wm !iiil vOO^ fj. y- ■'■^ 4^ O 0' '-0' ^ ,,^' ■■^> ..^'^^ "^A v^ vOO, s\^^ '^. xP ''''i-^ ■*r 0^ >0^ > ,s -r.,. ■<^.. .^' ...%' •^. '-. .^^ o 0^ <^./ Illinois HISTORICAL Editors : NEWTON BATE MAN, LL. D. PAUL SELBY, A. M. Wabash County BIOGRAPHICAL Editor: THEODORE G. RISLEY ILLUSTRATED CHICAGO MUNSELL PUBLISHING COMPANY 19 11 h Entered according to Act of Congress, in the years 1S94. 1S99. Ii*n0 and lyOn by WILLIAM W. MUNSELL. in the oflSce of the Librarian of Congress at Washington >t> ^^ .A Dubujj \\ /Furliy s ■3 m — *i St; — rr^— I — ■'-': \^ — '^s ^'° — c" "^ Ai.ci,in, ■;,tUi THe ILLINOIS RIVSK BASIN. TERRITORY IlRAIN'ED BV THE ILLINOIS RIVER. '^Tl.^^ 'TY, an extreme westerly county of the State, situated about midway between its northern and southern extremities, and bounded on the west by the Mississippi River. It was organized in 182.5 and named in honor of John Quincy Adams, the name of Quincy being given to the county seat. The United States Census of 1890 places its area at 830 sq. m. and its popula- tion at 61,888. The soil of tlie county is fertile and well watered, the surface diversified and liilly, especially along the Mississippi bluffs, and its climate equable. The wealth of the county is largely derived from agriculture, although a large amount of manufacturing is caiTied on in Quincy. Population (1900), 67,058. ADDAMS, John Huy, legislator, was bom at Sinking Springs, Berks County, Pa., July 12, 1832; educated at Trappeand Upper Dublin, Pa., and learned the trade of a miller in his youth, which he followed in later life. In 1844, Mr. Addams came to Illinois, settUng at Cedarville, Stephenson County, purchased a tract of land and built a saw and grist mill on Cedar Creek. In 1854 he was elected to the State Senate from Stephenson County, serving continuouslj' in that body by successive re-elections until 1870— first as a Whig and afterwards as a Republican. In 1865 he established the Second National Bank of Free- port, of which he continued to be the president until his death, August 17, 1881. — Miss Jane ( Addams), phi lanthropist , the founder of the " Hull House," Chicago, is a daughter of Mr. Addams. ADDISON, village, Du Page County; seat of Evangelical Lutheran College, Normal School and Orphan Asylum ; has State Bank, stores and public school. Pop. (1900), 591; (1904), 614. ADJl'TAXTS-GEXERAL. The office of Adju- tant-General for the State of Illinois was first created by Act of the Legislature, Feb. 2, 186.5. Previous to the War of the Rebellion the position was rather honorary than otherwise, its duties (except during the Black Hawk War) and its emoluments being alike unimportant. The in- cimibent was simply the Cliief of the Governor's Staff. In 1861, tlie post became one of no small importance. Those who held the office during the Territorial period were: Elias Rector, Robert Morrison, Benjamin Stephenson and Wm. Alex- ander. After the admission of Illinois as a State up to the beginning of the Civil War. the duties (which were almost wholly nominal) were dis- charged by Wm. Alexander. 1819 21 ; Elijah C. Berry, 1821 ^S: James W. Berry, 1828-39; Moses K. Anderson, 1889-57; Thomas S. Mather, 1858-61. In November, 1861, Col. T. S. Mather, who had held the position for three years previous, resigned to enter active service, and Judge Allen C. Fuller was appointed, remaining in office until January 1, 1865. The first appointee, under the act of 1865, was Isham N. Haj'nie, who held office until his death in 1869. The Legislature of 1869, taking into consideration that all the Illinois volunteers had been mustered out, and that the duties of the Adjutant-General had been materi- allj- lessened, reduced the proportions of the department and curtailed the appropriation for its support. Since the adoption of the military code of 1877, the Adjutant-General's office has occupied a more important and conspicuous posi- tion among the departments of the State govern- ment. The following is a list of those who have held office since General Haynie, with the date and duration of their respective terms of office: Hubert Dilger, 1869-73; Edwin L. Higgins, 1873-75; Hiram Hilliard, 1875-81; Isaac H. Elliot, 1881-84; Joseph W. Vance, 1884-93; Albert Oren- dorff, 189.3-96; C. C. Hilton, 1896-97; Jasper N. Reece, 1897 — . AGRICULTURE. Illinois ranks high as an agricultural State. A large area in the eastern portion of the State, because of the absence of timber, was called by the early settlers "the Grand Prairie."' Upon and along a low ridge beginning in Jackson County and running across the State is the prolific fruit-growing district of Southern Illinois. The bottom lands extending from Cairo to the mouth of the Illinois River are of a fertility seemingly inexhaustible. The cen- tral portion of the State is best adapted to corn, and the southern and southwestern to the culti- vation of winter wheat. Nearh' three-fourths of the entire State — some 42, 000 square miles — is up- land prairie, well siuted to the raising of cereals. In the value of its oat crop Illinois leads all the States, that for 1891 being S31, 106,674, with 3,068,- 930 acres under cultivation. In the production of corn it ranks next to Iowa, the last census (1890) showing 7,014,336 acres under cultivation, and the value of the crop being estimated at §86,905,510. In wheat-raising it ranked seventh, although the annual average value of the crop from 1880 to 1890 w-as a little less than .$29,000,- 000. As a live-stock State it leads in the value of horses (§83,000,000), ranks second in the produc- tion of swine (§30,000,000), third in cattle-growing (§32,000.000), and fourth in dairy products, the value of milch cows being e.stimated at §24,000,- 000. (See also Farmers Institute.) 12 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF. A department of the State administration which grew out of the organization of tlie Illinois Agri- cultural Society, incorporated by Act of the Legislature in 1853. The first appropriation from the State treasury for its maintenance was §1,000 per annum, "to be expended in the promotion of mechanical and agricultural arts." The first President was James N. Brown, of Sangamon County. Simeon Francis, al.so of Sangamon, was the first Recording Secretary ; John A. Kennicott of Cook, first Corresponding Secretary ; and John Williams of Sangamon, first Treasurer. Some thirty volumes of reports have been issued, cover- ing a variety of topics of vital interest to agri- culturists. The department has well equipped offices in the State House, and is charged with the conduct of State Fairs and the management of annual exhibitions of fat stock, besides the collection and dissemination of statistical and other information relative to the State's agri- cultural interests. It receives annual reports from all County Agricultural Societies. The State Board consists of three general officers (President, Secretary and Treasurer) and one representative from each Congressional district. The State appropriates some .$20,000 annually for the prosecution of its work, besides which there is a considerable income from receipts at State Fairs and fat stock shows. Between $30,000 and $2.5,000 per annum is disbursed in premiums to competing exhibitors at the State Fairs, and some SIO.OOO divided among County Agricultural Societies holding fairs. AKERS, Peter, D. D., Methodist Episcopal clergyman, born of Presbyterian parentage, in Campbell County, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was edu- cated in the common schools, and, at the age of 16, began teaching, later pursuing a classical course in institutions of Virginia and North Carolina. Having removed to Kentucky, after a brief season spent in teaching at Mount Sterling in that State, he began the study of law and was admitted to the bar in 1817. Two years later he began the publication of a paper called "The Star, " which was continued for a short time. In 1831 he was converted and joined the Methodist church, and a few months later began preaching. In 1833 he removed to Illinois, and, after a year spent in work as an evangelist, he assumed the Presidency of McKendree College at Lebanon, remaining during 1833-34; then established a "manual labor school" near Jacksonville, which he maintained for a few years. From 1837 to 1852 was spent as stationed minister or Presiding Elder at Springfield, Quincy and Jacksonville. In the latter year lie was again appointed to the Presidency of McKendree College, where he remained five years. He was then (1857) trans- ferred to the Minnesota Conference, but a year later was compelled by declining health to assume a superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois about 1865, he served as Presiding Elder of the Jacksonville and Pleasant Plains Districts, but was again compelled to accept a superannuated relation, making Jacksonville his home, where he died, Feb. 21, 1886. While President of Mc- Kendree College, he published his work on "Bib- lical Chronology, " to which he had devoted manj' previous years of his life, and which gave evi- dence of great learning and vast research. Dr. Akers was a man of profound convictions, exten- sive learning and great eloquence. As a pulpit orator and logician he probably had no superior in the State during the time of his most active service in the denomination to which he belonged. AKIN, Edward C, lawyer and Attorney-Gen- eral, was born in Will County, 111., in 1852, and educated in the public schools of Joliet and at Ann Arbor, Mich. For four years he was paying and receiving teller in the First National Bank of Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 and has continued in active practice since. In 1887 he entered upon his political career as the Republi- can candidate for City Attorney of Joliet, and was elected by a majority of over 700 votes, although the city was usually Democratic. The follow- ing year he was the candidate of his party for State's Attorney of Will County, and was again elected, leading the State and county ticket by 800 votes — being re-elected to the same office in 1893. In 1895 he was the Republican nominee for Mayor of Joliet, and, although opposed by a citizen's ticket headed by a Republican, was elected over his Democratic competitor by a deci- sive majority. His greatest popular triumph was in 1896, when he was elected Attorney-General on the Republican State ticket by a plurality over his Democratic opponent of 133,248 and a majority over all competitors of 111,255. His legal abilities are recognized as of a very high order, while his personal popularity is indicated by his uniform success as a candidate, in the face, at times, of strong political majorities. ALBANY, a village of Whiteside County, lo- cated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway (Rock Island branch). Population (1890), 611; (1900), 621. ALBION, county-seat of Edwards County, on Southern Railway, midway between St. Louis EXI'EItlMEXT FARM (THE VIXEYARD) UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. EXPERIMENT FARM (ORCHARD CULTIVATION) UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 13 and Louisville; seat of Southern Collegiate In- stitute; has plant for manufacture of vitrified shale paving brick, two newspapers, creamery, flouring mills, and is important shipping point for live stock; is in a rich fruit-growing district; has five churches and splendid public schools. Population (1900), 1,162; (est. 1904), 1,500. ALCORN, James Lusk, was born near Gol- oonda. 111., Nov. 4, 1816; early went South and held various offices in Kentucky and Mississippi, including member of the Legislature in each; was a member of the Mississippi State Conven- tions of 1851 and 1861, and by the latter appointed a Brigadier-General in the Confederate service, but refused a commission by Jefferson Davis because his fidelity to the rebel cause was doubted. At the close of the war he was one of the first to accept the reconstruction policy ; was elected United States Senator from Mississippi in 1865, but not admitted to his seat. In 1869 he was chosen Governor as a Republican, and two years later elected United States Senator, serving until 1877. Died, Dec. 20, 1894. ALDRICH, J. Frank, Congressman, was born at Two Rivers, Wis., April 6, 1853, the son of William Aldrich, who afterwards became Con- gressman from Chicago ; was brought to Chicago in 1861, attended the public schools and the Chi- cago Universitj-, and graduated from the Rensse- laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877, receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. Later he engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago. Becoming interested in politics, he was elected a member of the Board of County Commissioners of Cook County, serving as President of that body during the reform period of 1887; was also a member of the County Board of Education and Chairman of the Chicago Citizens' Committee, appointed from the various clubs and commer- cial organizations of the city, to promote the for- mation of the Chicago Sanitary District. From May 1, 1891, to Jan. 1, 1893, he was Commissioner of Public Works for Chicago, when he resigned his office, having been elected (Nov., 1892) a member of the Fifty-third Congress, on the Republican ticket, from the First Congressional District; was re-elected in 1894. retiring at the close of the Fifty-fourth Congress. In 1898 he was appointed to a position in connection with the office of Comptroller of the Currency at Washington. ALDRICH, William, merchant and Congress- man, was born at Greenfield, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1820. His early common school training was supple- mented by private tuition in higher branches of mathematics and in surveying, and by a term in an academy. Until he had reached the age of 26 years he was engaged in farming and teaching, but, in 1846, turned his attention to mercantile pursuits. In 1851 he removed to Wisconsin, where, in addition to merchandising, he engaged in the manufacture of furniture and woodenware, and where he also held several important offices, being Superintendent of Schools for three years. Chairman of tlie County Board of Supervisors one year, besides serving one term in the Legisla- ture. In 1860 he removed to Chicago, where he embarked in the wholesale grocery business. In 1875 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1876, chosen to represent his district (the First) in Congress, as a Republican, being re-elected in 1878, and again in 1880. Died in Fond du Lao, Wis., Dec. 3, 1885. ALEDO, county-seat of Mercer County ; is in the midst of a rich farming and bituminous coal region; fruit-growing and stock-raising are also extensively carried on, and large quantities of these commodities are shipped here; has two newspapers and ample school facilities. Popula- tion (1890), 1,601; (1900), 3,081. ALEXANDER, John T., agriculturist and stock-grower, was born in Western Virginia, Sept. 15, 1820; removed with his father, at six j'ears of age. to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1848. Here he bought a tract of several thousand acres of land on the Wabash Railroad, 10 miles east of Jacksonville, which finally developed into one of the richest stock-farms in the State. After the war he became the owner of the celebrated "Sullivant farm," comprising some 20,000 acres on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad in Champaign County, to which he transferred his stock interests, and although overtaken by re- verses, left a large estate. Died, August 22, 1876. ALEXANDER, Milton K., pioneer, was born in Elbert Count}-, Ga., Jan. 23, 1796; emigrated with his father, in 1804, to Tennessee, and, while still a boy, enlisted as a soldier in the War of 1812. serving under the command of General Jackson until the capture of Pensacola, when he entered upon the campaign against the Semiuoles in Florida. In 1823 he removed to Edgar County. 111., and engaged in mercantile and agricultural pursuits at Paris; serving also as Postmaster there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court from 1826 to '37. In 1826 he was commissioned by Governor Coles, Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, Illinois State Militia; in 1830 was Aide-de-Camp to Gov- ernor Reynolds, and, inl832, took part in the Black 14 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Hawk War as Brigadier-General of the Second Brigade, Illinois Volunteers. On the inception of the internal improvement scheme in 1837 he was elected by the Legislature a member of the first Board of Commissioners of Public Works, serving until the Board was abolished. Died. July 7, 1856. ALEXANDER, (Dr.) William M., pioneer, came to Southern Illinois previous to the organi- zation of Union County (1818), and for some time, while practicing his profession as a physician, acted as agent of the proprietors of the town of America, which was located on the Ohio River, on the first high ground above its junction with the Mississippi. It became the first county-seat of Alexander County, which was organized in 1819, and named in his honor. In 1820 we find him a Representative in the Second General Assembly from Pope County, and two years later Representative from Alexander County, when he became Speaker of the House during the session of the Third General Assembly. Later, he removed to Kaskaskia, but finally went South, where he died, though the date and place of his death are unknown. ALEXANDER COUNTY, the extreme southern county of the State, being bounded on the west by the Mississipppi, and south and east by tlie Ohio and Cache rivers. Its area is about 230 square miles and its population, in 1890, was 16,- 563. The first American settlers were Tennessee- ans named Bird, who Occupied the delta and gave it the name of Bird's Point, which, at the date of the Civil War (1861-65), had been transferred to the Missouri shore opposite the mouth of the Ohio. Other early settlers were Clark, Kennedy and Philips (at Movmds), Conyer and Terrel (at Amer- ica), and Humphreys (near Caledonia). In 1818 Shadrach Bond (afterwards Governor), John G. Comyges and others entered a claim for 1800 acres in the central and northern part of the county, and incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo." The history of this enterprise is interesting. In 1818 (on Comyges' death) the land reverted to the Government; but in 1835 Sidney Breese, David J. Baker and Miles A. Gilbert re-entered the for- feited bank tract and the title thereto became vested in the "Cairo City and Canal Company," which was chartered in 1837, and, by purchase, extended its holdings to 10,000 acres. The county was organized in 1819; the first county- seat being America, which was incorporated in 1820. Population (1900), 19,384. ALEXIAN BROTHERS' HOSPITAL, located at Chicago; established in 1860. and under the management of tlie Alesian Brothers, a monastic order of tlie Roman Catholic Church. It was originally opened in a small frame building, but a better edifice was erected in 1868, only to be de- stroj-ed in the great fire of 1871. The following year, through the aid of private benefactions and an appropriation of §18.000 from the Chicago Re- lief and Aid Society, a larger and better hospital was built. In 1888 an addition was made, increas- ing the accommodation to 150 beds. Only poor male patients are admitted, and these are received without reference to nationality or religion, and absolutely without charge. The present medical staff (1896) comprises fourteen physicians and sur- geons. In 1895 the close approach of an intra- mural transit line having rendered the building unfit for hospital purposes, a street railway com- panj- purchased the site and buildings for §250,- 000 and a new location has been selected. ALEXIS, a village of Warren County, on the Rock Island & St. Louis Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 12 miles east of north from Monmouth. It has manufactures of brick, drain-tile, pottery and agricultural imple- ments; is also noted for its Clydesdale horses. Population (1880), 398; (1890), 562; (1900), 915. ALGON(Jl'INS, a group of Indian tribes. Originally tlieir territory extended from about latitude 37' to 53° north, and from longitude 25° east to 15° west of the meridian of Washington. Branches of the stock were found by Cartier in Canada, by Smith in "Virginia, by the Puritans in New England and by Catholic missionaries in the great basin of the Mississippi. One of the prin- cipal of their five confederacies embraced the Illinois Indians, who were foimd within the State by the French when the latter discovered the country in 1673. They were hereditary foes of the warlike Iroquois, by whom their territory was repeatedly invaded. Besides the Illinois, other tribes of the Algonquin family who origi- nally dwelt within the present limits of Illinois, were the Foxes, Kickapoos, Miamis, Menominees, and Sacs. Although nomadic in their mode of life, and subsisting largely on the spoils of the chase, the Algonquins were to some extent tillers of the soil and cultivated large tracts of maize. Various dialects of their language have been reduced to grammatical rules, and Eliot's Indian Bible is published in their tongue. The entire Alg(mquin stock extant is estimated at about 95.000, of whom some 35,000 are within the United States. ALLEN, William Joshua, jurist, was born June 9, 1829, in Wilson Covmty, Tenn. ; of Vir- ginia ancestrv of Scotch-Irish descent. In early HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 15 infancy he was brougnt by his parents to South- ern Illinois, where his father, Willis Allen, be- came a Judge and member of Congress. After reading law with his father and at the Louisville Law School, young Allen was admitted to the bar, settling at Metropolis and afterward (18.53) at his old home, Marion, in Williamson County. In 1855 he was appointed United States District Attorue.v for Illinois, but resigned in 1859 and re- sumed private practice as partner of John A. Logan. The same year he was elected Circuit Judge to succeed his father, who had died, but he declined a re-election. He was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1802 and 1869, serv- ing in both bodies on the Judicial Committee and as Chairman of the Committee on the Bill of Rights. From 1864 to 1888 he was a delegate to every National Democratic Convention, being chairman of the Illinois delegation in 1876. He has been four times a candidate for Congress, and twice elected, serving from 1863 to 1865. During this period he was an ardent opponent of the wai policy of the Government. In 1874-75, at the solicitation of Governor Beveridge, he undertook the prosecution of the leaders of a bloody "ven- detta" which had broken out among his former neighbors in Williamson County, and, by his fear- less and impartial efforts, brought the offenders to justice and assisted in restoring order. In 1886, Judge Allen removed to Springfield, and in 1887 was appointed by President Cleveland to succeed Judge Samuel H. Treat (deceased) as Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois. Died Jan. 26, 1901. ALLEX, Willis, a native of Tennessee, who removed to Williamson County, 111., in 1829 and engaged in farming. In 1834 he was chosen Sheriff of Franklin County, in 1838 elected Rep- resentative in the Eleventh General Assembly, and, in 1844, became State Senator. In 1841, although not yet a licensed lawyer, he was chosen Prosecuting Attorney for the old Third District, and was shortly afterward admitted to the bar. He was cfhosen Presidential Elector in 1844, a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and served two terms in Congress (1851-55). On Starch 2, 1859, he was commissioned Judge of the Twenty-sixth Judicial Circuit, but died three months later. His son, William Joshua, suc- ceeded liim in the latter office. ALLERTON, Samuel Waters, stock-dealer and capitalist, was bom of Pilgrim ancestry in Dutchess County, N. Y., May 36, 1829. His youth was spent with his father on a farm in Yates County. N. Y.. but atout 1852 he engaged in the live-stock business in Central and Western New York. In 1856 he transferred his operations to Illinois, shipping stock from various points to New York City, finally locating in Chicago. He was one of the earliest projectors of the Chicago Stock- Yards, later securing control of the Pitts- burg Stock- Yards, also becoming interested in yards at Baltimore, Philadelphia, Jersey City and Omaha. Sir. AUerton is one of the founders and a Director of the First National Bank of Chicago, a Director and stockholder of the Chicago City Railway (the first cable line in that city), the owner of an extensive area of highly improved farming lands in Central Illinois, as also of large tracts in Nebraska and Wyoming, and of valuable and productive mining properties in the Black Hills. A zealous Republican in politics, he is a liberal supporter of the measures of that party, and, in 1893, was the unsuccessful Republican can- didate for Mayor of Chicago in opposition to Carter H. Harrison. ALLOUEZ, Claude Jean, sometimes called "The Apostle of the West," a Jesuit priest, was born in France in 1620. He reached Quebec in 1658, and later explored the country around Lakes Superior and Michigan, establishing the mission of La Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis. , now stands, in 1665, and St. Xavier, near Green Bay, in 1669. He learned from the Indians the existence and direction of the upper Mississippi, and was the first to communicate the informa- tion to the authorities at Montreal, which report was the primary cause of Joliet's expedition. He succeeded Marquette in charge of the mission at Kaskaskia, on the Illinois, in 1677, where he preached to eight tribes. From that date to 1690 he labored among the aborigines of Illinois and Wisconsin. Died at Fort St. Joseph, in 1690. ALLYN, (Rev.) Robert, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Ledj^ard, New London County, Conn., Jan. 25, 1817, being a direct descend- ant in the eighth generation of Captain Robert Allyn, who was one of the first settlers of New London. He grew up on a farm, receiving his early education in a country school, supple- mented by access to a small public library, from which he acquired a good degree of familiarity with standard English writers. In 1837 he entered the Wesleyan University at Middletown, Conn., where he distinguished himself as a mathematician and took a high rank as a linguist and rhetorician, graduating in 1841. He im- mediately engaged as a teacher of mathematics in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass., and, in 1846, was elected principal of the school. 16 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS meanwhile (1843) becoming a licentiate of the Providence Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. From 1848 to 1854 he served as Princi- pal of the Providence Conference Seminary at East Greenwich, R. I., when he was appointed Commissioner of Public Schools of Rhode Island — also serving the same year as a Visitor to West Point Military Academy. Between 1857 and 1859 he filled the chair of Ancient Languages in the State University at Athens, Ohio, when he ac- cepted the Presidency of the Wesleyau Female CoUege at Cincinnati, four years later (1863) becoming President of McKendree College at Lebanon, III., where he remained until 1874. That position he resigned to accept the Presi- dency of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbondale, whence he retired in 1892. Died at Carbondale, Jan. 7, 1894. ALTAMONT, Effingham County, is intersecting point of the Vandalia, Chicago & Eastern Illinois, Baltimore & Ohio S. W., and Wabash Railroads, being midway and highest point between St. Louis and Terre Haute, Ind. ; was laid out in 1870. The town is in the center of a grain, fruit- growing and stock-raising district ; has a bank, two grain elevators, flouring mill, tile works, a large creamery, wagon, furniture and other fac- tories, besides churches and good schools. Popu- lation (1890), 1,044, (1900), 1,335. ALTGELD, John Peter, ex-Judge and ex-Gov- ernor, was born in Prussia in 1848, and in boy- hood accompanied his parents to America, the family settling in Ohio. At the age of 16 he enlisted in the One Hundred and Sixty-fourth Ohio Infantry, serving until the close of the war. His legal education was acquired at St. Louis and Savannah, Mo., and from 1874 to '78 he was Prosecuting Attorney for Andrew County in that State. In 1878 he removed to Chicago, where he devoted himself to professional work. In 1884 he led the Democratic forlorn hope as candidate for Congress in a strong Republican Congressional district, and in 1886 was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Cook County, but resigned in August, 1891. The Democratic State conven- tion of 1893 nominated him for Governor, and he was elected the following November, being the first foreign-born citizen to hold that office in the history of the State, and the first Democrat elected since 1852. In 1896 he was a prominent factor in the Democratic National Convention which nominated William J. Bryan for Presi- dent, and was also a candidate for re-election to the office of Governor, but was defeated by John R. Tanner, the Republican nominee. ALTON, principal city in Madison County and important commercial and manufacturing point on Mississippi River, 25 miles north of St. Louis; site was first occupied as a French trading-post about 1807, tlie town proper being laid out by Col. Rufus Easton in 1817; principal business houses are located in tlie valley along the river, while the residence portion occupies the bluffs overlooking the river, sometimes rising to the height of nearly 250 feet. The city has extensive glass works employing (1903) 4,000 hands, flouring mills, iron foundries, manufac- tories of agricultural implements, coal cars, min- ers' tools, shoes, tobacco, lime, etc., besides several banks, numerous churches, schools, and four newspapers, three of them daily. A monu- ment to the memory of Elijah P. Lovejoy, who fell while defending his press against a pro-slav- ery mob in 1837, was erected in Alton Cemetery, 1896-7, at a cost of §30,000, contributed by the State and citizens of Alton. Population (1890), 10,294; (1900), 14,210. ALTON PENITENTIARY, The earliest pun- ishments imposed upon public offenders in Illi- nois were by public flogging or imprisonment for a short time in jails rudely constructed of logs, from which escape was not difficult for a prisoner of nerve, strength and mental resource. The inadequacy of such places of confinement was soon perceived, but popular antipathy to any increase of taxation prevented the adoption of any other policy until 1827. A grant of 40,000 acres of saline lands was made to the State by Congress, and a considerable portion of the money received from their sale was appropriated to the establishment of a State penitentiary at Alton. The sum set apart proved insufficient, and, in 1831, an additional appropriation of $10,000 was made from the State treasurj'. In 1833 the prison was ready to receive its first inmates. It was built of stone and had but twenty-four cells. Additions were made from time to time, but by 1857 the State determined upon building a new peniten- tiary, which was located at Joliet (see Northern Penitentiary), and, in 1860, the last convicts were transferred thither from Alton. The Alton prison was conducted on what is known as "the Auburn plan" — associated labor in silence by day and separate confinement by night. The manage- ment was in the hands of a "lessee," who fur- nished supplies, employed guards and exercised the general powers of a warden under the super- vision of a Commissioner appointed by the State, and who handled all the products of convict labor. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1' ALTON RIOTS. (See Lovejoy. Elijah Par- rish. ) ALTONA., town of Knox County, on C, B. & Q. R. R., 16 miles northeast of Galesburg; has an endowed public library, electric light system, cement sidewalks, four churches and good school system. Population (1900), 633. ALTON & SANGAMON RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Alton Railroad.) AMBOT, city in Lee County on Green River, at junction of Illinois Central and C. , B. & Q. Rail- roads, 95 miles south by west from Chicago; has artesian water with waterworks and fire protec- tion, city park, two telephone systems, electric lights, railroad repair shops, two banks, two newspapers, seven churches, graded and high schools; is on line of Northern Illinois Electric Ry. from De Kalb to Dixon; extensive bridge and iron works located hera Pop. (1900), 1,826, AMES, Edward Raymond, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, bom at Amesville, Athens County, Ohio, May 30, 1806; was educated at the Ohio State University, where he joined the M. E. Church. In 1828 he left college and became Principal of the Seminary at Lebanon, HI., which afterwards became McKendree College. While there he received a license to preach, and, after holding various charges and positions in the church, in- cluding membership in the General Conference of 1840, '44 and '52, in the latter year was elected Bishop, ser^'ing until his death, which occurred in Baltimore, April 25, 1879. ANDERSON, Galusha, clergj-man and edu- cator, was born at Bergen, N. Y., March 7, 1832; graduated at Rochester University in 1854 and at the Theological Seminary there in 1856; spent ten years in Baptist pastoral work at Janesville, "Wis., and at St. Louis, and seven as Professor in Newton Theological Institute, Mass. From 1873 to '80 he preached in Brooklyn and Chicago; was then chosen President of the old Chicago Univer- sity, remaining eight years, when he again be- came a pastor at Salem, Mass., but .soon after assumed the Presidency of Denison University, Ohio. On the organization of the new Chicago University, he accepted the chair of Homiletics and Pastoral Theology, which he now holds ANDERSON, George A., lawyer and Congress- man, was bom in Botetourt County, Va., March 11, 1853. "When two years old he was brought by his parents to Hancock County, 111 He re- ceived a collegiate education, and, after studying law at Lincoln, Neb., and at Sedalia, Mo., settled at Quincy, III., where he began practice in 1880. In 1884 he was elected City Attorney on the Democratic ticket, and re-elected in 1885 without opposition. The following year he was the suc- cessful candidate of his party for Congress, which was his last public service. Died at Quincy, Jan. 31, 1896. ANDERSON, James C, legislator, was born in Henderson County, 111., August 1, 1845; raised on a farm, and after receiving a common-school education, entered Monmouth College, but left earl}- in the Civil War to enlist in the Twentieth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in which he attained the rank of Second Lieutenant. After the war he served ten years as Sheriff of Henderson County, was elected Representative in the General Assembly in 1888, '90, "92 and '96, and served on the Republican "steering committee" during the session of 1893. He also served as Sergeant-at- Arms of the Senate for the session of 1895, and was a delegate to the Republican National Con- vention of 1896. His home is at Decorra. ANDERSON, Stinson H., Lieutenant-Gover- nor, was born in Sumner County, Tenn., in 1800; came to Jefferson County, 111., in his youth, and, at an early age, began to devote his attention to breeding fine stock; served in the Black Hawk War as a Lieutenant in 1832, and the same year was elected to the lower branch of the Eighth General Assembly, being reelected in 1834. In 1838 he was chosen Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket w^th Gov. Thomas Carlin, and soon after the close of his term entered the United States Army as Captain of Dragoons, in this capacitj- taking part in the Seminole War in Florida. Still later he served under President Polk as United States Marshal for Illinois, and also held the position of Warden of the State Penitentiary at Alton for several years. Died.September, 18.57. — William B. (Anderson), son of the preceding, was born at Mount Vernon, 111., April 30, 1830; attended the common schools and later studied surveying, being elected Surveyor of Jefferson County, in 1851. He studied law and was admit- ted to the bar in 1858, but never practiced, pre- ferring the more quiet life of a farmer. In 1856 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly and re-elected in 1858. In 1861 he entered the volunteer service as a private, was promoted through the grades of Captain and Lieutenant-Colonel to a Colonelcy, and, at the close of the war, was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- eral. In 1868 he was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket, was a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1871, was elected to the State Senate, to fill a vacancy. In 1874 he was elected to the Forty- 18 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. fourth Congress on the Democratic ticket. In 1893 General Anderson was appointed bj' Presi- dent Cleveland Pension Agent for Illinois, con- tinuing in that position four years, when he retired to private life. ANDRUS, Rev. Reuben, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Rutland, Jefferson County, N. y., Jan. 29, 1824; early came to Fulton County, 111., and spent three years (1844-47) as a student at Illinois College, Jacksonville, but graduated at McKendree College, Lebanon, in 1849 ; taught for a time at Greenfield, entered the Methodist ministry, and, in 1850, founded the Illi- nois Wesleyan University at Blooniington, of which he became a Professor; later reentered the ministry and held cliarges at Beardstown, Decatur, Quincy, Springfield and Bloomington, meanwhile for a time being President of Illinois Conference Female College at Jacksonville, and temporary President of Quincy College. In 1867 he was transferred to the Indiana Conference and stationed at Evansville and Indianapolis; from 1872 to '75 was President of Indiana Asbury Uni- versity at Greencastle. Died at Indianapolis, Jan. 17, 1887. ANNA, a city in Union County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 36 miles from Cairo; is center of extensive fruit and vegetable-growing district, and largest shipping-point for these commodities on the Illinois Central Railroad. It has an ice plant, pottery and lime manufactories, two banks and two newspapers. The Southern '(111. ) Hos- pital for tlie Insane is located here. Population (1890), 2,295; (1900), 2,618; (est. 1904). 3,000. ANTHONY, Elliott, jurist, was born of New England Quaker ancestry at Spafford, Onondaga County, N. Y., June 10, 1827; was related on the maternal side to the Chases and Phelps (dis- tinguished lawyers) of Vermont. His early years were spent in labor on a farm, but after a course of preparatory study at Cortland Academy, in 1847 he entered the sophomore class in Hamilton College at Clinton, graduating with honors in 1850. The next year he began the study of law, at the same time giving instruction in an Acad- emy at Clinton, where he had President Cleve- land as one of his pupils. After admission to the bar at Oswego, in 1851, he removed West, stop- ping for a time at Sterling, lU., but the following year located in Chicago. Here he compiled "A Digest of Illinois Reports"; in 1858 was elected City Attorney, and, in 1863. became solicitor of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now the Chicago & Northwestern). Judge Anthony served in two State Constitutional Conventions — those of 1862 and 1869-70— being chairman of the Committee on Executive Department and mem- ber of the Committee on Judiciary in the latter. He was delegate to the National Republican Con- vention of 1880, and was the same year elected a Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, and was re-elected in 1886, retiring in 1892, after which he resumed the practice of his profession, being chiefly employed as consulting counsel. Judge Anthony was one of the founders and incorpo- rators of the Chicago Law Institute and a member of the first Board of Directors of the Chicago Public Library; also served as President of the State Bar Association (1894-95), and delivered several important historical addresses before that body. His other most important productions are volumes on "The Constitutional History of Illinois," "The Story of the Empire State" and "Sanitation and Navigation." Near the close of his last term upon the bench, he spent several months in an extended tour through the princi- pal comitries of Europe. His death occurred, after a protracted illness, at his home at Evans- ton, Feb. 24. 1898. ANTI-NEBRASKA EDITORIAL CONVEN- TION, a political body, which convened at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, pursuant to the suggestion of "The Morgan Journal," then a weekly paper published at Jacksonville, for the purpose of for- mulating a policy in opposition to the principles of tlie Kansas-Nebraska bill. Twelve editors were in attendance, as follov%s: Charles H. Ray of "The Chicago Tribune"; V. Y. Ralston of "The Quincy Whig"; O. P. Wharton of "The Rock Island Advertiser"; T. J. Pickett of "The Peoria Republican"; George Schneider of "The Chicago Staats Zeitung"; Charles Faxon of "The Princeton Post"; A. N. Ford of "The Lacon Ga- zette" ; B. F Shaw of "The Dixon Telegraph" ; E. C. Daugherty of "The Rockford Register"; E. W. Blai.3dell of "The Rockford Gazette"; W. J. Usrey of "The Decatur Chronicle"; and Paul Selby of ' 'The Jacksonville Journal. " Paul Selby was chosen Chairman and W. J. Usrey, Secre- tary. The convention adopted a platform and recommended the calling of a State convention at Bloomington on May 29, following, appointing the following State Central Committee to take the matter in charge: W. B. Ogden, Chicago; S. M. Church, Pockford; G. D. A. Parks, Joliet; T. J Pickett, Peoria ; E. A. Dudley, Quincy ; William H. Herndon, Springfield; R. J. Oglesby, Deca- tur ; Joseph Gillespie. Edwardsville ; D. L. Phil- lips. Jonesboro; and Ira O. Wilkinson and Gustavus Koerner for the State-at -large. Abra- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 19 nam Lincoln was present and participated in the consultations of the committees. All of these served except Messrs. Ogden, Oglesby and Koer- ner, the two former declining on account of ab- sence from the State. Ogden was succeeded by the late Dr. John Evans, afterwards Territorial Governor of Colorado, and Oglesby by Col. Isaac C. Pugh of Decatur. (See Bloomington Conven- tion of 1S5G. ) APPLE RIVER, a village of Jo Daviess Coimty, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 21 miles east-northeast from Galena. Population (1880), 636; (1S90). 573; (1900). 576. APPLIXGTON, (Maj.) Zeiias, soldier, was born in Broome County, N. Y., Dec. 24, 1815; in 1837 emigrated to Ogle County, 111., where he fol- lowed successively the occupations of farmer, blacksmith, carpenter and merchant, finally becoming the founder of the town of Polo. Here he became wealthy, but lost much of his property in the financial revulsion of 1857. In 1858 he was elected to the State Senate, and, during the session of 1859, was one of the members of that body appointed to investigate the "canal scrip fraud" (which see), and two years later was oneof the earnest supporters of the Government in its preparation for the War of the Rebellion. The latter year he assisted in organizing the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, of whicli he was commissioned Major, being some time in command at Bird's Point, and later rendering important service to General Pope at New IMadrid and Island No. 10. He was killed at Corinth, Sliss., May 8, 1863. while obeying an order to charge upon a band of rebels concealed in a wood. APPORTIONMENT, a mode of distribution of the counties of the State into Districts for the election of members of the General Assembly and of Congress, which will be treated under separate heads: Legislative. — The first legislative apportion- ment was provided for bj' the Constitution of 1818. That instrument vested the Legislature with power to divide tlie State as follows: To create districts for the election of Representatives not less than twenty -seven nor more than thirty- six in number, until the population of the State should amount to 100,000; and to create sena- torial districts, in number not less than one-third nor more than one-half of the representative dis- tricts at the time of organization. The schedule appended to the first Constitution contained tlie first legal apportionment of Sena- tors and Representatives. The first fifteen counties were allowed fourteen Senators and twenty-nine Representatives. Each county formed a distinct legislative district for repre- sentation in the lower house, with the number of members for eacli varying from one to three; wliile Jolmson and Franklin were combined in one Senatorial district, the other counties being entitled to one Senator each. Later apportion- ments were made in 1821, '26, "31, '36, '41 and "47. Before an election was held under the last, how- ever, the Constitution of 1848 went into effect, and considerable changes were effected in this regard. The number of Senators was fixed at twenty-five and of Representatives at seventy- five, until the entire population should equal 1,000.000, when five members of the House were added and five additional members for each 500,- 000 increase in population until the whole num- ber of Representatives readied 100. Tliereafter the number was neither increased nor dimin- ished, but apportioned among the several coun- ties according to the number of white inliabit- ants. Should it be found necesstiry, a single district might be formed out of two or more counties. The Constitution of 1848 established fifty-four Representative and twenty-five Senatorial dis- tricts. By the apportionment law of 1854, the number of the former was increased to fifty-eight, and, in 1861, to sixty-one. The number of Sen- atorial districts remained unchanged, but their geogi-aphical limits varied under each act, while the number of members from Representative districts varied according to population. The Constitution of 1870 provided for an im- mediate reapportionment (subsequent to its adoption) by the Governor and Secretary of State upon the basis of the United States Census of 1870. Under the apportionment thus made, as prescribed by the schedule, tlie State was divided into twenty-five Senatorial districts (each electing two Senators) and ninety-seven Repre- sentative districts, with an aggregate of 177 mem- bers varying from one to ten for the several districts, according to population. This arrange- ment continued in force for only one Legislature — that chosen in 1870. In 1873 this Legislature proceeded to reappor- tion tlie State in accordance with the principle of "minority representation," which had been sub- mitted as an independent section of the Constitu- tion and adopted on a separate vote. This provided for apportioning the State into fifty -one districts, each being entitled to one Senator and three Representatives. The ratio of representa- tion in the lower house was ascertained by divid- 20 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing the entire population by 153 and each county to be allowed one Representative, provided its population reached three-fifths of the ratio ; coun- ties having a population equivalent to one and three-fifths times the ratio were entitled to two Representatives; while each county with a larger population was entitled to one additional Repre- sentative for each time the full ratio was repeated in the number of inhabitants. Apportionments were made on this principle in 1872, '82 and '93. Members of the lower house are elected bienni- ally; Senators for four years, those in odd and even districts being chosen at each alternate legislative election. The election of Senators for the even (numbered) districts takes place at the same time with that of Governor and other State ofBcers, and that for the odd districts at the inter- mediate periods. Congressional. — For the first fourteen years of the State's history, Illinois constituted but one Congressional district. The census of 1830 show- ing sufficient population, the Legislature of 1831 (by act, approved Feb. 13) divided the State into three districts, the first election under this law being held on the first Monday in August, 1832. At that time Illinois comprised fifty-five coun- ties, which were apportioned among the districts as follows: First — Gallatin, Pope, Johnson, Alexander, Union, Jackson, Franklin, Perry, Randolph, Monroe, Washington, St. Clair, Clin- ton, Bond, Madison, Macoupin; Second — White, Hamilton, Jefferson, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash, Clay, Marion, Lawrence, Fayette, Montgomery, Shelby, Vermilion, Edgar, Coles, Clark, Craw- ford; Third — Greene, Morgan, Sangamon, Macon, TazeweU, McLean, Cook, Henry, La Salle, Putnam, Peoria, Knox, Jo Daviess, Mercer, McDonough, Warren, Fulton, Hancock, Pike, Schuyler, Adams, Calhoun. The reapportionment following the census of 1840 was made by Act of March 1, 1843, and the first election of Representatives thereunder occurred on the first Monday of the following August. Forty-one new counties had been cre- ated (making ninety-six in all) and the nimiber of districts was increased to seven as follows: First — Alexander, Union, Jackson, Monroe, Perry, Randolph, St. Clair, Bond, "Washington, Madison; Second — Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Williamson, Gallatin, Franklin, White, Wayne, Hamilton, Wabash, Massac, Jefferson, Edwards, Marion ; Third — Lawrence, Richland, Jasper, Fayette, Crawford, Effingham, Christian, Mont- gomery, Shelby, Moultrie, Coles, Clark, Clay, Edgar, Piatt, Macon, De Witt; Fourth— Lake, McHenry, Boone, Cook, Kane, De Kalb, Du Page, Kendall, Will, Grundy, La Salle, Iroquois, Livingston, Champaign, Vermilion, McLean, Bureau; Fifth — Greene, Jersey, Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Marquette (a part of Adams never fully organized). Brown, Schuyler, Fulton Peoria, Macoupin ; Sixth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Winnebago, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside, Henry, Lee, Rock Island, Stark, Mercer, Henderson, Warren, Knox, McDonough, Hancock; Seventh ■ — Putnam, Marshall, Woodford, Cass, Tazewell, Mason, Menard, Scott, Morgan, Logan, Sangamon. The next Congressional apportionment (August 22, 1852) divided the State into nine districts, as follows — the first election under it being held the following November : First — Lake, McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Car- roll, Ogle ; Second — Cook. Du Page, Kane, De Kalb, Lee, Whiteside, Rock Island; Third — Will, Kendall, Grund}-, Livingston, La Salle, Putnam, Bureau, Vermilion, Iroquois, Cham- paign, McLean, De Witt; Fourth — Fulton, Peoria, Knox, Henry, Stark, Warren, Mercer, Marshall, Mason, Woodford, Tazewell; Fifth — Adams, CaDioun, Brown, Schuj-ler, Pike, Mc- Donough, Hancock, Henderson ; Sixth — Morgan, Scott, Sangamon, Greene, Macoupin, Montgom- ery, Shelby, Christian, Cass, Menard, Jersey; Seventh — Logan, Macon, Piatt, Coles, Edgar, Moultrie, Cumberland, Crawford, Clark, Effing- ham, Jasper, Clay, Lawrence, Richland, Fayette ; Eighth — Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Bond, Madison, Clinton, Washington, Jefferson, Mar- ion; Ninth — Alexander, Pulaski. Massac, Union, Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, Jack- son, Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Hamilton, Edwards, White, Wayne, Wabash. The census of 1860 showed that Illinois was entitled to fourteen Representatives, but through an error the apportionment law of April 24, 1861, created only thirteen districts. This was com- pensated for by providing for the election of one Congressman for the State-at- large. The districts were as follows: First — Cook, Lake; Second — McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, De Kalb, and Kane; Third — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, White- side, Carroll, Ogle, Lee; Fourth — Adams, Han- cock, Warren, Mercer, Henderson, Rock Island; Fifth — Peoria, Knox, Stark, Marshall, Putnam, Bureau, Henry; Sixth — La Salle, Gnmdy, Ken- dall, Du Page, Will, Kankakee; Seventh — Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Moultrie, Cumberland, Vermilion, Coles, Edgar, Iroquois, Ford; Eighth — Sangamon, Logan, De Witt, Mc- Lean, Tazewell, Woodford, Livingston ; Ninth — HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 21 Fulton, Mason, Menard, Cass, Pike, McDonough, Schuyler, Brown ; Tenth — Bond, Morgan, Cal- houn, Macoupin, Scott, Jersey, Greene, Christian, Montgomery, Shelby; Eleventh — Marion, Fay- ette, Richland, Jasper, Clay, Clark, Crawford, Franklin, Lawrence, Hamilton, Effingham, Wayne, Jefferson; Twelfth — St. Clair, Madison, Clinton, Monroe. Washington, Randolph; Thirteenth — Alexander, Pulaski, Union, Perry, Johnson, Williamson, Jackson, Massac, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, White, Edwards, Wabash. The next reapportionment was made July 1, 1872. The Act created nineteen districts, as fol- lows: First — The first seven wards in Chicago and thirteen towns in Cook County, with the county of Du Page; Second — Wards Eighth to Fifteenth (inclusive) in Chicago; Third — Wards Sixteenth to Twentieth in Chicago, the remainder of Cook County, and Lake County ; Fourth — Kane, De Kalb, McHenry, Boone, and Winne- bago; Fifth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson. Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside; Sixth — Henry. Rock Island, Putnam, Bureau, Lee; Seventh — La Salle, Ken- dall, Grund}-, Will; Eighth — Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Marshall. Livingston, Woodford; Ninth — Stark, Peoria, Knox, Fulton; Tenth — Mercer, Henderson, Warren, McDonough, Hancock, Schuyler ; Eleventh — Adams, Brown, Calhoun, Greene, Pike, Jersey; Twelfth — Scott, Morgan, Menard, Sangamon, Cass, Christian ; Thirteenth — Mason, Tazewell, McLean, Logan, De Witt ; Four- teenth — Macon. Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Coles, Vermilion; Fifteenth — Edgar, Clark, Cumber- land, Shelby, Moultrie, Effingham, Lawrence, Jasper, Crawford; Sixteenth — Montgomery, Fayette, Washington, Bond, Clinton, Marion, Clay ; Seventeenth • — Macoupin, Madison, St. Clair, Monroe ; Eighteenth — Randolph, Perry, Jackson, Union. Johnson, Williamson. Alex- ander, Pope, Massac. Pulaski ; Nineteenth — Richland, Wayne, Edwards, White, Wabash, Saline, Gallatin, Hardin, Jefferson, Franklin, Hamilton. In 1882 (by Act of April 29) the number of dis- tricts was increased to twenty, and the bound- aries determined as follows: First — Wards First to Fourth (inclusive) in Chicago and thirteen towns in Cook County ; Second — Wards •'ith to 7th and part of 8t]i in Chicago; Tliird — Wards 'Jth to 14th and part of 8th in Chicago; Fourth — The remainder of the City of Chicago and of the county of Cook; Fifth — Lake, McHenry, Boone, Kane, and De Kalb ; Sixth — Winnebago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Ogle, and Carroll; Seventh — Lee, Whiteside, Henry, Bureau, Put- nam; Eighth — La Salle, Kendall Grundy, Du Page, and Will; Ninth — Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Livingston, Woodford, Marshall; Tenth — Peoria, Knox, Stark, Fulton ; Eleventh — Rock Island, Mercer, Henderson, Warren, Hancock, McDonough, Schuyler; Twelfth — Cass, Brown. Adams, Pike, Scott. Greene. Calhoun. Jersey ; Thirteenth — Tazewell, Mason, Menard, Sanga- mon, Morgan, Christian; Fourteenth — McLean, De Witt, Piatt, Macon, Logan; Fifteenth — Coles, Edgar, Douglas, Vermilion, Champaign; Sixteenth — Cumberland, Clark, Jasper, Clay, Crawford, Richland, Lawrence, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash ; Seventeenth — Macoupin, Montgomery, Moultrie, Shelby, Effingham, Fayette; Eight- eenth — Bond, Madison, St. Clair, Monroe. Wash- ington ; Nineteenth — Marion, Clinton Jefferson, Saline, Franklin, Hamilton, White, Gallatin, Har- din ; Twentieth — Perry, Randolph, Jackson, Union, WiIliam.son, Johnson, Alexander, Pope, Pidaski. Massac. The census of 1890 showed the State to be entit- led to twenty-two Representatives. No reap- portionment, however, was made until June, 1893, two members from the State-at-large being elected in 1892. The existing twenty-two Con- gressional districts are as follows: The first seven districts comprise the counties of Cook and Lake, the latter lying wholh- in the Seventh dis- trict; Eighth — McHenry, De Kalb, Kane, Du Page, Kendall, Grundy; Ninth — Boone, Winne- bago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Carroll, Ogle, Lee; Tenth — Whiteside, Rock Island, Mercer, Henry, Stark, Knox ; Eleventh — Bureau, La Salle, Livingston, Woodford; Twelfth — Will. Kanka- kee, Iroquois, Vermilion ; Thirteentli — Ford, Mc- Lean, DeWitt. Piatt, Champaign, Douglas; Four- teenth — Putnam, Marshall, Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Ma.son; Fifteenth— Henderson, War- ren, Hancock, McDonough, Adams, Brown, Schuyler; Sixteenth — Cass, Morgan, Scott, Pike, Greene, Macoupin, Calhoun, Jersey; Seventeenth — Menard, Logan, Sangamon, Macon, Christian; Eighteenth — Madison, Montgomery. Bond, Fayette, Shelby. Moultrie; Nineteenth — Coles. Edgar, Clark, Cumberland, Effingham. Jasper, Crawford, Richland, Lawrence; Twenti- eth — Claj-. Jefferson, Wayne, Hamilton, Ed- wards. Wabash, Franklin, White, Gallatin, Hardin; Twenty-first — Marion, Clinton, Wash- ington, St. Clair. Monroe, Randolph, Perry; Twenty second — Jackson, Union, Alexander. Pulaski. Johnson. Williamson, Saline, Pope, Massac. (See also Representatives iv Congress.) 22 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ARCHER, William B., pioneer, was born in Warren County, Ohio, in 1792, and taken to Ken- tucky at an early day, where he remained until 1817, when his familj- removed to Illinois, finally settling in what is now Clark County. Altliough pursuing the avocation of a farmer, he became one of the most prominent and influential men in that part of the State. On the organization of Clark Count}' in 1819, he was appointed the first County and Circuit Clerk, resigning the former office in 1820 and the latter in 1822. In 1834 he was elected to the lower branch of the General As.sembly, and two years later to the State Senate, serving continuously in the latter eight years. He was thus a Senator on the breaking out of the Black Hawk War (1833), in whicli he served as a Captain of militia. In 1834 he was an ansuccessful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor; was appointed by Governor Duncan, in 1835, a •nember of the first Board of Commissioners of f,he Illinois & Michigan Canal; in 1838 -was returned a second time to the House of Repre- sentatives and re-elected in 1840 and "46 to the same body. Two j'ears later (1848) lie was again elected Circuit Clerk, remaining until 18.52, and m 18.~>4 was an Anti-Nebraska Whig candidate for Congress in opposition to James C. Allen. Although Allen received the certificate of elec- tion. Archer contested his right to the seat, with the result that Congress declared the seat vacant and referred the question back to tlie people. In a new election held in August, 18.56, Arclier was defeated and Allen elected. He held no public office of importance after this date, but in 18.56 was a delegate to the first Republican National "Z, Francis A., pioneer, was born at Blankenberg, in the Province of the Rhein, Prussia, Oct. 31, 1800; obtained a good education and, while a young man, engaged in mercantile business in his native country. In 1827 he came to the United States and, after spending two years in Kentucky, in 1829 went to Galena, where he was engaged for a short time in the lead trade. He took an early opportunity to become naturalized, and coming to Beardstown a few months later, went into merchandising and real estate; also became a contractor for furnishing supplies to the State troops during the Black Hawk War, Beardstown being at the time a rendezvous and shipping point. In 1834 he began the publi- cation of "The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land Register," and was the projector of the Beardstown & Sangamon Canal, extending from tlie Illinois River at Beardstown to Miller's Ferry on the Sangamon, for which he secured a special charter from the Legislature in 1836. He had a survey of the line made, but the hard times prevented the beginning of the work and it was finally abandoned. Retiring from the mercantile business in 1835, he located on a farm six miles southeast of Beardstown, but in 1839 removed to a tract of land near the Morgan County line which he had bought in 1833, and on which the present village of Arenzville now stands. This became the center of a thrifty agricultural com- munity composed largely of Germans, among whom he exercised a large influence. Resuming the mei'cantile business here, he continued it until about 1853, when he sold out a considerable part of his possessions. An ardent Whig, he was elected as such to the lower branch of the Four- teenth General Assembly (1844) from Morgan County, and during the following session suc- ceeded in securing the passage of an act by whicl; a strip of territory three miles wide in the north ern part of Morgan County, including the village HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 23 of Arenzville. and which had been in dispute, was transferred by vote of the citizens to Cass County. In 1852 Mr. Arenz visited his native land, by appointment of President Filhuore. as bearer of dispatches to the American legations at Berlin and Vienna. He was one of the founders of the Illinois State Agricultural Society of 1853, and served as the Vice-President for liis district until his death, and was also the founder and President of the Cass County Agricultural Soci- ety. Died, April 2, 1856. ARLINGTON, a village of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 92 miles west of Chicago. Population (1880), 447; (1890). 436; (1900), 400. ARLINGTON HEIGHTS (formerly Dunton), a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & North- western Railway, 22 miles northwest of Chicago; is in a dairj-ing district and has several cheese factories, besides a sewing machine factory, hotels and churches, a graded school, a bank and one newspaper. Population (1880), 995; (1890), 1,424: (1900), 1,380. ARMOUR, Philip Danforth, packer. Board of Trade operator and capitalist, was born at Stock- bridge, Madison County, N. Y., May 16, 1832. After receiving the benefits of such education as the village academy afforded, in 1852 he set out across the Plains to California, where he re- mained four years, achieving only moderate suc- cess as a miner. Returning east in 1856, he soon after embarked in the commission business in Milwaukee, continuing until 1863, when he formed a partnership with Mr. John Plankinton in the meat-packing business. Later, in conjunc- tion with his brothers — H. O. Armour having already built up an extensive grain commission trade in Chicago — he organized the extensive packing and commission firm of Armour & Co., with branches in New York, Kansas City and Chicago, their headquarters being removed to the latter place from Milwaukee in 1875. Mr. Armour is a most industrious and me- thodical business man, giving as many hours to the superintendence of business details as the most industrious day-laborer, the result being seen in the creation of one of the most extensive and prosperous firms in the country. Mr, Armour's practical benevolence has been demon- strated in a munificent manner by his establish- ment and endowment of the Armour Institute (a manual training school) in Chicago, at a cost of over $2,250,000, as an offshoot of the Armour Mission founded on the bequest of his deceased brother, Joseph F. Armour. Died Jan. 6, 1901. ARMSTRONG, John Strawn, pioneer, born in Somerset County, Pa., May 29, 1810, the oldest of a family of nine sons ; was taken by his parents in 1811 to Licking County, Ohio, where he spent his childhood and early youth. His father was a native of Ireland and his mother a sister of Jacob Strawn, afterwards a wealthy stock-grower and dealer in Morgan County. In 1829, John S. came to Tazewell County, 111., but two years later joined the rest of his family in Putnam (now Marshall) County, all finally removing to La Salle County, where they were among the earli- est settlers. Here he settled on a farm in 1834, where he continued to reside over fiftj' years, when he located in the village of Sheridan, but earh- in 1897 went to reside with a daughter in Ottawa. He was a soldier in the Black Hawk War, has been a prominent and influential farm- er, and, in the later years of his life, has been a leader in "Granger" politics, being Master of his local "Grange," and also serving as Treasurer of the State Grange.— George Washington (Arm- strong), brother of the preceding, was born upon the farm of his parents, Joseph and Elsie (Strawn) Armstrong, in Licking County, Ohio, Dec. 9, 1812; learned the trade of a weaver with his father (who was a woolen manufacturer), and at the age of 18 was in charge of the factory. Early in 1831 he came with his mother's family to Illinois, locating a few months later in La Salle County. In 1832 he served with his older brother as a soldier in the Black Hawk War, was identified with the early steps for the construc- tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, finally be- coming a contractor upon the section at Utica, where he resided several years. He then returned to the farm near the present village of Seneca, where he had located in 1833, and where (with the exception of his residence at Utica) he has resided continuously over sixty-five years. In 1844 Mr. Armstrong was elected to the lower branch of the Fourteenth General Assembly, also served in the Constitutional Convention of 1847 and, in 1858, was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Congress in opposition to Owen Lovejo}'. Re-entering the Legislature in 1860 as Representative from La Salle County, he served in that body by successive re-elections until 1868, proving one of its ablest and most influential members, as well as an accomplished parliamen- tarian. Mr. Armstrong was one of the original promoters of the Kankakee & Seneca Riilroad. — William E. (Armstrong), third brother of this family, was bom in Licking County, Ohio, Oct. 25, 1814; came to Illinois with the rest of the 24 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. family in 1831, and resided in La Salle County until 1841, meanwhile serving two or three terms as Sheriff of the county. The latter year he was appointed one of the Commissioners to locate the county-seat of the newly-organized coimty of Grundy, finally becoming one of the founders and the first permanent settler of the town of Gnmdy — later called Morris, in honor of Hon. I. N. Mor- ris, of Quincy, 111, at that time one of the Com- missioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Here Mr. Armstrong was again elected to the ofiSce of Sheriff, serving several terms. So ex- tensive was his influence in Grundy County, that he was popularly known as "The Emperor of Grundy." Died, Nov. 1, 1850.— Joel W. (Arm- strong), a fourth brother, was born in Licking County, Ohio, Jan. 6, 1817; emigrated in boyhood to La Salle County, 111. ; served one term as County Recorder, was member of the Board of Supervisors for a number of years and the first Postmaster of his town. Died, Dec. 3, 1871. — • Perry A. (Armstrong), the seventh brother of this historic familj', was born near Newark, Lick- ing County, Ohio, April 15, 1833, and came to La Salle County, 111., in 1831. His opportunities for acquiring an education in a new country were limited, but between work on the farm and serv- ice as a clerk of his brother George, aided by a short term in an academy and as a teacher in Kendall County, he managed to prepare himself for college, entering Illinois College at Jackson- ville in 1813. Owing to failure of health, he was compelled to abandon his plan of obtaining a col- legiate education and returned home at the end of his Freshman year, but continued his studies, meanwhile teaching district schools in the winter and working on his mother's farm during the crop season, until 1845, when he located in Mor- ris, Grundy County, opened a general store and was appointed Postmaster. He has been in pub- lic position of some sort ever since he reached his majority, including the offices of School Trustee, Postmaster, Justice of the Peace, Supervisor, County Clerk (two terras). Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1862, and two terms as Representative in the General Assembly (1862-64 and 1873-74). During his last session in the Gen- eral Assembly he took a conspicuous part in the revision of the statutes under the Constitution of 1870, framing some of the most important laws on the statute book, while participating in the preparation of others. At an earlier date it fell lo his lot to draw up the original charters of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Illinois Central, and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. He has also been prominent in Odd Fellow and Masonic circles, having been Grand Master of the first named order in the State and being the old- est 32d degree Mason in Illinois ; was admitted to the State bar in 1864 and to that of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1868, and has been Master in Chancery for over twenty consecutive years. Mr. Armstrong has also found time to do some literary work, as shown by his history of "The Sauks and Black Hawk War," and a num- ber of poems. He takes much pleasure in relat- ing reminiscences of pioneer life in Ilhnois, one of which is the story of his first trip from Ottawa to Chicago, in December, 1831, when he accompanied his oldest brother (William E. Armstrong) to Chicago with a sled and ox- team for salt to cure their mast- fed pork, the trip requiring ten days. His recollection is, that there were but three white families in Chicago at that time, but a large number of Indians mixed with half-breeds of French and Indian origin. ARNOLD, Isaac N., lawyer and Congressman, was born near Cooperstown. N. Y., Nov. 30, 1813, being descended from one of the companions of Roger Williams. Thrown upon his own resources at an early age, he was largely "self-made." He read law at Cooperstown, and was admitted to tlie bar in 1835. The next year he removed to Chicago, was elected the first City Clerk in 1837, but resigned before the close of the year and was admitted to the bar of Illinois in 1841. He soon established a reputation as a lawyer, and served for three terms (the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Twentieth) in the lower house of the Legisla- ture. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector on the Polk ticket, but the repeal of tlie Missouri Compromise, with the legislation regarding Kan- sas and Nebraska, logically forced him, as a free- soiler, into the ranks of the Republican party, by which he was sent to Congress from 1861 to 1865. While in Congress he prepared and delivered an exhaustive argument in support of the right of confiscation by the General Government. After the expiration of his last Congressional term, Mr. Arnold returned to Chicago, where he resided until his death, April 24, 1884. He was of schol- arly instincts, fond of Uterature and an author of repute. Among his best known works are his "Life of Abraham Lincoln" and his "Life of Benedict Arnold." ARRIJfGTOX, Alfred W., clergyman, lawyer and author, was born in Iredell County, N. C, September, 1810, being the son of a Whig mem- ber of Congress from that State. In 1829 he was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS- 25 received on trial as a Methodist preacher and became a circuit-rider in Indiana; during 1833-33 served as an itinerant in Missouri, gaining much celebrity by his eloquence. In 1834 he began the study of law, and having been admitted to the bar, practiced for several years in Arkansas, where he was sent to the Legislature, and, in 1844, was the Whig candidate for Presidential Elec- tor. Later he removed to Texas, where he served as Judge for six years. In 1856 he removed to Madison, Wis., but a year later came to Chicago, where he attained distinction as a lawyer, dying in that city Dec. 31, 1867. He was an accom- plished scholar and gifted writer, having written much for "The Democratic Review" and "The Southern Literary Messenger," over the signature of "Charles Suiumerfield," and was author of an "Apostrophe to Water," which he put in tlie mouth of an itinerant Methodist preacher, and which John B. Gough was accustomed to quote with great effect. A volume of his poems with a memoir was published in Chicago in 1869. ARROWSMITH, a village of McLean County, on the Lake Erie & Western RaOway, 20 miles east of Bloomington; is in an agricultural and stock region; has one newspaper. Population (1890). 420; (1900). 317. ARTHUR, village in Moultrie and Douglas Counties, at junction of Chicago & Eastern Illi- nois and Terre Haute & Peoria Division Vandalia Line; is center of broom-corn belt; has two banks, a weekly newspaper. Population (1900), 858; (est. 1904), 1,000. ASAY, Edward G., lawyer, was born in Phila- delphia, Sept. 17, 1825; was educated in private schools and entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church; later spent sometime in the South, but in 1853 retired from the ministry and began the study of law, meantime devoting a part of his time to mercantile business in New York City. He was admitted to the bar in 1856, remov- ing the same year to Chicago, where he built up a lucrative practice. He was a brilliant speaker and became eminent, especially as a criminal lawyer. Politically he was a zealous Democrat and was the chief attorney of Buckner S. Morris and others during their trial for conspiracy in connection with the Camp Douglas affair of No- vember, 1864. During 1871-72 he made an ex- tended trip to Europe, occupying some eighteen months, making a second visit in 1882. His later years were spent chiefly on a farm in Ogle County. Died in Chicago, Nov. 24, 1898. ASBUKY, Henry, la\vyer, was born Ln Harri- son (now Robertson) County, Ky., August 10, 1810; came to Illinois in 1834, making the jour- ney on horseback and finally locating in Quincy, where he soon after began the study of law with the Hon. O. H. Brovning; was admitted to the bar in 1837, being xor a time the partner of Col. Edward D. Baker, afterwards United States Senator from Oregon and finally killed at Ball's Bluff in 1862. In 1849 Mr. Asbury was appointed by President Taylor Register of the Quinc}' Land OfBce, and, in 1864-65, served by appointment of President Lincoln (who was his close personal friend) as Provost-Marshal of the Quincy dis- trict, thereby obtaining the title of "Captain," by which he was widely known among his friends. Later he served for several years as Registrar in Bankruptcy at Quincy, which was his last official position. Originally a Kentucky Whig, Captain Asbury was one of the founders of tlie Republican party in Illinois, acting in co- operation with Abram Jonas, Archibald Williams, Nehemiah Bushnell, O. H. Browning and others of his immediate neighbors, and with Abraham Lincoln, with whom he was a frequent corre- spondent at that period. Messrs. Nicolay and Hay, in their Life of Lincoln, award him the credit of having suggested one of the famous questions propounded by Lincoln to Dougla.s which gave the latter so much trouble during the memorable debates of 1858. In 1886 Captain Asbury removed to Chicago, where he continued to reside until his death, Nov. 19, 1896. ASHLAXD, a town in Cass County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Baltimore & Ohio South-Westem Railroad, 21 miles west-northwest of Springfield and 200 miles southwest of Chicago. It is in the midst of a rich agricultural region, and is an important shipping point for grain and stock. It has a bank, three churches and a weekly newspaper. Coal is mined in the vicinity. Population (1880), 609; (1890), 1,045; (1900), 1,201. ASHLEY, a city of Washington County, at intersection of Illinois Central and Louisville & Nashville Railways, 62 miles east by southeast of St., Louis; is in an agricultural and fruit growing region; has some manufactures, electric light plant and excellent granitoid sidewalks. Popu- lation (1890), 1,035; (1900), 953. ASHMORE, a village of Coles County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- waj', 9 miles east of Charleston ; has a newspaper and considerable local trade. Population (1890), 446, (1900), 487; (1903), 520. ASHTOX, a village of Lee County, on the Chi- cago & North-Westem Railroad, 84 miles west of 26 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Chicago : lias one newspaper. Population (1880), 646; (189(1). 680; (1900), 776. ASPINWALL, Homer F., farmer and legisla- tor, was born in Stephenson Count j', 111., Nov. 15, 1846, educated in the Freeport high school, and, in early life, spent two years in a wholesale notion store, later resuming the occupation of a farmer. After holding various local offices, in- cluding that of member of the Board of Supervis- ors of Stephenson Coimty, in 1893 Mr. Aspinwall was elected to the State Senate and re-elected in 1896. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish- American War in 1898, he was appointed by President McKinley Captain and Assistant Quartermaster in the Volunteer Army, but before being assigned to duty accepted the Lieu- tenant-Colonelcy of the Twelfth Illinois Pro- visional Regiment. When it became evident that the regiment would not be called into the service, he was assigned to the command of the "Mani- toba," a large transport steamer, which carried some 12,000 soldiers to Cuba and Porto Rico with- out a single accident. In view of the approach- ing gpssion of the Forty-first General A.ssembly, it being apparent that the war was over, Mr. Aspinwall applied for a discharge, which was refused, a 20-days' leave of absence being granted instead. A discharge was finally granted about the middle of February, when he resumed his seat in the Senate. Mr. Aspinwall owns and operates a large farm near Freeport. ASSUMPTION, a town in Christian County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 23 miles south by west from Decatur and 9 miles north of Pana. It is situated in a rich agricultural and coal min- ing district, and has two banks, five churches, a public school, two weekly papers and coal mines. Population (1880), 706; (1890), 1,076; (1900), 1,703. ASTORIA, town in Fulton County, on Rock Island & St. Louis Division C, B. & Q. R. R. ; has city waterworks, electric light plant, tele- phone exchange, three large grain elevators, pressed brick works; six churches, two banks, two weekly papers, city hall and park, and good schools; is in a coal region; business portion is built of brick. Pop. (1890), 1,357; (1900), 1.684. ATCHISON, TOPEKA & SANTA F£ RAIL- WAY COMPANY. This Company operates three subsidiary lines in Illinois — the Chicago, Santa Fe & California, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe in Chicago, and the Mississippi River Rail- road & Toll Bridge, which are operated as a through line between Chicago and Kansas City, with a branch from Ancona to Pekin, 111., hav- ing an aggregate operated mileage of 515 miles, of which 295 are in Illinois. The total earnings and income for the year ending June 30, 1895, were §1,298,600, while the operating expenses and fixed charges amounted to §3.360,706. The accumu- lated deficit on the whole line amounted, June 30, 1894, to more than §4,500,000. The total capitali- zation of the whole line in 1895 was $52,775,251. The parent road was chartered in 1859 under the name of the Atchison & Topeka Railroad ; but in 1863 was changed to the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. The construction of the main line was begun in 1859 and completed in 1873. The largest number of miles operated was in 1893, being 7,481.65. January 1, 1896, the road was reorganized under the name of The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company (its present name), which succeeded by purchase under fore- closure (Dec. 10, 1895) to the property and fran- chises of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company. Its mileage, in 1895, was 6,481.65 miles. The executive and general officers of the system (1898) are: Aldace F. Walker, Chairman of the Board, New York; E. P. Ripley, President, Chicago; C. M. Higginson, Ass't to the President, Chicago; E. D. Kenna, 1st Vice-President and General Solicitor, Chicago; Paul Morton, 2d Vice-Presi- dent, Chicago; E. Wilder, Secretary and Treas- urer, Topeka ; L. C. Deming, Assistant Secretary, New York ; H. W. Gardner, Assistant Treasurer, New York; Victor Morawetz, General Counsel, New York; Jno. P. Whitehead, Comptroller, New York; H. C. Whitehead, General Auditor, Chicago ; W. B. Biddle, Freight Traffic Manager, Chicago; J. J. Frey, General Slanager, Topeka; H. W. Mudge, General Superintendent, Topeka; W. A. Bissell, Assistant Freight Traffic Manager, Chicago; W. F. White, Passenger Traffic Manager, Chicago; Geo. T. Nicholson, Assistant Passenger Traffic Manager, Chicago; W. E. Hodges, General Purchasing Agent, Chicago; James A. Davis, Industrial Commissioner, Chi- cago ; James Dim, Chief Engineer, Topeka, Kan. ; John Player, Superintendent of Machinery, Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Kouns, Superintendent Car Service, Topeka, Kan. ; J. S. Hobson, Signal Engineer, Topeka; C. G. Sholes, Superintendent of Telegraph, Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Ryus. General Claim Agent, Topeka ; F. C. Gay, General Freight Agent, Topeka; C. R. Hudson, Assistant General Freight Agent, Topeka; W. J. Black, General Passenger Agent, Chicago; P. Walsh, General Baggage Agent, Chicago. ATHENS, an incorporated city and coal-mining town in Menard County, on the Chicago, Peoria HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 27 & St. Louis R. R., north by northwest of Spring- field. It is also the center of a prosperous agri- cultural and stock-raising district, and large numbers of cattle are shipped there for the Chi- cago market. The place has an electric lighting plant, brickyards, two machine shops, two grain elevators, five churches, one newspaper, and good schools. Athens is one of the oldest towns in Central Illinois. Pop. (1890), 944; (1900), 1,535. ATKIXS, Smith D., soldier and journalist, was bom near Elmira, N. Y., June 9, 1836; came with his father to Illinois in 1846, and lived on a farm till 1850; was educated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Morris, meanwhile learning the printer's trade, and afterwards established "The Savanna Register" in Carroll County. In 1854 he began the study of law, and in 1860, while practicing at Freeport, was elected Prosecuting Attornej", but resigned in 1861, being the first man to enlist as a private soldier in Stephenson County. He served as a Captain of the Eleventh Illinois Volunteers (three-months' men), re-enlisted with the same rank for three years and took part in the capture of Fort Donelson and the battle of Shiloh, serv- ing at the latter on the staff of General Hurlbut. Forced to retire temporarily on account of his health, he next engaged in raising volunteers in Northern Illinois, was finally commissioned Col- onel of the Ninety-second Illinois, and, in June, 1863, was assigned to command of a brigade in the Army of Kentucky, later serving in the Army of the Cumberland. On the organization of Sher- man's great "March to the Sea," he efiiciently cooperated in it, was brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Savannah, and at the close of the war, by special order of President Lincoln, was brevetted Major-General. Since the war, Gen- eral Atkins' chief occupation has been that of editor of "The Freeport Journal," though, for nearly twenty-four years, he served as Post- master of that city. He took a prominent part in the erection of the Stephenson County Sol- diers' Monument at Freeport, has been President of the Freeport Public Library since its organiza- tion, member of the Board of Education, and since 1895, by appointment of the Governor of Illinois, one of the Illinois Commissioners of the Chicka- mauga and Chattanooga Military Park. ATKINSON, village of Henry County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 39 miles east of Rock Island; has an electric light plant, a bankandanew.spaper. Pop. (1890), 534; (1900), 763. ATLANTA, a city of Logan County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 20 miles southwest of Bloomington. It stands on a high, fertile prairie and the surrounding region is rich in coal, as. well as a productive agricultural and stock-rais- ing district. It has a water-works system, elec- tric light plant, five churches, a graded school, a weekly paper, two banks, a flouring mill, and is the headquarters of the Union Agricultural So- ciety established in 1860. Population (190(1). 1,270. ATLAS, a liamlet in the southwestern part of Pike County, 10 miles southwest of Pittsfield and three miles from Rockport, the nearest station on the Quincy & Louisiana Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Atlas has an in- teresting history. It was settled bj- Col. WjUiam Ross and four brothers, who came here from Pittsfield, Mass., in the latter part of 1819, or early in 1820, making there the first settlement within the present limits of Pike County. The town was laid out by the Rosses in 1823, and the next year the county-seat was removed thither from Coles Grove — now in Calhoun County — but which had been the first county-seat of Pike County, when it comprised all the territory lying north and west of the Illinois River to the Mi.s- sissippi River and the Wisconsin State line. Atlas remained the county-seat until 1833, when the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfield. During a part of that time it was one of the most important points in the western part of the State, and was, for a time, a rival of Quincy. It now has only a postoffice and general store. The population, according to the census of 1890, was 52. ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. The following is a list of the Attorneys-General of Illinois under the Territorial and State Governments, down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each incumbent : Territorial — Benjamin H. Doyle, July to De- cember, 1809; John J. Crittenden, Dec. 30 to April, 1810; Thomas T. Crittenden, April to October, 1810; Benj. M. Piatt, October, 1810-13; William Mears, 1813-18. State — Daniel Pope Cook, March 5 to Dec. 14, 1819; William Mears, 1819-21; Samuel D. Lock- wood, 1821-23; James Turney, 1823-29; George Forquer, 1829-33; James Semple, 1833 34; Ninian W. Edwards, 1834-35; Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., 1835-36; Walter B. Scates, 1836-37; Usher F. Linder. 1837-38; George W. Olney, 1838-39; Wick- liffe Kitchell, 1839-40; Josiah Lamborn, 1840-43; James Allen McDougal, 1843-46; David B. Camp- bell, 1846-48. The Constitution of 1848 made no provision for the continuance of the office, and for nineteen years it remained vacant. It was re-created. 28 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. however, by legislative enactment in 1867, and on Feb. 28 of that year Governor Oglesby appointed Robert G. Ingersoll, of Peoria, to dis charge the duties of the position, which he con- tinued to do until 1869. Subsequent incumbents of the office have been : Washington Bushnell, 1809-73; James K. Edsall, 1873-81; James McCart- ney, 1881-85; George Hunt, 1885-93; M. T. Moloney, 1893-97; Edward C. Akin, 1897 — . Under the first Constitution (1818) the office of Attorney- General was filled by appointment by the Legisla- ture; under the Constitution of 1848, as already stated, it ceased to exist until created by act of the Legislature of 1867, but, in 1870, it was made a constitutional office to be filled by popular election for a term of four years. ATWOOD, a village lying partly in Piatt and partly in Douglas County, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton R. R., 27 miles east of Deca- tur. The region is agricultural and fruit-grow- ing; the town has two bank.s, an excellent school and a newspaper. Pop (1890), 530; (1900), 698. ATWOOD, Charles B., architect, was born at Millbury, Mass., May 18, 18-19; at 17 began a full course in architecture at Harvard Scientific School, and, after graduation, received prizes for public buildings at San Francisco, Hartford and a number of other cities, besides furnishing designs for some of the fiaest private residences in the country. He was associated with D. H. Burnham in preparing plans for the Columbian Exposition buildings, at Chicago, for the World's Fair of 1893, and distinguished himself by pro- ducing plans for the "Art Building," the "Peri- style," the "Terminal Station" and other prominent structures. Died, in the midst of his highest successes as an architect, at Chicago, Dec. 19, 1895. AUBURN, a village of Sangamon County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 15 miles south of Springfield ; has some manufactories of flour and farm implements, besides tile and brick works, two coal mines, electric light plant, two banks, several churches, a graded school and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 874; (1900), 1,281. AUDITORS OF PUBLIC ACCOUIVTS. The Auditors of Public Accounts under the Terri- torial Government were H. H. Maxwell, 1812-16; Daniel P. Cook, 1816-17; Robert Blackwell, (April to August), 1817; Elijah C. Berry, 1817-18. Under the Constitution of 1818 the Auditor of Public Accounts was made appointive by the legislature, without limitation of term ; but by the Constitu- tions of 1848 and 1870 the office was made elective by the people for a term of four years. The following is a list of the State Auditors from the date of the admission of the State into the Union down to the present time (1899). with the date and duration of the term of eacli: Elijah C. Berry, 1818-31; James T. B. Stapp, 1831-35; Levi Davis, 1835-41; James Shields, 1841-43; William Lee D. Ewlug x843-46; Thomas H Campbell, 1846-57; Jesse K. Dubois, 1857-64; Orlin H. Minei, 1864-69; Charles E. Lippincott, 1869-77; Thomas B. Needles, 1877-81; Charles P. Swigert, 1881-89; C. W. Pavey, 1889-93; David Gore, 1893-97; James S McCuUough, 1897 — . AUGUSTA, a village in Augusta township, Hancock County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 36 miles northeast of Quincy. Wagons and brick are the principal manufac- tures. The town has one newspaper, two banks, tliree churches and a graded school. The sur rounding country is a fertile agricultural region and abounds in a good quality of bituminous coal. Fine qualities of potter's clay and mineral paint are obtained here. Population (1890), 1,077; (1900), 1,149. AUGUSTANA COLLEGE, an educational insti- tution controlled by the Evangelical Lutheran denomination, located at Rock Island and founded in 1863. Besides preparatory and collegiate de- partments, a theological school is connected with the institution. To the two first named, young women are admitted on an equality with men. More than 500 students were reported in attendance in 1896, about one-fourth being women. A majority of the latter were in the preparatory (or academic) department. The col- lege is not endowed, but owns property (real and personal) to the value of $250,000. It has a library of 12,000 volumes. AURORA, a city and important railroad cen- ter, Kane County, on Fox River, 39 miles south- west of Chicago; is location of principal shops of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R., has fine water-power and many successful manufactories, including extensive boiler works, iron foundries, cotton and woolen mills, flour mills, silver-plat- ing works, corset, sash and door and carriage factories, stove and smelting works, establish- ments for turning out road-scrapers, buggy tops, and wood-working machinery. The city owns water-works and electric light plant; has six banks, four daily and several weekly papers, some twenty-five churches, excellent scliools and handsome public library building; is connected by interurban electric lines with the principal towns and villages in the Fox River valley. Population (1890), 19,688; (1900), 24,147. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 2i) AUSTIN, a suburb of Chicago, in Cook County. It is accessible from that city by either the Chi- cago & Northwestern Railway, or by street railway lines. A weekly newspaper is issued, a graded school is supported (including a high school department) and there are numerous churches, representing the various religious denominations. Population (1880), 1,359; (1890), 4,031. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1899. AUSTIN COLLEGE, a mi.xed school at Effing- ham, 111., founded in 1890. It has eleven teachers and reports a total of 312 pupils for 1897-98—163 males and 1.50 females. It has a library of 2,000 volumes and reports property valued at $37,000. AUSTRALIAN BALLOT, a form of ballot for popular elections, thus named because it was first brought into use in Australia. It was adopted by act of the Legislature of Illinois in 1891, and is applicable to the election of all public officers except Trustees of Schools, School Direct- ors, mv3mbers of Boards of Education and officers of road districts in counties not under township organization. Under it, all ballots for the elec- tion of •; Sicers (except tliose just enumerated) are required to be printed and distributed to the election officers for use on the day of election, at public cost. These ballots contain the names, on the same sheet, of all candidates to be voted for at such election, such names having been formally certified previously to the Secretary of State (in the case of candidates for offices to be voted for by electors of the entire State or any district greater than a single county) or to the County Clerk (as to all others), by the presiding officer and secretary of the convention or caucus making such nominations, when the party repre- sented cast at least two per cent of the aggregate vote of the State or district at the preceding gen- eral election. Other names may be added to the ballot on the petition of a specified number of the legal voters under certain prescribed conditions named in the act. The duly registered voter, on presenting himself at the poll, is given a copy of the official ticket by one of the judges of election, upon which he proceeds to indicate his prefer- ence in a temporary booth or closet set apart for his use, by making a cross at the head of the col- umn of candidates for whom he wishes to vote, if he desires to vote for all of the candidates of the same party, or by a similar mark before the name of each individual for whom be wishes to vote, in case he desires to distribute his support among the candidates of different parties. The object of the law is to secure for the voter secrecy of the ballot, with independence and freedom from dic- tation or interference by others in the exercise of his right of suffrage. AVA,atown in Jackson County (incorporated as a city, 1901), on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad (Cairo & St. Louis Division), 75 miles south- southeast from St. Louis. It has two banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 807; (1900), 984. AVON, village of Fulton County, on C, B & Q. R. R. , 20 miles south of Galesburg; has drain- pipe works, two factories for manufacture of steam- and hot-water heaters, two banks and two newspapers; agricultural fair held here annu- ally. Population (1900). 809; (1904, est.), 1,000. AYER, Benjamin F., lawyer, was born in Kingston, N. H., April 22, 1835, graduated at Dartmouth College in 1846, studied law at Dane Law School (Harvard Universit}'), was admitted to the bar and began practice at Manchester, N. H. After serving one term in the New Hamp- shire Legislature, and as Prosecuting Attorney for Hillsborough County, in 1857 he came to Chica- go, soon advancing to the front rank of lawyers then in practice there ; became Corporation Counsel in 1861, and, two years later, drafted the revised city charter. After the close of his official career, he was a member for eight years of the law firm of Beckwith, Ayer & Kales, and afterwards of the firm of Ayer & Kales, until, retiring from general practice, Mr. Ayer became Solicitor of the Illinois Central Railroad, then a Director of the Company, and is at present its General Counsel and a potent factor in its management. AYERS, Marshall Paul, banker, Jacksonville, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 27, 1823; came to Jacksonville, 111., with his parents, in 1830, and was educated there, graduating from Illinois College, in 1843, as the classmate of Dr. Newton Bateman, afterwards President of Knox College at Galesburg, and Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, now of Elmira, N.Y. After leaving col- lege he became the partner of his father (David B. Ayers) as agent of Mr. John Grigg, of Philadel- phia, who was the owner of a large body of Illi- nois lands. His father dying in 1850, Mr. Ayers succeeded to the management of the business, about 75.000 acres of Mr. Grigg's unsold lands coming under his charge. In December, 1852, with the assistance of Messrs. Page & Bacon, bank- ers, of St. Louis, he opened the first bank in Jack- sonville, for the sale of exchange, but which finally grew into a bank of deposit and has been continued ever since, being recognized as one of the most solid institutions in Central Illinois. In 1870-71. aided by Philadelphia and New York capitalists, he built the "Illinois Farmers' Rail- 30 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. road" between Jacksonville and Waverly, after- wards extended to Virden and finally to Centralia and Mount Vernon. This was the nucleus of the Jacksonville Southeastern Railway, though Mr. Ayers has had no connection with it for several years. Other business enterprises with which he has been connected are the Jacksonville Gas Com- pany (now including an electric light and power plant), of which he has been President for forty years; the "Home Woolen Mills'" (early wiped out by Are), sugar and paper-barrel manufacture, coal-mining, etc. About 1877 he purchased a bodj' of 23,600 acres of land in Champaign County, known as "Broadlands, " from John T. Alexander, an extensive cattle-dealer, who had become heavily involved during the years of financial revulsion. As a result of this transaction. Mr. Alexander's debts, which aggregated 81.000,000, were discharged within the next two years. Mr. Ayers has been an earnest Republican since the organization of that party and, during the war, rendered valuable service in assisting to raise funds for the support of the operations of the Christian Commission in the field. He has also been active in Sunday School, benevolent and educational work, having been, for twenty years, a Trustee of Illinois College, of which he has been an ardent friend. In 1846 he was married to Miss Laura Allen, daughter of Rev. John Allen, D. D., of Huntsville, Ala., and is the father of four sons and four daughters, all living. BABCOCK, Amos C, was born at Penn Yan, N. Y., Jan.20, 1828, the son of a member of Con- gress from that State; at the age of 18, having lost his father by death, came West, and soon after engaged in mercantile business in partner- ship with a brother at Canton, 111. In 18.54 he was elected by a majority of one vote, as an Anti- Nebraska Whig, to the lower brancli of the Nine- teenth General Assembly, and, in the following session, took part in the election of United States Senator which resulted in the choice of Lyman Trumbull. Although a personal and political friend of Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Babcock, as a matter of policy, cast his vote for liis townsman, William Kellogg, afterwards Congressman from that dis- trict, until it was apparent that a concentration of the Anti-Nebraska vote on Trumbull was necessary to defeat the election of a Democrat. In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln the first As.sessor of Internal Revenue for the Fourth District, and, in 1863, was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the One Hundred and Third Illinois Volunteers, bxit soon resigned. Colonel Babcock served as Delegate-at -large in the Republican National Convention of 1868, which nominated General Grant for the Presi- dency, and the same year was made Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee, also conducting the campaign two years later. He identified himself with the Greeley movement in 1872, but, in 1876, was again in line with his party and restored to his old position on the State Central Committee, serving until 1878, Among business enterprises with which he was con- nected was the extension, about 18.54, of the Buda branch of the Chicago, , Burlington & Quincy Railroad from Yates City to Canton, and the erection of the State Capitol at Austin, Tex., which was undertaken, in conjunction with Abner Taylor and J. V. and C. B. Farwell, about 1881 and completed in 1888, for which the firm received over 3,000.000 acres of State lands in the "Pan Handle" portion of Texas. In 1889 Colonel Babcock took up his residence in Chicago, which continued to be his home imtil his death from apoplexy, Feb. 2.5, 1899. BABCOCK, Andrew J., soldier, was born at Dorchester, Norfolk County, Mass., July 19, 1830; began life as a coppersmith at Lowell; in 1851 went to Concord, N. H., and, in 18.56, removed to Springfield, 111., where, in 18.59, he joined a mili- tary company called the Springfield Greys, com- manded by Capt. (afterwards Gen. ) John Cook, of which he was First Lieutenant. This company became the nucleus of Company I, Seventh Illi- nois Volunteers, whicli enlisted on Mr. Lincoln's first call for troops in April, 1861. Captain Cook having been elected Colonel, Babcock succeeded him as Captain, on the re-enlistment of the regi- ment in July following becoming Lieutenant- Colonel, and, in March, 1862, being promoted to the Colonelcy "for gallant and meritorious service rendered at Fort Donelson." A year later he was compelled to resign on account of impaired health. His home is at Springfield. B.\CON, George E., lawyer and legislator, born at Madison, Ind., Feb. 4, 1851; was brought to Illinois by his parents at three years of age, and, in 1876, located at Paris, Edgar County; in 1879 was admitted to the bar and held various minor oflices, including one term as State's Attorney. In 1886 he was elected as a Republican to the State Senate and reelected four years later, but finally removed to Aurora, wliere he died, July 6, 1896. Mr. Bacon was a man of recognized ability, as shown by the fact that, after the death of Senator John A. Logan, he was selected by his colleacrues of the Senate to pronoimce the eulogy on l'..e deceased statesman. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 31 BAGBT, John C, jurist and Congressman, was born at Glasgow, Ky., Jan. 24, 1819. After pas- sing through the common scliools of Barren County, K}-., he studied civil engineering at Bacon College, graduating in 1840. Later he read law and was admitted to the bar in 184.5. In 1846 he commenced practice at Rushville, 111., confining himself exclusively to professional work until nominated and elected to Congress in 1874, bj- the Democrats of the (old) Tenth District. In 188.-) lie was elected to the Circuit Bench for the Sixth Circuit. Died, April 4, 1896., BAILEY, Joseph Mead, legislator and jurist, was born at Middlebury, Wj-oming County, N. Y., June 22, 1833, graduated from Rochester (X. Y. ) University in 18.54, and was admitted to the bar in that city in 18.55. In August, 1856. he removed to Freeport, 111. , where he soon built up a profitable practice. In 1866 he was elected a Representative in the Twenty-fifth General Assembly, being re-elected in 1868. Here he was especially prominent in securing restrictive legis- lation concerning railroads. In 1876 he was chosen a Presidential Elector for his district on the Republican ticket. In 1877 he was elected a Judge of the Thirteenth judicial district, and re-elected in 1879 and in 1885. In January, 1878, and again in June, 1879, he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court, being presiding Ju.stice from June, 1879. to June, 1880, and from June, 1881, to June. 1882. In 1879 he received the degree of LL.D. from the Universities of Rochester and Chicago. In 1888 he was elected to the bench of the Supreme Court. Died in office, Oct. 16, 1895. B.ilLH.VCHE, John, pioneer journalist, was born in the Island of Jersey, May 8. 1787; after gaining the rudiments of an education in his mother tongue (the French), he acquired a knowl- edge of English and some proficiency in Greek and Latin in an academy near his paternal home, when he spent five years as a printer's apprentice. In 1810 lie came to the United States, first locat- ing at Cambridge, Ohio, but, in 1812, purchased a half interest in "The Fredonian" at Chillicothe (then the State Capital), .soon after becoming sole owner. In 1815 he purchased "The Scioto Ga- zette" and consolidated the two papers under the name of "The Scioto Gazette and Fredonian Chronicle." Here he remained until 1828, mean- time engaging temporarih- in the banking busi- ness, also serving one term in the Legislature (1820), and being elected Associate Justice of the Court of Common Pleas for Ross County. In 1828 he removed to Columbus, assuming charge of "The Ohio State Journal," served one term as Mayor of the city, and for three consecutive years was State Printer. Selling out "The Jour- nal" in 1836, he came west, the next year becom- ing part owner, and finally sole proprietor, of "The Telegraph" at Alton, lU., which lie conducted alone or in association with various partners until 1854, when he retired, giving his attention to the book and job branch of the business. He served as Representative from Madison County in the Thir- teenth General Assembly (1843-44). As a man and a journalist Judge Bailhache commanded the highest respect, and did much to elevate the standard of jom-nalism in Illinois, "The Tele- graph," during the period of his connection with it, being one of the leading papers of the State. His death occurred at Alton, Sept. 3, 1857, as the result of injuries received the day previous, by being thrown from a carriage in which he was riding. — Maj. William Henry (Bailhache), son of the preceding, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, August 14. 1826, removed with his fatlier to Alton, 111., in 1836, was educated at Shurtlefif College, and learned the printing trade in the office of "The Telegraph," under the direction of his father, afterwards being associated with the business department. In 1855, in partnership with Edward L. Baker, he became one of the proprietors and business manager of "The State Journal" at Springfield. During the Civil War he received from President Lincoln the appoint- ment of Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, serving to its close and receiving the brevet rank of Major. After the war he returned to journal- ism and was associated at different times with "The State Journal" and "The Quincy Whig," as business manager of each, but retired in 1873 ; in 1881 was appointed by President Arthur, Receiver of Public Moneys at Santa Fe., X. M., remaining four years. He is now (1899) a resi- dent of San Diego, Cal., where he has been engaged in newspaper work, and, under the administration of President McKinley, has been a Special Agent of the Treasury Department. — Preston Heath (Bailhache), another son, was born in Columbus, Ohio, Feb. 21, 1835, served as a Surgeon during the Civil War, later became a Surgeon in the regular army and has held posi- tions in marine hospitals at Baltimore, Washing- ton and New York, and has visited Europe in the interest of sanitary and hospital service. At present (1899) he occupies a prominent position at the headquarters of the United States Marine Hospital Service in Washington. — .\rthnr Lee (Bailhache), a third son, bom at Alton, 111., AprD 32 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 12, 1839; at the beginning of the Civil War was employed in the State commissary service at Camp Yates and Cairo, became Adjutant of the Thirty-eighth Illinois Volunteers, and died at Pilot Knob, Mo., Jan. 9, 1863, as the result of disease and exposure in the service. BAKER, David Jewett, lawyer and United States Senator, was born at East Haddam, Conn. , Sept. 7, 1792. His family removed to New York in 1800, where he worked on a farm during boy- hood, but graduated from Hamilton College in 1816, and three years later was admitted to the bar. In 1819 he came to Illinois and began prac- tice at Kaskaskia, where he attained prominence in his profession and was made Probate Judge of Randolph County. His opposition to the intro- duction of slaverj' into the State was bo aggres- sive that his life was frequently threatened. In 1830 Governor Edwards appointed' him United States Senator, to fill the unexpired term of Senator McLean, but he served only one month when he was succeeded by John M. Robinson, who was elected by the Legislature. He was United States District Attorney from 1833 to 1841 (the State then constituting but one district), and thereafter resumed private practice. Died at Alton, August 6, 1869. —Henry Southard (Baker), son of the pre- ceding, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., Nov. 10, 1824, received his preparatory education at Shurt- leff College, Upper Alton, and, in 1843, entered Brown University, R. I., graduating therefrom in 1847; was admitted to the bar in 1849, begin- ning practice at Alton, the home of his father, Hon. David J. Baker. In 1854 he was elected as an Anti-Nebraska candidate to the lower branch of the Nineteenth General Assembly, and, at the subsequent session of the General Assembly, was one of the five Anti-Nebraska members whose uncompromising fidelity to Hon. Lyman Trum- bull resulted in the election of the latter to the United States Senate for the first time — the others being his colleague. Dr. George T. Allen of the House, and Hon. John M. Palmer, afterwards United States Senator, Burton C. Cook and Nor- man B. Judd in the Senate. He served as one of the Secretaries of the Republican State Convention held at Bloomington in May, 1856, was a Repub- lican Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in 1865, became Judge of the Alton City Court, serving until 1881. In 1876 he presided over the Repub- lican State Convention, served as delegate to the Republican National Convention of the same year and was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposition to William R. Morrison. Judge Baker was the orator selected to deliver the address on occasion of the unveiling of the statue of Lieut. -Gov. Pierre Menard, on the capitol grounds at Springfield, in Januarj-, 1888. About 1888 he retired from practice, dying at Alton, March 5, 1897. — Edward L. (Baker), second son of David Jewett Baker, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., June 3, 1829; graduated at Shurt- leflf College in 1847; read law with his father two years, after which he entered Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar at Spring- field in 1855. Previous to this date Mr. Baker had become associated with William H. Bailhache, in the management of "The Alton Daily Telegraph," and, in July, 1855, they purchased "Tlie Illinois State Journal," at Springfield, of which Mr. Baker assumed the editorship, remaining until 1874. In 1869 he was appointed United States Assessor for the Eighth District, serving until the abolition of the office. In 1873 he received the appointment from President Grant of Consul to Buenos Ayres, South America, and, assuming the duties of the office in 1874, remained there for twenty-three years, proving him.self one of the most capable and efficient officers in the con- sular service. On the evening of the 20th of June, 1897, when Mr. Baker was about to enter a railway train already in motion at the station in the city of Buenos Ayres, he fell under the cars, receiving injuries which necessitated the ampu- tation of his right arm, finally resulting in his death in the hospital at Buenos Ayres, July 8, following. His remains were brought home at the Government expense and interred in Oak Ridge Cemetery, at Springfield, where a monu- ment has since been erected in his honor, bearing a tablet contributed by citizens of Buenos Ayres and foreign representatives in that city express- ive of their respect for his memory. — DaTld Jewett (Baker), Jr., a third son of David Jewett Baker, Sr., was born at Kaskaskia, Nov. 20,1834; graduated from Shurtleflf College in 1854, and was admitted to the bar in 1856. In November of that year he removed to Cairo and began prac- tice. He was Mayor of that city in 1864-65, and, in 1869, was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit. The Legislature of 1873 (by Act of March 28) having divided the State into twenty-six circuits, he was elected Judge of the Twenty -sixth, on June 3, 1873. In August, 1878, he resigned to accept an appointment on the Supreme Bench as successor to Judge Breese, deceased, but at the close of his term on the Supreme Bench (1879), was re-elected Circuit Judge, and again in 1885. During this period he HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 33 served for several years on the Appellate Bench. In 1888 he retired from the Circuit Bench by x'esignation and was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court for a term of nine years. Again, in 1897, he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated by Carroll C. Hoggs. Soon after retiring from the Supreme Bench he removed to Chicago and engaged in general practice, in partnership with his son, John W. Baker. He fell dead almost instantlj' in his ofBce, March 13, 1899. In all, Judge Baker had spent some thirty years almost continuously on the bench, and had attained eminent distinction both as a lawyer and a jurist. BAKER, Edward Dickinson, soldier and United States Senator, was born in London, Eng., Feb. 34, 1811; emigrated to Illinois while yet in his minority, first locating at Belleville, afterwards removing to CarroUton and finally to Sangamon Count}', the last of which he repre- sented in the lower house of the Tenth General Assembly, and as State Senator in the Twelfth and Thirteenth. He was elected to Congress as a Whig from the Springfield District, but resigned in December, 1846, to accept the colonelcy of the Fourth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, in the Mexican War, and succeeded General Shields in command of the brigade, when the latter was wounded at Cerro Gordo, In 1848 he was elected to Congress from the Galena District; was also identified with the construction of the Panama Railroad ; went to San Francisco in 1852, but •ater removed to Oregon, where he was elected to the United States Senate in 1860. In 1861 he resigned the Senatorship to enter the Union army, commanding a brigade at the battle of Ball's Bluff, where he was killed, October 21, 1861. BAKER, Jelm, lawyer and Congressman, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Nov. 4, 1822. At an early age he removed to Illinois, making his home in Belleville, St. Clair County. He re- ceived his early education in the common schools and at McKendree College. Although he did not graduate from the latter institution, he received therefrom the honorary degree of A. M. in 1858, and that of LL. D. in 1882. For a time lie studied medicine, but abandoned it for the study of law. Fi-om 1861 to 1865 he was Master in Chancery for St. Clair County. From 1865 to 1869 he represented tlie Belleville District as a Republican in Congress. From 1876 to 1881 and from 1882 to 1885 he was Minister Resident in Venezuela, during the latter portion of his term of service acting also as Consul-General. Return- ing home, he was again elected to Congress (1886) from the Eighteenth District, but was defeated for re-election, in 1888, by William S. Forman, Democrat. Again, in 1896, having identified himself with the Free Silver Democracy and People's Party, he was elected to Congress from tlie Twentieth District over Everett J. Murphy, the Republican nominee, serving until March 3, 1899. He is the author of an annotated edition of Montesquieu's "Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans." BALDWIN, Elmer, agriculturist and legisla- tor, was born in Litchfield County, Conn., March 8, 1806 ; at 16 years of age began teaching a coun- try school, continuing this occupation for several years during the winter months, while working on his father's farm in the summer. He then started a store at New Milford, which he man- aged for three years, when he sold out on account of his health and began farming. In 1833 he came west and purchased a considerable tract of Government land in La Salle County, where the village of Farm Ridge is now situated, removing thither with his family the following year. He served as Justice of the Peace for fourteen con- secutive terms, as Postmaster twenty years and as a member of the Board of Supervisors of La Salle Coimty six years. In 1856 he was elected as a Republican to the House of Representatives, was re-elected to the same office in 1866, and to the State Senate in 1872, serving two years. He was also appointed, in 1869, a member of the first Board of Public Charities, serving as President of the Board. Mr. Baldwin is author of a "His- tory of La Salle County," which contains much local and biographical history. Died, Nov. 18, 1895. BALDWIN, Theron, clergyman and educa- tor, was born in Goshen, Conn., July 21, 1801; graduated at Yale College in 1827; after two years' study in the theological school there, was ordained a home missionary in 1829, becoming one of the celebrated "Yale College Band," or "Western College Society," of which he was Cor- responding Secretary during most of his life. He was settled as a Congregationalist minister at Vandalia for two j'ears, and was active in pro- curing the charter of Illinois College at Jackson- ville, of which he was a Trustee from its organization to liis death. He served for a number of years, from 1831, as Agent of the Home Missionary Society for Illinois, and, in 1838, became the first Principal of Monticello Female Seminary, near Alton, which he con- ducted five years. Died at Orange, N. J., April 10, 1870. 34 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BALLARD, Addison, merchant, was born of Quaker parentage in Warren County, Ohio, No- vember, 1822. He located at La Porte, Ind., about 1841, where he learned and pursued the carpenter's trade; in 1849 went to California, remaining two years, when he returned to La Porte ; in 1853 removed to Chicago and embarked in the lumber trade, which he prosecuted until 1887, retiring with a competeuej'. Jlr. Ballard served several years as one of the Commissioners of Cook County, and, from 1876 to 1883, as Alder- man of the City of Chicago, and again in the latter office. 1894-9G. BALTES, Peter Joseph, Roman CathoUc Bishop of Alton, was born at Ensheim, Rhenish Ba- varia, April 7, 1827 ; was educated at the colleges of the Holy Cross, at Worcester, Mass., and of St. Ignatius, at Chicago, and at Lavalle University, Montreal, and was ordained a priest in 1853, and consecrated Bishop in 1870. His diocesan admin- istration was succe.ssful, but regarded by )u,« prie.sts as somewhat arbitrary. He wrote numer- ous pastoral letters and brochures for the guidance of clergy and laity. His most important literary work was entitled "Pastoral Instruction," first edition, N. Y., 1875; second edition (revised and enlarged), 1880. Died at Alton, Feb. 15, 1886. BALTIMORE & OHIO SOUTHWESTERN RAILWAY. This road (constituting a part of the Baltimore & Ohio system) is made up of two principal divisions, the first extending across the State from East St. Louis to Belpre, Ohio, and tlie second (known as tlie Springfield Division) extend- ing from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The total mileage of the former (or main Hne) is 537 miles, of which 147^''2 are in Illinois, and of the latter (wholly within Illinois) 228 miles. The main line (originally kno\vn a-s the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railway) was chartered in Indiana in 1848, in Ohio in 1849, and in Illinois in 1851. It was constructed by two companies, the section from Cincinnati to the Indiana and Illinois State line being known as the Eastern Division, and that in Illinois as the Western Division, the gauge, as originally built, being six feet, but reduced in 1871 to standard. Tlie banking firm of Page & Bacon, of St. Louis and San Francisco, were tlie principal financial backers of the enter- prise. The line was completed and opened for traffic, May 1, 1857. The following year the road became financially embarrassed ; the Eastern Di- vision was placed in the hands of a receiver in 1860, while the Western Division was sold imder foreclosure, in 1862, and reorganize'E COUNTY, the smallest of the "north- ern tier" of counties, having an area of only 290 square miles, and a population (1900) of 15,791. Its surface is chiefly rolling prairie, and the principal products are oats and corn. The earli- est settlers came from New York and New Eng- land, and among them were included Medkiff, Bunham, Caswell, Cline, Towner, Doty and Whitney. Later (after the Pottawattomies had evacuated the country), came the Shattuck brothers, Maria HoUenbeck and Mrs. Bullard, Oliver Hale, Nathaniel Crosby, Dr. Whiting, H. C. Walker, and the Neeley and Mahoney families. Boone County was cut off from Winnebago, and organized in 1837, being named in honor of Ken- tucky's pioneer. The first frame house in the county was erected by S. F. Doty and stood for fifty years in the village of Belvidere on the north side of the Kishwaukee River. The county -seat (Belvidere) was platted in 1837, and an academy built soon after. Tlie first Protestant church was a Baptist society under the pastorate of Rev. Dr. King. BOURBONN AIS, a village of Kankakee County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles north of Kankakee. Population (1890), 510; (1900), 595. BOUTELL, Henry Sherman, lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Boston, Ma.ss., March 14, 1856, graduated from the Northwestern Univer- sity at Evanston, 111., in 1874, and from Harvard in 1876; was admitted to the bar in Illinois in 1879, and to that of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1885. In 1884 Mr. Boutell was elected to the lower branch of the Thirty-fourth General Assembly and was one of the "103" who, in the long struggle during the following session, participated in the election of Gen. John A. Logan to the United States Senate for the last time. At a special election held in the Sixth Illinois District in November, 1897, he was elected Representative in Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the sudden death of his pred- ecessor. Congressman Edward D. Cooke, and at the regular election of 1898 was re-elected to the same position, receiving a plurality of 1,116 over his Democratic competitor and a majority of 719 over all. BOUTO>', Nathaniel S., manufacturer, was born in Concord, N. H., May 14, 1828; in his youth farmed and taught school in Connecticut, but in 1852 came to Chicago and was employed in a foundry firm, of which he soon afterwards became a partner, in the manufacture of car- wheels and railway castings. Later he became associated with the American Bridge Company's works, which was sold to the Illinois Central Railroad Company in 1857, when he bought the Union Car Works, which he operated until 1863. He then became the head of the Union Foundry Works, which having been consolidated with the Pullman Car Works in 1886, he retired, organizing the Bouton Foundry Company. Mr. Bouton is a Republican, was Commissioner of Public Works for the city of Chicago two terms before the Civil War, and served as Assistant Quartermaster in the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry (Second Board of Trade Regiment) from 1862 until after the battle of Chickamauga. BOYD, Thomas A., was born in Adams County, Pa., June 25, 1830, and graduated at Marshall College, Mercersburg, Pa., at the age of 18; studied law at Chambersburg and was admitted to the bar at Bedford in his native State, where he practiced until 1856, when he removed to Illi- nois. In 1861 he abandoned his practice to enlist in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry, in which he held the position of Captain. At the close of the war he returned to his home at Lewistown, and, in 1866, was elected State Senator and re-elected at the expiration of his term in 1870, serving in the Twenty-fifth, Twent3'-sixth and Twenty- seventh General Assemblies. He was also a Republican Representative from liis District in the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses (1877-81). Died, at Lewistown, May 28, 1897. BRACEVILIE, a town In Grundy County, 61 miles by rail southwest of Chicago. Coal mining is the principal industry. The town has two banks, two churches and good public schools. Population (1890), 2,150; (1900), 1,669. BRADFORD, village of Stark County, on Buda and Rusliville branch Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway ; is in excellent farming region and has large grain and live-stock trade, excel- lent high school building, fine churches, good hotels and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 773. BRADSBY, William H., pioneer and Judge, was born in Bedford Count}', Va., July 12, 1787. He removed to Illinois earh' in life, and was the first postmaster in Washington County (at Gov- 58 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ington), the first school-teacher and the first Circuit and County Clerk and Recorder. At the time of his death he was Probate and County Judge. Besides being Clerk of all the courts, he was virtually County Treasurer, as he had cus- tody of all the county's money. For several years he was also Deputy United States Surveyor, and in that capacity surveyed much of the south part of the State, as far east as Wayne and Clay Counties. Died at Nashville, 111 , August 21, 1839. BRADWELL, James Bolesworth, lawyer and editor, was born at Loughborough, England, April 16, 1828, and brought to America in infancy, his parents locating in 1829 or '30 at Utioa, N. Y. In 1833 they emigrated to Jacksonville, lU., but the following year removed to "Wheeling, Cook County, settling on a farm, where the yoimger Bradwell received his first lessons in breaking prairie, splitting rails and tilling the soil. His first schooling was obtained in a country log- school-house, but, later, he attended the Wilson Academy in Chicago, where he had Judge Lo- renzo Sawyer for an instructor. He also took a course in Knox College at Galesburg, then a manual-labor school, supporting himself by work- ing in a wagon and plow shop, sawing wood, etc. In May, 1852, lie was married to Miss Myra Colby, a teacher, with whom he went to Mem- phis, Tenn., the same year, where they engaged in teaching a select school, the subject of this sketch meanwhile devoting some attention to reading law. He was admitted to the bar there, but after a stay of less than two years in Mem- phis, returned to Chicago and began practice. In 1861 he was elected County Judge of Cook County, and re-elected four years later, but declined a re-election in 1869. The first half of his term occurring during the progress of the Civil War, he had the opportunity of rendering some vigorous decisions which won for him the reputation of ,a man of courage and inflexible independence, as well as an incorruptible cham- pion of justice. In 1872 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly from Cook County, and re-elected in 1874. He was again a candidate in 1882, and by many believed to have been honestly elected, though his opponent received the certificate. He made a contest for the seat, and the majority of the Committee on Elections reported in his favor ; but he was defeated through the treach- ery and suspected corruption of a professed polit- ical friend. He is the author of the law making women eligible to school offices in Illinois and allowing them to become Notaries Public, and has always been a champion for equal rights for women in the professions and as citizens. He was a Second Lieutenant of the One Hundred and Fifth Regiment, Illinois Militia, in 1848 ; presided over the American Woman's Suffrage Associa- tion at its organization in Cleveland; has been President of the Chicago Press Club, of the Chi- cago Bar Association, and, for a number of years, the Historian of the latter ; one of the founders and President of the Union League Club, besides being associated with many other social and business organizations. At present (1899) he is editor of "The Chicago Legal News," founded by his wife thirty years ago, and with which he has been identified in a business capacity from its establishment. — Myra Colby (Bradwell), the wife of Judge Bradwell, was born at Manchester, Vt. , Feb. 12, 1831 — being descended on her mother's side from the Chase family to which Bishop Philander Chase and Salmon P. Chase, the latter Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by appointment of Abraham Lincoln, belonged. In infancy she was brought to Portage, N. Y. , where she remained until she was twelve years of age, when her family re- moved west. She attended school in Kenosha, Wis., and a seminary at Elgin, afterwards being engaged in teaching. On May 18, 1852, she was married to Judge Bradwell, almost immediately going to Memphis, Tenn. , where, with the assist- ance of her husband, she conducted a select school for some time, also teaching in the public schools, when they returned to Chicago. In the early part of the Civil War she took a deep interest in the welfare of the soldiers in the field and their families at home, becoming President of the Soldiers' Aid Society, and was a leading spirit in the Sanitary Fairs held in Chicago in 1863 and in 1865. After the war she commenced the study of law and, in 1868, began the publication of "The Chicago Legal News," with which she re- mained identified until her death — also publishing biennially an edition of the session laws after each session of the General Assembly. After passing a most creditable examination, appUca- tion was made for her admission to the bar in 1871, but denied in an elaborate decision rendered by Judge C. B. Lawrence of the Supreme Court of the State, on the sole ground of sex, as was also done by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1873, on the latter occasion Chief Justice Chase dissenting. She was finally admitted to the bar on March 28, 1892, and was the first lady member of the State Bar Associ- HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 59 ation. Other organizations with which she was identified embraced the Illinois State Press Association, the Board of Managers of the Sol- diers' Home (in war time), the "Illinois Industrial School for Girls" at Evanston, the Washingtonian Home, the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the Woman's Committee on Jurisprudence of the World's Congress Auxiliary of 1893. Although much before the public during the latter years of her life, she never lost the refinement and graces which belong to a true woman. Died, at her home in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1894. BRAIDWOOD, a city in Will County, incorpo- rated in 1860 ; is 58 miles from Chicago, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad: an important coal- mining point, and in the heart of a rich agricultural region. It has a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (I8?i0), 4,641 ; (1900), 3,279. BRANSOX, Xathaniel W., lawyer, was born in Jacksonville, 111., May 29, 1837; was educated in the private and public schools of that city and at Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 1857 ; studied law with David A. Smith, a promi- nent and able lawyer of Jacksonville, and was admitted to the bar in January, 1860, soon after establishing himself in practice at Petersburg, Menard County, where he has ever since resided. In 1867 Mr. Branson was appointed Register in Bankruptcy for the Springfield District — a po- sition which he held thirteen years. He was also elected Representative in the General Assembly in 1873, b}- re-election in 1874 serving four years in the stormy Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth General Assemblies ; was a Delegate from Illinois to the National Republican Convention of 1876, and served for several years most efficiently as a Trustee of the State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, part of the time as President of the Board. Politically a conservative Republican, and in no sense an office-seeker, the official po- sitions which he has occupied have come to him unsought and in recognition of his fitness and capacity for the proper discharge of their duties. DRAYMAN, Mason, lawyer and soldier, was born in Buffalo, N. Y., May 23, 1813; brought up as a farmer, became a printer and edited "The Buffalo Bulletin," 1834-35; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1836; removed west in 1837, was City Attorney of Monroe, Mich., in 1838 and became editor of "The Louisville Adver- tiser" in 1841. In 1843 he opened a law office in Springfield, 111., and the following year was appointed by Governor Ford a commissioner to adjust the Mormon troubles, in which capacity he rendered valuable service. In 1844-45 he was appointed to revise the statutes of the State. Later he devoted much attention to railroad enterprises, being attorney of the Illinois Central Railroad, 1851-55; then projected the construc- tion of a railroad from Bird's Point, opposite Cairo, into Arkansas, which was partially com- pleted before the war, and almost wholly de- stroyed during that period. In 1861 he entered the service as Major of the Twenty-ninth IlUnois Volunteers, taking part in a niunber of the early battles, including Fort Donelson and Shiloh; was promoted to a colonelcy for meritorious con- duct at the latter, and for a time served as Adjutant-General on the staff of General McCler- nand; was promoted Brigadier-General in Sep- tember, 1863, at the close of the war receiving the brevet rank of Major-General. After the close of the war he devoted considerable atten- tion to reviving his railroad enterprises in the South; edited "The Illinois State Journal," 1872-73; removed to Wisconsin and was ap- pointed Governor of Idaho in 1876, serving four years, after which he returned to Ripon. Wis. Died, in Kansas City, Feb. 37, 1895. BREESE, a village in Clinton County, on Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railway, 39 miles east of St. Louis; has coal mines, water system, bank and weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 808, (1900), 1,571. BREESE, Sidney, statesman and jurist, was born at Whitesboro, N. Y., (according to the generally accepted authority) July 15, 1800. Owing to a certain sensitiveness about his age in his later years, it has been exceedingly difficult to secure authentic data on the subject; but his arrival at Kaskaskia in 1818, after graduating at Union College, and his admission to the bar in 1820, have induced many to believe that the date of his birth should be placed somewhat earlier. He was related to some of the most prominent families in New York, including the Livingstons and the Morses, and, after his arrival at Kaskas- kia, began the study of law with his friend Elias Kent Kane, afterwards United States Senator. Meanwhile, having served as Postmaster at Kas- kaskia, he became Assistant Secretary of State, and, in December, 1820, superintended the re- moval of the archives of that office to 'Vandalia, the new State capital. Later he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney, serving in that position from 1822 till 1827, when he became United States District Attorney for Illinois. He was the first official reporter of the Supreme Court, issuing its first volume of decisions; served as Lieutenant-Colonel of volunteers during the 60 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Black Hawk War (1832) ; in 1835 was elected to the circuit bench, and, in 1841, was advanced to the Supreme bench, serving less than two years, when he resigned to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to which he was elected in 1843 as the successor of Richard M. Young, defeating Stephen A. Douglas in the first race of the latter for the office. While in the Senate (1843-49) he served as Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands, and was one of the first to suggest the construction of a transcontinental railway to the Pacific. He was also one of the originators and active promoters in Congress of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad enterprise. He was Sjjeaker of the Illinois House of Representatives in 1851 , again became Circuit Judge in 1855 and returned to the Supreme bench in IS.'i" and served more than one term as Chief Justice, the last being in 1873-74. His home during most of his public life in Illinois was at Carlyle. His death occurred at Pinckneyville, June 38. 1878. BEENTANO, Lorenzo, was born at Mannheim, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, Nov. 14, 1813; was educated at the Universities of Heidelberg and Freiburg, receiving the degree of LL.D., and attaining high honors, both profes- sional and political. He was successively a member of the Baden Chamber of Deputies and of the Frankfort Parliament, and always a leader of the revolutionist party. In 1849 he became President of the Provisional Republican Gov- ernment of Baden, but was, before long, forced to find an asylum in the United States. He first settled in Kalamazoo County, Mich. , as a farmer, but, in 1859, removed to Chicago, where he was admitted to the Illinois bar, but soon entered the field of journalism, becoming editor and part proprietor of "The Illinois Staats Zeitung." He held various public offices, being elected to the Legislature in 1862, serving five years as Presi- dent of the Chicago Board of Education, was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1808, and United States Consul at Dresden in 1872 (a gen- eral amnesty having been granted to the participants in the revolution of 1848), and Representative in Congress from 1877 to 1879. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 17, 1891. BRIDGEPORT, a town of Lawrence County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 14 miles west of Vincennes, Ind. It has a bank and one weekly paper. Population (1900), 487. BRIDGEPORT, a former suburb (now a part of the city) of Chicago, located at the junction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal with the South Branch of the Chicago River. It is now the center of the large slaughtering and packing industry. BRIDGEPORT & SOUTH CHICAGO RAIL- WAY. (See Oiicago & Northern Pacific Railroad.) BRIGHTON, a village of Macoupin County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Rock Island and St. Louis branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways; coal is mined here; has a newspaper. Population (1880), 691; (1890), 697; (1900), 660. BRIMFIELD, a town of Peoria County, on the Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railway, 38 miles south of Buda; coalmining and farming are the chief industries. It has one weekly paper and a bank. Population (1880), 832; (1890), 719; (1900), 077. BRISTOL, Frank Milton, clergyman, was bom in Orleans County, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1851; came to Kankakee, 111., in boyhood, and having lost his father at 12 years of age, spent the following years in various manual occupations until about nineteen years of age, when, having been con- verted, he determined to devote his life to the ministry. Tlirough the aid of a benevolent lady, he was enabled to get two years' (1870-72) instruc- tion at the Northwestern University, at Evans- ton, afterwards supporting himself by preaching at various points, meanwhile continuing his studies at the University until 1877. After com- pleting his course he served as pastor of some of the most prominent Methodist churches in Chi- cago, his last charge in the State being at Evans- ton. In 1897 he was transferred to Washington City, becoming pastor of the Metropolitan M. E. Church, attended by President McKinley. Dr. Bristol is an author of some repute and an orator of recognized ability. BROADWELL, Norman M., lawyer, was born in Morgan County, 111., August 1, 1825; was edu- cated in the common schools and at McKendree and Illinois Colleges, but compelled by failing health to leave college without graduating; spent some time in the book business, then began the study of medicine with a view to benefiting his own health, but finally abandoned this and, about 1850, commenced the study of law in the office of Lincoln & Herndon at Springfield. Having been admitted to the bar, he practiced for a time at Pekin, but, in 1854, returned to Springfield, where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1860 he was elected as a Democrat to the House of Representatives from Sangamon County, serving in the Twenty -second General Assembly. Other offices held by him included those of County Judge (1863-65) and Mayor of the city of Spring- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 61 field, to which last position he was twice elected (1S6T and again in 1869). Judge Broadwell was one of the most genial of men, popular, high- luinded and honorable in all his dealings. Died, in Springfield, Feb. 28, 1893. BROOKS, John Flavel, educator, was born in Oneida County, Xew York, Dec. 3, 1801 ; graduated at Hamilton College, 1828; studied three years in the theological department of Yale College ; was ordained to the Presbyterian min- istry in 1831, and came to Illinois in the service of the American Home 3Iissionary Society. After preaching at CoUiusville, Belleville and other points, 5Ir. Brooks, who was a member of the celebrated "Yale Band," in 1837 assumed the principalship of a Teachers' Seminary at AVaverly, Morgan Count)', but three years later removed to Springfield, where he established an academy for both sexes. Although finally compelled to abandon this, he continued teaching with some interruptions to within a few years of his death, which occurred in 1886. He was one of the Trus- tees of Illinois College from its foundation up to his death. BROSS, William, journalist, was born in Sus- sex County, X. J., Nov. 14, 1813, and graduated with honors from Williams College in 1838, hav- ing previously developed his physical strengtli by much hard work upon the Delaware and Hudson Canal, and in the lumbering trade. For five years after graduating he was a teacher, and settled in Chicago in 1848. Th3re he first engaged in bookselling, but later embarked in journalism. His first publication was "The Prairie Herald," a religious paper, which was discontinued after two years. In 1852, in connection with John L. Scripps, he founded "The Democratic Press," which was consolidated with "Tlie Tribune" in 1858, Jlr. Bross retaining his connection with the new concern. He was always an ardent free- soiler, and a firm believer in the great future of Chicago and the Northwest. He was an enthusi- astic Republican, and, in 1856 and 1860, sert'ed as an effective campaign orator. In 1864 he was the successful nominee of his party for Lieuten- ant-Governor. This was his only official position outside of a membership in the Chicago Common Council in 1855. As a presiding officer, he was dignified j-et affable, and his impartiality was shown by the fact that no appeals were taken from his decisions. After quitting public life he devoted much time to literary pursuits, deliver- ing lectures in various parts of the country. Among his best known works are a brief "His- tory of Chicago," "History of Camp Douglas," and "Tom Quick." Died, in Chicago, Jan. 27, 1890. BROWN, Henry, lawyer and historian, was born at Hebron. Tolland County, Conn., May 18, 1789 — the son of a commissary in the army of General Greene of Revolutionary fame; gradu- ated at Yale College, and, when of age, removed to New York, later studying law at Albany, Canandaigua and Batavia, and being admitted to the bar about 1813, when he settled dovra in practice at Cooperstown; in 1816 was appointed Judge of Herkimer County, remaining on the bench until about 1824. He then resumed prac- tice at Cooperstown, continuing until 1836, when he removed to Chicago. The following year he was elected a Justice of the Peace, serving two years, and, in 1842, became Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County. During this period he was engaged in writing a "History of Illinois," which was published in New York in 1844 This was regarded at the time as the most voluminous and best digested work on Illinois history that had as yet been published. In 1846, on assuming the Presidency of tlie Chicago Lyceum, he delivered an inaugural entitled "Chicago, Present and Future," which is still preserved as a striking prediction of Chicago's future greatness. Origi- nally a Democrat, he became a Freesoiler in 1848. Died of cholera, in Chicago, May 16, 1849. BROWN, James B., journalist, was born in Gilmanton, Belknap County, N. H., Sept. 1, 1833 — his father being a member of the Legisla- ture and Selectman for his town. The son was educated at Gilmanton Academy, after which he studied medicine for a time, but did not gradu- ate. In 1857 he removed West, first settling at Duuleith, Jo Daviess County, 111., where he became Principal of the public schools; in 1861 was elected County Superintendent of Schools for Jo Daviess County, removing to Galena two years later and assuming the editorship of "The Gazette" of that city. Mr. Brown also served as Postmaster of Galena for several years. Died, Feb. 13, 1896. BROWN, James N., agriculturist and stock- man, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 1, 1806; came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1833, locating at Island Grove, where he engaged extensively in farming and stock-raising. He served as Representative in the General Assem- blies of 1840, '42, '46, and '52, and in the last was instruniental in securing the incorporation of the Illinois State Agricultural Societj', of which he was chosen the first President, being re-elected in 1854. He was one of the most enterprising grow- 62 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ers of blooded cattle in the State and did much to introduce them in Central Illinois; was also an earnest and influential advocate of scientific education for the agricultural classes and an efficient colaborer with Prof. J. B. Turner, of Jacksonville, in securing the enactment by Con- gress, in 1862, of the law granting lands for the endowment of Industrial Colleges, out of which grew the Illinois State University and institu- tions of like character in other States. Died, Nov. 16, 1868. BROWN, William, lawyer and jurist, was born June 1, 1819, in Cumberland, England, his par- ents emigrating to this country wlien lie was eight years old, and settling in Western New York. He was admitted to the bar at Rochester, in October, 1845, and at once removed to Rock- ford, 111., where he commenced practice. In 1853 he was elected State's Attorney for the Four- teenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1857, was chosen Mayor of Rockford. In 1870 he was elected to the bench of the Circuit Court as successor to Judge Sheldon, later was promoted to the Su- preme Court, and was re-elected successively in 1873, in '79 and '85. Died, at Rockford, Jan. 15, 1891. BROWN, William H., lawyer and financier, was born in Connecticut, Dec. 20, 1796; spent his boyhood at Auburn, N. Y., studied law, and, in 1818, came to Illinois with Samuel D. Lock- wood (afterwards a Justice of the State Supreme Court), descending the Ohio River to Shawnee- town in a flat-boat. Mr. Brown visited Kaskas- kia and was soon after appointed Clerk of the United States District Court by Judge Nathaniel Pope, removing, in 1820, to Vandalia, the new State capital, where he remained until 1835. He then removed to Chicago to accept the position of Cashier of the Chicago branch of the State Bank of Illinois, which he continued to fill for many years. He served the city as School Agent for thirteen years (1840-53), managing the city's school fund through a critical period with great discretion and success. He was one of the group of early patriots who successfully resisted the attempt to plant slavery in Illinois in 1823-24; was also one of the projectors of the Chicago & Galena Union Railroad, was President of the Chicago Historical Society for seven years and connected witli many other local enterprises, lie was an ardent personal friend of President Lincoln and served as Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly (1860-62). While making a tour of Europe he died of paraly- sis at Amsterdam, June 17, 1867. BROWN COUNTY, situated in the western part of the State, with an area of 300 square miles, and a population (1890) of 11,951; was cut off from Schuyler and made a separate county in May, 1839, being named in honor of Gen. Jacob Brown. Among the pioneer settlers were the Vandeventers and Hambaughs, John and David Six, WilUam McDaniel, Jeremiah Walker, Willis O'Neil, Harry Lester, John Ausmus and Robert H. Curry. The county-seat is Mount Sterling, a town of no little attractiveness. Other prosperous villages are Mound Station and Ripley. The chief occupation of the people is farming, although there is some manufacturing of lumber and a few potteries along the Illinois River. Population (1900), 11,557. BROWNE, Francis Fisher, editor and author, was born hi South Halifax, Vt., Dec. 1, 1843, the son of William Goldsmith Browne, who was a teacher, editor and author of the song "A Hun- dred Years to Come." In childhood he was brought by his parents to Western Massachusetts, where he attended the public schools and learned the printing trade in his father's newspaper office at Chicopee, Mass. Leaving school in 1802, he enlisted in the Forty-sixth Regiment Massa- chusetts Volimteers, in which he served one year, chiefly in North Carolina and in the Army of the Potomac. On the discharge of his regi- ment he engaged in the study of law at Roches- ter, N. Y,, entering the law department of the University of Michigan in 1866, but abandoning his intenton of entering the legal profession, removed to Chicago in 1867, where he engaged in journalistic and literary pursuits. Between 1869 and '74 he was editor of "The Lakeside Monthly," when he became literary editor of "The Alliance," but, in 1880, he established and assumed the editorship of "The Dial," a purely literary pub- lication which has gained a high reputation, and of wiiich he has remained in control continuously ever since, meanwhile serving as the literary adviser, for many years, of the well-known pub- lishing house of McClurg & Co. Besides his journalistic work, Mr. Browne has contributed to the magazines and literary anthologies a num- ber of short lyrics, and is the author of "The Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1886), and a volume of poems entitled, "Volunteer Grain" (1893). He also compiled and edited "Golden Poems by British and American Authors" (1881); "The Golden Treasury of Poetry and Prose" (1886), and the "Laurel Crowned"series of stand- ard poetry (1891-92). Mr. Browne was Chairman of the Committee of the Congress of Authors in HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 63 the World's Congress Auxiliary held in con- nection with The Columbian Exposition in 1893. BROWNE, Tkoiuai^ C, early jurist, was born in Kentucky, studied law there and, coming to Shawneetown in 1813, served in the lower branch of the Second Territorial Legislature (1814-16) and in the Council (1816-18), being tlie first law- yer to enter that body. In 181.'5 he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney and. on the admission of Illinois as a State, was promoted to the Supreme bench, being re-elected by joint ballot of the Legislatm'e in 1825, and serving continuously until the reorganization of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 1848, a period of over thirty years. Judge Browne's judicial character and abilities have been differentlj' estimated. Though lacking in industry as a student, he is represented by the late Judge John D. Caton, who knew him personally, as a close thinker and a good judge of men. AVhile seldom, if ever, accustomed to argue questions in the conference room or write out his opinions, he had a capacity for expressing himself in short, pungent sen- tences, which indicated that he was a man of con- siderable ability and had clear and distinct views of his own. An attempt was made to impeach him before the Legislature of 1843 "for want of capacity to discharge the duties of his office," but it failed by an abnost unanimous vote. He was a AVliig in politics, but had some strong sup- porters among Democrats. In 1822 Judge Browne was one of the four candidates for Governor — in the final returns standing third on the list and, by dividing the vote of the advocates of a pro-slavery clause in the State Constitution, contributing to the election of Governor Coles and the defeat of the pro-slavery party. (See Coles, Edirard, and Slaverj/ and Slave Laics.) In the latter part of his official term Judge Browne resided at Ga- lena, but, in 1833, removed with his son-in-law, ex-Congressman Joseph P. Hoge. to San Fran- cisco, Cal., where he died a few years later — probably alx)ut 18.56 or 1858. BROWNING, OrTille Hickman, lawyer. United States Senator and Attorney-General, was born in Harrison Coimty. Ky. , in 1810. After receiv- ing a classical education at Augu.sta in his native State, he removed to Quincy, 111., and was admitted to the bar in 1831. In 1832 he served in the Black Hawk War, and from 1836 to 1843, was a member of the Legislature, serving in both houses. A personal friend and political adherent of Abraham Lincoln, he aided in the organization of tlie Republican party at the memorable Bloomington Convention of 1856. Asa delegate to the Chicago Convention in 1860, he aided in securing Mr. Lincoln's nomination, and was a conspicuous supporter of the Government in the Civil War. In 1861 he was appointed by Gov- ernor Yates United States Senator to fill Senator Douglas' unexpired term, serving until 1863. In 1866 he became Secretary of 'the Interior by ap- pointment of President Johnson, also for a time discharging the duties of Attornej'-General. Returning to Illinois, he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, which was his last participation in public affairs, his time thereafter being devoted to his profession. He died at his home in Quincy, 111., August 10, 1881. BRYAN, Silas Lillard, legislator and jurist, born in Culpepper Coimtj', Va., Nov. 4, 1822; %vas left an orphan at an early age, and came %vest in 1840, living for a time with a brother near Troy, Mo. Tlie following j'ear he came to Marion County, III., where he attended school and worked on a farm; in 1843 entered McKendree College, graduating in 1849, and two years later was admitted to the bar, supporting liimself meanwhile by teaching. He settled at Salem, 111., and, in 1832, was elected as a Democrat to the State Senate, in which body he sers-ed for eight years, being re-elected in 1856. In 1861 he was elected to the bench of the Second Judicial Circuit, and again chosen in 1867, his second term expiring in 1873. While serving as Judge, he was also elected a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1869-70. He was an imsuc- cessful candidate for Congress on the Greeley ticket in 1873. Died at Salem, March 30, 1880.