Tennessee being the first to enter the works. Pursuit of the demoralized Southern troops was imme- diately commenced, and was continued until, finding it impossible to rival the fugitives in speed, the pursuers were ordered to return. Expeditions were also sent in different directions to destroy railroad communications, not the least important of which was one sent to Holly Springs, 76 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. under command of General Sherman, and which destroyed much valuable pi'operty in and near that place. IMPORTANT ORDERS ISSUED AT MEMPHIS. Immediately after the surrender of Memphis in June, 1862, General Grant visited that city, and placing it under the charge of a Provost-Marshal, took such decisive steps as would tend to suspend the illicit traffic which had been previously extensively carried on by the sympathizers with treason, between that point and the States in rebel- lion, and also check the depredations of guerillas in that section of the country. The sending of goods, fire-arms^ ammunition, and correspondence out of the city, was pro- hibited ; persons desirous of leaving the place, were re- quired first to take the oath of allegiance, or give a parole of honor ; the families of persons holding civic or military positions under the rebel government, were instructed to move south beyond our lines, unless they signed a pre- scribed parole, and gave a guarantee that they had not conspired against the Government of the United States since the occupation of Memphis, and would not do so in the future ; guerillas were notified that they would not be treated as prisoners of war when captured, and the seizure and sale of the property of sympathizing residents of the immediate neighborhood, for the purpose of remunerating the Government for loss and expense that might be sus- tained by the depredations of the outlaws, was authorized ; and finally, the unoccupied buildings in the city belonging to traitors, were ordered to be taken possession of and rented for the benefit of the United States. GENERAL GRANT ASSUMES COMMATCD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WEST TENNESSEE- IMPORTANT ORDERS ISSUED. On the seventeenth of July, 1862, General Halleck took leave of his army, preparatory to going to Washington to LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 77 assume a more exalted position, and immediately after- wards his Department was subdivided and placed under the command of diCFerent Generals. The "Department of West Tennessee" was assigned to General Grant, with Corinth as his head-quarters. From its creation, how- ever, until the middle of September, with the exception of a few skirmishes which invariably terminated in the success of the Union troops, there was no fighting, nor indeed any military movements of importance. During this interval, however, two important orders were issued by General Grant, the first of which was pro- mulgated on the eleventh of August, and was worded as follows : " Head-Qua RTKRs, Department of West Tennessee, "CoRi.vTH, Miss., August llth, 1862. " The recent Act of Congress prohibits the army from return- ing fugitives from labor to their claimants, and authorizes the emplo3nieut of such persons in the service of the government. The following orders are therefore published for tlie guidance of the army in this matter. "1. All fugitives thus employed nnist be registered; the names of the fugitives and claimant given, and must be borne upon the morning report of the command in which they are kept, showing how they are employed. '"2. Fugitives may be employed as laborers in the quarter- master's, subsistence, and engineer's department ; and whenever by such employment a soldier may be saved to its ranks, they may be employed as teamsters and as company cooks, not ex- ceeding four to a company, or as hospital attendants and nurses. Officers may employ them as ])rivate servants, in which latter case the fugitives will not be paid or rationed by the government. Nciiroes thus employed must be secured as authorized persons, and will he excluded from the camps. •■ 3. Officers and soldiers are positively prohibited from en- ticing slaves to leave their masters. When it becomes necessary to employ this kind of labor, the commanding officer of the ])ost or troops must send details, all under the charge of a suita- ble commissioned officer, to press into service the slaves of persons to the number required. "4. Citizens within reach of any military station, known to be disloyal and dangerous, may be ordered away or arrested, and their crops and stock taken for the benefit of the govern- ment or the use of the army. 78 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. " 5. All property taken from rebel owners must be duly reported and used for the benefit of tlie government, and bo issued to the troops through the proper department, and, when practicable, the act of taking should be accompanied by the ■written certificate of the officer so taking to the owner or agent of such property. "It is enjoined on all commanders to see that this order ia executed strictly under their own direction. The demoraliza- tion of troops subsequent upon being left to execute laws in their own way without a proper head must be avoided. "By command of ''Major-General Grant. "John A. Rawlins, A. A. G." The other, intended for a number of disreputable char- acters who had fled from their respective States to Ten- nessee to escape the draft, read as follows : « " Head-Quarters, Department of West Tennessee, " Corinth, Miss., August IGth, 1862. " 1. All non-residents of this department, found within the same, who, if at home, would be subjected to draft, will at once be enrolled under the supervision of the local commanders where they may be found, and, in case of a draft being made by their respective States, an equal proportion will be drawn from persons thus enrolled. Persons so drawn will at once be assigned to troops from the States to which they owe military service, and the e.xecutive thereof notified of such draft. " 2. All violation of trade by army followers may be punished by confiscation of stock in trade, and the assignment of offenders to do military duty as private soldiers. "By command of "Major- General U. S. Grant. "John A. Rawlins, A. A. G." THE BATTLE OF lUKA— GENERAL GRANT'S OFFICIAL REPORT. In the early part of September, 1862, the rebel forces having been greatly strengthened, commenced an advance towards the positions occupied by General Grant's army, a portion of their number at the same time being sent northward to threaten Cincinnati. Their movements, however, were well known to General Grant, who made such dispositions of his men as would thwart their designs in Tennessee, and he also sent several of his regiments to defend Cincinnati. LIFE OF LIEUTENANT- GENERAL GRANT. 79 On the seventeenth of September, 18G2, he ordered a general advance towai'ds luka, where the rebel General Sterling Price had concentrated his army, and two days later the advance of General Hamilton's division encoun- tered the enemy's pickets and drove them back. This was the commencement of the fiercely-contested battle of Ivika, the official report of which, made by General Grant to the War Department, was as follows : "Head-quarters, District West Tennessee, "Jackson, Tenn., October 22d, 1862. "CoIonelJ. G. Kellon, A. A. 6?., Washington, D. C: " Colonel : — 1 have the honor to make the {bllowing report of the battle of luka, and to submit herewith such reports of subordinates as have been received. " For some ten days or more before the final move of the rebel army under General Price, eastward from the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, it was evident that an attack upon Corinth was con- templated, or some change to be made in the location of that army. This caused great vigilance to be necessary on the part of our cavalry, especially that to the southern front under Colonel Mizner. The labor of watching, with occasional skirmishing, was most satisfactorily performed, and almost every move of the enemy was known as soon as commenced. "About the 11th of September, Price left the railroad, the in- fantry and artillery probably moving from Baldwin, and the cavalry from the roads north of Baldwin, toward Bay Springs. At the latter place a halt of a few days seems to have been made ; likely for the purpose of collecting stores, and recon- noitering on eastern flank. On the 13th of September, the enemy's cavalry made their appearance near luka, and were re- pulsed by the small garrison under Colonel Muiphy, of the Eighth Wisconsin infantry, still left there to cover the removal of stores not yet brought into Corinth. The enemy appearing again in increased force on the same day, and having cut the railroad and telegraph between there and Burnsville, Colonel Murphy thought it prudent to retire to save his forces. "This caused a considerable amount of commissary stores to fall into the hands of the enemy, which property should have been destroyed. Price's whole force soon congregated at luka. " Information brought in by scouts, as to the intention of the enemy, was conflicting. One report was, that Price wanted to cross Bear creek and the Tennessee river, for the purpose of crossing 'IVnnessee and getting into Kentucky. Another, tliat Van Dorn was to march by way of Ripley and attack us on the southwest, while Price should move on us from the east or north- 80 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. west, A third, that Price wonki endeavor to cross the Tennes- see, and. if pursuit was attempted, Van Dorn was iu readiness to attack Corinth. ''Having- satisfied myself tliat Van Porn could not reach Corinth under four days, with an army emlii'ucing all arms, I deteimined to leave Corinth with a force sufficient to resist cavalry, and to attack Price at luka. Tliis I regarded as emi- nently my duty, let either of the enemy's plans be the correct solution; Accordingly, on the 16lh, 1 gave some general direc- tions as to the plan of operations. " General Rosecrans was to move on the south side of the railroad to opposite luka, and attack from tliat side with all his available force, after leaving a sufficient force at Rienzi and Jacinto, to prevent the surprise on Corinth from that direction. " Major-General Ord was to move to Burnsville, and from there take roads north of the railroad and attack from that side. General Ord having to leave from his two divisions, already very much reduced in numbers, from long-continued service and the number of battles they had been in, the garrison at Corinth ; he also had one regiment of infantry and a squadron of cavalry at Kossuth, one regiment of infantry and one company of cavalry at Cheuvali, ami one regiment of infantry that moved, under Colonel Mower, and joined General Kosecrans' command, re- duced the number of men of his command, available to the ex- pedition, to about 30,000. " I had previously ordered the infantry of General Ross' com- mand at Bolivar to hold themselves in readiness to move at a moment's warning ; had also directed the concentration of cars at Jackson to move these troops. " Within twenty-four hours from the time a despatch left Corinth for those troops to ' come on,' they had arrived — 3,400 in num- ber. This, notwithstanding the locomntive was thrown off the track on the Mississippi Central Road, preventing the passage of other trains for several hours. This force was added to (gen- eral Ord's command, making his entire strength over G,000 to take into the field. From this force two regiments of infantry and one section of artillery were taken, about nine hundred men, for the garrison or rear guard, to be held at Burnsville. Not having General Ord's report, these figures may not be ac- curate. General Rosecrans was moving from Jacinto eastward, with about 9,000 men, making my total force with which to attack the enemy about 15,000. This was equal to or greater than their number, as I estimated them. " Genera! Rosecrans, at his suggestion, acquiesced in by me, was to move northward from his eastern march in two columns —one, under Hamilton, was to move up the Fulton and East- port road ; the other, under Stanley, on the Jacinto road from Baruett's. "On the 18th, General Ord's command was pushed forward, LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 81 driving in the enemy's pickets and capturing a few prisoners, taking position within six miles of luka. I expected, from the following despatch, that General Rosecrans would be near enough by tlie night of the 18th to make it safe for Ord to press forward on the morning of the 19th, and bring on an en- gagement : "'September ISih, 1862. " ' To Genekal Gkant : "'One of my spies, in from Reardoii's, on the Bay Spring Road, tells of a continuous movement, since last Friday, of forces eastward. They say Van Dorn is to defend Vicksburg, Breckinridge to make his way to Kentucky, Price to attack luka or go to Tennessee. If Price's forces are at luka, the plan I propose is, to move up as close as we can to-night, conceal our iuovements ; Ord to advance from Burnsville, commence the 'attack, and draw their attention that way, while I move in on the Jacinto and Fulton road, and, crushing in their left, cut off their retreat eastward. " ' I propose to leave, in ten minutes, for .Jacinto, whence I will despatcli you by line of videttes to Burnsville. Will wait a few minutes to hear from you before I start. What news from Burnsville ? " ' Signed : " ' W. S. Rosecrans, " ' Brigadier- General.'' " To which I sent the following reply : " ' Head-q[takteks, District West Tennessee, "'Burnsville, Miss., September 18th, 1862. " ' General Rosecrans : "'General Ross' command is at this place, McArthur's divi sion is north of the road, two miles to the rear, and Davis' division south of the road, north. I sent forward two regiments of infantry, with cavalry, by the road north of the railroad to- ward luka, with instructions for them to bivouac for the night at a point, which was designated, about four miles from here, if not interrupted, and have the cavalry feel where the enemy are. Before they reached the point on the road (you will see it on the map — the road north of the railroad), they met what was supposed to be Armstrong's cavalry. The rebel cavalry were forced back, and I sent instructious there to have them stop for the night where they thought they could safely hold. "'In the morning troops will advance from here at 4^ a.m. An anonymous despatch, just received, states that Price, Ma- gruder, and Breckinridge have a force of 60,000 between luka and Tupelo. This, I have no doubt, is the understanding of citizens, but I very much doubt this information being correct. Your reconnoissances prove that there is but little force south of Corinth for a long distance, and no great force between Bay Spring and the railroad. Make as rapid an advance as you can, and let us do to-morrow all we can. It may be necessary to 82 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. fall back the day following. I look upon the showing of a cavalry force so near us as an indication of a retreat, and they a force to cover it " ' Signed : " ' U. S. Grant, " ^ Major- GeneraW "After midnight the following despatch was received : " ' Head-qoarters, Encami'mfnt, Sept. ISth, 1862. " ' General : — Your despatch received. General Stanley's divi- sion arrived after dark, having been detained by Jailing in the rear of Ross through fault of guide. Our cavalry six miles this side of Burnett's ; Hamilton's First brigade eight, Second brigade nine miles this side ; Stanley's near Davenport's Mills. We shall move as early as practicable ; say 4^ a.m. This will give twenty miles march for Stanley to luka. Shall not, therefore, be in before one or two o'clock, but when we come in will endeavor to do it strongly. "'Signed: " ' W. S. Rosrcrans, "' Brigadier- General U. S. A.' "Receiving this despatch, as I did, late at niglit, and when I supposed these troops were far on their way toward luka, and had made my plans accordingly, caused some disappointment, and made a change of plans necessary. I immediately despatched General Ord, giving him the substance of the above, and direc- tions not to move on the enemy until Rosecrans arrived, or he should hear firing to the south of luka. Of this change Gen- eral Rosecrans was promptly informed by despatch, sent with his return messenger. During the day General Ord returned to my head-quarters at luka, and, in consultation, we both agreed that it would be impossible for General Rosecrans to get his troops up in time to make an attack that day. The General was instructed, however, to move forward, driving in the enemy's advance guards, but not to bring on an engagement unless he should hear firing. At night another despatch was received from (Jeneral Rosecrans, dated from Barnett's, about eight n)ilcs from luka, written at 12.40 p.m., stating that the head of the column had arrived there at 12 m. Owing to tlie density of the forests, and the difficulties of passing the small streams and bottoms, all communications between General Rosecrans and myself had to pass far around — near Jacinto — even after he had got oh the road leading north. For this reason his communica- tion was not received until after the engagement. I did not hear of the engageuKuit, however, until the next day, although the following despatch had been promptly forwarded : " ' Head-quarters, Army of the Mississippi, " 'Two MILES south OF luKA, Sept. 1.9 'reiincssec, will cunstilutf the Mililury Divisinn of the M iHsissiii|»i. Major- (Jt'neiiil U. y. (jriinl, United Slates army, is placed in command, of the Military Division of the Mississippi, with his head-quarters in the tieid. " Ma,jor-(Jeneral W. S. Rosecrans, U. S. Vols., is relieved from the command of tin; Kepartnient and Army of the Cumber- land. Major-(jrenei'al (i. II. 'I'lionias is hereby assigned to that command. " By order of the Secretary of War. " E. D. TOWNSKND, A. A.-G." From Indianapolis they proceeded to Louisville, where a large number of persons had uss^«iPPi.' comprising the Departmen s of the Ohio, the Cumberland, and the Tennessee, and te eoS ed the order assuming command, together with the order ot' the War De partmen Inferred to. to Major-General A. E. Burnside at Knox vil le^and Major-General AV. S. Rosecrans at Cha tanota " 'My action in telegraphing these orders to Chattanoo'c^a in advance of my arrival there, was induced by informl on fur nished me by the Secretary of War of the difficult es with lT,"t ;■' ^'"'^^ '^'' Cumberland had to contend in ^ippl^ ng Itself over a long mountainous and almost impa-sable r fd :om Stev.nson, Alabama, to Chattanooga, Tenne see and h s ears that General Rosecrans would tall b^ck to le Sh t of atal hazaids that I would be there as soon as possible To which he replied, on the same date, 'I will hold the' town till wo "Proceeding directly to Chattanooga, I arrived there on the LIFE OF LIKUTEXAXT-GENERAL GRANT. 141 twenty-third of October, and found that General I'homas had, immediately on beinsi' placed in command of the Department of the Cumberland, ordered the concentration of Major-General Hooker's command at Bridgeport, preparatory to securing the river and main wagon-road between that place and Brown's Ferry, immediately below Lookout Mountain. The next morn- ing after my arrival at Chattanooga, in company with Thomas and Brigadier-General W. F. Smith, Chief Engineer, I made a 1 ecouuoissance of Brown's Ferry, and the hills on the south side uf the river and at the mouth of Lookout Valley. After the reconnoiiened a rattling volley ni'.on the rebel pickets, who replied and ran into their ad- vanced line of rifle-pits. After them went our skirmishers and into them, along the centre of the line of twenty-five thousand troo])S which General Thomas had so quickly displayed, until we opened fire. Prisoners assert that they thouglit the whole movement was a review and general drill, and that it was too late to send to their camps for reinforcements, and that they were overwhelmed by force of numbers. Il was a surprise iu open daylight. "At three, p.m., the important advanced po.sition of Orchard Knob and the lines right and left were in our possession, and ar- rangements were ordered for holding them during the night. " The next day at daylight, Ceneral Sherman had five thousand 154 LIFE OP LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. men across the Tennessee, and established on its south hank, and commenced the construction of a pontoon bridge about six miles above Chattanooga. The rebel steamer Dunbar was re- paired at the right moment, and rendered efl'ective aid in this crossing, carrying over six thousand men. "By nightfall General 'J'homas had seized the extremity of Missionary Ridge nearest the river, and was intrencliing himself. General Howard, with a brigade, opened communication with him from Chattanooga on the south side of the river. Skirmish- ing and cannonading continued all day on the left and centre. General Hooker scaled the slopes of Lookout Mountain, and from the valley of Lookout Creek drove the rebels around the point. He captured some two thousand prisoners, and estab- lished himself high up the mountain-side, in full view of Chatta- nooga. This raised the blockade, and now steamers were or- dered from Bridgeport to Chattanooga. They had run only to Kelley's Ferry, whence ten miles of hauling over mountain roads and twice across the Tennessee on pontoon bridges brought us our supplies. "All night the point of Missionary Ridge on the extreme left and the side of Lookout Mountain on the extreme right blazed with the camp-fires of loyal troops. "The day had been one of dense mists and rains, and much of General Hooker's battle was fought above the clouds, which concealed him from our view, but from which his musketry was heard. "At nightfall the sky cleared, and the full moon — ' the traitor's doom' — shone upon the beautiful scene, until one, a.m., when twinkling sparks upon the mountain-side showed that picket- skirmishing was going on. 'I'hen it ceased. A brigade sent from Chattanooga, crossed the Chattanooga Creek and opened •communication with Hooker. " General Grant's head-quarters during the afternoon of the twenty-third and the day of the twenty-fourth, were in Wood's redoubt, except when in the course of the day he rode along the advanced line, visiting the head-quarters of the several com- Djanders, in Chattanooga valley. "At daylight, on the twenty-fifth, the Stars and Stripes were descried ou the peak of Lookout. The rebels had evacuated the mountain. "Hooker moved to descend the mountain, striking Missionary Ridge at the Rossville Gap, to sweep both sides and its summit. "The rebel troops were seen, as t^oon as it was light enough, streaming regiments and brigades along the narrow summit of Missionary Ridge, either concentrating on llie riglit to over- whelm Sherman^ or marching for the railroad to raise the siege. " They had evacuated the valley of Chattanooga. Would they abandon that of Chickamauga? "The twenty-pounders and four-and-a-quarter-iuch rifles of LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT, 155 Wood's reiloubt opened on Missionary Rid^e. Orchard Knob sent its compliments to the Ridge, which, with rifled Parrots, answered, and the cannonade thus commenced, continued all day. Shot and shell screamed from Orchard Knob to Mission- ary Ridge, and from Missionary Ridge to Orchard Knob, and from Wood's redoubt, over the heads of Generals Grant and Thomas and their staffs, who were with us in this favorable po- sition, from whence the whole battle could be seen as in an am- phitheatre. The head-quarters were under fire all day long. "Cannonading and musketry were heard from General Sher- man, and General Howard marched the Eleventh corps to join him. '■ General Thomas sent out skirmishers, who drove in the rebel pickets and chased them into their intrenchments ; and at the foot of Missionary Ridge, Sherman made an assault against Bragg's right, intrenched on a high knob next to that on which Sherman himself lay fortified. The assault was gallantly made. " Sherman reached the edge of the crest, and held his ground for (it seemed to me) an hour, but was bloodily repulsed by re- serves. "A general advance was ordered, and a strong line of skir- mishers followed by a deployed line of battle some two miles in length. At the signal of leaden shots from head-quarters on Orchard Knob, the line moved rapidly and orderly forward. The rebel pickets discharged their muskets and ran into their rifle- pits. Our skirmishers followed on their heels. " The line of battle was not far behind, and we saw the gray rebels swarm out of the ledge line of rifle-pits and over the base of the hill in numbers which surprised us. A few turned and fired their pieces; but the greater number collected into the many roads which cross obliquely up its steep face, aud went on to the top. " Some regiments pres.sed on aud swarmed up the steep sides of the Ridge, and here and there a color was advanced beyond the lines. The attempt appeared most dangerous ; but the ad- vance was supported, and the whole line was ordered to storm the heights, upon which not less than forty pieces of artillery, and no one knows how many muskets, stood ready to slauglUer the assailants. With cheers answering to cheers, tlie men swarmed upward. They gathered to the points least difficult of access, and the line was broken. Color after color was planted on the summit, while musket and cannon vomited their thunder upon them. "A well-directed shot from Orchard Knob exploded a rebel caisson on the summit, and the gun was seen being speedily taken to the rigiit, its driver lashing his horses. A party of our sol- diers intercepted them, and the gun was captured with cheers. "A fierce musketry fight broke out to the left, where, between Thomas and Sherman, a mile or two of the ridge was still occu- pied by the rebels. 156 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. [' Bragg left the house in which he had held his head-quarters, and rode to the rear, as our troops crowded the hill on either side of him. " General Grant proceeded to the summit, and then only did we know its height. " Some of the captured artillery was put into position. Artil- lerists were sent for to work the guns, and caissons were searched for ammunition. " The rebel log-breastworks were torn to pieces and carried to the other side of the ridge and used in forming barricades across. "A strong line of infantry was formed in the rear of Baird's line, and engaged in a musketry contest with the rebels to the left, and a secure lodgment was soon effected. " The other assault to the right of our centre gained the summit, and the rebels threw down their arms and fled. " Hooker, coming into favorable position, swept the right of the ridge and captured many prisoners. " Bragg's remaining troops left early in the night, and the battle of Chattanooga, after days of manoeuvring and fighting, was won. The strength of the rebellion in the centre is broken. Burnside is relieved from danger in East Tennessee. Kentucky and Tennessee are rescued. Georgia and the Southeast are threatened in the rear, and another victory is added to the chap- ter of ' Unconditional Surrender Grant.' " To-night the estimate of captures is several thousand prison- ers and thirty pieces of artillery. " Our loss for so great a victory is not severe. " Bragg is firing the railroad as he retreats towards Dalton. Sherman is in hot pursuit. " To-day I viewed the battlefield, which extends for six miles along Missionary Ridge, and for several miles on Lookout Mountain. "Probably not so well-directed, so well-ordered a battle has taken place during the war. But one assault was repulsed ; but that assault, by calling to that point the rebel reserves, pre- vented them repulsing any of the others. "A few days since General Bragg sent to General Grant a flag of truce, advising him that it would be prudent to remove any non-combatants who might be still in Chattanooga. No reply has been returned ; but the combatants having removed from this vicinity, it is probable that non-combatants can remain without imprudence. "M. C. Meigs, Quartermaster-General." TRIBUTES PROM GENERALS HALIiECK AND SCOTT, AND PRESIDENT LINCOLN. General Ilalleck, in referring in his annual report to this brilliant campaign, remarks : " Considering the strength LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 157 of the rebel position and the difficulty of storming his in- trenchments, the battle of Chattanooga must be considered the most remarkable in history. Not only did the officers and men exhibit great skill and daring in their operations on the field, but the highest praise is due to the command- ing general for his admirable dispositions for dislodging the enemy from a position apparently impregnable. More- over, by turning his right flank and throwing him back upon Ringgold and Dalton, Sherman's forces were inter- posed between Bragg and Longstreet, so as to prevent any possibility of their forming a junction." On the seventh of December, 1863, the President of the United States issued the following proclamation, calling the people together to give thanks for the victories : " Executive Mansion. " Washington, D. C, December 1th, 1863. " Reliable information being received that the insurgent force is retreating from East Tennessee, under circumstances render- ing it probable that the Union forces cannot hereafter be dis- lodged from that important position ; and esteeming this to be of high national consequence, I recommend that all lojal people do, on receipt of this information, assemble at their places of worship, and render special homage and gratitude to Almighty God for this great advancement of the national cause. " A, Lincoln." And on the following day he thus personally acknowl- edged his appreciation of General Grant's services, in a telegraphic despatch, which was subsequently read to the troops : " Washington, December Sth, 1863. " Major-General Grant : " Understanding that your lodgment at Chattanooga and Knoxville is now secure, I wish to tender you and all under your command my more than thanks — my profoundest gratitude — for the skill, courage, and perseverance with which you and they, over so great difficulties, have effected that important object. God bless you all ! " A. Lincoln," General Winfield Scott rendered tribute to the hero, 10 158 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GllANT. who, ho said, had displayed more military skill than any general had exhibited on our side ; and he was the more surprised at it from the fact that he could only remember him as a young lieutenant in the Mexican war, of un- doubted courage, but giving no promise of any thing beyond ordinary abilities. GENERAL GRANT'S INTREPIDITY IN BATTLE. Of the intrepidity of General Grant during the pro- tracted struggle, one of his staff thus wrote : " I need not describe to you the recent battle of Chattanooga, the papers have given every possible detail concerning it. I may only say that I saw it all, and was in the five days' fight. la General Grant's staff only one was wounded, a Lieutenant Turner, Assistant Chief of Artillery, whose parents formerly lived at Batavia, N. Y., but now of Chicago. It has been a matter of universal wonder in this army that General Grant himself was not killed, and that no more accidents occurred to his staff, for the general was always in the front (his staff with him, of course), and perfectly heedless of the storm of hissing bullets and screaming shell flying around him. His apparent want of sensibility does not arise from heedlessness, heartless- upss, or vain military affectation, but from a sense of responsi- bility resting upon him when in battle. When at Ringgold, we rode for half a mile in the face of the enemy, under an incessant fire of cannon and musketry, nor did we ride fast, but upon an ordinary trot, and not once do I believe did it enter the general's mind that he was in danger. I was by his side and watched him closely. In riding that distance we were going to the front, and I could see that he was studying the positions of the two armies, and, of course, planning how to defeat the enemy, who was here making a most desperate stand, and was slaughtering our men fearfully. After defeating and driving the enemy here we returned to Cliattanooga. " Another feature in General Grant's personal movements is, that he requires no escort beyond his staff, so regardless of dan- ger is he. Roads are almost useless to him, for he takes short 'Cuts through fields and woods, and will swim his horse through almost any stream that obstructs his way. Nor does it make any difference to him whether he has daylight for his movements, for he will ride from breakfast until two o'clock in the morning, and that too without eating. The next day he will repeat the dose, until he finishes his work. Now such things come hard upon the staff, but they have learned how to bear it." LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 159 By these victories it had been decided that the produc- tive region of East Tennessee, rich in the elements and munitions of war, and on which large drafts had been made by the rebel leaders for supplies, should remain in our hands. This was the gateway into Georgia and the Gulf States, which was now opened by the genius of Gen- eral Grant and the bravery of his now magnificent army. GENEHAL GKANT THANKS HIS TROOPS. The following order was read to the troops : "Head-Quarters, Military Division of the Mississippi, "In the Field, Chattanooga, Tenn., Dec. 10, 1863. "The Greneral coramandiug takes this opportunity of return- ing his sincere thaulis and congratulations to the brave armies of the Cumberland, the Ohio, the Tennessee, and their comrades from the Potomac, for the recent splendid and decisive successes achieved over the enemy. In a short time you have recovered from him the control of the Tennessee river from Bridgeport to Knoxville. You dislodged him from his great stronghold upon Lookout mountain, drove him from Chattanooga valley, wrested from his determined grasp the possession of Missionary ridge, repelled with heavy loss to him his repeated assaults upon Knox- ville, forcing him to raise the siege there, driving him at all points, utterly routed and discomfitted beyond the limits of the State. By your noble heroism and determined courage, you have most effectually defeated the plans of the enemy for regain- ing possession of the States of Kentucky and Tennessee. "You have secured positions from which no rebellious power can drive or dislodge you. For all this the General command- ing thanks you collectively and individually. The loyal people of the United States thank and bless you. Their hopes and prayers for your success against this unholy rebellion are with you daily. Their faith in you will not be in vain. Their hopes will not be blasted. Their prayers to Almighty God will be answered. You will go to other fields of strife ; and, with the invincible bravery and unflinching loyalty to justice and right which have characterized you in the past, you will prove that no enemy can withstand you, and that no defenses, however formi- dable, can check your onward march. "By order of " U. S. Grant, Major -General." 