TX 
 
 663 
 .R^8 
 
 
 QUESTION 
 
 AND 
 
 CLASS BOOK 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Philadelphia Cooking ScHOOi 
 
 MRS. S. T. RORER 
 
 fRlNCIPAU 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
QUESTION 
 
 AND 
 
 CLASS BOOK 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Philadelphia Cooking School 
 
 152s CHESTNUT STREET 
 
 f><vf MRS. S. T. RORER 
 
 ^'^ 
 
 PRINCIPAL 
 
 Press of 
 
 George H Buchanan and Company 
 
 420 Library Street 420 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 \^ V 
 
t 
 
 w 
 
 V? 
 
 3 
 
 ^-0 
 
 ^ 
 
 Copyright, 1887 
 By Mrs. S. T. Rorf.r 
 
NOTE 
 
 When entering upon the practice of my profession, I was 
 greeted with many important questions, relating to the chemis- 
 try of food, as well as those pertaining to its special prepara- 
 tions. These ever- recurring questions were "dotted down" — 
 hence this little Class Book. 
 
 While I fully realize that the questions herein contained, 
 are not the only ones that might come up in household chem- 
 istry lessons, they do cover the most important and useful 
 subjects. Little attempt has been made to classify the ques- 
 tions ; one being so nearly related to the other, they form a 
 common whole. 
 
 In Class a certain number of questions are given each 
 pupil, who is required, not only to write the answers, but to 
 give a practical demonstration of each. 
 
 The Training Classes are under special instructions, and 
 graded diplomas will be awarded pupils passing the examina- 
 tion. 
 
 Terms, $io per quarter of twelve lessons. Materials 
 extra. Private lessons $2 per hour. 
 
 Gratuitous lessons will be given to working women, who 
 sign the papers for a three months' course. By this offer we 
 hope to prove that cooking can be made profitable as a trade. 
 
 The according of graded diplomas will, we believe, in a 
 few years effect a change of great importance to housekeepers 
 and household help. 
 
 S. T. R. 
 
Class Book 
 
 I What is a range ? 
 
 2 What is a stove ? 
 
 3 What is the difterence between a range and a stove ? 
 
 4 Describe the draught of a chimney. 
 
 5 Why do new chimneys smoke ? 
 
 6 What is the difference between a flue and a chimney ? 
 
 7 What is fuel ? 
 
8 What is necessary to kindle a fire? 
 
 9 For kindling coal which is the best, hard or soft wood ? 
 
 lO Explain the difference between hard and soft wood. 
 
 1 1 What takes place after the combustive process has 
 commenced? 
 
 12 Is the substance of the fuel destroyed? 
 
 1 3 What becomes of it ? 
 
 14 Why do soft woods burn more readily than hard woods? 
 
 15 What is coal ? 
 
5 
 1 6 Describe the different kinds. 
 
 17 Which would you use for cooking purposes? 
 
 18 Which is best for cooking, large or small coal? 
 
 19 Why must we use wood to kindle coal ? 
 
 20 How should a fire be " fixed " to keep over night? 
 
 21 Why does a coal fire remain stationary after it is 
 " fixed " ? 
 
 22 Why must you have an excess of air to kindle a coal 
 fire ? 
 
 23 Is it necessary to use lighter material for kindling wood? 
 
6 
 
 24 Describe coke — charcoal. 
 
 25 What fuel produces the largest amount of heat? 
 
 26 What is crasoline ? 
 
 27 Describe a gasoline stove, and tell how to use it. 
 
 28 What is coal oil? 
 
 29 Describe a coal oil stove, and tell how to use it. 
 
 30 What is gas ? 
 
 31 Describe gas stoves, and tell how to use them. 
 
7 
 32 Which is best, and why? 
 
 33 Do coke and charcoal require different drafts from other 
 fuel ? 
 
 34 Describe the process of building fires. 
 
 35 Describe the different kinds of cooking utensils. 
 
 36 What vessels are best to keep their contents warm? 
 
 })'] Write a list of all necessary utensils in a well-furnished 
 kitchen. 
 
 38 Name the different kinds of materials used in cooking 
 utensils. 
 
 39 Which is best, and why ? 
 
40 Describe a double boiler, and give its uses. 
 
 41 What is the chief objection to iron for kitchen utensils? 
 
 42 What are the objections to copper ? 
 
 43 How can you protect copper utensils — and iron ? 
 
 44 Is zinc ever used for cooking purposes; if so, why? 
 
 45 What might be called perfect cooking utensils ? 
 
 46 What is the composition of these utensils ? 
 
 47 What may be said of the glazing on earthen vessels ? 
 
48 Describe the method of cleaning these various utensils. 
 
 49 How are alimentary principles divided ? 
 
 50 What are simple aliments ? 
 
 5 I What are compound aliments ? 
 
 52 What are the non-nitrogenous — and what the nitro- 
 genous ? 
 
 53 What other element have we which belongs to neither? 
 
 54 What is one of the most important properties of water ? 
 
 55 What is this combination called? 
 
10 
 
 56 What is a saturated solution ? 
 
 57 Has water the power to dissolve all substances? 
 
 58 Does it act alike on all substances? 
 
 59 Which dissolves a solid substance more readily, hot or 
 cold water ? 
 
 60 How must you proceed to dissolve salt and sugar 
 quickly ? Why ? 
 
 61 Is there any perfectly pure natural water? 
 
 62 Which of the natural waters is the least contaminated ? 
 
 63 Why is boiled water flat to the taste ? 
 
11 
 
 64 How can you tell the difference between hard and soft 
 water ? 
 
 65 For cooking green vegetables, would you use hard or 
 soft water ? For dry vegetables ? 
 
 66 If hard water was not at hand, how would you proceed 
 to make it — and soft ? 
 
 67 For cooking meats would you use hard or soft water ? 
 
 68 Can meat always be cooked in water ? 
 
 69 Is the temperature of boiling water always the same ? 
 If not, why ? 
 
 70 What occurs in boiling? 
 
 71 Of what do these bubbles consist? 
 
12 
 
 72 Where are the bubbles formed ? 
 
 73 Do they rise to the top of the water ? 
 
 74 
 
 What becomes of them ? 
 