— William Jenninars (Biyan), son of the preceding, was born at Salem, 111., JIarch 19, 1860. The early life of young Bryan was spent on his father's farm, but at the age of ten years lie began to attend the public school in town ; later spent two years in Whipple Academy, ,tbe preparatory department of Illinois CoUege at Jacksonville, and, in 1881, gi-aduated from the college proper as the valedictorian of liis class. Then he devoted two years to the study of law in the Union Law School at Cliicago, meanwhile acting as clerk and studying in the law office of ex-Senator Lyman Trumbull. Having graduated in law in 1883, lie soon entered upon the practice of his profession at Jacksonville as the partner of Judge E. P. Kirby, a well-known lawyer and prominent Republican of that city. Four years later (1887) found him a citizen of Lincoln, Neb., which has since been his home. He took a prominent part 64 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in the politics of Nebraska, stumping the State for the Democratic nominees in 1888 and '89, and in 1S90 received the Democratic nomination for Congi-ess in a district wliich had been regarded as strongl}' Republican, and was elected by a large majority. Again, in 1892, he was elected by a reduced majority, but two years later declined a renomination, though proclaiming himself a free-silver candidate for the United States Senate, meanwhile officiating as editor of "The Omaha World-Herald." In July, 1896, he received the nomination for President from the Democratic National Convention at Chicago, on a platform declaring for the "free and imlimited coinage of silver" at the ratio of sixteen of silver (in weight) to one of gold, and a few weeks later was nominated by the "Populists" at St. Louis for the same office — being the youngest man ever put in nomination for the Presidency in the his- tory of the Government. He conducted an active personal campaign, speaking in nearly every Northern and Middle Western State, but was defeated by his Republican opponent. Maj. William McKinley. Mr. Brj-an is an easy and fluent speaker, possessing a voice of unusual compass and power, and is recognized, even by Ms political opponents, as a man of pure personal character. BRYAN, Thomas Barbour, lawyer and real estate operator, was born at Alexandria, Va., Dec. 23, 1828, being descended on the maternal side from the noted Barbour family of that State ; graduated in law at Harvard, and, at the age of twenty -one, settled in Cincinnati. In 1852 he came to Chicago, where he acquired ex- tensive i"eal estate interests and built Bryan Hall, which became a popular place for en- tertainments. Being a gifted speaker, as well as a zealous Unionist, Mr. Bryan was chosen to deliver the address of welcome to Senator Douglas, when that statesman returned to Chicago a few weeks before his death in 1861. During the jsrogress of the war he devoted his time and his means most generously to fitting out soldiers for the field and caring for the sick and wounded. His services as President of the great Sanitary Fair in Chicago (186.5), where some §300,000 were cleared for disabled soldiers, were especiallj' conspicuous. At this time he became the purchaser (at §3,000) of the original copy of President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which had been donated to the cause. He also rendered valuable service after the fire of 1871, thougli a heavy sufferer from that event, and was a leading factor in securing the location of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1890, later becoming Vice-President of the Board of Directors and making a visit to Eiu-ope in the interest of the Fair. After the war Mr. Bryan resided in Washington for some time, and, by appointment of President Hayes, served as Com- missioner of the District of Columbia. Pos.sessing refined literary and artistic tastes, he has done much for the encouragement of literatm-e and art in Chicago. His home is in the suburban village of Elmhurst. — Charles* Page (Bryan), son of the ijreceding, lawyer and foreign minister, was born in Chicago, Oct. 2, 1855, and educated at the University of Virginia and Columbia Law School; was admitted to practice in 1878, and the following year removed to Colorado, where he remained four years, while there serving in both Houses of the State Legislature. In 1883 he returned to Chicago and became a member of the First Regiment of the Illinois National Guard, serving upon the staff of both Governor Oglesby and Governor Fifer; in 1890, was elected to the State Legislature from Cook County, being re- elected in 1892, and in 1894; was also the first Commissioner to visit Europe in the interest of the World's Columbian Exposition, on his return serving as Secretary of the Exposition Commis- sioners in 1891-92. In the latter part of 1897 he was appointed by President JIcKinley Minister to China, but before being confirmed, early in 1898, was assigned to the United States mission to the Republic of Brazil, where he now is, Hon. E. H. Conger of Iowa, who had previously been appointed to the Brazilian mission, being trans- ferred to Pekin. BRYANT, John Howard, pioneer, brother of William Cullen Brj-ant, the poet, was born in Cummington, Mass., Jul}- 22, 1807, educated at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N. Y, ; removed to Illinois in 1831, and held vari- ous offices in Bureau County, including that of Representative in the General Assembly, to which he was elected in 1842, and again in 1858. A practical and enterprising farmer, he was identi- fied with the Illinois State Agricultural Society in its early Instory, as also with tiie movement which resulted in the establishment of indastrial colleges in the various States. He was one of the founders of the Republican party and a warm personal friend of President Lincoln, being a member of the first Republican State Convention at Bloomington in 1856, and serving as Collector of Internal Revenue by appointment of Mr. Lin- coln in 1862-64. In 1872 Mr. Bryant joined in the Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati, two HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 65 years later was identified with the "Independent Reform" party, but has since cooperated with the Democratic party. He has produced two volumes of poems, published, respective!}-, in 1855 and 1885, besides a number of public addresses. His home is at Princeton, Bureau County. BUCK, Hiram, clergyman, was born in Steu- ben County, N. Y., in 1818; joined the Illinois Methodist Episcopal Conference in 1843, and con- tinued in its service for nearly fifty years, being much of the time a Presiding Elder. At his death he bequeathed a considerable sum to the endowment funds of the Wesleyan University at Bloomington and the Illinois Conference College at Jacksonville, Died at Decatur, 111., August 22, 1892. BUDA,a village in Bureau Count.y. at the junc- tion of the main line with the Buda and Rush- ville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and the Sterling and Peoria branch of the Chicago & Northwestern, 12 miles southwest of Princeton and 117 miles west-southwest of Chicago; has excellent water-works, electric- light plant, brick and tile factory, fine churches, graded school, a bank and one newspaper Dairying is carried on quite extensively and a good-sized creamery is located here. Population (1890), 990; (1900), 873. BUFORD, Napoleon Bonaparte, banker and soldier, was born in Woodford County, Ky., Jan. 13, 1807 ; graduated at West Point Military Acad- emy, 1827, and served for some time as Lieutenant of Artillery; entered Har\-ard Law School in 1831, served as Assistant Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy there (1834-35), then resigned his commission, and, after some service as an engineer upon public works in Kentucky, established himself as an iron-founder and banker at Rock Island, HI., in 1857 becoming President of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. In 1861 he entered the volunteer service, as Colonel of the Twenty-seventh Illinois, serving at various points in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, as also in the siege of Yicksburg, and at Helena, Ark., where he was in command from Septem- ber, 1863, to March, 1865. In the meantime, by promotion, he attained to the rank of Major- General by brevet, being mustered out in August, 1865. He subsequently held the post of Special United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1868), and that of Inspector of the Union Pacific Railroad (1867-69). Died, March 28, 1883. BULKLET, (Rev.) Jastns, educator, was born at Leicester, Livingston County, X. Y.. July 23. 1819, taken to Allegany County, N. Y,, at 3 years of age, where he remained until 17, attend- ing school in a log school-house in the winter and working on a farm in the summer. His family then removed to Illinois, finally locating at Barrj', Pike County. In 1842 he entered the preparatory department of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton, graduating there in 1847. He was immediately made Principal of the preparatory department, remaining two years, when he was ordained to the Baptist ministry and became pastor of a church at Jerseyville. Four years later he was appointed Professor of Mathematics in Shurtleff College, but remained only two years, when he accepted the pastorship of a church at Carrollton, whicli he continued to fiU nine years, when, in 1864, he was called to a church at Upper Alton. At the expiration of one year he was again called to a professorship in Shurtleff College, this time taking the chair of Cliurch History and Cliurcli Polity, which he continued to fill for a period of thirty-four years; also serving for a time as Acting President dur- ing a vacancy in that office. During this period he was frequently called upon to preside as Mod- erator at General Associations of the Baptist Cliurch, and he became widely known, not only in that denomination, but elsewhere. Died at Upper Alton, Jan. 16, 1899. BULL, Lorenzo, banker, Quincy, 111., was bom in Hartford, Conn., March 21, 1819, being the eldest son of Lorenzo and Elizabeth Goodwin Bull. His ancestors on both sides were of the party who, under Thomas Hooker, moved from the vicinity of Boston and settled Hartford in 1634. Leaving Hartford in the spring of 1833, he arrived at Quincy, 111., entirely without means, but soon after secured a position with Judge Henry H. Snow, who then held most of the county offices, being Clerk of the County Com- missioners' Coiui;, Clerk of the Circuit Court, Recorder, Judge of Probate, Notary Public and Justice of the Peace. Here the young clerk made himself acquainted with the people of the county (at that time few in number), ^vith the land-system of the coimtry and with the legal forms and metliods of procedure in the courts. He remained witli Judge Snow over two years, receiving for his services, the first year, six dol- lars per month, and. for the second, ten dollars per month, besides Iiis board in Judge Snow's family. He next accepted a situation with Messrs. Holmes, Brown & Co., then one of the most prominent mercantile houses of the city, remaining through various changes of the firm until 1844, wlien he formed a partnership with 66 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. his brother under the firm name of L. & C. II. Bull, and opened a store for the sale of hardware and crockery, which was the first attempt made in Quincy to separate the mercantile business into different departments. Disposing of their business in 1861, the firm of L & C. H. Bull embarked in the private banking business, which the}' continued in one location for about thirty years, when they organized the State Savings Loan & Trust Company, in which he held the position of President until 1898. when he retired. Mr. Bull has always been active in promoting the improvement and growth of the city ; was one of the five persons who built most of the horse rail- roads in Quincy, and was, for about twenty years, President of the Company. The Quincy water- works are now (1898) owned entirely by himself and his son. He has never sought or held political office, but at one time was the active President of five distinct business corporations. He was also for some five years one of the Trustees of Illinois College at Jacksonville. He was married in 1844 to Miss Margaret H. Benedict, daughter of Dr. Wm. M. Benedict, of Milbury, Mass., and they have five children now living. In politics he is a Republican, and his religious associations are with the Congregational Church. — Charles Heniy (Bull), brother of the preceding, was born in Hartford, Conn., Dec. 16. 1S23. and removed to Quincy, 111., in June, 1837. He commenced business as a clerk in a general store, where he remained for seven years, when he entered into partnership with his brother, Lorenzo Bull, in the hardware and crockery business, to which was subsequently added dealing in agricultural implements. This business was continued until the year 1861. when it was sold out, and the brothers established them- selves as private bankers under the same firm name. A few years later they organized the Merchants' and Farmers" National Bank, which was mainly owned and altogether managed by them. Five or six years later this bank was wound up, when they returned to private bank- ing, continuing in this business imtil 1891, when it was merged in the State Savings Loan & Trust Company, organized under the laws of Illinois with a capital of .5300,000, held equally by Lorenzo Bull, Charles H. Bull and Edward J. Parker, respectively, as President, Vice-Presi- dent and Cashier. Xear the close of 1898 the First National Bank of Quincy was merged into the State Savings Loan & Trust Company with J. H. Wai-field, the President of the former, as President of tlie consolidated concern. Mr. Bull was one of the parties who originally organized the Quincy. Missouri & Pacific Railroad Com- pany in 1869 —a road intended to be built from Quincy, 111., across the State of Missouri to Brownsville, Neb., and of which he is now (1898) the President, the name having been changed to the Quinc}-, Omaha & Kansas City Railway He was also identified with the con- struction of the system of street railways in Quincy, and continued active in their manage- ment for about twenty years. He has been active in various other public and private enter- prises, and has done much to advance the growth and prosperity of the city. BUNKER HILL, a city of Macoupin County, on the Cleveland. Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, 37 miles northeast of St. Louis; has electric-lighting plant, telejjhone service, coal mine, flouring mill, wagon and various other manufactories, two banks, two newspapers, opera hou.se, numerous churches, public library, a mili- tary academy and fine public schools, and many handsome residences ; is situated on high ground in a rich agricultural and dairying region and an important shipping-point. Pop. (1900), 1,279. BUNN, Jacob, banker and manufacturer, was bom in Hunterdon County, N. J., in 1814; came to Springfield in 1836, and, four years later, began business as a grocer, to which he afterwards added that of private banking, continuing until 1878. During a part of this time liis bank was one of the best known and widely regarded as one of the most solid institutions of its kind in the State. Though crippled by the financial revulsion of 1873-74 and forced investments in depreciated real estate, he paid dollar for dollar. After retiring from banking in 1878, he assumed charge of the Springfield "Watch Factory, in which he was a large stockliolder, and of wliich he became the President. Mr. Bunn was, be- tween 1866 and 1870, a principal stockholder in "The Chicago Republican" (the predecessor of "The Inter-Ocean"), and was one of the bankers who came to the aid of the State Government with financial assistance at the beginning of the Civil War. Died at Springfield, Oct. 16, 1897.— John W. (Bunn), brother of the jireceding and successor to the grocery business of J. & J. W. Bunn, has been a prominent business man of Springfield, and served as Treasurer of the State Agricultural Board from 1858 to 1898. and of the Illinois tJni- versit}' from its establishment to 1893. BUNSEN, Georgre, German patriot and educa- tor, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Maine. Ger- many, Feb. 18, 1794, and educated in his native HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 67 city and at Berlin University; while still a student took part in the Peninsular War which resulted in the downfall of Napoleon, but resum- ing his studies in 1816, graduated three years later. He then founded a boys' school at Frank- fort, which he maintained fourteen years, when, having been implicated in the republican revolu- tion of 1833. he was forced to leave the country, locating the following year on a farm in St. Clair Count)', 111. Here he finally became a teacher in the public schools, served in the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1847, was elected School Commissioner of St. Clair County, and, having removed to Belleville in 1855, there conducted a private school for the instruction of teachers while discharging the duties of his office: later was appointed a member of the first State School Board, serving until 1860, and taking part in the establishment of the Illinois State Normal Uni versity, of which he was a zealous advocate. He was also a contributor to "The Illinois Teacher," and, for several years prior to his death, served as Superintendent of Schools at Belleville without compensation. Died, November, 1873. BURCH.^RD, Horatio C, ex Congressman, was born at Marshall, Oneida County. N. Y., Sept. 22, 1825; graduated at Hamilton College, N. Y., in 1850, and later removed to Stephenson County, 111., making his home at Freeport. By profes- sion he is a lawyer, but he has been also largely interested in mercantile pursuits. From 1857 to 1860 he was School Commissioner of Stephenson County; from 1863 to 1866 a member of the State Legislature, and from 1869 to 1879 a Representa- tive in Congress, being each time elected as a Republican, for the first time as the successor of E. B. Washburne. After retiring from Congress, he served for six years (1879-85) as Director of the United States Mint at Philadelphia, with marked ability. During the World's Columbian Exposi- tion at Chicago (1893), Mr. Burchard was in charge of the Bureau of Awards in connection with the Mining Department, afterwards resum- ing the practice of his profession at FVeeport. BURDETTE, Robert Jones, journalist and humorist, was born in Greensborough, Pa., July 30, 1844. and taken to Peoria, 111. , in early life, where he was educated in the public schools. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Forty-seventh Illinois Volunteers and served to the end of the war; adopted journalism in 1869. being employed upon "The Peoria Transcript" and other papers of that city. Later he became associated with "The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," upon which he gained a wide reputation as a genial humor- ist. Several volumes of his sketches have beer published, but in recent years he has devoted his attention chiefly to lecturing, with occasional contributions to the literary press. BUREAU COUNTY, set off from Putnam Coimty in 1837, near the center of the northern half of the State, Princeton being made the countj'-seat. Coal had been discovered in 1834, there being considerable quantities mined at Mineral and Selby. Sheffield also has an impor- tant coal trade. Public lands were offered for sale as early as 1835, and by 1844 had been nearly all sold. Princeton was platted in 1832, and. in 1890. contained a population of 3,396. The county has an area of 870 square miles, and, according to the census of 1900. a population of 41,113. The pio- neer settler was Henry Thomas, who erected the first cabin, in Bureau township, in 1828. He was soon followed by the Ament brothers (Edward, Justus and John L. ), and for a time settlers came in rapid succession, among the earliest being Amos Leonard, Daniel Dimmick, John Hall, William Hoskins, Timothy Perkins, Leonard Roth, Bulbona and John Dixon. Serious Indian disturbances in 1831 caused a hegira of the settlers, some of whom never returned. In 1833 a fort was erected for the protection of the whites, and, in 1836, there began a new and large influx of immigrants. Among other early set- tlers were John H. and Arthur Bryant, brothers of the poet, William Cullen Bryant. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, estab- lished in 1879, being an outgrowth of the agitation and discontent among the laboring classes, which culminated in 1877-78. The Board consists of five Commissioners, who serve for a nominal compensation, their term of office being two years. They are nominated by the Executive and confirmed by the Senate. The law requires that three of them shall be manual laborers and two employers of manual labor. The Bureau is charged with the collection, compilation and tabulation of statistics relative to labor in Illi- nois, particularly in its relation to the commer- cial, industrial, social, educational and sanitary conditions of the working classes. The Com- mission is required to submit biennial reports. Those already published contain much informa- tion of value concerning coal and lead mines, convict labor, manufactures, strikes and lock- outs, wages, rent, cost of living, mortgage indebtedness, and kindred topics. BURGESS, Alexander, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of the diocese of Quincy, was born at Providence, R. I,, Oct. 31, 1819. He graduated 68 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. from Brown University in 1838 and from the General Theological Seminary (New York) in 1841. He was made a Deacon, Nov. 3, 1842, and ordained a priest, Nov. 1, 1843. Prior to his ele- vation to the episcopate he was rector of various parishes in Maine, at Brooklyn, N. Y., and at Springfield, Mass. He represented the dioceses of Maine, Long Island and Massachusetts in the General Conventions of the Protestant Episcopal Churcli from 1844 to 1877, and, in the latter year, was President of the House of Deputies. Upon the death of his brother George, Bishop of Maine, he was chosen by the clergy of the diocese to suc- ceed him but declined When the diocese of Quincy. 111. was created, he was elected its first Bishop, and consecrated at Christ Church, Spring- field, Slass , on May 15, 1878. Besides publishing a memoir of his brother. Bishop Burgess is the author of several Sunday-school question books, carols and hymns, and has been a contributor to periodica! church literature. His residence is at Peoria. BURLET, Arthur Oilman, merchant, was born at Exeter, N. H.. Oct. 4, 1813, received his edu- cation in the local schools, and, in 1835, came West, locating in Chicago. For some two years he served as clerk in the boot, shoe and clothing store of John Holbrook, after which he accepted a position with his half-brother, Stephen F. Gale, the proprietor of the first book and stationery store in Chicago. In 1838 he invested his savings in a bankrupt stock of crockery, purchased from the old State Bank, and entered uixsn a business career which was continued uninterruptedly for nearly sixty years. In that time Mr. Burley built up a business which, for its extent and success, was imsurpassed in its time in the West. His brother in-law, Mr. John Tyrrell, became a member of the firm in 1852. the business there- after being conducted imder the name of Burley & Tyrrell, with Mr. Burley as President of the Compan}' until his death, whicli occurred, August 27, 1897. — Augustus Harris (Burley), brother of the preceding, was born at Exeter, N. H. , March 28, 1819 ; was educated in the schools of his native State, and, in his youth, was employed for a time as a clerk in Boston. In 1837 he came to Chicago and took a position as clerk or salesman in the book and stationery store of his half- brother, Stephen F. Gale, subsequently became a partner, and, on the retirement of Mr. Gale a few years later, succeeded to the control of the business. In 1857 he disposed of his book and stationery business, and about the same time became one of the founders of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Company, with which he has been connected as a Director ever since. Mr. Burley was a member of the volunteer fire depart- ment organized in Chicago in 1841 Among the numerous public positions held by him may be mentioned, member of the Board of PublicWorks (1867-70), the first Superintendent of Lincoln Park (1869). Representative from Cook County in the Twenty-seventh General Assemblj- (1870-72). City Comptroller during the administration of Mayor Medill (1872-73), and again under Mayor Roche (1887), and member of the City Council (1881-82). Politically, Mr. Burley has been a zealous Repub- lican and served on the Chicago Union Defense Committee in the first year of the Civil War, and was a delegate from the State-aWarge to the National Republican Convention at Baltimore in 1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a second time. BURNH.4.5I, Daniel Hudson, architect, was born at Henderson, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1846; came to Chicago at 9 years of age: attended private schools and the Chicago High School, after which he spent two years at Waltham, Mass., receiving special instruction ; returning to Chicago in 1867, he was afterwards associated with various firms. About 1873 he formed a business connection with J. W. Root, architect, which extended to the death of the latter in 1891. The firm of Burnham & Root furnished the plans of a large number of the most conspicuous business buildings in Chi- cago, but won their greatest distinction in con- nection with the construction of buildings for the ■World's CoUunbian Exposition, of which Mr. Root was Supervising Architect previous to his death, while Mr. Burnham was made Chief of Construction and, later. Director of Works. In this capacity his authoritj- was almost absolute, but was used with a discretion that contributed greatly to the success of the enterprise. BURR, Albert G., former Congressman, was born in Genesee County, N. Y., Nov. 8, 1829: came to Illinois about 1832 with his widowed mother, who settled in Springfield. In early life he became a citizen of Winchester, where he read law and was admitted to the bar, also, for a time, following the occupation of a printer. Here he was twice elected to the lower house of the Gen- eral Assembl}- (1860 and 1862), meanwhile serving as a member of the State Constitutional Conven- tion of 1862. Having removed to CarroUton. Greene County, he was elected as a Democrat to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1866 and 1868), serving until March 4, 1871. In August, 1877, he was elected Circuit Judge to fill a HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 69 vacancy and was re-elected for the regular term in June, 1879, but died in office, June 10, 1882. 6URRELL, Orlando, member of Congress, was born in Bradford (^'ounty. Pa. ; removed with his parents to White County, 111., in 1834. growing up on a farm near Carmi; received a common school education; in 1850 went to California, driving an ox-team across the plains. Soon after the beginning of the Civil War (1861) he raised a company of cavalry, of which he was elected Captain, and which became a part of the First Regiment Illinois Cavalry; served as County Judge from 1873 to 1881, and was elected Sheriff in 1886. In 1894 he was elected Representative in Congress as a Republican from the Twentieth District, composed of counties which formerly constituted a large part of the old Nineteenth District, and which had uniformly been repre- sented by a Democrat. He suffered defeat as a candidate for reelection in 1896. BURROUGHS, John Curtis, clergjman and educator, was born in Stamford, N. Y., Dec. 7, 1818; graduated at Yale College in 1842, and Madison Theological Seminarj- in 1846. After five 3'ears spent as pastor of Baptist churches at Waterford and West Troy, N. Y., in 18.12 he assmned the pastorate of the First Baptist Church of Chicago; about 18.56 was elected to the presi- dency of the Chicago University, then just established, having previously declined the presidency of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton. Resigning his position in 1874, he soon after became a member of the Chicago Board of Edu- cation, and, in 1884, was elected Assistant Super- intendent of Public Schools of that city, serving imtil his death, April 21, 1892. BUSET, Samuel T., banker and ex-Congress- man, was bom at Greencastle, Ind., Nov. 16, 1835; in infancy was brought by his parents to Urbana, 111., where he was educated and has since resided. From 1857 to 1859 he was engaged in mercantile pursuits, but during 1860-61 attended a commercial college and read law. In 1862 he was chosen Town Collector, but resigned to enter the Union Army, being commissioned Second Lieutenant by Governor Yates, and assigned to recruiting service. Having aided in the organization of the Seventy-sixth Illinois Volunteers, he was commissioned its Lieutenant- Colonel, August 12, 1862 ; was afterward promoted to the colonelcy, and mustered out of service at Chicago, August 6, 1865, with the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General. In 1866 he was an unsuccess- ful candidate for the General Assembly on the Democratic ticket, and for Trustee of the State University in 1888. From 1880 to 1889 he was JIayor and President of the Board of Education of Urbana. In 1867 he opened a private bank, which he conducted for twenty-one years. In 1890 he was elected to Congress from the Fif- teenth Illinois District, defeating Joseph G. Can non. Republican, by whom he was in turn defeated for the same office in 1892. BUSHNELL, a flourishing city and manufac- turing center in McDonough County, 11 miles northeast of Macomb, at the junction of two branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy with the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads; fias numerous manufactories, including wooden pumps, flour, agricultural implements, wagons and carriages, tank and fence-work, rural mail- boxes, mattresses, brick, besides egg and poultry packing houses; also has water- works and elec- tric lights, grain elevators, three banks, several churches, 'graded public and high schools, two newspapers and a public library. Pop. (1900), 2,490. BUSHNELL, Nehemiah, lawyer, was born in the town of Westbrook, Conn., Oct. 9, 1813; graduated at Yale College in 1835, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1837, coming in December of the same year to Quincy, 111., where, for a time, he assisted in editing "The Whig" of that city, later forming a partnership with O. H. Browning, which was never fully broken until his death. In his practice he gave much attention to land titles in the "Military Tract"; in 1851 was President of the portion of the North- ern Cross Railroad between Quincy and Gales- burg (now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy), and later of the Quincy Bridge Company and the Quincy & Palmyra (Mo.) Railroad. In 1872 he was elected by the Republicans the "minority" Representative from Adams County in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, but died during the succeeding session, Jan. 31, 1873. He was able, high-minded and honorable in public and private life. BUSHNELL, Washington, lawyer and Attor- ney-General, was born in Madison County, N. Y., Sept. 30, 1825; in 1837 came with his father to Lisbon, Kendall County, 111., where he worked on a farm and taught at times ; studied law at Pough- keepsie, N. Y., was admitted to the bar and established himself in practice at Ottawa, 111. The public positions held by him were those of State Senator for La Salle County (1861-69) and Attorney-General (1869-73); was also a member of the Republican National Convention of 1864, besides being identified with various business enterprises at Ottawa. Died, June 30, 1885. 70 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BUTLER, William, State Treasurer, was born in Adair County, Ky., Dec. 15, 1797; during the war of 1812, at the age of 16 years, served as the messenger of the GoTernor of Kentucliy, carrying dispatches to Gen. William Henry Harrison in the field; removed to Sangamon County, 111., in 1838, and, in 1836, was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court by Judge Stephen T. Logan. In 1859 he served as foreman of the Grand Jury wliich investigated tlie "canal scrip frauds" charged against ex-Governor Matteson, and it was largely througli his influence that the pro- ceedings of that body were subsequently pub- lislied in an official form. During tlie same year Govei'nor Bissell appointed him State Treasurer to fill a vacancy caused by tlie resignation of James Miller, and he was elected to the same office in 1860. Mr. Butler was an ardent sup- porter of Abraham Lincoln, whom he efficiently befriended in the early struggles of the latter in Springfield. He died in Springfield. Jan. 11, 1876. BUTTERFIELD, Justin, early lawyer, was born at Keene, N. H., in 1790. He studied at "Williams College, and was admitted to the bar at Watertown, N. Y., in 1812. After some years devoted to practice at Adams and at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., he removed to New Orleans, where he attained a high rank at the bar. In 1835 he settled in Chicago and soon became a leader in his profession there also. In 1841 he was appointed by President Harrison United States District At- torney for the District of Illinois, and, in 1849, by President Taylor Commissioner of the General Land Office, one of his chief competitors for the latter place being Abraham Lincoln. This dis- tinction he probably owed to the personal influ- ence of Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State, of whom Mr. Butterfield was a personal friend and warm admirer. While Commissioner, he rendered valuable service to the State in securing the canal land grant. As a lawyer he was logical and resourceful, as well as witty and quick at repartee, yet his chief strength lay before the Court rather than the jury. Numerous stories are told of his brilliant sallies at the bar and elsewhere. One of the former relates to his address before Judge Nathaniel Pope, of the United States Court at Springfield, in a habeas- corpus case to secure the release of Joseph Smith, the Mormon prophet, who was under arrest under the charge of complicity in an attempt to assassin- ate Governor Boggs of Missouri. Rising to begin his argument, Mr. Butterfield said: "I am to address the Pope" (bowing to the Court), "sur- rounded by angels" (bowing stiU lower to a party of ladies in the audience), "in the presence of the holy apostles, in behalf of the prophet of the Lord." On another occasion, being asked if he was opposed to the war with Mexico, he replied, "I opposed one war" — meaning his opposition as a Federalist to the War of 1818 — "but learned the folly of it. Henceforth I am for war, pestilence and famine." He died, Oct. 25, 1855. BYFORD, William H., physician and author, was born at Eaton, Ohio, March 20, 1817; in 1830 came witli his widowed mother to Crawford County, III., and began learning the tailor's trade at Palestine; later studied medicine at Vincennes and practiced at diff'erent points in Indiana. Meanwhile, having graduated at the Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, in 1850, he assumed a professorship in a Medical College at Evausville, Ind., also editing a medical journal. In 1857 he removed to Chicago, where he ac- cepted a chair in Rush Medical College, but two years later became one of the founders of the Chicago Medical College, where he remained twenty years. He then (1879) returned to Rusli, assuming the chair of Gynecology. In 1870 he assisted in founding the Woman's Medical Col- lege of Chicago, remaining President of the Faculty and Board of Trustees until his death. May 21, 1890. He published a number of medical works which are regarded as standard by the profession, besides acting as associate of Dr. N. S. Davis in the editorship of "The Chicago Medical Journal" and as editor-in-chief of "The Medical Journal and Examiner," the successor of the former. Dr. Byford was held in the highest esteem as a physician and a man, both by the general public and his professional associates. BYRON, a village of Ogle County, in a pictur- esque region on Rock River, at junction of the Chicago Great We.steru and the Chicago, Mil- waukee ct St. Paul Railways, 83 miles west-north- west from Chicago : is in rich farming and dairy- ing district; has two banks and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 698; (1900), 1,015. CABLE, a town in Mercer County, on the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad, 26 miles south by east from Rock Island. Coal-mining is the principal industry, but there are also tile works, a good quality of clay for manufacturing purposes being found in abundance. Population (1880), 572; (1890), 1,27G; (1900). 697. CABLE, Benjamin T., capitalist and politiciaD, was born in Georgetown, .Scott County, Ky.. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 71 August 11, 1853. When lie was three years old his father's family removed to Rook Island, 111., where he has since resided. After passing through the Rock Island public schools, he matric- ulated at the University of Michigan, graduating in June, 1876. He owns extensive ranch and manufacturing property, and is reputed wealthy ; is also an active Democratic politician, and influ- ential in his party, having been a member of both the National and State Central Committees. In 1890 he was elected to Congress from the Eleventh Illinois District, but since 1893 has held no public office. CABLE, Ransom R., railway manager, was born in Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 23, 183-1. His earh' training was mainly of the practical sort, and bj- the time he was 17 years old he was actively emploj'ed as a lumberman. In 1857 he removed to Illinois, first devoting his attention to coal mining in the neighborhood of Rock Island. Later he became interested in the pro- jection and management of railroads, being in turn Superintendent, Vice-President and Presi- dent of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. His next position was that of General Manager of the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad. His experience in these positions rendered him famil- iar with both the scope and the details of railroad management, while his success brought him to the favorable notice of those who controlled rail- way interests all over the country. In 1876 he was elected a Director of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway. In connection with this company he has held, successively, the offices of Vice-President, Assistant to the Presi- dent, General Manager and President, being chief executive officer since 1880. (See Chicago, Bock Island & Pacific Railway.) CAHOKIA, the first permanent white settle- ment in Illinois, and, in French colonial times, one of its principal towns. French Jesuit mis- sionaries established the mission of the Tamaroas here in 1700, to which they gave the name of "Sainte Famille de Caoquias," antedating the settlement at Kaskaskia of the same year by a few months. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were jointly made the county-seats of St. Clair Countj', when that county was organized by Governor St. Clair in 1790. Five years later, when Randolph County was set off from St. Clair, Cahokia was continued as the county-soat of the parent county, so remaining until the removal of the seat of ju-stice to Belleville in 18U. Like its early rival, Kaskaskia, it has dwindled in impor- tance until, in 1890, its population was estimated at 100. Descendants of the early French settlers make up a considerable portion of the present population. The site of the old town is on the line of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- road, about four miles from East St. Louis. Some of the most remarkable Indian mounds in the Mississippi Valley, known as "the Cahokia Mounds, " are located in the vicinity. (See Mound- Builders. 'iVorks of the.) CAIRXES, Abraham, a native of Kentucky, in 1816 settled in that part of Crawford County, 111., which was embraced in Lawrence County on the organization of the latter in 1821. Mr. Cairnes was a member of the House for Crawford Coimty in the Second General Assembly (1830-32), and for Lawrence County in the Third (1832-34), in the latter voting against the pro-slavery Conven- tion scheme. He removed from Lawrence County to some point on the Mississippi River in 1836, but further details of his history are un- known. CAIRO, the coimty-seat of Alexander County, and the most important river point between St. Louis and Jlemphis. Its first charter was ob- tained from the Territorial Legislature by Shad- rach Bond (afterwards Governor of Illinois), John G. Comyges and others, who incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo. "' The company entered about 1,800 acres, but upon the death of 3Ir. Comy- ges, the land reverted to the Government. The forfeited tract was re-entt.red in 1835 by Sidney Breese and others, who later transferred it to the "Cairo City and Canal Company,'" a corporation chartered in 1837, which, by purchase, increased its holdings to 10,000 acres. Peter Stapleton is said to have erected the first house, and John Hawley the second, within the town limits. In consideration of certain privileges, the Illinois Central Railroad has erected around the water front a substantial levee, eighty feet wide. Dur- ing the Civil War Cairo was an important base for military operations. Its population, according to the census of 1900, was 12,566. (See also Alex- ander Cvniiti/. ) CAIRO BRIDGE, THE, one of the triumphs of modern engineering, erected by the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad Company across the Ohio River, opposite the city of Cairo. It is the longest metallic bridge across a river in the world, being thirty -three feet longer than the Tay Bridge, in Scotland. The work of construction was begun, July 1, 1887, and uninterruptedly prosecuted for twenty-seven months, being completed, Oct. 29, 1889. The first train to cross it was made up of ten locomotives coupled together. The ap- 72 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. proaches from both tlie Illinois and Kentucky shores consist of iron viaducts and well-braced timber trestles. The Illinois viaduct approach consists of seventeen spans of loO feet each, and one span of 106 '4 feet. All these rest on cylin- der piers filled with concrete, and are additionally supported by piles driven within the cylinders. The viaduct on the Kentucky shore is of similar general construction. The total number of spans is twenty -two — twenty -one being of 150 feet each, and one of 106,'4 feet. The total length of the metal work, from end to end, is 10.650 feet, including that of the bridge proper, which is 4644 feet. The latter consists of nine through spans and three deck spans. The through spans rest on ten first-class masonry piers on pneumatic foundations. The total length of the bridge, including the timber trestles, is 20,461 feet — about Zji miles. Four-fifths of the Illinois trestle work has been filled in with earth, while that on the southern shore has been virtually replaced by an embankment since the completion of the bridge. The bridge pi-oper stands 104.43 feet in the clear above low water, and from the deepest foundation to the top of the highest iron work is 248.94 feet. The total cost of the work, including the filling and embankment of the trestles, has been (1895) between S3, 230, 000 and §3,500,000. CAIRO, VIXCEXXES & CHICAGO BAIL- ROAD, a division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, extending from Danville to Cairo (261 miles), with a branch nine miles in length from St. Francisville, 111., to Vin- cennes, Ind. It was chartered as the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad in 1867, completed in 1872, placed in the hands of a receiver in 1874, sold under foreclosure in January, 1880, and for some time operated as the Cairo Division of the "Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. In 1889, having been surrendered by the Wabash. St. Louis & Pacific Railway, it was united with the Danville & Southwestern Railroad, reorganized as the Cairo, Vincennes & Chicago Railroad, and, in 1890, leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- cago & St. Louis Railway, of which it is known as the "Cairo Divi.sion." (See Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago d- St. Loniti Railn-ai/.) CAIRO & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD, (See St. Louis . he became engineer of the Chicago Board of Sewerage Commissioners, and in that capacity designed the sewerage system of the city — also planning the river tunnels. He resigned the 'office of Commissioner of Public Works of Chicago in 1879. He was regarded as an author- ity on water-supply and sewerage, and was con- sulted by the officials of New York, Boston, Toronto, Milwaukee and other cities. Died, August 19, 1886. CHESJfUT, John A., lawyer, was bom in Ken- tucky, Jan. 19, 1816, his father being a native of South Carolina, but of Irish descent. John A. was educated principall}- in his native State, but came to Illinois in 1836, read law with P. H. Winchester at Carlinville, was admitted to the bar in 1837, and practiced at Carlinville until IS.i.'i, when he removed to Springfield and engaged in real estate and banking business. Mr. Che.s- nut was associated with many local business enterprises, was for several years one of the Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville, also a Trustee of the Illinois Female College (Methodist) at tlie same place, and was Supervisor of the United States Census for the Sixth District of Illinois in 1880. Died, Jan. 14, 1898. CHESTER, the county-seat of Randolph County, situated on the Mississippi River, 76 miles south of St. Louis. It is the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary and of the State Asylum for Insane Convicts It stands in the heart of a region abounding in bituminous coal, and is a prominent shipping point for this com- modity ; also has quarries of building stone. It has a grain elevator, (iouring mills, rolling mills and foimdries. Population (1880), 2,580; (1890), 2.708; (1900), 2,832. CHETLAIN, Augnstns Louis, soldier, was bom in St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 26, 1824, of French Hugue- not stock — his parents having emigrated from Switzerland in 1823, at first becoming members of the Selkirk colon}' on Red River, in Manitoba. Having received a common school education, he became a merchant at Galena, and was the first to volunteer there in response to the call for troops after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, in 1801, being chosen to the captaincy of a company in the Twelfth Regiment of Illinois Volunteers, which General Grant had declined; participated in the campaign on the Tennessee River which resulted in the capture of Fort Donelson and the battle of Shiloh. meanwhile being commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel ; also distinguished himself at Corinth, where he remained in command until May, 1863, and organized the first colored regi- ment raised in the West. In December, 1863, he was promoted Brigadier-General and placed in charge of the organization of colored troops in Tennes.see, serving later in Kentucky and being brevetted Major-General in January, 1864. From January to October, 186.5, he commanded the post at Memphis, and later the District of Talla- dega, Ala., until January, 1860, when he was mustered out of the service. General Chetlain was Assessor of Internal Revenue for the District of Utah (1867-69), then appointed United States Consul at Brussels, serving until 1872, on his return to the United States establishing himself as a banker and broker in Cliicago. CHICAGO, the county-seat of Cook County, chief city of Illinois and (1890) second city in population in the United States. Situation. — The city is situated at the south- west bend of Lake Michigan, 18 miles north of the extreme southern point of the lake, at the mouth of the Chicago River; 715 miles west of New York, 590 miles north of west from Wash- ington, and 260 miles northeast of St. Louis. From the Pacific Coast it is distant 2,417 miles. Latitude 41° 52' north ; longitude 87° 35' west of Greenwich. Area (1898), 186 square miles. Topography. — Chicago stands on the dividing ridge between the Mississippi and St. Lawreice basins. It is 502 feet above sea-level, and its highest point is some 18 feet above Lake Michi- gan. The Chicago River is virtually a bayou, dividing into north and south branches about a half-mile west of the lake. The surrounding country is a low, flat prairie, but engineering science and skill have done much for it in the way of drainage. The Illinois & Michigan Canal terminates at a point on the south branch of the Chicago River, within the city limits, and unites the waters of Lake Michigan with those of the Illinois River. CoMMEKCE.— The Cliicago River, with its branches, affords a water frontage of nearly 60 miles, the gi-eater part of which is utilized for the shipment and unloading of grain, lumber, stone, coal, merchandise, etc. Another navigable stream (the Calumet River) also lies within the 90 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. corporate limits. Dredging has made the Chi- cago River, with its branches, navigable for vessels of deep draft. The harbor has also been widened and deepened. Well constructed break- waters protect the vessels lying inside, and the port is as safe as any on the great lakes. The city is a port of entry, and the tonnage of ves.sels arriving there exceeds that of any other port in the United States. During 1897, 9,136 ves.sels arrived, with an aggregate tonnage of 7,209,442, while 9,201 cleared, representing a tonnage of 7,18.5,324. It is the largest grain market in the world, its elevators (in 1897) having a capacity of 33,550,000 bushels. According to the reports of the Board of Trade, the total receipts and shipments of grain for the year 1898 — counting flour as its grain equiva- lent in bushels — amounted to 323,097,453 bushels of the former, to 389,930,028 bushels of the latter. The receipts and shipments of various products for the year (1898) were as follows; Flour (bbls.) . Wheat (bu.) . . Corn "... Oats "... Rye "... Barley " . . . Cured Meats (lbs.) Dressed Beef " . Live-stock — Hogs " Cattle " Sheep Receipts. 5,316,195 35,741,555 137,426,374 110,393,647 4,935.308 18,116,.594 229,005,246 110,286,6.52 9,360,968 3,480,632 3,502,378 Shipments. 5,032,236 38,094,900 130,397,681 85.0.57,636 4,453,384 6,75.5,247 923,627,722 1,060,8.59,808 1,334,768 864,408 545,001 Chicago is also an important lumber market, the receipts in 1895, including shingles, being 1,563,537 M. feet. As a center for beef and pork- packing, the city is without a rival in the amount of its products, there having been 92,459 cattle and 760,514 hogs packed in 1894-95. In bank clearings and general mercantile business it ranks second only to New York, while it is also one of the chief manufacturing centers of the country. The census of 1890 shows 9,959 manu- facturing establishments, with a capital of S29 J,- 477,038; employing 303,108 hands, and turning out products valued at 8633,184,140, Of the out- put by far the largest was that of the slaughter- ing and meat-packing establishments, amounting to §203,825,093; men's clothing came next (S33,- '^<'^,226) ; iron and steel, §31,419,854; foundry and machine shop products, S29,928,616; planed lumber, §17,604,494. Chicago is also the most important live-stock market in the United States. The Union Stock Yards (in tlie southwest part of the city) are connected with all railroad lines entering the c'ty, and cover man_y hundreds of acres. In 1894, there were received 8,788,049 animals (of all descriptions), valued at §148,057,- G26. Chicago is also a primary market for hides and leather, the production and sales being both of large proportions, and the trade in manufac- tured leather (notably in boots and shoes) exceeds that of any other market in the country. Ship-building is a leading industry, as are also brick-making, distilling and brewing. Transportation, etc. — Besides being the chief port on the great lakes, Chicago ranks second to no other American city as a railway center. The old "Galena & Chicago Union," its first railroad, was operated in 1849, and within three years a substantial advance had been scored in the way of steam transportation. Since then the multi- plication of railroad lines focusing in or passing through Chicago has been rapid and steady. In 1895 not less than thirty-eight distinct lines enter the city, although these are operated by only twenty -two companies. .Some 2,600 miles of railroad track are laid witliin the city limits. The number of trains daily arriving and depart- ing (suburban and freight included) is about 2,000. Intramural transportation is afforded by electric, steam, cable and horse-car lines. Four tunnels under the Chicago River and its branches, and numerous bridges connect the various divi- sions of the city. History. — Point du Sable (a native of San Domingo) was admittedly the first resident of Chicago other than the aborigines. The French missionaries and explorers — Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Hennepin and others — came a century earlier, their explorations beginning in 1673. After the expulsion of the French at the close of the French and Indian War, the territory passed under British control, though French traders remained in this vicinity after the War of the Revolution. One of these named Le Mai followed Point du Sable about 1796, and was himself suc- ceeded by John Kinzie. the Indian trader, who came in 1803. Fort Dearborn was built near the mouth of the Chicago River in 1804 on land acquired from the Indians by the treaty of Greenville, concluded by Gen. Anthony Wayne in 1795, but was evacuated in 1812, when most of the garrison and the few inhabitants were massa- cred by the .savages. (See Fort Dearborn.) The fort was rebuilt in 1816, and another settlement established around it. The first Government survey was made, 1829-30. Early residents were the Kinzies, the Wolcotts, the Beaubiens and the Millers. The Black Hawk War (1832) rather aided in developing the resources and increasing HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 91 the population of the infant settlement by draw- ing to it settlers from the interior for purposes of mutual protection. Town organization was effected on August 10, 1832, the total number of votes polled being 28. The town grew rapidly for a time, but received a set-back in the financial crisis of 1837. During May of that year, how- ever, a charter was obtained and Chicago became a city. The total number of votes cast at that time was 703. The census of the city for the 1st of July of that year showed a population of 4,180. The following table shows the names and term of office of the chief city officers from 1837 to 1899: 1837 1838 1839 1S40 1841 1842 1843 !S44 1845 184(1 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1354 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 IStiO 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 f868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877-78 1879-80 1S81-82 1883-84 1885 86 1887-88 1889-90 1891-92 1893 94 1895-96 lay 7 -98 City Clerk. Wm. B. Ogden Buckner S. Morris ^ Benj. W. Raymond Alexander Lloyd K. C. Sherman Benj. W. Raymond J. Curtis. Augustus (iarietl ; James M. Lowe Aug iJarreti,Al30n S.Shermani 4t JE. A. Rucker Ang.Garrett.Al3onS.Sherman(4vE. A. Rucker,Wm.S.Brown{5 John P. Chapiu Henry B. Clarke I. N". Arnold, Geo. Davis (1). Geo. Davis Wm. H. Brackett Thomas Hoyne Thomas Iloyne Ctty attobnky. Henry B. Clarke., Sidney Abe. I. Sidney A bell. Sidney Abell., James Curtiss Jameg U. Woodworth . Janiea H. Woodworth . James Curtiss Walti'r S. Gurnee ! Henry \V. Zimmerman . Walters. Gurnee I Henry W. Zimmerman , Charles M. Gray Henry W. Zimmerman , Ira L IMilliken Henry W. Zimmerman . Levi D. Boone | Henry W. Zimmerman . Thomas Oyer | Henry W. Zimmerman . John Wentworth jH. Kreisman John C. Haines — iH. Kreisman JohnC Haines H. Kreisman John Wentworth !Abraham Kohn Julian S. Rumsey jA. J. Marble F. O. Sherman i A. J. Marble F C. Sherman ." |H. W. Zimmerman F. C. siierman H. W. Zimmerman John B. Rice 'Albert H. Bodman John B. Rice I Albert H. Bodman John B. Rice lAlbert H. Bodman John B. Kice I Albert H. Budman John B, Rice (8) [Albert H. Bodman, R. B. Ma-son ! Charles T. Hotchkiss R. B. Mason : Charles T. Hotchkiss Jo'eph MediU I Charles T. Hotchkiss Joseph :Medill Charles T. Hotchkiss.... Harvey D. Colvin Joa. K. C. Forrest Harvey D. Colvin Job. K. C. Forrest Monroe Heath, '9) H.D. Colvin,] Thomas Hoyne Caspar Butz Monroe Heath Caspar Butz,. Carter H. Uarrisoa .. Carter H. Harrison Carter H. Harrison Carter H Harrison John A. Roche Dewitt C. Cregier Hempstead Washburne. . Carter H. Harrison. Geo. B. I Swift.aii John P. Hopkins. (11 f < Geo. B. Swift James R. B. ^'an Cleave . Carter H. Harrison. Jr William LoetHer.. I Carter H. Harrison, Jr William Loeffler.. IF. J. Howard P. J. Howard John G. Neuraeister C. Herman Plautz D. W. Nickerson Franz Araberg James R. B. Van Cleave . N. B. Judd N. B, Judd Samuel L. Smith Mark Skinner Geo. Manierre Henry Brown G Manierre. Henry Brown(3) Henry W. Clarke Henry W. Clarke Charles H . Larrabee Patrick Ballingall Giles Spring O R. W. Lull Henry H. Clark Henry H. Clark Arno Voss Arno Voss Patrick Ballingall J. A. Thompson J. L Marsh John C. Miller Elliott Anthony Geo. F. Crocker John Lvie King Ira W. Buel Geo. A. Meech Francis Adams Francis Adams Daniel D. Driscoll Daniel D. Driscoll Hasbrouck I>avi3 Hasbrouck Davis Hasrirouck Davis Israel N. Stiles Israel N. Stiles Israel N. Stiles Israel N. Stiles Egbert Jamieson Egbert Jamieson City Treasureb. Hiram Pearsons. Hiram Pearsons. Geo. W. Dole. W.S Gurnee, N. H. BoUea(2) N. H. BoIIes. F. C. Sherman. Walter 8. Gurnee. Walter S. tiurnee, Wm. L. Church. Wm. L. Church. Andrew Getzler. Wm. L. Church. Wm. I,. Church. Edward Manierre. Edward Manierre. Edward Manierre. Edward Manierre. Uriah P. Harris. Wm. F De Wolf. O. J. Rose, C. N. Holden. Alonzo Harvey. Alonzo Harvey. Alonzo Harvey ,C.W.Hunt(6) W. H. Rice. F. H. Cutting, W. H. Rice (7) David A. Gage. David A. Gage. A. G. Throop. A. G. Throop. Wm. F. Wentworth. Wm. F. Wentworth. Wm. F. Wentworth. David A. Gage. David A. Gage. David A. Gage. David A Gage. Daniel O'Hara. Daniel O'Hara. R.S, Tuthill R. S. Tulhtll Julius S. Grinnell Julius S. Grinnell Rudolph Brand. Julius S. Grinnell John M. Dunphy. Hempstead Washburne Wm. M. Devine, Clinton Brlggs. Chas. B. Larrabee. W. O. Seipp. Chas. D. Gastfield. Hempstead Washburne Geu. F.Sugg Jacob J. Kern,G.A.Trude(10) Geo. A. Trude.... Roy O. West Miles J. Devine.. Andrew J. Ryan. C, Herman Plautz. Bernard Roesing. Peter Kiolbassa. Michael J. Bransfield. Adam Wolf. Ernst Hummel. Adani Ortseifeu. (1) I. N. Arnold rwigned, and Geo. Davis appointed, October. 1837. (2) Gurnee resigned, Bolles appointed his successor, April, 1840. (3> Manierre resigned, Brown appointed his succe.ssor. July, 1843. (4) Election of Garrett declared illegal, and Sherman elected at new election, held April, 1844. (5) Brown appointi-d to till vacancy caused by resignation of Rucker. (6) Harvey resigned and Hunt appointed to lill vacancy. (7) Cutting having failed to qualify. Rice, who was already in office, held over. (8) Legislature changed date of election from April to November, the persons in office at beginning of 1869 remaining in office to December of that year. (9) City organized under general Incorporation Act in 1875, and no city election held until April. 1876. The order for a new election omitted the office of Mayor, yet a popular vote was taken which gave a majority to Thomas Hoyne. The Council then in office refused to canvass this vote, but its successor, at its first meeting, did so. declaring Hoyne duly elected. Colvin, the incumbent, refusi-d to surrender the office, rlaiming the ri^ht to '• hold over;" Hoyne then made a contest for the office, which resnltetl In a decision by the Supreme Court denying the claims of both contesta -ts when a new election was ordered by the City Council. July 12, 1876, at wtiich Monroe Heath was elected, serving out the term. (10) City Attorney Kern, having resigned November 21, 1892, Geo. A. Trude was appointed to serve out the remainder of the term. ill) Mavor Harrison, having been assassinated. October 28. 1893. the City Council at its next meeting (November 6, 1893) elected Geo. B Swift i an Alderm-in from the Eleventh W:ird i Mayor a^J inferim. At a special eleciiOD held December IS, 1893, John P. Hopkins was elected to fill out the unexpired term of Mayor Harrison. 92 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The Fiee of 1871.— The city steadily grew in beauty, population and commercial importance imtil 1871. On Oct. 9 of that year occurred the "great fire'' the story of which has passed into history. Recuperation was speedy, and the 2.100 acres burned over were rapidly being rebuilt, when, in 1874, occurred a second conflagration, although by no means so disastrous as that of 1871. The city's recuperative power was again demonstrated, and its subsequent development has been phenomenal. The subjoined statement shows its growth in population : 1837 1840 18.50 18G0 1870 1880 1890 1900 4,179 4,470 28,369 112,162 298.977 503.18.5 1,099,8.50 1,698,575 Notwithstanding a large foreign population and a constant army of unemployed men, Cliicago has witnessed only three disturbances of the peace by mobs — the railroad riots of 1877, the Anarchist disturbance of 1886, and a strike of railroad employes in 1894. Municipal Administration. — Chicago long since outgrew its special charter, and is now incorporated under the broader provisions of the law applicable to "cities of the first class," under which the city is virtually autonomous. The personnel, drill and equipment of the police and fire departments are second to none, if noi supe- rior to any, to be found in other American cities. The Chicago River, with its branches, divides the city into three i^rincipal divisions, known respec- tively as North. South and West. Each division has its statutory geograpliical boimdaries, and each retains its own distinct townsliip organiza- tion. This system is anomalous; it has, how- ever, both assailants and defenders. Public Improvements. — Chicago has a fine system of parks and boulevards, well developed, well improved and well managed. One of the parks (Jackson in the Soutli Division) was the site of the World's Columbian Exposition. The water supjjly is obtained from Lake Michigan by means of cribs and tunnels. In this direction new and better facilities are being constantly introduced, and the existing water S3-stem will compare favorably with that of any other Ameri- can city. Architecture.— The public and oifice build- ings, as well as the business blocks, are in some instances classical, but generally severely plain. Granite and other varieties of stone are used in the City Hall, County Court House, the Board of Trade structure, and in a few commercial build- ings, as well as in many private residences. In the business part of the city, however, steel, iron, brick and fire clay are the materials most largely employed in construction, the exterior walls being of brick. The most approved methods of fire-proof building are followed, and the "Cliicago construction" has been recognized and adopted (with modifications) all over the United States. Office buildings range from ten to sixteen, and even, as in the ease of the Masonic Temple, twenty stories in heiglit. Most of them are sumptuous as to the interior, and manj- of the largest will each accommodate 3,000 to 5,000 occupants, including tenants and their employes. In the residence sections wide diversity may be seen ; the chaste and the ornate styles being about equally popular. Among the liandsome public, or semi-public buildings may be mentioned the Public Library, the Newberry Librarj-, the Art Institute, tlie Armour Institute, the Academy of Sciences, the Auditorium, the Board of Trade Building, the Masonic Temple, and several of the railroad depots. Education and Libraries. — Chicago has a public school system unsurpassed for excellence in any other city in the country. According. to the report of the Board of Education for 1898, the city had a total of 221 primary and grammar schools, besides fourteen high schools, employing 5,268 teachers and giving instruction to over 236,000 pupils in the course of the year. The total expenditures dm'ing the year amounted to §6,785.601, of which nearly §4, .500. 000 was on account of teachers' salaries. The city has nearly $7,500,000 invested in school buildings. Besides pupils attending public schools there are about 100.000 in attendance on private and parochial schools, not reckoning students at higher institutions of learning, such as medical, law, theological, dental and pharmaceutical schools, and the great University of Chicago. Near the city are also the Northwestern and the Lake Forest Universities, the former at Evanston and the latter at Lake Forest. Besides an exten- sive Free Public Library for circulating and refer- ence purposes, maintained by public taxation, and embracing (in 1898) a total of over 235,000 volumes and nearly 50,000 pamphlets, there are the Library of the Chicago Historical Society and the Newberry and Crerar Libraries — the last two the outgrowth of posthumous donations by public-spirited and liberal citizens — all open to DAY AFTER CHICAGO FIRE. CHICAGO THOROUGHFARES. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 93 the public for purposes of reference under certain conditions. This list does not include the exten- sive library of the University of Chicago and those connected with the Armour Institute and the public scliools, intended for the use of the pupils of these various institutions CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE, one of the leading commercial exchanges of the world It was originally organized in the spring of 1843 as a voluntary association, with a membership of eighty-two. Its primary object was the promo- tion of the city's commercial interests by unity of action. On Feb. 8, 1849, the Legislature enacted a general law authorizing the establish- ment of Boards of Trade, and under its provisions an incorporation was effected — a second organi- zation being effected in April, 1850. For several years the association languished, and at times its existence seemed precarious. It was, however, largely instrumental in securing the introduction of the system of measuring grain by weight, which initial step opened the way for subsequent great improvements in the methods of handling, storing, inspecting and grading cereals and seeds. Bj' the close of 18.56, the association had overcome the difficulties incident to its earlier years, and the feasibility of erecting a permanent Exchange building began to be agitated, but the project lay dormant for several years. In 1856 was adopted the first system of classification and grading of wheat, which, though crude, formed the founda- tion of the elaborate modern system, which has proved of such benefit to the grain-growing States of the West, and has done so much to give Chicago its commanding influence in the grain markets of the world. In 1858, the privilege of trading on the floor of the Exchange was limited to members. The same j'ear the Board began to receive and send out daily telegraphic market reports at a cost, for the first year, of §500,000, which was defrayed by private subscriptions. New York was the only city with which such communication was then maintained. In Febru- ary, 1859, a special charter was obtained, confer- ring more extensive powers upon the organization, and correspondingly increasing its efficiency. An important era in the Board's history was the Civil War of 1861-65. During this struggle its attitude was one of undeviating loyalty and gener- ous patriotism. Hundreds of thousands of dollars were contributed, by individual members and from the treasury- of the organization, for the work of recruiting and equipping regiments, in caring for the wounded on Southern battlefields, and "roviding for the families of enlisted men. In 1864, the Board waged to a successful issue a war upon the irredeemable currency with which the entire West was then flooded, and secured such action by the banks and by the railroad and express companies as compelled its replacement by United States legal-tender notes and national bank notes. In 1865, handsome, large (and. as then supposed, permanent) quarters were occu- pied in a new building erected by the Chicago Cliamber of Commerce under an agreement with the Board of Trade. This structure was destroyed in the fire of October, 1871, but at once rebuilt, and made ready for re-occupancy in precisely one j-ear after the destruction of its predecessor. Spacious and ample as these quarters were then considered, the growing membership and increas- ing business demonstrated their inadequacy before the close of 1877. Steps looking to the erection of a new building were taken in 1881, and, on May 1, 1885, the new edifice — then the largest and most ornate of its class in the world — was opened for occupancy. The membership of the Board for the year 1898 aggregated con- siderably in excess of 1,800. The influence of the association is felt in every quarter of the com- mercial world. CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & NORTHERN RAILROAD. (See Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & QUINCY RAIL- ROAD (known as the "Burlington Route") is the parent organization of an extensive system which operates railroads in eleven Western and Northwestern States, furnishing connections from Chicago with Omaha, Denver, St. Paul and Minneapolis, St. Louis and Kansas City, Chey- enne (Wyo.), Billings (Mont.), Deadwood (So. Dak,), and intermediate points, and having con- nections by aflSliated roads with the Pacific Coast. The main line extends from Chicago to Denver (Colo.), 1,025.41 miles. The mileage of the various branches and leased proprietary lines (1898) aggregates 4,037.06 miles. The Company uses 207.23 miles in conjunction with other roads, besides subsidiary standard-gauge lines controlled through the ownership of securities amounting to 1,440 miles more. In addition to these the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy controls 179 miles of narrow-gauge road. The whole number of miles of standard-gauge road operated by the Burlington system, and known as the Burlington Route, on June 30, 1899, is estimated at 7,419, of which 1,509 is in IlUnois, all but 47 miles being owned by the Company. The system in Illinois connects many important commercial 94 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. points, including Chicago, Aurora, Galesburg, Quincy, Peoria. Streator, Sterling, Mendota, Ful- ton, Lewistown, Rushville, Geneva, Keithsburg. Rook Island. Beardstown, Alton, etc. The entire capitalization of the line (including stock, bonds and floating debt) amounted, in 1898, to 8234,884,- 600, which was equivalent to about 833,000 per mile. The total earnings of the road in Illinois, during the fiscal year ending June 30. 1898, amounted to 88,724,997, and the total disburse- ments of the Company within the State, during the same period, to 87,469,456. Taxes paid in 1898, 8377,968.— (History). The first section of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad was constructed under a charter granted, in 1849, to the Aurora Branch Railroad Company, the name being changed in 1852 to the Chicago & Aurora Railroad Company. The line was completed in 1858, from the junction with the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, 30 miles west of Chi- cago, to Aurora, later being extended to Mendota. In 1855 the name of the Company was changed by act of the Legislature to the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy. The section between Mendota and Galesburg (80 miles) was built under a charter granted in 1851 to the Central Military Tract Railroad Company, and completed in 1854. July 9, 1856, the two companies were consolidated under the name of the former. Previous to this consolidation the Company had extended aid to the Peoria & Oquawka Railroad (from Peoria to the Mississippi River, nearly opposite Burlington, Iowa), and to the Northern Cross Railroad from Quincy to Galesburg, both of which were com- pleted in 1855 and operated by the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy. In 1857 the name of the Northern Cro-ss was changed to the Quincy & Chicago Railroad. In 1860 the latter was sold under foreclosure to the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and, in 1863, the Peoria & Oquawka was acquired in the same way — the former constitut- ing the Quincy branch of the main line and the latter giving it its Burlington connection. Up to 18G3, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy used the track of the Galena & Chicago Union Rail- road to enter the city of Chicago, but that year began the construction of its line from Aurora to Chicago, which was completed in 1864. In 1873 it acquired control, by perpetual lease, of the Burlington & Missouri River Road in Iowa, and, in 1880, extended this line into Nebraska, now reaching Billings, Mont., with a lateral branch to Deadwood, So. Dak. Other branches in Illinois, built or acquired by this corporation, include the Peoria & Hannibal ; Carthage & Bur- lington ; Quincy & Warsaw ; Ottawa, Chicago & Fox River Valley; Quincy, Alton & St. Louis, and the St. Louis, Rock Island & Chicago. The Chicago, Burlington & Northern — known as the Northern Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy — is an important part of the system, furnishing a connection between St. Louis on the south and St. Paul and Minneapolis on the north, of which more than half of the distance of 583 miles between terminal points, is in Illinois. The latter division was originally chartered, Oct. 21, 1885, and constructed from Oregon, 111., to St. Paul, Minn. (319 miles), and from Fulton to Savanna, lU. (16.72 miles), and opened, Nov. 1, 1886. It was formally incorporated into the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy line in 1899. In June of the same year the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy also acquired by purchase the- Keokuk & Western Railroad from Keokuk to Van Wert, Iowa (143 miles), and the Des Moines & Kansas City Railway, from Des Moines, Iowa, to Caines- ville, Mo. (113 miles). CHICAGO, DANVILLE & VINCENXES RAIL- ROAD. (See Cliicago & Eastern Illinois Rail- road. ) CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL, a channel or waterway, in course of construction (1892-99) from the Chicago River, within the limits of the city of Chicago, to Joliet Lake, in the Des Plaines River, about 12 miles above the junction of the Des Plaines with the Illinois. The primary object of the channel is the removal of the sewage of the city of Chicago and the proper drainage of the region comprised within what is called the "Sanitary District of Chicago." The feasibility of connecting the waters of Lake Michigan by way of the Des Plaines River with those of the Illinois, attracted the attention of the earliest French explorers of this region, and was com- mented upon, from time to time, by them and their successors. As early as 1808 the subject of a canal uniting Lake Michigan with the Illinois was discussed in a report on roads and canals by Albert Gallatin, then Secretary of the Treasury, and the project was touched upon in a bill relat- ing to the Erie Canal and other enterprises, intro- duced in Congress in 1811. The measure continued to receive attention in the press, in Western Territorial Legislatures and in oflicial reports, one of the latter being a report by John C. Cal- houn, as Secretary of War, in 1819, in which it is spoken of as "valuable for military purposes." In 1823 Congress passed an act granting the right of way to the State through the public lands for such an enterprise, which was followed, o o 2 o o X O SANITARY CANAL- CHICAGO MANCHESTER NORTH SEA - 3ALTIC- ^Ajsl^JWJSSSSSS 2 --*"7gZ* M2'-*iiX*tzi- NORTH SEA - AMSTERDAM - 200 08 SUEl PANAMA WELLAND ILLINOIS* MISSISSIPPI HENNEPIN - i eoo ERIE ILLINOIS*MICHIGAN COMPARATIVE SIZE OF NOTED CANALS. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 95 five J^ears later, by a grant of lands for the pur- pose of its construction. The work was begun in 1836, and so far completed in 1848 as to admit of the passage of boats from the Chicago basin to La Salle. (See Illinois d: Michigan Canal.) Under an act passed by the Legislature in 1865, the work of deepening the canal was undertaken lij' the city of Chicago with a view to furnishing means to relieve the city of its sewage, the work being completed some time before the fire of 1871. This scheme having failed to accomplish the object designed, other measiires began to be considered. Various remedies were proposed, but in all the authorities were confronted with the difficulty of providing a fund, under the provisions of the Constitution of 1870, to meet the necessary cost of construction. In the closing months of the year 1885, Hon. H. B. Hurd, who had been a member of a Board of "Drainage Commission- ers," organized in 1855, was induced to give attention to the subject. Having satisfied him- self and others that the difficulties were not insurmountable with proper action by the Legis- lature, the City Coimcil, on Jan. 27, 1886, passed a resolution authorizing the Mayor to appoint a Commission, to consist of "one expert engineer of reputation and experience in engineering and sanitary matters," and two consulting engineers, to constitute a "drainage and water-supply com- mission" for the purpose of investigating and reporting upon the matter of water-supply and disposition of the sewage of the city. As a result of this action, Rudolph Hering, of Philadel- phia, was appointed expert engineer by Maj'or Harrison, with Benezette Williams and S. G. Artingstall, of Chicago, as consulting engineers. At the succeeding session of the General Assem- bly (1887), two bills — one known as the "Hurd bill" and the other as the "Winston bill," but both drawn bj- Mr. Hurd, the first contemplating doing the work by general taxation and the issue of bonds, and the other by special assessment-— were introduced in that body. As it was found that neither of these bills could be passed at that session, a new and shorter one, which became known as the "Roche- Winston bill," was intro- duced and passed near the close of the session. A resolution was also adopted creating a com- mission, consisting of two Senators, two Repre- sentatives and Mayor Roche of Chicago, to further investigate the subject. The later act, just referred to, provided for the construction of a cut- off from the Des Plaines River, which would divert the flood-waters of that stream and the North Branch into Lake Michigan north of the city. Nothing was done under this act, however. At the next session (1889) the commission made a favorable report, and a new law was enacted embracing the main features of the Hurd bill, though changing the title of the organization to be formed from the "Metropolitan Town," as proposed by Mr. Hurd, to the "Sanitary Dis- trict." The act, as passed, provided for the election of a Board of nine Trustees, their powers being confined to "providing for the drainage of the district," both as to surplus water and sew- age. Much opposition to the measure had been developed during the jjendency of the legislation on the subject, especially in the Illinois valley, on sanitary grounds, as well as fear of midsum- mer flooding of the bottom lands which are cultivated to some extent : but this was overcome by the argument that the channel would, when the Des Plaines and Illinois Rivers were improved between Joliet and La Salle, furnish a new and enlarged waterway for the passage of vessels betiveen tlie lake and the Mississippi River, and the enterprise was indorsed by conventions held at Peoria. Memphis and elsewhere, during the eighteen months preceding the passage of the act. The promise ultimately to furnish a flow of not less than 600,000 cubic feet per minute also excited alarm in cities situated upon the lakes, lest the taking of so large a volume of water from Lake Michigan should afi'eet the lake-level injiu'iously to navigation; but these apprehen- sions were quieted by the assurance of expert engineers that the greatest reduction of the lake- level below the pi'esent minimum would not exceed three inches, and more likely would not produce a perceptible effect. At the general election, held Nov. 5, 1889, the "Sanitary District of Chicago" was organ- ized by an almost imanimous popular vote — the returns showing 70,958 votes for the measure to 242 against. The District, as thus formed, embraces all of the city of Chicago north of Eighty-seventh Street, with forty- three square miles outside of the city limits but within the area to be benefited by the improvement. Though the channel is located partlj' in Will County, the district is wholly in Cook and bears the entire expense of construc- tion. The first election of Trustees was held at a special election, Dec. 12, 1889, the Trustees then elected to hold their offices for five years and until the following November. The second election occurred, Nov. 5, 1895, when the Board, as now constituted (1899), was chosen, viz. • William Boldenweck, Joseph C. Braden, Zina R. 9C HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Carter, Bernard A. Eckliart, Alexander J. Jones, Thomas Kelly, James P. Mallette, Thomas A. Smyth and Frank Wenter. The Trustees have power to sell bonds in order to procure funds to prosecute tlie work and to levy taxes upon prop- erty within the district, under certain limitations as to length of time the taxes run and the rate per cent imposed. Under an amendment of the Drainage Act adopted by the Legislature in 1897, the rate of assessment iipon property within the Drainage District is limited to one and one-half per cent, up to and including the year 1899, but after that date becomes one-half of one per cent. The bed of the channel, as now in process of construction, commences at Robey Street and the South Branch of the Chicago River, 5.8 miles from Lake Michigan, and extends in a south- westerly direction to the vicinity of Summit, where it intersects the Des Plaines River. From this point it follows the bed of that stream to Lockport, in Will County, where, in consequence of the sudden depression in the ground, the bed of the channel comes to the surface, and where the great controlling works are situated. This has made necessary the excavation of about thirteen miles of new channel for the river — which runs parallel with, and on the west side of, the drainage canal — besides the construction of about nineteen miles of levee to separate the waters of the canal from the river. The following statement of the quality of the material excavated and the dimensions of the work, is taken from a paper by Hon. H. B. Hurd, under the title, "The Chicago Drainage Channel and Waterway," published in the sixth volume of "Industrial Chicago" (1896); "Through that portion of the channel between Cliicago and Smnmit, which is being constructed to produce a flow of 300,000 cubic feet per minute, which is supposed to be sufficient to dilute sew- age for about the present population (of Chicago), the width of tlie channel is 110 feet on the bot- tom, with side slopes of two to one. This portion of the channel is ultimatelj' to be enlarged to the capacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute, Tlie bottom of the channel, at Robey Street, is 24.448 feet below Chicago datum. The width of the ch'annel from Summit down to the neighborhood of Willow Springs is 202 feet on the bottom, with the same side slope. The cut through the rock, which extends from the neighborhood of Willow Springs to the point where the channel runs out of groimd near Lockport, is 160 feet wide at the bottom. The entire depth of the channel is substantially the same as at Robey Street, with the addition of one foot in 40,000 feet. The rock portion of the ciiannel is constructed to the full capacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute. From the point where tlie channel runs out of ground to Joliet Lake, t.here is a rapid fall ; ove' this slope works are to be constructed to let the water down in such a manner as not to damage Joliet. " Ground was broken on the rock-cut near Lemont, on Sept. 3, 1892, and work has been in progress almost constantly ever since. The prog- ress of the work was greatly obstructed during the year 1898, by difficulties encountered in secur- ing the right of waj- for the discharge of the waters of the canal through the city of Joliet, but these were compromised near the close of the year, and it was anticipated that the work would be prosecuted to completion during the year 1899. From Feb. 1, 1890, to Dec. 31, 1898, the net receipts of the Board for the prosecution of the work aggregated 828,257,707, while the net expenditures had amounted to S28, 221 864. 57. Of the latter, 820,099,284.67 was charged to construc- tion account, 83,106,903.12 to "land account" (including right of way), and 31,222,092.82 to the cost of maintaining the engineering department. When finished, the cost will reach not less than 835,000,000. These figures indicate the stupen- dous character of the work, which bids fair to stand without a rival of its kind in modem engineering and in the results it is expected to achieve. CHICAGO GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY. The total mileage of this line, June 30, 1898, was 1,008 miles, of which 152.52 miles are operated and owned in Illinois. The line in this State extends west from Chicago to East Dubuque, the extreme terminal i)oints being Chicago and Minneapolis in the Northwest, and Kansas City in the Southwest. It has several branches in Illi nois. Iowa and Minnesota, and trackage arrange- ments with several lines, the most important being with the St. Paul & Northern Pacific {10.56 miles), completing the connection between St. Paul and Minneapolis ; with the Illinois Central from East Dubuque to Portage (12.23 miles), and with the Chicago & Northern Pacific from Forest Home to the Grand Central Station in Chicago. The company's own track is single, of standard gauge, laid with sixty and seventy-five-pound steel rails. Grades and curvature are light, and the equipment well maintained. The outstand- ing capital stock (1898) was 852,019,054; total capitalization, including stock, bonds and miscel- laneous indebtedness, 857,144.245. (History). The road was chartered, Jan. 5. 1892, under the laws of Illinois, for the piirpose of reorganization of VIEWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL. VIEWS OF DKAINAGE CANAL. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. '.>~ the Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City Railway Company on a stock basis. During 1895, the De Kalb & Great Western Railroad {~>.S1 miles) was built from De Kalb to Sycamore as a feeder of this line. CHICAGO, H.iRLEM & BATAYI.\ RAIL- ROAD. (See Cliicago cfc Aorthern Pacific Sail- road. ) CHICAGO, HAVANA & WESTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See niinois Central Bailroad. ) CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, organized, April 24, ISoO, for the purposes of (1) establishing a library and a cabinet of antiquities, relics, etc. ; (2) the collection and preservation of historical manuscripts, documents, papers and tracts; (3) the encouragement of the discovery and investi- gation of aboriginal remains, particularly in Illi- nois; (4) the collection of material illustrating the growth and settlement of Chicago. By 1871 the Society had accumulated much valuable material, but the entire collection was destroyed in the great Chicago fire of that year, among the manuscripts consumed being the original draft of the emancipation proclamation by Abraham Lincoln. The nucleus of a second collection was consumed by fire in 1874. Its loss in this second conflagration included many valuable manu- scripts. In 1877 a temporary building was erected, which was torn down in 1892 to make room for the erection, on the same lot, of a thoroughly fire-proof structure of granite, planned after the most approved modern systems. The new building was erected and dedicated under the direction of its late President, Ed- ward G. Mason, Esq., Dec. 12, 1896. The Society's third collection now embraces about twenty-five thousand volmnes and nearly fifty thousand pamphlets; seventy -five portraits in oils, with other works of art; a valuable collection of manuscript documents, and a large museum of local and miscellaneous antiquities. Mr. Charles Evans is Secretary and Librarian. CHICAGO HOMCEOPATHIC MEDICAL COL- LEGE, organized in 1870, with a teaching faculty of nineteen and forty-five matriculates. Its first term opened October 4, of that year, in a leased building. By 1881 the college had outgrown its first quarters, and a commodious, well appointed structure was erected by the trustees, in a more desirable location. The institution was among the first to introduce a graded course of instruc- tion, extending over a period of eighteen vears. In 1897, the matriculating class numbered over 200. CHICAGO HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN,located at Chicago, and founded in 1865 by Dr. Mary Harris Thompson. Its declared objects are: "To afi'ord a home for women and children among the respectable poor in need of medical and surgical aid ; to treat the same classes at home by an assistant physician; to afford a free dispensary for the same, and to train competent nurses." At the outset the hospital was fairly well sustained through pri- vate benefactions, and, in 1870, largely through Dr. Thompson's efforts, a college was organized for the medical education of women exclusively. (See Xorthwesfeni University Womaii's Medical School.) The hospital building was totally destroyed in the great fire of 1871, but temporary accommodations were provided in another section of the city. The following j-ear, with the aid of .?25.000 appropriated by the Chicago Relief and Aid Society, a permanent building was pur- chased, and, in 1885, a new, commodious and well planned building was erected on the same site, at a cost of about •?75.000. CHICAGO, MADISON & NORTHERN RAIL- ROAD, a line of railway 231.3 miles in length, 140 miles of which lie within Illinois. It is operated bj- the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and is known as its "Freeport Division." The par value of the capital stock outstanding is .$50,000 and of bonds $2,500,000, while the floating debt is §3,620,698, making a total capitalization of §6,170,698, or §26,698 per mile. (See also niinois Central Railroad. ) This road was opened from Chicago to Freeport in 1888. CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. (See yorth- icestern University Medical College.) CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAIL- WAT, one of the great trunk lines of the Xorth- west, having a total mileage (1898) of 6,153.83 miles, of which 317.94 are in Illinois. The main line extends from Chicago to Minneapolis, 420 miles, although it has connections with Kansas Citj', Omaha, Sioux City and various points in Wiscon.sin, Iowa and the Dakotas. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company enjoys the distinction of being the owner of all the lines operated by it, though it operates 245 miles of second tracks owned jointly with other lines. The greater part of its track is laid with 60, 75 and 85-lb. steel rails. The total capital invested (1898; is .$220,00.5,901, distributed as follows: capital stock, 877.845,000; lx>nded debt, §135,285,500; other forms of indebtedness, §5,572,401. Its total earnings in Illinois for 1898 were §5,205,244, and the total expendi- tures, §3,320,248. The total number of em- j)loyes in Illinois for 1898 was 2,293, receiving 98 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. §1,746,827.70 in aggregate compensation. Taxes Ijaid for the same year amounted to 8151,280. — (History). The Chicago, IMihvaukce & St. Paul Railway was organized in 18C3 under the name of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. The Illi- nois portion of the main line was built under a charter granted to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, and the "Wisconsin por- tion under charter to the Wisconsin Union Rail- road Company; the whole bviilt and opened in 1872 and purchased by the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company. It subsequently acquired by purchase several lines in "Wisconsin, the whole receiving the present name of the line by act of the "Wisconsin Legislature, passed, Feb. 14, 1874. The Chicago & Evanston Railroad was chartered, Feb. 16, 1801, built from Chicago to Calvary (10.8 miles), and opened, May 1, 1885; was consolidated with the Chicago & Lake Superior Railroad, under the title of the Chicago, Evanston & Lake Superior Railroad Compan}-, Dec. 22, 1885, opened to Evanston, August 1, 1886, and purchased, in June, 1887, by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company. The Road, as now organized, is made up of twenty-two divisions located in Illinois, "Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Xorth and South Dakota, ^Missouri and 3Iichigan. CHICAGO, PAnrC.\H & 3IE3IPHIS RAIL- ROAD (Projected), a road chartered, Dec. 19, 1893. to run between Altamont and Metropolis, 111., 153 miles, with a branch from Johnston City to Carbondale, 20 miles — total length, 172 miles. The gauge is standard, and the track laid with sixty-pound steel rails. By Feb. 1, 1895, the road from Altamont to JIarion (100 miles) was com- pleted, and work on the remainder of the line has been in progress. It is intended to .connect with the "Wabash and the St. Louis Southern systems. Capital stock authorized and subscribed, §2,500,- 000; bonds issued, $1,575,000. Funded debt, authorized, 815,000 per mile in five per cent first mortgage gold bonds. Cost of road up to Feb. 1, 1895, $20,000 per mile; estimated cost of the entire line, §2,000,000. In December, 1896, this road passed into the hands of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad Company, and is now operated to Slarion, in "Williamson County. (See Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad.) CHICAGO, PEKIN & SOUTHWESTERX RAIL- ROAD, a division of the Chicago & Alton Rail- road, chartered as the Chicago & Plainfield Railroad, in 1859; opened from Pekin to Streator in 1873, and to Mazon Bridge in 1876 ; sold under foreclosure in 1879, and now constitutes a part of the Chicago & Alton svstem. CHICAGO, PEORIA & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD COMPANY (uf Illinois), a coriioratiou operating two lines of railroad, one extending from Peoria to Jacksonville, and the other from Peoria to Springfield, with a connection from the latter place (in 1S95), over a leased line, with St. Louis. The total mileage, as officially reported in 1895, was 208.00 miles, of which 160 were owned by the corporation. (1) The original of the Jackson- ville Division of this line was the Illinois River Railroad, opened from Pekin to Virginia in 1859. In October, 1863, it was sold under foreclosure, and, early in 1864, was transfen'ed by the pur- chasers to a new corporation called the Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville Railroad Company, by whom it was extended the same year to Peoria, and, in 18G9, to Jacksonville. Another fore- closure, in 1879, resulted in its sale to the creditors, followed by consolidation, in 1881, with the "Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. (2) The Springfield Division was incorporated in 1869 as the Springfield & Northwestern Railwaj' ; construction was begun in 1872, and road opened from Springfield to Plavana (45.20 miles) in December, 1874, and from Havana to Pekin and Peoria over the track of the Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville line. The saine year the road was leased to the Indianapolis, Bloomington & "West- ern Railroad Company, but the lease was for- feited, in 1875, and the road placed in the hands of a receiver. In 1881, together with the Jacksonville Division, it was transferred to the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway, and by that company operated as the Peoria & Spring- field Railroad, The Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific having defaulted and gone into the hands of a receiver, both the Jacksonville and the Spiing- field Divisions were reorganized in February, 1887, under the name of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad, and placed under control of the Jacksonville Southeastern Railroad. A reorganization of the latter took place, in 1890, under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893, it passed into the hands of receivers, and was se\'ered from its allied lines. The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad remained under the management of a separate receiver imtil January, 1896, when a reorganization was effected under its present name — "The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Rail- road of Illinois." The lease of the Springfield & St. Louis Division having expired in Decem- ber, 1895, it has also been reorganized as an independent corporation under the name of the St. Louis. Peoria & Xorthern Railway (which see)- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 99 CHICAGO RIVER, a sluggish stream, draining a narrow strip of land between Lake Slichigan and the Des Plaines River, the entire watershed drained amounting to some 470 square miles. It is formed bj- the union of the "North" and the"'South Branch," which unite less than a mile and a half from the mouth of the main stream. At an early day the former was known as the "Guarie" and the latter as "Portage River." The total length of the North Branch is about 20 miles, only a small fraction of which is navigable. The South Branch is shorter but offers greater facilities for navigation, being lined along its lower por- tions witli grain-elevators, lumber-yards and manufactories. The Illinois Indians in early days found an eas}' portage between it and the Des Plaines River. The Chicago River, with its branches, separates Chicago into three divisions, known, respectively, as the "North" the "South" and the "West Divisions." Drawbridges have been erected at the principal street crossings over the river and both branches, and four tunnels, connecting the various divisions of the city, have been constructed under the river bed. CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND & PACIFIC RAIL- WAT, formed by the consolidation of various lines in 1880. The parent corporation (The Chicago & Rock Island Railroad) was chartered in Illinois in 1851, and the road opened from Chi- cago to the Slississippi River at Rock Island (181 miles), July 10, 1854. In 1853 a company was chartered under the name of the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad for the extension of the road from the Mississippi to the Missouri River. The two roads were consolidated in 1866 as the Chi- cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and the extension to the Missouri River and a junction with the Union Pacific completed in 1869. The Peoria & Bureau Valley Railroad (an important feeder from Peoria to Bureau Junction — 46.7 miles) was incorporated in 1853, and completed and leased in perpetuity to the Chicago & Rock Island Railroad, in 1854. The St. Joseph & Iowa Railroad was purchased in 1889, and the Kansas City & Topeka Railway in 1891. The Company has financial and trafHc agreements with the Chicago, Rock Island & Texas Railway, extending from Terral Station, Indian Territory, to Fort Worth, Texas. The road also has connections from Chicago with Peoria; St. Paul and Minne- apolis; Omaha and Lincoln (Neb.); Denver, Colo- rado Springs and Pueblo (Colo.), besides various points in South Dakota, Iowa and Southwestern Kansas. The extent of the lines owned and operatedby the Company ("Poor's Manual," 1898), is 3,568.15 miles, of which 236.51 miles are in Illinois, 189.52 miles being owned by the coi-po- ration. All of the Company's owned and leased lines are laid with steel rails. The total capitalization reported for the same year was §116,748,211, of which §50,000,000 was in stock and $58,830,000 in bonds. The total earnings and income of the line in IlUnois, for the year ending June 30, 1898, was §5,851,875, and" the total expenses §3,401,165, of wliich §233,129 was in the form of taxes. Tlie Company has received under Congressional grants 550, 194 acres of land, exclu- sive of State grants, of which there had been sold, up to March 31, 1894, 548,609 acres. CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & FOND DU LAC RAIL- ROAD, (See Chicago & Northwestern Muilway.) CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & KANSAS CITY RAIL- WAY. (See Chicago Great Western Railway.) CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS & PADUCAH RAIL- WAY, a short road, of standard gauge, laid with steel rails, extending from Marion to Brooklyn, lU., 53.64 miles. It was chartered, Feb. 7, 1887, and opened for traffic, Jan. 1, 1889. The St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company is the lessee, having guaranteed principal and inter- est on its first mortgage bonds. Its capital stock is §1,000,000, and its bonded debt §3,000.000, making the total capitalization about §56,000 per mile. The cost of the road was §3,950,000; total incumbrance (1895), $3,016,715. CHICAGO TERMIIVAL TRANSFER RAIL- ROAD, the successor to the Chicago & Northern Pacific Railroad. The latter was organized in November, 1889, to acquire and lease facilities to other roads and transact a local business. The Road under its new name was chartered, June 4, 1897, to purchase at foreclosure sale the property of the Chicago & Northern Pacific, soon after acquiring the property of the Chicago & Calumet Terminal Railway also. The combination gives it the control of 84.53 miles of road, of which 70.76 miles are in Illinois. The line is used for both passenger and freight terminal purposes, and also a belt line just outside the city limits. Its principal tenants are the Chicago Great West- ern, the Baltimore & Ohio, the Wisconsin Central Lines, and the Chicago, Hammond & Western Railroad. The Company also has control of the ground on which the Grand Central Depot is located. Its total capitalization (1898) was $44,- 553,044, of which §30,000,000 was capital stock and §13,394,000 in the form of bonds. CHICAGO THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, organ- ized. Sept. 36, 1854, by a convention of Congre- gational ministers and laymen representing seven 100 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Western States, among whicli was Illinois. A special and liberal charter was granted, Feb. 15, 1855. The Seminary has always been under Congregational control and supervision, its twenty-four trustees being elected at Triennial Conventions, at which are represented all the cliurches of that denomination west of the Ohio and east of the Rocky Mountains. The institu- tion was formally opened to students, Oct. 6, 1858, with two professors and twenty-nine matriculates. Since then it has steadily grown in both numbers and influence. Preparatory and linguistic schools have been added and the faculty (1896) includes eight professors and nine minor instructors. The Seminary is liberally endowed, its productive assets being nearly §1,000,000, and the value of its grounds, build- ings, library, etc., amounting to nearly $500,000 more. No charge is made for tuition or room rent, and there are fort3--two endowed scholar- ships, the income of which is devoted to the aid of needy students. The buildings, including the library and dormitories, are four in number, and are well constructed and arranged. CHICAGO & ALTON RAILROAD, an impor tant railway running in a southwesterly direc- tion from Cliicago to St. Louis, with numerous branches, extending into Missouri, Kansas and Colorado. The Chicago & Alton Railroad proper was constructed under two charters — the first gianted to the Alton & Sangamon Railroad Com- panj', in 1847, and the second to the Chicago & Mississippi Railroad Company, in 1853. Con- struction of the former was begun in 1852, and the line opened from Alton to Springfield in 1853. Under the second corporation, the line was opened from Springfield to Bloomington in 1854, and to Joliet in 1856. In 1855 a line was con- .structed from Chicago to Joliet under the name of tlie Joliet & Chicago Railroad, and leased in perpetuity to the present Company, which was reorganized in 1857 under the name of the St. Louis, Alton & Chicago Railroad Company. For some time connection was had between Alton and St. Louis by steam-packet boats running in connection with the railroad ; but later over the line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad — the first railway line connecting the two cities — and, finally, by the Company's own line, which was constructed in 1864, and formally opened Jan. 1, 1865. In 1861, a company with the present name (Chicago & Alton Railroad Com- pany) was organized, which, in 18G2, purchased the St. Louis, Alton & Chicago Road at fore- closure sale. Several branch lines have since been acquired by purcliase or lease, tlie most important in the State being the line from Bloomington to St. Louis by way of Jacksonville. This was chartered in 1851 under the name of the St. Louis. Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, was opened for business in January, 1868, and having been diverted from the route upon which it was originally projected, was completed to Blooming- ton and leased to the Chicago & Alton in 1868. In 1884 this branch was absorbed by the main line. Otlier important branches are the Kansas City Branch from Roodliouse, crossing the Mis- sissippi at Louisiana, Mo. ; the "Washington Branch from Dwight to Washington and Lacon, and the Chicago & Peoria, by which entrance is obtained into the city of Peoria over the tracks of the Toledo, Peoria & Western. The whole number of miles operated (1898; is 843.54, of which .580.73 lie in Illinois. Including double tracks and sidings, the Company has a total trackage of 1,186 miles. The total capitalization, in 1898, was §32,793,972, of which 822,230,600 was in stock, and §6,694,850 in bonds. The total earnings and income for the year, in Illinois, were §5,022,315, and the operating and other expenses, §4,272,207. This road, under its management as it existed up to 1898, has been one of the most uni- formly successful in the countrj'. Dividends have been paid semiannually from 1863 to 1884, and quarterly from 1884 to 1896. For a number of years previous to 1897, the dividends had amounted to eight per cent per annum on botli preferred and common stock, but later had been reduced to seven per cent on account of short crops along the line. The taxes paid in 1898 were §341,040. The surplus, June 30, 1895, exceeded two and three-quarter million dollars. The Chicago & Alton was the first line in the world to put into service sleeping and dining cars of the Pullman model, which have since been so widely adopted, as well as the first to run free reclining chair-cars for the convenience and comfort of its passengers. At the time the matter embraced in this volume is undergoing final revision (1899), negotiations are in progress for the purchase of this historic line by a syndi- cate representing the Baltimore & Ohio, the Missouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas systems, in whose interest it %vill hereafter be operated. CHICAGO & AURORA RAILROAD. (See Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy Eailroad.) CHICAGO & EASTERN ILLINOIS RAIL- RO.iD. This company operates a line 516.3 miles in length, of which 278 miles are within Illinois. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 101 The main line in this State extends southerly from Dolton Junction (IT miles south of Chicago) to Danville. Entrance to the Polk Street Depot in Chicago is secured over the tracks of the Western Indiana Railroad. The company owns several important branch lines, as follows: From Momence Junction to the Indiana State Line; from Cissna Junction to Cissna Park ; from Dan- ville Junction to Shelbyville. and from Sidell to Rossville. The system in Illinois is of standard gauge, about 108 miles being double track. The right of way is 100 feet wide and well fenced. The grades are light, and the constmction (including rails, ties, ballast and bridges), is general!}' excellent. The capital stock outstand- ing (1895) is 813,594, 400; funded debt, §18,018,000; floating debt, §916,381; total capital invested, 833,570,781; total earnings in Illinois, 82,592,072; expenditures in the State, §2,595,631. The com- pany paid the same year a dividend of six per cent on its common stock (§286,914), and reported a surplus of §1.484,762. The Chicago & Eastern Illinois was originally chartered in 1865 as the Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, its main line being completed in 1872. In 1873, it defaulted on interest, was sold under foreclosure in 1877, and reorganized as the Chicago & Nashville, but later in same year took its present name. In 1894 it was consolidated with the Chicago & Indiana Coal Railway. Two spurs (5.27 miles in length) were added to the line in 1895. Early in 1897 this line obtained control of the Chicago, Paducah & Memphis Railroad, which is now operated to Marion, in Williamson County. (See Chicago. Paducah & Memphis Railroad.) CHICAGO & GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. Of the 335.27 miles of the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railroad, only 30.65 are in Illinois, and of the latter 9.7 miles are operated under lease. That portion of the line within the State extends from Chicago easterly to the Indiana State line. The Company is also lessee of the Grand Junction Railroad, four miles in length. The Road is capitalized at §6,000.000, has a bonded debt of §12,000,000 and a floating debt (1895) of §2,271,425, making the total capital invested, $20,871,425. The total earnings in Illinois for 1895 amounted to §660,393; disbursements within the State for the same period, §345,233. The Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway, as now constituted, is a consoli- dation of various lines between Port Huron, Mich., and Chicago, operated in the interest of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. The Illi- nois section was built under a charter granted in 1B78 to the Chicago & State Line Railwaj- Com- pany, to form a connection with Valparaiso, Ind. This corporation acquired the Chicago & South- ern Railroad (from Chicago to Dolton), and the Chicago & State Line Extension in Indiana, all being consolidated under the name of the North- western Grand Trunk Railroad. In 1880, a final consolidation of these lines with the eastward connections took place under the present name — the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway. CHICAGO & GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY. (See Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. ) CHICAGO & GREAT SOUTHERN RAILROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur c£- Evansville Railwaij.) CHICAGO & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- WAY. (See Peoria, Decatur <& Evansville Rail- vay. ) CHICAGO & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Alton Railmad ) CHICAGO & NASHVILLE RAILROAD. (See Cliicago <& Ea.'iter)i Illinois Railroad.) CHICAGO & NORTHERN PACIFIC RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago Terminal Transfer Rail- road. ) CHICAGO & NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY, one of the great trunk lines of the country, pene- trating the States of Illinois, Wisconsin, Michi- gan, Iowa, Minnesota and North and South Dakota. The total length of its main line, branches, proprietary and operated lines, on May 1, 1899, was 5,076.89 miles, of which 594 miles are operated in Illinois, all owned by the company. Second and side tracks increase the mileage to a total of 7.217.91 miles. The Chicago & Northwestern Railway (proper) is operated in nine separate divisions, as follows: The Wis- consin, Galena, Iowa, Northern Iowa, Madison, Peninsula, Winona and St. Peter, Dakota and Ashland Divisions The principal or main linesi of the "Northwestern System,"' in its entirety, are those which have Chicago, Omaha, St. Paul and Minneapolis for their termini, though their branches reach numerous important points within the States already named, from the shore of Lake Michigan on the east to Wyoming on the west, and from Kansas on the south to Lake Superior on the north. — (History.) The Chi- cago & Northwestern Railway Company was organized in 1859 under charters granted by the Legislatures of Illinois and Wisconsin during that year, under which the new company came into possession of the rights and franchises of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad Com- pany. The latter road was the outgrowth o1 various railway enterprises which had been pro 102 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. jected, chartered and partly constructed in Wis- consin and Illinois, between 1848 and 1855, including the Madison & Beloit Railroad, the Rock River Valley Union Railroad, and the Illi- nois & Wisconsin Railroad — tlie last named com- pany being chartered by the IlUnois Legislature in 1851, and autliorized to build a railroad from Chicago to the Wisconsin line. Tlie Wisconsin Legislature of 1855 authorized the consolidation of the Rock River Valley Union Railroad with the Illinois enterprise, and, in March, 1855, the con- solidation of these lines was perfected under the name of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad. During the first four years of its exist- ence this company built 176 miles of the road, of which seventy miles were between Chicago and the Wisconsin State line, with the sections con- structed in Wisconsin completing the connection between Chicago and Fond du Lac. As the result of the financial revulsion of 1857, the corporation became financially embarrassed, and the sale of its property and franchises under the foreclosure of 1859, already alluded to, followed. This marked the beginning of the present corporation, and, in the next few years, by the construction of new lines and the purchase of others in Wisconsin and Northern Illinois, it added largely to the extent of its lines, both constructed and projected. The most important of these was the union effected with the Galena & Cliicago Union Railroad, which was formally consolidated with the Chi- cago & Northwestern in 1864. The history of the Galana & Chicago Union is interesting in view of the fact that it was one of the earliest railroads incorporated in Illinois, having been chartered by special act of the Legislature during the "internal improvement" excitement of 1836. Besides, its charter was the only one of that period under which an organization was effected, and although construction was not begun under it until 1847 (eleven years afterward), it was the second railroad constructed in the State and the first leading from the city of Chicago. In the forty years of its history the growth of the Chi- cago & Northwestern has been steady, and its success almost phenomenal. In that time it has not onlj' added largely to its mileage by the con- struction of new lines, but has absorbed more lines than almost any other road in the country, until it now reaches almost every important city in the Northwest. Among the lines in Northern Illinois now constituting a part of it. were several which had become a part of the Galena & Chicago Union before the consolidation. These included a line from BelviJere to Beloit, Wis. ; the Fox River Valley Railroad, and the St. Charles & Mississippi Air Line Railroad — all Illinois enter- prises, and more or less closely connected with the development of the State. The total capi- talization of the line, on June 30, 1898, was §200,968,108, of which §66,408,821 was capi- tal stock and §101,603,000 in the form of bonds. The earnings in the State of Illinois, for the same period, aggregated $4,374,923, and the expenditures §8,712.593. At the present time (1899) the Chicago & Northwestern is build- ing eight or ten branch lines in Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota and South Dakota. The Northwestern System, as such, comprises nearly 3,000 miles of road not included in the preceding statements of mileage and financial condition. Although owned by the Chicago & Northwestern Company, they are managed by different officers and under other names. The mileage of the whole system covers nearly 8,000 miles of main line. CHICAGO & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. (See Illinoif! Centra! Railroad.) CHICAGO & TEXAS RAILROAD, a line seventy-three miles in length, extending from Johnston City by way of Carbondale westerly to the Mississippi, thence southerly to Cape Girar- deau. The line was originally operated by two companies, under the names of the Grand Tower & Carbondale and the Grand Tower & Cape Girar- deau Railroad Companies. The former was chartered in 1882, and the road built in 1885 ; the latter, chartered in 1889 and the line opened the same year. They were consolidated in 1893, and operated under the name of the Chicago & Texas Railroad Company. In October, 1897, the last named line was transferred, under a twenty-five year lease, to the Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany, by whom it is operated as its St. Louis & Cape Girardeau division. CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA RAIL- ROAD. The main line of tliis road extends from Chicago to Dolton, 111. (17 miles), and affords ter- minal facilities for all lines entering the Polk St. Depot at Chicago. It has branches to Hammond, Ind. (10.28 miles) ; to Cragin (15.9 miles), and to South Chicago (5.41 miles); making the direct mileage of its branches 48.59 miles. In addition, its second, third and fourth tracks and sidings increase the mileage to 204.79 miles. The com- pany was organized June 9, 1879 ; the road opened in 1880, and, on Jan. 26, 1882, consolidated with tlie South Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad Company, and the Chicago & Western Indiana Belt Railway. It also owns some 850 acres in fee in Chicago, including wharf property on the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 103 Chicago River, right of way, switch and transfer yards, depots, the Indiana grain elevator, etc. The elevator and the Belt Division are leased to the Belt Railway Company of Chicago, and the rest of the property is leased conjointly by the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago & Grand Trunk, the Chicago & Erie, the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago, and the AV;ibash Railways (each of which owns §1,000,000 of the capital stock), and by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. These companies pay the expense of operation and maintenance on a mileage basis. CHICAGO k WISCONSIN RAILEOAD. (See Wisconsin Central Lines.) CHILDS, Robert A., was born at Malone, FrankUn County, N. Y., March 22, 1845, the son of an itinerant Methodist preacher, who settled near Belvidere. Boone County, 111., in 1852. His home having been broken up by the death of his mother, in 1854, he went to live upon a farm. In April. 181)1, at the age of 16 years, he enlisted in the company of Captain (afterwards General) Stephen A. Hurlbut, which was later attached to the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers. After being mustered out at the close of the war, lie entered school, and graduated from the Illinois State Normal Universitj in 1870. For the following three years he was Principal and Superintendent of public schools at Amboy, Lee Coimty. meanwhile studying law, and being admitted to the bar. In 1873, he began the practice of his profession at Chicago, making his home at Hinsdale. After filling various local offices, in 1884 he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket, and, in 1892, was elected by the narrow majority of thirty-seven votes to represent the Eighth Illinois District in the Fifty-third Con- gress, as a Republican. CHILLICOTHE, a city in Peoria County, situ- ated on the Illinois River, at the head of Peoria Lake; is 19 miles northwest of Peoria, on the Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and the freiglit division of the Atkinson, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. It is an important shipping-point for grain; has a can- ning factory, a button factory, two banks, five churches, a high school, and two veekly news- papers. Population (1890), 1.632; (1900), 1,699. CHINIQUY, (Rev.) Charles, clergyman and reformer, was born in Canada. July 30, 1809, of mixed French and Spanish blood, and educated for the Romish priesthood at the Seminary of St. Nicholet, where he remained ten years, gaining a reputation among his fellow students for extraor- dinary zeal and piety. Having been ordained to the priesthood in 1833, he labored in various churches in Canada until 1851, when he accepted an invitation to Illinois with a view to building up the church in the Mississippi Valley. Locat- ing at the j miction of the Kankakee and Iroquois Rivers, in Kankakee County, he was the means of bringing to that vicinity a colony of some 5,000 French Canadians, followed by colonists from France, Belgium and other European countries. It has been estimated that over 50.000 of this class of emigrants were settled in Illinois within a few years. The colony em- braced a territory of some 40 square miles, with the village of St. Ann's as the center. Here Father Chiniquy began his labors by erecting churches and schools for the colonists. He soon became dissatisfied with what he believed to be the exercise of arbitrary authority by the ruling Bishop, then began to have doubts on the question of papal infallibilit}', the final result being a determination to separate himself from the Mother Church. In this step he appears to have been followed by a large jjroportion of the colo- nists who had accompanied him from Canada, but the result was a feeling of intense bitterness between the opposing factions, leading to much litigation and many criminal prosecutions, of which Father Chiniquy was the subject, though never convicted. In one of these suits, in which the Father was accused of an infamous crime, Abraham Lincoln was counsel for the defense, the charge being proven to be the outgrowth of a conspiracy. Having finally determined to espouse the cause of Protestantism, Father Chiniquy allied himself with the Canadian Pres- bytery, and for many years of his active clerical life, divided his time between Canada and the United States, having supervision of churches in Montreal and Ottawa, as well as in this country. He also more than once visited Europe by special invitation to address important religious bodies in that country. He died at Montreal, Canada, Jan. 16. 1899, in the 90tli year of his age. CHOUART, Mcdard, (known also as Sieur des Groseilliers), an early French explorer, supposed to have been born at Toiu-aine, France, about 1621. Coming to New France in early youth, he made a voyage of discovery with his brother-in- law, Radisson, westward from Quebec, about 1654-56, tliese two being believed to have been the first white men to reach Lake Superior. After spending the winter of 1658-59 at La Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis., now stands, they are believed by some to have discovered the Upper Mississippi and to have descended that 104 IIISTOPJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. stream a long distance towards its mouth, as they claimed to have reached a much milder climate and heard of Spanish shij^s on tlie salt water (Gulf of Mexico). Some antiquarians credit them, about this time (1659), with having visited the present site of the city of Chicago. They were the first explorers of Northwestern Wisconsin and Minnesota, and are also credited with having been the first to discover an inland route to Hudson's Baj'. and with being the founders of the original Hudson's Bay Company. Groseillier's later history is unknown, but he ranks among the most intrepid explorers of the "New World" about the middle of the seventh century. CHRISMAN, a city of Edgar County, at the intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- cago & St. Louis and the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroads. 34 miles south of Danville ; has a pipe-wrench factory, grain elevators, and storage cribs. Population (1890), 830; (1900), 905. CHRISTIAN COUXTT, a rich agricultural county, lying in the "central belt," and organized in 1839 from parts of Macon, Montgomery, Sangamon and Shelby Counties. The name first given to it was Dane, in honor of Nathan Dane, one of the framers of the Ordinance of 1787, but a political prejudice led to a change. A pre- ponderance of early settlers having come from Christian County, Ky.. this name was finally adopted. The surface is level and the soil fertile, the nortliern half of the county being best adapted to corn and the southern to wheat. Its area is about 710 square miles, and its population (1900), was 33,790. The life of the early settlers was exceedingly primitive. Game was abun- dant ; wild honey was used as a substitute for sugar; wolves were troublesome; prairie fires were frequent; the first mill (on Bear Creek) could not grind more than ten bushels of grain per day, by lior.se-power. The people hauled their corn to St. Louis to exchange for groceries. The first store was opened at Robertson's Point, but the county seat was established at Taylorville. A great change was wrought in local conditions by the advent of the Illinois Central Railway, which passes through the eastern part of the coimty. Two other railroads now pass centrally through the county — the "Wabash" and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern. The principal towns are Taylorville (a railroad center and thriving town of 2.839 inhabitants), Pana, Morrisonville, Edin- burg. and Assumption. CHURCH, Lawrence S., lawyer and legislator, was born at Nunda, N. Y., in 1830; passed his youth on a farm, but having a fondness for study, at an early age began teaching in winter with a view to earning means to prosecute his studies in law. In 1843 he arrived at McHenry, then the count3'-seat of McHenry Count}', 111., having walked a part of the way from New York, paj'ing a portion of his expenses by the delivery of lec- tures. He soon after visited Springfield, and having been examined before Judge S. H. Treat, was admitted to the bar. On the removal of the county-seat from McHenry to Woodstock, he removed to the latter place, where he continued to reside to the end of his life. A member of the Whig party up to 1856, he was that year elected as a Republican Representative in the Twentieth General Assembly, serving by re-election in the Twenty -first and Twenty-second; in 18G0, was supported for the nomination for Congress in the Northwestern District, but was defeated by Hon. E. B. Washburne ; in 1862. aided in the organiza- tion of the Ninety-fifth Illinois Volunteers, and was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled to resign before reaching tlie field on account of failing health. In 1866 he was elected County Judge of JIcHenry County, to fill a vacancy, and, in 1869 to the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, July 23, 1870. Judge Church was a man of high principle and a speaker of decided ability. CHURCH, Selden Marvin, capitalist, was born at East Haddam, Conn., March 4, 1804; taken by his father to Monroe Count}-, N. Y., in boyhood, and grew up on a farm there, but at the age of 21, went to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he engaged in teacliing, being one of the earliest teacliers in the public schools of that city. Then, having spent some time in mercantile pursuits in Roches- ter, N. Y., in 1835 he removed to Illinois, first locating at Geneva, but the following year removed to Rockford, where he continued to reside for the remainder of his life. In 1841, he was appointed Postmaster of the city of Rock- ford by the first President Harrison, remaining in ofiice three years. Other offices held by him were those of County Clerk (1843-47), Delegate to the Second Constitutional Convention (1847), Judge of Probate (1849-57), Representative in the Twenty-third General Assembly (1863-65), and member of the first Board of Public Charities by appointment of Governor Palmer, in 1869, being re-appointed by Governor Beveridge. in 1873, and, for a part of the time, serving as Presi- dent of the Board. He also served, by appoint- ment of the Secretary of War, as one of the Commissioners to assess damages for the Govern- ment improvements at Rock Island and to locate HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 105 the Government bridge between Rock Island and Davenport. During the latter years of his life he was President for some time of the Rockford Insurance Company ; was also one of the origina- tors, and, for many j-ears. Managing Director of the Rockford Water Power Company, which has done so much to promote the prosperity of that city, and, at the time of his death, was one of the Directors of the "Winnebago National Bank. Died at Rockford. June 23, 1892. CHUKCHILL, George, early printer and legis- lator, was born at Hubbardtown, Rutland County, Vt., Oct. 11, 1789; received a good edu- cation in his youth, thus imbibing a taste for literature which led to his learning the printer's trade. In 1806 he became an apprentice in the office of the Albany (N. Y.) "Sentinel," and, after serving his time, worked as a journeyman printer, thereby acciunulating means to purchase a half-intere.st in a small printing office. Selling this out at a loss, a year or two later, he went to New York, and. after working at the case some five months, started for the "West, stopping en route at Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Louisville. In the latter place he worked for a time in the office of "The Courier," and still later in that of "The Correspondent," then owned by Col. Elijah C. Berry, who subsequently came to IlHnois and served as Auditor of Public Accounts. In 1817 he arrived in St. Louis, but, attracted by the fer- tile soil of Illinois, determined to engage in agri- cultural pursuits, finally purchasing land some six miles southeast of Edwardsville. in Madison County, where he continued to reside the re- mainder of his life. In order to raise means to improve his farm, in the spring of 1819 he worked as a compositor in the office of "The Missouri Gazette" — the predecessor of "The St. Louis Republic." While there he ^vTOte a series of articles over the signature of "A Farmer of St. Charles County." advocating the admission of the State of Missouri into the Union without slavery, which caused considerable excitement among the friends of that institution. During the same year he aided Hooper "Warren in establishing his paper, "The Spectator," at Edwardsville, and, still later, became a frequent contributor to its columns, especially during the campaign of 1822-24. which resulted, in the latter year, in the defeat of the attempt to plant slavery in Illinois. In 1822 he was elected Represent- ative in the Third General Assembly, serving in that body by successive re-elections until 1832. His re-election for a second term, in 1824, demon- strated that his vote at the preceding session, in opposition to the scheme for a State Convention to revise the State Constitution in the interest of slavery, was approved by his constituents. In 1S38, he was elected to the State Senate, sers-ing four years, and. in 1844. was again elected to the House — in all serving a period in both Houses of sixteen years. Mr. Churchill was never married. He was an industrious and systematic collector of historical records, and. at the time of his death in the summer of 1872. left a mass of documents and other historical material of great value. (See Slavery and Slave Laws: Warren, Hooper, and Coles, Edirard.) CLARK (Gen.) George Rogers, soldier, was born near Monticello. Albemarle Covinty, Va.. Nov. 19, 1752. In his younger life he was a farmer and surveyor on the upper Ohio. His first experience in Indian fighting was under Governor Dunmore, against the Shawnees (1774). In 177.5 he went as a sui'veyor to Kentucky, and the British having incited the Indians against the Americans in the following year, he was commissioned a Major of militia. He soon rose to a Colonelcy, and attained marked distinction. Later he was commissioned Brigadier-General, and planned an expedition against the British fort at Detroit, which was not successful. In the latter part of 1777, in consultation with Gov. Patrick Henry, of "Virginia, he planned an expe- dition against Illinois, which was earned out the following year. On July 4, 1778, he captured Kaskaskia without firing a gun, and other French villages surrendered at discretion. The following February he set out from Kaskaskia to cross the "Illinois Country" for the purpose of recapturing Vincennes, which had been taken and was garrisoned by the British under Hamilton. After a forced march characterized by incredible suffering, his ragged followers effected the cap- ture of the post. His last important military- service was against the savages on the Big Miami, whose villages and fields he laid waste. His last years were passed in sorrow and in com- parative penury. He died at Louisville, Kj-., Feb. 18, 1818, and his remains, after reposing in a private cemetery near that city for half a cen- tury, were exhumed and removed to Cave Hill Cemetery in 1869. The fullest history of General Clark's expedition and his life will be found in the "Conquest of the Country Northwest of the Ohio River, 1774-1783, and Life of Gen. George Rogers Clark" (2 volumes. 1896), by the late William H. English, of Indianapolis. CLARE, Horace S., lawyer and politician, was bom at Huntsburg. Ohio, August 13, 1840. At 106 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS, the age of 15, coining to Chicago, lie found employment in a livery stable ; later, worked on a farm in Kane County, attending school in the winter. After a year spent in Iowa Citj' attend- ing the Iowa State University, he returned to Kane County and engaged in the dairy business, later occupying himself with various occupations in Illinois and Missouri, but finally returning to his Ohio home, where he began the study of law at Circleville. In 1861 he enlisted in an Ohio regiment, rising from the ranks to a captaincy, but was finally compelled to leave the service in consequence of a wound received at Gettysburg. In 1865 he settled at Slattoon, 111., where he was admitted to tlie bar in 1868. In ISTO he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislatiu-e on the Republican ticket, but was elected State Senator in 1880, serving four years and proving himself one of the ablest speakers on the floor. In 1888 he was chosen a delegate-at-large to the National Republican Convention, and has long been a con- spicuous figure in State politics. In 189G he was a prominent candidate for the Republican nomi- nation for Governor. CLARK, John M., civil engineer and merchant, was born at AVliite Pigeon, Mich., August 1, 1836; came to Chicago with his widowed mother in 1847, and, after five years in the Chicago schools, served for a time (1852) as a rodman on the Illi- nois Central Railroad. After a course in the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., where he graduated in 1856, he returned to the service of the Illinois Central. In 1859 he went to Colorado, where he was one of the original founders of the city of Denver, and chief engi- neer of its first water supply company. In 1863 he started on a surveying expedition to Arizona, but was in Santa Fe when that place was captured by a rebel expedition from Texas; was also present soon after at the battle of Apache Caiion, when the Confederates, being defeated, were driven out of the Territory. Returning to Chi- cago in 1864, he became a member of the whole- sale leather firm of Gray, Clark & Co. The official positions held by Mr. Clark include those of Alderman (1879-81). Member of the Board of Education, Collector of Customs, to which he was appointed by President Han-ison, in 1889, and President of the Chicago Civil Service Board by aiipointment of Mayor Swift, under an act passed by the Legislature of 1895, retiring in 1897. In 1881 he was the Republican candidate for Mayor of Chicago, but was defeated by Carter H. Harri- son. Mr. Clark is one of the Directors of the Crerar Library, uained in the will of Mr. Crerar. CLARK COUXTT, one of the eastern counties of the State, south of the middle line and front- ing upon the Wabash River; area, 510 square miles, and population (1900), 24,033; named for Col. George Rogers Clark. Its organization was effected in 1819. Among the earliest pioneers were John Bartlett, Abraham Washburn, James Whitlock, James B. Anderson, Stephen Archer and Uri Manly. The county-seat is Marshall, the site of wluch was purchased from the Govern- ment in 1833 by Gov. Joseph Duncan and Col. William B. Archer, the latter becoming sole pro- prietor in 1835, in which year the first log cabin was built. The original county-seat was Darwin, and the change to Marshall (in 1849) was made only after a hard struggle. The soil of the county is rich, and its agricultural products varied, embracing corn (the chief staple), oats, potatoes, winter wheat, butter, sorghum, honey, maple sugar, wool and pork. Woolen, flouring and lumber mills exist, but the manufacturing interests are not extensive. Among the promi- nent towns, besides Marshall and Darwin, are Casey (population 844), Martinsville (779), West- field'(510), and York (294). CLAY, Porter, clergyman and brother of the celebrated Henry Clay, was born in Virginia, March, 1779 ; in early life removed to Kentucky, studied law, and was, for a time. Auditor of Public Accounts in that State ; in 1815, was con- verted and gave himself to the Baptist ministry, locating at Jacksonville, 111., where he spent most of his life. Died, in 1850. CLAY CITY, a village of Clay County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 12 miles west of Olney ; has one newspaper, a bank, and is in a grain and fruit-growing region. Population (1890). 612; (1900), 907; (1903), 1,020. CL.\Y COUJi'TY, situated in the southeastern quarter of the State ; has an area of 470 square miles and a population (1900) of 19,553. It was named for Henry Clay. The first claim in the county was entered by a Mr. Elliot, in 1818, and soon after settlers began to locate homes in the county, although it was not organized until 1824. During the same year the pioneer settlement of Maysville was made the countj-seat, but immi- gration continued inactive until 1837, when many settlers arrived, headed by Judges Apper- son and Hopkins and Messrs. Stanford and Lee, who were soon followed by the families of Coch- ran, McCullom and Tender. The Little Wabash River and a number of small tributaries drain the county. A light-colored sandy loam consti- tutes the greater part of the soil, although "black HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 107 prairie loam"' appears here and there. Railroad facilities are hniited, but sufficient to accommo- date the county's requirements. Fruits, especially apples, are successfully cultivated. Educational advantages are fair, although largely confined to district schools and academies in lai"ger towns. Louisville was made the county- seat in 184'2, and, in 1890, had a population of 637. Xenia and Flora are the most important towns. CLATTO^', a town in Adams County, on the Wabash Railway, '28 miles east-nortlieast of Quincj'. A branch of the Wabash Railway ex- tends from this point northwest to Carthage, 111., and Keokuk, Iowa, and another branch to Quincy, 111. The industries include flour and feed mills, machine and railroad repair shops, grain elevator, cigar and harness factories. It ha.s a bank, four churches, a high school, and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 1,038; (1900), 996. CLE.4VER, William, pioneer, was born in Lon- don, England, in 1815 : came to Canada with his parents in 1831, and to Chicago in 1834 ; engaged in business as a chandler, later going into the grocery trade ; in 1849, joined the gold-seekers in California, and, six years afterwards, established himself in the southern part of the present city of Chicago, then called Cleaverville, where he served as Postmaster and managed a general store. He was the owner of considerable real estate at one time in what is now a densely populated part of the city of Chicago. Died in Chicago, Nov. 13, 1896. CLEMENTS, Isaac, ex-Congressman and Gov- ernor of Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Danville, 111., was bom in Franklin County, Ind., in 1837; graduated from Asbury University, at Green- castle, in 18.59, having supported himself during his college course by teaching. After reading law and being admitted to the bar at Greencastle, he removed to Carbondale, 111., where he again found it necessarj- to resort to teaching in order to purchase law-books. In July, 1861, he enUsted in the Ninth Illinois Infantry, and was commis- sioned Second Lieutenant of Company G. He was in the service for three years, was three times wounded and twice promoted "for meri- torious sen-ice." In Jvme, 1867, he was ap- pointed Register in Bankruptcy, and from 1873 to 187.5 was a Republican Representative in the Forty-third Congress from the (then) Eighteenth District. He was also a member of the Repub- lican State Convention of 1880. In 1889, he became Pension .-Vgent for the District of Illinois, by appointment of President Harrison, serving until 1893. In tlie latter part of 1898, he was appointed Superintendent of the Soldiers' Orphans" Home, at Normal, but served only a few months, when he accepted the position of Governor of the new .Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, at Danville. CLEVELAND, CINCINN.ATI, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. The total length of this sj-s- tem (1898) is 1,807.34 miles, of which 478.39 miles are operated in Illinois. That portion of the main Jine lying within the State extends from East St. Louis, northeast to the Indiana State line, 181 miles. The Company is also the lessee of the Peoria & Eastern Railroad (133 miles), and oper- ates, in addition, other lines, as follows: The Cairo Division, extending from Tilton, on the line of the Wabash, 3 miles southwest of Dan- ville, to Cairo (2.59 miles) • the Chicago Division, extending from Kankakee southeast to the Indiana State line (34 miles); the Alton Branch, from W^ann Junction, on the main Une, to Alton (4 miles). Besides these, it enjoys with the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, joint owner- ship of the Kankakee & Seneca Railroad, which it operates. The .system is uniformly of standard gauge, and about 380 miles are of double track. It is laid with heavy steel rails (sixty-five, sixty- seven and eighty pounds), laid on white oak ties, and is amply ballasted with broken stone and gravel. Extensive repair shops are located at Mattoon The total capital of the entire system on Jime 30, 1898— including capital stock and bonded and floating debt — was §97,149,361. The total earnings in Illinois for the year were $3,773,193, and the total expenditm-es in the State §3,611,437. The taxes paid the same year were •5124,196. The history of this system, so far as Illinois is concerned, begins with the consolida- tion, in 1889, of the Cincinnati, IndianapoUs, St. Louis & Chicago, the Cleveland, Columbus, Cin- cinnati & Indianapolis, and the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Companies. In 1890, certain leased lines in Illinois (elsewhere mentioned) were merged into the system. (For lii.story of the several divisions of this system, see St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute. Peoria & Eastern, Cairo & Vlncenytes, and Kankakee d- Seneca Railroads.) CLIM.