160 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. THANKS OP CONGRESS AND A GOLD MEDAL. Congress assembled on Monday, the 8tli of December, 1863, when the news of General Grant's last success was creating a sensation on the streets of Washington. The first resolution passed at this, the thirty-eighth session, was offered by Hon. Wra. Washburne, of Illinois, and passed both houses unanimously, without debate, as fol- lows : " Be it resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the thanks of Congress be and they hereby are presented to Major- General Ulysses S. Grant, and through him to the ofBcers and soldiers who have fought under his command during this rebel- lion, for their gallantry and good conduct in the battles in which they have been engaged ; and that the President of the United States be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, with suitable emblems, devices, and inscriptions, to be presented to Major-General Grant. " Section 2. And be it further resolved, That, when the said medal shall have been struck, the President shall cause a copy of this joint resolution to be engrossed on parchment, and shall transmit the same, together with the said medal, to Major-Gen- eral Grant, to be presented to him in the name of the people of the United States of America. " Section 3. And be it further resolved, That a sufficient sum of money to carry this resolution into efTect is hereby appropri- ated out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropri- ated." And on the Hth day of December the resolution re- ceived the President's approval. This medal on one side presents a profile of the General, surrounded by a laurel wreath, beneath which is his name and the dates of his victories. On the obverse is the fig- ure of Fame reclining on the American eagle, shielded ; Fame holding in her right hand a trumpet, and in her left a scroll on which is inscribed "Yicksburg, Corinth, Mis- sissippi River, Chattanooga;" on her head an ornamented helmet. Beneath all, are represented sprigs of pine and palm intertwined ; while over all are the words "Proclaim Liberty throughout all the Land." LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 161 His praise was in every mouth. The press lauded his triumph in applauding leaders. Legislatures passed reso- lutions thanking him for his public services ; and various religious and civic societies publicly testified their gratitude to him. A pair of Colt's revolvers, with handles of.black horn, beautifully polished, and the barrels, magazines, and other steel parts elaborately inlaid with pure gold, beaten into a design previously cut out of the steel, the whole enclosed in a handsome rosewood box, lined with velvet, and accompanied by all the tools, etc., belonging to them, the cartridge boxes and the equipments being of solid silver, were presented to him by several of his personal friends. Honors were showered upon him in profusion at every place he went. HE VISITS THE OUTPOSTS. The rebel cavalry Generals, Wheeler, Morgan, Forrest, and Rhoddy, had increased their commands, and were already on the move, in various directions, to harass Grant, by pouncing upon the garrisons along our lines of communication, and were bidding fair to turn their opera- tions to some favorable account. Wiih the view of thoroughly understanding his posi- tion, General Grant visited all the points along his lines, journeying over the mountainous regions of the Cumber- land, passing through Knoxville and Nashville in his progress. At Knoxville he was called upon by the people for a speech, in answer to which General Leslie Coombs was obliged to say that " General Grant had told him in con- fidence that he had never made a speech, knew nothing about speech-making, and had no disposition to learn." After thoroughly examining the country, and having re-opened the railroad communications between Nashville and Chattanooga, General Grant arrived at Louisville, 162 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT- GEXEKAL GKANT. Kentucky, on the 11th of January, 1864, aud, returning, reached Chattanooga on the 13th. AT ST. LOUIS— A PUBLIC DINNER. Learning that his son was ill at home, General Urant paid a visit to St. Louis, which he reached on the 26th. He was not idle here, employing his time in visiting and inspecting the National defences. He was invited by the citizens of St. Louis to a public dinner, which he attended. About two hundred guests were present on the occasion. Judge Treat presided. Generals Rosecrans, Schofield, Osterhaus, Totten, McNeill, and other distinguished mili- tary gentlemen, together with the father-in-law of General Grant, were present. In response to a toast in his honor, General Grant said it was impossible for him to do more than thank his fellow-citizens. A letter from the city council was read, conveying their great esteem, regard, and indebtedness due his modest, unswerving energies, swayed neither by the mighty successes which bad crowned his genius and his efforts in behalf of the Govern- ment, nor by the machinations of politics, which were regarded as evidences of the true patriot and soldier. This sentiment was read : " Majoe-General Grant: he is emphatically U. S. Grant, for be has given US and the U. S. an earnest of those victories which will finally rescue the nation from the rebellion and its curse — American Slavery. ^^ He was loudly importuned by the crowd for a speech, as he stood upon the verandah of the hotel, after the ceremonies of the dinner, smoking his inevitable cigar ; but he could only assure his friends that he could not and never intended to make a speech. LETTER TO THE WESTERN SANITARY COM- MISSION. General Grant, in response to an invitation to attend a LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. i'o3 public meeting of the citizens of St. Louis in aid of the AVestern Sanitary Commission, wrote a letter on the 31st of January, 1864, declining the invitation, owing to his proposed return to active duties, as follows : " The gratuitous offerings of our loyal citizens at home, through the agency of Sanitary Commissions, to our brave soldiers in the field, have been to them the most encouraging and gratifying evidence that, whilst they are risking life and health for the suppression of this most wicked rebellion, their friends, who cannot assist them with musket and sword, are with them in sympathy and heart. The Western Sanitary Commission have issued many tons of stores to the army under my command. These voluntary offerings of this and other kindred asso- ciations have made glad the hearts of many thousands of wounded and sick soldiers, who otherwise would have been subjected to severe privations. I hope for you a full and enthusiastic meeting, and a fair to follow, which will bring together many old friends, who have been kept apart for the last three years, and unite them all again in one common cause — that of our country and of peace." GENERAL GHANT OPENS THE SPRING CAM- PAIGN. From St. Louis, General Grant went to Nashville, pass- ing through Louisville on the 3d of February, 1864, where he was serenaded. The i-ebel raiding cavalry had been rather worsted in their encounters with our forces. Our videttes in front of Chattanooga were pushed forward, when it was ascer- tained that the rebels under Johnston had suddenly retired beyond Ringgold and Dalton, taking positions with the evident intention of holding the key to Georgia. It was apparent that Johnston had been re-inforced, in anticipa- tion of an onward movement of our forces. General 164 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. Sherman was called in from Vicksburg, with the Six- teenth and Seventeenth Corps, under Generals Hurlbut and McPherson. General W. Long Smith, Grant's chief of cavalry, and Grierson, were marched south of Holly Springs, with a column of cavalry and mounted infantry, on a grand raid through Mississippi. To supply troops for these movements, Corinth, and the line of the Mem- phis and Charleston Railroad as far east as General Lo- gan's outposts, were abandoned, the fortifications having been destroyed and all public property removed. On the 5th, General Sherman passed through Jackson, Missis- sippi, and on the 9th reached Morton in his onward march eastward. Sherman's main body was at Meridian on the 20th, and his advance had been pushed thirty-five miles beyond that point, when through the failure of another officer, whose column was to co-operate with this army, to make a junction with Sherman at the proper time, the latter was obliged to retreat on his base. The movement, had, however, the effect of frightening the rebels in the south-west to such an extent as to keep employed a large number of re-inforcements at Mobile, and with Polk, opposite Meridian, that otherwise would have been thrown upon some point along our extended lines, that might not have been prepared for an attack. In the mean time, the advance of General Grant's main body, under Schofield, was some forty miles east of Knox- ville, from the immediate front of which Longstreet had retired. General Thomas, at Chattanooga, was prepared to advance on Johnston. These were the preliminaries to the grand movements in the south-west, which were crowned with such great success — covering a region of country from the Alle- ghanies to the Mississippi, over which General Grant had Bupreme command ; and in this state of affairs, he was called to Washington by the President. LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 165 MAJOB-GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT MADE LIEUTENANT-GENERAL OF THE ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Coincident with the resolution of thanks to General Grant, adopted by Congress in Decemher, 1863 was the introduction of a bill by Mr. Washburne, reviving the grade of Lieutenant-General of the army. This bill had been left without decisive action until Monday, the 1st of Feb- ruary, 1864, when the consideration of the bill was resumed. Some opposition was manifested against its passage. A resolution to lay the bill on the table was lost, and the bill passed by a decided vote, there being but nineteen votes against it. The bill authorized the President, whenever he should see fit, to appoint a commander of the army, subject to the action of the senate, " to be selected during the war, from among those officers in the military service of the United States, not below the grade of Major-General, most distinguished for courage, skill, and ability, and who being commissioned as Lieutenant-General, shall be author- ized, under the direction of the President, to command the armies of the United States." The pay, allowances, and staff of the Lieutenant-General to be selected were made the same as those fixed by the acts of May 28th, lt98, and August 22d, 1842, with the provision that noth- ing in the bill was to be construed in any way to affect the rank, pay, or allowances of Brevet Lieutenant-General Scott. Major-General Ulysses S. Grant was especially recommended in this bill for the appointment. Some attacks having been made upon the object of the bill, Mr, Washburne again came to the rescue. He said, in the course of his speech upon the question, alluding to General Grant : " Look at what this man has done for his country, for humanity, and civilization — this modest and unpretend- 166 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. ing General, whom gentlemen appear to be so much afraid of. He has fought more battles and won more victories than any living man. He has captured more prisoners and taken more guns than any General of modern times. To us in the great valley of the West he has rendered a service in opening our great channel of communication to the ocean, so that the great ' Father of Waters' now goes 'unvexed to the sea,' which endears him to all our hearts. Sir, when his blue legions crowned the crest of Yicksburg, and the hosts of the rebellion laid their arms at the feet of this great conqueror, the rebel Confederacy was cut in twain, and the back bone of the rebellion was broken. At that moment was seen in General Grant that greatest of all gifts — of a military man — the gift of deciding in- stantly amid the pressure of the greatest emergencies. I was with him when Porter reported his inability to reduce the batteries ; and in an instant he made his new disposi- tions and gave his orders. They were to debark all his troops, and march them down three miles below Grand Gulf; 'and,' said he, 'after nightfall I will run every transport I have below their batteries, and not one shall be injured ;' and, sure enough, when it became dark. Por- ter again attacked the batteries with his fleet, and, amid the din and clatter of the attack, the transports all safely passed Grand Gulf " And that which must ever be regarded by the historian as the most extraordinary feature of this c^ampaign is the astounding fact that, when General Grant landed in the State of Mississippi and made his campaign in the enemy's country, he had a smaller force than the enemy. There he was, in the enemy's country, cut off, in a measure, from his supplies, with a great river in his rear, and in one of the most defensible of countries, through which he had to pass. To his indomitable courage and energy, to his un- paralleled celerity of movement, striking the enemy in LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 167 detail, and beating him on every field, is the country in- debted for those wonderful successes of that campaign, which have not only challenged the gratitude and admira- tion of our own countrymen, but the admiration of the best military men of all ages. My colleague [Mr. Farns- worth] has well said, that General Grant is no carpet knight. If gentlemen could know him as I know him, and as his soldiers know him, they would not be so reluctant about conferring this honor. If they could have seen him as I saw him on that expedition ; if they could have wit- nessed his terrible earnestness, his devotion to his duty, his care, his vigilance, and his unchallenged coui'age, I think their opposition to this bill would give way. But gentlemen say ' wait, and confer this rank when the war is over.' " Sir, I want it conferred now, because it is my most solemn and earnest conviction that General Grant is the man upon whom we must depend to fight out this rebel- lion in the field, and bring this war to a speedy and tri- umphant close." Owing to some disagreements in the Senate, the bill went to a committee of conference, in which it was amended, making the appointment of Lieutenant-General to be during the pleasure of the President, and on the first of March, 1864, President Lincoln approved the bill, and on the next day sent into the Senate his message, appoint- ing, as Lieutenant-General of the armies of the United States, Major-General Ulysses S. Grant. The nomination was unanimously confirmed by the Senate. LIEUTENANT-GENERAL AND THE PEOPLE. The action of Congress and the President in appointing General Grant to this position was earnestly looked for by the people, who hatd learned to love him, mainly because in every instance where responsibility had been reposed la 168 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. him, his indefatigable energy and perseverance, and hia unsurpassed intrepidity in action, bad worked out a vic- tory. GENERAL GRANT AT WASHINGTON. Lieutenant-General Grant arrived at Washington on the eighth of March, 1864, in obedience to the call of the Presi- dent, accompanied by General Rawlings and Colonel Comstock, of his staff, and by his son. His coming was devoid of any ostentation on his part. Indeed, his pres- ence was not known until some hours after his arrival, when he was recognized at the hotel tea-table by a gentle- man who had seen the General at New Orleans. All the guests immediately rose to their feet in honor of the Lieu- tenant-General of the United States, and cheers rent the air. IS COMMISSIONED LIEUTENANT-GENERAL- PROCEEDINGS AT THE WHITE HOUSE. On the afternoon of the ninth of March, 1864, General Grant visited the White House, when he received his commission as Lieutenant-General. A large concourse of people had followed him to the executive mansion. President Lincoln greeted the general most cordially. There were present in the executive chamber, on this oc- casion, the entire Cabinet, General Halleck, and other dis- tinguished men. The President, holding the commission in his hand, said : " General Grant : The nation's appreciation of what you have already done, and its reliance upon you for what still remains to do in the existing great struggle, are now presented with this commission, constituting you Lieuten- ant-General of the armies of the United States. With this high honor devolves upon you, also, a corresponding re- sponsibility. " As the country herein trusts you, so, under God, it will sustain you. I scarcely need to add, that, with what LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 169 I here speak for the country, goes my own hearty personal concurrence." Having received the commission, Lieutenant-General Grant answered : " Mr. President : I accept this commission with grati- tude for the high honor conferred. With the aid of the noble armies who have fought on so many battle-fields for our common country, it will be my earnest endeavor not to disappoint your expectations. I feel the full weight of the responsibility now devolving on me. I know that if it is properly met, it will be due to these armies ; and above all, to the favor of that Providence which leads both nations and men." Lioutenant-General Grant was then introduced to the Cabinet, and on the next day visited the Army of the Potomac in company with General Meade. LIEUTENANT-GElSrEHAL GRANT AND GENERAL HALLECK. On the evening of March 9th he bad a long interview with General Halleck in reference to further plans and move- ments, and the following order was subsequently issued : " War Department, Adjutant General's Office, " Washington, March 12, 1864. " General Orders, No. 98. " The President of the United States orders as follows : " First. Major-General Halleck is, at his own request, relieved from duty as General-in-Chief of the army, and Lieutenant-Gen- eral U. S. Grant is assigned to the command of the armies of the United States. The head-quarters of the army will be in Washington, and also with Lieutenant-General Grant in the field. " Second. Major-General Halleck is assigned to-duty in Wash- ington as chief of staS" of the army, under the direction of the Secretary of War and the Lieutenant-General commanding. His orders will be obeyed and respected accordingly. " Third. Major-General W. T. Sherman is assigned to the command of the Military Division of the Mississippi, composed of the Departments of the Ohio, the Cumberland, the Tennessee, and the Arkansas. 170 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. " Fourth. Major-General J. B. McPherson is assigned to the command of the Department and Army of the Tennessee. " Fifth. In relieving Majur-General Ilalleck from duty as Gen- eral-iu-Ohief, the President desires to express his approbation and thanks for the able and zealous manner in -which the ardu- ous and responsible duties of that position have been performed. " By order of the " Secretary of War." "HEAD-QUARTERS IN THE FIELD." If there was really any opposition to the appointment of Grant as Lieutenant-General, it came from a class of men of a practical turn of mind, who had witnessed General Grant's great ability in the field, and who liad learned to think that his actual presence with our armies in action was of prime importance. They regretted this popular move- ment, because they could but regard it as detrimental to our success, if, as they supposed, the Lieutenant-General's head-quarters were to be established in Washington. But they little knew the man. When General Grant accepted his commission from the hands of the President, he was prepared to assume all the responsibilities of the position. It was not an empty title to him ; a distinction behind which he might hide himself in a military bureau at the capital. His motto was " Action." He understood per- fectly well that the country fully expected him to perso- nally superintend the movements of our armies ; but his own desire to see and know for himself the position of affairs was a sufficient incentive, and in his first order, on assuming supreme command, there was the ring of the true metal that served to reconcile all the shades of public sentiment. Not all the warm blandishments of society, and the civilities of public life and national distinction ten- dered him, could induce him to desert his sterner duties. GENERAL BTJRNSIDE ON GENERAL GRANT. Major-General Ambrose E. Burnside in a speech deliv- ered at Chicago, spoke as follows of Lieutenant-General Grant : LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 171 " I have known him for a great number of years. If there is any quality for which General Grant is particularly character- ized, it is that of magnanimity. He is one of the most magnan- imous men I ever knew. He is entirely unambitious and unselfish. He is a capital judge of men, and is possessed of a remarkable degree of common sense. Those qualities, 1 think, make a pretty good general — pretty good, like when he has good generals to deal with, because if he has magnanimity he will give credit to the general for what he has done. If he is not ambitious, he will not seek to undermine any other person who may seem to be in his way. If he has good common sense and judgment, he will pick each man for his specific duty with good judgment. So that the General who combines all these qualifications has every hope to succeed. Now, General Grant has thus far succeeded, and really I believe the chances are that he will succeed in the future. He is to leave the West for the present, and take com- mand of the Eastern Army, and without saying any thing of the Generals who have heretofore commanded the Eastern Army, I think he will infuse into that army a degree of confidence, which it has not felt for some time, because success always carries with it confidence, and that is what you all want. There is not a gen- tleman or lady in this whole assemblage that does not desire suc- cess, to-night, and, inasmuch as he has been successful hereto- fore, he will have the confidence of the community, and have the qualifications, which I think he has, and which I have said to you he has, it seems to me we can all go home to night, believing that success is going to attend General Grant in the command of all the armies of the United States, during this campaign. Every loyal heart will go home to-night and sincerely and hon- estly pray to God he may be strengthened in the work he has to do, and that he will be enabled during this present campaign to^crush this infernal rebellion, which has threatened to ruin and disrupt the Government which we all love so much." THE LIEUTEKTANT-GENERAL'S ORDER ON ASSUMING COMMAND. A few days found him again at Nashville perfecting the movements to be made in the Division of the Mississippi. Here he issued the following order : " Head-quarters of the Armies of the United States, " Nashville, Tennessee, March 17, 1864. " In pursuance of the following order of the President : " ' Executive Mansion, Washington, March 10, 1864. " ' Under the authority of the act of Congress to appoint to the grade of Lieutenant-Gcneral in the army, of March 172 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENEEAL GRANT. 1st, 1864, Licutenant-General Ulysses S. Grant, United States Army, is appointed to the command of the armies of the United States. "'Abraham Lincoln.' " I assume command of the Armies of the United States. Head-quarters will be in the field, and, until further orders, will be with the Army of the Potomac. There will be an office head-quarters in Washington, to which all official communications will be sent, except those from the Army where the head-quarters are at the date of their address. " U. S. Grant, Lieutenant- General." On the 23d of March, 1864, General Grant again arrived in Washington, accompanied by his wife and son. Brig. Gen. Rawlings, Col. Duff, Maj. Rawley, and Capt. Bedeau, of the General's staff, were with him. In a few days he had established his head-quarters in the Army of the Potomac, at Culpepper Court House. "ON TO RICHMOND." The transfer of the Lieutenant-General's head-quarters to the Army of the Potomac, showed that he intended to make Virginia the immediate theatre of action. Rich- mond seems almost to have been invulnerable — uncon- querable, and our armies had so often failed in their ad- vances upon the Rebel Capital, that that place had begun to assume more importance in the eyes of the world than any other in the so-called confederacy. The Army of the Potomac was still confronted by the Army of Northern Virginia, oscillating between points nearer and more distant from the goal of our ambition, without attaining any practical results. General Grant had a herculean task before him. He had in front of him an array that was unquestionably the largest and most splendid in the Rebel service, under command of a Gen- eral worthy of his steel. That army was covering its LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 173 Capital, to which it could but be expected it would hold OQ with grim desperation. But to take this place would have an immense moral eflfect upon both Northern and Southern minds. As it was, the moral effect of our re- verses was damaging to the national cause. " And why had we failed ?" was a not unfrequent question ; and Congress took up the refrain. Jealousy, rivalry and inordinate am- bition doubtless had much to do with our misfortunes ; but the great fault did not lie there. It was mainly in the peculiar geographical and topographical configuration of the country. A military writer whose attention was at- tracted to this subject at this time, wrote : " Two armies of equal numbers and commanded with equal ability, being opposed to each other, their move- ments and achievements must be entirely determined by the nature of the theatre of operations. Perhaps never in the history of warfare has the character of the ground exerted more influence on campaigns, than that of the por- tion of Virginia which lies between Washington and Richmond. On the right of our army are chains of moun- tains which enable the Rebels to conceal any flanking movement they may undertake, while the valleys afford to them the means for an easy and uninterrupted passage to the Potomac above Washington, and one almost entirely secure from attacks in their rear. On our front is a suc- cession of rivers, presenting great natural obstacles to our advance, and at the same time easily defensible ; to make flanking movements by ascending them is to open our rear to attacks from Fredericksburg, and to cross below the Rebel army, leaves the railroad a prey to guerillas. The country is, moreover, masked in every direction by dense forests, rendering any thing like a surprise in force im- practicable. A few rebel scouts may at all times easily detect and thwart such a movement. Such are tlie natural features of the country." 