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 THE 
 
 ADVENTURES 
 
 V OF 
 
 CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH, 
 
 THE 
 
 
 FOUNDER OF THE COLONY 
 
 .^' 
 
 OF 
 
 ^"f 
 ^ X 
 
 S^ VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY 
 
 ™e author of "ukcle Philip's conversations." 
 ^ f^anc\s [^\%^&r V\-a.wWs 
 
 v^ V^ NEWYORK: 
 
 JV > D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 
 >J ^rV 200 Broadway. 
 
 MDCCCXLU. 
 
 M 
 
 
ri \Q^ 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1842, 
 
 By D. AFPLETON & COxMPANY, 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for 
 
 the Southern District of New York. y 
 
 r 2- ^ ^ 
 
 
TO 
 
 HIS YOUNG FELLOW-CITIZENS 
 THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 AND ESPECIALLY THOSE OF THE 
 
 STATE OF VIRGINIA, 
 ^fjis Volamt 
 
 IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED, 
 
 By .the Author. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The birtli of John Smitn — His boyish restlessness — His early 
 adventures and wanderings — His return home — His wan- 
 derings resumed — After strange adventures, he enlists as a 
 soldier against the Turks — His brilliant exploits as a sol- 
 dier — He is taken captive at last and sold as a slave to the 
 Bashaw Bogal — He sends him to Constantinople. Page 13 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Smith escapes from his captivitj'- — He wanders through Rus- 
 sia and Poland, and is kindly entertained — Cordial meeting 
 with his old friends, in Transylvania — He journeys to 
 France, Spain, and Morocco — Returns to England — Happi- 
 ness of his friends at meeting him — Meets with Bartholomew 
 Gosnold,and determines to sail for the New World — Patent 
 of King James for settling Virginia — Their ships sail — Un- 
 kind treatment of Smith on the voyage — The colonists reach 
 JamestoAvn — Smith is refused his place as one of the 
 Council 34 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Noble conduct of Smith — Beginning of Jamestown — Wing- 
 field's imprudence in not preparing a fort, and having the 
 
10 CONTENTS. 
 
 men drilled to military exercises — Smith visits the chief 
 Powhatan — Attack upon Jamestown by the savages — Smith 
 demands a trial, and is acquitted — Newport sails for Eng- 
 land — Sufferings of the colony — Selfishness of Wingfield — 
 He tries to escape from the colony, is prevented, and de- 
 posed from the Presidency — RatclifF is made President — 
 Being a weak man, the care of the colony falls upon Smith — 
 His excursion to Kecoughtan, to obtain supplies — His ad- 
 ventures up the Chickahomony river — Is made a prisoner 
 by the Indians — His treatment by the savages — Presents his 
 compass to Opecanchanough, and saves his life thereby — 
 Writes to Jamestown — Is led about among various tribes 
 and at last brought to Werowocomoco, the residence of 
 Powhatan 50 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Smith is received by Powhatan in great state — The savages 
 propose to kill him — His life is saved by the Princess Poca- 
 hontas — he is released and returns to Jamestown — Troubles 
 at Jamestown — He soon restores order — Kindness of Poca- 
 hontas — Arrival of Captain Newport, in 1607 — His visit to 
 Powhatan — Strange trafficking— Fire at Jamestown — Suffer- 
 ings of the colony — Newport sails homeward — Smith re- 
 builds the town — Arrival of Captain Nelson — Disturbance 
 between Smith and Powhatan — Bold conduct of Smith — 
 Peace is restored — Nelson sails for England. . . 71 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 The adventures of Captain Smith during two voyages made 
 in an open boat, for the purpose of exploring Chesapeake 
 Bay 87 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Smith enters upon his new duties as President — Arrival of 
 Captain Newport — His plan for finding the South Sea — 
 
CONTENTS. 11 
 
 Brings presents to Powhatan— Smith opposes the project — 
 The project goes on — Smith's visit to Powhatan — Tells him 
 of the presents — His haughty reply — The presents are 
 brought to the chief— He is crowned — Newport attempts to 
 find the South Sea and fails— Employment of the men — 
 Smith's mode of breaking up the bad habit of swearing among 
 his men — Bad conduct of the sailors — Departure of the ship 
 — Letter of the Council in England to Smith — His reply — 
 Smith goes to Nandsamond and obtains supplies — He after- 
 wards attempts to seize Powhatan and his stores — Is be- 
 trayed — The friendship of Pocahontas prevents his being 
 captured 115 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Powhatan by stratagem obtains arms at Jamestown — Smith 
 visits Opechancanough — Treachery of the chief — Fearless 
 behavior of Smith — Accident at JamestoAvn — Returns home 
 — Rebukes the colonists for idleness, and sets them to 
 work — Treachery of four Germans — Smith attempts to seize 
 one of them — Is attacked by the chief of the Pashiphays — 
 After a hard struggle captures the chief, and puts him in 
 chains — The chief escapes — Meets the Pashiphays — Speech 
 of Okaning — Incidents at Jamestown — Industry of the colo- 
 nists — Want of food — Kindness of Powhatan — Mutinous 
 conduct of some of the colonists — Smith checks it — Plot to 
 Destroy Jamestown — is discovered and stopped — Arrival of 
 Captain Argall. 145 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 New charter granted by the king to the Virginia Company — 
 Smith is deposed, and Lord Delaware made governor of 
 Virginia — Seven ships arrive at Jamestown — Confusion in 
 the colony — Courage and services of Smith — Friendship of 
 the Indians toward him — Is seriously injured by an acci- 
 dent — Conspiracy to murder him — Friendship of his old 
 
12 CONTENTS. 
 
 soldiers— Returns to England— State of the colony at his 
 departure — His loss is felt severely in the colony. 169 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Smith's first voyage to New England in 1614— Treachery of 
 Captain Hunt — Smith makes a map of the coast, and upon 
 his return presents it to Prince Charles — Sails a second time 
 for New England — Is taken by French pirates and carried a 
 prisoner to Rochelle — Makes his escape during a storm — 
 At length arrives in his own country — Publishes his descrip- 
 tion of New England — Goes through the western part of 
 England distributing copies of his book — Circumstances 
 which brought the Princess Pocahontas to England in 1616 
 — She meets with Smith — Touching interview — Embassy 
 of Uttamatomakkin — Pocahontas dies in England, leaving an 
 infant son — News of Opechancanough's massacre at James- 
 town in 1622 — Smith proposes to revenge the death of his 
 countrymen — In 1623, appears before King James's commis- 
 sion for reforming abuses in Virginia — In 1631, dies at Lon- 
 don, in the fifty-second year of his age. . . . ISO 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 The birth of John Smith — His boyish restlessness 
 — His early adventures and wanderings — 
 His return home — His wanderings resumed — 
 After strange adventures^ he enlists as a soldier 
 against the Turks — His brilliant exploits as a 
 soldier — He is taken captive at last and sold as 
 a slave to the Bashaw Bogal — He sends him to 
 Constantinople. 
 
 In the life of Henry Hudson* Captain John 
 Smith is spoken of as his " earhest and most 
 cherished companion." Of all the remarkable 
 men, who visited this new world for the purpose 
 of planting colonies, and subduing the wilder- 
 ness, there was none more remarkable than John 
 Smith. His life was a perfect romance, filled 
 with wild and roving adventures ; and I think 
 my young countrymen will be both instructed 
 and pleased by reading his history. Here, there- 
 fore, it is. 
 
 • See volume I. of A Library for my Young Countrymen. 
 
 2 
 
14 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 Unfortunately, we knew but little of the early- 
 days of Hudson ; but Smith we can follow from 
 his boyhood up. He was born in Willoughby, 
 in the county of Lincolnshire, in England, of 
 respectable parents, in the year 1579, and, from 
 the earliest boyhood, began to shew his restless, 
 roving disposition. He was sent to school, a 
 very young lad, and soon distinguished himself 
 among his school-fellows for his bold, manly, 
 and adventurous sports. But books and schoolboy 
 confinement did not please him. Scarcely yet 
 thirteen years old, he sold his satchel, books, 
 and whatever other articles he could part with, 
 to raise money, that he might go to sea. All 
 this was unknown, at the time, to his friends^ 
 and he would probably have succeeded in get- 
 ting away, had not the death of his father oc- 
 curred at the time, and thereby prevented it. 
 Now he was left in the hands of guardians. At 
 the age of fifteen they placed him as an ap- 
 prentice to a merchant at Lynn, hoping that this 
 might suit his turn of mind, and prove both 
 profitable and pleasant to him. Smith seems at 
 first to have liked this, for his thoughts were 
 still upon the ocean, and he hoped from time to 
 time that his master would send him to sea in 
 his service. But at last, disappointed in this, the 
 
JOHN SMITH. 15 
 
 counting-house became wearisome to him, and 
 he resolved to leave. With only ten shillings 
 in his pocket, therefore, which he says was 
 given to him by his friends " to get rid of him," 
 he left Iris employer. It was not long before 
 young Smith began to fear he had made a sad 
 mistake. Afraid to report himself to his guard- 
 ians, and fearful that, if he remained in England, 
 they would find him, and put him to some other 
 employment, it is said, he w^andered about in 
 his poverty, scarcely knowing what to do ; his 
 heart resolved only upon this one thing, to start 
 abroad as soon as he could. He was a boy of 
 too much principle to steal, and yet he was too 
 poor to carry out his wishes. The story runs, 
 that in this sad state of mind, after wandering 
 another weary day, he was fortunate enough, in 
 stopping at a public-house, to meet with a noble- 
 man who was about embarking for France, and 
 Smith was made happy, when he was allowed 
 to enter his train, and go along with him. They 
 journeyed on together now, until they reached Or- 
 leans, in France, but here, from some cause, they 
 parted. Whether the nobleman (as has been 
 said) found Smith wild and ungovernable, or 
 whether it was that he no longer had need of 
 his services, here he dismissed him. Yet he 
 
16 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 treated him with great generosity, for he gave 
 him money, that he might return to England, 
 and hve among his friends. 
 
 Yet Smith had no thought of returning home, 
 and now it was that his travels fairly com- 
 menced. He first went to Paris, and after 
 spending a little time there, he started for Hol- 
 land. There was in him always a love of 
 military life, a sort of military ardor; and 
 I have supposed that he moved toward the 
 " Low Countries," because, at that time, this 
 was the battle-ground of Europe. A struggle 
 was then going on between this country and 
 Spain. Certain it is, that he had scarcely reach- 
 ed the country, w^hen he enlisted as a soldier ; and 
 now, for some time, he served in the army, 
 greatly delighted with his new occupation. His 
 restless spirit, however, grew weary at last, even 
 of this. Meeting with a Scotch gentleman, (Mr. 
 David Hume,) he was supplied by him with 
 money, and letters to his friends in Scotland, 
 and advised to go with him to that country. 
 The principal inducement for his going was, (as 
 his Scotch friend assured him,) that he would 
 there find friendship and favor at the hands of 
 King James. Now, then, he embarked for Scot- 
 land. After suffering from shipwreck, and a 
 
JOHN SMITH. 17 
 
 violent fit of sickness, he at length arrived there, 
 and delivered his letters. These letters procured 
 for him kind attention, and he was treated with 
 great hospitality — though as far as the king 
 was concerned, he met with little patronage and 
 encouragement. His heart, therefore, began to 
 turn homeward, and he soon started off for his 
 native town, Willoughby. 
 
 Upon his arrival, his friends were all delighted 
 to see him, and were greatly pleased to hear him 
 recount his travels. But this being over, he soon 
 tired of the companions around him : and now 
 he went to the woods and built him a Httle 
 booth, where he might live alone to himself. 
 Here he became very industrious in pursuing 
 his studies. His fondness for a soldier's life 
 set him upon the study of military history and 
 tactics ; and from time to time he would amuse 
 himself with sports of hunting and horseman- 
 ship. His books, his horse, and his lance were 
 almost the only objects that interested him. Af- 
 ter a time, it became generally known that 
 he was living in this quiet way : his strange 
 habits were much talked of, and this induced an 
 Italian gentleman, who was himself a great 
 horseman, to visit him. He soon made the ac- 
 quaintance of Smith, (for their tastes were alike,) 
 
 2* 
 
18 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 and at length persuaded him to leave his retire- 
 ment, and come back into the world. His little 
 lodge, therefore, was now deserted. 
 
 His restless spirit soon prompted him again 
 to roam. He now had the means of travelhng> 
 (for he had received his portion of his father's 
 estate,) and in spite of the remonstrances and 
 entreaties of his friends, he resolved upon start- 
 ing once more. Again led, I suppose, by his mili- 
 tary ardor, he embarked for Flanders, hoping to 
 play the part of a soldier against the Turks. But 
 here his plans were altered. Accidentally meet- 
 ing with four Frenchmen, (one of whom passed 
 for a nobleman, and the other three for his attend- 
 ants,) he was persuaded to join them, and travel 
 with them into France. These men w^ere vil- 
 lains, who noticing the youth and inexperience 
 of Smith, (for he was now only nineteen, some 
 say seventeen, years of age,) had resolved upon 
 robbing him. They all accordingly embarked for 
 France. It was a dark night when they arrived 
 at St. Valery, in Picardy ; and now these im- 
 postors had made so much of a friend of their 
 captain, who was a villain like themselves, that 
 they were prepared to carry their plan into ex- 
 ecution. Accordingly, these four Frenchmen, 
 with the captain at their head, now went ashore 
 
JOHN SMITH. 19 
 
 in the boat, taking with them the trunks of 
 Smith. The next morning the captain returned 
 with the boat. Upon being asked why he had 
 been gone so long, he stated, that he had been 
 prevented from returning by the high sea : but 
 the truth was, he had delayed only that his 
 thievish companions might escape with their 
 plunder before it was possible to overtake them. 
 The crew suspected the villany of the com- 
 mander, (for the luggage of Smith was now 
 missed,) and it is said that they proposed to 
 Smith to kill him, and seize the vessel and car- 
 go. This, however, he very properly refused to 
 do, and thus went ashore, poor and friendless. 
 Indeed, his poverty was now so great, that he 
 sold part of his clothing to pay his passage. 
 
 One of the sailors now took compassion upon 
 him, and paying his expenses, they travelled to- 
 gether as far as Mortaine, where the villains 
 lived, (for this sailor, it seems, knew them.) His 
 journey proved useless, as far as his trunks were 
 concerned, for being poor and without friends, 
 he found it impossible to recover any part of his 
 property. His desolate situation, however, called 
 out the sympathy of many good people, and he 
 was invited to their homes, kindly treated, and 
 supplied with further sums of money. 
 
20 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 Still eager to pursue his travels, and unwilling 
 to remain, receiving favors which he could not 
 return, he resolved upon leaving this place. 
 With a hght heart, therefore, he started on foot 
 toward the sea-shore, hoping, in some one of 
 the seaport towns, to find a ship in which he 
 might embark. In his wanderings, his money 
 was soon again exhausted. It was during this 
 journey that he accidentally met one day, near 
 Dinan, one of the villains who had robbed him. 
 Without saying a word, they both instantly drew 
 their swords. A crowd gathered around them ; 
 Smith had wounded him, and he forced the 
 Frenchman to confess his guilt before the whole 
 multitude. This, however, was all he obtained, 
 for he found none of his property. Before he 
 reached the sea-shore, he suffered many priva- 
 tions. It is said, that after wandering one day 
 through a forest, he was so much exhausted to- 
 ward evening, by fatigue and exposure, that he 
 threw himself down by a fountain, expecting to 
 die there ; and would probably have died, had 
 not a kind farmer discovered him, and once more 
 supplied his wants. 
 
 He now remembered an old friend, whom he 
 had seen before, (the Earl of Ploy er,) and knew, 
 if he could reach him, he would receive sympathy 
 
JOHN SMITH. 21 
 
 and assistance. Accordingly, he managed to 
 reach the home of this friend, and found all his 
 hopes realized. The Earl treated him with 
 marked kindness, and furnished him with money 
 for his journey. He now travelled along the 
 French coast to Bayonne,. and thence crossed 
 over to Marseilles, noticing particularly, by the 
 w^ay, any and every thing that fed his passion 
 for naval and military exploits. At Marseilles 
 he found a ship ready to sail for Italy. 
 
 In this ship it happened that there were a 
 number of pilgrims, going to Rome. Smith, 
 however, took passage with them, and new 
 troubles soon met him on the voyage. A storm 
 at first drove the vessel into the harbor of Tou- 
 lon: after the tempest had passed away, and 
 they were again on their voyage, head winds 
 ere long met them, and they were forced to an- 
 chor under the little island of Saint Mary, off 
 Nice, in Savoy. Here the pilgrims began to 
 murmur and complain. Their bigotry and mad- 
 ness induced them to suppose that Smith was 
 the cause of their troubles, because he was what 
 they called a heretic. They abused him, because 
 he was a Protestant, and Queen Elizabeth of 
 England, because she was known to protect 
 the Protestant religion : and they were scarcely 
 
22 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 again under way, when their madness carried 
 them so far, that they seized Smith, and without 
 any mercy, threw him overboard. What became 
 of the pilgrims, I cannot say, but a merciful 
 Providence watched over Smith, and sustained 
 him through the struggle of swimming back to 
 the island. Weak and exhausted, he was in a 
 pitiable condition. He found no one near him — 
 yet, with a heart of hope, he raised signals, 
 trusting that some ship passing by might mark 
 his distress. Fortunately, next day, a ship of 
 Saint Malo put in at the island for shelter, and 
 doubly fortunate he was when he found that the 
 commander of this ship was Captain La Roche, 
 a friend and neighbor to his old friend, the Earl 
 of Ployer. Of course. Smith now met wdth every 
 attention. In a little time the vessel proceeded 
 on her voyage to Alexandria, in Egypt. Thence 
 she coasted the Levant. On her return home- 
 ward, she fell in with a Venetian vessel. The 
 French captain tried to speak her, but was an- 
 swered only by " a broadside," (the French ship 
 being mistaken, I suppose, for a pirate.) A 
 sharp action now commenced — Smith bearing 
 a bold part in it. After a hard contest, the 
 Venetian ship was taken, and found to be very 
 richly laden. All that was valuable was seized, 
 
JOHN SMITH. 23 
 
 and the conquerors divided the spoils. Smith, 
 for his valor, received as his share, a box con- 
 taining a thousand sequins, (about two thousand 
 dollars.) At his own request now he was landed 
 on the shore of Piedmont, and, with abundance 
 of money, travelled through Italy, marking every 
 thing that was interesting. His desire for mili- 
 tary glory was, however, still uppermost in his 
 heart, and crossing the Adriatic, he travelled on 
 till he came to Gratz, in Styria, the seat of Fer- 
 dinand, the Archduke of Austria. War was at 
 this time raging between the Germans and the 
 Turks ', and Smith, finding two of his country- 
 men at the place, was soon introduced to Lord 
 Eberspaught, Baron Kizel, Count Meldritch, 
 and other officers of distinction. He at once en- 
 hsted as a volunteer, to serve in the army against 
 the Turks. 
 
 It was not long now, before his genius had 
 full scope to shew itself The Turkish army, 
 (twenty thousand strong,) under Ibrahim Pasha, 
 having ravaged the neighboring country, w^ere 
 now laying siege to the strong town of Olym- 
 pach. Lord Eberspaught was here, shut up with 
 his army, and cut off from all supplies and com- 
 munication w^ith his friends. Smith served in 
 Baron KizePs army, who was endeavoring to 
 
24 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 help Eberspaught in his perilous condition. De- 
 sirous of sending a message to him, and finding 
 it impossible, Smith now proposed to try his 
 plan for communicating with him — a plan of 
 which he had formerly talked with Eberspaught. 
 This was by means of a telegraph, which he had 
 invented. Kizel consented, and Smith now went 
 at night with a guard, to a hill in sight of the 
 town, yet far enough to be unobserved by the 
 Turkish army. Raising his signals, he conveyed 
 to Eberspaught this message : " Thursday night 
 I will charge on the east ; at the alarm sally 
 thouJ' The signal was understood, and the an- 
 swer came back, " / will.'^* Making ready for 
 Thursday night, he prepared a number of 
 matches on a string, which he extended in a 
 line, in a certain direction. Just on the eve of 
 the attack, these matches w^ere fired, and ex- 
 ploded like a roar of musketry. The Turks, 
 thinking they were attacked in that quarter, sal- 
 lied out to meet the enemy. Kizel, with his 
 army, rushed upon them at the moment — the 
 
 * Smith's method of communicating was by means of 
 torches. Each letter from A to L was designated by shew- 
 ing one torch as many times as corresponded to the letter's 
 place in the alphabet — each letter, from M to Z, was desig- 
 nated by shewing two torches after the same manner. The 
 end of a word was signified by shewing three lights. 
 
JOHN SMITH. 25 
 
 men in the garrison moved at the same time — 
 the Turks were routed, numbers of them were 
 slain, numbers driven into the river and drown- 
 ed, and, two thousand of Kizel's men enter- 
 ed the garrison. The next day, the enemy- 
 was glad to abandon the siege. This gallant 
 action gained great applause for Smith, and he 
 was at once appointed to the command of a troop 
 of two hundred and fifty horse, in the regiment 
 of Count Meldritch. 
 
 Flushed with success, the Emperor of Ger- 
 many now resolved to prosecute the war boldly, 
 and for this purpose three large armies were 
 raised. Smith served in that commanded by the 
 Archduke Matthias, the Emperor's brother. The 
 principal command of this force, however, devolv- 
 ed upon the lieutenant, the Duke Mercury, and 
 Smith seems to have shared his particular confi- 
 dence. Ere long, they laid "siege to Alba Re- 
 galis, in Hungary. This w^as a town strongly 
 fortified by the Turks. Smith's skill here an- 
 noyed the enemy greatly, for he managed to 
 throw bombs from a sling, in the midst of them, 
 and two or three times succeeded in setting the 
 place on fire. After an obstinate resistance, this 
 place was taken with great loss to the Turks. 
 So unexpected w^as this result, that the Turks 
 
 3 
 
26 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 could hardly believe themselves routed : and it 
 is said, that one of their Bashaws, upon hearing 
 the sad news, would eat nothing the whole day, 
 but threw himself upon the ground, and con- 
 tinued to pray to Mahomet to deliver his coun- 
 trymen. The Sultan, however, could not rest 
 satisfied with this defeat, and sent an army of 
 sixty thousand men to recapture the place. The 
 Duke Mercury, hearing of the approach of this 
 vast number, was not dismayed, though his num- 
 bers were comparatively small. He marched 
 out to meet them, and, after a desperate battle, 
 defeated the Turks once more. The fight must 
 have been tremendous, for six thousand of the 
 Turks (it is said) were left dead upon the field. 
 Smith bore himself as usual, gallantly, through 
 the whole, escaping narrowly with his life. His 
 horse was shot under him, and he was severely 
 wounded. 
 
 In a little time, he was again at the head of 
 his own company, and with Count Meldritch, 
 marched into Transylvania. Here the Turks 
 were committing their ravages, and the Count 
 felt peculiarly excited against them, because his 
 family possessions lay in that region. A strong 
 body of Turks, after scouring the country, had 
 now fortified themselves in the town of Regal, 
 
JOHN SMITH, 27 
 
 among the mountains of Transylvania, and here 
 they felt secure. With eight thousand men 
 Meldritch laid siege to this place. Fortunately, 
 he was soon after joined by Prince Moyses, with 
 nine thousand more. The place was so strong by 
 nature, and so strongly garrisoned, that the siege 
 proved long, and seemed, indeed, almost useless. 
 The Turks, feeling their strength, began to grow 
 insolent. At length one of their number, the 
 Lord Turbishaw, (for the purpose, as was 
 said, of amusing the Turkish ladies,) sent a chal- 
 lenge to any man of the Christian troops, who 
 dared come out to fight him. Lots were now 
 cast, to see who should accept this challenge ; 
 and the lot fell upon Smith. The time for the 
 meeting approached, and the battlements of the 
 town were lined with ladies to witness it. Lord 
 Turbishaw, elegantly dressed in a magnificent 
 suit of armor, which blazed with gold, silver, 
 and jewels, now rode out into the field. Three 
 men attended him, one bearing his lance, and 
 two others moving by the side of his horse. 
 Smith rode out to meet him, attended only by a 
 page, w^ho bore his lance. The trumpets now 
 sounded, (as the signal for battle,) and the 
 conflict commenced. It was soon ended; for 
 Smith, with his lance, thrust the Turk through 
 
28 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 the head, and he fell dead from his horse. Great 
 was the shout of joy now raised by the Christian 
 troops; and loud the lamentations among the 
 Turkish ladies. The conqueror now cut off the 
 head of Turbishaw, and bore it back in triumph 
 among his comrades, leaving his dead body ly- 
 ing upon the ground. This defeat was more 
 than the Turks could well bear, and a particular 
 friend of Turbishaw's, named Grualgo, was in- 
 flamed with rage. Burning to revenge the death 
 of his friend, he sent now a special challenge to 
 Smith, to meet him. The challenge was at once 
 accepted, and the next day fixed for the meet- 
 ing. It was agreed this time that the conqueror 
 should have the horse and the armor of the de- 
 feated. In the morning they met. At their first 
 attack, their lances were shivered — their pistols 
 were then discharged, and both were wounded. 
 Smith slightly, the Turk severely, in the arm. 
 Smith now had the advantage. The Turk, from 
 the wound in his arm, being unable to manage 
 his horse, was easily slain ; his head was also 
 taken from his body, and carried triumphant- 
 ly to the Christian troops. His horse and his 
 armor too, were now the trophies of the con- 
 queror. Proud of his success, in a haughty 
 spirit. Smith (by permission of his commander) 
 
JOHN SMITH. 29 
 
 HOW sent his challenge to the Turks. If the 
 ladies, he said, still desired amusement, and 
 would choose their champion, he would add his 
 head to the number he had taken, or lose his 
 own. A champion was soon found in the per- 
 son of a ferocious Turk, named Bonaraolgro — 
 the challenge accepted, and terms agreed upon. 
 As Bonamolgro was the challenged person, and 
 had the choice of arms, having seen Smith's 
 skill in using the lance, he avoided this, and se- 
 lected for the weapons, pistols, battle-axes, and 
 swords. The next day they met ; their pistols 
 were first fired, without injuring either party, 
 and then they fought with battle-axes. The 
 Turk was more skilled than Smith in the use of 
 this ; and dealing him a heavy blow, he un- 
 horsed him, while his battle-axe fell from his 
 hand. The ramparts now rung with the shouts 
 of ladies, who supposed Smith was discomfited. 
 But Smith was a fine horseman, and this saved 
 him. In an instant, he rallied from the blow, 
 remounted his horse, and by dexterous manage- 
 ment of the animal, succeeded, not only in avoid- 
 ing the blows aimed at him by the Turk, but at 
 a favorable moment ran him through with his 
 sword. Bonamolgro fell to the ground, and his 
 head was also taken. The Turks were now dis- 
 
 3* -^ 
 
30 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 heartened, and ere long the town was cap- 
 tured. 
 
 The triumph of the Christian forces was now 
 great ; but Smith's triumph was greater, for he 
 was the special hero of the occasion. He was 
 conducted to the pavilion of his general by a 
 military procession of six thousand men. Be- 
 fore these were led three horses, and in front of 
 all were the three Turks' heads, borne on the 
 points of three lances. Here he was received 
 with great honor. The general embraced him 
 warmly, presented him with a horse, richly ca- 
 parisoned, a cimeter and belt, worth three hun- 
 dred ducats ; and, best of all, in Smith's estima- 
 tion, made him the major of a regiment of men. 
 Nor was the honor of his exploits yet ended ; for 
 afterwards, when the Prince of Transylvania 
 heard of his valor, he presented to Smith his 
 picture, set in gold ; gave him a pension of three 
 hundred ducats a year, and granted him a coat 
 of arras, bearing three Turks' heads in a shield. 
 The motto of the coat of arms was this : " Vin- 
 cere est vivere.^^ His fame was soon known at 
 home, as well as abroad ; for this patent of the 
 Prince was afterwards admitted and recorded, in 
 the College of Heralds, in England, by Sir Henry 
 Segar, garter king at arras. Smith (it is said) 
 
JOHN SMITH. 31 
 
 always remembered this occasion with great ex- 
 ultation, and to the last day of his life was proud 
 of this motto. 
 
 His passion for a soldier's life naturally enough 
 grew stronger as he advanced in distinction, and 
 he was soon again in active service. In Wallachia, 
 which w^as at this time a Turkish province, the 
 inhabitants revolted against the reigning prince, 
 and proclaimed a new one Pressed with a 
 hard struggle, they applied to the Emperor of 
 Germany to aid them, and he at once took ad- 
 vantage of their position, and met their entreaty. 
 Count Meldritch, Smith, and other officers, with 
 an army of thirty thousand men, went to the 
 assistance of the new prince. The deposed 
 prince, resolute upon maintaining his place, had 
 gathered together his forces, and now met them 
 w^ith an army of forty thousand Turks and Tar- 
 tars. A desperate and bloody struggle followed : 
 the army of the Turks was routed, and only fif- 
 teen thousand made good their retreat. Twenty- 
 five thousand Turks (it is said) lay dead or 
 wounded upon the field, and the province was 
 now subject to the Emperor. 
 
 With a strong heart, the deposed prince was 
 still bent upon holding his place. He gathered 
 his troops again together, and was ere long heard 
 
32 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 of in the province of Moldavia. Count Meldritch 
 and Smith again met him. After several skilful 
 and successful skirmishes against him, they seem 
 to have been flushed with pride; and now pressing 
 eagerly on in a narrow and mountainous pass, near 
 the town of Rottenton, they were surprised by an 
 ambuscade. Here an army of forty thousand 
 men rushed suddenly upon them ; the Christian 
 troops fought boldly and desperately, but to little 
 or no purpose. They were overpowered by num- 
 bers, and all were slain or wounded, except 
 about thirteen hundred men, who, with Count 
 Meldritch at their head, escaped by swimming a 
 river. In this unfortunate struggle, Smith was 
 badly w^ounded, and left (as his friends sup- 
 posed) dead upon the field. In this, however, 
 they were deceived. The Turks discovered him, 
 bleeding among the heaps of the dead, and the rich- 
 ness of his dress and armor, as it turned out, saved 
 his life. Supposing him to be a man of rank 
 and distinction, they w^ere too cruel to despatch 
 him, but saved him, that he might suffer a more 
 lingering and degrading torment than death. 
 His wounds were dressed, and after he had suffi- 
 ciently recovered, he, with many others of the 
 poor prisoners, were taken to a Turkish town, 
 and there sold as slaves, in the market-place. 
 