\.TOLOGT. Extending, as it does, tlrrough six degrees of latitude. Illinois affords a great diversity of climate, as regards not only the range of temperature, but also the amount of rainfall. In both particulars it exhibits several points of contrast to States lying between the same parallels of latitude, but nearer the Atlan- tic. The same statement applies, as well, to all 108 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. the North Central and the Western States. Warm winds from the Gulf of Mexico come up the Mississippi Vallej-, and impart to vegetation in the southern portion of the State, a stimulat- ing influence which is not felt upon the seaboard. On the other hand, there is no great barrier to the descent of the Arctic winds, which, in winter, sweep down toward the Gulf, depressing the temperature to a point lower than is custom- arj' nearer the seaboard on the same latitude. Lake Michigan exerts no little influence upon the climate of Chicago and other adjacent districts, mitigating both summer heat and winter cold. If a comparison be instituted between Ottawa and Boston — the latter being one degree farther north, but •'iTO feet nearer the sea-level — the springs and summers are found to be about five degrees warmer, and the winters tliree degrees colder, at the former point. In comparing the East and West in respect of rainfall, it is seen that, in the former section, the same is pretty equally distributed over the four seasons, while in the latter, spring and summer may be called the wet season, and autmnn and winter the dry. In the extreme West nearly three-fourths of the yearly precipitation occurs during the growing season. This is a climatic condition highly favorable to the growth of grasses, etc., but detrimental to the growth of trees. Hence we find luxuriant forests near the seaboard, and, in the interior, grassy plains. Illinois occupies a geographical position where these great climatic changes begin to manifest themselves, and where the distinctive features of the prairie first become fullj- apparent. The annual precipitation of rain is greatest in the southern part of the State, but, owing to the higher temperature of that section, the evaporation is also more rapid. The distribution of the rainfall in respect of seasons is also more unequal toward the south, a fact which may account, in part at least, for the increased area of woodlands in that region. While Illinois lies within the zone of southwest winds, their flow is affected by conditions some- what abnormal. The northeast trades, after entering the Gulf, are deflected by the mountains of Mexico, becoming inward breezes in Texas, southerly winds in the Lower Mississippi Valley, and southwesterly as they enter the Upper Valley. It is to this aerial current that the hot, moist summers are attributable. The north and northwest winds, which set in with the change of the season, depress the temperature to a point below that of the Atlantic slope, and are attended with a diminished precipitation. CLIXTON, the county-seat of De Witt County, situated 2'd miles south of Bloomington, at inter- section of the Springfield and the Champaign- Havana Divisions with the main line of the Illinois Central Railroad; lies in a productive agricultural region; has macliine shops, flour and planing mills, brick and tile works, water works, electric lighting plant, piano-case factory, banks, three new.spapers, six churches, and two public schools. Population (1890), 2,598; (1900), 4,453. CLINTON COUNTY, organized in 1824. from portions of Washington, Bond and Fayette Coun- ties, and named in honor of De Witt Clinton. It is situated directlj' east of St. Louis, has an area of 494 square miles, and a population (1900) of 19,824. It is drained by the Kaskaskia River and by Shoal, Crooked, Sugar and Beaver Creeks. Its geological formation is similar to that of other counties in the same section. Thick layers of limestone lie near the surface, with coal seams underlying the same at varying depths. The soil is varied, being at some points black and loamy and at others (under timber) decidedly clayey. The timber has been mainlj' cut for fuel because of the inherent difficulties attending coal-mining. Two railroads cross the county from east to west, but its trade is not important. Agriculture is the chief occupation, corn, wheat and oats being the staple products. CLOUD, Newton, clergyman and legislator, was born in North Carolina, in 1805, and, in 1827, settled in the vicinity of Waverlj', Morgan County, 111, where he pursued the vocation of a farmer, as well as a preacher of the Methodist Church. He also became prominent as a Demo- cratic politician, and served in no less than nine sessions of the General Assembly, besides the Constitutional Convention of 1847, of which he was chosen President. He was first elected Representative in the Seventh Assembly (1830), and afterwards served in the House during the sessions of the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Thir- teenth, Fifteenth and Twenty-seventh, and as Senator in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth. He was also Clerk of the House in 1844-45, and, having been elected Representative two years later, was chosen Speaker at the succeeding ses- sion. Although not noted for any specially aggressive qualities, his consistency of character won for him general respect, while his frequent elections to the Legislature prove liim to have been a man of large influence. CLOWRT, Robert C, Telegraph Manager, was born in 1838 ; entered the service of the Illinois & Mississippi Telegraph Company as a messenger HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 109 boy at Joliet in 1853, became manager of the ofBce at Lockport six months later, at Springfield in 1853. and chief operator at St. Louis in 1854. Between 1859 and "63, he held highly responsible positions on various Western lines, but the latter year was commissioned by President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and placed in charge of United States militarj- lines with headquarters at Little Rock, Ark. ; was mustered out in May, 1860, and immediatelj- appointed District Superintendent of Western Union lines in the Southwest. From that time his promotion was steady and rapid. In 1875 he became Assistant General Superintendent ; in 1878, Assist- ant General Superintendent of the Central Divi- sion at Chicago; in 1880, succeeded General Stager as General Superintendent, and, in 1885, was elected Director, member of the Execu- tive Committee and Vice-President, his terri- tory extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. COAL AND COAL-MIXiyG. Illinois contains much the larger portion of waat is known as the central coal field, covering an area of about 37,000 square miles, and underlying sixty coun- ties, in but forty-five of which, however, opera- tions are conducted on a commercial scale. The Illinois field contains fifteen distinct seams. Those available for commercial mining generally lie at considerable depth and are reached by shafts. The coals are all bituminous, and furnish an excellent steam-making fuel. Coke is manu- factured to a limited extent in La Salle and some of the southern counties, but elsewhere in the State the coal does not yield a good marketable coke. Neither is it in any degree a good gas coal, although used in some localities for that purpose, rather because of its abundance than on account of its adaptability. It is thought that, with the increase of cheap transportation facili- ties. Pittsburg coal will be brought into the State in such quantities as eventually to exclude local coal from the manufacture of gas. In the report of the Eleventh United States Census, the total product of the Illinois coal mines was given as 12, 104, •372 tons, as against 0,115,377 tons reported bj- the Tenth Census. The value of the output was estimated at §11,735,203, or §0.97 per ton at the mines. The total number of mines was stated to be 1,072, and the number of tons mined was nearh- equal to the combined yield of the mines of Ohio and Indiana. The mines are divided into two classes, technically known as "regular" and "local." Of the former, there were 358, and of the latter, 714. These 358 regular mines employed 23,934 men and boys, of whom 21,3)0 worked below ground, besides an oSice force of 389, and paid, in wages, §8,094,397. The total capital invested in these 358 mines was §17,030,351. According to the report of the State Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1898, 881 mines were operated during the year, employing 35,020 men and producing 18,599,299 tons of coal, which was 1,473,459 tons less than the preceding year — the reduction being due to the strike of 1897. Five counties of the State produced more than 1,000,000 tons each, standing in the following order: Sangamon, 1,763.803; St. Clair, 1,000,752; Vermilion, l,520,i'.99; Macoupin, 1.264,926; La Salle, 1.165,490. COAL CITY, a town in Grundy Coimty, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 29 miles by rail south-southwest of Joliet. Large coal mines are operated here, and the town is an im- portant shipping point for their product. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper and five churches. Pop. (1890). 1.672; (1900), 2.007; (1903), about 3,000. COBB, Emery, capitalist, was born at Dryden, Tompkins County, N. Y., August 20, 1831; at 16, began the study of telegraphy at Ithaca, later acted as operator on Western New York lines, but, in 1852, became manager of the office at Chicago, continuing until 1865, the various com- panies having meanwhile been consolidated into the Western Union. He then made an extensive tour of the world, and, although he had intro- duced the system of transmitting money by telegraph, he declined all invitations to return to the key-board. Having made large investments in lands about Kankakee, where he now resides, he has devoted much of his time to agriculture and stock-raising; was also, for many years, a member of the State Board of Agriculture, Presi- dent of the Short-Horn Breeders' Association, and, for twenty years (1873-93\ a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. He has done much to improve the city of his adoption by the erection of buildings, the con- struction of electric street-car lines and the promotion of manufactures. COBB, Silas B., pioneer and real-estate opera- tor, was born at MontpeUer, Vt., Jan. 23, 1812; came to Chicago in 1833 on a schooner from Buf- falo, the voyage occupying over a month. Being without means, he engaged as a carpenter upon a building which James Kinzie, the Indian trader, was erecting ; later he erected a building of his own in which he started a harness-shop, which he conducted successfully for a number of years. He has since been connected with a number 110 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of business enterprises of a public character, including banks, street and steam railways, but his largest successes have been achieved in the line of improved real estate, of wliich he is an exten- sive owner. He is also one of the liberal bene- factors of the University of Chicago, "Cobb Lecture Hall," on the campus of that institution, being the result of a contribution of his amount- ing to §150,000. Died in Chicago, April 5, 1900. COBDEN, a village in Union County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 43 miles north of Cairo and 15 miles south of Carbondale. Fruits and vegetables are extensively cultivated and shipped to northern inarkets. This region is well tim- bered, and Cobden has two box factories employ- ing a considerable number of men; also has several churches, schools and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 994; (1900,) 1,034. COCHRAN, William Granville, legislator and jurist, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Nov. 13, 1844; brought to Moultrie County, 111., in 1849. and, at the age of 17, enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty -sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serving in the War of the Rebellion three years as a private. Returning home from the war, he resumed life as a farmer, but early in 1873 began merchandising at Lovington, continuing this business three years, when he began the study of law; in 1879, was admitted to the bar, and has since been in active practice. In 1888 he was elected to the lower house of tlie General Assembly, was an unsuccessful candidate for the Senate in 1890, but was re-elected to the House in 1894, and again in 1896. At the special session of 1890, he was chosen Speaker, and was similarly honored in 1895. He is an excellent parliamen- tarian, clear-headed and just in his rulings, and an able debater. In June, 1897, he was elected for a six years' term to the Circuit bench. He is also one of the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Normal. CODDI>'(», Icliabod, clergyman and anti- slavery lectui'er, was born at Bristol, N. Y., in 1811; at the age of 17 he was a popular temper- ance lecturer; while a student at Middlebury, Vt., began to lecture in' opposition to slavery; after leaving college served five years as agent and lecturer of the Anti-Slavery Society; was often exposed to mob violence, but always retain- ing his self-control, succeeded in escaping serious injury. In 1842 he entered the Congrega- tional ministry and held pastorates at Princeton, Lockport, Joliet and elsewhere; between 1854 and "58, lectured extensively through Illinois on the Kansas-Nebraska issue, and was a power in the organization of the Republican party. Died at Baraboo, Wis., June 17, 1806. CODY, Hiram Hitchcock, lawyer and Judge: born in Oneida County, N. Y., June 11, 1824; was partiall}' educated at Hamilton College, and, in 1843. came with his father to Kendall County, lU. In 1847, he removed to Naperville, where for six years he served as Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court. In 1851 he was admitted to the bar; in 1861, was elected County Judge with practical unanimity, served as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1874, was elected Judge of the Twelfth Judi- cial Circuit. His residence (1896) was at Pasa- dena. Cal. COLCHESTER, a city of McDonough County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, midway between Galesburg and Quincy; is the center of a rich farming and an extensive coal- mining region, producing more than 100,000 tons of coal annually. A superior quality of potter's clay is also luinea and shipped extensively to other points. The city lias brick and drain-tile works, a bank, four churches, two public schools and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 1,643; (1900), 1,635. COLES, Edward, the second Governor of the State of Illinois, born in Albemarle County, Va., Dec. 15, 1786, the son of a wealthy planter, who had been a Colonel in the Revolutionary War; was educated at Hampden-Sidney and William and Mary Colleges, but compelled to leave before graduation by an accident which interrupted his studies ; in 1809, became the private secretary of President Madison, remaining six years, after which he made a trip to Russia as a special mes- senger by appointment of the President. He earl}' manifested an interest in the emancipation of the slaves of Virginia. In 1815 he made his first tour through the Northwest Territory, going as far west as St. Louis, returning three years later and visiting Kaskaskia while the Constitu- tional Convention of 1818 was in session. In April of the following year he set out from his Virginia home, accompanied by his slaves, for Illinois, traveling by wagons to Brownsville. Pa., where, taking flat-boats, he descended the river with his goods and servants to a point below Louisville, where they disembarked, journeying overland , to Edwardsville. While descending the Ohio, he informed his slaves that they were free, and, after arriving at their destination, gave to each head of a family 160 acres of land. This generous act was, in after years, made the ground for bitter persecution by his enemies. At HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Ill Eilwardsville he entered upon the duties of Register of the Land OfEoe, to whicli he had been appointed by President Monroe. In 1822 he became the candidate for Governor of those opposed to removing the restriction in the State Constitution against the introduction of slavery, and, although a majority of the voters then favored the measure, he was elected by a small plurality over his highest competitor in conse- quence of ,a division of the opjiosition vote between three candidates. The Legislature chosen at the same time submitted to the people a proposition for a State Convention to revise the Constitution, which was rejected at the election of 1824 b}' a majority of 1,668 in a total vote of 11,612. While Governor Coles had the efficient aid in opposition to the measure of such men as Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Congressman Daniel P. Cook. Jlorris Birkbeck, George Forquer, Hooper "Warren, George Churchill and others, he was himself a most influential factor in protecting Illinois from the blight of slavery, contributing his salary for his entire term (S4,000) to that end. In 1825 it became his duty to welcome La Fay- ette to Illinois. Retiring from office in 1826, he continued to reside some years on his farm near Edwardsville, and, in 1830, was a candidate for Congress, but being a known opponent of Gen- eral Jackson, was defeated by Joseph Duncan. Previous to 1833, he removed to Philadelphia, where he married during the following j'ear, and continued to reside there until his death, July 7, 1868, having lived to see the total extinction of slavery in the L^nited States. (See Slavery and Slave Laics.) COLES COUNTY, originally a part of Crawford County, but organized in 1831, and named in honor of Gov. Edward Coles.— lies central to the eastern portion of the State, and embraces 520 square miles, with a population (1900) of 34,146. The Kaskaskia River (sometimes called the Okaw) runs through the northwestern part of the county, but the principal stream is the Embarras (Embraw). The chief resource of the people is agriculture, although the county lies within the limits of the Illinois coal-belt. To the north and west are prairies, while timber abounds in the southeast. The largest crop is of corn, although wheat, dairy products, potatoes, hay, tobacco, sorghum, wool, etc., are also important jjroducts. Broom-corn is extensively cultivated. Manufac- turing is carried on to a fair extent, the output embracing sawed lumber, carriages and wagons, agricultural implements, tobacco and snuff, boots lud shoes, etc. Charleston, the county-seat, is centrally located, and has a number of handsome public buildings, private residences and business blocks. It was laid out in 1831, and incorporated in 1865; in 1900, its population was 5.488. Mattoon is a railroad center, situated some 130 miles east of St. Louis. It has a population of 9.622. and is an important shipping point for grain and live-stock. Other jirincipal towns are Ashmore, Oakland and Lerna. COLFAX, a village of McLean Countj', on the Kankakee and Bloomington branch of the Illinois Central Railroad, 23 miles northeast of Blooming- ton. Farming and stock-growing are the leading industries; has two banks, one new.spaper, three elevators, and a coal mine. Pop. (1900), 1,153. COLLEGE OF PHYSICIAXS A>'I) SURGEONS, located at Chicago, and organized in 1881. Its first term opened in September, 1882, in a build- ing erected by the trustees at a cost of §60,000, with a faculty embracing twenty-five professors, with a sufficient corps of demonstrators, assist- ants, etc. The number of matriculates was 152. The institution ranks among the leading medical colleges of the West. Its standard of qualifica- tions, for both matriculates and graduates, is equal to those of other first-class medical schools throughout the country. The teaching faculty, of late years, has consisted of some twenty-five professors, who are aided by an adequate corps of assistants, demonstrators, etc. COLLEGES, EARLY. The early Legislatures of Illinois manifested no little unfriendliness toward colleges. The first charters for institutions of this character were granted in 1833, and were for the incorporation of the "Union College of Illi- nois,'' in Randolph County, and the "Alton Col- lege of Illinois," at Upper Alton. The first named was to be under the care of the Scotch Covenanters, but was never founded. The second was in the interest of the Baptists, but the charter was not accepted. Both these acts contained jealous and unfriendly restrictions, notably one to the effect that no theological department should be established and no pro- fessor of theology employed as an instructor, nor should any religious test be applied in the selec- tion of trustees or the admission of pupils. The friends of higher education, however, made com- mon cause, and, in 1835, secured the passage of an "omnibus bill" incorporating four private colleges — the Alton ; the Illinois, at Jacksonville ; the McKendree, at Lebanon, and the Jonesboro. Similar restrictive provisions as to theological teaching were incorporated in these charters, and a limitation was placed upon the amount of 113 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. property to be owned by any institution, but in many respects the law was more liberal than its predecessors of two years previous. Owing to the absence of suitable preparatory schools, these institutions were compelled to maintain prepara- tory departments under the tuition of the college professors. The college last named above ( Jones- boro) was to have been founded by the Christian denomination, but was never organized. The three remaining ones stand, in the order of their formation, McKendree, Illinois, Alton (afterward Shurtleff ) ; in the order of graduating initial classes — Illinois, McKendree, Shurtleff. Pre- paratory instruction began to be given in Illinois College in 1829, and a class was organized in the collegiate department in 1831. The Legislature of 1835 also incorporated the Jacksonville Female Academy, the first school for girls chartered in the State. From this time forward colleges and academies were incorporated in rapid succession, many of them at places whose names have long since disappeared from the map of the State. It was at this time that there developed a strong party in favor of founding what were termed, rather euphemistically, "Manual Labor Col- leges." It was believed that the time which a student might be able to "redeem" from study, could be so profitably employed at farm or shop- work as to enable him to earn his own livelihood. Acting upon this theory, the Legislature of 1835 granted charters to the "Franklin Manual Labor College," to be located in either Cook or La Salle County; to the "Burnt Prairie Manual Labor Seminary," in White County, and the "Chatham Manual Labor School," at Lick Prairie, Sanga- mon County. University powers were conferred upon the institution last named, and its charter also contained the somewhat extraordinary pro- vision that any sect might establish a professor- ship of theolog}' therein. In 1837 six more colleges were incorporated, only one of which (Knox) was successfully organized. By 1840, better and broader views of education had developed, and the Legislature of 1841 repealed all prohibition of the establishing of theological departments, as well as the restrictions previously imposed upon the amount and value of property to be owned by private educational institutions. The whole number of colleges and seminaries incorporated under the State law ( 1896) is forty- three. (See also Illinois College, Knox College, Lake Forest University, McKendree College, Mon- mouth College, Jacksonville Female Seminary, Monticello Female Seminary. Northwestern Uni- versity, Shurtleff College.) COLLIER, Robert Laird, clergyman, was bom in Salisbury, Md., August 7, 1837; graduated at Boston University, 1858; soon after became an itinerant Methodist minister, but, in 1806, united with the Unitarian Church and officiated as pastor of churches in Chicago, Boston and Kan- sas City, basides supplying pulpits in various cities in England (1880-85). In 1885, he was appointed United States Consul at Leipsic, but later served as a special commissioner of the Johns Hopkins University in the collection of labor statistics in Europe, meanwhile gaining a wide reputation as a lecturer and magazine writer. His published works include: "E very- Day Subjects in Sunday Sermons" (1869) and "Meditations on the Essence of Christianity" (1876). Died near his birthplace, July 27, 1890. COLLINS, Frederick, manufacturer, was born in Connecticut, Feb. 24, 1804. He was the young- est of five brothers who came with their parents from Litchfield, Conn , to Illinois, in 1822, and settled in the town of Unionville — now Collins- ville — in the southwestern part of Madison County. They were enterprising and public- spirited business men, who engaged, quite extensively for the time, in various branches of manufacture, including flour and whisky. This was an era of progress and development, and becoming convinced of the injurious character of the latter branch of their business, it was promptly abandoned. The subject of this sketch was later associated with his brother Michael in the pork-packing and grain business at Naples, the early Illinois River terminus of the Sangamon & Morgan (now Wabash) Railroad, but finally located at Quincy in 1851, where he was engaged in manufacturing business for many years. He was a man of high business probity and religious principle, as well as a determined opisonent of the institution of slavery, as shown bj' the fact that he was once subjected by his neighbors to the intended indignity of being hung in effigy for the crime of assisting a fugitive female slave on the road to freedom. In a speech made in 1834, in commemoration of the act of emancipation in the West Indies, he gave utterance to the following prediction : ' 'Methinks the time is not far distant when our own country will celebrate a day of emancipation within her own borders, and con- sistent songs of freedom shall indeed ring throughout the length and breadth of the land." He lived to see this prophecy fulfilled, dying at Quincy, in 1878. Mr. Collins was the candidate of the Liberty Men of Illinois for Lieutenant-Gov- ernor in 1842. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 113 COLLINS, James H., lawyer and jurist, was born in Cambridge, Washington County, X. Y., but taken in early life to Vernon, Oneida County, where he grew to manhood. After spending a couple of years in an academy, at the age of 18 he began the study of law, was admitted to 'the bar in 1824, and as a counsellor and solicitor in 1837, coming to Chicago in the fall of 183o, mak- ing a part of the journey by the first stage-coach from Detroit to the present Western metropolis. After arriving in Illinois, he spent some time in exploration of the surrounding country, but returning to Chicago in 1834, he entered into partnership with Judge John D. Caton, who had been his preceptor in New York, still later being a partner of Justin Butterfield under the firm name of Butterfield & Collins. He was con- sidered an eminent authority in law and gained an extensive practice, being regarded as espe- cially strong in chancery cases as well as an able pleader. Politicallj', he was an uncompromising anti-slavery man, and often aided runaway slaves in securing their liberty or defended others who did so. He was also one of the original promoters of the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad and one of its first Board of Directors. Died, suddenly of cholera, while attending court at Ottawa, in 18.54. COLLI>'S, Loren C, jurist, was born at AVind- sor, Conn., August 1, 1848; at the age of 18 accompanied his family to Illinois, and was educated at the Northwestern University. He read law, was admitted to the bar, and soon built up a remunerative practice. He was elected to the Legislature in 1878, and through his ability as a debater and a parliamentarian, soon became one of the leaders of his party on the floor of the lower house. He was re-elected in 1880 and 1882, and, in 1883, was cho.sen Speaker of the Thirty-third General Assembly. In December, 1884, he was appointed a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Judge Barnum, was elected to succeed himself in 1885, and re-elected in 1891, but resigned in 1894, since that time devoting his attention to regular practice in the city of Chicago. COLLIXS, William H., retired manufacturer, born at ColliusviUe, 111., March 20, 1831; was educated in the common schools and at Illinois College, later taking a course in literature, philosophy and theology at Yale College ; served as pastor of a Congregational church at La Salle several years ; in 1858, became editor and propri- etor of "The Jacksonville Journal," which he conducted some four years. The Civil War hav- ing begun, he then accepted the chaplaincy of the Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, but resigning in 1863. organized a company of the One Hundred and Fourth Volunteers, of which he was chosen Captain, participating in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Later he served on the staff of Gen. John 51. Palmer and at Fourteenth Army Corps headquarters, until after the fall of Atlanta. Then resigning, in November, 1864, he was appointed by Secretary Stanton Provost- Marshal for the Twelfth District of Illinois, con- tinuing in this service until the close of 1865, when he engaged in the manufacturing business as head of the Collins Plow Company at Quincy. Tliis business he conducted successfully some twenty-five years, when he retired. Mr. Collins has served as Alderman and Mayor, ad iiifcrim, of the city of Quincy; Representative in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- blies — during the latter being chosen to deliver the eulogy on Gen. John A. Logan ; was a promi- nent candidate for the nomination for Lieutenant Governor in 1888, and the same year Republican candidate for Congress in the Quincy District; in 1894, was the Republican nominee for State Senator in Adams County, and, though a Repub- lican, has been twice elected Supervisor in a strongly Democratic city. COLLI>'SVILLE,a city on the southern border of Madison County, 13 miles (by rail) east-north- east of St. Louis, on the "Vandalia Line" (T. H. & I. Ry.), about 11 miles south of Edwardsville. The place was originally settled in 1817 by four brothers named Collins from Litchfield, Conn., who established a tan-j-ard and erected an ox-mill for grinding corn and wheat and sawing lumber The town was platted by surviving members of this family in 1836. Coal-mining is the principal industry, and one or two mines are operated within the corporate limits. The city has zinc works, as well as flour mills and brick and tile factories, two building and loan associations, a lead smelter, stock bell factory, electric street railways, seven churches, two banks, a high school, and a newspaper oflice. Population (1890), 3,498; (1900), 4,021; (1903, est.), 7,500. COLLIER, Robert, clergyman, was born at Keighly, Yorkshire, England. Dec. 8, 1823; left school at eight years of age to earn his living in a factory ; at fourteen was apprenticed to a black- smith and learned the trade of a hammer-maker. His only opportunity of acquiring an education during this period, apart from private study, was 114 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in a night-school, which he attended two winters. In 1849 he became a local Methodist preacher, came to the United States the next year, settling in Pennsylvania, where he pursued his trade, preaching on Sundays. His views on the atone- ment having gradually been changed towards Unitarianism, his license to preach was revoked by the conference, and, in 1859, he united with the Unitarian Church, having already won a wide reputation as an eloquent public speaker. Coming to Chicago, he began work as a mission- ary, and, in 1860, organized the Unity Church, beginning with seven members, thougli it has since become one of the strongest and most influ- ential chiu-ches in the city. In 1879 he accepted a call to a churcli in New York City, where he still remains. Of .strong anti-slavery views and a zealous Unionist, he served during a part of the Civil War as a camp inspector for the Sanitary Commission. Since the war he lias repeatedly visited England, and has exerted a wide influence as a lecturer and jjulpit orator on both sides of the Atlantic. He is the author of a number of volumes, including "Nature and Life" (1866); '■A Man in Earnest: Life of A. H. Conant" (1868); "A History of the Town and Parish of likely" (1886), and "Lectures to Young Men and Women" (1886). COLTOX, Chauncey Sill, pioneer, was born at Springfield, Pa., Sept. 21, 1800; taken to Massachu- setts in childhood and educated at Monson in that State, afterwards residing for many years, dur- ing his manhood, at Monson, Maine. He came to Illinois in 1836, locating on the site of the present city of Galesburg, where he built the first store and dwelling house; continued in general mer- chandise some seventeen or eighteen years, mean- while associating his sons with him in business under the firm name of C. S. Colton & Sons. Mr. Colton was associated with the construction of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad from the beginning, becoming one of the Directors of the Company; was also a Director of the First National Bank of Galesburg, the first organizer and first President of the Farmers' and Mechan- ics' Bank of that city, and one of the Trustees of Knox College. Died in Galesburg, July 27, 188.5. — Francis (Colton), son of the preceding; born at Monson. Maine, May 24, 1834, came to Gales- burg with his father's family in 1836, and was educated at Knox College, graduating in 18.55, and receiving the degree of A.M. in 1858. After graduation, he was in partnership with his father some seven years, also served as Vice-President of the First National Bank of Galesburg, and, in 1866, was appointed by President Johnson United States Consul at Venice, remaining there until 1869. Tlie latter year he became the General Passenger Agent of the Union Pacific Railroad, continuing in tliat position until 1871, meantime visiting China, Japan and India, and establishing agencies for the Union and Central Pacific Rail- ways in various countries of Europe. In 1872 he succeeded his father as Pi'esident of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Galesburg, but retired in 1884, and the same year removed to Washington, D. C, where he has since resided. Mr. Colton is a large land owner in some of the Western States, especially Kansas and Nebraska. COLUMBIA, a town of Monroe County, on Mobile & Ohio Raih'oad, 15 miles south of St. Louis ; has a machine shop, large flour mill, brewery, five cigar factories, electric light plant, telephone system, stone quarry, five churches, and public school. Pop. (1900), 1,197; (1903), 1,205. COMPANY OF THE WEST, THE. a company formed in France, in August, 1717, to develop the resources of "New France." in which the "Illinois Country" was at that time included. At the head of the company was the celebrated John Law, and to him and his associates the French monarch granted extraordinary powers, both governmental and commercial. Thej- were given the exclusive right to refine the precious metals, as well as a monopoly in the trade in tobacco and slaves. Later, the company became known as the Indies, or East Indies, Companj-, owing to the king having granted them conces- sions to trade with the East Indies and China. On Sept. 27, 1717, the Royal Council of France declared that the Illinois Country should form a part of the Province of Louisiana ; and, under the shrewd management of Law and his associates, immigration soon increased, as many as 800 settlers arriving in a single year. The directors of the company, in the exercise of their govern- mental powers, appointed Pierre Duque de Bois- briant Governor of the Illinois District. He proceeded to Kaskaskia, and, within a few miles of that settlement, erected Fort Chartres. (See Fort Chartres. ) The policy of the Indies Company was energetic, and, in the main, wise. Grants of commons were made to various French villages, and Cahokia and Kaskaskia steadily grew in size and population. Permanent settlers were given grants of land and agriculture was encouraged. These grants (which were allodial in their char- acter) covered nearlj- all the lands in that part of the American Bottom, lying between tlie Missis- sippi and the Kaskaskia Rivers. Many grantees HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 115 held their lands in one great common field, each proprietor contributing, pro rata, to the mainte- nance of a surrounding fence. In 1721 the Indies Company divided the Province of Louisiana into nine civil and military districts. That of Illinois was numerically the Seventh, and included not onlj' the southern half of the existing State, but also an immense tract west of the Mississippi, extending to the Rocky Mountains, and embrac- ing the present States of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa and Nebraska, besides portions of Arkansas and Colorado. The Commandant, with his secretary and the Company's Commissary, formed the District Council, tlie civil law being in force. In 1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, and thereafter, the Governors of Illinois were appointed directly bj- the Frencli crown. CONCORDIA SEMINARY, an institution lo- cated at Springfield, fo'onded in 1879 ; the succes- sor of an earlier institution under the name of Illinois University. Theological, scientific and preparatory departments are maintained, al- though there is no classical course. The insti- tution is under control of the German Lutherans. The institution reports §125,000 worth of real property. The members of the Faculty (1898) are five in number, and there were about 171 students in attendance. COXDEE, Leander D., lawyer, was born Ln Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 26, 18-17; brought by his parents to Coles County, 111., at the age of seven years, and received his education in the common schools and at St. Paul's Academy, Kan- kakee, taking a special course in Michigan State University and graduating from the law depart- ment of the latter in 1868. He then began prac- tice at Bvitler. Bates County, Mo., where he served tliree years as City Attorney, but, in 1873, returned to Illinois, locating in Hj'de Park (now a part of Chicago), where he served as City Attorney for four consecutive terms before its annexation to Chicago. In 1880, lie was elected as a Republican to the State Senate for the Second Senatorial District, serving in the Thirty- second and the Thirty-third General Assemblies. In 1892, he was the Republican nominee for Judge of the Superior Court of Cook Countj-, but was defeated with the National and the State tickets of that year, since when he has given his atten- tion to regular practice, maintaining a high rank in his profession. COXtJER, Edwin Hnrd, lawyer and diploma- tist, was born in Knox County, 111., March 7, 1843; graduated at Lombard Uniyersitj', Galesburg, in 1869. and immediately thereafter enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Second Illinois Volunteers, serving through the war and attain- ing the rank of Captain, besides being brevetted Major for gallant service. Later, he graduated from the Albany Law School and practiced for a time in Galesburg. but, in 1868, removed to Iowa, where he engaged in farming, stock-raising and banking; was twice elected County Treasurer of Dallas Count}', and, in 1880, State Treasurer, being re-elected in 1882 ; in 1886, was elected to Congress from the Des Moines District, and twice re-elected (1888 and '90), but before the close of his last terra was appointed by President Harri- son Minister to Brazil, serving until 1893. In 1896, he served as Presidential Elector for the State-at-large, and, in 1897, was re-appointed Minister to Brazil, but, in 1898, was transferred to China, where (1899) he now is. He was suc- ceeded at Rio Janeiro bj- Charles Page Bryan of Illinois. COXOREGATIONALISTS, THE. Two Congre- gational ministers — Rev. S. J. ]Mills and Rev. Daniel Smith — visited Illinois in 1814, and spent some time at Kaskaskia and Shawneetown, but left for New Orleans without organizing anj- churches. The first chui'ch was organized at Mendon, Adams County, in 1833, followed bj others during the same year, at Naperville, Jack- sonville and Quincy. By 1836, the number had increased to ten. Among the pioneer ministers were Jabez Porter, who was also a teacher at Quincy, in 1828, and Rev. Asa Turner, in 1830, who became pastor of the first Quincj' church, followed later by Revs. Julian M. Sturtevant (afterwards President of Illinois College), Tru- man M. Post, Edward Beecher and Horatio Foci. Other Congregational ministers who came to t'^e State at an early day were Rev. Salmon Gridley, who finally located at St. Louis; Rev. John M. Ellis, who served as a missionary and was instru- mental in founding Illinois College and the Jack- sonville Female Seminary at Jacksonville; Revs. Thomas Lippincott, Cyrus L. Watson, Iheron Baldwin. Elisha Jenney, William Kirby, the two Lovejoj's (Owen and Elijah P.), and many more of whom, either temporarily or permanently, became associated with Presbyterian churches. Although Illinois College was under the united patronage of Presbyterians and Congregational- ists, the leading spirits in its original establish- ment were Congregationalists, and the same was true of Knox College at Galesburg. In 1835, at Big Grove, in an unoccupied log-cabin, was convened the first Congregational Council, known in the denominational history of the State as 110 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. that of Fox River. Since then some twelve to fifteen separate Associations have been organized. By 1890, the development of the denomination had been sucli that it had 280 churches, support- ing 312 ministers, with 33,126 members. During that year the disbursements on account of chari- ties and home extension, by the Illinois churches, were nearly $1,000,000. The Chicago Theological Seminary, at Chicago, is a Congregational school of divinity, its property holdings being worth nearly §700,000. "The Advance" (published at Chicago) is the chief denominational organ. (See also Religious Denominations.) CONGRESSIONAL APPORTIONMENT. (See Apportionment, Congressional; also Represent- atives in Congress. ) CONKLIXG, James Cook, lawyer, was bom in New York City, Oct. 13, 1816; graduated at Prince- ton College in 1835, and, after studying law and being admitted to the bar at Morristown, N. J., in 1838, removed to Springfield, 111. Here his first business partner was Cyrus Walker, an eminent and widely known lawyer of his time, while at a later period he was associated with Gen. James Shields, afterwards a soldier of the Mexican War and a United States Senator, at different times, from three different States. As an original Whig, Mr. Conkling early became associated with Abraham Lincoln, whose intimate and trusted friend he was through life. It was to him that Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated letter, which, by his special request, Mr. Conk- ling read before the great Union mass-meeting at Springfield, held, Sept. 3, 1863, now known as the "Lincoln-Conkling Letter." Mr. Conkling was chosen Mayor of the city of Springfield in 1844, and served in the lower branch of the Seven- teenth and the Twenty-fifth General Assemblies (1851 and 1867). It was largely due to his tactful management in the latter, that the first appropri- ation was made for the new State House, which establisheil the capital permanently in that city. At the Bloomington Convention of 1856, where the Republican party in Illinois may be said to have been formally organized, with Mr. Lincoln and three others, he represented Sangamon County, served on the Committee on Resolutions, and was appointed a member of the State Central Committee wliich conducted the campaign of that year. In 1860, and again in 1864, his name was on the Republican State ticket for Presiden- tial Elector, and, on both occasions, it became his duty to cast the electoral vote of Mr. Lincoln's own District for him for President. The intimacy of personal friendship existing between him and Mr. Lincoln was fittingly illustrated by his posi- tion for over thirty years as an original member of the Lincoln Monument Association. Other public positions lield by him included those of State Agent during the Civil War by appointment of Governor Yates, Trustee of the State University at Champaign, and of Blackburn University at Carlinville. as also that of Postmaster of the city of Springfield, to which he was appointed in 1890, continuing in office four years. High-minded and honorable, of pure personal character and strong religious convictions, public-spirited and liberal, probably no man did more to promote the growth and prosperity of the city of Spring- field, during the sixty years of his residence there, than he. His death, as a result of old age, occurred in that city, March 1, 1899.— Clinton L. (Conkling), son of the preceding, was born in Springfield, Oct. 16, 1843; graduated at Yale College in 1864, studied law with his father, and was licensed to practice in the Illinois courts in 1866, and in the United States courts in 1867. After practicing a few years, he turned his atten tion to manufacturing, but, in 1877, resumed practice and has proved successful. He has devoted much attention of late years to real estate business, and has represented large land interests in this and other States. For many years he was Secretary of the Lincoln Monument Association, and has served on the Board of County Supervisors, which is the only political office he has held. In 1897 he was the Repub lican nominee for Judge of the Springfield Cir- cuit, but, although confessedly a man of the highest probity and ability, was defeated in a district overwhelmingly Democratic. CONNOLLY, James Anstin, lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Newark, N. J., March 8, 1843; went with his parents to Ohio in 1850, where, in 1858-59, he served as Assistant Clerk of the State Senate ; studied law and was admitted to the bar in that State in 1861, and soon after removed to Illinois; the following year (1862) lie enlisted as a private soldier in the One Hundred and Twenty-third Illinois Volunteers, but was successively commissioned as Captain and Major, retiring with the rank of brevet Lieutenant- Colonel. In 1872 he was elected Representative in the State Legislature from Coles County and re-elected in 1874; was United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois from 1876 to 1885, and again from 1889 to 1893 ; in 1886 was appointed and confirmed Solicitor of the Treasury, but declined the oflice; the same year ran as the Republican candidate for Con- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 117 gress in the Springfield (then the Thirteenth) District in opposition to Wm. M. Springer, and was defeated by less than 1,000 votes in a district usually Democratic by 3,000 majority. He declined a second nomination in 1888, but, in 1894, was nominated for a third time (this time for the Seventeenth District), and was elected, as he was for a second term in 1896. He declined a renomina- tion in 1898, returning to the practice of his pro- fession at Springfield at the close of the Fifty-fifth Congress. CONSTABLE, Charles H., lawyer, was born at Chestertown, Jld.,July 0, 1817; educated at Belle Air Academy and the University of Virginia, graduating from the latter in 1838. Then, having studied law, he was admitted to the bar, came to Illinois early in 1840, locating at Mount Carmel, Wabash County, and, in 1844, was elected to the State Senate for the district composed of Wabash, Edwards and Waj-ne Coimties, serving until 1848. He also served as a Delegate in the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Originally a Whig, on the dissolution of that party in IS.jl, he became a Democrat; in ISriG, served as Presidential Elector-at-large on the Buchanan ticket and, during the Civil War, was a pronounced oppo- nent of the policy of the Government in dealing with secession. Having removed to Marshall, Clark County, in 1852, he continued the practice of his profession there, but was elected Judge of the Circuit Court in 1861, serving imtil his death, which occurred, Oct. 9, 1865. While holding court at Charleston, in March, 1863, Jvidge Con- stable was arrested because of his release of four deserters from the army, and the holding to bail, on the charge of kidnaping, of two Union officers who had arrested them. He was subsequently released by Judge Treat of the United States District Court at Springfield, but the affair cul- minated in a riot at Charleston, on March 23, in which four soldiers and three citizens were killed outright, and eight persons were wounded. CONSTITUTIONAL CONTENTIONS. Illinois has had four State Conventions called for the purpose of formulating State Constitutions. Of these, three— those of 1818, 1847 and 1869-70— adopted Constitutions which went into effect, while the instrument framed by the Convention of 1862 was rejected by the people. A synoptical history of each will be found telow : CONVEXTIO.N OF 1818. — In January, 1818, the Territorial Legislature adopted a resolution instructing the Delegate in Congress (Hon. Nathaniel Pope) to present a jjetition to Congress requesting the pa.ssage of an act authorizing the people of Illinois Territory to organize a State Government. A bill to this effect was intro- duced, April 7, and became a law, April 18, follow- ing. It authorized the people to frame a Constitution and organize a State Government- apportioning the Delegates to be elected from each of the fifteen counties into which the Ter- ritory was then divided, naming the first Jlonday of July, following, as the day of election, and the first Monday of August as the time for the meet- ing of the Convention. The act was conditioned upon a census of the people of the Territory (to be ordered by the Legislature), sliowing a popu- lation of not less than 40,000. The census, as taken, showed the required population, but, as finally corrected, this was reduced to 34,620 — being the smallest with which any State was ever admitted into the Union. The election took place on July 6, 1818, and the Convention assem- bled at Kaskaskia on August 3. It consisted of thirty-three members. Of these, a majority were farmers of limited education, but with a fair portion of hard common-sense. Five . of the Delegates were lawyers, and these undoubtedly wielded a controlling influence. Jesse B. Thomas (afterwards one of the first United States Senators) presided, and Elias Kent Kane, also a later Senator, was among the dominating spirits. It has been asserted that to the latter should be ascribed whatever new matter was incorporated in the instrument, it being copied in most of its essential provisions from the Con- stitutions of Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. The Convention completed its labors and adjourned, August 26, the Constitution was submitted to Congress by Delegate John McLean, without the formality of ratification by the people, and Illi- nois was admitted into the Union as a State by resolution of Congress, adopted Dec. 3, 1818. Convention of 1847. — An attempt was made in 1822 to obtain a revision of the Constitution of 1818, the object of the chief promoters of the movement being to seciu-e the incorporation of a provision authorizing the admission of slavery into Illinois. The passage of a resolution, by the neces.sary two-thirds vote of both Houses of the General Assembly, submitting the proposition to a vote of the people, was secured by the most questionable methods, at the session of 1822, but after a heated campaign of nearly two years, it was rejected at the election of 1824. (See Slavery and Slave Laivs: also Coles, Edward.) At the session of 1840-41, another resolution on the subject was submitted to the people, but it was rejected by the narrow margin of 1,039 118 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. votes. Again, in 1845, the question was submit- ted, and, at the election of 1846, was approved. The election of delegates occurred, April 19, 1847, and the Convention met at Springfield, June 19, following. It was composed of 162 members, ninety-two of whom were Democrats. The list of Delegates embraced the names of many who afterwards attained liigh distinction in public affairs, and the body, as a whole, was represent- ative in character. The Bill of Rights attached to the Constitution of 1818 was but little changed in its successor, except by a few additions, among which was a section disqualifying any person who had been concerned in a duel from holding office. The earlier Constitution, how- ever, was carefully revised and several important changes made. Among these may be mentioned the following: Limiting the elective franchise for foreign-born citizens to those who had become naturalized ; making the judiciary elect- ive; requiring that all State officers be elected liy the people ; changing the time of the election of the Executive, and making him ineligible for immediate re-election ; various curtailments of the power of the Legislature; imposing a two- mill tax for payment of the State debt, and pro- viding for the establishment of a sinking fund. The Constitution framed was adopted in conven- tion, August 31, 1847; ratified by popular vote, March 6, 1848, and went into effect, April 1, 1848. Convention of 1803. — The proposition for holding a tliird Constitutional Convention was submitted to vote of the people by the Legislature of 1859, endorsed at the election of 1860, and the election of Delegates held in November. 1861. In the excitement attendant upon the early events of the war, people paid comparatively little attention to the choice of its members. It was composed of forty-five Democrats, twenty-one Republicans, seven "fusionists" and two classed as doubtful. The Convention assembled at Springfield on Jan. 7, 1862, and remained in ses- sion until March 24, following. It was in man}' respects a remarkable body. The law providing for its existence prescribed that the members, before proceeding to business, should take an oath to support the State Constitution. This the majority refused to do. Their conception of their powers was such that they seriously deliber- ated upon electing a United States Senator, assumed to make appropriations from the State treasury, claimed the right to interfere with military affairs, and called upon the Governor for information concerning claims of tlie Illinois Central Railroad, which the Executive refused to lay before them. The instrument drafted pro- posed numerous important changes in the organic law, and was generallj' regarded as objectionable. It was rejected at an election held, June 17, 1863, by a majority of over 16,000 votes. Convention op 1869-70. — The second attempt to revise the Constitution of 1848 resulted in submission to the people, by the Legislature of 1867, of a proposition for a Convention, which was approved at the election of 1868 by a bare major- ity of 704 votes. The election of Delegates was provided for at the next session (1869), the elec- tion held in November and the Convention assembled at Springfield, Dec. 13. Charles Hitchcock was chosen President, John Q. Har- mon, Secretary, and Daniel Shepard and A. H. Swain, First and Second Assistants. There were eighty-five members, of whom forty-four were Republicans and forty-one Democrats, although fifteen had been elected nominally as "Independ- ents." It was an assemblage of some of the ablest men of the State, including representatives of all tlie learned professions except tiie clerical, besides mercliants, farmers, bankers and journal- ists. Its work was completed May 13, 1870, and in the main good. Some of the principal changes made in the fundamental law, as proposed by the Convention, were the following: The prohibi- tion of special legislation where a general law may be made to cover the necessities of tlie case, and the absolute prohibition of such legislation in reference to divorces, lotteries and a score of other matters ; prohibition of the passage of any law releasing anj' civil division (district, county, city, township or town) from the paj^ment of its just proportion of any State tax; recommenda- tions to the Legislature to enact laws upon certain specified subjects, such as liberal home- stead and exemption rights, the construction of drains, the regulation of charges on railways (which were declared to be public highways), etc. , etc. ; declaring all elevators and storehouses public warehouses, and providing for their legis- lative inspection and supervision. The mainte nance of an "efficient system of public schools" was made obligatory upon the Legislature, and the appropriation of any funds — State, municipal, town or district — to the support of sectarian schools was prohibited. The principle of cumu lative voting, or "minority representation," in the choice of members of the House of Represent- atives was provided for, and additional safe guards thrown around the passage of bills. The ineligibility of the Governor to re-election for a second consecutive term was set aside, and a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 119 t«"o-thirds vote of the Legislature made necessary to overritie an executive veto. Tlie list of State officers was increased by the creation of the offices of Attorney-General and Superintendent of Public Instruction, these having been previ- ously provided for only by statute. The Supreme Court bench was increased by the addition of four members, making the whole number of Supi'eme Court judges seven ; Appellate Courts authorized after 1874, and County Courts were made courts of record. The compensation of all State officers — executive, judicial and legislative — was left discretionary with the Legislature, and no limit was placed upon the length of the sessions of the General Assembly. The instru- ment drafted by the Convention was ratified at an election held, July 6, 1870, and went into force, August 8, following. Occasional amendments have been submitted and ratified from time to time. (See Constitutions. Elections ond Repre- sentation: also Minority Representation.) COJiSTITUTIOXS. Illinois has had three con- stitutions — that of 1870 being now (1898) in force. The earliest instrument was that approved by Congress in 1818, and the first revision was made in 1847 — the Constitution having beep ratified at an election held, Ularch 5, 1848, and going into force, April 1, following. The term of State officers has been uniformly fixed at four years, except that of Treasurer, which is two years. Biennial elections and sessions of the General Assembly are provided for. Senators holding their seats for four years, and Representatives two years. The State is required to be apportioned after each decennial census into fifty-one dis- tricts, each of which elects one Senator and three Representatives. The principle of minority rep- resentation has been incorporated into the organic law, each elector being allowed to cast as many votes for one legislative candidate as there are Representatives to be chosen in his district ; or he may divide his vote equally among all Die three candidates or between two of them, as he may see fit. One of the provisions of the Consti- tution of 1870 is the inhibition of the General As.sembly from passing private laws. Munici- palities are classified, and legislation is for all cities of a class, not for an individual corpora- tion. Individual citizens with a financial griev- ance must secure payment of their claims under the terms of some general appropriation. The sessions of the Legislature are not limited as to time, nor is there any restriction upon the power of the Executive to summon extra sessions. (See also Constitutional Conventions; Elections; Governors and oilier State Officers; Judicial System; Suffrage, Etc.) COOK, Burton C, lawyer and Congressman, was born in Monroe County, N. Y., May 11, 1819; completed his academic education at the Collegi- ate Institute in Rochester, and after studying law, removed to Illinois (1835), locating first at Hennepin and later at Ottawa. Here he began the practice of his profession, and, in 1846, was elected by the Legislature State's Attorney for the Xinth Judicial District, serving two years, wlien, in 1848, he was re-elected by the people under the Constitution of that year, for four }-ears. From 18.53 to 1860. he was State Senator, taking part in the election which resulted in making Lyman Trumbull United States Senator in 1855. In 1861 he served as one of the Peace Commissioners from Illinois in the Conference which met at Washington. He may be called one of the founders of the Republican part}' in this State, having been a member of tlie State Central Committee appointed at Bloomington in 1856, and Chairman of the State Central Com- mittee in 1862. In 1864, he was elected to Con- gress, and re-elected in 1866, "68 and '70, but resigned in 1S71 to accept the solicitorship of the Northwestern Railroad, which he resigned in 1886. He was an intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln, serving as a delegate to both the National Conventions wliich nominated him for the Presi- dency, and presenting his name at Baltimore in 1864. His death occurred at Evanston, August 18, 1894. COOK, Daiiic-I Pope, early Congressman, was born in Scott County, Kj-., in 1795, removed to Illinois and began the practice of law at Kaskas- kia in 181.5. Early in 1816, he became joint owner and editor of "The Illinois Intelligencer." and at the same time served as Auditor of Public Accounts by appointment of Governor Edwards ; the next year (l^il7) was sent by President Mon- roe as bearer of dispatches to John Quincy Adams, then minister to London, and, on his return, was appointed a Circuit Judge. On the admission of the State he was elected the first Attorney- General, but almost immediately resigned and, in September, 1819, was elected to Congress, serv- ing as Representative until 1827. Having mai-ried a daughter of Governor Edwards, he became a resident of Edwardsville. He was a conspicuous opponent of the proposition to make Illinois a slave State in 1823-24, and did much to prevent the success of that scheme. He also bore a prominent part while in Congress in securing the donation of lands for the construction of the 120 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Illinois & Michigan Canal. He was distinguished for his eloquence, and it was during his first Congressional campaign that stump-speaking was introduced into the State. Suffering from consumption, he visited Cuba, and. after return- ing to his home at Edwardsville and failing to improve, he went to Kentucky, where he died, Oct. 16, 1837.— John (Cook), soldier, born at Edwardsville, 111., June 12, 1825, the son of Daniel P. Cook, the second Congressman from Illinois, and grandson of Gov, Ninian Edwards, was educated by private tutors and at Illinois College ; in 1855 was elected Mayor of Springfield and the following year Sheriff of Sangamon County, later serving as Quartermaster of the State. Raising a company promptly after the firing on Fort Simiter in 1861, he was commis- sioned Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Volunteers — the first regiment organized in Illinois under the first call for troops by President Lincoln ; was promoted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Fort Donelson in Marcli, 18C2; in 1864 commanded the District of Illinois, with headquarters at Spring- field, being mustered out, August, 1865, with the brevet rank of Major-Geueral. General Cook was elected to the lower house of the General Assem- bly from Sangamon County, in 1868. During recent years his home has been in Michigan. COOK COUNTY, situated in the northeastern section of the State, bordering on Lake Michigan, and being the most easterlj' of the second tier of counties south of the Wisconsin State line. It has an area of 890 square miles ; population (1890), 1,191,932; (1900), 1,838,735; county-seat, Cliicago. The county was organized in 1831, having origi- nally embraced the counties of Du Page, Will, Lake, McHenry and Iroquois, in addition to its present territorial limits. It was named in honor of Daniel P. Cook, a distinguished Repre- sentative of Illinois in Congress. (See Cook, Daniel P. ) The first County Commissioners were Samuel Miller, Gholson Kercheval and James Walker, who took the oath of office before Justice John S. C. Hogan, on March 8, 1831. WiUiam Lee was appointed Clerk and Archibald Cly bourne Treasurer. Jedediah Wormley was first County Surveyor, and three election districts (Chicago, Du Page and Hickory Creek) were created. A scow ferry was established across the South Branch, with Slark Beaubien as ferryman. Only non-residents were required to pay toll. Geolo- gists are of the opinion that, previous to the glacial epoch, a large portion of the county lay under the waters of Lake Michigan, whicli was connected with the Mississippi by the Des Plaines River. This theory is borne out by the finding of stratified beds of coal and gravel in tlie eastern and southern portions of the county, either under- lying the prairies or assuming the form of ridges. The latter, geologists maintain, indicate the exist- ence of an ancient key, and they conclude that, at one time, the level of the lake was nearly forty feet higher than at present. Glacial action is believed to have been very effective in establish- ing surface conditions in this vicinity. Lime- stone and building stone are quarried in tolerable abundance. Athens marble (white when taken out, but growing a rich yellow through exposure) is found in the southwest. Isolated beds of peat have also been found. The general surface is level, although undulating in some portions. The soil near the lake is sand}', but in the interior becomes a black mold from one to four feet in depth. Drainage is afforded by tlie Des Plaines, Chicago and Calumet Rivers, which is now being improved by tlie construction of the Drainage Canal. Manufactures and agriculture are the principal industries outside of the city of Chi- cago. (See also Chicago.) COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL, located in Chi- cago and under control of the Commissioners of Cook County. It was originally erected by the City of Chicago, at a cost of $80,000, and was intended to be used as a liospital for patients suffering from infectious diseases. For several years the building was unoccupied, but, in 1858, it was leased by an association of pliysicians, who opened a hospital, with the furtlier purpose of affording facilities for clinical instruction to the students of Rush Medical College. In 1863 the building was taken by the General Government for military purposes, being used as an eye and ear hospital for returning soldiers. In 1865 it reverted to the City of Chicago, and, in 1866, was purchased by Cook County. In 1874 the County Commissioners purchased a new and more spa- cious site at a cost of 814.5,000, and began the erec- tion of buildings thereon. The two principal pavilions were completed and occupied before tlie close of 1875; the clinical amphitlieater and connecting corridors were built in 1876-77, and an administrative building and two additional pavilions were added in 1882-84. Up to that date the total cost of the buildings had been §719,574, and later additions and improvements have swelled the outlay to more than 81,000,000. It accommodates about 800 patients and constitutes a part of the countj' machinery for the care of the poor. A certain number of beds are placed under the care of homeopathic physicians. The z o o r z ►a > ALONG SHERIDAN ROAD AND ON THE BOULEVARDS. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. lai present (1896) allopathic medical stafif consists of fifteen physicians, fifteen surgeons, one oculist and aurist and one pathologist ; the homeopathic staff comprises five physicians and five surgeons. In addition, there is a large corps of internes, or house physicians and surgeons, composed of recent graduates from the several medical col- leges, who gain their positions through competi- tive examination and hold tliem for eighteen months. COOKE, Edward Dean, lawyer and Congress- man, born in Dubuque County, Iowa, Oct. 17, 1849; was educated in the common schools and the high school of Dubuque; studied law in that city and at Columbian University, Washington, D.C., graduating from that institution with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, and was admitted to the bar in Washington in 1873. Coming to Chi- cago the same year, he entered upon the practice of his profession, which he pursued for the remainder of his life. In 1883 he was elected a Representative in the State Legislature from Cook County, serving one term; was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Sixth District (Chicago), in 1894, and re-elected in 1896. His death occurred suddenly while in attendance on the extra session of Congress in Washington, June 24, 1897. COOLBAUGH, William Findlay, financier, was born in Pike County, Pa., July 1, 1821; at the age of 15 became clerk in a dry-goods store in Philadelphia, but, in 1842, opened a branch establishment of a New York firm at Burlington, Iowa, where he afterwards engaged in the bank- ing business, also serving in the Iowa State Constitutional Convention, and, as the candidate of his party for United States Senator, being defeated by Hon. James Harlan by one vote. In 1863 he came to Chicago and opened the banking house of W. F. Coolbaugh & Co. , which, in 1865, became the Union National Bank of Chicago. Later he became the first President of the Chi- cago Clearing House, as also of the Bankers' Association of the West and South, a Director of the Board of Trade, and an original incorporator of the Chamber of Commerce, besides being a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. His death by suicide, at the foot of Douglas Monument, Nov. 14, 1877, was a shock to the whole citj- of Chicago. COOLEY, Horace S., Secretary of State, was born in Hartford, Conn., in 1806, studied medi- cine for two years in early life, then went to Ban- gor, Maine, where he began the study of law ; in 1840 he came to Illinois, locating first at Rushville and finally in the city of Quincy ; in 1843 took a prominent part in the campaign which resulted in the election of Thomas Ford as Governor — also received from Governor Carlin an appointment as Quartermaster-General of the State. On the accession of Governor French in December, 1846, he was appointed Secretary of State and elected to the .same office under the Constitution of 1848, dying before the expiration of his term, April 3, 1850. CORBUS, (Dr.) J. C, physician, was born in Holmes County, Ohio, in 1833, received his pri mary education in the public schools, followed by an academic course, and began the study of medicine at Millersburg, finally graduating from the Western Reserve Medical College at Cleve- land. In 1855 he began practice at Orville, Ohio, but the same year located at Mendota, 111., soon thereafter removing to Lee County, where he remained until 1862. The latter year he was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Seventy-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon pro- moted to the position of Surgeon, though com- pelled to resign the following year ou account of ill health. Returning from the army, he located at Mendota. Dr. Corbus served continuously as a member of the State Board of Public Charities from 1873 until the accession of Governor Altgeld to the Governorship in 1893, when he resigned. He was also, for fifteen years, one of the Medical Examiners for his District imder the Pension Bureau, and has served as a member of the Republican State Central Committee for the Mendota District. In 1897 he was complimented by Governor Tanner by reappointment to the State Board of Charities, and was made President of the Board. Early in 1899 he was appointed Superintendent of the Eastern Hospital for the Insane at Kankakee, as successor to Dr. William G. Stearns. CORNELL, Paul, real-estate operator and capi- talist, was born of English Quaker ancestry in Washington County, N. Y., August 5, 1823; at 9 years of age removed with his step-father, Dr. Barry, to Ohio, and five years later to Adams County, 111. Here young Cornell lived the life of a farmer, working part of the year to earn money to send himself to school the remainder; also taught for a time, then entered the office of W. A. Richardson, at Rushville, Schuyler County, as a law student. In 1845 he came to Chicago, but soon after became a student in the law office of Wilson & Henderson at Joliet, and was admitted to practice in that city. Removing to Chicago in 1847, he was associated, successively, with the late 123 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. L. C. P. Freer, Judge James H. Collins and Messrs. Skinner & Hoyne ; finally entered into a contract with Judge Skinner to perfect the title to 320 acres of land held under tax-title within the present limits of Hyde Park, which he succeeded in doing by visiting the original owners, thereby securing one-half of the jjroperty in his own name. He thus became the founder of the village of Hyde Park, meanwhile adding to his posses- sions other lands, which increased vastly in value. He also established a watch factory at Cornell (now a part of Chicago), which did a large busi- ness until removed to California. Mr. Cornell was a member of tlie first Park Board, and there- fore has the credit of assisting to organize Chi- cago's extensive park system. CORWIN, Franklin, Congressman, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, Jan. 12, 1818, and admitted to the bar at the age of 21, While a resident of Ohio he served in both Houses of the Legislature, and settled in Illinois in 1857, making his home at Peru. He was a member of the lower house of the Twenty-foui'th, Twenty-fifth and Twenty- sixth General Assemblies, being Speaker in 1867, and again in 1869. In 1872 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, but, in 1874, was defeated by Alexander Campbell, who made the race as an Independent. Died, at Peru, 111. , June 15, 1879. COUCH, James, pioneer hotel-keeper, was born at Fort Edward, N. Y., August 31, 1800; removed to Chautauqua County, in the same State, where he remained rmtil his twentieth year, receiving a fair English education. After engaging succes- sively, but with indifferent success, as hotel-clerk, stage-house keeper, lumber-dealer, and in the dis- tilling business, in 1836, in company with his younger brother, Ira, he visited Chicago. They both decided to go into business there, first open- ing a small store, and later entering upon their hotel ventures which proved so eminently suc- cessful, and gave the Tremont House of Chicago so wide and enviable a reputation. Mr. Couch superintended for his brother Ira the erection, at various times, of many large business blocks in the city. Upon the death of his brother, in 1857, he was made one of the trustees of his estate, and, with other trustees, rebuilt the Tremont House after the Chicago fire of 1871. In April, 1892, while boarding a street car in the central part of the city of Chicago, he was run over by a truck, receiving injuries which resulted in his death the same day at the Tremont House, in the 92d year of his age. — Ira (Couch), younger brother of the preceding, was born in Saratoga County, N. Y., Nov. 22, 1806. At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to a tailor, and, in 1826, set up in business on his own account. In 1836, while visiting Chicago with his brother James, he determined to go into business there. With a stock of furnishing goods and tailors' supplies, newly bought in New York, a small store was opened. This business soon disposed of, Mr. Couch, with his brother, obtained a lease of the old Tremont House, then a low frame building kept as a saloon boarding house. Changed and refurnished, this was opened as a hotel. It was destroyed by fire in 1839, as was also the larger rebuilt structure in 1849. A second time rebuilt, and on a much larger and grander scale at a cost of S7.'j,000, surpassing anything the West had ever known before, the Tremont House this time stood until the Chicago fire in 1871, when it was again destro3'ed. Mr. Couch at all times enjoyed an immense patronage, and was able to accumulate (for that time) a large fortune. He pxirchased and improved a large number of business blocks, then within the business center of the city. In 1853 he retired from active business, and, in con- sequence of impaired health, chose for the rest of his life to seek recreation in travel. In the winter of 1857, while with his family in Havana, Cuba, he was taken with a fever which soon ended his life. His remains now rest in a mausoleum of masonry in Lincoln Park, Chi- cago. COULTERVILLE,a town of Randolph County, at the crossing of the Centralia & Chester and the St. Louis & Paducah branch Illinois Central Railways, 49 miles southeast of St. Louis. Farm- ing and coal-mining are the leading industries. The town has two banks, two ci'eanieries, and a newspaper. Population (1890), 598: (1900), 650. COUNTIES, UNORGANIZED. (See Unorgan- ized Counties.) COWDEN, a village of Shelby County, at the intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- ern and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Rail- ways, 60 miles southeast of Springfield. Con- siderable coal is mined in the vicinitj' : has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 350; (1890), 702; (1900), 751. COWLES, .ilfred, newspaper manager, was born in Portage County, Ohio, May 13, 1832, grew up on a farm and, after spading some time at Michigan University, entered the office of "The Cleveland Leader" as a clerk; in 1855 accepted a similar position on "The Chicago Tribune," which had ji^ist been bought by Joseph Jledill and others, finally becoming a stockholder and busi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 123 ness manager of the paper, so remaining until his death iu Chica,i^o, Dec. 20, 1889. COX, Thomas, pioneer, Senator in the First General Assembly of Illinois (1818-22) from Union County, and a conspicuous figiu'e in early State history ; was a zealous advocate of the policy of making Illinois a slave State ; became one of the original proprietors and founders of the city of Springfield, and was appointed the first Register of the Land Office there, liut was removed under charges of misconduct; after his retirement from the Land Office, kept a hotel at Springfield. In 1880 lie removed to Iowa (then a part of Wiscon- sin Territorj), became a member of the first Territorial Legislature there, was twice re-elected and once Speaker of the House, being prominent in 1840 as commander of the "Regulators" who drove out a gang of murderers and desperadoes who had got possession at Bellevue, Iowa. Died, at Macjiioketa, Iowa, 1843. COY, Irus, lawyer, was born in Chenango County, X. Y., July 33, 1832; educated in the common schools and at Central College, Cortland County, N. Y.. graduating in law at Albany in 1857. Then, having removed to Illinois, he located in Kendall Coimty and began practice : in 1808 was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly and, in 1872, served as Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket; removed to Chicago in 1871, later serving as attorney of the Union Stock Yards and Transit Company. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 20, 1897. CRAFTS, Clayton E., legislator and politician, born at Aubmn, Geauga County, Ohio, July 8, 1848 ; was educated at Hiram College and gradu- ated from the Cleveland Law School in 1868, coming to Chicago in 1869. Mr. Crafts served in seven consecutive sessions of the General Assem- bly (1888-95, inclusive) as Representative from Cook Coimty, and was elected by the Democratic majority as Speaker, in 1891, and again in '93. CRAIG, Alfred M., jurist, was born in Edgar Coiinty, 111., Jan. 15, 1831, graduated from Knox College in 1853, and was admitted to the bar in the following year, commencing practice at Knoxville. He held the offices of State's Attorney and County Judge, and represented Knox County in the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1873 he was elected to the bench of the Supreme Court, as successor to Justice C. B. Lawrence, and was re-elected in '82 and '91 ; his present term expiring with the centuiy. He is a Democrat in politics, but has been three times elected in- a Republican judicial district. CRAWFORD, Charles H., lawyer and legisla- tor, was born in Bennington, Vt., but reared in Bureau and La Salle Counties, 111. ; has practiced law for twenty yeai-s in Chicago, and been three times elected to the State Senate — 1884, "88 and '94— and is author of the Crawford Primary Elec- tion Law. enacted in 1885. CRAWFORD COUNTY, a southeastern county, bordering on the Wabash, 190 miles nearly due south of Chicago — named for William H. Craw- ford, a Secretary of War. It has an area of 452 .square miles; population (1900), 19,240. The first settlers were the French, but later came emigrants from New England. The soil is ricli and well adapted to the production of corn and wheat, which are the principal crops. The county was organized in 1817, Darwin being the first county-seat. The present county-seat is Robinson, with a population (1890) of 1,387; centrally located and the point of intersection of two railroads. Other towns of importance are Palestine (population, 734) and Hutsonville (popu- lation, 582). The latter, as well as Robinson, is a grain-shipping point. Tlie Embarras River crosses the southwest portion of the county, and receives the waters of Big and Honey Creeks and Bushy Fork. The county has no naineral resources, but contains some valuable woodland and many well cultivated farms. Tobacco, potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the lead- ing products. CREAL SPRINGS, a village of Williamson County, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad ; has a bank and a weekly paper. Popu- lation (1890), 539; (1900), 940. CREBS, John M., ex-Congressman, was born in Middleburg, Loudoim County, Va. , April 7, 1830. When he was but 7 years old his parents removed to Illinois, where he ever after resided. At the age of 21 he began the study of law, and, in 1852, was admitted to the bar, beginning practice in White County. In 1863 he enlisted in the Eighty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, receiving a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel, participating in all the important movements in tlie Jlississippi Valley, including the capture of Vicksburg, and in the Arkansas campaign, a part of the time commanding a brigade. Returning home, he resumed the practice of his profession. In 1860 he was an unsuccessful candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction on the Democratic ticket. He was elected to Congress in 1868 and re-elected in 1870, and, in 1880, was a delegate to the Democratic State Convention Died, June 26, 1890. 124 niSTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CREIGHTOX, James A., jurist, was born in White County, III., March 7, 1846; in childhood removed with his parents to Wayne County, and was educated in the schools at Fairfield and at the Southern Illinois College, Salem, graduating from the latter in 1868. After teaching for a time wliile studying law, he was admitted to the bar in 1870, and opened an office at Fairfield, but, in 1877, removed to Springfield. In 1885 he was elected a Circuit Judge for the Springfield Cir- cuit, was re-elected in 1891 and again in 1897. CRERAR, John, manufacturer and philanthro- pist, was born of Scotch ancestry in New York City, in 1827 ; at 18 years of age was an employe of an iron-importing firm in that city, subse- quently accepting a position with Morris K. Jessup & Co., in the same line. Coming to Chicago in 1863, in partnership with J. McGregor Adams, he succeeded to the business of Jessup & Co. , in that city, also becoming a partner in the Adams & Westlake Company, iron manufactur- ers. He also became interested and an official in various other business organizations, including the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Chicago & Alton Railroad, the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank, and, for a time, was President of the Chi- cago & Joliet Railroad, besides being identified with various benevolent institutions and associ- ations. After the fire of 1871, he was intrusted by the New York Chamber of Commerce with the custody of funds sent for the relief of suffer- ers by that calamity. His integrity and business sagacity were universally recognized. After his death, which occurred in Chicago, Oct. 19, 1889, it was found that, after making munificent bequests to some twenty religious and benevolent associations and enterprises, aggregating nearly a million dollars, besides liberal legacies to relatives, he had left the residue of his estate, amounting to some $2,000,000, for the purpose of founding a public library in the city of Chicago, naming thirteen of his most intimate friends as the first Board of Trustees. No more fitting and lasting monument of so noble and public-spirited a man could have been devised. CRETE, a village of Will County, on the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 30 miles south of Chicago. Population (1890), 642; (1900), 760. CROOK, George, soldier, was born near Day- ton, Ohio, Sept. 8, 1828 ; graduated at the United States Military Academy, West Point, in 1852, and was assigned as brevet Second Lieutenant to the Fourth Infantry, becoming full Second Lieuten- ant in 1853. In 1861 he entered the volunteer service as Colonel of the Thirty-sixth Ohio Infan- try ; was promoted Brigadier-General in 1862 and Major-General in 1864, being mustered out of the service, January, 1866. During the war he participated in some of the mo.st important battles in West Virginia and Tennessee, fought at Chickamauga and Antietam, and commanded the cavalry in the advance on Richmond in the spring of 1865. On being mustered out of the volunteer service he returned to the regular army, was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the Twenty-tliird Infantry, and, for several years, was engaged in campaigns against the hostile Indians in the Northwest and in Arizona. In 1888 he was appointed Major-General and, from that tune to his death, was in command of the Military Division of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chicago, where he died, March 19, 1890. CROSIAR, Simon, pioneer, was born near Pittsburg, Pa., in the latter part of the last century ; removed to Ohio in 1815 and to Illinois in 1819, settling first at Cap au Gris, a French village on the Mississippi just above the mouth of the Illinois in what is now Calhoun County ; later lived at Peoria (1824), at Ottawa (1826), at Shippingport near the present city of La Salle (1829), and at Old Utica (1834) ; in the mean- while built one or two mills on Cedar Creek in La Salle County, kept a storage and commission house, and, for a time, acted as Captain of a steamboat plying on the Illinois. Died, in 1846. CRYSTAL LAKE, a village in McHenry County, at the intersection of two divisions of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 43 miles northwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 546; (1890), 781; (1900), 950. CUBA, a town in Fulton County, distant 38 miles west-southwest of Peoria, and about 8 miles north of Lewistown. The entire region (includ- ing the town) is underlaid with a good quality of bituminous coal, of which the late State Geologist Worthen asserted that, in seven townships of Fulton County, there are 9,000,000 tons to the square mile, within 150 feet of the surface. Brick and cigars are made here, and the town has two banks, a newspaper, three churches and good schools. Population (1890), 1,114; (1900), 1,198; (1903, school census), 1,400. CULLEN, William, editor and Congressman, born in the north of Ireland, March 4, 1826 ; while yet a child was brought by his parents to Pitts- burg, Pa., where he was educated in the public schools. At the age of 20 he removed to La Salle Co\mty, 111, and began life as a farmer. Later he took up his residence at Ottawa. He has served as Sheriff of La Salle County, and held mSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 125 other local offices, and was for many years a part owner and senior editor of "The Ottawa Repub- lican." From 1881 to 1885, as a Republican, he represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con- gress. CULLOM, Richard Northcraft, farmer and legislator, was born in the State of Maryland, October 1, 1795, but early removed to Wayne County, Ky., where he was married to Miss Elizabeth Coffey, a native of North Carolina. In 1830 he removed to Illinois, settling near Wasli- ington, Tazewell Count}', where he continued to reside during the remainder of his life. Although a farmer by vocation, Mr. Cullom was a man of prominence and a recognized leader in public affairs. In 1836 he was elected as a Whig Repre- sentative in the Tenth General Assembly, serving in the same body with Abraham Lincoln, of whom he was an intimate personal and political friend. In 1840 he was chosen a member of the State Senate, serving in the Twelfth and Thir- teenth General Assemblies, and, in 1853, was again elected to the House. Mr. CuUom's death occurred in Tazewell County, Dec. 4, 1872, his wife having died Dec. 5, 1868. Mr. and Mrs. Cullom were the parents of Hon. Shelby M. Cullom. CULLOM, Shelby Moore, United States Sena- tor, was born in Wayne County, Ky., Nov. 22, 1829. His parents removed to Tazewell County, 111., in 1830, where his fatlier became a member of the Legislature and attained promhaence as a public man. After two years spent in Rock River Seminary at Mount Morris, varied by some experience as a teaclier, in 1853 the subject of this sketch went to Springfield to enter upon the stud}' of law in the office of Stuart & Edwards. Being admitted to the bar two years afterward, he was almost immediately elected City Attor- ney, and, in 1856, was a candidate on the Fill- more ticket for Presidential Elector, at the same time being elected to the Twentieth General Assembly for Sangamon County, as he was again, as a Republican, in 1860, being supported alike by the Fillmore men and the Free-Soilers. At the session following the latter election, he was chosen Speaker of the House, which was his first important political recognition. In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln a member of the War Claims Commission at Cairo, serving in this capacity with Governor Boutwell of Massachu- setts and Charles A. Dana of New York. He was also a candidate for the State Senate the same year, but then sustained his only defe;it. Two years later (1864) he was a candidate for Con- gress, defeating his former preceptor, Hon. John T. Stuart, being re-elected in 1866, and again in 1868, the latter year over B. S. Edwards. He was a delegate to the National Republican Con- vention of 1872, and, as Chairman of the Illinois delegation, placed General Grant in nomination for the Presidency, holding the same position again in 1884 and in 1892; was elected to the Illi- nois House of Representatives in 1872 and in 1874, being chosen Speaker a second time in 1873, as he was the unanimous choice of his party for Speaker again in 1875 ; in 1876 was elected Gov- ernor, was re-elected in 1880, and, in 1883, elected to the United States Senate as successor to Hon. David Davis. Having had two re-elections since (1889 and '95), he is now serving his third term, which will expire in 1901. In 1898, by special appointment of President McKinley, Senator Cullom served upon a Commission to investigate the condition of the Hawaiian Islands and report a plan of government for this new division of the American Republic. Other important measures with which his name has been promi- nently identified have been the laws for the sup- pression of polygamy in Utah and for the creation of the Inter-State Commerce Commission. At present he is Chairman of the Senate Committee on Inter-State Commerce and a member of those on Appropriations and Foreign Affairs. His career has been conspicuous for his long public service, the large number of important offices which he has held, the almost unbroken uniform- ity of his success when a candidate, and his com- plete exemption from scandals of every sort. No man in the history of the State has been more frequently elected to the United States Senate, and only three — Senators Douglas, Trumbull and Logan — for an equal number of terms; though only one of these (Senator Trumbull) lived to serve out the full period for which he was elected. CUMBERLAND COUNTY, situated in the southeast quarter of the State, directly south of Coles County, from which it was cut off in 1842. Its area is 350 square miles, and population (1900), 16,124. The county-seat was at Greenup until 1855, when it was transferred to Prairie City, which was laid off in 1854 and incorporated as a town in 1866. Tlie present county-seat is at Toledo (population, 1890, 676). The Embarras River cro.s,ses the county, as do also three lines of railroad. Neoga, a mining town, has a popula- tion of 829. The county received its name from the Cumberland Road, which, as originally pro- jected, passed through it. 126 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CUMMINS, (Rev.) Dayid, Bishop of the Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Churcli, was born near Smyrna, Del., Dec. 11, 1822; gradu- ated at Dickinson College, Pa., in 1841, and became a licentiate in the Methodist ministry, but, in 1846, took orders in the Episcopal Church; afterwards held rectorships in Balti- more, Norfolk, Richmond and the Trinity Episcopal Church of Chicago, in 1866 being con- secrated Assistant Bishop of the Diocese of Kentucky. As a recognized leader of the Low- Church or Evangelical party, he early took issue with the ritualistic tendencies of the High-Church party, and, having withdrawn from the Episcopal Church in 1873, became the first Bishop of the Reformed Episcopal organization. He was zeal- ous, eloquent and conscientious, but overtaxed his strength in his new field of labor, dying at Luth- erville, Md., June 26, 1876. A memoir of Bishop Cummins, by his wife, was publishedin 1878. CDMtLAtlVE VOTE. (See Minority Rejn-e- sentation.) CURTIS, Harvey, clergyman and educator, was born in Adams, Jefferson County, N. Y. , May 30, 1806; graduated at Middlebury College, Vt., in 1831, with the highest honors of his class; after three years at Princeton Theological Seminary, was ordained pastor of the Congregational church at Brandon, Vt., in 1836. In 1841 he accepted an appointment as agent of the Home Missionary Society for Ohio and Indiana, between 1843 and 18.58 holding pastorates at Madison, Ind., and Chicago. In the latter year he was chosen President of Knox College, at Galesburg, dying there, Sept. 18, 1862. CURTIS, William Elroy, journalist, was born at Akron, Ohio, Nov. 5, 1850; graduated at "Western Reserve College in 1S71, meanwhile learning the art of typesetting; later served as a reporter on "The Cleveland Leader" and, in 1872, took a subordinate position on "The Cliicago Inter Ocean," finally rising to that of managing- editor. While on "The Inter Ocean" he accom- panied General Custer in his campaign against the Sioux, spent several months investigating the "Ku-Klux" and "White League" organiza- tions in the South, and, for some years, was "The Inter Ocean" correspondent in Washington. Having retired from "The Inter Ocean," he became Secretary of the "Pan-American Con- gress" in Washington, and afterwards made the tour of tlie United States with the South and Central American representatives in that Con- gress. During the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago he had general supervision of the Latin-American historical and archaeological e.xhibits. Mr. Curtis has visited nearly e%'ery Central and South American country and has written elaborately on these subjects for the magazines and for publication in book form ; has also published a "Life of Zachariah Chandler'' and a "Diplomatic History of the United States and Foreign Powers." For some time he was managing editor of "The Chicago News" and is now (1898) the Washington Correspondent of "The Chicago Record." CUSHMAN, (Col.) William H. W., financier and manufacturer, was born at Fi-eetown, Mass., Maj' 13, 1813; educated at the American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy, Norwicli, Vt. ; at 18 began a mercantile career at Middlebury, and, in 1824, removed to La Salle County, 111., where he opened a country store, also built a mill at Vermilionville ; later was identified with many large financial enterprises which generally proved successful, thereby accumulating a for- tune at one time estimated at 63,000,000. He was elected as a Democrat to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies (1842 and '44) and, for several years, held a commission as Captain of the Ottawa Cavalry (militia). The Civil War coming on, he assisted in organizing the Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, and was com- missioned its Colonel, but resigned Sept. 3, 1862. He organized and was principal owner of the Bank of Ottawa, which, in 1865, became the First National Bank of that city; was the leading spirit in the H_vdraulic Companj' and the Gas Company at Ottawa, built and operated the Ottawa Machine Shops and Foundry, speculated largely in lands in La Salle and Cook Counties — his operations in the latter being especially large about Riverside, as well as in Chicago, was a principal stockholder in the bank of Cush- man & Hardin in Chicago, had large interests in the lumber trade in Michigan, and was one of the builders of the Chicago, Paducah & South- western Railroad. The Chicago fire of 1871, however, brought financial disaster upon him, which finally dissipated his fortune and de- stroyed his mental and physical health. His death occurred at Ottawa, Oct. 38, 1878. DALE, Michael d., lawyer, was born in Lan- caster, Pa. , spent his childhood and youth in the public schools of his native city, except one year in West Chester Academy, when he entered Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, graduating tliere in 1835. He then began the study of law and was admitted to the bar in 1837 ; coming to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 127 Illinois the following year, he was retained in a suit at Greenville, Bond County, whicli led to his employment in otliers, and finally to opening an office there. In 1830 lie was elected Probate Judge of Bond County, remaining in office four- teen years, meanwhile being commissioned Major of the State Militia in 1844, and serving as mem- ber of a Military Court at Alton in 1847 ; was also the Delegate from Bond County to the State Con- stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1853 he re- signed the office of County Judge in Bond County to accept that of Register of the Land office at Edwardsville, where he continued to reside, fill- ing the office of County Judge in Madison County five or six terms, besides occupying .some subordi- nate jjositions. Judge Dale married a daughter of Hon. William L. D. Ewing Died at Edwards- ville. April 1, bS!)."). DALLAS CITY, a town of Hancock County, at the intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- roads, 16 miles south of Burlington, It has man- ufactories of lumber, buttons, carriages and wagons, and two weekly newspapers. Popula- tion (1880), 839; (1890), 747; 1900), 970. DAXE?f HOWER, John Wilson, Arctic explorer, was born in Chicago, Sept. 30, 1849 — the son of W. W. Danenhower, a journalist. After passing through the schools of Chicago and Washington, he graduated from the United States Naval Acad- emy at Annapolis in 1870, was successively com- missioned as Ensign, Master and Lieutenant, and served on expeditions in the North Pacific and in the Mediterranean. In 1878 he joined the Arctic steamer Jeannette at Havre. France, as second in command under Lieut. George W. De Long; pro- ceeding to San Francisco in July, 1879, the steamer entered the Arctic Ocean by way of Behring Straits. Here, having been caught in an ice-pack, the vessel was held twenty-two months, Lieutenant Danenhower meanwhile being dis- abled most of the time by ophthalmia. The crew, as last compelled to abandon the steamer, dragged their boats over the ice for ninety-five daj'S until they were able to launch them in open water, but were soon separated by a gale. The boat commanded by Lieutenant Danenhower reached the Lena Delta, on the north coast of Siberia, where the crew were rescued by natives, landing Sept. 17; 1881. After an ineffectual search on the delta for the crews of the other two boats, Lieutenant Danenhower, with his crew, made the journey of 6,000 miles to Orenburg, finally arriving in the United .States in June, 1882. He has told the story of the expeilition in "The Narrative of the Jeannette," published in 1882. Died, at Annapolis, Md., April 20. 1887. DAJi VERS, a village of McLean County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. The section is agricultural. The town has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 460; (1890), 506; (1900). 607. DANVILLE, tlie county-seat of Vermilion County, on Vermilion River and on five impor- tant lines of railroad; in rich coal-mining district and near large deposits of shale and soapstone, which are utilized in manufacture of sewer-pipe, paving and fire-clay brick. The city has car-shops and numerous factories, water- works, electric lights, paved streets, several banks, twenty-seven churches, five graded schools and one high school, and six newspapers, three daily. A Soldiers' Home is located three miles east of the city. Pop. (1890), 11,491 ; (1900), 16,354. DANVILLE, OLNEY, & OHIO RIVER RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago & Ohio River Railroad.) DANVILLE, URBAjVA, BLOOMINGTON & PEKIN RAILROAD. (See Peoria & Eastern Railroad.) D'ARTAKiUIETTE, Pierre, a French com- mandant of Illinois from 1734 to 1736, having been appointed by Bienville, then Governor of Louisiana. He was distinguished for gallantry and courage. He defeated the Natchez Indians, but, in an unsuccessful expedition against the Chickasaws, was wounded, captured and burned at the stake. DAA'ENPORT, Georg'e, soldier, pioneer and trader, born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1783, came to this country in 1804, and soon aftei enlisted in the United States army, with the rani of sergeant. He served gallantly on various expeditions in the West, where he obtained a knowledge of the Indians which was afterward of great value to him. During the War of 1812 his regiment was sent East, where he partici- pated in the defense of Fort Erie and in other enterprises. In 1815, his term of enlistment hav- ing expired and the war ended, he entered the service of the contract commissary. He selected the site for Fort Armstrong and aided in planning and supervising its construction. He cultivated friendly relations with the suiTOunding tribes, and, in 1818, built a double log house, married, and engaged in business as a fur-trader, near the site of the present cit}' of Rock Island. He had the confidence and respect of the savages, was successful and his trading posts were soon scat- tered through Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. In 1823 he piloted the first steamboat through the 128 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. upper Mississippi, and, in 1S25, was appointed tlie first postmaster at Rock Island, being tlie only white civilian resident there. In 1826 he united his business with that of the American Fur Com- pany, in whose service he remained. Although he employed every effort to induce President Jackson to make a payment to Black Hawk and his followers to induce them to emigrate across the Mississippi voluntarily, when that Chief commenced hostilities, Mr. Davenport tendered his services to Governor Reynolds, by whom he was commissioned Quartermaster-General with the rank of Colonel. Immigration increased rapidly after the close of the Black Hawk War In 1835 a company, of which he was a member, founded the town of Davenport, opposite Rock Island, which was named in his honor. In 1837 and '43 he was largely instrumental in negoti- ating treaties by which the Indians ceded their lands in Iowa to the United States. In the latter year he gave up the business of fur-trading, having accumulated a fortune through hard labor and scrupulous integrity, in the face often of grave perils. He had large business interests in nearly every town in his vicinity, to all of which he gave more or less personal attention. On the night of July 4, 1843, he was assassinated at his home by robbers. For a long time the crime was shrouded in mystery, but its perpetrators were ultimately detected and brought to punishment. DAVIS, David, jurist and United States Senator, was born in Cecil County, Md., March 9, 1815; pursued his academic studies at Kenyon College, Ohio, and studied law at Yale. He settled at Bloomington, 111., in 1836, and, after practicing law there until 1844, was elected to the lower house of the Fourteenth General Assembly. After serving in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, he was elected Judge of the Eighth Judicial Circuit under the new Constitution in 1848, being re-elected in 1855 and '61. He was a warm, per- sonal friend of Abraham Lincoln, who, in 1862, placed him upon the bench of the United States Supreme Court. He resigned his high judicial honors to become United States Senator in 1877 as successor to Logan's first term. On Oct. 13, 1881, he was elected President pro tern, of the Senate, serving in this capacity to the end of his term in 1885. He died at his home in Blooming- ton, June 26, 1886. DAVIS, tieorge R., lawyer and Congressman, was born at Three Rivers, Mass., January 3, 1840; received a common school education, and a classical course at Williston Seminary, Easthamp- ton, JIass. From 1863 to 1865 he served in the Union army, first as Captain in the Eighth Massachusetts Infantry, and later as Major in the Third Rhode Island Cavalry. After the war he removed to Chicago, where he still resides. By profession he is a lawyer. He took a prominent part in the organization of the Chicago militia, was elected Colonel of the First Regiment, I. N. G., and was for a time the senior Colonel in the State service. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress, but was elected in 1878, and re-elected in 1880 and 1882. From 1886 to 1890 he was Treasurer of Cook County. He took an active and influential part in securing the location of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and was Director-General of the Exposition from its inception to its close, by his executive ability demonstrating the wis- dom of his selection. Died Nov. 25, 1899. DAVIS, Hasbroiiek, soldier and journalist, was born at Worcester, Mass., April 23, 1827, being the son of John Davis, United States Senator and Governor of Massachusetts, known in his lifetime as "Honest John Davis." The son came to Chi- cago in 1855 and commenced the practice of law ; in 1861 joined Colonel Voss in the organiza- tion of the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry, being elected Lieutenant-Colonel and, on the retirement of Colonel Voss in 1863, succeeding to the colonelcy. In March, 1865, he was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- eral, remaining in active service until August, 1865, when he resigned. After the war he was. for a time, editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," was City Attorney of the City of Chicago from 1867 to '69, but later removed to Massachusetts Colonel Davis was drowned at sea, Oct. 19, 1870, by the loss of the steamship Cambria, while on a vojrage to Europe. DAVIS, James M., early lawyer, was born in Barren County, Ky., Oct. 9, 1793, came to Illinois in 1817, located in Bond County and is said to have taught the first school in that county. He became a lawyer and a prominent leader of the Whig part3', was elected to the Thirteenth Gen- eral Assembly (1843) from Bond County, and to the Twenty-first from Montgomery in 1858, hav- ing, in the meantime, become a citizen of Hillsboro; was also a member of the State Consti- tutional Convention of 1847. Mr. Davis was a man of striking personal appearance, being over six feet in height, and of strong individuality. After the dissolution of the Whig party he identi- fied himself with the Democracy and was an intensely bitter opponent of the war policy of the Government. Died, at HiUsboro, Sept. 17. 1866. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 129 DAVISj John A., soldier, was born in Craw- ford County, Pa., Oct. 35, 1823; came to Steplien- .son County, 111., in boyhood and served as Representative in t)ie General Assembly of 1857 and '59; in September, 1861, enlisted as a private, was elected Captain and, on the organization of the Forty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at Camp Butler, was commissioned its Colonel He participated in the capture of Fort Donelson, and in the battle of Shiloh was desperately wounded by a shot through the lungs, but recovered in time to join his regiment before the battle of Corinth, where, on Oct. 4, 1862, he fell mortally wounded, dying a few daj'S after. On receiving a request from some of his fellow-citi- zens, a few days before his death, to accept a nomination for Congress in the Freeport District, Colonel Davis patriotically replied: "I can serve my countrj' better in following the torn banner of my regiment in the battlefield." DAVIS, Levi, lawyer and State Auditor, was born in Cecil County, Md., July 20, 1806; gradu- ated at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1828, and was admitted to the bar at Baltimore in 1830. The following year he removed to Illinois, settling at Vandalia, then the capital. In 1835 Governor Duncan appointed him Auditor of Public Accounts, to which office he was elected by the Legislature in 1837, and again in 1838. In 1816 he took up his residence at Alton. He attained prominence at the bar and was, for several years, attorney for the Cliicago & Alton and St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Companies, in which he was also a Director. Died, at Alton, March 4, 1897. DAVIS, Xathau Smith, M.D., LL.D., physi- cian, educator and editor, was born in Chenango County, N. Y., Jan. 9, 1817; took a classical and scientific course in Cazenovia Seminary ; in 1837 graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, winning several prizes during his course; the same year began practice at Bing- hamton; spent two years (1847-49) in New York Cit}-, when he removed to Chicago to accept the chair of Physiology and General Pathology in Rush Sledical College. In 1859 he accepted a similar position in the Chicago Medical College (now the medical department of Northwestern University), where he still remains. Dr. Davis has not only been a busy practitioner, but a volu- minous writer on general and special topics con- nected with liis profession, having been editor at different times of several medical periodicals, including "The Chicago Medical Journal," "The Medical Journal and Examiner, " and "The Journal of the American Medical Association." He has also been prominent in State, National and International Medical Congresses, and is one of the founders of the Northwestern University, the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Cliicago Historical Society, the Illinois State Microscopi- cal Society and the Union College of Law , besides other scientific and benevolent associations. DAVIS, Oliver L., lawyer, was born in New York City, Dec. 20, 1819; after being in the employ of the American Fur Company some seven years, came to Danville, 111., in 1841 and commenced studying law the next year; was elected to the lower branch of the Seventeenth and Twentieth General Assemblies, first as a Democrat and next (1856) as a Republican; served on the Circuit Bench in 1861-66, and again in 1873-79, being assigned in 1877 to the Appellate bench. Died, Jan. 12, 1892. DAWSO\, John, early legislator, was born in Virginia, in 1791; came to Illinois in 1827, set- tling in Sangamon County ; served five terms in the lower Iiouse of the General Assembly (1830, '34, '36, "38 and '46), during a part of the time being the colleague of Abraham Lincoln. He was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who repre- sented Sangamon County at the time of the removal of the State capital to Springfield ; was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Died, Nov. 12, 1850. DEAF AND DUMB, ILLINOIS INSTITU- TION FOR EDUCATION OF, located at Jack- sonville, established by act of the Legislature, Feb. 23, 1839, and the oldest of the State charitable institutions. "Work was not begun until 1842, but one building was ready for partial occupancy in 1846 and was completed in 1849. (In 1871 tliis building, then known as the south wing, was declared unsafe, and was razed and rebuilt.) The center building was completed in 1852 and the north wing in 1857. Other additions and new buildings have been added from time to time, such as new dining halls, workshops, barns, bakery, refrigerator house, kitchens, a gymnasium, separate cot- tages for the sexes, etc. At present (1895) the institution is probably the largest, as it is un- questionably one of the best c(5nducted, of its class in the world. The number of pupils in 1894 was 716. Among its employes are men and women of ripe culture and experience, who have been con- nected with it for more than a quarter of a century. DEARBORN, Lnther, lawyer and legislator, was born at Plymouth, N. H., March 24, 1820, fl 130 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and educated in Plymouth scliools and at New Hampton Academy ; in youtli removed to Dear- born County, Ind., where he taught scliool and served as deputy Circuit Clerli; then came to Mason County, 111., and, in 1844, to Elgin. Here he was elected Sheriff and, at the expiration of his term. Circuit Clerk, later engaging in the banking business, which proving disastrous in 1857, he returned to Mason County and began the practice of law. He then spent some years in Minnesota, finally returning to Illinois a second time, resumed practice at Havana, served one term in the State Senate (1876-80) ; in 1884 became member of a law firm in Chicago, but retired in 1887 to accept the attorneyship of the Chicago & Alton Railway, retaining this position until his death, which occurred suddenly at Springfield, April 5, 1889. For the last two years of his life Mr. Dearborn's residence was at Aurora. DECATUR, the county -seat of Macon County; 39 miles east of Springfield and one mile north of the Sangamon River — also an important rail- way center. Three coal shafts are operated out- side the city. It is a center for the grain trade, having five elevators. Extensive car and repair shops are located there, and several important manufacturing industries flourish, among them three flouring mills. Decatur has paved streets, water-works, electric street railways, and excel- lent public schools, including one of the best and most noted high schools in the State. Four newspapers are published thei'e, each issuing a dailv edition. Pop., (1890), 16,841; (1900), 20,754. DECATUR EDITORIAL COXVEXTIOX. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) DECATUR & EASTERN RAILWAY. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Railiray.) DECATUR, MATTOON & SOUTHERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur d: Evansville Railu-ay. ) DECATUR, SULLIVAN & MATTOON RAIL- ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur 'CAX, Joseph, Congressman and Gov- ernor, was born at Paris, Ky. , Feb. 22, 1794; emigrated to Illinois in 1818, having previously ser\-ed with distinction in the War of 1812, and been presented with a sword, by vote of Congress, for gallant conduct in the defense of Fort Stephen- son. He was commissioned Major-General of Illinois militia in 1823 and elected State Senator from Jackson County in 1824. He served in the lower house of Congress from 1827 to 1834, when he resigned his seat to occupy the gubernatorial chair, to which he was elected the latter year. He was the author of the first free-school law, adopted in 1825. His executive policy was con- servative and consistent, and his administration successful. He erected the first frame building at Jacksonville, in 1834, and was a liberal friend of Illinois College at that place. In his personal character he was kindly, genial and unassuming, although fearless in the expression of his convic- tions. He wEis the Whig candidate for Governor in 1842. when he met with his first political defeat. Died, at Jacksonville, Jan. 15, 1844, mourned by men of all parties. DUNCAN, Thomas, soldier, was born in Kas- kaskia. 111., April 14, 1809; served as a private in the Illinois mounted volunteers during the Black Hawk War of 1832 ; also as First Lieutenant of cavalry in the regular army in the Mexican War (1846), and as Major and Lieutenant-Colonel during the War of the Rebellion, still later doing duty upon the frontier keeping the Indians in check. He was retired from active service in 1873, and died in Washington, Jan. 7, 1887. DUNDEE, a town on Fox River, in Kane County. 5 miles (by rail) north of Elgin and 47 miles west-northwest of Chicago. It has two distinct corporations — East and West Dundee — but is progressive and united in action. Dairy farming is the principal industry of the adjacent region, and the town lias two large milk-con- densing plants, a cheese factory, etc. It has good water power and there are flour and saw-mills, besides brick and tile-works, an.extensive nursery, two banks, six churches, a handsome high school building, a public library and one weekly paper. Population (1890). 2,023; (1900), 2,765. DUNHAM, John Hi^h, banker and Board of Trade operator, was born in Seneca County, N. Y., 1817; came to Chicago in 1844, engaged in the wholesale grocery trade, and, a few years later, took a prominent part in solving the ques- tion of a water supply for the city ; was elected to the Twentieth General Assembly (1856) and the next year assisted in organizing the Merchants' Loan & Trust Company, of which he became the first President, retiring five years later and re- engaging in the mercantile business. While Hon. Hugh McCullough was Secretary of the Treasury, he was appointed National Bank Examiner for Illinois, serving until 1866. He was a member of the Chicago Historical Society, the Academy of Sciences, and an early member of the Board of Trade. Died, April 28, 1893, leaving a large estate. DUNHAM, Ransom W., merchant and Con- gressman, was born at Savoy, Mass., JIarch 21, 1838; after graduating from the High School at Springfield, Mass., in 1855, was connected with the Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Com- pany until August, 1860. In 1857 he removed from Springfield to Chicago, and at the termina- tion of his connection with the Insurance Com- pany, embarked in the grain and provision commission business in that city, and, in 1882, was President of the Chicago Board of Trade. From 1883 to 1«89 he represented the First lUinois District in Congress, after the expiration of his last term devoting his attention to his large private business. His death took place suddenly at Springfield, Mass.. August 19, 1896. DUNLAP, George Lincoln, civil engineer and Railway Sui^eriatendent, was born at Brunswick, 142 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Maine, in 1828 ; studied mathematics and engineer- ing at Gorham Academj", and, after several years' experience on the Boston & Maine and the New York & Erie Raihvaj's, came west in 1855 and accepted a position as assistant engineer on what is now the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- road, finally becoming its General Superintend- ent, and, in fourteen 3-ears of his connection with that road, vastly extending its lines. Between 1872 and '79 he was connected with the Montreal & Quebec Railway, but the latter year returned to Illinois and was actively connected with the extension of the Wabash system imtil his retire- ment a few years ago. DUNLAP, Henry M., horticulturist and legis- lator, was born in Cook Countj', 111., Nov. 14, 1853 — the son of M. L. Dunlap (the well-known "Rural"), who became a prominent horticulturist In Champaign County and was one of the found- ers of the State Agricultural Society. The family having located at Savoy, Champaign County, about 1857, the younger Dunlap was educated in the University of Illinois, graduating in the scientific department in 1875. Following in the footsteps of his father, he engaged extensively in fruit-growing, and has served in the office of both President and Secretary of tlie State Horti- cultural Society, besides local offices. In 1892 he was elected as a Republican to the State Senate for the Thirtieth District, was re-elected in 1896, and has been prominent in State legislation. DUNLAP, Mathias Lane, horticulturist, was born at Cherry Valley, N. Y., Sept. 14, 1814; coming to La Salle County, 111., in 1835, he taught school the following winter ; then secured a clerkship in Chicago, and later became book- keeper for a firm of contractors on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, remaining two years. Having entered a body of Government land in the western part of Cook County, he turned his attention to farming, giving a portion of his time to survey- ing. In 1845 he became interested in horticulture and, in a few years, built up one of the most extensive nurseries in the West. In 1854 he was chosen a Representative in the Nineteenth Gen- eral Assembly from Cook County, and, at the following session, jsresided over the caucus which resulted in the nomination and final election of Lyman Trumbull to the United States Senate for the first time. Politically an anti-slavery Demo- crat, he espoused the cause of freedom in the Territories, while his house was one of the depots of the "underground railroad." In 1855 he pur- chased a half-section of land near Champaign, whither he removed, two vears later, for the prosecution of his nurserj' business. He was an active member, for many years, of the State Agri- cultural Society and an earnest supporter of the scheme for the establishment of an "Industrial University," which finally took form in the Uni- versity of Illinois at Champaign. From 1853 to his death he was the agricultural correspondent, first of "The Chicago Democratic Press," and later of "The Tribune," writing over the nom de plume of "Riu-al." Died, Feb. 14, 1875. DU PAGE COUXTT, organized in 1839, named for a river which flows through it. It adjoins Cook County on the west and contains 340 square miles. In 1900 its population was 28,196. The county-seat was originally at Naperville, which was platted in 1842 and named in honor of Capt. Joseph Naper, who settled upon the site in 1831. In 1869 the county government was removed to Wheaton, the location of Wheaton College, where it yet remains. Besides Captain Naper, early settlers of prominence were Bailey Hobson (the pioneer in the township of Lisle), and Pierce Downer (in Downer's Grove). The chief towns are Wheaton (population, 1,622), Naperville (2,216), Hinsdale (1,584), Downer's Grove (960), and Roselle (450). Hinsdale and Roselle are largely populated by persons doing business in Chicago. DC i^UOIN, a city and railway junction in Perry County, 76 miles north of Cairo; has a foundry, machine shops, planing-mill, flour mills, salt works, ice factory, soda-water factory, creamery, coal mines, graded school, public library and four newspapers. Population (1890), 4,052; (1900), 4,353; (1903, school census), 5,207. DURBOROW, Allan Cathcart, ex-Congress- man, was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 20, 1857. When five years old he accompanied his parents to Williamsport, Ind., where he received his early edvication. He entered the preparatory department of Wabash College in 1872, and graduated from the University of Indiana, at Bloomington, in 1877. After two years' residence in Indianapolis, he removed to Chicago, where he engaged in business. Always active in local politics, he was elected by the Democrats in 1890, and again in 1892, Representative in Congress from the Second District, retiring with the close of the Fifty-third Congress. Mr. Durborow is Treasurer of the Chicago Air-Line Express Com- pany. DUSTIN, (Gen.) Daniel, soldier, was born in Topsham, Orange County, Vt., Oct. 5, 1820; received a common-school and academic educa- tion, graduating in medicine at Dartmouth Col- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 143 lege in 1846. After practicing tliree years at Corinth, Vt., he went to California in 1830 and engaged in mining, but three yeare later resumed the practice of his profession while conducting a mercantile business. He was subsequently chosen to the California Legislature from Nevada County, but coming to Illinois in 1858, he engaged in the drug business at Sycamore, De Kalb County, in connection with J. E. Elwood. On the breaking out of the war in 1861, he sold out his drug business and assisted in raising the Eighth Regiment Illinois Cavaliy, and was com- missioned Captain of Company L. The regiment was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, and, in January, 1862, he was promoted to the position of Major, afterwards taking part in the battle of Manassas, and the great "seven days' fight" before Eichmond. In September, 1863, the One Hundred and Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was mustered in at Dixon, and Major Dustin was conunissioned its Colonel, soon after joining the Army of the Cumberland. After the Atlanta campaign lie was assigned to the com- mand of a brigade in the Third Division of the Twelfth Army Corps, remaining in this position to the close of the war. meanwhile having been brevetted Brigadier-General for bravery displayed on the battle-field at Averysboro, N. C. He was mustered out at Washington, June 7, 1865, and took part in the grand review of the armies in that city wliich marked the close of the war. Returning to his home in De Kalb County, he was elected County Clerk in the following November, remaining in office four j-ears. Sub- sequently he was chosen Circuit Clerk and ex- officio Recorder, and was twice thereafter re-elected — in 1884 and 1888. On the organization of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, in 1885, he was appointed by Governor Oglesbj- one of the Trustees, retaining the position until his death. In May, 1890, he was appointed by President Harrison Assistant United States Treasurer at Chicago, but died in office while on a visit with his daughter at Carthage, Mo. , March 30, 1892. General Dustin was a Mason of high degree, and, in 1872, was chosen Right Eminent Commander of the Grand Commandery of the State. DWIGHT, a prosperous city in Livingston County, 74 miles, by rail, south-southwest of Chi- cago, 52 miles northeast of Bloomington, and 23 miles east of Streator; has two banks, two weekly papers, six churches, five large warehouses, two electric light plants, complete water-works sys- tem, and four hotels. The citj' is the center of a rich farming and stock-raising district. Dwight has attained celebrity as the location of the first of "Keeley Institutes," founded for the cure of the drink and morphine habit. Population (1890). 1,354; (1900), 2,015. These figures do not include the floating population, which is augmented by patients who receive treatment at the "Keeley Institute." I)YER, Charles Tolney, M.D., pioneer physi- cian, was bom at Clarendon, Vt., June 12, 1808; graduated in medicine at Middlebury College, in 1830; began practice at Newark, N. J., in 1831, and in Chicago in 1835. He was an uncomprom- ising opponent of slavery and an avowed sup- porter of the "underground railroad," and, in 1848, received the support of the Free-Soil party of Illinois for Governor. Dr. Dyer was also one of the original incorporators of the North Chicago Street Railway Company, and his name was prominently identified with many local benevo- lent enterprises. Died, in Lake View (then a suburb of Chicago), April 24, 1878. EARLVILLE, a city and railway junction in La Salle County, 52 miles northeast of Princeton, at the intersecting point of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. It is in the center of an agricultural and stock-raising district, and is an important shipping-point. It has seven churches, a graded school, one bank, two weekly newspapers and manufactories of plows, wagons and carriages. Population (1880), 963; (1890), 1,058; (1900), 1,122. EARLY, John, legislator and Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, was born of American parentage and Irish ancestry in Essex County, Canada West, March 17, 1828, and accompanied his parents to Cale- donia, Boone County, 111., in 1846. His boyhood was passed upon his father's farm, and in youth he learned the trade (his father's) of carpenter and joiner. In 1852 he removed to Rockford, Winnebago County, and, in 1865, became State Agent of the New England Mutual Life Insur- ance Company. Between 1863 and 1866 he held sundry local oflSces, and, in 1869, was appointed by Governor Palmer a Trustee of the State Reform School. In 1870 he was elected State Senator and re-elected in 1874, serving in the Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth General Assemblies. In 1873 he was elected President protem. of the Senate, and, Lieut-Gov. BeveriJge succeeding to the executive chair, he became ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor. In 1875 he was again the Republican nominee for the Presidency of the Senate, but was defeated 144 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. by a coalition of Democrats and Independents. He died while a member of the Senate, Sept. 3, 1877. EARTHCJUAKE OF 1811. A series of the most remarkable earthquakes in the history of the Mississippi Valley began on the night of November 16, 1811, continuing for several months and finally ending with the destruction of Carac- cas, Venezuela, in March following. While the center of the earlier disturbance appears to have been in the vicinity of New Madrid, in Southeast- ern Missouri, its minor effects were felt through a wide extent of country, especially in the settled portions of Illinois. Contemporaneous history states that, in the American Bottom, then the most densely settled portion of Illinois, the results were very perceptible. The walls of a brick house belonging to Mr. Samuel Judy, a pioneer settler in the eastern edge of the bottom, near Edwardsville, Madison County, were cracked by the convulsion, the effects being seen for more than two generations. Gov. Jolm Reynolds, then a young man of 23, living with his father's family in what was called the "Goshen Settle- ment," near Edwardsville, in his history of "My Own Times," says of it: "Our family were all sleeping in a log-cabin, and my father leaped out of bed, crying out, 'The Indians are on the house. The battle of Tippecanoe had been recently fought, and it was supposed the Indians would attack the settlements. Not one in the family knew at that time it was an earthquake. The next morning another shock made us acquainted with it. . . . The cattle came running home bellowing with fear, and all animals were terribly alarmed. Our house cracked and quivered so we were fearful it would fall to the ground. In the American Bottom many chimneys were thrown down, and the church bell at Cahokia was sounded by the agitation of the building. It is said a shock of an earthquake was felt in Kaskas- kia in 1804, but I did not perceive it." Owing to the sparseness of the population in Illinois at that time, but little is known of the effect of the con- vulsion of 1811 elsewhere, but there are numerous "sink-holes" in Union and adjacent counties, between the forks of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, which probably owe their origin to this or some similar disturbance. "On the Kaskaskia River below Athens," says Governor Reynolds in his "Pioneer History," "the water and white sand were thrown up through a fissure of the earth." EAST DUBUQUE, an incorporated city of Jo Daviess County, on the east bank of the Missis- sippi, 17 miles (by rail) northeast of Galena. It is connected with Dubuque, Iowa, by a railroad and a wagon bridge two miles in length. It has a grain elevator, a box factory, a planing mill and manufactories of cultivators and sand drills. It has also a bank, two churches, good public schools and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,037; (1890), 1,069; (1900), 1,146. EASTON, (Col.) Rnfas, pioneer, founder of the city of Alton; was born at Litchfield, Conn., May 4, 1774; studied law and practiced two years in Oneida County, N. Y. ; emigrated to St. Louis in 1804, and was commissioned by President Jefferson Judge of the Territory of Louisiana, and also became the first Postmaster of St. Louis, in 1808. From 1814 to 1818 he served as Delegate in Congress from Missouri Territory, and, on the organization of the State of Missouri (1821), was appointed Attorney -General for the State, serving until 1826. His death occurred at St. Charles, Mo., July 5, 1834. Colonel Easton's connection with Illinois history is based chiefly upon the fact that he was the founder of the present city of Alton, which he laid out, in 1817, on a tract of land of which he had obtained possession at the mouth of the Little Piasa Creek, naming the town for his son. Rev. Thomas Lippincott, prominently identified with the early history of that portion of the State, kept a store for Easton at Milton, on Wood River, about two miles from Alton, in the early " '20's." EAST ST. LOUIS, a flourishing city in St. Clair County, on the east bank of the Mississippi di- rectly opposite St. Louis; is the terminus of twenty-two railroads and several electric lines, and the leading commercial and manufacturing point in Southern Illinois. Its industries include rolling mills, steel, brass, malleable iron and glass works, grain elevators and flour mills, breweries, stockyards and packing houses. The city has eleven public and five parochial schools, one high school, and two colleges; is well sup- plied with banks and has one daily and four weekly papers. Population (1890), 15,169; (1900), 29,6,5.5; (1903. est.), 40.000. EASTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE IIVSANE. The act for the establishment of this institution passed the General Assembly in 1877. Many cities offered inducements, bj- way of donations, for the location of the new hospital, but the site finally selected was a farm of 250 acres near Blan- kakee, and this was subsequently enlarged by the purchase of 327 additional acres in 1881. Work was begun in 1878 and the first patients received in December, 1879. The plan of the institution is. in many respects, unique. It comprises a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 145 general buildiner. three stories high, capable of accommodating 300 to 400 patients, and a number or detached buildings, technically termed cot- tages, where various classes of insane patients may be grouped and receive the particular treatment best adapted to ensure their recover}'. The plans were mainly worked out from suggestions by Frederick Howard Wines, LL.D., then Secretary of the Board of Public Charities, and have attracted generally favorable comment both in this country and abroad. The seventy-five build- ings occupied for the various purposes of the institution, cover a quarter-section of land laid off in regular streets, beautified with trees, plants and flowers, and presenting all the appearance of a flourishing village with numerous small parks adorned with walks and drives. The counties from which patients are received include Cook, Champaign, Coles, Cumberland, De Witt. Doug- las, Edgar, Ford, Grundy, Iroquois, Kankakee, La Salle, Livingston, Macon, McLean, Moultrie Piatt, Shelby, Vermilion and Will. The whole number of patients in 1898 was 2,200, while the employes of all classes numbered .500. EASTERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution designed to qualify teachers for giving instruction in the public schools, located at Charleston, Coles County, under an act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The act appropriated ?.50,000 for the erection of build- ings, to which additional appropriations were added in 1897 and 1898, of §25,000 and §50,000, respectively, with §56,216.72 contributed by the city of Charleston, making a total of §181,216.72. The building was begun in 1896, the corner-stone being laid on May 27 of that year. There was delay in the progress of the work in consequence of the failure of the contractors in December, 1896, but the work was resumed in 1897 and practically completed early in 1899, with the expectation that the institution would be opened for the reception of students in September fol- lowing. EASTMAN, Zebina, anti-slaverj' journalist, was born at North Amherst, Mass., Sept. 8, 1815; became a printer's apprentice at 14, but later spent a short time in an academy at Hadley. Then, after a brief experience as an employe in the office of "The Hartford Pearl," at the age of 18 he invested his patrimony of some §2,000 in the establishment of "The Free Press" at Fayette- ville, Vt. This venture proving unsuccessful, in 1837 he came west, stopping a year or two at Ann Arbor, Mich. In 1839 he visited Peoria by way of Chicago, working for a time on "The Peoria Register," but soon after joined Benjamin Lundy, who was preparing to revive his paper, "The Genius of Universal Emancipation," at Lowell, La Salle County. This scheme was partially defeated by Lundy's early death, but, after a few months' delay, Eastman, in conjunc- tion with Hooper Warren, began the publication of "The Genius of Liberty" as the successor of Lundy 's paper, using the printing press which Warren had used in the office of "The Commer cial Advertiser," in Chicago, a year or so before. In 1842, at the invitation of prominent Abolitionists, the paper was removed to Chicago, where it was issued under the name of "The Western Citizen," in 1853 becoming "The Free West," and finally, in 1856, being merged in "The Chicago Tribune." After the suspension of "The Free West," Mr. Eastman began the publication of "The Chicago Magazine," a literary and historical monthly, but it reached only its fifth number when it was discontinued for want of financial •iiupport. In 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln United States Consul at Bristol, England, where he remained eight years. On his return from Europe, he took up his residence at Elgin, later removing to Maywood, a suburb of Chicago, where he died, June 14, 1883. During the latter years of his life Mr. Eastman contributed many articles of great historical interest to the Chi- cago press. (See Lundy, Benjamin, and Warren, Hooper. ) EBERHART, John Trederick, educator and real-estate operator, was born in Mercer County, Pa., Jan. 21, 1829; commenced teaching at 16 years of age, and, in 1853, graduated from Alle- gheny College, at Meadville, soon after becoming Principal of Albright Seminary at Berlin, in the same State ; in 1855 came west by way of Chicago, locating at Dixon and engaging in editorial work ; a year later established "The Northwestern Home and School Journal," which he published three years, in the meantime establishing and conducting teachers' institutes in Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. In 1859 he was elected School Commissioner of Cook County — a position which was afterwards changed to County Superintend- ent of Schools, and which he held ten years. Mr. Eberhart was largely instrumental in the estab- lishment of the Cook County Normal School. Since retiring from office he has been engaged in the real-estate business in Chicago. ECKHART, Bernard A., manufacturer and President of the Chicago Drainage Board, was born in Alsace, France (now Germany), brought to America in infancy and reared on a farm in 146 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Vernon County, Wis. ; was educated at Milwau- kee, and, in 1868, became clerk in the office of the Eagle Milling Company of that city, afterwards .serving as its Eastern agent in various seaboard cities. He finally established an extensive mill- ing business in Chicago, in which he is now engaged. In 1884 he served as a delegate to the National Waterway Convention at St. Paul and, in 1886, was elected to the State Senate, serving four years and taking a prominent part in draft- ing the Sanitary Drainage Bill passed by the Thirty-sixth General Assembly. He has also been prominent in connection with various financial institutions, and, in 1891, was elected one of the Trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago, was re-elected in 189.5 and chosen President of the Board for the following year, and re-elected Pres- ident in December, 1898. EDBROOKE, Willoiiarhby J., Supervising Architect, was born at Deerfield, Lake County, III., Sept. 3, 1843; brought up to the architectural profession by his father and under the instruc- tion of Chicago architects. During Mayor Roche's administration he held the position of Commissioner of Public Works, and, in April, 1891, was appointed Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department at Washington, in that capacity supervising the congtruction of Govern- ment buildings at the World's Columbian Exposi- tion. Died, in Chicago, March 26, 1896. EDDY, Henry, pioneer lawyer and editor, was born in Vermont, in 1798, reared in New York, learned the printer's trade at Pittsburg, served in the War of 1812, and was wounded in the battle of Black Rock, near Buffalo ; came to Shawneetown, 111., in 1818, where he edited "The Illinois Emigrant," the earliest paper in that part of the State ; was a Presidential Elector in 1824, a Representative in the Second and Fif- teenth General Assemblies, and elected a Circuit Judge in 1835, but resigned a few weeks later. He was a Whig in politics. Usher F. Linder, in his "Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bar of Illinois," says of Mr. Eddy: "When he addressed the court, he elicited the mast profound attention. He was a sort of walking law library. He never forgot anything that he ever knew, whether law, poetry or belles lettres." Died, June 29, 1849. EDDY, Thomas Hears, clergyman and author, was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1823; educated at Greensborough, Ind., and, from 1842 to 18.53, was a Methodist circuit preacher in that State, becoming Agent of the American Bible Society the latter year, and Presiding Elder of the Indianapolis district until 18.56, when he was appointed editor of "The Nortliwestern Christian Advocate," in Chicago, retiring from that position in 1868. Later, he held pastorates in Baltimore and Washington, and was chosen one of the Corresponding Secretaries of the Mis- sionary Society by the General Conference of 1872. Dr. Eddy was a copious writer for the press, and, besides occasional sermons, pulilished two volumes of reminiscences and personal sketches of prominent Illinoisans in the War of the Rebellion under the title of "Patriotism of Illinois" (186.5). Died, in New York City, Oct. 7, 1874. EDGAR, John, early settler at Kaskaskia, was born in Ireland and, during the American Revo- lution, served as an officer in the British navy, but married an American woman of great force of character wlio sympathized strongly with the patriot cause. Having become involved in the desertion of three British soldiers whom his wife had promised to assist in reaching the American camp, he was compelled to flee. A f ter remaining for a while in the American army, during which he became the friend of General La Faj'ette, he sought safety by coming west, arriving at Kas- kaskia in 1784. His property was confiscated, but his wife succeeded in saving some 512,000 from the wreck, with which she joined him two years later. He engaged in business and became an extensive land-owner, being credited, during Territorial days, with the ownership of nearly 50,000 acres situated in Randolpli, Monroe, St. Clair, Madison, Clinton, Washington, Perry and Jackson Counties, and long known as the "Edgar lands." He also purchased and rebuilt a mill near Kaskaskia wliich had belonged to a French- man named Paget, and became a large shipper of flour at an early day to the Southern markets. When St. Clair County was organized, in 1790, he was appointed one of the Judges of the Common Pleas Court, and so appears to have continued for more than a quarter of a century. On the establishment of a Territorial Legislature for the Northwest Territory, he was chosen, in 1799, one of the members for St. Clair County — the Legis- lature holding its session at Chillicothe, in the present State of Ohio, under the administration of Governor St. Clair. He was also appointed a Major-General of militia, retaining the office for many years. General and Mrs. Edgar were leaders of society at the old Territorial capital, and, on the visit of La Fayette to Kaskaskia in 1825. a reception was given at their house to the distinguished Frenchman, whose acquaintance HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 147 they had made more than forty years before. He died at Kaskaskia, in 1832. Edgar County, in the eastern part of the State, was named in honor of General Edgar. He was Worshipful Master of the first Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons in Illinois, constituted at Kaskaskia in 1806. EDOAR COUiXTY, one of the middle tier of counties from north to south, lying on the east- ern border of the State ; was organized in 1823, and named for General Edgar, an early citizen of Kaskaskia. It contains 630 square miles, with a population (1900) of 28,273. The county is nearlj- square, well watered and wooded. Most of the acreage is under cultivation, grain-growing and stock-raising being the principal industries. Generally, the soil is black to a considerable depth, though at some points — especially adjoin- ing the timber lands in the east — the soft, brown clay of the subsoil comes to the surface. Beds of the drift period, one hundred feet deep, are found in the northern portion, and some twenty-five years ago a nearly perfect skeleton of a mastodon was exhumed. A bed of limestone, twenty-five feet thick, crops out near Baldwinsville and runs along Brouillet's creek to the State line. Paris, tlie county-seat, is a railroad center, and has a popu- lation of over 6,000. Vermilion and Dudley are prominent shipping points, while Chrisman, which was an unbroken prairie in 1872, was credited with a population of 900 in 1900. EDINBURG, a village of Christian County, on the Baltimore ct Ohio Soutliwestern Railway, 18 miles southeast of Springfield; has two banks and one newspaper. The region is agricultural, though some coal is mined here. Population (1880), .5.51; (1890), 806; (1900), 1.071. EDSALL, James Eirtland, former Attorney General, was born at Windham, Greene County, N. Y., May 10, 1831. After passing through the common-schools, he attended an academy at Prattsville, N.Y., supporting himself , meanwhile, by working upon a farm. He read law at Pratts- ville and Catskill, and was admitted to the bar at Albany in 1852. The next two years he spent in Wisconsin and Miimesota, and, in 1854, removed to Leavenworth, Kan. He was elected to the Legislature of that State in 1835, being a member of the Topeka (free-soil) body when it was broken up by United States troops in 1856. In August, 1856, he settled at Dixon, 111., and at once engaged in practice. In 1863 he was elected Mayor of that city, and, in 1870, was chosen State Senator, serving on tlie Committees on Munic- ipalities and Judiciary in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly. In 1873 he was elected Attorney-General on the Republican ticket and re-elected in 1876. At the expiration of his second term he took up his residence in Chicago, where he afterwards devoted himself to the prac- tice of his profession, until his death, which occurred, June 20, 1892. EDUCATION. The first step in the direction of the establish- ment of a system of free schools for the region now comprised within the State of Illinois was taken in the enactment by Congress, on May 20, 1785, of "An Ordinance for Ascertaining the mode of disposing of lands in the Western Terri- tory. " This applied specifically to the region northwest of the Ohio River, which had been acquired through the conquest of the "Illinois Country" bj' Col. George Rogers Clark, acting under the auspices of the State of Virginia and by authority received from its Governor, the patriotic Patrick Henry. This act for the first time established the present sj'stem of township (or as it was then called, "rectangular") surveys, devised by Capt. Thomas Hutcliins, who became the first Surveyor-General (or "Geographer," as the oflBce was stjded) of the United States under the same act. Its important feature, in this con- nection, was the provision "that there shall be reserved the lot No. 16 of every township, for the maintenance of public schools within the town- ship. " The same reservation (the term "section" being substituted for "lot" in tlie act of May 18, 1796) was made in all subsequent acts for the sale of public lands — the acts of July 23, 1787, and June 20, 1788, declaring that "the lot No. 16 in each to^vnship, or fractional part of a township," shall be "given perpetually for the purpose con- tained in said ordinance" (i. e., the act of 1785). The next step was taken in the Ordinance of 1787 (Art. III.), in the declaration that, "religion, morality and knowledge being necessary for the hajipiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." The reservation referred to in the act of 1785 (and subsequent acts) was reiterated in the "enabling act" passed by Congress, April 18, 1818, authoriz- ing the people of Illinois Territory to organize a State Government, and was formally accepted by the Convention which formed the first State Constitution. The enabling act also set apart one entire townsliip (in addition to one previously donated for the same purpose by act of Congress in 1804) for the use of a seminary of learning, 148 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. together with three per cent of the net proceeds of the sales of public lands within the State, "to be appropriated by the Legislature of the State for the encouragement of learning, of which one- sixth part" (or one-half of one per cent) "shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or univer- sity." Thus, the plan for the establishment of a system of free public education in Illinois had its inception in the first steps for the organization of the Northwest Territory, was recognized in the Ordinance of 1787 which reserved that Territory forever to freedom, and was again reiterated in the preliminary steps for the organization of the State Government. These several acts became the basis of that permanent provision for the encouragement of education known as the "town- ship," "seminary" and "college or university" funds. Early Schools. — Previous to tliis, however, a beginning had been made in the attempt to estab- lish schools for the benefit of the children of the pioneers. One John Seeley is said to have taught the first American school within the territory of Illinois, in a log-cabin in Monroe Coimty, in 1783, followed by others in the next twenty years in Monroe, Randolph, St. Clair and Madison Coun- ties. Seeley's earliest successor was Francis Clark, who, in turn, was followed by a man named Halfpenny, who afterwards built a mill near the present town of Waterloo in Monroe County. Among the teachers of a still later period were John Boyle, a soldier in Col. George Rogers Clark's army, who taught in Randolph County between 1790 and 1800; John Atwater, near Edwardsville, in 1807, and John Messinger, a sur- veyor, who was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 and Speaker of the first House of Representatives. The latter taught in the vicinity of Shiloh in St. Clair County, afterwards the site of Rev. John M. Peck's Rock Spring Seminary. The schools which existed during this period, and for many years after the organi- zation of the State Government, were necessarily few, widely scattered and of a very primitive character, receiving their support entirely by subscription from their patrons. First Free School Law and Sales of School Lands. — It has been stated that the first free school in the State was established at Upper Alton, in 1821, but there is good reason for believ- ing this claim was based upon the power granted by the Legislature, in an act passed that year, to establish such schools there, which power was never carried into effect. The first attempt to establish a free-school system for the whole State was made in January, 1825, in the passage of a bill introduced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards a Congressman and Governor of the State. Ii nominally appropriated two dollars out of each one hundred dollars received in the State Treasurj-, to be distributed to those who had paid taxes or subscriptions for the support of schools. So small was the aggregate revenue of the State at that time (only a little over §GO,000), that the sum realized from this law would have been but little more than §1,000 per year. It remained practically a dead letter and was repealed in 1829, when the State inaugurated the policy of selling the seminary lands and borrowing the proceeds for the payment of current expenses. In this way 43,200 acres (or all but four and a half sec- tions) of the seminary lands were disposed of, realizing less than §60,000. The first sale of township school lands took place in Greene County in 1831, and, two years later, the greater part of the school section in the heart of the present city of Chicago was sold, producing about §39,000. The average rate at which these sales were made, up to 1882, was §3.78 per acre^ and the minimum, 70 cents per acre. That these lands have, in very few instances, produced the results expected of them, was not so much the fault of tlie system as of those selected to administer it — whose bad judgment in premature sales, or whose complicity with the schemes of speculators, were the means, in many cases, of squandering what might otherwise have furnished a liberal provision for the support of public schools in many sections of the State. Mr. W. L. Pillsbury, at present Secretary of the University of Illinois, in a paper printed in the report of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction for 1885-86 — to which the writer is indebted for many of the facts presented in this article — gives to Chicago the credit of establishing the first free schools in the State in 1834, while Alton followed in 1837, and Springfield and Jacksonville in 1840. Early Higher Institutions. — A movement looking to the establishment of a higher institu- tion of learning in Indiana Territorj' (of which Illinois then formed a part), was inaugurated by the passage, through the Territorial Legislature at Vincennes, in November, 1806, of an act incorpo- rating the University of Indiana Territory to be located at Vincennes. One provision of the act authorized the raising of §20,000 for the institu- tion by means of a lottery. A Board of Trustees was promptly organized, with Gen. William Henry Harrison, then the Territorial Governor, at its head ; but, beyond the erection of a building, HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 149 little progress was made. Twenty-one years later (1827) the first successful attempt to found an advanced scliool was made by the indomitable Rev. John M. Peck, resulting in the establish- ment of his Theological Seminary and High School at Rock Springs, St. Clair County, which, in 1831, became the nucleus of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton. In like manner, Lebanon Semi- nary, established in 18'38, two years later expanded into McKendree College, while instruc- tion began to be given at Illinois College, Jack- sonville, in December, 1829, as the outcome of a movement started by a band of young men at Yale College in 1827 — these several institutions being formally incorporated by the same act of the Legislature, passed in 1835. (See sketches of these Institutions.) EDuc.iTiox.