11 174 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. LIEUTENANT-GE-NERAL GRANT AND MAJOB- GENERAL MEADE. It is necessary to prumise our reaiarks upon the open- ing campaign by saying, tliat General Grant did not as- sume the immediate command of the Army of the Potomac, which remained under the direction of General Meade. The orders were issued by General Meade and he com- manded the army in person. General Grant held a super- visory control over the whole. His wishes were however respected and implicitly followed ; while at the same time the movements of all the armies, however far separated, were under the guiding hand of the Lieutenant-General. A RE-ORGANIZATIOE". On the 24lh of March, 1864, a re-organization of the Army of the Potomac was effected. The number of army corps was reduced to three ; the Second, under command of Major General Winfield S. Hancock ; the Fifth, under command of Major-General G. W. Warren ; and the Sixth, under command of General Sedgwick. On the fourth of April, 1864, Major-Geucral Sheridan w^as placed in com- mand of the cavalry corps. Division officers were also re-assigned. A partial re-organization was also effected in the Army of the Southwest. By direction of the President, under date of April fourth, 1864, the Eleventh and Twelfth corps were consolidated and placed under command of Major- General Hooker, and the new corps was called the Twen- tieth. The Lieutenant-General, accompanied by several of his staff" officers, made a tour of survey of all our forces in Virginia, Gen. W. P. Smith, accompanying hira in his visit to Butler's command. By order of General Grant, active measures were taken to get into the field all recruits, new organizations and all troops that could be spared. Reinforcements were con- LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 175 stantly pouring into the Army of the Potomac. The notes of military preparation all over the country indicated the near approach of a most vigorous campaign. Now the Lieutenant-General is on a tour of inspection, then he is closeted with the authorities at Washington, until the close of April, 1864, when all the preliminaries seem to have been settled. Civilians and sutlers are ordered out of the lines and no more passes are granted to applicants for admission Meantime Lee was not idle. He busied him- self in the erection of additional fortifications- along the south bank of the Rapidan, in anticipation of the coming contest. General Grant was not disposed to wait on the development of Lee's plans. He had well digested plans of his own, which he pre- pared to put into execution, and until the early part of May, 1864, he labored incessantly, concentrating his valiant troops preliminary to the grand onward movement. THE GRAND CAMPAIGN. With the genial month of May, 1864, opened one of the greatest military campaigns on record. JN'ot only was the Lieutenant-General directing the movements of the Army of the Potomac, but he had taken the reins well in hand, and with the initiation of the new movement upon Richmond, Sherman commenced operations in Northern Georgia against Johnston ; Banks bad been ordered to protect our gunboats on the Red River ; General Steele in Arkansas was punishing Sterling Price, and Butler was safely lodged on the right bank of the James at Ber- muda Hundred, thus threatening the rebel Capital from a point where they least expected danger. General Grant's combinations were of a magnitude hitherto unknown in war. They extended over a vast territory ; from the Chesapeake Bay on the Atlantic to the Gulf of Mexico, thence northward through the Indian territory to the 176 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. upper boundary of Missouri, and striking eastward, in- cluded Tennessee and all the States in rebellion. To a man of ordinary nerve and ability the prospect was ap- palling ; but General Grant was fully equal to the Her- culean task. With a mind of wonderful strength, an equanimity which is never disturbed in the most perilous moment, and an ability to comprehend the situation of his enemy as well as his own, he formed his plans for the spring and summer campaigns, and having forwarded his orders to his Lieutenants in the different portions of the vast field over which he was master, he advanced on the 3d of May, 1864, to the Rapidan. This river was crossed on the 4th, at two fords, toward the right flank of the enemy, the Union army thus placing itself on a line nearly parallel with the stream, between Orange Court House and Chancellorsville. The order to march was issued from General Meade's headquarters, on the morning of the 3d, and was dis- seminated through the army by 2 P. M. General Gregg's cavalry division, accompanied by a portion of the canvas pontoon train, moved in the afternoon toward Richards- ville, and were engaged until late at night repairing the roads to Ely's Ford. Soon after midnight that division moved to the ford named, to establish a crossing. About midnight the Third Cavalry Division, with another por- tion of the canvas pontoon train, left for Germania Ford, five or six miles above, there to establish another crossing ; both efforts were successful. The advance of the Second Corps, Major-General Han- cock, commanding, broke camp at midnight, and moved down the Stevensburg and Richardsville road toward Ely's Ford. The entire Corps were on the march before three o'clock in the morning, in the same direction, and effected a crossing soon after daylight. The Fifth Corps, under Major-General Warren, com- LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 177 menced moving at midnight. The advance, consisting of two divisions of infantry and a portion of the artillery, passed through Stevensburg at midnight, closely followed by the remainder of the Corps — all marching toward Ger- mania Ford. The Fifth Corps was closely succeeded by the Sixth, under General Sedgwick, which quitted its camp at four o'clock, A. M. Both the Fifth and Sixth Corps crossed the Rapidan at Germania Ford. General Sheridan, commanding the cavalry, encoun- tered Stuart's rebel cavalry, and after heavy fighting drove the enemy back on Orange Court House. General Lee prepared during the night of the fourth for battle on the ensuing day. BATTLES OF THE WILDERNESS. On Thursday, May 5th, 1864, the Fifth and Sixth Corps were early in motion, and at about eight o'clock, A. M., the centre of the Fifth Corps had reached the intersection of the pike and plank road leading from Fredericksburg to Orange Court House, marked on the maps as " Wilderness." And here it is necessary to pause a moment and say a ■word as to the topography of the surrounding country. The word wilderness conveys generally the impression of a deserted waste, and the term, applied to the region in which the great battle was fought, is no misnomer. It is an exceedingly broken table land, irregular in its con- formation, and so densely covei'ed with dwarf timber and undergrowth as to render progress through it very diffi- cult and laborious off of the few roads and paths that ]-»enetrate it. This timber was so efiectually an ally of the Rebels, for they had taken care to take position near its edge, leaving us an open country at our back, that a whole division drawn up in line of battle might be invisi- ble a few hundred feet off. The knolly character of the 178 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. ground, in conjunction with this timber, also prevented us almost entirely from usina; our artillery, depriving us of our undoubted superiority in that arm. At the Wilderness, is the crossing or intersection of the pike and plank roads from Fredericksburg to Orange Court House, in a general southwest direction. These roads are here reached by the roads from Culpepper and Brandy Station, via Ger- mania Ford ; and at Chancellorsville, four miles and a half eastward of the Wilderness, the pike is crossed exactl}'^ at a right angle by the road from Ely's Ford to Spottsylvania Court House. On Thursday morning, the army lay on the Germania Ford road and the pike. The army was in column ; the trains of the various headquarters were drawn up by the roadside, and men, teamsters and subordinate officers were expecting the order to move on and wondering why it did not come. The Second Corps was beyond the Wilderness at this moment, and thus occupying our left ; the Fifth and Sixth Corps occupying our centre and right respectively. The morning wore slowly away, and still our splendid legions lay in the road whiling the time away by the various devices that only idle men can invent. At last the headquarters' standard of the Army of the Poto- mac was struck into the earth near the old Wilder- ness Tavern, and the Generals began gathering around it. Meade was there, his grey beard seeming to bristle a little in expectation of the coming fight. Hancock, Warren, Sedgwick, and various other general officers, gathered into little knots and engaged in earnest consul- tation. Maps were drawn out and being spread upon the ground, and lines were traced and points indicated. It looked ominous. Still, not a single sign of battle reached the main body of the army. No rumors of cavalry en- gagements nor sound of desultory shots gave it warning, LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 179 and it lay in the sunshine expecting the preliminary com- mand and the sonorous " Forward !" At last Warren galloped off, and the head of his column began filing over the point of a hill a little to the left of Wilderness Tavern, and to the summit of the same hill the headquarters of the army were removed. In an incredibly short space of time, an army on the march was changed into an army in line of battle. At about this time, dropping shot were heard to the right and south of Wilderness Tavern, and a gallop of two miles and a half down the pike, in the direction of Orange Court House, revealed a brigade of Griffin's Division in line of battle, far to the front. Gradually the contest grew from picket- firing to skirmish, from skirmish to battle, and by twelve o'clock, meridian, the action fairly commenced. A small disaster marked its opening. The brigade had scarcely formed for action, when it was met by a terrible volley of musketry, and the Rebels, taking advantage of the momentary confusion, came rushing up to the charge. We had not yet learned the character of the ground thoroughly, and were attempting to use artillery, having two guns of Battery D, First New York, in position, and these the Rebels captured, but they were all the trophies in that line they secured during the entire action. From Warren's lines the battle spread to Sedgwick's early in the afternoon, and that veteran and accomplished soldier met it grandly. Steadily and firmly he met the Rebel attack, and finally, and almost inch by inch, he pressed the Rebels back from his front until they began to tire of the sport — and, earlier in the day than on other points of the lines, the action dwindled into a skirmish. On our left, Hancock took the initiative, and gave LoNGSTREET a lesson in the art of war that will be long remembered. The conflict on that part of our lines was terrific. It seemed that muskets had become endowed 180 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. with supernatural powers, and spoke in one long continu- ous diapason, horrible to hear, so suggestive was it of mangled, lifeless forms, laid forever at rest ; or worse, of writhing, bleeding, suffering humanity stretched upon mother earth. As the day drew to its close, the contest there and everywhere upon our lines gradually ceased, until at last only now and then a desultory shot told that the defiant foe of law was on our front in battle array. Thus ended Thursday, May 5th. During the day, General Grant was on the field, calm and imperturbable as usual. His confidence was un- shaken through all the varying fortunes of the day. Lee had met our army on his own chosen ground, and though we had not driven him from his position, the Lieutenant- General was satisfied with the day's work, and commenced making his dispositions for renewing the battle on the next morning. THE BLOODY CONTEST OP FRIDAY. Friday, destined to be a bloody, eventful, and almost a disastrous day in American history, was hardly graced with morning light before the action was recommenced. It was general, but during the earlier, and in fact during the entire day, it was fiercest before Hancock. This magnificent soldier, backed by a magnificent corps, had terrible work before him. Pressed by the apparently constantly increasing forces of Longstreet, he struggled hard, fiercely, and long, to hold his own, but was twice driven back to his breastworks ; and once the adventurous Rebels ventured to plant their colors within his field- works — but the insult was instantly avenged, by hurling the enemy neck-and-heels out of the sanctuary. At last relief came in the shape of the Ninth Corps, under the gallant Burnside, and Hancock was allowed to breathe free once more. Such fighting as Hancock did that day LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GEXERAL GRANT. 181 had probably never been seen before. Back and forth — ■ first charged and then charging — the bodies of Union and Rebel dead lying side by side by hundreds on the con- tested ground, attested the unparalleled severity of the conflict. Later in the day came Sedgwick's hour of trial. A lull succeeded the tempest. On our left they seemed de- termined to turn one or the other of our flanks, and half an hour bd'ore sunset, A. P. Hill fell with wonderful celerity and crushing force upon the extreme right of Sedgwick. That attack will long be remembered by all in its vicinity. The battle had apparently closed for the day, when all at once the silence of the deepening evening was broken — first, by a volley of musketry to which all other firing had seemed but boyish playing, then with a yell, at once defiant and exultant ! Our right was turned at once — the two brigades composing the extreme right, with their commanders, Seymour and Staler, were in- stantly swallowed in the wild waves of yelling Rebels, whose appetite, whetted by what it fed on, still rushed on for fresh food. The day seemed utterly lost ; and de- struction not only to the Corps, but the army, appeared inevitable. In that moment of extreme peril, the nation and the army was fortunate enough to have Sedgwick at the point of danger. Out of that instant of uttermost peril, his ability and fortitude plucked, if not victory, at least safety. Taking advantage of the reflux that always follows the first impetus of a charge, he quickly reformed the Corps — and driving the enemy beyond his breast- works, once more was in safety. From out of this desperate attack grew another inci- dent, fearful always in an army, but doubly so at night. Just at dark, a stampede began — first, among the strag- gling soldiers watching the fight from a safe distance. They rushed in wild confusion to the rear. The instinct 182 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. of safety in the army teamsters is wonderfully acute, and the sight of these frightened fugitives soon started the wagons in wild confusion and galloping haste over the low hills. The rush of the wagons started every thing else, and where but a moment before all was quiet confi- dence, was now all hastening alarm. This scene lasted some half an hour, when the iron hand of military law succeeded in re-establishing order, and hardly had quiet been restored, when the movements of other of the same wagons gave us a premonition — it was the general move of all the army transportation on the turnpike in the direction of Chaucellorsville. What could it mean ? Had the attack on our right been fatal, and were we retreating from a field sanctified with patriot blood and rendered illustrious by such heroic fortitude as our men had here displayed? Subsequent events proved that this was not the case, but the days of hard knocks were over, and those of strategy at hand. We were still to have one more example of what desperate things desperate men will do. At eleven o'clock, a night attack was made on War- ren's line. Night attacks are always terrible things to the party attacked, but coupled with the partial disaster on our right it was doubly so this night. Without warn- ing of any kind, the Rebels leaped upon the Fifth Corps. No Corps in the service had a more honorable record than the Fifth, and none under the circumstances could have borne itself more bravely ; yet, in spite of its bravery, the corps was driven back and pressed until at last the line of Eebel skirmishers were in dangerous proximity to Grant's and Meade's headquarters. But not for this brief episode of battle, thundering amid the darkness of the night but a little way to the front of the pike, was the movement of the trains interrupted even for a moment. Still on they went, in an almost inter- LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 183 minable stream, aud by daylight nearly all had passed to the left of the right centre. During the night the wounded from the hospitals in the rear of the right and right centre were also removed in the same direction, but the exact purport of the movement could not be even guessed. Friday, May 5th, had closed partially in disaster. We had succeeded certainly in repelling most of the enemy's attacks, but we were not there with that object. The army of the Potomac had begun its present movement with the intention of sweeping Lee's army from the eartli, and it had not accomplished its mission on Friday. GRANT OUT OP THE WILDERNESS.— SATUR- DAY AND SUNDAY'S OPERATIONS. The enemy had turned our right flank, and the imprac- ticabilit}^ of a further engagement against the enem}' in that position was easily perceived. Our right was turned, and Germauia Ford was potentially in the hands of the enemy. .Our line was now bent into an angle, and facing both south and west. The losses in killed, wounded and missing, could not thus far have been less than fifteen thousand, and we had only gained a slight advantage on the enemy's right. But the enemy, though successful against our right flank, was unable to profit by the advan- tage gained. Saturday morning came and went, and the enemy showed no signs of ability to improve the advantages gained. Soon from along our lines there came reports that the enemy were retreating, and it became evident that only a small force was before us, and that the rel)els were making the most diligent improvement of their time in getting safely back to such a position as would give them the start in a race toward Richmond. Indeed, it was to be feared that the enemy had already moved so far on the route as to put us second in chase. 184 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. But Saturday was, however, not unimproved on our side in preparation for anticipating the enemy in such a movement, and the Cavahy Corps, under the command of General Sheridan, had been sent out on the road which leads through Spottsylvania Court House to Granger's Station and Hanover Court House. The cavalry encountered the enemy at Todd's Tavern, commanded by Fitzhugh Lee, which offered a most de- termined resistance on Saturday morning, and before the day closed the whole of Stuart's Cavalry Corps was in position to resist the efforts we were making to turn the right flank of General Lee's army. We had now possession of the road to within two and a half miles of Spottsylvania Court House. Preparations were accordingly made for moving the whole army on the enemy's flank toward Richmond, hoping that by pro- longed and forced marches, and by pushing our troops vigorously into action, we might be able, having the ad- vantage of interior lines, either to reach Richmond before the enemy, or, if we should be unable to turn his flank, and the enemy should succeed in presenting himself in force upon our front, that we might gain so complete a victory over him as to render the capture of Richmond a comparatively easy task. At sunset, on Saturday night, the infantry commenced to move on the road to Richmond to anticipate the enemy at Spottsylvania Court House, to turn his right flank being the proximate object of the march. The Ninth Army Corps was the first upon the route, but soon halted to allow General Warren with the Fifth Corps to pass. The Sixth Corps left their intrench'ments quietly at ten o'clock, the Second Corps followed, keep- ing up the rear, and cavalry protected their flank. Thus before midnight the entire line of our earthworks was vacant, and the army was again upon its march. LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-QENEKAL GRANT. 185 General Grant, with his staff and escort, moved their headquarters at eight o'clock. An alarm occurred on the road as the General passed the lines of the corps which were nearest to those of the enemy. A short rattle of musketry was heard, and the General halted at General Hancock's headquarters on the road, and scouts were sent along the picket lines, who ascertained that the enemy had raised a shout in reply to the shouts of our troops, which provoked the pickets to discharge their pieces and rush back to their supports. The General and his escort went on dashing through the woods, upon by-roads, to avoid the troops and wagon trains, his escort trailing behind him. They galloped along through the darkness, occasionally overtaking a body of troops, who, as they ascertained that General Grant was passing, raised such shouts and cheers as to place any similar demonstration which this army had manifested into utter insignificance. The party reached Todd's Tavern soon after midnight, where headquarters were established. The wagon train was encamped in a park near Chancel- lorsville. General Warren's Corps passed on through Todd's Tavern on Saturday night, toward the front, and at sunrise were within two and a half miles of Spottsyl- vania Court House, and immediately were put into action to relieve the cavalry. The enemy were also just in time for a similar movement, and Stuart's cavalry were sim- ultaneously relieved by Lonqstreet's corps of infantry. The Fifth Corps, tired with a long night march, rushed into action with a double-quick, General Robinson's Division leading the charge. The rebels yielded before them, and we pushed them on for three miles. During the battle General Robinson was wounded. The last engagement of this morning's fight was very severe ; our losses were great ; General Robinson was 186 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. severely wounded, but we charged them so far and so im- petuously that our men were outflanked on the left and had to fall back a short distance to form their lines anew. Many of the men who were engaged in this action were so exhausted and overcome with weariness and fatigue that they could hardly support themselves, and after they had charged through a clearing and a strip of wood, were forced to retire eight rods. The enemy gained no advan- tage, for our artillery was brought into action, and the rebels were unable to occupy the position which our men had abandoned. The Fifth Corps had suffered in the previous fight so severely that there was not a single division of it in per- fect fighting trim ; but General Augur, commanding the Regulars, filed in from the right, and the position was held at last. We had now nearly advanced to where two roads form a junction, within two miles and a half of Spottsylvania Court House. The crest at the junction of these roads once attained, an important advantage would have been achieved. This was not quite accomplished. Another desperate effort must be made before Spottsylva- nia Court House would be in our possession. That point once reached, an open country and fair battle fields lay before the army, and it already began to realize, to some extent, the advantages of " getting out of the Wilderness." The greater part of the Sabbath was occupied in ex- amining the positions, in resting the men, and in making preparations for a renewal of the attack at night. Noth- ing transpired during the day with the exception of an artillery duel. About noon the batteries were posted, ours in the edge of a piece of woods ; theirs on an opposing hill. As evening approached, General Grant started to the front to take another glance at the position, and to inspire our troops for the grand onset which was soon to be LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 187 made. Before the General arrived at our left flank, the rattle of musketry from the advance skirmishers, and the straggling back of wounded men, indicated that the moment had almost arrived. Troops from the Fifth and Sixth Corps, in several heavy lines, were concentrated in front of the position to which the rebels had fallen back after the engagement in the early part of the day. Gene- ral Wright's division, already distinguished by most gallant conduct, took the lead. At quarter before seven a shout was raised, and the attack commenced as our troops moved out of the woods through a narrow open space and up a tangled thicket, which was held and for- tified by the enemy. Mills' Brigade and the Jersey troops were once more in the thickest of the fight, reduced though they were in one regiment from four hundred and thirty men to one hundred and eighty, and commanded by a captain. Deafening musketry and a dense volume of smoke raised up from the place where they engaged the enemy for half an hour. At a quarter after seven, as the light began to fade away, the heat of the firing began to cease. Hitherto the ear could scarcely distinguish any fluctuation in the sounds which came from those gloomy pines. But now the enemy commenced to give way, and the shouts of our men receding as the enemy were pushed along, showed that the issues of the attack were favorable and decided. We had beaten the enemy, had drawn them from the position which they had so stroogly contested, but the darkness was now so great that we could not safely press them further, and Spottsylvania Court House still remained, that night, in the hands of the rebels. MONDAY'S OPERATIONS. Monday afternoon was spent quietly in camp, both for the much-needed rest of the soldiers and for replenishing 188 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENEEAL GRANT the army with rations. We lost General Sedgwick during the day, not in the thickest of the fight, where he had so often exposed himself, but by the hand of a sharp- shooter during the interval of preparation. The General was inspecting the picket lines in front, attended by two of his staff, when a ball passed in below his eye, passing through the base of the brain and the medulla oblongata, killing him instantly. Our train of ambulances, containing some thirteen thou- sand wounded, was started on the road across Ely's Ford, but was attacked and turned back. It finally proceeded to Fredericksburg, where almost every house was con- verted into a hospital. TUESDAY'S GREAT BATTLE. FIRST DAY AT SPOTTSYLVANIA COURT HOUSE. Hancock, during the night, left the line occupied by him during Monday, and swung his front around early in the morning, taking a position about one mile and a half in advance of his former position, driving the enemy before him and making good use of artillery and in- fantry fire. About half-past ten o'clock. Cutter's Division of the Fifth Corps, left their previous position, and formed a line of battle on the edge of a piece of open country to the right and rear of Hancock's left. A column was deployed across this piece of ground and formed in line within easy musket range of a piece of woods filled with the rebels. This column maintained the position occupied by them nearly the entire day, and were subject to terrible artillery and musketry fire, which was returned with great spirit and eifect. A portion of Griffin's Division, of the Fifth Corps, were sent to drive the rebels out of a copse of woods held by them, on the right of the Fifth Corps. LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 189 They entered the woods by brigades, which were relieved alternately, and for hours a deadly and determined fight continued, in which a little ground was gained by our troops with much difficulty, the rebels contesting every inch of the same. Batteries I) and H, of the First New York Artillery, held positions to the left of these woods, and did fine execution in throwing shell and grape-shot, which told with effect on the enemy. Cooper's First Pennsylvania Battery was held in reserve on the brow of a hill, ready to cover any reverse that our men, who were fighting so desperately in the woods in front, might sus- tain. About 12 o'clock, General Rice, who gallantly led the Fourth Division of the Fifth Corps into action, re- ceived a musket ball in the knee. He was carried to the rear, and died during the afternoon. The division com- manded by General Rice were stoutly engaged during the day, and at one time were subjected to a murderous fire from different points for a period of three hours, without intermission. From ten o'clock in the morning until the shades of night fell, the battle raged with the greatest fury. Di- vision after division went into the woods and pressed steadily forward. No column retired, except to take a rest on the edge of the woods while being relieved by others. The roar of artillery and sharp rattling of the musketry was absolutely fearful. Shells were bursting in every direction, and either side most resolutely maintained their respective positions for hours. Early in the afternoon, two divisions of Hancock's Corps changed positions from right to left, and after a brief rest went into the woods with great spirit, and were shortly in close conflict with the enemy. Two batteries on the right of Wright's Corps were in active service during the morning, engaged in shelling the woods to the right, which were filled with rebels. This firing ceased 12 190 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GKANT. during the afternoon, tbe Rebels retiring to safer positions. The enemy, about half-past three o'clock, succeeded in maintaining a cross-fire for a short time on some of our advancing columns, but the well-directed fire of some of our batteries soon put a stop to such work. About dusk the general headquarters were removed a mile nearer to the front. Shortly before the close of the day's fighting. Generals Grant and Meade, occompanied by their staffs, rode to the front and took a position affording a fine view of the operations in front. Late in the day a line of Rebel intrenchments were assaulted by one of our divisions, and carried, after a bloody resistance. Our men were compelled to crawl over these intrenchments on their hands and knees, and precipitate themselves on the other side. Late in the afternoon, a heavy body of Rebels made an onslaught on Upton's Brigade, of the Sixth Corps, and got for a brief period to the rear of our lines. It did not take them long to find out that they were caught iu a trap, for our lines at once closed in on them, and the whole party, about two thousand in number, were captured, including several pieces of artillery. A piece of strategy of General Lee was displayed during the day, which, if it had been carried into success- ful effect, would have materially deranged the plans of General GR.4.NT. lie had been massing troops in front of our centre, for the purpose of breaking our line of battle at that point; and as a blind, had sent two brigades of infantry to make a demonstration on our right, in order to draw the attention of General Grant to that point. It so happened that both rival Generals had conceived the same idea at the same time, for both were strengthening their centres for an assault. General Lee, when he commenced his movement on our centre, found to his surprise that the dodge of making a LIFE OF LIEUTENANT- n EX ERA L GRANT. 