JOHN SMITH. 33 
 
 It was Smith's lot to be purchased by the Ba- 
 shaw Bogal -J and he now sent him as a present 
 to his mistress, Tragabigzanda, in Constantino- 
 ple, accompanying the present with this false- 
 hood, that Smith was a Bohemian nobleman, 
 whom he had made prisoner in war. 
 
 t^ 
 
CHAPTER 11. 
 
 Smith escapes from his captivity — He wanders 
 through Russia and Poland^ and is kindly 
 entertained — Cordial meeting with his old 
 friends.) in Transylvania — He journeys to 
 France^ Spain^ and Morocco — Returns to 
 England — Happiness of his friends at meet- 
 ing him — Meets with Bartholomew Gosnold, 
 and determines to sail for the JVew World — 
 Patent of King James for settling Virginia — 
 Their ships sail — Unkind treatment of Smith on 
 the voyage — The Colonists reach Jamestown — 
 Smith is refused his place as one of the 
 Council. 
 
 Smith fared fortunately in the hands of his 
 Turkish mistress. Being able to speak Italian, 
 and struck with the manly and noble bearing of 
 the captive, she from time to time held con- 
 versations with him, and learned the utter false- 
 hood of the Bashaw's message to her. Instead of 
 a Bohemian nobleman, she discovered that the 
 prisoner was an Englishman of good family, and 
 
JOHN SMITH. 35 
 
 promising prospects ; that he was a soldier of 
 fortune, who had fallen into his present position 
 in the struggle near Rottenton, and had never 
 seen the Bashaw, till they met in the market- 
 place. Smith now told her the whole story of his 
 wanderings, and the lady was captivated by the 
 man, and his adventures. Finding her heart 
 drawn toward him, and fearing that he might 
 be ill-used, or again sold, she resolved to do 
 what she could for his protection. She sent him 
 therefore to her brother Timour, the Bashaw of 
 Nalbraitz, who lived in the country of the Cam- 
 brian Tartars, on the borders of the Sea of 
 Azoph. To secure his good treatment, she sent a 
 letter with him, requesting her brother to treat 
 him kindly, and frankly telling him, that she felt 
 a deep attachment for the prisoner. Her letter, 
 however, instead of helping Smith, as she de- 
 signed, only outraged her brother. He was 
 greatly indignant at the thought, that his sister 
 should love a Christian slave. In an hour after 
 his arrival, he was stripped of all his clothing — 
 his head and beard were shaved — an iron collar 
 was fastened round his neck — and clothed in a 
 suit of hair cloth, he was sent out to hard labor 
 among other poor Christian slaves. 
 
 Smith's situation was now pitiable enough; 
 
36 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 but his bold spirit was unconquered. His com- 
 panions in misery were sad and in despair ; yet 
 he, though well nigh driven to despair, had ever 
 the hope of being again free, and watched every 
 opportunity of making his escape. He thought 
 first of running away, but he found that he was 
 watched so closely, that he could not move with- 
 out being seen. Day after day, therefore, he la- 
 bored on, but with a heart of hope, that he 
 should one day be rid of his bondage. How 
 long he was in captivity here, I cannot say, but 
 he at last made his escape in the following 
 manner. 
 
 He was employed one day in threshing corn, 
 at a farm-house, in a field, about three miles 
 from the place where his tyrannical master liv- 
 ed. The master was in the habit, at times, of 
 visiting the laborers at their work, and at such 
 times, not unfrequently, treated them with great 
 cruelty. On this occasion he visited the farm- 
 house, and having a personal dislike to Smith, 
 was not satisfied with abusing him, but beat 
 him and kicked him violently. This was more 
 than the proud spirit of Smith could endure. 
 Watching his opportunity, therefore, when no 
 one was present, he gave him a blow with his 
 threshing flail, and laid him senseless at his feet. 
 
JOHN SMITH. 37 
 
 No time was now to be lost. He at once dressed 
 himself in the Bashaw's clothes, hid his body un- 
 der the straw, filled a bag with corn, closed the 
 doors, mounted the Bashaw's horse, and gallop- 
 ed olf into the wilderness. He was now free, but 
 in the midst of a wild desert, ignorant of his way. 
 In this desert he wandered for two or three 
 days, not knowing whither he was going, and 
 fortunately meeting no one who might have 
 marked his iron collar, known him as a slave, 
 and possibly recaptured him, or given notice, at 
 least, of his flight. At length it was his good 
 fortune to reach a cross-road, where a sign-post 
 directed him, on the main road to Russia. Keep- 
 ing this road, at the end of sixteen days, (dur- 
 ing which time his bag supphed him with his 
 only food,) he reached Ecopolis, upon the river 
 Don, where there was a garrison of the Russians. 
 The commander of the garrison, learning he was 
 a Christian, treated him with great kindness ; 
 his iron collar was taken off, and letters were 
 given to him, introducing him very kindly to the 
 other governors in that region. He now travelled 
 on through Russia and Poland, meeting every 
 v/here with kind attention. It was in some part 
 of this journey that he met with the lady Calla- 
 mata, who took a deep interest in him, and of 
 
 4 
 
4 
 
 38 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 whom Smith ever speaks with the utmost grati- 
 tude. At length he reached Transylvania. Here 
 he was welcomed with the greatest enthusiasm. 
 His fame was well known, and his old comrades 
 crowded around him, rejoicing once more to see 
 a friend, whom they supposed lost to them for 
 ever. At Leipsic he had a joyful meeting with 
 his old commander. Count Meldritch ; and the 
 Prince of Transylvania, (it is said,) hearing of 
 his arrival, sent for him, and gave him a present 
 of fifteen hundred ducats, to repair his losses. 
 Smith seems to have been so touched with this 
 kindness, that he was almost ready to listen to 
 the entreaties of these friends, and miake his 
 home in their country. One thing alone pre- 
 vented, and that was the longing desire, which 
 naturally enough rested in his heart, to visit 
 once more his native land. Who loves not the 
 spot where he was born, and where he played in 
 his boyhood ? With a sad heart, therefore, he 
 tore himself from these friends, and journeyed 
 on. - He passed through France, Germany, and 
 Spain, observing, as was his custom, every thmg 
 attentively on his way. Now he was turned 
 aside from going directly home, by his old passion 
 for military life. Learning that a civil war had 
 broken out^ in the kingdom of Morocco, he im- 
 
JOHN SMITH. 39 
 
 mediately sailed for that country, with the in- 
 tention of embarking in the struggle. Upon his 
 arrival, however, not being pleased with either 
 of the contending parties, he determined to take 
 no part in it whatever, and ere long set sail for 
 England. Strange adventures were still in his 
 way : for in his homeward course, he bore his 
 part in another naval battle. The ship in which 
 he sailed was attacked by two Spanish vessels 
 of war, and, after a desperate and bloody fight, 
 they were driven off. He soon now made his 
 landing in England, having (it is reported) in 
 his possession one thousand ducats, which, in ad- 
 dition to some property which he held in Eng- 
 land, enabled him, for the time, to feel quite in- 
 dependent. 
 
 Gieat was the joy between Smith and his 
 friends now, in his native land. While he glad- 
 ly told the story of his travels, they forgot the 
 sorrows of his exile in the delight of hearing 
 him. Their joy, however, was soon again over- 
 cast, for his untired spirit began to pant for 
 other adventures, and they knew that it was idle 
 to attempt to restrain him. The circumstances 
 which now roused his spirit, are circumstances 
 in which we, as Americans, are nearly in- 
 terested. 
 
40 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 At this time, well nigh all Europe was filled 
 with a desire for maritime discoveries, and no- 
 where was this desire more ardent than in Eng- 
 land. Several voyagers had now crossed the 
 western waters, and seen portions of that New 
 World which had been discovered by Columbus. 
 Returning home, they had marvellous stories to 
 tell of its richness and beauty. More than this 
 had been done. Attempts had been made to 
 colonize a part of the new continent. The bold 
 genius of that noble Englishman, Sir Walter 
 Raleigh, had (even during the reign of the pre- 
 ceding sovereign, Queen Elizabeth) attempted 
 to plant a group of adventurers upon Roanoke 
 Island, off the coast of Carolina; and though 
 this effort, with others, had failed, the desire for 
 the same sort of adventure was still strongly felt 
 in England; and as new tidings came from 
 time to time of the beauty of the new world, this 
 desire only increased. It happened about the 
 time of Smith's return home, that Bartholomew 
 Gosnold (who, in 1602, had made a voyage to 
 New England) was talking largely of the pros- 
 pects of the new world, and was himself desir- 
 ous and ready to make another adventure there, 
 for the purpose of planting a colony and sub- 
 duing the wilderness. Meeting with Smith, he 
 
JOHN SMITH. 41 
 
 found one ready to listen to his story and plans ; 
 a strong friendship was soon formed between 
 them, and they determined to link their hopes 
 together in this new undertaking. They now 
 set resolutely to work, to secure sufficient patron- 
 age to carry out their design. Other voyagers 
 returning home, confirmed from time to time the 
 statements of Gosnold, and animated them the 
 more in their efforts. Ere long, they found sev- 
 eral noblemen and gentlemen, of like feeling 
 with themselves, (among whom we should espe- 
 cially remember Edward Maria Wingfield, a 
 merchant, Robert Hunt, a clergyman, and Rich- 
 ard Hackluyt,) and now they asked of King 
 James a royal patent, for making new dis- 
 coveries, and planting a colony in Virginia. 
 
 The king met these proposals, and on the 10th 
 of April, 1606, issued his letters patent to Sir 
 Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, Richard 
 Hackluyt and others. By these letters, they 
 were allowed to possess all the territories in 
 North America, lying between the thirty-fourth 
 and forty-fifth degrees of north latitude, and all 
 islands within the same latitudes, wdthin one hun- 
 dred miles of the shore. These adventurers, I 
 believe, had asked the privilege of establishing 
 two colonies. At all events, they were divided 
 
 4* 
 
42 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 into two companies — one known as the London 
 or South Virginia Company — the other, as the 
 Plymouth Company. The two companies were 
 to make their settlements within the territoiy 
 granted — one in the southern, the other in the 
 northern part of it, and their colonies were to be 
 kept one hundred miles apart. These colonies 
 were to be governed by two councils, as they 
 were called, both selected by the king — one coun- 
 cil to reside in England, while the other resided 
 in the colony, and all laws made by the Colo- 
 nial Council were to be subject to repeal or al- 
 teration by the king or Supreme Council at home. 
 These terms were the best the petitioners could 
 obtain, and the London Company resolved at 
 once to act under them. 
 
 f Some little delay was experienced in making 
 all ready, so that the 19th of December arrived, 
 before their ships were ready to sail from Eng- 
 land. On that day three ships, one of one hun- 
 dred, another of forty, and another of twenty 
 tons, under the command of Captain Christopher 
 Newport, fell down the Thames, bound on a 
 voyage for Virginia. Of course, they were well 
 stocked with men and provisions for a colony. 
 Among the leading men on board, were Barthol- 
 omew Gosnold, Captain Smith, Edward V^ing- 
 
JOHN SMITH. 43 
 
 field the merchantj and Robert Hunt the clergy- 
 man. They had with them, among other things, 
 a sealed box, containing " orders for government 
 in Virginia," which box was not to be opened 
 until their arrival there. 
 
 The ships were now detained for more than 
 six weeks off the coast of England, by head 
 winds; and murmurings and complaints arose 
 among the adventurers. These, however, were 
 allayed, in some degree, by the affection and per- 
 severance of the good clergyman, Mr. Hunt. 
 Though a sick man, he forgot his own troubles 
 to make them happy. There w^ere some on 
 board who hated (it seems) him, and his profes- 
 sion, yet " all this" (we are told) " could never 
 force from him so much as a seeming desire to 
 leave the business, but he preferred the service 
 of God in so good a voyage, before any affection 
 to contest w^ith his Godless foes, whose disastrous 
 designs (could they have prevailed) had even 
 then overthrown the business, so many discon* 
 tents did then arise, had he not with the water 
 of patience, and his Godly exhortations, (but 
 chiefly by his true devoted examples,) quenched 
 those flames of envy and dissension."* At 
 
 * Smith's Virginia— Vol. I., page 150. 
 
44 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 length, with a fair wind, they shaped their 
 course for the new world, by the old route of the 
 Canaries and West India Islands. They had 
 scarcely reached the Canaries, when their mur- 
 murings became louder than ever, and it seems 
 now that poor Smith was unconsciously the prin- 
 cipal cause of them. His bold and manly bear- 
 ing, together with his conversation, had excited 
 the suspicion and jealousy of some of his com- 
 panions. They declared that he had the desire 
 and intention of murdering the council, and 
 making himself king of Virginia, and that he 
 had conspirators among the crew for that pur- 
 pose. Smith was too proud to make any expla- 
 nation, when he felt perfectly innocent, and the 
 consequence was, that he was now seized and 
 confined as a prisoner for the rest of the voyage. 
 They were also, it is said, outraged with Mr. 
 Hunt as his friend, and I presume his profession 
 and prudence alone saved him from the same 
 fate. They now steered from the Canaries, to 
 the West Indies. Among these islands they 
 spent three weeks, recruiting for their farther 
 voyage, and seem to have been much pleased 
 with the appearance of this new and strange 
 region. Thence they moved off for Virginia. 
 Visited with unsteady weather, for some time 
 
JOHN SMITH. 45 
 
 they made but little progress — and having atone 
 time lost their reckoning for three days, many 
 of them became dissatisfied again, and urged 
 strongly a return to England. Fortunately, a 
 fine breeze relieved them in this time of discon- 
 tent, and on the 26th day of April, 1607, they 
 saw land, and entered Chesapeake Bay. The 
 land first seen was on the north side of the en- 
 trance to the bay. To this they gave the name 
 of Cape Henry, and to the point on the south side 
 of the entrance, the name of Cape Charles, both 
 in honor of the sons of King James. They sailed 
 into the first broad river which opened before 
 them, naming it after their king, James River. 
 For seventeen days now, they busied themselves 
 in finding a convenient spot for their settlement, 
 and during this period landed several times, and 
 met the savages of the country. The first land- 
 ing was at Cape Henry, where thirty of the ad- 
 ventarers went ashore. Here they found on 
 the flats abundance of oysters " laying as thick 
 as stones," and the land was covered with wild 
 flowers and fine strawberries. They were at- 
 tacked by five savages, and two of their number 
 badly wounded, before they drove them oflf with 
 their muskets. Again they landed at Point 
 Comfort, on the north side of the mouth of James 
 
46 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 River, (a place so named by themselves because 
 they tbmid good anchoras;e there, which gave 
 them great comfort.) They met now some In- 
 dians, who at first w^ere frightened, but upon one 
 of the white men's laying his hand upon his 
 heart, the savages felt that their intentions were 
 peaceable, and came directly to them, inviting 
 them to visit their town Kecoitghtan, the place 
 Avhere Hampton is now built. The invitation 
 was accepted, and when they reached the town, 
 both parties were well pleased. The Indians 
 feasted the stransfers on cakes of Indian corn, 
 and entertained them with tobacco and a dance, 
 while the whites, in their turn, presented to them 
 beads and other trinkets. Then the chief of the 
 Rappahannas, hearing of them, sent a messenger 
 to invite them to come and see him, and to guide 
 them to his home. This invitation was also ac- 
 cepted, and they were received in great state by 
 the chief and his people. They stood upon the 
 banks of the river to meet them as they landed. 
 As soon as they were ashore, the chief came be- 
 fore them at the head of his train, " playing on 
 a flute made of a reed, with a crown of deer's 
 hair colored red, in fashion of a rose, fastened 
 about his knot of hair, and a great plate of cop- 
 per on the other side of his head, with two long 
 
JOHN" SMITH. 47 
 
 feathers in fashion of a pair of horns, placed in 
 the midst of his crown. His body was painted 
 all with crimson, with a chain of beads about 
 his neck ; his face painted blue besprinkled with 
 silver ore ; his ears all behung with bracelets of 
 pearl, and in either ear a bird's claw through it, 
 beset with fine copper or gold." He now had 
 his mat spread upon the ground, and while his 
 people all stood around him, sat down and smok- 
 ed his pipe of tobacco. This being over, he 
 made signs to the whites to follow him to his 
 town. He went first, leading the way, the 
 Indians and whites all following, and after pass- 
 ing through beautiful woods and rich fields of 
 corn, they at length ascended a steep hill, and were 
 at the palace of the chief of the Rappahannas. 
 Here they were treated with great hospitality. 
 Ascending the river, they afterwards saw a body 
 of Indians, standing on the shore all armed, and 
 their chief, Apamatica — holding in one hand his 
 bow and arrow, and in the other his pipe of to- 
 bacco — boldly demanded what they had come 
 for. They made signs of peace, and were again 
 kindly entertained by him. Still passing on, at 
 the distance of thirty-two miles from the mouth 
 of the river, they found the shore on the north 
 side bold, and covered with heavy timber j and 
 
48 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 the water near by being six fathoms deep, they 
 were enabled to moor their ships to the trees on 
 the land. The appearance of this spot pleased 
 them more than any they had seen ; and upon 
 being visited by the chief of the Pashipays, who 
 offered them as much land as they needed for 
 their purpose, and gave them a deer for their en- 
 tertainment, they determined here to make their 
 settlement. It was now the 13th of May — they 
 went ashore, pitched their tents, and gave to the 
 spot the name of Jamestown. When the sealed 
 box containing their orders was opened, it was 
 found that Bartholomew Gosnold, John Smith, 
 Edward M. Wingfield, Christopher Newport, 
 John Ratcliff, John Martin, and George Kendall, 
 were named as the council for the colony. Their 
 instructions were to choose a president from 
 among their number, for one year, and he, with 
 the holp of the other counsellors, was to manage 
 the affairs of the colony. Matters of importance 
 were to be " examined by a jury, but determined 
 by the major part of the council, in which the 
 president had two voices." Edward M. Wing- 
 field was at once chosen president, and with all 
 the others, except John Smith, sworn into office. 
 They were still jealous and suspicious of this 
 man, (fi'om no good cause whatever, as we shall 
 
JOHN SMITH. 49 
 
 see,) and thus refused him the place to which 
 he had been appointed. In fact, they even 
 "vrent so far as to set forth a declaration to the 
 whole colony, shewing why he was not admitted 
 to his office. 
 
50 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Jfoble conduct of Smith — Beginning of James- 
 town — Wingfieldh imprudence in not prepar- 
 ing a fort^ and having the men drilled to mil- 
 itary exercises — Smith visits the chief Powha- 
 tan — JJttack upon Jamestown by the savages — 
 Smith demands a trials and is acquitted — J\''ew- 
 p.ort sails for England — Sufferings of the col- 
 ony — Selfishness of Wingfield — He tries to 
 escape from the colony, is prevented^ and de- 
 posed from the Presidency — Ratcliff is made 
 President — Being a weak man^ the care of the 
 colony falls upon Smith — His excursion to 
 Kecoughian^ to obtain supplies — His adven- 
 tures up the C kickahomony river — Is made 
 a prisoner by the Indians — His treatment by 
 the savages — Presents his compass to Opecan- 
 chanough, and saves his life thereby — Writes to 
 Jamestown — Is led about among various tribes, 
 and at last brought to Werowcomoco^ the resi- 
 dence of Powhatan. 
 
 The injustice clone to Smith formed good 
 ground for a quarrel, (and he had some friends 
 among the colonists,) but his own magnanimity 
 
JOHN SMITH. 51 
 
 prevented it. They were all in a wilderness, 
 and much was to be done ere they could call 
 themselves at home. He forgot his own trouble, 
 therefore, in thinking of the good of the colony. 
 All hands now set resolutely to work. Some 
 went to clearing the forests, some to digging and 
 preparing garden-spots, some to making nets, 
 fixing up their fishing-tackle, &c. The Council 
 planned a fort, but from some cause. President 
 Wingfield did not desire a regular fortification, 
 and to please him, the fort was made to consist 
 only of the boughs of trees, loosely laid together 
 in the sbape of a half moon. Some of the Coun- 
 cil, too, were in favor of having the men regular- 
 ly drilled to military exercises, that they might 
 be ready at any time to meet an attack from the 
 savages, which attack they thought not unlikely 
 to take place ; but this too was thought idle by 
 President Wingfield, and consequently was neg- 
 lected. 
 
 Desirous of learning something of the coun- 
 try, Newport and Smith were despatched with 
 twenty men, to discover the head of the river. 
 They passed, as they went up, many small 
 habitations, and on the sixth day reached the 
 falls of the river, where they erected a cross, 
 and took possession of the country in the name 
 
52 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 of King James. Near by, they visited the famous 
 Indian town, Powhatan. This consisted only of 
 twelve houses, pleasantly situated upon a sloping 
 hill, and was at the time the residence of the cele- 
 brated chief after whom it w^as named. Powhatan 
 (whose name rang through that region as the 
 greatest of Indian chiefs) received them with 
 great kindness, and was greatly delighted with 
 a hatchet, which was presented to him by Cap- 
 tain Newport. Some of his men seem to have 
 been suspicious of the English, and murmured 
 at their coming among them ; but Powhatan re- 
 buked them, saying, " Why should we be of- 
 fended 7 they hurt us not, nor take any thing 
 by force : they want only a little ground, which 
 "we can easily spare." The English now left 
 him and returned to Jamestown. 
 
 Great w^as their surprise, on reaching home, 
 to find that the colony had been attacked by the 
 savages — seventeen of their companions wound- 
 ed, and one boy killed. It was fortunate too 
 that they heard nothing worse than this: for the 
 whole company came near being massacred. 
 The colonists had not looked for the attack, and 
 were all unarmed, and the only thing that saved 
 them was, that " a cross-barre shot from the ships 
 struck doAvn a bough of a tree in the midst of 
 
p 
 JOHN SMITH. 53 
 
 the Indians, and caused them to retire." The 
 president now saw his folly — the fort was at 
 once palisadoed — five pieces of artillery were 
 mounted upon it ; and it was ordered that, after 
 this, the men should be armed and drilled 
 to their exercises. A regular guard was estab- 
 lished at night, also in the settlement, and the 
 men were cautioned about straggling into the 
 forests. 
 
 Six weeks had passed away, and the ships 
 "were well nigh laden for a return to Eng- 
 land. The accusers of Smith now came for- 
 ward, and, in pretended mercy, offered to send 
 his case home, to be judged by the Council in 
 Englan<i. They were unwilling to try him them- 
 selves, (they said,) because they did not wish to 
 blacken his reputation, and perhaps take away 
 his life. Conscious of his innocence. Smith 
 spurned their proposal. He knew that his whok 
 conduct had been uniformly for the good of the 
 colony, and he now^ demanded that it should be 
 rigidly looked to — that he should be tried upon 
 the spot. The witnesses were brought for- 
 ward. Falsehood after falsehood was soon de- 
 tected among them. Some of them were convicted 
 of perjury, and the whole company at once saw 
 his innocence. His accusers were now con- 
 
 5* 
 
54 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 founded. It was seen that Wingfield's jealousy 
 of Smith had urged false witnesses against him, 
 and it was decided that the president should pay 
 him two hundred pounds for the injury he had 
 done him. His property was at once seized, and 
 the two hundred pounds raised and paid over to 
 Smith, who immediately placed it in the public 
 treasury, for the good of the colony. Thus, 
 after a patient imprisonment of thirteen weeks, 
 he triumphed over his enemies ; and his generous 
 and noble conduct had made him the most 
 popular man in the colony. He was now ad- 
 mitted to his place in the council, and by his in- 
 fluence and that of the good preacher, Mr. Hunt, 
 other little difficulties, which had arisen among 
 the colonists, were soon settled. The next Sun- 
 day they all went in harmony to the communion: 
 the neighboring Indians soon after came in, de- 
 siring terms of peace, and on the 22d of June, 
 Captain Newport was enabled to sail home- 
 ward, bearing good news along with him. He 
 left behind him, at Jamestown, one hundred and 
 four souls, and promised to be back among them 
 in twenty weeks, with fresh supplies. 
 
 Thus left, the colonists ere long began to suf- 
 fer for the want of provisions ; indeed, the want 
 (it is said) was felt at times before, and had been 
 
JOHN SMITH. 55 
 
 relieved at such times, by such suppHes from the 
 ships' stores as the sailors could furnish. Some, 
 from this circumstance, have supposed that the 
 company at home was at fault, in not fitting out 
 the expedition better, and supplying it with ampler 
 provisions ; but this censure would hardly seem to 
 be just. The truth is, the colonists, instead of a 
 voyage of two months, (as was calculated,) had 
 made one of five, and consumed during this time 
 a large part of their stores; and then they had ar- 
 rived in Virginia too late for the spring plant- 
 ing, and thus failed in another expectation. 
 This seems to have caused the difficulty. Be 
 this as it may, the want occurred, and they were 
 now reduced to a regular daily allowance of a 
 half pint of barley, and a half pint of wheat. 
 To make their fare worse, the grain, from 
 having been so long in the ship's hold, was 
 ^filled with insects. Yet this diet they gladly 
 received, adding to it, from time to time, such 
 'fish as they could take from the river. They 
 still kept on with their labors, however, exposed 
 as they were to the scorching rays of the sun by 
 day, and lying upon the ground, with a poor 
 shelter over them, at night. As might have 
 been expected, starvation, exposure, and anxiety, 
 brought on disease before the end of the fall 
 
66 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 season. By the end of September, fifty of their 
 number had died, among whom was Bartholo- 
 mew Gosnold. The rest were now divided into 
 three watches, (for they still kept up the pre- 
 caution of a w^atch,) and of these not more than 
 five in each watch were fit for duty at one 
 time. During this period of sad distress, the presi- 
 dent (it is said) thought only of himself. He 
 was well through the whole of it; and is charged 
 with having seized and secreted provisions for 
 his own use. His after conduct seems to con- 
 firm the charge — at least it shews that he had 
 but little sympathy with the sufferers. He, 
 with Kendall, was soon detected in a plan which 
 they had formed for seizing the pinnace, which 
 belonged to the colony — deserting the settle- 
 ment, and escaping to the West Indies. The 
 settlers were now enraged, and at once took 
 from him the presidency, and banished Kendall 
 from the council. John Ratcliff was chosen 
 president in his place, and he, with Martin and 
 Smith, were now the only members of the coun- 
 cil left. 
 
 Ratohff and Martin were men of little courage 
 or resolution, and thus the management of the 
 colony fell almost altogether upon Smith; nor 
 could it have fallen upon a better or abler man. 
 
JOHN SMITH. 57 
 
 The first thing to be done was to obtain supphes, 
 and these they soon had without any difficulty. 
 Fortunately, their Indian neighbors proved friend- 
 ly, and came in, bringing such quantities of food 
 as they could spare. Their hearts were now 
 cheered ; and Smith, knowing that it was neces- 
 sary to make preparations for the approaching 
 winter as rapidly as possible, at once set the 
 men to work, resolutely leading the way himself. 
 His words and his example encouraged them. 
 They commenced cutting timber for building 
 houses, and mowing and binding thatch for cov- 
 ering them ; so that in a little time, Jamestown 
 was a comfortable village, in which every man 
 had a shelter and home, except Smith himself. 
 The stock of provisions which the Indians had 
 brought in being now nearly exhausted, it was 
 necessary to look out for more. He chose, there- 
 fore, five or six of the best men as his compan- 
 ions, and, well armed, they went down the river 
 in the shallop to Kecoughtan, the place where 
 Hampton now stands. Here they found but lit- 
 tle good feeling toward them. The Indians, 
 knowing their necessity, and the starving state 
 of the colony, treated them with great contempt. 
 When they offered to trade with them, the sava- 
 ges would give them only an ear of corn for a 
 
58 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 sworrl, a musket, or one of their garments. Pro- 
 voked by such conduct, and finding that they 
 were not hkely to obtain anything by kind and 
 gentle treatment, Smith now resolved upon a 
 bold experiment. He ordered the boat to be 
 drawn ashore, and his men to fire their muskets. 
 The fiightened Indians now fled to the woods for 
 shelter : and the party immediately went to their 
 houses, searching for corn. Of this they found 
 an abundance: but Smith would not allow them 
 yet to touch it. Fearing the treachery of the In- 
 dians, he supposed they w^ould soon appear again 
 and make a general attack upon him. He there- 
 fore made ready for them : nor was he disap- 
 pointed. In a little time some sixty or seventy 
 of them, painted of different colors, were seen 
 advancing in the form of a hollow square, bring- 
 ing their idol Okee in the midst of them. This 
 idol was nothing more than a figure made of 
 skins, stuffed wath moss, and ornamented with 
 chains of copper. The savages were armed 
 with clubs, bows and arrows, and approached in 
 great confidence, singing and dancing. Smith 
 and his men again discharged their muskets, 
 bringing many of them to the ground, and 
 with them their idol Okee. The battle was at 
 once over ; the rest now fled to the woods, and 
 
JOHN SMITH. 59 
 
 soon after sent some of their number to beg for 
 peace, and to recover their idol. Smith, now tri- 
 umphant, was in a condition to make his own 
 terms. He agreed that if six of them, unarmed, 
 would come and load his boat with corn, he 
 w ould return their idol, be their friend, and give 
 them presents of beads, hatchets, and copper. 
 The terms were faithfully performed on both 
 sides ; indeed, the Indians were so much pleased, 
 that they brought, besides, venison, turkeys, and 
 other game, and kept up their singing and danc- 
 ing until the white men left for Jamestown. 
 