 75 What happens after the heat continues long enough for 
 these bubbles to rise to the surface and escape into 
 the air ? 
 
 76 What influence has the air pressure upon boiling ? 
 Why ? 
 
 J"] Does the weight of the liquid itself affect its boiling? 
 
 78 Does salt water boil at a higher or lower temperature ? 
 
 79 Is water boiling violently hotter than that which boils 
 moderately ? 
 
13 
 
 8o Does water boil if dropped on a highly heated metallic 
 surface ? Why ? Give an example ? 
 
 8 1 Does milk or water boil (bubble) in a double boiler? 
 
 82 What is the difference between boilincr and baking ? 
 
 83 Are things more wholesome boiled or baked? 
 
 84 How is starch affected by boiling? 
 
 85 What would you do with tough meat? 
 
 86 Give the chemical composition of meat. 
 
 87 How is it affected by boiling? 
 
14 
 
 88 What is the difference between boiHnfr and simmerinfr? 
 
 89 Can meat be thoroughly cooked at a lower temperature 
 than boiling-point ? 
 
 90 Give the proper methods for cooking meat in water. 
 
 91 What is simmering-point ? 
 
 92 What is the difference between baking and roasting? 
 
 93 Gi\'e the best method of baking meats. 
 
 94 Describe the oven dampers and their proper positions 
 while baking. 
 
 95 Which is more highly flavored, roasted or baked meat ? 
 Why? 
 
15 
 96 With what should meat be basted ? 
 
 97 Give the proper method of roasting and broihng meats, 
 and the difference. 
 
 98 Give the proper method of roasting and baking poultry 
 and eame. 
 
 99 What is rare meat ? Under-done ? Well-done ? 
 
 100 What is the proper temperature for roasting or baking? 
 
 10 1 Should the temperature be stationary throughout the 
 entire cooking; if so, why? 
 
 102 What is braising ? Describe the proper method. 
 
 103 What kind of meats are better braised? 
 
16 
 
 104 What is frying? 
 
 105 What is the proper temperature for frying ? 
 
 106 Are fried articles wholesome ? Why not ? 
 
 107 What material is best and most wholesome for frying 
 purposes ? 
 
 108 Which iieats more quickly, vegetable or animal oil? 
 
 109 Give the method for frying in vegetable oil. In animal 
 oil. 
 
 1 10 Do you fry in boiling fat? 
 
 1 1 1 What do fats contain when bubbles appear on the surface 
 ^ during the heating process? 
 
17 
 
 w 112 What causes the spattering and boiling as articles an 
 immersed ? 
 
 113 Must we have separate supplies of fat to fry fish, 
 croquettes, etc. ? 
 
 1 14 What utensils are necessary for frying? 
 
 1 1 5 What is cooking in a small quantity of fat called ? 
 
 1 16 Which is more palatable or wholesome, this or frying? 
 
 1 17 How do you clarify fat ? 
 
 1 18 What precautions should be taken while frying in fat ? 
 
 119 If a small quantity of fat is spilled and takes fire, what 
 is the best way of removing it? 
 
18 
 
 1 20 What sort of fat is best for frying doughnuts and fritters ? 
 Why ? 
 
 121 What is the most economical way of cooking meats? 
 
 122 By which process is the greater loss in weight? Why? 
 
 123 How great is that loss? 
 
 124 What is beef? Mutton? Veal? Lamb? Pork? 
 
 125 Tell how beef is divided. 
 
 126 What constitutes good beef? 
 
 127 What pieces are best for roasting or baking? Broiling? 
 Stewing ? Frying ? 
 
19 
 
 128 What piece would you select for mince meat? Soup? 
 Beef tea ? 
 
 129 Tell how mutton and lamb are divided. 
 
 130 What constitutes good mutton or lamb? 
 
 131 What pieces are best for roasting or baking? Broiling? 
 Stewing ? Frying ? 
 
 132 What piece would you use for mutton broth ? 
 
 133 Tell how veal is divided and what constitutes good veal. 
 
 134 What pieces are best for roasting or baking? Stewing? 
 Frying ? 
 
 135 Tell how pork is divided and what constitutes good pork. 
 
20 
 136 What pieces are best for roasting or baking ? Frying ? 
 
 137 What parts would be used for sausage? Lard? Bacon? 
 Larding pork ? FHtch ? Scrapple or puddings ? 
 
 138 What is souse ? 
 
 [39 What internal organs of animals are used for food? 
 
 140 Describe each and tell from what part of the animal 
 it is taken. 
 
 141 Give the proper methods of cooking each. 
 
 142 What is tripe ? What is said of its digestibility? 
 
 143 Which is the more easily digested, beef or mutton? 
 Why? 
 
21 
 
 144 Which is the more nutritious ? Why? 
 
 145 What is said of the digestibility of pork and veal? 
 
 146 What is fibrin ? 
 
 147 What is the difference between the juices and blood of 
 meat ? 
 
 148 What is the difference between suet and fat? 
 
 149 What is the thickening principle of soup? 
 
 150 What is gelatin? 
 
 151 Why does veal or lamb broth coagulate sooner in cool- 
 ing, than that of beef or mutton ? 
 
1 52 Would you use hot or cold water to make soup? Why ? 
 