\L Conventions. — In 1833 there was held at Vandalia (then the State capital) the first of a series of educational conventions, which were continued somewhat irregularly for twenty years, and whose history is remarkable for the number of those participating in them who after- wards gained distinction in State and National history. At first these conventions were held at the State capital during the sessions of the Gen- eral Assembly, when the chief actors in them were members of that body and State officers, with a few other friends of education from the ranks of professional or business men. At the convention of 1833, we find, among those partici- pating, the names of Sidney Breese, afterwards a United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court; Judge S. D. Lock wood, then of the Supreme Court; W. L. D. Ewing, afterwards acting Gov- ernor and United States Senator ; O. H. Browning, afterwards t^nited States Senator and Secretary of the Interior; James Hall and John Russell, the most notable writers in the State in their day, besides Dr. J. M. Peck, Archibald Williams, Benjamin Mills, Jesse B. Thomas, Henry Eddy and others, all prominent in their several depart- ments. In a second convention at the same place, nearlj- two years later, Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas and Col. John J. Hardin were participants. At Springfield, in 1840, pro- fessional and literary men began to take a more prominent part, althougli the members of the Legislature were present i^i considerable force. A convention held at Peoria, in 1844, was made up largely of professional teachers and school officers, with a few citizens of local prominence; and tlie same may be said of those held at Jack- sonville in 1845, and later at Chicago and other IX'ints. Various attempts were made to form permanent educational societies, finally result- ing, in December, 1854, in the organization of the "State Teachers' Institute," which, three years later, took the name of the "State Teachers' Association" — though an association of the same name was organized in 1836 and continued in existence several years. State Superintendent and School Jour- nals. — The appointment of a State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction began to be agitated as early as 1837, and was urged from time to time in memorials and resolutions by educational conven- tions, by the educational jiress, and in the State Legislature; but it was not until February, 1854, that an act was passed creating the office, when the Hon. Ninian W. Edwards was appointed by Gov. Joel A. Matteson, continuing in office until his successor was elected in 1856. "The Common School Advocate" was published for a year at Jacksonville, beginning with January, 1837; in 1841 "The Illinois Common School Advocate'' began publication at Springfield, but was discon- tinued after the issue of a few numbers. In 1855 was established "The Illinois Teacher." This was merged, in 1873, in "The Illinois School- master," which became the organ of the State Teachers' Association, so remaining several years. The State Teachers' Association has no official organ now, but the "Public School Journal" is the chief educational publication of the State. Industrial Education. — In 1851 was insti- tuted a movement which, although obstructed for some time by partisan opposition, has been followed by more far-reaching results, for the countrj" at large, than any single measure in the history of education since the act of 1785 setting apart one section in each township for the support of public schools. Tliis was the scheme formu- lated by the late Prof. Jonathan B. Turner, of Jacksonville, for a system of practical scientific education for the agricultural, mechanical and other industrial classes, at a Farmers' Convention lield under the aiLspices of tlie Buel Institute (an Agricultural Societj), at GranviUe, Putnam County, Nov. 18, 1851. While "proposing a plan for a "State University" for Illinois, it also advo- cated, from the outset, a "University for the industrial classes in each of the States," by way of supplementing tlie work which a "National Institute of Science," such as the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, was expected to accom- plish. The proposition attracted the attention of persons interested in the cause of industrial education in other States, especially in New York and some of the New England States, and 150 IIISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. received their hearty endorsement and cooper- ation. The Granville meeting was followed by a series of similar conventions held at Springfield, June 8, 18.52 ; Chicago, Nov. 24, 18.52 ; Springfield, Jan. 4, 1833, and Springfield, Jan. 1, 18.55, at which tlie scheme was still further elaborated. At the Springfield meeting of January, 18.53, an organization was formed under the title of the "Industrial League of the State of Illinois," with a view to disseminating information, securing more thorough organization on tlie part of friends of the measure, and the employment of lecturers to address the people of tlie State on the subject. At the same time, it was resolved that "this Con- vention memorialize Congress for the purpose of obtaining a grant of public lands to establish and endow industrial institutions in each and every State in the Union." It is worthy of note that this resolution contains the central idea of the act pas.sed by Congress nearly ten j-ears after- ward, making appropriations of jjublic lands for the establishment and support of industrial colleges in the several States, which act received the approval of President Lincoln, July 2, 1862 — a similar measure liaving been vetoed by Presi- dent Buchanan in February, 1859. The State was extensively canvassed by Professor Turner, Mr. Bronson Murray (now of New York), the late Dr. R. C. Rutherford and others, in belialf of the objects of the League, and tlie Legislature, at its session of 1853, by unanimous vote in both houses, adopted the resolutions commending the measure and instructing the United States Senators from Illinois, and requesting its Representatives, to give it their support. Though not specifically contemplated at the outset of the movement, the Convention at Springfield, in January, 1855, pro- posed, as a part of the scheme, the establishment of a "Teachers' Seminary or Normal School Department," which took form in the act passed at the session of 1857, for tlie establishment of the State Normal School at Normal. Although delayed, as already stated, the advocates of indus- trial education in Illinois, aided by those of other States, finallj' triumphed in 1862. The lands received by the State as the result of this act amounted to 480.000 acres, besides subsequent do- nations. (See University of Illinois; also TiiDier, Jonathan Baldwin.) On the foundation thus furnished was established, by act of the Legisla- ture in 1867, the "Illinois Industrial Universitj'" ■ — now the University of Illinois — at Champaign, to say nothing of more than forty similar insti- tutions in as many States and Territories, based upon the same general act of Congress. Free-School System. — While there may be said to have been a sort of free-school system in existence in Illinois previous to 1855, it was limited to a few fortunate districts possessing funds derived from the sale of school-lands situ- ated within their respective limits. The system of free schools, as it now exists, based upon general taxation for the creation of a permanent school fund, had its origin in tlie act of that year. As already shown, the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction had been created by act of the Legislature in February, 1854, and the act of 1855 was but a natural corol- lary of the previous measure, giving to the people a uniform system, as the earlier one had provided an oflScial for its administration. Since then there have been many amendments of the school law, but tliese have been generally in the direc- tion of securing greater efficiency, but with- out departure from the principle of securing to all the children of the State the equal privileges of a common-school education. The development of the system began practically about 1857, and, in the next quarter of a century, the laws on the subject had grown into a considerable volume, while the number- less decisions, emanating from the office of the State Superintendent in construction of these laws, made up a volume of still larger proportions. The following comparative table of school statistics, for 1860 and 1896, compiled from the Reports of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, will illustrate the growth of the system in some of its more important features : I8G0. 1896. Population 1.711,951 (est.) 4,250,000 No. of PersoiM of School Age t be- tween 6 and 21 ) •.549.604 1,384.367 No. of Pupils enrolled ^^TZ:M7 898,619 School Districts 8,956 11,615 Public Schools .. 9,1S2 12,623 Graded •• 294 1,S87 Public High Schools 272 ■' .Schnol Houses buUt during ilievear 557 267 Whole No. of School Houses 8.2-.:l 12.6:12 No. of Male Teachers 8.223 7.0.57 Female Teachers 6,485 18,359 Whole No. of Teachers in Public Schools 14.708 26.416 Highest Monthly Wages paid Male Teachers $180.00 1300.00 Highest Monthly Wages paid Female Teachers 75.00 280.00 Lowest Monthly Wages paid Male Teachers 8.00 14.00 Lowest Monthly Wages paid Female Teachers... 4.00 10.00 Average Monthly Wages paid Male Teachers 28.82 67.76 Average Monthly Wages paid Female Teachers 18.80 60,63 No. of Private Schools 500 2,619 No. of Pupils in Private Schools.... 29,264 139,969 Interest on State and County Funds received $73,450.36 865,583.63 Amount of Income from Township Funds 322,852.00 889,614.20 •Only white children were included In these statistics for 1360. o z J b O O HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 151 ISfiO. ls%. Amount received from State Tai.. ? 690,0lio.liu J I.ouu.ouO.ilo " '• " Special Dis- trict Taxes 1,365.137.011 IS.IM.Sua.fil A.niuuiu received I'roiu Bunds dur- ing tlie year 617,960.93 Total Amount received during tlie year by Wcliool Districts 2,193,455.00 19,607.172.50 Amount paid MaleTeacberB 2.7r2.829.:i2 ■• Fen. ale ■■ 7.186.1U5.f.7 Wholeamount paid Teachers .... 1,542,211.00 9,95Jj,934.a9 Amount paid for new School Houses 848,728.00 1,873,757.25 Amount paid for repairs and im- provements 1,070,755.09 Amount paid for School Furniture. 24,837.00 154,836.64 Apparatus 8,563.00 164,298.92 " " " Books for Dis- trict Libraries 30.12400 13,664.97 Total Kxpeiiditures 2.259,868.00 14,614,627.31 Estimated valueotSchool Property 13,304,892.00 42,780.2ii7.00 •• Libraries.. 377,819.00 " " " Apparatus 607,.'iS9.00 Tlie sums annuallj' disbursed for incidental expenses on account of superintendence and the cost of maintaining the higher institutions estab- lished, and partially or wholly supported by the State, increase the total expenditures by some $600,000 per annum. These higher institutions include the Illinois State Xoriual University at Normal, the Southern Illinois Normal at Carbon- dale and tlie University of Illinois at Urbana; to which were added by the Legislature, at its ses- sion of 189.3, the Eastern Illinois Normal School, afterwards established at Charleston, and tlie Northern Illinois Normal at De Kalb. These institutions, although under supervision of the State, are partly supported bj- tuition fees. (See description of these institutions under their several titles.) The normal schools — as their names indicate — are primarily designed for the training of teachers, although other classes of pupils are admitted under certain conditions, including the payment of tuition. At the Uni- versity of Illinois instruction is given in the clas- sics, the sciences, agriculture and the mechanic arts. In addition to these the State supports four other institutions of an educational rather than a custodial character — viz. : the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Insti- tution for the Blind, at Jacksonville; the A.sylum for the Feeble-Minded at Lincoln, and the Sol- diers' Orphans' Home at Normal. The estimated value of the property connected with these several institutions, in addition to the value of school property given in the preceding table, will increase the total (exclusive of permanent funds) to $17, l.').^, 374. 9.5, of which §4,37.5,107.9.5 repre- sents property belonging to the institutions above mentioned. Powers and Duties of Superintendents AND Other School Officers.— Each county elects a County Superintendent of Schools, whose duty it is to visit schools, conduct teachers" insti- tutes, advise with teachers and school ofBcers and instruct them in their respective duties, conduct examinations of persons desiring to become teachers, and exercise general supervision over school affairs within his county. The subordi- nate officers are Township Trustees, a Township Treasurer, and a Board of District Directors or — ill place of the latter in cities and villages — Boards of Education. The two last named Boards have power to employ teachers and, generally, to super- vise the management of schools in districts. The State Superintendent is entrusted with general supervision of the common-school system of the State, and it is his duty to advise and assist County Superintendents, to visit State Charitable institutions, to issue official circulars to teachers, school officers and others in regard to their rights and duties under the general school code; to decide controverted questions of school law, com- ing to him by appeal from County Superintend- ents and others, and to make full and detailed reports of the operations of his office to the Governor, biennially. He is also made ex-officio a member of the Board of Trustees of the Univer- sity of Illinois and of the several Normal Schools, and is empowered to grant certificates of two different grades to teachers — the higher grade to be valid during the lifetime of the holder, and the lower for two years. Certificates granted by County Superintendents are also of two grades and have a tenure of one and two years, respec- tively, in the county where given. The conditions for securing a certificate of the first (or two- years") grade, require that the candidate shall be of good moral character and qualified to teach orthography, reading in English, penmanship, arithmetic, modern geography, English grammar, the elements of the natural sciences, the history of the United States, physiology and the laws of health. The second grade (or one-year) certifi- cate calls for examination in the branches just enumerated, except the natural sciences, physi- ologj' and laws of health ; but teachers employed exclusiveh' in giving instruction in music, draw- ing, penmanship or other special branches, may take examinations in these branches alone, but are restricted, in teaching, to those in which they have been examined. — County Boards are empowered to establish County Normal Schools for the education of teachers for the common schools, and the management of such normal schools is placed in the hands of a County Board of Education, to consist of not less than five nor more than eight persons, of whom the Chairman of the County Board and the County Superin- tendent of Schools shall be ex-oflScio members. 152 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Boards of Education and Directors may establish kindergartens (when authorized to do so by vote of a majority of the voters of their districts), for children between the ages of four and six years, but the cost of supporting the same must be defrayed by a special tax. — A compulsory pro- vision of the School Law requires tliat each child, between the ages of seven and fourteen years, shall be sent to school at least sixteen weeks of each 3'ear, unless otherwise instructed in the elementary branches, or disqualified by physical or mental disability. — Under the provisions of an act, passed in 1891, women are made eligible to any office created by the general or special school laws of the State, when twenty -one years of age or upwards, and otherwise possessing the same qualifications for the office as are prescribed for men. (For list of incumbents in the office of State Superintendent, see Superintendents of Public Instruction. ) EDWARDS, Arthur, D.D., clergj-man, soldier and editor, was born at Norwalk, Ohio, Nov. 23, 1834; educated at Albion, Mich., and the Wes- leyan University of Ohio, graduating from the latter in 18.58 ; entered the Detroit Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church the same year, was ordained in 1860 and, from 18G1 until after the battle of Gettysburg, served as Chaplain of the First Michigan Cavalry, when he resigned to accept the colonelcy of a cavalry regiment. In 1864, he was elected assistant editor of "The Northwestern Christian Advocate" at Chicago, and, on the retirement of Dr. Eddy in 1872, became Editor-in-chief, being re-elected every four j-ears thereafter to the present time. He has also been a member of each General Confer- ence since 1872, was a member of the Ecumenical Conference at London in 1881, and has held other positions of prominence within the church. EDWARDS, Cyrus, pioneer lawyer, was born in Montgomery County, Md., Jan. 17, 1793; at the age of seven accompanied his parents to Ken- tucky, where he received his primary education, and studied law ; was admitted to the bar at Kas- kaskia. 111., in 1815, Ninian Edwards (of whom he was the youngest brother) being then Territorial Governor. During the next fourteen years he resided alternately in Missouri and Kentuckj', and, in 1829, took up his residence at Edwards- ville. Owing to impaired health he decided to abandon his profession and engage in general business, later becoming a resident of L'pper Alton. In 1832 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature as a Whig, and again, in 1840 and '60. the last time as a Republican ; was State .Senator from 183.5 to '39, and was also the Whig candidate for Governor, in 1838, in opposition to Thomas C'arlin (Democrat), who was elected. He served in the Black Hawk War, was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and espe- cially interested in education and in public chari- ties, being, for thirty-five years, a Trustee of Shurtleff College, to which he was a most munificent benefactor, and which conferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 1852. Died at Upper Alton, September, 1877. EDWARDS, >'lnian, Territorial Governor and United States Senator, was born in Montgomery County, Md., March 17, 1775; for a time had the celebrated William Wirt as a tutor, completing his course at Dickinson College. At the age of 19 he emigrated to Kentucky, where, after .squander- ing considerable money, he studied law and, step by step, rose to be Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals. In 1809 President Madison appointed him the first Territorial Governor of Illinois. This office he held until the admission of Illinois as a State in 1818, when he was elected United Sates Senator and re-elected on the completion of his first (the short) term. In 1826 he was elected Governor of the State, his successful administra- tion terminating in 1830. In 1832 he became a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by Charles Slade. He was able, magnanimous and incorruptible, although charged with aristocratic tendencies which were largely hereditary. Died, at his home at Belleville, on July 20, 1833, of cholera, the disease having been contracted througli self-sacrificing efforts to assist sufferers from the epidemic. His demise cast a gloom over the entire State. Two valuable volumes bearing upon State history, comprising his cor- respondence with many public men of his time, have been published ; the first under the title of "History of Illinois and Life of Ninian Edwards, " by his son, the late Ninian Wirt Edwards, and the other "The Edwards Papers," edited bj' the late Elihu B. Washburne, and printed under the auspices of the Chicago Historical Society. — Ninian Wirt (Edwards), son of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was born at Frankfort, Ky. , April 15, 1809, the year his father became Territorial Governor of Illinois ; spent his boyhood at Kas- kaskia, EdwardsviUe and Belleville, and was educated at Transj'lvania University, graduating in 1833. He married Elizabeth P. Todd, a sister of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, was appointed Attor- ney-General in 1834. but resigned in 1835, when he removed to Springfield. In 1836 he was elected to the Legislature from Sangamon HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 153 County, as the colleague of Abraham Lincoln, being one of the celebrated "Long Nine," and was influential in securing the removal of the State capital to Springfield. He was re-elected to the House in 1S38, to tlie State Senate in 1844, and again to tlie House in 1S4S ; was also a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Again, in 1850, he was elected to the House, but resigned on accoimt of liis change of politics from Whig to Democratic, and, in the election to fill the vacancy, was defeated by James C. Conk- ling. He served as Superintendent of Public Instruction by appointment of Governor Matte- son, 1854-57, and, in 1861, was appointed by President Lincoln, Captain Commissary of Sub- sistence, which position he filled until Jime, 1865, since which time he remained in private life. He is the author of the '"Life and Times of Ninian Edwards" (1870), which was prepared at the request of the State Historical Society. Died, at Springfield, Sept. 2, 1889. — Benjamin Stevenson (Edwards), lawyer and jurist, another son of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was born at Edwardsville, 111., June 3, 1818, graduated from Yale College in 1838, and was admitted to the bar the following year. Originally a Whig, he subsequently became a Democrat, was a Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1862, and, in 1868, was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposi- tion to Shelby JI. Cullom. In 1869 he was elected Circuit Judge of the Springfield Circuit, but within eighteen months resigned the position, preferring the excitement and emoluments of private practice to the dignity and scanty salary attaching to the bench. As a lawyer and as a citizen he was imiversally respected. Died, at hLs home in Springfield, Feb. 4, 1886, at the time of his decease being President of the Illinois State Bar Association. EDWARDS, Richard, educator, ex-Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, was born in Cardi- ganshire, Wales, Dec. 23, 1822; emigrated witli his parents to Portage County, Ohio, and began life on a farm; later graduated at the State Normal School, Bridgewater, JIass., and from the Polytechnic Institute at Troj-, N. Y., receiv- ing the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Civil Engineer ; served for a time as a civil engineer on the Boston water works, then beginning a career as a teacher which continued almost unin- terruptedly for thirtj'-five years. During this period he was connected with the Normal School at Bridgewater; a Boys' High School at Salem, and the State Normal at the same place, coming west in 1857 to establish the Normal School at St. Louis, Mo., still later becoming Principal of the St. Louis High School, and, in 1862, accepting the Presidencj' of the State Normal University, at Normal, 111. It was here wliere Dr. Edwards, remaining fourteen years, accomplished his greatest work and left his deepest impress upon the educational system of the State by personal contact with its teachers. The next nine years were spent as pastor of the First Congregational chui-ch at Princeton, wlien, after eighteen months in the service of Knox College as Finan- cial Agent, he was again called, in 1886, to a closer connection with the educational field by his election to the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction, serving until 1891, when, having failed of a re-election, he soon after assumed the Presidency of Blackburn University at CarUnville. Failing liealth, however, com- pelled his retirement a year later, when he removed to Bloomington, which is now (1898) his place of residence. EDWARDS COUNTY, situated in the south- eastern part of the State, between Richland and White on the north and south, and Wabash and Wa}"ne on the east and west, and touching the Ohio River on its southeastern border. It was separated from Gallatin Countj- in 1814, during the Territorial period. Its territory was dimin- ished in 1824 by the carving out of Wabash County. The surface is diversified by prairie and timber, the soil fertile and well adapted to the raising of both wheat and corn. The princi- pal streams, besides the Ohio, are Bonpas Creek, on the east, and the Little Wabash River on the west. Palmyra (a place no longer on the map) was the seat for holding the first county court. in 1815, John Mclntosli, Seth Gard and William Barney being the Judges. Albion, the present county-seat (population, 937), was laid out by Morris Birkbeck and George Flower (emigrants from England), in 1819, and settled largely by their countrymen, but not incorporated until 1860. The area of the county is 220 square miles, and population, in 1900, 10,345. Grayville. with a population of 2,000 in 1890, is partly in this county, though mostly in White. Edwards County was named in honor of Ninian Edwards, the Territorial Governor of Illinois. EDWARDSVILLE, the county-seat of Madison County, settled in 1812 and named in honor of Territorial Governor Ninian Edwards; is on four lines of railway and contiguous to two others, 18 miles northeast of St. Louis. Edwardsville was the home of some of the most prominent men in the history of the State, including Governors Ed- 154 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. wards, Coles, and others. It has pressed and shale brickyards, coal mines, flour mills, machine shops, banks, electric street railway, water-works, schools, and churches. In a suburb of the city (LeClaire) is a cooperative manufactory of sani- tary supplies, using large shops and doing a large business. Edwardsville has three newspapers, one issued semi-weekly. Population (1890), 3,561 ; (1900), 4,1.57; with suburb (estimated), 5,000, EFFINGHAM, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Effingliam County, 9 miles northeast from St. Louis and 199 southwest of Chicago ; has four papers, creamery, milk condensory, and ice fac- tory. Population (1890), 3,260; (1900), 3,774. EFFINGHAM COUNTY, cut oflf from Fayette (and separately organized) in 1831 — named for Gen. Edward Effingham. It is situated in the central portion of the State, 62 miles northeast of St. Louis ; has an area of 490 square miles and a population(l900) of 20,465. T. M. Short, I. Fanchon and William I. Hawkins were the first County Commissioners. Effingham, the county -seat, was platted by Messrs. Alexander and Little in 1854. Messrs. Gillenwater, Hawkins and Brown were among the earliest settlers. Several lines of rail- way cross the county. Agriculture and sheep- raising are leading Industries, wool being one of the principal products. EGAN, William Bradshaw, M.D., pioneer phy- sican, was born in Ireland, Sept. 28, 1808; spent some time during his youth in the study of sur- gery in England, later attending lectmes at Dub- lin. About 1828 he went to Canada, taught for a time in the schools of Quebec and Montreal and, in 1830, was licensed by the Medical Board of New Jersey and began practice at Newark in that State, later practicing in New York. In 1883 he removed to Chicago and was early recog- nized as a prominent physician ; on July 4, 1836, delivered the address at the breaking of ground for the Illinois & Michigan Canal. During the early years of his residence in Chicago, Dr. Egan was owner of the block on which the Tremont House stands, and erected a number of houses there. He was a zealous Democrat and a delegate to the first Convention of that party, held at Joliet in 1843; was elected County Recorder in 1844 and Representative in the Eighteenth Gen- eral Assembly (18.53-54). Died, Oct. 27, 1860. ELBURN, a village of Kane County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 8 miles west of Geneva. It has banks and a weekly news- paper Population (1890), 584; (1900), 606. ELDORADO, a town in Saline County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the Louisville & Nashville, and the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroads; has a bank and one newspaper; district argicultural. Population, (1900), 1,445. ELDRIDGE, Hamilton N., lawyer and soldier, was born at South Williamstown, Mass., August, 1837 ; graduated at Williams College in the class with President Garfield, in 1836, and at Albany Law School, in 1857; soon afterward came to Chicago and began practice; in 1862 assisted in organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, of which he was elected Lieutenant-Colonel, before the end of the year being promoted to the position of Colonel; dis- tinguished himself at Arkansas Post, Chicka- mauga and in the battles before Vicksburg, winning the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General, but, after two years' service, was compelled to retire on accoimt of disability, being carried east on a stretcher. Subsequently he recovered suffi- ciently to resume his profession, but died in Chicago, Dec. 1, 1882, much regretted by a large circle of friends, with whom he was exceedingly popular. ELECTIONS. The elections of public officers in Illinois are of two general classes: (I) those conducted in accordance with United States laws, and (II) those conducted exclusively under State laws. I. To the first class belong: (1) the election of United States Senators; (2) Presidential Elect- ors, and (3 ) Representatives in Congress. 1. (United States Senators). The election of United States Senators, while an act of the State Legislature, is conducted solely under forms pre- scribed by the laws of the United States. These make it the duty of the Legislature, on the second Tuesday after convening at the session next pre- ceding the expiration of the term for which any Senator may have been chosen, to proceed to elect his successor in the following manner; Each Hou.se is required, on the day designated, in open session and by the viva voce vote of each member present, to name some person for United States Senator, the result of the balloting to be entered on the journals of the respective Houses. At twelve o'clock (M.) on the day following the day of election, the members of the two Houses meet in joint assembly, when the journals of both Houses are read. If it appears that the same person has received a majority of all the votes in each House, he is declared elected Senator. If, however, no one has received such majority, or if either House has failed to take proceedings as required on the preceding day, then the members HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 155 of the two Houses, in joint assembly, proceed to ballot for Senator by viva voce vote of members present. The person receiving a majority of all the votes cast— a majoritj- of tlie members of both Houses being present and voting — is declared elected; otherwise the joint assembly is renewed at noon each legislative day of the session, and at least one ballot taken until a Senator is chosen. When a vacancy exists in the Senate at the time of the assembling of the Legislature, the same rule prevails as to the time of holding an election to fill it; and, if a vacancy occurs during the session, the Legislature is required to proceed to an election on the second Tuesdaj' after having received official notice of such vacancy. The tenure of a L'nited States Senator for a full term is six years^the regular term beginning with a new Congres.s — the two Senators from each State belonging to different "classes," so that their terms expire alternately at periods of two and four years from each other. — 2. (Presidential Electors). The choice of Electors of President and Vice-President is made by popular vote taken quadrennially on the Tuesday after the first Jlonday in November. The date of such election is fixed by act of Congress, being the same as that for Congressman, although the State Legislature prescribes the manner of conducting it and making returns of the same. The number of Electors chosen equals the number of Senators and Representatives taken together (in 1899 it was twenty-four), and they are elected on a gen- eral ticket, a plurality of votes being sufficient to elect. Electors meet at the State capital on the second Monday of January after their election (Act of Congress, 1887), to cast the vote of the State. — 3. (Members of Congress). The elec- tion of Representatives in Congress is also held imder United States law, occurring biennially (on the even years) simultaneously with the gen- eral State election in November. Should Congress select a different date for such election, it would be the duty of the Legislature to recognize it by a corresponding change in the State law relating to the election of Congressmen. The tenure of a Congi'essman is two years, the election being by Districts instead of a general ticket, as in the case of Presidential Electors— the term of each Representative for a full term beginning with a new Congress, on the 4th of Marcli of the odd years following a general election. (See Con- gresnional Apportionment . ) II. All officers under the State Government — except Boards of Trustees of cliaritable and jienal institutions or tlie lieads of certain departments, which are made appointive by the Governor — are elected by popular vote. Apart from county officers the}' consist of three classes; (1) Legisla- tive; (3) Executive; (3) Judicial — which are chosen at different times and for different periods. 1. (Legislature). Legislative officers consist of Senators and Representatives, chosen at elections lield on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, biennially. Tlie regular term of a Senator (of whom there are fifty-one under the present Constitution) is four years; twenty-five (those in Districts bearing even numbers) being chosen on the years in which a President and Governor are elected, and the other twenty-six at the intermediate period two years later. Thus, one-half of each State Senate is composed of what are called "liold-over" Senators. Representatives are elected biennially at the November election, and hold office two years. The qualifications as to eligibility for a seat in the State Senate require that the incumbent shall be 25 years of age, while 21 years renders one eligible to a seat in the House — the Constitution requiring that each shall have been a resident of the State for five j-ears, and of the District for which he is chosen, two years next preceding his election. (See Legislative Apportionment and Minority Rejire- sentation.) — 2. (Executive Officers). The officers constituting the Executive Department include the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Attorney -General. Each of these, except the State Treasurer, holds office four years and — with the exception of the Treasurer and Superintend- ent of Public Instruction — are elected at the general election at which Presidential Electors are chosen. The election of State Superintendent occurs on the intermediate (even) years, and that of State Treasurer every two years coincidently witli the election of Governor and Supei-intendent of Public Instruction, respectively. (See Execu- tive Officers.) In addition to the State officers already named, three Trustees of the Universitv of Illinois are elected biennially at the general election in November, each holding office for six years. These trustees (nine in number), with tlie Governor, President of the State Board of Agriculture and the Superintendent of Public Instruction, constitute the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. — 3. (Judiciary). The Judicial Department embraces Judges of the Supreme, Circuit and Coimty Courts, and such other subordinate officials as may be connected with the administration of justice. For the 156 UISTORICxVL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. election of members of the Supreme Coiu't the State is divided into seven Districts, each of wliich elects a Justice of the Supreme Covu-t for a term of nine years. The elections in five of these — the First, Second, Third, Sixth and Seventh — occur on the first Monday in June every ninth year from 1879, the last election having occurred in June, 1897. The elections in the other t,vo Districts occur at similar periodg of nine years from 1876 and 1873, respectively — the last election in the Fourth District having occurred in June, 1893, and that in the Fifth in 1891.— Circuit Judges are chosen on the first Monday in June every six years, counting from 1873. Judges of the Superior Court of Cook County are elected every six years at the November election. — Clerks of the Supreme and Appellate Courts are elected at the November election for six years, the last election having occurred in 1896. Under the act of April 3, 1897. con.solidating the Supreme Court into one Grand Division, the number of Supreme Court Clerks is reduced to one, although the Clerks elected in 1896 remain in office and have charge of the records of their several Divisions until the expiration of their terms in 1902. The Supreme Court holds five terms annually at Spring- field, beginning, respectively, on the first Tuesday of October, December, February, April and June. (Other Officers), (a) Members of the State Board of Equalization (one for every Congres- sional District) are elective every four years at the same time as Congressmen, (b) County officers (except County Commissioners not under township organization) hold office for four years and are chosen at the November election as follows: (1) At the general election at which the Governor is chosen — Clerk of the Circuit Court, State's Attorney, Recorder of Deeds (in counties having a population of 60,000 or over). Coroner and County Survej'or. (3) On inter- mediate years— Sheriff, County Judge, Probate Judge (in counties having a population of 70,000 and over), County Clerk, Treasurer, Superintend- ent of Schools, and Clerk of Criminal Court of Cook County, (c) In counties not under town- ship organization a Board of County Commission- ers is elected, one being chosen in November of each year, and each holding office three years, (d) Under the general law the polls open at 8 a. m., and close at 7 p. m. In cities accepting an Act of the Legislatme passed in 1885, the hour of opening the polls is 6 a. m., and of closing 4 p. m. (See also Australkni Ballot.) ELECTORS, qUALIFICATIOJfS OF. (See Suffrage.) ELGIN, an important city of Northern Illinois, in Kane Countj", on Fox River and the Chicago, Milwaukee &. St. Paul and Chicago & Northwest- ern Railroads, besides two rural electric lines, 36 miles northwest of Chicago; has valuable water- power and over fifty manufacturing establish- ments, including the National Watch Factory and the Cook Publishing Compauj-, both among the most extensive of their kind in the world; is also a great dairy center with extensive creameries and milk-condensing works. Tlie quotations of its Butter and Cheese Exchange are telegraphed to all the great commercial centers and regulate the prices of these commodities throughout the country. Elgin is the seat of the Northern (Illi- nois) Hospital for the Insane, and has a handsome Government (postoffice) building, fine public library and many handsome residences. It has had a rapid growth in the past twenty years. Population (1890), 17,833; (1900), 33,433. ELGIN, JOLIET & EASTERN RAILWAY. The main line of tliis road extends west from Dyer on the Indiana State line to Joliet, thence northeast to Waukegan. The total length of the line (1898) is 192.73 miles, of which 159.93 miles are in IIU- nois. The entire capital of the company, includ- ing stock and indebtedness, amounted (1898), to $13,799,630— more than §71,000 per mile. Its total earnings in Illinois for the same year were §1,312,- 036, and its entire expenditure in the State, §1,156,146. The company paid in taxes, the same year, $48,876. Branch lines extend southerly from Walker Junction to Coster, where connec- tion is made with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and northwe.sterly from Normantown, on the main line, to Aurora. — (History). The Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Rail- way was chartered in 1887 and absorbed the Joliet, Aurora & Northern Railway, from Joliet to Aurora (21 miles), which had been commenced in 1886 and was completed in 1888, with extensions from Joliet to Spaulding, 111. , and from Joliet to McCool, Ind. In January, 1891, the Company purchased all the properties and franchises of the Gardner, Coal City & Normantown and the Waukegan & Southwestern Railway Companies (formerly operated under lease). The former of these two roads was chartered in 1889 and opened in 1890. Tlie system forms a belt line around Chicago, intersecting all railroads entering that city from every direction. Its traffic is chiefly in the transportation of freight. ELIZABETHTOTVN, the county-seat of Hardin County. It stands on the north bank of the Ohio River, 44 miles above Paducah. Kv., and about HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 157 125 miles southeast of Belleville; has a brick and tile factory, large tie trade, two churches, two flouring mills, a bank, and one newspaper. Pop- ulation (1890), 652; (1900), 668. ELKHART, a town of Logan County, on the Chicago & Alton Raih-oad, 18 miles northeast of Springfield ; is a rich farming section ; has a coal shaft. Population (1890), 414; (1900), 553. ELKIX, William F., pioneer and early legisla- tor, was born in Clark County, Ky., April 13, 1792, after spending several years in Ohio and Indiana, came to Sangamon County, lU., in 1825; was elected to the Sixth, Tenth and Eleventli General Assemblies, being one of the "Long Nine" from Sangamon County and, in 1861, was appointed by liis former colleague (Abraham Lincoln) Register of the Land Office at Spring- field, resigning in 1873. Died, in 1878. ELLIS, Edward F. W., soldier, was born at Wilton, Maine, April 13, 1819; studied law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio ; spent three years (1849-52) in California, serving in the Legislature of that State in 1851, and proving himself an earnest opponent of slavery ; returned to Ohio the next year, and, in 1854, removed to Rockford, 111., where he embarked in the banking business. Soon after the firing on Fort Sumter, he organ- ized the Ellis Rifles, which having been attached to the Fifteenth Illinois, he was elected Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the regiment ; was in command at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, and was killed while bravely leading on his men. ELLIS, (Rev.) John Mlllot, early home mis- sionary, was born in Keene, N. H., July 14, 1793; came to Illinois as a home missionary of tlie Presbyterian Church at an early day, and served for a time as pastor of churches at Kaskaskia and Jacksonville, and was one of the influential factors in securing the location of Illinois Col- lege at the latter place. His wife also conducted, for some years, a private school for young ladies at Jacksonville, which developed into the Jack- sonville Female Academy in 1833, and is still maintained after a history of over sixty years. Mr. Ellis was later associated with the establish- ment of Wabasli College, at Crawfordsville, Ind., finall}' returning to New Hampshire, where, in 1840, he was pastor of a church at East Hanover. In 1844 he again entered the service of the Soci- ety for Promoting Collegiate and Theological Education in the West. Died, August 6, 1855. ELLSWORTH, Ephraim Elmer, soldier, first victim of the Civil War, was born at Mechanics ville, Saratoga County, N. Y., April 23, 1837. He came to Chicago at an early age, studied law, and became a patent solicitor. In 1860 he raised a regiment of Zouaves in Chicago, which became famous for the perfection of its discipline and drill, and of which he was commissioned Colonel. In 1861 he accompanied President Lincoln to Washington, going from there to New York, where he recruited and organized a Zouave regiment composed of firemen. He became its Colonel and the regiment was ordered to Alexan- dria, Va. While stationed there Colonel Ells- worth observed that a Confederate flag was flying above a hotel owned by one Jackson. Rushing to the roof, he tore it down, but before he reached the street was shot and killed by Jackson, who was in turn shot by Frank H. Brownell, one of Ellsworth's men He was the first Union soldier killed in the war. Died, May 24, 1861. ELMHURST (formerly Cottage Hill), a village of Du Page County, on the Chicago Great Western and 111. Cent. Railroads, 15 miles west of Chicago; is the seat of the Evangelical Seminary ; has elec- tric interurban line, two papers, stone quarry, electric light, water and sewerage sj'stems, high school, and churclie.s. Pop. (1900). 1.728. ELM H 001), a town of Peoria County, on the Galesburg and Peoria and Buda and Rushville branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west-northwest of Peoria; the principal industries are coal-mining and corn and tomato canning; has a bank and one newspaper. Population (1890), 1,548; (1900), 1,582. EL PASO, a city in Woodford County, 17 miles north of Bloomington, 33 miles east of Peoria, at the crossing Illinois Central and Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads; in agricultural district; has two national banks, three grain elevators, two high schools, two newspapers, nine churches. Pop. (1890), 1,353; (1900), 1,441; (1903, est.), 1,600. EMBARRAS RITER, rises in Champaign County and runs southward through the counties of Douglas. Coles and Cumberland, to Newton, in Jasper County, where it turns to the southeast, passing through Lawrence County, and entering the Wabash River about seven miles below Vin- cennes. It is nearly 150 miles long. EMMERSON, Ciiarles, jurist, was bom at North Haverhill, Grafton County, N. H., April 1.5, 1811; came to Illinois in 183:', first settling at Jackson- ville, where he spent one term in Illinois College, then studied law at Springfield, and, having been admitted to the bar, began practice at Decatur, where he spent the remainder of his life except three years (1847-50) during which he resided at Paris, Edgar County. In 1850 he was elected to 158 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Legislature, and, in 18.53, to tiie Circuit bencli, serving on the latter by re-election till 1867. The latter year he was a candidate for Justice of the Supreme Court, but was defeated by the late Judge Pinliney H. Walker. In 1869 he was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, but died in April, 1870, while the Convention was still in session. EXFIELD, a town of White County, at the intersection of the Louisville & Nashville with the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 10 miles west of Carmi; is the seat of Southern Illi- nois College. The town also lias a bank and one newspaper. Population (1880), 717; (1890), 870; (1900), 971; (1903, est), 1.000. ENGLISH, Joseph (i., banker, was born at Rising Sun, Ind., Dec. 17, 1820; lived for a time at Perrysville and La Fayette in that State, finally engaging in mercliandising in the former; in 18.'J3 removed to Danville, 111., where he formed a partnership with John L. Tinclier in mercantile business ; later conducted a private banking busi- ness and, in 1863, established the First National Bank, of which he has been President over twenty years. He served two terms as Mayor of Dan- ville, in 1872 was elected a member of the State Board of Equalization, and, for more than twenty years, has been one of the Directors of t)ie Chicago & Eastern Railroad. At tlie present time Mr. English, liaving practically retired from busi- ness, is spending most of his time in the West. ENOS, Pascal Paoli, pioneer, was born at Windsor, Conn., in 1770; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1794, studied law, and, after spending some years in Vermont, where he served as High Sheriff of Windsor County, in September, 181.5, removed West, stopping first at Cincinnati. A year later he descended the Ohio by flat-boat to Shawneetown, 111., crossed the State bj' land, finally locating at St. Charles, Mo., and later at St. Louis. Then, having purchased a tract of land in Madison County, 111., he remained there about two years, wlien, in 1823, having received from President Monroe the appointment of Receiver of the newly established Land Office at Springfield. he removed tliither, making it his permanent home. He was one of the original purchasers of the land on which the city of Springfield now stands, and joined with Maj. Elijah lies, John Taylor and Tliomas Cox, tlie otiier patentees, in laying out the town, to which they first gave the name of Calhoun. Mr. Enos remained in office through the administration of President John Quincy Adams, but was removed by President Jackson for political reasons, in 1829. Died, at Springfield, April, 1832.— Pascal P. (Enos), Jr.. eldest son of Mr. Enos, was born in St. Cliarles, Mo., Nov. 28, 1816; was elected Representative in the General Assembly from Sangamon County in 18.52, and served by appointment of Justice McLean of the Supreme Court as Clerk of the United States Circuit Court, being reappointed by Judge David Davis, dying in office, Feb. 17, 1867. — Zimri A. (Enos), another son, was born Sept. 29, 1.821, is a citizen of Springfield — has served as County Sifrvej-or and Alderman of the city. — Julia R., a daughter, was born in Spring field, Dec. 20, 1832, is the widow of the late O. M. Hatcli, Secretary of State (1857-6.5). EPLER, Cyrus, lawyer and jurist, was born at Charleston, Clark County. Ind., Nov. 12, 1825; graduated at Illinois College, Jackson- ville, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1852, being elected State's Attorney the same year; also served as a membeir of the General As.sembly two terms (1857-61) and as Master in Chancery for Morgan Count}', 1867-73. In 1873 lie was elected Circuit Judge for the Seventh Circuit and was re-elected successively in 1879, '85 and '91, serving four terms, and retiring in 1897. During his entire professional and official career his home has been in Jacksonville. EQUALITY, a village of Gallatin County, on the Sliawneetown Division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 11 miles west-northwest of Sliawneetown. It was for a time, in early days, the county-seat of Gallatin County and market for the salt manufactured in that vicinity. Some coal is mined in the neighborhood. One weekly paper is published here. Population (1880), 500; (1.S90), 622; (1900), 898. ERIE, a village of Whiteside Caimty, on the Rock Island and Sterling Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles north- east of Rock Island. Population (1880), 537; (1890), .535; (1900), 768. EUREKA, tlie county-seat of Woodford County, incorporated in 18.56, situated 19 miles east of Peoria; is in the heart of a rich stock-raising and agricultural district. The principal mechanical industry is a large canning factory. Besides having good grammar and high schools, it is also the seat of Eureka College, under the control of the Christian denomination, in connection with which are a Normal School and a Biblical Insti- tute. The town has a handsome courthouse and a jail, two weekly and one monthly paper. Eureka became the county-seat of Woodford County in 1896, the change from Metamora being HISTORICAI ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 159 due to the central location and more convenient accessibility of the former from all parts of the county. Population (1880), 1,185; (1890), 1,481; (1900), 1,661. EUREKA COLLEGE, located at Eureka, Wood- ford County, and chartered in 18.").5, distinctively under the care and supervision of the '"Christian'" or "Campbellite" denomination. The jirimary aim of its founders was to prepare young men for the ministry, while at the same time affording facilities for liberal culture. It was chartei"ed in 1855, and its gro^-th, while gradual, has been steady. Besides a preparatory department and a business school, the college maintains a collegiate department (with classical and scientific courses) and a theological school, the latter being designed to tit young men for the ministry of the denomi- nation. Both male and female matriculates are received. In 1890 there wa,s a faculty of eighteen professors and assistants, and an attendance of some 3'25 students, nearly one-third of whom were females. The total value of the institution's property is §144,000, which includes an endow- ment of 845,000 an'S, Henry H., legislator, was born in Toronto, Can., Marcli 9, 1836; brought by his father (who was a native of Pennsylvania) to Aurora, 111. , where the latter finallj- became fore- man of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy ma- chine shops at that place. In 1862 young Evans enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois Volunteers, serving until the close of the war. Since the war he has become most widely known as a member of the General Assembly, hav- ing been elected first to tlie House, in 1876, and subsequently to the Senate every four years from 1880 to the year 1898, giving him over twenty years of almost continuous service. He is a large owner of real estate and has been ijrominently connected with financial and other business enterprises at Aurora, including the Aurora Gas and Street Railway Companies ; also served with the rank of Colonel on the staffs of Governors CuUom, Hamilton, Fifer and Oglesby. EVAXS, (Rev.) Jervice G., educator and re- former, was born in Marshall Coimty, 111., Dec. 19, 1833; entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 18.54, and, in 1872, accepted tlie presidency of Hedding CoUege at Abingdon, which he filled for six years. He then became President of Chaddock College at Quincy, but the following year retvirned to pastoral work. In 1889 he again became President of Hedding Col- lege, where (1898) he still remains. Dr. Evans is a member of the Central Illinois (M. E.) Confer- ence and a leader in the proliibition movement; has also produced a number of volumes on reli- gious and moral questions. EVANS, John, M.D., physician and Governor, was born at Waynesville, Ohio, of Quaker ances- try, March 9, 1814; graduated in medicine at Cincinnati and began practice at Ottawa, 111., but soon returned to Ohio, finally locating at Attica, Ind. Here he became prominent in the establishment of the first insane hospital in In- diana, at Indianapolis, about 1841-42, becoming a resident of that city in 1845. Three years later, having accepted a chair in Rush Medical College, in Chicago, he removed thither, also serving for a time as editor of "The Northwestern Medical and Sui"gical Journal." He served as a member of the Chicago City Council, became a successful operator in real estate and in the promotion of various railroad enterprises, and was one of the founders of the Northwestern University, at Evanston. serving as President of the Board of Trustees over iorty years. Dr. Evans was one of the founders of the Republican party in Illinois, and a stiong personal friend of President Lincoln, from whom, in 1862, he received the appointment of Governor of the Territory of Colorado, con- tinuing in office until displaced by Andrew John- son in 1865. In Colorado he became a leading factor in the construction of some of the most important railroad lines in that section, including the Denver, Texas & Gulf Road, of which he was for many years the President. He was also IGO HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. prominent in connection with educational and churcli enterprises at Denver, wliicli was his home after leaving Illinois. Died, in Denver, July 3, 1897. EVANSTON, a city of Cook County, situated 13 miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The original town was incorporated Dec. 29, 1863, and, in March, 1869, a special act was passed by the Legislature incorporating it as a city, but rejected by vote of the people. On Oct. 19, 1872, the voters of the corporate town adopted village organizations under the General Village and City Incorporation Act of the same year. Since then annexations of adjacent terri- tory to the village of Evanston have taken place as follows: In January, 1873, two small districts by petition; in April, 1874, the village of North Evanston was annexed by a majority vote of the electors of both corporations; in April, 1886, there was another annexation of a small out-lying district by petition; in February, 1892, the ques- tion of the annexation of South Evanston was submitted to the voters of both corporations and adopted. On March 29, 1892, the question of organization under a city government was sub- mitted to popular vote of the consolidated corpo- ration and decided in the affirmative, the first city election taking place April 19, following. The population of the original corporation of Evanston, according to the census of 1890, was 12,072, and of South Evanston, 3,20.5, making the total population of the new city 15,967. Judged by the census returns of 1900, the con.solidated city has had a healthy growth in the past ten years, giving it, at the end of the century, a population of 19,259. Evanston is one of the most attractive residence cities in Northern Illinois and famed for its educational advantages. Besides having an admirable system of graded and high schools, it is the seat of the academic and theological departments of the Northwestern University, the latter being known as the Garrett Biblical Institute. The city has well paved streets, is lighted by both gas and electricity, and maintains its own system of water works. Prohibition is strictly enforced within the corporate limits under stringent municipal ordinances, and the charter of the Northwestern University forbidding the sale of intoxicants within four miles of that institution. As a consequence, it is certain to attract the most desirable class of people, whether consisting of those seeking permanent homes or simply contemplating temporary residence for the sake of educational advantages. EWIXG, William Lee Davidson, early lawj'er and politician, was born in Kentucky in 1795, and came to Illinois at an early daj-, first settling at Shawneetown. As early as 1S20 he appears from a letter of Governor Edwards to President Mon- roe, to have been holding some Federal appoint- ment, presumably that of Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Vandalia, as con- temporary history shows that, in 1823, he lost a deposit of $1,000 by tlie robbery of the bank there. He was also Brigadier-General of the State militia at an early day. Colonel of the "Spy Battalion" during the Black Hawk War, and, as Indian Agent, superintended the removal of the Sacs and Foxes west of the Mississippi. Other posi- tions held by him included Clerk of the House of Representatives two sessions (1826-37 and 1828-29); Representative from the counties composing the Vandalia District in the Seventh General Assem- bly (1830-31), when he also became Speakerof the House; Senator from the same District in the Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies, of which he was chosen President pro tempore. While serving in this capacity he became ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor in consequence of the resig- nation of Lieut.-Gov. Zadoc Casey to accept a seat in Congress, in March, 1833, and, in Novem- ber, 1834, assumed the Governorship as successor to Governor Reynolds, who had been elected to Congress to fill a vacancy. He served only fifteen days as Governor, when he gave place to Gov. Joseph Dimcan, who had been elected in due course at the previous election. A j'ear later (December, 1835) he was chosen United States Senator to succeed Elias Kent Kane, who had died in office. Failing of a re-election to the Senatorship in 1837, he was returned to the House of Representatives from his old district in 1838, as he was again in 1840, at each session being chosen Speaker over Abraham Lincoln, who was the Whig candidate. Dropping out of the Legis- lature at the close of his term, we find him at the beginning of the next session (December, 1842) in his old place as Clerk of the House, but, before the close of the session (in March, 1843), appointed Auditor of Public Accounts as successor to James Sliields, who had resigned. While occupying the office of Auditor, Mr. Ewing died, March 25. 1846. His public career was as unique as it was remark- able, in the number and character of the official positions held by him within a period of twent}'- five years. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. (See State officers under heads of "Goivmor," " Lieutenant -Oov- ernor," etc.) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 161 EYE AXD EAR INFIRMARY, ILLINOIS CHARITABLE. This institution is an outgrowth of a private charity founded at Chicago, in 1858, by Dr. Edward L. Holmes, a distinguished Chi- cago oculist. In 1871 the property of the institu- tion was transferred to and accepted b}- the State, the title was changed by the substitution of the word "Illinois" for "Chicago," and the Infirmary became a State institution. The fire of 1871 destroyed the building, and, in 1873 74, the State erected another of brick, four stories in height, at the corner of West Adams and Peoria Streets, Chicago. The institution receives patients from all the counties of the State, the same receiving board, lodging, and medical aid, and (when neces- sary) surgical treatment, free of charge. The number of patients on Dec. 1, 1897, was 160. In 1877 a free eye and ear dispensary was opened under legislative authority, which is under charge of some eminent Chicago specialists. F.IIRBURY, an incorporated city of Livings- ton County, situated ten miles southeast of Pod- tiac, in a fertile and thickly -settled region. Coal, sandstone, limestone, fire-cla3' and a micaceous quartz are found in the neighborhood. The town has banks, grain elevators, flouring mills and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 2,140; (1890), 2,324; (1900), 2,187. FAIRFIELD, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Wayne County and a railway junction, 108 miles southeast of St. Louis. The town has an extensive woolen factory and large flouring and saw mills. It also has four weekly papers and is an important fruit and grain-shipping point. Population (1880), 1,391; (1890). 1,881; (1900), 2, .3.38. FAIRMOUNT, a village of Vermilion County, on the Wabash Railway, 13 miles west-southwest from Danville; industrial interests chiefly agri- cultural ; has brick and tile factory, a coal mine, stone quarry, three rural mail routes and one weekly paper. Population (1890), 649; (1900), 928. FALLOWS, (Rt. Rev.) Samuel, Bishop of Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at Pendleton, near JIanchester, England, Dec. 18, 183.5; removed with his parents to Wisconsin in 1848, and graduated from the State University there in 18.59, during a part of his university course serving as pastor of a Methodist Episcopal church at Madison ; was next Vice-President of Gainesville University till 1861, when he was ordained to the Methodist ministry and became pastor of a church at Oshkosh. The following year iie was appointed Chaplain of the Thirty- second Wisconsin Volunteers, but later assisted in organizing the Fortietli Wisconsin, of which he became Colonel, in 1865 being brevetted Briga- dier-General. On his return to civil life he became a pastor in Milwaukee; was appointed State Superintendent of Public Instruction for Wisconsin to fill a vacancy, in 1871, and was twice re-elected. In 1874 he was elected President of the Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, 111., remaining two years; in 1875 united with the Reformed Episcopal Church, soon after became Rector of St. Paul's Church in Chicago, and was elected a Bishop in 1876, also assuming the editorship of "The Appeal," the organ of the church. He served as Regent of the University of Wisconsin (1864-74), and for several j'ears has been one of the Trustees of the Illinois State Reform School at Pontiac. He is the author of two or three volumes, one of them being a "Sup- plementary Dictionary," published in 1884. Bishop Fallows has had supervision of Reformed Episcopal Church work in the West and North- west for several years ; has also served as Chaplain of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois and of the Loyal Legion, and was Chairman of the General Committee of the Educational Congress during the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. FARINA, a town of Fayette County, on the Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, 29 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture and fruit-growing constitute the chief business of the section; the town has one newspaper. Popula- tion (1890), 618; (1900), 693; (1903, est.), 800. FARMER CITY, a city of De Witt County, 25 miles southeast of Bloomington, at the junction of the Springfield division of the Illinois Central and the Peoria division of the Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. It is a trading center for a rich agricultural and stock- raising district, especially noted for rearing finely bred horses. The city has banks, two news- papers, churches of four denominations and good schools, including a high school. Population (1880), 1,289; (1890), 1,367; (1900), 1,664- FARMERS' INSTITUTE, an organization created by an act, approved June 24, 1895, de- signed to encourage practical education among farmers, and to assist in developing the agricul- tural resources of the State. Its membership consists of three delegates from each county in the State, elected annually by the Farmers' Institute in such county. Its affairs are managed by a Board of Directors constituted as follows: The Superintendent of Public Instruction, the 162 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Professor of Agricultvire in the University of Illi- nois, and the Presidents of the State Board of Agriculture. Dairj-men's Association and Horti- cultural Society, ex-ofRcio, with one member from each Congressional District, chosen b_v the dele- gates from the district at the annual meeting of the organization. Annual meetings (between Oct. 1 and March 1) are required to be held, which shall continue in session for not less than three days. The topics for discussion are the cultivation of crops, the care and breeding of domestic animals, dairy husbandr}-, horticulture, farm drainage, improvement of highways and general farm management. The reports of the annual meetings are printed by the State to the number of 10,000, one-half of the edition being placed at the disposal of the Institute. Suitable quarters for the officers of the organization are provided in the State capitol. FARMISGTON, a city and railroad center in Fulton County. 12 miles north of Canton and 22 miles west of Peoria. Coal is extensively mined here; there are also brick and tile factories, a foundry, one steam flour mill, and two cigar manufactories. It is a large sliipping-point for grain and live-stock. The town has two banks and two newspapers, five churches and a graded school. Population (1890). 1,375; (1903, est.), 2.103. FARNSWOKTH, Elon John, soldier, was born at Green Oak, Livingston County, Mich., in 1837. After completing a course in the public schools, he entered the University of Michigan, but left college at the end of his freshman j-ear (1858) to serve in the Quartermaster's department of the army in the Utah expedition. At the expiration of his term of service he became a buffalo hunter and a carrier of mails between the haunts of civilization and the then newh--discovered mines at Pike's Peak. Returning to Illinois, he was commissioned (1861) Assistant Quartermaster of tlie Eighth Illinois Cavalry, of which his uncle was Colonel. (See Farnsworth, Joint Franklin.) He soon rose to a captainc}', distinguishing him- self in the battles of the Peninsula. In May, 1863, he was appointed aid-de-camp to General Pleasanton, and, on June 29, 1863, was made a Brigadier-General. Four days later he was killed, while gallantly leading a cliarge at Gettysburg. FARNSWORTH, John Franklin, soldier and former Congressman, was born at Eaton, Canada East, March 27, 1820; removed to Michigan in 1834, and later to Illinois, settling in Kane County, where he practiced law for many years, making his home at St. Charles. He was elected to Congress in 1856. and re-elected in 1858. In September of 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry Volunteers, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in November. 1862, but resigned, March 4. 1863, to take his seat in Congress to which he had been elected the November previous, by successive re-elections serving from 1863 to 1873. The latter years of his life were spent in Washington, where he died, July 14. 1897. FARWELL, Charles Benjamin, merchant and United States Senator, was born at Painted Post, N. Y., July 1, 1823; removed to Illinois in 18.38. and, for six years, was employed in surveying and farming. In 1844 he engaged in the real estate business and in banking, at Chicago. He was elected County Clerk in 1853, and re-elected in 1857. Later he entered into commerce, becom- ing a partner with his brother, John Villiers, in the firm of J. V. Farwell & Co. He was a mem- ber of the State Board of Equalization in 1867 ; Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Cook County in 1868 ; and National Bank Examiner in 1869. In 1870 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, was re-elected in 1872, but was defeated in 1874, after a contest for the seat which was carried into tlie House at "Washington. Again, in 1880, he was returned to Congress, making three full terms in that body. He also served for several years as Chairman of the Republican .State Central Committee. After the death of Gen. John A. Logan he was (1887) elected United States Senator, his term expiring March 3, 1891. Mr. Farwell has since devoted his attention to the immense mercantile busi- ness of J. V. Farwell & Co. FARWELL, John TllUer.s, merchant, was born at Campbelltown. Steuben County, N. Y., July 29, 1825, the son of a farmer ; received a common- school education and, in 1838, removed with his father's family to Ogle County, 111. Here he attended Mount Morris Seminary for a time. but. in 1845, came to Chicago without capital and secured employment in the City Clerk's office, then became a book-keeper in the dry-goods establisliment of Hamilton & White, and. still later, with Hamilton & Day. Having thus received his bent towards a mercantile career, he soon after entered the concern of Wadsworth & Phelps as a clerk, at a salary of S600 a year, but was admitted to a partnership in 1850, the title of the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell & Co., in 1860. About tliis time Marshall Field and Levi Z. Leiter became associated with the concern and received their mercantile training under the supervision of Mr. Farwell. In 1865 the title of the firm HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 163 became J. V. Farwell & Co., but, in 1891, the firm was incorporated under tlie name of The J. V. Farwell Company, his brother, Charles B. Far- well, being a member. The subject of this sketch lias long been a prominent factor in religious circles, a leading spirit of the Young Men's Christian Association, and served as President of the Chicago Branch of the United States Christian Commission during the Civil War. Politically he is a Republican and served as Presi- dential Elector at the time of President Lincohi's second election in 1864 ; also served by appoint- ment of President Grant, in 1869, on the Board of Indian Commissioners. He was a member of the syndicate which erected the Texas State Capitol, at Austin, in that State ; has been, for a number of years, Vice-President and Treasurer of the J. V. Farwell Company, and President of the Colorado Consolidated Land and Water Company. He was also prominent in the organization of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of the Union League, the Chicago Historical Society and the Art Institute. FARWELL, William Washington, jurist, was born at Morrisville, Madison County, N. Y., Jan. 5, 1817, of old Puritan ancestry; graduated from Hamilton College in 1837, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1841. In 1848 he removed to Chicago, but the following year went to California, returning to his birthplace in 18.50. In 1834 he again settled at Chicago and soon secured a prominent position at the bar. In 1871 he was elected Circuit Court Judge for Cook County, and, in 1873, re-elected for a term of six years. During this period he sat chiefly upon the chancery side of the court, and, for a time, presided as Chief Justice. At the close of his second term he was a candidate for re-election as a Republican, but was defeated with the re- mainder of the ticket. In 1880 he was chosen Professor of Equity Jurisprudence in the Union College of Law (now the Northwestern Univer- sity Law School), serving until June, 1893, when he resigned. Died, in Chicago, April 30, 1894. FAYETTE COUNTY, situated about 60 miles south of the geographical center of the State; was organized in 1821, and named for the French General La Fayette. It has an area of 720 square miles; population (1900), 28,065. The soil is fer- tile and a rich vein of bituminous coal underlies the county. Agriculture, fruit-growing and mining are the chief industries. The old, historic "Cumberland Road," the trail for all west-bound emigrants, crossed the county at an early date. Perry ville was the first county -seat, but this town is now extinct. Vandalia, the present seat of county government (population, 2,144), stands upon a succession of hills upon the west bank of the Kaskaskia. From 1820 to 1839 it was the State Capital. Besides Vandalia the chief towns are Ramsey, noted for its railroad ties and tim- ber, and St. Elmo. FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN, ASYLUM FOR. This institution, originally established as a sort of appendage to the Illinois Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, was started at Jacksonville, in 1865, as an "experimental school, for the instruction of idiots and feeble-minded children. '" Its success having been assured, the school was placed upon an independent basis in 1871, and, in 1875, a site at Lincoln, Logan County, covering forty acres, was donated, and the erection of buildings begim. The original plan provided for a center building, with wings and a rear exten- sion, to cost .5124.775. Besides a main or adminis- tration building, the institution embraces a school building and custodial hall, a hospital and industrial workshop, and, during the past year, a chapel has been added. It has control of 890 acres, of which 400 are leased for farming pur- poses, the rental going to the benefit of the insti- tution. The remainder is used for the purposes of the institution as farm land, gardens or pas- ture, about ninety acres being occupied by the institution buildings. The capacity of the insti- tution is about 700 inmates, with many applica- tions constantly on file for the admission of others for whom there is no room. FEEHAN, Patrick A., D.D., Archbishop of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Chicago, and Metropolitan of Illinois, was born at Tipperarj-, Ireland, in 1829, and educated at Maynooth College. He emigrated to the United States in 1852, settling at St. Louis, and was at once appointed President of the Seminary of Caronde- let. Later he was made pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Conception at St. Louis, where he achieved marked distinction. In 1865 he was consecrated Bishop of Nashville, managing the affairs of the diocese with great ability. In 1880 Chicago was raised to an archiepiscopal see, with Suffragan Bishops at Alton and Peoria, and Bishop Feehan was consecrated its first Arch- bishop. His administration has been conserva- tive, yet efficient, and the archdiocese has greatly prospered under his rule. FELL, Jesse W., lawyer and real-estate opera- tor, was born in Chester County, Pa., about 1808; started west on foot in 1828, and, after spending some years at Steubenville, Ohio, came to Dela- 164 IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. van, III., in 1832, and the next year located at Bloomington, being the first lawyer in that new town. Later he became agent for school lands and the State Bank, but failed financially in 1837, and returned to practice; resided several years at Payson, Adams County, but returning to Bloomington in 1855, was instrumental in securing the location of the Chicago & Alton Railroad through that town, and was one of the founders of the towns of Clinton, Pontiac, Lex- ington and El Paso. He was an intimate personal and political friend of Abraham Lincoln, and it was to him Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated personal biography; in the campaign of 1860 he served as Secretary of the Republican State Cen- tral Committee, and, in 1862, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln a Paymaster in the regular army, serving some two years. Mr. Fell was also a zeal- ous friend of the cause of industrial education, and bore an important part in securing the location of the State Normal University at Nor- mal, of which city he was the founder. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 25, 1887. FERGUS, Robert, early printer, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, August 4, 1815; learned the printer's trade in his native city, assisting in his youth in putting in type some of Walter Scott's productions and other works which now rank among English classics. In 1834 he came to America, finally locating in Chicago, where, with various partners, he pursued the business of a job printer continuously some fifty years — being the veteran printer of Chicago. He was killed by being run over by a railroad train at Evanston, July 23, 1897. The estabUshment of which he was so long the head is continued by his sons. FERNWOOD, a suburban station on the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 12 south of ter- minal station ; annexed to. City of Chicago, 1891. FERRY, Elisha Peyre, politician, born in Monroe, Mich.. August 9, 1825; was educated in his native town and admitted to the bar at Fort Wayne, Ind., in 1845; removed to Waukegan, 111., the following year, served as Postmaster and, in 1856, was candidate on the Republican ticket for Presidential Elector; was elected Mayor of Waukegan in 1859, a member of the State Con- stitutional Convention of 1862, State Bank Com- missioner in 1861-63, Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of Governor Yates during the war, and a delegate to the Republican National Con- vention of 1864. After the war he served as direct-tax Commissioner for Tenne.ssee; in 1869 was appointed Surve3-or-General of Washington Territory and, in 1872 and '76, Territorial Got- ernor. On the admission of Washington as a State, in 1889, he was elected the first Governor. Died, at Seattle, Wash., Oct. 14, 1895. FEVRE RIVER, a small stream which rises in Southern Wisconsin and enters the Mississijipi in Jo Daviess County, six miles below Galena, which stands upon its banks. It is navigable for steam- boats between Galena and its mouth. The name originally given to it by early French explorers was "Feve" (the French name for "Bean"), which has since been corrupted into its present form. FICKLIX, Orlando B., lawyer and politician, was born in Kentucky, Dec. 16, 1808, and admitted to the bar at Mount Carmel, Wabash County, 111., in March, 1830. In 1834 he was elected to the lower house of the Ninth General Assembly. After serving a term as State's Attorney for Wabash County, in 1837 he removed to Charleston, Coles County, where, in 1838, and again in '42, he was elected to the Legislature, as lie was for the last time in 1878. He was four times elected to Congress, serving from 1813 to '49, and from 1851 to '53 ; was Presidential Elector in 1856. and candidate for the same position on the Democratic ticket for the State-at-large in 1884; was also a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1856 and '60. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862. Died, at Charleston, May 5. 1886. FIELD, Alexander Pope, early legislator and Secretary of State, came to Illinois about the time of its admission into the Union, locating in Union County, which he represented in the Third, Fifth and Sixth General Assemblies. In the first of these he was a prominent factor in the ejection of Representative Hansen of Pike County and the seating of Shaw in his place, which enabled the advocates of slavery to secure the passage of a resolution submitting to the people the question of calling a State Constitutional Convention. In 1828 he was appointed Secretary of State by Governor Edwards, remaining in office under Governors Reynolds and Dun- can and through half the term of Governor Carlin, though the latter attempted to secure his removal in 1838 by the appointment of John A. McClernand — the courts, however, declaring against the latter. In November, 1840, the Governor's act was made effective by the confirmation, by the Senate, of Stephen A. Doug- las as Secretary in place of Field. Douglas held the oflSce only to the following February, when he resigned to take a place on the Supreme HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 165 bench and Lyman Trumbull was appointed to succeed him. Field (who had become a Whig) was appointed by President Harrison, in 1841, Secretary of Wisconsin Territory, later removed to St. Louis and finally to New Orleans, where he was at the beginning of the late war. In Decem- ber, 1863, he presented himself as a member of the Thirty-eiglith Congress for Louisiana, but was refused his seat, though claiming in an elo- quent speech to have been a loyal man. Died, in New Orleans, in 18TT. Mr. Field was a nephew of Judge Nathaniel Pope, for over thirty years on the bench of tlie United States District Court. FIELD, Eua:ene, journalist, liumorist and poet, was born in St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 3, 18,50. Left an orphan at an early age, he was reared by a rela- tive at Amlierst, Mass., and received a portion of his literar}' training at Monson and Williamstown ' in that State, completing his course at the State University of Mis.souri. After an extended tour through Europe in 1872-73, he began his journal- istic career at St. Louis. Mo., as a reporter on "The Evening Journal," later becoming its city editor. During the next ten j'ears he was succes- sively connected with newspapers at St. Joseph, Mo., St. Louis. Kansas Citj-, and at Denver, Colo., at the last named city being managing editor of "The Tribune." In 1883 he removed to Cliicago, becoming a special writer for "The Chicago News," his particular department for several years being a pungent, witty column with the caption, "Sharps and Flats." He wrote con- siderable prose fiction and much poetry, among the latter being successful translations of several of Horace's Odes. As a poet, however, he was best known through his short poems relating to childhood and home, which strongly appealed to the popular heart. Died, in Chicago, deeply mourned by a large circle of admirers, Nov. 4, 1895. FIELD, Marshall, merchant and capitalist, was born in Conwaj-, Mass., in 183.5, and grew upon a farm, receiving a common school and academic education. At the age of 17 he entered upon a mercantile career as clerk in a dry-goods store at Pittsfleld, Mass., but, in 1856, came to Chicago and secured employment with Messrs. Cooley, Wadsworth & Co. ; in 1860 was admitted into partnership, the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell & Co., and still later, FarweU, Field & Co. The last named firm was dissolved and that of Field, Palmer & Leiter organized in 1865. Mr. Palmer having retired in 1867. the firm was continued under the name of Field. Leiter & Co., xmtil 1881, wnen Mr. Leiter retired, the concern being since known as Marshall Field & Co. The growth of the business of this great establishment is shown by the fact that, whereas its sales amounted before the fire to some 812.000,000 annually, in 1895 they aggregated §40,000,000. Mr. Field's business career has been remarkable for its suc- cess in a city famous for its successful business men and the vastness of their commercial oper- ations. He has been a generous and discrimi- nating patron of important public enterprises, some of his more conspicuous donations being the gift of a tract of land valued at §300,000 and §100,000 in cash, to the Chicago University, and §1,000,000 to the endowment of the Field Colum- bian Museum, as a sequel to tlie World's Colum- bian Exposition. The latter, chiefly through the munificence of Mr. Field, promises to become one of the leading institutions of its kind in the United States. Besides his mercantile interests, Mr. Field has extensive interests in various finan- cial and manufacturing enterprises, including the Pullman Palace Car Company and the Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, in each of which he is a Director. FIFER, Joseph W., born at Stanton, Va., Oct. 28, 1840; in 1857 he accompanied his fatlier (who was a stone-mason) to McLean County, 111., and worked at the manufacture and laying of brick. At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted as a private in the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry, and was dangerously wounded at the assault on .Jack- son, Miss., in 1863. On the healing of his wound, disregarding the advice of family and friends, he rejoined his regiment. At the close of the war, when about 25 years of age, he entered the Wes- leyan University at Bloomington, wliere, by dint of hard work and frugality, while supporting himself in part by manual labor, he secured a diploma in 1868. He at once began the study of law, and, soon after his admission, entered upon a practice which subsequently proved both success- ful and lucrative. He was elected Corporation Counsel of Bloomington in 1871 and State's Attor- ney for JIcLean County in 1873, holding the latter office, through re-election, until 1880, when he was chosen State Senator, serving in the Thirty- second and Thirty-third General Assemblies. In 1888 he was nominated and elected Governor on the Republican ticket, but, in 1892, was defeated by John P. Altgeld, the Democratic nominee, though running in advance of the national and the rest of the State ticket. FINERTY, John F., ex-Congressman and journalist, was born in Galway, Ireland, Sept. 10. 1846. His studies were mainly prosecuted 166 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. under private tutors. At the age of 10 he entered the profession of journalism, and, in 1864, coming to America, soon after enlisted, serving for 100 days during the Civil War, in the Ninety-ninth New York Volunteers. Subsequently, having removed to Chicago, he was connected with "The Chicago Times" as a special correspondent from 1876 to 1881, and, in 1882, estabUshed "The Citi- zen," a weekly newspaper devoted to the Irish- American interest, which he continues to pub- lish. In 1883 he was elected, as an Independ- ent Democrat, to rejiresent the Second Illinois District in the Forty-eighth Congress, but, run- Bing as an Independent Republican for re-election in 1884, was defeated by Frank Lawler, Democrat. In 1887 he was appointed Oil Inspector of Chi- cago, and, since 1889, has held no public oflBce, giving his attention to editorial work on his paper. FISHER, (Dr.) George, pioneer physician and legislator, was probably a native of Virginia, from which State he appears to have come to Kaskaskia previous to 1800. He became very prominent during the Territorial period; was appointed by William Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territorj-, the first Sheriff of Randolph County after its organization in 1801 ; was elected from that county to the Indiana Territorial House of Representatives in 180.5, and afterwards promoted to the Territorial Council ; was also Representative in the First and Third Legislatures of Illinois Territory (1812 and '16), serving as Speaker of each. He was a Dele- gate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, but died [on his farm near Kaskaskia in 1820. Dr. Fisher participated in the organization of the first Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in Illi- nois at Kaskaskia, in 1806, and was elected one of its officers. FISHERIES. The fisheries of Illinois center chiefly at Chicago, the catch being taken from Lake Michigan, and including salmon trout, white fish (the latter species including a lake herring), wall-eyed pike, three kinds of bass, three varieties of sucker, carp and sturgeon. The "fishing fleet" of Lake Michigan, properly so called, (according to the census of 1890) con- sisted of forty-seven steamers and one schooner, of which only one — a steamer of twenty-six tons burthen — was credited to Illinois. The same report showed a capital of 836,105 invested in land, buildings, wharves, vessels, boats and apparatus. In addition to the "fishing fleet" mentioned, nearly 1,100 sail-boats and other vari- eties of craft ai'e employed in the industry, sailing from ports between Chicago and Macki nac, of which, in 1890, Illinois furnished 94, or about nine per cent. All sorts of apparatus are used, but the principal are gill, fyke and pound nets, and seines. The total value of these minor Illinois craft, with their equipment, for 1890, was nearly §18,000, the catch aggregating 722,830 pounds, valued at between §24,000 and .§25,000. Of tliis draught, the entire quantity was either sold fresh in Chicago and adjacent markets, or shipped, either in ice or frozen. The Mississippi and its tributaries yield wall-eyed pike, pike perch, buffalo fish, stm-geon, paddle fish, and other species available for food. FITHIAX, George W., ex-Congressman, was born on a farm near Willow HiU, 111., July 4, 1854. His early education was obtained in the common schools, and he learned tlie trade of a printer at Mount Carmel. Wliile employed at the case he found time to studj- law, and was admitted to the bar in 1875. In 1876 he was elected State's Attorney for Jasper County, and reelected in 1880. He was prominent in JDemocratic politics, and, in 1888, was elected on tlie ticket of that party to represent the Sixteenth Illinois District in Congress. He was re-elected in 1890 and again in 1892, but, in 1894, was defeated by 'his Republican opponent. FITHIAN, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1800; built the first houses in Springfield and Urbana in that State; in 1822 began the study of medicine at Urbana ; later practiced two years at Mechanics- burgh, and four years at L^rbana, as partner of his preceptor; in 1830 came west, locating at Danville, Vermilion Count}', where he became a large land-owner; in 1832 served witli the Ver- milion County militia in the Black Hawk War, and, in 1834, was elected Representative in the Ninth General Assembly, the first of which Abraham Lincoln was a member; afterwards served two terms in the State Senate from the Danville District (1838-46). Dr. Fithian was active in promoting the railroad interests of Danville, giving the right of way for railroad purposes through a large body of land belonging to him, in Vermilion County. He was also a member of various medical associations, and, during his later years, was tlie oldest practicing physician in the State. Died, in Danville, 111., April 5, 1890. FLAGG, Gersliom, pioneer, was born in Rich- mond, Vt., in 1792, came west in 1816, settling in Madison County, 111., in 1818, where he was known as an enterprising fanner and a prominent HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 167 and influential citizen. Originally a Whig, he became a zealous Republican on the organization of that pai-ty, dying in 1857. — Willard Cutting (Flagg), son of the preceding, was born in Madi- son County, 111., Sept 16, 1829, spent his early life on his father's farm and in the common schools; from 1844 to '50 was a pupil in the celebrated high school of Edward Wyman in St. Louis, finally graduating with honors at Yale College, in 1854. During his college course he took a number of literary prizes, and, in his senior year, served as one of the editors of "The Yale Literary Magazine." Returning to Illinois after gradu- ation, he took charge of his father's farm, engaged extensively in fruit-culture and stock-raising, being the first to introduce the Devon breed of cattle in Madison County in 1859. He was a member of the Republican State Central Com- mittee in 1860 ; in 1863, by appointment of Gov. Yates, became Enrolling Officer for Madison County ; served as Collector of Internal Revenue for the Twelfth District, 1864-69, and, in 1868, was elected to the State Senate for a term of four years, and, during the last session of his term (187'2), took a prominent part in the revision of the school law ; was appointed a member of the first Board of Trustees of the Industrial Univer- sity (now the University of Illinois) at Cham- paign, and reappointed in 1875. Mr. Flagg was also prominent in agricultural and horticultural organizations, serving as Secretary of the State Horticultural Society from 1861 to '69, when he became its President. He was one of the origi- nators of the "farmers' movement," served for some time as President of "The State Farmers' Association," wrote voluminously, and delivered addresses in various States on agricultural and horticultural topics, and, in 1875, was elected President of the National Agricultural Congress. In his later j'ears he was a recognized leader in the Granger movement. Died, at Mora, Madison County, 111., April 5, 1878. FLEJIIXO, Robert K., pioneer printer, was born in Erie County, Pa., learned the printers' trade in Pittsburg, and, coming west while quite young, worked at his trade in St. Louis, finally removing to Kaskaskia, where he was placed in control of the office of "The Republican Advo- cate," which had been established in 1823, by EUas Kent Kane. The publication of "The Advocate" having been suspended, he revived it in May, 1825, under the name of "The Kaskaskia Recorder," but soon removed it to VandaUa (then the State capital), and, in 1827, began the publi- cation of "The Illinois Corrector," at Edwards- ville. Two years later he rettxrned to Kaskaskia and resumed the publication of "The Recorder," but, in 1833, was induced to remove his office to Belleville, where he commenced the publication of "The St. Clair Gazette," followed by "Tlie St. Clair Mercury," both of which Iiad a brief exist- ence. About 1843 he returned to the newspaper business as publisher of "The Belleville Advo- cate," which he continued for a number of years. He died, at Belleville, in 1874, leaving two sons who have been prominently identified with the history of journalism in Southern Illinois, at Belleville and elsewhere. FLETCHER, Job, pioneer and early legislator, was born in Virginia, in 1793, removed to Sanga- mon County. 111., in 1819; was elected Represent- ative in 1826, and, in 1834, to the State Senate, serving in the latter body six years. He was one of the famous "Long Nine'' which represented Sangamon County in the Tenth General Assem- bly. Mr. Fletcher was again a member of the House in 1844-45. Died, in Sangamon County, in 1873. FLORA, a city in Harter Township, Clay County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Soutliwestern Railroad, 95 miles east of St. Louis, and 108 miles south-southeast of Springfield; has barrel factory, flouring mills, cold storage and ice plant, three fruit-working factories, two banks, six churches ^ and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 1,695; (1900), 3,311 ; (1903, est.), 3,000. FLOWER, Georg'e, early English colonist, was born in Hertfordshire, England, about 1780; came to the United States in 1817, and was associ- ated with Morris Birkbeck in founding the "English Settlement" at Albion, Edwards County, 111. Being in affluent circumstances, he built an elegant mansion and stocked an exten- sive farm with blooded animals from England and other parts of Europe, but met with reverses which dissipated his wealth. In common with Mr. Birkbeck, he was one of the determined opponents of the attempt to establish slavery in Illinois in 1834, and did much to defeat that measure. He and his wife died on the same day (Jan. 15, 1863), while on a visit to a daughter at Grayville, 111. A book written bj^ him — "Historj- of the English Settlement in Edwards Coimty, 111." — and published in 1882, is a valuable contri- bution to the early history of that portion of the State. — Edward Fordhams (Flower), son of the preceding, was born in England, Jan. 31, 1805, but came with lii.s father to Illinois in early life ; later he returned to England and spent nearly half a century at Stratford-on-Avon, where he 168 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was four times chosen Mayor of that borough and entertained many visitors from the United States to Shakespeare's birthplace. Died, March 36, 1883. FOBES, Philena, educator, born in Onondaga County, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1811; was educated at Albany and at Cortland Seminary, Rochester, N. Y. ; in 1838 became a teacher in Monticello Female Seminary, then newly established at Godfrey, 111., under Rev. Theron Baldwin, Prin- cipal. On the retirement of Mr. Baldwin in 1843, Miss Fobes succeeded to the principalship, remaining until 1866, when she retired. For some years she re.sided at Rochester, N. Y., and New Haven, Conn., but, in 1886, she removed to Philadelphia, where she afterwards made her home, notwithstanding her advanced age, main- taining a lively interest in educational and benevolent enterprises. Miss Fobes died at Phila- delphia, Nov. 8, 1898, and was buried at New Haven, Conn. FOLEY, Thomas, Roman CathoUc Bishop, born in Baltimore, Md., in 1833; was ordained a priest in 1846, and, two years later, was appointed Chan- cellor of the Diocese, being made Vicar-General in 1867. He was nominated Coadjutor Bishop of the Cliicago Diocese in 1869 (Bisliop Duggan hav- ing become insane), and, in 1870, was consecrated Bishop, His administration of diocesan work was prudent and eminently successful. As a man and citizen he won the respect of all creeds and classes alike, the State Legislature adopting re.solutions of respect and regret upon learning of his death, which occurred at Baltimore, in 1879. FORBES, Stephen Van Rensselaer, pioneer teacher, was born at Windham, Vt., July 26, 1797; in his youth acquired a knowledge of surveying, and, having removed to Newburg (now South Cleveland), Ohio, began teaching. In 1829 he came west to Chicago, and having joined a sur- veying party, went to Louisiana, returning in the following year to Chicago, which then con- tained only three white families outside of Fort Dearborn. Having been joined by his wife, he took up his abode in what was called the "sut- ler's house" connected with Fort Dearborn; was appointed one of the first Justices of the Peace, and opened the first school ever taught in Chi- cago, all but three of his pupils being either half-breeds or Indians. In 1832 he was elected, as a Whig, the lirst Sheriff of Cook County ; later preempted 160 acres of land where Riverside now stands, subsequently becoming owner of some 1,800 acres, much of which he sold, about 18.53, to Dr. W. B. Egan at §20 per acre. In 1849, having been .seized with the "gold fever," Mr. Forbes joined in the overland migration to California, but, not ' being successful, returned two years later by way of the Isthmus, and, hav- ing sold his pos.sessions in Cook County, took up his abode at Newburg, Ohio, and resumed his occupation as a smweyor. About 1878 he again returned to Chicago, but survived only a short time, dying Feb. 17, 1879. FORD, Thomas, early lawyer, jurist and Gov- ernor, was born in Uniontown, Pa., and, in boy- hood, accompanied his mother (then a widow) to Missouri, in 1804. The family soon after located in Monroe County, 111. Largely through the efforts and aid of liis half-brother, George Forquer, he obtained a professional education, became a successful lawyer, and, early in life, entered the field of politics. He served as a Judge of the Circuit Court for the northern part of the State from 183.5 to 1837, and was again commissioned a Circuit Judge for the Galena circuit in 1839; in 1841 was elevated to the bench of tlie State Supreme Court, but resigned the following year to accept the nomination of his party (the Democratic) for Governor. He was regarded as upright in his general policy, but he had a number of embarrassing questions to deal with during his administration, one of these being the Mormon troubles, in which he failed to receive the support of his own party. He was author of a valuable ' History of Illinois," (pub- lished posthumously). He died, at Peoria, in greatly reduced circumstances, Nov. 3, 1850. The State Legislature of 1895 took steps to erect a monument over his grave. FORD COUNTY, lies northeast of Springfield, was organized in 1859, being cut off from Vermil- ion. It is shaped like an inverted "T, " and has an area of 490 square miles;- population (1900), 18,359. The first County Judge was David Pat- ton, and David Davis (afterwards of the United States Supreme Court) presided over the first Circuit Court. The surface of the couut3- is level and the soil fertile, consisting of a loam from one to five feet in deptli. There is little timber, nor is tliere any out-cropping of stone. The county is named in honor of Governor Ford. The county- seat is Paxton, which had a population, in 1890, of 2, 187. Gibson City is a railroad center, and has a population of 1,800. FORMAN, (Col.) Ferris, lawyer and soldier, was born in Tioga County, N. Y., August 25, 1811 ; graduated at Union College in 1833, studied law and was admitted to the bar in New York in HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 16i) 1835, and in the United States Supreme Court in 1836; the latter year came west and settled at Vandalia, III., where he began practice; in 1844 was elected to the State Senate for the district composed of Fayette, Effingham, Clay and Ricli- land Counties, serving two years; before the expiration of his term (1846) enlisted for the Mexican War, and was commissioned Colonel of the Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and, after participating in a number of the most important engagements of the campaign, was mustered out at New Orleans, in ilas', 184T. Re- turning from the Me.xican War, he brought with him and presented to the State of Illinois a six-pound cannon, which had been captured by Illinois troops on the battlefield of Cerro Gordo, and is now in the State Arsenal at Springfield. In 1848 Colonel Forman was chosen Presidential Elector for the State-at- large on the Democratic ticket; in 1849 went to California, where he prac- ticed his profession until 1853, meanwhile serving as Postmaster of Sacramento City by appointment of President Pierce, and later as Secretarj' of State during the administration of Gov. John B. "Weller (1858-60); in 18G1 officiated, by appoint- ment of tlie California Legislature, as Commis- sioner on the part of the State in fixing the boundarj' between California and the Territory of Utah. After the discharge of this duty, he was offered the colonelcy of the Fourth California Volunteer Infantry, which he accepted, serving about twenty months, when he resigned. In 1866 he resumed his residence at Vandalia, and served as a Delegate for Fayette and Effingham Counties in the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, also for several j-ears thereafter held the office of State's Attorney for Fayette Coiinty. Later he returned to California, and, at the latest date, was a resident of Stockton, in tliat State. FORMAJf, WilUam S., ex-Congressman, was born at Natchez, Miss., Jan. 20, 1847. When he was four years old, his father's family removed to Illinois, settling in Washington County, where he has lived ever since. By profession he is a lawyer, and he takes a deep interest in politics, local. State and National. He represented his Senatorial District in the State Senate in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- blies, and, in 1888, was elected, as a Democrat, to repre.sent the Eighteenth Illinois District in the Fifty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1890, and again in '92, but was defeated in 1894 for renomi- nation by John J. Higgins, who was defeated at the election of the same year by Everett J. Mur- phy. In 1896 Mr. Forman was candidate of the "Gold Democracy" for Governor of Illinois, receiving 8. 100 votes. FORQUER, George, early State officer, was born near Brownsville, Pa., in 1794 — was the son of a Revolutionary soldier, and older half-brother of Gov. Thomas Ford. He settled, with his mother (then a widow), at New Design, 111., in 1804. After learning, and, for several years, following the carpenter's trade at St. Louis, he returned to Illinois and purchased the tract whereon Waterloo now stands. Subsequently he projected the town of Bridge water, on the Mis- sissippi. For a time he was a partner in trade of Daniel P. Cook. Being unsuccessful in business, he took up the study of law, in whicli he attained marked success. In 1824 he was elected to repre- sent Monroe County in the House of Represent- atives, but resigned in January of the following year to accept the position of Seci-etary of State, to which he was appointed by Governor Coles, as successor to Morris Birkbeck, whom the Senate liad refused to confirm. One ground for the friendship between him and Coles, no doubt, was the fact that they had been united in their opposition to the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. In 1828 he was a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by Joseph Duncan, afterwards Governor. At the close of the year he resigned the office of Secretary of State, but, a few weeks later (.January, 1829), he was elected by the Legislature Attorney-General. This position he held until January, 1838, when he resigned, hav- ing, as it appears, at the previous election, been chosen State Senator from Sangamon County, serving in the Eighth and Ninth General Assem- blies. Before the close of his term as Senator (1835), he received the appointment of Register of the Land Office at Springfield, which appears to have been the last office held by him, as he died, at Cincinnati, in 1837. Mr. Forquer was a man of recognized ability and influence, an elo- quent orator and capable writer, but, in common with some of the ablest lawyers of that time, seems to have been much embarrassed by the smallness of his income, in spite of his ability and the fact that he was almost continually in office. FORREST, a village in Livingston County, at the intersection of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and the Wabash Railways, 75 miles east of Peoria and 16 miles southeast of Pontiac. Considerable grain is shipped from this point to the Chicago market. The village has several churches and a gradedschool. Population (1880), 375; (1900), 952. 170 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. FORREST, Joseph K. C, journalist, was born in Cork, Ireland, Nov. 26, 1820 ; came to Chicago in 1840, soon after securing employment as a writer on "The Evening Journal," and, later on, "The Gem of the Prairies," the predecessor of "The Tribune," being associated with the latter at the date of its establishment, in June, 1847. During the early years of his residence in Chi- cago, Mr. Forrest spent some time as a teacher. On retiring from "The Tribune," he became the associate of John Wentworth in the management of "The Chicago Democrat," a relation which was broken up by the consolidation of the latter with "The Tribime," in 1861. He then became the Springfield correspondent of "The Tribune," also holding a position on the staff of Governor Yates, and still later represented "The St. Louis Democrat" and "Chicago Times, " as Washington correspondent; assisted iu founding "The Chicago Republican" {now "Inter Ocean"), in 1865, and, some years later, became a leading writer upon the same. He served one term as Clerk of the city of Chicago, but, in his later years, and up to the period of his death, was a leading contributor to the columns of "The Chicago Evening News" over the signatures of "An Old Timer" and "Now or Never." Died, in Chicago, June 23, 1896. FOBRESTON, a village in Ogle County, the terminus of tlie Chicago .and Iowa branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and point of intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; 107 miles west by north from Chicago, and 12 miles south of Freeport ; founded in 1854, incorporated by special charter in 1868. and, under the general law, in 1888. Farming and stock-raising are the principal industries. The village has a bank, water-works, electric light plant, creamery, vil- lage hall, seven churches, a graded .school, and a newspaper. Population (1890), 1,118; (1900), 1,047. FORSYTHE, Albert P., ex-Congressman, was born at New Richmond, Ohio, May 24, 1830; received his early education in the common schools, and at Asbury University. He was reared upon a farm and followed farming as his life-work. During the War of the Rebellion he served in the Union army as Lieutenant. In politics he early became an ardent Nationalist, and was chosen President of the Illinois State Grange of the Patrons of Industry, in December, 1875, and again in January, 1878. In 1878 he was elected to Congress as a Nationalist, but, in 1880, though receiving the nominations of the com- bined Republican and Greenback parties, was defeated by Samuel W. Moulton, Democrat. FORT, fJreenbury L., soldier and Congress- man, was born in Ohio, Oct. 17, 1825, and, in 1834, removed with his parents to Illinois. In 1850 he was elected Sheriff of Putnam County ; in 1852, Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, having mean- while been admitted to the bar at Lacon, became County Judge in 1857, serving until 1861. In April of the latter year he enlisted under the first call for troops, by re-enlistments serving till March 24, 1866. Beginning as Quartermaster of his regiment, he served as Chief Quartermaster of the Fifteenth Army Corps on the "March to the Sea," and was mustered out with the rank ol Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. On his return from the field, he was elected to the State Senate, serving in the Twenty-fifth and Twenty- sixth General Assemblies, and, from 1873 to 1881, as Representative in Congress. He died, at Lacon, June 13. 1883. FORT CHARTRES, a strong fortification erected by the French in 1718, on the American Bottom, 16 miles northwest from Kaskaskia. The soil on which it stood was alluvial, and the limestone of which its walls were built was quarried from an adjacent bluff. In form it was an irregular quadrangle, surroimded on three sides by a wall two feet two inches thick, and on the fourth by a ravine, which, during the spring- time, was full of water. During the period of French ascendency in Illinois, Fort Chartres was the seat of government. About four miles east soon sprang up the village of Prairie du Rocher (or Rock Prairie). (See Prairie du Roclier.) At the outbreak of the French and Indian War (1756), the original fortification was repaired and virtually rebuilt. Its cost at that time is esti- mated to have amounted to 1,000,000 French crowns. After the occupation of Illinois by the British, Fort Chartres still remained the seat of government until 1772, when one side of the fortification was washed away by a freshet, and headquarters were transferred to Kaskaskia. The first common law court ever held in tlie Mis- sissippi Valley was established here, in 1768, by the order of Colonel Wilkins of the English army. The ruins of the old fort, situated in tlie northwest corner of Randolph Countj', once con- stituted an object of no little interest to anti- quarians, but the site has disappeared during the past generation by the encroachments of the Mississippi. FORT DEARBORN, the name of a United States military post, established at the mouth of the Chicago River in 1803 or 1804, on a tract of land six miles square conveyed by the Indians in EARLY IIISTOKIC SCENES. CHICAGO. R«^ublicai\ Wigwdit^, EARLY HISTUKJC SCENES. CHICAGO. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOrEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 171 the treaty of Greenville, concluded by General AVavne in 1795. It originally consisted of two block houses located at opposite angles (north- west and southeast) of a strong wooden stockade, with the Commandant's quarters on the east side of the quadrangle, soldiers' barracks on the south, officers" barracks on the west, and magazine, contractor's (sutler's) store and general store- house on the north — all the buildings being con- structed of logs, and all, except the block-houses, being entirely within the enclosure. Its arma- ment consisted of three light pieces of artillery. Its builder and first commander was Capt. John "Whistler, a native of Ireland who had surrendered with Burgoyne, at Saratoga,, N. Y., and who subsequently became an American citizen, and served with distinction throughout the War of 1812. He was succeeded, in 1810, by Capt. Xathan Heald. As early as 1806 the Indians around the fort manifested signs of disquietude, Tecumseh, a few years later, heading an open armed revolt. In 1810 a council of Pottawato- niies, Ottawas and Chippewas was held at St. Joseph, Mich., at which it was decided not to join the confederacy proposed by Chief Tecumseh. In 1811 hostilities were precipitated by an attack upon the United States troops under Gen. William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe. In April, 1812, hostile bands of Winnebagos appeared in the vicinity of Fort Dearborn, terrifying the settlers by their atrocities. Many of the -whites sought refuge within the stockade. Within two months after the declaration of war against England, in 1812, orders were issued for the evacuation of Fort Dearborn .and the transfer of the garrison to Detroit. The garrison at that t'me numbered about 70, including officers, a large number of the troops being ill. Almost simultaneously with the order for evacuation appeared bands of Indians clamoring for a dis- tribution of the goods, to which they claimed they were entitled under treaty stipulations. Knowing that he had but about forty men able to fight and that his march w-ould be sadly hindered bj- the care of about a dozen women and twenty children, the commandant hesitated. The Pottawatoniies, through whose country he would have to pass, had always been friendlj-, and he waited. Within six days a force of .")00 or 600 savage warriors had as.sembled around the fort. Among the leaders were the Pottawatomie chiefs, Black Partridge, Winnemeg and Topenebe. Of these, Winnemeg was friendly. It was he who had brouglit General Hull's orders to evacuate, and, as the crisis grew more a.nd more dangerous, ' he offered sound advice. He urged instantaneous departure before the Indians had time to agree upon a line of action. But Captain Heald decided to distribute the stores among the sav- ages, and thereby secure from them a friendly escort to Fort Wayne. To this the aborigines readily assented, believing that thereby all the whisky and ammunition which they knew to be within the enclosure, would fall into their hands. Meanwhile Capt. AVilliam Wells, Indian Agent at Fort Wayne, had arrived at Fort Dearborn with a friendly force of Miamis to act as an escort. He convinced Captain Heald that it would be the height of folly to give the Indians liquor and gun- powder. Accordingly the commandant emptied the former into the lake and destroj-ed the latter. This was the signal for war. Black Partridge claimed he could no longer restrain his young braves, and at a council of the aborigines it was resolved to massacre the garrison and settlers. On the fifteenth of August the gates of the fort were opened and the evacuation began. A band of Pottawatomies accompanied the whites under the guise of a friendly escort. The}' soon deserted and, within a mile and a half from the fort, began the sickening scene of carnage known as the "Fort Dearborn Massacre." Nearly 500 Indians participated, their loss being less than twenty. The Miami escort fled at the first exchange of shots. With but four exceptions the wounded white prisoners were dispatched with savage ferocity and promptitude. Those not woimded were scattered among various tribes. The next day the fort with its stockade was burned. In 1816 (after the treaty of St. Louis) the fort was rebuilt upon a more elaborate scale. The second Fort Dearborn contained, besides bar- racks and officers' quarters, a magazine and provision-store, was enclosed by a square stock- ade, and protected by bastions at two of its angles. It was again evacuated in 1823 and re-garrisoned in 1828. The troops were once more withdrawn in 1831, to return the following year during the Black Hawk War. Tlie final evacuation occuiTed in 1836. FORT (iAGE, situated on the eastern bluflfs of the Kaskaskia River, opposite the village of Kas- kaskia. It was erected and occupied by the British in 1772. It was built of heavy, square timbers and oblong in shape, its dimensions being 290x251 feet. On the night of July 4, 1778, it was captured by a detachment of American troops commanded by Col. George Rogers Clark. wh(? held a commission from Virginia. The soldiers, with Simon Kenton at tlieir Iiead. were secretly 172 IITSTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. admitted to the fort by a Pennsylvanian who happened to be within, and the comniaudant, Rocheblave, was surprised in bed, while sleeping with his wife by his side. FORT JEFFERSON. I. A fort erected by Col. George Rogers Clark, under instructions from the Governor of Virginia, at the Iron Banks on the east bank of the Jlississippi, below the mouth of the Ohio River. He promised lands to all adult, able-bodied white males who would emi- grate thither and settle, either with or without their families. Many accepted the offer, and a considerable colony was established there. Toward the close of the Revolutionary War, Vir- ginia being unable longer to sustain the garrison, the colony was scattered, many families going to Kaskaskia. II. A fort in the Miami valley, erected by Governor St. Clair and General Butler, in October, 1791. Within thirty miles of the post St. Clair's arm}^ which liad been badly weakened through desertions, was cut to pieces by the enemy, and the fortification was aban- doned. FORT MASSAC, an early French fortification, erected about 1711 on the Ohio River, 40 miles from its mouth, in what is now Massac County. It was the first fortification (except Fort St. Louis) in the "Illinois Country," antedating Fort Chartres by several years. The origin of the name is uncertain. The best authorities are of the opinion that it was so called in honor of the engineer who superintended its construction ; by others it has been traced to the name of the French Minister of Marine ; others assert that it is a corruption of the word "Massacre," a name given to the locality because of the massacre there of a large number of French soldiers by the Indians. The Virginians sometimes spoke of it as the "Cherokee fort." It was garrisoned by the French until after the evacuation of the country under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. It later became a sort of depot for American settlers, a few families constantly residing within and around the fortification. At a very early day a military road was laid out from the fort to Kaskaskia, the trees alongside being utilized as milestones, the number of miles being cut with irons and painted red. After the close of the Revolutionary War, the United States Govern- ment strengthened and garrisoned the fort by way of defense against inroads by the Spaniards. With the cession of Louisiana to the United States, in 1803, the fort was evacuated and never re-garrisoned. According to the "American State Papers," during the period of the French occupation, it was both a Jesuit missionary station and a trading post. FORT SACKVILLE, a British fortification, erected in 1769, on the Wabash River a short distance below Vincennes. It was a stockade, with bastions and a few pieces of cannon. In 1778 it fell into the hands of the Americans, and was for a time commanded by Captain Helm, with a garrison of a few Americans and Illinois French. In December, 1778, Helm and one private alone occupied the fort and surrendered to Hamilton, British Governor of Detroit, who led a force into the country around Vincennes. FORT SHERIDAIV, United States Military Post, in Lake County, on the Milwaukee Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 24 miles north of Cliicago. (Highwood village adjacent onthesouth.) Population (1890), 4.51 ; (1900). l,.-)75. FORT ST. LOUIS, a French fortification on a rook (widely known as "Starved Rock"), which consists of an isolated cliff on the south side of the Illinois River nearly opposite Utica, in La Salle County. Its height is between 130 and 140 feet, and its nearly round summit contains an area of about three- fourths of an acre. The side facing the river is nearly perpendicular and, in natural advantages, it is well-nigh impregnable. Here, in the fall of 1683, La Salle and Tonty began the erection of a fort, consisting of earth- works, palisades, store-houses and a block house, which also served as a dwelling and trading post. A windlass drew water from the river, and two small brass cannon, mounted on a parapet, com- prised the armament. It was solemnly dedicated by Father Membre.-and soon became a gathering place for the surrounding tribes, especially the Illinois. But Frontenac having been succeeded as Governor of New France by De la Barre, who was unfriendly to La Salle, the latter was dis- placed as Commandant at Fort St. Louis, while plots were laid to secure his downfall by cutting off his supplies and inciting the Iroquois to attack him. La Salle left the fort in 1683, to return to France, and, in 1702, it was abandoned as a military post, though it continued to be a trad- ing post until 1718, when it was raided by the Indians and burned. (See La Salle.) FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway.) FORT WAYNE & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See Neio York, Chicago & St. Louis Railway.) FORTIFICATIONS, PREHISTORIC. Closely related in interest to the works of the moimd- builders in Illinois — though, probably, owing their origin to another era and an entirely different HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 173 race — are those works which bear evidence of having been constructed for purposes of defense at some period anterior to the arrival of white nieu in the country. Wliile tliere are no works in Illinois so elaborate in construction as those to which have been given the names of "'Fort Ancient" on the Maumee in Ohio, "Fort Azatlan" on the Wabash in Indiana, and "Fort Aztalan" on Rock River in Southern Wisconsin, there are a number whose form of construction shows that they must have been intended for warlike pur- poses, and that they were formidable of their kind and for the period in which they were con- structed. It is a somewhat curious fact that, while La Salle County is the seat of the first fortification constructed by the French in Illinois that can be said to have had a sort of permanent character ( see Fort St. Louis and Starved Rock), it is also the site of a larger number of prehistoric fortifications, whose remains are in such a state of preservation as to be clearly discernible, than any other section of the State of equal area. One of the most formidable of these fortifications is on the east side of Fox River, opposite the mouth of Indian Creek and some six miles northeast of Ottawa. Tliis occupies a position of decided natm-al strength, and is surrounded by three lines of circumvallation, showing evidence of consider- able engineering skill. From the size of the trees within this work and other evidences, its age has been estimated at not less than 1.200 years. On the present site of the town of Marseilles, at the rapids of the Illinois, seven miles east of Ottawa, another work of considerable strength existed. It is also said that the American Fur Company had an earthwork here for the protection of its trading station, erected about 1816 or '18, and consequently belonging to the present century. Besides Fort St. Louis on Starved Rock, the out- line of another fort, or outwork, whose era has not been positively determined, about half a mile south of the former, has been traced in recent times. De Baugis, sent by Governor La Barre, of Canada, to succeed Tonty at Fort St. Louis, is said to have erected a fort on Buffalo Rock, on the opposite side of the river from Fort St. Louis, which belonged practically to the same era as the latter. — There are two points in Southern Illinois where the aborigines had constructed fortifica- tions to which the name "Stone Fort" has been given. One of these is a hill overlooking the Saline River in the southern part of Saline County, where there is a wall or breastwork five feet in height enclosing an area of less than an acre in extent. The other is on the west side of Lusk's Creek, in Pope County, where a breast- work has been constructed by loosely piling up the stones across a ridge, or tongue of land, with vertical sides and surrounded by a bend of the creek. Water is easily obtainable from the creek below the fortified ridge. — The remains of an old Indian fortification were found by early settlers of McLean County, at a point called "Old Town Timber," about 1833 to 1835. It was believed then that it had been occupied by the Indians during the War of 1812. The story of the Indians was, that it was burned by General Harrison in 1813; though this is improbable in view of the absence of any historical mention of the fact. Judge H. W. Beckwith, who examined its site in 1880, is of the opinion that its history goes back as far as 1752, and that it was erected by tlie Indians as a defense against the French at Kas- kaskia. There was also a tradition that there had been a French mission at this point. — One of the most interesting stories of early fortifications in the State, is that of Dr. V. A. Boyer, an old citizen of Chicago, in a paper contributed to the Chicago Historical Society. Although the work alluded to by him was evidently constructed after the arrival of the French in the country, the exact period to which it belongs is in doubt. According to Dr. Boyer, it was on an elevated ridge of timber land in Palos Township, in the western part of Cook Count}'. He says: "I first saw it in 1833, and since then have visited it in company with other persons, some of whom are still living. I feel sure that it was not built dur- ing the Sac War from its appearance. ... It seems probable that it was the work of French traders or explorers, as there were trees a century old growing in its environs. It was evidently the work of an enlightened people, skilled in the science of warfare. ... As a strategic point it most completely commanded the surrounding country and the crossing of the swamp or 'Sag"." Is it improbable that this was the fort occupied by Colonel Durantye in 1695? The remains of a small fort, supposed to have been a French trad- ing post, were found by the pioneer settlers of Lake County, where the present city of Waukegan stands, giving to that place its first name of "Little Fort." This structure was seen in 1825 by Col. William S. Hamilton (a son of Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury), who had served in the session of the General Assembly of that year as a Representative from Sangamon County, and was then on his way to Green Bay, and the remains of the pickets or i)ali.sades were visible as late as 1835. While the date of its 174 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. erection is unknown, it probably belonged to the latter part of the eighteenth century. There is also a tradition tliat a fort or trading post, erected by a Frenchman named Garay (or Guariej stood on the North Branch of the Chicago River prior to the erection of the first Fort Dearborn in 1803. FOSS, Georire Edmund, lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Franklin County, Vt., July 3, 1863; graduated from Harvard University, in 1885; attended the Columbia Law School and School of Political Science in New York City, finally graduating from the Union College of Law in Chicago, in 1889, when he was admitted to the bar and began practice. He never held any political office until elected as a Republican to the Fift}'- fourth Congress (1894), from the Seventh Illinois District, receiving a majority of more than 8,000 votes over his Democratic and Populist competitors. In 1896 he was again the candidate of his party, and was re-elected by a majority of over 20,000, as he was a third time, in 1898, by more than 12,000 majority. In the Fifty-fifth Congress Mr. Foss was a member of tlie Committees on Naval Affairs and Expenditures in the Department of Agriculture. FOSTER, (Dr.) John Herbert, physician and educator, was born of Quaker ancestry at Hills- borough, N. H., March 8, 1T96. His early years were spent on his father's farm, but at the age of 16 he entered an academy at Meriden, N. H., and, three years later, began teaching with an older brother at Schoharie, N. Y. Having spent some sixteen years teaching and practicing medicine at various places in his native State, in 1832 he came west, first locating in Morgan County, 111. While there he took part in the Black Hawk War, serving as a Surgeon. Before the close of the j'ear he was compelled to come to Chicago to look after the estate of a brother who was an officer in the army and had been killed by an insubordinate soldier at Green Bay. Having thus fallen heir to a considerable amount of real estate, which, in subsequent years, largely appreciated in value, he became identified with . early Chicago and ultimately one of the largest real-estate o^iiers of his time in the cit}-. He was an active promoter of education during this period, serving on both City and State Boards. His death occurred, Maj- IS, 1874, in consequence of injuries sustained by being thrown from a vehicle in which he was riding nine days pi'evious. FOSTER, John Wells, author and scientist, was born at Brimfield, Mass., in 1815, and edu- cated at Wesleyan University. Conn ; later studied law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio, but soon turned his attention to scientific pursuits, being emploN'ed for several years in the geological survej' of Ohio, during which he investigated tlie coal-beds of the State. Having incidentally devoted considerable attention to the study of metallurg}-, he was employed about 1844 by mining capitalists to make the first systematic surve}- of the Lake Superior copper region, upon which, in conjunction witli J. D. Whitney, he made a report whicli was published in two vol- umes in 1850-51. Returning to Massachusetts, he participated in the organization of the "American Party"" there, though we find him soon after breaking with it on the slavery question. In 1855 he was a candidate for Congress in the Springfield (Mass.) Di.strict. but was beaten by a small majority. In 1858 he removed to Cliicago and, for some time, was Land Commissioner of the Illinois Central Railroad. The latter years of his life were devoted chiefly to arohteological researches and writings, also serving for some years as Professor of Natural History in the (old) University of Chicago. His works include "The Mississippi Valley ; its Physical Geography, Min- eral Re.sources," etc. (Chicago, 1869); "Mineral Wealth and Railroad Development,'" (New York, 18T2) ; "'Prehistoric Races of the L^nited States," (Chicago, 1873), besides contributions to numer- ous scientific periodicals. He was a member of several scientific associations and. in 1869, Presi- dent of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science. He died in Hyde Park, now a part of Chicago. June 29, 1873. FOl'KE, Philip B., lawyer and Congressman, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., Jan. 23, 1818; was cliiefly self-educated and began his career as a clerk, afterwards acting as a civil engineer; about 1841-42 was associated with the publication of "The Belleville Advocate," later studied law, and, after being admitted to the bar, served as Prosecuting Attorney, being re-elected to tliat oflice in 1856. Previous to this, however, he had been elected to the lower branch of the Seven- teenth General Assembly (1850), and, in 1858, was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-sixth Congress and re-elected two years later. While still in Congress he assisted in organizing the Thirtieth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned on account of ill-health soon after the battle of Shiloh. After leaving the army he removed to New Orleans, where he was appointed Public Adminis- trator and practiced law for some time. He then took up the prosecution of the cotton-claims against the Mexican Government, ia wl\ich he HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 175 was engaged some seven years, finally removing to Wasliington City and making several trips to Europe in the interest of tliese suits. He won his cases, but died soon after a decision in his favor, largely in consequence of overtaxing his brain in tiieir prosecution. His death occurred in Washington, Oct. 3, 1876, when he was buried in the Congressional Cemetery, President Grant and a number of Senators and Congressmen acting as pall-bearers at his funeral. FOWLER, Charles Henry, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, born in Burford. Conn.. Avigust 11, 1837; was partially educated at Rock River Seminaiw, Mount Jlorris. liually graduating at Genesee College. N. Y.. in 18.59. He then be.gan the study of law in Chicago, but, changing his purpose, entered Garrett Biblical Institute, at Evanston, graduating in 1801. Having been admitted to the Rock River Methodist Episcopal Conference he was appointed successively to Chicago churches till 1872; then became President of the North- western University, holding this office four }-ears, when he was elected to the editorship of "The Christian Advocate" of New York. In 1884 he was elected and ordained Bishop. His residence is in .San Fi-ancisco, his labors as Bishop being devoted largely to the Pacific .States. FOX RIVER (of Illinois)— called Pislitaka liy the Indians — rises in Waukesha Count}'. Wis., and, after running southward through Kenosha and Racine Counties in that State, passes into Illinois. It intersects McHeury and Kane Coun- ties and runs soutliward to the city of Aurora, below which point it flows southwestward, until it empties into the Illinois River at Ottawa. Its length is estimated at 220 miles. The chief towns on its banks are Elgin, Aurora and Ottawa. It affords abundant water power. FOXES, an Indian tribe. (See Sacs and Foxes. ) FRANCIS, Simeon, pioneer journalist, was born at Wethersfield, Conn., May 14, 1796, learned the printer's trade at New Haven, and, in connection with a partner, published a paper at Buffalo, N. Y. In consequence of the excitement growing out of the abduction of Morgan in 1828, (being a Slason) he was compelled to suspend, and, coming to Illinois in the fall of 1831, com- menced the publication of "The Sangamo" (now "The Illinois State") "Journal" at Springfield, continuing his connection therewith until 185.5, when be sold out to Messrs. Bailliaehe & Baker. Abraham Lincoln was his close friend and often wrote editorials for his paper. Mr. Francis was active in the organization of the State Agricul- tural Society (1833). serving as its Recording Secretary for several years. In 1859 he moved to Portland, Ore., wliere he published "The Oregon Farmer," and served as President of the Oregon State Agricultural Society; in 1861 was ap- pointed by President Lincoln, Paymaster in the regular army, serving until 1870, when he retired on half-pay. Died, at Portland, Ore., Oct. 25, 1872. — Allen (Francis), brother of the preceding, was born at Wethersfield, Conn., April 14, 1815; in 1834, joined his brother at Springfield, 111. . and became a partner in the publication of "Tlie Journal" until its sale, in 18.55. In 1861 he was appointed United States Consul at Victoria, B. C. serving until 1871. when he engaged in the fur trade. Later he was United States Consul at Port Stanley. Can., dying therei, about 1887. — Josiah (Francis), cousin of the preceding, born at Wethersfield, Conn., Jan. 17, 1804; was early connected with "The Springfield Journal"; in 1836 engaged in merchandising at Atliens. Menard County ; returning to Springfield, was elected to the Legislature in 1840, and served one term as Mayor of Springfield. Died in 1867. FRANKLIX, a village of Morgan County, on the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railroad, 12 miles southeast of Jacksonville. The place has a news- paper and two banks ; the surrounding country is agricultural. Population (1880), 316; (1890), 578; (1900), 687. FRANKLIN COUNTY, located in the south- central part of the State; was organized in 1818, and has an area of 430 square miles. Population (1900), 19,675. The covmty is well timbered and is drained by the Big Muddj' River. The soil is fertile and the products include cereals, potatoes, sorghum, wool, pork and fruit. The county-seat is Benton, with a population (1890) of 939, The county contains no large towns, although large, well-cultivated farms are numerous. The earli- est white settlers came from Kentucky and Ten- nessee, and the hereditary traditions of generous, southwestern hospitality are preserved among the residents of today. FRANKLIX GROTE, a town of Lee County, on Council Bluffs Division of the Chicago & North- western Railway, 88 miles west of Chicago. Grain, poultry, and live-stock are shipped from here. It lias banks, water-works, liigh school, and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 736; (1900), 6S1. FRAZIER, Robert, a native of Kentucky, who came to Southern Illinois at an early daj' and serveil as State .Senator from Edwards County, in the Second and Tliird General Assemblies, in the 176 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. latter being an opponent of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. He was a farmer by occu- pation and, at tlie time he was a member of the Legislature, resided in what afterwards became Wabasli County. Subsequently he removed to Edwards Count3', near Albion, where he died. "Frazier's Prairie," in Edwards County, was named for him. FREEBURG, a village of St. Clair County, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 8 miles southeast of Belleville. Population (1880), 1,038; (18'G COLLEGE, an institution inooi-po- rated in 1875 and conducted under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Abingdon, Knox County, 111. ; has a faculty of seventeen instructors, and reports (1895-96), 403 students, of whom 213 were male and 181 female. The branches taught include the sciences, the classics, music, fine arts, oratorj- and preparatory courses. The institution has funds and endowment amounting to |55,000, and property valued At 1158,000. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 229 HEMPSTEAD, Charles S., pioneer lawyer and first Mayor of Galena, was born at Hebron, Tol- land County, Conn., Sept. 10, 1794 — the son of Stephen Hempstead, a patriot of the Revolution. In 1809 he came west in company with a brother, descending the Ohio River in a canoe from Mari- etta to Shawneetown, and making his way across the "Illinois Country" on foot to Kaskaskia and finally to St. Louis, where he joined another brother (Edward), witli wliom he soon began the study of law. Having been admitted to the bar in both Missouri Territory and Illinois, he re- moved to St. Genevieve, where he held the office of Prosecuting Attorney by appointment of the Governor, but returned to St. Louis in 1818-19 and later became a member of the Missouri Legis- lature. In 1829 Mr. Hempstead located at Galena, 111., which continued to be his home for the re- mainder of his life, and where he was one of the earliest and best known lawyers. The late Minis- ter E. B. Washburne became a clerk in Mr. Hempstead's law office in 1840, and, in 1845, a partner, ilr. Hempstead was one of the pro- moters of the old Chicago & Galena Union Rail- road (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), serving upon the first Board of Directors; was elected the first Mayor of Galena in 1841, and, in the early days of the Civil War, was appointed by President Lincoln a Paymaster in the Army. Died, in Galena, Dec. 10, 1874.— Edward (Hemp- stead), an older brother of the preceding, already mentioned, came west in 1804, and, after holding variovis positions at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, under Gov. William Henry Harrison, located at St Louis and became the first Territorial Delegate in Congress from Missouri Territory (1811-14). His death occurred as the result of an accident, August 10, 1817.— Stephen (Hemp- stead), another member of this historic family, was Governor of Iowa from 1850 to "54. Died, Feb. 16, 1883. HENDERSON, Thomas J., ex-Congressman, was born at Brownsville, Tenn., Nov. 19, 1824; came to Illinois in 1837, and was reared upon a farm, but received an academic education. In 1847 he was elected Clerk of the Count}' Com- missioners' Court of Stark County, and, in 1849, Clerk of tlie County Court of the same county, serving in that capacity for four years. Mean- while he had studied law and had been admitted to the bar in 1853. In 1855 and '56 he was a member of the lower house of the Legislature, and State Senator from 1857 to '60. He entered the Union army, in 1862, as Colonel of the One Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, and served until the close of the war, being brevetted Brigadier-General in January, 1865. He was a Republican Presidential Elector for the State at- large in 1868, and, in 1874, was elected to Congress from the Seventh Illinois District, serving con- tinuously until March, 1895. His home is at Princeton. HENDERSON, William H., poUtician and legis- lator, was born in Garrard County, Ky., Nov. 16, 1793. After serving in the War of 1812, he settled in Tennessee, where he held many positions of public trust, including that of State Senator. In 1836 he removed to Illinois, and, two years later, was elected to the General Assembly as Repre- sentative from Bureau and Putnam Counties, being re-elected in 1840. In 1842 he was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Lieutenant- Governor, being defeated by John Moore. In 1845 he migrated to Iowa, where he died in 1864. HENDERSON COUNTY, a county comprising 380 square miles of territory, located in the west- ern section of the State and bordering on the Mis- sissippi River. The first settlements were made about 1837-28 at Yellow Banks, now Oquawka. Immigration was checked by the Black Hawk War, but revived after the removal of the Indians across the Mississippi. The county was set off from Warren in 1841, with Oquawka as the county-seat. Population (1880), 10,722; (1890), 9,876. The soil is fertile, and underlaid by lime- stone. The surface is undulating, and well tim- bered. Population (1900), 10.836. HENNEPIN, the county-seat of Putnam County, situated on the left bank of the Illinois River, about 28 miles below Ottawa, 100 miles southwest of Chicago, and 3 miles southeast of Bureau Junction. It has a courthouse, a bank, two grain elevators, three churches, a graded school, a newspaper. It is a prominent shipping point for produce by the river. The Hennepin Canal, now in process of construction from the Illinois River to the Mississippi at the mouth of Rock River, leaves the Illinois about two miles above Hennepin. Population (1880), 623; (1890), 574; (1900), .^23. HENNEPIN, Louis, a Franciscan (Recollect) friar and explorer, born at Ath, Belgium, about 1640. After several years of clerical service in Belgium and Holland, he was ordered (1675) by his ecclesiastical superiors to proceed to Canada. In 1679 he accompanied La Salle on his explo- rations of the great lakes and the upper Missis- sippi. Having reached the Illinois by way of Lake Michigan, early in the following year (1680), La Salle proceeded to construct a fort on the east 230 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. side of the Illinois River, a little below the present site of Peoria, which afterwards received the name of Fort Creve-Coeur. In February, 1680, Father Hennepin was dispatched by La Salle, with two companions, by way of the mouth of the Illinois, to explore the iipper Mis- sissippi. Ascending the latter stream, his party was captured by the Sioux and carried to tlie villages of that tribe among the Minnesota lakes, but finally rescued. During his captivity he discovered the Falls of St. Anthony, which he named. After his rescue Hennepin returned to Quebec, and thence sailed to France. There he published a work describing La Salle's first expedition and his own explorations. Although egotistical and necessarily incorrect, this work was a valuable contribution to history. Because of ecclesiastical insubordination he left France for Holland. In 1697 he published an extraordi- nary volume, in which he set forth claims as a discoverer which have been wholly discredited. His third and last work, published at Utrecht, in 1698, was entitled a "New Voyage in a Country Larger than Europe." It was a compilation describing La Salle's voyage to the mouth of the Mississippi. His three works have been trans- lated into twenty-four different languages. He died, at Utrecht, between 1702 and 1705. HENNEPIN CANAL. (See nUnoi.i & Missis- sippi Canal.) HENKY, a city in Marshall County, situated on the west bank of the Illinois River and on the Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 33 miles north-northeast of Peoria. There is a combination railroad and wagon bridge, lock and dam across the river at this point. The city is a thriving commercial center, among its industries being grain eleva- tors, flour mills, and a windmill factory ; has two national banks, eight churches and two newspapers. Population (1880), 1,728; (1890) 1..512; (1900), 1,637. HENRY, James D., pioneer and soldier, was born in Pennsylvania, came to Illinois in 1822, locating at Edwardsville, where, being of limited educa- tion, he labored as a mechanic during the day and attended school at night ; engaged in mer- chandising, removed to Springfield in 1826, and was soon after elected Sheriff ; served in the Win- nebago "War (1827) as Adjutant, and. in the Black Hawk War (1831-32) as Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, finally being placed in command of a brigade at the battle of Wisconsin and the Bad Axe, his success in both winning for him great popularity. His exposures brought on disease of the lungs, and. going South, he died at New Orleans, March 4, 1834. HENRY COUNTY, one of the middle tier of counties of Northern Illinois, near the western border of the State, having an area of 830 square miles, — named for Patrick Henry. The Ameri- can pioneer of the region was Dr. Baker, who located in 1835 on what afterwards became the town of Colona. During the two years following several colonies from the eastern States settled at different points (Geneseo, Wethersfleld, etc.;. The act creating it was passed in 1825, though organization was not completed until 1837. The first county court was held at Dayton. Subse- quent county-seats have been Richmond (1837) ; Geneseo (18-40); Morristown (1842); and Cam- bridge (1843). Population (1870), 36,597; (1890), 33,338; (1900), 40,049. HERNDON, Archer G., one of the celebrated "Long Nine" members of the General Assembly of 1836-37, was born in Culpepper County, Va., Feb. 13, 1795; spent his youth in Green County, Ky., came to Madison County, 111., 1820, and to Sangamon in 1821, becoming a citizen of Spring- field in 1835, where he engaged in mercantile business ; served eight years in the State Senate (1834-42), and as Receiver of the Land Office 1842-49. Died, Jan. 3, 1867. Mr. Herndon was the father of William H. Herndon, the law part- ner of Abraham Lincoln. HERNDON, WiUiam H., lawyer, was born at Greensburg, Ky., Dec. 25, 1818; brought to Illi- nois by his father. Archer G. Herndon, in 1820, and to Sangamon County in 1821 ; entered Illinois College in 1836, but remained only one year on account of his father's hostility to the supposed abolition influences prevailing at that institution; spent several years as clerk in a store at Spring- field, studied law two years with the firm of lAn- coln & Logan (1842-44), was admitted to the bai and became the partner of Mr. Lincoln, so con- tinuing until the election of the latter to the Presidency. Mr. Herndon was a radical oppo- nent of slavery and labored zealously to promote the advancement of his distinguished partner. The offices he held were those of City Attorney, Mayor and Bank Commissioner under three Gov- ernors. Some years before his death he wrote, and, in conjunction with Jesse W. Weik, published a Life of Abraham Lincoln in three volumes — afterwards revised and issued in a two-volume edition by the Messrs. Appleton, New York. Died, near Springfield, March 18, 1891. HERRINGTON, Aiiarustus M., lawyer and poli- tician, was born at or near Meadville, Pa,, in 1833; HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 231 when ten years of age was brought by his father to Chicago, the family removing two j-ears later (1835) to Geneva, Kane County, where the elder Herrington opened tlie first store. Augustus was admitted to the bar in 1844 ; obtained great promi- nence as a Democratic politician, serving as Presidential Elector for the Stateat-large in 1856, and as a delegate to Democratic National Conventions in 1860, '64, '68, '76 and "80, and was almost invariably a member of the State Conven- tions of his party during the same period. He also served for many years as Solicitor of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Died, at Ge- neva, Kane County, August 14, 1883. — James (Herrington) , brother of the preceding, was born in Mercer County, Pa., June 6, 1824; came to Chicago in 1833, but, two years later, was taken by his parents to Geneva, Kane County. In 1843 he was apprenticed to the printing business on the old "Chicago Democrat" (John "Wentworth, publisher), remaining until 1848, when he returned to Geneva, where he engaged in farming, being also connected for a year or two with a local paper. In 1849 he was elected County Clerk, re- maining in office eight years; also served three terms on the Board of Supervisors, later serving continuously in the lower branch of the General Assembly from 1872 to 1886. He was also a mem- ber of the State Board of Agriculture and a fre- quent delegate to Democratic State Conventions. Died, July 7, 1890.