 Finding himself so successful in this enterprise, 
 Smith now, from time to time, as provisions were 
 needed, continued his excursions — sometimes on 
 foot, sometimes in the boat. He discovered most 
 of the branches of the James river, and explored 
 the country extensively. In one of his excur- 
 sions, he was particularly struck with the fertile 
 banks of the Chickahomony river, and marked 
 it as a region where, in time of want, he migh^ 
 probably obtain plentiful supplies from the In- 
 dians. But his efforts at aiding the colony were 
 continually thwarted by bad management during 
 his absence. Ratcliff and Martin w^ere weak 
 men, and allowed the stores to be wasted, which 
 he with so much labor procured. They suffered, 
 
60 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 too, the natives to come into the settlement from 
 time to time, trading, and the whites in their bar- 
 gains outbidding one another at times, soon 
 taught the savages to set a high value upon all 
 their articles, and to complain if they did not 
 always receive the highest prices. Thus, a dis- 
 contented spirit soon prevailed among them. 
 Troubles, too, were continually fostered by bad 
 men in the colony. Wingfield and Kendall, dis- 
 satisfied at their treatment, made loud complaints, 
 and at one time, during Smith's absence, plotted 
 to steal the shallop, (which had been made 
 ready for a trading voyage,) and make their 
 escape to England. Smith returned in time, how- 
 ever, to prevent this, though it was done with 
 difficulty. It was necessary to do it forcibly, and 
 Kendall was killed. Soon after this, Ratcliff, 
 with a man named Archer, equally dissatisfied, 
 attempted the same thing, but these also were 
 prevented from carrying out their plans. You 
 perceive, therefore, what struggles Captain Smith 
 had to encounter. He had enemies around him 
 in the savages, and enemies at home in the colo- 
 ny, while almost from day to day he had to pro- 
 vide for the wants of his well nigh starving 
 countrymen. Yet he was resolved to keep pos- 
 session of the country, and difficulties only roused 
 
JOHN SMITH. 61 
 
 him the more, to carry out this strong resolution 
 Fortunately, as winter approached, a plentiful 
 supply of wild fowl were taken, and making 
 friends of the Indians from time to time, they 
 brought him quantities of corn, beans, and pump- 
 kins. He was in fact now the father of the 
 colony : the people turned to him in all theii 
 troubles, and by looking closely to their wants, 
 he manao-ed to secure most of them as warm 
 friends to himself. 
 
 It is well nigh impossible to please all men : 
 and Smith soon found that some few were com- 
 plaining of him, that he had not done all that he 
 could for their relief He had, as I have told 
 you, discovered the Chickahomony river — and 
 the complaint now was, that w^anting resolution, 
 he had not explored it to its source, made friends 
 of the Indians there, and opened the way for a 
 continued supply from them. Resolved that such 
 a complaint, however groundless, should no lon- 
 ger exist, he now fitted up the boat, and taking 
 some of the men, started for that river. He went 
 so high up the stream this time, that he was forced 
 to cut the trees that had fallen into the river, that 
 the boat might pass through. At length, having 
 moved up as high as the boat would float, she 
 was dragged ashore to a safe place, and the men 
 
 6 
 
62 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 were ordered to remain there with her, until he 
 should come back. Taking now two of his 
 men, with two Indians as guides, he moved up in 
 an Indian canoe, to the meadows at the head of 
 the river. Here he left his two men with the 
 canoe, and with the guides passed on for many 
 miles over the meadows. Smith's men disobey- 
 ed his orders, and consequently brought trouble 
 upon the whole party. Instead of remaining 
 with the boat, they went straggling into the 
 woods, and ere long were discovered by a party 
 of three hundred Indians. These Indians w^ere 
 commanded by Opechancanough, the brother of 
 Powhatan. The crew all escaped with great 
 difficulty, except one man, who was made pris- 
 oner. The Indians now forced him to tell all 
 that he knew, and particularly where Captain 
 Smith was, and then put him to death. Follow- 
 ing the stream in search of him, they came, be- 
 fore a great while, to the two men left with the 
 canoe. These poor fellows were sleeping by a 
 fire which they had kindled, and were instantly 
 murdered. Ere long they discovered Smith in 
 the meadows, and immediately let fly their ar- 
 rows at him. One of these struck him in the 
 leg, and wounded him badly. His situation was 
 perilous enough, but he did not for a moment 
 
JOHN SMITH. 63 
 
 lose his presence of mind. He instantly seized 
 one of his Indian guides, and tied him with his 
 garter to his left arm. This man he used as his 
 shield ; and having his gun with him, he kept up 
 a fire upon them as fast as he could. Three of 
 them fell dead, and several were wounded. For- 
 tunately, his gun carried farther than their bows, 
 and they kept at some distance. During all this 
 time, he was retreating as rapidly as he could to- 
 ward the canoe ; but watching his enemies, and 
 not marking his footsteps, he with his guide sunk 
 to the middle in a hole in the meadow, and 
 stuck fast in the mud. His courage had so 
 amazed the Indians, that they dared not approach 
 him, helpless as he was, and incapable now of 
 doing them any injury. At last, almost dead 
 with cold, he threw away his arms, and begged 
 that he might be taken. They now came up, 
 drao-o-ed him out, and led him to the fire. Here 
 he saw the dead bodies of his two countiymen, 
 and knew at once what would probably be his 
 fate. Still he was calm. The Indians chafed 
 his cold limbs, and he now called for th-eir chief 
 Opechancanough. Knowing that to beg for his 
 life was only to lose it, when the chief came be- 
 fore him he drew from his pocket his ivory 
 compass and dial, which he carried to guide him 
 
64 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 in his wanderings, and presented it to him. The 
 chief and his people were greatly pleased. The 
 motions of the needle, which they could see but 
 not touch, delighted and astonished them. Smith 
 had been in the country long enough to know 
 something of their language, and marking their 
 feelings, he now began to explain to them the 
 use of the compass — the discoveries that had been 
 made b}^ means of it — to talk " of the earth, the 
 skies, sun, moon, and stars, and how the sun did 
 chase the night round about the world continually, 
 the greatness of the land and sea, the diversity of 
 nations, variety of complexions,"* &c., while the 
 savages stood amazed with admiration. 
 
 In a little time, however, their astonishment 
 was over, and they were ready to execute him. 
 They now tied him to a tree, and prepared with 
 their bows and arrows to despatch him. Just at 
 this time, the chief held up the ivory compass, 
 the savages threw down their arms, and forming 
 themselves into a military procession, led the 
 poor captive in triumph toward their village 
 Orapaxe. They were very particular in arrang- 
 ing the order of this triumphal march. They 
 ranged themselves in single file, their chief or 
 king being in the midst, and before him were 
 * Smith's VirgLaia— Vol. L, page 158. 
 
JOHN SMITH. 65 
 
 borne the swords and muskets taken from Smith 
 and his companions. Next to the chief came 
 Smith, held by three of the stoutest of their 
 number, and on each side a file of six archers. 
 When they arrived at the village, the old men, 
 women, and children came out to meet them, 
 and were greatly amazed and delighted when 
 they saw the prisoner. Some strange manoeu- 
 vres were now performed by the warriors, and 
 at length they formed themselves into a circle 
 around Smith and their chief, and commenced 
 dancing and singing. Their looks and sounds 
 were strange enough to Smith. They were all 
 painted, dressed up in furs and feathers, and be- 
 sides yelling, made a great noise by brandishing 
 their rattles, which were made of th^ tails of rat- 
 tlesnakes. This circular dance was performed 
 three times, and Smith was then conducted to a 
 long hut, and forty men placed there to guard 
 him. Here he was feasted so bountifully with 
 Indian bread and venison, that he began 4:o think 
 they werefattening him only to kill and devour him. 
 Kindness will win the heart of almost any 
 man, and Smith now perceived the effect of it 
 upon the heart of a savage. One of the Indians, 
 to whom it seems he had formerly given some 
 green beads, and other trifling trinkets, now came, 
 
 6* 
 
66 JOHN smTH. 
 
 presenting to him a garment of furs, to protect 
 him from the cold. The name of this man was 
 Maocassater^ and it deserves to be remembered. 
 Very different from this was the conduct of 
 another Indian, an old man, who tried to kill 
 him, because his son was dying. Whether it was 
 that he supposed that Smith, by some enchant- 
 ment, had made his boy sick, or w^hether the son 
 had been wounded in battle, we are not told. 
 At all events, the old man's revenge was curbed, 
 and the prisoner was conducted by his guard to 
 the dying youth. He now told them that he had 
 a medicine, at Jamestown, that would cure him, 
 if they would allow him to go and bring it, but 
 this they refused to do. They were unwilling 
 to part wnth him, for they were all making 
 ready for an attack upon Jamestown, and cal- 
 culated upon great assistance from him. They 
 needed him as a guide, and now they made 
 large offers to secure his services. They promised 
 him his life, liberty, and as much land as he 
 should wish for, if he would only aid them. Smith 
 told them of the great difficulty of the under- 
 taking, talked to them of the guns, mines, and 
 other defences of the place. All this terrified 
 them, but did not dissuade them from their in- 
 tention. He was now permitted to WTite a note 
 
JOHN SMITH. 67 
 
 to Jamestown, asking for the medicine, and 
 some other things that he desired, and some of 
 the Indians were to deliver it. Taking advantage 
 of this, he tore a leaf from his pocket-book, and 
 WTote the note, asking for what he needed, 
 telling his countrymen of his situation, of the 
 designs of the savages, and the best way of 
 frightening the messengers, when they should 
 arrive there. Through frost and snow the mes- 
 sengers made their way, and ere long came near 
 Jamestown. The whites, seeing them, sallied 
 out to meet them, and the frightened Indians, 
 dropping their note, ran away. At night, tak- 
 ing courage, they returned, and discovered all 
 the articles which Smith had sent for, on the 
 very spot where he told them they would find 
 them. Gathering them up, they now returned 
 homeward, telling their countrymen of the mar- 
 vellous sights that they had seen ; and wonder- 
 ing, most of all, at the power of the speaking 
 leaf, which had secured for Smith the articles 
 sent for. 
 
 What they had seen, induced the savages to 
 give up the thought of an attack upon James- 
 town, and looking upon Smith as a wonderful 
 man, they now led him about the country, mak- 
 ing a show of him. They passed Avith him 
 
68 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 through several tribes of Indians, on the Rap- 
 pahannoc and Potowmac rivers, and at length 
 brought him to Pamunkee, the home of Ope- 
 chancanough. Halting here, they performed a 
 strange ceremony, the design of which (as they 
 said) was to find out whether Smith's feelings 
 toward them were those of a friend or enemy. 
 The ceremony was as follows : 
 
 " Early in the morning a great fire was made 
 in a long house, and a mat spread, on the one 
 side as on the other; on the one they caused 
 him to sit, and all the guard went out of the 
 house, and presently came skipping in a great 
 grim fellow, all painted over with coal, mingled 
 with oil ; and many snakes, and weasels' skins, 
 stuffed with moss, and all their tails tied together, 
 so as they met on the crown of his head in a 
 tassel ; and round about the tassel was a coronet 
 of feathers, the skins hanging round about his 
 head, back, and shoulders, and in a manner 
 covered his face ; with a hellish voice, and a 
 rattle in his hand. With most strange gestures 
 and passions, he began his invocation, and en- 
 vironed the fire with a circle of meal: which 
 done, three men, like devils, came rushing in, 
 with the like antic tricks, painted half black, 
 half red ; but all their eyes were painted white, 
 
 t * 
 
JOHN SMITH. 69 
 
 and some red strokes, like mustachios, along 
 their cheeks : round about him, these fiends 
 danced a pretty while, and then came in three 
 more as ugly as the rest, with red eyes and w^hite 
 strokes over their black faces; at last they all 
 sat down right against him ; three of them on 
 the one hand of the chief priest, and three on 
 the other. Then all, w^ith their rattles, began 
 a song : which ended, the chief priest laid down 
 five wheat corns : then straining his arms and 
 hands w-ith such violence that he sweat, and his 
 veins swelled, he began a short oration : at the 
 conclusion, they all gave a short groan, and 
 then laid down three grains more. After that 
 began their song again, and then another ora- 
 tion, ever laying down so many corns as before, 
 till they had twdce encircled the fire ; that done, 
 they took a bunch of little sticks, prepared for 
 that purpose, continuing still their devotion, and 
 at the end of every song and oration, they laid 
 down a stick between the divisions of corn. Till 
 night, neither he nor they did eat or drink, and 
 then they feasted merrily, with the best pro- 
 visions they could make. Three days they used 
 this ceremony : the meaning whereof, they told 
 him, w^as to know if he intended them well or 
 no. The circle of meal signified the country, 
 
70 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 the circle of corn the bounds of the sea, and the 
 sticks his country. They imagined the world to 
 he flat and round, like a ti^encher, and they in 
 the midst."* Smith, of course, did not under- 
 stand the meaning of all this, nor did he know, 
 at the end of it, whether they discovered him to 
 be a friend or foe. 
 
 This ceremony being over, they brought him 
 a bag of gunpowder, telling him that they 
 should mingle it with their corn, and plant it the 
 next season. He was now invited by Opitcha- 
 pan (one of the brothers of Powhatan) to come 
 and visit him. He went to his home, and was 
 welcomed " with platters of bread, fowl, and 
 wild beasts;" but, as usual, not one of the savages 
 would eat with him. After this they brought 
 him to Werowocomoco, the residence of their 
 great Emperor Powhatan. 
 
 * Smith's Virginiaj vol. i. page 161. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Smith is received by Powhatan in great state — 
 The savages propose to kill him — His life is 
 saved by the Princess Pocahontas — He is re- 
 leased and returns to Jamestown — Troubles at 
 Jamestown — He soon restores order — Kindness 
 of Pocahontas — Arrival of Captain JVewport^ 
 in 1607 — His visit to Powhatan — Strange 
 trafficking — Fire at Jamestown — Sufferings 
 i?i the colony — Jfewport sails homeward — 
 Smith rebuilds the town — Arrival of Captain 
 J^elson — Disturbance between Smith and Pow- 
 hatan — Bold conduct of Smith — Peace is re- 
 stored — J^elson sails for England. 
 
 Werowocomoco, the home of Powhatan, is 
 stated to have been " on the north side of York 
 River, in Gloucester county, about twenty-five 
 miles below the fork of the river." When 
 Smith arrived in this village, more than two 
 hundred savages came around him, gazing at 
 him as " though he had been a monster." He 
 was not yet brought into the presence of their 
 
72 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 chief, until clue preparations had been made 
 for receiving hira. All being ready, he at 
 length came before Powhatan. In a long hut, 
 in the midst of which there was a large fire, he 
 found him seated upon a sort of throne, while 
 his two young daughters sat on either side of 
 him. He was dressed in a heavy robe of rac- 
 coon skins. On each side of the hut there w^ere 
 tvv^o rows of men, and behind them as many 
 women, with their heads and shoulders painted 
 red. Some had their heads decked off with the 
 white down of birds, and some had strings of 
 white beads around their necks. When Smith 
 came in, they all gave a great shout. The 
 queen of Apamatox brought him water to wash 
 his hands — while another damsel brought him a 
 bunch of feathers, to serve as a towel to dry 
 them. After this, they feasted him with their 
 best provisions, and then they consulted among 
 themselves, as to what should be done with him 
 Smith soon understood his fate, when, at the 
 end of this consultation, two large stones were 
 brought in, placed before Powhatan, and he 
 seized and dragged toward them. His head 
 was laid upon them, and now the savages raised 
 their clubs to beat out his brains. The king's 
 daughter, Pocahontas, (it seems,) had entreated 
 
JOHN SMITH. 73 
 
 that bis life might be spared, but all her en- 
 treaties had proved useless. Just at this mo- 
 ment, she rushed toward the captive, folded his 
 head in her arms, and laid her own upon it. In 
 an instant more, poor Smith would have been 
 despatched. The king's heart was now soften- 
 ed : he consented that the prisoner should live, 
 to make hatchets for him, and bells and beads 
 fcr his daughter. 
 
 Whether farther entreaties of Pocahontas pre- 
 vailed or not, we are not told 5 but certain it is, 
 that in a little time the king was even more 
 generous to the prisoner. Two days after this, 
 he caused Smith to be carried to " a great house 
 in the woods," and there to be left, seated alone 
 upon a mat, before a large fire. " Not long 
 after, from behind a mat that divided the house, 
 was made the most doleful noise he ever heard :" 
 and in rushed Powhatan, painted black, and 
 disguised " in a fearful manner," followed by 
 two hundred other savages, as black as him- 
 self. The chief now told him that they were 
 friends, and that he might return to Jamestown, 
 He had but one favor to ask of him, which w^as, 
 that he w^ould send him " two great guns, and 
 a grindstone," and he promised, iji return, to 
 " give him the country of Capahowosick, and 
 
 7 
 
74 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 to esteem him for ever as his son, JVantaquoud.'^ 
 So, with twelve guides, Smith was started home- 
 ward. Night came on, and " they quartered in 
 the woods, Smith expecting (as he had done all 
 this long time of his imprisonment) every hour 
 to be put to one death or other ; but Almighty 
 God (by his divine providence) had mollified the 
 hearts of those stern Barbarians with compassion." 
 Early the next morning they reached James- 
 town, and Smith treated his guides with great 
 hospitality. He now shewed to Rawhunt, the 
 trusty servant of Powhatan, (who was one of 
 the guides,) the two large guns and the grind- 
 stone for his master. The Indians tried to lift 
 them, but found they were too heavy. Smith 
 now had the guns loaded with stones, and dis- 
 charged at a tree covered with icicles. The 
 loud report, and the rattling of the icicles, fright- 
 ened the savages, and they ran away. In a lit- 
 tle time, however, they came back, and after 
 being loaded with trinkets and other presents, 
 for Powhatan and his daughter, they left him. 
 
 It was well that Smith came home just at 
 this time. His presence, of course, had been 
 missed, and all was now confusion at James- 
 town. The men had got to quarrelling, and a 
 large party had seized the pinnace, determined 
 
JOHN SMITH. 75 
 
 to leave the country. At the risk of his Hfe once 
 more, he checked this plot. He brought his 
 guns to bear, and threatened to sink the pin- 
 nace, if they attempted to move off. Inflamed 
 with anger, these discontented men (the presi- 
 dent among the number) now conspired against 
 his life. They said he deserved to die, because 
 he had caused the death of the two poor fellows 
 who had been murdered at the canoe, in the 
 meadows. Their design proved idle, for they 
 knew in their hearts that he was an innocent 
 man, and they soon had the worst of this effort ; 
 for we are told, " he quickly took such order 
 with such lawyers, that he laid them by the 
 heels, till he sent some of them prisoners for 
 England." 
 
 After this a better spirit soon prevailed. Smith 
 now cheered his countrymen, by telling them of 
 the rich domains of Powhatan, the plentiful 
 supplies that might be obtained there, and the 
 great kindness and liberality of the chief. He 
 spoke, too, of the generosity of Pocahontas, and 
 what aid they might expect from her. They 
 soon learned for themselves to understand her 
 fidelity. From time to time, she would come, 
 with her train of female attendants, to James- 
 town, bringing them stores of provisions to re- 
 
76 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 lieve their wants. Smith had made warm friends, 
 also, of other Indians. The savages would now 
 come in bringing presents to him, and trading 
 with him at such prices as he fixed. Many of 
 them had learned (it is said) to look upon him 
 as a supernatural being. 
 
 In the latter part of the year 1607, two ships 
 sailed from England to the colony — the one 
 commanded by their old friend Captain New- 
 port, the other by Captain Nelson. Nelson, (it 
 appears,) after coming as far as Cape Henry, 
 had his ship dismasted, and contrary winds now 
 drove him in distress to the West Indies. New- 
 port, more fortunate, arrived in safety. It hap- 
 pened, that Smith had predicted his arrival about 
 this time, and while the colonists of course were 
 happy upon his return, the Indians looked upon 
 Smith as a prophet. They knew that Smith 
 worshipped the God " who created all things," 
 and now they would talk of the " God of Captain 
 Smith." 
 
 Whether it was that some of the council were 
 foolishly jealous of Smith's influence over the 
 Indians, or whether it was only imprudence, 
 certain it is, that they were in the strange habit 
 of giving the Indians higher prices for their ar- 
 ticles than Smith had fixed ; and now, when the 
 
JOHN SMITH. 77 
 
 sailors arrived, they were allowed to trade with 
 the savages just as they pleased. The conse- 
 quence was, that it was soon found impossible to 
 obtain as much for a pound of copper, as had 
 been before procured for an ounce. Newport, 
 too, in sailor-like style, was very lavish in his 
 dealings with the natives, and especially in 
 making rich presents to Powhatan, whom he 
 desired to impress with an idea of his greatness. 
 The arrival of the ship, therefore, made some 
 little trouble. 
 
 Smith had talked much of Newport, and his 
 conversations, together with the presents, had 
 made Powhatan very desirous of seeing him again. 
 The boat was therefore now made ready, and 
 Captain Smith, Captain Newport, and a Mr. 
 Scrivener, (a gentleman who had come out on 
 the last voyage of Newport, and was now a 
 member of the council,) together with a guard 
 of forty chosen men, started on a visit to the 
 chief. When they arrived at Werowocomoco, 
 Newport, who was unacquainted with the coun- 
 try, began to suspect treachery on the part of the 
 savages. This place, you know, had been the 
 home of Powhatan, but thinking it too near to 
 the English, he had removed now to the village 
 Orapaxe. Smith tried to convince him that his 
 
 7* 
 
78 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 fears were idle, but finding it impossible, under- 
 took with twenty men to go on alone. But he 
 began ere long to suspect mischief himself. He 
 had to pass many creeks and streams, and find- 
 ing the bridges over these to be made only of 
 poles, with bark thrown over them loosel}', sup- 
 posed that they might be only traps or snares for 
 the white men. It seems, however, that he had 
 some Indian guides, and he made them pass over 
 first, to assure himself of safety. Thus he passed 
 on, until he was at length met by a party of 
 three hundred savages, who kindly conducted 
 him to the home of the chief Entering the 
 village, he was received with great shouts of joy, 
 and then a splendid feast was prepared for him. 
 Powhatan again received him in great state. 
 Smith found him clothed in a fine robe of skins, 
 seated " upon his bed of mats, his pillow of 
 leather embroidered after their rude manner, 
 with pearl and white beads," while " at his head 
 and feet sat a handsome young woman." Other 
 women stood around, having their heads and 
 shoulders painted red, and strings of white beads 
 hanging about their necks. Before these sat 
 " some of his chiefest men." He was welcomed 
 heartily by the chief, as an old friend. A guard 
 of five hundred men was appointed to attend 
 
JOHN SMITH. 79 
 
 upon him, and the king's proclamation was is- 
 sued, that no Indian should do harm to Smith or 
 any of his followers, under penalty of death. 
 Then the savages commenced anew their feast- 
 ing, with dancing and singing ; and when night 
 came, the party quartered with Powhatan. 
 
 The next day Captain Newport arrived, and 
 was also treated with great kindUess. He had 
 with him an Enghsh boy, named Thomas Sal- 
 vage, whom he gave to Powhatan, calhng 
 him his son. In return, Powhatan gave 
 him JVamontack, one of his trusty servants. 
 Now they commenced again their dancing and 
 feasting. Three or four days were spent in this 
 w^ay, together with trading, for Newport had 
 brought along with him many articles of traffic. 
 Powhatan bore himself like a chief, and the 
 whites admired him very much ; but before the 
 visit was over, he proved himself to be a cunning 
 old man, and would have outwitted them all, but 
 for the superior cunning of Captain Smith. I 
 wall tell you of his stratagem. 
 
 While Newport was trading with him, the old 
 chief became greatly dissatisfied, at w^hat he 
 thought bargaining and trafficking in a small 
 way. He said therefore to him, " Captain New- 
 port, it is not agreeable to my greatness, in this 
 
80 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 peddling manner to trade for trifles ; and I es- 
 teem you also a great Werowance. Therefore, 
 lay me down all your commodities together : 
 what I like I will take, and in recompense give 
 you what I think fitting their value." Captain 
 Smith was acting as interpreter between them, 
 and seeing at once the cunning of the chief, ad- 
 vised Newport not to agree to it. But Newport, 
 desirous of making a display, and thinking he 
 could manage the matter himself, immediately 
 consented, and spread out all his wares. Pow- 
 hatan instantly selected such articles as pleased 
 him, but when he came to making payment for 
 them, set such a high value upon his corn, that 
 Newport did not receive four bushels " where he 
 expected twenty hogsheads." Smith w^as natu- 
 rally enough provoked at Newport's folly, and 
 determined that, if possible, the savage should 
 be no gainer by it. He now took out some 
 wares of his own : among other things, some 
 blue glass beads, which, as if accidentally, he 
 placed W'here Powhatan might see them. The 
 king was at once struck with them, and greatly 
 desired to have them. But Smith could not con- 
 sent to part with them. They were made (he 
 said) " of a rare substance of the color of the 
 skies, and not to be worn but by the greatest 
 
JOHN SMITH. 81 
 
 kinoes in the world." This onlv increased the 
 desire of the chief: but the more he lonsfed for 
 them, the more unwilUng was Smith to let them 
 go. At last, as a favor, he allowed the king to 
 trade for some of them, and now^, for his glass 
 beads, he received two or three hundred bushels 
 of corn. After this, they parted good friends, 
 and the party went off to see Opechancanough, 
 king of Pamunke. Here they made another 
 good bargain with their blue beads. Indeed, 
 blue beads became now of such high value, that 
 they were all bought up at almost any price, and 
 none but the kings, their v^aves, or their daugh- 
 ters allowed to wear them. 
 
 They now returned to Jamestown, well laden 
 with provisions. Scarcely, however, had they 
 stored them away, when unfortunately a fire 
 broke out in the town, and consumed well 
 nigh everything. Their houses, made of wood, 
 and thatched with reeds and straw^, were like 
 tinder for the flames, and quantities of arms, 
 bedding, clothing, and provisions were alike de- 
 stroyed. In this fire, their clergyman, Mr. Hunt, 
 " lost all his library, and all he had but the 
 clothes on his back, yet none ever heard him 
 repine at his loss." Indeed, most of the colonists 
 appear to have borne the calamity as well as 
 
82 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 could have been expected. They saved what 
 provisions they could from the flames, and by 
 prudent management, there might still have been 
 enough for present wants, but for the delay of the 
 ship. Instead of returning homeward promptly, 
 Newport and his crew were seized with a " gold 
 fever." They were busy every day in digging 
 the earth, and loading the ship wdth what they 
 thought so much treasure. Thus they delayed sail- 
 ing for fourteen weeks, during all which time there 
 were of course so many more mouths to be filled 
 in the colony. Smith and Scrivener were both 
 sensible men, and looked upon all this search for 
 gold as idle; but still they could not induce 
 Newport to leave earlier. At length the ship 
 was ready to sail, and the poor half-starving set- 
 tlement had to furnish supplies ere she could 
 move off. They were furnished cheerfully, for 
 her departure was regarded as a blessing. Wing- 
 field and Archer, too, to the great joy of the de- 
 cent part of the colony, were sent home in her. 
 Upon reduced allowances, their sufferings now 
 increased. The winter was a very severe one, 
 many of the men houseless, and though Smith 
 did all that he could for their relief, before the 
 cold season was ended, more than half of them 
 had died. 
 
JOHN SMITH. 83 
 
 As the spring approached. Smith and Scriv- 
 ener set resolutely to the work of rebuilding 
 Jamestown. A new church was erected, the 
 storehouse and palisadoes were repaired, and 
 new dwelling-houses put up. The fields, too, 
 were prepared under their direction, and corn 
 was planted. While they were engaged in all 
 this, to their surprise. Captain Nelson arrived in 
 the Phoenix, from the West Indies. He had 
 spent his winter there, (after being driven, as 
 you will remember, from the coast of Virginia,) 
 and now, to their great joy, came laden with am- 
 ple provisions for the colony, for six months. 
 
 Nelson was a man of good spirit ; his heart 
 was touched with the sorrows of his country- 
 men, and he kindly served them in any way that 
 he could. He moved freely among them, en- 
 couraging them by his words and actions, and 
 rousing their drooping spirits. In this way he 
 succeeded in awakening a spirit of enterprise, 
 even in the inefficient president; for he now 
 urged Smith " to discover and search the com- 
 modities of the Monacan's country, beyond the 
 falls of James river," that he might profitably 
 relade the ship for a return homeward. Sixty 
 men were allotted to him for this adventure, 
 and in six days, Smith had so drilled them to 
 
84 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 their arms, that they were ready for the enter-^ 
 prise. He was for loading the vessel with cedar, 
 while Martin and some others, were foolishly in- 
 tent upon filling her also with " golden dirt." 
 Just as he was about starting, a difficulty oc- 
 curred, which kept him at home. The difficulty 
 was this. 
 
 When Newport was on the point of starting, 
 Powhatan had sent him as a present, twenty 
 turkeys, and in return, asked that he might re- 
 ceive twenty swords. Newport had imprudent- 
 ly given them to him ; and now the chief sent a 
 like present to Smith, making a similar demand. 
 Smith refused to meet it, and the chief set his 
 men at once upon various stratagems, to seize 
 the arms of the colonists. Sometimes they 
 would enter Jamestown, and take them by force, 
 or steal them — then they would surprise the 
 men at their work, and annoy them in every 
 possible way. Notwithstanding this insolence, 
 nothing was done in return, until they meddled 
 with Smith. The colonists had orders from 
 home, to keep peace with Pow^hatan and his 
 people, and they were desirous of obeying. But 
 their insolence had now touched him, and Smith 
 at once " took the matter into his own hands." 
 He sallied out with a party, seized some of 
 
JOHN SMITH. 85 
 
 the Indians and whipped them, and then re- 
 turned, bringing with him seven prisoners, as 
 hostages for their good behavior. But good 
 behavior was not in them. They, in return, 
 finding tw^o straggling soldiers, seized them as 
 prisoners: and now they advanced almost to 
 the fort, in strong numbers, demanding their 
 seven countrymen, and threatening immediate 
 death to the whites, if they were not delivered up. 
 Smith instantly sallied out amongst them again, 
 and, in less than an hour, so completely cured 
 their insolence, that they surrendered the two 
 white men, and w^ere glad to sue for peace. In 
 making terms of peace, he forced them to 
 tell their intentions. They declared, that w^hat 
 they had done was by order of Powhatan, and 
 that his design Avas to get possession of their 
 weapons, that he might destroy the w^hites. 
 Pow^hatan soon finding his plans discovered, sent 
 his favorite daughter, Pocahontas, wdth presents 
 to Smith, begging that he would excuse all in- 
 juries that might have been done by any of his 
 " untoward subjects," and assuring him of his 
 love for ever. But Smith was not to be deceived 
 in this way. He punished the savages, there- 
 fore, as he thought they deserved; and then 
 delivered up the prisoners, declaring, that it 
 
 8 
 
86 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 was merely for the sake of the princess that he 
 spared their lives. 
 