 153 When should salt be added to meats in cooking? Why? 
 
 1 54 What gives odor and flavor to meats ? 
 
 155 To what class of foods do meats belong? 
 
 156 W^hat is said of the digestibility of warmed-over meats? 
 
 157 Which is the most wholesome way of serving them ? 
 
 158 Are the heads of animals ever used for food? 
 
 159 What is haggis? 
 
23 
 
 i6o What is com beef? What is dried beef? Give the best 
 methods of cooking-. 
 
 i6i Give the classification of vegetables. Give examples. 
 
 162 To what family does the potato belong? What condi- 
 ment belongs to the same family ? 
 
 163 Give the chemical composition of potatoes. 
 
 164 How are they affected by heat? 
 
 165 Which is the more healthful, baked or boiled potatoes? 
 
 166 Why do old potatoes wilt after sprouting? 
 
 167 Which are the more nutritious, old or new potatoes? 
 Why ? 
 
24 
 i68 What is the nutritious principle of potatoes? 
 
 169 Why are potatoes heavy and sodden if not boiled? 
 
 170 Is the juice of potatoes acid or alkaline? 
 
 171 Give the proper methods for cooking potatoes. 
 
 172 In boiling potatoes should you use hard or soft water? 
 Why ? 
 
 173 Why are fried potatoes indigestible ? 
 
 174 What are Jerusalem artichokes? 
 
 175 Describe the methods of cooking them. 
 
25 
 
 1/6 Describe the chemical composition of beets; turnips: 
 carrots; parsnips; salsify; horse-radish. 
 
 1/7 Give the proper methods of cooking each. 
 
 178 Do vegetables contain albumen and casein? 
 
 179 What is the difference between vegetable and animal 
 albumen and casein ? 
 
 180 Give the names of all veg-etables containing casein. 
 
 181 Give the chemical composition of the onion. 
 
 182 Give the different varieties of onions, and the best 
 methods of cookingf each. 
 
 183 What are leeks ? Chives ? Garlic ? 
 
•26 
 
 184 Give the difference between a Spanisli and an .American 
 onion. 
 
 185 How do you get onion juice? 
 
 186 Of what vecretables do we eat the leaves? 
 
 187 Give the chemical composition of each and the best 
 methods of preparing them. 
 
 188 What is the difference between water-cress and pepper- 
 era ss ? 
 
 189 Of what vegetables do we eat the stalks? 
 
 190 Give the chemical composition of each and the best 
 methods of preparing them. 
 
 191 What is asparagus ? 
 
192 Give its chemical composition and the best methods of 
 preparing it. 
 
 193 Of what vegetables do we eat the flowers? 
 
 194 Give the best methods of preparing each. 
 
 195 Of what vegetables do we eat the fruit? 
 
 196 Give their chemical composition and the best methods 
 of preparing each. 
 
 197 What is sauerkraut ? 
 
 198 What are chick peas? 
 
 199 What are lentils? 
 
2S 
 
 200 What are Brussels sprouts ? 
 
 201 What is kohl-rabi? 
 
 202 What are mushrooms ? Truffles? Morels? How can 
 you distinguish the poisonous from the edible ones? 
 
 203 What vegetable is more capable of sustaining life, weight 
 for weight, than an}' other kind of food? 
 
 204 Of what vegetables do we eat the seeds ? 
 
 205 Give the chemical composition of each and the best 
 methods of preparing them. 
 
 206 From what is oil produced ? 
 
 207 Is there any difference between vegetable and animal 
 oil ? If so, what is it ? 
 
29 
 2o8 What is the difference between oil and fat ? 
 
 209 What is the difference between a fixed and a volatile oil? 
 
 210 What vegetables produce the most oil 
 
 21 1 What animals produce the most oil ? 
 
 212 How do oils differ from other alimentary principles? 
 
 213 Do oils produce muscle or heat? 
 
 214 What is said of the digestibility of oil ? 
 
 215 What vegetables contain volatile oils? 
 
30 
 
 2i6 Name the cereals. 
 
 21/ Describe the wheat grain. Giv^e its chemical composition 
 and the processes of making it into flour. 
 
 2i8 How may the quality of flour be determined? 
 
 219 What is the indigestible portion of the wheat grain? 
 Why? 
 
 220 What articles of food are made from the glutenous part 
 of wheat ? 
 
 221 How does heat affect the starch cells of wheat? 
 
 222 What causes the variations in flour? 
 
 223 Why is fine flour white and whole flour dark? 
 
224 How does age affect flour? 
 
 225 What is farina ? 
 
 226 Give the best method of making white bread ; bran 
 bread. 
 
 227 What constitutes the perfect loaf? 
 
 228 Beside good flour and water, or milk, what other element 
 is necessary for bread ? 
 
 229 What is yeast? 
 
 230 Give the proper method of making yeast, and keeping it. 
 
 231 Why do you use potatoes for yeast? 
 
32 
 
 2T,2 To increase the growth of yeast, must you scald or 
 freeze it ? If so, why ? 
 