— James Herrington, St., father of the two preceding, was a Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48) for the District embracing the counties of Kane, McHenry, Boone and De Kalb. HERTZ, Henry L., ex-State Treasurer, was born at Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1847; gradu- ated from the University of Copenhagen in 1866, and after pursuing the study of medicine for two years, emigrated to this country in 1869. After various experiences in selling sewing-machines, as bank-clerk, and as a farm-hand, in 1876 Mr. Hertz was emploj'ed in the Recorder's office of Cook County; in 1878 was record-writer in the Criminal Court Clerk's office; in 1884 was elected Coroner of Cook County, and re-elected in 1888. In 1892, as Republican candidate for State Treas- urer, he was defeated, but, in 1896. again a candidate for the same office, was elected by a majority of 115,000, serving until 1899. He is now a resident of Chicago. HESITTG, Antone Caspar, journalist and politi- cian, was born in Prussia in 1823; left an orphan at the age of 15, he soon after emigrated to America, landing at Baltimore and going thence to Cin- cinnati. From 1840 to 1842 he worked in a gro- cery store in Cincinnati, and later opened a small hotel. In 1854 he removed to Chicago, where he was for a time engaged in the manufacture of brick. In 1860 he was elected Slieriff of Cook County, as a Republican. In 1862 he purchased an interest in "Tlie Chicago Staats Zeitung, "' and in 1867 became sole proprietor. In 1871 iie admitted his son, Washington Hesing, to a part- nership, installing him as general manager. Died, in Chicago, March 31, 1895.— Washington (Hesing), son of the preceding, was born in Cin- cinnati, Ohio. May 14, 1849, educated at Chicago and Yale College, graduating from the latter in 1870. After a year spent in study abroad, he returned to Chicago and began work upon "The Staats Zeitung, " later becoming managing editor, and finally editor-in-chief. While yet a young man he was made a member of the Chicago Board of Education, but declined to serve a second term. In 1872 he entered actively into politics, making speeches in both English and German in support of General Grant's Presi- dential candidacy. Later he affiliated with the Democratic part}-, as did his father, and, in 1893, was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for the Chicago mayoralty, being defeated by Carter H. Harrison. In December, 1893, he was appointed by President Cleveland Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving four years. His administration was characterized by a high degree of efficiency and many improve- ments in the service were adopted, one of the most important being the introduction of postal cars on the street-railroads for the collection of mail matter. In April. 1897. he became an Inde- pendent candidate for Mayor, but was defeated by Carter H. Harrison, the regular Democratic nominee. Died, Dec. 18. 1897. HEYWORTH, a village of McLean County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 10 miles south of Bloomington ; has a bank, churches, gas wells, and a newspaper. Pop (1890), .566; (1900). 683. HIBB.IRD, Homer Nash, lawyer, was born at Bethel, Wind.sor County, Yt., Nov. 7, 1824, his early life being spent upon a farm and in attend- ance upon the common schools. After a short term in an academy at Randolph, Yt. , at the age of 18 he began the study of law at Rutland— also fitting himself for coUege with a private tutor. Later, having obtained means by teaching, he took a course in Castleton Academy and Ver- mont University, graduating from the latter in 1850. Then, having spent some years in teach- ing, he entered the Dane Law School at Harvard, 232 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later continuing his studies at Burlington and finally, in the fall of 1853, removing to Chicago. Here he opened a law office in connection with his old classmate, the late Judge John A. Jame- son, but early in the following year removed to Freeport, wliere he subsequently served as City Attornej', Master in Chancery and President of the Citj' School Board. Returning to Chicago in 1860, he became a member of the law firm of Cornell, Jameson & Hibbard, and still later the head of the firm of Hibbard, Rich & Noble. In 1870 lie was appointed by Judge Drummond Register in Bankruptcy for the Chicago District, serving during the life of the law. He was also, for some time, a Director of the National Bank of Illinois, and Vice-President of the American Insurance Company. Died, Nov. 14, 1897. HICKS, Stephen G., lawyer and soldier of three wars, was born in Jackson County, Ga., Feb. 23, 1807— the son of John Hicks, one of the seven soldiers killed at the battle of N^ew Orleans, Jan. 8, 181.5. Leaving the roof of a stepfather at an early age, he found his way to Illinois, working for a time in the lead mines near Galena, and later at the carpenter's trade with an uncle ; served as a Sergeant in the Black Hawk War, finally locating in Jefferson County, where he studied law and was admitted to the bar. Here he was elected to the lower branch of the Twelfth General Assembly (1840) and re-elected succes- sively to tlie Thirteenth and Fourteenth. Early in the Mexican War (1846) he recruited a com- pany for the Tliird Regiment, of which he was chosen Captain, a year later becoming Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the Sixth. At the beginning of the Civil War Colonel Hicks was practicing his profession at Salem, Marion County. He promptly raised a company which became a jmrt of the Fortieth Regiment Volunteer Infantry, of which he was commissioned Colonel. The regi- ment save active service in the campaign in West- ern Tennessee, including the battle of Shiloh, where Colonel Hicks was dangerously wounded through the lungs, only recovering after some months in hospital and at his home. He rejoined his regiment in July following, but found him- self compelled to accept an honorable discharge, a few months later, on account of di.sabilit^-. Having finally recovered, he was restored to his old command, and served to the close of the war. In October, 1863, he w,is placed in command at Paducali, Ky., where he remained eighteen months, after whicli he was transferred to Colum- bus, Ky. While in command at Paducah, tlie place was desperately assaulted by the rebel Colonel Forrest, but successfully defended, the rebel assailants sustaining a loss of some 1,200 killed and wounded. After tlie war Colonel Hicks returned tu Salem, where he died, Dec. 14, 1869, and was buried, in accordance with his request, in the folds of the American flag. Born on Washington's birthday, it is a somewhat curious coincidence that the death of this brave soldier should have occurred on the anniversary of that of the "Father of His Country." HIGBEE, Chaiincey L., lawyer and Judge, was born in Clermont County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1821, and settled in Pike County, 111., in 1844. He early took an interest in politics, being elected to the lower house of the Legislature in 1854, and tvs'o years later to the State Senate. In 1861 he was elected Judge of the Fifth Circuit Court, and was re-elected in 1867, '73, and '79. In 1877, and again in '79, he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court. Died, at Pittsfield, Dec. 7, 1884. HIGGIXS, Van Hollis, lawyer, was born in Genessee Count}-, N. Y., and received his early education at Auburn and Seneca Falls; came to Chicago in 1837 and, after spending some time as clerk iu liis brother's store, taught some months in Vermilion County: then went to St. Louis, where he spent a year or two as reporter on ' 'The Missouri Argus." later engaging in commercial pursuits; in 1842 removed to Iroquois County, 111., where he read law and was admitted to the bar; in 1845, established liimself in practice in Galena, served two years as City Attorney there, but returned to Chicago in 1852, where lie contin- ued to reside for the remainder of his life. In 1858 he was elected as a Republican Representative in the Twenty -first General Assembly; served sev- eral years as Judge of the Chicago City Court, and was a zealous supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion. Judge Higgins was successful as a lawyer and business man, and was connected with a number of important busi- ness enterprises, especially in connection with real-estate operations ; was also a member of sev- eral local societies of a professional, social and patriotic character. Died, at Darien, Wis. , April 17, 1893. HIGGINSON, Charles M., civil engineer and Assistant Railway President, was born in Cliica- go, July 11, 1840 — the son of George M.IIigginson, who located in Chicago about 1843 and engaged in the real-estate business; was educated at the Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge, Mass., and entered the engineering department of tlie Burlington & Missouri River Railroad in 1807, remaining until 1875. He then became the pur- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 333 chasing agent of the Toledo. Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, but. a year later, returned to Chicago, and soon after assumed the same position in con- nection with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, being transferred to the Auditorship of the latter road in 1879. Later, he became assistant to President Rij^ley of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Line, where he remained until his death, which occurred at Riverside, 111., May 6, 1899. Mr. Higginson was. for several years, President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and a member of the Board of Managers of the Young Men's Chri.stian Association of Chicago. HIGH, James L., lawyer and author, was born at Belleville. Ohio, Oct. fi, 1844; in boyhood came to Wisconsin, and graduated at Wisconsin State University, at Madison, in 1804, also serving for a time as Adjutant of the Forty-ninth Regiment Wisconsin Volimteers ; studied law at the Michi- gan University Law School and, in 1867, came to Chicago, where he began practice. He spent the winter of 1871-72 in Salt Lake City and, in the absence of the United States District Attorney, conducted the trial of certain Mormon leaders for connection with the celebrated Mountain Meadow Massacre, also acting as correspondent of "The New York Times." his letters lieing widely copied. Returning to Chicago he took a high rank in his profession. He was the author of several volumes, including treatises on "The Law of Injunctions as administered in the Courts of England and America, ' ' and "Extraordinary Legal Remedies, Mandamus, Quo Warranto and Prohibi- tions," which are accepted as high authority with the profession. In 1870 he published a revised edition of Lord Erskine"s Works, including all his legal arguments, together with a memoir of his hfe. Died, Oct. 3, 1898. HIGHLAND, a city in the southeastern part of Madison County, founded in 1836 and located on the Vandalia line, 32 miles east of St. Louis. Its manufacturing industries include a milk-con- densing plant, creamery, flour and planing mills, breweries, embroidery works, etc. It contains several churches and schools, a Roman Catholic Seminary, a hospital, and has three newspapers — one German. The early settlers were Germans of the most thrifty and enterprising classes. The surrounding country is agricultural. Popu- lation (1880), 1,960; (1890), 1,8.57; (1900, decennial census), 1,970. HIGHLAIVD PARK, an incorporated city of Lake County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 23 miles north-nortliwest of Chicago. It has a salubrious site on a bluff 100 feet above Lake Michigan, and is a favorite residence and . health resort. It has a large hotel, several churches, a military academy, and a weekly paper. Two Waukegan papers issue editions here. Population (1890), 2,163; (1900), 2,806. HILDKUP, Jesse S., lawyer and legislator. was bom in Middletown, Conn., March 14, 1883 . at 15 removed to the State of New York and after- wards to Harrisburg, Pa. ; in 1860 came to Belvi- dere, III., where he began the practice of lavs-, also serving as Corporation Trustee and Township Supervisor, and, during the latter years of the war, as Deputy Provost Marshal. His first im- portant elective office was that of Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1870, but he was elected Representative in the General Assem- bly the same year, and again in 1872. While in the House he took a prominent part in the legis- lation which resulted in the organization of the Railroad and Warehouse Board. Mr. Hildrup was also a Republican Presidential Elector in 1808, and United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois from 1877 to 1881. During the last few years much of his time has been spent in California for the benefit of the health of some members of his familj'. HILL, Charles Augustus, ex-Congressman, was born at Truxton. Cortland County, N. Y., August 23, 1833. He acquired his early education by dint of hard labor, and much privation. In 18.54 he removed to Illinois, settling in Will County, where, for several years, he taught school, as he had done while in New York. Meanwhile he read law, his last instructor being Hon. H. C. Newcomb, of Indianapolis, where he was admitted to the bar. He returned to Will County in 1860, and, in 1802, enlisted in the Eiglith Illinois Cavalry, participating in the battle of Antietam. Later he was commissioned First Lieutenant in the First United States Regi- ment of Colored Troops, with which he remained until the close of the war, rising to the rank of Captain. In 186.5 he returned to Joliet and to the practice of his profession. In 1868 lie was elected State's Attorney for the district comprising Will and Grundy Counties, but declined a renomina- tion. In 1888 he was the successful Republican candidate for Congress from the Eighth Illinois District, but was defeated for re-election in 1890 by Lewis Steward. Democrat. HILLSBORO, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Montgomery County, on the Cleveland. Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 67 miles northeast of St. Louis. Its manufactures are Hour, brick and tile, carriages and harness. 234 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. furniture and woolen gootis. It has a high school, banks and two weekly newspapers. The surrounding region is agricultural, though con- siderable coal is mined in the vicinity. Popula- tion (18S0), 2,858; (1890), 2,.')00; (1900), 1,937. HINCKLEY, a village of De Kalb County, on the Rochelle Division of tlie Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 18 miles west of Aurora; in rich agricultural and dairying region ; has grain elevators, brick and tile works, water system and electric Ught plant. Pep. (1890), 496; (1900), 587. HINRICHSEN, William H., ex-Secretary of State and ex-Congressman, was tjorn at Franklin, Morgan County, 111., May 27, 1850; educated at the University of Illinois, spent four years in the office of his father, who was stock-agent of the Wabash Railroad, and six years (1874-80) as Deputy Sheriff of Slorgan County ; then went into the newspaper busine.ss, editing the Jackson- ville "Evening Courier," until 1886, after which he was connected with "The Quincy Herald," to 1890, when he returned to Jacksonville and re- sumed his place on "The Courier. " He was Clerk of the House of Representatives in 1891, and elected Secretary of State in 1892, serving until January, 1897. Mr. Hinrichsen has been a mem- ber of the Democratic State Central Committee since 1890, and was Chairman of that body dur- ing 1894-96. In 1896 Mr. Hinrichsen was the nominee of his party for Congress in the Six- teenth District and was elected by over 6,000 majority, but failed to secure a renomination in 1898. HINSDALE, a village in Du Page County and popular residence suburb, on the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles west-south- west of Chicago. It has four churches, a graded school, an academy, electric liglit plant, water- works, sewerage system, and two weekly news- papers. Population (1890), 1,584; (1900), 2,578. HITCHCOCK, Charles, lawyer, was born at Hanson, Plymouth County, Mass., April 4, 1827; studied at Dartmouth College and at Harvard Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1854, soon afterward establishing himself for the prac- tice of his profession in Chicago. In 1869 Mr. Hitchcock was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, which was the only important pub- lic office that he held, though his capacity was recognized by his election to the Presidency of that body. Died, May 6, 1881. HITCHCOCK, Luke, clergyman, was born April 13, 1813, at Lebanon, N. Y., entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1834, and, after supplying various charges in that State during the next five years, in 1839 came to Chicago, becoming one of the most influential factors in the Methodist denomination in Northern Illinois. Between that date and 1860 he was identified, as regular pastor or Pre- siding Elder, with churches at Dixon, Ottawa, Belvidere, Rockford, Mount Morris, St. Charles and Chicago (the old Clark Street church), with two years' service (1841-43) as agent of Rock River Seminary at Mount Morris — his itinerant labors being interrupted at two or three periods by ill-health, compelling him to assume a super- annuated relation. From 1852 to '80, inclusive, he was a delegate every four years to the General Conference. In 1860 he was appointed Agent of the Western Book Concern, and, as the junior representative, was placed in charge of the depository at Chicago — in 1868 becoming the Senior Agent, and so remaining until 1880. His subsequent service included two terms as Presid- ing Elder for the Dixon and Chicago Districts; the position of Superintendent of the Chicago Home Jlissionary and Church Extension Society ; Superintendent of the Wesley Hospital (which he assisted to organize), his last position being that of Corresponding Secretary of the Superannu- ates" Relief Association. He was also influential in securing the establishment of a church paper in Chicago and the founding of the Northwestern University and Garrett Biblical Institute. Died, while on a visit to a daughter at East Orange, N. J., Nov. 12, 1898. HITT, Daniel F., civil engineer and soldier, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., June 13, 1810 — the son of a Methodist preacher who freed his slaves and removed to Urbana, Ohio, in 1814. In 1829 the son began the study of engineering and, removing to Illinois the following year, was ap- pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, later being employed in survey- ing some sixteen years. Being stationed at Prairie du Chien at the time of the Black Hawk War (1832), he was attached to the Stephenson Rangers for a year, but at the end of that period resumed surve3'ing and, having settled in La Salle County, became the first Survej-or of that county. In 1861 he joined Colonel Cushman, of Ottawa, in the organization of the Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, was mustered into the service in March, 1862, and commissioned its Lieutenant- Colonel. The regiment took part in various battles, including those of Shiloh, Corinth and La Grange, Tenn. In the latter Colonel Hitt received an injury by being thrown from his horse which compelled his resignation and from HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 235 which he never fully recovered. Returning to Ottawa, he continued to reside there until his death, May 11, 1899. Colonel Hitt was father of Andrew J. Hitt, General Superintendent of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and uncle of Congressman Robert R. Hitt of Mount Morris. Originally a Democrat, he allied himself with the Republican party on the breaking out of the Civil War. He was a thirty-second degree Mason and prominent in Grand Army circles. HITT, Isaac R., real-estate operator, was born at Boonsboro, Md., June 2, 1828; in 1845 entered the freshman class at Asbury University, Ind., graduating in 1849. Then, removing to Ottawa, 111., he was engaged for a time in farming, but, in 1852, entered into the forwarding and com- mission business at La Salle. Having meanwhile devoted some attention to real-estate law, in 1853 he began buying and selling real estate while continuing his farming operations, adding thereto coal-mining. In May, 1856, he was a delegate from La Salle County to the State Convention at Bloomington which resulted in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois. Removing to Chicago in 1860, he engaged in the real-estate business there ; in 1862 was appointed on a com- mittee of citizens to look after the interests of wounded Illinois soldiers after the battle of Fort Donelson, in that capacity visiting hospitals at Cairo, Evansville, Paducah and Nashville. Dur- ing the war he engaged to some extent in the business of prosecuting soldiers' claims. Mr. Hitt has been a member of both the Chicago and the National Academy of Sciences, and, in 1869, was appointed by Governor Palmer on the Com- mission to lay out the park system of Chicago. Since 1871 he has resided at Evanston, where he aided in the erection of the Woman's College in connection with the Northwestern University. In 1876 he was appointed by the Governor agent to prosecute the claims of the State for swamp lands within its limits, and has given much of his attention to that business since. HITT, Robert Roberts, Congressman, was born at Urbana, Olno, Jan. 16, 1834. When he was three years old his parents removed to Illinois, settling in Ogle County. His education was acquired at Rock River Seminary (now Mount Morris College), and at De Pauw University, Ind. In 1858 Mr. Hitt was one of the reporters who reported the celebrated debate of that year between Lincoln and Douglas. From December, 1874, until March, '81, he was connected with the United States embassy at Paris, serving as First Secretary of Legation and Charge d'Affaires ad interim. He was Assistant Secretary of State in 1881, but resigned the post in 1882, having been elected to Congress from the Sixth Illinois Dis- trict to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of R. M. A. Hawk. By eight successive re-elec- tions he has represented the District continuously since, his career being conspicuous for long serv- ice. In that time he has taken an important part in the deliberations of the House, serving as Chairman of many important committees, not- ably that on Foreign Affairs, of which he has been Chairman for several terms, and for which his diplomatic experience well qualifies him. In 1898 he was appointed by President McKinley a member of the Committee to visit Hawaii and report upon a form of government for that por- tion of the newly acquired national domain. Mr. Hitt was strongly supported as a candidate for the United States Senate in 1895, and favorably considered for the position of Minister to Eng- land after the retirement of Secretary Day in 1898. HOBART, Horace R., was born in Wisconsin in 1839; graduated at Beloit College and, after a brief experience in newspaper work, enlisted, in 1861, in tlie First Wisconsin Cavalry and was assigned to duty as Battalion Quartermaster. Being wounded at Helena, Ark., he was com- pelled to resign, but afterwards served as Deputy Provost Marshal of the Second Wisconsin Dis- trict. In 1866 he re-entered newspaper work as reporter on "The Chicago Tribune," and later was associated, as city editor, with "The Chicago E%-ening Post" and "Evening Mail"; later was editor of "The Jacksonville Daily Journal" and "The Chicago Morning Courier, " also being, for some years from 1869, Western Manager of the American Press Association. In 1876, Mr. Hobart became one of the editors of "The Railway Age" (Chicago), with which he remained until the close of the year 1898, when he retired to give his attention to real-estate matters. HOFFMAN, Francis A., Lieutenant-Governor (1861-65), was born at Ilerford, Prussia, in 1822, and emigrated to America in 1839, reaching Chica- go the same year. There he became a boot-black in a leading hotel, but within a month was teaching a small German school at Dunkley's Grove (now Addison), Du Page County, and later officiating as a Lutheran minister. In 1847 he represented that county in the River and Harbor Convention at Chicago. In 1852 he removed to Chicago, and, the following year, entered the City Council. Later, he embarked in the real-estate business, and, in 1854, opened a banking house, but was 236 IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. forced to assign in 1861. He early became a recognized anti-slavery leader and a contributor to the German press, and, in 1856, was nominated for Lieutenant-Governor on the first Republican State ticket with William H. Bissell, but was found ineligible by reason of his short residence in the United States, and withdrew, giving place to John AVood of Quincy. In 1860 he was again nominated, and having in the meantime become eligible, was elected. In 1864 he was a Repub- lican candidate for Presidential Elector, and assisted in Mr. Lincoln's second election. He was at one time Foreign Land Commissioner for the Illinois Central Railroad, and acted as Consul at Chicago for several German States. For a number of years past Mr. Hoffman has been editor of an agricultural paper in Southern Wisconsin. HOCrAX, John, clergyman and early politician, was born in the city of Mallow, County of Cork, Ireland, Jan. 3, 1805; brought in childhood to Baltimore, Md., and having been left an orphan at eight years of age, learned the trade of a shoe- maker. In 1826 he became an itinerant Metho- dist preacher, and, coming west the same year, preached at various points in Indiana, Illinois and Missouri. In 1830 he was married to Miss Mary Mitchell West, of Belleville, 111., and soon after, having retired from the itinerancy, engaged in mercantile business at Edwardsville and Alton. In 1836 be was elected Representative in the Tenth General Assembly from Madison Connty, two years later was appointed a Commissioner of Public Works and, being re-elected in 1840, was made President of the Board; in 1841 was ap- pointed by President Harrison Register of the Land Office at Dixon, where he remained until 1845. During the anti-slavery excitement which attended the assassination of Elijah P. Lovejoy in 1837, he was a resident of Alton and was re- garded by the friends of Lovejoy as favoring the pro slavery faction. After retiring from the Land Office at Dixon, he removed to St. Louis, where he engaged in the wholesale grocery busi- ness. In his early political life he was a Whig, but later co-opei-ated with the Democratic party ; in 1857 he was appointed bj' President Buchanan Postmaster of the city of St. Louis, serving until the accession of Lincoln in 1861 ; in 1864 was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Con- gress, serving two years. He was also a delegate to the National Union (Democratic) Convention at Philadelphia in 1866. After his retirement from the Methodist itinerancy he continued to officiate as a "local" preacher and was esteemed a speaker of unusual eloquence and ability. His death occurred, Feb. 5, 18U2. He is author of sev- eral volumes, including "The Resources of Mis- souri," "Commerce and Manufactures of St. Louis," ami a "Historv of Methodism." HO(jiE, Joseph P., Congressman, was born in Ohio early in the century and came to Galena, 111., in 1836, where he attained prominence as a lawjer. In 1843 he was elected Representative in Congress, as claimed at the time by the aid of the Mormon vote at Xauvoo, serving one term. In 1853 he went to San Francisco, Cal., and be- came a Judge in that State, dying a few years since at the age of over 80 years. He is repre- sented to have been a man of much ability and a graceful and eloquent orator. Mr. Hoge was a son-in-law of Thomas C. Browne, one of the Jus- tices of the first Supreme Court of Illinois who lield office until 1848. HOLLISTTR, (Dr.) John Hamilton, physi- cian, was born at Riga, N. Y., in 1824; was brought to Romeo, Jlicli., by liis parents in in- fancy, but his father having died, at the age of 17 went to Rochester, N. Y., to be educated, finallj' graduating in medicine at Berkshire College, Mass., in 1847, and beginning practice at Otisco, Mich. Two years later he removed to Grand Rapids and, in 1855, to Chicago, where he held, for a time, the position of demonstrator of anat- omy in Rush Medical College, and, in 1856, be- came one of the founders of the Chicago Medical College, in which he has held various chairs. He also served as Surgeon of Mercy Hospital and was, for twenty years. Clinical Professor in the same institution; was President of the State Medical Society, and, for twenty years, its Treas- urer. Other positions held by him have been those of Trustee of the American Medical Associ- ation and editor of its journal, President of the Young Men's Christian Association and of the Chicago Congregational Club. He has also been prominent in Sunday School and church work in connection with the Armour Mission, with which he has been associated for manv vears. HOME FOR JUVENILE OFFEXDERS, (FE- MALE). The establishment of this institution was authorized by act of June 22, 1893, which appropriated 875,000 towards its erection and maintenance, not more than §15,000 to be ex- pended for a site. (See also State Guardians for Girls.) It is designed to receive girls between the ages of 10 and 16 committed thereto by any court of record upon conviction of a misdemeanor, the term of commitment not to be less than one vear. or to exceed minority. Justices of the o 7i Z a =1 O O H O H HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 337 Peace, however, may send giris for a term not less than three months. The act of incorporation provides for a commutation of sentence to be earned by good conduct and a prolongation of the sentence by bad behavior. The Trustees are empowered, in their discretion, either to appren- tice tlie girls or to adopt them out during their minority. Temporary quarters were furnished for the Home during the first two years of its existence in Chicago, but permanent buildings for the institution have been erected on the banks of Fox River, near Geneva, in Kane County. HOMER, a village in Champaign County, on the Wabash Railway, 20 miles west-.soutliwest from Danville and about 18 miles east-southeast from Champaign. It supports a carriage factory ; also has two banks several churches, a seminary, an opera house, and one weekly paper. The region is chiefly agricultural. Population (1880), 924: (1890), 917; (1900), 1,080. HOMESTEAD LAWS. In general such laws have been defined to be "legislation enacted to secure, to some extent, the enjoyment of a home and shelter for a family or individual by exempt- ing, under certain conditions, the residence occu- pied by the family or individual, from liability to be sold for the payment of the debts of its owner, and by restricting his rights of free alienation." In Illinois, this exemption extends to the farm and dwelling thereon of every householder hav- ing a family, and occupied as a residence, whether owned or possessed under a lease, to the value of §1,000. The exemption continues after death, for the benefit of decedenfs wife or hus- band occupying the homestead, and also of the children, if any, until the youngest attain the age of 21 years. Husband and wife must join in releasing the exemption, but the property is always liable for improvements thereon. — In 1862 Congress passed an act known as the "Homestead Law" for the protection of the rights of settlers on public lands under certain restrictions as to active occupanc}-, under which most of that class of lands since taken for settlement have been purchased. HOMEWOOD, a village of Cook County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 2.3 miles south of Chi- cago. Population, (1900), 3.52. HOOLEY, Richard M., theatrical manager, was born in Ireland. April 13, 1832 ; at the age of 18 entered the theater as a musician and, four years later, came to America, soon after forming an a,ssociation with E. P. Christy, the originator of negro minstrelsy entertainments which went under his name. In 1848 Mr. Hooley conducted a company of minstrels through the principal towns of England, Scotland and Ireland, and to some of the chief cities on the continent; re- turned to America five years later, and subse- quently managed houses in San Francisco, Philadelphia, Brooklyn and New York, finally locating in Chicago in 1869, where he remained the rest of his life, — his theater becoming one of the most widely known and popular in the city. Died, Sept. 8. 1893. HOOPESTON, a prosperous city in Vermilion County at the intersection of the Chicago & East- ern Illinois and the Lake Erie & Western Rail- roads, 99 miles south of Chicago. It has grain elevators, a nail factory, brick and tile works, carriage and machme shops, and two large can- ning factories, besides two banks and one dailj' and three weekly newspapers, several churches, a high school and a business college. Population (1890), 1.911; (190U). 3,823; (1904), about 4,500. HOPKINS, Albert J., Congressman, was born in De Kalb County, 111. , August 15, 1846. After graduating from Hillsdale College, Mich., in 1870, he studied law and began practice at Auroia. He rapidly attained prominence at the bar, and. in 1872, was elected .State's Attorney for Kane Count}', serving in that capacity for four years. He is an ardent Republican and high in the party's councils, having been Chairman of the State Central Committee from 1878 to 1880, and a Presidential Elector on the Blaine & Logan ticket in 1884. The same year he was elected to the Forty-ninth Congress from the Fifth District (now the Eighth) and has been continuously re- elected ever since, receiving a clear majority in 1898 of more than 18,000 votes over two competi- tors. At present (1898) he is Chairman of the Select House Committee on Census and a member of the Committees on Ways and Means, and Mer- chant Marine and Fisheries. In 1896 he was strongly supported for the Republican nomina- tion for Governor. HOUGHTON, Horace Hocking, pioneer printer and journalist, was born at Springfield, Vt. , Oct. 26, 1806, spent his youth on a farm, and at eight- een began learning the printer's trade in the office of "The Woodstock Overseer" ; on arriving at his majority became a journeyman printer and, in 1828, went to New York, spending some time in the employment of the Harper Brothers. After a brief season spent in Boston, he took charge of "The Statesman" at Castleton, Vt., but, in 1834, again went to New York, taking with him a device for throwing the printed sheet off the press, which was afterwards adopted on the 238 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Adams and Hoe printing presses. His next move was to Marietta, Ohio, in 1834, thence by ■way of Cincinnati and Louisville to St. Louis, working for a time in the office of the old "St. Louis Republican." He soon after went to Galena and engaged in lead-mining, but later became associated with Sylvester M. Bartlett in the management of "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Advertiser," finally becoming sole proprietor. In 1842 he sold out the paper, but resumed his connection with it the following year, remaining until 18G3, when he finally sold out. He afterwards spent some time on the Pacific slope, was for a time American Consul to the Sandwich Islands, but finally returned to Galena and, during the later years of his life, was Postmaster there, dying April 30, 1879. HOVEY, Charles Edward, educator, soldier and lawyer, was born in Orange County, Vt., April 26, 1827; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1852, and became successively Principal of high schools at Farmington, Mass., and Peoria, 111. Later, he assisted in organizing the Illinois State Normal School at Normal, of which he was President from 1857 to 1861 — being also President of the State Teachers' Association (1856), mem- ber of the State Board of Education, and, for some years, editor of "The Illinois Teacher." In Au- gust, 1861, he assisted in organizing, and was com- missioned Colonel of, the Thirty-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the "Normal" or "School- Masters' Regiment," from the fact that it was composed largely of teachers and young men from the State colleges. In 1862 he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General and, a few months later, to brevet Major-General for gallant and meritorious conduct. Leaving the military service in May, 1863, he engaged in the practice of law in Washington, D. C. Died, in Washing- ton, Nov. 17, 1897. HOWLAND, George, educator and author, was born (of Pilgrim ancestry) at Conway, Mass., July 30, 1824. After graduating from Amherst College in 1850, he devoted two years to teaching in the public schools, and three years to a tutor- ship in his Alma Mater, giving instruction in Latin, Greek and French. He began the study of law, but, after a year's reading, he abandoned it, removing to Chicago, where he became Assist- ant Principal of the city's one high school, in 1858. He became its Principal in 1860, and, in 1880, was elected Superintendent of Chicago City Schools. This position he filled until August, 1891, when he resigned. He also served as Trus- tee of Amherst College for several years, and as a member of the Illinois State Board of Education, being President of that body in 1883. As an author he was of some note; his work being chiefly on educational lines. He published a translation of the ^neid adapted to the use of schools, besides translations of some of Horace's Odes and portions of the Iliad and Odyssey. He was also the author of an English grammar. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 21, 1892. HOTXE, PhiHp A., lawyer and United States Commissioner, was born in New York City, Nov. 20, 1824; came to Chicago in 1841, and, after spending eleven years alternately in Galena and Chicago, finally located permanently in Chicago, in 1852; in 1853 was elected Clerk of the Record- er's Court of Chicago, retaining the position five years ; was admitted to the bar in March, 1856, and appointed United States Commissioner the same year, remaining in oflice until his death, Nov. 3, 1894. Mr. Hoyne was an ofiicer of the Chicago Pioneers and one of the founders of the Union League Club. HUBBARD, Gurdou Saltonstall, pioneer and Indian trader, was born at Windsor, Vt., August 22, 1803. His early youth was passed in Canada, chiefly in the employ of the American Fur Com- pany. In 1818 he first visited Fort Dearborn, and for nine years traveled back and forth in the interest of his employers. In 1827, having em- barked in business on his own account, he estab- lished several trading posts in Illinois, becoming a resident of Chicago in 1832. From this time forward he became identified with the history and development of the State. He served with distinction during the Black Hawk and Winne- bago Wars, was enterprising and public-spirited, and did much to promote the early development of Chicago. He was elected to the Legislature from Vermilion Coimty in 1832, and, in 1835, was appointed by Governor Duncan one of the Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Chicago, Sept. 14, 1886. From the time he became a citizen of Chicago, for fifty years, no man was more active or public-spirited in promoting its commercial development and general prosperity. He was identified with almost every branch of business upon wliich its growth as a commercial city depended, from that of an early Indian trader to that of a real-estate operator, being manager of one of the largest pack- ing houses of his time, as well as promoter of early railroad enterprises. A zealous Republican, he was one of the most earnest supporters of Abraham Lincoln in the campaign of 1860, was prominently identified with every local measure HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 239 for the maintenance of the Union cause, and, for a year, held a commission as Captain in the Eighty-eightli Regiment Illinois Volunteers, known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment. " HUGHITT, Marvin, Railway President, was born, August, 1837, and, in 1856, began his rail- road experience on the Chicago & Alton Railway as Superintendent of Telegraph and Train-de- spatcher. In 1862 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Company in a similar capacity, still later occupying the positions of Assistant Superintendent and General Superintendent, re- maining in the latter from 1865 to 1870, when he resigned to become Assistant General Manager of the Chicago, Jlilwaukee & St. Paul. In 1872 he became associated with the Chicago & North- ■western Railroad, in connection with which he has held the positions of Superintendent, General Manager, Second Vice-President and President — the last of which (1899) he still occupies. HULETT, Alta M., lawyer, was born near Rockford, 111., June 4, 1854; early learned teleg- raphy and became a successful operator, but sub- sequently engaged in teaching and the study of law. In 1872, having passed the required exami- nation, she applied for admission to the bar, but was rejected on account of sex. She then, in conjunction with Mrs. Bradwell and others, interested herself in securing the passage of an act by the Legislature giving women the right that had been denied her, which having been accomplished, she went to Chicago, was admitted to the bar and began practice. Died, in Cali- fornia, March 27, 1877. HUNT, Daniel D., legislator, was bom in "Wyoming County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1835, came to De Kalb County, 111., in 1857, and has since been engaged in hotel, mercantile and farming busi- ness. He was elected as a Republican Represent- ative in the Thirty-fifth General Assembly in 1886, and re elected in 1888. Two years later he was elected to the State Senate, re-elected in 1894, and again in 1898 — giving him a continuous service in one or the other branch of the General Assembly of sixteen years. During the session of 1895, Senator Hunt was especially active in the legislation which resulted in the location of the Northern Illinois Normal Institute at De Kalb. HUNT, Georgre, lawyer and ex- Attorney-Gen- eral, was born in Knox County, Ohio, in 1841; having lost both parents in childhood, came, with an uncle, to Edgar County, 111., in 1855. In July, 1861, at the age of 20, he enlisted in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry, re-enlisting as a veteran in 1864, and rising from the ranks to a captaincy. After the close of the war, he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and, locating at Paris, Edgar County, soon acquired a large practice. He was elected State Senator on the Republican ticket in 1874, and re-elected in 1878 and '82. In 1884 he received his first nomination for Attorney-Gen- eral, was renominated in 1888, and elected both times, serving eight years. Among the im- portant questions with which General Hunt had to deal during his two terms were the celebrated "anarchist cases" of 1887 and of 1890-92. In the former the condemned Chicago anarchists applied through their counsel to the Supreme Court of the United States, for a writ of error to the Su- preme Court of Illinois to compel the latter to grant them a new trial, which was refused. The case, on the part of the State, was conducted by General Hunt, while Gen. B. F. Butler of Massa- chusetts, John Randolph Tucker of Virginia. Roger A. Pryor of New York, and Messrs. W. P. Black and Solomon of Chicago appeared for the plaintiffs. Again, in 1890, Fielden and Schwab, who had been condemned to life imprisonment, attempted to secure their release — the former by an application similar to that of 1887, and the latter by appeal from a decision of Judge Gresham of the United States Circuit Court refusing a writ of habeas corpus. The final hearing of these cases was had before the Supreme Court of the United States in January, 1892, General Butler again appearing as leading counsel for the plaintiffs — but with the same result as in 1887. General Hunt's management of these cases won for him much deserved commendation both at home and abroad. HUNTER, Andrew J., was born in Greencastle, Ind., Deo. 17, 1831, and removed in infancy by his parents, to Edgar County, this State. His early education was received in the common schools and at Edgar Academy. He coromenced his business life as a civil engineer, but, after three years spent in that profession, began the study of law and was admitted to the bar. He has since been activel}' engaged in practice at Paris, Edgar County. From 1864 to 1868 he repre- sented that county in the State Senate, and, in 1870, led the Democratic forlorn hope in the Fif- teenth Congressional District against General Jesse H. Moore, and rendered a like service to his party in 1882, when Joseph G. Cannon was his Republican antagonist. In 1886 he was elected Judge of the Edgar County Court, and, in 1890, was re-elected, but resigned this office in 1892, having been elected Congressman for the State- 240 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. atlarge ou tlie Democratic ticket. He was a can- didate for Congress from the Nineteenth District again in 1896, and was again elected, receiving a majority of 1,200 over Hon. Benson Wood, his Republican opponent and immediate predecessor. HUNTER, (Gen.) David, soldier, was born in Washington, D. C, July 21, 1802; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1823, and assigned to the Fifth Infantry with the rank of Second Lieutenant, becoming Fir.st Lieutenant in 1828 and Captain of Dragoons in 1833. During this period he twice crossed tlie plains to the Rooky Mountains, but, in 1836, resigned his com- mission and engaged in business in Chicago, Re-entering the service as Paymaster in 1842, he was Chief Paymaster of General Wool's command in the Mexican War, and was afterwards stationed at New Orleans. Washington, Detroit, St. Louis and on the frontier. He was a personal friend of President Lincoln, whom he accompanied when the latter set out for Washington in February, 1861, but was disabled at Buffalo, having his collar-bone dislocated by the crowd. He was appointed Colonel of the Sixth United States Cavalry, May 14, 1861, three days later commis- sioned Brigadier-General and, in August, made Major-General. In the Manassas campaign he commanded the main column of McDowell's army and was severely wounded at Bull Run ; served under Fremont in Missouri and succeeded him in command in November, 1861, remaining until March, 1862. Being transferred to the Department of the South in Slay following, he issued an order declaring the persons held as slaves in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina free, which order was revoked by President Lin- coln ten days later. On account of the steps taken by him for the organization of colored troops. Jefferson Davis issued an order declaring him, in case of capture, subject to execution as a felon. In May, 1864, he was placed in com- mand of the Department of the West, and, in 1865, served on various courts-martial, being President of the commission that tried Mr. Lin- coln's assassins ; was brevetted Major-General in March, 186.5, retired from active service July, 1866, and died in Washington, Feb. 2, 1886. Gen- eral Hunter married a daughter of John Kinzie, the first permanent citizen of Chicago. HURD, Harvey B., lawyer, was born in Fair- field County, Conn., Feb. 24, 1827. At the age of 1.5 he walked to Bridgeport, where he began life as office-boy in "The Bridgeport Standard," a journal of pronounced Whig proclivities. In 1844 he came to Illinois, entering Jubilee College, but, after a brief attendance, came to Chicago in 1846. There he found temporary employment as a compositor, later commencing tlie study of law, and being admitted to the bar in 1848. A portion of the present city of Evanston is built upon a 248-acre tract owned and subdivided by Mr. Hurd and liis partner. Alwaj-s in sympathy with the old school and most radical t3'pe of Abolitionists, he took a deep interest in the Kan- sas-Missouri troubles of 1856. and became a mem- ber of the "National Kansas Committee" appointed by the Buffalo (N. Y. ) Convention, of which body he was a member. He was cliosen Secretary of the executive committee, and it is not too much to say that, largely through his earnest and poorly requited labors, Kansas was finallj' admitted into the L^nion as a free State. It was mainly through his efforts that seed for planting was gratuitously distributed among the free-soil settlers. In 1869 he was appointed a member of the Commission to revise the statutes of Illinois, a large part of the work devolving upon him in consequence of the withdrawal of his colleagues. The revision was completed In 1874, in conjunction with a Joint Committee of Revision of both Houses appointed by the Legis- lature of 1873. While no statutory revision has been ordered by subsequent Legislatures, Mr. Hurd has carried on the same character of work on independent lines, issuing new editions of the statutes from time to time, which are regarded as standard works by the bar. In 1875 he was nominated by the Republican party for a seat on the Supreme bench, but was defeated by the late Judge T. Lyle Dickey. For several years he filled a chair in the faculty of the Union College of Law. His home is in Evanston. HURLBUT, Stephen A., soldier. Congressman and Foreign Minister, was born at Charleston, S. C, Nov. 29, 1815, received a thorough liberal education, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. Soon afterwards he removed to Illinois, making his home at Belvidere. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. in 1848 was an unsuccessful candidate for Presidential Elector on the Whig ticket, but, on the organization of the Republican party in 1856, promptly identified himself with that party and was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly as a Republican in 1858 and again in 1860. During the War of the Rebellion he served with distinc- tion from May, 1861, to July, 1865. He entered the .service as Brigadier-General, commanding the Fourth Division of Grant's army at Pittsburg Landing ; was made a Major-General in Septeni- S. ¥r,\ o H < u e .«; H 03 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 241 ber, 1862, and later assigned to the command of the Sixteenth Army Corps, at Memphis, and sub- sequently to the command of the Department of the Gulf ( 1864-65). After the close of the war he served another term in the General Assembly (1867), was chosen Presidential Elector for the Stateat-large in 1868, and, in 1869, was appointed by President Grant Minister Resident to the United States of Colombia, serving until 1872. The latter year he was elected Representative to Congress, and re-elected two years later. In 1876 he was a candidate for re-election as an independent Republican, but was defeated by William Lathrop, the regular nominee. In 1881 he was appointed Minister Resident to Peru, and died at Lima, March 27, 1882. HUTCHIXS, Thomas, was born in Monmouth, N. J., in 1730, died in Pittsburg, Pa., April 28, 1789. He was the first Government Surveyor, fre- quently called the "Geographer"; was also an officer of the Sixtieth Royal (British) regiment, and assistant engineer under Bouquet. At the outbreak of the Revolution, wliile stationed at Fort Chartres, he resigned his commission be- cause of his sympathy with the patriots. Three years later he was charged with being in treason- able correspondence with Franklin, and im- prisoned in the Tower of London. He is said to have devised the present system of Government surveys in this country, and his services in carry- ing it into effect were certainly of great value. He was the author of several valuable works, the best known being a "Topographical Description of Virginia." HUTSONVILLE, a village of Crawford County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, and the Wabash River, 34 miles south of Paris. The district is agricultural. The town has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 583; (1900), 743. ILLINOIS. (general history.) Illinois is the twenty-first State of the Federal Union in the order of its admission, the twentieth in present area and the third in point of popula- tion. A concise history of the region, of which it constituted the central portion at an early period, will be found in the following pages: The greater part of the territory now comprised within the State of Illinois was known and at- tracted eager attention from the nations of the old world — especially in France, Germany and England — before the close of the third quarter of the seventeenth century. More than one hun- dred years before the struggle for American Inde- pendence began, or the geographical division known as the "Territory of the Northwest" had an existence; before the names of Kentucky, Tennessee, Vermont or Ohio had been heard of, and while the early settlers of New England and Virginia were still struggling for a foothold among the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast, the "Illinois Country" occupied a place on the miaps of North America as distinct and definite as New York or Pennsylvania. And from that time forward, until it assumed its position in the Union witli the rank of a State, no other pection has been the theater of more momentous and stirring events or has contributed more material, affording interest and instruction to the archaeol- ogist, the ethnologist and the historian, than that portion of the American Continent now known as the "State of Illinois." The "Illinois Country. "—What was known to the early French explorers and their followers and descendants, for the ninety years which intervened between the discoveries of Joliet and La Salle, down to the surrender of this region to the English, as the "Illinois Country," is de- scribed with great clearness and definiteness by Capt. Philip Pittman, an English engineer who made the first survey of the Mississippi River soon after the transfer of the French possessions east of the Mississippi to the British, and who published the result of his observations in London in 1770. In this report, which is evidently a work of the highest authenticity, and is the more valuable because written at a transition period when it was of the first importance to preserve and hand down the facts of early French history to the new occupants of the soil, the boundaries of tlie "Illinois Country" are defined as follows: "The Country of the Illinois is bounded by the Mississippi on the west, by tlie river Illinois on the north, by the Ouabache and Miamis on the east and the Ohio on the south." From this it would appear that the country lying between the Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers to the west and northwest of the former, was not considered a part of the "Illinois Country," and 242 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. this agjees generally with the records of the early Frencli explorers, except that they regarded the region which comprehends the site of the present city of Chicago — the importance of which appears to have been appreciated from the first as a connecting link between the Lakes and the upper tributaries of the rivers falling into the Gulf of Mexico — as belonging thereto Origin of the Name. — The "Country" appears to have derived its name from Inini, a word of Algonquin origin, signifying "the men," eu- phemized by the French into lUiui with the suffix ois, signifying "tribe." The root of the term, applied both to the country and the Indians occupying it, has been still further defined as "a perfect man" (Haines on "Indian Names"), and the derivative has been used by the French chroniclers in various forms though always with the same signification — a signification of which the earliest claimants of the appellation, as well as their successors of a different race, have not failed to be duly proud. Boundaries and Area. — It is this region which gave the name to the State of which it constituted so large and important a part. Its boundaries, so far as the Wabash and the Ohio Eivers (as well as the Mississippi from the mouth of the Ohio to the mouth of the Illinois) are con- cerned, are identical with those given to the "Illinois Country" by Pittman. The State is bounded on the north by Wisconsin ; on the east by Lake Michigan, the State of Indiana and the Wabash River; southeast by the Ohio, flowing between it and tlie State of Kentucky ; and west and southwest by the Mississippi, which sepa- rates it from the States of Iowa and Missouri. A pecuUarity of the Act of Congress defining the boundaries of the State, is the fact that, while the jurisdiction of Illinois extends to the middle of Lake Michigan and also of the channels of the Wabash and the Mississippi, it stops at the north bank of the Ohio River; this seems to have been a sort of concession on the part of the framers of the Act to our proud neighbors of the "Dark and Bloody Ground." Geographically, the State lies between the parallels of 36' .59' and 43° 30' north latitude, and the meridian of 10° 30' and 14° of longitude west from the city of Washington. From its extreme southern limit at the mouth of the Ohio to the Wisconsin boundary on the north, its estimated length is 385 miles, with an extreme breadth, from the Indiana State line to the Mis- sissippi River at a point between Quincy and Warsaw, of 218 miles. Owing to the tortuous course of its river and lake boundaries, which comprise about three-fourths of the whole, its physical outline is extremely irregular. Between the limits described, it has an estimated area of 56,650 square miles, of which 650 square miles is water — the latter being chiefly in Lake Michigan. This area is more than one and one-half times that of all New England (Maine being excepted), and is greater than that of any other State east of the Mississippi, except Michigan, Georgia and Florida — Wisconsin lacking only a few hundred square miles of the same. When these figures are taken into account some idea may be formed of the magnificence of tlie domain comprised within the limits of the State of Illinois — a domain larger in extent than that of England, more than one-fourth of that of all France and nearly half that of the British Islands, including Scotland and Ireland. The possibilities of such a country, possessing a soil unequaled in fertility, in proportion to its area, by any other State of the Union and with re- sources in agriculture, manufactures and com- merce unsurpassed in any country on the face of the globe, transcend all human conception. Streams and Navigation. — Lying between the Mississippi and its chief eastern tributary, the Ohio, with the Wabash on the east, and inter- sected from northeast to southwest by the Illinois and its numerous aflluents, and with no motin- tainous region within its limits, Illinois is at once one of the best watered, as well as one of the most level States in the Union. Besides the Sanga- mon, Kankakee, Fox and Des Plaines Rivers, chief tributaries of the Illinois, and the Kaskaskia draining the region between the Illinois and the Wabash, Rook River, in tlie northwestern portion of the State, is most important on account of its valuable %vater-power. All of these streams were regarded as navigable for some sort of craft, dur- ing at least a portion of the year, in the early history of the country, and with the magnificent Mississippi along the whole western border, gave to Illinois a larger extent of navigable waters than that of any other single State. Although practical navigation, apart from the lake and by natural water courses, is now limited to the Mis- sissippi. Illinois and Ohio — making an aggregate of about 1,000 miles — the importance of the smaller streams, when the people were dependent almost wholly upon some means of water com- munication for the transportation of heavy com- modities as well as for travel, could not be over-estimated, and it is not without its effect upon the productiveness of the soil, now that water transportation has given place to railroads. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 243 The whole number of streams shown upon the best maps exceeds 280. Topography. — In physical conformation the surface of the State presents the aspect of an inclined plane with a moderate descent in the general direction of the streams toward the south and southwest. Cairo, at the extreme southern end of the State and the point of lowest depres- sion, has an elevation above sea-level of about 300 feet, while the altitude of Lake Michigan at Chicago is 583 feet. The greatest elevation is reached near Scale's Moimd in the northwestern part of the State — 1.257 feet^ — while a spur from the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, projected across the southern part of the State, rises in Jackson and Union Counties to a height of over 900 feet. The eastern end of this spur, in the northeast corner of Pope County, reaches an elevation of 1,046 feet. South of this ridge, the surface of the country between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers was originally covered with dense forests. These included some of the most valuable species of timber for limiber manufacture, such as the different varieties of oak, walnut, poplar, ash, sugar-maple and cypress, besides elm, linden, hickory, honey-locust, pecan, hack-berry, cotton- wood, sycamore, sassafras, black-gum and beech. The native fruits included the persimmon, wild plum grape and pawpaw, with various kinds of berries, such as blackberries, raspberries, straw- berries (in the prairie districts) and some others. Most of the native growths of woods common to the south were found along the streams farther north, except the cypress beech, pecan and a few others. PkaIRIES. — A peculiar feature of the country, in the middle and northern portion of the State, wliich excited the amazement of early explorers, was the vast extent of the prairies or natural meadows. The origin of these has been attrib- uted to various causes, such as some peculiarity of the soil, absence or excess of moisture, recent upheaval of the surface from lakes or some other bodies of water, the action of fires, etc. In many sections there appears little to distinguish the soil of the prairies from that of the adjacent woodlands, that may not be accounted for by the character of their vegetation and other causes, for the luxuriant growth of native grasses and other productions has demonstrated that they do not lack in fertility, and the readiness with which trees take root when artificially propa- gated and protected, has shown that there is nothing in the soil itself unfavorable to their growth. Whatever may have been the original cause of the prairies, however, there is no doubt that annually recurring fires have had much to do in perpetuating their existence, and even extending their limits, as the absence of the same agent has tended to favor the encroachments of the -forests. While originally regarded as an obstacle to the occupation of the country by a dense population, there is no doubt that their existence has contributed to its rapid develop- ment when it was discovered with what ease these apparent wastes could be subdued, and how productive they were capable of becoming when once brought under cultivation. In spite of the uniformity in altitude of the State as a whole, many sections present a variety of surface and a mingling of plain and woodland of the most pleasing character. This is espe- cially the case in some of the prairie districts where the undulating landscape covered with rich herbage and brilliant flowers must have presented to the first explorers a scene of ravish- ing beauty, which has been enhanced rather than diminished in recent times by the hand of culti- vation. Along some of the streams also, espe- cially on the upper Mississippi and Illinois, and at some points on the Ohio, is found scenery of a most picturesque variety. Animals, etc. — From this description of the country it will be easy to infer what must have been the varieties of the animal kingdom which here found a home. These included the buffalo, various kinds of deer, the bear, panther, fox, wolf, and wild-cat, while swans, geese and ducks covered the lakes and streams. It was a veritable paradise for game, both large and small, as well as for their native hunters. "One can scarcely travel," wrote one of the earliest priestly explor- ers, "without finding a prodigious multitude of turkeys, that keep together in flocks often to the number of ten hundred." Beaver, otter, and mink were found along the streams. Most of these, especially the larger species of game, have disappeared before the tide of civilization, but the smaller, such as quail, prairie chicken, duck and the different varieties of fish in the streams, pro- tected by law during certain seasons of the year, continue to exist in considerable numbers. Soil and Climate.— The capabilities of the soil in a region thus situated can be readily under- stood. In proportion to the extent of its surface, Illinois has a larger area of cultivable land than any other State in the Union, with a soil of supe- rior quality, much of it unsurpassed in natural fertility. This is especially true of the "American Bottom," a region extending a distance of ninety 244 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. miles along the east bank of the Mississippi, from a few miles below Alton nearly to Chester, and of an average width of five to eight miles. This was the seat of the first permanent white settle- ment in the Mississippi Valley, and portions of it have been under cultivation from one himdred to one hundred and fifty years without exhaustion. Other smaller areas of scarcely less fertility are found both upon the bottom-lands and in the prairies in the central portions of the State. Extending through five and one-half degrees of latitude, Illinois has a great variety of climate. Though subject at times to sudden alternations of temperature, these occasions have been rare since the country has been thoroughly settled. Its mean average for a series of years has been 48° in the northern part of the State and 56° in the southern, differing little from other States upon the same latitude. The mean winter temper- ature has ranged from 25° in the north to 34' in the south, and the summer mean from 67° in the north to 78° in the south. The extreme winter temperature has seldom fallen below 20° below zero in the northern portion, while the highest summer temperature ranges from 95° to 102°. The average difference in temperature between the northern and southern portions of the State is about 10°, and the difference in the progress of the seasons for the same sections, from four to six weeks. Such a wide variety of climate is favor- able to the production of nearly all the grains and fruits peculiar to the temperate zone. Contest for Occupation. — Three powers early became contestants for the supremacy on the North American Continent. The first of these was Spain, claiming possession on the ground of the discovery by Columbus ; England, basing her claim upon the discoveries of the Cabots, and France, maintaining her right to a considerable part of the continent by virtue of the discovery and exploration by Jacques Cartier of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, in 1534-35, and the settlement of Quebec by Champlain seventy-four years later. The claim of Spain was general, extending to both North and South America; and, while she early established her colonies in Mexico, the West Indies and Peru, the country was too vast and her agents too busy seeking for gold to interfere materially with her competitors. The Dutch, Swedes and Germans established small, though flourishing colonies, but they were not colonizers nor were they numeric- ally as strong as their neighbors, and their settle- ments were ultimately absorbed by the latter. Both the Spaniards and the French were zealous in proselyting the aborigines, but while the former did not hesitate to torture their victims in order to extort their gold while claiming to save their souls, the latter were more gentle and beneficent in their policy, and, by their kindness, succeeded in winning and retaining the friend- ship of the Indians in a remarkable degree. They were traders as well as missionaries, and this fact and the readiness with which they adapted them- selves to the habits of those whom they found in possession of the soil, enabled them to make tlie most extensive explorations in small numbers and at little cost, and even to remain for un- limited periods among their aboriginal friends. On the other hand, the English were artisans and tillers of the soil with a due proportion engaged in commerce or upon the sea; and, while they were later in planting their colonies in Virginia and New England, and less aggressive in the work of exploration, they maintained a surer foothold on the soil when they had once estab- lished themselves. To this fact is due the per- manence and steady growth of the English colonies in the New World, and the virtual domi- nance of the Anglo-Saxon race over more than five-sevenths of the North American Continent — a result which has been illustrated in the history of every people that has made agriculture, manu- factures and legitimate commerce the basis of their prosperity. Early Explor.vtions. — The French explorers were the first Europeans to visit the "Country of the Illinois," and, for nearly a century, they and their successors and descendants held undisputed possession of the country, as well as the greater part of the Mississippi Valley. It is true that Spain put in a feeble and indefinite claim to this whole region, but she was kept too busy else- where to make her claim good, and, in 1763, she relinquished it entirely as to the Mississippi Valley and west to the Pacific Ocean, in order to strengthen herself elsewhere. There is a peculiar coincidence in the fact that, while the English colonists who settled about IMassachusetts Bay named that region "New England," the French gave to tlieir possessions, from the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mis- sissippi, the name of "New France." and the Spaniards called all the region claimed by them, extending from Panama to Puget Sound, "New Spain. ' ' The boundaries of each were very indefi- nite and often confiicting, but were settled by the treaty of 1763. As early as 1634, Jean Nicolet, coming by way of Canada, discovered Lake Michigan — then UISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEIJIA OF ILLINOIS. 345 called by the French, "Lao des Illinois" — entered Green Bay and visited some of the tribes of Indians in that region. In 1641 zealous mission- aries had reached the Falls of St. Mary (called by the French "Sault Ste. Marie"), and, in 1658, two French fur-traders are alleged to have penetrated as far west as "La Pointe"' on Lake Superior, where they opened up a trade with the Sioux Indians and wintered in the neighborhood of the Apostle Islands near wliere the towns of Ashland and Bayfield, Wis., now stand. A few years later (1665), Fathers Allouez and Dablon, French mis- sionaries, visited the Cliippewas on the southern shore of Lake Superior, and missions were estab- lished at Green Bay, Ste. Marie and La Pointe. About the same time the mission of St. Ignace was established on the north shore of the Straits of Mackinaw (spelled by the French "Michilli- macinao"). It is also claimed that the French traveler, Radisson, during the year of 1658-59, reached the upper Mississippi, antedating the claims of Joliet and Marquette as its discoverers by fourteen years. Nicholas Perrot, an intelli- gent chronicler who left a manuscript account of his travels, is said to have made extensive explor- ations about the head of the great lakes as far south as the Fox River of Wisconsin, between 1670 and 1690. and to have held an important conference with representatives of numerous tribes of Indians at Sault Ste. Marie in June, 1671. Perrot is also said to have made the first discovery of lead mines in the West. Up to this time, however, no white man appears to have reached the "Illinois Country," though much had been heard of its beauty and its wealth in game. On May 17, 1673, Louis Joliet, an enter- prising explorer who had already visited the Lake Superior region in searcii of copper mines, under a commission from the Governor of Canada, in company with Father Jacques Marquette and five voyageurs, with a meager stock of provisions and a few trinkets for trading with the natives, set out in two birch-bark canoes from St. Ignace on a tour of exploration southward. Coasting along the west shore of Lake Michigan and Green Bay and through Lake Winnebago, they reached the country of the Slascoutins on Fox River, ascended that stream to the portage to the Wis- consin, then descended the latter to the Mis- sissippi, which they discovered on June 17. Descending the Jlississippi, which they named "Rio de la Conception," they passed the mouth of the Des Moines, where they are supposed to have encountered the first Indians of the Illinois tribes, by whom they were hospitably enter- tained. Later they discovered a rude painting upon the rocks on the east side of the river, which, from the description, is supposed to have been the famous "Piasa Bird," which was still to be seen, a short distance above Alton, within the present generation. (See Piasa Bird, Tlie Legend of.) Passing the mouth of the Missotiri River and the present site of the city of St. Louis, and continuing past the mouth of the Ohio, they finally reached what Marquette called the village of the Akanseas, which has been assumed to be identical with the mouth of the Arkansas, though it has been questioned whether they proceeded so far south. Convinced that the Mississippi "had its moutli in Florida or the Gulf of Mexico," and fearing capture by the Spaniards, they started on their return. Reaching the mouth of the Illinois, thej' entered that stream and ascended past the village of the Peorias and the "Illinois town of the Kaskaskias" — the latter being about where the town of Utica, La Salle County, now stands — at each of which they made a brief stay. Escorted by guides from the Kaskaskias, they crossed the portage to Lake Michigan where Chicago now stands, and re- turned to Green Bay, which they reached in the latter part of September. (See Joliet and Mar- quette. ) The next and most important expedition to Illi- nois — important because it led to the first per- manent settlements — was undertaken by Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, in 1679. This eager and intelligent, but finally unfortunate, discov- erer had spent several years in exploration in the lake region and among the streams south of the lakes and west of the AUeghenies. It has been claimed that, during this tour, he descended the Ohio to its junction with the Mississippi; also that he reached the Illinois bj' way of the head of Lake Michigan and the Chicago portage, and even descended the Mississippi to the 36th parallel, antedating Marquette's first visit to that stream bj- two years. The cldef authority for this claim is La Salle's biographer, Pierre Margry, who bases his statement on alleged con- versations with La Salle and letters of his friends. The absence of any allusion to these discoveries in La Salle's own papers, of a later date, addressed to the King, is regarded as fatal to this claim. However this may have been, there is conclusive evidence that, during this period, he met with Joliet while the latter was returning "rom one of his trips to the Lake Superior country. With an imagination fired by what he then leavned, he made a visit to his native country, receiving a 246 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. liberal grant from the French Government which enabled him to carry out liis plans. With the aid of Henry de Tonty, an Italian who afterward accompanied him in his most important expedi- tions, and who proved a most valuable and effi- cient CO- laborer, under the auspices of Frontenac, then Governor of Canada, he constructed a small vessel at the foot of Lake Erie, in which, with a company of thirty-four persons, he set sail on the seventh of August, 1679, for the West. This vessel (named the "Griffon") is believed to have been the first sailing-vessel that ever navigated the lakes. His object was to reach the Illinois, and he carried with him material for a boat which he intended to put together on that stream. Arriving in Green Bay early in Septem- ber, by way of Lake Huron and the straits of Mackinaw, he disembarked his stores, and, load- ing the Griffon with furs, started it on its return with instructions, after discharging its cargo at the starting point, to join him at the head of Lake Michigan. With a force of seventeen men and three missionaries in four canoes, he started southward, following the western shore of Lake Michigan past the mouth of the Chicago River, on Nov. 1, 1679, and reached the mouth of the St. Joseph River, at the southeast corner of the lake, which had been selected as a rendez- vous. Here he was joined by Touty, three weeks later, with a force of twenty Frenchmen who had come by the eastern shore, but the Griffon never was heard from again, and is supposed to have been lost on the return voyage. While waiting for Tonty he erected a fort, afterward called Fort Miami. The two parties here united, and, leaving four men in charge of the fort, with the remaining thirty-three, he resumed his journey on the third of December. Ascending the St. Joseph to about where South Bend, Ind., now stands, he made a portage with his canoes and stores across to the headwaters of the Kan- kakee, which he descended to the Illinois. On the first of January he arrived at the great Indian town of the Kaskaskias, which Marquette had left for the last time nearly five years before, but found it deserted, the Indians being absent on a hunting expedition. Proceeding down the Illi- nois, on Jan. 4, 1680, he passed through Peoria Lake and the next morning reached the Indian village of that name at the foot of the lake, and established friendly relations with its people Having determined to set up his vessel here, he constructed a rude fort on the eastern bank of the river about four miles south of the village. With the exception of the cabin built for Mar- quette on the South Branch of the Chicago River in the winter of 1674-75, this was probably the first structure erected by white men in Illinois. This received the name "Creve-Cceur— "Broken Heart" — which, from its subsequent history, proved exceedingly appropriate. Having dis- patched Father Louis Hennepin with two com- panions to the Upper Mississippi, by way of the mouth of the Illinois, on an expedition which resulted in the discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony, La Salle started on his return to Canada for additional assistance and the stores which he had failed to receive in consequence of the loss of the Griffon. Soon after his depar- ture, a majority of the men left with Tonty at Fort Creve-Coeur mutinied, and, having plundered the fort, partially destroyed it. This compelled Tonty and five companions who had remained true, to retreat to the Indian village of the Illi- nois near "Starved Rock," between where the cities of Ottawa and La Salle now stand, where he spent the summer awaiting the return of La Salle. In September, Tonty"s Indian allies hav- ing been attacked and defeated by the Iroquois, he and his companions were again compelled to flee, reaching Green Bay the next spring, after having spent the winter among the Pottawato- mies in the present State of Wisconsin. During the next three years (1681-83) La Salle made two other visits to Illinois, encountering and partially overcoming formidable obstacles at each end of the journey. At the last visit, in company with the faithful Tonty, whom he had met at Mackinaw in the spring of 1681, after a separation of more than a year, he extended his exploration to the mouth of the Mississippi, of which he took formal possession on April 9, 1682, in the name of "Louis the Grand, King of France and Navarre." This was the first expedition of white men to pass down the river and determine the problem of its discharge into the Gulf of Mexico. Returning to Mackinaw, and again to Illinois, in the fall of 1682, Tonty set about carrying into effect La Salle's scheme of fortifying "The Rock, " to which reference has been made under the name of "Starved Rock." The buildings are said to have included store-houses (it was intended as a trading post), dwellings and a block-house erected on the summit of the rock, and to which the name of "Fort St. Louis" was given, while a village of confederated Indian tribes gathered about its base on the south which bore the name of La Vantum. According to the historian, Parkmau, the population of this colony, in the 7 . '.~ -V ^ H^HbaMM t— 1^ r ' X ■ ll;\l;^ m; I'l )XTV. FORT DEARBORN FROM THE WEST. ISOS. 'WK '*^ V i 1 ■J: "'. ii 1 \ ^^H^^^^^T^g Wmmm WAR EAGLE. CHIEF CHICAGOU. FORT DEARBORN 2D. IN 1S53, FROM THE SOUTHWEST. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 247 (lays of its greatest prosperity, was not less than 20, 000. Tonty retained his headquarters at Fort St. Louis for eighteen years, during which he made extensive excursions throughout the West. The proprietorship of the fort was granted to him in 1690, but, in 1703, it was ordered by the Governor of Canada to be discontinued on the plea that the charter had been violated. It con- tinued to be used as a trading post, however, as late as 1718, when it was raided by the Indians and burned. (See La Salle; Tonty; Hennepin, and Stan'ed Hock. ) Other explorers who were the contemporaries or early successors of Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin and their companions in the Korthwest, and many of whom are known to have visited the "Illinois Country," and probably all of whom did so, were Daniel Greysolon du Lhut (called by La Salle, du Luth), a cousin of Tonty, who was the first to reach the Mississippi directly from Lake Superior, and from whom the city of Duluth has been named ; Henry Joutel, a towns- man of La Salle, who was one of the survivors of the ill-fated Matagorda Bay colony; Pierre Le Sueur, the discoverer of the Minnesota River, and Baron la Hontan, who made a tour through Illinois in 1688-89, of which he published an account in 1703. Chicago River early became a prominent point in the estimation of the French explorers and was a favorite line of travel in reaching the Illi- nois by way of the Des Plaines, though probably sometimes confounded with other streams about the head of the lake. The Calumet and Grand Calumet, allowing easy portage to the Des Plaines, were also used, while the St. Joseph, from which portage was had into the Kankakee, seems to have been a part of the route first used by La Salle. Aborigines and Early Missions. — When the early French explorers arrived in the "Illinois Country" they found it occupied by a number of tribes of Indians, the most numerous being the "Illinois," which consisted of several families or bands that spread themselves over the country on both sides of the Illinois River, extending even west of the Mississippi ; the Piankeshaws on the east, extending beyond the present western boundary of Indiana, and the Miamis in the northeast, with whom a weaker tribe called the Weas were allied. The Illinois confederation included the Kaskaskias, Peorias, Cahokias, Tamaroas and Mitchigamies — the last being the tribe from which Lake Michigan took its name. (See TlHnois Indians. ) There seems to have been a general drift of some of the stronger tribes toward the south and east about this time, as AUouez represents that he found the Miamis and their neighbors, the Mascoutins, about Green Bay when he arrived there in 1670. At the same time, there is evidence that the Pottawatomies were located along the southern shore of Lake Superior and about the Sault Ste. Marie (now known as "The Soo"), though within the next fifty years they had advanced southward along the western shore of Lake Michigan until they reached where Chicago now stands. Other tribes from the north were the Kickapoos, Sacs and Foxes, and Winnebagoes, while the Shawnees were a branch of a stronger tribe from the south- east Charlevoix, who wrote an account of his visit to the "Illinois Country" in 1721, says: "Fifty years ago the Miamis %vere settled on the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, in a place called Cliicago from the name of a small river which runs into the lake, the source of which is not far distant from that of the River Illinois." It does not follow necessarily that this was the Chicago River of to-day, as the name appears to have been applied somewhat indefinitely, by the early explorers, both to a region of country between the head of the lake and the Illinois River, and to more than one stream emptying into the lake in that vicinity. It has been con- jectured that the river meant by Charlevoix was the Calumet, as his description would apply as well to that as to the Chicago, and there is other evidence that the Miamis, who were found about the mouth of the St. Joseph River during the eighteenth century, occupied a portion of Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana, ex- tending as far east as the Scioto River in Ohio. From the first, the Illinois seem to have con- ceived a strong liking for the French, and being pressed by the Iroquois on the east, the Sacs and Foxes, Pottawatomies and Kickapoos on the north and the Sioux on the west, by the begin- ning of the eighteenth century we find them, much reduced in numbers, gathered about the French settlements near the mouth of the Kas- kaskia (or Okaw) River, in the western part of the present counties of Randolph, Monroe and St. Clair. In spite of the zealous efforts of the mis- sionaries, the contact of these tribes with the whites was attended with the usual results — demoralization, degradation and gradual extermi- nation. The latter result was hastened by the frequent attacks to which they were exposed from their more warlike enemies, so that by the latter part of the eighteenth century, they were 348 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. reduced to a few hundred dissolute and depraved survivors of a once vigorous and warlike race. During the early part of the French occupation, there arose a chief named Chicagou (from whom the city of Chicago received its name) who ap- pears, like Red Jacket, Tecumseh and Logan, to have been a man of unusual intelligence and vigor of character, and to have exercised great influence with his people. In 1735 he was sent to Paris, where he received the attentions due to a foreign potentate, and, on his return, was given a command in an expedition against the Cliicka- saws, who had been making incursions from the south. Such was the general distribution of the Indians in the northern and central portions of the State, within the first fifty years after the arrival of the French. At a later period the Kickapoos ad- vanced farther south and occupied a considerable share of the central portion of the State, and even extended to the mouth of the "Wabash. The southern part was roamed over by bands from beyond the Ohio and the Mississippi, including the Cherokees and Chickasaws, and the Arkansas tribes, some of whom were very powerful and ranged over a vast extent of country. The earliest civilized dwellings in Illinois, after the forts erected for purposes of defense, were undoubtedly the posts of the fur-traders and the missionary stations. Fort Miami, the first mili- tary post, established by La Salle in the winter of 1679-80, was at the mouth of the St. Joseph River within the boundaries of what is now the State of Michigan. Fort Creve-Coeur, partially erected a few months later on the east side of the Illinois a few miles below where the city of Peoria now stands, was never occupied. Sir. Charles Ballance, the historian of Peoria, locates this fort at the present village of Wesley, in Tazewell County, nearly opposite Lower Peoria. Fort St. Louis, built by Tonty on the summit of "Starved Rock," in the fall and winter of 1682, was the second erected in the "Illinois Country," but the first occupied. It has been claimed that Marquette established a mission among the Kas- kaskias, opposite "The Rock," on occasion of his first visit, in September, 1673, and that he re- newed it in the spring of 1675, when he visited it for the last time. It is doubtful if this mission was more than a season of preaching to the natives, celebrating mass, administering baptism, etc. ; at least the story of an established mission has been denied. That this devoted and zealous propagandist regarded it as a mission, however, is evident from his owti journal. He gave to it the name of the "Mission of the Immaculate Conception," and, although he was compelled by failing health to abandon it almost immediately, it is claimed that it was renewed in 1677 by Father Allouez, who had been active in founding missions in the Lake Superior region, and that it was maintained until the arrival of La Salle in 1680. The hostility of La Salle to the Jesuits led to Allouez' withdrawal, but he subsequently returned and was succeeded in 1688 by Father Gravier, whose labors extended from Mackinaw to Biloxi on the Gulf of Mexico. There is evidence that a mission had been established among the Miamis as early as 1698, under the name "Chicago." as it is mentioned by St. Cosme in the report of his visit in 1699-1700. This, for the reasons already given showing the indefinite use made of the name Chicago as applied to streams about the head of Lake Michi- gan, probably referred to some other locality in the vicinity, and not to the site of the present city of Chicago. Even at an earlier date there appears, from a statement in Tonty's Memoirs, to have been a fort at Chicago — probably about the same locality as the mission. Speaking of his return from Canada to the "Illinois Country" in 1685, he says: "I embarked for the Illinois Oct. 30, 1685, but being stopped by the ice, I was obliged to leave my canoe and proceed by land. After going 120 leagues, I arrived at Fort Chicagou, where M. de la Durantaye com- manded." According to the best authorities it was during the year 1700 that a mission and permanent settle- ment was established by Father Jacques Pinet among the Tamaroas at a village called Cahokia (or "Sainte Famille de Caoquias"), a few miles south of the present site of the city of East St. Louis. This was the first permanent settlement by Europeans in Illinois, as that at Kaskaskia on the Illinois was broken up the same year. A few months after the establishment of the mission at Cahokia (which received the name of "St. Sulpice"), but during the .same year, the Kaskaskias, having abandoned their village on the upper Illinois, were induced to settle near the mouth of the river which bears their name, and the mission and village — the latter afterward becoming the first capital of the Territory and State of Illinois — came into being. This identity of names has led to some confusion in determin- ing the date and place of the first permanent settlement in Illinois, the date of Marquette's first arrival at Kaskaskia on the Illinois being given by some authors as that of the settlement HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 249 at Kaskaskia on the Mississippi, twenty-seven years later. Period of French Occtjpation.— As may be readily inferred from the methods of French colonization, the first permanent settlements gathered about the missions at Cahokia and Kas- kaskia, or rather were parts of them. At later periods, but during the French occupation of the country, other villages were established, the most important being St. Philip and Prairie du Rocher ; all of these being located in the fertile valley now known as the "American Bottom," between the older towns of Cahokia and Kaskas- kia. There were several Indian villages in the vicinity of the French settlements, and this became, for a time, the most populous locality in the Mississippi Valley and the center of an active trade carried on with the settlements near the mouth of the Mississippi. Large quantities of the products of the country, such as flour, bacon, pork, tallow, lumber, lead, peltries, and even wine, were transported in keel-boats or batteaus to New Orleans; rice, manufactured tobacco, cotton goods and such other fabrics as the simple wants of the people required, being brought back in return. Tliese boats went in convoys of seven to twelve in number for mutual protection, thi'ee months being required to make a trip, of which two were made annually — one in the spring and the other in the autumn. The French possessions in North America went under tlie general name of "New France, " but their boundaries were never clearly defined, though an attempt was made to do so through Commission- ers who met at Paris, in 17.52. They were under- stood by the French to include the valley of the St. Lawrence, with Labrador and Nova Scotia, to the northern boundaries of the British colonies ; the region of the Great Lakes ; and the Valley of the Mississippi from the headwaters of the Ohio westward to the Pacific Ocean and south to the Gulf of Mexico. While these claims were con- tested by England on the east and Spain on the southwest, they comprehended the very heart of the North American continent, a region unsur- passed in fertility and natural resources and now the home of more than half of the entire population of the American Republic. That the French should have reluctantly yielded up so magnificent a domain is natural. And yet they did this by the treaty of 1763, sur- rendering the region east of the Mississippi (except a comparatively small district near the mouth of that stream) to England, and the remainder to Spain — an evidence of the straits to which they had been reduced by a long series of devastating wars. (See French and Indian Wars.) In 1712 Antoine Crozat, under royal letters- patent, obtained from Louis XIV. of France a monopoly of the commerce, with control of the country, "from the edge of the sea (Gulf of Mexico) as far as the Illinois." This grant hav- ing been surrendered a few years later, was re- newed in 1717 to the "Company of the West," of which the celebrated John Law was the head, and under it jurisdiction was exercised over the trade of Illinois. On September 27 of the same year (1717), the "Illinois Country," which had been a dependency of Canada, was incorporated with Louisiana and became part of that province. Law's company received enlarged powers under the name of the "East Indies Company," and although it went out of existence in 1721 with the opprobrious title of the "South Sea Bubble," leaving in its wake hundreds of ruined private fortunes in France and England, it did much to stimulate the population and development of the Mississippi Valley. During its existence (in 1718) New Orleans was founded and Fort Chartres erected, being named after the Due de Chartres, son of the Regent of France. Pierre Duque Bois- briant was the first commandant of Illinois and superintended the erection of the fort. (See Fort Chartres.) One of the privileges granted to Law's com- pany was the importation of slaves ; and under it, in 1721, Philip F. Renault brought to the country five hundred slaves, besides two hundred artisans, mechanics and laborers. Two years later he received a large grant of land, and founded the village of St. Philip, a few miles north of Fort Chartres. Thus Illinois became slave territory before a white settlement of any sort existed in what afterward became the slave State of Missouri. During 1721 the country under control of the East Indies Company was divided into nine civil and military districts, each presided over by a commandant and a judge, with a superior coun- cil at New Orleans. Of these, Illinois, the largest and, next to New Orleans, the most populous, was the seventh. It embraced over one-half the present State, with the country west of the Mis- ssisippi, between the Arkansas and the 43d degree of latitude, to the Rocky Mountains, and included the present States of Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and parts of Arkansas and Colorado. In 1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, and Louisiana, including the District of Illinois, 250 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was afterwards governed by officers appointed directly by the crown. (See French Oovernors.) As early as September, 1699, an attempt was made by an expedition fitted out by the English Government, under command of Captains Barr and Clements, to take possession of the country about the mouth of the Mississippi on the ground of prior discovery; but they found the French under Bienville already in possession at Biloxi, and they sailed away without making any further effort to carry the scheme into effect. Mean- while, in the early part of the next century, the English were successful in attaching to their interests the Iroquois, who were the deadly foes of the French, and held possession of Western New York and the region around the headwaters of the Ohio River, extending their incursions against the Indian allies of the French as far west as IlUnois. The real struggle for territory be- tween the English and French began with the formation of the Ohio Land Company in 1748-49, and the grant to it by the English Government of half a million acres of land along the Ohio River, with the exclusive right of trading with the Indian tribes in that region. Out of this grew tlie establishment, in the next two years, of trading posts and forts on the Miami and Maumee in Western Ohio, followed by the protracted French and Indian War, which was prosecuted with varied fortunes until the final defeat of the French at Quebec, on the thirteenth of Septem- ber, 1759, which broke their power on the Ameri- can continent Among those who took part in this struggle, was a contingent from the French garrison of Fort Chartres. Neyon de Villiers, commandant of the fort, was one of these, being the only survivor of seven brothers who partici- pated in the defense of Canada. Still hopeful of saving Louisiana and Illinois, he departed with a few followers for New Orleans, but the treaty of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, destroyed all hope, for by its terms Canada, and all other territory east of the Mississippi as far south as the northern boundary of Florida, was surrendered to Great Britain, while the remainder, including the vast territory between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, was given up to Spain. Thus the "Illinois Country'" fell into the hands of the British, although the actual transfer of Fort Chartres and the country dependent upon it did not take place until Oct. 10, 1765, when its veteran commandant, St. Ange — who had come from Vincennes to assume command on the retirement of Villiers, and who held it faithfully for the conqueror — surrendered it to Capt. Thomas Stirling as the representative of the Eng- lish Government. It is worthy of note that this was the last place on the North American con- tinent to lower the French flag. British Occupation. — The delay of the British in taking possession of the "Illinois Country," after the defeat of the French at Quebec and the surrender of their possessions in America by the treaty of 1763, was due to its isolated position and the difficulty of reaching it wath sufficient force to establish the British authority. The first attempt was made in the spring of 1764, when Maj. Arthur Loftus, starting from Pensa- cola, attempted to ascend the Mississippi with a force of four hundred regulars, but, being met by a superior Indian force, was compelled to retreat. In August of the same year, Capt Thomas Morris was dispatched from Western Pennsylvania with a small force "to take posses- sion of the Illinois Country." This expedition got as far as Fort Miami on the Maumee, when its progress was arrested, and its commander nar- rowly escaped death. The next attempt was made in 1765, when Maj. George Croghan, a Dep- uty Superintendent of Indian affairs whose name has been made historical by the celebrated speech of the Indian Chief Logan, was detailed from Fort Pitt, to visit Illinois. Croghan being detained, Lieut. Alexander Frazer, who was to accompany him, proceeded alone. Frazer reached Kaskas- kia, but met with so rough a reception from both the French and Indians, that he thought it advisable to leave in disguise, and escaped by descending the Mississippi to New Orleans. Croghan started on his journey on the fifteenth of May, proceeding down the Ohio, accompanied by a party of friendly Indians, but having been captured near the mouth of the Wabash, he finally returned to Detroit without reaching his destination. The first British official to reach Fort Chartres was Capt. Thomas Stirling. De- scending the Ohio with a force of one hundred men, he reached Fort Chartres, Oct. 10, 1765, and received the surrender of the fort from the faith- ful and courteous St. Ange. It is estimated that at least one-third of the French citizens, includ- ing the more wealthy left rather than become British subjects. Those about Fort Chartres left almost in a body. Some joined the French colonies on the lower Mississippi, while others, crossing the river, settled in St. Genevieve, then in Spanish territory. Much the larger number followed St. Ange to St. Louis, which had been established as a trading post by Pierre La Clede, during the previous year, and which now received HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 251 what, in these later days, would be called a great "boom." Captain Stirling was relieved of his command at Fort Chartres, Dec. 4, by Maj. Robert Farmer. Other British Commandants at Fort Chartres were Col. Edward Cole, Col. John Reed, Colonel Wilkins, Capt. Hugh Lord and Francois de Ras- tel. Chevalier de Rocheblave. The last had been an oflBcer in the French army, and, having resided at Kaskaskia, transferred his allegiance on occu- pation of the country by the British. He was the last ofBcial representative of the British Govern- ment in Illinois. The total population of the French villages in Illinois, at the time of their transfer to England, has been estimated at about 1,600, of which 700 were about Kaskaskia and 450 in the vicinity of Cahokia. Captain Pittman estimated tlie popu- lation of all the French villages in Illinois and on the Wabash, at the time of his visit in ITTO, at about 2,000. Of St. Louis— or "Paincourt," as it was called — Captain Pittman said: "There are about forty private houses and as many families." Most of these, if not all, had emigrated from the French villages. In fact, although nominally in Spanish territory, it was essentially a French town, protected, as Pittman said, by "a French garrison" consisting of "a Captain-Commandant, two Lieutenants, a Fort JIajor, one Sergeant one Corporal and twenty men." Action of Continental Congress. — The first official notice taken of the "Illinois Country" by the Continental Congress, was the adoption by that body, July 13, 1775, of an act creating three Indian Departments — a Northern, Middle and Southern. Illinois was assigned to the second, with Benjamin Franklin and James Wilson, of Pennsylvania, and Patrick Henry, of Virginia, as Commissioners. In April, 1776, Col. George Morgan, who had been a trader at Kaskaskia, was appointed agent and successor to these Commis- sioners, with headquarters at Fort Pitt. The promulgation of the Declaration of Independence, on the Fourth of July, 1776, and the events im- mediately preceding and following that event, directed attention to the colonies on the Atlantic coast; yet the frontiersmen of Virginia were watching an opportunity to deliver a blow to the Government of King George in a quarter where it was least expected, and where it was destined to have an immense influence upon the future of the new nation, as well as that of the American continent. CoL. George Rogers Clark's Expedition. — During the year 1777, Col. George Rogers Clark, a native of Virginia, then scarcely twenty-five years of age. having conceived a plan of seizing tlie settlements in the Mississippi Valley, sent trusty spies to learn the sentiments of the people and the condition of affairs at Kaskaskia. The report brought to him gave him encouragement, and, in December of the same year, he laid before Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, his plans for the reduction of the posts in IlUnois. These were approved, and, on Jan. 2, 1778, Clark received authority to recruit seven companies of fifty men each for three months' service, and Governor Henry gave him §6,000 for expenses. Proceeding to Fort Pitt, he succeeded in recruiting three companies, who were directed to rendezvous at Corn Island, opposite the present city of Lotiis- ville. It has been claimed that, in order to deceive the British as to his real destination, Clark authorized the announcement that the object of the expedition was to protect the settle- ments in Kentucky from the Indians. At Corn Island another company was organized, making four in all, under the command of Captains Bow- man, Montgomery, Helm and Harrod, and having embarked on keel-boats, they passed the Falls of the Ohio, June 24. Reaching the island at the mouth of the Tennessee on the 28th, he was met by a party of eight American himters, who had left Kaskaskia a few days before, and who, join- ing his command, rendered good service as guides. He disembarked his force at the mouth of a small creek one mile above Fort Massac. June 29, and, directing his course across the country, on the evening of the sixth day (July 4, 1778) arrived within three miles of Kaskaskia. The surprise of the unsuspecting citizens of Kas- kaskia and its small garrison was complete. His force having, under cover of darkness, been ferried across the Kaskaskia River, about a mile above the town, one detachment surrounded the town, while the other seized the fort, capturing Rocheblave and his little command without fir- ing a gun. The famous Indian fighter and hunter, Simon Kenton, led the way to the fort. This is supposed to have been what Captain Pitt- man called the "Jesuits' house," which had been sold by the French Government after the country was ceded to England, the Jesuit order having lieen suppressed. A wooden fort, erected in 1736, and known afterward by the British as Fort Gage, had stood on the bluff opposite the town, but, according to Pittman, this was burnt in 1766, and there is no evidence that it was ever rebuilt. Clark's expedition was thus far a complete suc- cess. Rocheblave, proving recalcitrant, was 252 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. placed in irons and sent as a prisoner of war to Williamsburg, while his slaves were confiscated, the proceeds of their sale being divided among Clark's troops. The inhabitants were easily conciliated, and Cahokia having been captured without bloodshed, Clark turned his attention to Vincennes. Through the influence of Pierre Gibault — the Vicar-General in charge at Kaskas- kia — the people of Vincennes were induced to swear allegiance to the United States, and, although the place was afterward captured by a British force from Detroit, it was, on Feb. 24, 1779, recaptured by Colonel Clark, together with a body of prisoners but little smaller than the attacking force, and $50,000 worth of prop- erty. (See Clark, Col. George Rogers.) Under Goteknment of Vieginia.— Seldom in the history of the world have such important results been achieved by such insignificant instru- mentalities and with so little sacrifice of life, as in this almost bloodless campaign of the youthful conqueror of Illinois. Having been won largely through Virginia enterprise and valor and by material aid furnished through Governor Henry, the Virginia House of Delegates, in October, 1778, proceeded to assert the jurisdiction of that commonwealth over the settlements of the North- west, by organizing all the country west and north of the Ohio River into a county to be called "Illinois," (see Illinois County), and empowering the Governor to appoint a "Coxmty-Lieutenant or Commandant-in-Chief" to exercise civil author- ity during the pleasure of the appointing power. Thus "Illinois County" was older than the States of Ohio or Indiana, while Patrick Henry, the elo- quent orator of the Revolution, became ex-officio its first Governor. Col. John Todd, a citizen of Kentucky, was appointed "County-Lieutenant," Dec. 12, 1778, entering upon his duties in May following. The militia was organized, Deputy-Commandants for Kaskaskia and Cahokia appointed, and the first election of civil officers ever had in Illinois, was held under Colonel Todd's direction. His record-book, now in posses- sion of the Chicago Historical Society, shows that he was accustomed to exercise powers scarcely inferior to those of a State Executive. (See Todd, Col. John.) In 1782 one "Thimothe Demunbrunt" sub- scribed himself as "Lt. comd'g par interim, etc." ^but the origin of his authority is not clearly understood. He assumed to act as Commandant until the arrival of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, first Territorial Governor of the Northwest Territory, in 1790. After the close of the Revolution, courts ceased to be held and civil affairs fell into great disorder. "In effect, there was neither law nor order in the 'Illinois Country' for the seven years from 1783 to 1790." During the progress of the Revolution, there were the usual rumors and alarms in the "Illinois Country" peculiar to frontier life in time of war. Tlie country, however, was singularly exempt from any serious calamity such as a general massacre. One reason for this was the friendly relations which had existed between the French and their Indian neighbors previous to the con- quest, &nd which the new masters, after the cap- ture of Kaskaskia, took pains to perpetuate. Several movements were projected by the British and their Indian allies about Detroit and in Can- ada, but they were kept so busj' elsewhere that they had little time to put their plans into execu- tion. One of these was a proposed movement from Pensacola against the Spanish posts on the lower Mississippi, to punish Spain for having engaged in the war of 1779, but the promptness with which the Spanish Governor of New Orleans proceeded to capture Fort Manchac, Baton Rouge and Natchez from their British possessors, con- vinced the latter that this was a "game at which two could play." In ignorance of these results, an expedition, 750 strong, composed largely of Indians, fitted out at Mackinaw under command of Capt. Patrick St. Clair, started in the early part of May, 1780, to co-operate with the expedition on the lower Mississippi, but intending to deal a destructive blow to the Illinois villages and the Spanish towns of St. Louis and St. Genevieve on the way. This expedition reached St. Louis, May 26, but Col. George Rogers Clark, having arrived at Cahokia with a small force twenty-four hours earlier, prepared to co-operate with the Spaniards on the western shore of the Mississippi, and tlie invading force confined their depredations to kill- ing seven or eight villagers, and then beat a hasty retreat in the direction they had come. These were the last expeditions organized to regain the "Country of the Illinois" or capture Spanish posts on the Mississippi. Expeditions Aoainst Fort St. Joseph. — An expedition of a different sort is worthy of mention in this connection, as it originated in Illinois. This consisted of a company of seventeen men, led by one Thomas Brady, a citizen of Cahokia, who, marching across the countrj', in the month of October, 1780, after the retreat of Sinclair, from St. Louis, succeeded in surprising and cap turing Fort St. Joseph about where La Salle had erected Fort Miami, near the mouth of the St. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 253 Joseph River, a hundred years before. Brady and his party captured a few British prisoners, and a large quantity of goods. On their return, while encamped on the Calumet, they were attacked by a band of Pottawatomies. and all were killed, wounded or taken prisoners except Brady and two others, who escaped. Early in January, 1781. a party consisting of sixty-five whites, organized from St. Louis and Cahokia, with some 200 Indians, and headed by Don Eugenio Pourre, a Spaniard, started on a second expedition against Fort St. Joseph. By silencing the Indians, whom they met on their way, with promises of plunder, they were able to reach the fort without discovery, captured it and, raising the Spanish flag, formally took possession in the name of the King of Spain. After retaining pos- session for a few days, the party returned to St. Louis, but in negotiating the treaty of peace at Paris, in 1783, this incident was made the basis of a claim put forth by Spain to ownership of the "Illinois Country" "by right of conquest." The Territorial Period. — At the very outset of its existence, the new Government of the United States was confronted with an embarrass- ing question which deeply affected the interests of the territory of which Illinois formed a part. This was the claim of certain States to lands lying between their western boundaries and the Mississippi River, then the western boundary of the Republic. These claims were based either upon the terms of their original charters or upon the cession of lands by the Indians, and it was under a claim of the former character, as well as by right of conquest, that Virginia assumed to ex- ercise authority over the "Illinois Country" after its capture by the Clark expedition. This con- struction was opposed by the States which, from their geographical position or other cause, had no claim to lands beyond their own boundaries, and the controversy was waged with considerable bitterness for several years, proving a formidable obstacle to the ratification of the Articles of Con- federation. As early as 1779 the subject received the attention of Congress in the adoption of a resolution requesting the States having such claims to "forbear settling or issuing warrants for unappropriated lands or granting the same during the continuance of the present (Revolu- tionary) "War." In the following year, New York authorized her Delegates in Congress to limit its boundaries in such manner as they might think expedient: and to cede to the Government its claim to western lands. The case was further com- plicated by the claims of certain land companies which had been previously organized. New York filed her cession to the General Government of lands claimed by her in October, 1782, followed by Virginia nearly a year later, and by Massa- chusetts and Connecticut in 1785 and 1786. Other States followed somewhat tardily, Georgia being the last, in 1802. The only claims of this charac- ter affecting lands in Illinois were those of Vir- ginia covering the southern part of the State, and Connecticut and Massachusetts applying to the northern portion. It was from the splendid domain north and west of the Ohio thus acquired from Virginia and other States, that the North- west Territory was finally organized. Ordinance of 1787. — The first step was taken in the passage by Congress, in 1784, of a resolution providing for the temporary government of the Western Tenitory, and this was followed three years later by tlie enactment of the celebrated Ordinance of 1787. While this latter document contained numerous provisions which marked a new departure in the science of free government — as, for instance, that declaring that "religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged" — its crowning feature was the sixth article, as follows: "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Although there has been considerable contro- vecsy as to the authorship of the above and other provisions of this immortal document, it is worthy of note that substantially the same lan- guage was introduced in the resolutions of 1784, by a Delegate from a slave State — Thomas Jeffer- son, of Virginia— though not, at that time, adopted. Jefferson was not a member of the Congress of 1787 (being then Minister to France), and could have had nothing directly to do vrfth the later Ordinance; yet it is evident that the principle which he had advocated finally received the approval of eight out of the thirteen States, — all that were represented in that Congress — includ- ing the slave States of Virginia, Delaware, North Carolina. South Carolina and Georgia. (See Ordinance of 17S7.) Northwest Territory Organized. — Under the Ordinance of 1787. organizing the Northwest Territory, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, who had been a soldier of the Revolution, was appointed the first Governor on Feb. 1, 1788, with Winthrop Sargent, Secretary, and Samuel Holden Parsons, 254 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. James Mitchell Varnum and John Cleves Symmes, Judges. All these were reappointed by President Washington in 1789. The new Terri- torial Government was organized at Marietta, a settlement on the Ohio, July 15, 1788, but it was nearly two years later before Governor St. Clair visited Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia, March 5, 1790. The County of St. Clair (named after him) was organized at this time, embracing all the settlements between the Wabash and the Missis- sippi. (See St. Clair County.) He found the inhabitants generally in a deplorable condition, neglected by the Government, the courts of jus- tice practically abolished and many of the citizens sadly in need of the obligations due them from the Government for supplies furnished to Colonel Clark twelve years before. After a stay of three months, the Governor returned east. In 1795, Judge Turner held the first court in St. Clair County, at Cahokia, as the county-seat, although both Cahokia and Kaskaskia had been named as county-seats by Governor St. Clair. Out of the disposition of the local authorities to retain tlie official records at Cahokia, and consequent dis- agreement over the county-seat question, at least in part, grew the order of 1795 organizing the second county (Randolph), and Kaskaskia became its county-seat. In 1796 Governor St. Clair paid a second visit to Illinois, accompanied by Judge Symmes, who held court at both county-seats. On Nov. 4, 1791, occurred the defeat of Gov- ernor St. Clair, in the western part of the present State of Ohio, by a force of Indians under com- mand of Little Turtle, in which the whites sus- tained a heavy loss of both men and property— an event which had an unfavorable effect upon conditions throughout the Northwest Territory generally. St. Clair, having resigned his com- mand of the army, was succeeded by Gen. Anthony Wayne, who, in a vigorous campaign, overwhelmed the Indians with defeat. This resulted in the treaty with the W^estern tribes at Greenville, August 3, 1795, which was tlie begin- ning of a period of comparative peace with the Indians all over the Western Country. (See Wayne, (Oen.) Anthony.) FiKST Territorial Legislation.— In 1798. the Territory having gained the requisite population, an election of members of a Legislative Council and House of Representatives was held in accord- ance with the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787. This was the first Territorial Legislature organized in the history of the Republic. It met at Cincin- nati, Feb. 4, 1799, Shadrach Bond being the Delegate from St. Clair County and John Edgar from Randolph. Gen. William Henry Harrison, who had succeeded Sargent as Secretary of the Territory, June 26, 1798, was elected Delegate to Congress, receiving a majority of one vote over Arthur St. Clair, Jr., son of the Governor. Ohio and Indiana Territories. — By act of Congress, May 7, 18U0, the Northwest Territory was divided into Ohio and Indiana Territories ; the latter embracing the region west of the pres- ent State of Ohio, and having its capital at "Saint Vincent" (Vincennes). May 13, William Henry Harrison, who had been the first Delegate in Con- gress from the Northwest Territory, was ap- pointed Governor of Indiana Territory, which at first consisted of three counties : Knox, St. Clair vemor Edwards and Jesse B. Thomas were elected United States Senators, the former drawing the short term and serving one year, when he was re-elected. Thomas served two terms, retiring in 1839. The first Supreme Court consisted of Joseph Phillips, Chief Justice, with Thomas C. Browne, William P. Foster and John Reynolds, Associate Justices. Foster, who was a mere adventiirer without any legal knowl- edge, left the State in a few months and was succeeded by William Wilson. {See State Officers. United States Senators, and Judiciary.) Menard, who served as Lieutenant-Governor four years, was a noteworthy man. A native of Canada and of French descent, he came to Kas- kaskia in 1790, at the age of 24 years, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was hos- pitable, frank, liberal and enterprising. The fol- lowing story related of him illustrates a pleas- ant feature of his character: "At one time there was a scarcity of salt in the country, and Menard held the only supply outside of St. Louis. A number of his neighbors called upon him for what they wanted ; he declined to let them know whether he could supply them or not, but told them to come to his store on a certain day, when he would inform them. They came at the time appointed, and were seated. Menard passed around among them and inquired of each, 'You got money?' Some said they had and some that they had not, but would pay as soon as they killed their hogs. Those who had money he directed to range themselves on one side of the room and those who had none, on the other. Of course, those who had the means expected to get the salt and the others looked very much dis- tressed and crestfallen. Menard then spoke up in his brusque way, and said, 'You men who got de money, can go to St. Louis for your salt. Dese poor men who got no money shall have my salt, by gar.' Such was the man — noble liearted and large-minded, if unpolished and uncouth." (See Menard, Pierre.) Removal of the Capital to Vandalia. — At the second session of the General Assembly, five Commissioners were appointed to select a new site for the State Capital. What is now the city of Vandalia was selected, and, in December, 1830, the entire archives of the State were re- moved to the new capital, being transported in one small wagon, at a cost of $'35.00, under the supervision of the late Sidney Breese, who after- wards became United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court. {See State Capitals.) During the session of the Second General Assembly, which met at Vandalia, Dec. 4, 1820, a bill was passed establishing a State Bank at Vandalia, with branches at Shawneetown, Edwardsville and Brownsville. John McLean, who had been the first Representative in Con- gress, was Speaker of the House at this session. He was twice elected to the United States Senate, though he served only about two years, dying in 1830. (See State Bank.) Introduction of the Slavery Question. — The second State election, which occurred in August, 1822, proved the beginning of a turbu- lent period through the introduction of some exciting questions into State politics. There were four candidates for gubernatorial honors in the field: Chief-Justice Phillips, of the Sujireme Court, supported by the friends of Governor Bond; Associate- Justice Browne, of the same court, supported by the friends of Governor Edwards; Gen. James B. Moore, a noted Indian fighter and the candidate of the "Old Rangers," and Edward Coles. The latter was a native of Virginia, who had served as private secretary of President Monroe, and had been employed as a special messenger to Russia. He had made two visits to Illinois, the first in 1815 and the second in 1818. The Convention to form a State Constit u- tion being in session at the date of the latter visit, he took a deep interest in the discussion of the slavery question and exerted his influence in securing the adoption of the prohibitory article in the organic law. On April 1, 1819, he started from his home in Virginia to remove to Edwards- ville, 111., taking with him his ten slaves. The journey from Brownsville, Pa., was made in two flat-boats to a point below Louisville, where he disembarked, traveling by land to Edwards- ville. While descending the Ohio River he sur- prised his slaves by announcing that they were free. The scene, as described by himself, was most dramatic. Having declined to avail them- selves of the privilege of leaving him, he took them with him to his destination, where he eventually gave each head of a family IGO acres of laud. Arrived at Edwardsville, he assumed the position of Register of the Land Ofiice, to which he had been appointed by President Mon- roe, before leaving Virginia. The act of Coles with reference to his slaves established his reputation as an opponent of slavery, and it was in this attitude that he stood as a candidate for Governor — both Phillips and Browne being friendly to "the institution," which had had a virtual existence in the "Illinois Country" from the time Renault brought 500 260 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. slaves to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, one hun- dred years before. Although the Constitution declared that ''neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall hereafter be introduced into the State," this had not been effectual in eliminating it. In fact, while this language was construed, so long as it remained in the Constitution, as prohibiting legislation authorizing the admission of slaves from without, it was not regarded as inimical to the institution as it already existed ; and, as the population came largely from the slave States, there had been a rapidly growing sentiment in favor of removing the inhibitory clause. Although the pro-slavery party was divided between two candidates for Governor, it had hardly contemplated the possibility of defeat, and it was consequently a surprise when the returns showed that Coles was elected, receiv- ing 2,854 votes to 2,687 for Phillips, 2,443 for Browne and 633 for Moore — Coles' plurality being 167 in a total of 8,606. Coles thus became Governor on less than one-third of the popular vote. Daniel P. Cook, who had made the race for Congress at the same election against McLean, as an avowed opponent of slavery, was successful by a majority of 876. (See Coles, Edward; also Cook, Daniel Pope. ) The real struggle was now to occur in the Legis- lature, which met Dec. 2, 1833. The House organized with William M. Alexander as Speaker, while the Senate elected Thomas Lippincott (afterwards a prominent Presbyterian minister and the father of the late Gen. Charles E. Lippin- cott), Secretary, and Henry S. Dodge, Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk. The other State olBcers appointed by the Governor, or elected by the Legislature, were Samuel D. Lookwood, Secretary of State; Elijah C. Berry, Auditor; Abner Field, Treasurer, and James Turney, Attorney General. Lockwood had served nearly two years previously as Attorney-General, but remained in the office of Secretary of State only three months, when he resigned to accept the position of Receiver for the Land Office. (See Lockwood, Samuel Drake.) The slavery question came up in the Legisla- ture on the reference to a special committee of a portion of the Governor's message, calling atten- tion to the continued existence of slavery in spite of the ordinance of 1787, and recommending that steps be taken for its extinction. Majority and minority reports were submitted, the former claiming the right of the State to amend its Con- stitution and thereby make such disposition of the slaves as it saw proper. Out of this grew a resolution submitting to the electors at the next election a proposition for a convention to revise the Constitution. This passed the Senate by the necessary two-thirds vote, and, having come up in the House (Feb. 11, 1823), it failed by a single vote — Nicholas Hansen, a Representative from Pike County, whose seat had been unsuccessfully contested by John Shaw at the beginning of the session, being one of those voting in the negative. The next day, without further investigation, the majority proceeded to reconsider its action in seating Hansen two and a half months previ- ously, and Shaw was seated in his place; though, in order to do this, some crooked work was nec- essary to evade the rules. Shaw being seated, the submission resolution was then passed. No more exciting campaign was ever had in Illinois. Of five papers then published in the State, "The Edwardsville Spectator," edited by Hooper Warren, opposed the measure, being finally rein- forced by "The Illinois Intelligencer," which had been removed to Vandalia; "The Illinois Gaz- ette," at Shawneetown, published articles on both sides of the question, though rather favoring the anti-slavery cause, while "The Republican Advocate," at Kaskaskia, the organ of Senator Elias Kent Kane, and "The Republican," at Edwardsville, under direction of Judge Theophi- lus W. Smith, Emanuel J. West and Judge Samuel McRoberts (afterwards United States Senator), favored the Convention. The latter paper was established for the especial purpose of supporting the Convention scheme and was promptly discontinued on the defeat of the meas- ure. (See Newspapers, Early.) Among other supporters of the Convention proposition were Senator Jesse B. Thomas, John McLean, Richard M. Yovmg, Judges Phillips, Browne and Reynolds, of the Supreme Court, and many more; while among the leading champions of the opposition, were Judge Lockwood, George Forquer (after- ward Secretary of State), Morris Birkbeck, George Churchill, Thomas Mather and Rev. Thomas Lip- pincott. Daniel P Cook, then Representative in Congress, was the leading champion of freedom on the stump, while Governor Coles contributed the salary of his entire term (84,000), as well as his influence, to the support of the cause. Gov- ernor Edwards (then in the Senate) was the owner of slaves and occupied a non-committal position. The election was held August 3, 1834, resulting in 4,973 votes for a Convention, to 6,640 against it, defeating the proposition by a majority of 1,668. Considering the size of the aggregate vote (11,613), the result was a decisive one. By it Illinois escaped the greatest danger it ever en- HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 261 countered previous to the War of the Rebellion. (See Slavery and Slave Laics.) At the same election Cook was re-elected to Congress by 3,016 majority over Shadraoh Bond. The vote for President was divided between John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay and William H. Crawford — Adama receiving a plurality, but much below a majority. The Elect- oral College failing to elect a President, the decision of the question passed into the hands of the Congressional House of Representatives, when Adams was elected, receiving the vote of Illinois through its only Representative, Mr. Cook. During the remainder of his term, Governor Coles was, made the victim of much vexatious litigation at the hands of his enemies, a verdict being rendered against him in the sum of $2,000 for bringing his emancipated negroes into the State, in violation of the law of 1819. The Legis- lature having passed an act releasing him from the penalty, it was declared unconstitutional by a malicious Circuit Judge, though his decision was promptly reversed by the Supreme Court. Having lived a few years on his farm near Edwardsville, in 1833 he removed to Philadelphia, where he spent the remainder of his days, his death occurring there, July 7, 1868. In the face of opprobrium and defamation, and sometimes in danger of mob violence, Governor Coles per- formed a service to the State which has scarcely yet been fully recognized. (See Coles, Edward.) A ridiculous incident of the closing year of Coles' administration was the attempt of Lieut. - Gov. Frederick Adolphus Hubbard, after having tasted the sweets of executive power during the Governor's temporary absence from the State, to usurp the position after the Governor's return. The ambitious aspirations of the would-be usurper were suppressed by the Supreme Court. An interesting event of the year 1825, was the visit of General La Fayette to Kaskaskia. He was welcomed in an address by Governor Coles, and the event was made the occasion of much festivity by the French citizens of the ancient capital. (See La Fayette, Visit of. ) The first State House at Vandalia having been destroyed by fire, Dec. 9, 1823, a new one was erected during the following year at a cost of $12,381.50, toward which the people of Vandalia contributed §5,000. Edwards' Administration. — The State elec- tion of 1826 resulted in again calling Ninian Edwards to the gubernatorial chair, which he had filled during nearly the whole of the exist- ence of Illinois as a Territory. Elected one of the first United States Senators, and re-elected for a second term in 1819, he had resigned this office in 1824 to accept the position of Minister to Mexico, by appointment of President Monroe. Having become involved in a controversy with William H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury, he resigned the Mexican mission, and, after a period of retirement to private Life for the first time after he came to Illinois, he appealed to the people of the State for endorsement, with the result stated. His administration was unevent- ful except for the "Winnebago War," which caused considerable commotion on the frontier, without resulting in much bloodshed. Governor Edwards was a fine specimen of the "old school gentleman" of that period — dignified and pohshed in his manners, courtly and precise in his address, proud and ambitious, with a tendency to the despotic in his bearing in consequence of having been reared in a slave State and his long connec- tion with the executive office. His early educa- tion had been under the direction of the celebrated William Wirt, between whom and himself a close friendship existed. He was wealthy for the time, being an extensive land- owner as well as slave-holder and the proprietor of stores and mills, which were managed by agents, but he lost heavily by bad debts. He was for many years a close friend of Hooper Warren, the pioneer printer, furnishing the material with which the latter published his papers at Spring- field and Galena. At the expiration of his term of office near the close of 1830, he retired to his home at Belleville, where, after making an un- successful campaign for Congress in 1832, in which he was defeated by Charles Slade, he died of cholera, July 20, 1833. (See Edicards, Ninian.) William Kinney, of Belleville, who was a can- didate for Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket opposed to Edwards, was elected over Samuel M. Thompson. In 1830, Kinney became a candidate for Governor but was defeated by John Reynolds, known as the "Old Ranger." One of the argu- ments used against Kinney in this campaign was that, in the Legislature of 1823, ha was one of three members who voted against the Illinois & Michigan Canal, on the ground that "it (the canal) would make an opening for the Yankees to come to the country." During Edwards' administration the first steps were taken towards the erection of a State peni- tentiary at Alton, fvmds therefor being secured by the sale of a portion of the saline lands in Gal- latin County. (See Alton Penitentiary.) The first 262 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Commissioners having charge of its construction were Shadrach Bond, William P. McKee and Dr. Gershom Jayne — the last-named the father of Or. William Jayne of Springfield, and father-in- law of the late Senator Lyman Trumbull. Governor Reynolds — Black Hawk War. — The election of 1830 resulted in the choice of John Reynolds for Governor over William Kinney, by a majority of 3,899, in a total vote of 49,051, while Zadoc Casey, the candidate on the Kinney ticket, was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See Reynolds, John.) The most important event of Reynolds' admin- istration was the "Black-Hawk War." Eight thousand militia were called out during this war to reinforce L.'JOO regular troops, the final result being the driving of 400 Indians west of the Mis- sissippi. Rock Island, which had been the favor- ite rallying point of the Indians for generations, was the central point at the beginning of this war. It is impossible to gii'e the details of this complicated struggle, which was protracted through two campaigns (1831 and 1832), though there was no fighting worth speaking of except in the last, and no serious loss to the whites in that, except the surprise and defeat of Stillman's command. Beardstown was the base of opera- tions in each of these campaigns, and that city has probably never witnessed such scenes of bustle and excitement since. The Indian village at Rock Island was destroyed, and the fugitives, after being pursued through Northern Illinois and Southwestern Wisconsin without being allowed to surrender, were driven beyond the Mississippi in a famishing condition and with spirits completely broken. Galena, at that time the emporium of the "Lead Mine Region," and the largest town in the State north of Springfield, was the center of great excitement, as the war was waged in the region surrounding it. (See Black Hawk War. ) Although cool judges have not regarded this campaign as reflecting honor upon either the prowess or the magnanimity of the whites, it was remarkable for the number of those connected with it whose names afterwards became famous in the history of the State and the Nation. Among them were two who after- wards became Presidents of the United States — Col. Zachary Taylor of the regular army, and Abraham Lincoln, a Captain in the State militia — besides Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant in the regular army and afterwards head of the Southern Confederacy; three subsequent Gov- ernors — Duncan, Carlin and Ford — besides Gov- ernor Reynolds, who at that time occupied the gubernatorial chair; James Semple, afterwards United States Senator ; John T. Stuart, Lincoln's law preceptor and partner, and later a Member of Congress, to say nothing of many others, who, in after years, occupied prominent positions as mem- bers of Congress, the Legislature or otherwise. Among the latter were Gen. John J. Hardiu; the late Joseph Gillespie, of Edwardsville; Col. John Dement; William Thomas of Jackson- ville; Lieut. -Col. Jacob Fry; Henry Dodge and others. Under the census of 1830, Illinois became entitled to three Representatives in Congress instead of one, by whom it had been represented from the date of its admission as a State. Lieu- tenant-Governor Casey, having been elected to the Twenty-third Congress for the Second Dis- trict under the new apportionment, on March 1, 1833, tendered his resignation of the Lieutenant- Governorship, and was succeeded by William L. D. Ewing, Temporary President of the Senate. (Bee Apportionment , Congressional; Casey. Zadoc, and Representatives in Congress.) Within two weeks of the close of his term (Nov. 17, 1834), Governor Reynolds followed the example of his associate in office by resigning the Governorship to accept the seat in Congress for the First (or Southern) District, which had been rendered vacant by the death of Hon. Charles Slade, the incumbent in office, in July previous. This opened the way for a new promotion of acting Lieutenant-Governor Ewing, who thus had the distinction of occupying the gubernatorial office for the brief space of two weeks. (See Reynolds, John, and Sladc, Charles.) Ewing probably held a greater variety of offices under the State, than any other man who ever lived in it. Repeatedly elected to each branch of the General Assembly, he more than once filled the chair of Speaker of the House and President of the Senate ; served as Acting Lieu- tenant-Governor and Governor by virtue of the resignation of his superiors; was United States Senator from 1835 to 1837; still later became Clerk of the House where he had presided as Speaker, finally, in 1843, being elected Auditor of Public Accounts, and dying in that office three years later. In less than twenty years, he held eight or ten different offices, including the high- est in the State. (See Ewing, William Lee David- son. ) Duncan's Administration.— Joseph Duncan, who had served the State as its only Represent- ative in three Congresses, was elected Governor, August, 1834, over four competitors — William HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 263 Kinney, Robert K. JIcLaughlin, James Evans and W. B. Archer. (See Duncan, Joseph. ) His administration was made memorable by the large number of distinguished men who either entered public life at this period or gained additional prominence by their connection with public affairs. Among these were Abraham Lin- coln and Stephen A. Douglas; Col. E. D. Baker, who afterward and at different times represented Illinois and Oregon in the councils of the Nation, and who fell at Ball's Blufif in 1862 ; Orville H. Browning, a prospective United States Senator and future cabinet officer; Lieut. -Gov. John Dougherty; Gen. James .Shields, Col. John J. Hardin, Archibald Williams, Cj-rus and Ninian W. Edwards; Dr. John Logan, father of Gen. John A. Logan; Stephen T. Logan, and many more. During this administration was begun that gigantic scheme of "internal improvements," which proved so disastrous to the financial inter- ests of the State. The estimated cost of the various works undertaken, was over §11,000,000, and though little of substantial value was real- ized, yet, ill 1853, the debt (principal and inter- est) thereby incurred (including that of the canal), aggregated nearly §17,000,000. The col- lapse of the scheme was, no doubt, hastened by the unexpected suspension of specie payments by the banks all over the country, which followed soon after its adoption. (See Internal Improve- ment Policy; also State Debt.) Capital Removed to Springfield. — At the session of the General Assembly of 1836-37, an act was passed removing the State capital to Spring- field, and an appropriation of §50,000 was made to erect a building ; to this amount the cit}' of Spring- field added a like sum, besides donating a site. In securing the passage of these acts, the famous "Long Nine," consisting of A. G. Herndon and Job Fletcher, in the Senate ; and Abraham Lin- coln, Ninian W. Edwards, John Dawson, Andrew McCormick, Dan Stone, William F. Elkin and Robert L. Wilson, in the House — all Representa- tives from Sangamon County — played a leading part. The Murder of Lovejoy. — An event occurred near the close of Governor Duncan's term, which left a stain upon the locality, but for wliich his administration had no direct responsibility; to- wit, the murder of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, by a pro-slavery mob at Alton. Lovejoy was a native of Maine, who, coming to St. Louis in 1827, had been employed upon various papers, the last being "The St. Louis Observer. " The outspoken hostility of this paper to slavery aroused a bitter local opposition which led to its removal to Alton, where the first number of "The Alton Observer" was issued, Sept. 8, 1836, though not until one press and a considerable portion of the material had been destroyed by a mob. On the night of August 21, 1837, there was a second destruction of the material, when a third press having been procured, it was taken from the warehouse and thrown into the Mississippi. A fourth press was ordered, and, pending its arrival, Lovejoy appeared before a public meet- ing of his opponents and, in an impassioned address, maintained his right to freedom of speech, declaring in conclusion: "If the civil authorities refuse to protect me, I must look to God ; a^id if I die, I have determined to make my grave in Alton." These words proved prophetic. The new press was stored in the warehouse of Godfrey, Gillman & Co., on the night of Nov. 6, 1837. A guard of sixty volunteers remained about tlie building the next day, but when night came all but nineteen retired to their homes. During the night a mob attacked the building, when a shot from the inside killed Lyman Bishop. An attempt was then made bj' the rioters to fire the warehouse by sending a man to the roof. To dislodge the incendiary, Lovejoy, with two others, emerged from the building, when two or three men in concealment fired upon him, the shots taking effect in a vital part of his body, causing his death almost instantly. He was buried the following daj' without an inquest. Several of the attacking part\- and the defenders of the building were tried for riot and acquitted — the former probably on account of popular sympathy with the crime, and the latter because they were guiltless of any crime except that of defending private property and attempting to preserve the law. The act of firing the fatal shots has been charged upon two men — a Dr. Jennings and his comrade. Dr. Beall. The former, it is said, was afterwards cut to pieces in a bar-room fight in Vicksburg, Mis-s., while the latter, having been captured bj- Comanche Indians in Texas, was burned alive. On the other hand, Lovejoy has been honored as a martyr and the sentiments for which lie died have triumphed. (See Lovejoy, Elijah Parish; also Alton Riots.) Carlin Succeeds to the Governorship.— Duncan was succeeded by Gov. Thomas Carlin. who was chosen at the election of 1838 over Cyrus Edwards (a younger brother of Gov. Ninian Edwards), who was the Whig candidate. S64 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The successful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor was Stinson H. Anderson of Jefferson County. (See Carlin, (Gov.) Thomas: Anderson, StinsonH.) Among the members of the Legislature chosen at this time we find the names of Orville H. Browning, Robert Blackwell, George Churchill, William G. Gatewood, Ebenezer Peck (of Cook County), William A. Richardson, Newton Cloud, Jfisse K. Dubois, O. B. Ficklin, Vital Jarrot, Jolm Logan, William F. Thornton and Archibald Williams — all men of prominence in the subse- quent history of the State. This was the last Legislature that assembled at Vandalia, Spring- field becoming the capital, July 4. 1839. The comer-stone of the first State capitol at Spring- field was laid with imposing ceremonies, July 4, 1837, Col. E. D. Baker delivering an eloquent address. Its estimated cost was §130,000, but $240,000 was expended upon it before its com- pletion. An incident of this campaign was the election to Congress, after a bitter struggle, of John T. Stuart over Stephen A. Douglas from the Third District, by a majority of fourteen votes. Stuart was re-elected in 1840, but in 1843 he was suc- ceeded, under a new apportionment, by Col. John J. Hardin, while Douglas, elected from the Quincy District, then entered the National Coun- cils for the first time. Field-McClernand Contest. — An exciting event connected with Carlin's administration was the attempt to remove Alexander P. Field from the office of Secretary of State, which he had held since 1828. Under the Constitution of 1818, this office was filled by nomination by the Gov- ernor "with the advice and consent of the Senate." Carlin nominated John A. McCler- nand to supersede Field, but the Senate refused to confirm the nomination. After adjournment of the Legislature, McClernand attempted to obtain possession of the office by writ of quo warranto. The Judge of a Circuit Court decided the case in his favor, but this decision was overruled by the Supreme Court. A special session having been called, in November, 1840, Stephen A. Douglas, then of Morgan County, was nominated and con- firmed Secretary of State, but held tlie position only a few months, when lie resigned to accept a place on the Supreme bench, being succeeded as Secretary by Lyman Trumbull. Supreme Court Revolutionized. — Certain decisions of some of the lower courts about this time, bearing upon the suffrage of aliens, excited the apprehension of the Democrats, who had heretofore been in political control of the State, and a movement was started in the Legislature to reorganize the Supreme Court, a majority of whom were Whigs. The Democrats were not unanimous in favor of the measure, but, after a bitter struggle, it was adopted, receiving a bare majority of one in the House. Under this act five additional Judges were elected, viz. : Thomas Ford, Sidney Breese, Walter B. Scates, Samuel H. Treat and Stephen A. Douglas — all Demo- crats. Mr. Ford, one of the new Judges, and afterwards Governor, has characterized this step as "a confessedly violent and somewhat revolu- tionary measure, which could never have suc- ceeded except in times of great party excite- ment." The great Whig mass-meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, was an incident of the political campaign of that year. No such popular assem- blage had ever been seen in the State before. It is estimated that 20,000 people — nearly five per cent of the entire population of the State — were present, including a large delegation from Chi- cago who marched overland, under command of the late Maj.-Gen. David Hunter, bearing with them many devices so popular in that memorable campaign. Ford Elected Governor. — Judge Thomas Ford became the Democratic candidate for Gov- ernor in 1842, taking the place on the ticket of Col. Adam W. Snj-der, who had died after nomi- nation. Ford was elected by more tlian 8,000 majority over ex-Governor Duncan, the Whig candidate. John Moore, of McLean County (who had been a member of the Legislature for several terms and was afterwards State Treasurer), was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See Ford, Thomas; Snyder, Adam W., and Moore, John.) Emb.