191 feint on our right did not work, for no troops had been sent to counteract the flank movement, and Lee found such force directly in front of him that the only result of the movement was a most desperate attempt on the part of either side to break the line of the other. The losses of both armies in this day's engagement were very heavy. Many thousand men were killed and wounded and a large number of officers were placed hors du combat. The fighting was of an extraordinary nature, as indeed it had been during the series of battles fought since crossing the Rapidan. Tlie men felt that it eclipsed all the engagements on the Peninsula in 1862, and they realized that at last there was a man at the head of our armies who was in earnest in his efforts to put down the rebellion by force of arms. WEDNESDAY'S OPERATIONS.-SECOND DAY'S BATTLE AT SPOTTSYLVANIA. On Wednesday morning, May 11th, the fighting was again renewed, and continued with varied success until about eleven o'clock, our line being somewhat advanced. At that hour a flag of truce was sent in by General Lee, who asked for a cessation of hostilities for forty-eight hours that he might bury his dead. General Grant replied that he had not time to bury his own dead, and would advance immediately, and some parts of our line were, therefore, pushed forward. The woods were shelled, but no response was met from where the enemy's centre had been a few hours before. The prisoners captured on Tuesday and Wednesday numbered over four thousand, and the rebel dead and wounded were found covering almost every foot of ground wherever our troops surged forward and the rebels gave way. The slaughter amongst our troops was terrific, but not near so great as that of the enemy, and but few captures were made by the latter. 192 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. The same morning;, Lieuteuant-General Grant tele- graphed as follows to Secretary Stanton : " Head-Quarters in the Field. May 11, 1864, 8 A. M. " We have now ended the sixth day of very heavy fighting. The result, to this time, is much in our favor. " Our losses have been heavy as well as those of the enemy. I think the loss of the enemy must be greater. " We have taken over five thousand prisoners by battle, whilst he has taken from us but few, except stragglers. " ' I PROPOSE TO FIGHT IT OUT ON THIS LINE IF IT TAKES ALL SUMMER.' " U. S. Grant, " Lieutenant- General Commanding, ''the Armies of the United States." THUBSDAY'S BATTLE.— HANCOCK'S SPLENDID VICTORY. Thursday, May 12th, was destined to witness one of the most complete triumphs ever vouchsafed our arms. The Lieutenant-Goneral had ordered General Hancock, in whose gallantry, heroism, and ability, he had unbounded confidence, to move during the night quietly toward the line of intrenchments held by Swell's Corps, who were in his front. Slowly and surely his men crept forward, and the dawn of day found them close upon the sleeping and unsuspecting Rebels. At the proper moment the order was given to charge, when, with a yell the devoted band of heroes sprang forward, and ere the Rebels were aware of the proximity of their opponents, and before they had time to recover from the surprise of the attack, Hancock's men were leaping over their intrenchments and using the butt end of their muskets, in all directions, on the devoted heads of the Rebels. The firing amounted to little or nothing; there was no time or necessity for such work. The shelter tents of the enemy, erected near their line of intrenchments, were entered by our troops before the Rebels had time to escape from them ; they were sur- rounded, cornered, hemmed in and fairly dumbfounded, and on the command being given to surrender, they at LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 193 once dropped their arms and became passive, resistless prisoners of war. The artillery had not time to limber up and get away or fire a single volley before our dashing troops were among them. Even their General, whose quarters were somewhat in the rear, did not escape, and he, together with the greater portion of his command, became subservient to the orders and commands of the gallant Hancock. The results of the morning's surprise were, that between thirty and forty pieces of artillery were taken, all of which were successfully brought within our lines. General E. Johnson, who commanded the surprised and captured Rebel division, was taken to General Grant's headquarters about seven o'clock, A. M. He was treated with becoming courtesy and entered freely into conversation with Gen- erals Grant, Meade, and other officers. Information was imparted by him to some of our Generals regarding the condition of different Generals in the Rebel service, with whom some of our own were class-mates at West Point. At nine o'clock in the morning, the artillery firing on the right of Hancock's Corps was tremendous. In addition to the brilliant night advance mentioned, which culminated so successfully, the whole line of Hancock's Corps ad- vanced during the morning, and although ground was gained inch by inch, the Rebels contesting every point with great determination, still we advanced, and in the face of such desperate resistance every foot of ground gained was a triumphant success. Before noon, the whole line was actively engaged in the fierce and bloody strife. All the morning it rained in torrents, and the terrible nature of the contest in the front, the uncertainty as to the issue, the tired condition of the troops after seven days hard fighting, the drenching rain, the incessant volleys of musketry and roar of cannon, the anxiety depicted upon 194 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. every countenance at headquarters, all combined to make the time a trying one. An incident occurred during the morning that illustrates the coolness and self-possession of the Commander-in- Chief of the Armies of the United States. While the heaviest artillery firing was in progress, General Grant was standing, in company with General Meade, near a fire, talking and endeavoring to keep themselves dry, when a Rebel shell struck within a few feet of the twain. A disposition to move was manifested on the part of a number of officers standing around, when General Grant, looking slowly around and fixing his eye on the spot where the shell struck, asked at once for a pocket com- pass, which, being furnished, he examined the course of the shell, found out the location of the battery, and it was not long before shells were thick among the men working said battery. Perhaps we could not epitomize the activity of our armies during these eventful days better than by inserting here the official despatches of Secretary Stanton to Generals Dix and Cadwalader, all appearing on the same day. May 14, 1864. They reveal the magnitude of Grant's combinations, and show how well they were being executed by his Generals. riRST BULLETIN FROM SECRETARY OP WAR. Headquarters, Philadelphia, May 14, 6 P. M. — The following despatch has just been received from the Secretary of War : " To Major-Gkneral Cadwalader : — Washington, May 1 tlh, 4 P. M. — Despatches from General Grant, dated yesterday eveniug at six o'clock, have reached this Department. The advance of Hancock yesterday developed that the enemy had fallen back four miles, where they remained in position. There was no engagement yesterday. We have no account of any general officers being killed in the battle of the preceding day. Colonel Carroll was severely wounded. LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GEXERAL GRANT. 195 "A despatch has just been received from General Sherman' dated near Resaca, May 14. It states that, by the flank move" ment on Resaca, Johnston had been forced to evacuate Dalton' and our forces were in his rear and flank. The weather was fine, and the troops in fine order, all working well, and as fast as possible. " No intelligence has been received from General Butler. Guerillas have broken th(> telpjrraph lines between Williamsburg and Old Jamestown. Tliis is believed to be the reason why no report has been received from him. " Despatches from General Sigei,, report him to be at "Wood- stock. The rumor that he had broken the railroad between Lynchburg and Charlottesville is not true. " Our wounded are coming in from Belle Plain as fast as the transports can bring them. " Grant's army is well supplied. " Edward M. Stanton, Secretary of War." SECOND BULLETIN.— GENERAL MEADE'S AD- DRESS TO THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. Washington, May 14. — Despatches, dated Headquar- ters Army of the Potomac, May 13th, 12 M., have been received. General Meade has issued the following con- gratulatory address to his troops : — "Headquarters Army of the Potomac, May 13th, 1864. — Soldiers: — The moment has arrived when your commanding general feels authorized to address you in terms of congratula- tion. " For eight days and nights, almost without intermission, in rain and sunshine, you have been gallantly fighting a desperate foe, in positions naturally strong, and rendered doubly so by in- trenchments. " You have compelled him to abandon his fortifications on the Rapidan, to retire and attempt to stop your onward progress, and now he has abandoned the last intrenched position so tena- ciously held, suff'ering a loss in all of eighteen guns, twenty-two colors, and eight thousand prisoners, including two general oflicers. " Your heroic deeds and noble endurance of fatigue and priva- tions will ever be memorable. Let us return thanks to God for the mercy thus shown us, and ask earnestly for its continuation. " Saldiers I your work is not yet over. The enemy must be pursued, and, if possible, overcome. The courage and fortitude you have displayed renders your Commanding General confident your future efi'orts will result in success. 196 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENEEAL GRANT. " While we mourn the loss of many gallant comrades, let U3 remember the enemy must have suffered equal, if not greater losses. " We shall soon receive reinforcements, which he cannot ex- pect. Let us determine to continue vigorously the work so well begun, and under God's blessing in a short time the object of our labors will be accomplished. " Georck G. Mkade, Major-General Commanding. " Official — S. Williams, A. A. G. ''{Approved), "U.S.Grant, " Lieidenant-General Commanding " the Armies of the United States." THIBD BULLETIN.— DESPATCHES FROM GEN- ERAL BUTLER. War Department, Washington, May \ith, 1864. Major-General Dix : The following telegrams have just reached this department from General Butler. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War. " Half-way House, 3Iay 14f7i— 3 A. M. " To Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War : We are Btill before the base of the enemy's works at Drury Bluff, Fort Darling. " The enemy are still here in force. " General Gillmore, by a flank movement, with a portion of his Corps and a Brigade of the Eighteenth Corps, assaulted and took the enemy's works on their right at dusk last evening. It was gallantly done. •' The troops behaved finely. " We held our lines during the night, and shall move this morning again. (Signed) " Benj. F. Butler, Major-General." " Headquarters, Half-way House, 3Iay liih — 10 A. M. "To Hon. Edwin M. StAnroy, Secretary of War : General Smith carried the enemy's first line on the right, this morning, at eight o'clock. The loss was small. " The enemy have retired into three square redoubts, upon which we are now bringing our artillery to bear with effect. " {Signed) " Benj. F. Butler, Major-General Commanding." LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 197 FOURTH BULLETIN". — DESPATCHES FROM MAJOR-GENERAL SHERIDAN.— HIS GREAT CAVALRY RAID. " WashtnCxTOn, May lAth—Midniglxt. "To Major-General Cadwaladrr : An official despatch from (jleneral Sheridan, dated Bottom Bridge, via Fortress Monroe, May 13th, states that on the ninth instant he marched around the enemy's right flank, and on the evening of that day reached the North Anna River without serious opposition. During that night he destroyed the enemy's depot at Beaver Dam, three large trains of cars, and one hundred cars, two fine locomotives, two hundred thousand pounds of bacon, and other stores, amounting in all to a million and a half of Rebel rations ; also, the telegraph and railroad track for about ten miles, em- bracing several culverts, and recaptured three hundred and seventy-eight of our men, including two Colonels, one Major, and several other officers. " On the morning of the tenth he resumed operations, cross- ing the South Anna at Grand Squirrel Bridge, and went into camp about daylight. " On the eleventh he captured Ashland Station. At this point he destroyed one locomotive and a train of cars, an engine- house, and two or three government buildings, containing a large amount of stores. He also destroyed six miles of railroad, embracing six culverts, two trestle bridges, and the telegraph wires. At about seven o'clock A. M., of the eleventh, he resumed the march on Richmond. He found the rebel Stuart with his cavalry concentrated at Yellow Tavern, and immediatelyattacked him. After an obstinate contest, he gained possession of the Brockle Turnpike, capturing two pieces of artillery and driving the enemy's forces back toward Ashland and across the north fork of the Chickahominy — a distance of four miles. At the same time a party charged down the Brock road and captured the first line of the enemy's works around Richmond. During the night he marched the whole of his command between the first and second line of the enemy's works, on the bluffs over- looking the line of the Virginia Central Railroad and the Mechanicsville turnpike. After demonstrating against the works and finding them very strong, he gave up the intention of as- saulting, and determined to recross the Chickahominy at Meadow Bridge. It had been partially destroyed by the enemy, but was repaired in about three hours, under a heavy artillery fire from a Rebel battery. General Mkrritt made the crossing, attacked the enemy, and drove him off handsomely, the pursuit continuing as far as Gaines's Mill. The enemy, observing the recrossing of the Chickahominy, came out from his second line of works. A brigade of infantry and a large number of dismounted cavalry attacked the divisions of Generals Greuo and Wilson; but, 198 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. after a severe contest, were repulsed and driven behind their works. Grkgg and Wilson's Division, after collecting the wounded, recrossed the Chickahominy on the afternoon of the twelfth. The Corps encamped at Walnut Grove and Gaines's Mill. "At nine o'clock A. M., of the thirteenth, the march was re- sumed, and our forces encamped at Bottom Bridge. The command is in fine spirits. The loss of horses will not exceed one hundred. All the wounded were brought off except about thirty cases of mortally wounded, and these were well cared for in the farm- houses of the country. The wounded will not exceed two hun- dred and fifty, and the total loss not over three hundred and fifty. The Virginia Central Railroad bridges over the Chicka- hominy, and other trestle-bridges, one sixty feet in length, one thirty feet, and one twenty feet, and the railroad for a long dis- tance south of the Chickahominy, were destroyed. Great praise is given the division commanders. Generals Gregg, Wilson, and Merritt, Generals Custer and Davies, and Colonels (tIregg, Divine, Chapman, McIntosh and Gibbs. brigade commanders. All the officers and men behaved splendidly. " Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War." FIFTH BULLETIN".— DEATH OF GENERAL J. E. B. STUART. " Washington, May ISiJ/i— 12:30 A. M. " Major-GeneralCadwalader : In a despatch this moment received from Admiral Lee, he reports to the Secretary of the Navy that the Richmond papers of yesterday mention the death of General J. E. B. Stuart, shot in battle. This, no doubt, happened in the battle with General Sheridan. " Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War." SIXTH BULLETIN.— RETREAT OF LEE, AND GENERAL GRANT'S PURSUIT. " Washington, May 15^/i— 8:50 A. M. "To Major-General Cadwalader: An official despatch from the battle-field at Spottsylvania, yesterday morning, at 6:30, states that during the preceding night (Friday) a movement was made by the Fifth and Sixth Corps to our lei^t, and an attack was to have been made at daylight, but no sound of battle had been heard from that quarter. This manoeuvre, it is said, if successful, would place our forces in Lee's rear, and compel him to retreat towards Lynchburg. No cannon nor any sound of battle was heard yesterday at Belle Plain or Fredericksburg, which affords ground for the impression that Lee had retreated during Friday night, and before the advance of the Fifth and Sixth Corps. Nothing later than 6:30 A. M. yesterday has been LIFE OF LIEUTENANT- GEXERAL GRANT. 199 received from the army by this Department. All our wounded that had reached Belle Plain yesterday eveninp^ have arrived here. The surgical report from the headquarters of the army states that the condition of the supplies is satisfactory, and that the wounded are doing well. The Medical Director at Belle Blain reports that every thing at that point is satisfactory. 'J'he surgical arrangements have never been so complete as now. (jriMieral Sheridan's command had reached the left bank of Turkey Island at three o'clock yesterday afternoon, and have formed a junction with the forces of General Butler. "Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War." SEVENTH BULLETIN.— THE LATEST NEWS FROM THE FRONT. " Washington, May lf)th. — Midm'ght "To Major-G-eneral Cadwalader: Despatches from (j!i'ii,,_ Grant have been received by this Department down to seven o'clock this morning. There had been no engagement for th.; last two days. " Despatches from General Sherman down to eight o'clock lust night, state that his forces had been actively engaged during the day with advantage to our side, but no decided result. "Nothing has been heard of General Butler's operations since his telegrams of last night, heretofore published. " Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War." FRIDAY'S BATTLE, MAY 13TH.— BURNSIDE'S FIGHT WITH A. P. HILL. At early daylight on Friday morning, May 13th, 1864, the engagement commenced by an advance on our part and lasted for six hours, the battle being fought with an obstinacy not surpassed during the campaign. General Burnside's command, the Ninth Corps, lay across the pike leading from Fredericksburg to Spottsylvania Court House, at a distance of from two to three miles from the latter place. His left extended a short distance east of the road. His advance was made simultaneously with that of General Hancock, thus making a heavy concerted attack upon the enemy's right wing, which covered Spott- sylvania Court House on the north, and covered also the road running through that town, which formed the Rebel 200 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. line of retreat. The success of General Hancock in driving the enemy from two lines of breastworks, and making valuable captures, has already been noticed. General Burnside was less fortunate in his part of attack, for (although he moved early) he found the enemy thoroughly on the alert, and considerably over a mile in front of their main line of breastworks. The intervening country was extremely broken, hilly and densely covered with timber, chiefly small pines, whose branches, matting together, rendered it almost impossible for a man to walk erect through them. Through this wilderness, difficult to penetrate at best, the Rebels had dug small detached rifle-pits at every favorable point, from which they fired with deadly effect as we advanced ; but, in spite of their advantages, they were steadily pushed back, driven from their advanced earthworks, and compelled to take refuge in their main line of intrench- ments. So severe had been the fighting in the woods, the enemy contesting every foot of ground as they I'eceded, that it was not deemed advisable to attack them in their fortifications, and accordingly fighting ceased for several hours. But in the afternoon, several batteries of artillery having in the meantime been brought up and placed in position, an assault was ordered in accordance with in- structions from headquarters of the army, and about three P. M. the attack v/as renewed. The line of battle was formed with Potter's Second Division on the right, Crittenden's First Division in the centre, and Wilcox's Third Division on the left. Our advance met with a warm reception from the enemy, who had also been preparing for an attack and would soon have taken the initiative. After advancing some distance under a heavy fire, a brigade of Rebels who had previously been placed in position, opened suddenly on the left flank of General Wilcox's Division, composed of troops of LIFE OP LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 201 Colonel Hartranft's Brigade. Three regiments on the left, the Seventeenth Michigan, Fifty-first Pennsylvania, and One-hundred-and-ninth New York, were thrown into some confusion, being attacked in front and on flank at the same moment. A flanking brigade of Rebels demanded their surrender, but the demand was not acceded to, and an extremely sharp hand-to-hand conflict ensued, our men bravely holding their ground for a time and gallantly de- fending their colors. About three hundred men of the Seventeenth Michigan and Fifty-first Pennsylvania were, however, ultimately made prisoners, including Lieutenant- Colonel Chas. N. Swift, of the Seventeenth Michigan, Colors of the Seventeenth Michigan were also finally cap- tured. After making a gallant stand, these three regi- ments were forced to fall back, but the Seventeenth Mich- igan, or rather what was left of it, had, however, to bring oft' the field more than their own number as prisoners, in- cluding Colonel Barber, of the Fifth North Carolina, who was in command of the brigade on their flank. The re- mainder of the line stood firmly at the point where the flank attack was first made, and on tlie right a New Hamp- shire regiment of Colonel Griffin's Brigade, Potter's Division, actually entered the enemy's intrenchments, but, being unsupported on right and left, they were compelled to return. On the left, the enemy, encouraged by the repulse of the three regiments already spoken of, rushed on in eager pursuit, but were suddenly checked on emerging ft-om the woods into an open field by finding themselves literally mown down by a tempest of grape and canister from two or three batteries planted in line and nearly together on the opposite side of the field. They retreated in confu- sion, leaving their dead and wounded lying in heaps upon the ground at the edge of the woods. The portions of our line which had given way was then brought up, and 202 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. although it was not possible to resume the attack on the Rebel fortifications with any prospect of success, we held our ground up to the furthest point attained, and gained the advantage of a considerably better position than that previously occupied. The losses of the entire corps in this engagement, were not quite three thousand. Colonel Hartranft's Brigade lost seven hundred and fifty, including three bundrnd prisoners, and the loss of General Wilcox's entire Divisiuu is stated at fifteen hundred. General Potter's Division lost about eight hundred, of whom six hundred were wounded. The loss in General Crittenden's Division was probably about the same. The conduct of our troops throughout this battle merited the highest com- mendation ; the men could not have exhibited greater firmness or more determined bravery. SATURDAY, MAY 14th, 1864. Saturday was a day of comparative quiet. For the eight days previous, both armies had been engaged in a series of battles surpassing any ever fought either in ancient or modern times. Scores of thousands of men had fallen, and those who were still able to march were wearied and exhausted by the hardships which they had endured. But while the army rested, General Grant's active mind was at work, and his keen eye was upon the wary antago- nist on his front. During the day Lee changed his lines, which compelled a corresponding change on the part of our forces. Heavy rains rendered the roads impassable, and neither army could move, although Lee showed some signs of attempting a retreat. Affairs remained thus until the eighteenth, when Gen- eral Grant determined to make an attack upon Lee's position. Our forces had been massed on the enemy's left during the night previous, and it was hoped by an LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 203 early assault, that his left might be broken, and his left flank turned, and success was more reasonably to be ex- pected as the attack was to be made from a portion of the line supposed to have been abandoned by us in our move- ment towards the left. Every thing having been put in rradiness during the night, the assault was made at early dawn as intended. The Sixth Corps, General Wright, on the extreme right, the Second Corps next, and further on to the left, a portion of General Burnside's Corps. Early as the assault was commenced, the enemy was found to be perfectly wide awake, and fully prepared. Their ad- vanced line was readily pushed back, and our troops re- took the rifle-pits captured in the assault of the 12th inst., without difficulty, but on advancing against the next line of intrenchments they soon found that they were to en- counter earnest resistance. The enemy opened fire upon us from a number of bat- teries, pouring into our ranks a destructive storm of canister. Their breastworks, extremely strong and elab- orate in themselves, were defended in front by a great depth of abattis, through which our men would have to tear their way, exposed all the time to a deadly fire from the Rebels in their pits. Such an attempt would have cost thousands of lives within a very few minutes, and its impracticability being perceived, our troops were at once withdrawn. There was but little musketry, and our chief loss was sustained from the fire of the enemy's artillery. On the afternoon of the 19th of May, Swell's Corps of Lee's army made an effort to turn our right, but were promptly repulsed and severely punished by the Divisions commanded by Major-Generals Birney and Tyler. While the two armies were apparently inert, General Grant was having his thinned columns refilled with new and fresh men. Within a few days it was estimated that twenty-five thousand splended troops had been forwarded to the Army of the Potomac. 204 LIFE OF LIEUTEXANT-GENERAL GRANT. GENERAL GRANT FLANKS LEE. On the 20tb of May, the army was once more in motion, the commanding general intending to flank Lee out of his works at Spottsylvania Court House. In this he was suc- cessful, and the rebels began their retreat toward Richmond, falling behind the North Anna river, and taking up a strong position. Our army followed closely. The Fifth and Sixth Corps marched by way of Harris' store to Jericho Ford, and the Fifth Corps succeeded in effecting a crossing and getting into position without much opposition. Shortly after, however, they were violently attacked and hand- somely repulsed the assault, which was without much loss to us. We captured some prisoners. The opposition made by Lee was not so great as was anticipated, and finding himself again flanked, he fell back to the South Anna. Here the enemy's works were found to be of ex- traordinary strength and magnitude, and General Grant declining to make an assault which would cost so much blood, recrossed the North Anna, and moved his army off in the direction of Hanover Junction, thus flanking Lee's position on the South Anna, and forcing him again to evacuate his elaborately constructed fortifications. On Friday morning, the 27 th of May, General Sheridan, with two divisions of cavalry, took possession of Hanover Ferry and Hanovertown, the points designated for cross- ing the army over the Pamunkey river. By the 29th the whole army was across, and in position three miles south of the river. Thus was another of General Grant's bril- liant and daring manoeuvres crowned with complete suc- cess. On Sunday, the 29th, his army was encamped in a fertile country, within fifteen miles of Richmond. By this admirable movement he not only turned Lee's works on the Little river and the South Anna, and avoided the hazards of crossing those two strongly defended rivers, but LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 205 made himself master of the situation with regard to his new base of supplies. He was furthermore left eatirely free as to the route by which he would attack Richmond, and be in full communication and co-operation with the column under General Butler. All this was accom- plished within twenty-four days from the day when he struck tents at Culpepper Court House. What enormous strides he made towards the heart of the rebellion within that brief period, and all by disembar- rassing his movements of the necessity of looking back to one inflexible line of communications and one unchanging base of supplies. This was his simple strategy, though the execution of it was as brave and brilliant as its con- ception was bold and original. It was this same strategy that made the march from Bruinsburg to Vicksburg one unbroken series of victories. In that march, General Grant at once cut himself loose from his base; but, with the forethought of a great general, he so directed his columns as to open another at Grand Gulf immediately after his first encounter with the enemy. Moving on to- ward Raymond, he made provision for still another by way of Warrenton, just below Vicksburg. But all the time he had his far-seeing vision fixed upon a third at the Yazoo river, above the beleaguered city, and that was his final base until Vicksburg fell. Just so he moved in this campaign, and the successes which made the month of May, 1863, forever illustrious in the American calendar, were rivalled in glory by those of the month of May, 1864. By these masterly operations, General Grant moved on regardless of his rear. He left nothing there for the enemy to attack. In one great particular he had no im- pediments. His columns, if not literally in " light march- ing order," were the next thing to it. Hence the ease with which he bafiled his cunning adversary, and rendered 13 20(3 LIFE UF LIEUTENANT-GKNEKAL GRANT. all his elaborate and t'orniidable field works just so much labor in vain. Although General Grant was always prompt to " move against the enemy's works" when it was necessary, he never undertook that costly operation when it was not. ile had experience of the relative merits of the two modes of proceeding at Vicksburg, and he is a soldier upon whom experience is never lost. It was remarked that his movement across the Pamuu- key made him master of the situation. This was no idle repetition of a favorite phrase. He was maste?' of the Peninsula wilhout having uncovered Washington for a single hour, and without having created the necessity of leaving one-fourth of his army behind for the defence of that city. He had uncontrolled choice of a line of attack on Richmond on every side but one. His cavalry had traversed the whole country, and knew all the roads and all the topography. He had communication with General Butler's force, and could unite the two armies whenever the occasion demanded. And finally, he could supply bis troops by the Pamunkey or the James at his own option. These results were the achievements of a master hand in the art of war. This removal of the seat of war from the Orange and Alexandria Railroad to the very walls of Richmond, com- pleted a cycle of two years in the history of the rebellion. Hanover, White House, Cold Harbor, Shady Grove Church, are names with which we were familiar on the 31st of May, 1862. Then, however, every stream, every swamp, every line of rifle pits, brought our forces to a halt, until days ran into weeks, and weeks into weary months of waiting. But now the great column moved irresistibly on, for at its head there was a skilful and active soldier, a man who knew no such word as halt after he was once in LIFS O? LIE■L■TE^^\XT-GE^^ERAL GRANT. 