 233 Can any other ferments be used in making bread? If 
 so, describe them. 
 
 234 Give a recipe for salt-rising bread. 
 
 235 What is leaven ? 
 
 236 Why does bread made with leaven have an acid flavor? 
 
 237 Which is the best and most healthy ferment for daily 
 bread ? 
 
 238 In what temperature should the sponge be kept? 
 
 239 Why must it be thoroughly beaten ? 
 
33 
 
 240 About what amount of liquid will moisten four quarts 
 of flour? 
 
 241 What may be added to flour to make it hold more 
 water? 
 
 242 Why is dough elastic? 
 
 243 Why do we knead bread? Describe the whole process. 
 
 244 Why are the hands the best instruments for this purpose? 
 
 245 How do you know when to cease kneading? 
 
 246 What makes the dough rise ? 
 
 247 What is moulding? 
 
34 
 
 248 How can you tell when bread is ready for bakin<^ ? 
 
 249 At what temperature should the oven be? 
 
 250 How can the oven be tested without a thermometer? 
 2c; I How lonfT should bread be baked? 
 
 252 What is the difference between the crust and the crumb, 
 and what causes the difference ? 
 
 253 Why is the crust sweeter than the crumb? 
 
 254 How can you determine when the bread is done? 
 
 255 Why should bread be exposed to the air after it is 
 removed from the baking-pans? 
 
35 
 
 256 How should bread be cared for after it becomes cold? 
 
 257 Why does fermentation take place more quickly in bran 
 bread than white ? 
 
 258 What is rye? Describe the grain, and give its chemical 
 composition. 
 
 259 How may its nutritive quality be compared with that 
 of wheat? 
 
 260 Give the proper method of making rye bread. 
 
 261 Why is the method so entirely different from that of 
 wheat bread ? 
 
 262 What is corn ? Name the different kinds, and give their 
 chemical composition. 
 
 263 Give best methods of preparing green corn. 
 
36 
 
 264 Why will corn-meal not make loaf bread? 
 
 265 What is samp? Hominy? 
 
 266 How are they prepared ? 
 
 267 W' hy does corn-meal spoil quickly ? 
 
 268 What is the difference between white and yellow]|corn- 
 meal ? 
 
 269 Give recipe and example for a good corn bread. 
 
 270 What is mush ? Give recipe for making it. 
 
 271 Describe the oats grain, and give its chemical com- 
 position. 
 
37 
 
 2/2 How does it compare in point of nutritive value with 
 other ori-ains ? 
 
 273 Give recipe for oat-meal mush, with example. 
 
 274 What is groats ? 
 
 275 Describe the rice grain, and give its chemical com- 
 position. 
 
 276 What is said of its digestibility ? 
 
 277 What is the proper method of boiling it ? 
 
 278 What is barley ? Pearl barley ? 
 
 279 For what is pearl barley generally used ? 
 
38 
 
 28o Describe the buckwheat grain, and give its chemical 
 composition. 
 
 281 Gi\e the proper method for making buckwheat cakes. 
 
 282 What are fruits? 
 
 283 What fruits are most commonly used as articles of diet? 
 
 284 What is said of the nutrition of fruits ? 
 
 285 Why are fruits useful as foods? 
 
 286 Which is the most important of our native fruits? 
 
 287 Are apples important as regular diet? 
 
39 
 
 288 Are fruits usually cooked or eaten raw? 
 
 289 What are compotes ? 
 
 290 Give recipe for making apple sauce from fresh apples ; 
 from dried apples. 
 
 291 What is the best method of stewing prunes? Dried 
 peaches ? 
 
 292 How do you bake apples ? 
 
 293 Give method, with example, for fruit dumplings. 
 
 294 What is vegetable jelly or pectin ? 
 
 295 What is fruit jam ? 
 
40 
 
 296 Why do fruit jellies, if boiled too long, lose their 
 gelatinous properties ? 
 
 297 What is the difference between evaporated and dried 
 fruits ? 
 
 298 With what are fruit jellies usually adulterated 
 
 299 Give the chemical composition of milk. 
 
 300 What is said of its nutrition and digestibility? 
 
 301 What is the fatty matter of milk ? 
 
 302 Which is the most nutritious, skimmed or whole milk ? 
 
 303 At what temperature docs milk boil? 
 
41 
 304 What is the acid of milk ? 
 
 305 What is sugar of milk ? 
 
 306 What is the difference between raw and boiled milk ? 
 
 307 What is casein ? 
 
 308 What forms the thin skin covering boiled milk ? 
 
 309 Is it necessary for milk to boil for cooking purposes ? 
 
 310 Which is more healthful, sweet or sour milk ? 
 
 31 1 What is koumiss, and how is it made ? 
 
42 
 
 312 What is said of its digestibility? 
 
 313 Give full directions for making butter 
 
 314 Why does it become rancid ? 
 
 315 How do you clarify butter? 
 
 316 What is oleomargarine ? Butterine ? 
 
 317 How may you determine the difference between false 
 and true butter ? 
 
 3 1 8 What is bonny clabber ? 
 