 The CouncJlj fearful that all this might make 
 an enemy of Powhatan, were dissatisfied wdth 
 Smith ; but in a little time they perceived their 
 error. The truth was, it was the only way of 
 teaching the savages not to molest the settle- 
 ment ; and when they soon after discovered, 
 that instead of " having peace and war twice 
 in a day," (as had been the case for some time,) 
 they enjoyed uninterrupted quiet, they were per- 
 fectly contented. 
 
 The ship was soon sent home, laden with 
 cedar, as Smith advised j and Martin, instead of 
 loading her with " golden dirt," as he desired, 
 was himself allowed to return home in her. He 
 had proved himself to be a weak and almost 
 useless man in the colony, and they were well 
 pleased at his departure. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 The adventures of Captain Smith during txco 
 voyages made in an open hoat^for the purpose 
 of exploring Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Order being somewhat restored, Smith now 
 prepared for further adventures. His design 
 w^as to explore the lands on Chesapeake Bay, 
 and become acquainted with the inhabitants. 
 As the ship hoisted sail, therefore, on the second 
 day of June, with fourteen men he embarked in 
 an open barge, and moved down the river. 
 Parting with the ship at Cape Henry, they 
 passed directly across the mouth of the bay, 
 and discovered, to the east of Cape Charles, a 
 group of islands, to which they gave the name 
 of " SmiWs Isles. ''^ This name, I believe, they 
 still bear. Soon after, in turning the last men- 
 tioned cape, they saw two savages, who boldly 
 demanded who they were, and what they came 
 for. Presently they seemed more friendly, and 
 directed them to Accomack, the home of their 
 
88 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 chief. Upon reaching him, they were received 
 with great kindness. Leaving him, they coasted 
 along the eastern shore of the bay, " searching 
 every inlet fit for harbors and habitations." 
 Sometimes they landed upon the main land, and 
 then upon the low islands which skirted the 
 shores, to one group of which they gave the 
 name of " RussePs Isles/^ in honor of Doctor 
 Russel, their surgeon. This group is now known, 
 I think, by the name of the Tangier Islands. 
 Suffering now for a supply of fresh water, they 
 procured such as they could, and moving still 
 farther north, were ere long, as they came near 
 another group of islands, visited by a violent 
 tempest. Their mast and sail w^ere blown over- 
 board, and with great labor they kept their 
 barge from sinking. These islands, now known 
 as Watt's Islands, received from them the strange 
 name of Limbo, on account of their disaster. 
 Here they were forced to remain two days. At 
 length, the storm abated, and having repair- 
 ed the sail with their shirts, they passed over 
 to the eastern shore, and entered the river 
 "Wicomico. The natives, seeing them, " ran 
 amazed in troops from place to place, and 
 divers got into the tops of trees." Regarding 
 them as enemies, they discharged volleys of ar- 
 
JOHN SMITH. 89 
 
 rows at them, but the barge was anchored too 
 far from them, to suffer any injury. The next 
 day the party landed, and entering their deserted 
 huts, left copper trinkets, beads, and looking- 
 glasses. When the savages found these, they 
 were greatly pleased, and- soon became friendly. 
 Here, upon this river, we are told,* lived " the 
 people of Sarapinagh, Nause, Arseek, and Nan- 
 taquak, the best merchants of all other sav- 
 ages." 
 
 " Finding this eastern shore shallow broken 
 isles, and for most part without fresh water," 
 they determined to pass over to the western 
 shore of the bay. Proceeding some distance 
 further north without discovering any thing 
 remarkable, they crossed, and came coasting 
 down the western side, marking all the creeks 
 and rivers. To the first large river which they 
 entered on this side, they gave the name of 
 Bolus, because " the clay, in many places, did 
 grow up in red and white knots, as gum out of 
 trees," which made them "think it hole am- 
 TRoniac.'^^ The river is now known by the Indian 
 name Patapsco. Here the crew commenced 
 murmuring. Their bread had been damaged by 
 the rain ; in an open boat, exposed to all weather, 
 
 * Smith's Virginia, vol. i. page 175. 
 8* 
 
90 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 they had spent twelve or fourteen days toiling 
 at the oar, and they now urged Smith to return 
 homeward. But he was for making farther 
 discoveries, and answered them in the following 
 words, which at once shew his spirit and reso- 
 lution :— - 
 
 " Gentlemen, if you would remember the 
 memorable history of Sir Ralph Lane, how his 
 company importuned him to proceed in the dis- 
 covery of Moratico, alleging they had yet a 
 dog, that being boiled with sassafras leaves, 
 would richly feed them in their return : then 
 what a shame would it be for you, (that have 
 been so suspicious of my tenderness,) to force 
 me to return, with so much provision as we 
 have, and scarce able to say where we have 
 been, nor yet heard of that we were sent to 
 seek 1 You cannot say but I have shared with 
 you in the worst which is past; and for what 
 is to come of lodging, diet, or whatsoever, I am 
 contented you allot the worst part to myself. 
 And for your fears, that I will lose myself in 
 these unknown large waters, or be swallowed 
 up in some stormy gust : abandon these childish 
 fears, for worse than is past is not likely to happen, 
 and there is as much danger to return as to pro- 
 ceed. Regain, therefore, your old spirits, for re- 
 
JOHN SMITH. 91 
 
 turn I will not, (if God please,) till I have seen 
 the Massawomeks, found Patawomek, or the 
 head of this water you conceit to be endless."* 
 Some of the discontented were now ashamed, 
 but others who were half sick, still complain- 
 ed, and to please them. Smith reluctantly- 
 started homeward. Passing southwardly, ere 
 Ions they fell in with the mouth of the river 
 Potomac. As the stream came rolling broad 
 and beautiful into the bay, the spirits of the men 
 revived, and now they " were all content to 
 take some pains to know the name of that seven 
 mile broad stream." They sailed thirty miles 
 up the river, without finding any inhabitants. At 
 length, seeing two savages, they were conducted 
 by them up a little creek, where they soon dis- 
 covered multitudes of the natives. The truth was, 
 it was an ambuscade. Three or four thousand 
 savages were lying in wait here, ready to in- 
 ^snare them ; and now they came forward with 
 hideous yells, making threatening gestures to- 
 ward them. Smith was not frightened, but pre- 
 pared very coolly for an encounter. As an an- 
 swer to their threats, he commanded his men to 
 discharge their muskets over the water. This 
 "was sufficient. The grazing of the balls upon 
 
 * Smith's Virginia, vol. i. pages 176, 177. 
 
92 JOHN S?.!ITH. 
 
 the water, and the loud echo of the report 
 through the woods, terrified the natives. They 
 threw down their bows and arrows, sued for 
 peace, and at once exchanged hostages. James 
 Watkins (one of Smith's party) was now sent 
 six miles higher up, to the residence of their 
 king. In a little time these Indians became un- 
 usually friendly, and frankly told Smith their 
 whole plan. They had for some time been ly- 
 ing in wait for the party, in the hope of cutting 
 them off. To this deed they had been excited 
 by Powhatan, who had heard of Smith's in- 
 tended expedition up the bay, through some of 
 the worthless and discontented men at James- 
 town. These miserable men, because Smith 
 had prevented them from deserting the colony, 
 had thus, in revenge, attempted a plot for his 
 destruction. 
 
 They now moved up the river as far as their 
 boat would float. In their progress they some- 
 times met Indian canoes, laden with bear's any 
 deer's flesh, and readily obtained supplies ; then 
 again they would fall in with hostile and threat- 
 ening savages, or others whose character then 
 doubted ; but Smith's prudence and courage were 
 ample always for this kind of difhculiy. He 
 had one regular mode of proceeding. When he 
 
JOHN SMITH. 93 
 
 met the savages, he always put on a bold face : 
 if they seemed to desire peace, he would at 
 once demand their bows and arrows, and one 
 or two of their children, as pledges for their sin- 
 cerity. If they complied with the demand, he 
 regarded them as friends ; if they refused, they 
 were looked upon as enemies, and treated ac- 
 cordingly. 
 
 Having frequently heard of a rich mine in 
 this neighborhood. Smith determined to visit 
 it. An Indian guide was procured, and in a 
 little time some of the party reached it. They 
 commenced digging the earth, and soon filled 
 several bags with just such stuff as Newport had 
 taken home for so much silver ore, but which 
 proved utterly worthless. The Indians thought 
 much of this mine. It produced a substance 
 *' like antimony," which, after washing, they 
 used as paint, to beautify themselves and their 
 idols. This paint (we are told) only " made 
 them look like blackamoors, dusted over with 
 silver," but they thought it very beautiful. The 
 party, though they discovered no mineral trea- 
 sures, found some profit in this adventure, for 
 they returned to the barge well laden with ot- 
 ter's, 1 ear's, and martin's skins, which they ob- 
 tained from a straggling party of savages. 
 
94 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 They now came clown the Potomac, seeing no- 
 thing farther, worthy of remark, except the great 
 quantities of fish in the water. 
 
 The men being now in better humor, Smith 
 was in no • hurry to return homeward, and 
 therefore resolved to move up the Rappahan- 
 nock, and visit his old Indian acquaintances, 
 where he had once been in captivity. As the 
 barge came near the mouth of the stream, she 
 ran aground, and while they w^ere waiting for 
 the flood tide to take her off, the men amused 
 themselves by catching fish in a curious w^ay. 
 Quantities of them had been left by the tide upon 
 the flats, and sticking them with the points of 
 their swords, they " took more in an hour than 
 they could eat in a day." Sporting in this way, 
 Smith met with an accident, which alarmed him 
 and all his friends, and at once gave a name to 
 the place, which it still bears. Having stuck 
 his sword into a stingray, (a curious fish, with 
 a long tail, having stings at the end of it,) the 
 fish raised his tail, and struck him on the wrist. 
 No blood followed the wound, but in a little 
 time he was seized with the most violent pain^ 
 and in four hours, his hand, arm, and shoulder 
 were so much swollen, that Smith himself, as 
 well as his companions, supposed he was dying. 
 
JOHN SMITH. 95 
 
 With great calmness, he directed where they 
 should bury his body, and with sorrowful hearts 
 they " prepared his grave in an island hard by." 
 Their sad labors, however, proved unnecessary. 
 The surgeon, Dr. Russel, having probed the 
 wound, by means of a certain oil so far relieved 
 the pain and swelling, that Smith, as night ap- 
 proached, was so much better that he was able 
 to eat a part of the fish for his supper. The 
 point of land where this occurred, took the name 
 of Stingray Point. 
 
 It was the twenty-first of July when they 
 reached Jamestown ; having been absent more 
 than six weeks. As they came near the town, 
 Smith determined to frighten old President Rat- 
 clifFe. The old man was known to be weak and 
 inefficient, and the crew were all ready to enjoy 
 the frolic. With the colored earth from their 
 bags, they painted the barge and decked her off 
 with strange streamers in such a way, that they 
 succeeded admirably. The terrified old man 
 roused the colonists, supposing that a party of 
 Spaniards w^ere approaching to attack him. 
 W^hen they landed and shewed themselves, they 
 all enjoyed a hearty laugh. 
 
 As usual. Smith found that his absence had 
 produced confusion in the colony. The presi- 
 
96 JOHxN S:.IITH. 
 
 dent had been noting upon the public stores, and 
 was now engaged in building for himself a house 
 in the woods, where, living alone, he might es- 
 cape the murmurs of the people. Even the poor 
 colonists who were sick had been neglected ; 
 this added to the discontent, and now the gener- 
 al cry was, that Ratcliife was not fit for presi- 
 dent, and ought to be deposed. He was conse- 
 quently turned out of his office, and Smith chosen 
 to fill his place. The captain had not yet ex- 
 plored the bay as thoroughly as he desired, and 
 his design was to be off again as soon as possible. 
 He remained therefore but three days at James- 
 town, cheering the men by the story of his ad- 
 ventures, dividing provisions amongst them, and 
 making other arrangements for their comfort ; 
 and then appointing Mr. Scrivener to act as his 
 deputy during his absence, was ready for his 
 departure. 
 
 On the twenty-fourth of July, with twelve 
 men, he again started. Contrary winds detained 
 them for two or three days at Kecoughtan, where 
 the savages treated them with great hospitality. 
 To amuse them in return, they set off at night a 
 few rockets, which alarmed the natives, and gave 
 them a wonderful idea of their greatness. The 
 wind now changing, they proceeded on their 
 
JOHN SMITH. 97 
 
 voyage, and anchored at night off Stingray Point. 
 The next day they crossed the mouth of the Po- 
 tomac, and reached as far as the river Bolus, or 
 Patapsco. Hastening onward, they came ere 
 long to the head of the bay. Here they dis- 
 covered four streams, all of which they explored 
 as far as their boat could sail, and found inhabi- 
 tants on the banks of two of them only. As 
 they crossed the bay, they spied seven or eight 
 canoes filled with Indians, who proved to belong 
 to the tribe of the Massawomeks, a warlike 
 people of whom Smith had often heard. It 
 seems that only six men in the barge were now 
 able to stand ; (the rest being sick ;) yet as these 
 Indians shewed signs of hostility, Smith prepared 
 to meet them. The whites dropped their oars, 
 and under a press of sail soon came near them. 
 To give them the appearance of strength in the 
 eyes of the Indians, they now resorted to a strat- 
 agem. The hats of the sick men were hoisted 
 upon sticks, and between every two sticks, a 
 man was stationed with two muskets. The 
 savages, counting the hats, were readily deceived 
 as to the number of men, quickly paddled for 
 the shore, and there stood gazing at the barge. 
 It w^as a long time, before any of them could be 
 induced to come on board. At length they sent 
 
 9 
 
98 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 two of their number unarmed in a canoe, while 
 the rest all followed, to help them if it became 
 necessary. Their fears were soon over. When 
 the two reached the barge, upon bells and other 
 trinkets being presented to them, they persuaded 
 their companions to come on board. In a little 
 time they were trading freely, and by means 
 of signs talking freely Avith the whites. Veni- 
 son, bears' flesh, fish, bows, arrows, clubs, tar- 
 gets, and bear-skins, were readily exchanged for 
 such things as the whites could spare. They were 
 at war with the Tockwoghe Indians, (a people 
 living upon the Tockwoghe, or what is now 
 known as the Sassafras River,) and these Mas- 
 sawomeks w^ere just returning from a battle, 
 with their wounds still bleeding. 
 
 Soon after, upon entering the Tockwoghe 
 River, they found the barge surrounded by fleets 
 of canoes " filled with fierce lookins: warriors." 
 These were Tockwoghes. Fortunately, one of 
 these Indians could speak the language of Powha- 
 tan, and he persuaded his companions " to hold a 
 friendly parley" w^ith the whites. Upon coming 
 near, and seeing Smith's party in possession of 
 some of the weapons of the Massawomeks, they 
 at once concluded that they had been at war 
 with that nation ; and now^ they conducted them 
 
JOHN SMITH. 99 
 
 in triumph, to their strong pallisadoed town. 
 Here, mats were spread for them to sit upon, 
 and they were entertained with songs, dancing, 
 and feasting. These Indians had hatchets, knives, 
 and pieces of iron and brass, which they said they 
 received from the Susquehanocks, a tribe hving 
 on the Susquehanock River, " two days' journey 
 higher than the barge could pass." This tribe 
 they reported to be, like themselves, " mortal 
 enemies to the Massawomeks." Smith was de- 
 sirous of seeing these people, and prevailed upon 
 the Tockwoghes to send an interpreter, to invite 
 them to come and visit him. In answer to this 
 invitation, in three or four days, sixty of them 
 came down, laden with presents of venison, bask- 
 ets, targets, bows and arrows. A curious scene 
 now occurred with these men, which will at once 
 show the proper habits of Smith, and the light 
 in which they regarded him. 
 
 It was his daily custom to have " prayers and 
 a psalm" with his men. The poor savages, 
 marking his devotions, were struck with wonder, 
 and soon commenced theirs. " They began in 
 a most passionate manner to hold up their hands 
 to the sun, with a most fearful song : then em- 
 bracing the captain, they began to adore him in 
 like manner : though he rebuked them, yet they 
 
100 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 proceeded till their song was finished : which 
 done, with a most strange furious action, and a 
 hellish voice, began an oration of their loves ; 
 that ended, with a great painted bear's skin they 
 covered him ; then one ready with a great chain 
 of white beads, weighing at least six or seven 
 pounds, hung it about his neck ; the others had 
 eighteen mantels, made of divers sorts of skins 
 sewed together ; all these with many other toys 
 they laid at his feet, stroking their ceremonious 
 hands about his neck, for his creation to be their 
 governor and protector, promising their aid, 
 victuals, or what they had, to be his, if he would 
 stay with them, to defend and revenge them of 
 the Massawomeks." Their promises and en- 
 treaties did not prevail, and in a little time Smith 
 with his party moved off from the Tockwoghe 
 River, leaving them " very sorrowful for their 
 departure." 
 
 Coming down the bay, they continued ex- 
 ploring every inlet and headland, and giving 
 names to them in honor of some of their compa- 
 ny. To mark their right of possession as dis- 
 coverers, after moving up the streams as far as 
 their barge would float, they would erect crosses, 
 or boring holes in the trees, would deposite 
 in them notes or crosses of brass. The Patuxent 
 
JOHN SMITH. 101 
 
 River was particularly explored, and they again 
 visited the Potomac, on both of which streams 
 they were treated kindly by the inhabitants. 
 
 Ere long they entered the Rappahannock. 
 Here they met a friendly people known as the 
 Moraughtacunds, and among them an old Indian 
 acquaintance. This was a man by the name of 
 Mosco — a curious looking fellow who had served 
 as their guide to the mine on the Potomac, on 
 their former visit. Unlike most of his country- 
 men, this man had a black bushy beard, of which 
 he was very proud, and thinking he resembled 
 the whites, w^as very happy to call them " his 
 countrymen." His home (I believe) was on the 
 Potomac, but like most Indians, he was a wan- 
 derer. Mosco was very kind, and urged Smith 
 in no case to visit the Rappahannocks, stating 
 that they were a hostile people, and would pro- 
 bably kill them for being friends to the Moraugh- 
 tacunds. These Moraughtacunds, it appeared, 
 had lately stolen three women from the chief of 
 the Rappahannocks, and the tribes were on no 
 friendly terms. Mosco's words weighed little 
 "with Smith. He supposed that his whole state- 
 ment, was only a cunning story invented to 
 keep his men trading where they were, and 
 therefore passed on up the river. Mosco, ac- 
 
 9* 
 
102 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 companied him, still repeating what he had said, 
 and this induced Smith to take one precaution. 
 The Massawomeks, you will remember, had given 
 them, among other things, some targets. These 
 were nothing more than shields " made of little 
 small sticks, woven betwixt strings of their 
 hemp and silk grass, as is our cloth, but so firm- 
 ly that no arrow can possibly pierce them." These 
 targets were now set up as a sort of breast-work 
 in the bow of the boat, in case of danger. Pre- 
 sently the danger was at hand. Upon coming 
 near a little creek, they discovered some canoes 
 at the shore, and upon seeing the savages, offer- 
 ed to exchange hostages. The Indians, after 
 consultation, readily consented. Five of them 
 now walked out in the stream to the barge, 
 bringing their man, and proposing to receive one 
 of the whites in return. They came without 
 clubs, bows, or arrows, and seemed in every way 
 friendly. The caution of Smith, however, in 
 duced him to send one of his men (Anas Tod 
 kill) ashore, to observe if there were any signs 
 of an ambuscade. The man performed his part 
 well, though he came near losing his life. Upon 
 landing, he said he wished to go over the land 
 to bring some wood. The Indians refused to 
 allow him to go, unless the barge would enter the 
 
JOHN SMITH. 103 
 
 creek, and come near the shore. This seemed 
 strange; but Todkill, being a resolute man, 
 started onward. Now he perceived their cun- 
 ning. He had not gone far, when he discovered 
 some two or three hundred Indians lurking 
 behind the trees. He turned back, calling to 
 his countrymen that they were betrayed. The 
 hostage in the barge instantly leaped into the 
 water, but was instantly killed. The savages 
 pursued Todkill with clouds of arrow^s ; the party 
 in the barge discharged their muskets, and pull- 
 ed for the shore. Todkill fell wounded, but his 
 countrymen were now on the land and rescued 
 him. Thus Mosco's words had proved true; 
 and to reward him for his fidelit}% Smith, after 
 gathering and breaking all the arrows that could 
 be found, presented to him the canoes of the 
 Rappahannocks. 
 
 Notwithstanding this unkind reception. Smith 
 was resolved to proceed up the river. The rest 
 of the day, therefore, was spent in fixing the 
 barge in better condition for any farther attack. 
 Targets were now raised along the sides, making 
 a thorough breast- work all around the barge. 
 The next morning they started, and in a little 
 time felt the benefit of this prudence. As they 
 reached a narrow pass in the river, they heard 
 
104 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 the sudden twang of bowstrings, and arrows 
 fell fast around them. Mosco fell flat in the 
 boat, crying out " the Rappahannocks." Upon 
 looking out they saw no enemy. The banks of 
 the stream were lined with beautiful green 
 bushes : all was still, and they were at a loss to 
 understand where an enemy could be. Ere long 
 they saw the branches moving, and discovered 
 the stratagem. It seems that thirty or forty 
 Rappahannocks had " so accommodated them- 
 selves with branches as to look like little bushes 
 growing among the sedge." The whites in- 
 stantly discharged their muskets ; the savages 
 fell down in the sedge, and the barge moved on. 
 After passing on about half a mile, upon looking 
 back they saw these enemies, who now show^ed 
 themselves openly, " dancing and singing very 
 merrily." Thus Mosco's w^ords were verified a 
 second time. 
 
 In their farther ascent up this river, they 
 met nothing but kindness. Some of the men 
 (who from exposure had been sick) now re- 
 covered, wdth the exception of one, a worthy 
 man, whose death was much lamented by his 
 comrades. This was Richard Fetherstone. On 
 the shore of a " little bay" his companions dug 
 his grave, and in honor of his good character 
 
JOIIN SMITH. 105 
 
 and services, as bis body was laid in the ground, 
 the guns were fired over him, and the place 
 marked as " Fetherstone's Bay." 
 
 Being now at the falls of the river, they went 
 ashore, and some commenced setting up crosses 
 and marking their names upon trees, while others 
 wandered about in search of " stones, herbs, and 
 springs of water." They had taken the precau- 
 tion to post a sentinel on duty, and as an arrow 
 fell by him, he gave the alarm. Scarcely had 
 they rallied and seized their arms, when they 
 were attacked by a hundred savages. Sheltered 
 behind the trees, the Indians kept up the fight 
 for a half hour and then retreated. Mosco's 
 services here, proved very valuable in bringing 
 about this retreat. He discharged his arrows 
 among them so rapidly, that the retreating men 
 imagined that a body of Indians was in league 
 with the whites, and that their position was des- 
 perate. After the skirmish was over, upon look- 
 ing around, they discovered one of the enemy 
 lying upon the ground, bleeding freely. He 
 had been badly wounded by a ball, and Mosco, 
 savage like, would soon have despatched him 
 by beating out his brains. From this cruelty, 
 however, he was restrained. The poor fellow's 
 wounds were dressed by Dr. Russel the surgeon, 
 
106 JOHN SMTFT. 
 
 and in an hour or two, he was able to eat and 
 speak. Mosco now questioned him, to know 
 who he was. He said he belonged to the tribe 
 of Hassininga, one of the four composing the 
 nation of the Mannahocks. When asked w^hy 
 his people had in this manner attacked the whites, 
 who came among them in peace and kindness, 
 he answered that they had heard the whites 
 " were a people come from under the w^orld to 
 take their world from them." Mosco asked him 
 how many worlds there were. He replied that 
 " he knew no more but that w^hich was under 
 the sky that covered him, which belonged to the 
 Powhatans, the Monacans, and the Massawo- 
 meks that were higher up in the mountains." 
 When asked w^hat there w^as beyond the moun- 
 tains, his answer was, " the sun." " The Mona- 
 cans," he said, " were their neighbors and friends, 
 and did dwell as they, in the hilly countries by 
 small rivers, living upon roots and fruits, but 
 chiefly by hunting. The Massawomeks did dwell 
 upon a great w^ater, and had many boats, and so 
 many men that they made war with all the 
 world.* For their kings, they were gone every 
 one a several way wdth their men on hunting : 
 
 • Stithj in his history of Virginia, supposes these Massawo 
 meks may have been the same as the " Six Nations," 
 
JOHN SMITH. 107 
 
 but those with him came thither a fishing till 
 they saw us, notwithstanding they would be all 
 together at night at Mahaskahod"* After this, 
 the whites presented him with many toys, and 
 persuaded him to go along with them. Mosco 
 now urged that they should immediately leave 
 this region, for he suspected treachery. But 
 the captive begged that they would stay till night, 
 and see the kino;s of the Mannahocks. who would 
 befriend them for their kind usage of him. In 
 spite of the remonstrances of Mosco, they de- 
 termined to remain, and he, shewing that he still 
 had his own thoughts, busied himself all day in 
 preparing his arrows. 
 
 All this time the chief of Hassininga was mov- 
 ing among his countrymen, and consulting as to 
 what should be done. At night the English de- 
 parted, and ere long they were attacked from the 
 banks by the Mannahocks. They followed them 
 all night, yelling, and hallooing, and shooting their 
 arrows. They could be brought to no terms of 
 peace, for their noise was so loud that the voice 
 of their countryman in the barge could not be 
 heard. When morning dawned, the barge an- 
 chored, and Amoroleck, (this was the name of 
 their captive countryman,) shewing himself, was 
 
 * Smith's Virginia— Vol. I., page 187. 
 
108 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 able to speak to them. He told them that he 
 had been used very kindly ; that there was one 
 of the Potomacs along who w^ould have killed 
 him, but the whites had saved him; that he 
 could have his liberty if they would be friends 
 to the whites, and even if they chose rather to 
 be enemies, they could do them no possible harm. 
 Upon this, they all hung their bow^s and quivers 
 upon the trees, and two now came swimming to 
 the barge, the one bringing upon his head a bow, 
 the other a quiver of arrows. These were pre- 
 sented to Captain Smith in token of submission. 
 He treated them very kindly, and told them that 
 if the other three kings would do the same thing, 
 he would be a friend to their nation. This was 
 hardly demanded, before it was assented to. The 
 parties now w^ent ashore upon a low point of 
 land near by, the acts of submission were per- 
 formed, and Amoroleck was delivered up to his 
 countrymen. The whites were soon again on 
 their way, leaving upon the shore four or five 
 hundred Indians, singing, dancing, and making 
 loud rejoicings. 
 
 As they came down the river, they found 
 all the friendly Indians greatly rejoiced to hear 
 of their success over the Mannahocks, for these 
 people were not looked upon as friends by 
 
JOHN SMITH. 109 
 
 any of the tribes on the river. When they 
 reached the Moraughtacunds, they began strange- 
 ly to urge Captain Smith to make peace with 
 the Rappahannocks. This was probably done 
 in the hope, that they (who, you will remem- 
 ber, were not on good terms with the Rap- 
 pahannocks) might profit by whatever Smith 
 should do. After much entreaty, Smith agreed 
 to make peace with them upon certain condi- 
 tions. They had twice attacked him without 
 any cause, (he said,) yet he would forgive these 
 injuries, and be to them a friend, if the chief of 
 the Rappahannocks would deliver to him his bow 
 and quiver in token of submission ; agree never 
 to come armed into his presence, to live in friend- 
 ship with the Moraughtacunds, and, last of all, 
 to give up his son as a pledge for the faithful 
 performance of these terms. A message was 
 immediately sent to the chief, and he came, readi- 
 ly assenting to all the terms but the last. He 
 had but one son, and his heart (he said) would 
 break at parting with him. Instead of the boy, 
 he was willing to deliver up the three women 
 whom the Moraughtacunds had stolen. Smith 
 assented to this, and now the chief, in the pre- 
 sence of many, laid down his bow and arrows, 
 and then the three women were brought forward. 
 
 10 
 
 > 
 
110 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 To the chief of the Rappahannocks Smith gave 
 the first choice, that he might select her he loved 
 best y to the chief of the Moraughtacunds the se- 
 cond, and the faithful Mosco took the remaining 
 one. Thus the treaty was ended, and all parties 
 were pleased. The men, women, and children 
 all joined in feasting, dancing, and singing. 
 Mosco was so much pleased with this new ar- 
 rangement made by the captain, that, to shew 
 his love for the whites, he changed his name. 
 They were usually known as " the strangers," 
 and he took, therefore, the name Uttasantasough, 
 meaning the stranger. The savages, in their joy, 
 promised also to plant corn purposely for their 
 benefit, and the English, in return, agreed to pro- 
 vide hatchets, beads, and copper for them. Then 
 discharging their fire-arms, the barge pushed off 
 amid the loud shouts and cries of the Indians. 
 
 Next, they entered the Piankatank River, and 
 explored that as far as the barge would float. 
 They found on the banks of this stream only 
 some old men, women, and children, the younger 
 men being all out upon hunting excursions. 
 They were treated with kindness, and soon left 
 them. 
 