^rrassing Questions. — The failure of the State and the Shawneetown banks, near the close of Carlin's administration, had produced a condi- tion of business depression that was felt all over the State. At the beginning of Ford's adminis- tration, the State debt was estimated at §15, 657,- 950 — within about one million of the highest point it ever reached — while the total population was a little over half a million. In addition to these drawbacks, the Mormon question became a source of embarrassment. This people, after having been driven from Missouri, settled at Nauvoo, in Hancock County; they increased rapidly in numbers, and. by the arrogant course of their leaders and their odious doctrines — especially with reference to "celestial marriage," and their assumptions of authority — aroused the bitter hostility of neighboring communities not HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 265 of their faith. The popular indignation became greatly intensified by the course of unscrupulous politicians and the granting to the Mormons, by the Legislature, of certain charters and special privileges. Various charges were made against the obnoxious sect, including rioting, kidnap- ing, robbery, counterfeiting, etc., and the Gov- ernor called out the militia of the neighboring counties to preserve the peace. Joseph Smith — the founder of the sect — with his brother Hyrum and three others, were induced to surrender to the authorities at Carthage, on the 23d of June, 1844, under promise of protection of their per- sons. Then tlie charge was changed to treason and they were thrown into jail, a guard of eight men being placed about the building. A con- siderable portion of the militia had disbanded and returned home, while others were openly hostile to the prisoners. On June 27 a band of 150 disguised men attacked the jail, finding little opposition among those set to guard it. In the assault which followed both of the Smiths were killed, while John Taylor, another of the prisoners, was wounded. The trial of the murderers was a farce and they were acquitted. A state of virtual war continued for a year, in which Governor Ford's authority was openly defied or treated with contempt by those whom he had called upon to preserve the peace. In the fall of 1845 the Mormons agreed to leave the State, and the following spring the pilgrim- age to Salt Lake began. Gen. John J. Hardin, who afterward fell at Buena Vista, was twice called on by Governor Ford to head parties of militia to restore order, while Gen. Mason Bray- man conducted the negotiations which resulted in the promise of removal. The great body of the refugees spent tlie following winter at Coun- cil Bluffs, Iowa, arriving at Salt Lake in June following. Another considerable body entered the service of the Government to obtain safe con- duct and sustenance across the plains. While the conduct of the Mormons during their stay at Nauvoo was, no doubt, verj- irritating and often lawless, it is e(|ually true that the dis- ordered condition of affairs was taken advantage of by unscrupulous demagogues for dishonest purposes, and this episode has left a stigraa upon the name of more than one over-zealous anti- Mormon hero. (See Mormons: Smith. Joseph.) Though Governor Ford's integrity and ability in certain directions have not been questioned, his administration was not a successful one, largely on account of the conditions which pre- vailed at the time and the embarrassments which he met from his own party. (See Ford, TJiomas.) Mexican War. — A still more tragic chapter opened during the last year of Ford's administra- tion, in the beginning of the war with Mexico. Three regiments of twelve months' volunteers, called for by the General Government from the State of Illinois, were furnished with alacrity, and many more men offered their services than could be accepted. The names of their respective commanders — Cols. John J. Hardin, William H. Bissell and Ferris Forman — have been accorded a high place in the annals of the State and the Nation. Hardin was of an honorable Kentucky family ; he had achieved distinction at the bar and served in the State Legislature and in Con- gress, and his death on the battlefield of Buena Vista was universally deplored. (See Hardin, John J.) Bissell afterward served with distinc- tion in Congress and was the first Republican Governor of Illinois, elected in 1856. Edward D. Baker, then a Whig member of Congress, re- ceived authority to raise an additional regiment, and laid the foundation of a reputation as broad as the Nation. Two other regiments were raised in the State "for the war" during the next year, led respectively by Col. Edward W. B. Newby and James Collins, beside four independent companies of mounted volunteers. The whole number of volunteers furnished by Illinois in this conflict was 6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 182 wounded, 12 dying of their wounds. Their loss in killed was greater than that of any other State, and the number of wounded onlj' exceeded by those from South Carolina and Pennsylvania. Among other lUinoisans who participated in this struggle, were Thomas L. Harris, William A. Richardson, J. L. D. Morrison, Slurray F. Tuley and Charles C. P. Holden, while still others, either in the ranks or in subordinate positions, received the "baptism of fire" which prepared them to win distinction as commanders of corps, divisions, brigades and regiments during the War of the Rebellion, including such names as John A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby. Benjamin M. Prentiss. James D. Morgan. W. H. L. Wallace (who fell at Pittsburg Landing), Stephen G. Hicks, Michael K. Lawler. Leonard F. Ross, Isham N. Haynie, Theophilus Lyle Dickey, Dudley Wickersham. Isaac C. Pugh, Thomas H. Flynn, J. P. Post, Nathaniel Niles, W. R. Morri- son, and others. (See Mexican War. ) French's Administration-Massac Rebellion. —Except for the Mexican War. which was still in progress, and acts of mob violence in certain portionsof the State— especially by a band of self- 266 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. styled "regulators" in Pope and Massac Counties — the administration of Augustus C. French, whicli began with the close of the year 1846, was a quiet one. French was elected at the previous August election by a vote of 58,700 to 36,775 for Thomas M. Kilpatrick, the Whig candidate, and 5,112 for Richard Eels, the Free-Soil (or Aboli- tion) candidate. The Whigs held their first State Convention this year for the nomination of a State ticket, meeting at Peoria. At the same election Abraham Lincoln was elected to Con- gress, defeating Peter Cartwright, the famous pioneer Methodist preacher, who was the Demo- cratic candidate. At the session of the Legisla- ture which followed, Stephen A. Douglas was elected to the United States Senate as successor to James Semple. New Convention Movement. — Governor French was a native of New Hampshire, born August 3, 1808; he had practiced his profession as a lawyer in Crawford County, had been a member of the Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies and Receiver of the Land Office at Palestine. The State had now begun to recover from the depression caused by the reverses of 1837 and subsequent years, and for some time its growth in population had been satisfactory. The old Constitution, however, had been felt to be a hampering influence, especially in dealing with the State debt, and, as early as 1842, the question of a State Convention to frame a new Constitu- tion had been submitted to popular vote, but was defeated by the narrow margin of 1,039 votes. The Legislature of 1844-45 adopted a resolution for resubmission, and at the election of 1846 it was approved by the people by a majority of 35,326 in a total vote of 81, .352. The State then contained ninety-nine counties, with an aggregate population of 662,150. The assessed valuation of property one year later was §92,206,493, while the State debt was §10,661,795 — or more than eighteen per cent of the entire assessed value of the property of the State. Constitutional Convention of 1847. —The election of members of a State Convention to form a second Constitution for the State of Illi- nois, was held April 19, 1847. Of one hundred and sixty-two members chosen, ninety-two were Democrats, leaving seventy members to all shades of the opposition. The Convention assembled at Springfield, June 7, 1847; it was organized by the election of Newton Cloud, Per- manent President, and concluded its labors after a session of nearly three months, adjourning August 31. The Constitution was submitted to a vote of the people, March 6, 1848, and was rati fied by 59,887 votes in its favor to 15,859 against. A special article prohibiting free persons of color from settling in the State was adopted by 49,060 votes for, to 20,883 against it: and another, pro- viding for a two-mill tax, by 41.017 for, to 30,586 against. The Constitution went into effect April 1, 1848. (See Constitutiotxs: also Constituiional Convention of 1S47. ) The provision imposing a special two-mill tax, to be applied to the payment of the State in- debtedness, was the means of restoring the State credit, while that prohibiting the immigration of free persons of color, though in accordance with the spirit of the times, brought upon the State much opprobrium and was repudiated with emphasis during the War of the Rebellion. The demand for retrenchment, caused by the financial depression following the wild legislation of 1837, led to the adoption of many radical pro- visions in the new Constitution, some of which were afterward found to be serious errors open- ing the way for grave abuses. Among these was the practical limitation of the biennial ses- sions of the General Assembly to forty-two days, while the per diem of members was fixed at two dollars. The salaries of State officers were also fixed at what would now be recognized as an absurdly low figiu-e, that of Governor being §1,500; Supreme Court Judges, §1,200 each; Cir- cuit Judges, §1,000; State Auditor, §1,000; Secre- tary of State, and State Treasurer, §800 each. Among less objectionable provisions were those restricting the right of suffrage to white male citizens above the age of 31 years, which excluded (except as to residents of the State at the time of the adoption of the Constitution) a class of imnaturalized foreigners who had exercised the privilege as "inhabitants" under the Constitu- tion of 1818; providing for the election of all State, judicial . Birkbeck, Morris. 2G0. Bissell, William H., Colonel in Mexican War. 265: Governor. 269; death, 270. Black Hawk War. 262, Blodgett, Henrv W., Free Soil member of the Let,'l9iature. 268. Bloomington Convention (18561,269, Boisbriant, first French Commandant, 249. Bond, Shadrach, 265; Delegate in Congress, 257; first Governor, 258. Breese, Sidney, 259, Browne, Thomas C, 260. Browning. Orville H., in Bloomington Convenilon, 269; U. S. Senator, 27;i. Cahokift, ttrst French settlement at, 252. Camp Douglas conspiracy, 273. Canal Scrip Fiaud.270. Carliii, Tliotnas, elected Governor, 263, Casey, Z;ul"c, elected to Con^res.s; re- signs the Lieutenant-Governorship, 262. Charlevoix visits Illinois. 247 Chicago and Calumet Rivers, importance of in estimation of early explorers, 247 Chicago election frauds, 278. Chicago, lire of 1871. 276. Chicagi)u, Indian Chief for whom Chicago was named, 248. Clark, Vol. Genrs© Rogers, expedition to Illinois; capture of Kaskaskia. 251. Coles, Eduanl, emancipates his slaves; candl'Uiie inr (iuveriior,259; his election, 260; persecutoii by his enemies. 261, Constitutional Convention of 1318,258. Constitutional Convention of 1847,266, Constitutional Convention of 18i:,2,^72. Constitutional (.'onventionof 1870.2*5. Cook, Daniel P.. 255: Attorney-General, 2-38; elected to C07igress, 260-61. Craig, Capt. Tiionias, expedition against Indians at Peuria, 257, CuUom. sbelhy M.. Speaker of General As- sembly, 27u; elected Governur. 276; fea- tures of his administration: re-elected, 277; eleftPd to U. S. Kenate. 278. Davis. David. United States Senator, 277. Douglas, Stephen A., 263: Justice Supreme Court. 264, U.S. Senator, 266; debates with Lincoln, 268-70; re-elected U, S, Sen- ator. 270: death, 272. Duncan, Josepti. Governor; character of his administration, 262-63, Early towns, 258. Earthquake of 1811,256, Edwards, Ninlan, Governor Illinois Terri- tory. 255, elected U. S. Senator. 259; elected Governor; admiuiatratiou and death, 261. Ewing, William L. D.. becomes acting Governor; occupant of many offices, 262, Explorers, earlv French, 244-S. Farvvell. Charles B,,279 Field- MrClernand contest, 264. Fifer. Joseph W.. elected Governor, 279. Fisher, Dr. George, Speaker of Territorial Hiiuseof Representatives, 257. Ford, Thomas, Governor: embarrassing questions of his administration. 264. ' Fort Chartres, surrendered to British, 250. Fort Dearborn massacre, 256-57. Fort Gage burned. 251. Fort Massac, startingpoint on the Ohio of Clark's expedition, 251. Fort St. Louis. 246; raided and burned by Indians, 247 Franklin, Benjamin. Indian Commissioner for Illinois in 1775, 251. French. Angustus C, Governor. 2G5-7. French and Indian War, 250. French occupation ; settlement about Ivas kaskia and Cahokia. 249. French villages, population of in 1765, 251 Gibault, Pierre, 2^32. Grant, Ulyases S,, arrival at Springfield:. Colonel of Tweiit.v-iirst Illinois Volun- teers, 271 : electe k! ch O HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 30'- sively quarried. ravel, sand, and clay are also easily obtained in considerable quantities. Within twenty miles are productive coal mines. The Northern Illinois Penitentiary and a female penal institute stand just outside the city limits on the north. Joliet is an important manufac- turing center, the census of 1900 crediting the city with 455 establishments, having §15,452,186 capital, employing 6,523 hands, paying $3,957,529 wages and §17,891,836 for raw material, turning out an annual product valued at §27,765, 104. The leading industries are the manufacture of foundry and machine-shop products, engines, agricultural implements, pig-iron. Bessemer steel, steel bridges, rods, tin cans, wallpaper, matches, beer, saddles, paint, furniture, pianos, and stoves, besides quarrying and stone cutting. The Chi- cago Drainage Canal supplies valuable water- power. The city has many handsome public buildings and private residences, among the former being four high schools. Government pnstoffice building, two public libraries, and two public hospitals. It also has two public and two school parks. Population (1880), 11,6.57; (1890), 23,2.54, (including suburbs), 34,473; (1900), 29,353. JOLIET, AURORA & NORTHERN RAIL- WAY. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway.) JOLIET, Louis, a French explorer, born at Quebec, Canada, Sept. 21, 1645, educated at the Jesuits' College, and early engaged in the fur- trade. In 1669 he was sent to investigate the copper mines on Lake Superior, but his most important service began in 1673, when Frontenao commissioned him to explore. Starting from the missionary station of St. Ignace, with Father Marquette, he went up the Fox River within the present State of Wisconsin and down the Wis- consin to the Mississippi, which he descended as far as the mouth of the Arkansas. He was the first to discover that the Mississippi flows to the Gulf rather than to the Pacific. He returned to Green Bay via the Illinois River, and (as believed) the sites of the present cities of Joliet and Chicago. Although later appointed royal hydrographer and given the island of Antioosti, he never revisited the Mississippi. Some historians assert that this was largely due to the influential jeal- ou.sy of La Salle. Died, in Canada, in May, 1700. JOLIET & BLUE ISLAND RAILWAY, con stituting a part of and operated by the Calumet & Blue Island— a belt line, 21 miles in length, of standard gauge and laid with 60-lb. steel rails. The company provides terminal facilities at Joliet, although originally projected to merely run from that city to a connection with the Calumet & Blue Island Railway. The capital stock author- ized and paid in is .$100,000. The company's general offices are in Chicago. JOLIET & NORTHERN INDIANA. RAIL- ROAD, a road running from Lake, Ind., to Joliet, 111., 45 miles (of which 29 miles are in Illinois), and leased in perpetuity, from Sept. 7, 1854 (the date of completion); to the Michigan Central Rail- road Company, which owns nearly all its stock. Its capital stock is $300,000, and its funded debt, $80,000. Other forms of indebtedness swell the total amount of capital invested (1895) to $1,- 143,201. Total earnings and income in Illinois in 1894, $89,017; total expenditures, $62,370. (See Michigan Central Railroad.) JONES, Alfred M., politician and legislator, was born in Xew Hampshire, Feb. 5, 1837, brought to McHenry County, 111., at 10 years of age, and, at 16, began life in the pineries and engaged in rafting on the Mississippi. Then, after two winters in school at Rockford, and a short season in teaching, he spent a year in the book and jewelry bxisiness at Warren, Jo Daviess County. The following year (1858) he made a trip to Pike'a Peak, but meeting disappointment in his expec- tations in regard to mining, returned almost immediately. The next few years were spent in various occupations, including law and real estate business, until 1872, when he was elected to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, f,nd re-elected two years later. Other positions successively held by him were those of Commis- sioner of the Joliet Penitentiary, Collector of Internal Revenue for the Sterling District, and United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois. He was, for fourteen years, a member of the Republican State Central Committee, dur- ing twelve years of that period being its chair- man. Since 1885, Mr. Jones has been manager of the Bethesda Mineral Springs at Waukesha, Wis., but has found time to make his mark in Wisconsin politics also. JONES, John Rice, first English lawyer in Illi- nois, was born in Wales, Feb. 11, 1759; educated at Oxford in medicine and law, and, after prac- ticing the latter in London for a short time, came to America in 1784, spending two years in Phila- delphia, where he made the acquaintance of Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin; in 1786, having reached the Falls of the Ohio, he joined Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition against the Indians on the Wabash. This having partially failed through the discontent and desertion of the troops, he remained at Vincennes four years, part of the time as Commissary- 308 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. General of the garrison there. In 1790 he went to Kaskaskia, but eleven years later returned to Vin- cennes, being commissioned the same year by Gov. William Henry Harrison, Attorney-General of Indiana Territory, and, in 1805, becoming a member of the first Legislative Council. He was Secretary of the convention at Vincennes, in December, 1802, which memorialized Congress to suspend, for ten years, the article in the Ordi- nance of 1787 forbidding slavery in the Northwest Territory. In 1808 he removed a second time to Kaskaskia, remaining two years, when he located within the present limits of the State of Missouri (then the Territory of Louisiana), residing suc- cessively at St. Genevieve, St. Louis and Potosi, at the latter place acquiring large interests in mineral lands. He became prominent in Mis- souri politics, served as a member of the Conven- tion which framed the first State Constitution, was a prominent candidate for United States Senator before the first Legislature, and finally elected by the same a Justice of the Supreme Court, dying in office at St. Louis, Feb. 1, 1824. He appears to have enjoyed an extensive practice among the early residents, as shown by the fact that, the year of his return to Kaskaskia, he paid taxes on more than 16,000 acres of land in Monroe County, to say nothing of his possessions about Vincennes and his subsequent acquisitions in Missouri. He also prepared the first revision of laws for Indiana Territory when Illinois com- posed a part of it. — Rice (Jones), son of the pre- ceding by a first marriage, was born in Wales, Sept. 28, 1781; came to America with his par- ents, and was educated at Transylvania University and the University of Pennsylvania, taking a medical degree at the latter, but later studying law at Litchfield, Conn., and locating at Kaskas- kia in 1806. Described as a young man of brilliant talents, he took a prominent part in politics and, at a special election held in September, 1808, was elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, by the party known as "Divisionists" — i. e., in favor of the division of the Territory— which proved successful in the organization of Illinois Territory the following year. Bitterness engendered in this contest led to a challenge from Shadrach Bond (afterwards first Governor of the State)^ which Jones accepted; but the affair was ami- cably adjusted on the field without an exchange of shots. One Dr. James Dunlap, who had been Bond's second, expressed dissatisfaction with the settlement; a bitter factional fight was main- tained between the friends of the respective parties, ending in the assassination of Jones, who was shot by Dunlap on the street in Kaskaskia, Dec. 7, 1808 — Jones dying in a few minutes, while Dunlap fled, ending his days in Texas. — (Jen. John Rice (Jones), Jr., another son, was born at Kaskaskia, Jan. 8, 1792, served under Capt. Henry Dodge in the War of 1812, and, in 1831, went to Texas, where he bore a conspicuous part in securing the independence of that State from Mexico, dying there in 1845— the year of its annexation to the United States. — George Wallace (Jones), fourth son of John Rice Jones (1st), was born at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, April 12, 1804; graduated at Transylvania Uni- versity, in 1825; served as Clerk of the United States District Court in Missouri in 1826, and as Aid to Gen. Dodge in the Black Hawk War; in 1834 was elected Delegate in Congress from Michigan Territory (then including the present States of Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa), later serving two terms as Delegate from Iowa Terri- tory, and, on its admission as a State, being elected one of the first United States Senators and re- elected in 1852; in 1859, was appointed by Presi- dent Buchanan Minister to Bogota, Colombia^ but recalled in 1861 on account of a letter to Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of the South, and was imprisoned for two months in Fort Lafayette. In 1888 he was the sec- ond of Senator Cilley in the famous Cilley-Graves duel near Washington, which resulted in the death of the former. After his retirement from office. General Jones' residence was at Dubuque, Iowa, where he died, July 22, 1896, in the 93d year of his age. JONES, Michael, early politician, was a Penn- sylvanian by birth, who came to Illinois in Terri- torial days, and, as early as 1809, was Register of the Land Office at Kaskaskia; afterwards removed to Shawneetown and represented Gallatin County as a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1818 and as Senator in the first four General Assemblies, and also as Repre- sentative in the Eighth. He was a candidate for United States Senator in 1819, but was defeated by Governor Edwards, and was a Presidential Elector in 1820. He is represented to have been a man of considerable ability but of bitter passions, a supporter of the scheme for a pro-slavery con- stitution and a bitter opponent of Governor Edwards. JO>'ES, J. Russell, capitalist, was born at Conneaut, Ashtabula County, Ohio, Feb. 17, 1823 ; after spending two years as clerk in a store in his native town, came to Chicago in 1838; spent the next two years at Rockton, when he accepted a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 309 clerkship in a leading mercantile establishment at Galena, finally being advanced to a partner- ship, which was dissolved in 1856. In 1860 he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly, and, in March following, was appointed by President Lincoln United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois. In 1869, by appointment of President Grant, he became Minister to Belgium, remaining in office until 1875, when he resigned and returned to Chicago. Subsequently he declined the position of Secretary of the Interior, but was appointed Collector of the Port of Chi- cago, from which he retired in 1888. Mr. Jones served as member of the National Republican Committee for Illinois in 1868. In 1863 he organ- ized the West Division Street Railway, laying the foundation of an ample fortune. JONES, William, pioneer merchant, was born at Charlemont, Mass., Oct. 22, 1789, but spent his boyhood and earlj- manhood in New York State, ultimately locating at Buffalo, where he engaged in business as a grocer, and also held various public positions. In 1831 he made a tour of observation westward by way of Detroit, finally reaching Fort Dearborn, which he again visited in 1832 and in '33, making small investments each time in real estate, which afterwards appreciated immensely in value. In 1834, in partnership with Byram King of Buffalo, Mr. Jones engaged in the stove and hardware business, founding in Chicago the firm of Jones & King, and the next year brought his family. While he never held any important public office, he was one of the most prominent of those early residents of Chicago through whose enterprise and public spirit the city was made to prosper. He held the office of Justice of the Peace, served in the City Council, was one of the founders of the city fire depart- ment, served for twelve years (1840-52) on the Board of School Inspectors (for a considerable time as its President), and contributed liberally to the cause of education, including gifts of §50,000 to the old Chicago University, of which lie was a Trustee and, for some time. President of its Executive Committee. Died, Jan. 18, 1868. — Fernando (Jones), son of the preceding, was born at Forest ville, Chautauqua County, N. Y., Maj' 26, 1820, having, for some time in his boyhood, Millard Fillmore (afterwards President) as his teacher at Buffalo, and, .still later, Reuben E. Fen- ton (afterwards Governor and a United States Senator) as classmate. After coming to Chicago, in 1835. he was employed for some time as a clerk in Government offices and by the Trustees of the Illinois & Michigan Canal; spent a season at Canandaigua Academy, N. Y. ; edited a periodical at Jackson, Mich., for a year or two, but finally coming to Chicago, opened an abstract and title office, in which he was engaged at the time of the fire of 1871, and which, by consolidation with two other firms, became the foundation of the Title Guarantee and Trust Company, which still plays an important part in the real-estate business of Chicago. Mr. Jones has held various public posi- tions, including that of Trustee of the Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, and has for years been a Trustee of the University of Chicago.-Kiler Kent (Jones), another son, was one of the found- ers of "The Gem of the Prairies'" newspaper, out of which grew "The Chicago Tribune"; was for many years a citizen of Quincy, 111., and promi- nent member of the Republican State Central Committee, and, for a time, one of the publishers of "The Prairie Farmer." Died, in Quincy, August 20, 1886. JONESBORO, the county -seat of Union County, situated about a mile west of the line of the Illi- nois Central Railroad. It is some 30 miles north of Cairo, with wliicli it is connected by the Mobile & Ohio R. R. It stands in the center of a fertile territory, largely devoted to fruit-growing, and is an important shipping-point for fruit and early vegetables; has a silica mill, pickle factory and a bank. There are also four churches, and one weekly newspaper, as well as a graded school. Population (!900). 1,130. JOSLY\, Merritt L., lawyer, was born in Livingston Coxmty, N. Y., in 1827, came to Illi- nois in 1839, his father settling in SIcHenry County, where the son, on arriving at manhood, engaged in the practice of the law. The latter became prominent in political circles and, in 1856, was a Buchanan Presidential Elector. On the breaking out of the war he allied himself with the Republican part}' ; served as a Captain in the Thirty -sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, in 1864, was elected to the Twenty-fourth General Assembly from McHenry County, later serving as Senator during the sessions of the Thirtieth and Thirty-first Assemblies (1876-80). After the death of President Garfield, he was appointed by President Arthur Assistant Secre- tary of the Interior, serving to the close of the administration. Returning to his home at Wood- stock, 111., he resumed the practice of his profes- sion, and, since 1889, has discharged the duties of Master in Chancer}- for McHenry County. JOUETT, Charles, Chicago's first lawyer, was born in Virginia in 1772, studied law at Charlottes- 310 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. vUle in that State; in 1803 was appointed by President Jefferson Indian Agent at Detroit and, in 1805, acted as Commissioner in conducting a treaty with the Wyandottes, Ottawas and other Indians of Northwestern Ohio and Michigan at Maumee City, Ohio. In the fall of the latter year he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, serving there until the year before the Fort Dear- born Massacre. Removing to Mercer County, Ky., in 1811, he was elected to a Judgeship there, but, in 1815, was reappointed by President Madi- son Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, remaining until 1818, when he again returned to Kentucky. In 1819 he was appointed to a United States Judgeship in the newlj- organized Territory of Arkansas, but remained only a few months, when he resumed his residence in Kentucky, dying there. May 28, 1834. JOURNALISM, {See Newspapers, Early.) JUDD, Norman Buel, lawyer, legislator. For- eign Minister, was born at Rome, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1815, where he read law and was admitted to the bar. In 1836 he removed to Cliicago and com- menced practice in the (then) frontier settle- ment. He early rose to a position of prominence and influence in public affairs, holding various municipal offices and being a member of the State Senate from 1844 to 1860 continuously. In 1860 he was a Delegate-at-large to the Republican National Convention, and, in 1861, President Lin- coln appointed him Minister Plenipotentiary to Prussia, where he represented this country for four years. He was a warm personal friend of Lincoln, and accompanied him on his memorable journey from Springfield to Washington in 1861. In 18T0 he was elected to the Forty-first Congress. Died, at Chicago, Nov. 10, 1878. JUDD, S. Corning, lawyer and politician, born in Onondaga County, N. Y., July 21, 1827; was educated at Aurora Academy, taught for a time in Canada and was admitted to the bar in New York in 1848; edited "The Syracuse Daily Star" in 1849, and, in 1850, accepted a position in the Interior Department in Washington. Later, he resumed his place upon "The Star," but, in 1854, removed to Lewistown, Fulton County, 111., and began practice with his brother-in-law, the late W. C. Goudy. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, entering into partnership with William Fitzhugh White- house, son of Bishop Whitehouse, and became prominent in connection with some ecclesiastical trials which followed. In 1860 he was a Demo- cratic candidate for Presidential Elector and, during the war, was a determined opponent of the war policy of the Government, as such mak- ing an unsuccessful campaign for Lieutenant- Governor in 1864. In 1885 he was appointed Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving until 1889. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 22, 1895. JUDICIAL SYSTEM, THE. The Constitution of 1818 vested the judicial power of the State in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Legislature might establish. The former consisted of one Chief Justice and three Associ- ates, appointed by joint ballot of the Legislature ; but, until 1825, when a new act went into effect, they were required to perform circuit duties in the several counties, while exercising appellate jurisdiction in their united capacity. In 1824 the Legislature divided the State into five circuits, appointing one Circuit Judge for eacli, but, two years later, these were legislated out of office, and circuit court duty again devolved upon the Supreme Judges, the State being divided into four circuits. In 1829 a new act authorized the appointment of one Circuit Judge, who was assigned to duty in the territory northwest of the Illinois River, the Supreme Justices continuing to perform circuit duty in the four other circuits. This arrangement continued until 1835, vrhen the State was divided into six judicial circuits, and, five additional Circuit Judges having been elected, the Supreme Judges were again relieved from circuit court service. After this no mate- rial changes occurred except in the increase of the number of circuits until 1841, the whole number then being nine. At this time political reasons led to an entire reorganization of the courts. An act passed Feb. 10, 1841, repealed all laws author- izing the election of Circuit Judges, and provided for the appointment of five additional Associate Judges of the Supreme Court, making nine in all; and, for a third time, circuit duties devolved upon the Supreme Court Judges, the State being divided at the same time into nine circuits. By the adoption of the Constitution of 1848 the judiciary system underwent an entire change, all judicial officers being made elective by the people. The Constitution provided for a Supreme Court, consisting of three Judges, Circuit Courts. County Courts, and courts to be held by Justices of the Peace. In addition to these, the Legisla- ture had the power to create inferior civil and criminal courts in cities, but only upon a uniform plan. For the election of Supreme Judges, the State was divided into three Grand Judicial Divi- sions. The Legislature might, however, if it saw fit, provide for the election of all three Judges on a general ticket, to be voted throughout the State-at-large ; but this power was never exer- IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 311 cised. Appeals lay from the Circuit Courts to the Supreme Court for the particular division in which the county might be located, although, by unanimous consent of all parties in interest, an appeal might be transferred to another district. Nine Circuit Courts were established, but the number might be increased at the discretion of the General Assembly. Availing itself of its constitutional power and providing for the needs of a rapidly growing community, the Legislature gradually increased the number of circuits to thirty. The term of office for Supreme Court Judges was nine, and, for Circuit Judges, six years. Vacancies were to be filled by popular election, unless the unexpired term of the deceased or retiring incumbent was less than one year, in which case the Governor was authorized to appoint. Circuit Courts were vested with appellate jiu-isdiction from inferior tribunals, and each was required to hold at least two terms annually in each county, as might be fixed by statute. The Constitution of 1870, without changing the mode of election or term of office, made several changes adapted to altered conditions. As regards the Supreme Court, the three Grand Divisions were retained, but the number of Judges was increased to seven, chosen from a like number of districts, but sitting together to con- stitute a full court, of which four members con- stitute a quorum. A Chief Justice is chosen by the Court, and is usually one of the Judges nearing the expiration of his term. The minor officers include a Reporter of Decisions, and one Clerk in each Division. By an act passed in 1897, the three Supreme Court Divisions were consoli- dated in one, the Court being required to hold its sittings in Springfield, and hereafter only one Clerk will be elected instead of three as hereto- fore. The salaries of Justices of the Supreme Court are fixed by law at S5,000 each. The State was divided in 1873 into twenty-seven circuits (Cook County being a circuit by itself), and one or more terms of the circuit court are required to be held each year in each county in the State. The jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts is both original and appellate, and includes mat- ters civil and criminal, in law and in equity. The Judges are elected by districts, and hold office for six years In 1877 the State was divided into thirteen judicial circuits (exclusive of Cook County), but without reducing the number of Judges (twenty-sixl already in office, and the election of one additional Judge (to serve two years) was ordered in each district, thus increas- ing the number of Judges to thirty-nine. Again in 1897 the Legislature passed an act increasing the number of judicial circuits, exclusive of Cook Count}-, to seventeen, while the number of Judges in each circuit remained the same, so that the whole number of Judges elected that year outside of Cook County was fifty-one. The salaries of Circuit Judges are S3. 500 per year, except in Cook County, where they are $7,000. The Constitution also provided for the organiza- tion of Appellate Courts after the year 1874, hav- ing uniform jurisdiction in districts created for that purpose. These courts are a connecting link between the Circuit and the Supreme Courts, and greatly relieve the crowded calendar of the latter. In 1877 the Legislature established four of these tribunals: one for the County of Cook; one to include all the Northern Grand Division except Cook County; the third to embrace the Central Grand Division, and the fourth the South- ern. Each Appellate Court is held by three Cir- cuit Court Judges, named by the Judges of the Supreme Court, each assignment covering three years, and no Judge either allowed to receive extra compensation or sit in review of his own rulings or decisions. Two terms are held in each District every year, and these courts have no original jurisdiction. Cook County. — The judicial system of Cook County is different from that of the rest of the State. The Constitution of 1870 made the county . an independent district, and exempted it from being subject to any subsequent redistricting. The bench of the Circuit Court in Cook County, at first fixed at five Judges, has been increased under the Constitution to fourteen, who receive additional compensation from the count}' treas- ury. The Legislature has the constitutional right to increase the number of Judges according to population. In 1849 the Legislature estab- lished the Cook County Court of Common Pleas. Later, this became the Superior Court of Cook County, which now (1898) consists of thirteen Judges. For this court there exists the same constitutional provision relative to an increase of Judges as in the case of the Circuit Court of Cook County. JUDY, Jacob, pioneer, a native of Switzer- land, who, having come to the United States at an early day, remained some years m Slaryland, when, in 1786, he started west, spending two j'ears near Louisville, Ky., finally arriving at Kaskaskia, 111., in 1788. In 1792 he removed to New Design, in Monroe County, and, in 1800, located within the present limits of Madison 312 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. County, where he died in 1807. — Samael (Judy), son of the preceding, born August 19, 1773, was brought by his father to Illinois in 1788, and after- wards became prominent in political affairs and famous as an Indian fighter. On the organization of Madison County he became one of the first County Commissioners, serving many years. He also commanded a body of "Rangers" in the Indian campaigns during the War of 1813, gain- ing the title of Colonel, and served as a member from Madison. County in the Second Territorial Council (1814-15). Previous to 1811 he built the first brick house within the limits of Madison County, which still stood, not many years since, a few miles from Edwardsville. Colonel Judy died in 1S38. — Jacob (Judy), eldest son of Samuel, was Register of the Land Office at Edwardsville, 184.5-49. — Thomas (Judy), younger son of Samuel, was born, Dec. 19, 1804, and represented Madison County in the Eighteenth General Assembly (1852-54). His death occurred Oct. 4, 1880. JUDY, James William, soldier, was born in Clark County, Ky., May 8, 1823— his ancestors on his father's side being from Switzerland, and those on his mother's from Scotland ; grew up on a farm and, in 1853, removed to Menard County, 111. , where he has since resided. In August, 1862, he enlisted as a private soldier, was elected Cap- tain of his company, and, on its incorporation as part of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Regi- ment Illinois Volunteers at Camp Butler, was chosen Colonel by acclamation. The One Hun- dred and Fourteentli, as part of the Fifteenth Army Corjis under command of that brilliant soldier. Gen. Wm. T. Slierman, was attached to the Army of the Tennessee, and took part in the entire siege of Vicksburg, from May, 1863, to the surrender on the 3d of July following. It also participated in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and numerous other engagements. After one j^ear's service. Colonel Judy was compelled to resign by domestic affliction, having lost two children by death within eight days of each other, while others of his family were dangerousl_v ill. Ou his retirement from the army, he became deeply interested in thorough-bred cattle, and is now the most noted stock auctioneer in the United States — having, in the past thirty years, sold more thorough-bred cattle than any other man living — his operations extending from Canada to Cali- fornia, and from Minnesota to Texas. Colonel Judy was elected a member of the State Board of A.griculture in 1874, and so remained continu- ously until 1896 — except two j-ears — also serving as President of the Board from 1894 to 1896. He bore a conspicuous part in securing the location of the State Fair at Springfield in 1894, and the improvements there made under his administra- tion have not been paralleled in any other State. Originally, and up to 1856, an old-line Whig, Colonel Judy has since been an ardent Repub- lican ; and though active in political campaigns. has never held a political office nor desired one, being content with the discharge of his duty as a patriotic private citizen. KAXA\, Michael F., soldier and legislator, was born in Essex County, N. Y., in November, 1837, at twenty years of age removed to !JIacon County, 111., and engaged in farming. Dm'ing the Civil War he enlisted in the Forty-first Illinois Volun- teers (Col. I. C. Pugh's regiment), serving nearly four years and retiring with the rank of Captain. After the war he served six years as Mayor of the city of Decatur. In 1894 he was elected State Senator, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assemblies. Captain Kanan was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, and a member of the first Post of the order ever established — that at Decatur. KANE, a village of Greene County, on the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railway, 40 miles south of Jacksonville. It has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 408; (1890), 551; (1900), 588. KAXE, Elias Kent, early United States Sena- tor, issaid byLanman's "Dictionary of Congress"' to have been born in New York, June 7, 1796. The late Gen. Geo. W. Smith, of Chicago, a rela- tive of Senator Kane's by marriage, in a paper read before the Illinois State Bar Associatior (1895), rejecting other statements assigning the date of the Illinois Senator's birth to various years from 1786 to 1796, expresses the opinion, based on family letters, that he was really born in 1794. He was educated at Yale College, gradu- ating in 1813, read law in New York, and emi- grated to Tennessee in 1813 or early in 1814, but, before the close of the latter year, removed to Illi- nois, settling at Kaskaskia. His abilities were recognized by his appointment, early in 1818, as Judge of the eastern circuit under the Territorial Government. Before the close of the same year he served as a member of the first State Consti- tutional Convention, and was appointed by Gov- ernor Bond the first Secretary of State under the new State Government, but resigned on the accession of Governor Coles in 1823. Two years later he was elected to the General Assembly as Representative from Randolph County, but HISTORICAL EI^'^CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 313 resigned before the close of tlie year to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to which he was elected in 1824, and re-elected in 1830. Before the expiration of his second term (Dec. 13, 1835), having reached the age of a little more than 40 years, he died in Washington, deeply mourned by his fellow-members of Congress and by his constituents. Senator Kane was a cousin of the distinguished Chancellor Kent of New York, through his mother's family, while, on his father's side, he was a relative of the celebrated Arctic explorer, Elisha Kent Kane. KA>'E COUNTY, one of the wealthiest and most progressive counties in the State, situated in the northeastern quarter. It has an area of 540 square miles, and population (1900) of 7S,792; was named for Senator Elias Kent Kane. Tim- ber and water are abundant, Fox River flowing through the county from north to south. Immi- gration began in 1833, and received a new impetus in 1835, when the Pottawatomies were removed west of the Mississippi. A school was established in 1834, and a church organized in 1835. County organization was effected in June, 1836, and the public lands came on the market in 1843. The Civil War record of the county is more than creditable, the number of volunteers exceeding the assessed quota. Farming, grazing, manufac- turing and dairy industries chiefly engage the attention of the people. The county has many flourishing cities and towns. Geneva is the county- seat. (See Aurora, Dundee, Eldora, Elgin, Geneva and St. Charles.) KAXGLET, a village of La Salle County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincj' Railway, three miles northwest of Streator. There are several coal shafts here. Population (1900), 1,004. KA>'K.VKEE, a city and county-seat of Kanka- kee Count)', on Kankakee River and 111. Cent. Railroad, at intersection of tlie "Big Four" with the Indiana, 111. & Iowa Railroad, 56 miles south of Chicago. It is an agricultural and stock-raising region, near extensive coal fields and bog iron ore; has water-power, flour and paper mills, agri- cultural implement, furniture, and piano fac- tories, knitting and novelty works, besides two quarries of valuable building stone. The East- ern Hospital for the Insane is located here. There are four papers, four banks, five schools, water-works, gas and electric light, electi-ic car lines, and Government postoffice building. Popu- lation (1890). 9,025; (1900), 13,595. K.\NKAKEE COUNTY, a wealthy and popu- 1. ais county in the northeast section of the State, having an area of 680 square miles — receiving its name from its principal river. It was set apart from Will and Iroquois Counties under the act passed in 1851, the owners of the site of the present city of Kankakee contributing $5,000 toward the erection of county buildings. Agri- culture, manufacturing and coal-mining are the principal pursuits. The first white settler was one Noah Vasseur, a Frenchman, and the first American, Thomas Durham. Population (1880), 25.047; (1890), 28,732; (1900), 37,154. KANKAKEE RIYER, a sluggish stream, rising in St. Joseph County, Ind., and fiowing west- southwest through English Lake and a flat marshy region, into Illinois. In Kankakee County it unites with the Iroquois from the south and the Des Plaines from the north, after the junction with the latter, taking the name of the Illinois. KANKAKEE & SENECA RAILROAD, a line lying wholly in Illinois, 42.08 miles in length. It has a capital stock of §10,000, bonded debt of §050,000 and other forms of indebtedness (1895) reaching §557, 629; total capitalization, §1,217,629. This road was chartered in 1881, and opened in 1882. It connects with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and is owned jointly by these two lines, but operated by the former (See Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago 'KADE (or Kinkead), William, a native of Tennessee, settled in what is now Lawrence County, in 1817, and was elected to the State Senate in 1822, but appears to have served only one session, as he was succeeded in the Fourth General Assembly by James Bird. Although a Tennesseean by birth, he was one of the most aggressive opponents of the scheme for making Illinois a slave State, being the only man who made a speech against the pro-slavery convention resolution, though this was cut short by the determination of the pro-conventionists to permit no debate. Mr. Kinkade was appointed Post- master at Lawrenceville by President John Quincy Adams, and held the position for many years. He died in 184G. KIJfMUMDY, a city in Marion Countj', on the Illinois Central Railroad, 229 miles south of Chicago and 24 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture, stock-raising, fruit-growing and coal-mining are the principal industries of the surrounding country. Kinmundy has flouring mills and brick-making plants, with other manufacturing establishments of minor impor- tance. There are five churches, a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,096; (1890), 1.045; (1900), 1,221. KIXXEY, William, Lieutenant-Governor of Illinois from 1826 to 1830 ; was born in Kentucky in 1781 and came to Illinois early in life, finally settling in St. Clair County. Of limited educa- tional advantages, he was taught to read by his wife after marriage. He became a Baptist preacher, was a good stump-orator; served two sessions in the State Senate (the First and Third), was a candidate for Governor in 1834, but was defeated by Joseph Duncan ; in 1838 was elected by the Legislature a member of the Board of PubUc AVorks, becoming its President. Died in 1843. — William C. (Kinney), son of the preced- ing, was born in Illinois, served as a member of 318 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. the Constitutional Convention of 1847 and as Representative in tlie Nineteenth General Assem- bly (1855), and, in 1857, was appointed by Gov- ernor Bissell Adjutant-General of the State, dying in office the following year. KINZIE, John, Indian-trader and earliest citi- zen of Chicago, was born in Quebec, Canada, in 1763. His father was a Scotchman named McKenzie, but the son dropped the prefix "Mc," and the name soon came to be spelled "Kinzie"' — an orthography recognized by the family. Dur- ing his early childhood his father died, and his mother gave him a stepfather by the name of William Forsythe. When ten years old he left home and, for three years, devoted himself to learning the jeweler's trade at Quebec. Fasci- nated by stories of adventure in the West, he removed thither and became an Indian-trader. In 180-1 he established a trading post at what is now the site of Chicago, being the first solitary white settler. Later he established other posts on the Rock, Illinois and Kankakee Rivers. He was twice married, and the father of a numerous family. His daughter Maria married Gen. David Hunter, and his daughter-in-law, Mrs. John H. Kinzie, achieved literary distinction as the authoress of "WauBun," etc. (N. Y. 1850.) Died in Chicago, Jan. 6, 1828.— John Harris (Kinzie), son of the preceding, was born at Sand- wich, Canada, July 7, 1803, brought by his par- ents to Chicago, and taken to Detroit after the massacre of 1813, but returned to Chicago in 1816. Two years later his father placed him at Mackinac Agency of the American Fur Com- pany, and, in 1824, he was transferred to Prairie du Chien. The following year he was Sub-Agent of Indian affairs at Fort Winnebago, where he witnessed several important Indian treaties. In 1830 he went to Connecticut, where he was married, and, in 1833, took up his permanent resi- dence in Chicago, forming a partnership with Gen. David Hunter, his brother-in-law, in the forwarding business. In 1841 he was appointed Registrar of Public Lands by President Harrison, but was removed by Tyler. In 1848 he was appointed Canal Collector, and. in 1849, President Taylor commissioned him Receiver of Public Moneys. In 1861 he was commissioned Pay- master in the army by President Lincoln, which office he held until liis death, wliich occurred on a railroad train near Pittsburg, Pa., June 21, 1865. KIRBY, Edward P., lawyer and legislator, was born in Putnam County, III., Oct. 28, 1834— the son of Rev. William Kirby, one of the found- ers and early professors of Illinois College at Jacksonville; graduated at IlUnois College in 1854, then taught several years at St. Louis and Jacksonville; was admitted to the bar in 1864, and, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Morgan County as a Republican ; was Representative in the General Assembly from Morgan County (1891-93) ; also served for several years as Trustee of the Central Hospital for the Insane and, for a long period, as Trustee and Treasurer of Illinois College. KIRK, (Gen.) Edward >'., soldier, was born of Quaker parentage in Jefferson County, Ohio, Feb. 29, 1828; graduated at the Friends' Academy, at Mount Pleasant in the same State, and, after teaching for a time, began the study of law, completing it at Baltimore, Md., where he was admitted to the bar in 1853. A year later he removed to Sterling, 111., where he continued in his profession until after the battle of the first Bull Run, when he raised a regiment. The quota of the State being already full, this was not im- mediately accepted; but, after some delay, was mustered in in September, 1861, as the Thirty- fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, with the subject of this sketch as Colonel. In the field he soon proved himself a brave and dashing officer; at the battle of Shiloh, though wounded through the shoulder, he refused to leave the field. After remaining with the army several days, inflam- matory fever set in, necessitating his removal to the hospital at Louisville, where he lay between life and death for some time. Having partially recovered, in August, 1862, he set out to rejoin his regiment, but was stopped en route by an order assigning him to command at Louisville. In November following he was commissioned Brigadier-General for "heroic action, gallantry and ability" displayed on the field. In the last da}-s of December, 1862, he had sufficiently re- covered to take part in the series of engagements at Stone River, where he was agaiu wounded, this time fatally. He was taken to his home in Illinois, and, although he survived several months, the career of one of the most brilliant and promising soldiers of the war was cut short by his death, July 21, 1863. KIRKLAXD, Joseph, journalist and author, was born at Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1830 — the son of Prof. William Kirkland of Hamilton College: was brought by his parents to Michigan in 1835, where he remained until 1856, when he came to the city of Chicago. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry (three- months' men), was elected Second Lieutenant, but later became Aid-de-Camp on the staff of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 319 General McClellan, serving there and on the staff of General Fitz-John Porter until the retirement of the latter, meanwhile taking part in the Pen- insular campaign and in the battle of Antietam. Returning to Chicago he gave attention to some coal-mining propertj' near Danville, but later studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1880. A few years later he produced his first novel, and, from 1890. devoted his attention solely to literary pursuits, for several years being liter- ary editor of "The Chicago Tribune." His works — several of which first appeared as serials in the magazines — include "Zury, the Meanest Man in Spring County" (1885): ""The McVeys" (1887); "The Captain of Co. K." (1889), besides the "His- tory of the Chicago Massacre of 1812," and "The Story of Chicago" — the latter in two volumes. At the time of his death he had just concluded, in collaboration with Hon. John Moses, the work of editing a two-volume "History of Chicago." pub- lished by Messrs. Munsell & Co. (1895). Died, in Chicago, April 39, 1894.— Elizabeth Stansbury (Kirkland), sister of the preceding — teacher and author — was born at Geneva, N. Y. , came to Chicago in 1867 and, five j-ears later, established a select school for young ladies, out of which grew what is known as the "Kirkland Social Settlement," which was continued until her death, July 30, 1896. She was the author of a number of vol- umes of decided merit, written with the especial object of giving entertainment and instruction to the young — including "Six Little Cooks." "Dora's Housekeeping." "Speech and Manners." a Child's "History of France." a "History of England," "History of English Literature," etc. At her death she left a "History of Italy" ready for the hands of the publishers. KIRKPATRICK, John, pioneer Methodist preacher, was born in Georgia, whence he emi- grated in 1802 -, located at Springfield, 111. , at an early day, where he built the first horse-mill in that vicinity; in 1829 removed to Adams County, and finally to Ottumwa, Iowa, where he died in 1845. Mr. Kirkpatrick is believed to have been the first local Methodist preacher licensed in Illinois. Having inherited three slaves (a woman and two boys) while in Adams County, he brought them to Illinois and gave them their freedom. The boys were bound to a man in Quincy to learn a trade, but mysteriously disappeared— presumably having been kidnaped with the connivance of the man in whose charge they had been placed. KIRKWOOD, a city in Warren County, once known as "Young America," situated about six miles southwest of Monmouth, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad; is a stock-ship- ping point and in an agricultural region. The town has two banks, five churches, and two weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 949; (1900), 1,008. KISHWAUKEE RIVER, rises in McHenry County, runs west through Boone, and enters Rock River in Winnebago County, eight miles below Rockford.- It is 75 miles long. An afflu- ent called the South Kishwaukee River runs north-northeast and northwest through De Kalb County, and enters the Kiskwaukee in Winne- bago County, about eight miles southeast of Rockford. KITCHELL, Wickliff, lawyer and Attorney- General of Illinois, was born in New Jersey, May 21, 1789. Feb. 29, 1812, he was married, at Newark, N. J., to Miss Elizabeth Ross, and the same year emigrated west, passing down the Ohio on a flat-boat from Pittsburg, Pa., and settled near Cincinnati In 1814 he became a resident of Southern Indiana, where he was elected sheriff, studied law and was admitted to the bar, finally becom- ing a successful practitioner. In 1817 he removed to Palestine, Crawford County, 111., where, in 1830, he was elected Representative in the Second General Assembly, and was also a member of the State Senate from 1828 to 1832. In 1838 he re- moved to Hillsboro, Montgomery County, was appointed Attorney-General in 1839, serving until near the close of the following year, when he resigned to take his seat as Representative in the Twelfth General Assembly. Between 1846 and 1854 he was a resident of Fort Madison, Iowa, but the latter year returned to Hillsboro. During his early political career Mr. Kitchell had been a Democrat ; but, on the passage of the Kansas-Neb- raska act, became an earnest Republican. Pub- lic-spirited and progressive, he was in advance of his time on many public questions. Died, Jan. 2, 1869.— Alfred (Kitchell), son of the preceding, lawyer and Judge, born at Palestine, 111., March 29, 1820; was educated at Indiana State Univer- sity and Hillsboro Academy, admitted to the bar in 1841, and, the following year, commenced practice at Olney; was elected State's Attorney in 1843, through repeated re-elections holding the office ten years; was a member of the Constitu- tional Convention of 1847 and, in 1849, was elected Judge of Richland County ; later assisted in establishing the first newspaper published in Olney, and in organizing the Rftpubliran party there in 1856; in 1859 was elected Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit, serving one term. He was also influential in procuring a charter for 320 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, and in the con- struction of tlie line, being an original corporator and subsequently a Dii-ector of the Company. Later he removed to Galesburg, where he died, Nov. 11, 1870. —Edward (Kitchell), another son, was born at Palestine, 111., Dec. 21, 1829; was educated at Hillsboro Academy until 1846, when he removed with his father's family to Fort Madison, Iowa, but later returned to Hillsboro to continue his studies ; in 18.52 made the trip across the plains to California to engage in gold mining, but the following year went to Walla Walla, Washington Territory, where he opened a law office; in 1854 returned to Illinois, locating at Olney, Richland County, forming a partnership with Horace Haj-ward, a relative, in the practice of law. Here, having taken position against the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became, in 1856, the editor of the first Republican news- paper published in that part of Illinois known as "Egypt," with his brother, Judge Alfred Kitchell, being one of the original thirty-nine Republicans in Richland County. In 1863 he assisted in organizing the Ninety-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers at Centralia, which, in the following year Iiaving been mounted, became a part of the famous "Wilder Brigade." At first he was com- missioned Lieutenant-Colonel, but succeeded to the command of the regiment after the wounding of Colonel Funkhouser at Chickamauga in Sep- tember, 1863; was finally promoted to the colo- nelcy in July, 1865, and mustered out with the rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. Resuming the practice of his profession at Olney, he was, in 1866, the Republican candidate for Congress in a district strongly Democratic; also served as Collector of Internal Revenue for a short time and, in 1868, was Presidential Elector for the same District. Died, at Olney, July 11, 1869. — John Wlckliff (Kitchell), youngest son of Wick- lifl Kitchell, was born at Palestine, Crawford County, 111., May 30, 1835, educated at Hillsboro, read law at Fort Madison, Iowa, and admitted to the bar in that State. At the age of 19 years he served as Assistant Clerk of the House of Rejjre- sentatives at Springfield, and was Reading Clerk of the same body at the session of 1861. Previous to the latter date he had edited "The Jlontgomery County Herald, ■■ and later, "The Charleston Courier." Resigning his position as Reading Clerk in 1861, he enlisted under the first call of President Lincoin in the Ninth Illinois Volun- teers, served as Adjutant of the regiment and afterwards as Captain of his company. At the expiration of his term of enlistment he established "The Union Monitor" at Hillsboro, which he con- ducted until drafted into the service in 1864, serving until the close of the war. In 1866 he removed to Pana (his present residence), resum- ing practice there ; was a candidate for the State Senate the same year, and, in 1870, was the Republican nominee for Congress in that District. KNICKERBOCKER, Joshua C, lawyer, was born in Gallatin, Columbia County, N. Y., Sept. 26, 1827 ; brought by his father to Alden, McHenry County, 111., in 1844, and educated in the com- mon schools of that place; removed to Chicago in 1860, studied law and was admitted to practice in 1862 ; served on the Board of Supervisors and in the City Council and, in 1868, was elected Repre- sentative in the General Assembly, serving one term. He was also a member of the State Board of Education from 1875 to '77, and the latter year was elected Probate Judge for Cook County, serving until his death, Jan. 5, 1890. KJflGHTS OF PYTHIAS, a secret semi mill tary and benevolent association founded in the City of Washington, D. C, Feb. 19, 1864, Justus H. Rathbone (who died Dec. 9, 1889) being its recognized founder. The order was established in Illinois, May 4, 1869, by the organization of "Welcome Lodge, No. 1," in the city of Chicago. On July 1, 1869, this Lodge had nineteen mem- bers. At the close of the year four additional Lodges had been instituted, having an aggregate membership of 245. Early in the following year, on petition of these five Lodges, approved by the Grand Chancellor, a Grand Lodge of the Order for the State of Illinois was instituted in Chicago, with a membership of twenty -nine Past Chancel- lors as representatives of the five subordinate Lodges — the total membership of these Lodges a( that date being 382. December 31, 1870, the total membership in Illinois had increased to 850. June 30, 1895, the total number of Lodges in the State was 525, and the membership 38,441. The assets belonging to the Lodges in Illinois, on Jan. 1, 1894, amounted to §418,151.77. KNOWLTON, Dexter A., pioneer and banker, was born in Fairfield. Herkimer County, N. Y., March 3, 1812, taken to Chautauqua County in infancy and passed his childhood and youth on a farm. Having determined on a mercantile ca- reer, he entered an academy at Fredonia, paying his own way ; in 1838 started on a peddling tour for the West, and, in the following year, settled at Freeport, 111., where he opened a general store; in 1843 began investments in real estate, finally laying off sundry additions to the city of Free- port, from which he realizeil large profits. He HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 321 was also prominently connected with the Galena & Cliicago Union Railroad and, in 1850, became a Director of the Company, remaining in ofBce some twelve years. In 1853 he was the Free-Soil candidate for Governor of Illinois, but a few years later became extensivelj- interested in the Con- gress & Empire Spring Company at Saratoga, X. Y. ; then, after a four years' residence in Brookh-n, returned to Freeport in 1870, where he engaged in banking business, dying in that city, March 10, 1876. K>'OX, Joseph, lawyer, was born at Blanford, Mass., Jan. 11, 1805; studied law with his brother. Gen. Alanson Knox, in his native town, was admitted to the bar in 1828, subsequently removing to "Worcester, in the same State, where he began the practice of his profession. In 1837 he removed west, locating at Stephenson, now Rock Island, 111., where he continued in practice for twenty-three years. Dm'ing the greater part of that time he was associated with Hon. John "W. Drury, under the firm name of Knox & Drury, gaining a wide reputation as a lawyer throughout Northern Illinois. Among the important cases in which he took part during his residence in Rock Island was the prosecution of the murderers of Colonel Davenport in 18-15. In 1853 he served as a Democratic Presidential Elector, but in the next campaign identified himself with the Republican party as a supporter of John C. Fremont for the Presidency. In 1860 he removed to Chicago and, two years later, was appointed State's Attorney by Governor Yates, remaining in office until suc- ceeded by his partner, Charles H. Reed. After coming to Chicago he was identified with a num- ber of notable cases. His death occurred, August 6, 1881. KJfOX COLLEGE, a non-sectarian institution for the higher education of the youth of both sexes, located at Galesbtu-g, Knox County. It was founded in 1837, fully organized in 1841, and graduated its first class in 1846. The number of gi-aduates from that date until 1894, aggregated 867. In 1893 it had G63 students in attendance, and a faculty of 20 professors. Its library con- tains about 6,000 volumes. Its endowment amounts to §300,000 and its buildings are valued at .$150,000. Dr. Newton Bateman was at its head for more than twenty years, and, on his res- ignation (1893), John H. Finley, Ph.D., became its President, but resigned in 1899. KNOX COUMT, a wealthy interior county west of the Illinois River, having an area of 720 square miles and a population (I'JOO) of 43,612. It was named in honor of Gen. Henry Knox. Its territorial limits were defined by legislative enactment in 1835, but the actual organization dates from 1830, when Riggs Pennington, Philip Hash and Charles Hansford were named the first Commissioners. Knoxville was the first county- seat selected, and here (in the winter of 1830-31) was erected the first court house, constructed of logs, two stories in height, at a cost of §192. The soil is rich, and agriculture flour- ishes. The present county-seat (1899) is Gales- burg, well known for its educational institutions, the best known of which are Knox College, founded in 1837, and Lombard University, founded in 1851. A flourishing Epi-scopal Semi- nary is located at Knoxville, and Hedding Col- lege at Abingdon. KNOXVILLE, a city in Knox County, on the Galesburg-Peoria Division of the Chicago. Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 50 miles west of Peoria, and 5 miles east of Galesburg; was formerly the county-seat, and still contains the fair grounds and almshouse. The municipal gov- ernment is composed of a mayor, six aldermen, with seven heads of departments. It has electric lighting and street-car service, good water-works, banks, numerous churches, three public schools, and is tlie seat of St. Mary's school for girls, and St. Alban's, for boys. Population (1890), 1,728; (1900), 1,857. KOERXER, Gustavus, lawyer and Lieutenant- Governor, was born in Germany in 1809, and received a university education. He was a law- yer by profession, and emigi-ated to Illinois in 1833, settling finally at Belleville. He at once affihated with the Democratic party, and soon became prominent in politics. In 1843 he was elected to the General Assembly, and three years later was appointed to the bench of the State Supreme Court. In 1852 he was elected Lieuten- ant-Governor on the ticket headed by Joel A. Matteson; but, at the close of his term, became identified with the Republican party and was a staunch Union man during the Civil "War, sert-ing for a time as Colonel on General Fremont's and General Halleck's staff's. In 1862 President Lin- coln made him Minister to Spain, a post which he resigned in January, 1865. He was a member of the Chicago Convention of 1800 that nominated Lincoln for the Presidency; was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention of 1872 that named Horace Greeley for the Presidency. In 1867 he served as President of the first Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, and, in 1870, was elected to the Legislature a second time. The 332 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. following year he was appointed a member of the first Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commis- sioners, and served as its President. He is the author of "Collection of the Important General Laws of Illinois, with Comments" (in German, St. Louis, 1838); "From Spain" (Frankfort on- the-Main, 186C); "Das Deutsche Element in den Vereiningten Staaten" (Cincinnati, 1880; second edition. New York, 188.5) ; and a number of mono- graphs. Died, at Belleville, April 9, 1896. KOHLSAAT, Christian C, Judge of United States Court, was born in Edwards County, 111. , Jan. 8, 1844 — his father being a native of Germany who settled in Edwards County in 182.5, while his mother was born in England. The family removed to Galena in 1854, where young Kohlsaat attended the public schools, later taking a course in Chicago University, after which he began the study of law. In 1867 he became a reporter on "The Chicago Evening Journal," was admitted to the bar in the same year, and, in 1868, accepted a position in the office of the County Clerk, where he kept the records of the County Court under Judge Bradwell's administration. During the sessions of the Twenty-seventh General As.sembly (1871-72) , he served as First Assistant Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the House, after which he began practice; in 1881 was the Republican nominee for County Judge, but was defeated by Judge Prendergast; served as member of the Board of West Side Park Commissioners, 1884-90 ; in 1890 was appointed Probate Judge of Cook County (as successor to Judge Knickerbocker, who died in January of that year), and was elected to the office in November following, and re-elected in 1894, as he was again in 1898. Early in 1899 he was appointed, by President McKinlej-, Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, as successor to Judge Grosscup, who had been appointed United States Circuit Judge in place of Judge Showalter, deceased. KOHLSAAT, Herman H., editor and news- paper publisher, was born in Edwards Count}', 111., March 22, 1853, and taken the following year to Galena, where he remained until 13 years of age, when the family removed to Chicago. Here, after attending tlie public schools some three years, he became a cash-boy in the store of Car- son, Pirie & Co., a year later rising to the position of cashier, remaining two years. Then, after having been connected with various business concerns, he became the junior member of the firm of Blake, Shaw & Co. , for wliom he had been a traveling salesman some five years. In 1880 he became associated with the Dake Bakery, in con- nection with which he laid the foundation of an extensive business by establishing a system of restaurants and lunch counters in the business portions of the city. In 1891, after a somewhat pro- tracted visit to Europe Mr Kohlsaat bought a con- trolling interest in "The Chicago Inter Ocean," but withdrew early in 1894. In April, 1895, he be- came principal proprietor of "The Chicago Times- Herald," as the succes.sor of the late James W^. Scott, who died suddenly in New York, soon after effecting a consolidation of Chicago's two Demo- cratic papers, "The Times" and "Herald," in one concern. Although changing the political status of the paper from Democratic to Independent, Mr. Kohlsaat's liberal enterprise has won for it an assured success. He is also owner and pub- lisher of "The Chicago Evening Post." His whole business career has been one of almost phenomenal success attained by vigorous enter- prise and high-minded, honorable methods. Mr. Kohlsaat is one of the original incorporators of the University of Chicago, of which he continues to be one of the Trustees. KROME, William Henry, lawyer, born of Ger- man parentage, in Louisville, Ky., July 1, 1842; in 1851 was brought by his father to Madison County, 111., where he lived and worked for some years on a farm. He acquired his education in the common schools and at McKendree College, , graduating from the latter in 1863. After spend- ing his summer months in farm labor and teach- ing school during the winter, for a j'ear or two, he read law for a time with Judge M. G. Dale of Edwardsville, and, in 1866, entered the law department of Michigan University, gradu- ating in 1869, though admitted tlie year previous to practice by the Supreme Court of Illinois. Mr. Krome has been successively the partner of Judge John G. Irwin, Hon. W. F. L. Hadley (late Congressman from the Eighteenth District) and C. W. Terr}'. He has held tlie office of Mayor of Edwardsville (1873), State Senator (1874-78), and, in 1893, was a prominent candidate before the Democratic judicial convention for the nomina- tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed Justice Scholfield, deceased. He is also President of tlie Madison County State Bank. KUEFFNER, William C, lawyer and soldier, was born in Germany and came to St. Clair County, 111., in 1861. Early in 1865 he was com- missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Forty- ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, one of the latest regiments organized for the Civil War. and was soon after promoted to the rank of Brevet HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 323 Brigadier-General, serving until January, 1866. Later, General Kueff ner studied law at St. Louis, and having graduated in 1871, established himself in practice at Belleville, where he has since resided. He was a successful contestant for a seat in the Republican National Convention of 1880 from the Seventeenth District. KUYKENDALL, Andrew J., lawyer and legis- lator, was born of pioneer parents in Gallatin (now Hardin) County, 111., March 3, 1815; was self-educated chiefly, but in his early manhood adopted the law as a profession, locating at Vienna in Johnson County, where he continued to reside to the end of his life. In 1842 he was elected a Representative in the Thirteenth Gen- eral Assembly, and re-elected two years later; in 1850 became State Senator, serving continuously in the same body for twelve years ; in 1861 en- listed, and was commissioned Major, in the Thirty-first Illinois Volunteers (Gen. John A. Logan's regiment), but was compelled to resign, in May following, on acount of impaired health. Two years later (1864) he was elected Represent- ative in the Thirty-ninth Congress, serving one term ; and, after several years in private life, was again returned to the State Senate in 1878, serving in the Thirty-first and Thirty-second General Assemblies. In all, Major Kuykendall saw twenty years' service in the State Legislature, of which sixteen were spent in the Senate and four in the House, besides two years in Congress. A zealous Democrat previous to the war, he was an ardent supporter of the war policy of the Govern- ment, and, in 1864, presided over the "Union" (Republican) State Convention of that year. He was also a member of the Senate Finance Com- mittee in the session of 1859, which had the duty of investigating the Matteson "canal scrip fraud. " Died, at Vienna, 111., May 11, 1891. LABOR TROUBLES. 1. The Railroad Strike of 1877. — By this name is generally char- acterized the labor disturbances of 1877, which, beginning at Pittsburg in July, spread over the entire countrj-, interrupting transportation, and, for a time, threatening to paralyze trade. Illi- nois suffered severelj'. The primary cause of the troubles was the general prostration of business resulting from the depression of values, which affected manufacturers and merchants alike. A reduction of expenses became necessary, and the wages of employes were lowered. Dissatisfaction and restlessness on the part of the latter ensued, which found expression in the ordering of a strike among railroad operatives on a larger scale than had ever been witnessed in this country. In Illi- nois, Peoria, Decatur, Braidwood, East St. Louis, Galesburg, La Salle and Chicago were tlie prin- cipal points affected. In all tliese cities angry, excited men formed themselves into mobs, which tore up tracks, took possession of machine sliops, in some cases destroyed roundhouses, ajjplied the torch to warehouses, and, for a time, held com- merce by the throat, not only defying the law, but even contending in arms against the militarj- sent to disperse them. The entire force of the State militia was called into service, Major- General Arthur C. Ducat being in command. Tlie State troops were divided into three brigades, commanded respectively by Brigadier-Generals Torrence, Bates and Pavey. General Ducat assumed personal command at Braidwood, where were sent the Third Regiment and the Tenth Battalion, who suppressed the riots at that point with ease. Col. Joseph W. Stambaugh and Lieut. -Col. J. B. Parsons were the respective regimental commanders. Generals Bates and Pavey were in command at East St. Louis, where the excitement was at fever heat, the mobs terrorizing peaceable citizens and destroy- ing much property. Governor CuUom went to this point in person. Chicago, however, was the chief railroad center of the State, and only prompt and severely repressive measures held in check one of the most dangerous mobs which ever threatened property and life in that city. The local police force was inadequate to control the rioters, and Mayor Heath felt himself forced to call for aid from the State. Brig. -Gen. Joseph T. Torrence then commanded the First Brigade, I. N. G., with headquarters at Chicago. Under instructions from Governor Cullom, he promptly' and effectively co-operated with the municipal authorities in quelling the uprising, fle received valuable support from volunteer companies, some of which were largely composed of Union veter- ans. The latter were commanded by such ex- perienced commanders as Generals Reynolds, Martin Beem, and O. L. Mann, and Colonel Owen Stuart. General Lieb also led a company of veterans enlisted by himself, and General Shaff- ner and Major James H. D. Daly organized a cavalry force of 150 old soldiers, who rendered efficient service. The disturbance was promptly subdued, transportation resumed, and trade once more began to move in its accustomed channels 2. The Strike of 1894. — This was an uprising which originated in Chicago and was incited by a comparatively young labor organization called the American Railway Union. In its inception it 324 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was sympathetic, its ostensible motive, at the outset, being the rigliting of wrongs alleged to liave been suffered by employes of the Pullman Palace Car Company. The latter quit work on May 11, and, on June 22, the American Railway Union ordered a general boycott against all rail- road companies hauling Pullman cars after June 26. The General Managers of the lines entering Chicago took prompt action (June 2~i) looking toward mutual protection, protesting against the proposed boycott, and affirming their resolution to adhere to existing contracts, any action on the part of the strikers to the contrary notwithstand- ing. Trouble began on the 36th. The hauling of freight was necessarily soon discontinued; sub- urban traffic was interrupted ; switching had to be done by inexperienced hands under poUce or military protection (officials and clerks some- times throwing the levers), and in the presence of Jarge crowds of law-defying hoodlums gathered along the tracks, avowedly through sympathy with the strikers, but actually in the hope of plunder. Trains were sidetracked, derailed, and, in not a few instances, valuable freight was burned. Passengers were forced to undergo the inconvenience of being cooped up for hours in crowded cars, in transit, without food or water, sometimes almost within sight of their destina- tion, and sometimes threatened with death should they attempt to leave their prison houses. The mobs, intoxicated by seeming success, finally ven- tured to interfere with the passage of trains carrying the United States mails, and, at this juncture, the Federal authorities interfered. President Cleveland at once ordered the protec- tion of all mail trains by armed guards, to be appointed by the United States Marshal. An additional force of Deputy Sheriffs was also sworn in by the Sheriff of Cook County, and the city police force was augmented. The United States District Court also issued a restraining order, directed against the officers and members of the American Railway Union, as well as against all other persons interfering with the business of railroads carrying the mails. Service was readily accepted by the officers of the Union, but the copies distributed among the insurgent mob were torn and trampled upon. Thereupon the Presi- dent ordered Federal troops to Chicago, both to protect Government property (notably the Sub- treasury) and to guard mail trains. The Gov- ernor (John P. Altgeld) protested, but without avail. A few days later, the Mayor of Chicago requested the State Executive to place a force of State militia at his control for the protection of property and the prevention of bloodshed. Gen- eral Wheeler, with the entire second division of the I. N. G. , at once received orders to report to the municipal authorities. The presence of the militia greatly incensed the turbulent crowds, yet it proved most salutary. The troops displayed exemplary firmness under most trying circum- stances, dispersing jeering and threatening crowds by physical force or bayonet charges, the rioters being fired upon only twice. Gradually order was restored. The disreputable element subsided, and wiser and more conseri'ative coun- sels prevailed among the ranks of the strikers. Impediments to traffic were removed and trains were soon running as though no interruption had occurred. The troops were %vithdrawn (first the Federal and afterwards those of the State), and the courts were left to deal with the subject in accordance with the statutes. The entire execu- tive board of the American Railway Union were indicted for conspiracy, but the indictments were never pressed. The officers, liowever, were all found guilty of contempt of court in having dis- obeyed the restraining order of the Federal court, and .sentenced to terms id the county jail. Eugene V. Debs, the President of the Union, was convicted on two charges and given a sentence of six months on each, but the two sentences were afterward made concurrent. The other members of the Board received a similar sentence for three months each. All but the Vice-President, George W. Howard, served their terms at Woodstock, McHenry County. Howard was sent to the Will County jail at Joliet. LACEY, Lyman, lawyer and jurist, was born in Tompkins County, N. Y., May 6, 1832. In 1837 his parents settled in Fulton County, 111. He graduated from Illinois College in 1855 and was admitted to the bar in 1856, commencing practice at Havana, Mason County, the same year. In 1862 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the counties of Mason and Menard in the lower house of the Legislature ; was elected to the Cir- cuit Court bench in 1873, and re-elected in 1879, '85 and '91 ; also served for several years upon the bench of the Appellate Court. LACON, a city and county-seat of Marshall County, situated on the Illinois River, and on the Dwight and Lacon branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 130 miles southwest of Chicago. A pontoon bridge connects it witli Sparland on the opposite bank of the Illinois. The surround- ing country raises large quantities of grain, for which Lacon is a shipping point. The river is navigable by steamboats to this point. The city HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 325 has grain eleTators, woolen mills, marble works, a carriage factory and a national bank. It also has water works, an excellent telephone system, good drainage, and is lighted by electricity. There are seven churches, a graded school and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,814; (1890), 1,649. (1900), 1,601. LA FAYETTE (Marquis de), VISIT OF. An event of profound interest in the historj' of Illi- nois, during the year 182.5, was the visit to the State by the Marquis de La Fayette, who had been the ally of the American people during their struggle for independence. The distin- guished Frenchman having arrived in the coun- try during the latter part of 1824, the General Assembly in session at Vandalia, in December of that year, adopted an address inviting him to yisit Illinois. This was communicated to La Fayette by Gov. Edward Coles, who had met the General in Europe seven years before. Governor Coles' letter and the address of the General Assembly were answered with an acceptance by La Fayette from Washington, under date of Jan. 16, 1825. The approach of the latter was made by way of New Orleans, the steamer Natchez (by which General La Fayette ascended the Mis- sissippi) arriving at the old French village of Carondelet, below St. Louis, on the 28th of April. Col. William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamilton, and at that time a Representative in the General Assembly from Sangamon County, as well as an Aid -de-Camp on the staff of Gov- ernor Coles, was dispatched from the home of the latter at Edwardsville, to meet the distinguislied visitor, which he did at St. Louis. On Saturday, April 30, the boat bearing General La Fayette, with a large delegation of prominent citizens of Missouri, left St. Louis, arriving at Kaskaskia, where a reception awaited him at the elegant residence of Gen. John Edgar, Governor Coles delivering an address of welcome. The presence of a number of old soldiers, who had fought under La Fayette at Brandyvrine and Yorktown, consti- tuted an interesting feature of the occasion. This was followed by a banquet at the tavern kept by Colonel Sweet, and a closing reception at the house of William Morrison, Sr., a member of the cele- brated family of that name, and one of the lead- ing merchants of Ka.skaskia. Among those participating in the reception ceremonies, wlio were then, or afterwards became, prominent factors in State history, appear the names of Gen. John Edgar, ex-Governor Bond, Judge Nathaniel Pope, Elias Kent Kane, ex-Lieutenant-Govemor Menard, Col Thomas Mather and Sidney Breese, a future United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court. The boat left Kaskaskia at midnight for Nashville, Tenn. , Governor Coles accompanying the party and returning with it to Shawneetown, where an imposing reception was given and an address of welcome delivered by Judge James Hall, on May 14, 1825. A few hours later General La Fayette left on his way up the Ohio. LAFAYETTE, BLOOMINGTON & MISSIS- SIPPI RAILROAD. (See Lake Erie ct Western Railroad.) LAFLIJf, Matthew, manufacturer, was born at Southwick, Hampden County, Mass., Dec. 16, 1803; in his youtli was clerk for a time in the store of Laflin & Loomis, powder manufacturers, at Lee, Mass., later becoming a partner in the Canton Powder Mills. About 1832 he engaged in the manufacture of axes at Saugerties, N. Y., which proving a failure, he again engaged in powder manufacture, and, in 1837, came to Chi- cago, where he finally established a factory^his firm, in 1840, becoming Laflin & Smith, and, later, Laflin, Smith & Co. Becoming largelj- interested in real estate, he devoted his atten- tion chiefly to that business after 1849, with great success, not only in Chicago but else- where, having done much for the develop- ment of Waukesha, Wis. , where he erected one of the principal hotels^the "Fountain Spring House"' — also being one of the original stock- holders of the Elgin Watch Company. Mr. Laflin was a zealous supporter of the Government during the war for the preservation of the Union, and, before his death, made a donation of §75,- 000 for a building for the Chicago Academy of Sciences, which was erected in the western part of Lincoln Park. Died, in Chicago, May 20, 1897. LA GRANGE, a village in Cook County, and one of the handsomest suburbs of Chicago, from which it is distant 15 miles, south-southwest, on the Chicago. Burlington & Qulncy Railroad. The streets are broad and shaded and there are many handsome residences. The village is lighted by electricity, and has public water-works, seven churches, a high school and a weekh- paper. Population (1880), 531; (1890), 2,314; (1900), 3,969. LA HARPE, a city in Hancock County, on the Toledo, Peoria it Western Railway, 70 miles west by south from Peoria and 20 miles south-south- east of Burlington, Iowa. Brick, tile and cigars constitute tlie manufactured output. La Harpe has two banks, five churches, a graded and a high school, a seminary, and two newspapers. Population (1880), 958; (1890), 1,113; (1900), 1,591. 326 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. LAKE COUNTY, in the extreme northeast corner of the State, having an area of 490 square miles, and a population (1900) of 34,504. It was cut off from McHenry County and separately organized in 1839. Pioneer settlers began to arrive in 1839, locating chiefly along the Des Plaines River. The Indians vacated the region the following year. The first County Commission- ers (E. E. Hunter, William Brown and E. C. Berrey) located the county-seat at Libertyville, but, in 1841, it was removed to Little Fort, now Waukegan. The county derives its name from the fact that some forty small lakes are found within its limits. The surface is undulating and about equally divided between sand, prairie and second-growth timber. At Waukegan there are several maufacturing establishments, and the Glen Flora medicinal spring attracts many in- valids. Highland Park and Lake Forest are resi- dence towns of great beauty situated on the lake bluff, populated largely by the families of Chicago business men. LAKE ERIE & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See Lake Erie 'E, Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, March 27, 1842, and became a resident of Illinois at the age of 16. After receiv- ing an academic education he studied law and was admitted to the Illinois bar in February, 1865. Since then he has been a successful prac- titioner at Hillsboro. From 1869 to 1873 he served as County Judge. In 1886 he was the successful Democratic candidate for Congress from the Seventeenth Illinois District and re-elected for three successive terms, but was defeated by Frederick Remann (Republican) in 1894, and again by W. F. L. Hadley, at a special election, in 1895, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mr. Eemann. LAXPHIER, Charles H., journalist, was born at Alexandria, Va., April 14, 1820; from 4 years of age lived in Washington City ; in 1836 entered the office as an apprentice of "The State Regis- ter" at Vandalia, 111., (then owned by his brother- in-law, William Walters). Later, the paper was removed to Springfield, and Walters, having enlisted for the Mexican war in 1846, died at St. Louis, en route to the field. Lanpliier, having thus succeeded to the management, and, finally, to the proprietorship of the paper, was elected public printer at the next session of the Legisla- ture, and, in 1847, took into partnership George Walker, who acted as editor until 1858. Mr. Lan- phier continued the publication of the paper until 1863, and then sold out. During the war he was one of the State Board of Army Auditors appointed by Governor Yates; was elected Circuit Clerk in 1864 and re-elected in 1868, and, in 1872, was Democratic candidate for County Treasurer but defeated with the rest of his party. LARCOM, Lucy, author and teacher, born at Beverly, Mass., in 1826; attended a grammar school and worked in a cotton mill at Lowell, becoming one of the most popular contributors to "The Lowell Offering," a magazine conducted by the factory girls, thereby winning the acquaint- ance and friendship of the poet Whittier. In 1846 she came to Illinois and, for three years, was a student at Monticello Female Seminary, near Alton, meanwhile teaching at intervals in the v;cinity. Returning to Massachusetts she taught for six j'ears; in 1865 established "Our Young Folks," of which she was editor until 1874. Her books, both poetical and prose, have taken a high rank for their elevated literary and moral tone. Died, in Bo.ston, April 17, 1893. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 329 LAR\ED, Edward Channing, lawyer, was born in Providence. R. I., July 14, 1820; graduated at Brown University in 1840 ; was Professor of Mathe- matics one 3-ear in Kemper College, Wis., then studied law and, in 1847, came to Chicago. He was an earnest opponent of slavery and gained considerable deserved celebrity by a speech which he delivered in 18.51, in opposition to the fugitive slave law. He was a warm friend of Abraham Lincoln and, in 1860, made speeches in his support ; was an active member of the Union Defense Committee of Chicago during the war, and, in 1861, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln United States District Attorney of the Northern District of Illinois, but compelled to resign by failing health. Being absent in Europe at the time of the fire of 1871, he returned immediately and devoted his attention to the work of the Relief and Aid Society. Making a second visit to Europe in 1873-73, he wrote many letters for the press, also doing much other literary work in spite of declining health. Died at Lake Forest, 111., September, 1884. hX SALLE, a city in La Salle County, 99 miles southwest of Chicago, situated on the Illinois River at southern terminus of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and at intersection of three trunk lines of railroads. Bituminous coal abounds and is extensively mined ; zinc smelting and the manufacture of glass and hydraulic and Portland cement are leading industries; also has a large ice trade with the South annually. It is connected with adjacent towns by electric rail- ways, and with Peoria by daily river packets. Population (1890). 9,855: (1900), 10,446. LA SALLE, Renl Robert Cavclier, Sieur do, a famous explorer, born at Rouen, France, in 1643; entered the Jesuit order, but conceiving that he had mistaken his vocation, came to America in 1666. He obtained a grant of land about the Lachine Rapids of the St. La\vrence, above Montreal. It was probablj' his intention to settle there as a grand seigneur ; but, becoming interested in stories told him by some Seneca Indians, he started two years later in quest of a great waterway, which he believed led to the South Sea (Pacific Ocean) and afforded a short route to Cliina. He passed through Lake Ontario, and is believed to have discovered the Ohio. The claim that he reached the Illinois River at this time has been questioned. Having re-visited France in 1677 he was given a patent of nobility and extensive land-grants in Canada. In 1679 he visited the Northwest and explored the great lakes, finally reaching the head of Lake Michi- gan and erecting a fort near the mouth of the St. Joseph River. From there he made a portage to the Illinois, which he descended early in 1680 to Lake Peoria, where he began the erection of a fort to which, in consequence of the misfortunes attending the expedition, was given the name of Creve-Coeur. Returning from here to Canada for supplies, in the following fall he again appeared in Illinois, but found his fort at Lake Peoria a ruin and his followers, whom he had left there, gone. Compelled again to return to Canada, in the latter part of 1681 he set out on his third expedition to Illinois, and making the portage by way of the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers, reached "Starved Rock,'" near the present city of Ottawa, where his lieutenant, Tonty, had already begun the erection of a fort. In 1682, accom- panied by Tonty, he descended the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, reaching the Gulf of Mexico on April 9. He gave the region the name of Louisi- ana. In 1683 he again returned to France and was commissioned to found a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, which he unsuccessfully attempted to do in 1684, the expedition finally landing about Slatagorda Bay in Texas. After other fruitless attempts (death and desertions having seriously reduced the number of his colo- nists) , while attempting to reach Canada, he was murdered by his companions near Trinity River in the present State of Texas, March 19, 1687. Another theory regarding La Salle's ill-starred Texas expedition is, that he intended to establish a colony west of the Mississippi, with a view to contesting with the Spaniards for the possession of that region, but that the French government failed to give him the support which had been promised, leaving him to his fate. LA SALLE COUN'Tr, one of the wealthiest counties in the northe'S, a village of Cook County, 12 miles southwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 436; (1890), 732; (1900), 951 MACALISTER & STEBBI>S BO>DS, the name given to a class of State indebtedness incurred in the year 1841, through the hypothe- cation, by John D.Whiteside (then Fund Com- missioner of the State of Illinois), with Messrs. Macalister & Stebbins, brokers of New York City, of 804 interest-bearing bonds of §1,000 each, payable in 1865, upon which the said Macalistei & Stebbins advanced to the State $261,560.83. This was done with the understanding that the firm would make further advances sufficient to increase the aggregate to forty per cent of tlie face value of the bonds, but upon which no further advances were actually made. In addi Hon to these, there were deposited with the same firm, within the next few months, with a like understanding, internal improvement bonds and State scrip amounting to .5109,215.44 — making the aggregate of State securities in their hands $913,- 215.44, upon which the State had received only the amount already named — being 28.64 per cent of the face value of such indebtedness. Attempte having been made by the holders of these bonds (with whom they had been hypothecated by JIacalister & .Stebbins), to secure settlement on their par face value, the matter became the sub ject of repeated legislative acts, the most impor- tant of which were passed in 1847 and 1849 — both reciting, in their respective preambles, the history of the transaction. The last of these provided for the issue to Macalister & Stebbins of new bonds, payable in 1865, for the amount of princi- pal and interest of the sum actually advanced and found to be due, conditioned upon the sur- render, by them, of the original bonds and other 348 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. evidences of indebtedness received by them in 1841. This the actual holders refused to accept, and brought the case before the Supreme Court in an effort to compel the Governor (who was then ex-officio Fund Commissioner) to recognize the full face of their claim. This the Supreme Court refused to do, on the ground that, the executive being a co-ordinate branch of the Gov- ernment, they had no authority over his official acts. In 1859 a partial refunding of these bonds, to the amount of §114,000, was obtained from Governor Bissell, who, being an invalid, was probably but imperfectly acquainted with their history and previous legislation on the subject. Representations made to him led to a suspension of the proceeding, and, as the bonds were not transferable except on the books of the Funding Agency in the office of the State Auditor, they were treated as illegal and void, and were ulti- mately surrendered by the holders on the basis originally fixed, without loss to the State. In 1865 an additional act was passed requiring the presentation, for payment, of the portion of the original bonds still outstanding, on pain of for- feiture, and this was finally done. MACK, Alonzo W., legislator, was born at More- town, Vt., in 1832; at 16 years of age settled at Kalamazoo, Mich. , later began the study of medi- cine and gi-aduated at Laporte, Ind., in 1844. Then, having removed to Kankakee, 111., he adopted the practice of law ; in 1858 was elected Representative, and, in 1860 and '64, to the Senate, serving through five continuous sessions (1858-68). In 1863 he assisted in organizing the Seventy-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned, in January following, to take his seat in the Senate. Colonel Mack, who was a zealous friend of Governor Yates, was one of the leading spirits in the establishment of "The Chicago Repub- lican," in May, 1865, and was its business mana- ger the first year of its publication, but disagreeing with the editor, Charles A. Dana, both finally retired. Colonel Mack then resumed the practice of law in Chicago, dj-ing there, Jan. 4, 1871. M.4CKIXAW, the first county-seat of Tazewell County, at intersection of two railroad lines, 18 miles southeast of Peoria. The district is agri- cultural and stock-raising. There are manufacto- ries of farm implements, pressed brick, harness, wagons and carriages , also a State bank and a weekly paper. Population (1890). 545: (1900), 859. MAC MILLAN, Thomas C, Clerk of United States District Court, was born at Stranraer, Scotland, Oct. 4, 1850; came with his parents, in 1857, to Chicago, where he graduated from the High Schcol and spent some time in the Chicago University; in 1873 became a reporter on "The Chicago Inter Ocean;" two years later accom- panied an exploring expedition to the Black Hills and, in 1875-76, represented that paper with General Crook in the campaign against the Sioux, After an extended tour in Europe, he assumed charge of the "Curiosity Shop" department of "The Inter Ocean," served on the Cook County Board of Education and as a Director of the Chi cago Public Library, besides eight years in the General Assembly— 1885-89 in the House and 1889- 93 in the Senate. In January, 1896, Mr. MacMillan was appointed Clerk of the United States District Court at Chicago. He has been a Trustee of Illi- nois College since 1886, and, in 1885, received the honorary degree of A.M. from that institution. MACOMB, the county-seat of McDonough County, situated on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 59 miles northeast of Quincy, 39 miles southwest of Galesburg. The principal manufactures are sewer-pipes, drain-tile, pot- tery, and school-desk castings. The city has interurban electric car line, banks, nine churches, high school and four newspapers: is the seat of Western Illinois State Normal School, and West- ern Preparatory School and Business College. Population (1890), 4,053; (1900), 5,375. MACON, a village in IMacon County, on the Illi- nois Central Railroad, 10 miles soutli by west of Decatur. Macon County is one of the most fer- tile in the corn belt, and the city is an important shipping-point for corn. It has wagon and cigar factories, four churches, a graded school, and a weekly paper. Population (1890). 819 ; (1900), 70.5. MACON COUNTY, situated near the geograph- ical center of the State. The census of 1900 gave its area as 580 square miles, and its population. 44,003. It was organized in 1839, and named for Nathaniel Macon, a revolutionary soldier and statesman. The surface is chiefly level prairie, although in parts there is a fair growth of timber. The coimty is well drained by the Sangamon River and its tributaries. The soil is that high grade of fertility which one might expect in the corn belt of the central portion of the State. Besides corn, oats, rye and barley are extensively cultivated, while potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the products. Decatur is the coimty-seat and principal city in the heart of a rich agricul- tural region. Maroa, in the northern part of the county, enjoys considerable local trade. MACOUPIN COUNTY, a south-central county, with an area of 864 square miles and a population HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 349 of 42,256 in 1900. The word Macoupin is of Indian derivation, signifying '"white potato."' The county, originally a part of Madison, and later of Greene, was separately organized in 1829, under the supervision of Seth Hodges, WilUam Wilcox and Theodorus Davis. The first court house (of logs) was erected in 1830. It contained but two rooms, and in pleasant weather juries were wont to retire to a convenient grove to deliberate upon their findings. The surface of the county is level, with narrow belts of timber following the course of the streams. The soil ia fertile, and both corn and wheat are extensively raised While agriculture is the chief industry in the south, stock-raising is successfully carried on in the north. Carlinville is the county-seat and Bunker Hill, Stanton, Virden and Girard the other principal towns, MAC TEAGH, Franklin, merchant, lawyer and politician, was born on a, farm in Chester County, Pa., graduated from Yale University in 1862, and, two years later, from Columbia Law School, New York. He was soon compelled to abandon practice on account of iU-health, and removed to Chicago, in September, 18(35, where he embarked in business as a wholesale grocer. In 1874 he was cliosen President of the Volunteer Citizens' Association, which inaugurated many important municipal reforms. He was thereafter repeatedly urged to accept other offices, among them the mayoraUty, but persistently refused until 1894, when he accepted a nomination for United States Senator by a State Convention of the Democratic Party. He made a thorough can- vass of the State, but the Republicans having gained control of the Legislature, he was defeated. He is the head of one of the most extensive wholesale grocery establishments in the city of Chicago. MADISON COUNTY, situated in the southwest division of the State, and bordering on the Mis- sissippi River. Its area is about 740 square miles. The surface of the county is hilly along the Mis- sissippi bluffs, but generally eitlier level or only slightly undulating in the interior. The "Ameri- can Bottom" occupies a strip of country along the western border, four to six miles wide, as far north as Alton, and is exceptionally fertile. The county was organized in 1812, being the first county set off from St. Clair County after the organization of Illinois Territory, in 1809, and the third within the Territory. It was named in honor of James Madison, then President of the United States. At that time it embraced sub- stantially the whole of the northern part of the State, but its limits were steadily reduced by excisions until 1843. The soil is fertile, corn, wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes being raised and exported in large quantities. Coal seams under- lie the soil, and carboniferous limestone crops out in the neighborhood of Alton. American settlers began first to arrive about 1800, the Judys, Gill- Iiams and Whitesides being among the first, gen- erally locating in the American Bottom, and lading the foundation for the present county. In the early history of the State, Madison County was the home of a large number of prominent men who exerted a large influence in shaping its destiny. Among these were Governor Edwards, Governor Coles, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, and many more whose names are intimately inter- woven with State history. The county-seat is at Edwardsville, and Alton is the principal city. Population (1890), 51,535; (1900), 64,694. MAGRUDER, Benjamin D., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born near Natchez, Miss., Sept. 27, 1838; graduated from Yale College in 1856, and, for three years thereafter, engaged in teaching in his father's private academy at Baton Rouge, La., and in reading law. In 1859 he graduated from the law department of the University of Louisiana, and the same year opened an oflSce at Memphis, Tenn. At the out- break of the Civil War, his sympathies being strongly in favor of the Union, he came North, and, after visiting relatives at New Haven, Conn., settled at Chicago, in June, 1861. While ever radically loyal, he refrained from enlisting or taking part in political discussions during the war, many members of his immediate family being in the Confederate service. He soon achieved and easily maintained a high standing at the Chicago bar; in 1868 was appointed Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County, and, in 1885, was elected to succeed Judge T. Lyle Dickey on the bench of the Supreme Court, being re-elected for a full term of nine years in 1888, and again in 1897. He was Chief Justice in 1891-92. MAKANDA, a village of Jack.son County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 49 miles north of Cairo, in South Pass, in spur of Ozark Mountains. It is in the midst of a rich fruit-growing region, large amounts of this product being shipped there and at Cobden. The place has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1900), 528. MALTBT, Jasper A., soldier, was born in Ash- tabula County, Ohio, Nov. 8, 1826, served as a private in the Mexican War and was severely wounded at Chapultepec. After his discharge he 350 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. established himself in the mercantile business at Galena, 111. ; in 18G1 entered the volunteer service as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry, was wounded at Fort Donelson, pro- moted Colonel in November, 1863, and wounded a second time at Vicksburg; commissioned Brigadier-General in August, 1803; served through the subsequent campaigns of the Army of the Tennessee, and was mustered out, January, 1866. Later, he was appointed bj' the commander of the district Mayor of Vicksburg, dying in that office, Dec. 13, 1867. MANCHESTER, a town of Scott County, on the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railway, 16 miles south of Jacksonville; has some manufactures of pottery. Population (1890), 408; (1900), 430. MANIERE, Georg'e, early Chicago lawyer and jurist, born of Huguenot descent, at New Lon- don, Conn., in 1817. Bereft of his father in 1831, his mother removed to New York City, where he began the study of law, occasionally contributing to "The New York Mirror," then one of the leading literary periodicals of the country. In 1835 he removed to Chicago, where he completed his professional studies and was admitted to the bar in 1839. His first office was a deputyship in the Circuit Clerk's office; later, he was appointed Master in Cliancery, and served one term as Alderman and two terms as City Attorney. While filling the latter office he codified the municipal ordinances. In 1855 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 1861 without opposition. Before the expiration of his second term he died. May 21, 1863. He held the office of School Commissioner from 1844 to 1852, during which time, largely through his efforts, the school system was remodeled and the im- paired school fund placed in a satisfactory con- dition. He was one of the organizers of the Union Defense Committee in 1861, a member of the first Board of Regents of the (old) Chicago University, and prominently connected with several societies of a semi-public character. He was a polished writer and was, for a time, in edi- torial control of "The Chicago Democrat." MAJJN, James R., lawyer and Congressman, was born on a farm near Bloomington, 111., Oct. 20, 1856, whence his father moved to Iroquois County in 1867; graduated at the University of Illinois in 1876 and at the Union College of Law in Chi- cago, in 1881, after which he established himself in practice in Chicago, finally becoming the head of the law firm of Mann. Hayes & Miller; in 1888 was elected Attorney of the village of Hyde Park and, after the annexation of that municipality to the city of Chicago, in 1893 was elected Alderman of the Thirty-second Ward, and re-elected in 1894, while in the City Council becoming one of its most prominent members; in 1894, served as Temporary Chairman of the Republican State Convention at Peoria, and, in 1895, as Chairman of the Cook County Republican Convention. In 1896 he was elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty- fifth Congress, receiving a plurality of 28,459 over the Free Silver Democratic candidate, and 30,907 majority over all. In 1898 he was a can- didate for re-election, and was again successful, by over 17,000 plurality, on a largely reduced vote. Other positions held by Mr. Mann, previous to his election to Congress, include those of Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook Comity and General Attorney of the South Park Com- missioners of the cit}' of Chicago. MAXN, Orriu L., lawyer and soldier, was born in Geauga County, Ohio., and, in his youth, removed to the vicinity of Ann Arbor, Mich., where he learned the blacksmith trade, but, being compelled to abandon it on account of an injury, in 1851 began study with the late Dr. Hinman, then in charge of the Wesleyan Female College, at Albion, Mich. Dr. Hinman having, two years later, become President of the North- western University, at Evanston, Mr. Mann accompanied his preceptor to Chicago, continuing his studies for a time, but later engaging in teaching: in 1856 entered the University of Michigan, but left in his junior year. In 1860 he took part in the campaign which resulted in the election of Lincoln ; early in the following spring had made arrangements to engage in the lumber- trade in Chicago, but abandoned this purpose at the firing on Fort Sumter; then assisted in organizing the Thirty-ninth Regiment IlUnois Volunteers (the "Yates Phalanx"), which having been accepted after considerable delay, he was chosen Major. The regiment was first assigned to duty in guarding tlie Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, but afterwards took part in the first battle of Winchester and in operations in North and South Carolina. Having previously been commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, Major Mann was now assigned to court-martial duty at Newbern and Hilton Head. Later, he partici- pated in the siege of Forts Wagner and Gregg, winning a brevet Brigadier-Generalship for meritorious service. The Thirty-ninth, having "veteranized" in 1864, was again sent ea.st. and being assigned to the command of Gen. B. F. Butler, took part in the battle of Bermuda HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 351 Hundreds, where Colonel Mann was seriously wounded, necessitating a stay of several months in liospital. Returning to duty, he was assigned to the staff of General Ord, and later served as Provost Marshal of the District of Virginia, with headquarters at Norfolk, being finallj- mustered out in December, 1865. After the war he engaged in the real estate and loan business, but. in 1866, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District, serving until 1868, when he was succeeded by General Corse. Other positions held bj- him have been : Represent- ative in the Twenty-ninth General Assemblj' (1874-76), Coroner of Cook County (1878-80), and Slieriff (1880-82). General Mann was injured by a fall, some years since, inducing partial paraly- sis. MANNING, Joel, first Secretary of the Illinois & Michigan Canal Commissioners, was born in 1793, graduated at Union College, N. Y., in 1818, and came to Southern Illinois at an early day, residing for a time at Brownsville, Jackson County, where he held the office of Countj- Clerk. In 1836 he was practicing law, when he was appointed Secretary of the first Board of Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, remaining in office until 1845. He continued to reside at Lockport, Will County, until near the close of his life, when he removed to Joliet, dying there, Jan. 8, 1869. MANXINli, Jnlins, lawyer, was born in Can- ada, near Chateaugay, N. Y. , but passed his earlier years chiefly in the State of New York, completing his education at Middlebury College, Vt. ; in 1839 came to Knoxville, 111., where he served one term as County Judge and two terms (1842-46) as Representative in the General Assem- bly. He was also a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1848. In 1853 he removed to Peoria, where he was elected, in 1861, a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of the following year. Died, at Knoxville, July 4, 1862. MANSFIELD, a village of Piatt County, at the intersection of the Peoria Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Chicago Division of the Wabash Railways, 32 miles southeast of Bloomington. It is in the heart of a rich agricultural region ; has one news- paper. Population (1890), 533; (1900), 708. MANTENO, a village of Kankakee County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 47 miles south of Chicago; a shipping point for grain, live- stock, small fruits and dairy products; has one newspaper. Population (1880), 632; (1890), 627; (1900), 932. M.V(jUON, a village of Knox County, on the Peoria Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 16 miles southeast of Gales- burg. The region is agricultural. The town has banks and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 548; (1890), 501, (1900), 475. MARCY, (Dr.) Oliver, educator, was born in Coleraine, Mass., Feb. 13. 1820; received his early education in the grammar schools of his native town, graduating, in 1842, from the Weslej'an University at Middletown, Conn. He early mani- fested a deep interest in the natural sciences and became a teacher in an academy at Wilbraham, Mass., where he remained until 1862, meanwhile making numerous trips for geologic investigation One of these was made in 1849, overland, to Puget Sound, for the purpose of securing data for maps of the Pacific Coast, and settling dis- puted questions as to the geologic formation of the Rocky Mountains. During this trip he visited San Francisco, making maps of the mountain regions for the use of the Government. In 1862 he was called to the professorship of Natural History in the Northwestern University, at Evanston, remaining there until his death. The institution was then in its infancy, and he taught mathematics in connection with his other duties. From 1890 he was Dean of the faculty. He received the degee of LL.D. from the University of Chicago in 1876. Died, at Evanston, March 19, 1899, MAREDOSIA (MARAIS de OGEE), a peculiar depression (or slough) in the southwestern part of Whiteside County, connecting the Mississippi and Rock Rivers, through which, in times of freshets, the former sometimes discharges a part of its waters into the latter. On the other hand, when Rock River is relatively higher, it some- times discharges through the same channel into the Jlississippi. Its general course is north and south. — Cat-Tail Slough, a similar depression, runs nearly parallel with tlie Maredosia, at a dis- tance of five or six miles from the latter. The highest point in the Jlaredosia above low water in the Mississippi is thirteen feet, and that in the Cat-Tail Slough is twenty-six feet. Each is believed, at some time, to have served as a channel for the Mississippi. MARENGO, a city of McHenry County, settled in 1835, incorporated as a town in 1857 and, as a city, in 1893 ; lies 68 miles northwest of Chicago, on the Chicago & Northwestern Raib-oad. It is in the heart of a dairying and fruit-growing dis- trict; has a foundry, stove works, condensed milk plant, canning factory, water-works, elec- 352 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. trie lights, has six churches, good schools and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,264 ; (1890), 1, 445; (1900), 2,005. MARINE, a village of Madison County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles northeast of St. Louis. Several of its eanliest settlers were sea captains from the East, from whom the "Marine Settlement" obtained its name. Popu- lation (1880) 774; (1890.), 637; (1900), 666. MARION, the county-seat of Williamson County, 172 miles southeast of Springfield, on the Illinois Central and Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroads ; in agricultural and coal region ; has cotton and woolen mills, electric cars, water- works, ice and cold-storage plant, dry pressed brick factory, six churches, a graded school, and three newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,338 ; (1900), 2,510. MARION COUNTY, located near the center of the southern half of the State, with an area of 580 square miles; was organized in 1823, and. by the census of 1900, had a population of 30,446. About half the county is prairie, the chief prod- ucts being tobacco, wool and fruit. The remainder is timbered land. It is watered by the tributaries of the Kaskaskia and Little Wabash Rivers. The bottom lands have a heavy growth of choice timber, and a deep, rich soil. A large portion of the county is underlaid with a thin vein of coal, and the rocks all belong to the upper coal measures. Sandstone and building sand are also abundant. Ample shipping facilities are afforded b}- the Illinois Central and theBaltimore & Ohio (S.W.) Railroads. Salem is the county-seat, but Centralia is the largest and mcst important town, being a railroad junction and center of an extensive fruit-trade. Sandoval is a thriving town at the junction of the Illinois Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroads. MARISSA, a village of St. Clair County, on the St. Louis & Cairo Short Line Railroad, 39 miles southeast of St. Louis. It is in a farming and mining district ; has two banks, a newspaper and a magazine. Population (1890), 876; (1900), 1,086. MAROA, a city in Macon County, on the Illi- nois Central Railroad, 13 miles north of Decatur and 31 miles south of Bloomington. The city has three elevators, an agricultural implement fac- tory, water-works system, electric light plant, telephone service, two banks, one newspaper, three churches and a graded school. Population (1880), 870; (1890), 1,164; (1900), 1,213. MARQUETTE, (Father) Jacqnes, a French missionary and explorer, born at Laon, France, in 1637. He became a Jesuit at the age of 17, and, twelve years later (1666), was ordained a priest. The same year he sailed for Canada, landing at Quebec. For eighteen months he devoted him- self chiefly to the study of Indian dialects, and, in 1668, accompanied a party of Nez-Perces to Lake Superior, where he founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie. Later, after various vicissi- tudes, he went to Mackinac, and, in that vicinity, founded the Mission of St. Ignace and built a rude church. In 1673 he accompanied Joliet on his voyage of discovery down the Mississippi, the two setting out from Green Bay on May 17, and reaching the Mississippi, by way of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, June 17. (For an interesting translation of Marquette's quaint narrative of the expedition, see Shea's "Discovery and Explo- ration of the Mississippi,'' N. Y., 1852.) In Sep- tember, 1673, after leaving the Illinois and stop- ping for some time among the Indians near "Starved Rock," he returned to Green Bay much broken in health. In October, 1674, under orders from his superior, he set out to establish a mis- sion at Kaskaskia on the Upper Illinois. In December he reached the present site of Chicago, where he was compelled to halt because of exhaustion. On March 29, 1675, he resumed his journey, and reached Kaskaskia, after much suffering, on April 8. After laboring indefati- gably and making many converts, failing health compelled him to start on his return to Macki- nac. Before the voj'age was completed he died. May 18, 1675, at the mouth of a stream which long bore his name — but is not the present Mar- quette River — on the eastern shore of Lake Michi- gan. His remains were subsequently removed to Point St. Ignace. He was the first to attempt to explain the lake tides, and modern science has not improved his theory. MARSEILLES, a city on the Illinois River, in La Salle County, 8 miles east of Ottawa, and 77 miles southwest of Chicago, on the line of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. Ex- cellent water power is furnished by a dam across the river. The city has several factories, among the leading products being flour, paper and agricultural implements. Coal is mined in the vicinity. The grain trade is large, sufficient to support three elevators. There are tliree papers (one daily): Population (1890), 3,310; (1900), 2,559; (1903, est.), 3,100. M.VRSH, Benjamin F., Congressman, born in Wythe Towusliiji, Hancock County, 111. , was edu- cated at private schools and at Jubilee College, leaving the latter institution one year before graduation. He read law under the tutelage of his brother. Judge J. W. Marsh of Warsaw, and was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 353 admitted to the bar in 1860. The same year he was an unsuccessful candidate for State's Attorney. Immediately upon tlie first call for troops in 1861, he raised a company of caTalrj-, anil, going to Springfield, tendered it to Governor Yates. No cavalry liaving been called for, the Governor felt constrained to decline it. On his way home Mr. Marsh stopped at Quincy and enlisted as a private in the Sixteenth Illinois Infantry, in which regi- ment he served until July 4, 1861, when Gov- ernor Yates advised him by telegraph of his readiness to accept his cavalry company. Returning to Warsaw he recruited another com- pany within a few days, of %vhich he was com- missioned Captain, and which was attached to , the Second Illinois Cavalrj-. He served in tlie army until January, 1866, being four times wounded, and rising to the rank of Colonel. On his return home he interested liimself in politics. In 1869 he was a Republican candidate for the State Constitutional Convention, and. in 1876, was elected to represent the Tenth Illinois Dis- trict in Congress, and re-elected in 1878 and 1880. In 1885 he was appointed a member of the Rail- road and Warehouse Commission, serving until 1889. In 1894 he was again elected to Congress from liis old district, wliich, under the new apportionment, had become the Fifteenth, was re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the Fifty-fifth Congress he was a member of the House Committee on Military Affairs and Chair- man of the Committee on MiUtia. MARSH, William, jurist, was born at Moravia, N. Y., May 11, 1823; was educated at Groton Academy and Union College, graduating from the latter in 1842. He studied law, in part, in the office of Millard Fillmore, at Buffalo, and was admitted to the bar in 1845, practicing at Ithaca until 1854, when he removed to Quincy, 111. Here he continued in practice, in partnership, at differ- ent periods, with prominent lawyers of that city, until elected to the Circuit bench in 1885, serv- ing until 1891. Died, April 14, 1894. MARSHALL, the county -seat of Clark County, and an incorporated city, 16}^ miles southwest of Terre Haute, Ind., and a point of intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Vandalia Railroads. The surrounding country is devoted to farming and stock-raising. The city has woolen, flour, saw and planing mills, and milk condensing plant. It has two banks, eight churches and a good public school sv-stem, which includes city and township high schools, and three newspapers. Population (1890), 1,900; (1900), 2,077. MARSHALL, Samnel S., lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Gallatin County, 111., in 1824; studied law and soon after located at McLeansboro. In 1846 he was chosen a member of the lower house of the Fifteenth General Assembly, but resigned, early in the following year, to become State's Attorney, serving until 1848; was Judge of the Circuit Court from 1851 to 1854, and again from 1861 to 1865 ; was delegate from the State-at-large to the Charleston and Baltimore Conventions of 1860, and to the National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 1866. In 1861 he received the complimentary vote of his party in the Legislature for United States Senator, and was similarly honored in the Fortieth Congress (1867) by receiving the Demo- cratic support for Speaker of the House. He was first elected to Congress in 1854, re-elected in 1856, and, later, served continuously from 1865 to 1875, wlien he returned to the practice of his profession. Died, July 26, 1890. MARSHALL COUNTY, situated in the north- central part of the State, with an area of 400 square miles — named for Chief Justice Jolm Mar- shall. Settlers began to arrive in 1827, and county organization was effected in 1839. The Illinois River bisects the county, which is also drained by Sugar Creek. The surface is gener- ally level prairie, except along the river, although occasionally undulating. The soil is fertile, corn, wheat, hay and oats forming the staple agricultural products. Hogs are raised in great number, and coal is extensively mined. Lacon is the county-seat. Population (1880), 15,053; (1890), 13,6.53; (1900), 16,370. MARTIN, (Gen.) James S., ex- Congressman and soldier, was born in Scott County, Va., August 19, 1826, educated in the common schools, and, at the age of 20, accompanied his parents to Southern Illinois, settling in Marion County. lie served as a non-commissioned officer in the war with Mexico. In 1849, he was elected Clerk of the Marion County Court, which office lie filled for twelve years. By profession he is a lawyer, and has been in active practice when not in public or military life. For a niunber of years he was a member of the Republican State Central Committee. In 1862 he was commis- sioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Eleventh Illinois Volunteers, and, at the close of the war, brevetted Brigadier-General. On liis return home lie was elected County Judge of Marion County, and, in 1868, appointed United States Pension Agent. The latter post he resigned in 1872, hav- ing been elected, as a Repulilicati, to represent 354 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Sixteenth District in the Forty-third Con- gress. He was Commander of the Grand Army for the Department of Illinois in 1889-90. MARTINSVILLE, a village of Clark County, on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis (Vandalia) Railroad. 11 miles southwest of Marshall; has two banks and one newspaper. Population ( 1880). 663; (1890), 779; (1900), 1,000. MASCOUTAH, a city in St. Clair County, 25 miles from St. Louis and 11 miles ea.st of Belle- ville, on the line of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. Coal-mining and agriculture are the principal industries of the surrounding ooimtry. The city has flour mills, a brickyard, dairy, school, churches, and electric line. Population (1880), 2,558; (1890), 2,033; (1900), 2,171. MASON, Roswell B., civil engineer, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1805; in his boyhood was employed as a teamster on the Erie Canal, a year later (1822) accepting a position as rodman under Edward F. Gay, assistant-engineer in charge of construction. Subsequently he was employed on the Schuylkill and Morris Canals, on the latter becoming assistant-engineer and, finally, chief and superintendent. Other works with which Mr. Mason was connected in a similar capacity were the Penn.sylvania Canal and tlie Housatonic, New York & New Haven and the Vermont Valley Railroads. In 1851 he came west and took charge of the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, a work which required live years for its completion. The next four years were spent as contractor in the construction of roads in Iowa and Wisconsin, until 1860, when he became Superintendent of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, but remained only one j'ear, in 1861 accepting the position of Controller of the land department of the Illinois Central Railroad, which he retained until 1867. The ne.xt two years were occupied in the service of the State in lowering the summit of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. In 1869 he was elected Mayor of the city of Chicago, and it was in the closing days of his term that the great fire of 1871 occurred, testing his executive ability to the utmost. From 1873 to 1883 he served as one of the Trustees of the Illinois Industrial University, and was one of the incorporators, and a life-long Director, of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the North- west. Died, Jan. 1, 1892.— Edward Gay (Mason), son of the preceding, was born at Bridgeport, Conn., August 23, 1839; came with his father's family, in 1852, to Chicago, where he attended school for several years, after which he entered Yale College, graduating there in 1860. He then studied law, and, later, became a member of the law firm of Mattocks & Mason, but subsequently, in conjunction with two brothers, organized the firm of Mason Brothers, for the prosecution of a real-estate and law business. In 1881 Mr. Mason was one of the organizers of the Chicago Musical Festival, which was instrumental in bringing Theodore Thomas to Chicago. In 1887 he became President of the Chicago Historical Society, as the successor of Elihu B. AVashburne, retaining the position until his death, Dec. 18, 1898. During his incumbency, the commodious building, now occupied by the Historical Society Library, was erected, and he added largely to the resources of the Society by the collection of rare manuscripts and other historical records. He was the author of several historical works, including "Illinois in the Eighteenth Century," "Kaskaskia and Its Parish Records," besides papers on La Salle and the first .settlers of Illinois, and "The Story of James Willing — An Episode of the American Revolution." He also edited a volume entitled "Early Chicago and Illinois," which was pub- lished under the auspices of the Chicago Histor- ical Society. Mr. Mason was, for several years, a Trustee of Yale University and, about the time of his death, was prominently talked of for President of tliat institution, as successor to President Timothy Dwight. MASON, William E., United States Senator, was born at Franklinville, Cattaraugus County, N. Y., July 7, 1850, and accompanied his parents to Bentonsport, Iowa, in 1858. He was educated at the Bentonsport Academy and at Birmingham College. From 1866 to 1870 he taught school, the last two years at Des Moines. In that city he studied law with Hon. Thomas F. Withrow, who afterward admitted him to partnership. In 1872 he removed to Chicago, where he has since prac- ticed his profession. He soon embarked in poli- tics, and, in 1878, was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1882, to the State Senate. In 1884 he was the regular Repub- lican candidate for Congress in the Third Illinois District (then strongly Republican), but, owing to party dissensions, was defeated by James H. Ward, a Democrat. In 1886, and again in 1888, he was elected to Congress, but, in 1890, was defeated for reelection by Allan C. Durborow. He is a vigorous and effective campaign speaker. In 1897 he was elected United States Senator, receiving in the Legislature 125 votes to 77 for John P. Altgeld, the Democratic candidate. MASOJf CITY, a prosperous city in Mason County, at the intersection of the Chicago & HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 355 Alton and the Havana branch of the Illinois Central Railroads, 18 miles west by north of Lincoln, and about 30 miles north of Springfield. Being in the heart of a rich corn-growing district, it is an important shipping point for that com- modity. It has four churches, two banks, two newspapers, brick works, flour-mills, grain-ele- vators and a carriage factory. Population (1880), 1,714; (1890), 1,869; (1900), 1,890. MASOX COUNTY, organized in 1841, with a population of about 2,000; population (1900), 17,491, and area of 560 square miles, — named for a county in Kentucky. It lies a little northwest of the center of the State, the Illinois and Sanga- mon Rivers forming its west and its south bound- aries. The soil, while sandy, is fertile. The chief staple is corn, and the county offers excel- lent opportunities for viticulture. The American pioneer of Mason County was probably Maj. Ossian B. Ross, who settled at Havana in 1832. Not until 1837, however, can immigration be said to have set in rapidly. Havana was first chosen as the county seat, but Bath enjoyed the honor for a few years, the county offices being per- manently removed to the former point in 1851. Mason City is an important shipping point on the Chicago & Alton Railroad MASONS, ANCIENT ORDER OF FREE AND ACCEPTED. (See Free-Masons.) MASSAC COUNTY, an extreme southern coiinty of the State and one of the smallest, its area, being but little more than 240 square miles, with a population (1900) of 13,110 — named for Fort Massac, within its borders. The surface is hilly toward the north, but the bottom lands along the Ohio River are swampy and liable to frequent overflows. A considerable portion of the natural resources consists of timber — oak, wal- nut, poplar, hickory, cypress and cottonwood abounding. Saw-mills are found in nearly every town, and considerable grain and tobacco are raised. The original settlers were largely from Ohio, Kentucky and North Carolina, and hospi- tality is traditional. Metropolis, on the Ohio River, is the county -seat. It was laid off in 1839, although Massac County was not separately organized until 1843. At Massac City may be seen the ruins of the early French fort of that name. MASSAC COUNTY REBELLION, the name commonly given to an outbreak of mob violence which occurred in Massac County, in 1845-46. An arrested criminal having asserted that an organ- ized band of thieves and robbers existed, and having given the names of a large number of the alleged members, popular excitement rose to fever heat. A company of self-appointed "regu- lators" was formed, whose acts were so arbitrary that, at the August election of 1846, a Sheriff and County Clerk were elected on the avowed issue of opposition to these irregular tactics. This served to stimulate the "regulators" to renewed activity. Many persons were forced to leave the county on suspicion, and others tortured into making confession. In consequence, some leading "regulators" were thrown into jail, only to be soon released by their friends, who ordered the Sheriff and County Clerk to leave the county. The feud rapidly grew, both in proportions and in inten- sity. Governor French made two futile efforts to restore order through mediation, and the ordinary processes of law were also found unavailing. Judge Scates was threatened with lynching Only 60 men dared to serve in the Sheriff's posse, and these surrendered upon promise of personal immunity from violence. This pledge was not regarded, several members of the posse being led away as prisoners, some of whom, it was believed, were drowned in the Ohio River. All the incarcer- ated "regulators" were again released, the Sheriff and his supporters were once more ordered to leave, and fresh seizures and outrages followed each other in quick succession. To remedy this condition of affairs, the Legislature of 1847 enacted a law creating district courts, under the provi- sions of which a Judge might hold court in any county in his circuit. This virtually conferred upon the Judge the right to change the venue at his own discretion, and thus secure juries unbiased by local or partisan feeling. The effect of this legislation was highly beneficial in restoring quiet, although the embers of the feud still smoldered and intermittently leaped into flame for several years thereafter. MATHENY, Charles R., pioneer, was born in Loudoun County, Va., March 6, 1786, licensed as a Methodist preacher, in Kentucky, and, in 1805, came to St. Clair County (then in Indiana Terri- tory), as a missionary. Later, he studied law and was admitted to the bar; served in the Third Territorial (1817) and the Second State Legisla- tures (1820-22); removed, in 1821, to the newly organized county of Sangamon, where he was appointed the first County Clerk, remaining in office eighteen years, also for some years holding, at the same time, the offices of Circuit Clerk, Recorder and Probate Judge. Died, while County Clert, in 1839.— Noah W. (Matheny), son of the preceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111., July 31. 1815; was assistant of his father in the 356 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. County Clerk's office in Sangamon County, and, on the death of the latter, (November, 1839), was elected his successor, and re-elected for eight con- secutive terms, serving until 1873. Died, April 30, 1877. — James H. (Matheny), another son, born Oct. 30, 1818, in St. Clair County; served in his youth as Clerk in various local offices ; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, elected Circuit Clerk in 1852, at the close of his term beginning the practice of law; was com- missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the One Hundred and Fourteenth IllinoLs Volunteers, in October, 1862, and, after the siege of Vicksburg, served as Judge Advocate until July, 1864, when he resigned. He then returned to his profession, but, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Sanga- mon County, holding the office by repeated re- elections until his death, Sept. 7, 1890, — having resided in Springfield 68 years. MATHER, Thomas, pioneer merchant, was born, April 24, 1795, at Simsbury, Hartford County, Conn. ; in early manhood was engaged for a time in bvisiness in New York City, but, in the spring of 1818, came to Kaskaskia, 111., where he soon after became associated in business with James L. Lamb and others. This firm was afterwards quite extensively engaged in trade with New Orleans. Later he became one of the founders of the town of Chester. In 1820 Mr. Mather was elected to the lower branch of the Second General Assembly from Randolph County, was re-elected to the Tliird (serving for a part of the session as Speaker), and again to the Fourth, but, before the expiration of his last term, resigned to accept an appointment from Presi- dent John Quincy Adams as Commissioner to locate the military road from Independence to Santa Fe, and to conclude treaties with the Indians along the line. In the Legislature of 1822 he was one of the most determined oppo- nents of the scheme for securing a pro-slavery Constitution. In 1828 he was again elected to the House and, in 1832, to the Senate for a term ot four years. He also served as Colonel on the staff of Governor Coles, and was supported for the United States Senate, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John McLean, in 1830. Having removed to Springfield in 1835, he became promi- nent in business affairs there in connection with his former partner, Mr. James L. Lamb; in 1837 was appointed a member of the first Board of Fund Commissioners for the State under the internal improvement system ; also served seven years as President of the Springfield branch of the State Bank; was connected, as a stock- holder, with the construction of the Sangamon & Morgan (now Wabash) Railroad, extending from Springfield to the Illinois river at Naples, and was also identified, financially, with the old Chi- cago & Galena Union Railroad. From 1835 until his death, Colonel Mather served as one of the Trustees of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and was a liberal contributor to the endowment of that institution. His death occurred during a visit to Philadelphia, March 28, 18.53. JHATTESO\, Joel Aldrich, ninth regularly elected Governor of Illinois (1853-57), was born in Watertown, N. Y., August 8, 1808; after some experience in business and as a teacher, in 1831 he went to South Carolina, where he was foreman in the construction of the first railroad in that State. In 1834 he removed to Illinois, where he became a contractor on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and also engaged in manufacturing at Joliet. After serving three terms in the State Senate, he was elected Governor in 1852, and, in 1855, was defeated by Lyman Trumbull for the United States Senatorship. At the close of his gubernatorial term he was complimented by the Legislature, and retired to private life a popular man. Later, there were developed grave scandals in connection with ,the refunding of certain canal scrip, with which his name — unfortunately — was connected. He turned over property to the State of the value of nearly §250,000, for its indemnification. He finally took up his resi- dence in Chicago, and later spent considerable time in travel in Europe. He was for many years the lessee and President of the Chicago & Alton Railroad. Died in Chicago, Jan. 31, 1873. MATTHEWS, Asa C, ex-Comptroller of the United States Treasury, was born in Pike County, 111., March 22, 1833; graduated from Illinois Col- lege in 1855, and was admitted to the bar three years later. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, he abandoned a remunerative practice at Pitts- field to enlist in the army, and was elected and commissioned a Captain in the Ninety-ninth Illi- nois Volunteers. He rose to the rank of Colonel, being mustered out of the service in August, 1865. He was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue in 1869, and Supervisor for the District composed of Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan, in 1875. Being elected to the Thirtieth General Assembly in 1876, he resigned his office, and was re-elected to the Legislature in 1878. On the death of Judge Higbee, Governor Hamilton appointed Mr. Matthews to fill the vacancy thus created on the bench of the Sixth Circuit, his term expiring in 1885. In 1888 he was elected to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 357 the Thirty-sixth General Assembly and was chosen Speaker of the House. In May, 1889, President Harrison named him , First Comp- troller of the United States Treasury, and the House, by a unanimous vote, expressed its grati- fication at his selection. Since retiring from office. Colonel Matthews has devoted his attention to the practice of his profession at Pittsfield. MATTHEWS, Milton W., lawyer and journal- ist, was born in Clark County, 111., March 1, 1846, educated in the common schools, and, near the close of the war, served in a 100-days' regiment ; began teaching in Champaign County in 1865, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1867; in 1873 was appointed Master in Chancery, served two terras as Prosecuting Attorney, and, in 1888, was elected to the State Senate, meanwhile, from 1879, discharging the duties of editor of "The Champaign County Herald," of which he was also proprietor. During his last session in the State Senate (1891-92) he served as President pro tem. of that body; was also President of the State Press Association and served on the staff of Governor Fifer, with the rank of Colonel of the Illinois National Guard. Died, at Urbana, May 10, 1893. MATTOON, an important city in Coles County, 172 miles west of south from Chicago and 56 miles ■west of Terre Haute, Ind. ; a point of junction for three lines of railway, and an important shipping point for corn and broom corn, which are both extensively grown in the surrounding region. It has several banks, foundries, machine shops, brick and tile-works, flour-mills, grain-elevators, with two daily and four weekly newspapers ; also has good graded schools and a high school. The repair shops of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- cago & St. Louis Railroad are located here. Population (1890). 6,833; (1900), 9,632. MAXWELL, Philip, M.D., pioneer physician, was born at Guilford, Vt., April 3, 1799, graduated in medicine and practiced for a time at Sacketfs Harbor, also serving in the New York Legisla- ture; was appointed Assistant Surgeon at Fort Dearborn, in 1833, remaining intil the abandon- ment of the fort at the end of 1836. In 1838 he was promoted Surgeon, and served with Gen. Zachary Taylor in the campaign against the Semi- noles in Florida, but resumed private practice in Chicago in 1844 ; served two terms as Represent- ative in the General Assembly (1848-52) and. in 18.")5, settled on the shores of Lake Geneva, Wis., where he died, Nov. 5, 18.59. MAY, William L., early lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Kentucky, came at an early day to Edwardsville, 111. . and afterwards to Jackson- ville; was elected from Morgan County to the Sixth General Assembly (1828), and the next year removed to Springfield, having been appointed by President Jackson Receiver of Public Jloneys for the Land Office there He was twice elected to Congress (1834 and '36), the first year defeating Benjamin Mills, a brilliant law}-er of Galena. Later, May became a resident of Peoria, but finallj- removed to California, where he died. MAYO, Walter L., legislator, was born in Albe- marle County Va., March 7, 1810; came to Edwards County, 111., in 1838, and began teach- ing. He took part in tlie Black Hawk War (1831-32), being appointed by Governor Reynolds Quartermaster of a battalion organized in tliat section of the State. He had previously been appointed County Clerk of Edwards County to fill a vacancy, and continued, by successive re-elec- tions, to occupy the position for thirty-seven years — also acting, for a portion of the time, as Circuit Clerk, Judge of Probate and County Treas- urer. In 1870 he was elected Representative in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly for the Edwards County District. On the evening of Jan. 18, 1878, he mysteriously disappeared, having been last seen at the Union Depot at East St. Louis, when about to take the train for his home at Albion, and is supposed to have been secretly murdered. No trace of his body or of the crime was ever discovered, and the aflFair has remained one of the mysteries of the criminal history of Illinois. MAYWOOD, a village of Cook County, and suburb of Chicago, 10 miles west of that city, on the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago Great Western Railways; has cliurches, two weekly newspapers, public schools and some manufactures. Population (1900), 4,532. McAllister, Wtlliam K., jurist, was born in Washington County, N. Y., in 1818. After admission to the bar he commenced practice at Albion, N. Y. , and, in 1854, removed to Chicago. In 1866 he was a candidate for the bencli of the Superior Court of that city, but was defeated by Judge Jameson. Two years later he was chosen Judge of the Recorder's Court, and, in 1870, was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, which position he resigned in 1875, having been elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County to fill a vacancy. He was re-elected for a full term and assigned to xVppellate Court duty in 1879. He was elected for a third time in 1885, but, before the expiration of his term, he died. Oct. 29, 1888. 