 319 What is schmicr-kase? 
 
48 
 
 320 How is it prepared? 
 
 321 What is cheese ? 
 
 322 What may be said ot its nutrition and digestibility? 
 
 323 When should uncooked cheese be eaten ? 
 
 324 Which is more easily digested, cooked or uncooked 
 cheese ? 
 
 325 Give four popular methods of cooking cheese, with 
 examples of each. 
 
 326 What is the chemical composition of eggs? 
 
 327 What may be said of their nutrition and digestibility? 
 
44 
 
 328 At what temperature does the albumen coagulate? 
 
 329 Give the proper method for soft-boiling an egg. 
 
 330 Which cooks more quickly, the yolk or white? 
 
 331 How may you determine fresh eggs without breaking 
 them ? 
 
 332 Why does a good eg^ sometimes " rattle"? 
 
 333 Which is the most nutritious, the yolk or white? 
 
 334 How is the nutrition of eggs compared to that of beef? 
 
 335 What kind of eggs are usually employed for cooking 
 purposes ? 
 
45 
 
 336 Why do eggs become lighter as they grow older? 
 
 337 How may eggs be preserved during the winter season? 
 
 338 Give the most wholesome ways of cooking eggs. 
 
 339 What is the proper method of poaching an egi^? 
 
 340 Give the names of fish in common use. 
 
 341 Give the chemical composition of fish. 
 
 342 What is said of its nutrition ? 
 
 343 At what season are fish best for food ? 
 
46 
 
 344 How may you determine a fresh fish ? 
 
 345 What fish are best for boiling? Broiling? Frying? 
 Baking? Planking? 
 
 346 Give the proper method for boiling, frying, baking and 
 broilin"" fish. 
 
 347 Do fish contain albumen ? 
 
 348 How is the nutrition of fish compared to that of beef? 
 
 349 What causes the flesh of some fish to be white, and 
 that of others colored ? 
 
 350 Give the proper method of washing fish. 
 
 351 What effect docs the moon have upon fish? Why? 
 
47 
 
 352 What fish are best to salt? 
 
 353 What is the best method of freshening salt fish? 
 
 354 Give the best method of cooking, with example. 
 
 355 Give three methods of cooking salt cod. 
 
 356 What are eels? How should the}' be cleaned and 
 cooked ? 
 
 357 What fish have no scales ? 
 
 358 What is the edible part of frogs? 
 
 359 Give the best methods of preparing frogs. 
 
48 
 360 What fish have the oil distributed throu<jhout the body? 
 
 361 What are sardines ? Give the best method of cooking 
 them. 
 
 362 Name the shell-fish in common use. 
 
 363 Are shell-fish as nutritious and digestible as fish ? 
 
 364 Which is the most easil)- digested of the shell-fish? 
 
 365 What part of the oyster should be rejected as indigestible? 
 
 366 Describe the stomach and liver of the oyster. 
 
 367 What proportion of the oyster is liver? 
 
49 
 
 368 At what' season of the year are oysters not eatable? 
 Why ? 
 
 369 Give the popular methods of preparing, with example. 
 
 370 Give the proper method for boiling and opening a 
 
 lobster. 
 
 371 Should lobster be dead or alive before boiling? 
 
 372 When would you use male and when female lobsters? 
 
 373 In buying boiled lobsters, how may you determine 
 whether or not they were alive immediately before 
 boiline? 
 
 374 What is the coral of lobster ? 
 
 375 When are lobsters in season? 
 
5U 
 
 376 What is a " torn ally "? 
 
 377 What is the " lady " of the lobster ? 
 
 378 Give recipes, with examples, for common methods of 
 preparin^^ lobster. 
 
 379 What are crabs ? • Give methods of boiling and opening. 
 
 380 Give recipes of most common ways of preparing them. 
 
 381 What are soft-shell crabs, and how are they cooked? 
 
 382 What is the "apron " ? 
 
 383 Wiiat are craw-fish? 
 
51 
 
 384 What are prawns ? 
 
 385 What is the usual manner of preparing them? 
 
 386 What are shrimps ? What two kinds are usually sold 
 in our markets ? 
 
 387 What may be said of canned shrimps ? 
 
 388 Give the method of boiling and opening shrimps. 
 
 389 Give the best methods of preparing shrimps. 
 
 390 What are scallops ? How are they sold ? What part 
 is used for food ? 
 
 391 Give the best methods of cooking. 
 
52 
 
 39- What are mussels or soft clams? 
 
 393 At what season are they used ? Give the proper methods 
 of opening and cooking. 
 
 394 What are clams ? 
 
 595 What three varieties arc in common use ? 
 
 396 When are they in season ? 
 
 397 What may be said of their digestibility? 
 
 398 Which variety is best ? 
 
 399 Give the proper method of opening, and the best 
 methods of cooking them. 
 
53 
 
 400 What are terrapins ? 
 
 401 How are they sold, and when are they in season ? 
 
 402 What is the difference between diamond backs and other 
 varieties ? 
 
 403 What are red-legs ? 
 
 404 Give the method of boiHng and opening a terrapin, and 
 the best method of cookinsf. 
 
 405 How would you select a chicken? Turkey? Duck? 
 
 406 How can you tell the difference between a young and 
 an old turkey? Duck? Chicken? 
 
 407 Give the proper method of cleaning and trussing poultry 
 and crame. 
 
54 
 
 4o8 What are the giblets ? How are they cleaned ? 
 
 409 Give recipe for roasting and boiling a chicken. 
 
 410 What is a brown fricassee? White fricassee? 
 
 41 1 Give recipe for broiling a chicken. 
 
 412 What are capons? 
 
 413 What is the best method of cooking them ? 
 
 414 What is a galantine of turkey? 
 
 41 5 What is a salmi of duck ? 
 
55 
 4i6 How can you distinguish a young from an old goose? 
 
 417 What are guinea fowls, and how are they best cooked? 
 
 418 What is venison ? 
 
 419 What is said of its nutrition and digestibility? 
 
 420 Give three common methods of preparing it. 
 
 421 Give the proper method of cleaning rabbits or hares, 
 and the best methods of cookinsf them. 
 
 422 How may the fishy taste be removed from a wild duck ? 
 
 423 What varieties are considered best, and how may they 
 be distinguished ? 
 
0() 
 
 424 Name the birds in common use for cooking. 
 
 425 Describe each, and give its best methods of cooking. 
 
 426 Name the nuts in common use. Tell how and where 
 they grow. 
 
 427 What is said of their nutrition and digestibility. 
 
 428 What nuts are used for cooking purposes ? 
 
 429 What is tea? Give its chemical composition and active 
 principle. 
 
 430 Describe its growth. Name and describe each of the 
 different species. 
 
 43 1 Which is more healthful, green or black tea ? Why ? 
 1 
 
432 Show an example of the tea nearest perfect. 
 
 433 Why should tea always be made in an earthen vessel ? 
 
 434 Why should it not be boiled ? 
 
 435 Name the different kinds of coffee, and describe each 
 species. 
 
 436 Tell where and how it grows. 
 
 437 Give its chemical composition and active principle. 
 
 438 Give the best methods of making coffee. 
 
 439 Why should it not be boiled ? Are coffee and tea 
 infusions or decoctions ? Why ? 
 
58 
 440 Which is the more healthful, tea or coffee ? 
 