 In passing down the bay, a little to the south 
 of York River, they were struck by a squall in 
 
JOHN SMITH. Ill 
 
 »■ 
 
 the night, and with great difficulty escaped ship- 
 wreck. The wind blew violently toward the 
 shore, and, in the darkness, their little barge 
 more than once nearly stranded, but a flash of 
 lightning would from time to time disclose their 
 perilous position, and keeping clear of the land 
 as well as they could, they were at length ena- 
 bled, by God's mercy, to reach Point Comfort, 
 
 where they anchored. 
 
 The next morning Smith determined, before 
 he returned home, to visit certain neighbors of 
 whom he had often heard. These were the 
 Chesapeakes and Nandsamonds. Setting sail 
 therefore for the southern shore, he soon entered 
 the narrow river, known then as the Chesapeake. 
 This is now the Elizabeth River, upon which 
 Norfolk is situated. The river " had a good 
 channel, but some shoals about the entrance." 
 They sailed up six or seven miles, and saw 
 two or three little garden plots, with houses, and 
 the shores overgrown with the largest pines 
 they had ever seen in the country ; but neither 
 seeing or hearing any people, and the river be- 
 ing very narrow, they returned back, and coast- 
 ed the shore towards Nandsamond. "At the 
 mouth of the Nandsamond," they spied some six or 
 seven Indians making weirs for fishing, who' fled 
 
112 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 as soon as they were discovered. The party went 
 ashore, and leaving many toys and trinkets 
 where the Indians had been working, returned 
 to the barge. In a httle time the Indians re- 
 turned, and began to dance and sing, and call 
 them back. One of them, without fear, came 
 out to the barge, and invited them to come up 
 the river, and visit him at his house. The in- 
 vitation was accepted, and they moved onward. 
 They observed the banks of the stream lined with 
 fine fields of corn, and ere long approached an 
 island, which seemed to be richly cultivated. 
 This island was the home of their host. Here 
 they went ashore, and were treated by him with 
 great kindness, and in return gave many toys to 
 his wife and children. Other Indians now came, 
 inviting them higher up the river to their houses. 
 The party, accepting their invitation also, were 
 moving on in good faith, w^lien suddenly their 
 suspicions were aroused. Some six or eight 
 canoes were seen behind them, filled with armed 
 men. The stratagem was soon at work. They 
 had reached a narrow pass in the river, and now 
 the attack commenced. An ambuscade of three 
 or four hundred Chesapeakes and Nandsamonds 
 poured their arrows from the land, while clouds 
 of arrows came from the canoes in the rear. 
 
 AmL 
 
JOHN SMITH. 113 
 
 The Massawomek targets covered the men in the 
 barge, while with their muskets they answered 
 this assault. The savages leaped from the ca- 
 noes and swam for the shore, while the barge 
 dropped down into a broader part of the stream, 
 the men on board keeping up a perpetual fire. 
 Now beyond the reach of their arrows, they con- 
 tinued the war upon their enemies on the land, 
 until they were all glad to disperse. Fortu- 
 nately, not one of the party in the barge was 
 hurt. 
 
 Smith resolved upon vengeance. He seized 
 all their deserted boats, and determined at 
 night to burn every thing upon the island. In 
 the mean time, his men commenced breaking the 
 canoes. The poor Indians, seeing this, threw 
 down their arms, and sued for peace. Smith 
 made his own terms. He commanded them 
 to bring the chief's bow and arrows, a chain of 
 pearl, and four hundred baskets of corn, other- 
 wise he would destroy all that they had. The 
 Indians " most joyfully" agreed to the con- 
 ditions, and " flocking down in great numbers, 
 with their baskets, soon loaded the boat with 
 corn." 
 
 The party now started homeward. They 
 met with no farther adventures by the way, 
 
 10* 
 
114 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 and at length, on the seventh of September, ar- 
 rived at Jamestown in great " joy and triumph." 
 In the two voyages together, Smith had been ab- 
 sent from the colony a Httle more than three 
 months, with the exception of the three days 
 which you will recollect he spent at James- 
 town.* 
 
 • Captain Smith made a map of Chesapeake Bay and the 
 countries which he explored upon its banks or tributary 
 streams. This map will be found published in his History of 
 Virginia, 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Smith enters upon his new duties as President 
 — Arrival of Captain Kewport — His plan for 
 finding the South Sea — Brings presents to 
 Powhatan — Smith opposes the project — The 
 project goes on — Smith''s visit to Powhatan — 
 Tells him of the presents — His haughty reply — 
 The presents are brought to the chief — He is 
 crowned — JVewport attempts to find the South 
 Sea and fails — Employment of the men — 
 Smith'' s mode of breaking up the bad habit of 
 swearing among his men — Bad conduct of the 
 sailors — Departure of the ship — Letter of the 
 Council in England to Smith — His reply — 
 Smith goes to J^andsamond and obtains supplies 
 — He afterwards attempts to seize Powhatan 
 and his stores — Is betrayed — The friendship 
 of Pocahontas prevents his being captured. 
 
 Smith was grieved to find, upon his return, 
 that many of the poor colonists had died, but 
 dehghted to discover that Mr. Scrivener had 
 proved faithful, and administered all affairs well. 
 
116 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 Ratcliff, the old president, had again made trou- 
 ble, and was now a prisoner, under the charge 
 of mutiny. In three days Smith was regularly 
 invested with the office of president, and set to 
 work with his usual energy. " The church was 
 repaired, the store-house new covered, and a 
 place made ready for the reception of the sup- 
 plies they daily expected from England. The 
 fort was reduced into form, the order of the 
 watch was renewed, the troops trained at each 
 setting of the watch, and the whole company 
 every Saturday exercised in the plain toward 
 the west, which was prepared for that purpose, 
 and called Smithjield ; where sometimes above 
 an hundred Indians would stand in amazement, 
 to behold how a file would batter a tree, when 
 the president had made them a mark to shoot 
 at."* As it was the time of gathering corn 
 with the Indians, the boats also were made 
 ready for a trading voyage, and sent oif under 
 the command of Lieutenant Percy. On their 
 way, to their great joy, they met Captain Newport 
 returning with the second supply, and they all 
 came back with him to Jam.estown. 
 
 Newport had brought out w^ith him this time 
 many people of consequence, among whom were 
 
 ♦ Stith's Virginia, page 76. 
 
JOHN SMITH. 117 
 
 Captains Peter Wynne and Richard Waldo, (two 
 old soldiers,) as new members of the council. 
 Aboard the ship also were Mrs. Forest and her 
 maid Ann Burr as, the first English Avomen ever 
 seen in Virginia. Some Poles and Germans had 
 likewise been sent along, " to make pitch, tar, 
 glass, mills, and soap ashes." He had received 
 from the company at home the strange and 
 foolish instruction, " not to return without a 
 lump of gold, or finding the South Sea, or dis- 
 covering one of the lost company sent out in 
 former years by Sir Walter Raleigh." For the 
 purpose of aiding him in this South Sea scheme, 
 he had with him a barge, made to be taken in 
 pieces, carried beyond the falls of the river, re- 
 constructed, and there launched for the adven- 
 ture. To secure the friendship of Powhatan in 
 his great enterprise, he had brought rich pre- 
 sents for him. These consisted of a basin and 
 ewer, bed and bedstead, a chair of state, a suit 
 of rich clothing, and a crown. 
 
 When Newport talked of his plans. Smith op- 
 posed him strongly. He was a man of too much 
 good sense to give in to any such scheme of folly. 
 He said plainly, that instead of sending the men 
 off upon any such expedition, they should be em- 
 ployed in procuring provisions for the coming 
 
118 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 ■winter. But Newport at once promised to make 
 this a part of the enterprise, stating that he 
 would bring supplies of corn back with him. 
 In addition, too, he promised large supplies from 
 the ship — a promise which was so little veri- 
 fied, that before the ship sailed, the poor colo- 
 nists had to spare three hogsheads of corn to 
 victual her homew^ard. Smith objected, too, to 
 making such rich presents to Powhatan. It 
 was now easy (he said) to satisfy him at any 
 time with a present of beads and other trinkets ; 
 but after receiving such gifts as these, Powhatan 
 would ever be proud and insolent. Newport 
 w^as before this jealous of Smith, and this oppo- 
 sition made him the more so. He declared that 
 the council were all ready for the enterprise, 
 and that Smith alone prevented it ; that the 
 cause of this opposition arose from two cir- 
 cumstances: first, that he was desirous of 
 making the discovery himself for his own glory ; 
 and next, that he knew his former cruelty to the 
 Indians, by provoking their hostility to the ex- 
 ploring party, would be the only cause pre- 
 venting success. Far from being angry. Smith 
 determined at once to prove the utter falsehood 
 of such statements, by aiding the mad scheme, 
 as far as he could. Accordingly, he resolved 
 
JOHN SMITH. 119 
 
 to visit Powhatan, and invite him to come to 
 Jamestown and receive the presents. 
 
 With Captain Waldo, and three more as his 
 companions, he walked twelve miles, and then 
 passed over the river in an Indian canoe to 
 Werowocomoco, where he hoped to find the 
 chief. Powhatan, however, was thirty miles 
 farther in the country, and messengers w^ere im- 
 mediately sent for him. The princess Pocahon- 
 tas was here, and while they waited for her father, 
 she, with her women, entertained them with 
 dancing and feasting, " after a curious manner." 
 
 A large fire was made in the open plain, and 
 the party seated before it. Suddenly, such a 
 noise was heard in the woods, that they supposed 
 they were betrayed. Instantly they sprang to 
 their arms, and seized three old men as hostages 
 for their security. Upon this, Pocahontas came 
 running to Smith, and offered to be killed her- 
 self, if any harm should happen to him or his 
 companions. Pacified by this, they seated them- 
 selves quietly again. In a little time thirty girls 
 came forward, richly painted of different colors, 
 and each one wearing a girdle of green leaves. 
 " Their leader had a pair of buck's horns on her 
 head, an otter's skin as her girdle, and another 
 on one arm : a bow and arrow in the other hand, 
 
120 JOHN SMITH, 
 
 and a quiver at her back." Some carried wood- 
 en staffs in their hands. Forming themselves in 
 a ring, for an hour they kept up their dancing, 
 singing, and shouting. After this the feast com- 
 menced, and the Indian girls waited upon them 
 as they ate. At night, they were conducted to 
 their lodgings by the light of fire-brands. 
 
 The next morning Powhatan arrived, and 
 Smith came before him with his message. After 
 telling him of Newport's arrival and plans, and 
 that he had brought for him rich presents from the 
 king of the English, who was ready to assist him 
 in his war against the Monacans, he invited him 
 to come at once to Jamestown and receive the 
 gifts. To this invitation, the chief gave him this 
 proud answer : " If your king has sent me a 
 present, I also am a king, and am on my own 
 land. I will stay here eight days. Your father 
 must come to me ; I will not go to him, nor to 
 your fort. As for the Monacans, I am able to 
 revenge myself If you have heard of salt water 
 beyond the mountains from any of my people, 
 they have deceived you." Then with a stick, 
 he drew upon the ground plots of that region of 
 country, and Smith started homeward with his 
 answer. 
 
 The answer being delivered, the presents were 
 
JOHN SMITH. 121 
 
 now sent around by water, while Smith and 
 Newport went across by land with a guard of 
 fifty men. All having met at Werowocomoco, 
 the next day wa appointed for crowning the 
 chief. In the morning the presents were brought 
 forward — the basin and ewer were placed before 
 him, and the bed and furniture set up. His 
 scarlet clothes were brought in, but there was 
 some difficulty in inducing the old man to put 
 them on, nor would he do it until the Indian boy 
 Namontack (who, you will remember, had been 
 given to Newport, and had been in England 
 with him) assured him that they could not hurt 
 him. The hardest part was yet to come, for it 
 was impossible to make him kneel, that the crown 
 might be placed upon his head. " He neither 
 knew the majesty of a crown, nor the meaning 
 of bending the knee, which obhged them to use 
 so many persuasions, examples, and instructions, 
 as tired them all." At last, by leaning hard on 
 his shoulders, he stooped a little, and then being 
 ready with the crown, they put it on his head. A 
 pistol was now fired as a signal to the boats, and 
 instantly a volley of musketry was heard, in 
 honor of the crowned chief The man most 
 honored, least understood it. He started alarmed, 
 supposing that there was a plot to destroy him, 
 
 11 
 
122 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 in " the midst of his glory." Beinor assured that 
 no harm was intended, he became satisfied, and 
 began to return what he thought suitable kind- 
 nesses. His old fur mantle and deer skin shoes 
 were delivered to Newport for his king, and to 
 " his father Newport" was given for himself " an 
 heap of ears of corn, containing perhaps some 
 seven or eight bushels." Newport having talked 
 largely of going to the salt water, and visiting 
 the region of the ]\Ionacans, the last counsel of 
 the old man at parting was, that he should not 
 attempt it ; but if he was determined to try it^ 
 he would allow him no guides but the Indian boy 
 Namontack. 
 
 Thus the ceremony with Povrhatan had end- 
 ed, and now they were again in Jamestown, with 
 little hope of any help from him in finding the 
 South Sea, after all their trouble. Still, New- 
 port was resolved upon the effort. Accordingly, 
 with one hundred and twenty chosen men, led 
 by Captain Waldo, Lieutenant Percy, Captain 
 Wynne, Mr. West, and Mr. Scrivener, he set 
 forward. Smith remained behind with eighty 
 or ninety feeble men, to prepare for relading the 
 ship. Ascending the James River as far as the 
 falls, they passed on thirty or forty miles over 
 land, through " a fair^ fertile, and well-watered 
 
JOHN SMITH. 123 
 
 country." Two towns of the Monacans were 
 discovered on the south side of the river, where 
 the people took little notice of them ; yet they 
 seized one of the petty kings, and took him 
 along as a guide on their way. In a little time 
 they became wearied, and sickening over the 
 adventure, started homeward. They had taken 
 with them " certain refiners," to seek mineral 
 treasures, and after visiting, therefore, what 
 they thought gold mines, and gathering some 
 shining dirt, they at length reached James- 
 town, " half sick, and all complaining, being 
 sadly harassed with toil, famine, and discon- 
 tent." 
 
 The expedition had ended precisely as Smith 
 expected. He well understood, however, that 
 the best mode of quieting their complaints, 
 ■was to give them some useful employment. 
 Some of the mechanics were set to making 
 glass, wMe others were employed in making 
 tar, pitch, and potash. Leaving these under the 
 direction of the council at Jamestown, he started 
 with thirty others down the river, to teach them 
 " to cut down trees, make clapboards, and he in 
 the woods." Some of these were gentlemen, 
 unaccustomed to such work, and found it, of 
 course, hard; but he was determined to make 
 
124 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 them independent in a new country, by teach- 
 ing them how to labor. He led the way in 
 the work, and in a little time they were like 
 " old wood-choppers." But he not only cured 
 their habits of idleness. The bad habit of 
 swearing prevailed among them at times, and 
 this did not please the captain. A remedy for 
 this was, therefore, applied. He caused every 
 man's oaths to be noticed during the day, and 
 when night came the whole were assembled, 
 and for every oath a man had used, a can of 
 water was poured down his sleeve. This was a 
 strange punishment, but it seems to have pro- 
 duced the desired effect. In a short time the 
 bad practice was discontinued. Having drilled 
 them sufficiently in the woods, he returned with 
 them to Jamestown. 
 
 He found that business had been neglected 
 again, that provisions were running low, and 
 that it was necessary to undertake an expe- 
 dition in search of corn. With eighteen men 
 he at once embarked in the barge, and leaving 
 orders that Lieutenant Percy should follow him 
 in a boat, went up the Chickahomony river. 
 The Indians learning his wants were surly 
 and out of humor, and insolently refused to 
 trade on any terms. Smith was not to be driven 
 
JOHN SMITH. 125 
 
 off in this way. He told them that he had not 
 come among them so much for corn, as for the 
 purpose of revenging his own captivity, and the 
 death of some of his countrymen. Then prompt- 
 ly landing his men, he prepared for battle. The 
 savages instantly fled. Presently some of them 
 returned, bringing presents of corn, fish, and fowl, 
 sueing earnestly for peace. They stated that 
 their corn that year was not abundant, and their 
 own wants great; yet they loaded the barge 
 with one hundred bushels ; and when Lieutenant 
 Percy soon after arrived, he received as much 
 more. Returning home, they were received with 
 great joy at Jamestown, for the supply was much 
 needed. Yet, while he was thus laboring abroad 
 for the good of the colony, some enemy was al- 
 w^ays busy at home trying to injure him. " Such 
 was the malice and envy of some, (as it is writ- 
 ten,) that they had rather hazard a starving, 
 than that Smith's endeavors should prove so 
 much more effectual than theirs." Newport and 
 Ratcliffe had been planning, not only to depose 
 him from the presidency, but even to keep him 
 from entering the fort, under the pretence that 
 he had left the place without their permission. 
 Their efforts, however, were so ridiculous and 
 wicked, that the people revolted, and they them- 
 
 11* 
 
126 joh:^ smith. 
 
 selves very narrowly escaped " a greater mis- 
 chief." 
 
 The delay of the ship too, as on a former oc- 
 casion, produced trouble. A constant traffick- 
 ing was all the while going on between the 
 sailors and the Indians, in which, of course, the 
 former took care of their own private interests, 
 rather than those of the colony. Indeed, (it is 
 said,) they would sometimes steal articles from the 
 public stores, to trade with the Indians for their 
 furs and baskets. Certain it is, that of two or 
 three hundred axes, hoes, pickaxes, and other 
 instruments brought out for the use of the colony, 
 twenty only could be found at the end of six or 
 seven weeks. Thus these poor vagabonds preyed 
 upon the colony, and yet these were the men 
 who were soon to return to England to tell 
 what stories they pleased of Virginia — to talk 
 of the abundance there, and prevent supplies 
 ^rom being sent out by the council. It was 
 Newport's business to check all this, yet it was 
 not done. Smith was greatly indignant, and 
 the ship being nearly ready to sail, he threatened 
 to send her home, and detain Newport a year in 
 the colony, that he might learn from experi- 
 ence what their real sufferings were. But 
 Newport became alarmed, acknowledged his 
 
JOHN SMITH. 127 
 
 fault, and was pardoned. At length, to the great 
 joy of the colony, the ship sailed homeward, 
 laden with " specimens of tar, pitch, turpentine, 
 potash, clapboards, and wainscot." On her 
 way out, she met at Point Comfort with Mr. 
 Scrivener, who had been up the Pamunkey 
 river in search of corn. He had with him a 
 quantity of pocones, (a red root used in dying,) 
 and these were given to Newport, as farther spe- 
 cimens of the products of the country. 
 
 Among other strange things taken to Eng- 
 land by this ship, was a letter from Captain 
 Smith to the Council at home. It seems that 
 the Council in England had strange ideas of the 
 New World, and supposed that every adventure 
 would return them ample supplies of gold and 
 silver. In this thought they had of course been 
 'disappointed, and therefore had readily listened 
 from time to time, to the enemies who murmured 
 against the colonial settlements. Under the in- 
 fluence of this feehng, they had sent by New- 
 port a letter to Captain Smith, making com- 
 plaints against the colony in Virginia. The 
 principal complaints were, of the hopes that had 
 been fed, only to be disappointed ; of the quar- 
 rels and divisions among the colonists, and a 
 foolish project about dividing the country, of 
 
128 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 which the late president had written to the Earl 
 of Salisbury ; and the whole concluded with a 
 threat, that " unless the charge of this voyage, 
 amounting to about two thousand pounds, was 
 defrayed by the ship's return, they should be de- 
 serted, and left to remain there as banished 
 men." It was in reply to this that Smith now 
 returned them a bold letter containing a fair 
 statement of facts. 
 
 As to their complaints, he denies that he had 
 ever fed them with vain hopes, or that he knew 
 or had ever heard before, any thing about the 
 project for dividing the country. As for quar- 
 rels among the colonists, they were caused (in 
 spite of his efforts at peace) by bad and dis- 
 orderly men, of whom Ratcliffe and Archer were 
 the chief, and that he now sent them home to get 
 rid of them. In fact, the people were so pro- 
 voked against Ratcliffe that it was necessary to 
 send him home to save his life, for many of them 
 were ready to cut his throat. 
 
 Next he brings his complaints against them j 
 that they had listened to idle complaints from 
 enemies of the colony, (of whom he suspected 
 Newport to be the greatest,) and had not at- 
 tempted properly to aid them; that they had 
 sent out a parcel of idlers or useless manufac- 
 
JOHN SMITH. 129 
 
 turers into the settlement, from time to time, in- 
 stead of sending such men as were needed. He 
 begged them, hke sensible men, to dismiss all 
 thoughts of getting rich immediately through 
 the colony, and to send to him carpenters, gar- 
 deners, fishermen, blacksmiths, and masons. 
 Thirty of these (he stated) would be worth more 
 in Virginia than all their fine gentlemen. 
 
 He then complains of the last adventure of 
 Newport ; that they had sent him to the country 
 with a foolish project in his head for finding the 
 South Sea, and laden him with rich presents for 
 Powhatan; that he himself had opposed this 
 plan, because he thought it idle, but when the 
 Council approved it, he had joined them heart 
 and hand ; that every facility had been offered 
 to Newport for the effort, and he had completely 
 failed, as he knew he would ; that Powhatan had 
 been crowned, and the presents delivered to him, 
 from which he expected nothing but trouble for 
 the colony. As for the two thousand pounds 
 which the voyage had cost, the colony had not 
 received the benefit of one hundred ; that New- 
 port and his sailors were only a tax to them, for 
 they had to furnish them wdth supplies homeward. 
 These, with many other direct charges, were in 
 the letter j and in conclusion, (that they might 
 
130 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 see he had not been idle,) he stated that he sent 
 them by the ship some stones, which he sup- 
 posed might contain iron ore, with the places 
 marked where they were found, together with his 
 map of Chesapeake Bay, and his description of 
 the countries he had discovered. 
 
 The ship having departed, he commenced 
 again gathering supplies. With Captain Wynne 
 and Mr. Scrivener as his companions, he set out 
 immediately for the Nandsamond river. It seems 
 the Indians on that river had promised to give 
 him four hundred baskets of corn. This they 
 were now unwilling to do, and even refused to 
 trade with him in any way. They tried to ex- 
 cuse themselves, by saying, that " their corn 
 was almost all spent," and that Powhatan had 
 commanded them not to part wath what they 
 had, nor to allow the English to enter the river. 
 Smith at once resolved to use force. He com- 
 manded his party to discharge the muskets, and 
 the Indians fled without shooting an arrow. 
 Then marching up to their houses, they set fire 
 to the first they came to. The savages, see- 
 ing this, came to terms. They proposed to 
 give them half the corn they had, and to plant 
 corn purposely for them the next year, if they 
 would spare their houses. Before night the boats 
 
JOHN SMITH. 131 
 
 were loaded, and ere long they were again in 
 Jamestown with provisions. They reached home 
 in time to attend the first wedding in Virginia, 
 when John Laydon was married to Anne Burras. 
 
 In a little time, he was off again in company 
 with Captain Waldo, with two barges in Chesa- 
 peake Bay. Corn was again his object, but the 
 Indians all fled at the sight of him. At length 
 he found friends upon the Appamatox river, 
 among that tribe of Indians. They had but lit- 
 tle corn, yet they divided it cheerfully with him, 
 and in return he gave them " copper, and such 
 other toys as fully satisfied them." 
 
 All this, however, was but a present supply, 
 and some of the men were soon out upon like 
 excursions ; sometimes with and often without 
 success. They had some hardships, which were 
 accounted light, because they had before them a 
 heavier one in the fear of starvation. The sea- 
 son was a severe one, but in their long excur- 
 sions they " camped out cheerfully at night." 
 The ground was covered with snow, yet they 
 would dig it away, make a fire upon the earth 
 to warm it, clear away the ashes, and then 
 spread their mats for sleeping. When the ground 
 became cold again, they would at once, without 
 a murmur, prepare another spot in the same 
 
132 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 way. It is said that these hardy adventurers 
 were the healthiest men in the colony. 
 
 To make an end of this perpetual anxiety 
 about food, Smith resolved upon the bold ex- 
 periment of seizing Powhatan and all his stores. 
 He called together some members of the council, 
 and confidentially told them of his intention. 
 Waldo was greatly in favor of the attempt, 
 but Wynne and Scrivener warmly opposed it. 
 Nevertheless, his mind was bent upon it. It 
 seems that Powhatan had some stratagem at 
 work in his own mind at this time ; for now, 
 strangely enough, he sent inviting Smith to 
 come and see him, and promising to load his 
 barge with corn upon certain conditions. These 
 were, that " he would send some workmen ta 
 build him a house, and would give him a grind- 
 stone, fifty swords, some muskets, a cock and a 
 hen, with much copper and beads." Instantly 
 taking advantage of this message. Smith sent off 
 two Englishmen and four Germans, to build his 
 house. Unfortunately, however, as it turned out 
 for his enterprise, he gave these men certain in- 
 structions as to their behavior, and told them of 
 his whole plan. He at once commenced mak- 
 ing preparations to follow them. As the enter- 
 prise was perilous, he urged no man to go, but 
 
JOHN SMITH. 133 
 
 left all to volunteer for themselves, if they pleas- 
 ed. His crew, gathered in this way, consisted 
 of forty-six persons, besides Captain Waldo. 
 Leaving Mr. Scrivener to manage during his 
 absence, and taking with him the necessary pro- 
 visions for a few days, on the twenty-ninth of 
 December he departed with the bark and two 
 barges. 
 
 The first night they stopped at the Indian vil- 
 lage, Warraskoyack, not far from Jamestown. 
 Here they were treated with great kindness by 
 the chief of the settlement, and received ad- 
 ditions to their supplies. Upon learning that 
 Smith was going on a visit to Powhatan, he 
 tried to dissuade him from it ; finding him re- 
 solute in his intention, he at last said to him, 
 " Captain Smith, you shall find Powhatan to use 
 you kindly, but ti'ust him not; and be sure he 
 have no opportunity to seize on your arms, for 
 he has sent for you only to cut your throats." 
 Thanking him for his advice, Smith asked to be 
 furnished with a guide to the Chawonocks, a na- 
 tion dwelhng between the Nottaway and Me- 
 herrm rivers, in Carolina, as he desired to make 
 a friend of the king of that people. The guide 
 was found, and one of the company (Michael 
 Sicklemore, an honest and faithfiil man) was 
 
 12 
 
134 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 sent with him, bearing presents, and instructions 
 to search for silk-grass, and some one of the 
 lost colony of Sir Walter Raleigh. 
 
 The next night they lodged at Kecoughtan. 
 Here they were detained six or seven days by 
 the wind and rain. During this time they were 
 entertained merrily by the natives, and feasted 
 with them upon their oysters, fish, and wild-fowl. 
 At length, after several accidents, they arrived 
 on the twelfth of January at Werowocomoco. 
 They found the river frozen nearly half a mile 
 from the shore ; but Smith, breaking the ice, ran 
 one of his barges up as far as he could, until he 
 was " left by the ebb upon the oozy shoals." Di- 
 recting two men to remain with the barge, and 
 when she should float to put her aboard the 
 bark, cold as it was, he leaped into the water. 
 His men followed his example, and through the 
 mud and ice they waded to the shore. They 
 quartered in the first cabin which they found, 
 and at once sent to Powhatan for provisions. 
 He immediately supplied them with " plenty of 
 bread, turkeys, and venison," and they spent the 
 night in tolerable comfort. 
 
 The day following, Powhatan feasted them 
 in fine style, and after this asked them " when 
 they were going away." Neither he nor his 
 
JOHN SMITH. 135 
 
 people (he said) had expected them, and if 
 it was corn they were in search of, they had 
 none to spare. Smith repUed, that this was very 
 strange, and instantly produced the messengers 
 who had brought to him Powhatan's invitation 
 and offer. The wily chief, thus confronted, 
 endeavored to turn oif his falsehood with a 
 laugh, and asked the Captain to " shew him his 
 commodities." After looking at many things, 
 he seemed to value nothing but the guns and 
 swords. As for the copper which was shewn to 
 him, he told Smith plainly that he " valued a 
 basket of corn higher than a basket of copper." 
 The Captain was of course indignant at such 
 behavior, and spoke to the chief quite as plain- 
 ly in return. He told him that he might have 
 procured provisions, in many places, but relying 
 on his promises, had neglected to do so ; and that 
 at his request he had at once sent men to build 
 his houses, while his own w^ere unfinished. He 
 then charged him boldly with keeping back his 
 people's corn and forbidding them to trade, 
 " thinking by consuming time to consume them ;" 
 that as for swords and guns, he had none to 
 spare, and that he must be aware that those he 
 had could keep him from starving. Yet, he de- 
 clared, he would neither rob nor wrong him, nor 
 
136 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 in any way break the friendship between them, 
 unless he was compelled to do so by unkind 
 treatment. The king listened attentively to all 
 he said, and promised that he and his people 
 should spare him all the corn they could part with, 
 and that he should receive it in two days. "But 
 I have some doubt (said he) about the reason of 
 your coming hither. I am informed from many 
 hands, that you come, not to trade, but to invade 
 my people, and to possess my country. This 
 makes me less ready to relieve you, and frightens 
 my people from bringing in their corn. And 
 therefore, to ease them of that fear, leave your 
 arms aboard, since they are needless here, where 
 we are all friends, and for ever Powhatans." 
 
 Smith was not aware that Powhatan knew 
 his intentions, nor did he, until six months after- 
 wards, learn that at that very instant the chief 
 understood his whole design. The truth was, 
 the Germans had betrayed him. These men, 
 perceiving the abundance of Powhatan, had con- 
 cluded that it was better to have the friendship 
 of such a chief, than to hang on to a half starv- 
 ing colony, and had therefore opened the whole 
 design of the English. This baseness was not 
 at all suspected, for Smith had great confidence 
 in these Germans, and had especially charged 
 
JOHiN SMITH. 137 
 
 one of them, before leaving Jamestown, to act 
 as a spy upon Powhatan. 
 
 After this, while waiting for the people to 
 come in, he managed to purchase of the chief 
 about eighty bushels of corn, with an old copper 
 kettle. Smith declared that the kettle was 
 w^orth far more, but, considering the scarcity, 
 agreed to part with it, provided that Powhatan 
 would promise to give him as much more corn 
 the next year. This promise he readily gave, 
 and the trade was made. 
 