358 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. McARTHUR, John, soldier, was born in Ers- kine, Scotland, Nov. 17, 1826; worked at his father's trade of blacksmith until 23 years old, when, coming to the United States, he settled in Chicago. Here he became foreman of a boiler- making establishment, later acquiring an estab- lishment of his own. Having joined the Twelfth Illinois Volunteers at the beginning of the war, with a company of which he was Captain, he was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, still later Colonel, and. in March, 1863, promoted to Brigadier-Gen- eral for gallantry in the assault on Fort Donelson, where he commanded a brigade. At Shiloh he was wounded, but after having his wound dressed, returned to the fight and succeeded to the com- mand of the Second Division when Gen. W. H. L. Wallace fell mortally wounded. He commanded a division of McPherson's corps in the operations against Vicksburg, and bore a conspicuous part in the battle of Nashville, where he commanded a division under Gen. A. J. Smith, winning a brevet Major-Generalship by his gallantry. General McArthur was Postmaster of Chicago from 1873 to 1877. McCAGG, Ezra Butler, lawyer, was born at Kinderhook, N Y., Nov. 32, 1835; studied law at Hudson, and, coming to Chicago in 1847, entered the law office of J. Young Scammon, soon after- wards becoming a member of the firm of Scam- mon & McCagg. During the war Mr. McCagg was an active member of the United States Sani- tary Commission, and (for some years after the fire of 1871) of the Relief and Aid Society; is also a life-member and officer of the Cliicago Histori- cal Society, besides being identified with several State and municipal boards. His standing in his profession is shown by the fact that he has been more than once offered a non-partisan nomina- tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, but has de- clined. He occupies a high rank in literary circles, as well as a connoisseur in art, and is the owner of a large private library collected since the destruction of one of the best in the West by the fire of 1871. McCartney, James, lawyer and ex-Attomey General, was born of Scotch parentage in the north of Ireland, Feb. 14, 1835; at two years of age was brought to the United States and, until 1845, resided in Pennsylvania, when his parents removed to Trumbull County, Ohio. Here he spent his youth in general farm work, meanwhile attending a high school and finally engaging in teacliing. In 1856 he began the study of law at Warren. Ohio, which he continued a year later in the office of Harding & Reed, at Monmouth, 111. ; was admitted to the bar in January, 1858, and began practice at Monmouth, removing the fol- lowing year to Galva. In April, 1861, he enlisted in what afterwards became the Seventeenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, was commissioned a First Lieutenant, but, a year later, was com- pelled to resign on account of ill- health. A few months later he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Twelfth Illinois, being soon promoted to a captaincy, although serving much of the time as Judge Advocate on courts-martial, and, for one year, as Acting Assistant Adjutant-General in the Army of the Ohio. At the conclusion of his term of service in the army, he resumed the practice of his profession at Fairfield, 111. ; in 1880 was nominated and elected, as a Republican, Attorney- General of the State, and, during his last year in office, began the celebrated "Lake Front suits" which finally terminated successfully for the city of Chicago. Since retiring from office. Gen- eral McCartney has been engaged in the practice of his profession, chiefly in Springfield and Chi- cago, having been a resident of the latter city since 1890. MeCARTJfET, Robert Wilson, lawyer and jurist, was born in Trumbull County, Ohio, March 19, 1843, spent a portion of his boyhood in Pennsylvania, afterwards returning to Youngs- town, Ohio, where he enlisted as a private in the Sixth Ohio Cavalry. He was severely wounded at the battle of Gettysburg, lying two days and nights on the field and enduring untold suffering. As soon as able to take the field he was commis- sioned, by Governor Curtin, a Captain in the Eighty -third Pennsylvania Volunteers, serving in the army of the Potomac to the close of the war, and taking part in the grand review at Washing- ton, in May. 1865. After the war he took a course in a business college at Pittsburg, removed to Cleveland and began the study of law, but soon came to Illinois, and, having completed his law studies with his brother, J. T. McCartney, at Metropolis, was admitted to the bar in 1868; also edited a Republican paper there, became inter- ested in lumber manufacture and was one of the founders of the First National Bank of that city. In 1873 he was elected County Judge of Massac County, serving nine years, when (1882) he was elected Representative in the Thirty-third Gen- eral Assembly. At the close of his term in the Legislature he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the first Circuit, serving from 1885 to 1891. Died, Oct. 27, 1893. Judge McCartney was able, public-spirited and patriotic. The city of Metropolis owes to him the Free Public Library bearing his name. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 359 McCLAUGHRY, Robert Wilson, penologist, was born at Fountain Green, Hancock County, 111., July 22, 1839, being descended from Scotch- Irish ancestry — his grandfather, who was a native of the North of Ireland, having come to America in his youth and served in the War of the Revolu- tion. The subject of this sketch grew up on a farm, attending school in the winter until 1854, then spent the next two winters at an academy, and, in 1856, began a course in Monmouth Col- lege, where he graduated in 1860. The following year he spent as instructor in Latin in the same institution, but, in 1861, became editor of "The Carthage Republican," a Democratic paper, which he made a strong advocate of the cause of the Union, meanwhile, both by his pen and on the stump, encouraging enlistments in the army. About the first of July, 1862, having disposed of his interest in the paper, he enlisted in a company of which he was unanimously chosen Captain, and which, with four other companies organized in the same section, became the nucleus of the One Hundred and Eighteenth Illinois Volunteers. The regiment having been completed at Camp Butler, he was elected Major, and going to the field in the following fall, took part in General Sherman's first movement against Vicksburg by way of Chickasaw Bayou, in December, 1862. Later, as a member of Osterhaus' Division of Gen- eral McClernand's corps, he participated with his regiment in the capture of Arkansas Post, and in the operations against Vicksburg which resulted in the capture of that stronghold, in July, 18G3. He then joined the Department of the Gulf under command of General Banks, but was compelled by sickness to return north. Having sufficiently recovered, he spent a few months in the recruit- ing service (1864), but, in May of that year, was transferred, by order of President Lincoln, to the Pay Department, as Additional-Paymaster, with the rank of Major, being finally assigned to duty at Springfield, where he remained, paying off Illi- nois regiments as mustered out of the service, xmtil Oct. 13, 1865, when he was honorably dis- charged. A few weeks later he was elected County Clerk of Hancock County, serving four years. In the meantime he engaged in the stone business, as head of the firm of R. W. McClaughry & Co. , furnishing stone for the basement of the State Capitol at Springfield and for bridges across the Mississippi at Quincy and Keokuk — later being engaged in the same business at St. Gene- vieve, Mo., with headciuarters at St. Louis. Com- pelled to retire by failing health, he took up his residence at Monmouth in 1873, but, in 1874, was called to the wardenship of the State Peniten- tiary at Joliet. Here he remained until December, 1888, when he resigned to accept the superin- tendency of the Industrial Reformatory at Huntingdon, Pa., but, in May, 1891, accepted from Mayor Washburne the position of Chief of Police in Chicago, continuing in service, under Mayor Harrison, until August. 1893, when he became Superintendent of the Illinois State Reformatory at Pontiac. Early in 1897 he was again offered and accepted the position of Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet. Here he re- mained until 1899, when he received from Presi- dent McKinley the appointment of "Warden of the Military Prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., which position he now (1899) occupies. Major Mc- Claughry's administration of penal and reforma- tory institutions has been eminently satisfactoiy, and he has taken rank as one of the most success- ful penologists in the country. McCLELLA>', Robert H., lawyer and banker, was born in Washington County, N. Y. , Jan. 3, 1823; graduated at LTnion College, Schenectady, in 1847, and tlien studied law with Hon. Martin I. Townsend, of Troy, being admitted to the bar in 1850. The same year he removed to Galena, HI. ; during his first winter there, edited "The Galena Gazette," and the following spring formed a partnership with John M. Douglas, afterwards General Solicitor and President of the Illinois Central Railroad, which ended with the removal of the latter to Chicago, when Mr McClellan succeeded him as local attorney of the road at Galena. In 1804 Mr. McClellan became President of the Bank of Galena — later the "National Bank of Galena" — remaining for over twenty years. He is also largely interested in local manufac- tories and financial institutions elewhere. He served as a Republican Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly (1861-62), and as Senator (1876-80), and maintained a high rank as a sagacious and judicious legislator. Liberal, public-spirited and patriotic, his name has been prominently connected with all movements for the improvement of Iiis locality and the advance- ment of the interests of the State. McCLERXAXD, John Alexander, a volunteer officer in the Civil War and prominent Demo- cratic politician, was born in Breckenridge County, Ky., May 80, 1812, brought to Shawnee- town in 1816, was admitted to the bar in 1832, and engaged in journalism for a time. He served in the Black Hawk War, and was elected to the Legislature in 183R. and again in 1840 and "42. The latter vear he was elected to Congress, serv- 360 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing four consecutive terms, but declining a renomination, being about to remove to Jackson- ville, where he resided from 1851 to 1856. Twice (1840 and '52) he was a Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket. In 1856 he removed to Springfield, and, in 1859, re-entered Congress as Representative of the Springfield District; was re-elected in 1860, but resigned in 1861 to accept a commission as Brigadier-General of Volunteers from President Lincoln, being promoted Major- General early in 1863. He participated in the battles of Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh and before Vicksburg, and was in command at the capture of Arkansas Post, but was severely criti- cised for some of his acts during the Vicksburg campaign and relieved of his command by Gen- eral Grant. Having finally been restored by order of President Lincoln, he participated in the campaign in Louisiana and Texas, but resigned his commission in 1864. General McClernand presided over the Democratic National Conven- tion of 1876, and, in 1886, was appointed by Presi- dent Cleveland one of the members of the Utah Commission, serving tlirough President Harri- son's administration. He was also elected Circuit Judge in 1870, as successor to Hon. B. S. Edwards, who had resigned. Died Sept. 20, 1900. MoCLURCt, Alexander C, soldier and pub- lisher, was born in Philadelphia but grew up in Pittsburg, where his father was an iron manu- facturer. He graduated at Miami University. Oxford, Ohio., and, after studying law for a time with Chief Justice Lowrie of Pennsylvania, came to Chicago in 1859, and entered the bookstore of S. C. Griggs & Co., as a junior clerk. Early in 1861 he enlisted as a private in tlie War of the Rebellion, but the quota of three-months' men being already full, his services were not accepted. In August, 1862, he became a member of the "Crosby Guards," afterwards incorporated in the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry (Second Board of Trade Regiment), and was unanimously elected Captain of Company H. After the battle of Perryville, he was detailed as Judge Advocate at Nashville, and, in the following year, offered the position of Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of General McCook, afterwards serving in a similar capacity' on the staffs of Generals Thomas, Sheridan and Baird. He took part in the defense of Chattanooga and, at the battle of Missionary Ridge, had two horses shot under him ; was also with the Fourteenth Army Corps in the Atlanta campaign, and, at the request of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis, was promoted to the rank of Colonel and brevetted Brigadier-General — later, being pre- sented with a sword bearing the names of the principal battles in which he was engaged, besides being especially complimented in letters by Generals Sherman, Thomas, Baird, Mitchell, Davis and others. He was invited to enter the regular army at the close of the war, but pre- ferred to return to private life, and resumed his former position with S. C. Griggs & Co., soon after becoming a junior partner in the concern, of which he has since become the chief. In the various mutations through which this extensive firm has gone. General McClurg has been a lead- ing factor until now (and since 1887) he stands at the head of the most extensive publishing firm west of New York. McCO>'>'EL, Murray, pioneer and lawyer, was born in Orange County, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1798, and educated in the common schools; left home at 14 years of age and, after a year at Louisville, spent several years flat-boating, trading and hunting in the AVest, during this period visiting Arkansas. Texas and Kansas, finally settling on a farm near Herculaneum, Mo. In 1823 he located in Scott (then a part of Morgan) County, 111., but when the town of Jacksonville was laid out, became a citizen of that place. During the Black Hawk War (July and August, 1832), he served on the staff of Gen. J. D. Henry with the rank of JIajor ; in 1837 was appointed by Governor Dun- can a member of the Board of Public Works for the First Judicial District, in this capacity having charge of the construction of the railroad between Meredosia and Springfield (then known as the Northern Cross Railroad) — the first public rail- road built in the State, and the only one con- structed during the "internal improvement" era following 1837. He also held a commission from Governor French as Major-General of State Mi- litia, in 1855 was appointed by President Pierce Fifth Auditor of the Treasury Department, but retired in 1859. In 1832, on his return from tlie Black Hawk War, he was elected a Repre- sentative in the State Legislature from Morgan County, and, in 1864, was elected to the State Senate for the District composed of Morgan, Menard, Cass, Schuyler and Brown Counties, serving until 1868. Thougli previously a Demo- crat and a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1860, he was an earnest supporter of the war policy of the Government, and was one of four Democratic Senators, in the General Assembly of 1865, who voted for the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment of the National Constitution, prohibiting slavery in the United States. His death occurred by assassination, by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 361 some unknown person, in his office at Jackson- ville, Feb. 9, 1869.— John Ludlnm (McConnel), son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville, III., Nov. 11, 1826, studied law and graduated at Transylvania Law School; in 1846 enlisted as a private in the Mexican War, became First Lieu- tenant and was promoted Captain after the battle of Buena Vista, where he was twice wounded. After the war he returned to Jacksonville and wrote several books illustrative of Western life and character, which were published between 1850 and 1853. At the time of his death — Jan. 17. 1862 — he was engaged in the preparation of a "History of Early Explorations in America, " hav- ing special reference to the labors of the early Roman Catholic missionaries. McCOJfNELL, (Gen). John, soldier, was born in Madison County, N. Y. , Dec. 5, 1834, and came with his parents to Illinois when about sixteen years of age. His father (James McConnell) was a native of Ireland, who came to the United States shortly before the War of 1812, and, after remaining in New York until 1840, came to San- gamon County, 111., locating a few miles south of Springfield, where he engaged extensively in sheep-raising. He was an enterprising and pro- gressive agriculturist, and was one of the founders of the State Agricultural Society, being President of the Convention of 1852 which resulted in its organization. His death took place, Jan. 7, 1867. The subject of this sketch was engaged with his father and brothers in the farming and stock business until 1861, when he raised a company for the Third Illinois Cavalry, of which he was elected Captain, was later promoted Major, serv- ing until March, 1863, during that time taking part in some of the important battles of the war in Southwest Missouri, including Pea Ridge, and was highly complimented by his commander. Gen. G. M. Dodge, for bravery. Some three montlis after leaving the Third Cavalry, he was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, and, in March, 1865, was commissioned Brevet Brigadier-General, his com- mission being signed by President Lincoln on April 14, 1805, the morning preceding the night of his assassination. During the latter part of his service, General McConnell was on duty in Texas, being finally mustered out in October, 1865. After the death of his father, and until 1879, he continued in the business of sheep-raising and farming, being for a time the owner of several extensive farms in Sangamon County, but. in 1879, engaged in the insurance business in Springfield, where he died, March 14, 1898. McConnell, iSamuel P., son of the preceding, was born at Springfield, 111., on July 5, 1849. After completing his literary studies he read law at Springfield in the office of Stuart, Edwards & Brown, and was admitted to the bar in 1872, soon after establishing himself in practice in Chicago. After various partnerships, in which he was asso- ciated with leading lawyers of Chicago, he was elected Judge of the Cook County Circuit Coiirt. in 1889, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge W. K. McAllister, serving until 1894, when he resigned to give his attention to private prac- tice. Although one of the youngest Judges upon the bench, Judge McConnell was called upon, soon after his election, to preside at the trial of the conspirators in the celebrated Cronin murder case, in wliich he displayed great ability. He has also had charge, as presiding Judge, of a number of civil suits of great importance affecting cor- porations. McCORMICK, Cyrus Hall, inventor and manu- facturer, born in Rockbridge County, Va., Feb. 15. 1809. In youth he manifested unusual mechani- cal ingenuity, and early began attempts at the manufacture of some device for cutting grain, his first finished machine being produced in 1831. Though he had been manufacturing for years in a small way, it was not until 1844 that his first machine was shipped to the West, and, in 1847, he came to Chicago with a view to establishing its manufacture in the heart of the region where its use would be most in demand. One of his early partners in the business was William B. Ogden, afterwards so widely known in connection with Chicago's railroad historj-. The business grew on his hands until it became one of the largest manufacturing interests in the United States. Mr. McCormick was a Democrat, and, in 1860, he bought "The Chicago Times." and having united it with "The Herald," which he already owned, a few months later sold the consolidated concern to Wilbur F. Storey. "The Interior," the Northwestern mouthpiece of the Presbyterian faith, had been founded by a joint stock-company in 1870, but was burned out in 1871 and removed to Cincinnati. In January, 1872, it was returned to Chicago, and, at the beginning of the following year, it became the property of Mr. McCormick in conjunction with Dr. Gray, who has been its editor and manager ever since. Mr. McCormick's most liberal work was undoubtedly the endowment of the Presby- terian Theological Seminary in Chicago, which goes by his name. His death occurred. May 13, 1884, after a business life of almost unprece- 362 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. dented success, and after conferring upon the agriculturists of the country a boon of inestimable value. Mccormick theological seminary, a Presbyterian school of theology in Chicago, be- ing the outgrowth of an institution originally con- nected with Hanover College, Ind., in 1830. In 18.59 the late Cyrus H. McCormick donated $100,- 000 to the school, and it was removed to Chicago, where it was opened in September, with a class of fifteen students. Since then nearly S300,000 have been contributed toward a building fund by Mr. McCormick and his heirs, besides numerous donations to the same end made by others. The number of buildings is nine, four being for the general purposes of the institution (including dormitories), and five being houses for the pro- fessors. The course of instruction covers three annual terms of seven months each, and includes didactic and polemic theology, biblical and ecclesiastical history, sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology, church government and the sacra- ments, New Testament literature and exegesis, apologetics and missions, and homiletics. The faculty consists of eight professors, one adjunct professor, and one instructor in elocution and vocal culture. Between 200 and 300 students are enrolled, including post-graduates. McCULLOCH, David, lawyer and jurist, was born in Cumberland County, Pa., Jan. 25, 1832; received his academic education at Marshall Col- lege, Mercersburg, Pa. , graduating in the class of 1852. Then, after spending some six months as a teacher in his native village, he came west, arriving at Peoria early in 1853. Here he con- ducted a private school for two years, when, in 1855, he began the study of law in the oflBce of Manning & Merriman, being admitted to the bar in 1857. Soon after entering upon his law studies he was elected School Commissioner for Peoria County, serving, by successive re-elections, three terms (18.55-61). At the close of this period he was taken into partnership with his old precep- tor, Julius Manning, who died, July 4, 1863. In 1877 he was elected Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, under the law authorizing the increase of Judges in each circuit to three, and was re- elected in 1879, serving until 1885. Six years of this period were spent as a Justice of the Appellate Court for the Third Appellate District. On retiring from the bench, Judge McCuUoch entered into partnership with his son, E. D. McCulloch, which is still maintained. Politically, Judge McCulloch was reared as a Democrat, but during the Civil War became a Republican. Since 1886 he has been identified with the Prohibition Party, although, as the result of questions arising during the Spanish-American War, giving a cordial support to the policy of President McKinley. In religious views he is a Presbyterian, and is a mem- ber of the Board of Directors of the McCormick Theological Seminary at Chicago. McCULLOUGH, James Skiles, Auditor of Public Accounts, was born in Mercersburg, Franklin County, Pa., May 4, 1843; in 1854 came with his father to Urbana, 111., and grew up on a farm in that vicinity, receiving such education as could be obtained in the public schools. In 1862, at the age of 19 years, he enlisted as a private in Company G, Seventy-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served during the next three years in the Departments of the Mississippi and the Gulf, meanwhile participating in the campaign against Vicksburg, and, near the close of the war, in the operations about Mobile. On the 9th of April, 1865, while taking part in the assault on Fort Blakely, near Mobile, his left arm was torn to pieces by a grape-shot, compelling its amputation near the shoulder. His final discharge occurred in July, 1865. Returning home he spent a year in school at Urbana, after which he was a student in the Soldiers' College at Fulton, 111. . for two years. He then (1868) entered the office of the County Clerk of Champaign County as a deputy, remain- ing until 1873, when he was chosen County Clerk, serving by successive re-elections until 1896. The latter year he received the nomination of the Republican Party for Auditor of Public Accounts, and, at the November election, was elected by a plurality of 138,000 votes over his Democratic opponent. He was serving his sixth term as County Clerk when chosen Auditor, having received the nomination of his party on each occasion without opposition. McDANNOLD, John J., lawyer and ex-Con- gressraan, was born in Brown County, 111., August 29, 1851, acquired his early education in the com- mon schools of his native county and in a private school; graduated from the Law Department of the Iowa State University in 1874, and was admitted to the bar in Illinois the same year, commencing practice at Mount Sterling. In 1885 he was made Master in Chanceiy, in 1886, elected County Judge, and re-elected in 1890, resigning his seat in October, 1892, to accept an election by the Democrats of the Twelfth Illinois District as Representative in the Fifty-third Congress. After retiring from Congress (March 4, 1895), Mr. McDannold removed to Chicago, where he engaged in the practice of his profession. c n o r. H Z > > O o ^^m^\ ^^. -M- o < (J I u a; > 3 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 363 MeDONOUGH COUNTY, organized under an act passed, Jan. 25, 1826, and attached, for judicial purposes, to Schuyler County until 1830. Its present area is 580 square miles — named in honor of Commodore McDonough. The first settlement in the county was at Industry, on the site of which William Carter (the pioneer of the county) built a cabin in 1826. James and John Vance and William Job settled in the vicinity in the following year. Out of tliis settlement grew Blandinsville. William Pennington located on Spring Creek in 1828, and, in 1831, James M. Campbell erected the first frame house on the site of the present city of Macomb. The first sermon, preached by a Protestant minister in the county, was delivered in the Job settlement by Rev. John Logan, a Baptist. Among the early officers were John Huston, County Treasurer; William Southward, Slierifl; Peter Hale, Coro- ner, and Jesse Bartlett, Surveyor. The first term of the Circuit Court was held in 1830. and presided over by Hon. Richard M. Young. The first railway to cross the county was the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (1857). Since then other lines have penetrated it, and there are numerous railroad centers and shipping points of consider- able importance. Population (1880), 25,037; (1890), 27.467; (1900), 28,412. McDOUGALL, James Alexander, lawyer and United States Senator, was born in Bethlehem, Albany County, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1817; educated at the Albany grammar school, studied law and settled in Pike County, 111., in 1837; was Attor- ney-General of Illinois four years (1843-47) ; then engaged in engineering and, in 1849, organized and led an exploring expedition to the Rio del Norte, Gila and Colorado Rivers, finally settling at San Francisco and engaging in the practice of law. In 1850 he was elected Attorney-General of California, served several terms in the State Legislature, and, in 1852, was chosen, as a Demo- crat, to Congress, but declined a re-election ; in 1860 was elected United States Senator from Cali- fornia, serving as a War Democrat until 1867. At the expiration of his senatorial term he retired to Albany, N. Y., where he died, Sept. 3, 1867. Though somewhat irregular in liabits, he was, at times, a brilliant and effective speaker, and, dur- ing the War of the Rebellion, rendered valualile aid to the Union cause. McFARLAND, Andrew, M.D., alienist, was bom in Concord, N. H., July 14, 1817, graduated at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1841, and, after being engaged in general practice for a few years, was invited to assume the man- agement of the New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane at Concord. Here he remained some eight years, during which he acquired consider- able reputation in the treatment of nervous and mental disorders. In 1854 he was offered and accepted the position of Medical Superintendent of the Illinois State (now Central) Hospital fcr the Insane at Jacksonville, entering upon his duties in June of that year, and continuing his connection with that institution for a period of more than sixteen jears. Having resigned his position in the State Hospital in June, 1870, he soon after established the Oaklawn Retreat, at Jacksonville, a private institution for the treat- ment of insane patients, which he conducted with a great degree of success, and with which he was associated during the remainder of his life, dying, Nov. 22, 1891. Dr. McFarland's serv- ices were in frequent request as a medical expert in cases before the courts, invariably, however, on the side of the defense. The last case in which he appeared as a witness was at the trial of Charles F. Guiteau, the assassin of President Garfield, wliom he believed to be insane. McGAHET, David, settled in Crawford County, 111., in 1817, and served as Representative from that County in the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1822-26), and as Senator in the Eighth and Ninth (1832-36). Although a native of Tennessee, Mr. McGahey was a strong opponent of slavery, and, at the session of 1822, was one of those who voted against the pro-slavery Constitu- tion resolution. He continued to reside in Law- rence County until his death in 1851. — James D. (McGahey), a son of the preceding, was elected to the Ninth General Assembly from Crawford County, in 1834, but died during his term of service. McGANX, Lawrence Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in Ireland, Feb. 2, 1852. His father having died in 1884, the following year his mother emigrated to the United States, settling at Milford, Mass., where he attended the public schools. In 1865 he came to Chicago, and, for fourteen years, found employment as a shoe- maker. In 1879 he entered the municipal service as a clerk, and, on Jan. 1, 1885, was appointed City Superintendent of Streets, resigning in May, 1891. He was elected in 1892, as a Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois District in the Fifty -second Congress, and re-elected to the Fifty- third. In 1894 he was a candidate for re-election and received a certificate of election by a small majority over Hugh R. Belknap (Republican). An investigation iiaving shown his defeat, he 364 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. magnanimously surrendered his seat to his com- petitor without a contest. He has large business interests in Chicago, especially in street railroad property, being President of an important elec- tric line. McHENRT, a village in MoHenry County, situ- ated on the Fox River and the Chicago & North- western Railway. The river is here navigable for steamboats of light draft, which ply between the town and Fox Lake, a favorite resort for sports- men. The town has bottling works, a creamer}', marble and granite works, cigar factory, flour mills, brewery, bank, four churches, and one weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 979; (1900), 1,013. McHENRY, William, legislator and soldier of the Black Hawk War, came from Kentucky to Illinois in 1809, locating in White County, and afterwards became prominent as a legislator and soldier in the War of 1812, and in the Black Hawk War of 1833, serving in the latter as Major of the "Spy Battalion" and participating in the battle of Bad Axe. He also served as Represent- ative in the First, Fourth, Fifth and Ninth Gen- eral Assemblies, and as Senator in the Sixth and Seventh. While serving his last term in the House (1835), he died and was buried at Vandalia, then the State capital. McHenry County — organ- ized by act of the Legislature, passed at a second session during the winter of 1835-36 — was named in his honor McHENRY COUNTY, lies in the northern por- tion of the State, bounded on the north by Wis- consin — named for Gen. William McHenry. Its area is 634 square miles. With what is now the County of Lake, it was erected into a county in 1836, the county-seat being at McHenry. Three years later the eastern part was set off as the County of Lake, and the county -seat of McHenry County removed to Woodstock, the geograph- ical center. The soil is well watered by living springs and is highly productive. Hardwood groves are numerous. Fruits and berries are extensively cultivated, but the herbage is espe- cially adapted to dairying, Kentucky blue grass being indigenous. Large quantities of milk are daily shipped to Chicago, and the annual pro- duction of butter and cheese reaches into the millions of pounds. The geological formations comprise the drift and the Cincinnati and Niagara groups of rooks. Near Fox River are found gravel ridges. Vegetable remains and logs of wood have been found at various depths in the drift deposits ; in one instance a cedar log, seven inches in diameter, having been discovered forty- two feet below the surface. Peat is found every- where, although the most extensive deposits are in the northern half of the county, where they exist in sloughs covering several thousands of acres. Several lines of railroad cross the county, and every important village is a railway station. Woodstock, Marengo, and Harvard are the prin- cipal towns. Population (1880), 24,908; (1890), 26,114; (1900), 39,759. McINTOSH, (Capt.) Alexander, was born in Fulton County, N. Y., in 1832; at 19 years of age entered an academy at Galway Center, remaining three years; in 1845 removed to Joliet, 111., and, two years later, started "The Joliet True Democrat," but sold out the next year, and, in 1849, went to California. Returning in 1852, he bought back "The True Democrat," which he edited until 1857, meanwhile (1856) having been elected Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder of Will County. In 1863 he was appointed by President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quarter- master, serving under General Sherman in 1864 and in the "March to the Sea,' and, after the war, being for a time Post Quartermaster at Mobile. Having resigned in 1866, he engaged in mercantile business at Wilmington, Will County ; but, in 1869, bought "The Wilmington Independ- ent," which he published until 1873. The next year he returned to Joliet, and, a few months after, became political editor of "The Joliet Republican," and was subsequently connected, in a similar capacity, with other papers, including "The Phoenix" and "The Sun" of the same city. Died, in Joliet, Feb. 3, 1899. McKEXDREE, William, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, was born in Virginia, in 1757, enlisted as a private in the War of the Revolution, but later served as Adjutant and in the commissary depart- ment. He was converted at 30 years of age, and the next year began preaching in his native State, being advanced to the position of Presiding Elder; in 1800 was transferred to the West, Illi- nois falling within his District. Here he remained until his elevation to the episcopacy in 1808. McKendree College, at Lebanon, received its name from him, together with a donation of 480 acres of land. Died, near Nashville, Tenn., March 5, 1835. McKENDREE COLLEGE, one of the earliest of Illinois colleges, located at Lebanon and incorpo- rated in 1835. Its founding was suggested by Rev. Peter Cartwright, and it may be said to have had its inception at the Methodist Episcopal Conference held at Mount Carmel, in September, 1827. The first funds for its establishment were subscribed by citizens of Lebanon, who contrib- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 365 uted from their scanty means, SI, 385. Instruc- tion began, Nov. 24, 1828, under Rev. Edward Ames, afterwards a Bishop of the Methodist Epis- copal Church. In 1830 Bishop McKendree made a donation of land to the infant institution, and the school was named in his lionor. It cannot be said to have become really a college until 1836, and its first class graduated in 1841. University powers were granted it by an amendment to its charter in 1839. At present the departments are as follows; Preparatorj', business, classical, scientific, law, music and oratory. The institu- tion owns propertj- to the value of §90.000, includ- ing an endowment of §25,000, and has about 200 students, of both sexes, and a faculty of ten instructors. (See Colleges, Early.) McLaren, William Edward, Episcopal Bishop, was born at Geneva, X. Y., Dec. 13, 1831; gradu- ated at Washington and Jefferson College (Wash- ington, Pa.) in 1851, and, after six years spent in teaching and in journalistic work, entered Alle- gheny Theological Seminary, graduating and entering the Presbyterian ministrj- in 1860. For three years he was a missionary at Bogota, South America, and later in charge of churclies at Peoria, 111., and Detroit, Mich. Having entered the Protestant Episcopal Church, he was made a deacon in July, 1872, and ordained priest the fol- lowing October, immediately thereafter assuming the pastorate of Trinity Church, Cleveland, Ohio. In July, 1875, he was elected Bishop of the Prot- estant Episcopal Diocese of Illinois, which then included the whole State. Subsequently, the dioceses of Quincy and Springfield were erected tlierefrom, Bishop McLaren remaining at the head of the Chicago See. During his episcopate, church work has been active and effective, and the Western Theological Seminary in Chicago has been founded. His published works include numerous sermons, addresses and poems, besides a volume entitled "Catholic Dogma tlie Antidote to Doubt" (New York, 1884). Mclaughlin, Robert K., early lawyer and State Treasurer, was born in Virginia, Oct. 25, 1779; before attaining his majority went to Ken- tucky, and, about 1815, removed to Illinois, set- tling finally at Belleville, where he entered upon the practice of law. The first public position held b}- him seems to have been that of Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of both Houses of the Third (or last) Territorial Legislature (1816-18). In August, 1819, he entered upon the duties of State Treasurer, as successor to John Thomas, who had been Treasurer during the whole Territorial period, serving until January, 1823. Becoming a citizen of Vandalia, by the removal thither of the State capital a few months later, he continued to reside there the remainder of his life. He subse- quently represented the Fayette District as Representative in the Fifth General Assembly, and as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh and Tenth, and, in 1837, became Register of the Land Office at Vandalia, serving until 1845. Although an uncle of Gen. Joseph Duncan, he became a can- didate for Governor against the latter, in 1834, standing third on the list. He married a Miss Bond, a niece of Gov. Shadrach Bond, under whose administration he served as State Treasurer. Died, at Vandalia, May 39, 1862. McLEAX, a village of McLean County, on the Chicago it Alton Railway, 14 miles southwest of Bloomington, in a farming, dairying and stock- growing district; has one weekly paper. Popu- lation (1890). 500; (1900), 532. McLEAX, John, early United States Senator, was born in North Carolina in 1791, brought by his father to Kentucky when four years old, and. at 23, was admitted to the bar and removed to Illinois, settling at Shawneetown in 1815. Pos. sessing oratorical gifts of a high order and an almost magnetic power over men, coupled with strong common sense, a keen sense of humor and, great command of language, he soon attained prominence at the bar and as a popular speaker. In 1818 he was elected the first Representative in Congress from the new State, defeating Daniel P. Cook, but served only a few months, being de- feated by Cook at the next election. He was three times elected to the Legislature, serving once as Speaker. In 1824 he was cliosen United States Senator to succeed Governor Edwards (who had resigned), serving one year. In 1828 he was elected for a second time by a unanimous vote, but lived to serve only one session, dying at Shawneetown, Oct. 4, 1830. In testimony of the public appreciation of the loss which the State liad sustained by his death, McLean County was named in his honor. McLEAN COUNTY, the largest county of the State, having an area of 1166 square miles, is central as to the region north of tlie latitude of St. Louis and about midway between that city and Chicago — was named for John McLean, an early United States Senator. The early immi- grants were largely from Oliio, although Ken- tucky and New York were well represented. The county was organized in 1830, the population at that time being about 1,200. The greater portion of the surface is high, undulating prairie, with occasional groves and belts of timber. On the 366 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. creek bottoms are found black walnut, sycamore, buckej-e, black ash and elm, while the sandy ridges are covered with scrub oak and black-jack. The soil is extremely fertile (generally a rich, brown loam), and the entire county is underlaid with coal. The chief occupations are stock-rais- ing, coal-mining, agriculture and manufactures. Sugar and Mackinaw Creeks, with their tribu- taries, afford thorough drainage. Sand and gravel beds are numerous, but vary greatly in depth. At Chenoa one has been found, in boring for coal, thirty feet thick, overlaid by forty-five feet of the clay common to this formation. The upper seam of coal in the Bloomington shafts is No. 6 of the general section, and the lower, No. 4 ; the latter averaging four feet in thickness. The principal towns are Bloomington (the county- seat). Normal, Lexington, LeRoy and Chenoa. Population (1890), G3,036; (1900), 67,843. McLEAXSBORO, a city and the county-seat of Hamilton County, upon a branch of the Louis- ville ct Nashville Railroad, 102 miles east south- east of St. Louis and about 48 miles southeast of Centralis. The people are enterprising and pro- gressive, the city is up-to-date and prosperous, supporting three banks and six churches. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Popula- tion (1880), 1,341; (1890). 1,355; (1900), 1,758. McMULLIN, James C, Railway Manager, was born at Watertown. N. Y., Feb. 13, 1836; began work as Freight and Ticket Agent of the Great Western Railroad (now Wabash), at Decatur, 111., May, 1857, remaining until 1860, when he accepted the position of Freight Agent of the Chicago & Alton at Springfield. Here he re- mained until Jan. 1, 1863, when he was trans- ferred in a similar capacity to Chicago; in September, 1864, became Superintendent of the Northern Division of the Chicago & Alton, after- wards successively filling the positions of Assist- ant General Superintendent (1867), General Superintendent (1868-78) and General Manager (1878-83). The latter year he was elected Vice- President, remaining in office some ten years, when ill-health compelled his retirement. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 30. 1896. McMURTRT, William, Lieutenant-Governor, was born in Mercer County, Ky., Feb. 20, 1801; removed from Kentucky to Crawford County, Ind., and, in 1829, came to Knox County, 111., settling in Henderson Township. He was elected Representative in the Tenth General Assembly (1836), and to the Senate in 1842, serving in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies. In 1848 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the same ticket with Gov. A. C. French, being the first to hold the office under the Constitution adopted that year. In 1862 he assisted in raising the One Hundred and Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and, although advanced in years, was elected Colonel, but a few weeks later was compelled to accept a discharge on account of failing health. Died, April 10, 1875. McNEELET, Thompson W., lawyer and ex-Con- gressman, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Oct. 5, 1835, and graduated at Lombard University, Galesburg, at the age of 21. The following year he was licensed to practice, but continued to pur- sue his professional studies, attending the Law University at Louisville, Ky., from which insti- tution he graduated in 1859. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and chairman of the Democratic State Central Com- mittee in 1878. From 1869 to 1873 he represented his District in Congress, resuming his practice at Petersburg, Menard County, after his retire- ment. McXULTA, Jolin, soldier and ex-Congressman, was born in New York City, Nov. 9, 1837, received an academic education, was admitted to the bar, and settled at Bloomington, in this State, while yet a young man. On May 3, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Union army, and served until August 9, 1865, rising, successively, to the rank of Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. From 1869 to 1873 he was a member of the lower house of the General Assembly from McLean County, and, in 1872, was elected to the Forty-third Congress, as a Repub- lican. General McNulta has been prominent in the councils of the Republican party, standing second on the ballot for a candidate for Governor, in the State Convention of 1888, and serving as Permanent President of the State Convention of 1890. In 1896 he was one of the most earnest advocates of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for President. Some of his most important work, within the past few years, has been performed in connection with receiverships of certain railway und other corporations, especially that of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad, from 1884 to 1890. He is now (1898) Receiver of the National Bank of Illinois, Chicago. Died Feb. 22, 1900. McPHERSOJT, Simeon J., clergyman, de- scended from the Clan McPherson of Scotland, was born at Mumford, Monroe County, N. Y.. Jan. 19, 1850; prepared for college at Leroy and Fulton, and graduated at Princeton, N. J., in 1874. Then, after a year's service as teacher of mathematics at his Alma Mater, he entered the Theological HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 367 Seminary there, and graduated from that depart- ment in 1879, having in the meantime traveled tlirough Europe, Egypt and Palestine. He was licensed to preach by the Rochester Presbytery in 1877, and spent three years (1879-82) in pas- toral labor at East Orange, N. J. ; when he ac- cepted a call to the Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until the early part of 1899, wlien he tendered his resignation to accept the position of Director of the Lawrenceville Prepar- atory Academy of Princeton College, N. J. McROBERTS, Josiah, jurist, was bom in Monroe County, 111.. June 12, 1820; graduated from St. Mary's College (Mo.) in 1839; studied law at Danville, 111., with his brother Samuel, and. in 1842, entered the law department of Transylvania University, graduating in 1844, after which he at once began practice. In 1846 he was elected to the State Senate for the Cham- paign and Vermilion District, at the expiration of his term removing to Joliet. In 1852 he was appointed by Governor Matteson Trustee of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, which oflBce he held for four years. In 1866 he was appointed Circuit Court Judge by Governor Oglesby, to fill a va- cancy, and was re-elected in 1867, "73, '79, and '85, but died a few months after his last election. McROBERTS, Samuel, United States Sena- tor, was born in Monroe County, 111., Feb. 20, 1799 ; graduated from Transylvania University in 1819; in 1821, was elected the first Circuit Clerk of his native county, and, in 1825, appointed Circuit Judge, which office he held for three years. In 1828 he was elected State Senator, representing the district comprising Monroe, Clinton and "Washington Counties. Later he was appointed United States District Attorney by President Jackson, but soon resigned to become Receiver of Public Moneys at Danville, by appointment of President Van Buren, and, in 1839, Solicitor of the General Land Office at "Washington. Resigning the latter office in the fall of 1841, at the next session of the Illinois Legislature he was elected United States Senator to succeed John M. Robinson, deceased. Died, at Cincinnati. Ohio, March 22, 1843, being suc- ceeded by James Semple. Mc'>'ICKER, James Hubert, actor and theat- rical manager, was born in New York City, Feb. 14, 1822; thrown upon his own resources by the death of his father in infancy and the necessity of assi-sting to support his widowed mother, he early engaged in various occupations, until, at the age of 15, he became an apprentice in the office of "The St. Louis Republican," three years later becoming a journeyman printer. He first appeared on the stage in the St. Charles Theater, New Orleans, in 1843 ; two years later was prin- cipal comedian in Rice's Theater, Chicago, re- maining until 1852, when he made a tour of the country, appearing Ln Yankee characters. About 1855 he made a tour of England and, on his return, commenced building his first Chicago theater, which was opened, Nov. 3. 1857, and was conducted with varied fortune until burned down in the great fire of 1871. Rebuilt and remodeled from time to time, it burned down a second time in August, 1890, the losses from these several fires having imposed upon Mr. McVicker a heavy burden. Although an excellent comedian, Mr. McVicker did not appear on the stage after 1882, from that date giving his attention entirely to management. He enjoyed in an eminent degree the respect and confidence, not only of the profession, but of the general public. Died in Chicago, March 7, 1896. Mc WILLIAMS, David, banker. Dwight, 111., was born in Belmont Count}-, Ohio, Jan. 14, 1834; was brought to Illinois in infancy and grew up on a farm until 14 years of age, when he entered the office of the Pittsfield (Pike County) "Free Press" as an apprentice. In 1849 he engaged in the lumber trade with his father, the management of which devolved upon him a few years later. In the early 50's he was, for a time, a student in Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not graduate ; in 1855 removed to Dwight, Livingston County, then a new town on the line of the Chi- cago & Alton Railroad, which had been completed to that point a few months previous. Here he erected the first store building in the town, and put in a $2,000 stock of goods on borrowed capi- tal, remaining in the mercantile business for eighteen years, and retaining an interest in the establishment seven years longer. In the mean- time, while engaged in merchandising, he began a banking business, which was enlarged on his retirement from the former, receiving his entire attention. The profits derived from his banking business were invested in farm lands until he became one of the largest land -owners in Living- ston County. Mr. McWilliams is one of the original members of the first Methodist Episcopal Church organized at Dwight, and has served as a lay delegate to several General Conferences of that denomination, as well as a delegate to the Ecumenical Council in London in 1881 ; has also been a liberal contributor to the support of vari- ous literary and theological institutions of the church, and has served for many years as a Trus- 368 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tee of the Northwestern University at Evanston. In politics he is a zealous Republican, and has repeatedly served as a delegate to the State Con- ventions of that partj', including the Bloomington Convention of 1856, and was a candidate for Presidential Elector for the Ninth District on the Blaine ticket in 1884. He has made several ex- tended tours to Europe and other foreign coun- tries, the last including a trip to Eg3-pt and the Holy Land, during 1898-99. MECHANICSBURG, a village of Sangamon County, near the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Springfield. Population (1880), 396; (1890), 426; (1900), 4T6. MEDILL, Joseph, editor and newspaper pub- lisher, was born, April 6, 1823, in the vicinity (now a part of the city) of St. John, N. B., of Scotch- Irish parentage, but remotely of Huguenot descent. At nine years of age he accompanied his parents to Stark County, Ohio, where he enjoyed such educational advantages as belonged to that region and period. He entered an acad- emy with a view to preparing for college, but his family having suffered from a fire, he was com- pelled to turn his attention to business; studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1846, and began practice at New Philadelphia, in Tuscarawas County. Here he caught the spirit of journalism by frequent visits to the office of a local paper, learned to set type and to work a hand-press. In 1849 he bought a paper at Coshocton, of which he assumed editorial charge, employing his brothers as assistants in various capacities. The name of this paper was "The Coshocton Whig," which he soon changed to "The Republican," in which he dealt vigorous blows at political and other abuses, which several times brought upon him assaults from his political opponents — that being the style of political argument in those days. Two years later, having sold out "The Repub- lican," he established "The Daily Forest City" at Cleveland — a Whig paper with free-soil proclivi- ties. The following year "The Forest City" was consolidated with "The Free-Democrat," a Free- Soil paper under the editorship of John C. Vaughan, a South Carolina Abolitionist, the new paper taking the name of "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill, with the co-operation of Mr. Vaughan, then went to work to secure the consolidation of the elements opposed to slavery in one compact organization. In this he was aided by the introduction of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in Congress, in December, 1853, and. before its passage in May following, Mr. Medill had begun to agitate the question of a union of all opposed to that measure in a new party under the name "Republican." During the winter of 1854-55 he received a call from Gen. J. D. Web- ster, at that time part owner of "The Chicago Tribune," which resulted in his visiting Chicago a few months later, and his purchase of an inter- est in the paper, his connection with the concern dating from June 18, 1855. He was almost immediately joined by Dr. Charles H. Ray, who had been editor of "The Galena Jeffersonian," and, still later, by J. C. Vaughan and Alfred Cowles. who had been associated with him on "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill assumed the position of managing editor, and, on the retirement of Dr. Ray, in 1863. became editor-in- chief until 1866, when he gave place to Horace White, now of "The New York Evening Post." During the Civil War period he was a zealous supporter of President Lincoln's emancipation policy, and served, for a time, as President of the "Loyal League," which proved such an influ- ential factor in upholding the hands of the Gov- ernment during the darkest period of the rebellion. In 1869 Mr. Medill was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, and, in that body, was the leading advocate of the principle of "minority representation" in the election of Representatives, as it was finally incorporated in the Constitution. In 1871 he was appointed by President Grant a member of the first Civil Service Commission, representing a principle to which he ever remained thoroughly committed. A few weeks after the great fire of the same year, he was elected Mayor of the city of Chicago. The financial condition of the city at the time, and other questions in issue, involved great diffi- culties and responsibilities, which he met in a way to command general approval. During his administration the Chicago Public Library was established, Mr. Medill delivering the address at its opening, Jan. 1, 1873. Near the close of his term as Mayor, he resigned the office and spent the following year in Europe. Almost simultane- ously with his return from his European trip, he secured a controlling interest in "The Tribune," resuming control of the paper, Nov. 9, 1874, which, as editor-in-chief, he retained for the remainder of his life of nearly twenty-five years. The growth of the paper in business and influence, from the beginning of his connection with it, was one of the marvels of journalism, making it easily one of the most successful newspaper ventures in the United States, if not in the world. Early in December, 1898, Mr. Medill went to San Antonio, Texas, hoping to receive relief in that HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 369 mild climate from a chronic disease which had been troubling liim for years, but died in that city, March 16, 1899, within three weeks of hav- ing reached his 76th birthday. Tlie conspicuous features of his character were a strong individu- ality and indomitable perseverance, which led him never to accept defeat. A few weeks i)revi- ous to his death, facts were developed going to show tliat, in 1881, he was offered, by President Garfield, the position of Postmaster General, which was declined, when he was tendered the choice of any position in the Cabinet except two which had been previously promised; also, that he was offered a position in President Harrison's Cabinet, in 1889. MEDILL, (Maj.) William H., soldier, was born at Massillon, Ohio, Nov. 5, 1835; in 1855, came to Chicago and was associated with "The Prairie Farmer."' Subsequently he was editor of "The Stark County (Ohio) Republican," but again returning to Chicago, at the beginning of the war, was employed on "The Tribune," of which his brother (Hon. Joseph Medill) was editor. After a few months' service in Barker's Dragoons (a short-time organization), in Septem- ber, 1861, he joined the Eighth Illinois Cavalry (Colonel Farnsworth's), and, declining an election as Major, was chosen Senior Captain. The regi- ment soon joined the Army of the Potomac. By the promotion of his superior officers Captain Medill was finally advanced to the command, and, during the Peninsular campaign of 1862, led his troops on a reconnoissance within twelve miles of Richmond. At the battle of Gettysburg he had command of a portion of his regiment, acquit- ting himself with great credit. A few days after, while attacking a party of rebels who were attempting to build a bridge across the Potomac at Williamsburg, he received a fatal woimd through the lungs, dying at Frederick City, July 16, 1863. MEEKER, Moses, pioneer, was born in New- ark, N. J., June 17, 1790; removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1817, engaging in the manufacture of white lead until 1822, when he headed a pioneer expedition to the frontier settlement at Galena, III., to enter upon the business of smelting lead- ore. He served as Captain of a company in the Black Hawk War, later removing to Iowa County, Wis., where he built the first smelting works in that Territory, served in the Territorial Legislature (1840-43) and in the first Constitu- tional Convention (1846). A "History of the Early Lead Regions," by him, appears in the sixth volume of "The Wisconsin Historical Soci- ety Collections." Died, at ShuUsburg, Wis., July 7, 1865. MELROSE, a suburb of Chicago, 11 miles west of the initial station of the Chicago & North- western Railroad, upon which it is located. It lias two or three churches, some manufacturing establishments and one weekly paper. Popula- tion (1890), 1,050; (1900), 2,592. MEMBRE, Zenobius, French missionary, was born in France in 1645 ; accompanied La Salle on his expedition to Illinois in 1679. and remained at Fort Creve-Coeur with Henry de Tonty ; descended the Mississippi with La Salle in 1682; returned to France and wrote a history of the expedition, and, in 1684, accompanied La Salle on his final expedition ; is supposed to have landed with La Salle in Texas, and there to have been massacred by the natives in 1687. (See La Salic and Tonty.) MENARD, Pierre, French pioneer and first Lieutenant-Governor, was born at St. Antoine, Can., Oct. 7, 1766; settled at Kaskaskia, in 1790, and engaged in trade. Becoming interested in politics, he was elected to the Territorial Council of Indiana, and later to the Legislative Council of Illinois Territory, being presiding officer of the latter until the admission of Illinois as a State. He was, for several years. Government Agent, and in this capacity negotiated several important treaties with the Indians, of whose characteris- tics he seemed to have an intuitive perception. He was of a nervous temperament, impulsive and generous. In 1818 he was elected the first Lieu- tenant-Governor of the new State. His term of office having expired, he retired to private life and the care of his extensive business. He died at Kaskaskia, in June, 1844, leaving what was then considered a large estate. Among his assets, however, were found a large number of promis- sory notes, which he had endorsed for personal friends, besides many uncollectable accounts from poor people, to whom he had sold goods through pure generosity. Menard County was named for him, and a statue in his honor stands in the capitol grounds at Springfield, erected bj' the son of his old partner — Cliarles Pierre Chou- teau, of St. Louis. MENARD COUNTY, near the geographical center of the State, and originally a part of Sangamon, but separately organized in 1839, the Provisional Commissioners being Joseph Wat- kins, William Engle and George W. Simpson. The county was named in honor of Pierre Menard, who settled at Kaskaskia prior to the Territorial organization of Illinois. (See Menard, Pierre.) Cotton was an important crop until 1830, when 370 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. agriculture underwent a change. Stock-raising is DOW extensively carried on. Three fine veins of bituminous coal underlie the county. Among early American settlers may be mentioned the Clarys. Matthew Rogers, Amor Batterton, Solo- mon Pruitt and William Gideon. The names of Meadows, Montgomery, Green, Boyer and Grant are also familiar to early settlers. The county furnished a company of eighty -six volunteers for the Mexican War. The county-seat is at Peters- burg. The area of the county is 320 square miles, and its population, under the last census, 14,336. In 1829 was laid out the town of Salem, now extinct, but for some years the home of Abraham Lincoln, who was once its Postmaster, and who marched thence to the Black Hawk War as Captain of a company. MENDON, a town of Adams County, on the Burlington & Quincy Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 15 miles northeast of Quincy; has a bank and a newspaper; is sur- rounded bj- a farming and stock-raising district. Population (1880), 652; (1890) 640; (1900), 627. MENDOTA, a city in La Salle County founded in 1853, at the junction of the Chicago. Burlington 'APERTILLE, acity of Du Page County on the west branch of the Du Page River and on the Chicago, Burlington it Quincy Railroad, 30 miles west-southwest of Chicago, and 9 miles east of Aurora. It has three banks, a weekly newspaper, stone quarries, couch factory, and nine churches; is also the seat of the Northwestern College, an institution founded in 1861 by the Evangelical Association ; the college now has a normal school department. Population (1890), 2,216; (1900), 2,629 XAPLES, a town of Scott County, on the Illi- nois River and the Hannibal and Naples branch of the Wabash Railway. 21 miles west of Jackson- ville. Population (1890), 4.52; (1900), 398. XASHVILLE, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Washington County, on the Centralia & Chester and the Louisville & Nashville Railways; is 120 miles south of Springfield and .50 miles east by south from St. Louis. It stands in a coal- producing and rich agricultural region There aie two coal mines within the corporate limits, and two large flouring mills do a considerable business. There are numerous churches, public schools, including a high school, a State bank, and four weekly papers. Population (1880), 2,222; (1890), 2,084; (1900), 2,184. N.VUYOO, a city in Hancock Countj-, at the head of the L<5wer Rapids on the Mississippi, between Fort Madison and Keokuk, Iowa. It was founded by the Mormons in 1840. and its early growth was rapid. After the expulsion of the "Saints" in 1846, it was settled by a colony of French Icarians, who introduced the culture of grapes on a large scale. They were a sort of communistic order, but their experiment did not prove a success, and in a few years they gave place to another class, the majority of the popu- lation now being of German extraction. The chief industries are agriculture and horticulture. Large quantities of grapes and strawberries are raised and shipped, and considerable native wine is produced. Population (1880), 1,402; (1890), 1,208; (per census 1900), 1,321. (See also Mor- mons. ) NAVIGABLE STREAMS (by Stntnte). Fol- lowing the example of the French explorers, who chiefly followed the water-waj's in their early explorations, the early permanent settlers of Illi- nois, not only settled, to a great extent, on the principal stream.s. but later took especial pains to maintain their navigable character by statute. This was, of course, partly due to the absence of improved highways, but also to the belief that, as the country developed, the streams would become extremely valuable, if not indispensable, especially in the transportation of heavy conmiod- ities. Accordingly, for the first quarter century after the organization of the State Government, one of the questions receiving the attention of the Legislature, at almost every session, was the enactment of laws affirming the navigability of certain streams now regarded as of little impor- tance, or utterly insignificant, as channels of 3U HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. transportation. Legislation of tliis character began with the first General Assemblj- (1819), and continued, at intervals, with reference to one or two of the more important interior rivers of the State, as late as 1867. Besides the Illinois and Wabash, still recognized as navigable streams, the following were made the subject of legislation of this character: Beaucoup Creek, a branch of the Big Muddy, in Perry and Jackson Counties (law of 1819); Big Bay, a tributary of the Ohio in Pope County (Acts of 1833); Big Muddy, to tlie junction of the East and West Forks in Jefferson County (183.5), witli various subsequent amendments; Big Vermilion, declared navigable (1831); Bon Pas, a branch of the Wabash, between Wabash and Edwards Coun- ties (1831) ; Cache River, to main fork in Johnson County (1819); Des Plaines, declared navigable (1839) ; Embarras (1831), with various subsequent acts in reference to improvement; Fox River, declared navigable to the Wisconsin line (1840), and Fox River Navigation Company, incorpo rated (185.5); Kankakee and Iroquois Navigation & Manufacturing Company, incorporated (1847), with various changes and amendments (1851-65) ; Kaskaskia (or Okaw), declared navigable to a point in Faj-ette County north of Vandalia (1819), with various modifying acts (1823-67) ; Macoupin Creek, to CarroUton and Alton road (1837); Piasa, declared navigable in Jersey and Madison Counties (1861); Rock River Navigation Com- pany, incorporated (1841), with subsequent acts (1845-67) ; Sangamon River, declared navigable to Third Principal Meridian — east line of Sanga- mon County — (1822), and the North Fork of same to Champaign County (1845); Sny-Carty (a bayou of the Mississippi), declared navigable in Pike and Adams Counties (1859); Spoon River, navi- gable to Cameron's mill in Fulton County (1835), with various modifying acts (1845-53); Little Wabash Navigation Company, incorporated and river declared navigable to McCawley's bridge — probably in Clay Coimty — (1826), with various subsequent acts making appropriations for its improvement; Skillet Fork (a branch of the Little Wabasli), declared navigable to Slocum's Mill in Marion County (1837), and to Ridgway Mills (1846). Other acts passed at various times declared a number of unim- portant streams navigable, including Big Creek in Fulton County, Crooked Creek in Schuyler County, Lusk's Creek in Pope County, McKee's Creek in Pike County. Seven Jlile Creek in Ogle County, besides a number of others of similar character. >'EALE, THOMAS M., pioneer lawyer, was born in Fauquier County, Va., 1796; while yet a child removed with his parents to Bowling Green, Ky., and became a common soldier in the War of 1812; came to Springfield. 111., in 1824, and began tlie practice of law ; served as Colonel of a regi- ment raised in Sangamon and Morgan Counties for the Winnebago War (1827), and afterwards as Surveyor of Sangamon County, appointing Abraham Lincoln as his deputy. He also served as a Justice of the Peace, for a number of years, at Springfield. Died, August 7, 1840. NEECE, William H., ex-Congressman, was born, Feb. 26, 1831, in what is now a part of Logan County, 111., but which was then within the limits of Sangamon ; was reared on a farm and attended the public schools in McDonough County ; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1858, and has been ever since engaged in practice. His political career began in 1861, when he was chosen a member of the City Coun. cil of Macomb. In 1864 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1869, a member of the Con- stitutional Convention. In 1871 he was again elected to the lower house of the General Assem- bly, and. in 1878, to the State Senate. From 1883 to 1887 he represented the Eleventh Illinois Dis- trict in Congress, as a Democrat, but was defeated for reelection in 1890 by William H. Gest, Republican. NEGROES. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) >'EOGA, a village of Cumberland County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railways, 20 miles southwest of Charleston; has a bank, two newspapers, some manufactories, and ships grain, hay, fruit and live-stock. Pop. (1890), 829; (1900), 1,126 NEPONSET, a village and station on the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, in Bureau County, 4 miles southwest of Mendota. Popula- tion (1880), 652; (1890), 542; (1900), 516. NEW ALBANY & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (Consoli- dated) Railroad.) NEW ATHENS, a village of St. Clair County, on the St. Louis & Cairo "Short Line" (now Illi- nois Central) Railroad, at the crossing of the Kas- kaskia River, 31 miles southeast of St. Louis ; has one newspaper and considerable grain trade. Population (1880), 603; (1890), 624; (1900), 856. NEW BERLIN, a village of Sangamon County, on the Wabash Railwaj-. 17 miles west of Spring- field. Population (1880). 403; (1900), 533. NEWBERRY LIBRARY, a large reference li- brary, located in Chicago, endowed by Walter L. Q Art Institute Public Library. Armour Institute. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. Court-Houso. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 395 Newberry, an early business man of Chicago, who left half of his estate (aggregating over $2,000,000) for the purpose. The property' bequeathed was largely in real estate, which has since greatl)' in- creased in value. The library was established in temporary quarters in 1887, and the first section of a permanent building was opened in the autumn of 1893. By that time there had been accumulated about 160.000 books and pamphlets. A collection of nearly fifty portraits — chiefly of eminent Americans, including many citizens of Chicago — was presented to the library by G. P. A. Healy, a distinguished artist, since deceased. The site of the building occupies an entire block, and the original design contemplates a handsome front on each of the four streets, with a large rectangular court in the center. The section already completed is massive and imposing, and its interior is admirably adapted to the purposes of a library, and at the same time rich and beautiful. When completed, the building will have a capacity for four to six million vokimes. JiEWBERRT, Walter C, ex-Congressman, was born at Sangerfield, Oneida County, X. Y., Dec. 23, 183.5. Early in the Civil War he enlisted as a private, and rose, step by step, to a colonelcy, and was mustered out as Brevet Brigadier-General. In 1890 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the Fourth Illinois District in the Fifty-second Congress (1891-93). His home is in Chicago. NEWBERRY, Walter L., merchant, banker and philanthroiiist, was born at East Windsor, Conn., Sept. 18, 1804, descended from English ancestry. He was President Jackson's personal appointee to the United States Military Acadenij' at West Point, but was prevented from taking the exami- nation by sickness. Subsequently he embarked in business at Buffalo, N. Y., going to Detroit in 1828, and settling at Chicago in 1833. After engaging in general merchandising for several years, he turned his attention to banking, in which he accumulated a large fortune. He was a prominent and influential citizen, serving .several terms as President of the Board of Edu- cation, and being, for six years, the President of the Chicago Historical Society. He died at sea, Nov. 6, 1868, leaving a large estate, one-half of which he devoted, by will, to the founding of a free reference library in Chicago. (See Newberry Library. ) XEW BOSTON, a city of Mercer County, on the Mississippi River, at the western terminus of the Galva and New Boston Division of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railway. Population (1890), 44.5; (1900), 703. NEW BRIGHTON, a village of St. Clair County and suburb of East St. Louis. Population (1890), 868. NEW BURNSIDE, a village of Johnson County, on the Cairo Division of the Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, .53 miles northeast of Cairo. Population (1880), 650; (1890), 596; (1900), 468. NEW DOUGLAS, a village in Madison County, on the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroad ; in farming and fruit-growing region ; has coal mine, flour mill and newspaper. Population (1900), 469. NEWELL, John, Railway President, was born at West Newbury, Mass., Marcli 31, 1830, being directly descended from "Pilgrim" stock. At the age of 16 he entered the employment of the Cheshire Railroad in New Hampshire. Eighteen months later he was appointed an assistant engi- neer on the Vermont Central Railroad, and placed in charge of the construction of a 10-mile section of the line. His promotion was rapid, and, in 1850, he accepted a responsible position on the Champlain & St. Lawrence Railroad. From 1850 to 1856 he was engaged in making surveys for roads in Kentucky and New York, and, during the latter year, held the position of engineer of the Cairo City Company, of Cairo, 111. In 1857 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Rail- road Company, as Division Engineer, where his remarkable success attracted the attention of the owners of the old Winona & St. Peter Railr oad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern system), who tendered him the presidency. This he accepted, but, in 1864, was made President of the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad. Four years later, he accepted the position of General Superin- tendent and Chief Engineer of the New York Central Railroad, but resigned, in 1869, to become Vice-President of the Illinois Central Railroad. In 1871 he was elevated to the presidency, but retired in September, 1874, to accept the position of General Manager of the Lake Shore &• Michigan Southern Railroad, of which he was elected President, in May, 1883, and continued in office until the time of his death, which occurred at Youngstown, Ohio, August 25, 1894. NEWHALL, (Dr.) Horatio, early phy.sician and newspaper publisher, came from St. IjOuis, Mo., to Galena, 111., in 1837, and engaged in min- ing and smelting, but abandoned this business, the following year, for the practice of his profes- sion ; soon afterward became interested in the publication of "The Miners' Journal," and still later in "The Galena Advertiser," with which Hooper Warren and Dr. Philleo were associated. 396 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In 1830 he became a Surgeon in the United States Army, and was stationed at Fort Winnebago. but retired from the service, in 1832, and returned to Galena. When the Black Hawk War broke out he volunteered his services, and, by order of General Scott, was placed in charge of a military hospital at Galena, of which he had control until the close of the war. The difficulties of the posi- tion were increased by the appearance of the Asiatic cholera among the troops, but he seems to have discharged his duties with satisfaction to the military authorities. He enjoyed a wide reputation for professional ability, and had an extensive practice. Died, Sept. 19, 1870. NEWMAN, a village of Douglas County, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway. '>i miles east of Decatur; has a bank, a newspaper, can- ning factory, broom factory, electiic lights, and large trade in agricultural products and live- stock. Population (1890), 990; (1900), 1,166. NEWSPAPERS, EARLY. The first newspaper published in the Northwest Territory, of which the present State of Illinois, at the time, com- posed a part, was "TheCentinel of the Northwest Territory," established at Cincinnati by W^illiam Maxwell, the first issue appearing in November, 1793. This was also the first newspaper published west of the Allegheny Mountains. In 1796 it was sold to Edmund Freeman and assumed the name of "Freeman's Journal." Nathaniel Willis (grandfather of N. P. Willis, the poet) estab- lished "The Scioto Gazette," at Chillicothe. in 1790. "The Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette" was the third paper in Northwest Territory (also within the limits of Ohio), founded in 1799. Willis's paper became the organ of the Terri- torial Government on the removal of the capital to Chillicothe, in 1800. The first newspaper in Indiana Territory (then including Illinois) was established by Elihu Stout at Vincennes, beginning publication, July 4, 1804. It took the name of ' 'The W^estern Sim and Gen- eral Advertiser," but is now known as "The Western Sun," having had a continuous exist- ence for ninety-five 5'ears. The first newspaper published in Illinois Terri- torj- was "The Illinois Herald," but. owing to the absence of early files and other specific records, the date of its establishment has been involved in some doubt. Its founder was Matthew Dun- can (a brother of Josepli Duncan, who was after- wards a member of Congress and Governor of the State from 1834 to 1838), and its place of pub- lication Kaskaskia. at that time the Territorial capital. Duncan, who was a native of Kentucky, brought a press and a primitive printer's outfit with him from that State. Gov, John Reynolds, who came as a boy to the "Illinois Country" in 1800, while it was still a part of the "Northwest Territory," in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," lias fixed the date of the first issue of this paper in 1809, the same year in which Illinois was severed from Indiana Territory and placed under a separate Territorial Government, There is good reason, however, for believing that the Governor was mistaken in this statement. If Duncan brought his press to Illinois in 1809 — which is probable — it does not seem to have been employed at once in the publication of a news- paper, as Hooper Warren (the founder of the third paper established in Illinois) says it "was for years only used for the public printing." The earliest issue of "The Illinois Herald" known to be in existence, is No. 32 of Vol. II, and bears date, April 18, 1816. Calculating from these data, if the paper was issued continuously from its establishment, the date of the first issue would have been Sept. 6, 1814. Corroborative evidence of this is found in the fact that "The Missouri Gazette," the ori.ginal of the old "Missouri Repub- lican" (now "The St. Louis Republic"), which was established in 1808, makes no mention of the Kaskaskia paper before 1814, although communi- cation between Kaskaskia and St. Louis was most intimate, and these two were, for several years, the only papers published west of Vin- cennes, Ind. In August, 1817, "The -Herald" was sold to Daniel P. Cook and Robert Blackvvell, and the name of the paper was changed to "The Illinois Intelligencer." Cook — who had previously been Auditor of Public Accounts for the Territory, and afterwards became a Territorial Circuit Judge, the first Attorney-General under the new State Government, and. for eight years, served as the only Representative in Congress from Illinois — for a time officiated as editor of "The Intelli- gencer," while Blackwell (who had succeeded to the Auditorship) had charge of the publication. The size of the paper, which had been four pages of three wide columns to the page, was increased, by the new publishers, to four columns to the page. On the removal of the State capital to Vandalia, in 1820, "The Intelligencer" was removed thither also, and continued under its later name, afterwards becoming, after a change of management, an opponent of the scheme for the calling of a State Convention to revise the State Constitvition with a view to m.aking Illinois a slave State. (See Slavery and Slave Lairs.) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 397 The second paper established on Illinois soil was "The Shawnee Chief," which began publica- tion at Shawneetown, Sept. o, 1818. with Henry Eddy — who afterwards became a prominent law- yer of Southern Illinois — as its editor. The name of "The Chief" was soon afterwards changed to "The Illinois Emigrant, ' and some years later, became "The Shawneetown Gazette." Among others who were associated with the Shawnee- town paper, in early days, was James Hall, after- wards a Circuit Judge and State Treasurer, and, without doubt, the most prolific and popular writer of his day in Illinois. Later, he estab- lished "The Illinois Magazine" at Vandalia, sub- sequently removed to Cincinnati, and issued under the name of "The Western Monthlj- Magazine." He was also a frequent contributor to other maga- zines of that period, and author of several vol- umes, including "Legends of the West" and "Border Tales." During the contest over the slavery question, in 1823-24, "The Gazette" rendered valuable service to the anti-slavery party by the publication of articles in opposition to the Convention scheme, from the pen of Morris Birkbeck and others. The third Illinois paper— and, in 1823-24, the strongest and most influential opponent of the scheme for establishing slavery in Illinois — was "The Ed wardsville Spectator," which began pub lication at Edwardsville, Madison County, May 23, 1819. Hooper Warren was the publisher and responsible editor, though lie received valuable aid from the pens of Governor Coles. George Churchill, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Slorris Birkbeck and others. (See Warren, Hooper.) Warren sold "The Spectator" to Rev. Thomas Lippincott in 1825, and was afterwards associated with papers at Springfield, Galena, Chicago and elsewhere. The agitation of the slavery question (in part, at least) led to the establishment of two new papers in 1822. The first of these was "The Republican Advocate." which began publication at Kaskaskia, in April of that year, under the management of Elias Kent Kane, then an aspir- ant to the United States Senatorship. After his election to that office in 1824, "The Advocate" passed into the hands of Robert K. Fleming, who, after a period of suspension, established "The Kaskaskia Recorder." but, a year or two later, removed to Vandalia. "Tlie Star of the West" was established at Edwanlsville, as an opponent of Warren's "Spectator." the tir.st issue making its appearance. Sept. 14, 1822, with Theophilus W. Smith, afterwards a Justice of the Supreme Court, as its reputed editor. A few months later it passed into new hands, and, in August, 1823, assumed the name of "The Illinoi.s Republican." Both "The Republican Advocate" and "The Illinois Republican" were zealous organs of the pro-slavery partj'. With the settlement of the slavery question in Illinois, by the election of 1824, Illinois journal- ism may be said to have entered upon a new era. At the close of this first period there were only five papers published in the State — all established within a period of ten years; and one of these ("The Illinois Republican," at Edwardsville) promptly ceased publication on the settlement of the slavery question in opposition to the views which it had advocated. The next period of fif- teen years (1825-40) was prolific in the establish- ment of new newspaper ventures, as might be expected from the rapid increase of the State in population, and the development in t)ie art of printing during the same period. "The Western Sun," established at Belleville (according to one report, in December, 1825, and according to another, in the winter of 1827-28) by Dr. Joseph Green, appears to have been the first paper pub- lished in St. Clair Count}'. This was followed by "The Pioneer," begun, April 25, 1829, at Rock Spring, St. Clair County, with the indomitable Dr. John M. Peck, author of "Peck's Gazetteer," as its editor. It was removed in 183G to L'pper Alton, when it took the name of "Tlie Western Pioneer and Baptist Banner."' Previous to this, however. Hooper Warren, having come into pos- session of the material upon which he had printed "The Edwardsville Spectator," removed it to Springfield, and, in the winter of 182(!-27, began the publication of the first paper at the present State capital, which he named "The Sangamo Gazette." It had but a brief existence. During 1830, George Forquer, then Attorney-General of the State, in conjunction with his half-brother, Thomas Ford (afterwards Governor), was engaged in the publication of a paper called "The Cour- ier," at Springfield, which was continued only a short time. The earliest paper north of Spring- field appears to have been "The Hennepin Jour- nal." which began publication, Sept. 15, 1827. "The Sangamo Journal" — now "The Illinois State Journal," and the oldest paper of continu- ous existence in the State — was established at Springfield by Simeon and Josiah Francis (cous- ins from Connecticut), the first issue bearing date, Nov. 10, 1831. Before the close of the same year James G. Edwards, afterwards the founder of "The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," began the 398 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. publication of "The Illinois Patriot" at Jackson- ville. Another paper, established the same year, was "The Gazette" at Vandalia, then the State capital. (See Forquer, George; Ford, Thomas: Francis, Simeon.) At this early date the development of the lead mines about Galena had made that place a center of great business activity. On July 8, 1828, James Jones commenced the issue of "The Miners" Journal, " the first paper at Galena. Jones died of cholera in 1833, and his paper passed into other hands. July 20, 1829, "The Galena Adver- tiser and Upper Mississippi Herald" began pub- lication, with Drs. Horatio Newhall and AddLson Philleo as editors, and Hooper Warren as pub- lisher, but appears to have been discontinued before the expiration of its first year. "The Galenian" was established as a Democratic paper by Philleo, in May, 1832, but ceased publication in September, 1836. "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Advertiser, " founded in November, 1834, by Loring and Bartlett (the last named afterwards one of the founders of "The Quincy Whig"), has had a continuous existence, being now known as "The Galena Advertiser." Benja- min Jlills, one of the most brilliant lawyers of his time, was editor of this paper during a part of the first 3'ear of its publication. Robert K. Fleming, who has already been mentioned as the successor of Elias Kent Kane in the publication of "The Republican Advocate," at Kaskaskia, later published a paper for a short time at Vandalia, but, in 1827, removed his establishment to Edwardsville, where he began the publication of "The Corrector." The latter was continued a little over a year, when it was suspended. He then resumed the publication of "The Recorder" at Kaskaskia. In December, 1833, he removed to Belleville and began the pub- lication of "The St. Clair Gazette," which after- wards passed, through various changes of owners, under the names of "The St. Clair Mercury" and ■■Rei>resentative and Gazette." This was suc- ceeded, in 1839, by "The Belleville Advocate," which has been published continuously to the present time. Samuel S. Brooks (the father of Austin Brooks, afterwards of "Tlie Quincy Herald") at differ- ent times published papers at various points in the State. His first enterprise was "The Crisis" at Edwardsville, which he changed to "The Illinois Advocate," and, at the close of his first year, sold out to Judge John York Sawyer, who united it with "The Western Plowboy," which he had established a few months previous. "The Advocate" was removed to Vandalia, and, on the death of the owner (who had been appointed State Printer), was consoli- dated with "The Illinois Register," which had been established in 1836. The new paper took the name of "The Illinois Register and People's Advocate," in 1839 was removed to Springfield, and is now known as "The Illinois State Regis- ter." Other papers established between 1830 and 1840 include: "The Vandalia Whig" (1831); "The Alton Spectator," the first paper published in Alton (January, 1834); "The Chicago Demo- crat," by John Calhoun (Nov. 36, 1833); "The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land Advertiser," by Francis A. Arenz (July 29, 1833) ; "The Alton American" (1833); "The White County News," at Carmi (1833); "The Danville Enquirer" (1833); "The Illinois Champion," at Peoria (1834); "The Mount Carmel Sentinel and Wabash Advocate" (1834); "The Illinois State Gazette and Jacksonville News," at Jacksonville (1835); "The Illinois Argus and Bounty Land Register," at Quincy (183.5); "The Rushville Journal and Military Tract Advertiser" (1835); "The Alton Telegraph" (1836); "The Alton Observer" (1836); "The Carthaginian," at Car- thage (1836) ; "The Bloomington Observer" (1837) ; "The Backwoodsman," founded by Prof. John Russell, at Grafton, and the first paper published in Greene County (1837); "The Quincy Whig" (1838) ; "The Illinois Statesman," at Paris, Edgar County (1838); "The Peoria Register" (1838). The second paper to be established in Chicago was "The Chicago American," whose initial number was issued, June 8, 1835, with Thomas O. Davis as proprietor and editor. In July, 1837, it passed into the hands of William Stuart & Co. , and, on April 9, 1839, its publishers began the issue of the first daily ever published in Chicago. "The Chicago Express" succeeded "The Ameri- can" in 1842, and, in 1844, became the forerunner of "The Chicago Journal." The third Chicago paper was "The Commercial Advertiser," founded by Hooper Warren, in 1836. It lived only about a year. Zebina Eastman, who was afterwards associated with Warren, and became one of the most influential journalistic opponents of slavery, arrived in the State in 1839, and, in the latter part of that year, was associated with the celebrated Abolitionist, Benjamin Lundy, in the preliminary steps for the issue of "The Genius of L^niversal Emancipation." projected by lAmdy at Lowell, in La Salle County. Lundy 's untimely death, in August, 1839, however, pre- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 399 venteJ him from seeing the consummation of his plan, although Eastman lived to carry it out in part. A paper whose career, although extending only a little over one year, marked an era in Illi- nois journalism, was "The Alton Observer," its history closing with the assassination of its editor, Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, on the night of Nov. 8, 1837, while xinsuccessfully attempting to protect his press from destruction, for the fourth time, by a pro-slavery mob. Humiliating as was this crime to every law-abiding Illinoisan, it undoubtedly strengthened the cause of free speech and assisted in hastening the downfall of the institution in whose behalf it was committed. That the development in the field of journal- ism, within the past sixty years, has more than kept pace with the growth in population, is shown by the fact that there is not a county in the State without its newspaper, while every town of a few hundred population has either one or more. According to statistics for 1898, there were 605 cities and towns in the State having periodical publications of some sort, making a total of 1,709, of which 174 were issued daily, 31 semi-weekly, 1,20.5 weekly, 28 semi-monthly, 238 monthly, and the remainder at various periods ranging from tri-weekly to eight times a year. NEWTOX, the county-seat of Jasper County, situated on the Embarras River, at the intersec- tion of subsidiary lines of the Illinois Central Railroad from Peoria and Effingham; is an in- corporated city, was settled in 1828, and made the county-seat in 1836. Agriculture, coal-mining and dairy farming are the principal pursuits in the surrounding region. The city has water- power, which is utilized to some extent in manu- facturing, but most of its factories are operated by steam. Among these establishments are flour and saw mills, and grain elevators. Tliere are a half-dozen churches, a good public school system, including parochial school and high school, besides two banks and three weekly papers. Population (1890). 1,428; (1900), 1,630. NEW YORK, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAIL- WAY (Mckel Plate), a line 522.47 miles in length. of which (1898) onlj- 9.96 miles are operated in Illinois. It owns no track in Illinois, but uses the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad (9.96 miles in length), of which it has financial control, to enter the city of Chicago. The total capitalization of the New York, Chicago & St. Louis, in 1898, is 850.222,568, of which $19,425,000 is in bonds. — (History.) The New York, Chi- cago & St. Louis Railroad was incorporated under the laws of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois in 1881, construction begun immediately, and the road put in operation in 1882. In 1885 it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1887, and reorganized bj' the consolidation of various east- ern lines with the Fort Wayne & Illinois Railroad, forming the line under its present name. The road between Buffalo, N. Y., and the west line of Indiana is owned by the Company, but, for its line in Illinois, it uses the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad, of wliich it is the lessee, as well as the owner of its capital stock. The main line of the "Nickel Plate" is controlled by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway, which owns more than half of both the preferred and common stock. NIANTIC, a town in Macon County, on the Wabash Railway, 27 miles east of Springfield. Agriculture is the leading industry. The town hsis three elevators, three churches, school, coal mine, a newspaper and a bank. Pop. (1900), 654. NICOLAY, John George, author, was born in Essingen, Bavaria, Feb. 26. 1832 ; at 6 years of age was brought to the United States, lived for a time in Cincinnati, "attending the public schools there, and then came to Illinois ; at 16 entered the office of "The Pike County Free Press" at Pitts- field, and, while still in his minority, became editor and proprietor of the paper. In 1857 he became Assistant Secretary of State under O. M. Hatch, the first Republican Secretary, but during Mr. Lincoln's candidacy for President, in 1860, aided him as private secretary, also acting as a correspondent of "The St. Louis Democrat." After the election he was formally selected by 5Ir. Lincoln as his private secretary, accompany- ing him to Washington and remaining until Mr. Lincoln's assassination. In 1865 he was appointed United States Consul at Paris, remaining until 1869; on his return for some time edited "The Chicago Republican"; was also Marshal of the United States Supreme Court in Washington from 1872 to 1887. Mr. Nicolay is author, in col- laboration with John Hay, of "Abraham Lincoln: A History," first published serially in "The Cen- tury Magazine,'' and later issued in ten volumes; of "The Outbreak of the Rebellion" in "Cam- paigns of the Civil War," besides numerous maga- zine articles. He lives in Washington, D. C. NICOLET, Jean, early French explorer, came from Cherbourg, France, in 1618, and, for several years, lived among the Algonquins, whcse lan- guage he learned and for whom he acted as interpreter. On July 4, 1634, he discovered Lake Michigan, then called the "Lake of the Illinois," 400 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and visited the Chippewas, Menominees and Winnebagoes, in the region about Green Bay, among whom he was received kindly. From the Masooutins, on the Fox River (of Wisconsin), he learned of the Illinois Indians, some of whose northern villages he also visited. He subse- quently returned to Quebec, where he was drowned, in October, 1642. He was probably the first Caucasian to visit Wisconsin and Illinois. NILES, Xathaniel, lawyer, editor and soldier, born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y., Feb. 4. 1817; attended an academy at Albany, from 1830 to '34, was licensed to practice law and removed west in 1837, residing successively at Delphi and Frankfort, Ind., and at Owensburg, Ky., until 1S43, when he settled in Belleville, 111. In 184« he was commissioned a First Lieutenant in the Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel Bissell's) for the Mexican War, but, after the battle of Buena Vista, was promoted by General Wool to the captaincy of an independent com- pany of Texas foot. He was elected Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives at the session of 1849, and the same year was cliosen County Judge of St. Clair County, Serving until 1861. With the exception of brief periods from 1851 to '59, he was editor and part owner of "The Belle- ville Advocate," a paper originallj' Democratic, but which became Republican on tlie organiza- tion of the Republican party. In 1861 he was appointed Colonel of the Fifty-fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but the completion of its organization having been delayed, he resigned, and, the following year, M-as commissioned Colo- nel of the One Hundred and Thirtieth, serving until Maj', 1864, when he resigned — in March, 1865, receiving the compliment of a brevet Briga- dier-Generalship. During the winter of 1862 63 he was in command at Jlemphis. but later took part in the Vicksburg campaign, and in the cam- paigns on Red River and Bayou Teche. After the war he served as Representative in the General Assembly from St. Clair County (1865-66) ; as Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville: on the Commission for building the State Penitentiary at Joliet, and as Commissioner (by appointment of Governor Ogle.sby) for locating the Soldiers' Orphans' Home. His later years have been spent chiefly in the practice of his profession, with occasional excursions into journalism. Originally an anti- slavery Democrat, he became one of the founders of the Republican party in Southern Illinois. NIXOX, William Penn, journalist, Collector of Dustoms, was born in Wayne County, Ind., of North Carolina and Quaker ancestry, early in 1832. In 1858 he graduated from Farmers" (now Belmont) College, near Cincinnati, Ohio. After devoting two years to teaching, he entered the law department of the University or Pennsyl- vania (1855), graduating in 18.59. For nine years thereafter he practiced law at Cincinnati, during which period he was thrice elected to the Ohio Legislature. In 1868 he embarked in journalism, he and his older brother. Dr. O. W. Nixon, with a few friends, founding "The Cincinnati Chron- icle." A few years later "The Times" was pur- chased, and the two papers were consolidated under the name of "The Times-Chronicle." In May, 1872, having disposed of his interests in Cincinnati, he assumed the business manage- ment of "The Chicago Inter Ocean," then a new venture and struggling for a foothold. In 1875 he and his brother. Dr. O. W. Nixon, secured a controlling interest in the paper, when the former assumed the position of editor-in-chief, which he continued to occupy until 1897, when he was appointed Collector of Customs for the City of Cliicago — a position which he now holds. NOKOMIS, a city of Montgomery County, on the "Big Four" main line and " 'Frisco" Rail- roads, 81 miles east by north from .St. Louis and 52 miles west of Mattoon; in important grain- growing and hay -producing section; has water- works, electric lights, three flour mills, two machine shops, wagon factory, creamery, seven churclies, higli school, two banks and three papers; is noted for shipments of poultry, butter and eggs. Population (1890), 1,305; (1900), 1,371. NOKMAL, a city in McLean County, 2 miles north of Bloomington and 134 southwest of Chi- cago; at intersecting point of the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads. It lies in a rich coal and agricultural region, and has extensive fruit-tree nurseries, two canning fac- tories, one bank, hospital, and four periodicals. It is the seat of tlie Soldiers' Orphans' Home. founded in 1869, and the Illinois State Normal University, founded in 18.57; has cit}' and rural mail deliverv. Pop. (1890). 3,459; (1900), 3,79.5. NORMAL UNIVERSITIES. (See Southern Illinois Normal Z'nircrsity; State JVormal Uni- I'ersity. ) NORTH ALTOX, a village of Madison County and suburb of the city of Alton. Population (1880), 8.38; (1890), 762; (1900), 904. NORTHCOTT, William A., Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, was born in Murfreesboro, Tenn., Jan. 28, 1854 — the son of Gen. R. S. Northcott, whose loyalty to the Union, at the beginning of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 401 Rebellion, compelled him to leave his Southern home and seek safety for himself and family in the North. He went to West Virginia, was com- missioned Colonel of a regiment and served through the war, being for some nine months a prisoner in Libby Prison. After acquiring his literary education in the public schools, the younger Northcott spent some time in the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., after which he was engaged in teaching. Meanwhile, he was prepar- ing for the practice of law and was admitted to the bar in 1877, two years later coming to Green- ville, Bond County, 111., which has since been his home. In 1880, by appointment of President Hayes, he served as Supervisor of the Census for the Seventh District ; in 1882 was elected State's Attorney for Bond County and re-electe"d suc- cessively in "84 and "88; in 1890 was appointed on the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval Academy, and, by selection of the Board, delivered the annual address to the graduating class of that year. In 1S92 he was the Repub- lican nominee for Congress for the Eighteenth Dis- trict, but was defeated in the general landslide of that year. In 1896 he was more fortunate, being elected Lieutenant-Governor by the vote of the State, receiving a plurality of over 137,000 over his Democratic opponent. NORTH PEORIA, formerly a .suburban village in Peoria County. 2 miles north of the city of Peoria; annexed to tlie citv of Peoria in 1900. NORTHERN BOUNDARY QUESTION, THE. The Ordinance of 17S7, making the first specific provision, by Congress, for the government of the country lying northwest of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi '^known as the Northwest Territory), provided, among other things (Art. v., Ordinance 1787), that "there shall be formed in the said Territory not less than three nor more than five States." It then proceeds to fix the boundaries of the proposed States, on the assump- tion that tliere shall be tliree in number, adding thereto the following proviso: "Provided, how- ever, and it is further understood and declared, that the boundaries of these three States shall be subject so far to be altered that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said Territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan." On the basis of this provision it has been claimed that the north- em boundaries of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio should have been on the exact latitude of the southern limit of Lake Slichigan, and that the failure to establish this boundarj' was a violation of the Ordinance, inasmuch as the fourteenth sec- tion of the preamble thereto declares that "the following articles shall be considered as articles of compact between the original States and the people and States in the said Territory, and for- ever remain unalterable, unless by common con- sent."— In the limited state of geographical knowledge, existing at the time of the adoption of the Ordinance, there seems to have been con- siderable difference of opinion as to the latitude of the southern limit of Lake Michigan. The map of Mitchell (17.").5) had placed it on tlie paral- lel of 42' 20', while that of Thomas Hutchins (1778) fixed it at 41' 37'. It was oflScially estab- lished by Government survey, in 1835, at 41 37' 07.9". As a matter of fact, the northern bound- ary of neither of the three States named was finally fixed on the line mentioned in the proviso above quoted from the Ordinance — that of Ohio, where it meets the shore of Lake Erie, being a little north of 41° 44'; that of Indiana at 41° 46' (some 10 miles north of the southern bend of the lake), and that of Illinois at 42° 30'— about 61 miles north of the same line. The boundary line between Ohio and Michigan was settled after a bitter controversy, on the admission of the latter State into the Union, in 1837, in the acceptance by her of certain conditions proposed by Congress. These included the annexation to Michigan of what is known as the "Upper Peninsula," lying between Lakes Michigan and Superior, in lieu of a strip averaging six miles on her southern border, which she demanded from Ohio. — The establishment of the northern bound- ary of Illinois, in 1818, upon the line which now exists, is universally conceded to have been due to the action of Judge Nathaniel Pope, then the Delegate in Congress from Illinois Territory. While it was then acquiesced in without ques- tion, it has since been the subject of considerable controvers}- and has been followed by almost incalculable results. The "enabling act," as originally introduced early in 1818, empowering the people of Illinois Territory to form a State Government, fixed the northern boundary of the proposed State at 41° 39', then the supposed lati- tude of the southern extremity of Lake Michigan. While the act was under consideration in Com- mittee of the Whole, Mr. Pope offered an amend- ment advancing the northern boundary to 42° 30'. The object of his amendment (as he ex- plained) was to gain for the new State a coast line on Lake Michigan, bringing it into political and commercial relations with the States east of 402 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. it — Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York — thus "affording additional security to the per- petuity of the Union." He argued tliat the location of tlie State between the Mississippi, Wabash and Ohio Rivers — all flowing to the south — would bring it in intimate communica- tion with the Southern States, and that, in the event of an attempted disruption of the Union, it was important that it should be identified with the commerce of the Lakes, instead of being left entireh' to the waters of the south-flowing rivers. "Tims, '" said he, "a rival interest would be created to check the wish for a Western or South- ern Confederacy. Her interests would thus be balanced and her inclinations turned to the North." He recognized Illinois as already "the key to the West," and he evidently foresaw that the time might come when it would be the Key- stone of the Union. While this evinced wonder- ful foresight, scarcely less convincing was his argument that, in time, a commercial emporium would grow up upon Lake Michigan, which would demand an outlet by means of a canal to the Illi- nois River — a work which was realized in the completion of the Illinois & Slichigan Canal thirty years later, but which would scarcely have been accomplished had the State been practically cut off from the Lake and its chief emporium left to grow up in another commonwealth, or not at all. Judge Pope's amendment was accepted without division, and, in this form, a few days later, the bill became a law. — The almost super- human sagacity exhibited in Judge Pope's argu- ment, has been repeatedly illustrated in the commercial and political history of the State since, but never more significantly than in the commanding position which Illinois occupied during the late Civil War, with one of its citi- zens in the Presidential chair and another leading its 250,000 citizen soldiery and the armies of the Union in battling for the perpetuity of the Republic— a position which more than fulfilled every prediction made for it. — The territory affected by this settlement of the northern boundary, includes all that part of the State north of the northern line of La Salle County, and embraces the greater portion of the fourteen counties of Cook, Dupage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, ■Boone. DeKalb, Lee, Ogle, Winnebago, Stephen- son. Jo Daviess, Carroll and Whiteside, with por- tions of Kendall, Will and Rock Island— estimated at 8.. 500 square miles, or more than one-seventh of the present area of the State. It has been argued that this territory belonged to the State of Wisconsin under the provisions of the Ordi- nance of 1787, and there were repeated attempts made, on the part of the Wisconsin Legislature and its Territorial Governor (Doty), between 1839 and 1843, to induce the people of these counties to recognize this claim. These were, in a few instances, partially successful, although no official notice was taken of them by the authorities of Illi- nois. The reply made to the Wisconsin claim by Governor Ford — who wrote his "History of Illi- nois" when the subject was fresh in the public mind— was that, while the Ordinance of 1787 gave Congress power to organize a State north of the parallel running through the southern bend of Lake Michigan, "there is nothing in the Ordi- nance requiring such additional State to be organized of the territory nortli of that line." In other 'words, that, when Congress, in 1818, authorized the organization of an additional State north of and in (i. e., within) the line named, it did not violate the Ordinance of 1787, but acted in accordance with it — in practically assuming that the new State "need not neces- sarily include the whole of the region north of that line. " The question was set at rest by W^is- consin herself in the action of her Constitutional Convention of 1847-48, in framing her first con- stitution, in form recognizing the northern boundary of Illinois as fixed by the enabling act of 1818. " NORTHERIV HOSPITAL FOB THE INSANE, an institution for the treatment of the insane, created b}' Act of the Legislature, approved, April 16, 1869. The Commissioners appointed by Gov- ernor Palmer to fix its location consisted of August Adams, B. F. Shaw, W. R. Brown, M. L. Joslyn, D. S. Hammond and William Adams. After considering man)' offers and examining numerous sites, the Commissioners finally selected the Chisholm farm, consisting of about 155 acres, l',4 miles from Elgin, on the west side of Fox River, and overlooking that stream, as a site — this having been tendered as a donation by the citizens of Elgin. Plans were adopted in the latter part of 1869, the system of construction chosen conforming, in the main, to that of the United States Hospital for the Insane at Wash- ington, D. C. By January, 1872, the north wing and rear building were so far advanced as to per- mit the reception of sixty patients. The center building was ready for occupancy in April, 1873, and the south wing before the end of the follow- ing year. The total expenditures previous to 1876 had exceeded $637,000, and since that date liberal appropriations have been made for addi- tions, repairs and improvements, including the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 403 addition of between 300 and 400 acres to the lands connected with the institution Tlie first Board of Trustees consisted of Charles X. Holden, Oliver Everett and Henry "\V. Sherman, with Dr. E. A. Kilboume as the first Superintendent, and Dr. Richard A. Dewey (afterwards Superintend- ent of the Eastern Hospital at Kankakee) as his Assistant. Dr. Kilbourne remained at the head of the institution until his death, Feb. 27, 1890, covering a period of nineteen years. Dr. Kil- bourne was succeeded by Dr. Henry J. Brooks, and he, by Dr. Loewy, in June, 1893, and the latter by Dr. John B. Hamilton (former Super- vising Surgeon of the United States Marine Hos- pital Service) in 1897. Dr. Hamilton died in December, 1898. (See Hamilton, John B.) The total value of State property, June 30, 1894, was $882,745.66, of which $701,330 was in land and buildings. Under the terms of the law estab- lishing the hospital, provision is made for the care therein of the incurably insane, so that it is both a hospital and an asylum. The whole num- ber of patients under treatment, for the two years preceding June 30, 1894, was 1,797, the number of inmates, on Dec. 1, 1897, 1,054, and the average daily attendance for treatment, for the year 1896, 1,296. The following counties comprise the dis- trict dependent upon the Elgin Hospital: Boone, Carroll, Cook, DeKalb, Jo Daviess, Kane, Ken- dall, Lake, Stephenson, Whiteside and 'Winne- bago. NORTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution, incorporated in 1884, at Dixon, Lee County, 111., for the purpose of giving instruction in branches related to the art of teaching. Its last report claims a total of 1,639 pupils, of whom 885 were men and 744 women, receiving instruc- tion from thirty -six teachers. The total value of property was estimated at more than $200,000, of which $160,000 was in real estate and $45,000 in apparatus. Attendance on the institution has been affected by the establishment, und^r act of the Legislature of 1895, of the Northern State Normal School at DeKalb (which see). NORTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, an insti- tution for the confinement of criminals of the State, located at Joliet, Will County. The site was purchased by the State in 1857, and com- prises some seventy-two acres. Its erection was found necessary because of the inadequacy of the first penitentiary, at Alton. (See Alton Peni- tentiary.) The original plan contemplated a cell-house containing 1,000 cells, which, it was thought, would meet the public necessities for manv vears to come. Its estimated cost was $550,000; but, within ten years, there had been expended upon the institution the sum of $934,- 000. and its capacity was taxed to the utmost. Subsequent enlargements have increased the cost to over $1,600,000, but by 1877. the institution had become so overcrowded that the erection of another State penal institution became positively necessary. (See Southern Penitentiary.) The prison has always been conducted on "the Auburn system," which contemplates associate labor in silence, silent meals in a common refec- tory, and (as nearly as practicable) isolation at night. The system of labor has varied at differ- ent times, the "lessee system," the "contract system" and the "State account plan" being successively in force. (See Confiet Labor.) The whole number of convicts in the institution, at the date of the official report of 1895, was 1,566. The total assets of the institution, Sept. 30, 1894, were reported at $2,121,308.86, of which §1,644,- 601.11 was in real estate. NORTH & SOUTH RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Peoria & XorC'.ern Paihray.) NORTHERN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution for the education of teachers of the common schools, authorized to be established by act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The act made an appropriation of $50,000 for the erection of buildings and other improve- ments. The institution was located at DeKalb, DeKalb County, in the spring of 1896, and the erection of buildings commenced soon after — Isaac F. EUwood. of DeKalb, contributing $20,- 000 in cash, and J. F. Glidden, a site of sixty- seven acres of land. Up to Dec. 1, 1897, the appropriations and contributions, in land and money, aggregated $175,000. The school was expected to be ready for the reception of pupils in the latter part of 1899, and, it is estimated, will accommodate 1.000 students. NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The name formerly applied to that portion of the United States north and west of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi, comprising the present States of Ohio. Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- sin. The claim of the Government to the land had been acquired partly through conquest, by the expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark (which see), under the auspices of the State of Virginia in 1778 ; partly through treaties with the Indians, and partly through cessions from those of the original States laying claim thereto. The first plan for the government of this vast region was devised and formulated by Thomas Jefferson, in his proposed Ordinance of 1784, which failed 404 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of ultimate passage. But three years later a broader scheme was evolved, and the famous Ordinance of 1787, with its clause prohibiting the extension of slavery beyond the Ohio River, passed the Continental Congress. This act has been sometimes termed "The American Magna Charta," because of its engrafting upon the organic law the principles of human freedom and equal rights. The plan for the establishment of a distinctive territorial civil government in a Aew Territory — the first of its kind in the new republic — was felt to be a tentative step, and too much power was not granted to the residents. All the officers were appointive, and each official was required to be a land-owner. The elective franchise (but only for members of the General Assembly) could first be exercised only after the population had reached 5,000. Even then, every elector must own fifty acres of land, and every Representative, 200 acres. More liberal provisions, however, were subsequently incorporated by amendment, in 1809. The first civil government in the Northwest Territory was established by act of the Virginia Legislature, in the organization of all the country west of the Ohio under the name "Illinois County," of which the Governor was authorized to appoint a "County Lieuten- ant" or "Commandant-in-Chief. " The first "Commandant" appointed was Col. John Todd, of Kentucky, though he continued to discharge the duties for only a short period, being killed in the battle of Blue Licks, in 1782. After that the Illinois Country was almost without the semblance of an organized civil government, until 1788, when Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed the first Governor of Northwest Territory, under the Ordinance of 1787, serving until the separation of this region into the Territories of Ohio and Indi- ana in 1800, when William Henry Harrison became the Governor of the latter, embracing all that portion of the original Northwest Territory except the State of Ohio. During St. Clair's administration (1790) that part of the present State of Illinois between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers on the west, and a line extending north from about the site of old Fort Massac, on the Ohio, to the mouth of the Mackinaw River, in the present county of Tazewell, on the east, was erected into a county under the name of St. Clair, with three county-seats, viz. : Cahokia, Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher. (See St. Clair County. ) Between 1830 and 183-t the name North- west Territory was applied to an unorganized region, embracing the present State of Wisconsin, attached to Michigan Territory for governmental purposes. (See Illinois County; St Clair, Arthur; and Todd, John.) NORTHWESTERN COLLEGE, located at Naperville, Du Page County, and founded in 1865, under the auspices of the Evangelical Asso- ciation. It maintains business, preparatory and collegiate departments, besides a theological school. In 1898 it had a facultj' of nineteen profes- sors and assistants, with some 360 students, less than one-third of the latter being females, though both sexes are admitted to the college on an equal footing. The institution owns property to the value of §207,000, including an endowment of §85,000. NORTHWESTERN GRAND TRUNK RAIL- WAY. (See Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway.) NORTHWESTERN NORMAL, located at Gene- see, Henry County, 111., incorporated in 1884; in 1894 had a faculty of twelve teachers with 171 pupils, of whom ninety were male and eightj'-one female. NORTHWESTERN UNITERSITT, an impor- tant educational institution, established at Evanston, in Cook County, in 1851. In 1898 it reported 2,599 students (1,980 male and 619 female), and a faculty of 234 instructors. It embraces the following departments, all of which confer degrees: A College of Liberal Arts; two Medical Schools (one for women exclusively); a Law School; a School of Phar- macy and a Dental College. The Garrett Bibli- cal Institute, at which no degrees are con- ferred, constitutes the theological department of the University. The charter of the institution requires a majority of the Trustees to be mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal Churcli, and the University is the largest and wealthiest of the schools controlled by that denomination. The College of Liberal Arts and the Garrett Biblical Institute are at Evanston ; the other departments (all professional) are located in Cliicago. In the academic department (Liberal Arts School), pro- vision is made for both graduate and post-gradu- ate courses. The Medical School was formerl}' known as the Chicago Medical College, and its Law Department was originally the Union Col- lege of Law, both of which have been absorbed by the University, as have also its schools of dentistry and pharmacy, which were formerly independent institutions. The property owned by the University is valued at .§4,870,000, of which §1,100,000 is real estate, and §2,250,000 in endow- ment funds. Its income from fees paid by students in 1898 was §215,288, and total receipts from' all sources, $482,389. Co-education of the sexes pre- HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 405 vails in the College of Liberal Arts. Dr. Henry Wade Rogers is President. NORTHWESTERN UMVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL, located in Cliicago; was organized in 1859 as Medical School of the Lind (now Lake Forest) University. Three annual terms, of five months eacli, at first constituted a course, although attendance at two only was compul- sory. The institution first opened in temporary quarters, Oct. 9, 1859, with thirteen professors and thirtj-three students. By 1863 more ample accommodations were needed, and the Trustees of the Lind L^niversity being unable to provide a building, one was erected by the faculty. In 1864 the University relinquished all claim to the institution, which was thereupon incorporated as the Chicago Medical College. In 1868 the length of the annual terms was increased to six months, and additional requirements were imposed on candidates for both matriculation and gradu- ation. The same year, the college building was sold, and the erection of a new and more commo- dious edifice, on the grounds of the Mercy Hos- pital, was commenced. This was completed in 1870, and the college became the medical depart- ment of the Northwestern University. The number of professorsliips had been increased to eighteen, and that of undergraduates to 107. Since that date new laboratory and clinical build- ings have been erected, and the growth of the institution has been steady and substantial. Mercy and St. Luke's Hospital, and the South Side Free Dispensary afford resources for clinical instruction. The teaching faculty, as constituted in 1898, consists of about fifty instructors, in- cluding professors, lecturers, demonstrators, and assistants. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY WOMAN'S MEDICAL SCHOOL, an institution for the pro fessional education of women, located in Chicago. Its first corporate name was the "Woman's Hospital Medical College of Chicago," and it was in close connection witii the Chicago Hospital for Women and Children. Later, it severed its connection with the hospital and took the name of the ''Woman's Medical College of Chicago." Co-education of the sexes, in medicine and surgery, was experimentallj' tried from 1868 to 1870, but the experiment proved repugnant to the male students, who unanimously signed a protest against the continuance of the S3-stem. The result was the establishment of a separate school for women in 1870, witli a facultj' of six- teen professors. The requirements for graduation were fixed art four years of medical study, includ- ing three annual graded college terms of six months each. The first term opened in the autumn of 1870, with an attendance of twenty students. The original location of the school was in the "North Division" of Chicago, in tem- porary quarters. After the fire of 1871 a removal was effected to the "West Division," where (in 1878-79) a modest, but well arranged building was erected. A larger structure was built in 1884, and, in 1891, the institution became a part of the Northwestern University. The college, in all its departments, is organized along tlie lines of the best medical schools of the country. In 1896 there were twenty-four professorships, all capably filled, and among the faculty are some of the best known specialists in the country. NORTON, Jesse 0., lawyer. Congressman and Judge, was born at Bennington, Vt., April '35, 1812, and graduated from Williams College in 1835. He settled at Joliet in 1839, and soon became prominent in the affairs of Will County. His first public office was that of City Attorney, after which he served as County Judge (1846-50). Meanwhile, he was chosen a Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1850 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1852, to Con- gress, as a Whig. His vigorous opposition to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise resulted in his reelection as a Representative in 1854. At the expiration of his second term (1857) he was chosen Judge of the eleventh circuit, to fill the unexpired term of Judge Randall, resigned. He was once more elected to Congress in 1862, but disagreed with his party as to the legal status of the States lately in rebellion. President Johnson appointed him United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, which office he filled until 1869. Immediately upon his retirement he began private practice at Chicago, where he died, August 3. 1875. NORWOOD PARK, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad (Wis- consin Division), 11 miles northwest of Chicago. Incorporated in City of Chicago, 1893. NO FES, George Clement, clergyman, was born at Landaff, N. H., Augu.st 4, 1833, brought by his parents to Pike County, 111., in 1844, and, at the age of 16, determined to devote his life to the ministry ; in 1851, entered Illinois College at Jack- sonville, graduating with first honors in the class of 1855. In the following autumn he entered Union Theological Seminary in New York, and, having graduated in 1858. was ordained the same j-ear, and installed pastor of the First Presby- terian Church at Laporte, Ind. Here he remained 406 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ten years, when he accepted a call to the First Presbyterian Church of Evanston, 111., then a small organization which developed, during the twenty years of his pastorate, into one of the strongest and most influential churches in Evans- ton. For a number of years Dr. Noyes was an editorial writer and weekly correspondent of "The New York Evangelist," over the signature of "Clement." He was also, for several years, an active and very efficient member of the Board of Trustees of Knox College. The liberal bent of his mind was illustrated in the fact that he acted as counsel for Prof. David Swing, during the cele- brated trial of the latter for heresy before the Chicago Presb^'tery — his argument on that occasion winning encomiums from all classes of people. His death took place at Evanston, Jan. 14, 1889, as the result of an attack of pneumonia, and was deeply deplored, not only by his own church and denomination, but by the whole com- munity. Some two weeks after it occurred a union meeting was held in one of the churches at Evanston, at which addresses in commemoration of his services were delivered by some dozen ministers of that village and of Chicago, while various social and literary organizations and the press bore testimony to his high character. He was a member of the Literary Society of Chicago, and, during the last j'ear of his life, served as its President. Dr. Noyes was married, in 18.58, to a daughter of David A. Smith, Esq., an honored citizen and able lawyer of Jacksonville. OAKLAND, a city of Coles County on the Van- dalia Line and the Toledo, St. Louis & "Western Railroad, 15 miles northeast of Charleston; is in grain center and broom-corn belt ; the town has two banks and one daily and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 995;(1900), 1,198. OAK PARK, a village of Cook County, and popular residence suburb of Chicago, 9 miles west of the initial station of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, on which it is located ; is also upon the line of the Wisconsin Central Rail- road. The place has numerous churches, pros- perous schools, a public library, telegraph and express offices, banks and two local papers. Population (1880), 1,888; (1890), 4,771. OBERLY, John H., journalist and Civil Serv- ice Commissioner, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Dec. 6, 1837; spent part of his boyhood in Allegheny County, Pa., but, in 18.53, began learn- ing the printer's trade in the office of "The Woos- ter (Ohio) Republican," completing it at Memphis, Tenn , and becoming a journeyman printer in 18.57. He worked in various offices, including the Wooster paper, where he also began the study of law, but, in 1860, became part proprietor of "The Bulletin" job office at Memphis, in which he had been employed as an apprentice, and, later, as foreman. Having been notified to leave Memphis on account of his Union principles after the beginning of the Civil War, he returned to Wooster, Ohio, and conducted various papers there during the next four years, but, in 1865, came to Cairo, 111., where he served for a time as foreman of "The Cairo Democrat," three years later establishing "The Cairo Bulletin." Although the latter paper was burned out a few months later, it was immediately re-established. In 1872 he was elected Representative in the Twenty eighth General Assembly, and, in 1877, was appointed by Governor Cullom the Democratic member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, serving four years, meanwhile (in 1880) being the Demo- cratic candidate for Secretary of State. Other positions held by him included Mayor of the city of Cairo (1869) ; President of the National Typo- graphical Union at Chicago (180.5), and at Mem- phis (1866); delegate to the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore (1872), and Chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee (1882-84). After retiring from the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, he united in founding "The Bloomington (111.) Bulletin," of which he was editor some three years. During President Cleveland's administration he was appointed a member of the Civil Service Commission, being later transferred to the Commissionership of Indian Affairs. He was subsequently connected in an editorial capacity with "The Washington Post," "The Richmond (Va.) State," "The Con- cord (N. H.) People and Patriot" and "The Wash- ington Times." While engaged in an attempt to reorganize "The People and Patriot," he died at Concord, N. H., April 15, 1899. ODD FELLOWS. "Western Star" Lodge, No. 1, I. 0. O. F., was instituted at Alton, June 11, 1836. In 1.S38 the Grand Lodge of Illinois was instituted at the same place, and reorganized, at Springfield, in 1842. S. C. Pierce was the first Grand Master, and Samuel L. Miller, Grand Sec- retary. Wildey Encampment, No. 1, was organ- ized at Alton in 1838, and the Grand Encampment, at Peoria, in 1850, with Charles H. Constable Grand Patriarch. In 1850 the subordinate branches of the Order numbered seventy -six. with 3,291 members, and $25,392.87 revenue. In 1895 the Lodges numbered 838. the membership 50,544, with 1475,353.18 revenue, of which ?135,018.40 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 407 was expended for relief. The Encampment braucli. in 1895. embraced 1T9 organizations with a membership of 6,813 and §23,865.25 revenue, of which §6,781.40 was paid out for relief. The Rebekah branch, for the same year, comprised 423 Lodges, with 23,000 members and §43,215,65 revenue, of which §3,122.79 was for relief. The total sum distributed for relief by the several organizations (1895) was §144,972..59. The Order was especially liberal in its benefactions to the sufferers by the Chicago fire of 1871, an appeal to its members calling forth a generous response throughout the United States. (See Odd Felloics' Orphans' Home.) ODD FELLOWS' ORPHANS' HOME, a benevo lent institution, incorporated in 1889, erected at Lincoln, 111., under the auspices of the Daughters of Rebekah (see Odd Fellows), and dedicated August 19, 1892. The building is four stories in height, has a capacity for the accommodation of fifty children, and cost §36,524.76, exclusive of forty acres of land valued at §8,000. ODELL, a village of Livingston County, and station on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 83 miles south-southwest of Chicago. It is in a grain and stock-raising region. Population (1880), 908; (1890), 800; (1900), 1,000. ODIN, a village of Marion County, at the cross- ing of the Chicago branch of the Illinois Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- ways, 344 miles south by west from Chicago; in fruit belt; has coal-rtline, two fruit evaporators, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,180. O'FALLON, a village of St. Clair County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 miles east of St. Louis; has interurban railway, electric lights, water-works, factories, coal-mine, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,267. OGDEN, William Bntler, capitalist and Rail- way President, born at Walton, X. Y., June 15, 1805. He was a member of the Xew York Legis- lature in 1834, and, the following year, removed to Chicago, where he established a land and trust agency. He took an active part in the various enterprises centering around Chicago, and, on the incorporation of the city, was elected its first Mayor. He was prominently identified with the construction of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, and, in 1847, became its President. While visiting Europe in 1853, he made a careful study of the canals of Holland, which convinced him of the desirability of widening and deepen- ing the Illinois & Michigan Canal and of con- structing a ship canal across the southern peninsula of Michigan. In 1855 he became Presi- dent of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad, and effected its consolidation with the Galena & Chicago Union. Out of this consoli- dation sprang the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- way Compan}-, of which he was elected President. In 1850 he presided over the National Pacific Railroad Convention, and, upon the formation of the Union Pacific Railroad Company, he became its President. He was largely connected with the inception of the Northern Pacific line, in the success of which he was a firm believer. He also controlled various other interests of public importance, among them the great lumbering esstablishments at Peshtigo, Wis., and, at the time of his death, was the owner of what was probably the largest plant of that description in the world. His benefactions were numerous, among the recipients being the Rush Medical College, of which he vvas President; the Theological Semi- nary of the Northwest, the Chicago Historical Society, the Academy of Sciences, the University of Chicago, the Astronomical Society, and many other educational and benevolent institutions and organizations in the Northwest. Died, in New York City, August 3. 1877. (See Chicago & Northtvestern Railroad. ) OGLE, Joseph, pioneer, was born in Virginia in 1741, came to Illinois in 1785, settling in the American Bottom within the present County of Monroe, but afterwards removed to St. Clair County, about the site of the present town of O'Fallon, 8 miles north of Belleville; was selected b}' his neighbors to serve as Captain in their skirmishes with the Indians. Died, at his home in St. Clair County, in February, 1831. Captain Ogle had the reputation of being the earliest con- vert to Methodism in Illinois. Ogle County, in Northern Illinois, was named in his honor.- — Jacob (Ogle), son of the preceding, also a native of Virginia, was born about 1772, came to Illinois with his father in 1785, and was a "Ranger" in the War of 1812. He served as a Representative from St. Clair County in the Third General Assembly (1823), and again in the Seventh (1830), in the former being an opponent of the pro-slavery convention scheme. Beyond two terms in the Legislature he seems to have held no public office except that of Justice of the Peace. Like his father, he was a zealous Metho- dist and highly respected. Died, in 1844, aged 73 years. OGLE COUNTY, next to the "northern tier" of counties of the State and originally a part of Jo Daviess. It was separately organized in 1837, and Lee County was carved from its territory in 408 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1839. In 1900 its area was 780 square miles, and its population 29,139. Before the Black Hawk War immigration was slow, and life primitive. Peoria was the nearest food market. New grain was "ground" on a grater, and old pounded with an extemporized pestle in a wooden mortar. Rock River ilows across the county from north- east to southwest. A little oak timber grows along its banks, but, generally speaking, the sur- face is undulating prairie, with soil of a rich loam. Sandstone is in ample supply, and all the limestones abound. An extensive peat-bed has been discovered on the Killbuck Creek. Oregon, the county-seat, has fine water-power. The other principal towns are Rochelle, Polo, Forreston and Mount Morris, OGLESBT, Richard James, Governor and United States Senator, was born in Oldham County, Ky., July 25, 1824; left an orphan at the age of 8 years ; in 1836 accompanied an uncle to Decatur, 111., where, until 1844, he worked at farming, carpentering and rope-making, devoting his leisure hours to the study of law. In 1845 he was admitted to the bar and began practice at Sullivan, in Moultrie County. In 1846 he was commissioned a Lieutenant in the Fourth Regi- ment, Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's regi- ment), and served through the Mexican War, taking part in the siege of Vera Cruz and the battle of Cerro Gordo. In 1847 he pursued a course of study at the Louisville Law School, graduating in 1848. He was a "forty-niner" in California, but returned to Decatur in 1851. In 1858 he made an unsuccessful campaign for Con- gress in the Decatur District. In 1860 he was elected to the State Senate, but early in 1861 resigned his seat to accept the colonelcy of the Eighth Illinois Volunteers. Through gallantry (notably at Forts Henry and Donelson and at Corinth) he rose to be Major-General, being se- verely wounded in the last-named battle. He resigned his commission on account of disability, in May, 1864, and the following November was elected Governor, as a Republican. In 1872 he was re-elected Governor, but, two weeks after his inauguration, resigned to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to which he was elected by the Legislature of 1873. In 1884 he was elected Governor for the third time — being the only man in the history of the State who (up to the present time — 1899) has been thus honored. After the expiration of his last term as Governor, he devoted his attention to his private aflfairs at his home at Elkhart, in Logan County, where he died, April 24, 1899, deeply mourned by personal and political friends in all parts of the Union, who admired his strict integrity and sterling patriotism. OHIO, INDIANA & WESTERN RAILWAY. (See Peoria d: Eastern Railroad.) OHIO RIVER, an affluent of the Mississippi, formed by the union of the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers, at Pittsburg, Pa. At this point it becomes a navigable stream about 400 yards wide, with an elevation of about 700 feet above sea-level. The beauty of the scenery along its banks secured for it, from the early French explorers (of whom La Salle was one), the name of "La Belle Riviere." Its general course is to the southwest, but with many sinuosities, form- ing the southern boundary of the States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the western and north- ern boundary of West Virginia and Kentucky, until it enters the Mississippi at Cairo, in latitude 37° N., and about 1,200 miles above the mouth of the latter stream. The area which it drains is computed to be 214,000 square miles. Its mouth is 268 feet above the level of the sea. The current is remarkably gentle and uniform, except near Louisville, where there is a descent of twenty- two feet within two miles, which is evaded by means of a canal around the falls. Large steam- boats can navigate its whole length, except in low stages of water and when closed b}' ice in winter. Its largest affluents are the Tennessee, the Cum- berland, the Kentucky, the Great Kanawha and the Green Rivers, from the soutli, and the Wa- bash, the Miami. Scioto and Muskingum from the north. The principal cities on its banks are Pitts- burg, Wheeling, Cincinnati, Louisville, Evans- ville. New Albany, Madison and Cairo. It is crossed by bridges at Wheeling, Cincinnati and Cairo. The surface of the Ohio is subject to a variation of forty-two to fifty-one feet between high and low water. Its length is 975 miles, and its width varies from 400 to 1,000 yards. (See //) undations, Remarl<:ahle. ) OHIO & MISSISSIPPI RAILWAY. (See Bal- timore <& Ohio Soutliirestern Railroad.) OLNEY, an incorporated city and the county- seat of Richland County, 31 miles west of Vin- cennes, Ind., and 117 miles east of St. Louis, Mo., at the junction of the Baltimore & Ohio South- western and the Peoria Division of the Illinois Central and the Oliio River Division of the Cin- cinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad; is in tlie center of the fruit belt and an important shipping point for farm produce and live-stock; has flour mills, a furniture factory and railroad repair shops, banks, a public library, churches and five HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 409 newspapers, one issuing daUy and another semi- weekly editions. Population (1890), 3,831 ; (1900), 4,360. OMELTENT, John, pioneer and head of a numerous family which became prominent in Southern Illinois; was a native of Ireland who came to America about 1798 or 1799. After resid- ing in Kentucky a few years, he removed to Illi- nois, locating in what afterwards became Pope County, whither his oldest son, Samuel, had preceded him about 1797 or 1798. The latter for a time followed the occupation of flat-boating, carrying produce to New Orleans. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 from Pope County, being the colleague of Hamlet Ferguson. A year later he removed to Randolpli County, where he served as a member of the County Court, but, in 1820-22, we find him a member of the Second General Assembly from Union County, having successfully contested the seat of Samuel Alexander, who had received the certificate of election. He died in 1838. — Edward (Omelveny), another member of this family, and grandson of the elder John Omelveny, represented Monroe County in the Fifteentli General Assem- bly (1846-48), and was Presidential Elector in 18.52, but died sometime during the Civil War. — Harvey K. S. (Omelveny), the fifth son of Wil- liam Omelveny and grandson of John, was born in Todd Count j-, Ky., in 1823, came to Southern Illinois, in 1852, and engaged in the practice of law, being for a time the partner of Senator Thomas E. Merritt, at Salem. Early in 1858 he was elected a Justice of the Circuit Court to succeed Judge Breese, who had been promoted to the Supreme Court, but resigned in 1861. He gained considerable notoriety by liis intense hostility to the policy of the Government during the Civil War, was a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1863, and was named as a member of the Peace Commission proposed to be appointed by the General Assembly, in 1863, to secure terms of peace with the Southern Con- federacy. He was also a leading spirit in the peace meeting Iield at Peoria, in August, 1863. In 1869 ilr. Omelveny removed to Los Angeles, Cal. , which has since been his home, and where he has carried on a lucrative law practice. ONARGA, a town in Iroquois County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 85 miles south by west from Cliicago, and 43 miles north by east from Champaign. It is a manufacturing town, flour, wagons, wire-fencing, stoves and tile being among the products. It has a bank, eight churches, a graded school, a commercial college. and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,061; (1890), 994; (1900), 1,270. ONEIDA, a city in Knox County, on the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles northeast of Galesburg; has wagon, pump and furniture factories, two banks, electric lights, several churches, a graded school, and a weekly paper. The surrounding country is ricli prairie, where coal is mined about twenty feet below the surface. Pop. (1890), 699; (1900), 785. OCJUAWKA, the county-seat of Henderson County, situated on the Mississippi River, about 15 miles above Burlington, Iowa, and 33 miles west of Galesburg. It is in a farming region, but has some manufactories. The town has five churches, a graded school, a bank and three newspapers. Population (1900), 1,010. ORDIiVAiVCE or 1787. This is the name given to the first organic act, passed by Congress, for the government of the territory northwest of the Ohio River, comprising the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. The first step in this direction was taken in the appointment, by Congress, on March 1, 1784, of a committee, of which Thomas Jefferson was Chair- man, to prepare a plan for the temporary govern- ment of the region which had been acquired, by the capture of Kaskaskia, by Col. George Rogers Clark, nearly six years previous. The necessity for some step of this sort had grown all the more urgent, in consequence of the recognition of the right of the United States to this region by the Treaty of Paris of 1783, and the surrender, by Vir- ginia, of the title she had maintained thereto on account of Clark's conquest under her avispices^ a right which she had exercised by furnishing whatever semblance of government so far existed northwest of the Ohio. The report submitted from Jefferson's committee proposed the division of the Territory into seven States, to which was added the proviso that, after the year 1800, "there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of said States, otherwise than in punish- ment of crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." This report failed of adoption, however. Congress contenting itself with the passage of a resolution providing for future organization of this territory into States by the people — tlie measures necessary for temporary government being left to future Congressional action. While the postponement, in the reso- lution as introduced by Jefferson, of the inhi- bition of slavery to the year 1800, has been criticised, its introduction was significant, as coming from a representative from a slave State, 410 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and being the first proposition in Congress look- ing to restriction, of any cliaracter, on tlie subject of slavery. Congress having taken no further step under the resolution adopted in 1784, the condition of the country (thus left practically without a responsible government, while increas- ing in population) became constantl}' more deplorable. An appeal from the people about Kaskaskia for some better form of government, in 178G, aided by the influence of the newly organized "Ohio Company," who desired to en- courage emigration to the lands which they were planning to secure from tlie General Government, at last brought about the desired result, in the passage of the famous "Ordinance," on the 13th day of July, 1787. While making provision for a mode of temporary self-government by the people, its most striking features are to be found in the six "articles" — a sort of "Bill of Rights" — with which the document closes. These assert: (1) the right of freedom of worship and religious opinion; (2) the right to the benefit of habeas corpus and trial by jury ; to proportionate repre- sentation, and to protection in liberty and prop- erty ; (3) that "religion, morality and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged" ; (4) that the States, formed within the territory referred to, "shall forever remain a part of this confeder- acy of the United States of America, subject to the Articles of Confederation and to such alter- ations therein as shall be constitutionally made" ; (5) prescribe the boundaries of the States to be formed therein and the conditions of their admis- sion into the Union ; and (6 — and most significant of all) repeat the prohibition regarding the introduction of slavery into the Northwest Terri- torj-, as proposed by Jefferson, but without any qualification as to time. There has been consider- able controversy regarding the authorship of this portion of the Ordinance, into which it is not necessary to enter here. While it has been char- acterized as a second and advanced Declaration of Independence — and probably no single act of Congress was ever fraught with more important and far-reaching results — it .seems remarkable that a majority of the States supporting it and securing its adoption, were then, and long con- tinued to be, slave States. OREOON, the county-seat of Ogle County, situated on Rock River and the Minneapolis Branch of the Chicago, Burlington ct Quincy Rail- road. 100 miles west from Chicago. The sur- rounding region is agricultural ; the town has water power and manufactures flour, pianos, steel tanks, street sprinklers, and iron castings. It has two banks, water-works supplied by flowing artesian weUs, cereal mill, and two weekly news- papers ; has also obtained some repute as a summer resort. Pop. (1880), 1,088; (1890), 1,566; (1900), 1,577. ORION, a village of Henry County, at the inter- section of the Rock Island Division of the Chicago Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railways, 19 miles southeast of Rock Island. Pop. (1890), 634; (1900), 584. OSBOKX, William Henry, Railway President, was born at Salem, Mass., Dec. 21, 1820. After receiving a high school education in his native town, he entered the counting room of the East India house of Peele, Hubbell & Co. ; was subse- quently sent to represent the firm at Manila, finally engaging in business on his own account, during which he traveled extensively in Europe. Returning to the United States in 1853, he took up his residence in New York, and, having mar- ried the daughter of Jonathan Sturges, one of the original incorporators and promoters of the Illi- nois Central Railroad, he soon after became asso- ciated with that enterprise. In August, 1854, he was chosen a Director of the Company, and, on Dec. 1, 1835, became its third President, serving in the latter position nearly ten years (until July 11, 1863), and, as a Director, until 1877 — in all, twenty-two years. After retiring from his con- nection with the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Osborn gave his attention largely to enterprises of an educational and benevolent character in aid of the unfortunate classes in the State of New York. OSBORJf , Tliomas 0., soldier and diplomatist, was born in Licking County, Ohio, August 11, 1832; graduated from the Ohio University at Athens, in 1854; studied law at Crawfordsville. Ind., with Gen. Lew Wallace, was admitted to the bar and began practice in Chicago. Early in tlie war for the Union he joined the "Yates Phalanx," which, after some delay on account of the quota being full, was mustered into the serv- ice, in August, 1801, as the Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, the subject of this sketch being com- missioned its Lieutenant-Colonel. His promotion to the eolonelcj' soon followed, the regiment being sent east to guard the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, where it met the celebrated Stonewall Jackson, and took part in many important en- gagements, including the battles of Winchester, Bermuda Hundreds, and Drury's Bluff, besides the sieges of Charleston and Petersburg. At Bermuda Hundreds Colonel Osborn was severely HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF. ILLINOIS. 