 441 What is chicory, and its uses ? How do chicory and 
 coffee differ in chemical composition ? 
 
 442 What is cocoa? Tell where and how it grows. 
 
 443 What is chocolate ? Broma ? Racahout ? Alkathrepta ? 
 
 444 Give their chemical composition. 
 
 445 What is the active principle of cocoa? 
 
 446 What is the best method of preparing each ? 
 
 447 What is tapioca ? Arrow-root ? Sago ? 
 
59 
 
 448 To what class of food do they belong ? 
 
 449 Name the different kinds of arrow-root. Which is best ? 
 
 450 Why called arrow-root? 
 
 45 1 What is corn-starch ? What are its uses ? 
 
 452 How many tablespoonfuls of pure corn-starch will 
 thicken a pint of milk for puddings ? 
 
 453 Give recipe for blanc mange. Chocolate pudding. 
 
 454 What is Irish moss? Iceland moss? 
 
 455 Give the chemical composition and their uses. 
 
60 
 456 What is sugar ? Giv^e adulterations. 
 
 457 How can you tell grape from cane-sugar? 
 
 458 What is maple-sugar? 
 
 459 What is caramel ? 
 
 460 Name the different kinds of sugar and tell their uses. 
 
 461 How do you clarify sugar? 
 
 462 What is honey ? Syrup ? Molasses ? 
 
 463 What kinds of molasses are best for cooking purposes ? 
 
61 
 464 Is sugar a preserver ? 
 
 465 What is the best method of determining the density of 
 sugar ? Give example of boiHng. 
 
 466 Can candy be made from uncooked sugar ? 
 
 467 What is salt? What is its chemical composition ? 
 
 468 What are condiments ? 
 
 469 How many kinds of pepper are used ? 
 
 470 What is white pepper ? Black ? Cayenne ? Bird ? 
 
 471 What are pepper-corns ? 
 
62 
 
 4/2 To what family does cayenne belong ? 
 
 473 Which are best, male or female nutmegs ? 
 
 474 What are nutmegs? Tell where and how they grow. 
 
 475 Why are nutmegs limed before exporting? 
 
 476 What is mace ? 
 t 
 
 477 What is curry powder? Give recipe for making. 
 
 478 What are coriander seeds ? Cumin seeds ? Fennel 
 seeds ? Anise seeds ? 
 
 479 What is turmeric ? 
 
63 
 
 480 What are cloves ? Describe the structure of the clove. 
 
 481 What is allspice ? By what other name is it known ? 
 
 482 What gives the grains their shriveled appearance ? 
 
 483 What is cinnamon ? How is it prepared ? 
 
 484 Where is it principally cultivated? 
 
 485 What other spice is usually mixed with it before 
 exportation ? 
 
 486 What is ginger? Where and how does it grow? 
 
 487 What is Jamaica ginger? 
 
64 
 488 What are its principal uses ? 
 
 489 What are mustard seeds ? 
 
 490 What is the difference between brown and white 
 mustard ? 
 
 491 What is mustard flour, and what are its principal uses ? 
 
 492 What are hops ? For what arc they used ? 
 
MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 What is the difference between isinglass and gelatin ? 
 
 What is glycerin ? 
 
 What is potato starch ? Flour ? 
 
 What is oat flour? 
 
 How many tablespoonfuls of flour will thicken a pint 
 of milk for sauce ? 
 
 How do you make French salad dressing ? 
 
 What is mayonnaise ? 
 
66 
 
 How do you pull candy? 
 
 How do you thaw meat or poultry ? 
 
 How do you use a salamander ? 
 
 What is gumbo fillet powder ? 
 
 What is vanilla, and for what is it used ? 
 
 How do you make vanilla sugar? 
 
 How do you make a jelly bag? 
 
 What is a pastry bag ? What are its uses ? 
 
67 
 How do you whip cream ? 
 
 How do you glace fruits ? 
 
 What is the best method for cleaning currants ? 
 
 Why does boiling water poured over dry gelatin 
 touehen it ? 
 
 What are orange baskets, and how are they made ? 
 
 How do you blanch and salt almonds ? 
 
 What is larding? How is it done? What meats are 
 best larded ? 
 
 What are lardoons ? 
 
68 
 Describe a lardintj needle and a trussine needle. 
 
 Why is lard better for greasing cake pans than butter? 
 
 Should you measure flour before or after sifting? 
 
 What is baking-powder ? 
 
 Give a formula for baking-powder made from tartaric 
 acid. Another from cream tartar. 
 
 If you put a cold article in an oven, while a cake is 
 baking, what will happen to the cake? 
 
 How should you look at a cake while it is baking? 
 
 How can \-ou tell when a cake is done? 
 
69 
 
 Do cakes containing butter require a moderate or hot 
 oven ? Cakes without butter ? 
 
 How should you turn a cake from the pan when done, 
 and where should you place it to cool ? 
 
 Give recipe and example for cake without eggs. 
 
 What are cookies ? Apees ? 
 
 What are buns ? Rusks ? 
 
 How do eggs produce lightness 
 
 What produces the lightness in pastry ? 
 
 Why must starch be cooked ? 
 
70 
 What changes are produced in fat by heat? 
 
 What may be said of the digestibiHt)' of pastry and 
 puddings ? 
 
 What is a pot pie ? 
 
 Describe a perfect kitchen. 
 