 But Powhatan still continued to urge him to 
 lay aside his arms. " Captain Smith, (said he,) 
 I am a very old man, having seen the death of 
 three of the generations of my people. None of 
 these is now living except myself, and I know 
 the difference between peace and war better 
 than any in my country. But now I am old, 
 and ere long must die, and my brethren, Opit- 
 chapan, Opechancanough, and Kekataugh, and 
 my two sisters, and their daughters, must suc- 
 ceed me. I wish their experience no less than 
 mine, and your love to them no less than mine 
 to you. But the rumor that has reached us, 
 that you are come to destroy my country, has 
 frightened my people, and they dare not visit 
 you. What will it profit you to take by for#'<». 
 
 12* 
 
 .■i 
 
138 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 what you may quickly have by love, or to de- 
 stroy them that provide you food ? What can 
 you get by war, when we can hide our pro- 
 visions and fly to the woods? whereby you 
 must famish by wronging us your friends. And 
 why are you so suspicious of our loves ? seeing 
 that we are unarmed, and ready to feed you with 
 that you cannot get but by our labors. Do 
 you think I am so simple as not to know it is 
 better to eat good meat, lie well, and sleep 
 quietly with my women and children, laugh and 
 be merry w^ith you, have copper, hatchets, or 
 what I want, being your friend, than to be forced 
 as your enemy to fly from all j to lie cold in the 
 woods, to feed upon acorns, roots, and such trash, 
 and be so hunted by you, that I can neither rest, 
 eat, nor sleep, but my tired men must watch, 
 and, if a twig but break, every one cries out, 
 * There comes Captain Smith ;' then I must fly 
 I know not whither, and thus with miserable 
 fear end my miserable life. Be assured then, of 
 our loves. Every year we can supply you with 
 corn, and now too we are ready to give it, if 
 you would only come into our country in a peace- 
 ful way. We are not your enemies, therefore 
 lay aside your arms." 
 
 To this speech Captain Smith answered in the 
 
JOHN SMITH. 139 
 
 following words : " Since you will not rightly 
 understand our words, we must strive to make 
 you know our thoughts by our deeds. The vow 
 I made you of my love, both myself and my 
 men have kept ; as for your promise, I find it 
 every day violated by some of your subjects. 
 Yet we have never been ungrateful for your 
 kindness, and for your sake only have we curbed 
 our revenge ; else they had know^n as well the 
 cruelty we use to our enemies, as our true love 
 and courtesy to our friends. You must under- 
 stand, as well by the adventures w^e have un- 
 dertaken, as by the advantage we have by our 
 arms, that had we intended you any injury, we 
 could long since have effected it. Your people 
 coming to Jamestown bring their bows and ar- 
 row^s, and no complaint is made. It is our cus- 
 tom to wear our arms as our apparel. As for 
 the danger of our enemies, in such wars consist 
 our chiefest pleasure ; and for your riches, we 
 have no use. As to your flying to the woods 
 and hiding your provisions, that would not hurt 
 us, for we have a way of finding hidden things 
 which you do not understand." 
 
 They soon now began to trade ; but Powhatan 
 finding that he could not have his own way — 
 that Smith was still obstinate, and would not al- 
 
140 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 low his men to put away their arms, broke out 
 again. " Captain Smith, I never used any chief 
 so kindly as yourself; yet, from you, I receive 
 the least kindness of any. Captain Newport 
 gave me swords, copper, clothes, or whatever 
 else I desired, ever accepting what I offered 
 him, and would send away his guns when re- 
 quested. No one refuses to lie at my feet, or to 
 do what I demand, but you only. Of you I can 
 have nothing, but what you value not, and yet 
 you have whatever you please. Captain New- 
 port you call father, and so you call me ; but I 
 can see, in spite of us both, you will do what you 
 will, and we must both study to humor and 
 please you. If you intend so friendly as you say, 
 send away your arms." 
 
 Smith now perceived that Powhatan was only 
 trifling, that he might gain time to get him in 
 his possession. He therefore procured some In- 
 dians to break the ice, that his boat might come 
 in to take away his corn, and at the same time 
 gave secret orders for more men to come ashore 
 to surprise the king. In the mean time, to allay 
 all suspicion, he entertained the chief with much 
 good humored talk, promising the next day to 
 lay aside his arms, and to shew, by trusting in 
 his word, that he loved him, and confided in him 
 
JOHN SMITH. 141 
 
 as a father. But hearing that they were break- 
 ing the ice, Powhatan became alarmed, and 
 hurried awav with his women, children, and 
 luggage. Yet, to avoid suspicion, he left two 
 or three of his women talking with the Captain, 
 while he secretly ran off, and in a little time his 
 warriors as secretly surrounded the house where 
 they were talking. As soon as Smith discovered 
 this, he sallied out with his pistol, sword, and 
 shield. " At his first shot, those next him tum- 
 bled one over another, and the rest fled nimbly 
 off, some one way, some another." Thus, with- 
 out any injury, he fought his way to the main 
 body of his men. 
 
 Finding that he had escaped in spite of their 
 efforts, an attempt was now made on the part 
 of the savages to excuse this strange treatment. 
 An old warrior was sent to him by Powhatan, 
 bearing a large bracelet and chain of pearl, 
 who delivered to him the following message : 
 " Captain Smith, our king has fled for fear of 
 your guns. Knowing, when the ice was open, 
 there would come more men ashore, he sent the 
 warriors, whom you assaulted, to guard your corn 
 from being stolen, which thing might happen 
 without your knowledge. Some of our men 
 have been hurt by your mistake, yet Powhatan 
 
142 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 is still your friend, and will for ever continue so. 
 He now desires that (since the ice is open)you will 
 send away your corn; and if you expect his 
 company, that you will also send away your 
 guns, which so frighten his people, that they 
 are afraid to bring in their corn as he promised 
 they should." 
 
 Baskets were now cheerfully provided for the 
 English to carry the corn to the boat. The savages 
 kindly offered to guard their arms while they 
 were thus employed, but this of course was not 
 allowed. Smith had other business for them. 
 They were a cowardly set, easily frightened " at 
 the sight of the English cocking their matches," 
 and in a little time were all at work, with the 
 baskets on their shoulders, cheerfully and rapidly 
 loading the boats themselves. This being finish- 
 ed, Smith found that he must wait till late in the 
 evening for the next tide, before his boat could 
 move off, and in the mean time he, with his men, 
 repaired to their old quarters at the cabin. 
 
 Powhatan was still eager to have him in his 
 possession ; he thought, if he could seize him, the 
 colony was at once destroyed, and was prepar- 
 ing that night to surprise and take him. The 
 treacherous Germans also desired it, and were 
 ready to assist him in any plot. The plan was 
 
JOHN SMITH. ^ 143 
 
 to send at night some strong men with the pre- 
 sent of a rich supper from the chief to Smith ; 
 while he was eating, these men were to seize 
 him. If they failed in doing this, Powhatan, 
 with his forces, was to come down and take 
 him. The night proved dark and dismal, as if 
 to aid this stratagem. But the providence of 
 God had raised for Smith a friend, who would 
 not willingly see him destroyed. The friend- 
 ship of Pocahontas again served him. In the midst 
 of the darkness she came alone through the 
 woods, and told Smith of the whole plan. " Good 
 cheer (she said) would be sent to them soon ; 
 but that Powhatan, with all the forces he could 
 raise, would soon come to kill them all, if those 
 who brouo^ht the victuals could not effect it with 
 their own arms while they were at supper." As 
 they valued their lives, thefrefore, she " begged 
 them to be gone." Grateful for her noble-hearted 
 generosity. Smith offered her many presents, but 
 she refused them all. With tears running down 
 her cheeks, she declared that she could not re- 
 ceive them; that she dared not be seen with 
 them, for if her father should in any way dis- 
 cover that she had opened his plot, he would in- 
 stantly kill her — " and so she ran away by her- 
 self as she came." 
 
144 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 Within less than an hour, ten strong men 
 came down, bringing large platters of venison 
 and other victuals. Spreading them before Smith, 
 they invited him and his companions to sit down 
 and eat ; begging them at the same time to put 
 out their matches, the smoke of which (they said) 
 made them sick. But Smith made them taste 
 of every dish, to see if it was poisoned, and then 
 sent some of them back to Powhatan, telling 
 him " to make haste, for he was ready for his 
 coming." Soon after more messengers came 
 down to learn the new^s, and not long after others; 
 but the English kept up a steady watch through 
 the night, and Powhatan's plan was defeated. 
 Not one of his men dared strike a blow. 
 
 At high water the boat departed, leaving the 
 vagabond Germans still behind, (whose treachery 
 was not yet suspected,) to complete the house of 
 the crafty chief. 
 
CHAPTER Vn. 
 
 Powhatan by stratagem obtains arms at JameS' 
 town — Smith visits Opechancanough — Treach' 
 ery of the chief — Fearless behavior of Smith — 
 Occident at Jamestown — Returns home — Re- 
 bukes the colonists for idleness^ and sets them 
 to work — Treachery of four Germans — Smith 
 attempts to seize one of them — Is attacked by 
 the chief of the Pashiphays — After a hard 
 struggle captures the chief and puts him in 
 chains — The chief escapes — Meets the Paship- 
 hays — Speech of Okaning — Incidents at James- 
 town — Industry of the colonists — Want of 
 food — Kindness of Powhatan — Mutinous con- 
 duct of some of the colonists — Smith checks it 
 — Plot to destroy Jamestown — Is discovered 
 and stopped — Arrival of Captain Argall. 
 
 They had scarcely set sail when Powhatan 
 despatched two of the Germans to Jamestown. 
 These played their parts well for him. They 
 pretended to Captain Wynne that all things 
 
 13 
 
146 JOHN SMITH, 
 
 were well, but that Captain Smith had need for 
 more arms, and therefore desired he would send 
 them, together with some spare tools and changes 
 of clothing. As their treachery was not sus- 
 pected, the articles were of course delivered to 
 them. Then they set to work privately to beat 
 up recruits among the colonists, and by talking 
 of the greatness of Powhatan, and the poor pros- 
 pects of the colony, managed to draw off some 
 six or seven. These, however, were worthless 
 men, and no loss to the colony. Yet they were 
 of great service to Powhatan, for being expert 
 thieves, they managed to steal for him fifty 
 swords, eight muskets, eight pikes, and a quan- 
 tity of powder and shot. Indians ^vere always 
 lurking around the settlement, and the articles 
 being delivered to them, were readily carried 
 off. At the same time Pow^hatan kept one of 
 the Germans (who was a blacksmith) very busy 
 at Werowocomoco, working at his trade. Three 
 hundred tomahawks were made by him, and 
 these, together with the weapons that had 
 been stolen, gave to the king quite a supply of 
 arms. 
 
 In the mean time Captain Smith had gone with 
 his party to Pamunkey, the home of Opechanca- 
 nough. He was received kindly by this chief, 
 
JOHN SMITH. 147 
 
 and entertained with hospitality. A day was 
 soon set apart for their trading. At the ap- 
 pointed time, Smith, with fifteen others, went up 
 to the house of Opechancanough, in the village, 
 which was a quarter of a mile from the river. 
 They found here " nothing but a lame man and 
 a boy ;" all the houses having been stripped of 
 every thing and deserted. Presently the chief 
 came, and after him several of his people, laden 
 principally with bows and arrows. They had 
 with them some articles of traffic, but these 
 were so trifling, and oflfered at such high prices, 
 that Smith at once told Opechancanough, that 
 the professions of his tongue were proved by 
 his actions to be mere deceit. " Last year 
 (said he) you kindly freighted my vessel, but 
 have now treacherously invited me here to 
 famish and destroy me. You are not ignorant 
 of my w^ants, neither am I ignorant of your 
 plenty, of which, by some means, I will have a 
 part. You should remember, that it is proper for 
 kings, above all others, to keep their promises. 
 I offer you all my commodities — you may take 
 your choice — the rest I will divide fairly among 
 your people." Opechancanough seemed kindly 
 to accept his offer, and, to cover his designs, at 
 once sold Smith all that he then had at his own 
 
148 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 prices, and promised to meet him the next day 
 with more people and more articles. 
 
 At the appointed time Smith, with the same fif- 
 teen men, marched np to the king's house, where 
 he found four or five Indians just arrived, each 
 with a large basket. Soon after the king came in, 
 and began, with apparent cheerfulness, to tell 
 what great trouble he had taken to keep his 
 promise. This talk was suddenly cut short, 
 when Mr. Russel, one of the party, came run- 
 ning in, telling Smith that the house was 
 surrounded by seven hundred armed savages. 
 Some of his men were alarmed and began to 
 look pale, but Smith was undaunted. Rally- 
 ing them, he addressed them in the following 
 words : 
 
 " Worthy countrymen, I feel far less concern 
 at the number and danger of the enemy, than at 
 the malicious representations which the Council 
 and their open mouthed minions will make in 
 England, about my breaking the peace. I, 
 alone, was once assaulted by three hundred sav- 
 ages, and, had it not been for an accident, would 
 have made my way good among them all. We 
 are now sixteen, and the enemy but seven hun- 
 dred at the most. I desire, therefore, that you 
 will fight like men, and not die like sheep. If 
 
JOHN SMITH. 149 
 
 you dare follow my example, and do as I do, I 
 doubt not, by God's assistance, to extricate you 
 out of the present difficulty and danger." 
 
 The men were instantly roused and ready to 
 brave any danger. They all vowed " to do 
 whatever he attempted or die." Then turning 
 to the chief, he said, " I see, Opechancanough, 
 your plot to murder me, but I am not afraid. As 
 yet your men and mine have done no harm, but 
 by our direction. Let us decide this matter by 
 single combat. Take, therefore, your arms— 
 you see mine — my body shall be as naked as 
 yours — you may choose your weapons. The 
 isle in your river is a fit place for the fight, if 
 you please. Let your men bring baskets of 
 corn. I will stake their value in copper, and 
 the conqueror shall be lord and master of all the 
 men and all the commodities." 
 
 This bold challenge was declined by Opechan- 
 canough. He had no idea of losing the ad- 
 vantage that he had. Still pretending friend- 
 ship, he urged Smith to go with him outside of 
 the door, and there receive a present which his 
 people had brought for him. This was done 
 only to draw him out, where two hundred men 
 stood, with their arrows resting in their bows, 
 ready to despatch him. Smith, perceiving the 
 
 13* 
 
159 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 treachery, instantly seized the king by his scalp- 
 lock, and presenting his pistol, ready cocked, to 
 his breast, dragged " him trembling and half 
 dead with fear," into the midst of his people. 
 Startled that any one should be bold enough to 
 use their king in this manner, the savages at 
 once threw down their bows and arrow^s, and 
 Opechancanough was glad to save himself by de- 
 livering all his armor in token of submission. 
 Still holding the trembling chief by the hair, 
 Smith thus addressed his people : " I see ye, 
 Pamunkeys, the great desire you have to kill 
 me, and that my long suffering hath emboldened 
 you to this insolence. The reason I have for- 
 borne to punish you, is the promise I made you, 
 (before the God I serve,) that I would be your 
 friend, till you gave me just cause to be your 
 enemy. If I keep this vow, my God will keep 
 me — ^you cannot hurt me ; but if I break it, he 
 will destroy me. But if you shoot one arrow, to 
 shed one drop of blood of any of my men, or steal 
 the least of these beads, or this copper, I will take 
 such revenge (if I once begin) that you shall not 
 hear the last of me while there is a Pamunkey 
 alive. I am not now half drowned in the mire, as 
 when you took me prisoner. If I be the mark you 
 aim at, here I stand — shoot he that dares. You 
 
JOHN SMITH. 151 
 
 promised to load my bark with corn; and 
 so you shall, or I will load her with your dead 
 carcasses. Yet, if as friends you will trade, 1 
 once more promise that I will not trouble you, 
 unless you give me good cause ; and your king 
 shall be free and be my friend, for I am not 
 come to hurt him or any of you." 
 
 This speech made a wonderful impression. 
 The Indians were suddenly disposed to be great 
 friends. Men, women, and even children brouofht 
 
 o 
 
 to him their articles of traffic, and " for three 
 hours so thronged around him and wearied him," 
 that at last he was forced, in self-defence, to re- 
 tire into the house, that he misrht rest, leavingf 
 others to trade and receive their presents. He 
 soon now fell asleep. While sleeping, some 
 fifty Indians, armed with clubs and swords, man- 
 aged to get into the house, evidently w^ith the 
 design of murdering him. Roused by the noise, 
 he sprang up, seized his sword and target, and 
 soon drove them out faster than they came in. 
 Opechancanough, with some of the old warriors, 
 endeavored, in a long talk, to excuse this con- 
 duct. " The rest of the day was spent with 
 much kindness, the Indians renewing their pre- 
 sents, and feasting the English with their best 
 provisions." 
 
152 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 While these things were going on, a sad ac- 
 cident had happened at the fort, of which Smith 
 now heard. It seems that Mr. Scris^ener had 
 received letters from England by the last ship, 
 which gave him a great idea of his own import- 
 ance ; and though Smith loved him as a brother, 
 Scrivener had learned to dislike him. These 
 letters (it is said) "made him conceited and 
 headstrong." On a cold and boisterous day, he 
 determined to visit Hog Island, not far from 
 Jamestown, and in spite of all remonstrance, 
 persuaded Captain Waldo and nine others to 
 accompany him in the skiff. She was so 
 overloaded that she could scarcely have lived 
 in calm weather ; as it w^as, she sunk, and all 
 on board were drowned. It was difficult to 
 find any one to carry the sorrowful news to 
 the President, until at last Mr. Richard Wiffin 
 undertook to do it. He encountered many 
 difficulties and dangers as he passed toward 
 Werowocomoco, where he expected to find 
 him. Here his danger was greater, for he 
 found the people engaged in preparation for 
 war, and escaped being seized only by the kind- 
 ness of Pocahontas. She managed to hide him, 
 at the same time " sending those who were in 
 search of him a contrary way." After three 
 
JOHN SMITH. 153 
 
 day's travel he now reached Smith at Pamun- 
 key, and gave him the melancholy tidings. He 
 was very sad, but prudently took from Wiffin a 
 promise that he would not tell his men. Hid- 
 ing his grief as well as he could through the 
 day, when night came he set Opechancanough 
 at liberty, as he had promised, and went with 
 his men on board the bark. 
 . Smith's heart was still bent on seizing Pow- 
 hatan, and he watched for his opportunity as he 
 now returned down the river. It seems that 
 Powhatan was equally anxious to secure him, 
 and had threatened some of his men with death, 
 if they did not kill him. Both parties conse- 
 quently being on the look out, no harm was done 
 on either side. The Indians (it is said) so 
 dreaded Captain Smith that they were afraid to 
 attack him, even at the command of Powhatan, 
 and were loading him with presents if he seemed 
 the least angry. Some of them, however, made 
 an effort to despatch him in a quiet way by 
 poisoning him. Fortunately he was only made 
 sick, and threw the poison from his stomach. 
 In a little time he caught Wecuttanow, (the In- 
 dian who had brought him the poisoned food as 
 a present,) and whipped him severely. 
 
 On the way between Werowocomoco and 
 
154 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 Jamestown they met four or five of the colonists, 
 who were in league with the treacherous Ger- 
 mans, then on their way to Powhatan. The traitors, 
 to avoid suspicion, at once agreed to return with 
 them to the fort. They were soon quietly 
 moored at Jamestown, where, to the great joy 
 of the colony, they delivered over to the keeper of 
 the public stores two hundred pounds of deer's 
 suet, and four hundred and seventy-nine bushels 
 of corn. They had gained so much by their 
 perilous adventures. 
 
 As usual, Smith's presence was needed at James- 
 town. The provisions there had been much in- 
 jured by the rain, rats, and worms, and many of 
 their tools had been stolen and carried off by the 
 Indians. These things, together with the loss 
 of Scrivener and his party, had much discouraged 
 the people. The supplies which Smith had 
 brought home, together with the damaged pro- 
 visions, (which were not to be thrown away,) 
 were found ample to sustain them for one year. 
 All fears of starving, therefore, for the present 
 being dismissed, he at once commenced vigor- 
 ously attending to other matters. 
 
 As he looked upon idleness as one great cause 
 of their trouble, he now called them all before 
 him, and told them, " that their late experience 
 
JOHN SMITH. 155 
 
 and misery were sufficient to persuade every one 
 to mend his ways; that they must not think 
 that either his pains or the purses of the adven- 
 turers at home would for ever maintain them in 
 sloth and idleness ; that he knew that many de- 
 served more honor and a better reward than was 
 yet to be had, but that far the greatest part of 
 them must be more industrious or starve ; that it 
 was not reasonable that the labors of thirty or forty 
 honest and industrious men should be consumed, 
 to maintain one hundred and fifty loiterers ; and 
 that, therefore, every one that would not work 
 should not eat ; that they had often been screen- 
 ed and protected in their disobedience to his just 
 and necessary commands by the authority of the 
 council, but that now all being either dead or 
 gone, except Captain Wynne and himself, that 
 whole power rested, in effect, solely in him. He 
 therefore advised them not to feed themselves up 
 with the vain presumption that his authority was 
 but a shadow, and that his life must answer for 
 theirs ; for the letters patent and other powers 
 would prove the contrary, and should every 
 week be read to them; and every one that of- 
 fended might assuredly expect his due punish- 
 ment." 
 
 He then divided them all into companies. 
 
156 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 Six hours of" each day were to be spent in labor, 
 the rest in pastime and amusement. To encour- 
 age them the more, he kept a book, in which he 
 registered every man's daily conduct, that he 
 might animate the good, and spur on the rest by 
 shame. Most of them, after this, became very 
 industrious. 
 
 They still, however, missed arms and tools 
 from time to time, and at length discovered that 
 they were continually stolen by some of the 
 friends of the Germans, and carried to Pow- 
 hatan. You will remember that Smith and his 
 party had brought back, on their return, some 
 men, then on their way to Werowocomoco. 
 These had been expected by the Germans there, 
 and wondering what had become of them, one 
 of the Germans (by the advice of Powhatan) had 
 disguised himself as an Indian, and come down 
 as far as the glass-house, to learn, if possible, 
 what had delayed them. This glass-house was 
 about a mile from Jamestown, and was the 
 common place of meeting for these villains. 
 Smith, hearing of this, started with twenty 
 chosen men to .arrest him, while some forty In- 
 dians, in some way learning that he was com- 
 ing, lay in ambush to seize him. Arriving at 
 the glass-house, he found that the German had 
 
JOHN SMITH. 157 
 
 escaped, and sent his men after hlra to take nim 
 before he should reach Powhatan. In the mean 
 time, armed only with his sword, he started alone 
 toward Jamestown. In his way he met the 
 chief of the Pashiphays, a man of great size and 
 strength. At first he endeavored to draw the 
 captain into the ambush, but faihng in that, 
 tried to shoot him. Seeing this, Smith instantly 
 closed in and grappled with him. It was im- 
 possible for either of them to use weapons. It 
 was a bare contest of strength, and the Indian 
 being the strongest, dragged him into the river, 
 hoping to drown him. They had now a fierce 
 struggle in the water, until at last Smith got 
 hold of the savage's throat, and almost strangled 
 him. Then " disengaging himself, he drew his 
 sword," and would have killed him, but the poor 
 chief begged piteously for his life, and he con- 
 sented to spare him. He led him, however, as 
 a prisoner to Jamestown, and put him in chains. 
 In the mean time his men had taken the Ger- 
 man, and brought him in also as a prisoner, and 
 his treachery was at once made known by the 
 confession of the captive chief. Upon this, 
 Smith sent a message to Powhatan, offering im- 
 mediately to release the chief, if he would sur- 
 render the treacherous Germans. But this he 
 
 14 
 
158 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 was as unwilling to do, as the Germans were to 
 come to Jamestown. While this was going on, 
 the chief of the Pashiphays managed to make 
 his escape. Efforts were made to recapture 
 him, but to no purpose. Captain Wynne and 
 Lieutenant Percy, however, to punish him and 
 his tribe for his insolence, marched with a body 
 of fifty men into their country, slew many of the 
 people, burnt their houses, and took their canoes 
 and fishing weirs. Returning to Jamestown, they 
 set up these weirs for their own benefit. 
 
 Not long after this, as Smith was passing on 
 
 his way to the Chickahominy River, he was 
 
 assaulted by the Pashiphays; but as soon as 
 
 they knew him, they threw down their bows 
 
 and arrows, and sued for peace. One of 
 
 them (a young fellow named Okaning) came 
 
 forward and thus addressed him : — " Captain 
 
 Smith, the chief, my master, is here among us. 
 
 He attacked you, mistaking you for Captain 
 
 Wynne, who has pursued us in war and injured 
 
 us. If he has offended you by escaping from 
 
 prison, I beg you will consider that the fish swim, 
 
 the fowls fly, and the very beasts strive to escape 
 
 the snare and live; then blame not him, being 
 
 a man. Remember what pains he took to save 
 
 your life, when you were a prisoner. If he has 
 
JOHN SMITH. 159 
 
 injured you since, you have been amply revenged, 
 to our great loss. We know that you are de- 
 termined to destroy us, but we are here to entreat 
 your friendship, and beg that we may enjoy our 
 houses and plant our fields. You shall share the 
 fruits ; but if you drive us off, you w'ill be the 
 w^orse for our absence. Though it may cost us 
 more labor, we can plant anywhere ; but we 
 know you cannot live unless you have our har- 
 vests to supply your wants. If you promise us 
 peace we will believe you : if you proceed in 
 revenge, we will quit the country." Smith at 
 once promised peace if they would do no farther 
 injury, and bring in provisions to the fort. To 
 this they gladly agreed, and then parted good 
 friends. This friendship continued (it is said) 
 till Smith left the country. 
 
 Upon his return to Jamestown, an incident 
 occurred, which served to make him a still greater 
 man among the Indians. A pistol, it seems, had 
 been stolen by one of the Chick ahominy tribe, 
 and the thief had escaped, while his two bro- 
 thers, who were known to be his companions, 
 •were seized. Retaining one as a hostage, 
 Smith sent the other in search of the pistol, 
 telling him if he did not return with it in 
 twelve hours, his brother should be hanged. 
 
160 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 As the weather was cold, a charcoal fire was 
 made in the dungeon where the prisoner was 
 confined. The gas from the coal caused him to 
 faint away, and when his brother in a little time 
 returned with the pistol, he was in great agony, 
 supposing him to be dead. To comfort him. 
 Captain Smith told him, that if he would steal 
 no more, he would recover his brother. By the 
 use of brandy and vinegar, he soon began to 
 shew signs of life : but then he seemed crazy, 
 and this distressed his brother even more than 
 his death. The captain agreed to cure him of 
 this also. He knew that his dehrium was caused 
 only by the liquor he had swallowed : and di- 
 recting that he should not be disturbed, a sound 
 sleep soon brought him to his senses. After 
 this, Smith gave presents to each of them, and 
 they returned homeward, telling everywhere, by 
 the way, that " Captain Smith could bring the 
 dead to life," and his fame rang the louder 
 throughout all that region. 
 
 About the same time, another Indian at Wero- 
 wocomoco had managed to get a large bag of 
 gunpowder, and the back-piece of a suit of ar- 
 mor. He had sometimes seen the soldiers at 
 Jamestown drying their powder over the fire, 
 and he now undertook to do the same thing by 
 
JOHN S?yIITH. 161 
 
 spreading it out upon this piece of armor. H's 
 companions stood anxiously peeping over him to 
 see his skill, when suddenly the powder explod- 
 ed, killed three upon the spot, and inju el 
 several others. The Indians learned now more 
 than ever to fear " the white men's gunpow- 
 der." " These, with some other accidents, so 
 frightened and amazed Powhatan and his people, 
 that they flocked from all parts, and with pre- 
 sents desired peace — returning many stolen 
 things, which had never been demanded or 
 thought of by the English. And ever after, 
 during the remainder of Captain Smith's admin- 
 istration, both Powhatan and his people would 
 send back to Jamestown such as had been taken 
 stealing, to receive their punishment; and the 
 whole country became as absolutely free and 
 safe to the English as to themselves."* 
 
 Now the colonists pursued their business with 
 industry and success. They made quantities of 
 tar, pitch, and potash, succeeded in making a 
 fair sample of glass, dug a Avell of excellent 
 water in the fort, which, till then, was wanting, 
 built about twenty houses, put a new roof on 
 the church, provided nets and weirs for fishing, 
 
 •Stith's History of Virginia, page 97. 
 
 14* 
 
162 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 and to stop the disorders of the thieves and In- 
 dians, erected a block house on the " neck of the 
 island." Here the trade of the Indians was to 
 be received, and soldiers were stationed, so that 
 no man (either Indian or colonist) should pass 
 and repass without an order from the president. 
 " Thirty or forty acres of ground were broken up 
 and planted." Another block house was built 
 upon Hog Island, and a garrison stationed there 
 to give prompt notice of the arrival of any ships. 
 For their exercise, at leisure times, " they made 
 clapboard and wainscot." In the midst of all 
 this industry and good order, Captain Wynne 
 died. He was the only remaining member of 
 the council, and now the whole government de- 
 volved upon Captain Smith. 
 