207 motion, and who was appalled by no obstructions, and least of all by phantoui.s. And so closed what will be hereafter called THE GREAT BATTLE MONTH. The great movement of the Army of the Potomac com- menced on Tuesday nic:ht, May 3d, 1864, when the Rapid.iMi was crosssed without serious opposition. The telegrapli'c news which gave us the first intelligence of the advani i; lit (General Gkant, was hailed by the people as an omen of success, and from that time down, the same hopeful f(M!ling was maintained, while the faith of the people in General Grant and the gallant army of the Potomac was strengthened and moulded into a firm conviction of victory. From the very first movement made by General Grant, he was successful throughout, all of which was due to his masterly generalship and the indomitable courage of his army. General Lee was forced to fall back from the strong positions which be held in front of our army during the fall and winter, and this was the first step in the grand tactics of General Grant, which subsequently rendered all the rebel field fortifications and defences of no avail. The line which General Lee expected General Grant to follow, the latter, by the most consummate skill, avoided ; and the rebels had not only to endure the chagrin of all their labors and preparations going for nothing, but they saw, at the same time, the Army of the Potomac flanking them at every important position of their expected defence, and getting nearer and nearer to Richmond by every move. T5iit it wn« not only in Virginia that the month of May witnessed the greatest series of battles of a month re- corded in history within the period. The gallant army under General Sherman, in the Southwest, was alike vic- torious from Buzzard's Roost Mountain, Dalton, and Resaca to Dallas, and it seemed highly probable that 208 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. General Sherman would reach Atlanta, Ga., about the same time that General Grant would reach Richmond. Every thing looked favorable. Our army was in the best of spirits, while Lee's was despondent and whipped, and in no condition apparently to check our onward advance. Yet the events of JUNE, 1864, Proved their tenacity and courage to be still unsubdued. The bloody battles around Cold Harbor were fought, in which many thousand men were killed and wounded on both sides. On the evening of the 4th of June, Lieutenant General Grant telegraphed to the War Department " that about seven, P. M., of Friday, June 3d, the enemy suddenly attacked Smith's Brigade of Gibbons' Division. The battle lasted with great fury for half an hour, and the attack was unwaveringly repulsed. At six, P. M., Wil- son, with his cavalry, fell upon the rear of a brigade of Heth's Division, which Lee had ordered around to his left, apparently with the intention of enveloping Burnside. After a sharp but short conflict, Wilson drove them from their rifle pits in confusion. He took a few prisoners. He had previously fought with and routed Gordon's Brigade of rebel cavahy. During these fights he lost several oCPicers, among them Colonel Preston, First Vermont Cavalry, killed ; Colonel Benjamin, Eighth ISTew York Cavalry, seriously wounded. General Stannard, serving in the Eighteenth Corps, was also severely wounded. Our entire loss in killed, wounded and missing during the three days operations around Cold Harbor did not exceed, according to the Adjutant-General's Report, seven thousand, five hundred. Tliis morning, (Saturday, June 4th,) the enemy's left wing, in front of Burnside, was found to have been drawn in during the night." Pvcndercd desperate by the narrowing circle which Grant was gradually drawing around them, the rebels LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 209 made repeated , attacks upon oar entrenchments, but in every instance they met with disastrous repulse. Mean- while General Grant was making arrangements for new dispositions, and his movements bewildered and annoyed the enem}'-. His lines were extended to the Chiekahominy, and White House was made the base of supplies for his army. A NEW MOVEMENT. On the night of the 12th of June, General Grant with- drew his forces from Lee's front at Cold Harbor and Gaines' Mills. General Wm. F. Smith's Corps, the Eighteenth, marched to the White House, embarked on transports and went down the Pamunkey and York rivers, and up the James. The Sixth and Ninth Corps, under Major-Generals Wright and Burnside, crossed the Chiekahominy at Jones' Bridge, while Hancock's Second and Warren's Fifth Corps crossed at Long Bridge, whence they marched to the James river, crossing it at Powhatan Point. The great movement was carried out without a single failure, and without notice to the enemy, who waked up on the morning of June 13th, to find that the army which menaced them on the previous night had disappeared, and was already beyond the hope of successful pursuit. A flank march is the most perilous of military operations. General McClellan executed his celebrated "change of base " harassed at every step, fighting by day and retreat- ing by night, so that when his army upon the seventh day reached Harrison's Landing, fifteen thousand men who had crossed the Chiekahominy were no longer in the ranks. Their corpses lay thick upon the route ; their bleeding bodies were frequently left to the tender mercies of the enemy, and six thousand of them were captured and con- signed to the horrors of a living death at Libby and Belle Isle. But to this startling movement of General Grant, 210 LIFE OF LIEUTENAXT-GENRRAL GRANT. \\\c military critic cannot refuse the tribute of high adiiii- raticjn at the coasunuiuite skill which effected so great a change with scarcely the loss of a man. The great features of the movement were simply these : For some days previous the attention of the rebels was di- rected towards the means of crossing the Chickahominy at jMeadow bridge, New bridge, Bottoms bridge and White Oak bridge. Strong demonstrations were made at those points, and attempts made to carry them. Lee applied himself busily to the strengthening of those bridges b}^ defensive works. Efforts to carry them would have un- doubtedly caused a great loss of life. But it was not General Grant's intention to force a passage there. Hence, whilst Lee was amused by his feints, he was preparing a decisive movement in another direction. When all was ready, Major-General Smith, with the Eighteenth Army corps, which had come to White House from Bermuda Hundred upon transports, moved back to the former point, and in the same transports returned to the James river. General Whight and General Burnside moved with the army corps under their respective commands to Jones' bridge, about ten miles southeast of Bottoms bridge, where they crossed without hindrance and then marched due south to Charles City Court House ; Hancock and Warren crossed the Chickahominy at Long bridge, about six miles southwest of Bottoms bridge. They marched by a road nearly parallel with that leading to Charles City Court House from Jones' bridge, and on the average not more than four miles and a half distant. They came out upon the James at Wilcox's wharf, which is about five miles east of Harrison's Landing. The James was crossed at Powhatan Point, which was formerly Windmill Point, now occupied by Fort Powhatan. At the place of landing the army was not more than ten miles from General Butler's entrenchments at Bermuda Landintj:. Having left Cold LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 211 n;irl)or on Sunday night, the whole movement was effected and the troops in position for crossing the James river in alx)ut thirty hours. In thirty-six hours the whole army liad crossed to the south side of the James river, and by that time General Smith's transports were up to 13orniudiv Hundred and his soldiers had joined their old comrades. ATTACK ON PETERSBURG. General Grant moves rapidly, and never was known to let an opportunity pass without striving to embrace its advantages. On Wednesday, June 15th, General Smith was ordered to attack and carry the works defending Petersburg. It was believed there were but few troops in the forts, and the object was to take the city before Lee could send it assistance. The assault was promptly and gallantly made, and the first line was taken, together with sixteen cannon and several hundred prisoners. The enemy, however, hastily withdrew a large force from General But- ler's ^'ont, and threw them into the rear line of fortifica- tions, and all the afternoon and evening Lee was hurry- ing troops from Richmond by rail to the Cockade City. During Thursday and Friday the Second and Ninth Corps captured a number of redoubts, and the investing lines were drawn closer about the beleaguered place. Several assaults were delivered against the enemy's works which were unsuccessful, and during the week our losses were heavy, amounting to several thousand men in killed and wounded. The following was the position of the united armies of Meade and Butler, which enveloped Petersburg in about the quadrant of a circle; Butler's force (the Tenth and Eighteenth Army Corps) being placed north of the Appomattox, facing Petersburg on the east- ern side, and the Army of the Potomac fronting it from the south, in a line stretching from the Appomattox across the 212 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. Petersburg and Suffolk railroad, where our left rested on Poo creek. It soon became apparent that Petersburg would require a siege, and the Lieutenant-General, to make its invest- ment as complete as possible, set his cavalry to work. General Wilson, with six thousand picked troopers, left Prince George Court House, June 22d, to operate on the railroad communications south of Petei'sburg and Rich- mond. The Weldon railroad was struck at Reams' Station, the South Side Road at Ford's Station, and some sixty miles of track, together with bridges, depots, locomotives, and cars, were destroyed. The Sixth Corps, General "Wright, co-operated to a certain extent by moving on the Weldon road below Petersburg, and destroying five miles of the track. Heavy fighting fre- quently occurred in front of Petersburg during the re- mainder of the month of June. In July, the enemy, finding it impossible to shake loose the strong hand with which Grant had grappled the throat of the Rebellion at Richmond, resolved to try another plan, the invasion of Maryland, thereby threaten- ing Washington, and trusting in this to induce Grant to withdraw his army from the James to the defence of the National Capital. But the ruse was fruitless. General Grant remained confronting Lee, and did not weaken his army to any material extent. He had troops enough and to spare, and sending the Sixth Corps, under General Wright, to the assistance of Major-General Lew. Wallace, commanding the Middle Department, he con- tented himself with the situation, satisfied that his own plans would thwart those of his crafty but worried antagonist. His theories were correct. Breckinridge was defeated before the walls of Washington, and beat a hasty retreat into Virginia, leaving over five hundred of I LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 213 his men killed and wounded under the guns of Fort Stevens. Little was done before Petersburg until the close of July, but in the Shenandoah valley there was more or less fighting. BTJRNSIDE'S MINE EXPLODED. On the 30th of July, 1864, Burnside's mine was ex- ploded under one of the largest of the rebel forts at Petersburg, blowing up a South Carolina regiment, and wrecking the interior of the work. Within a few minutes after the explosion, the two brigades of the First Division — the second, Colonel Marshall, of the Fourteenth New York Heavy Artillery, commanding, in the lead, followed by the first, under command of Brigadier-General Bart- LETT, of Massachusetts — jumped over the breastworks forming our main line, and advanced at a charging pace. They were hardly in motion when they received a volley from the enemy, who, although surprised by the explosion, were evidently prepared against an attack, owing to the noise inevitably made by the concentration of troops, and the movements of trains and artillery, &c., for hours, close to their front. The explosion, although it had destroyed the rebel battery, had not affected the abattis and other obstructions in the front, and the attacking column experienced con- siderable trouble in working their way over them. Part of our lines passed into the fort, and part to the right of it, upon curtain-like entrenchments connecting the right of the battery with the line of breastworks beyond it. The interior of the exploded work was a confused mass of earth, broken guns, camp equipage, and human bodies. It had been occupied by a battery of artillery, manning six rifled field pieces, and part of the Eighteenth and Twenty-third South Carolina regiments. Over two hun- dred men had gone up with the work, and were buried 214 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. among the ruins. The rifle-pits and entrenchments to the right of the work were occupied by several hundred of the enemy, two hundred and fifty of whom were talien prisoners and sent to the rear. As soon as the First Division had moved, the Second and Third followed it to the right and left, and closed up with it at the work. The enemy, meanwhile, had opened a vigorous musketry and artillery fire from their entrench- ments, that enclosed the work in the form of an angle, giving them an enfilading fire. Several attempts were made by our troops to continue the advance toward Cemetery Hill, but they failed under the severity of the fire. About six o'clock, the Colored Division, General Fer- RERO commanding, was ordered to take up the attack, and push to the right of the other divisions for Cemetery Hill, distant four hundred yards beyond. It advanced in line with great steadiness, until it came up in line with the other divisions, and received a severe fire, when the column turned to the left, and the mass of it became mixed up with troops in and about the work. About one* thousand of the colored troops rushed over the parapet into the interior of the work, which the explosion had caused to make a pit-like form, and was already crowded to overflowing with officers and men. The negroes tum- bled headlong down the sloping sides, when a scene of in- extricable confusion ensued. Efforts were made by officers to get them out of the work and form outside, but they failed, and the strangely mingled mass of human beings continued to crowd the pit, the upper portion of which was about one hundred feet in diameter. When the attack commenced, all our heavy and light batteries in position, over one hundred pieces in all, opened and kept up a tremendous fire, mostly with shell, ujHjii thL> cnciity'.s line, but, neverthcles.'^, the Rebel fire in- LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 215 creased in severity. Tlje enemy could be plainly seen f'rum our main line, moving his troops from right and left to tlie point of attack, and it was evident that they were ma.ssing their whole available force to meet the attack. Between seven and nine o'clock, three attempts were made by our troops to charge, but each of them was cheeked by the enemy's fire. Squads of men during that time were continually trying to make their way back to our main line, but the intervening space — open ground, about one hundred and fifty yards in width — was so thoroughly swept by the enemy's fire, that many were shot down in the attempt to escape. About nine o'clock the fire from our batteries slackened, and soon afterward the enemy rushed out of his entrench- ments and charged upon the position held by our troops. They were at first checked, but finally succeeded in gain- ing most of the ground between the work and their line, and came within a short distance of our troops. Large numbers of the latter attempted to get back to our lines from the work and the rifle-pits and minor intrenchments about it. Many succeeded, but many also were killed and wounded. About ten o'clock the enemy made another charge, when a great swarm of men, estimated by some at a thousand, mostly blacks, broke out of the fort and at- tempted to escape to our lines. Hundreds of them never reached it. What was left of our troops in the work now became completely hemmed in, the Rebel standards being planted close to the parapet west of the work, and the Rebel fire causing retreat impracticable. They continued in that predicament for nearly an hour, when an order was issued directing the whole army to fall back to its original position. Whether the order ever reached those still outside of our lines is not definitely known, but it is certain that about two o'clock, General Bartlett, who was 216 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. ia the fort, being unable to move, owing to the breaking of his ai'tificial leg, sent in a note by a private, stating that, being out of ammunition, he and those with him, if not speedily relieved, would soon have to surrender. Shortly afterwards the Rebels made another charge, to which the party surrendered. Our losses in the assault and inside the mined fort were over two thousand killed, wounded and missing; those of the enemy were about twelve hundred. The experiment of General Burnside proved disastrous, and no further attempt was made for the time against the rebel lines. It promised success, but tardiness in obeying orders lost us the day. SHERMAN IN THE WEST. While Grant was directing, personally, operations in Yirginia, his chosen Lieutenant, Wm. Tecumseh Sher- man, was faithfully executing his plans in Northera Georgia. In a series of splendid battles he had driven Johnston from Dalton to Atlanta, where the latter was superseded by Hood, " a fighting man," who in three days bloody battles before Atlanta, lost over thirty thousand men killed, wounded and prisoners. Hood's terrible defeats occurred on the 20th, 22d and 28th days of July, 1864, and resulted in his being forced into the defences of Atlanta. A siege of the place was opened, but on the 26th of August, Sherman moved his main army by the right flank to the rear of the rebel fortifications, and on the 31st reached Jonesboro, where Stephen D. Lee and Hardee attacked Howard's Corps, but were repulsed. The next morning, General Jeep. C. Davis attacked the rebel position, and carried it at the point of the bayonet. This secured us Jonesboro. During the night the rebels fled, and Hood retreated also from Atlanta under cover of the darkness, General Slocum's Corps entering the city LIFE OF LIEUTENAXT-GENKRAL GRANT. 217 early ilio following morning. Thus fell the great strong- hold of the rebellion in the southwest. The gigantic combinations of the Lieutenant-General were gradually developing, and the country began to realize the fact that a General had at last been found who was equal to the great emergency. He had so distributed the armies, that at every point of the compass they were hammering away at the supports of the rebellion. Although in front of Petersburg little was accomplished during the summer and autumn, yet Georgia, the very heart of the rebellion, was virtually conquered, and the power of the South proven to be centred in the two great armies of Lee and Hood. Sherman had demonstrated his ability to defeat the latter in a score of battles, and Grant had forced Lee from the Rapidan down be- hind the protecting works at Richmond, His keen vision penetrated through the deception which caused the North to believe that the South could carry on the war indefi- nitely. He believed the Rebellion was like an egg-shell, and impressed with this belief, he ordered Sherman to leave Atlanta and pierce through Georgia to the sea- board. Sherman obeyed, and the world remembers his grand march, and how he proved General Grant's opinions to be correct. In the months of September and October, 1864, several heavy and decisive battles were fought, all resulting trium- phantly for the Union arms. Early was completely de- feated in the Shenandoah Valley, by Sheridan, at Opequan and Fisher's Hill, in September. The Army of the Potomac was not wholly quiet, and on the 29th of the same month General Ord, having crossed the James the previous night, attacked the strong entrenchments of the enemy at Chaffin's Farm, and carried them at the point of the bayonet, while General Birney advanced from Deep Bottom and carried the New Market Road and fortifica- 218 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT, tions General Kautz with his cavalry making a recon- noissance within two miles of Richmond. On the 30th General Meade moved from his left and stormed the rebel line of works near Poplar Springs Church. At Cedar Creek, on the 19th of October, Sheridan almost annihi- lated Early's army, which fled from the field demo- ralized, leaving ten thousand men killed and wounded and prisoners in our hands. In every quarter the rebel armies were worsted, and despondency settled over the " Confederacy." There was still a hope, however, entertained by the leaders, that during the winter they would have rest and opportunity to fill up their depleted ranks. But in this they were destined to grievous disappointment. The Lieu- tenant-General did not favor inaction even during the cold rains, the heavy snows, or the keen frosts of winter, and the plans of his campaigns were steadily adhered to and elaborated. While he lay before Richmond watching with eagle eye the grand army of the Rebellion, Sherman and Thomas and Canby were carrying out his instructions in their several departments. Between the 10th and 13th of November, 1864, the troops of General Sherman moved from Atlanta, Rome, and Kingston, Georgia, and on the 12th, Sherman broko up his headquarters and set out on the expedition which was to immortalize his name and establish the prowess of the American soldier on the march as well as on the bat- tle-field. His army consisted of four corps of infantry, two divisions of cavalry, four brigades of artillery, and two horse batteries. Brevet Major-Geueral Jeff. C. Davis commanded the Fourteenth Corps; Brevet Major- General OsTERHAUS the Fifteenth Corps ; Major-General Frank Blair the Seventeenth Corps ; and Major-General Slocum the Tvveutietb Corps. Major-Genoral Kilpatrick was in command of the ravaJiy. Tiji.s magnificent army LIFE OF LTKUTEXAXT-GENERAL GRANT. 219 Ic^ft Atlanta fully equipped and provisioned for the enter- prise, which was nothing more or less than a march through the heart of the enemy's country to the Atlantic coast. The march was made, and the problem was satis- factorily solved. The enemy could not effectually resist Sherman. Their spasmodic efforts with militia were of no avail. He went through Georgia without opposition, and Savannah fell into his possession. The tidings of his success filled the North with joy, and General Grant again realized the fact, that the rebellion was in his power. Thomas was looking after Hood, and the commander of our armies knew that ho could trust the lion-hearted and loyal old Virginian, to care for the last formidable army which the dying rebellion had in the field in the Southwest. The battle of Franklin gave Hood a foretaste of what he might expect, and the terrible engagement near Nashville, on the 15th of December, which resulted in the total overthrow of Hood's splendid army, broke the power of the rebellion in that region, and lifted anew the hopes of the North respecting an early termination of the war. THE CLOSE OP THE YEAR. So stood military affairs at the end of 1864. Sherman was at Savannah : Hood's army, which was to march to the Ohio, and invade lutfiana and Ohio, was crushed and scattered, its artillery captured, and its elan gone. Price was routed in Missouri ; Early was used up in the Shenan- doah ; Breckinridge was checkmated in East Tennes- see ; Canby was operating effectively in Louisiana, and preparing to capture Mobile ; and Grant at Richmond was holding Lee in a vice from which there w^as no re- lease. The rebellion had seen desponding days, but they were radiant compared to those which now came over it in gioom and Egyptian darkness. There was no slackiui' 220 LIFE OF LTElTTE^^ANT-^.EXERAL Or.AXT. of the advantages gained by our arms. Instead of pausing for weeks or months to announce the victories, General Grant steadily kept on, allowing nothing to interfere with his one first and patriotic purpose — the suppression of the rebellion. He lost no opportunity — he let slip no advan- tage, but, firmly and certainly as fate itself, pressed for- ward his victorious columns, in the West, the Southwest, on the Atlantic coast, and in Virginia. Lee grew desperate, but was able to accomplish little. He promised great deeds, and Davis promised greater, while at the same moment he knew that the toils were gathering around him from which escape was impossible. COMMENCEMENT OF THE NEW YEAR, 1865. With the New Year came new victories. Fort Fisher fell, and Wilmington was no longer the artery to feed the heart of the rebellion. Sherman was on his second irre- sistible march. He was penetrating South Carolina. Charleston had dropped into our arms without the loss of a man, and the invincible army of the West was moving by rapid marches toward North Carolina and Virginia. Lee foresaw the end, but he was powerless. He did not dare to detach any large force from in front of Grant. That General was watching for such a movement on the part of his adversary, and such a movement would insure the fall of Richmond. Lee was helpless. Grant was his master, and the rebel chief tacitly acknowledged it. The spring campaign was at hand, and Sherman rapidly approached through North Carolina, driving Johnston, his old opponent in Georgia, back at every step. Rebel affairs daily became more critical, yet what could Lee do but wait ? When Grant saw proper to open the ball then Lee might be able to decide as to his course, not before. His army was composed of the best fighting material, and it numbered fully sixty thousand men, and LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 221 was protected b}'- a line of fortifications of the most for- midable nature. Would Grant order an assault upon these works ? This was what Lee desired ; what he hoped for. The sequel will show that his hopes were vain, and that the man who had foiled him at every point during the battles of May, 1864, was once more to exhibit a strategy which would thwart all the genius of the rebel- lion, and bring the " Confederacy" tumbling in ruins about the heads of its supporters. March, X865, was destined to see all our armies in mo- tion. Canby was operating with a powerful force against Mobile, aided by the fleet; General Wilson with ten thou- sand picked cavalry moved from Eastport on an expe- dition through Alabama ; Sherman and Schofield were Gearing the borders of Virginia from the South, and it now only remained for the Army of the Potomac to gird on its armor and strike the finishing blow to the rebellion. Conscious of his peril, Lee resolved to take the initiative, and by a bold stroke drive Grant from his works. THE ATTACK ON PORT STEADMAN. At half-past four A. M., March 25th, 1865, Gordon, at the head of three divisions, made a sudden rush upon Fort Steadman, overpowered the garrison, and took pos- session of the fort. But the rebel success was destined to be of more value to ourselves than it was to Gordon. With the dawn of day. General Hartranft charged the fort with his reserves, recaptured it with the bayonet, and took two thousand seven hundred prisoners. The rebel loss out- side the work was fearful. The guns of all our adjacent forts were trained on the ground over which the enemy had to pass to regain their own lines. When they commenced their retreat, grape and canister, and round shot, and storms of bullets swept through their ranks, and in a brief space, three thousand rebels lay prone upon the earth in 222 LIFE OF LIEUTKNANT-GENEKAL GRANT. the agonies of wounds and death. The experiment was a dear one, and it revealed to Lee the truth that our army was on the alert, and that all such attempts to break our lines would meet with the same terrible punish- ment. The entire loss to the enemy in that morning's work reached the enormous figure of six thousand men. It was a lesson to Lee which he profited by, and no further efforts were made to dislodge our army. When this attack was made upon the right of our line, a portion of the troops who were used in it were brought from the front of the extreme right of our line at Hatcher's Run. In order to conceal their withdrawal, the pickets in that neighborhood made very bold demonstrations at that point. The capture of Gordon's men gave General Grant a full key to the mystery, and he ordered an advance upon the extreme left at Hatcher's Run, which had been weak- ened by the withdrawal of Gordon. Our troops made a very successful advance, gained several strong position.?, and extended their lines toward the South Side railroad, taking some important field-works, which they held. Our loss at Hatcher's Run was six hundred and ninety. The rebels lost three hundred and sixty-five prisoners, and their loss in killed and wounded, by estimate of General Humphreys, was about sixteen hundred. The Second Corps, which was more in the centre, was also ordered to attack and take advantage of the rebel dis- comfiture at Fort Steadman. It pushed forward in front of Fort Fisher and captured the enemy's intrenched picket line. A PRESIDENT LINCOLN ON THE FIELD. On the 24th of March, 18G5, President Lincoln arrived at General Grant's headquarters, at City Point, and was warmly welcomed by the Lieutenant-General. On Sat- urday afternoon, the 25th, he visited the scene of the LIFE OF LIEUTENANT- GENERAL GRANT. 