 What food should be kept in a refrigerator? A cellar? 
 A dry closet ? Dark ? Light ? 
 
 Why do foods spoil ? 
 
 What kind of refrigerator is best? 
 
 What kind of diet is best for brain workers ? 
 
71 
 
 What would be the consequence of an exclusive meat 
 diet? 
 
 Why does it take a polished surface longer to heat than 
 a rou"h one ? 
 
 Name all the vegetable acids, and tell in what vegetables 
 they may be found. 
 
 What flesh contains most fibrin ? 
 
 What is glue ? 
 
 What are leguminous seeds ? 
 
 Why cannot you make bread from bean meal ? 
 
 Why does a steel knife blacken in cutting apples ? 
 
Why do fruits decay quickly ? 
 
 How do ripe and unripe fruits differ in chemical 
 composition ? 
 
 What so-called " weeds " are edible ? 
 
 What is asparagin ? What vegetables contain it ? 
 
 What gives flesh its red color? 
 
 What causes dough to sour ? Can this sourness be 
 removed ? 
 
 Why Cannot you use yeast with molasses ? 
 
 What is dextrin ? 
 
73 
 
 What is rennet? How does it thicken milk ? 
 
 What is whey ? 
 
 What is clotted cream ? 
 
 How does salt act in preserving meats ? 
 
 What effect does it have upon the fibrin ? 
 
 What happens to vegetables soaked in salt water? 
 
 What flesh contains phosphorus ? 
 
 What kind of soup is most strengthening? 
 
74 
 Why are cakes less digestible than bread ? 
 
 What is vinegar, and from what is it produced ? 
 
 What is starvation ? 
 
 Why is ice water injurious ? 
 
 What are supposed to be brain nutriments? 
 
 Why should breakfast be eaten soon after rising? 
 
 Why are late suppers injurious? 
 
 What are liquid foods ? Solid foods? Semi-solid foods? 
 
75 
 Of what use are acids as aliments ? 
 
 Why do you use an acid in mayonnaise ? 
 
 What is the " mother " in vinegar ? 
 
 What is cacao butter ? 
 
 Why does cream come to the surface of the milk ? 
 
 What is the greatest quantity of oil that can be worked 
 into the yolk of one egg ? 
 
 How can mayonnaise be "brought back "? 
 
 How do albumen and oil differ in composition ? 
 
How do you wash meat and jelly bags ? 
 
 What is the general principle of cleansing ? 
 
 What is the difference in texture between woolen, cotton 
 and linen fabrics? 
 
 How would you remove oil stains from wood ? 
 
 What is cookery ? 
 
 Write six menus for breakfast, dinner and supper, of 
 simple, wholesome and nutritious food, with meat 
 and without. 
 
%. 
 
Courses of Study 
 
 Plain Course 
 
 Soup Stock 
 
 Baked Rib of Beef with York 
 
 shire Puddini,^ 
 Mashed Potatoes 
 
 First Lesson 
 
 I Cottage Puddin"- with Lemon 
 
 Sauce 
 Lima Beans 
 
 Second 
 
 Tomato Soup 
 
 Meat Croquettes 
 
 Broiled Steak, Tomato Sauce 
 
 Ril5l)on Potato 
 Custard Soufllc 
 
 Third 
 
 Potato Soup 
 
 Stew of Beef with Dumphngs 
 
 Cold Slaw 
 
 Macaroni a 1' Italienne 
 
 Boiled Rice 
 Sponge Cake 
 Tea 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Pea Soup 
 
 Boiled Leg of Mutton, 
 
 Sauce 
 Potato Salad 
 
 Caper 
 
 Carrots 
 Corn 
 
 Beauregard Eggs 
 Apple Dumplings 
 
 Puree of Carrots 
 Chinese Mutton 
 Scallop of Mutton 
 Curry of Mutton 
 
 Fifth 
 
 Mutton on Toast, Tomato Sauce 
 Spinach, Egg Dressing 
 Gingerbread 
 
82 
 
 Sixth 
 
 Plain Paste Chocolate Pie 
 
 Chicken Pie Oyster Pie 
 
 Apple Pie Patties 
 
 Seventh 
 
 Pircad Soda Biscuit 
 
 Parker House Rolls Muffins 
 
 Cinnamon Buns Coffee 
 
 Eighth 
 
 \'cgetablc Soup without Meat Parsnips 
 
 Veal Cutlets Baked Potatoes 
 
 Hominy Batter Pudding with Foam 
 
 Beets Sauce 
 
 Ninth 
 
 Fish Soup ' Mackerel, a In Maitre d' Hotel 
 
 Deviled Fish Sauce 
 
 Boiled Haddock Fish Balls 
 
 Cusk a la Creme Tapioca Cream 
 
 Tenth 
 
 Oyster Soup Broiled Oysters 
 
 Fried (Oysters Oyster Croquettes 
 
 Panned Oysters Oysters a la Bechamel 
 Scalloped Oysters 
 
 Eleventh 
 
 Mock Biscjuc Soup Rice Griddle Cakes 
 
 Plain Omelet Frizzled Beef 
 
 Lamb Chops Victoria Corn Cakes 
 Broiled Ham 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 Pepper Pot Potatoes, Hashed 
 
 Roast Chicken, (iiblet Sauce Eggs Fondu 
 
 Toad in Hole I Cheese Straws 
 
83 
 
 Advanced Course 
 
 Mock Turtle Soup 
 Fricassee of Chicken 
 Pilaff of Chicken 
 
 First Lesson 
 
 Boiled Rice 
 Orange Cream 
 Berwick Sponge Cake 
 
 Soup a la Reine 
 Chicken Crocjuettes 
 Chocolate Cake 
 
 Second 
 
 Lyonnaise Potatoes 
 Charlotte Russe 
 
 Third 
 
 Black Bean Soup 
 Fillet of Beef with Mushroom 
 Sauce 
 
 Scalloped Tomatoes 
 Delmonico Potatoes 
 Angel Cake 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Fish Chowder 
 