 This happy state of things was soon interrupt- 
 ed again by a general fear of starvation. Upon 
 an examination of their supplies, they found half 
 their corn rotten, and the rest badly damaged 
 by the rats. All ordinary work Avas stopped, 
 and the people employed themselves diligent- 
 ly to procure provisions. The Indians were 
 very kind, bringing in from day to day, squir- 
 rels, turkeys, and deer, and Powhatan even di- 
 vided his stock of corn with them. Notwith- 
 standing this friendship, Smith found it necessary 
 
JOHN SMITH. 163 
 
 to Send sixty of his men down the river to hve 
 upon oysters. Twenty were sent to the falls 
 wdth ]\lr. West, and as many more to Point 
 Comfort with Lieutenant Percy, that they might 
 catch fish. Many were billeted amon^ the In- 
 dians, w^ho proved in every w^ay friendly. Quan- 
 tities of sturgeon were taken, which " being dried 
 and pounded, and then mingled with sorrel and 
 wholesome herbs," made good food. Some 
 gathered (we are told) as much Tuckahoe root 
 in a day as would make them bread for a week. 
 Notwithstanding their pinching w^ants, some 
 of the men (about 150) were w^orthless vaga- 
 bonds, unwilling to make any effort whatever. 
 These fellows tormented Smith continually, beg- 
 ging him that he w^ould sell their tools, iron, 
 swords, guns, and even their houses and ordnance 
 to the savages, for such food as they w^ould give. 
 They went farther than this — even demanding 
 clamorously that he would desert the country. 
 This was more than the captain could endure. 
 Seizing one of the worst of these lazy grumblers, 
 he caused him to be severely punished, and then 
 spoke to the rest as follows : " Fellow soldiers, 
 I little thought any so false as to report, or so 
 many so simple as to be persuaded, that I either 
 intend to starve you, or that Powhatan at this 
 
164 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 time hath corn for himself, much less for you, or 
 that I would not have it if I knew where it were 
 to be had. Neither did I think any so malicious 
 as I now see many are ; yet it shall not provoke 
 me even from doing my best for the very worst 
 among you. But dream no longer of any help 
 from Powhatan : nor that I will any longer for- 
 bear to forc€ the idle to work, and punish them 
 if they complain. If I find any one of you try- 
 ing to escape to Newfoundland in the pinnace, I 
 will certainly hang him at the gallows. You 
 cannot deny but that many a time I have saved 
 your lives at the hazard of my own ; when (if 
 your counsels had prevailed) you would all have 
 starved. 1 protest by the God that made me, 
 that sinc^ necessity will not force you to gather 
 the fruits of the earth for yourselves — jou shall 
 not only gather for j'^ourselves, but for those also 
 that are sick. You know I have fared with the 
 worst of you, and that my extra allowance has 
 always been divided amongst the sick. The sick 
 shall not starve, but share all our labors. He 
 that does not gather every day as much as I do, 
 the next day shall be put over the river, and be 
 banished from the fort as a drone, until he shall 
 mend his ways or starve." This speech caused 
 at first a great clamor and outcry. Every one, 
 
JOHN SMITH. 165 
 
 however, knew that Smith would do as he 
 threatened, and no man was bold enough open- 
 ly to disobey him. Most of them now set dili- 
 gently to work to help themselves. Some few, 
 still anxious to do nothing, and hearing that 
 those who had been billeted among the Indians 
 had been kindly treated, stole aw^ay from James- 
 town to make their homes with the savages. 
 But the Indians were so friendly to Smith, that 
 they at once caught them and brought them 
 back, w^here the poor wTetches were properly 
 punished for playing runaways. 
 
 You wall remember that Sicklemore had been 
 sent off to look for silk grass, and to find some 
 one of Sir Walter Raleigh's lost colony. He 
 now returned unsuccessful. As the council in 
 England, however, were particularly anxious 
 about this lost colony. Smith again sent two of 
 his men (Nathaniel Powel and Anas Todkill) to 
 inquire about them of the Mangoags, a tribe of 
 Indians dwelling upon some of the upper branches 
 of the Roanoake River in Carolina. Furnished 
 with suitable guides, they departed, but ere long 
 came back to Jamestown equally unsuccessful. 
 
 The treacherous Germans beginning again to 
 make trouble. Smith sent one of the colonists (a 
 Swiss named Volday) to try to persuade them to 
 
1G6 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 come home. But this fellow, Vv'hlle pretending 
 to hate the villany of these deserters, was in 
 fact as great a traitor as any one of them. He 
 had scarcely reached them when he began to 
 conspire with them to destroy the colony. Know- 
 incr the distress at Jamestown ; that the colonists 
 were mostly wandering about in search of food, 
 and the fort consequently but slightly guarded, 
 he went to Powhatan and offered, if he would 
 lend him forces, not only to burn the town 
 and seize the bark, but to make most of the 
 colonists his slaves. This plot was made known 
 to certain discontented fellows at the fort, in the 
 hope of receiving their aid ; but two of them 
 were so smitten with horror at the thought of it, 
 that they instantly revealed it to Smith. Such 
 was the rage and indignation now towards these 
 conspirators, that several volunteered to go to 
 Werowocomoco immediately and kill them in 
 the very presence of the king. Two of them 
 (Mr. Wiffin and Jeifery Abbot) were at length 
 despatched expressly for the purpose. But the 
 Germans, upon their arrival, deceived Abbot with 
 a fair story, and Wiffin was not willing to at- 
 tempt the business alone ; so the villains escaped. 
 Powhatan acted very properly in this matter. 
 As soon as he heard of the business upon which 
 
JOKV SMITH. 167 
 
 Wiffin and x\bbot had come, he sent word to 
 Smith that he would neither protect the Ger- 
 mans, nor prevent his men from executing his 
 design upon them, for he would entertain no 
 man who was his enemy. One of these Germans 
 afterwards returned to Jamestow^n on a promise 
 of pardon. The others who remained at Wero- 
 wocomoco could make no farther mischief, so far 
 as Smith was concerned, for he was rever- 
 enced by Powhatan and the surrounding tribes 
 to such an extent, that they instantly informed 
 him of any intended plot. 
 
 Heavier troubles, however, were soon to fall 
 upon Smith, and all the colony. Captain Samuel 
 Argall now arrived from England, w^ith the pur- 
 pose of trading with the colony and fishing for stur- 
 geon. His ship was well laden wath wine and pro- 
 visions. " This was a prohibited trade, but Argall 
 being a kinsman to Sir Thomas Smith, the trea- 
 surer, it was overlooked. The necessities of the 
 colony obliged them to take his provisions, by 
 which his voyage was lost ; but they revictual- 
 led him when their next supply arrived, and 
 sent him to England w^ith a full account of the 
 istate of their affairs. By this ship they received 
 letters, which taxed the president for his hard 
 usage of the natives, and for not returning the 
 
168 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 ships freighted. And now also they first had an 
 account of the alterations in England, and of the 
 great preparations and large supply to be sent 
 by the Lord Delaware, appointed Captain Gen- 
 eral and Governor in chief of Virginia."* 
 
 ♦ Stith's Virginia, page 100. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 J\^ew charter granted by the king to the Virginia 
 Company — Smith is deposed, and Lord Dela- 
 ware made governor of Virginia — Seven ships 
 arrive at Jamestown — Confusion in the colony 
 — Courage and services of Smith — Friendship 
 of the Indians toward him — Is seriously in- 
 jured by an accident — Conspiracy to murder 
 him — Friendship of his old soldiers — Returns 
 to England — State of the colony at his depar- 
 ture — His loss is felt severely in the colony. 
 
 It seems strange that after all the struggles 
 of Smith, the council in England should have 
 been dissatisfied with him. Their conduct, how- 
 ever, is explained when you remember that they 
 were continually looking for returns of gold and 
 silver from Virginia, and were continually dis- 
 appointed. Newport's last arrival from the colo- 
 ny had disappointed them more than ever ; 
 Smith's letter had provoked them, and Newport, 
 acting a miserable part, had wilfully misrepre- 
 sented the condition of the colony. He seems 
 
 15 
 
170 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 to have been a weak but ambitious man, willing 
 to elevate himself in any way, however mean. 
 The council, therefore, asked the king for a new 
 charter for the colony, which was readily grant- 
 ed. This charter is dated the 23d of May, 1609. 
 By it. Lord Delaware w^as made Captain General 
 of Virginia ; Sir Thomas Gates his Lieutenant 
 General ; Sir George Somers, Admiral ; Captain 
 Newport, Vice Admiral ; Sir Thomas Dale, 
 High Marshal, and Sir Ferdinando Wainman, 
 General of the Horse. The powers of the old 
 President and Council in Virginia were set aside, 
 and the colonists were commanded at once to 
 render obedience to these new officers. 
 
 The council at once commenced making pre- 
 parations for an enterprise toward the new world, 
 and in a little time Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George 
 Somers, and Captain Newport, were ready with 
 nine ships and five hundred people. It was 
 agreed in the council that w^hichever of these 
 three officers should reach Virginia first, he was 
 to govern the colony, until the arrival of Lord 
 Delaware. Jealous of the possible authority of 
 each other, to settle this matter, they agreed to 
 embark in the same ship. On the last of May, 
 the whole fleet sailed from England. On the 
 25th of July they were visited by a hurricane, 
 
JOHN SMITH. 171 
 
 which separated the ship, bearing the officers 
 from the fleet, and drove her ahnost a wreck 
 among the Bermuda Islands. Unfortunately, 
 there were on board this vessel, besides one hun- 
 dred and fifty of the emigrants, " all the bills of 
 lading, all the instructions and directions, and 
 the best part of their provisions." Another 
 smaller ship was wrecked in the same tempest, 
 while the other seven, riding out the storm, ar- 
 rived safely at Jamestown. 
 
 The guard on duty at the block house, mark- 
 ing their approach, gave notice, and immediately 
 the whole colony was under arms. Smith, sup- 
 posing that it was a fleet of Spaniards coming 
 to invade them, called the men to their duty, and 
 the Indians, in their love for him, volunteered to 
 assist in fighting the expected battle. Their 
 fears, however, were soon over, when they dis- 
 covered that the fleet w^as manned by their coun- 
 trymen. 
 
 A battle with Spaniards, however, w^as pre- 
 ferable to what soon occurred. In the ships 
 that arrived were three worthless men, well 
 known in the colony. These were Ratcliffe, 
 Archer, and Martin. Hating Smith as they did, 
 they had busied themselves during the whole 
 voyage, in telling falsehoods, and endeavoring 
 
172 JOHN SMITH 
 
 to make enemies for Lira. They had, in a good 
 degree, succeeded : and now the new comers 
 were scarcely ashore, before their temper and 
 bearing toward him began to be seen. No new 
 commission had as yet arrived to set aside his 
 authority, yet they refused to obey him, and pre- 
 tended first to set up one governor and then an- 
 other, until the whole colony was one scene of 
 confusion. The old settlers, who knew their 
 captain's worth, stood by him firmly, but he, 
 disgusted with the madness of these new comers, 
 allowed them for a time to have their own way 
 and do as they pleased. 
 
 The German too, who had returned under 
 promise of pardon, proved traitor again. Seeing 
 the distraction of the colony, and hearing the 
 loud talk of the new adventurers, he again went 
 over to Powhatan, promising to do " wonders for 
 him upon the arrival of Lord Delaware." The 
 Germans still at Werowocomoco joined the fel- 
 low in his promises, but Powhatan understood 
 too well the value of such friends. Knowing 
 that treason is base, and that the men who would 
 betray Smith, might one day be as ready to be- 
 tray him, he ordered his men to seize them and 
 beat out their brains. Void ay was the only 
 tvcHor of the old gang left, and that you may 
 
JOHN SMITH. 173 
 
 see the full reward of iniquity, I may as well tell 
 you at once, that he managed to escape to Eng- 
 land before this, made great promises of what 
 he would do for the council, and was sent back 
 with Lord Delaware to carry out his fine pur* 
 poses. In a little time he was found to be a 
 mere impostor, and died in misery and disgrace. 
 Wearied and disgusted with the confusion at 
 Jamestown, Smith began now to think of return- 
 ing to England. But the madness of the new 
 comers had reached such a pitch, that the sober 
 men among them saw that their only safety 
 Avas to be found in securing his protection. They 
 therefore went to him, begging that he would 
 remember that no new governor had arrived, that 
 his commission had not yet expired, and entreat- 
 ing him to abandon the thought of leaving them, 
 and to restore order in the colony. Ever rea- 
 dy to sacrifice his own feelings for the pub- 
 lic good. Smith consented to remain, and set 
 himself courageously to the task of reforming 
 abuses, even at the point of his life. He seized 
 Ratcliffe, Archer, and other leaders of the riot, 
 and cast them into prison, until a leisure time 
 should come for their fair trial. Thoroughly to 
 break up the plots of the conspirators, he thought 
 it best to divide them. Martin w^as sent with 
 
 15* 
 
174 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 one hundred and twenty men to make a set- 
 tlement at Nansamond, while Mr. West was 
 despatched wdth the same number to make a 
 settlement at the falls. Each was supplied Avith 
 a good stock of provisions. Before Martin left. 
 Smith, by one act, gained still greater popularity. 
 He offered to resign in his favor, and allow him 
 to act as governor. But Martin, though a weak 
 man, knew he w^as not fit for the place, and de- 
 clined it — preferring to take his men to Nansa- 
 mond. 
 
 His settlement at Nansamondj however, proved 
 a perfect failure. The Indians "were very kind, 
 but such was " his jealousy of them, that he sur- 
 prised the poor naked king, and his monuments 
 and his houses, with the island wherein he lived, 
 and there fortified himself." This outraged the 
 savages. Gathering in numbers, they attacked 
 him, killed several of his men, released their 
 king, and carried off a thousand bushels of corn. 
 He was so frightened that he made but little 
 effort to oppose them ; but sent off to James- 
 town for thirty soldiers. These were immedi- 
 ately sent, but seeing Martin's cowardice, came 
 back, refusing to serve under such a leader. He 
 soon followed them, leaving his poor company 
 to shift for themselves. 
 
JOHN SMITH. 175 
 
 West was equally imprudent at the falls, and 
 his settlement did not fare much better. It was 
 made upon a point of land which was frequently 
 inundated by the river. Smith, feeling much 
 anxiety about this settlement, had taken a leisure 
 moment to visit it. On his w^ay he met Mr. West 
 returning to Jamestown to seek his advice. 
 Learning the state of things, he at once pur- 
 chased of Powhatan the place on the river 
 called by his name, and wxnt up to remove the 
 settlement there. The men at the falls proving 
 insolent and resisting his authority, he (with the 
 five men who were wdth him) seized some of the 
 ringleaders and cast them into prison. But the 
 riot only increased — their numbers proved too 
 strong for him, and he was glad to escape in a 
 boat with his life. The Indians now came to 
 him complaining that these men at the falls 
 " were \vorse than the Monacans themselves" — 
 that they stole their corn, robbed their gardens, 
 beat them, and put them in prison; but that 
 they would endure these things no longer. They 
 had borne with them " out of love for him, but 
 hereafter they desired pardon if they defended 
 themselves." As he himself bad been injured 
 by these men, they offered at once to fight for 
 him if he would lead them on. After spending 
 
176 JOHxN SMITH. 
 
 nine days in the neighborhood, hoping in vain 
 that these rioters would come to their senses, he 
 started for Jamestown. His barge had moved 
 off only about half a league, when she grounded. 
 •This was a fortunate circumstance for the men 
 •at the falls, for Smith had scarcely left them, 
 ■when twelve Indians, finding some of them strag- 
 gling in the woods, murdered them, and then 
 violently assaulted the settlement. The fright- 
 ened men (too cowardly to protect themselves) 
 now sent for Smith, offering to do as he desired 
 if he would come back. He immediately return- 
 ed, and after punishing six or seven as examples 
 to their companions, removed them all to Pow- 
 hatan. There was no reason in their not going 
 there before. Here they had dry houses and 
 lodgings, near two hundred acres of land cleared 
 and ready for planting, besides a fort which had 
 formerly been erected by the savages. The 
 place, too, was strong by nature, having been 
 once selected as his home by the skilful eye of 
 Powhatan, and now they were so much pleased 
 with it, that they gave it the name of Nonesuch. 
 Yet, before Smith had fairly settled them, 
 West, who was dissatisfied with this movement, 
 began to make discord among them, and some 
 of them were soon again discontented. They be- 
 
JOHN SMITH. 177 
 
 gan to complain, and as Smith had no disposition 
 to quarrel with West, and no means of stopping 
 their insolence, he at once started for Jamestown, 
 leaving them to do as they pleased. In a little 
 time, under the persuasions of West, they de- 
 serted this place with all its advantages and Avenfc 
 back to the falls. 
 
 Passing down the river. Smith met with a very 
 serious accident. Being asleep in the boat, a 
 bag of powder exploded near him, tearing his 
 flesh and burning him dreadfully. To quench 
 the fire (his clothes were all in a blaze) he leap- 
 ed into the water, and with great difficulty was 
 rescued by his men from drowning. In " this 
 piteous state" he arrived at Jamestow^n. Ratcliffe 
 and Archer with the other prisoners were soon 
 now to be brought to trial. Dreading the result, 
 (for they knew their guilt,) they basely conspired 
 to take advantage of his condition, and murder 
 him in his bed. But the wretch who was en- 
 gaged to despatch him, was not equal to this 
 deed of cruelty. His heart failed him, even with 
 the pistol in his hand. Disappointed in this, 
 these villains then endeavored to usurp the go- 
 vernment, thereby to escape their punishment. 
 The old soldiers of the captain were now enrag- 
 ed almost to desperation. Flocking around him, 
 
178 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 they declared that if he would only say the word, 
 they would fetch him the heads of the boldest 
 villains thus trying to injure him. But he, de- 
 sirous of having no farther disturbance in the 
 colony, persuaded them to be quiet. Suffering 
 from his wounds, and sick at heart, he resolv- 
 ed to return to England. His old friends 
 crowded around him, entreating him to stay, even 
 with tears in their eyes ; but he could not be 
 persuaded. He fancied that he should never re- 
 cover except in England, and he mourned " to 
 see his authority suppressed, he knew not why ; 
 himself and his soldiers to be rewarded for their 
 past labors and dangers, he knew not how; and 
 a new commission granted to, he knew not 
 whom." Moreover, he thought himself useless 
 in his present condition, and this was reason 
 enough with him for his departure. It was ear- 
 ly in the autumn of 1609, that he was carried 
 aboard ship, and departed from Virginia never 
 again to see it. 
 
 In spite of all difficulties, the colony was in a 
 tolerably prosperous condition. He left behind 
 him near five hundred colonists, one hundred of 
 w^hom w^ere well trained soldiers of his own, 
 three ships, seven boats, twenty-four pieces of 
 ordnance, three hundred muskets, with other 
 
JOHN SMITH. 179 
 
 arms and ammunition for the men, nets for fish- 
 ing, tools for working, a good supply of clothing, 
 large stores of provisions, and an abundant stock 
 of domestic animals. 
 
 It may serve to shew the littleness of some 
 enemies left behind, when we are told that, " at 
 one time the ships were delayed from sailing 
 for three weeks, that complaints might be looked 
 up against him and sent to England ;" and the 
 real excellence of his character is well seen, 
 when it is known how, in less than six months 
 after his departure, friends and enemies sighed 
 for his presence in Virginia. When the famine, 
 known as " the starving time," swept over the 
 colony, and after eating roots, the skins of their 
 horses, and at last the dead bodies of their com- 
 panions, the five hundred left by the captain was 
 reduced to the little band of sixty, men, women, 
 and children ; at that time they knew how to 
 value him. It was then that they sighed for 
 their old leader and fellow-sufferer in every diffi- 
 culty. Captain Smith. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Smith s first voyage to JSTew England in 161 4 — 
 Treachery of Captain Hunt — Smith makes a 
 map of the coast^ and upon his return presents 
 it to Prince Charles — Sails a second time for 
 JSTew England — Is taken by French pirates 
 and carried a prisoner to Rochelle — Makes his 
 escape during a storm — »dt length arrives in 
 his own country — Publishes his description of 
 Jfew England — Goes through the western part 
 of England distributing copies of his book — 
 Circumstances which brought the Princess 
 Pocahontas to England in 1616 — She meets 
 with Smith — Touching interview — Embassy of 
 Vttamatomakkin — Pocahontas dies in Eng- 
 land, leaving an infant son — Mews of Ope- 
 chancanough^s massacre at Jamestown in 1622 
 — Smith proposes to revenge the death of his 
 countrymen — In 1623, appears before King 
 Jameses commission for reforming abuses in 
 Virginia — In 1631, dies at London^ in the 
 fifty-second year of his age. 
 
 Five years now pass away before we hear 
 again of Captain Smith and of course I can tell 
 
JOHN SMITH. 181 
 
 you nothing of his employments during that time. 
 At length, in the year 1614, we find him busy 
 in London, making arrangements with some 
 merchants there for an expedition to New Eng- 
 land. Attempts had before this been made to 
 plant colonies in that region, but they had failed, 
 and greatly discouraged the people of England; 
 but Smith's energy now roused these merchants 
 to a new adventure. Two ships were made 
 ready, and to save the expenses of the voyage, 
 he was to employ himself and crew in searching 
 for mines and capturing whales. If he failed 
 in these two purposes, he was to bring home a 
 cargo of such fish and furs as he could procure. 
 In the month of March the ships departed — 
 one commanded by Smith, the other by Captain 
 Thomas Hunt. They arrived, on the last day of 
 April, at the Island of Monahigon, off the coast 
 of Maine. Here, after building seven boats, 
 some w^ent inland to look for the mines, while 
 others set to work to capture the whales. They 
 were busy in these efforts without success for two 
 monthSjWhen Smith, thinking it was idle to waste 
 any farther time, set them to taking and curing 
 cod fish, of which there was an abundance on the 
 coast. While they were thus employed, taking 
 with him eight men in a small boat, he ranged 
 
 16 
 
182 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 the coast from Penobscot to Cape Cod, gathering 
 furs from the Indians. During this time, as usual, 
 he observed everything closely, gave names to 
 many of the places that he passed, and made a 
 map of the whole coast. The month of August 
 having now arrived, and his ship being laden, 
 he sailed for England, leaving Hunt behind him, 
 (whose ship was not yet laden,) with directions 
 to complete his cargo of fish as rapidly as he 
 could, and sail for Spain, where he would find a 
 good market. 
 
 This Hunt proved to be an unprincipled man. 
 Smith had scarcely left, when he managed to 
 get twenty-four Indians on board his ship, 
 seized them, and sailing directly to Malaga 
 in Spain, sold them as slaves. It is said 
 that this act of wickedness was prompted by 
 the desire to make the savages on the coast, 
 enemies to his countrymen ; hoping thereby to 
 prevent the planting of a colony, that his own 
 private gains might be the greater. Be this as 
 it may, certain it is that he succeeded in making 
 them enemies; for long after this, the whites 
 were made to suffer for his iniquity. 
 
 Upon his return to England, Smith put in at 
 the port of Plymouth. Here he commenced 
 tellmg of his adventures, and meeting with Sir 
 
JOHN SMITH. 183 
 
 Ferdinando Gorges, was at once introduced by 
 him to the Plymouth Company of Adventurers. 
 This was the company making efforts (as you 
 will remember) to settle New England or North 
 Virginia, as it was then called, and they imme- 
 diately engaged his services. Passing over to 
 London now, he found the London Company 
 (which he had formerly served) anxious to em- 
 ploy him, but could not meet their wishes, ow- 
 ing to his engagement at Plymouth. Their 
 wish, however, serves to shew how much the 
 man was valued, after all the complaints and 
 murmurs that had been made against him. 
 
 While in London, he presented to Prince 
 Charles (afterwards King Charles the First) his 
 map of the new region — with a request (as some 
 say) that he would give a name to the country 
 — and the king called it New England. Others 
 assert that Smith gave it this name himself. It is 
 certain, however, that the prince altered various 
 names upon the map. Cape Tragabigzanda (call- 
 ed by Smith after his Turkish mistress) was chang- 
 ed to Cape Ann, and the islands near the cape, 
 which Smith called the " Turks' Heads," in honor 
 of his victory over the three Turks, lost also 
 their name. Cape Cod was called by the prince 
 Cape James, in honor of his father, though we 
 
1S4 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 still retain the first name — and thus the cod-fish 
 on the coast have succeeded better than a prince 
 in giving a name to that point. What are now 
 known, too, as the Isles of Shoals, were upon 
 Smith's map marked as " Smith's Isles." I do not 
 know, however, that we are indebted to the 
 prince for this last change. 
 
 It was in the month of January, 1615, when 
 Smith left London to keep his engagement with 
 the Plymouth Company. They had promised 
 to provide him with four ships for an adventure ; 
 but upon his arrival, he was greatly disappointed 
 to find they were not ready. The truth is, the 
 company was again discouraged. In June (it 
 seems) a ship had sailed for New England, and 
 owing to the wickedness of Hunt, had met with 
 a very unkind reception upon the coast, from 
 the savages. She had now returned, and the 
 crew of course had sad stories to tell of their 
 trials. Smith was determined that his enter- 
 prise should not fail. By the help of Sir Fer- 
 dinando Gorges and other friends, after an en- 
 ergetic and untiring struggle, he managed to 
 have two ships equipped and ready for his 
 voyage. The one (of one hundred tons) was to 
 be commanded by himself: the other (of fifty 
 tons) was to be commanded by Captain Thomas 
 
JOHN SMITH. 185 
 
 Bermer. Sixteen emigrants were to embark for 
 the purpose of making a permanent settlement. 
 
 In the month of March they set sail. The 
 ships kept together for about one hundred and 
 twenty leagues, when a storm separated them. 
 Dermer pursued his voyage, but Smith, after 
 losing both his masts, was forced to put back 
 under a jury-mast to Plymouth. He was de- 
 tained some little time in making new arrange- 
 ments. Having at length put his stores on board 
 a small bark of sixty tons, manned by thirty men, 
 he again set sail. 
 
 His voyage now was only a voyage of mis- 
 fortunes. In a Httle time he fell in with an 
 English pirate. His frightened crew begged 
 that he would surrender ; but this he refused to 
 do, though he carried but four guns, and the 
 pirate thirty-six. There was no fight, however, 
 for upon hailing her. Smith found that the cap- 
 tain and some of the crew were his old friends 
 and comrades ; that they had run away with the 
 ship from Tunis, and were now in great want of 
 provisions. In their distress they begged to put 
 themselves under his command, but this Smith 
 refused, and kept on his voyage. Ere long, he 
 came in sight of two French pirates. His cow- 
 ardly crew again begged that he would at once 
 
 16* 
 
186 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 surrender. Smith was now angry. He threat- 
 ened to blow up the ship sooner than do this. 
 The pirates chased him, but keeping up a brisk 
 running fight, he made his escape. Soon after 
 he met four French men-of-war, that were out 
 upon a cruise, having orders from the French 
 king to seize any pirates they might find. Smith 
 went aboard one of the ships and shewed his 
 commission, to prove that he was no pirate. But 
 the French commander was unwilUng to believe 
 him. The truth was, that the French had set- 
 tlements in North America, and were jealous of 
 all efforts of the English toward the same pur- 
 pose. Smith's ship was therefore plundered, 
 manned with Frenchmen, and his crew taken 
 aboard the French ships. Strangely enough, 
 however, in a little time they delivered his vessel 
 to him, and he prepared to continue his voyage 
 for New England, amid the loud murmurs of his 
 men, who now begged that they might return to 
 Plymouth. The poor cowards had been so often 
 frightened, that they were unwilling to be longer 
 at sea. Smith refused to hearken to their com- 
 plaints, yet they managed to carry out their wish. 
 I will tell you how it was brought about. 
 
 The admiral of the French fleet pretended 
 (before the ships parted) that he was desirous of 
 
JOHN SMITH. 187 
 
 seeing Smith, and sent for him to come on board 
 his ship. The captain accepted the invitation 
 and went. Whether Smith's own crew had 
 engaged the admiral in a stratagem, or whether 
 it was a natural accident, it so happened that 
 while he was aboard, a strange sail was seen 
 and the admiral gave chase. Thus Smith was 
 separated from his men : the next night, they 
 turned the ship's head homeward, and after some 
 difficulty reached Plymouth. Some have said 
 that these Frenchmen, knowing the character of 
 Smith, and that he was the very life and soul 
 of the English colonies in the new world, were 
 especially jealous of him, and therefore thus 
 kidnapped him. 
 
 The admiral's ship (separated from the rest) 
 kept on her way, and Smith found that he was 
 in the midst of a lawless set of fellows. The 
 Frenchmen now pretended to keep him as a 
 prisoner, declaring that he was the man who 
 had broken up the French settlements at Port 
 Royal the year before, (which thing in fact had 
 een done by Captain Argall.) The ship had 
 a prosperous cruise, so far as plunder was con- 
 cerned. Sometimes she would meet and plunder 
 English ships, upon which occasions Smith was 
 always kept below 5 but when the ships of other 
 
188 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 nations were encountered, he was always made 
 to do his part of the fighting. At length, the 
 cruise being over, she sailed for the port of 
 Rochelle. The Frenchmen seem to have been 
 conscious that they were guilty men for thus 
 treating him, for before reaching port they pro- 
 mised to repay him for all his sufferings and 
 losses, by giving him his part of the plunder. 
 Having arrived in port, however, they broke 
 their promise and kept him as a prisoner in the 
 ship in the harbor. Here they tried to force from 
 him a written discharge of all demands against 
 them. This he refused to give, and a kind Pro- 
 vidence soon released him from his captivity. 
 A sudden storm arose, and drove the crew of the 
 ship below. Smith waited until night came on, 
 and then taking the boat, with a half pike which 
 served as an oar, pushed off for the shore. The 
 current being strong, his little boat drifted to sea, 
 and for twelve hours he was tossed about upon 
 the ocean, expecting every moment to perish. 
 Fortunately, " the turn of the tide" at length 
 threw him upon a low marshy island, where he 
 was found in the morning by some fowlers, al- 
 most dead from cold and hunger. He agreed 
 to give them his boat if they would take him to 
 Rochelle. Upon his arrival there, he learned 
 
JOHN SMITH. 189 
 
 that the effects of the storm had been tremen- 
 dous. The ship in which he had been confined, 
 with one of her prizes, had been wrecked upon 
 the shore, and the captain w^ith half the crew 
 had perished. 
 
 He now made complaint to the judge of the 
 admiralty of the cruel treatment he had received, 
 and brought forward many of the sailors to prove 
 the truth of his statements. It seems he found 
 no remedy ; but the judge, having some idea of 
 justice, gave him a certificate, stating that he 
 believed his story to be true. In his misfortune, 
 he met w^ith many friends at Rochelle, and after- 
 wards at Bourdeaux, upon presenting the letter 
 of the judge to the English ambassador, found 
 many more. After some hardships, he once 
 more returned to England. 
 