228 morning's battle in company with Generals Grant and Meade. The day bad been fixed for a grand review, but the bloody events of the forenoon had decided that there should be none, and the Presidei^t, cheered by the great victory just achieved, remarked, " This is better than a review." COUNCIL OP WAR. On Tuesday, March 28th, President Lincoln, Lieuten- ant-General Grant, and Major-Generals Meade, Sher- man, Sheridan and Ord, held a Council of War on board the steamer River Queen, at City Point, and shortly thereafter. General Sherman was again under way to rejoin his army. THE GRAND CAMPAIGN.— WEDNESDAY, MARCH 29th. Movements of troops had been in progress for two or three days, their purpose being merely concentration and their disposition at proper points. These preliminary movements were simply the placing the arrow on the bow and tightening the string. Early Wednesday morning the bow was bent and the arrow launched out. The march was commenced in that direction in which we have always found the enemy, and always found him ready to fight. The Second Corps, com- mencing its march at six o'clock A. M., passed outside our entrenchments, near Hatcher's Run, and advanced along the Vaughn road. Before noon, a new line of battle had been formed, the right of which rested on the extreme left of our former line. This position was taken without opposition, and the corps commenced entrenching. This new line was formed front, or to the northwest of the Vaughn road, and its general direction was similar to that of the road. The Fifth Corps, which had been massed in roar of the 224: LIFE OF LTEUTEXAXT-GEXERAL GRANT. Second, started at three and a half o'clock A. M., from a point near the Schenck House, or about one and a half miles from the old left of our line. They advanced over bye-roads across the country, so as to reach the Vaughn road at a point further advanced than the Second Corps was to proceed. This arrangement obviated the necessity for two corps marching on the same road, and thus saved time. Hatcher's Run was crossed before striking the Vaughn road, which was entered at a point about five miles from Dinwiddle Court House. An advance was first made towards the latter place, General Ayers' Division up to this time taking the advance. After the head of the column had reached a point probably not more than three miles from Dinwiddle, a change of direction was ordered. One brigade of General Ayers' Division, under General GwiN, was posted near the Scott House, to cover the Vaughn road, and the remainder of the division being held back in reserve. Griffin's Division was then placed in advance. The column now left the Vaughn road at a point dis- tant three or four miles from Dinwiddle Court House, and advanced northwardly up what is known as the Quaker road, in the direction of the Boydton Plank road, some three miles distant. Within something less than a mile from the Vaughn road, the troops crossed Gravelly Run, and ascending a slight hill beyond that stream, found a line of abandoned breastworks, from which the Rebel pickets bad just retired. Here a skirmish line was thrown forward, and quite sharp firing commenced at once. The skirmish line crossing an open plantation was brought to, being near the farther side of it, by rebels posted on the edge of a tract of woods. The First Brigade of General Griffin's Division was now ordered forward to support the skirmishers. When arriving within short rifle range of the woods aforesaid, a LIFS OF LIEUTKXAXT-GEXERAL GRANT. 225 tremendous volley of musketry greeted their advance, causing them to waver and fall back. The Second Bri- gade now came up to the support of the First, and the latter rallied and stood firm. Sharp musketry continued for nearly an hour, and in the meantime Battery B, of the First United States, was got into position and com- menced firing with considerable effect. The enemy used no artillery at all. While the fight lasted, -General Warren was engaged forming his line of battle, placing the Third Division (General Crawford's) and the Third Brigade of the First Division (Griffin's) respectively on the right and left of the Quaker road. The enemy perceiving the force that was being massed against them retired to a point further back. We captured here about one hundred prisoners. Our loss in killed and wounded was estimated at nearly three hundred. The action commenced at about half past three o'clock P. M., and closed soon after four. It was short, but extremely sharp while it lasted, BusHROD Johnson's Division was the force engaged on the part of the enemy. No other fighting occurred at any point on the line. Sheridan was on the extreme left at Dinwiddle Court House and beyond. That night, General Meade's headquarters were on the Yaughn road, some three miles beyond Hatcher's Run, and General Grant's about a mile further out. A heavy rain prevailed throughout Thursday, and the army moved with difficulty, yet portions of it were ad- vanced. The Second Division of the Second Corps, Gene- ral Heys, being the pivot of the army moving, remained stationary during the day on the line assumed the pre- vious night, the right being at Dabney Mills. General MoTT, with the Third Division, had been slightly ad- vanced ; General Miles with the First rather more ; the 226 LIFE OF LIEUTEXANT-GEXERAL GRANT. Fifth Corps still more, the movemeut as a whole having developed itself into a grand left wheel. THE BATTLES OF FP.IDAY, SATURDAY AND SUKTDAY, During Friday, March 31st, Saturday, April Lst, and Sunday, April 2d, General Grant's whole line was en- gaged with the enemy, and he telegraphed the progress of the battle at intervals through each day to President Lincoln, who remained at City Point. The following brief despatches which the President transmitted as he received them to the War Department at Washington, tfill in few and modest words the story of the victories won at all points on those eventful days. FIRST BULLETIN.— TELEGRAPH FROM PRESIDENT LINCOLN. City Point, Va., March 31, 1865— 830 P.M. Hon. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War: — At 12-30 P. M., to-day. General Grant telegraphed me as follows: " There has been much hard fighting this morning. The enemy drove our left from near Dabney's House back well toward the Boydton Plank road. We are now about to take the offensive at that point, and I hope will more than recover the lost ground." Later he telegraphed again as follows : " Our troops, after being driven back on to the Boydton Plank road, turned round and drove the enemy in turn, and took the White Oak road, which we now have. This gives, us the ground occupied by the enemy this morning. I will send you a Rebel flag captured by our troops in driving the enemy back. There have been four flags captured to-day." Judging by the two points from which General Grant telegraphs, I infer that he has moved his headcpiarters about one mile since he sent the first of the two de- spatches. A. Lincoln.' LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 227 SECOND BULLETIN. ; Washington, April 1 — 11 P. M. Major-General J. A. Dix, New York .-—The following letter from the President, received to-night, shows the desperate struggle between our forces and the enemy continues undecided, although the advantage appears to be on our side. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War. " City Point, Va., April 1, 530 P. M. "Hon. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War :—A despatch just received shows that Sheridan, aided by Warren, had at two o'clock P. M., pushed the enemy back so as to retake the Five Forks and to bring his own head-quarters up to Boissua. The Five Forks was barricaded by the enemy, and was carried by Devin's Division of Cavalry. This part of the enemy seems to be working along the White Oak Road to join the mam forces in the front of Grant, while Sheridan and Warren are pressing them as closely as possible. "A. Lincoln." THIRD BULLETIN. Washington, April 2 — 6 A. M. Major-General Dix, New York .—A despatch just re- ceived from General Grant's Adjutant-General, at City Point, announces the triumphant success of our armies, after three days of hard fighting, during which the forces on both sides exhibited unsurpassed valor. Edward M. Stanton, Secretary of War. " Cixy Point, April 2, 5-30 A. M. " Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War ;— A despatch from General Grant states that Sheridan's Cavalry and Infantry liave carried all before them, capturing three brigades of infan- try, a wagon train and several batteries of artillery. The pri- soners captured will amount to several thousand. " T. C. Bowers, A. A. G." FOURTH BULLETIN. Washington, April 2 — 11 A. M. Major-General Dix, New York .-—The following tele- gram from the President, dated at 8 3U this morning, 228 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. gives the latest intelligence from the front, where a furious battle was raging with continued success to the Union arms. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War. '' City Point, Va., April 2—8-30 A. M. " Hon. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War : Last night General Grant telep^raphed that General Siikridan, with his cavalry, and the Fifth Corps, had captured three brigades of infantry, a train of wagons, several batteries, and several thousand pris- oners. This morning. General Grant, having ordered an attack along the whole line, telegraphs as follows : — ' Both Wright and Parke got through the enemy's hues. The battle now rages furiously. Sheridan, with his cavalry, and the Ffth Corps, and Miles' Division of the Second Corps, which was sent to him since one o'clock this morning, is now sweeping down from the west. All now looks highly favorable. General Ord is engaged, but I have not yet heard the result in his front.' "A. Lincoln." FIFTH BULLETIN. Washington, April 2, 12-30 P. M. Major- General Dix, Neio York .• — The President, in the subjoined telegram, gives the latest news from the front. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War. " City Point, Ya., April 2, 11 A. M. " Hon. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War: Despatches come in frequently. All is going on finely. Generals Parke, Wright and Ord, extending from the Appomattox to Hatcher's Run, have all broken through the enemy's intrenched lines, taking some forts, guns and prisoners. Sheridan, with his cavalry, Fifth Corps, and part of the Second, is coming in from the west, on the enemy's flank, and Wright is already tearing up the. South Side railroad. -'A. Lincoln." SIXTH BULLETIN— VICTORY— TWELVE THOU- SAND PRISONERS AND FIFTY GUNS CAP- TURED. Washington, April 2. Major-General Dix, Neio York : — The following tele- grams from the President report the condition of affairs at half-past four o'clock this afternoon : Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 229 "City Poi.vt, Ya.. Ai^ril 2 — 2 P. M. " To Hon .E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War : At 10-45 A. M., General Grant telecrraphs as follows: 'Everything has been carried from the left of the Ninth Corps. The Sixth Corps alone captured more than three thousand prisoners. The Second and Twenty-fourth Corps both captured forts, guns and prisoners from the enemy. I cannot tell the number. " 'We are now closing around the works of the line immedi- ately enveloping Petersburg. All looks remarkably well.' I have not yet heard from Sheridan. His head-quarters have been moved up to T. Banks' house near the Boydton road, about three miles southwest of Petersbnrg. "A. Lincoln." City Point, Va., April 2, 1865, 8 30 P. M. Hon. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War : At 4 30 P.M. to-day, General Grant telegraphs as follows : — " We are now up, and have a continuous line of troops, and in a few hours will be entrenched from the Appomattox below Petersburg, to the river above. " The whole captures since we started out will not amount to less than twelve thousand men, and probably fifty pieces of artillery. " I do not know the number of men and guns accurately, however. "A portion of Foster's Division of the Twenty-fourth Corps made a most gallant charge this afternoon, and captured a very important fort from the enemy, with its entire garrison. "All seems well with us, and every thing is quiet just now. " A. Lincoln." THE DECISIVE BATTLE OF THE WAR— SUN- DAY, APRIL 2d, 1865. On Sabbath morning, April 2d, 1865, amidst the roar of artillery, and the crash, and flame, and smoke of burning houses, the great Rebellion died. Richmond and Peters- burg were captured. Hundreds of guns, and thousands of prisoners taken. Lee's army shattered, broken, and scattered to the four winds ! This is the history of the day. How can it be told ? What pen can so write it that all who run may read its full significance — its mighty import ? 230 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GEXERAL GRANT. The turning-point of the movement was Sheridan'3 BATTLE OF FIVE FORKS, Fought Saturday afternoon, with his cavalry and the Fifth Corps. The battle was, practically, Longstheet's ruin. Fifty-seven hundred prisoners, and three batteries of artillery, were the material trophies of the victory, but the moral results were of far greater importance. Our loss in the battle was severe. The only general officer lost was Brevet Brigadier-General Winthrop, command- ing the First Brigade of General Ayers' division of the Fifth Corps ; one of those chivalrous soldiers New Eng- land sent into the war. The battle was fought and won in Sheridan's accus- tomed style. Custer, Devins, and Davis, of the cavalry corps. Griffin, Ayers, Crawford, and Bartlett, of the Fifth Corps, won new laurels in the fight, and the enemy was driven pell-mell from his last Virginia battle-field, with heavy loss in killed and wounded. Longstreet, after his defeat, fled, first north and then westward, probably with the hope to effect a junction with Johnston in North Carolina. Going from their right to left, the three divisions of Hill's Corps were holding the line from the Boydton road below Burgess' Mill to opposite the centre of the Sixth Corps, where it joined with Gordon, who held from that point around Petersburg to the Appomattox river. Time now became the essential element of the situation, and to fully comprehend the rapid changes that followed, it is necessary to bear in mind not days, but hours and minutes. SATURDAY NIGHT, APRIL 1st, 1865. During the terrible cannonading which lasted all Saturday uight, it was dotcrmiued to assault the line we LIFE OF LIEUTEXANT-GEXERAL GRANT. 281 had been confronting so long. It was known that it must be weak somewhere, and a grave suspicion rested in the minds of many of our officers that it was in that pre- dicament everywhere. It was known positively that LoNGSTREET was not nttempting to return to Petersburg as yet, and that Hill and Gordon were alone on the line. It might chance that some one or more of the forts were heavily manned, and be so stubbornly defended as to dis- arrange our whole programme ; but if so, something else might be done. We knew exactly what was before us so far as physical obstacles M^ere concerned. We had been looking on, into and beyond the rebel line of works for months. Our pickets and sharp-shooters knew every inch of the ground ; our generals had correct diagrams of their works ; every slashing, rifle-pit, fort, abattis, were old-time acquaintances. The only point on which we would necessarily be in the dark — and it was an all-im- portant one — was as to what disposition Lee might make of his force during the night. Should he leave them scattered along his whole line, from Burgess' Mill to the Appomattox, we could break it and hold it everywhere. Should he mass at certain points during the night, we might be there repulsed, which would cause the whole programme to miscarry. To guard as much as possible against this, it was determined to assault first with the Ninth Corps, immediately in front of Petersburg, in the hope that Lee might be induced to mass to some extent, and leaving his right, the vital point, more exposed to the attempt of the Sixth, Twenty-fourth, and Second Corps. IIow admirably the ruse succeeded, this narrative will show. It will show further, that, while Grant's general- ship completely baffled Lee, he succeeded as thoroughly in befogging the North, and those who were present as lookers-on. Men and newspapers talked of a raid to Burkesville by Sheridan, of an attempt to reach the 232 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. South Side road, at or near Black and White ; of every- thing and any thing but what was actually intended and accomplished. No one dreamed on Saturday that Grant's plans for the succeeding twenty-four hours involved the cutting in two and annihilation of Lee's army, the capture of Petersburg and Richmond, the death of the rebellion. Not a man, outside the confidence of Grant, Meade, Ord, and the corps commanders. SUNDAY, APRIL 2d, 4 O'CLOCK A. M. The Ninth Corps initiated our glory. Still lying directly in front of Petersburg, General Parke was in his old-time position, pressing close up to the town. His divisions were, as of old, Wilcox on the right, resting on the Appomattox ; Hartranft, with the glow of Saturday's glory still bright upon him, and his new star to be bap- tized, was in the centre, and Potter, with the Second Division, was on the left, joining Wheaton, of the Sixth Corps. The programme was for Wilcox to make a feint upon the rebel fort upon the Appomattox. It was made promptly to the time, but was a somewhat vigorous feint. Creeping up to within a few feet of the fort, at the word of command the gallant First Division sprang to its feet, and, with the old-time yell, rushed on the work. At four and a quarter o'clock they were in the fort, had captured the astonished garrison of fifty men, and four guns. This was the feint of Wilcox, and, almost simultaneously, Hartranft and Potter advanced. It was in the same style. Creeping up under cover of the darkness, the two divisions sprang to their feet, and at the double-quick, without firing a shot, broke through the rebel line, capturing four forts, twenty-seven guns, and hundreds of prisoners. The moment they were in possession of the works, they turned their guns on the flying enemy, some- LIFE OF LIEUTEXAXT-GEXERAL GRANT. 233 what ungraciously using rebel ammnnitiou to accelerate rebel flight. Thus at daylight Parke had gained entire possession of the rebel line in his front, and without loss. Later in the day, he had stubborn fighting to do, and heavy losses to sustain. Simultaneously with the advance of the Ninth Corps, the old Sixth, heroes already, but to be rebaptized in glory to-day, began their work under General Wright. His divisions also advanced in the same order in which they had occupied our works, Wheaton's First Division on the right, Seymour's Third Division centre, and Getty's Second Division on the left, joining at Fort Sampson the new line of the Twenty-fourth Corps, with Foster's Division on its right. General Wright had to sustain a volley before he reached the rebel line, but his loss from it was very slight. They had orders to carry the rebel line, and carry it they intended to do, and did. The ground between the two lines, all along from Fisher to Lee, where the advance was made, is entirely open, and comparatively level, the only ravine being nearly to the rebel line, and running for some distance parallel with it, a circumstance that was of material advantage to us. Not five minutes elapsed from the time Wright gave the signal to storm, before Sey- mour, Wheaton and Getty were over the rebel line, in possession of all its guns, and hundreds of its occupants as prisoners. The enemy flying in wild disorder across the open country to their interior line, we opened upon them with their own pieces, and although without great effect, it served admirably to frighten them. Oh, the wild haste they made from the conquering Yankees in their rear. Many regiments claimed the honor of being first over the rebel line, and among them the Ninth New York Heavy Artillery, and the Eighty-seventh Pennsylvania Infantry; 234 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. but amidst conflicting accounts, it is impossible to deter- mine these matters with sufficient accuracy. All regi- ments, every man, did well, did nobly, could not do better. In the first charge, Wheaton took twelve pieces of artillery, and nearly the entire Mississippi Brigade of Heth's Division, composed of the Second, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Sixteenth, Nineteenth, and Forty-second Mis- sissippi. Thus by five o'clock we had miles of the rebel line in full and complete possession, and the demoralized enemy was flying in dismay to his interior lines, drawn close in to Petersburg on the south and west. A pause followed the work of the early morning, but at SEVEN O'CLOCK The Second and Twenty-fourth Corps began the work assigned them. First, of the Twenty-fourth, which joined the Sixth. Generals Ord and Gibbon had been along its front as late as one o'clock in the morning, and satisfied that all was ready, they and their weary staffs snatched a couple of hours of sleep, in the midst of hun- dreds of great guns thundering along the lines. At the hour named, Turner and Foster assaulted the rebel line in their front, and carried it with very little loss. The ground over which they advanced was diificult in the ex- treme, cut up into ugly ravines, and encumbered with in- tricate slashing. The distance was short, fortunately, and somehow the two divisions got over it and over the rebel works at the same time, the One-hundred-and- twenty-third Ohio, of the First Brigade, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Potter, Thirty-eighth Massachusetts, being first, had time enough to capture four guns and a large portion of Cook's Brigade, of Heth's Division, consisting of the Third, Fourth, Twelfth, Twenty-first LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 235 and Twenty-third Georgia, and the Twenty-third North Carolina. Simultaneously with the assault of the Twenty-fourth, the Second Corps advanced immediately on the opposite side of Hatcher's Run. If the ground was difficult before the Twenty-fourth Corps, it was apparently impassable before the Second. It was a gradual ascent all the way, and covered with a slashing almost unparalleled in the experience of the war. Through it Hayes must go with the Second Division, and through, in some way, he did go. He had with him only his First and Second Brigades, the Third, under General Smyth, having been sent to operate with General Mott, further to the left. Under cover of the guns of Battery B, First Rhode Island Artillery, Colonel Olmsted with the First Brigade, and Colonel McIvor with the Second, rushed into the two forts before them, and with a loss of less than a dozen, found themselves in possession of five guns (twelve-pound Napoleons) and nearly all of Macomb's Brigade of Heth's Division, comprising the Fifth, Seventh, Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Seventeenth Tennessee. Here the Nineteenth Massachusetts and Seventh Michigan entered the fort first, of the First Brigades ; Massachusetts and Michigan, the far East and far West joining hands this Sabbath morning in the last ditch of the Rebellion ! Of the Second Brigade the Eighth New York Heavy Artillery was ahead, Lieutenant James Young, of Com- pany G, going first into the fort with twenty men. The fort on the left was first entered by a sergeant of the Sixty-ninth Pennsylvania. Further to the left of our line, General Mott, with his famous Red Diamonds, kept step with the white trefoil of the Second Division of the Second Coi*ps. The Eighth New Jersey, of Mci^ llister's Brigade, is reported as the regiment that first entered the enemy's lines. General 23B LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. Miles captured the rebel line where it crosses the Boyd- ton road at Burgess' Mill, and he was immediately iu full march on the Boydton road toward Petersburg. AT EIGHT O'CLOCK, We had broken in the entire rebel line from the Appo- mattox to Burgess' Mill, and the Sixth Corps had swung around, facing the doomed Cockade City from the west ; the Twenty-fourth Corps was marching from Hatcher's Run, east, inside the rebel line, and the Second Corps in the same direction, on the Boydton road. No army was ever in more magnificent spirits. Every man seemed to be endowed with intuitive power to understand the full significance of the mighty events they had been enacting. The smile of triumph was on every lip, the sparkle of joy in every eye. At this moment General Grant rode along the lines towards Petersburg. He had left his headquar- ters at Dabney Mills a few minutes before, and was on his way to personally overlook the work yet to be done. The Army of the Potomac has long out-lived its cheering days. It cheered General McClellan frequently, but since then its commander has been paid the compliment at rare intervals. But now it greeted General Grant with shouts of triumph, it cheered him long and lustily. The scene brought vividly to mind those early days of Napoleon's Italian campaign, since when we have had no such manifestations of military genius as this day fur- nished us. The Lieutenant-General acknowledged the salute by lifting his hat, but never stopped riding on at that brisk pace so natural to him. So far our success had been splendid beyond precedent, perhaps beyond expectation. Would it last ? Grant, surveying the interior lines of Lee, running at right angles with his old line, and from it to the Appomattox, thought so, probably, but as ever before, his countenance LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 237 afforded no clue to what he thought. A word in ex- planation of these interior lines is necessary. Appa- rently four in number, the three outer ones were isolate forts built as outposts for the fourth and last, which was one of great strength, and looked down upon us most frowningly from the slight range of hills upon which it was located, and it was these outer forts spoken of as lines which were carried. AT NINE O'CLOCK, The Twenty-fourth Corps being in short supporting dis- tance, the Sixth Corps went to work again. Now comes that portion of the day where everything was seen plainly but nothing certainly known. The spectator be- held the magnificent panorama of war spread out like a map before him, the scene bathed in the soft April sun- shine. It was a scene of indescribable grandeur, but out of it, hour after hour, great events emerged. Wiieaton still on the right, Seymour having swung to the left, and tearing up the South Side road, leaving Getty in the centi'e, the corps advanced on to the first of the rebel lines. We had four batteries of field pieces playing on it, at short range, which, once in a while would elicit a reply from the rebel works, when a shell whizzing as angrily as if ashamed of the cause in which it was sent, whizzed over the heads of our men, to bury itself in the earth be- yond, or harmlessly explode over a deserted field. Little our troops cared for all this. Forming in short range of the rebel works as leisurely and orderly as if they were on dress parade, the divisions of the Sixth Corps ad- vanced on the first line. At the double-quick, never stopping to fire, with a wild yell of delight, over they went. The enemy fled again, leaving the guns in the fort in our possession. Some few of our men were killed and wounded, but the loss was still insignificant. 15 238 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. It was a Strange sight to see the flag of the Union and the cross of the Sixth Corps flying over the rebel lines, and stranger still, after a moment's pause, to see those very guns which but an instant before had been firing on us now turned in the opposite direction and sending their iron hail after the flying foe. After the carrying of the first line there was another halt. The batteries were shifted right and left and advanced beyond the captured line. There was marching to and fro of brigades. The Twenty-fourth Corps came up on the left. Gibbon and Turner and Foster were on the ground to share the further glories. From the right of the line a long line of muskets glancing in the sunshine could be seen, and with a good glass the trefoil of the Second Corps could be distinguished floating over the columns, a symbol of victory as well as the Second Corps. Vic- tory travelled with that column, for Humphreys, Miles, MoTT, and Smyth, and scores of others whose names are historic in the land were there. It may be remarked here, although slightly out of its order, that this column, after travelling the Boyd ton road to within four miles of Petersburg, turned square off to the left, taking a road leading to the Appomattox, and soon disappeared from the scene. The Sixth Corps still lay upon the side of the hill facing the second line of rebel works, and while the Twenty-fourth filed by to take position on its left, the batteries opened again, and soon that peculiar light smoke — a strange mixture of blue and a dingy white, known since the days of gunpowder as battle smoke — arose in fantastic wreaths and covered the field. There was other smoke there. Dozens of houses, an hour ago substantial and elegant dwellings, dotting the splendid landscape, were in flames, and the columns of smoko arising from them in heavy clouds, shrouded our lines for LIFE OF LIEUTENAXr-GEXERAL GRANT. 239 a moment, and then, lifted ))y the wind, flouted off with it to the northeast. The pause continued, Grant had laid out a pro- gramme for the army. Meade, and Wright, and Gibbons' commands were to execute it, and did. The commanders rode slowly up and down the line. You could sec their various flags waving now on some little hillock, where they stopped to examine the rebel line, now disap- pearing in a hollow as the little party trotted on to another part of the line. All was ready in a few minutes. The forts to be assaulted had been selected, and again the command to charge was given. The shrill bugle, sounded over the plain, and Wheaton, Seymour, Getty, Turner and Foster, moved again. The scene of the previous half-hour was re-enacted again. In three columns they moved on each fort. Again the wild cry of anticipated triumph arose from the ranks of blue. Again the Rebels made a feeble and ineffectual resist- ance, and again our soldiers swarmed over their works, and planted the flag of freedom upon the ramparts. Once more guns and prisoners, this time from Wilcox's North Carolina Division. We began to be oppressed with the magnitude of our triumphs. There were re- peated instances where a guard of one man escorted a squad of ten or fifteen prisoners to the rear. In this charge one fort mounting several guns was taken by the Vermont Brigade. There Kiefer and L. 0. Grant shone like gods of war. Grant showed the persistence of his namesake, our great XJlysses. Wounded through the hand he refused to leave, had the wound dressed on the field, and continued in charge of his brigade. There were other heroes. Getty's, and Wheaton's, and Seymour's Divisions were heroes ; every man. So were Txhiner's and Foster's. The jovial Foster, true type of the Hoosier, a man of the Logan stamp, enjoyed the work of the morning far more than anything earth could furnish. 