 Baked Haddock, Sauce Hol- 
 
 landaise 
 Fish Salad 
 
 Salmon Crociuettes 
 
 Smelts 
 
 Cream Merintrue 
 
 Fifth 
 
 Cream of Celery- Soup 
 Sweetbread Croc[uettes 
 Sweetbreads, Bechamel Sauce 
 
 Potato Croquettes 
 Pound Cake 
 Bavarian Cream 
 
 Sixth 
 
 Turkish Soup 
 Casserole of Chicken 
 Chicken Salad 
 
 Cheese Ramakins 
 Iced Rice Puddinc 
 pote of Fruit 
 
 with Com- 
 
84 
 
 Seventh 
 
 Oyster Loaf 
 Oyster Stew- 
 Oyster Cream 
 Oysters in (^il 
 Fricassee of Oysters 
 
 Panned Oysters 
 Little Pigs in Blankets 
 Broiled Oysters 
 Hamburg Cream 
 
 Eighth 
 
 Puff Paste 
 
 Oyster Patties 
 
 Richmond Maids of Honor 
 
 Rissoles 
 
 Lemon Custard 
 Marlboro Pies 
 i*incapj:)le Pie 
 
 Boiled Lobster 
 Deviled Lobster 
 Lobster Chops 
 
 Ninth 
 
 Lobster Salad 
 Wigwam Pudding 
 Sunsliine Cake 
 
 Potted Pigeons 
 Fricandeau of Veal 
 Chicken Fillets 
 
 Tenth 
 
 Grafton Cake 
 Orange Sherbet 
 
 Boned Turkey 
 Montrose Pudding 
 
 Eleventh 
 
 Salted Almonds 
 
 Braised Leg of Mutton 
 Hamburg Steaks 
 Strawberry Charlotte 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 Omelet Souffle 
 Spice Cake 
 
Fancy Course 
 
 Birds in Potato Cases 
 Baked Mushrooms 
 Veal Olives 
 
 First Lesson 
 
 Coffee Cake 
 Fruit Croquettes 
 
 Bouillon 
 
 Soutflc- of Chicken 
 
 Timbale of Chicken 
 
 Second 
 
 General Satisfaction 
 Queen Mab's Pudding 
 
 Consomme 
 Partridges on Toast 
 Macaroni Croquettes 
 
 Third 
 
 Potted Chicken 
 Tutti F^rutti 
 
 Puff Paste 
 Vol-au-Vent of Oysters 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Mirlitons 
 Pigeon Pie 
 
 Fifth 
 Truffled Turkey Stuffed with Chaud Froid of Chicken with 
 
 Chestnuts Aspic Jelly 
 
 Charlotte Russe 
 
 Beef a la Mode 
 Game Pie 
 
 Sixth 
 
 Iced Cake with a Compote of 
 
 Gages 
 Cafe au Lait 
 
 Seventh 
 
 Squabs and Peas 
 Terrapin 
 
 Stuffed Eggs 
 Baked Ice Cream 
 
86 
 
 Eighth 
 
 Fillet of Beef, Mushroom Sauce 
 Scallops 
 
 White Mountain Cake 
 Cafe Noir 
 
 Ninth 
 
 Baked Salmon, Sauce Holliind- 
 
 aise 
 Rolled Steak 
 
 l>ioiled Lobster 
 Frozen Apricots 
 
 Ragout of Wild Duck 
 Calf's Head 
 Sweetbread Cutlets 
 
 Tenth 
 
 Chicken Fillets 
 
 Supreme of Chicken 
 Fondu of I'armcsan 
 Krapfen 
 
 Eleventh 
 
 Chocolate Eclairs 
 Chocolate 
 
 Beef Grenadines 
 Asparagus in Ambush 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 Orange Baskets 
 
 Nesselrodc Tuddim 
 
H7 
 
 Pastry Course 
 
 Plain Paste 
 Lemon Pie 
 Lemon Custard 
 
 First Lesson 
 
 Peach Meringue 
 Rissoles 
 
 Puff Paste 
 
 Patties 
 
 Richmond Maids of Honor 
 
 Second 
 
 Raised Pie 
 Strawberry Meringue 
 
 Af pie Jellv 
 Preserved Pineapple 
 
 Third 
 
 Calf's Foot Jelly 
 Fruit Cake 
 
 English Plum Pudding 
 Pound Cake 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Bisque Ice Cream 
 
 Alaska Bake 
 Strawberry Souffle 
 
 Fifth 
 
 White Mountain Cake 
 Cafe Parfait 
 
 Apees 
 Jumbles 
 
 Sixth 
 
 Cream Puffs 
 Frozen Apricots 
 
 My Queen Pudding 
 Lady Cake 
 
 Seventh 
 
 Cocoanut Drops 
 Baba Pudding 
 
 French Fruit Pudding 
 Angels' Food 
 Montrose Puddingr 
 
 Eighth 
 
 Cheese Straws 
 Cheese Finders 
 
Ninth 
 
 Orange Marmalade Biscuits Glace 
 
 Orange Souffle, Frozen Dominoes 
 
 Tenth 
 
 Orange Cake, Vanilla Sauce | Cafe Frappe 
 
 Sherbet I Fruit (ilace 
 
 Eleventh 
 
 Macedoine of Fruit Ice Cream Cake 
 
 Shaddock Sherbet Kisses 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 Bombe Glace Charlotte Russe 
 
 Jumbles 1 Strawberry Bavarian Cream