 It seems he had not been idle while he was 
 a captive on board the French ship. During 
 this time he had written an account of his two 
 last voyages, with descriptions of the country of 
 New England, " with its many advantages, and 
 the proper methods of rendering it a valuable 
 acquisition to the English dominions." Return- 
 ing home, he published this, together with his 
 map of New England, and in his ardent de- 
 sire to rouse the energies of his countrymen to- 
 
190 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 wards colonizing that country, wandered over 
 all the western parts of England, giving away 
 copies of his book. In this way (it is said) he 
 distributed seven thousand copies. He found the 
 people greatly discouraged by the different fail- 
 ures that had occurred already, though some of 
 them " made many fair promises" about a new 
 effort. The Plymouth Company, as some reward 
 for his services, now honored him with the title 
 of Admiral of New England. 
 
 In the spring of the next year, (1616,) to his 
 great surprise and joy, he met with his former 
 friend, the princess Pocahontas. As everything 
 connected with this noble-hearted woman has 
 an interest for my countrymen, I must tell you 
 the circumstances which brought about the 
 meeting. 
 
 After Smith left Virginia, the friendship of 
 Pocahontas for the whites still continued. It 
 was not so with her father Powhatan. From 
 time to time, he was busy in stratagems against 
 them. In 1610, the friendship and animosity of 
 both parties were well proved, when Powhatan 
 cut off Ratcliffe and a party of thirty men, while 
 Pocahontas managed to save a boy named Henry 
 Spihnan. From some cause or other, (possibly 
 the cruelty of Powhatan towards the whites,) 
 
JOHN SMITH. 191 
 
 Pocahontas at length left her father's house, and 
 made her home among the Potomacs. In one 
 of his trading voyages in 1612, Captain Argall 
 learned from the chief of the Potomacs that 
 she was there, and determined to make her a 
 prisoner. He thought that if he could get pos- 
 session of the daughter, Powhatan, in his love 
 for her and his desire to release her, would make 
 peace on any terms. Accordingly he bribed the 
 old chief (Japazaws) with the promise of a cop- 
 per kettle, to aid him in carrying out his plan. 
 
 The design was to get the princess on board 
 Argall's ship, and a curious stratagem was re- 
 sorted to. Old Japazaws and his wife made a 
 visit to Pocahontas, and the wife (as she had 
 been instructed to do) expressed a great desire 
 to visit "the Englishman's ship." The chief re- 
 fused to allow her to go, and threatened to beat 
 her for having such a wish. She (still act- 
 ing her part) began to weep and howl, and then 
 the old hypocrite Japazaws, pretending to re- 
 lent, consented that she might go if Pocahontas 
 would accompany her. The amiable princess 
 at once assented, and they went on board. 
 The captain received them very kindly, and en- 
 tertained them in the cabin, where the old chief 
 kept from time to time, treading on his toe to 
 
192 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 remind him that he had done his part. After 
 this Pocahontas " was decoyed into the o-un 
 room" for a time, that Japazaws might receive 
 his reward without her knowing anything of his 
 treachery. The kettle and many toys being 
 given to him and his wife, Pocahontas at length 
 was called by the captain, and told she was 
 a prisoner — that she should not be harmed in 
 any way, but was to be the means of peace be- 
 tween her father and the English. The princess 
 w^as greatly overcome, and wept bitterly, while 
 the old hypocrites Japazaws and his wife set up 
 a most hideous howling. She was at length 
 pacified and consented to go to Jamestown, 
 (where it seems she had not been since Smith 
 left the country,) and the old chief and his wife 
 "were sent ashore, greatly pleased, yet bitterly 
 wailing. 
 
 Upon the arrival of the ship at Jamestown, a 
 message was immediately sent to Powhatan, 
 telling him of the captivity of his daughter, and 
 offering to deliver her up to him if he would sur- 
 render all the prisoners whom he had taken, and 
 all the guns and tools of the English that he had 
 stolen. The news made the old man very sad, 
 for he loved his daughter, and he liked the guns. 
 He seems not to have known what to do, and 
 
JOHN SMITH. 193 
 
 consequently, for three months, returned no an- 
 swer. At the end of this time, he sent back 
 seven Enghsh prisoners, each bringing a worn 
 out musket, with a message that " when they 
 should deliver his daughter, he would make full 
 satisfaction for all injuries, give them four hun- 
 dred bushels of corn, and be their friend for ever." 
 The Enghsh answered " that his daughter should 
 be well used ; but as they could not beheve that 
 the rest of their arms were either lost or stolen 
 from him, they w^ould keep her till he had sent 
 them all back." This vexed him so much that 
 for a long time they heard no more from him. 
 At length Sir Thomas Dale, taking with him 
 Pocahontas, and one hundred and fifty men, 
 sailed up the river in one of the ships to Wero- 
 "wocomoco. Upon his arrival, Powhatan would 
 not see him. Dale spoke, however, to some of 
 his men, telhng them that he had come for the 
 purpose of delivering up the king's daughter if 
 he would surrender the men and arms belonging 
 to the colony. The savages received this only 
 with threats, telling him if he and his men came 
 to fight they were welcome. Then, with cool 
 impudence, they advised him to be off if he valued 
 the lives of his men, otherwise they w^ould all 
 meet with the fate of RatclifFe's party. This 
 
 17 
 
194 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 was more than could well be borne. The whites 
 at once commenced burning their houses, and 
 destroying everything they could find, until at 
 length, after an idle resistance, the savages seem- 
 ed disposed to come to terms. They said that 
 their prisoners had run away, fearing that they 
 would be hanged, but that some of Powhatan's 
 men had gone to bring them back. This was 
 only a stratagem to gain time, which Dale very 
 well understood, and therefore told them that 
 he would remain quiet until the next day at 
 noon, when, if they were not ready to meet his 
 demands, and were willing to fight, they might 
 know when to begin by the sound of his drums 
 and trumpets. In other words, a truce was 
 agreed upon until noon of the next day. In the 
 mean time two brothers of Pocahontas came on 
 board the ship to see her, and w^eye greatly pleas- 
 ed to find her (contrary to their expectations) 
 well and happy. They now promised to use 
 their efforts to persuade their father to ransom 
 her, and to be for ever friends to the English- 
 At the same time, Mr. John Rolfe and Mr. Sparks 
 had been sent ashore to Powhatan, to inform 
 him (if he could be found) of the business upon 
 which they had come. But the old chief would 
 not admit them to his presence. They could only 
 
JOHN SMITH. 195 
 
 speak with Opechancanough, (his brother, ^ who 
 promised to do his utmost with Powhatan, " to 
 incHne him to peace and friendship with the 
 colony." The truce ended, and nothing was 
 done ; yet the whites were disposed to do nothing 
 more at present, (owing, perhaps, to the fair 
 promises of the kinsmen of Powhatan.) Another 
 reason prompting them to waste no more time 
 in the matter was, the desire to be at home to 
 plant their lands ; so the whole party returned 
 to Jamestown. 
 
 In a little time, Powhatan became a warm 
 friend to the whites, but it was hardly owing to 
 the efforts of Opechancanough or his sons. It 
 seems that Mr. Rolfe had formed an attachment 
 for Pocahontas, while she had returned his love 
 as warmly, and had spoken to one of her brothers 
 of her feehngs. When Powhatan heard of this 
 he was greatly pleased, and instantly consented 
 to their marriage. Within ten days he sent his 
 brother Opachisco and two of his sons to attend 
 the wedding, acting as his deputies in all that 
 might be necessary. The parties were duly 
 married in April, 1613, and ever after this, there 
 was a strong and lasting friendship between 
 Powhatan and the colony. 
 
 It was in the spring of 1616, that she arrived 
 
196 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 in England with her husband. She was then 
 about twenty-two years of age, and is said to 
 have been " very graceful, and her manners gen- 
 tle and pleasing." Living at Jamestown, she 
 had learned to speak the English language, and 
 embracing the Christian religion, had been bap- 
 tized by the name of Rebecca.* She had heard 
 in some way that her old friend Captain Smith 
 was dead, and did not learn that he was living 
 until she arrived in England. 
 
 As soon as Smith heard of her arrival, he sent 
 a letter to the queen, setting forth the character 
 of Pocahontas, and her great kindness to himself 
 and the colony in Virginia. This was done in 
 gratitude by the captain, but it was well nigh 
 useless, for her fame had reached England long 
 before this. She was introduced to the queen 
 by the Lady Delaware, and received with great 
 courtesy and kindness by all the royal family. 
 In a little time Smith came to see her, and the 
 
 * The author was ignorant of the real name of Pocahontas, 
 until he accidentally discovered in Stith's Virginia the follow- 
 ing: " Her real name, it seems, was originally Mixfocx, which 
 the Indians carefully concealed from the English, and chang- 
 ed it to Pocahontas, out of a superstitious fear, lest they, by 
 the knowledge of her true name, should be enabled to do her 
 some hurt. She was the first Christian Indian in these parts, 
 and perhaps the sincerest and most worthy that has ever 
 been since." — Stith's Virginia, page 136. 
 
JOHN SMITH. 197 
 
 interview between them was very touching At 
 the first sight of him, after a modest salutation, 
 she turned away, hid her face, and for two hours 
 did not utter a word. After this she spoke to 
 him, and called him father, and because Smith 
 did not at once salute her as his child, she hid 
 her face again and wept bitterly. She did not 
 remember that she was the daughter of a king, 
 and now in a land where kings were honored, 
 and that Smith, perhaps, felt some delicacy for 
 that reason in calling her his child. When re- 
 minded of this, (it is said,) " she despised such 
 affectation." She declared that she loved him 
 as a father, that she had treated him as a father 
 in her own country, and would be his child for 
 ever. Then looking upon him again, she cried, 
 *' They did tell us always you were dead, and I 
 knew no other till I came to Plymouth : yet 
 Powhatan did command Uttamatomakkin to seek 
 you and know the truth." 
 
 This savage (one of the trusty friends of Pow- 
 hatan) had been sent out by the chief for three 
 purposes — he was to learn if Smith was alive, 
 and if alive to see him — to see the Englishman's 
 God, and their king and queen — and to count the 
 people of England. Upon meeting Smith, he 
 desired, in his ignorance, to see his God. Then 
 
 17* 
 
198 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 he asked to see the king and queen. It seems 
 he had seen the king, and Smith told him so, 
 promising that in due time he would shew him 
 the queen. The poor savage could hardly be 
 persuaded that he had seen the king, because 
 the person whom they called king had given 
 him nothing. Turning to Smith, he said, " You 
 gave Powhatan a white dog, but your king has 
 given me nothing, and I am better than your 
 white dog." As to numbering the people, he 
 had managed that in a curious way. Upon his 
 arrival at Plymouth, being unable to count the 
 multitudes, he procured a long stick, and made 
 a notch for every person that he met. It is said 
 that upon his return home, when Powhatan ask- 
 ed him how many people there w^ere in England, 
 his answer was, " Count the stars in the sky, the 
 leaves on the trees, and the sands upon the sea 
 shore : for such is the number of the people in 
 England." 
 
 It was the fate of the princess Pocahontas 
 never to return to Virginia. In the early part 
 of 1617, as she was preparing to embark with 
 her husband, she was at Gravesend suddenly 
 taken sick, and died leaving one son, her infant 
 boy, Thomas Rolfe. Her character proved good 
 
JOHN SMITH. 199 
 
 to the last, for we are told that " she died calm- 
 ly like a Christian."* 
 
 We hear no more of Captain Smith now, un- 
 til the year 1622, when news reached England 
 of Opechancanoigh's dreadful massacre of the 
 colonists at Jamestown. The tidings w^ere sad 
 to all, but sadder to none than Smith. In his 
 indignation at this savage butchery of his coun- 
 trymen, he proposed at once to the company, that 
 if they would give him one hundred soldiers and 
 thirty sailors, with the necessary provisions and 
 arms, he would go to Virginia, '^ range the 
 country, keep the natives in awe, and protect 
 the planters." The company was divided. Some 
 were for hearkening to, others for opposing his 
 project. At length, after consultation, they gave 
 him this pitiful answer : " that the charges would 
 be too great ; that their stock was reduced ; that 
 the planters ought to defend themselves ; but 
 that if he would go at his own expense, they 
 would give him leave, provided he would give 
 them one half of the pillage." He rejected their 
 proposal with scorn. 
 
 * Her son, Thomas Rolfe, after being for some time intrust- 
 €d to his uncle in London, at length came to Virginia, and 
 became somewhat distinguished. He married and left an only- 
 daughter, and now some of the most reputable families in Vir* 
 ginia are her descendants, and, through her, the descendants 
 of her grand-mother, the princess Pocahontas. 
 
200 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 The sad state of affairs in Virginia at length 
 induced King James (in 1623) to issue a com- 
 mission, appointing certain persons to examine 
 into the causes of the difficulties, and report a 
 plan for the better management of the colony. 
 This commission, aware of the knowledge of 
 Smith, was wise enough to send for him. He 
 told them all that he knew of the colony, and 
 gave them his advice as to the best way of 
 proceeding to remedy matters, and make the 
 colony happy and profitable. 
 
 For some years now his life was more quiet. 
 He busied himself from time to time in writing 
 accounts of his travels, and struggUng to call up 
 in his countrymen a spirit for colonizing America. 
 It was not his privilege, however, to see the 
 country for which he had struggled, and where 
 he had endured so many hardships, all that he 
 desired. He only in a measure foresaw, what 
 the American plantations might become under 
 proper management. Could he now look upon 
 this beautiful land of ours, and see what his little 
 colony has grown to, how would he be startled 
 to find the richest calculations of his bold spirit 
 more than realized ? 
 
 I have no more to say, except that this won- 
 derful man died at London in the year 1631, in 
 
JOHN SMITH. 201 
 
 the fifty-second year of his age, and to add his 
 own melancholy story after all his struggles. 
 "I have" (says he) " spent five years and more 
 than five hundred pounds in the service of Vir- 
 ginia and New England, and in neither of them 
 have I one foot of land, nor the very house I 
 built, nor the ground I digged with my own 
 hands ; but I see those countries shared before 
 me, by those who know Ihem only by my de- 
 scriptions." 
 
 THE END. 
 
 
^ 
 
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 you may be encouraged to goon, and give them all to us. You 
 will dignify the art of printing, and you will do great service to the 
 hf St interest of the country." In a letter received from Bishop 
 Whitfingham, he says, "I had forgotten to express my very great 
 satisfaction at your commencement of a series of Devotional 
 Works, lately republished in Oxford." The publishers beg to state 
 while in so short a time this library has increased to so many vol- 
 um-s, they are encouraged to make yet larger additions, and ear- 
 nestly hope it may receive all the encouragement it deserves. 
 
 MEDITATIONS ON THE SACRAMENT. 
 
 Godly Meditations upon the most Holy Sacrament of the Lord's 
 Supper. By Christopher Sutton, D. D., late Prebend of West- 
 minster, 1 vol. royal IGmo., elegantly ornamented. 
 
 " Tliis very hanrtsome volume forms one anJ a highly favourable specimen 
 of tliat v.Unable series of religioas urnrkswith whioii \!essrs. Applelon <S Co. ol 
 this city liave favoured the public. Of ihe work itself it is difficult to speak tn» 
 liiglily, ami of the publishers' part, it is only necessary to say that it is got up 
 ;■! the same fine style that characterizes, almost without exception, every publv- 
 cation that corues from their hands."' — N. Y. Courier and Enquirer. 
 
 "We announced in our last number the republication in this country, ot 
 Sutton's ' Medit-nions on the Lord's Supper,' and having since read the work 
 ire prepared to recommend it warmly and wiihotat qualification to inc peru^ai r» 
 our readers. It is purely practical : the doctrine of the Eucharist being touched 
 upon only in io far as was necessary to guard against error. Its standard of 
 piety is very high, and the helps wliich it affords to a de\'oat particip.iiion of 
 the holy sacrament of which it treats, .should nial<e it the inseparable conipanion 
 of every communicant. We know indeed tJf no work on the suujecl that can in all 
 respects be conipaired with it; and U>r its agency in promoting that advancement in 
 holines.s alter which every Christian should strive, have no hesitation in classing ii with 
 the Treatise on ' Holy Living and Dying,' of Ei^hop Taylor, and the 'Sacra Privata,' 
 of Bishop Wilson. The period at which the book was written will account for, and 
 excuse what in the present age would be regarded as defects of style ; but these are 
 fewer than might have been expected, and aie soon lost sight of in the contemplation 
 of the many and great excellencies with which it abounds. The publishers have done 
 good service to the country in the publication of this work, which is a beauliful reprint 
 of the Oxford edition, and we are glad to learn that it will he speedily followed by lh« 
 •Disce Yivere ' *u(i ' Disce Mori ' of the same author."— Conner of the Crost. 
 
 SACRA PRIVATA : 
 
 THE 
 
 Private meditations, I>erotions, and Prayers 
 
 Of the Right Rev. T. Wilson, D. D., Lo d Bishop of Soder and Man, 
 First complete edition. 1 vol. royal l6mo., elegantly ornamentett 
 
 "The Messrs. Appleicn liave brought out, inelegant style, Wilson'i' Sacr^ 
 Privaia' entire The reprint is an honour to the American pie-s. The work itsel* 
 is, perhaps, o:i the whoic, the best devoijonal irealise iu the langujge, aud it u«W 
 
APPLETON'S DEVOTIONAL LIBRARY. 1 1 
 
 Appears in a dress worthy of iis character. Jt has never before ir. this country 
 been priiilcd entire. We siiall say more another lime, hui for the present will only 
 urge npou every reader, from niotiv.s of duty and interest, tor private benefit and 
 public good, to go to Appleioii's ard buy the book. Buy good books, shuu the 
 tioubtful, and burn tlie bad." — Neio-York Churchman. 
 
 HEART'S EASE, 
 
 OR A REMEDY AGAINST ALL TROUBLES; 
 WITH A CONSOLATORY DISCOURSE, 
 Particularly addressed to those wlio have lost their friends And dear 
 relations. By Symon Patrick, D. D , sometime Lord Bishop of 
 Ely. 1 vol. royal 16mo., elegantly ornamented. 
 
 A DISCOURSE CONCERNING PP.A.YEP. 
 
 And the Prequenting Daily Public Prayers. By Symon Patrick, 
 D. D , sometime Lord Bishop of Ely. Edited by Fi-ancis E. Pa- 
 get, M. A Chaplain to the Lord Bishop of Oxford. 1 vol. royal 
 16mo., elegantly ornamented. 
 
 ' 1 would suifgesi, whetner there can be a more useful present than a good 
 >ook ? And to those who think with me in this matter, I would rerommend lwi> 
 »ery pre'.ly volumes in e\teriial appearance, whilst they are most excellent !•■. their 
 contents. Tliey are both by the same author, Bishop Hntricft, the one ' On Pray- 
 er,' and the clier entitled ' Heart's Kase ; or a Remedy asaiiisi all Troubles.' It 
 was observed by the dis'inguished ' ecil, that lie had a ^helf in his book case upon 
 which h." was ai;i.ustomed to place ' tried authors ;' that is, authors whose opi- 
 nions he had examined and judged to b- worthy of confidence. 'I'hese volumes are 
 of siicli a chuacler ; and if this article shall be read by one who is wiiling to give 
 ills friend* some useful ins'.rucliori with regard to the nature, duty, and ;'dvantag> s 
 of prayer, in all its bi a i. die?, he will find it in the first named Volume ; or if the 
 reader has a friend in afttictioa, he m ly perhaps relieve the sorrows of the openirg 
 your bv placing in the hands of that friend the volume eutitled ' Heart's Ease' "— 
 New-York AinerUan. 
 
 Z,E^IIJ%' TO niE, 
 
 Disce Mori, Learn to Die, a Religious Discourse, moving every 
 Christian man to enter into a serious remembrance of his end. 
 By Christopher Sutton, D. D. sometime Prebend of Westmin- 
 ster. 1 vol. 16mo, elegantly printed. 
 
 THOUGHTS IN PAST YEARS. 
 
 A beautiful collection of Poetry, chiefly Devotional. By the author 
 of "The Cathedral." 1 vol. royal 16mo., elegantly piinted. 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLISH CHURCH ; 
 Or Christian History of England in early British, Saxon, and Norman 
 Times. By the Rev. EdwardChurton, M. A. — — Printed uni- 
 form in size and binding with tliis library. 
 
 HAM^S PAROCHIAL SERMOIS. 
 
 Sermons to a Country Congregation. By Augustus William Hare 
 A. M., late Fellow of New College and Rector of Alton Barnea. 1 
 vol. royal 8vo. 
 
 " Anv one who can be pleased with delicacy of thought eicpressed in the moxt 
 simple language — any one who can feel the charm of finding praclicil duties elu- 
 cidated and enforced by apt and varied illustrations — wiil be delighted with thi» 
 volume, which preecnis US withibe workings of a pious aod highly gifted miMi." 
 ^-^uarterly Review. 
 
12 
 
 VALUABLE WORKS 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. 
 
 OC?^ Parents may with entire safety place in the 
 hands of their Children any of these cheap, yet 
 eleirant Publications. 
 
 -&'- 
 
 TALES FOR THE PEOPLE AND THEIR CHILDREN. 
 
 UZy The greatest care is taken in selecting the works of this popu- 
 lar series. Each volume is illustrated with an elegant frontis- 
 piece, and bound in superior style. 
 
 The following are now ready — to be had separately, or m uniform 
 sets : 
 
 THE POPLAR GROVE ; or, Little Harry and his 
 Uncle Benjamin. By Mrs. Copley. 
 
 EARLY FRIENDSHIPS ; by Mrs. Copley. 
 
 THE PEASANT AND THE PRINCE; by Har- 
 riet Martineau. 
 
 NORWAY AND THE NORWEGIANS ; or, Feats 
 of the Fiord. By Harriet Martineau. 
 
 MASTERMAN READY; or, the Wreck of the 
 Pacific. Written for Young People, by Captain 
 Marryat. 
 
VALUABLE WORKS FOR THE YOUNG. J3 
 
 THE LOOKING-GLASS FOR THE MIND ; or. 
 Intellectual Mirror. An elegant collection of 
 Delightful Stories and Tales : many plates. 
 
 HOPE ON, HOPE EVER ; or, the Boyhood of Fe- 
 lix Law. By Mary Howitt. 
 
 STRIVE AND THRIVE; a Tale. By Mary 
 Howitt. 
 
 SOWING AND REAPING ; or, What will Come 
 of It ? By Mary Howitt. 
 
 WHO SHALL BE GREATEST ? a Tale. By 
 Mary Howitt. 
 
 WHICH IS THE WISER? or, People Abroad. 
 By Mary Howitt. 
 
 THE DANGERS OF DINING OUT ; or. Hints to 
 those who would make Home Happy. To which 
 is added the Confessions of a Maniac. By Mrs. 
 Ellis. 
 
 SOMERVILLE HALL ; or. Hints to those who 
 would make Home Happy. To which is added 
 the Rismg Tide. By Mrs. Ellis. 
 
 THE TWIN SISTERS : a Tale. By Mrs. Sandham. 
 
 THE TWO DEFAULTERS : a Tale. By Mrs. 
 Griffith, of New York. 
 
 Several other popular works are in preparation. 
 
 SPRING AND SUMMER. 
 
 The Juvenile Naturalist, or Walks in the Country. By the Rev. 
 B. H. Draper. A beautiful volume, with fifty plates. 1 vol. 
 square, handsomely bound. 
 
 AUTUMN AND WINTER. 
 
 The Juvenile Naturaliat, or Walks in the Country. By the Rev. 
 B. H. Draper. A beautiful volume, with many plates, uniform 
 •with " Spring and Summer." 
 
14 VALUABLE "WORKS FOR THE YOUNG. 
 
 PICTORIAL LIFE OF NAPOLEON. 
 
 History of Napoleon Bonaparte, translated from the Frennh of M 
 Laurent de L'Ardeche, with five hundred spirited illustrations 
 after desiyjns by Horace Vernet, and twenty origfinal Portraits 
 engraved in the bf^st style. Complete in two handsome volumes, 
 octavo, about five hirndred pages each. 
 
 PICTOE-IAL ROBINSON CRUSOE. 
 
 The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. By Daniel De Foe 
 With a Memoir of the Author, and an Essay on his Writingfs, il- 
 lustrated with nrarly five hundred spirited Engravings by the 
 celebrated French artist, Grandville, forming one elegant volume 
 octavo, of 500 pages. 
 
 PICTORIAL VICAR OF WAKEFIELD. 
 
 The Vicar of Wakefield. By Oliver Goldsmith. Elegantly illus- 
 trated with nearly two hundred Engravings, making a beautiful 
 volume octavo, of about 300 pages. 
 
 THE STORY OF JOAN OF ARC ; 
 
 By R. M. Evans. One elegant volume, with many plates. A truly 
 interesting Historical Juvenile. 
 
 EVENINGS WITH THE CHRONICLERS ; 
 
 OR, UNCLE RUPERT'S TALES OF CHIVALRY. 
 By R. M. Evans. Many Illustrations, uniform with Joan of Arc. 
 
 GEMS FROM TRAVELLERS ; 
 
 Illustrative of various passages in Holy Scripture, with nearly one 
 hundred Engravings. Among the authorities quoted will be 
 found the following distinguished names : Harmer, Labnrde, 
 Lane, Madden, Clarke, Pooocke, Chandler, Malcolm, Hartley, 
 Russell, Jowitt, Carne, Shawe, Morier, Niebuhr, Bruce, Calmet, 
 H. Blunt, Belzoni, Lord Lindsay, &c. 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 MY SON'S MANUAL ; 
 
 Comprising a Summary View of the Studies, Accomplishments, 
 and Principles of Conduct best suited for promoting Respecta- 
 bility and Success in Life. Elegantly engraved Frontispiece. 
 1 vol. 18mo. 
 
 MY DAUGHTER'S MANUAL ; 
 
 Comprising a Summary View of Female Studies, Accomplish 
 nients, and Principles of Conduct. Beaut^ul Frontispiece. 1 
 vol. 18mo. 
 
VALUABLE WORKS FOR THE YOUNG. 15 
 
 A GIFT FROM FAIPvY LAND; 
 
 By the late Secretary of the Navy. Illustrated by 100 unique 
 original plates, by Chapman, elegantly bound. 1 vol. 12nio. 
 
 THE YOUNG MAN FROM HOME ; 
 
 In a series of Letters, especially directed for the mural advance- 
 ment of Youth. By the Rev. Joha Angell James. Fifth edi- 
 tion. 1 vol. 18mo. 
 
 MINIATURE CLASSICAL LIBRARY. 
 
 Great pains has been bestowed in the selection of this unique Li- 
 brary. It will comprise the best works of our venerated au- 
 thors ; published in an elegant form., with a beautiful frontis- 
 piece, tastefully ornamented. The following are now ready : 
 
 GOLDSMITH.— -Essay. By Oliver Goldsmith. 
 
 GOLDSMITH The Vicar of Wakefield. By Oliver 
 
 Goldsmith. 
 JOHNSON — The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia, 
 
 a Tale. By Samuel Johnson, LL. D. 
 COTTIN. — Elizabeth, or tlie Exiles of Siberia. By Madame 
 
 CoTTiN. The extensive popularity of this little Tale is 
 
 well known. 
 ST. PIERRE.— Paul and Virginia; From the French of J 
 
 B. H. De St. Pierre. 
 
 PURS GOLD from the Rivers of Wisdom — A collectiou 
 of short extracts on religious subjects from the older writers — 
 Bishop Hall, Sherlock, Barrow, Paley, Jeremy Taylor, &c. 
 
 TOKEX OF REMEMBRANCE. 
 
 TOKEX OF AFFECTION. TOKEN OF 
 
 FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 Each Yolunie consists of appropriate Poetical extracts from thq 
 principal writers of the day. 
 
16 Works Puilisnca Oy If. Apptclon <Sf Co. 
 
 A LIBRARY FOR IVIY YOUNG COUNTRYIYIEN. 
 
 A series of instructive works adapted to the youthful mind, of 
 a character associated with the annals of our country, has long 
 been wanted. This Library is intended to comprise sketches 
 of the Lives, Adventures and Discoveries of the early founders 
 of America ; also the lives of distinguished men connected 
 with American history of more modern date: it is likewise 
 intended to include some approved works of English autliors, 
 re-edited with additions and explanatory notes. The whole 
 charge of the Library is confided to the hands of the popular 
 author of " Uncle Philip's'' " Whale Fishery," " Lost Green- 
 land," t}"C 4"^- 
 
 The following commence the Series: 
 
 THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF HENRY HUDSON; 
 
 By the author of " Uncle PhiUp's," " Virginia," &c. 
 
 ADVENTURES OF CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH ; 
 
 Founder of Virginia. By the autiior of " Henry Hudson," &c. 
 
 DAWNINGS'OF GENIUS; 
 
 By Anne Pratt, author of " Flowers and their Associations," &c. 
 
 LIFE AND adventures'^" OP HERIIAN CORTES; 
 
 By the author of the " Adventures of Captain John Smith," &c 
 
 THE CROFTON BO YS ; 
 
 A Tale for Youth. Ey Harriet Martineau. author of "The Peasant 
 and the Prince," " Norway and the Norwegians," &c. 
 
 Tliis truly interesting and instructive work forms the sixteenth vo- 
 lume of tne popular series of "Tales for the People and their 
 Children." 
 
 THE OLD OAK TREE; 
 
 A most interesting little volume of practical instruction for youth ; 
 illustrated with nearly fifty plates. 
 
 "This volume comprises a series c'T twelve familiar discourses or corjversntions 
 which look pUr.e on as many SabbaUi al'letnoons, a pious ohl bljnd man bem^ tlie chief 
 speaker, it h by the author of ' John Hardj-,' ' The Footman,' <&r.. and is published 
 under the direction of the Society for the promotion of Christian Knowlrtlpe. The 
 
 iitecepts conveyed aie altogether uuc.vfeptionablc. and the whole volume is >vt;llcalcik 
 ated to prove attractive with childrsp." — Sul. Chronicle. 
 
 78 ii 
 
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