240 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. TEN O'CLOCK Came, and leaving our left pausing in front of the third lino of the rebel works, we must sweep around to the right where the Ninth Corps is still battling. Here the rebels made what seemed a determined effort to re- take what they had lost, but which was in reality an attempt to cover their withdrawal from Petersburg. Gordon made the effort, but Lee was in the town per- sonally superintending everything. The rebels made a charge, and seemed for a time likely to drive the Ninth Corps from the line it had won so easily. The fire was particularly heavy on the Second Division and on the Third. General Potter, commanding the Second Division, was shot through the groin, and borne dying from the field, and his men fell in scores around. Still the division stood firm to the works, and repulsed the enemy at last. Hartranft was overworked and overtasked. His little division of two brigades had been put to a severer test than ever new troops had been called on to undergo. Covered with the glory of Steadman, they had been in the trenches night and day since, and their physical strength was so weak that for a moment they retired. But only for a moment. One last effort, a straining as of the mus- cles of an overstrung horse, and with the effort the enemy was beaten back. But we lost one fort at last, and the line was to that extent broken. More troops were needed on this part of our lines. Where should they come from ? Every man of the Army of the Potomac was already in use. The Fifth and Second Corps were already en route to cut off the anticipated retreat of the enemy ; and not a man of the Sixth, Twenty-fourth, or of Birney's Division of the Twenty-fifth Corps could be spared from the line west of Petersburg, for although not yet meeting with any LIFE OF LIEUTEXANT-GEXERAL GRANT. 241 oppositioa they could not overcouio, the ground we had gained there must be held against any possible attack. But Forts Steadman and Hill, and all the others on the front must have more men, and they were found. There were five splendid regiments and hundred's of Siieridan'8 dismounted men at City Point, and City Point was stripped of them. All were hurried instantly to the front, and all the garrisons, prisons, and wharves of the Point were left with only one hundred and forty men. The critical hour was past now. For the first time every man in the armies operating against Richmond was employed in active operations against the enemy. These troops arrived at Meade station at noon, and were hurried to the front; but the yeoman service they did was some two hours later in the day, and we again hurry to the left, where, AT ELEVEN O'CLOCK, The splendid war programme was still visible, with all its shifting, glorious changes. Glorious they were, because each spoke in thunder tones of the demoralization of Lee's army. Meade and Wright and Gibbon were still at work. The Sixth Corps was shifting to the right, and how was it being done ? In plain view and easy range of the third interior line of Lee, we were moving in column. as if on a gala-day parade, and so in truth it was ; the Army of the Union in joyful attendance on the funeral of the Rebellion. At this hour not a sound came from the field ; not a gun was speaking anywhere ; not a shout heard on all the line. The rebel lines were as hushed as our own ; their guns looked down frowningly upon us from the huge forts in which they were incased, but not one of them spoke ; not a horse neighed ; not a drum or bugle sounded ; 242 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. not one of the ammunition wagons moving hither over the sandy soil of the uncluhxting landscape gave forth a sound. The whole field was stilled as if in death. Suddenly one of the guns upon the fort on the rebel left belched forth a dull report; a wreath of rising smoke, the bursting of a shell, and all was still again. The next moment anothei', then another, then three guns opened in a continuous roar. They were attempting to retard the march of three of our brigades gaining the shelter of a small skirt of timber upon their left, from which to assault them. Vain hope I The columns move on, paying them not even the compli- ment of a moment's pause, or of a gun in reply. Poor Lee ! struggling like a child in the hand of a giant deter- mined to destroy him. Thus the hour passed, and by TWELVE O'CLOCK It was discovered that Lee was in retreat across the Ap- pomattox. From our signal towers his columns could be seen beginning to move over the river on three separate pontoons, just above the city, and huge fires were already raging in the town itself, showing that the Rebels had applied the torch to accelerate their own ruin. Provision had already been made for Lee's anticipated retreat. It was not a part of the programme that any part of his army should escape, and the Second and Fifth Corps had long ago moved to the Appomattox, and must have been at this hour across it or near it. At any rate, the calcula- tions were that they were near enough to force Lee and his flying hordes to battle and ruin long before he reached the Danville road. AT TWO O'CLOCK All was activity again, both right and left. On the left the Sixth Corps assaulted the large fort I have men- tioned, and auuthor next to it, on the left, and Turneu LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 243 and Foster, of the Twenty-fourth Corps, stormed one each, further to the rebel right. The scene was again in full view, and had all the elements of grandeur of its predecessor of the morning. The bugle sounded, and the mass of blue sprang forward, as before ; and, as before, the rebels made a feeble and ineffectual resistance. Our movements were like lightning. From the moment the charge sounded until the instant we swarmed over the works was the shortest appreciable period of time, and before the dumbfounded enemy well knew we had started, our flags were flying over the ramparts, our shout of triumph ringing along their lines, some of them flying, with their own guns turned upon them, and the remainder going to the rear as prisoners. Carrying this line, getting into position before the fourth and last, occupied the hour from two to three on the left. Our triumph was assured — the way to Petersburg, by the Boydton road, was all but open — an hour more, and Meade, if he so willed, could have marched into the Cockade City. ON THE RIGHT. On the right this same hour of two o'clock was an hour of triumph. It had been determined to retake the rebel fort they had wrested from us, and the fresh brigade of General Collis, from City Point, was assigned to the duty, compo.sed of the Sixty-eighth and One-hundred-and- fourteenth Pennsylvania, the Twentieth New York, Sixty-first Massachusetts, and the New York Engineers, veteran regiments all. Collis himself headed the charge, having left his post at City Point to share the glories of the day. A terrible fire greeted the brigade, but it swept through it and over and into the disputed fort, settling at once and forever the question of its ownership. Our loss had been severe. Captain J. M. Eddy, of tlie Ouc-hundred-aud-fourteenth 244 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GEXERAL GRANT. Pennsylvania, commanding, the regiment, and leading it like a hero, fell mortally wounded, shot through the head ; and of the officers there were wounded. Lieutenant John WiCHER, Company A, in the thigh ; Lieutenant George W. Bratton, Company C, leg ; and Lieutenant Edward Marrian, Company I, in the arm. Of the Sixty-eighth Pennsylvania, Captain Michael Fulmer, Company A, mortally wounded, and Captain J. C. GtALLagher severely ; and in the Sixty-first Massachusetts, Lieutenant Thomas C. Hart was killed. But we took the fort, and we held it, notwithstanding the efforts of Gordon to regain it, and we held all the others against similar attacks. Wilcox's, Porter's and Hartranft's Divisions, still displaying the valor that Avon back Steadman, and in the morning had won the rebel line. Thus, at half-past three o'clock the day was decided ; irretrievable ruin was upon the Rebel- lion. It had no last ditch or last legs ; it had been ejected from the former, the latter had been struck from under it. Now is the proper time to remark that this disaster came upon Lee suddenly and unexpectedly. It is true, he was preparing for contingencies by removing the pub- lic stores and works, but he intended to hold tliese lines to the last gasp. The whole rebel army was here. Since Sheridan began the battle of Five Forks, prisoners had been taken from nearly every brigade. In fifteen captured forts the guns were mounted, the magazines supplied with ammunition, and all the personelle of the soldier was there. In every foot of the miles of their camps there were indi- cations that the inhabitants had left home very unex- pectedly, and from a pressing necessity. In many huts on the left, the unfinished breakfast was left upon the ground floor, muskets were strewed about, and blankets and knapsacks were scarce, only because the Rebels had none. LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 245 AT SIX O'CLOCK, Our triumph was complete — our prisoners almost like the sands on the sea-shore. We were burdened with them, and obliged to call the marines and sailors from Porter's fleet to help guard them. The day's work was over. Generals Grant and Meade established headquarters for the night on the Boydton road, three miles west of Petersburg, and our forces were poured over the Appo- mattox above the city. Petersburg was of no use, and Grant was pursuing Lee with the wrath of an avenging angel. TRANSACTIONS ON THE JAMES RIVER. The picket boat of Porter's fleet the night of the 2d of April, was the Commodore Perry, lying immediately under Hewlett House. The rebel rams Virginia and Rappahannock had been for a long time lying in the river some distance above Hewlett House, but in plain sight. At three o'clock in the morning, the watch on board the Perry saw a dark object floating by. It was grappled, and proved to be the raft used by the Rebels to moor alongside their vessels when in need of repairs. It had all the tools on board. Here the scene shifts to Richmond. Here was the first positive sign of intended evacuation. An hour later and the earth was shook as by a volcanic eruption. At City Point the terrible concussion shook the frail buildings in every timber, and awakened every weary sleeper. The sight as viewed from the deck of the Perry, and from the ramparts of Fort Harrison, on Weitzel's lines, was grand in the extreme. A deafening, crashing roar, a thousand hissing, glowing masses of fiery matter, suspended for an instant in mid-air, then falling with a heavy sound and mighty splash into the vexed river. Thus one of the rebel rams passed from existence. A few minutes later and the scene was repeated, and the 2-i6 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. other ram followed its mate. The slighter explosions and great conflagrations, further up the river at the same time, were the destruction of the rebel wooden fleet. Around our lines from Hatcher's Run to Petersburg, in the changing, shifting scenes of Sunday up the James, the story is complete ; but to the full recital of the glories of the day there yet remains Weitzel's lines on THE NORTH SIDE OP THE JAMES To chronicle. When General Ord withdrew to the lines investing Petersburg he brought with him exactly one- half of his army, being Turner's and Foster's Divisions, of the Twenty-fourth Corps, and Birney's Division of the Twenty-fifth (colored) Corps. On the north side, occu- pying his entire line, he left Weitzel, with Kautz's Division of the Twenty-fourth Corps, and Asborne's and Thomas' Divisions, of the Twenty-fifth Corps. Sunday, while the greatest scenes of history were enacting around Petersburg, Weitzel's entire line was perfectly quiet, not a shot anywhere. The enemy made a great show ; every man on the line doubtless had orders to make himself appear as much as possible like six. AVeitzel's command certainly had such orders ; both sides were playing the same game, and one was probably as little deceived as the other. When night came on the rebel bands played vociferousl}^ and persistently in various parts of their lines : probably half the bands in the rebel camps had been called into requisition in the game of attempted deception. Weitzel followed the ex- ample set him : he set all his bauds at work upon our National airs, and the night was filled with melodious strains, conflicting somewhat, however, in their political significance. Toward midnight, however, this musical contest ceased, and silence, complete and absolute, brooded over the con- LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 247 tending lines. At the hour specified the camps were startled into life again by the explosions already detailed. To Weit- zel's clear brain the full meaning of the event came home at once, and he did not need the confirmatory lurid light he saw hanging over the rebel capital to tell him that the hour had almost come. His orders were to push on whenever satisfied of his ability to enter the city, and summoning what patience he could he waited the short in- terval until daylight, when he sent out the Fifth Massa- chusetts Cavalry to reconnoitre. Its report soon came in — no enemy to be found ; his camps deserted of whatever force had been there. The way to Richmond was open. Southwest of Petersburg had been found the key that had unlocked its stubborn gates, and Weitzel was instantly on the road. Let his own despatch tell the story. " City Point, Va., April 3, 11 A. M. " General Weitzel telegraphs as follows : — " We took Richmond at 8.15 this morning. I captured many guns. The enemy left in great haste. "The city is on fire in one place. We are making every effort to put it out. "The people received us with enthusiastic expressions of joy. " General Grant started early this morning, with the army, towarils the Danville road, to cut off Lee's retreating army, if possible. " President Lincoln has gone to the front. " (Signed) " T. S. Bowers, Assistant Adjutant- General. " E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War." And so Richmond fell I Richmond, the capital of the so-called Confederacy ; the city which for four years baffled all efforts for its reduction. Thanks to the genius of Grant and a favoring Providence the Rebellion was now in the last throes of dissolution. Right and justice were again vindicated, and the long, weary and bloody war for the Union, the Constitution and the perpetuity of American Liberty was rapidly drawing to a close. The chief of the Rebellion was a fugitive, his main army was 248 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. brokea and flying, and there remained now no hope in hi3 mind, or those of his followers, that the Union could ever be overthrown, and a Southern Confederacy established. THE PURSUIT OF GENERAL LEE. With the energy which characterizes General Grant, was the pursuit of Lee's flying and shattered columns maintained. On the 4th of April he telegraphed as fol- lows to Secretary Stanton : "Wilson's Station, Va., April 4th, 1865. "Hon. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War: — The army is piishing forward in the hope of overtaking or dispersing the remainder of Lee's army. " Sheridan, with his cavalry and the Fifth Corps, is between this and the Appomattox. General Meade, with the Second and Sixth, following. General Obd following the line of the South Side railroad. All of the enemy that retains anything like organization have gone north of the Appomattox, and are apparently heading for Lynchburg, their losses having been very heavy. "The houses through the country are nearly all iised as hos- pitals for wounded men. In every direction I hear of Rebel soldiers pushing for home, some in large and some in small squads, and generally without arms. The cavalry have pur- sued so closely that the enemy have been forced to destroy probably the greater part of their transportation, caissons, and munitions of war. " The number of prisoners captured yesterday will exceed two thousand. From the 28th of March to the present time, our loss in killed, wounded, and captured will probably not reach seven thousand, of whom from fifteen hundred to two thousand are captured, and many but slightly wounded. " I shall continue the pursuit as long as there appears to be any use in it. " U. S. Grant, Lietdenant-Oeneral." Lee had been defeated, and General Grant was deter- mined that he should have no opportunity to recover him- self, and on the morning of the 3d of A pril, while the right of our line was pressing across the works at Petersburg, to find the city evacuated, the Fifth Corps and the cavalry, on the left, started out to intercept the retreat of Lee, LIFE OF LIEUTEXAXT-GEN-ERAL GRANT. 249 Custer's Third Division was in tbo cavalry advance, with Wells's Second Brigade leading. Camp was broken about three miles east of Namozine Creek, and the route lay towards the creek along the Namozine road. At the creek the enemy's rearguard was found strongly entrenched behind earthworks, covering the crossing, the bridge being destroyed, and trees felled across the road leading down to it. Four guns, two ammunition wagons, and two ambulances were found abandoned on this side of the creek, hid in the woods. A section of artillery was instantly opened against the works, while the cavalry easily forded the stream above and flanked them. A short skirmish ensued, and the enemy was driven off, and the obstructions removed. The road beyond was filled with felled trees and piled-up rails, and with emptied caissons surrounded by fire, the latter designed to explode, and so delay our pursuit. The retreat of the enemy was evidently of that sort which follows a rout— the path being strewn with wagons, ambulances, dead and wounded horses and mules, caissons, boxes of ammunition thrown out to lighten the load, mess utensils, arms, accoutrements, blankets, clothing, loose cartridges, and similar wrecks. Several miles of rapid riding brought the column to Namozine Church, at the intersection of two roads, the left leading direct to Lynchburg, the one to the right of the church to Bevil's bridge, across the Appomattox, on to Amelia Court House. Wells passed the church to the left, and soon came up with a part of Bareenger's cavalry brigade. The latter were pretty well exhausted with their hopeless task, but turned and fired on our advance, the Eighth New York. That regiment, however, charged without a pause in the pace, and dispersed the rearguard, and, the rest of Wells's Brigade and Pennington's Brigade coming up, prisoners, horses, and arms wore captured in abundance, and the 250 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. enemy scattered through the woods. Among our killed or dangerously wounded were Captains Goodrich, Skiff, and Farlee. Wells pressed upon the fugitive enemy along the same road for some distance, and then rejoined the column on the other road. Capeiiart's Third Brigade, meanwhile, took the road to the right of Namozine Church, pushed on rapidly towards Dennisville, crossing Deep Creek at the lower ford, the bridge having been destroyed. Immediately upon crossing, the brigade charged the enemy, and a running fight was kept up for miles, the enemy now halting, now flying, and delivering many a fatal Parthian shot in his flight. Pennington's First Brigade was hurried up, as the enemy, driven into more compact form by our owa pressure, began to resist with determination. The skirmishing and pursuit now con- tinued with great zest, our men being in high spirits, and driving the enemy with all ease, killing and wounding many, and capturing small squads here and there con- tinually. At length Bevil's ford was reached; but the bridge being down, the enemy struck off to the left, on a road leading towards a crossing, seven miles further up the river. Pennington here baited to gather up our men scattered in pursuit of fugitive prisoners, while Cape- hart went on after the enemy. The latter, it is said, had charge of a long wagon train, which impeded his progress, and forced him to fight briskly here and there. Wells had now come across from the road on the left of Namo- zine Church, and his brigade was prompt in support of Capeiiart's pursuit. The enemy at length turned once more to the right, to cross the Appomattox, and rejoin Lee's main army on the other bank. At this turning, where roads crossed, the enemy's cavalry rallied, and a body of infantry appeared to their support. Capehart's Brigade charged as before, but received a volley which checked them ; and, immediately after, the enemy's LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 251 infantry, with all their old spirit, deployed in an open field on the left of his line, crossed our right flank, turned and enfiladed it. Our men retreated before the fire for half a mile, to where McKenzie's Division (Kautz's old Division) was now in line. Lord's Battery A, Second Artillery, opened briskly on the enemy, shelling the woods. He was checked, and our men soon resumed the pursuit. But night was now falling, and the whole column encamped. The enemy had been pursued full twenty miles, and about three hundred and fifty prisoners, two flags, four cannon, and several ammunition wagons were captured. Our loss was not more than sixty or eighty. Early on Tuesday, the 4th, McKenzie's Division was in advance, the First Division next, and Custer's Division in the rear. Late in the afternoon, McKenzie came upon the enemy, who appeared to be posted with both infantry and artillery in works about two miles from Bethany. Skirmishing began at once, and continued until dark, when our troops went into camp and waited for the rest of the column. But soon after eleven o'clock the same night, the cavalry were again aroused and started off, with Custer in advance, and marched all night. The advance, at six o'clock the next morning, reached Jetters- ville, and there found the whole Fifth Corps well on- trenched across the Danville railroad. It was now learned that Lee, in his retreat from Richmond, had got as far as Amelia Court House, while our forces had siezed Burkesville, and were assembling at Jettersville. Burkesville is in Prince Edward County, the junction of the Richmond and Danville and the South Side railroads, fifty-two miles west of Petersburg. Jettersville is in Amelia County, on the Danville railroad, about half way between Burkesville and Amelia Court House, and fifty- four miles southwest of Richmond. Amelia Court House 252 LIFE OF LIEUTEXANT-GENERAL GRANT. is in the same county and on the same railroad, forty- seven miles southwest of Richmond. On Wednesday, April 5th, Custer's Division was posted, with artillery, on the left of the Fifth Corps. The First Division and McKenzie's Division then pro- longed the line to the left. Davies' Brigade of Crook's Division was sent by Sheridan, immediately on arriving, around on his left flank, towards Burkes- ville, to seize that important junction, to ascertain what was going on in that direction, and to disperse any enemy that might be found there. Davies came upon the enemy's cavalry at Fame's Cross-roads, and, attacking him, captured several hundred prisoners, five new and very beautiful Armstrong guns and caissons, about two hundred wagons, mortly empty, and seven or eight battle flags. The enemy's infantry then came up to the support of his cavalry, and, rapidly forming, drove off Davies' gallant brigade. The wagons were burned, but the prisoners were brought to camp. Amongst our killed was Colonel Janeway. The skirmish was short and sharp. Sheridan, at three o'clock P. M., on hearing this news, and finding the condition of the enemy, sent the following remarkable despatch to General Grant : SHEEIDAN'S DESPATCH TO GRANT. " Jettersville, April 5, 1865. — 3 P. M. " To Lieutknant-Generai, U. S. Grant : " General : — I send you the enclosed letter, which will give you an idea of the condition of the enemy and tlieir where- abouts. I sent General Daviks' Brigade this morning, around on my left flank. He captured at Fame's Cross, five pieces of artillery, al:)out two hundred wagons, and eight or nine battle flags, and a number of prisoners. The Second Army Corps is now coming u]). I wish you were here 3'ourself. I feel confi- dent of captui-ing the Army of Northern Virginia if we exert ourselves. I see no e.'^cape for Lee. I will send all ray cavalry out on our left flank, except McKrxzik, who is now on the right. "{Signed) "P. II. Sheridan, Major-General.'" LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 253 LETTER SENT BY SHERIDAN TO GRANT. " Amelia Court-Housk, April 5, 1865. " Dear Bkammia : — Our army is ruined, I fear. We are all safe as yet. Theodore left us sick. John Taylor is well ; saw him yesterday. We are in line of battle this evening. Gene- ral Robert Lee is in the field near us. My trust is still in the justice of our cause. General Hill is killed. I saw Murray a few moments since. Bernard Perry, he said, was taken prisoner, but may get out. I send this by a negro I see passing up the railr-oad to Michlenburgh. Love to all. Your devoted son, " W. B. Taylor, Colonel." Meanwhile, the Second Corps had come up, and went into position. Sheridan had written to Grant, " I see no escape for Lee. I will put all my cavalry out on our left flank, except McKenzie, who is now on the right." This he proceeded to do. Slight skirmishing in the afternoon now foretold the attack of the morrow. But we must trace the progress of the infantry to the new field of battle. The Fifth Corps started on the pursuit during the morn- ing of Monday the 3d, soon after the cavalry, both corps apparently being under the command of Sheridan, for the purposes of this movement. At two o'clock, the corps had arrived in sight of the Appomatox. Thence it turned to the left, without crossing the river, along the Namozine road, behind the cavalry, marching through Amelia county and crossing Deep and Namozine creeks. The same evi- dences of the disorderly retreat already described were evident on every hand. Few people were to be seen, ex- cept the contrabands, many of whom joined our column. The day's march was sixteen miles, and the blocking of the trains in the miry roads prevented it from being longer. The next day's, Tuesday's march, was like Mon- day's, except that it was twenty miles long, and its con- clusion brought the corps to Jettersville, where it was massed in an open field, and \a-y across the railroad. Strong earthworks were at once thrown up, and, as the 16 254: LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. enemy was only from five to ten miles distant, great cau- tion was used. No fires were lighted, and the corps lay ready for battle. In the rear of the Fifth Corps marched the Second, whose progress, however, was not so much hurried. In the rear of the Second was the Sixth. These two corps were directed by General Meade, and were on the river or Namozine road. The Second Corps marched about six miles on the 3d, the protection of the trains, which went slowly, requiring tardy progress, and the troops were very hard at work in repairing the roads for the passage of the artillery trains. The scarcity of rations caused an amount of " foraging," which must have con- trasted pleasantly with the old Peninsular campaign. Not a few prisoners were captured or surrendered along the line of march. At midnight the corps was again roused, and, after much delay, caused by the obstruction of the roads by trains, the column got otT. A long march until two o'clock of the 4th, brought the corps to Jetters- ville. Sheridan immediately had the Second and Third Divisions posted on the left of the Fifth Corps, in the position from which he had now withdrawn the First and Third Divisions of cavalry. An attack from Lee was hourly apprehended, but none took place. Ord's column of the Army of the James, comprising Turner's and Foster's Divisions of the Twenty-fourth Corps and Birney's Division of the Twenty-fifth, marched down the Cox road on the fourth, from Sutherland's station, ten miles west from Petersburg on the South Side road, where it separated from the main column. The Cox road is the direct road to Burkesville, along the South Side railroad Generals Grant and Ord were both with this column. It encamped near Wilson's station that night, having marched along the railroad a distance of about fif- teen miles. Next day, the fifth, it continued with Tur- ner's Division in advance along the railroad as far us LIFE OF LIFUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 255 " Black's and White's," which was reached about two o'clock. Thence the roads being very good indeed, the column pressed briskly on to Nottaway Court House on the raili-oad, nine miles from Burkesville and about eleven from Jettersville. Here it was proposed to halt, the column having marched twenty miles. But at six and a half o'clock, Sheridan's despatch before referred to reached Grant, and he immediately pushed forward the two divisions of the Twenty-fourth Corps, leaving Birney at " Black's and White's." At eleven o'clock the Twenty- fourth Corps marched and camped at Burkesville Junction, having undertaken the supplementary march of nine miles with great enthusiasm on hearing the good news. Grant himself had immediately ridden over to Jettersville, which he reached about eleven o'clock. On the fourth, two divisions of the Ninth Corps marched from Petersburg to Ford's station, on the Southside road, about twenty miles west of Petersburg. On the fifth it started again, and still moving on the Cox road towards, Burkesville, along the railroad, camped at night at Wellers- ville, twenty-one miles distant from the latter point. The corps had charge of most of the army trains and moved along briskly. The next day (the sixth) it pressed on along the same road, and encamped at night about ten miles from Burkesville, with one brigade of the Second Division thrown forward to the Junction. On that day, the 6th of April, occurred the decisive victory of Deatonsville. On the night previous, the army lay in line of battle, stretching across three or four miles of country and facing substantially northward. Custer's Division of cavalry lay on the right flank and McKenzie's on the left flank. The infantry line was formed with the Sixth Corps on the right, the Fifth in the centre and the Second on the le-ft. Next morning began our manreuvres. The Sixth Corps was transferred from the right to the left. The whole army had before 256 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. noon, marched about five miles on the road to Deatons- ville, six miles distant from Jettersville. The enemy was retreating towards Paineeville, which was the next town westerly from Amelia Court House to Lynchburg. Our cavalry, however, was there before him. The battle at Deatonsville and Painsville left nothing for Lee to do but to surrender. This he did, and on the 9th of April, 1865, the whole Army of Northern Virginia passed into the record of things that were. SURRENDER OP GENERAL LEE. The following is the correspondence which passed be- tween General Grant and General Lee : War Department, ) WAsniNnTON, April 9, 18G5— 9 o'clock, P. M. | To Major-Gtenerai. Dix, New York : This Department has received the official report of the sur- render, this day, of General Lee and his army to Lieutenant- General Grant, on the terms proposed by General Grant. Details will be given as speedily as possible. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War. Headquarters Armies of the United States, \ April 9—4-30 P. M. j Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War. General Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia this afternoon, upon the terms proposed by myself. The accom- panyino" additional correspondence will show the conditions fully. ° JJ. S. Grakt, Lieutenant-General. THANKS TO GENERAL GRANT AND THE ARMY. NT, Washington, D. C April 9—9-30 P. M. War Department, Washington^ D. C, | Lieutenant-Generai. Grant : Thanks be to Almighty God for the great victory with which lie has this day crowned you and the gallant Armies under your command. The thanks of this Department, and of the Government, and of the people of the United States— their reverence and honor have been deserved — will be rendered to you and the brave and gallant officers and soldiers of your army for all time. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War. LIFE OF LIEUTEXAXT-GENERAL GRANT. 257 i SALUTES ORDERED. . War Department, Washington, D. C. April 9—10 o'clock P. M. Ordered : That a salute of two hundred guns be fired at the headquarters of every army and department, and at every post and arsenal in the United States, and at the Military Academy at West Point, on the day of the receipt of this order, in com- memoration of the surrender of General R. E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia to Lieutenant-General Grant, and the army under his command ; report of the receipt and execu- tion of this order to be made to the Adjutant-General, Wash- ington. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War. THE CORRESPONDENCE. Clifton House, Va., April 9, 1865. Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War : The following correspondence has taken place between Gen- eral Lee and myself. There has been no relaxation in the pursuit during its pendency. U. S. Grant, Lieutenant-General. GENERAL GRANT TO GENERAL LEE. April 7, 1865. Generai< R. E. Lee, Commander C. S. A.: General : The result of the last week must convince you of the hopelessness of further resistance on the part of the Army of Northern Virginia in this struggle. I feel that it is so, and regard it as my duty to shift from myself the responsibility of any further efiusion of blood, by asking of you the surrender of tluit portion of the C. S. array known as the Army of Northern Virginia. Very respectfully, your obedient servant. U. S. Grant, Lieutenant- Gen. Commanding Armies of the United States. 16 258 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. II. GENERAL LEE TO GENERAL GRANT. April 7, 1865. General : I have received your note of this date. Though not entirely of the opinion you express of the hopelessness of further resistance on the part of the Army of Northern Vir- ginia, I reciprocate your desire to avoid itseless effusion of blood, and therefore, before considering your proposition, ask the terms you will ofFer, on condition of its surrender. R. E. Lee, General. To Lieutenant- General U. S. Grant, Commanding Armies of the United States. IIL GENERAL GRANT TO GENERAL LEE. April 8, 1865. To General R. E. Lee, Commanding Confederate States Army : General : Your note of last evening, in reply to mine of same date, asking the conditions on which I will accept the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, is just received. In reply, I would say that peace being my first desire, there is but one condition that I insist upon, viz ; That the men surrendered shall be disciualificd for taking up arms against the Government of the United States until pro- jjerly exchanged. I will meet you, or designate officers to meet any officers you may name for the same purpose, at any point agreeable to you, for the purpose of arranging definitely the terms upon which the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia will be re- ceived. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, U. S. Grant, Lieutenant- Gen. Commanding Armies of the United States. IV. GENERAL LEE TO GENERAL GRANT. April 8, 1865. General : I received at a late hour your note of to-day in answer to mine of yesterday. I did not intend to propose the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, but to ask the terms of your proposition. To be frank, I do not think the emergency has arisen to call for the surrender. But as the restoration of peace should be the sole object of all, I desire to know whether your proposals would tend to that end. f LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 259 I cannot, therefore, meet you with a view to surrender the Army of Northern Virji-inia, but so far as your proposition may aflect the Confederate States forces under my command, and lead to the restoration of peace, I should be pleased to meet you at ten A. M., to-morrow, on the old stage-road to Kichmond, between the picket lines of the two Armies. Very respeci/ully, your obedient servant. R. E. Lee, General Confederate States Armies. To Lieutenant- General Gkant, Commanding Armies of the United States. V. GENERAL GRANT TO GENERAL LEE. April 9, 1865 General R. E. Lee, Commanding C. S. A. : General : Your note of yesterday is received. As I have no authority to treat on the subject of peace, the meeting proposed for ten A. M., to day, could lead to no good. I will state, however, General, that I am equally anxious for peace with yourself; and the whole North entertain the same feeling. The terms upon which peace can be had are well understood. By the South laying down their arms they will hasten that most desirable event, save thousands of human lives, and hun- dreds of millions of property not yet destroyed. Sincerely hoping that all our diiBculties may be settled with- out the loss of another life, I subscribe myself, Very respectfully, your obedient servant, U. S. Grant, Lieutenant- General U. S. A. VI. GENERAL LEE TO GENERAL GRANT. April 9, 1865. General : I received your note of this morning on the picket line, whither I had come to meet you and ascertain de- finitely what terms were embraced in your proposition of yes- terday with reference to the surrender of this army. I now request an interview in accordance with the offer con tained in your letter of yesterday for that purpose. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, R. E. Lee, General. To Lieutenant- General Grant, Commanding United Staies Armies. 260 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 711. GENERAL GRANT TO GENERAL LEE. April 9, 1865. General R. E. Lee, Commanding Confederate States Armies: Your note of this date is but this moment (11.50 A. M.) re- ceived. In consequence of my having passed from the Richmond and Lynchburg road to the Farmville and Lynchburg road, I am at this writing about four miles west of Walter's Church, and will push forward to the front for the purpose of meeting you. Notice sent to me on this road where you wish the interview to take place will meet me. Ver)/ respectfully, your obedient servant, U. S. Grant, Lieutenant- General. THE TERMS, Appomattox Court-House, April 9, 1865. General R. E. Lee, Commanding G. S. A. : In accordance with the substance of my letter to you of the eighth instant, I propose to receive the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, on the following terms, to wit : Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate, one copy to be given to an officer designated by me, the other to be retained by such officers as you may designate. The officers to give their individual paroles not to take arms against the United States until properly exchanged, and each company or regimental commander sign a like parole for the men of their commands. The arms, artillery and public property to be packed and stacked, and turned over to the officers appointed by me to re- ceive them. This will not embrace the side-arms of the officers, nor their private horses or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to their homes, not to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their parole and the laws in force where they may reside. Very respecifidly, U. S. Grant, Lieutenant-General. LIFE OF LIEUTEXANT-GENERAL GRANT. 261 THE SURRENDER Head-quarters Army of Northern Virginia, I April 9, 1865, ] Lieutenant-Generai, U. S. Grant, Commanding U. S. A. : General : I have received your letter of this date, contain- ing the terms of surrender of the army of Northern Virginia, as proi>osed by you ; as they are substantially the same as those expressed in your letter of the eighth instant, they are accepted. I will proceed to designate the proper officers to carry the stipu- lations into eifect. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, R. E. Lee, General. \ LEE'S ENTIRE LOSSES. In the battles around Petersburg and in the pursuit, Lee lost over ten thousand men in killed and wounded, and twenty thousand men in prisoners and deserters, in- cluding those taken in battle, and those picked up la pursuit ; including all arms of the service, teamsters, hos- pital force, and everything, from sixteen to eighteen thousand men were surrendered by Lee. As only fif- teen thousand muskets and about thirty pieces of artil- lery were surrendered, the available fighting force could hardly have reached much above fifteen or twenty thou- sand men. Our total captures of artillery during the bat- tles and pursuit, and at the surrender, amounted to about one hundred and seventy guns. Three or four hundred wagons were also surrendered. In the agreement for surrender, the officers gave their own paroles, and each officer gave his parole for the men within his command. The following is the form of tho personal parole of officers, copied from the original docu- ment given by Lee and a portion of his staff : "We, the undersigned, prisoners of war belonging to the Army of Northern Virginia, having been this day surrendered by General R. E. Lee, commanding said army, to Lieutenant- 262 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT- GENERAL GRANT. General Grant, commanding the Armies of the United States, do hereby give oiir solemn parole of honor that we will not hereafter serve in the armies of the Confederate States, or in any military capacity whatever, against the United States of America, or render aid to the enemies of the latter until pro- perly exchanged in such manner as shall be mutually approved by the respective authorities. " R. E. Lee, General. " W. 11. Taylor, Lieutenant- Colonel and A. A. G. " CiiAs. S. Venable, Lieutenant- Colonel and A. A. G- " Chas. Marshall, Lieutenant- Colonel and A. A. G. " H. E. Praton. Lieutenant- Colonel and Ins.-Genei'al. "Giles Bookk, Major and A. A. Surgeon-General. "H. S. Youxo, A. A. General. " Done at Appomattox Court House, Va., this ninth {^th) day of April, 1865." The parole is the same given by all officers, aud ia countersigned as follovfs : " The above-named officers will not be disturbed by United vStates authorities as long as they observe their parole, and the laws in force v/here they may reside. " Georoe H. Sharp, General Assist. Provost-Marshal." The obligation of officers for the subdivisions under their command is in form as follows : " I, the undersigned, commanding officer of , do, for the within-named prisoners of war, belonging to the Army of North- ern Virginia, who have been this day surrendered by General Robert E. Lee, Confederate States Army, commanding said army, to Lieutenant-General Grant, commanding Armies of the United States, hereby give my solemn parole of honor that the withiu-named shall not hereafter serve in the Armies of the Confederate States, or in military or any capacity whatever against the United States of America, or render aid to the ene- mies of the latter, until properly exchanged in such manner as shall be mutually approved by the respective authorities. "Done at Appomattox Court House, Va., this ninth day of April, 18G5. " The within-named will not be disturbed by the United States authorities so long as they observe their parole and the laws in force where they may reside." The surrender of Lee was followed by the voluntary surrender of most of the regular troopa of the enemy iu the Shenandoab. LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 263 GENERAL GRANT'S MOVEMENTS AFTER THE SURRENDER. General Grant uever makes an uunecessary delay. The terms of the surrender having been arranged, he im- mediately left the army for Washington, without turning aside to visit the fallen Capital, or pausing longer by the way than was requisite for refreshment. On the 1 3th of April, 1865, he reached Washington, established his head- quarters, and went direct to the War Department, where he met the President and Secretary Stanton. He repre- sented to them that the Rebellion was virtually at an end, and that the Government should at once commence cut- ting down its expenses. That evening the Secretary telegraphed the following important despatch northward, the first despatch that bore to the nation the welcome news, that peace was at hand. STOPPING THE DRAFT. " War Department, ) "Washington, April I'Sth, — 6 P. M. j •To Ma,ior-General Dix, N'eio York: — "The Department, after mature consideration and con.sulta- tiou with the Lieutenant-General upon the results of the recent campaign, has come to the following determinations, which will be carried into effect by appropriate orders to be imme- diately issued. " First. — To stop all drafting and recruiting in the loyal States. "Second. — To curtail purchases for arms, ammunition, quar- termaster and commissary supplies, and reduce the military establishment in its several branches. '■ Third. — To reduce the number of general and stafif officers to the actnal necessities of the service. ''Fourth. — To remove all military restrictions upon trade and commerce, so far as may be consistent with public ssdcty. " As soon as these measures can be put in operation it will be made known by public order. "Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War." General Gkant remained at Washington, aiding the 264 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. Government with his counsels, and using every effort to reduce the expenses of the military departments. GENERAL GRANT GOES NORTH TO VISIT HIS FAMILY. It was announced in the Washington morning papers of April 14th, that General Grant would accompany Presi- dent Lincoln to Ford's Theatre in the evening, but the General had made arrangements to run north and visit his family, that day, so that he was not present when Mr. Lincoln was assassinated. The evidence adduced at the trial of Payne and his associate conspirators clearly proved that it was their design to murder General Grant during the evening. The dagger which Booth flourished was undoubtedly intended for Grant. Providence did not permit the crime, and although the nation's beloved President was martyred, Grant was spared to his country. On learning of the assassination of President Lincoln, he at once returned to Washington, and was present at the funeral of his noble friend, and formed one of the mourners who followed the remains to the Capitol on the 19th of April, 1865. GRANT LEAVES WASHINGTON FOR RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA. Shortly after, the terms which Sherman granted to Johnston were received. The President, Cabinet, and the Lieutenant-General repudiated the arrangement promptly, and Grant left Washington the same day for Sherman's army, arriving at Raleigh, North Carolina, on the 24th (if April. He apprised Sherman of the fact that his agreement with Johnston was disapproved of, not only by the National authorities, but by himself, and Sherman at once notified Johnston of the non-acceptance by the Government of the old terms, and, later, demanded his LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 265 surrender on the terms accorded to Lee. On the 25th, Johnston replied, and, on the 26th, the surrender was made in an interview between Sherman and Johnston at Durham Station. General Grant telegraphed the news to the War Depart- ment from Raleigh, on April 26th, as follows : " Johnston surrendered the forces in his command, embracing all from here to Chattahoochee, to General Sherman, on the basis agreed upon between Lee and myself for the Army of Northern Virginia." Next to Lee's army, Johnston's was the most powerful force the Rebellion had in the field, and with its fall, fell the last slender hope which Davis yet entertained of making headway against the Armies of the Union. GENERAL GRANT RETURNS TO WASHING- TON, PROM RALEIGH. In a few days afterward, General Grant was again at his headquarters in Washington, and, on the 28th of April, the following order was issued by the War Department, and at the same time the several corps, composing the Army of the Potomac, were ordered to march via Rich- mond to Washington, where they were to be reviewed, before their final disbandment : IMPORTANT ORDER OF THE WAR DEPART- MENT, REDUCING THE EXPENSES OP THE MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT. " Wae Department. Adjutant General's Office, ) " Washington, April 28th, 1865. j " General Order No. 77, " For reducing tho expenses of the Military Department. " Ordered, First — That the chiefs of the respective bureaus of this department proceed immediately to reduce the expenses of their respective departments to what is absohitcly necessary, in view of an immediate reduction of the forces in the field and garrisons, and the speedy termination of hostilities, and that 266 LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. they severally make out statements of the reductions they deem practicable. "Second — That the Quartermaster-General discharge all ocean transports not required to bring home troops in remote depart- ments. All river and inland transportation will be discharged except that required for the necessary supplies of troops in the field. Purchases of horses, mules, wagons, and other land trans- portation will be stopped ; also purchases of forage, except wliat is required for immediate consumption. All purchases for railroad construction and transportation will also be stopped. '•Third — That the Commissary General of Subsistence stop the purchase of supphes in his department for such as may, with what is on hand, be required for the forces in the field to the 1st of June next. '•Fourth — That the Chief of Ordnance stop all purchase of arms, ammunition and material therefor, and reduce the manu- facturing of arms and ordnance stores in government arsenals as rapidly as can be done withoiit injury to the service. "Fifth — That the Chief of Engineers stop work on all field fortifications and other works, except those for which specific appropriations have been made by Congress for completion, or that may be required for the proper protection of works in progress. "Sixth — That all soldiers in hospitals who require no further medical treatment, be honorably discharged from service, with immediate payment. All ofiBcers and enlisted men who have been prisoners of war and are now on furlough or at parole camps, and all recruits in rendezvous, except those for the reg- ular army, will be likewise honorably discharged. Officers whose duty it is under the regulations of the service to make out rolls and other final papers connected with the final discharge and payment of soldiers, are directed to make pa3rment without delay, so that the order may be carried into effect immediately. "Seventh — The Adjutant-General of the army will cause im- mediate returns to be made by aU commanders in the field, garrisons, detachments and forts, of their respective forces, with a view to their immediate reduction. "Eighth — The Quartermasters of Subsistence, Ordnance, Engineers, and Provost Marshal General's Departments, will reduce the number of clerks and employees to that absolutely required for closing the business of their respective Depart- ments, and will, without delay, report to the Secretary of War the number reqiiired of each class or grade. The Surgeon- General will make a similar reduction of surgeons, nurses, and attendants in his bureau. "Ninth — The chiefs of the respective bureaus will immediately cause proper returus to be made out of public property in their charge, and a statement of property in each that may be sold upon advertisement and public sale, without prejudice to the LIFE OF LIEUTEN'ANT-GENERAL GRANT. 267 "Tenth — That the Commippary of prisoners will hive rolls made out, of the name, residence, time and place of captiiro, and occupation of all prisoners of war who will take the oath of allegiance to the United States, to the end that such as are disposed to become good and loyal citizens of the United States, and who are proper objects of Executive clemency, may be relieved upon terms that the President shall deem tit and consistent with the public safety. "By order of the Secretary of War. " W. A. Nichols, A. A. G. " Official. — Thos. M. Vincent, A. A. G." THE REBEL FORCES IN ALABAMA, MISSIS- SIPPI, AND EAST LOUISIANA, SURRENDER TO GENERAL CANBY. On the 4th of May, 1865, General Richard Taylor, commanding the rebel forces in Alabama, Mississippi, and East Louisiana, surrendered to Major-General Canby, and this closed up our account with the rebels east of the Mississippi river. GENERAL SHERIDAN GOES TO NEW OR- LEANS.— SURRENDER OP KIRBY SMITH. Beyond the Mississippi, Kirby Smith exhibited a deter- mination to hold out and prolong the war. General Grant resolved to use efficient measures to bring him also to terms, and a powerful expedition was fitted out at Fortress Monroe, and Major-General Philip Sheridan was assigned to its command. The General proceeded forthwith by way of the Mississippi river to New Orleans, but before reaching that point, Smith had heard of the surrender of Lee, Johnston, and Taylor, and he too accepted the terms granted to Lee, and surrendered the forces under his command. CLOSE OP THE WAR. There was no longer a doubt but that the fierce and bloody war which for four years had desolated the south- ern land, and filled almost every household throughout the entire country with mourning, had terminated. It 268 LIFE or LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. tcfminated with honor to the Union. Our free institutions were permanently established. Slavery, the curse, had gone down, crushed forever, by the madness of the very men who were its supporters and who commenced the war for the avowed purpose of perpetuating human bondage on the American continent. A thousand sanguinary battles attested the valor and patriotism of the Northern and Western States, and though defeats were frequently experienced, they served only to make stronger the brave arms which were ultimately to win enduring renown and restore peace and harmony to the nation. PRESENTATION TO GENERAL GRANT OP A MANSION IN PHILADELPHIA. General Grant's modesty is proverbial, and since the conclusion of the war he has declined all invitations to speak at receptions, reviews, or serenades. A number of public spirited gentlemen of Philadelphia purchased a magnificent mansion on West Chestnut street, in that city, and presented it to the General on May 3d, 1865. The house was elegantly furnished from cellar to attic, and the larders were amply stocked with the best of every- thing, the whole costing over fifty thousand dollars. The presentation was made quietly and without ostentation, the General and lady and family being present. In a few words he expressed to the Committee his gratitude for their princely gift, his manner proving more conclu- sively than his utterance, that his heart fully appreciated the handsome and substantial compliment which his friends and admirers conferred upon him. CHARACTER AND ABILITIES OP LIEUTEN- ANT GENERAL GRANT. No one labored more assiduously to break the power of the Rebellion than General Grant. He entered the ser- vice to lend his abilities and his personal efforts to this LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 269 one great end. How well he performed his duty the Re- public and the world knows. With a pure heart, a steady- nerve, an abiding faith in the justness of the cause and a resolution which nothing could shake, he moved forward in the discharge of his duties. Step by step, he rose to the exalted and responsible position of Lieutenant-General. To him were confided the destinies of our armies and the wel- fare of the country. He was equal to the task, and to-day he occupies a prominence in history, second to no military chieftain who ever lived. His public and private charac- ter is spotless, and his sole ambition is to serve his coun- try, and further the holy cause of American liberty. Envy, which often assails the best, leaves him alone, and no one dares question his patriotism or bravery, his skill, his modesty, his disinterestedness, his firmness or his success. To him is universally attributed the final triumph of our arms, the result of strategy the most skilful, combinations the largest and most overwhelming, and courage, persistent, self-reliant and dauntless. He has never been obliged to explain away any mistakes, or to remove any misapprehensions ; to account for any disasters, to make any apologies, or appeal to his country- men for a reversal of their opinions. His profound, his almost infallible judgment, has lifted him above the errors of popular generals, who are too apt to be thinking of the public when their business is only with the enemy. Thus we find him on his own pedestal, in the full proportions of a wise, great and successful man. Not the least of his merits is his unpretending demeanor. At no moment, on no occasion, has he ever betrayed any personal vanity, or any exhilaration in successes which would have turned the heads of most commanders. Not a word from his lips, not a line from his pen, has ever been out of time, out of place, or out of character. However others may have erred in this way, he never has. "Whether as a sub- It 270 .LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. ordinate and in the conduct of isolated campaigns, or at the head of the whole army, and directing its entire movements — reticent, modest, thoughtful, discreet ; the wise man who says little and does much ; of " imagination all compact," he has pursued an unbroken career of triumph, without having had to repair a singe error. Not only may we therefore place him as the foremost among our military men — and this itself is praise in the extreme — but we may also claim for him an equal, perhaps the highest place among all the generals of modern times. If we consider the vastness of the fields on which this war has been waged, the immense numbers of men engaged in it, the enormous amount of materiel employed, and the loss of life incurred, we are led irresistibly to the conclu- sion that even the most celebrated European wars have, comparatively, been but forays and skirmishes. Thus we may, with perfect propriety, assert that the tactics of General Grant have been often as grand as those of the first Napoleon, his marches as bold, his combinations as subtle and original, his battles as fierce and as decisive, and his conquest of territory as vast and as frequent. In the capture of posts deemed impregnable, and of prisoners, artillery and munitions of war in numbers unprecedented, the comparison is really to the advantage of our modest hero. To go further back, he reminds us of some of the most famous of the more historic commanders in many remarkable particulars. Like Prince Eugene in the Tyrol, he could make his way through the most difiScult and well defended passes of the Tennessee, and, like him, drive his foe before him from field to field ; or like the famous Lord Peterboro, whose sententious remarks won him as much applause as his battles, he has successfully overrun and occupied, as did the English general in the Spanish war, State after State, in spite of all opposition, and at the same time enabled a co-operating force at LIFE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. 271 a distance to make splendid and triumphant marches, and win the greatest triumphs with the least loss of life. Like Marlboro, in set battle, Grant has been equally successful, after as hotly contested fields as Blenheim or Ramillies ; and like Wellington, in his last triumphant march upon his enemy's capitol, after more deadly combats and with greater resistances, he has closed up a war by its capture, and that of the chief who had thence directed and continued the struggle. So that we may fairly claim for General Grant, that he has been proved to combine in himself the highest qualities of all these commanders, without the faults of any of them. And as the work he has accomplished exceeds in magnitude and consequences any they ever were engaged in, we may place him on the highest pedestal in the same temple of fame. These European contests were, one and all, contests for dynas- ties or personal objects ; while the campaigns of Grant have been for liberty, and in fact for mankind. He has been indeed the man of the times ; born for them, and equal to them. It is no common foe he has conquered, no ordinary war he has finished, no trifling cause he has maintained. His genius, discovered in time by the late President, and left unfettered to exert itself, proved by its " short, sharp and decisive" strokes, that it was of the most brilliant order, equal to the most superb combina- tions, and sure to be followed by the most complete success. We are almost too near and too mixed up with these great events, to give them their true outlines, or understand their great proportions. The Europeans, at a greater distance, are beginning to know them, as in the great political perspective they see the effect upon them- selves. And when, by and by, some other Marshall or Motley shall arise to draw the character and portray the conduct of a hero, he will set his canvas for the portrait of Lieutenant-General Grant. The End. CHEAPEST BOOK HOUSE IN THE WORLD. T. B. PETERSON & BROTHERS, 306 Chestnut Street, PMladelphia, Penna., Publish the most Saleable Books in the World, and Supply all Books at the Lowest Rates. The cheapest place in the world to buy all kinds of Books, suitable for all persons whatever, for the Family, Army, or Hailroad Reading, is at the Publishing House of T. B. PETERSO?^ & BROTHERS, Philadelphia. 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Life and Adventures of Jack Adams Life and Adventures of Ben Brace, Life and Adventures of Jack Ariel, Life and Adventures of Tom Bowling, Cruising in the Last War, Life of Percy Effingham, Tlio Petrel..." Percival Kcene The Sea King, Peter Simple, I'onr Jack Mysteries of Three Cities, 13 13 13 13 15 10 10 15 15 12 15 15 25 25 25 50 60 25 25 25 50 25 50 50 50 50 60 75 je^-CJET UP YOUR CI.UBS FOB 1865! NEW AND SPLENDID PREMIUMS! ; Notwitlistanding tlie enormously increaserl cost of Paper, and the consequent rise in the price of otlier Magazines "Peterson's ' will still lie furnished to Single Suli.scribers at i Two Dollars A Year, Cash in Advance. Arrangenieuts have been made, by which, in IS^es, it will be liotter than ever. No Magazine of similar merit will approach it in cheap- ' ness, heuco it will be enijihatically, THE MAGAZINE FOR THE TIMES! The stories in "Peterson" are conceded to be the best piihh'sJifd anyvhere. Mrs. Ann S. Stephens, Ella Rodman, Mis. 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