411 wounded, losing the use of his right arm. He bore a conspicuous part in the operations about Richmond which resulted in the capture of the rebel capital, his services being recognized by promotion to the brevet rank of JIajor-General. At the close of tlie war he returned to the prac- tice of law in Chicago, but, in 1874, was appointed Consul-General and Minister-Resident to the Argentine Republic, remaining in that position until June, 1885, when he resigned, resuming his residence in Chicago. OSWEGO, a village in Kendall County, on the Aurora and Streator branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railway, 6 miles south of Aurora. Population (1890), 641; (1900), 618. OTTAWA, the county-seat and principal cit}' of La Salle County, being incorporated as a vil- lage in 1838, and, as at city, in 18.53. It is located at the confluence of the Illinois and Fox Rivers and on the Illinois & Jlichigan Canal. It is the intersecting point of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway and the Streator branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 98 miles east of Rock Island and 83 miles west-southwest of Clii- cago. The surrounding region abounds in coal. Sand of a superior quality for the manufacture of glass is foimd in the vicinity and the place has extensive glass works. Other manufactured products are brick, drain-tile, sewer-pipe, tile- roofing, pottery, pianos, organs, cigars, wagons and carriages, agricultural implements, hay carriers, ha}" presses, sash, doors, blinds, cabinet work, saddlery and harness and pumps. The cit}' has some handsome public buildings including the Appellate (formerly Supreme) Court House for the Northern Division. It also has several public parks, one of which (South Park) contains a medicinal spring. There are a dozen churches and numerous public school buildings, including a high school. The city is lighted by gas and electricity, has electric street railways, good sewerage, and water-works supplied from over 1.50 artesian wells and numerous natural springs. It has one private and two national banks, five libraries, and eight weekly newspapers (three German), of which four issue daily editions. Pop. (1890), 9,985; (1900), 10,588. OTTAWA, CHICAGO & FOX RIVER VALLEY RAILROAD. (.See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) OUTAGAMIES, a name given, by the French, to the Indian tribe known as the Foxes. (See Sacs and Foxes.) OWE>', Thomas J. V., early legislator and Indian Agent, was born in Kentucky, April 5, 1801; came to Illinois at an early day, and, in 1S30, was elected to the Seventh General Assem- bly from Randolph County; the following year was appointed Indian Agent at Cliicago, as suc- cessor to Dr. Alexander AVolcott, who had died in tlie latter part of 1830. Mr. Owen served as Indian Agent until 1833; was a member of the first Board of Town Trustees of the village of Chi- cago, Commissioner of School Lands, and one of the Government Commissioners who conducted the treaty with the Pottawatomie and other tribes of Indians at Chicago, in September, 1833. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 15, 1835. P.iDDOCK, Gaius, pioneer, a native of Massa- cliusetts, was born in 1758^ at the age of 17 he entered the Colonial Army, serving until the close of the Revolutionary War, and being in Washington's command at the crossing of the Delaware. After the war he removed to Ver- mont ; but, in 1815, went to Cincinnati, and, a year later, to St. Charles, Mo. Then, after hav- ing spent about a year at St. Louis, in 1818 he located in Madison County, 111., at a point after- wards known as '"Paddock's Grove," and which became one of the most prosperous agricultural sections of Southern Illinois. Died, in 1831. PAIXE, (Gen.) Eleazer A., soldier, was born in Parkman, Geauga County, Ohio, Sept. 10, 1815; graduated at West Point ililitary Academy, in 1839, and was assigned to the First Infantry, serving in the Florida War (1839-40), but resigned, Oct. 11, 1840. He then studied law and practiced at Painesville, Ohio, (1843-48), and at Monmouth, 111., (1848-01), meanwhile serving in the lower branch of the Eighteenth General Assembly (18.52-53). Before leaving Ohio, he had been Deputy United States Marshal and Lieutenant- Colonel of the State Militia, and, in Illinois, became Brigadier-General of Militia (184.5-48). He was appointed Colonel of the Ninth Illinois in April, 1861, and served through the war, being promoted Brigadier-General in September, 1861. The first duty performed by his regiment, after this date, was the occupation of Paducah, Ky., where he was in command. Later, it took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, the battles of Shiloh, New Madrid and Corinth, and also in the various engagements in Northern Georgia and in the "march to the sea." From November, 1862, to May, 1864, General Paine was guarding railroad lines in Central Tennessee, and, during a part of 1864, in command of the Western District of Kentucky. He resigned, April 5, 1865, and died in Jersey City, Dec. 16, 412 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1882. A sturdy Union man, he performed his duty as a soldier with great zeal and efficiency. PALATIXE, a village of Cook County, on the Wisconsin Division of the Chicago & Northwest- ern Railroad, 26 miles northwest from Chicago. There are flour and planing mills here ; dairying and farming are leading industries of the sur- rounding country. Population (1880), 731; (1890), 891; (1900). 1,020. PALESTINE, a town in Crawford County, about 2 miles from tlie Wabasli River, 7 miles east of Robinson, and 35 miles southwest of Terre Haute, on the Illinois Central Railway ; has five churches, a graded school, a bank, weekly newspaper, flour mill, cold storage plant, canning factory, garment factory, and municipal light and power plant. Pop. (1890), 732; (1900), 979. PALMER, Frank W., journalist, ex-Congress- man and Public Printer, was born at Jlanchester, Dearborn County, Ind., Oct. 11, 1827; learned the printer's trade at Jamestown, N. Y., afterwards edited "The Jamestown Journal," and served two terms in the New York Legislature ; in 18.58 removed to Dubuque, Iowa, and edited "The Dubuque Times," was elected to Congress in 1860, and again in 1868 and 1872, meanwhile having purchased "The Des Moines Register," which he edited for several years. In 1873 he removed to Chicago and became editor of "The Inter Ocean," remaining two j-ears; in 1877 was appointed Post- master of the city of Chicago, serving eight years. Shortly after the accession of President Harrison, in 1889, he was appointed Public Printer, continu- ing in office until the accession of President-Cleve- land in 1893, when he returned to newspaper work, but resumed his old place at the head of the Government Printing Bureau after the inaugura- tion of President McKinlej- in 1897. PALMER, John McAnley, lawyer, soldier and United States Senator, was born in Scott County, Ky., Sept. 13, 1817; removed with his father to Madison County, 111., in 1831, and, four years later, entered Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton, as a student ; later taught and studied law, being admitted to the bar in 1839. In 1843 he was elected Probate Judge of Macoupin County, also served in the State Constitutional Convention of 1847 ; after discharging the duties of Probate and County Judge, was elected to the State Senate, to fill a vacancy, in 1852, and re-elected in 1854, as an Anti-Nebraska Democrat, casting his vote for Lyman Trumbull for United States Senator in 1855, but resigned his seat in 1856; was President of the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington in the latter year, and appointed a delegate to the National Convention at Philadel- phia ; was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in 1859, and chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1860 ; served as a member of the National Peace Conference of 1861 ; entered the army as Colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; was promoted Briga- dier General, in November, 1861, taking part in the campaign in Tennessee up to Chickamauga, assuming the command of the Fourteenth Army Corps with the rank of Major-General, but was relieved at his own request before Atlanta. In 1865 he was assigned, by President Lincoln, to command of the Military Department of Ken- tucky, but, in September, 1866, retired from the service, and, in 1867, became a citizen of Spring- field. The following year he was elected Gov- ernor, as a Republican, but, in 1872, supported Horace Greelej' for President, and has since co- operated with the Democratic part}'. He was three times the unsuccessful candidate of his party for United States Senator, and was their nominee for Governor in 1888, but defeated. In 1890 he was nominated for United States Senator by the Democratic State Convention and elected in joint session of the Legislature, March 11, 1891, receiving on the 154th ballot 101 Democratic and two Farmers" Mutual Alliance votes. He became an important factor in the campaign of 1896 as candidate of the "Sound Money" Democracy for President, although receiving no electoral votes, proving his devotion to principle. His last years ■were occupied in preparation of a volume of personal recollections, which was completed, under the title of "The Story of an Earnest Life,'' a few weeks before his death, which occurred at- his home in Springfield, September 25, 1900. PALMER, Potter, merchant and capitalist, was born in Albany County, N. Y., in 1825; received an English education and became a junior clerk in a country store at Durham, Greene County, in that State, three years later being placed in charge of the business, and finally engaging in business on his own account. Com- ing to Chicago in 1852, he embarked in the dry- goods business on Lake Street, establishing the house which afterwards became Field, Leiter & Co. (now Marshall Field & Co. ), from which here- tired, in 1865, with the basis of an ample fortune, which has since been immensely increased by fortunate operations in real estate. Mr. Palmer was Second Vice-President of the first Board of Local Directors of tlie "World's Columbian Expo- sition in 1891. — Mrs. Bertha M. Honore (Palmer), wife of the preceding, is the daughter of H. H. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 413 Honore, formerly a prominent real-estate owner and operator of Cliicago. She is a native of Louisville, Ky., where her girlhood was chiefly spent, though she was educated at a convent near Baltimore, Md. Later she came with her family to Chicago, and, in 1870, was married to Potter Palmer. Mrs. Palmer has been a recognized leader in many social and benevolent movements, but won the highest praise by her ability and administrative skill, exhibited as President of the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Colum- bian Exposition of 1893. PALMYRA, a village of Macoupin County, on the Springfield Division of the St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul Railway, 33 miles southwest from Springfield ; has some local manufactories, a bank and a newspaper. Population (1900), 813. PAJf A, an important railway center and prin- cipal city of Christian County, situated in the southeastern part of the County, and at the inter- secting point of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- ern, the Illinois Central and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 35 miles south by west from Decatur, and 43 miles southeast of Springfield. It is an important ship- ping-point for grain and has two elevators. Its mechanical establishments include two flouring mills, a foundry, two machine shops and two planing mills. The surrounding region is rich in coal, which is extensively mined. Pana has banks, several churches, graded schools, and three papers issuing daily and weeklj- editions. Population (1890). ."i.O::; (,1900), .5..mO. PANA, SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore & Ohio South- western Railroad.) PARIS, a handsome and flourishing city, the county-seat of Edgar Count}'. It is an important railway center, situated on the "Big Four*' and the Vandalia Line, 160 miles south of Chicago, and 170 miles east-northeast of St. Louis; is in the heart of a wealthy and populous agricultural region, and has a prosi^erous trade. Its industries include foundries, three elevators, flour, saw and planing mills, glass, broom, and corn product factories. The city has three banks, three daily and four weekly newspapers, a court house, ten churches, and graded schools. Pop. (1890), 4.996; (1900), 6,10.5. PARIS & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad.) PARIS & TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. (See Terre Haute ct Peoria Railroad.) PARES) (jiavion D. A., lawyer, was born at Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., Sept. 17, 1817; went to New York City in 1838, where he com- pleted his legal studies and was admitted to the bar, removing to Lockport, 111., in 1842. Here he successively edited a paper, served as Master in Chancery and in an engineering corps on the Illinois & Michigan Canal; was elected County Judge in 1849, removed to JoUet, and, for a time, acted as an attorney of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Michigan Central and the Chicago & Alton Railroads; was also a Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- ville; was elected Representative in 18.53, became a Republican and served on the first Republican State Central Committee (1856) ; the same year was elected to the State Senate, and was a Commissioner of the State Penitentiary in 1864. In 1873 Mr. Parks joined in the Liberal-Repub- lican movement, was defeated for Congress, and afterwards acted with the Democratic party. Died, Dec. 28, 1895. PARKS, Lawson A., journalist, was born at Mecklenburg, N. C, April 15, 1813; learned the printing trade at Charlotte, in that State ; came to St. Louis in 1833, and, in 1836, assisted in estab- lishing "The Alton Telegraph," but sold his interest a few years later. Then, having offi- ciated as pastor of Presbyterian churches for some years, in 1854 he again became associated with "The Telegraph," acting as its editor. Died at Alton, March 31, 1875. PARK RIDGE, a suburban village on the "Wis- consin Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 13 miles northwest of Chicago. Popu- lation (1880), 4.57; (1890), 987; (1900), 1,340. PARTRIDGE, Charles Addison, journalist and Assistant Adjutant-General of the Grand Army of the Republic, was born in Westford, Chittenden County, Vt., Dec. 8, 1843; came with his parents to Lake County, 111., in 1844, and spent his boy- hood on a farm, receiving his education in the district school, with four terms in a high school at Burlington, Wis. At 16 he taught a winter district school near his boyhood home, and at 18 enlisted in what became Company C of the Ninety-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, being mustered into the service as Eighth Corporal at Rockford. His regiment becoming attached to the Army of the Cumberland, he participated with it in the battles of Chickamauga and the Atlanta canipaign, as well as those of Franklin and Nashville, and has taken a just pride in the fact that he never fell out on the march, took medicine from a doctor or was absent from his regiment during its term of service, except for four months while recovering from a gun-shot 414 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. wound received at Chickamauga. He was pro- moted successively to Sergeant, Sergeant-Major, and commissioned Second Lieutenant of his old company, of wliicli his father was First Lieuten- ant for six months and until forced to resign on account of impaired health. Receiving 'his final discharge, June 28, 186.5, he returned to the farm, where lie remained until 1869, in the meantime being married to Miss Jennie E. Earle, in 1866, and teaching school one winter. In 1869 he was elected County Treasurer of Lake County on the Republican ticket, and re-elected in 1871 ; in January of the latter year, purchased an interest in "The Waukegan Gazette," with which he remained associated some fifteen years, at first as the partner of Rev. A. K. Fox, and later of his younger brother, H. E. Partridge. In 1877 he was appointed, by President Hayes, Postmaster at Waukegan, serving four years; in 1886 was elected to the Legislature, serving (by successive elections) as Representative in the Thirty-fifth, Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh General Assem- blies, being frequently called upon to occupy the Speaker's chair, and, especially during the long Senatorial contest of 1891, being recognized as a leader of the Republican minority. In 1888 he was called to the service of the Republican State Central Committee (of wliich he had previously been a member), as assistant to the veteran Secre- tary, the late Daniel Shepard, remaining until the death of his chief, when he succeeded to the secretaryship. During the Presidential campaign of 1892 he was associated with the late William J. Campbell, then the Illinois member of the Republican National Committee, and was en- trusted by him with many important and confi- dential missions. Without solicitation on his part, in 1894 he was again called to assume the secretaryship of the Republican State Central Committee, and bore a conspicuous and influ- ential part in winning the brilliant success achieved by the party in the campaign of that year. From 1893 to 189.') he served as Mayor of Waukegan; in 1896 became Assistant Adjutant- General of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois — a position whicli he held in 1889 under Commander James S. Martin, and to which he has been re-appointed by succes- sive Department Commanders up to the present time. Mr. Partridge's service in the various public positions held by him, has given him an acquaintance extending to every county in the State. PATOKA, a village of Marion County, on the Western brancli of the Illinois Central Railway, 1.5 miles south of Vandalia. There are flour and saw mills here ; the surrounding country is agri- cultural. Population (1890j, 002; (1900), 640. PATTERSOX, Robert Wilson, 1).D., LL.D., clergyman, was born in Blount Count}-, Tenn., Jan.' 21, 1814; came to Bond County, 111., with his parents in 1822, his father dying two j'ears later; at 18 had had only nine months' schooling, but graduated at Illinois College in 1837; spent a year at Lane Theological Seminarj-, another as tutor in Illinois College, and then, after two 3ears more at Lane Seminary and preaching in Chicago and at Monroe, Mich., in 1842 established the Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, of which he remained the pastor over thirtj- years. In 18.50 he received a call to the chair of Didactic Theology at Lane Seminary, as successor to Dr. Lyman Beecher, but it was declined, as was a similar call ten years later. Resigning his pastor- ship in 1873. he was, for several years, Professor of Christian Evidences and Ethics in the Theological Seminary of the Northwest ; in 1876-78 served as President of Lake Forest University (of which he was one of the founders), and, in 1880-83, as lecturer in Lane Theological Seminar}'. He received the degree of D.D. from Hamilton Col- lege, N. Y., in 18.54, that of LL.D. from Lake Forest University, and was Moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly (N. S. ) at Wil- mington, Del., in 1859. Died, at Evanston. 111., Feb. 24, 1894. PAVEY, Charles W., soldier and ex-State Auditor, was born in Highland County, Qhio, Nov. 8, 1835; removed to Illinois in 1859, settling in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, and, for a time, followed the occupation of a farmer and stock- raiser. In August, 1862, he enlisted in the Eighti- eth Illinois Volunteers for the Civil War, and became First Lieutenant of Company E. He was severely wounded at the battle of Sand Mountain and, having been captured, was confined in Libby Prison, at Salisbury, N. C, and at Danville, Va., for a period of nearly two years, enduring great hardship and suffering. Having been exchanged, he served to the close of the war as Assistant Inspector-General on the Staff of Gen- eral Rousseau, in Tennessee. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1880, which nominated General Garfield for the Presi- dency, and was one of the famous "306" who stood by General Grant in that struggle. In 1882 he was appointed by President Arthur Collector of Internal Revenue for the Southern District, and, in 1888, was nominated and elected State Auditor on the Republican ticket, but was de- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 415 feated for re-election in the "land-slide" of 1892. General Pavey has been prominent in "G. A. R. " councils, and held the position of Junior Vice- Commander for the Department of Illinois in 1878, and that of Senior Vice-Commander in 1879. He also served as Brigadier-General of the National Guard, for Southern IlUnois, during the railroad strike of 1877. In 1897 he received from President McKinley the appointment of Special Agent of the Treasury Department. His home is at Mount Vernon, Jefferson County. PAWXEE, a villagre of Sangamon County, at the eastern terminus of the Auburn & Pawnee Railroad, 19 miles south of Springfield. Tlietown has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1900). 595; (1903. est.), 1,000. PAWNEE RAILROAD, a short line in Sanga- mon County, extending from Pawnee to Auburn (9 miles), where it forms a junction with the Chicago & Alton Railroad. The company was organized and procured a charter in December, 1888, and the road completed the following year. The cost was §101,774. Capital stock authorized, $100,000; funded debt (1895), 850,000. PAW PAW, a village of Lee County, at the junction of two branches of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railway, 8 miles nortliwest of Earlville. The town is in a farming region, but has a bank and one weekly paper. Population (1890), 635; (1900), 765. PAXTOX, the county-seat of Ford County, is situated at the intersection of the Cliicago Divi- sion of the Illinois Central and the Lake Erie & Western Railroads, 103 miles south by west from Chicago, and 49 miles east of Bloomington. It contains a court house, two schools, water-works, electric light and water-heating system, two banks, nine churches, and one dailj- newspaper. It is an important shipping-point for the farm products of the surrounding territory, which is a rich agricultural region. Besides brick and tile works and flour mills, factories for the manu- facture of carriages, buggies, hardware, cigars, brooms, and plows are located here. Pop. (1890), 2,187; (1900), 3.036. PAYSON, a village" in Adams County, 15 miles southeast of Quincy ; the nearest railroad station being Fall Creek, on the Quincy and Louisiana Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway; has one newspaper. Population (1900), 465. PAYSOX, Lewis E,, lawyer and ex-Congress- man, was bom at Providence, R. I., Sept. 17, 1840; came to Illinois at the age of 12. and, after passing through the common schools, attended Lombard University, at Galesburg, for two years. He was admitted to the bar at Ottawa in 1862, and, in 1865, took up his residence at Pontiac. From 1869 to 1873 he was Judge of the Livingston County Court, and, from 1881 to 1891, represented his District in Congress, being elected as a Republican, but, in 1890, was defeated by his Democratic opponent. Herman W. Snow. Since retiring from Congress he has practiced his pro- fession in Washington, D. C. PEABODY, Selim Hobart, educator, was born in Rockingham County, Vt., August 20. 1829: after reaching 13 years of age, spent a year in a Boston Latin School, then engaged in various occupations, including teaching, until 1848, when he entered the University of Vermont, graduat- ing third in his class in 1852; was appointed Pro- fessor of Mathematics and Engineering in the Polytechnic College at Philadelphia, in 1854, remaining three years, when he spent five years in Wisconsin, the last three as Superintendent of Schools at Racine. From 1865 to 1871 he was teacher of physical science in Chicago High School, also conducting night schools for work- ing men ; in 1871 became Professor of Phj-sics and Engineering in Massachusetts Agricultural Col- lege, but returned to the Chicago High School in 1874; in 1876 took charge of the Chicago Acad- emy of Sciences, and, in 1878, entered the Illinois Industrial University (now University of Illinois), at Champaign, first as Pi-ofessor of Mechanical Engineering, in 1880 becoming President, but resigning in 1891. During the World's Colum- bian Exposition at Chicago, Professor Peabody was Chief of the Department of Liberal Arts, and, on the expiration of his ser%-ice there, assumed the position of Curator of the newly organized Chicago Academy of Sciences, from which he retired some two years later. PE.4.RL, a village of Pike County, on the Kan- sas City branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 14 miles west of Roodhouse. Population (1890), 928; (1900), 722. PEARSOX, Isaac X., ex-Secretary of State, was born at Centreville, Pa., July 27, 1842; removed to Macomb, McDonough County, 111., in 1858, and has ever since resided there. In 1872 he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Coxui;, and re-elected in 1876. Later he engaged in real-estate and banking business. He was a member of the lower house in the Thirty-third, and of the Senate in the Thirty-fifth, General Assembly, but before the expiration of his term in the latter, was elected Secretary of State, on the Republican ticket, in 1888. In 1892 he was a candidate for re-election, 416 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. but was defeated, although, next to Governor Fifer, he received the largest vote cast for any candidate for a political office on the Republican State ticket. PEARSON, John M., ex-Railway and Ware- house Commissioner, born at New bury port, Mass., in 1832— the son of a ship-carpenter; was educated in his native State and came to Illinois in 1849, locating at the city of Alton, where he was afterwards engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements. In 1873 he was ap- pointed a member of the first Railway and Ware- house Commission, serving four years; in 1878 was elected Representative in the Thirty-first General Assembly from 'JIadison County, and was re-elected, successively, in 1880 and "82. He was appointed a member of the first Board of Live-Stock Commissioners in 1885, serving until 1893, for a considerable portion of the time as President of the Board. Jlr. Pearson is a life- long Republican and prominent member of the Masonic fraternity. His present home is at Godfrey. PEARSONS, Daniel K., M.D., real-estate oper- ator and capitalist, was born at Bradfordton, Vt., April 14, 1820; began teaching at 10 years of age, and, at 21, entered Dartmouth College, taking a two years' course. He then studied medicine, and, after practicing a short time in his native State, removed to Chicopee, Mass., where he remained from 1843 to 1857. The latter year he came to Ogle County, 111., and began operating in real estate, finally adding to this a loan busi- ness for Eastern parties, but discontinued this line in 1877. He owns extensive tracts of timber lands in Michigan, is a Director in the Chicago City Railway Company and American Exchange Bank, besides being interested in other financial institutions. He has been one of the most liberal supporters of the Chicago Historical Society, and a princely contributor to various benevolent and educational institutions, his gifts to colleges, in different parts of the country, aggregating over a million dollars. PECATOXICA, a town in Pecatonica Township, Winnebago County, on the Pecatonica River. It is on the Chicago 'COLX & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur d: Ei-ansville Eailway.) PELL, Gilbert T., Representative in the Third Illinois General Assembly (1822) from Edwards County, and an opponent of the resolution for a State Convention adopted by the Legislature at that session, designed to open the door for the admission of slavery. Mr. Pell was a son-in-law of ilorris Birkbeck, who was one of the leaders in opposition to the Convention scheme, and very naturally sympathized with his father-in-law. He was elected to the Legislature, for a second term, in 1828, but subsequently left the State, dying elsewhere, when his widow removed to Australia. PEXASTLTANIA RAILROAD. As to oper- ations of this corporation in Illinois, see Calumet River; Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago; South Chicago & Southern, and Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railwaj-s. The whole num- ber of miles owned, leased and operated by the Pennsylvania System, in 1,898. was 1,987.21, of which only 61.34 miles were in Illinois. It owns, however, a controlling interest in the stock of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway (which see). PEORIA, the second largest city of the State and the county-seat of Peoria County, is 160 miles southwest of Chicago, and at the foot of an expan- sion of the Illinois River known as Peoria Lake. The site of the town occupies an elevated plateau, having a %vater frontage of four miles and extend- ing back to a bluff, wliich rises 200 feet above the river level and about 120 feet above the highest point of the main site. It was settled in 1778 or '79, although, as generally believed, the French missionaries had a station there in 1711. There was certainly a settlement there as early as 172.5, when Renault received a grant of lands at Pimi- teoui, facing the lake then bearing the same name as the village. From that date until 1812, the place was continuously occupied as a French village, and is said to have been the most impor- tant point for trading in the Mississippi Valley. The original village was situated about a mile and a half above the foot of the lake ; but later, the pres- ent site was occupied, at first receiving the name of "La Ville de Maillet," from a French Canadian who resided in Peoria, from 176.5 to 1801 {the time of his death), and who commanded a company of volunteers in the Revolutionary War. The popu- lation of the old town removed to the new site, and the present name was given to the place by American settlers, from the Peoria Indians, who were the occupants of the country when it was fir.st discovered, hut who had followed their cog- nate tribes of the Illinois family to Cahokia and Kaskaskia, about a centurj- before American occupation of this region. In 1812 the town is estimated to have contained about seventy dwell- ings, with a population of between 200 and 300, made up largelj- of French traders, hunters and voyageurs, with a considerable admixture of half-breeds and Indians, and a few Americans. Among the latter were Thomas Forsyth, Indian Agent and confidential adviser of Governor Edwards; Michael La Croix, son-in- law of Julian Dubuque, founder of the city of Dubuque ; Antoine Le Claire, foimder of Daven- port, and for whom Le Claire, Iowa, is named; William Arundel, afterwards Recorder of St. Clair County, and Isaac Damielle, the second law- yer in Illinois. — In November, 1812, about half the town was burned, by order of Capt. Thomas E. Craig, w-ho had been directed, by Governor Edwards, to proceed up the river in boats with materials to build a fort at Peoria. At the same time, the Governor himself was at the head of a force marching against Black Partridge's vil- lage, which he destroyed. Edwards had no com- munication with Craig, who appears to have acted solely on his own responsibility. That the latter's action was utterly unjustifiable, there can now be little doubt. He alleged, by way of excuse, that his boats had been fired upon from the shore, at night, by Indians or others, who were harbored by the citizens. The testimony of the French, however, is to the effect that it was an unprovoked and cowardly assault, insti- gated by wine which the soldiers had stolen from the cellars of the inhabitants. Tlie bulk of those who remained after the fire were taken by Craig to a point below Alton and put ashore. This occurred in the beginning of winter, and the people, being left in a destitute condition, were subjected to great suffering. A Congressional investigation followed, and the French, having satisfactorily established the fact that they were not hostile, were restored to tlieir possessions. — In 1813 a fort, designed for permanent occupancy, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 419 was erected and named Fort Clark, in honor of Col. George Rogers Clark. It had one (if not two) blockhouses, with magazines and quarters for officers and men. It was finally evacuated in ISIS, and was soon afterwards burned by the Indians. Although a trading-post had been maintained here, at intervals, after the affair of 1813, there was no attempt made to rebuild the town until 1819, when Americans began to arrive. — In 1824 a post of the American Fur Com- pany was established here by John Hamlin, the company having already had, for five years, a station at Wesley City, three miles farther down the river. Hamlin also traded in pork and other products, and was the first to introduce keel- boats on the Illinois River. By transferring his cargo to lighter draft boats, when necessarj-, he made the trip from Peoria to Chicago entirely by water, going from the Des Plaines to Mud Lake, and thence to the South Branch of the Chicago River, without unloading. In 1834 the town had but seven frame houses and twentj'one log cabins. It was incorporated as a town in ISS.'i (Rudolphus Rouse being the first President), and, as the City of Peoria, ten years later (Wm. Hale being the first Mayor). — Peoria is an important railway and business center, eleven railroad lines concentrating here. It presents many attractive features, such as handsome residences, fine views of river, bluff and valley scenery, with an elab- orate system of parks and drives. An excellent school system is liberalh' supported, and its public buildings (national, county and city) are fine and costly. Its churches are elegant and well attended, the leading denominations being Methodist Episcopal, Congregational, Presby- terian, Baptist, Protestant and Reformed Episco- pal, Lutheran, Evangelical anil Roman Catholic. It is the seat of Bradley Polytechnic Institute, a young and flourishing scientific school affiliated with the University of Chicago, and richly en- dowed through the munificence of Mrs. Lydia Bradley, who devotes her whole estate, of at least a million dollais. to this object. Right Rev. John L. Spaulding, Bishop of the Roman Catho- lic diocese of Peoria, is erecting a handsome and costly building for the Spaulding Institute, a school for the higher education of young men. — At Bartonville, a suburb of Peoria, on an eleva- tion commanding a magnificent view of the Illi- nois River valley for many miles, the State has located an asylum for the incurable insane. It is now in process of erection, and is intended to be one of the most complete of its kind in the world. Peoria lies in a corn and coal region, is noted for the number and extent of its distilleries, and, in 1890, ranked eighth among the grain markets of the country. It also has an extensive commerce with Chicago, St. Louis and other important cities; was credited, by the census of 1890, with 5o4 manufacturing establishments, representing 90 different branches of industry, with a capital of $15,073,567 and an estimated annual product of $55,504,523. Its leading industries are the manu- facture of distilled and malt liquors, agricultural implements, glucose and machine-shop products. Its contributions to the internal revenue of the country are second only to those of the New York district. Population (1870), 32,849; (1880), 29,259; (1890), 41, 024; (1900), 56.100. PEORIA COUNTY, originally a part of Fulton County, but cut off in 1825. It took its name from the Peoria Indians, who occupied that region when it was first discovered. As first organized, it included the present counties of Jo Daviess and Cook, with many others in the northern part of the State. At that time there were less than 1,500 inhabitants in the entire region; and John Hamlin, a Justice of the Peace, on his return from Green Bay (whither he had accompanied William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamil- ton, with a drove of cattle for the fort there), solemnized, at Chicago, the marriage of Alex- ander Wolcott, then Indian Agent, with a daughter of John Kinzie. The original Peoria County has been subdivided into thirty counties, among them being some of the largest and rich- est in the State. The first county officer was Norman Hyde, who was elected Judge of the Probate Court by the Legislature in January, 1825. His commission from Governor Coles was dated on the eighteenth of that month, but he did not qualify until June 4, following, when he took the oath of office before John Dixon, Circuit Clerk, who founded the city that bears his name. Meanwhile, Mr. Hyde had been appointed the first Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court, and served in that capacity until entering upon his duties as Probate Judge. The first election of county officers was held, March 7, 1825, at the house of William Eads. Nathan Dillon, Joseph Smith, and William Holland were chosen Com- missioners; Samuel Fulton Sheriff, and William Phillips Coroner. The first County Treasurer was Aaron Hawlej-, and the first general election of officers took place in 1826. The first court house was a log cabin, and the first term of the Circuit Court began Nov. 14, 1835, John York Sa^vyer sitting on the bench, with John Dixon, Clerk; Samuel Fulton, Sheriff; and John 420 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Twiney, the Attorney-General, present. Peoria County is, at present, one of the wealthiest and most populous counties in the State. Its soil is fertile and its manufactures numerous, especially at Peoria, the county-seat and principal city (which see). The area of the county is G15 square miles, and its population (1880), 55,353; (1890), 70,378; (1900), SH.fiOS. PEORIA LAKE, an expansion of the Illinois River, forming the eastern boundary of Peoria County, which it separates from the counties of Woodford and Tazewell. It is about 20 miles long and 2/-2 miles broad at the widest part. PEORIA, ATLANTA & DECATUR RAIL- ROAD. (See Terre Haute <& Peoria Railroad.) PEORIA, DECATUR & EVAIVSVILLE RAIL- WAY. The total length of this line, extending from Peoria, 111., to Evansville, Ind., is 330.87 miles, all owned by the company, of which 273 miles are in Illinois. It extends from Pekin, southeast to Grayville, on the Wabash River — is single track, unballasted, and of standard gauge. Between Pekin and Peoria the company uses the tracks of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, of which it is one-fourth owner. Between Hervey City and Midland Junction it has trackage privi leges over the line owned jointl}' by the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville and the Terre Haute & Peoria Companies (7.5 miles). Between Midland Junction and Decatur (2.4 miles) the tracks of the Illinois Central are used, the two Lines having terminal facilities at Decatur in common. The rails are of fifty-two and sixty pound steel. — (History.) The main line of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway is the result of the consoli- dation of several lines built under separate char- ters. (1) The Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railroad, chartered in 18G7, built in 1869-71, and operated the latter year, was leased to the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railway, but sold to representatives of the bond-holders, on account of default on interest, in 1876, and reorganized as the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway. (2) The Decatur, Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, (projected from Decatur to Mattoon), was incorporated in 1871, completed from Mattoon to Hervey City, in 1872, and, the same 3'ear, consolidated with the Chi- cago & Great Southern ; in January, 1874, the Decatur line passed into the hands of a receiver, and, in 1877, having been sold under foreclosure, was reorganized as the Decatur, Mattoon & South- ern Railroad. In 1879 it was placed in the hands of trustees, but the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway having acquired a controlling interest during the same year, the two lines were con- solidated under the name of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway Compan3-. (3) The Gra}'- viUe & Mattoon Railroad, chartered in 1857, was consolidated in 1873 with the Mount Vernon & Grayville Railroad (projected), the new corpo- ration taking the name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern (already mentioned). In 1872 the latter corporation was consolidated with the Decatur, Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, under the name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railwaj". Both consolidations, however, were set aside by decree of the United States District Court, in 1876, and the partiallj- graded road and franchises of the Grayville & Mattoon lines sold, under foreclosure, to the contractors for the construction ; 20 miles of the line from Olney to Newton, were completed during the month of September of that j'ear. and the entire line, from Grayville to Mattoon, in 1878. In 1880 this line was sold, under decree of foreclosure, to the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway Company, which had already acquired the Decatur & Mattoon Division —thus placing the entire line, from Peoria to Grayville, in the hands of one corporation. A line under the name of the Evansville & Peoria Railroad, chartered in Indiana in 1880, was consolidated, the same year, with the Illinois corporation under the name of the latter, and completed from Grayville to Evansville in 1882. (4) The Chicago & Ohio River Railroad — cliartered, in 1869, as the Dan- ville, Olney & Ohio River Railroad — was con- structed, as a narrow-gauge line, from Kansas to West Liberty, in 1878-81 ; in the latter year was changed to standard gauge and completed, in 1883. from Sidell to Olney (86 miles). The same year it went into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure, in February, 1886, and reorgan- ized, in May following, as the Chicago & Ohio River Railroad ; was consolidated with the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway, in 1893, and used as the Chicago Division of that line. The property and franchises of the entire line passed into the hands of receivers in 1894, and are still (1898) under their management. PEORIA, PEKIX & JACKSONVILLE RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & St. Lotiis Hail- road of Illinois.) PEORIA & BUREAU TALLEY RAILROAD, a short line, 46.7 miles in length, operated bj^ the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Com- pany, extending from Peoria to Bureau Junction, 111. It was incorporated, Feb. 12, 1853, com- pleted the following year, and leased to the Rock Island in perpetuity. April 14, 1854, the annual rental being §125,000. The par value of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 421 capital stock is $1,500,000. Annual dividends of 8 per cent are guaranteed, payable semi-annu- ally. (See Chicago, Rock Island 2 miles, 133 of which lie in Illinois — 123 being o\\iied by the Companj-. That por- tion within this State extends east from Pekin to the Indiana State line, in addition to which the Companj- lias trackage facilities over the line of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway (9 miles) to Peoria. The gauge is standard. The track is single, laid with sixty and sixty-seven-pound steel rails and ballasted almost wholly with gravel. Tlie capital stock is .?10,000,000. In 189.5 it had a bonded debt of §13,603,000 and a floating debt of .?1. 261, 130, making a total capitalization of S24,864,130.— (History.) The original of this corporation was the Danville, Urbana, Blooming- ton & Pekin Railroad, which was consolidated, in July, 1869, with the Indianapolis, Crawfords- ville & Danville Railroad — the new corporation taking the name of the Indianapolis, Blooming- ton & Western — and was opened to Pekin the same year. In 1874 it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1879, and reorganized as the Indiana, Bloomington & Western Railway Company. The next change occurred in 1881, when it was consolidated with an Ohio corporation (the Ohio, Indiana & Pacific Railroad), again undergoing a slight change of name in its reorganization as the Indiana, Bloom- ington & Western Railroad Company. In 1886 it again got into financial straits, was placed in charge of a receiver and sold to a reorganization committee, and, in January, 1887, took the name of the Ohio, Indiana & Western Railway Com- pany. The final reorganization, under its present name, took place in February, 1890, when it was leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which it is operated. (See Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway.) PEORIA & HANMBAL RAILROAD. (See Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) PEORIA & OQUAWKA RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) PEORIA & PEKiy UNION RAILWAY. A line connecting the cities of Peoria and Pekin, which are onh' 8 miles apart. It was chartered in 1880, and acquired, by purchase, the tracks of the Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville and the Peoria & Spring- field Railroads, between the two cities named in its title, giving it control of two lines, which are used bj- nearlj- all the railroads entering both cities from the east side of the Illinois River. The mileage, including both divisions, is 18.14 miles, second tracks and sidings increasing the total to nearly CO miles. The track is of standard gauge, about two-thirds being laid with steel rails. The total cost of construction was §4,350,987. Its total capitalization (1898) was §4,177,763, includ- ing §1,000,000 in stock, and a funded debt of §2,904,000. The capital stock is held in eciual amounts (each 2,500 shares) by the Wabash, the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville, the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the Peoria & Eastern com- panies, with 1,000 shares by the Lake Erie & Western. Terminal charges and annual rentals are also paid by the Terre Haute & Peoria and the Iowa Central Railways. PEORIA & SPRIXOFIELD RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad of Illinois.) PEOTONE, a village of Will County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 41 miles south southwest from Chicago; has some manufactures, a bank and a newspaper. The surrounding country is agricultural. Population (1890), 717; (1900), 1,003. PERCY, a village of Randolph County, at the intersection 6f the Wabash, Chesapeake & West- ern and the Mobile & Ohio Railways. Population (1890), 360; (1900), 660. PERROT, Nicholas, a French explorer, wno visited the valley of the Fox River (of Wisconsin) and the country around the great lakes, at various times between 1670 and 1690. He was present, as a guide and interpreter, at the celebrated con- ference held at Sault Ste. Marie, in 1071, which was attended by fifteen Frenchmen and repre- sentatives from seventeen Indian tribes, and at which the Sieur de Lusson took formal possession of Lakes Huron and Superior, with the surround- ing region and "all the country southward to the .sea," in the name of Louis XIV. of France. Perrot was the first to discover lead in the West, and, for several years, was Commandant in the Green Bay district. As a chronicler he was intelligent, interesting and accurate. His writ- ings were not published until 1864, but have always been highly prized as authority. PERRY, a town of Pike County ; has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 770; (1890), 705; (1900), C42. PERRY COUNTY, lies in the southwest quarter of the State, with an area of 440 square miles and a population (1900) of 19,830. It was organized as a county in 1827, and named for Com. Oliver H. Perry. The general surface is rolling. 422 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. although flat prairies occupy a considerable por- tion, interspersed with "post-oak flats. " Limestone is found in the southern, and sandstone in the northern, sections, but the chief mineral wealth of the county is coal, which is abundant, and, at several points, easily mined, some of it being of a superior quality. Salt is manufactured, tosome extent, and the chief agricultural output is wheat. Pinckneyville, the county-seat, has a central position and a population of about 1,300. Duquoir is the largest city. Beaucoup Creek is the principal stream, and the county is crossed by several lines of railroad. PERU, a city in La Salle County, at the head of navigation on the Illinois River, which is here spanned by a handsome bridge. It is distant 100 miles southwest from Chicago, and the same dis- tance north-northeast from Springfield. It is connected by street cars with La Salle, one mile distant, which is the terminus of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. It is situated in a rich coal- mining region, is an important trade center, and has several manufacturing establishments, includ- ing zinc smelting works, rolling mills, nickeloid factory, metal uovelt}' works, gas engine factory, tile works, plow, scale and patent-pump factories, foundries and machine shops, flour and saw mills, clock factory, etc. Two national banks, with a combined capital of §200,000, are located at Peru, and one daily and one weekly paper. Population (1870), 3,650; (1880), 4,682; (1890), 5,550; (1900), 6,863. PESOTUM, a village in Champaign County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles south of Tolono. Population (1890), 575. PETERSBURG, a city of Menard County, and the county-seat, on the Sangamon River, at the intersection Chicago & Alton with the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railway ; 23 miles northwest of Springfield and 28 miles northeast of Jackson- ville. The town was surveyed and platted by Abraham Lincoln in 1837, and is the seat of the "Old Salem" Chautauqua. It has machine shops, two banks, two weekly papers and nine churches. The manufactures include woolen goods, brick and drain-tile, bed-springs, mattresses, and canned goods. Pop. (1890), 2,342, (1900), 2,807. PETERS, Onslow, lawyer and jurist, was born in Massachusetts, graduated at Brown Univer- sity, and was admitted to the bar and practiced law in his native State until 1837, when he set- tled at Peoria, 111. He served in the Constitu- tional Convention of 1847. was elected to the bench of the Sixteenth Judicial Circuit in 1858, and re-elected in 1855. Died, Feb. 28, 1856. PHILLIPS, David L , journalist and politician, was born where the town of Marion, Williamson County, 111., now stands, Oct. 28, 1823; came to St. Clair County in childhood, his father settling near Belleville ; began teaching at an early age, and, when about 18, joined the Baptist Church, and, after a brief course with the distinguished Dr. Peck, at his Rock Spring Seminary, two years later entered the ministry, serving churches in Washington and other Southern Illinois counties, finally taking charge of a church at Jonesboro. Though originally a Democrat, his advanced views on slavery led to a disagreement with his church, and he withdrew ; then accepted a posi- tion as paymaster in the construction department of the Illinois Central Railroad, finally being transferred to that of Land Agent for tlie South- ern section, in this capacity visiting different parts of the State from one end of the main line to the other. About 1854 he became associated with the management of "The Jonesboro Ga- zette," a Democratic paper, which, during his con- nection with it (some two years), he made an earnest opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. At the A.nti -Nebraska Editorial Convention (which see), held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, he was appointed a member of their State Central Committee, and, as such, joined in the call for the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloom- ington in May following, where he served as Vice-President for his District, and was nomi- nated for Presidential Elector on the Fremont ticket. Two years later (1858) he was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress in the Southern District, being defeated by John A. Logan; was again in the State Convention of 1860, and a delegate to the National Convention wliich nominated Abraham Lincoln for President the first time; was appointed by Mr. Lincoln United States Marshal for the Southern District in 1861, and re-appointed in 1865, but resigned after Andrew Johnson's defection in 1866. Dur- ing 1862 Mr. Phillips became part proprietor of "The State Journal" at Springfield, retaining this relation until 1878. at intervals performing editorial service; also took a prominent part in organizing and equipping the One Hundred and Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (sometimes called the "Pliillips Regiment"), and, in 1865, was one of the committee of citizens sent to escort the remains of President Lincoln to Springfield. He joined in the Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati in 1872, but, in 1876, was in line with his former jiarty associates, and served in that year as an unsuccessful candidate HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 423 for Congress, in the Springfield District, in oppo- sition to William M. Springer, early the following year receiving tlie appointment of Postmaster for the city of Springfield from President Hayes. Died, at Springfield, June 19, 1880. PHILLIPS, George S., author, was born at Peterborough. England, in January, 181G; gradu- ated at Cambridge, and came to the United States, engaging in journalism. In 1845 he returned to England, and, for a tirne, was editor of "The Leeds Times," still later being Principal of the People's College at Huddersfield. Return- ing to the United States, lie came to Cook County, and. about 1866-68. was a writer of sketches over the novi de plume of "January Searle" for "The Chicago Republican" — later was literary editor of "The New York Sun" for several years. His mind becoming impaired, he was placed in an asylum at Trenton, N. J., finally dying at Morris- town, N. J., Jan. 14, 1889. Mr. Phillips was the author of several volumes, chiefly sketches of travel and biography. PHILLIPS, Jesse J., lawyer, soldier and jurist, was born in Montgomery County, 111., May 22, 183T. Shortly after graduating from the Hillsboro Academy, he read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1860. In 1861 he organized a company of volunteers, of which he was chosen Captain, and which was attached to the Ninth Illinois Infantry. Captain Phillips was successively advanced to the rank of Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; resigned on account of disability, in August, 1864, but was brevetted Brigadier-General at the close of the war. His military record was exceptionally brilliant He was wounded three times at Shiloh, and was personally thanked and compli- mented by Generals Grant and Oglesby for gal- lantry and efficient service. At the termination of the struggle he returned to Hillsboro and engaged in practice. In 1866, and again in 1868, he was the Democratic candidate for State Treas- urer, but was both times defeated. In 1879 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 1885. In 1890 he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of the Fourth District, and, in 1893, was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the vacancy created by the death of Justice Jolm M. Scholfield, his term expiring in 1897, when he was re-elected to succeed himself. Judge Phillips" present term will expire in 1906. PHILLIPS, Joseph, early jurist, was born in Tennessee, received a classical and legal edu- cation, and served as a Captain in the War of 1813 ; in 1816 was appointed Secretary of Illinois Territory, serving imtil the admission of Illinois as a State, when he became the first Chief Jus- tice of the Supreme Court, serving until July, 1822, when he resigned, being succeeded on the bench by John Reynolds, afterwards Governor. In 1822 he was a candidate for Governor in the interest of the advocates of a pro-slavery amend- ment of the State Constitution, but was defeated by Edward Coles, the leader of the anti-slavery party. (See Coles, Edward, and Slavery and Slave Laws.) He appears from the "Edwards Papers" to have been in Illinois as late as 1832, but is said eventually to have returned to Tennessee. The date of his death is unknown. PIAXKKSHAWS, THE, a branch of the Miami tribe of Indians. Their name, like tliose of their brethren, underwent many mutations of orthog- raphy, the tribe being referred to, variously, as the "Pou-an-ke-kiahs," the "Pi-an-gie-shaws," the "Pi-an-qui-shaws," and the "Py-an-ke- shaws. " They were less numerous than the Weas, their numerical strength ranking lowest among the bands of the Miamis. At the time La Salle planted his colony around Starved Rock, their warriors numbered 150. Subsequent to the dispersion of this colony they (alone of the Miamis) occupied portions of the present territory of Illi- nois, having villages on the Vermilion and Wabash Rivers. Their earliest inclinations toward tlie whites were friendlj-, the French traders having intermarried with women of the tribe soon after the advent of the first explor- ers. Col. George Rogers Clark experienced little difficulty in securing their allegiance to the new government which he proclaimed. In the san- guinary raids (usually followed by reprisals), which marked Western history during the years immediately succeeding the Revolution, the Piankeshaws took no part ; yet the outrages, per- petrated upon peaceable colonists, had so stirred the settlers' blood, that all Indians were included in the general thirst for vengeance, and each was unceremoniously dispatched as soon as seen. The Piankeshaws appealed to Washington for protec- tion, and the President issued a special procla- mation in their behalf. After the cession of the last remnant of the Miami territory to the United States, the tribe was removed to a Kansas reser- vation, and its last remnant finally found a lionie in Indian Territory. (See also Miamis: Weas.) "PIASA BIRD," LEGEND OF THE. When the French explorers first descended the Upper Mississippi River, they found some remarkable figures depicted upon the face of the bluff, just 42i HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. above the site of the present city of Alton, which excited their wonder and continued to attract interest long after the country was occupied by the whites. Tlie account given of the discov- ery by Marquette, who descended the river from the mouth of the Wisconsin, in June, 1673, is as follows: "As we coasted along" (after passing tlie mouth of the Illinois) "rocks frightful for their height and length, we saw two monsters painted on one of the rocks, which startled us at first, and upon which the boldest Indian dare not gaze long. They are as large as a calf, with horns on the head like a deer, a frightful look, red eyes, bearded like a tiger, the face somewhat like a man's, the body covered with scales, and the tail so long that it twice makes the turn of the body, passing over the head and down be- tween the legs, ending at last in a fisli's tail. Green, red and black are the colors employed. On the whole, these two monsters are so well painted that we could not believe any Indian to have been the designer, as good painters in France would find it hard to do as well. Besides this, they are painted so high upon the rock tliat it is hard to get conveniently at them to paint them." As the Indians could give no account of the origin of these figures, but had their terror even more excited at the sight of them than Mar- quette himself, they are supposed to have been the work of some prehistoric race occupying the country long before tlie arrival of the aborigines whom Marquette and his companions found in Illinois. There was a tradition that the figures were intended to represent a creature, part beast and part bird, which destroyed immense numbers of the inhabitants by swooping down upon them from its abode upon the rocks. At last a chief is said to have offered himself a victim for his people, and when the monster made its appear- ance, twenty of his warriors, concealed near by, discharged their arrows at it, killing it just before it readied its prey. In this manner the life of the chief was saved and his people were preserved from further depredations ; and it was to commemorate this event that the figure of the bird was painted on the face of the cliff on whose summit the chief stood. This story, told in a paper by Mr. John Russell, a pioneer author of Illinois, obtained wide circulation in this country and in Europe, about the close of the first quarter of the present century, as the genuine "Legend of the Piasa Bird." It is said, however, that Mr. Russell, who was a popular writer of fiction, acknowledged that it was drawn largely from his imagination. Many prehistoric relics and human remains are said, by the late William MoAdams, the antiquarian of Alton, to have been found in caves in the vicinity, and it seems a well authenticated fact that the Indians, when passing the spot, were accustomed to discharge their arrows — and, later, their firearms — at the figure on the face of the cliS. .Traces of this celebrated pictograph were visible as late as 1840 to 184.5, but have since been entirely quarried away. PIATT COUNTY, organized in 1841, consist- ing of parts of Macon and Dewitt Counties. Its area is 440 square miles ; population (1900), 17,706. The first Commissioners were John Hughes, W. Bailey and E. Peck. John Piatt, after whose family the county was named, %vas the first Sheriff. The North Fork of the Sangamon River flows centrally through the county from north- east to southwest, and several lines of railroad afford transportation for its products. Its re- sources and the occupation of the people are almost wholly agricultural, tlie surface being level prairie and the soil fertile. Slonticello, the county-seat, has a population of about 1,700. Other leading towns are Cerro Gordo (939) and Bement (1.129). PICKETT, Thomas Johnson, journaUst, was born in Louisville, Ky., March 17, 1831; spent six years (1830-36) in St. Louis, when his family removed to Peoria ; learned the printer's trade in the latter city, and, in 1840, began the publica- tion of "The Peoria News," then sold out and established "The Republican" (afterwards "The Transcript") ; was a member of the Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention lield at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, serving on the Committee on Resolutions, and being apjxiinted on the State Central Com- mittee, which called the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington, in May follow- ing, and was there appointed a delegate to tlie National Convention at Philadelphia, which nominated General Fremont for President. Later, he published papers at Pekin and Rock Island, at the latter place being one of the first to name Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency ; was elected State Senator in 1860, and, in 1862, com- missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, being transferred, as Colonel, to the One Hundred and Thirty -.second Illinois (100-daj's' men), and serving at Camp Douglas during the "Conspiracy'" excitement. After the war. Colonel Pickett removed to Paducah, Ky., published a paper there called "The Federal Union." was appointed Postmaster, and, later, Clerk of the United States District Court, and HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 425 was the Republican nominee for Congress, In that District, in 1874. Removing to Nebraska in 1879, he at different times conducted several papers in that State residing for the most part at Lincoln. Died, at Ashland, Neb., Dec. 24. 1891. PIERSOX, David, pioneer banker, was born at Cazenovia, N. Y., July 9. 1806; at the age of 13 removed west with his parents, arriving at St. Louis, June 3, 1820. The family soon after set- tled nearCollinsville, Madison County, 111., where the father having died, they removed to the vi- cinity of Carrollton, Greene County, in 1821. Here they opened a farm, but. in 1827, Mr. Pierson went to the lead mines at Galena, where he re- mained a year, then returning to Carrollton. In 1834, having sold his farm, he began merchandis- ing, still later being engaged in the pork and grain trade at Alton. In 1854 he added the bank- ing business to his dry-goods trade at Carrollton, also engaged in milling, and, in 1862-63, erected a woolen factory, which was destroyed by an incendiary lire in 1872. Originally an anti-slavery Clay Whig, Mr. Pierson became a Republican on the organization of that party in 1856, served for a time as Collector of Internal Revenue, was a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Pliiladelphia in 1872, and a prominent candi- date for the Republican nomination for Lieuten- ant-Governor in 1876. Of high integrity and imswerving patriotism, Mr. Pierson was generous in his benefactions, being one of the most liberal contributors to the establishment of the Langston School for the Education of Freedmen at HoUy Springs, Miss., soon after the war. He died at Can-ollton, May 8, 1891. — Oman (Pierson), a son of the subject of this sketch, was a member of the Thirty-second General Assembly (1881) from Greene Countj-, and is present cashier of the Greene County National Bank at Carrollton. PIGGOTT, Isaac N., early politician, was born about 1792; served as an itinerant Methodist preacher in Missouri and Illinois, between 1819 and 1824. but finally located southwest of Jersey- ville anil obtained a license to run a ferry be- tween Grafton and Alton; in 1828 ran as a candidate for the State Senate against Thomas Cariin (afterwards Governor) ; removed to St. Louis in 18.')8, and died there in 1874. PIKE COUXTY, situated in the western por- tion of the State, lying between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, having an area of 795 square miles — named in honor of tlie explorer, Capt. Zebulon Pike The first American settlers came about 1820. and, in 1821, the county was organ- ized, at first embracing all the country north and west of the Illinois River, including the present county of Cook. Out of this territory were finally organized about one fourth of the counties of the State. Coles" Grove (now Gilead, in Calhoun County) was the first county -seat, but the seat of justice was removed, in 1824, to Atlas, and to Pittsfield in 1833. The surface is undulating, in some portions is hilly, and diversified with prai ries and hardwood timber. Live-stock, cereals and hay are the staple products, while coal and Niagara limestone are found in abujidance. Population (1890), 31,000; (1900), 31,595. PILLSBURY, Nathaniel Joy, lawyer and judge, was born in York Count_v, Maine, Oct. 21, 1834; in 1855 removed to Illinois, and, in 1858, began farming in Livingston County. He began the study of law in 1863, and, after admission to the bar, commenced practice at Pontiac. He represented La Salle and Livingston Counties in the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and. in 1873, was elected to the bench of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit. He was re-elected in 1879 and again in 1885. He was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court in 1877, and again in 1879 and "85. He was severely wounded by a shot received from strikers on the line of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, near Chicago, in 1880, resulting in his being permanently disabled physically, in consequence of which he declined a reelection to the bench in 1S91. PINCKNEYVILLE, a city and the county-seat of Perry County, situated at the intersection of the Paducah Division Illinois Central and the Wabash, Chester & Western Railways, 10 miles west-northwest of Duquoin. Coal-mining is carried on in the immediate vicinity, and flour, carriages, plows and dressed lumber are among the manufactured products. Pinckneyville has two banks — one of which is national — two weekly newspapers, seven churches, a graded and a high school. Population (1880), 964; (1890), 1,298; (1900), 2,3.57. PITTSBURG, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD, one of the Pennsyl- vania Company's lines, operating 1,403 miles of road, of which 1,090. miles are owned and the remainder leased — length of line in Illinois, 28 miles. The Company is the outgrowth of a con- solidation, in 1890, of the Pittsburg. Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway with the Chicago. St. Louis & Pittsburg, the Cincinnati & Richmond and the Jeffer.sonville, Madison & Indianapolis Railroads. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company controls the entire line through ownership of stock. Capital stock outstanding, in 1898, $47,791,601; 426 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. funded debt, $48,433,000; floating debt, $2,214,703 —total capital $98,500,584. — (History.) The Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburg Railroad, em- bracing the Illinois division of this line, was made up of various corporations organized under the laws of Illinois and Indiana. One of its compo- nent parts was the Chicago & Great Eastern Railway, organized, in 1865, by consolidation of the Galena & Illinois River Railroad (chartered in 1857), the Chicago & Great Eastern Railway of Indiana, the Cincinnati & Chicago AirLine (organized 1860), and the Cincinnati, Logans- port & Chicago Railway. In 1869, the consoli- dated line was leased to the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway Company, and operated under the name of the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central between Bradford, Ohio, and Chicago, from 1869 until its consolidation, under the present name, in 1890. (See Pennsyhania Railroad.) PITTSBURfi, FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chi- cago Railiray. ) PITTSBURG, FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO RAILWAY. The total length of this line is nearly 470 miles, but only a little over 16 miles are within Illinois. It was operated by the Penn- sylvania Railroad Company as lessee. The entire capitalization in 1898 was §52,549.990; and the earnings in Illinois, §472,228. — (History.) The Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway is the result of the consolidation, August 1, 1856, of the Ohio & Pennsylvania, the Ohio & Indiana and the Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad Companies, under the name of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad. The road was opened through its entire length, Jan. 1, 1859; was sold under foreclosure in 1861 ; reorganized under its present title, in 1862, and leased to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, for 999 years, from July 1, 1869. (See Pennsylvania Pailroail.) PITTSFIELD, the county -seat of Pike County, situated on the Hannibal it Naples branch of the Wabash Railwaj-, about 40 miles southeast of Quincy, and about the same distance south of west from Jacksonville. Its public buildings include a hand.sonie court house and graded and high school buildings. The city has an electric light plant, city water-works, a flour mill, a National and a State bank, nine churches, and four weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 2,295; (1900), 2,293. PLAINFIELI), a village of Will County, on the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railroad and an interur- ban electric line, 8 miles northwest of Joliet; is in a dairying section ; has a bank and one news- paper. Pop. (1890), 852; (1900), 920. PLANO, a city in Kendall County, situated near the Fox River, and on the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad, 14 miles west- southwest of Aurora. There are manufactories of agri- cultural implements and bedsteads. The city has banks, several churches, graded and high schools, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,825; (1900), 1,634; (1903, est.), 2,250. PLEASANT PLAINS, a village of Sangamon County, on Springfield Division Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railroad, 16 miles northwest of Spring- field; in rich farming region; has coal-shaft, bank, five churches, college and two newspapers. Population (1890), 518; (1900). 575. PLEASANTS, George Washiugtou, jurist, was born in Harrod.sburg, Ky., Nov. 24, 1823; received a classical education at William.'^ College, Mass. graduating in 1842 ; studied law in New York City, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1845, establishing himself in practice at Williamstown, Mass., where he remained until 1849. In 1851 he removed to Washington, D. C, and, after residing there two years, came to Illi- nois, locating at Rock Island, which has since been his home. In 1861 he was elected, as a Republican, to the State Constitutional Conven- tion which met at Springfield in January follow- ing, and, in 1867, was chosen Judge for the Sixth (now Tenth) Judicial Circuit, having served by successive re-elections until June, 1897, retiring at the close of his fifth term — a record for length of service seldom paralleled in the judicial his- tory of the State. The last twenty years of this period were spent on the Appellate bench. For several years past Judge Pleasants has been a sufferer from failing eyesight, but has been faith- ful in attendance on his judicial duties. As a judicial officer and a man, his reputation stands among the highest. PLUMB, Ralph, soldier and ex-Congressman, was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., March 29, 1816. After leaving school he became a mer- chant's clerk, and was himself a merchant for eighteen years. From New York he removed to Ohio, where he was elected a member of the Legislature in 1855, later coming to Illinois. During the Civil War he served four years in the LTnion army as Captain and Quartermaster, being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at its close. He made his home at Streator, where he was elected Mayor (1881-1883). There he engaged in coal- mining and has been connected with several important enterprises. From 1885 to 1889 he HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 427 represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con- gress, after wliich he retired to private life. PLYMOl'TH, a village of Hancock County, on the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railway, 41 miles northeast of Quincy ; is trade center of rich farming district ; has two banks, electric lights, water-works, and one paper. Pop. (1900), 854. POIXTE DE SlIBLE, Jean Baptiste, a negro and Indian-trader, reputed to have been the first settler on the present site of the city of Chicago. He is said to have been a native of San Domingo, but is described by his contemporaries as '"well educated and handsome," though dissipated. He appears to have been at the present site of Chi- cago as early as 1794, his house being located on the north side near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River, where he carried on a considerable trade with the Indians. About 1796 he is said to have sold out to a French trader named Le Jlai, and joined a countryman of his, named Glamorgan, at Peoria, where he died soon after. Glamorgan, who was the reputed owner of a large Spanish land-grant in the vicin- ity of St. Louis, is said to have been associated with Point de Saible in trade among the Peorias, before the latter came to Chicago. POLO, a city in Ogle County, at intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Burling- ton & Northern Railways, 23 miles south of Free- port and 12 miles north of Dixon. The surrounding region is devoted to agriculture and stock-raising, and Polo is a shipping point for large quantities of cattle and hogs. Agricultural implements (including harvesters) and buggies are manufactured here. The city has banks, one weekly and one semi weekly paper, seven churches, a graded public and high school, and a public library. Pop. (1890), 1,728; (1900), 1,869. PO>'TIAC, an Ottawa chief, born on the Ottawa River, in Canada, about 1720. While yet a young man he became the principal Chief of the allied Ottawas, Ojibways and Pottawatoraies. He was always a firm ally of the French, to whose interests he was devotedly attached, defending them at Detroit against an attack of the Northern tribes, and (it is generally believed) leading the Ottawas in the defeat of Braddock. He reluctantlj' acquiesced in the issue of the French and Indian War, although at first strongly disposed to dispute the progress of Major Rogers, the British officer sent to take possession of the western forts. In 1762 he dispatched emissaries to a large number of tribes, whom he desired to unite in a league for the extermination of the English. His proposals were favorably received. and thus was organized what is commonly spoken of as the "Conspiracy of Pontiac." He himself undertook to lead an assault upon Detroit. The garrison, however, was apprised of his inten- tion, and made preparations accordingly. Pontiac thereupon laid siege to the fort, but was unable to prevent the ingress of provisions, the Canadian settlers furnishing supplies to both besieged and besiegers with absolute impartiality. Finally a boat-load of ammunition and supplies was landed at Detroit from Lake Erie, and the English made an unsuccessful sortie on July 31, 1763. After a desultory warfare, lasting for nearly three months, the Indians withdrew into Indiana, where Pontiac tried in vain to organize another movement. Although Detroit had not been taken, the Indians captured Forts Sandusky, St. Joseph, Miami, Ouiatanon. LeBoeuf and Venango, besides the posts of JIackinaw and Presque Isle. The garrisons at all these points were massacred and innumerable outrages perpetrated elsewhere. Additional British troops were sent west, and the Indians finally brought under control. Pontiac was present at Oswego when a treat}" was signed with Sir William Johnson, but remained implacable. His end was tragic. Broken in heart, but still proud in spirit and relentless in purpose, he applied to the former (and last) French Governor of Illinois, the }-ounger St. Ange, who was then at St. Louis, for co-operation and support in another raid against the British. Being refused aid or countenance, according to a story long popularly received, he returned to the vicinity of Cahokia, where, in 1769, he was mur- dered bj- a Kaskaskia Indian in consideration of a barrel of liquor. N. Matson, author of several volumes bearing on early history in Illinois, cit- ing Col. Joseph N. Bourassa, an educated half- breed of Kansas, as authority for his statement, asserts that the Indian killed at Cahokia was an impostor, and that the true Pontiac was assassi- nated by Kineboo, the Head Chief of the Illinois, in a council held on the Des Plaines River, near the present site of Joliet. So well convinced, it is said, was Pierre Chouteau, the St. Louis Indian trader, of the truth of this last story, that he caused a monument, which he had erected over the grave of the false Pontiac, to be removed. Out of tlie murder of Pontiac, whether occurring at Cahokia or Joliet. it is generally agreed, resulted the extermination of the Illinois and the tragedy of "Starved Rock. " (See Starved Bock. ) PONTIAC, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Livingston County. It stands on the bank of the VemiUion River, and is also a point 428 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the Wabash and the Illinois Central Railroads It is 33 miles north-northeast from Blooniington and 93 nnles south-southwest of Chicago. The sur- rounding region is devoted to agriculture, stock- raising and coal-mining. Pontiac has four banks and four weekly newspapers (two issuing daily editions), numerous churches and good schools. Various kinds of manufacturing are conducted, among the principal establishments being flour- ing mills, three shoe factories, straw paper and candy factories and a foundry. The State Re- formatory for Juvenile Offenders is located here. Pop. (1890), 3,784; (1900), 4,2G6. POOL, Orval, merchant and banker, was born in Union County, Ky., near Sliawneetcwn, 111., Feb. 17, 1809, but lived in Shawneetown from seven years of age; in boyhood learned the saddler's trade, but, in 1843, engaged in the dry-goods business, J. McKee Peeples and Thomas S. Ridg- way becoming his partners in 1846. In 1850 he retired from the dry-goods trade and became an extensive dealer in produce, pork and tobacco. In 1871 he established the Gallatin County National Bank, of which he was the first Presi- dent. Died, June 30, 1871. POOLE, William Frederick, bibliographer, librarian and historical writer, was born at Salem, Mass., Dec. 34, 1831, graduated from Yale College in 1849, and, at the close of his sophomore year, was appointed assistant librarian of his col- lege society, which owned a library of 10,000 vol- umes. Here he prepared and published the first edition of his now famous "Index to Periodical Literature." A second and enlarged addition was published in 1853, and secured for its author wide fame, in both America and Europe. In 1853 he was made Librarian of the Boston Mercantile Library, and, from 1856 to 1869, had charge of the Boston Athenaeum, then one of the largest li- braries in the United States, which he relinquished to engage in expert librarj- work. He organized libraries in several New England cities and towns, at the United States Naval Academy, and the Cincinnati Public Library, finally becoming Librarian of the latter institution. In October, 1873, he assumed charge of the Chicago Public Library, then being organized, and, in 1887, became Librarian of the Newberry Library, organizing this institution and remaining at its head until his death, which occurred, March 1, 1894. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him bj- the Northwestern LTniversity in 1883. Dr. Poole took a prominent part in the organization of library associations, and was one of the Vice- Presidents of the International Conference of Librarians, held in London in 1871. His advice was much sought in relation to library architec- ture and management. He wrote much on topics connected with his profession and on liistorical subjects, frequently contributing to "The North American Review." In 1874-75 he edited a liter- ary paper at Chicago, called "The Owl," and was later a constant contributor to "The Dial." He was President of the American Historical Society and member of State Historical Societies and of other kindred associations. POPE, Nathaniel, first Territorial Secretary of Illinois, Delegate in Congress and jurist, was born at Louisville, Ky., in 1774; graduated with high honor from Transylvania University, at Lexing- ton, Ky., read law with his brother. Senator John Pope, and, in 1804, emigrated to New Orleans, later living, for a time, at Ste. Genevieve, Mo. In 1808 he became a resident of Kaskaskia and, the next year, was appointed the first Territorial Secretary of Illinois. His native judgment was strong and profound and his intellect quick and far-reaching, while both were thoroughlj- trained and disciplined by study. In 1816 he was elected a Territorial Delegate to Congress, and proved himself, not only devoted to the interests of his constituents, but also a shrewd tactician. He was largely instrumental in securing the passage of the act authorizing the formation of a State government, and it was mainly through his efforts that the northern boundary of Illinois was fixed at lat. 42° 30' north, instead of the southern bend of Lake Michigan. Upon the admi.ssion of Illinois into the Union, he was made United States Judge of the District, which then embraced the entire State. This office he filled witli dig- nity, impartiality and acceptabiKty until his death, at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Lu- cretia Yeatman, in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 23, 1850. Pope Count}' was named in his honor. — tJen. John (Pope), son of the preceding, was born in Louis- ville, Ky., March 16, 1833 ; graduated at the United States Alilitary Academj', 1843, and appointed brevet Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers; served in Florida (1843-44), on the northeast boundary survey, and in the Mexican War (1846-47), being promoted First Lieutenant for bravery at Monterey and Captain at Buena Vista. In 1849 he conducted an exploring expe- dition in Minnesota, was in charge of topograph- ical engineering service in New Mexico (1851-53), and of the survey of a route for the Union Pacific Railway (1853.59), meanwhile experimenting on the feasibility of artesian wells on the "Staked HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 429 Plains" in Northwestern Texas. He was a zeal- ous friend of Abraham Lincoln in the political campaign of 1860. and was court-martialed for criticising the policy of President Buchanan, in a paper read before a literary society in Cincinnati, the proceedings being finally dropped on the recommendation of the (then) Secretary of War, Joseph Holt. In 1861 he was one of the officers detailed bj' the War Department to conduct Mr. Lincoln to the capital, and, in May following, was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers and assigned to command in Missouri, wliere he per- formed valuable service in protecting railroad communications and driving out guerrillas, gain- ing an important victor3' over Sterling Price at Blackwater, in December of that year; in 1862 had command of the land forces co-operating with Admiral Foote, in the expedition against New Madrid and Island No. 10, resulting in the capture of that stronghold with 6,500 prisoners, 125 cannon and 7,000 small arms, thereby win- ning a Major-General's commission. Later, hav- ing participated in the operations against Corinth, he was transferred to command of the Army of Virginia, and soon after commissioned Briga- dier-General in the regular army. Here, being forced to meet a greatly superior force under General Lee, he was subjected to reverses which led to his falling back on Washington and a request to be relieved of his command. For fail- ure to give him proper support. Gen. Fitzjohn Porter was tried by court-martial, and, having been convicted, was cashiered and declared for- ever disqualified from holding any office of trust or profit under the United States Government — although this verdict was finally set aside and Porter restored to the army as Colonel, by act of Congress, in August, 1886. General Pope's sub- sequMit service was performed chiefly against the Indians in the Northwest, until 1865, when he took command of the military division of Mis- souri, and, in June following, of the Department of the Missouri, including all the Northwestern States and Territories, from which he was relieved early in 1866. Later, he held command, under the Reconstruction Acts, in Georgia, Ala- bama and Florida (1867-68) ; the Department of the Lakes (1868-70) ; Department of the Missouri (1870- 84) ; and Department of the Pacific, from 1884 to his retirement, March 16, 1886. General Pope published "Explorations from the Red River to the Rio Grande" and "Campaigns in Virginia"' (1863). Died, at S;indusky, Ohio, Sept 23, 1892. POPE COUNTY, lies on the southern border of the State, and contains an area of about 300 square miles — named in honor of Judge Nathaniel Pope. It was erected in 1816 (two years before the admission of Illinois as a State) from parts of Gallatin and Johnson Counties. The county-seat was first located at Sandsville, but later changed to Golconda. Robert Lacy, Benoni Lee and Thomas Ferguson were the first Commissioners; Hamlet Ferguson was chosen Sheriff ; John Scott, Recorder ; Thomas C. Browne, Prosecuting- Attor- ney, and Samuel Omelveney, Treasurer. The highest land in Southern Illinois is in the north- eastern part of this county, reaching an elevation of 1,046 feet. The bluffs along the Ohio River are bold in outline, and the ridges are surmounted by a thick growth of timber, notably oak and hick- ory. Portions of the bottom lands are submerged, at times, during a part of the j'ear and are covered with cypress timber. The remains of Indian mounds and fortifications are found, and some interesting relics have been exhumed. Sand- stone is quarried in abundance, and coal is found here and there. Mineral springs (with copperas as the chief ingredient) are numerous. Iron is found in limited quantities, among the rooks toward the south, while spar and kaolin clay are found in the north. The chief agricultural products are potatoes, corn and tobacco. Popu- lation (1890). 14,016; (1900). 13,585. PORT BYRON, a village of Rock Island County, on the Mississippi River and the Chicago. Mil- waukee A: St. Paul Railway, 16 miles above Rock Island; has lime kilns, grain elevator, two banks, academy, public schools, and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 732. The (Illinois) Western Hospital for the Insane is located at Watertown, twelve miles below Port Bj-ron. PORTER, (Rev.) Jeremiah, pioneer clergy- man, was born at Hadley. Mass., in 1804; gradu- ated from Williams College in 1825, and studied theology at both Andover and Princeton semi- naries, graduating from the latter in 1831. The same year he made the (then) long^ and perilous journej' to Fort Brady, a military post at the Sault Ste. Marie, where he began his work as a missionary. In 1833 he came to Chicago, where he remained for two years, organizing the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, with a member- ship of twenty -six persons. Afterwards he had pastoral charge of churches at Peoria and Farm- ington. While in Chicago he was married to Miss EUza Chappell, one of the earliest teachers in Chicago. From 1840 to "58 he was located at Green Bay, Wis. , accepting a call from a Chicago Church in the year last named. In 1861 he was commissioned Chaplain in the volunteer service 430 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. by Governor Yates, and mustered out in 1865. The next five years were divided between labors at Brownsville, Tex., in the service of the Sani- tary Commission, and a pastorate at Prairie du Chien. In 1870 he was commissioned Chaplain in the regular army, remaining in the service (with occasional leaves of absence) until 1882, when he was retired from active service on account of advanced age. His closing years were spent at the homes of his children in Detroit and Beloit; died at the latter city, July 25, 1893, at the age of 89 years. POSEY, (Gen.) Thomas, Continental and Revolutionary soldier, was born in Virginia, July 9, 1750; in 177-1 took part in Lord Dunmore's expe- dition against the Indians, and, later, in various engagements of the Revolutionary War, being part of the time under the immediate command of Washington ; was with General Wayne in the assault on Stony Point and present at Cornwallis' surrender at Yorkto wn ; also served, after the war, with Wayne as a Brigadier-General in the North- west Territory. Removing to Kentucky, he served in the State Senate, for a time being presiding officer and acting Lieutenant-Governor ; later (1812), was elected United States Senator from Louisiana, and, from 1813 to "16, served as Territorial Governor of Indiana Died, at the home of his son-in-law, Joseph M. Street, at Shawneetown, 111. , March 18, 1818, where he lies buried. At the time of his death General Posey was serving as Indian Agent. POST, Joel S., la^-yer and soldier of the Mexi- can War; was born in Ontario (now Wayne) County, N. Y., April 27, 1816; in 1828 removed with his father to Washtenaw County, Mich., remaining there until 1839, when he came to Macon County, 111. The following year, he com- menced the study of law with Judge Charles Emmerson, of Decatur, and was admitted to the bar in 1841. In 1846 he enlisted in the Mexican War, and served as Quartermaster of the Fourth Regiment (Col. E. D. Baker's) ; in 1856 was elected to the State Senate, and, at the following session, was a leading supporter of the measures which resulted in the establishment of the State Nor- mal School at Bloomington. Capt. Post's later years were spent at Decatur, where he died, June 7, 1886. POST, Philip Sidney, soldier and Congress- man, was born at Florida, Orange County, N. Y., March 19, 1833 ; at the age of 22 graduated from Union College, studied law at Poughkeepsie Law School, and, removing to Illinois, was admitted to the bar in 1856 At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted, and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Fifty-nintk Illinois Volunteers. He was a gallant, fearless soldier, and was re- peatedly promoted for bravery and meritorious service, until he attained the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. He participated in many important battles and was severely wounded at Pea Ridge and Nashville. In 1865 lie was in com- mand in Western Texas. After the close of the war he entered the diplomatic service, being appointed Consul-General to Austria-Hungary in 1874, but resigned in 1879, and returned to his home in Galesburg. From 1882 to 1886 he was a member of the Republican State Central Com- mittee, and, during 1886, was Commander of the Department of Illinois, G. A. R. He was elected to Congress from the Tenth District on the Repub- lican ticket in 1886, serving continuously by re- election until his death, which occurred in Washington, Jan. 6, 1895. POST, Truman Marcellus, D.D., clergyman, was born at Middlebury, Vt., June 3, 1810; gradu- ated at Middlebury College in 1829, was Principal of Castleton Academy for a year, and a tutor at Middlebury two years, meanwhile studying law. After a winter spent in Washington, listening to the orators of the time in Congress and before the Supreme Court, including Clay, Webster, Wirt and their contemporaries, he went west in 1883, first visiting St. Louis, but finally settling at Jacksonville, 111., where he was admitted to the bar, but soon after accepted the Professorship of Classical Languages in Illinois College, and later that of Historj-; then began the study of theology, was ordained in 1840, and assumed the pastorship of the Congregational Church in Jack- sonville. In 1847 he was called to the pastorate of the Third Presbj'terian Church of St. Louis, and, in 1851, to the First Congregational Church, of which the former furnished the nucleus. For a year or two after removing to St. Louis, he continued his lectures on history at Illinois Col- lege for a short period each year ; also held the professorship of Ancient and Modern History' in Washington L^niversity. in St. Louis; in 1873-75 was Southworth lecturer on Congregationalism in Andover Theological Seminary and, for sev- eral years. Professor of Ecclesiastical History in Chicago Theological Seminar}'. His splendid diction and his noble slyle of oratory caused him to be much sought after as a public lecturer or platform speaker at college commencements, while his purit}- of life and refinement of charac- ter attracted to him all with whom he came in personal contact. He received the degree of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 431 D.D. from Middlebury College in 1853; was a fre- quent contributor to "The Biblical Repository" and other religious publications, and, besides numerous addresses, sermons and pamphlets, he was the author of a volume entitled ' The Skep- tical Era in Modern History"' (New York, 1856). He resigned his pastorate in January, 1882, but continued to be a frequent speaker, either in the pulpit or on the lecture platform, nearly to the period of his death, which occurred in St. Louis, Dec. 31, 1886. For a quarter of a century he was one of the Trustees of Monticello Female Semi- nary, at Godfrey, III, being, for a considerable portion of the time. President of the Board. POTTAWATOMIES, THE, an Indian tribe, one of the three subdivisions of the Ojibwas (or Ojibbeways), who, in turn, constituted a numer- ous family of the Algonquins. The other branches were the Ottawa and the Chippewas. The latter, however, retained the family name, and hence some writers have regarded the "Ojib- beways" and the "Chippewas" as essentially identical. This interchanging of names has been a prolific source of error. Inherently, the dis- tinction was analogous to that existing between genus and species, although a confusion of nomenclature has naturally resulted in errors more or less serious. These three tribes early separated, the Pottawatomies going south from Green Bay along the western shore of Lake Michigan. The meaning of the name is, "we are making a fire," and the word is a translation into the Pottawatomie language of the name first given to the tribe by the Miamis. These Indians were tall, fierce and haughty, and the tribe was divided into four branches, or clans, called by names which signify, respectively, the golden carp, the tortoise, the crab and the frog. Accord- ing to the "Jesuit Relations," the Pottawatomies were first met by the French, on tlie north of Lake Huron, in 1639-40. More than a quarter of a century later (1666) Father AUouez speaks of them as dwellers on the shores of Lake Michigan. The same Father described them as idolatrous and polygamous, yet as possessing a rude civility and as being kindly disposed toward the French. This friendship continued unbroken until the expulsion of the latter from the Northwest. About 1678 they spread southward from Green Bay to the head of Lake Michigan, a portion of the tribe settling in Illinois as far south as the Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, crowding the Winnebagoes and the Sacs and Foxes on the west, and advancing, on the east, into the country of the Miamis as far as the Wabash and the Maumee. They fought on the side of the French in the French and Indian War, and later took part in the conspiracy of Pontiac to capture and reduce the British posts, and were so influenced by Tecumseh and the Prophet that a considerable number of their warri- ors fought against General Harrison at Tippe- canoe. During the War of 1813 they actively supported the British. They were also prominent at the Chicago massacre. Schoolcraft says of them, "They were foremost at all treaties where lands were to be ceded, clamoring for the lion's share of all presents and annuities, particularly where these last were the price paid for the sale of other lands than their own." The Pottawato- mies were parties to the treaties at Chicago in 1833 and 1833, and were among the last of the tribes to remove beyond the Mississippi, their final emigration not taking place until 1838. In 1846 the scattered fragments of this tribe coalesced with those of the Chippewas and Ottawas, and formed the Pottawatomie nation. They ceded all their lands, wherever located, to the United States, for $850,000. agreeing to accept 576,000 acres in Kansas in lieu of §87,000 of this amount. Through the rapacity and trespasses of white settlers, this reservation was soon dismembered, and the lands passed into other hands. In 1867, under an ena- bling act of Congress, 1,400 of the nation (then estimated at 3,500) became citizens. Their pres- ent location is in the southeastern part of Okla- homa. POWELL, John Wesley, Ph.D., LL.D., geolo- gist and anthropologist, was born at Mount Morris N. Y., March 24, 1834, the son of a Methodist itinerant preacher, passing his early life at vari- ous places in Ohio, Wisconsin and Illinois ; studied for a time in Illinois College (Jacksonville), and subsequently in Wheaton College, but, in 1854, began a special course at Oberlin, Ohio, teaching at intervals in public schools. Having a predi- lection for the natural sciences, he spent much time in making collections, which he placed in various Illinois institutions. Entering the army in 1861 as a private of the Twentieth Illinois "Volunteers, he later became a Captain of the Second Illinois Artillery, being finally promoted Major. He lost his right arm at the battle of Shiloh, but returned to his regiment as soon as sufliciently recovered, and continued in active service to the close of the war. In 1865 he became Professor of Geology and Curator of the Museum in Illinois AVesleyan University at Bloomington, but resigned to accept a similar position in the State Normal University. In 1807 he began his 432 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. greatest -work in connection with science bj' leading a class of pupils to the mountains of Colorado for the study of geology, which he fol- lowed, a year later, by a more thorough survey of the canon of the Colorado River than had ever before been attempted. This led to provision by Congress, in 1870, for a topographical and geo- logical survey of the Colorado and its tributaries, which was appropriately placed under his direc- tion. Later, he was placed in charge of the Bureau of Ethnology in connection with the Smithsonian Institute, and, again in 1881, was assigned to the directorsliip of the United States Geological Survey, later becoming Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, in connection with the Smithsonian Institute in Washington City, where (1899) he still remains. In 1886 Major Powell received the degree of Ph.D. from Heidel- berg University, and that of LL.D. from Har- vard the same 3'ear. He is also a member of the leading scientific associations of the country, while his i-eports and addresses fill numerous volumes issued by the Government. POWELL, William Henry, soldier and manu- facturer, was born in South "Wales, May 10, 1825; came to America in 1830, was educated in the common schools of Tennessee, and (1856-61) was manager of a manufacturing company at Iron- ton, Ohio; in 18G1, became Captain of a West Virginia cavalry company, and was advanced through the grades of Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel ; was wounded while leading a charge at Wytheville, Va. , left on the field, captured and confined in Libbj- Prison six months. After ex- change he led a cavalry division in tlie Army of the Shenandoah ; was made Brigadier-General in October, 1864; after the war settled in West Vir- ginia, and was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868. He is now at the head of a nail mill and foundry in Belleville, and was Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois during 1895-96. PR.\IRIE CITY, a village in McDonough County, on the Chicago, Burlington OrlaTido B FJcklin D Third Fourth 1851-53 1843-51 1853-55 Chicago First 18G5-67 Stephen A. Douglas, D Fil-th 1843-47 - 1847-56 El'dU.S.Sen,.Apr..'47;suc.hyW.A.Richardsoii Re3"d,Aug.,'5G; term filled by Jacob C. Davis. Rushville andQuincy Quincy Joseph P. Hoge, D Si.xth 1843-45 John J Hardin, W Seventh Seventh Sixth 1843-45 Edward D Baker, W 18-15-46 Resigned, Dec, '46; succeeded by John Henry, Kdward D. Baker, W Galena.... John Heiirv, W Seventh Feb. to Mar., 1847. Served Baker's unexpired term. Abraham Lincoln, W Springfield Seventh 1847-49 Belleville Eighth Timothy R. Young. D Marshall Petersburg Third Seventh Sixth 1849-51 Thomas L. H arris, D 1849-51 1855-58 Died. Nov. 24, '58 ; sue. by Chas. D. Hodges. Willis Allen, D Marion Xinth 1853-55 Richards. Maloiiey, I) Thompson Campbell, D Sixth Seventh Sixth Richard Yates W 1853-55 E. B Washburne, R Third 1863-69 1853-57 t Rpsignd. March 9. '69 to accept French mis- \ sion; term filled by H. C. Burchard. Joliet Third Joliet ; Fourth Seventh Slate-at-large . Second 1853-57 James C. Allen, D Palestine 1853-57 James H. Woodworth. R.. Chicago 1855-57 Jacob C. Davis, D. Fifth 1856-57 To fill unexpired term of Richardson. C-'hoscn U. S. Senator; resigned. Filled Trumbull's unexpired term. Lyman Trumbull, B Belleville Belleville McLeansboro McLeansboro McLeansboro Chicago Eighth Eighth Ninth 1855 1855-57 Samuel S. Marshall, D 1855-59 Eleventh Nineteenth.... Second 1865-73 Samui'lS. Maishall.D 1873-75 John F. Farnswortlh K .... 1857-61 Princeton Third Fifth 1863-65 Died, Mar.. '64; term filled by E.C.Ingersoll. William Kplioiig. R Fourtli Fifth Sixth Isaac N. Morris. D Quincy CarroUton ... Lawrenceville 1857-61 Charles D. Hodges, D Jan. to Mar.. 1859.. Filled unexpired term of Thoa. L. Harris. Seventh HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 447 Aaron Shaw, D James C. KobiDson, D. . James C Rubinsou. D. . James C. Robinson, D. . James C. Robinson, D.. Philip B. Foulie, D .. John A. Logan, R John A. Logan, D Isaac N. Arnold, R Isaac N, Arnold, R William J. Allen, D William J. Allen, D A. L, Knapp, D A. L. Kiiupp. D Charles .M, Harris, R ,,,, Ebon C. IiigersoU, R John R. Eden, D John R. Edeu, D John R. Eden, D Lewis W. Ros.'i, D William R. Morrison, D.. William R. Morrison, D . William R. Morrison, D... S. W. Moulton.R S. W. Moulton, D S. W. Moulton, D AbnerC. Harding, R Barton C. Cook, R H. P. H. Bromn-ell.R Shelby M. Cullom, R Anthony Thornton, D Jehu Baker, R Jehu Baker, R Jehu Baker, P A.J. Kuykendall, R Norman B. Judd, R Albert G. Burr, D Green B. Raum, R Horatio C. Burchard, R.. HoralioC. Burchard, R.. John B. Hawley, R John B. Hawley, R Jetse H. Moore, R Thomas W. McSeeley, D John B. Hay, R John M. Crebs, D John L. Beveridge, R Charles B. Farwell, R . . . Charles B. Farwell, R — Charles B. Farwell, R Chicago Brad. N. Stevens, R j Princeton. Henry Snapp, R Joliet Hillsboro. Chicago ... Chicago ... Chicago ... Belvidere . Peru Lacon Canton . Rksidence. LawreuceviUe . Marshall Marshall Springfield Springfield Belleville Bentou Carbondale Chicago Chicago Marion Marion Jerseyville... Jersey ville .. Oquawka Peoria Sullivan Sullivan Sullivan.,. . Lewistown., Waterloo Waterloo Waterloo — Shelby ville... Shelby ville.. ShelbyviUe . . Monmouth... Ottawa .. ... Charleston .. Springfield... ShelbyviUe.. Belleville.... Belleville Belleville ... Vienna - Chicago .... CarroUton... Metropolis... Freeport .... Freeport — Rock Island. Rock Island Decatur Petersburg. . . Belleville Carmi Evanston — Chicago Chicago... . Edward Y. Rice, John B. Rice.R B. G. Caulfleld. D Jasper D. Ward, R Stephen A. Hurlbiit, R. Franklin Corwin, R Greenbury L. Fort, R. .. Granville Barriere, R.,, William H Rav, R Rushville Robert M. Knapp, D 'Jerseyville Robert M. Knapp, D Jerseyville John McNulta, R jBtoomington Joseph G. Cannon, R Tuscola and Danville. Joseph G, Cannon, R 'Danville Joseph G. Cannon, R jDanville Joseph G, Cannon. R Danville James S. Martin, R Salem Isaac Clements, R Carbondale Carter H. Harrison, D I Chicago John V, LeMovne, D. Chicago T.J. Henderson, R Princeton AGeneseo.. T.J. Henderson. R Princeton Alexander Campbell, G.B.. La .Salle. Richard H. Whiting, B John C. Bagbv, D Scott Wike,D Scott Wike, D William Jl, Springer, D. . William M, Springer, D. .\dlai E. Stevenson, D ' Bloomington. .Vdlat E. Stevenson, D Bloomington William .\ J Sparks. D ... Carlyle William Hartzelt.D .. ..jChester William B. Anderson, D ..,Mt. Vernon. William Aldrich. R... . Carter H Harrison, D . Lorenz Brentano. R William Lathrop. R. . . Philip C Haves. R Thomas A. Boyd, R .Lewiston. BenlaminF Marsh, R .. 'Warsaw Peoria Rushville,., Pittsfield,,.. Pittsfield.... Springfield., Springfield.. Chicago, Chicimo.. IChicaso .. Rock ford. Morris,. State-at-large Second First Ninth Thirteenth..., Fifth Tenth Fourth Firth Seventh Fifteenth Seventeenth... Ninth Twelfth Seventeenth., Eighteenth — State-at-large Fifteenth Seventeenth.. Fourth Sixth Seventh Eighth Tenth. Twelfth Eighteenth.,.. Twent.v-first . Thirteemii — First Tenth Thirteenth Third Filth Fourth si.\lh Seventh Ninth Twelfth Thirteenth... State-at-large First Third Third Fifth Sixth Tenth First First Second Fourth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Eleventh Thirteenth... I'ourteenth ... Fifteenth Fit.eenth Twelfth Sixteenth Eighteenth ... Second Third Sixth Seventh Seventh Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Twelfth Thirteenth. .. Thirteenth.... Thirteenth... .Sixteenth Kighteentli ... Nineteenth... First .Second Third Fourth Seventh Ninth ITenth 861-63. . 803-65.. 862-63., 863-65,. 861-63.. 863-65.. 803-65. 864-71,. 863-65. 73-79., 885-87., 863-69,. 863-65,. 873-83. 883-87.. 365-67.. S8I-S3.. 883-85.. 865-69.. 865-71.. 865-69.. 865-71.. 865-67. 805-69.. 887-89.. 897-99.. 805-67,. les'd, Apr. "62; term filled by W. J. Allen. Chosen U. S. Senator, 1871; resigned; term filled by John L. Beveridge. . Served Logan's unexpired term. , jServed McClernand's unexpired term, , 1864-'65 filled Lovejoy's unexpired term. ;.807-71 . , 807-69.., ,869-73,., ;873-79... :S69-73... 1873-75.. . -73.. 1869-73., 1869-73., ; 869-73.. 871-73... ■1-73... '3-76... 1881-83.. 1871-73.. 1-73.. I 73.. 1873-74.. •4-77... 1873-75... 1873-77,,, ■3-75,., 1,873-81... ,873-75... ;7.3-75... :873-75... -79... 1873-75,.. 1873-83... 1883-91 , . , 1893-95,., 1895 :87»-76,.. i73-7S„. L876-79.. ,876-77.. 1875-83.. ,883-95.. ,875-77.. 875-77... 75-77... ;S75-77... 1889-93.. 1875-83.. 1883-95.. r5-77. 1379-81... 875-83... 1875-79.. r5-77,. 1877-83... 1877-79... 1877-79... 1877-79... -81.. 1877-81 . . 1877-83... ■Re-elected, '70 butres'd before beg'ngof term. Filled unexpired term of Washburne. Served unexpired term of Logan. May, '76, seat awarded to J. ■V^. LeMoyne. Filled unexpired term of B. C. Cook. Died Dec, '74; succeeded by B. G. Caulfleld. From 1874-75 served out Rice's term. Awarded seat, vice Farwell. 44S IirSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Benjamin F. Marsh, It... Benjamin F. Marsh. R Tlioma.s F. Tipton. R.... R. W. Townshend, I) (.ioorge R. Davis. R , George R. Davis, R lliram Barber, R John C. Sberwin, R R. Af. A.Hawk,R , James W. Singleton, D A. P. Forsythe.G. B JuhnR. Thomas, R Jolin R. Thomas. R William Cullen.R William CuUen. R Lewis E. Payson, R Lewis E. Payson. R JiiLn H. Lewis, R Dietrich C.Smith. R R. W. Dunham, R John F. Finerty, R George E. Adams. R Reuben Ellwood, R liobertR. Hitt,R Robert R. Hitt. R N. E. Worthington, D William H. Neece. D James M. Riggs. D Jonathan H. Rowell,R... Frank Lawler.D James H. Ward. D Ali)ert J. Hopkins. R Albert J. Hopki ns, R Ralph Plumb. R SilasG. Landes, D William E. Mason, R Pliillp Sidney Post. R William H. Gest, R George A. Anderson, D Edward Lane. D Abner Taylor, R Charles A. Hill, R Geo. W. Fithian. D Williams. Forman, D James R. Williams. D James R. Williams. D George W. Smith. R George W. Smith. R Lawrence E. McGanii. D. . Allan C. Durborow, Jr.. D. Walter C. Newberry, D... Lewis Steward, Ind Herman W. Snow. R Benjamin T. Cable, D Owen Scott. D Samuel T. Busey, D JohnC. Black. D Andrew J. Hunter, D Andrew J. Hunter. D J. Frank Aldrich. R Julius Goldzier. D Robert A. Childs, R Hamilton K. Wheeler. R.. John J. McDannoJd. D Benjamin F. Funk. R William Lorimer, R Hugh R. Belknap. R Charles W. Woodman R. Geo. E. White.R Edward D. Cooke. R George E. Foss, R George W. Prince, R Walter Reeves, R Vespasian Warner, R J. V.Graff. R .. .. Finis E. Downing, D James A. Connolly, R Frederick Remann. R Wm. F. L. Hadley.R Benson Wood, R Orlando Burrell, R , Everett J. Murphy, R James R, Mann, R Daniel W. Mills. R Thomas M. Jett, D , James R. Campbell, D George P. Foster, R. Residence. Warsaw Eleventh. Warsaw Fifteenth . Bloomington. Shawneetown Chicago Chicago Chicago Geneva and Elgin.. Mt. Carroll Quincy Isabel Metropolis Metropolis Ottawa Ottawa Pontiac Pontiac IvnoxviUe Pekin Chicago Chicago Chicago Sycamore Mt. Morris Mt. Morris Peoria Macomb , Winchester Bloomington Chicago , Chicago , Aurora , Aurora Streator , Mt. Carmel Chicago ., Galesburg Rock Island Quincy Hillsboro Chicago Joliet Newton Nashville Carmi Carmi Murphysboro Murphysboro Chicago, Chicago Chicago Piano Sheldon Rock Island Bloomington Urbana Chicago Paris Paris Chicago Chicago Hinsdale Kankakee Mt.Sterling , Bloomington Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Galesburg Streator Clintoa Pekin. Thirteenth .... Nineteenth .... Second Third Third Fourth Filth Eleventh Fifteenth Eighteenth.... Twentieth Seventh Eighth Eighth Ninth Ninth Thirteenth First Second Fourth... . Fifth Sixth Ninth Tenth Eleventh .. . Twelfth .... Fourteenth. Second Third Fifth Eighth Eighth Sixteenth. .. Third Tenth Eleventh .... Twelfth .... Seventeenth. .. First Eighth Sixteenth Eighteenth. Eighteenth., Nineteenth.. Twentieth... Twenty-sec' nd Second Third Fourth Eighth Ninth Eleventh Fourteenth.... Fifteenth State-at-large . State-at-large. Nineteenth..,. First Fourth Eighth Ninth Twelfth Fourteenth.... Second Third Fourth Fifth SLxth Seventh Tenth Eleventh Thirteenth Fourteenth .... Sixteenth , Virginia . Springfield Seventeenth , Vandal la Eitihleenth .... .lEdwardsville i Eighteenth , Efllngham [Nineteenth. ... Carmi Twentieth , East St. Louis |Twenty-first .. Chicago [First Chicago jSecond Hillsboro Eighteenth.... AIcLeansboro | Twentieth ... Chicago iThird.. Thomas Cusack, D ; Chicago ' Fourth Edgar T. Noonan. D Chicago iFifth Henry S D .utell. R Chicago Sixth W. E. Will lams. D I Pittsfield Sixteenth B. F. Caldwell, D Chatham Seventeeruh... Joseph B. Crowley, D Robinson Nineteenth ... W. A. Rodenberg. R East St. Louis iTwentv first... D-91-93.. 1891-93.. 1891-93.. 1693-95.. 189S-95.. 1897-99. . 1893-97.. 1893-95.. 1893-95.. 1893-95.. 1893-95.. 1893-95.. 1895—.. 1895-99. . 1895-97.. 1895-99.. 1805-98.. 1895—. . , 1895—. . 1895—.. 1895—.. 189.5—.. 1895-97.. 1895-99.. 1895—... lo95— ... 1895-97.. 1895-97.. 1895-97.. 1897- .. 1897—.. 1897—. . 1897-99.. 1893-95., 1895—.. 1877-79.. 1877-S9.., 1879-83. , 1883-85... 1879-81.., 1879-83... 1879-82... 1879-83.. 1879-81.. I879-S3.. 1883-89... 1881 ■■S3.. 1883-85.. 18ai-83.. 1883-91.. 1881-83... 1881-83... 1883-89. . 1883-85.. 1883-91... 1882-85... 1882-95.. . 1895—. . . 1883-87... 1883-87 . . 1883-87.. 1883-91... 1885-91... 1885-87... 1885-95... 1895—. . . 1886-89... 1885-89... 1887-91... 1887-95... 1887-91... 1887-89... 1887-95.. . 18S9-93... 1889-91... 1889-95... 1889-95... 1889-95... 1899—... 1889-95.. . 1895— . . . 1891-95... 1891-95... 1891-93... 1891-93... Is91-! Died, '82; succeeded by R. R. Hitt. 18y9— . 1898- . 1899—. 1899-. 1899—. 1899—. Succeeded R. M. A. Hawk, deceased. Died. Jan. 6,1895. Awarded seat aftercon. with L. K. McGann. Died, June 4, '98; suc'd. by Henry S. Boutell. Died, July 14, '95; suc'd. by W. F. L. Hadley. Elected to fill vacancy. Succeeded E. D. Cooke, deceased. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. •449 REYNOLDS, John, Justice of Supreme Court and lourtli Governor of Illinois, was born of Irish ancestry, in Montgomery County, Pa., Feb. 26, 1789, and brought by his parents to Kaskaskia, ni.,'in 1800, spending the first nine years of his life in Illinois on a farm. After receiving a com- mon school education, and a two years' course of study in a college at Knoxville, Tenn., he studied law and began practice. In 1812-13 he served as a scout in the campaigns against the Indians, winning for himself the title, in after life, of "The Old Ranger."' Afterwards he removed to Cahokia. where he began the practice of law, and, in 1818, became Associate Justice of the first Supreme Court of the new State. Retiring from the bench in 182.5, he served two terms in the Legislature, and was elected Governor in 1830, in 1832 personally commanding the State volunteers called for service in the Black Hawk War. Two weeks before the expiration of his term (1834), he resigned to accept a seat in Con- gress, to which he had been elected as the suc- cessor of Charles Slade. who had died in office, and was again elected in 1838, always as a Demo- crat. He also served as Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly, and again in the Eighteenth (1852-54), being chosen Speaker of the latter. In 1858 he was the administration (or Buchanan) Democratic candidate for State Su- perintendent of Public Instruction, as opposed to the Republican and regular (or Douglas) Demo- cratic candidates. For some years he edited a daily paper called "The Eagle," which was pub- lished at Belleville. While Governor Reynolds acquired some reputation as a "classical scholar," from the time spent in a Tennessee College at that early day, this was not sustained by either his colloquial or written style. He was an ardent champion of slavery, and, in the early days of the Rebellion, gained unfavorable notori- ety in consequence of a letter written to Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of "secession." Nevertheless, in spite of intense prejudice and bitter partisanship on some ques- tions, he possessed many amiable qualities, as shown by his devotion to temperance, and his popularity among persons of opposite political opinions. Although at times crude in style, and not always reliable in his statement of historical facts and events. Governor Reynolds has rendered a valuable service to posterity by his writings relating to the early history of the State, espe- cially those connected with his own times. His best known works are: "Pioneer History of Illi- nois" (Belleville, 1848); "A Glance at the Crystal Palace, and Sketches of Travel" (1854); and "My Life and Times" (1855). His death occuiTed at Belleville. May 8. 1865. REYNOLDS, John Parker, Secretary and President of State Board of Agricultiu-e, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, March 1, 1820, and graduated from the Jliami Universitj* at the age of 18. In 1840 he graduated from the Cincinnati Law School, and soon afterward began practice. He removed to Illinois in 1854, settling first in Win- nebago County, later, successively in Marion County, in Springfield and in Chicago. From 1860 to 1870 he was Secretary of the State Agri- cultural Society, and, upon the creation of the State Board of Agriculture in 1871, was elected its President, filling that position until 1888, when he resigned. He has also occupied numer- ous other posts of honor and of trust of a public or semi-public character, having been President of the Illinois State Sanitary Commission during the War of the Rebellion, a Commissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1867, Chief Grain Inspector from 1878 to 1882. and Secretary of the Inter- State Industrial Exposition Company of Chicago, from the date of its organization (1873) until its final dissolution. His most important public service, in recent years, was rendered as Director- in-Chief of the Illinois -exhibit in the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. REYNOLDS, Joseph Smith, soldier and legis- lator, was born at New Lenox, 111., Dec. 3. 1839; at 17 jears of age went to Chicago, was educated in the high school there, within a month after graduation enlisting as a private in the Sixty- fourth Illinois Volunteers. From the ranks he rose to a colonelcy through the gi-adations of Second-Lieutenant and Captain, and, in July, 1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General. He was a gallant soldier, and was thrice wounded. On his return home after nearly four years" service, he entered the law department of the Chicago University, graduating therefrom and beginning practice in 1866. General Reynolds has been prominent in public life, having served as a member of both branches of the General Assem- bly, and having been a State Commissioner to the Vienna Exposition of 1873. He is a member of the G. A. R. , and, in 1875, was elected Senior Vice-Commander of the order for the United States. REYNOLDS, William Morton, clergyman, was born in Fayette County, Pa. , March 4, 1812 ; after graduating at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1832, was connected with various institutions in that State, as well as President of Capital University at 450 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Columbus, Ohio, ; then, coining to Illinois, was President of the Illinois State University at Springfield, 1857-60, after which he became Prin- cipal of a female seminary in Chicago. Previ- ously a Lutheran, he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Cliurch in 1864, and served several parishes until his death. In his early life he founded, and, for a time, conducted several reli- gious publications at Gettysburg, Pa., besides issuing a number of printed addresses and other published works. Died at Oak Park, near Chi- cago, Sept. 5, 1876. RHOADS, (Col.) Franklin Lawrence, soldier and steamboat captain, was born in Harrisburg, Pa., Oct. 11, 1824; brought to Pekin, Tazewell County, 111., in 1836, where he learned the print- er's trade, and, on the breaking out of the Mexican War, enlisted, serving to the close. Retvirning home he engaged in the river trade, and, for fifteen 3'ears, commanded steamboats on the Illinois, Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. In April, 1861. he was commissioned Captain of a company of three months' men attached to the Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, on the reorganization of the regiment for the three- years' service, was commissioned Lieutenant- Colonel, soon after being promoted to tlie colo- nelcy, as successor to Col. Richard J. Oglesljy, who had been promoted Brigadier-General. After serving through the spring campaign of 1862 in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, he was com- pelled by rapidly declining health to resign, when he located in Shawneetown, retiring in 1874 to his farm near that city. During the latter years of his life he was a confirmed invalid, dying at Shawneetown, Jan. 6, 1879. RHOADS, Joshua, M.D., A.M., physician and educator, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 14, 1806; studied medicine and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania with the degree of M.D., also receiving the degree of A.M., from Princeton ; after several years spent in practice as a physician, and as Principal in some of the public schools of Pliiladelphia, in 1839 he was elected Principal of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, and, in 1850, took charge of the State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, 111., then in its infancy. Here he remained until 1874, when he retired. Died, February 1, 1876. RICE, Edward Y., lawyer and jurist, born in Logan County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1820, was educated in the common schools and at Sliurtleff College, after which he read law with Jolm M. Palmer at Carlinville, and was admitted to practice, in 1845, at Hill.sboro; in 1847 was elected County Recorder of Montgomery County, and, in 1848, to the Six- teenth General Assembly, serving one term. Later he was elected County Judge of Montgom- ery County, was Master in Chancery from 1853 to 1857, and the latter year was elected Judge of the Eighteenth Circuit, being re-elected in 1861 and again in 1867. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, at the election of the latter year, %vas chosen Repre- sentative in the Forty -second Congress as a Democrat. Died, April 16, 1883. RICE, John B., theatrical manager. Mayor of Chicago, and Congressman, was born at Easton, Md., in 1809. By profession he was an actor, and, coming to Chicago in 1847, built and opened there the first theater. In 1857 he retired from the stage, and, in 1865, was elected Mayor of Chicago, the city of his adoption, and re-elected in 1807. He was also prominent in the early stages of tlie Civil War in the measures taken to raise troops in Chicago. In 1872 he was elected to the Forty-third Congress as a Republican, but, before the expiration of his term, died, at Nor- folk, Va., on Dec. 6, 1874. At a special election to fill the vacancy, Bernard G. Caulfield was chosen to succeed him. RICHARDSOX, William A., lawyer and poli- tician, bom in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 11, 1811, was educated at Transylvania University, came to the bar at 19, and settled in Schujler County, 111., becoming State's Attorney in 1835; was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature in 1836, to the Senate in 1838, and to the House again in 1844, from Adams County — the latter year being also chosen Presidential Elector on the Polk and Dallas ticket, and, at the succeeding session of the General Assembly, serving as Speaker of the House. He entered the Slexican War as CajJtain, and won a Majority through gallantry at Buena Vista. From 1847 to 1856 (when he resigned to become a candidate for Governor), he was a Democratic Representative in Congress from the Quincy District ; re-entered Congress in 1861, and, in 1863, was chosen United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Stephen A. Douglas. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention of 1868, but after that retired to private life, acting, for a short time, as editor of "The Quincy Herald." Died, at Quincy, Dec. 27, 1875. RICHLAND COUNTY, situated in the south- east quarter of the State, and has an area of 361 square miles. It was organized from Edwards County in 1841. Among the early pioneers may be mentioned the Evans brothers, Tliaddeus HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 451 Morehouse, Hugh Callioun and son, Thomas Gardner, James Parker, Cornelius De Long, James Gilmore and Elijah Nelson. In 1820 there were but tliirty families in the district. The first frame houses — the Nelson and More- house homesteads^were built in 1821, and, some years later, James Laws erected the first brick house. The pioneers traded at Vincennes, but, in 1825, a store was opened at Stringtown by Jacob May ; and the same year the first school was opened at Watertown, taught by Isaac Chaun- cey. The first church was erected by the Bap- tists in 1832, and services were conducted by William Martin, a Kentuckian. For a long time the mails were carried on horseback by Louis and James Beard, but, in 1824, Mills and Whet- sell established a line of four-horse stages. The principal road, known as the "trace road," lead- ing from Louisville to Cahokia, followed a buffalo and Indian trail about where the main street of OLney now is. Olney was selected as the county-seat upon the organization of the county, and a Mr. Lilly built the first house there. The chief branches of industry followed by the inhabitants are agriculture and fruit- growing. Population (1880), 15,545; (1890), 15,019; (1900). 16,391. RIDGE FARM, a village of Vermillion County, at junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroads, 174 miles northeast of St. Louis; has electric light plant, planing mill, elevators, bank and two papers. Pop. (1900), 933; (1904), 1.300. RIDGELY, a manufacturing and mining sub- urb of the city of Springfield. An extensive rolling mill is located there, and there are several coal-shafts in the vicinity. Population(1900), 1,169. RIDGELY, Charles, manufacturer and capi- talist, born in Springfield, 111., Jan. 17, 1836; was educated in private schools and at Illinois Col- lege ; after leaving college spent some time as a clerk in his father's bank at Springfield, finally becoming a member of the firm and successively Cashier and Vice-President. In 1870 he was Democratic candidate for State Treasurer, but later has affiliated with the Republican party. About 1872 he became identified with the Spring- field Iron Company, of which he has been Presi- dent for many years ; has also been President of the Consolidated Coal Company of St. Louis and. for some time, was a Director of the Wabash Rail- road. Mr. Ridgely is also one of the Trustees of Illinois College. RIDGELY, Nicholas H., early banker, was born in Baltimore, Md., April 27, 1800; after leaving school was engaged, for a time, in the dry-goods trade, but, in 1829, came to St. Louis to assume a clerkship in the branch of the United States Bank just organized there. In 1835 a branch of the .State Bank of Illinois was established at Springfield, and Jlr. Ridgely became its cashier, and, when it went into liqui- dation, was appointed one of the trustees to wind up its affairs. He subsequently became Presi- dent of the Clark's Exchange Bank in that city, but this having gone into liquidation a few years later, he went into the private banking business as head of the "Ridgely Bank," which, in 1866. became the "Ridgely National Bank," one of the strongest financial institutions in the State out- side of Chicago. After the collapse of the inter- nal improvement scheme, Mr. Ridgely became one of the purchasers of the "Northern Cross Railroad" (now that part of the Wabash system extending from the Illinois river to Springfield), when it was sold by the State in 1847, paying therefor $21,100. He was also one of the Spring- field bankers to tender a loan to the State at the beginning of the war in 1861. He was one of the builders and principal owner of the Springfield gas-light system. His business career was an eminently successful one, leaving an estate at his death, Jan. 31, 1888, valued at over $2,000,000. RIDGWAY, a village of Gallatin County, on the Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 12 miles northwest of Shawneetown; has a bank and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 523; (1900), 839; (1903, est.). 1.000. RIDGWAYj^ Thomas S., merchant, banker and politician, was born at Carmi, 111., August 30, 1826. His father having died when he was but 4 years old and his mother when he was 14, his education was largely acquired through contact with the world, apart from such as he received from his mother and during a year's attendance at a private school. When he was 6 years of age the family removed to Shawneetown, where he ever afterwards made his home. In 1845 he em- barked in business as a merchant, and the firm of Peeples & Ridgway soon became one of the most prominent in Southern Illinois. In 1865 the partners closed out their business and organized the first National Bank of Shawneetown, of which, after the death of Mr. Peeples in 1875. Mr. Ridgway was President. He was one of the projectors of the Springfield & Illinois South- eastern Railwaj'. now a part of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern system, and, from 1867 to 1874, .served as its President. He was an ardent and active Republican, and served as a delegate 452 HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF 11.LIXOIS. to every State and National Convention of his part}- from 1868 to 1896. In 1874 he was elected State Treasurer, the candidate for Superintendent of Public Instruction on the same ticket being defeated. In 1876 and 1880 he was an unsuccess- ful candidate for his party's nomination for Gov- ernor. Three times he consented to lead the forlorn hope of the Republicans as a candidate for Congress from an impregnably Democratic stronghold. For several years he was a Director of the McCormick Theological Seminar}-, at Chi- cago, and, for nineteen years, was a Trustee of the Soutliern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- dale, resigning in 1893. Died, at Shawneetown, Nov. 17, 1897. RIGGS, James M., ex-Congressman, was born in Scott County. 111., April 17, 1839, where he received a common school education, supple- mented by a partial collegiate course. He is a practicing lawyer of Winchester. In 186-4 he was elected Sheriff, serving two years. In 1871-72 he represented Scott County in the lower house of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and was State's Attorney from 1872 to 1876. In 1882, and again in 1884, he was the successful Democratic candidate for Congress in the Twelfth Illinois District. RIGGS, Scott, pioneer, was born in North Carolina about 1790 ; removed to Crawford County, 111, early in 1815, and represented that county in the First General Assembly (1818-20). In 1825 he removed to Scott County, where he continued to reside until his death, Feb. 24, 1872. RINAKER, John I., lawyer and Congressman, born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 18, 1830. Left an orphan at an early age, he came to Illinois in 1836, and, for several years, lived on farms in Sangamon and Morgan Counties; was educated at Illinois and McKendree Colleges, graduating from the latter in 1851 ; in 1852 began reading law with John M. Palmer at Carlinville, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. In August, 1862, he recruited the One Hundred and Twenty -seconu Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commis- sioned Colonel. Four months later he was wounded in battle, but served with his regiment through the war, and was brevetted Brigadier- General at its close. Returning from the war he resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin- ville. Since 1858 he has been an active Repub- lican; has twice (1872 and '76) served his party as a Presidential Elector — the latter year for the State-at-large — and, in 1874, accepted a nomina- tion for Congress against William R. Morrison, largely reducing the normal Democratic major- ity. At the State Republican Convention of 1880 he was a prominent, but unsuccessful, candidatf for the Republican nomination for Governor. I; 1894 he made the race as the Republican candi- date for Congress in the Sixteenth District and, although his opponent was awarded the certifi- cate of election, on a bare majority of 60 votes on the face of the retiu-ns, a re-count, ordered by the Fifty-fourth Congress, showed a majority for General Rinaker, and he was seated near the close of the first session. He was a candidate for re-election in 1896, but defeated in a strongly Democratic District. RIPLEY, Edward Payson, Railway President, was born in Dorchester (now a part of Boston), Mass., Oct. 30, 1845, being related, on his mother's side, to the distinguished author. Dr. Edward Paj'son. After receiving his education in the high school of his native place, at the age of 17 he entered upon a commercial life, as clerk m a wholesale dry-goods establishment in Boston. About the time he became of age, lie entered into the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad as a clerk in the freight department in the Boston office, but, a few years later, assumed a responsible position in connection witli the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy line, finally becoming General Agent for the business of that road east of Buffalo, though retaining his headquarters at Boston. In 1878 he removed to Chicago to accept the position of General Freight Agent of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy System, with which he remained twelve years, ser%-ing successively as General Traffic Manager and General Manager, until June 1, 1890, when he resigned to become Third Vice-President of the Cliicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul line. This relation \\as continued until Jan. 1, 1896, when Mr. Ripley accepted the Presidency of the Atoliison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, which (1899) he now holds. Mr. Ripley was a prominent factor in securing the location of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and, in April, 1891, was chosen one of the Directors of tlie Exposition, serving on tlie Executive Committee and the Committee of Ways and Means and Transportation, being Chair- man of the latter. RIVERSIDE, a suburban town on the Des Plaines River and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 11 miles west of Chicago; has handsome parks, several churches, a bank, two local papers and numerous fine residences. Population (1890), 1,000; (1900), 1,551. RIVERTON, a village in Clear Creek Town- sliip, Sangamon County, at the crossing of ths HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 453 Wabash Railroad over the Sangamon River, 6'yi miles east-northeast of Springfield. It has four churches, a nursery, and two coal mines Popu- lation (1880), 705: (1890), 1,137, (1900), 1,511; (1903, est), about COOO. RIVES, John Cook, early banker and journal- ist, was born in Franklin County, Va., May 24, 1795; in 1806 removed to Kentucky, where he grew up under care of an imcle, Samuel Casey. He received a good education and was a man of high character and attractive manners. In his e»irly manhood he came to Illinois, and was con- nected, for a time, with the Branch State Bank at Edwardsville, but, about 1824, removed to Shawneetown and held a position in the bank there; also studied law and was admitted to practice. Finally, having accepted a clerkship in the Fourth Auditor's Office in Washington, he removed to that city, and, in 1830, became associated with Francis P. Blair, Sr., in the establishment of "The Congressional Globe" (the predecessor of "The Congressional Record"), of which he finally became sole proprietor, so remaining until 1864. Like his partner, Blair, although a native of Virginia and a life-long Democrat, he was intensely loyal, and contrib- uted liberally of his means for the equipment of soldiers from the District of Columbia, and for the support of tlieir families, during the Civil War, His expenditures for these objects have been estimated at some §30,000. Died, in Prince George's County, Md., April 10, 1864. RO.VXOKE, a village of Woodford Countj-, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, 26 miles northeast of Peoria; is in a coal district; has two banks, a coal mine, and one newspaper. Population (1880), 355; (1890), 831; (1900). 966. ROBB, Thomas Patten, Sanitary Agent, was born in Bath, Maine, in 1819; came to Cook County, 111., in 1838, and, after arriving at man- hood, established the first exclusive wholesale grocery house in Chicago, remaining in the busi- ness until 1850. He then went to California, establishing himself in mercantile business at Sacramento, where he remained seven years, meanwhile being elected Mayor of that city. Returning to Chicago on the breaking out of the war, he was appointed on the staff of Governor Yates with the rank of Major, and, while serv- ing in this capacity, was instrumental in giving General Grant the first duty he performed in the office of the Adjutant-General after his arrival from Galena. Later, he was assigned to duty as Inspector-General of Illinois troops with the rank of Colonel, having general charge of sanitary affairs until the close of the war, when he was appointed Cotton Agent for the State of Georgia, and, still later. President of the Board of Tax Commissioners for that State. Other positions held by him were those of Postmaster and Col- lector of Customs at Savannah, Ga. ; he was also one of the publishers of "The New Era," a Republican paper at Atlanta, and a prominent actor in reconstruction affairs. Resigning the Collectorship, he was appointed by the President United States Commissioner to investigate Mexi- can outrages on the Rio Grande border ; was sub- sequently identified with Texas railroad interests as the President of the Corpus Christi & Rio Grande Railroad, and one of the projectors of the Chicago, Texas & Mexican Central Railway, being thus engaged until 1872. Later he retuined to California, dying near Glenwood, in that State, April 10, 1895, aged 75 years and 10 months. ROBERTS, William Charles, clergyman and educator, was born in a small village of Wales, England., Sept. 23, 1832; received his primarj- education in that country, but, removing to America during his minority, graduated from Princeton College in 1855, and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1858. After filling vari- ous pastorates in Delaware, New Jersey and Ohio, in 1881 he was elected Corresponding Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, the next j-ear being offered the Presidency of Rutgers College, which he declined. In 1887 he accepted the presidency of Lake Forest Univer- sity, which he still retains. From 1859 to 1863 he was a Trustee of Lafaj'ette College, and, in 1866, was elected to a trusteeship of his Alma Mater. He has traveled extensively in the Orient, and was a member of the first and third cpuncils of the Reformed Chirrches, held at Edin- burgh and Belfast. Besides occasional sermons and frequent contributions to English, Ameri- can, German and Welsh periodicals. Dr. Roberts has published a Welsh translation of the West- minster shorter catechism and a collection of letters on the great preachers of Wales, which appeared in Utica, 1868. He received the degree of D.D., from Union College in 1872, and that of LL.D.. from Princeton, in 1887. ROBI\SO\, an incorporated city and the county-seat of Crawford Courty, 25 miles north- west of Vincennes, Ind. , and 44 miles south of Paris, lU. ; is on two lines of railroad and in the heart of a fruit and agricultural region The city has water-works, electric lights, two banks and three weekly newspapers Population (1890) 1,387; (1900), 1,683; (1904), about 3,000. 454 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ROBINSON, James C, lawyer and former Congressman, was born in Edgar County, 111., in 1822, read law and was admitted to the bar in 1850. He served as a private during the Mexican War, and, in 1858. was elected to Congress as a Democrat, as he was again in 1860, "62, "70 and '72. In 1864 he was the Democratic nominee for Governor. He was a fluent speaker, and attained considerable distinction as an advocate in crimi- nal practice. Died, at Springfield, Nov. 3, 1886. ROBINSON, John M., United States Senator, born in Kentucky in 1793, was liberallj' educated and became a lawyer by profession. In early life he settled at Carmi, 111., where he married. He was of fine physique, of engaging manners, and personally popular. Through his association with the State militia he earned the title of "General." In 1830 he was elected to the United States Senate, to fill the unexpired term of John McLean. His immediate predecessor was David Jewett Baker, appointed by Governor Edwards, who served one month but failed of election by the Legislature. In 1831: Mr. Robinson was re- elected for a full term, which expired in 1841. In 1843 he was elected to a seat upon the Illinois Supreme bench, but died at Ottawa, April 27, of the .same year, within three montlis after his elevation. ROCHELLE, a city of Ogle County and an intersecting point of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railwaj-s. It is 75 miles west of Chicago, 27 miles south of Rockford, and 23 miles east by north of Dixon. It is in a rich agricultural and stock-raising region, rendering Rochelle an important ship- ping point. Among its industrial establish- ments are water- works, electric lights, a flouring mill and silk-underwear factory The city has three banks, five churches and three newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,789; (1900), 2,073; (1903), 3,500. ROCHESTER, a village and early settlement in Sangamon County, laid out in 1819; in rich agricultural district, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 7^4 miles southeast of Springfield ; has a bank, two churches, one school, and a newspaper. Population (1900) 365 ROCK FALLS, a city in Whiteside County, on Rock River and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad; has excellent water-power, a good public school system with a high school, banks and a weekly new.spaper. Agricultural imple- ments, barbed wire, furniture, flour and paper are its chief manufactures. Water for the navigable feeder of the Hennepin Canal is taken from Rock River at this point. Pop. (1900), 2,176. ROCKFORD, a flourishing manufacturing city, the county-seat of Winnebago County ; lies on both sides of the Rock River, 92 miles west of Chicago. Four trunk lines of railroad — the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy, the Cliicago & North- western, the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul — intersect here. Excellent water-power is secured by a dam across the river, and communication between the two divisions of the city is facilitated by three railway and three highway bridges. Water is provided from five artesian wells, a reserve main leading to the river. The city is wealthy, prosperous and pro- gressive. The assessed valuation of property, in 1893, was 16,531,235. Churches are numerous and schools, both public and private, are abundant and well conducted. The census of 1890 showed $7,715,069 capital invested in 246 manufacturing establishments, which employed 5,223 persons and turned out an annual product valued at §8,888,- 904. The principal industries are the manufac- ture of agricultural implements and furniture, though watches, silver-plated ware, paper, flour and grape sugar are among the other products. Pop. (1880), 13,129; (1890), 23,584; (1900), 31,051. ROCKFORD COLLEGE, located at Rockford, 111., incorporated in 1847; in 1898 had a faculty of 21 instructors with IGl pupils. The branches taught include the classics, music and fine arts. It has a library of 6,150 volumes, funds and en- dowment aggregating $50,880 and property valued at $240,880, of which §150,000 is real estate. ROCK ISLAND, the principal city and county- seat of Rock Island County, on the Mississippi River, 182 miles west by south from Chicago ; is the converging point of five lines of railroad, and the western terminus of the Hennepin Canal. The name is derived from an island in the Missis- sippi River, opposite the city, 3 miles long, which belongs to the United States Government and contains an arsenal and armory. The river channel north of the island is navigable, the southern channel having been dammed by the Government, thereby giving great water power to Rock Island and Moline. A combined railway and highway bridge spans the river from Rock Island to Davenport, Iowa, crossing the island, while a railway bridge connects the cities a mile below. The island was the site of Fort Arm- strong during the Black Hawk War, and was also a place for the confinement of Confederate prison- ers during the Civil War. Rock Island is in a re- gion of much picturesque scenery and has exten- sive manufactures of lumber, agricultural imple- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 455 luents, iron, carriages and wagons and oilcloth; also five banks and three newspapers, two issuing daily editions. Pop. (1890), 13,634; (1900), 19,493. ROCK ISLAND COUNTY, in the northwestern section of the State bordering upon the Jlissis- sippi River (which constitutes its northwestern boundary for more than 60 miles), and having an area of 440 square miles. In 1816 the Govern- ment erected a fort on Rock Island (an island in the Mississippi, 3 miles long and one-half to three-quarters of a mile wide), naming it Fort Armstrong. It has always remained a military post, and is now the seat of an extensive arsenal and work-shops. In the spring of 1838, settle- ments were made near Port Byron by John and Thomas Kinney, Archibald Allen and George Harlan. Other early settlers, near Rock Island and Rapids City, were J. W. Spencer, J, W. Bar- riels, Benjamin F. Pike and Conrad Leak; and among the pioneers were Wells and Michael Bart- lett, Joel Thompson, the Simms brothers and George Davenport. The country was full of Indians, this being the headquarters of Black Hawk and the initial point of the Black Hawk War. (See Black Hairk, and Black Hawk War.) By 18'39 settlei-s were increased in number and county organization was effected in 1835, Rock Island (then called Stephenson) being made the county-seat. Joseph Conway was the first County Clerk, and Joel Wells, Sr., the first Treas- urer. The first court was held at the residence of John W. Barriels. in Farnhamsburg. The county is irregular in shape, and the soil and scenery greatly varied. Coal is abundant, the water-power inexhaustible, and the county's mining and manufacturing interests are very extensive. Several lines of railway cross the county, affording admirable transportation facili- ties to both eastern and western markets. Rock Island and Moline (which see) are the two prin- cipal cities in the county, though there are several other important points. Coal Valley is the center of large mining interests, and Milan is also a manufacturing center. Port Byron is one of the oldest towns in the county, and has con- siderable lime and lumljer interests, while Water- town is the seat of the Western Hospital for the Insane. Population of the county (1880), 38,302; (1890), 41,917; (1900), 55.249. ROCK ISLAND & PEORIA RAILWAY, a standard-guage road, laid with steel rails, extend- ing from Rock Island to Peoria. 91 miles. It is lessee of the Rock Island & Mercer County Rail- road, running from Milan to Cable. 111., giving it a total length of 118 miles — with Peoria Terminal, 121.10 miles.— (History.) The company is a reorganization (Oct. 9, 1877) of the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Company, whose road was sold under foreclosure, April 4, 1877. The latter Road was the result of the consolidation, in 1869, of two corporations — the Rock Island & Peoria and the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Compa- nies — the new organization taking the latter name. The road was opened through its entire length, Jan. 1, 1872, its sale under foreclosure and reorganization under its jiresent name taking place, as already stated, in 1877. The Cable Branch was organized in 187C, as the Rock Island & fiercer County Railroad, and opened in De- cember of the same year, sold under foreclosure in 1877, and leased to the Rock Island & Peoria Rail- road, July 1, 1885, for 999 years, the rental for the entire period being commuted at §450,000. — (Financial.) The cost of the entire road and equipment was 52,654,487. The capital stock (1898) is §1,500.000; funded debt, §600,000; other forms of indebtedness increasing the total capital invested to .§2,181,066. ROCK RIVER, a stream which rises in Wash- ington County, Wis., and flows generally in a southerly direction, a part of its course being very sinuous. After crossing the northern boimdary of Illinois, it runs southwestward, intersecting the counties of Winnebago, Ogle, Lee, Whiteside and Rock Island, and entering the Mississippi three miles below the city of Rock Island. It is about 375 miles long, but its navigation is parti}- obstructed by rapids, which, however, furnish abundant water-power. The principal towns on its banks are Rockford, Dixon and Sterling. Its valley is wide, and noteil for its beauty and fertility. ROCKTON, a village in Winnebago County, at the junction of two branches of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, on Rock River, 13 miles north of Rockford; has manufactures of paper and agricultural implements, a feed mill, and local paper. Pop. (1890). 892; (1900), 936. ROE, Edward Reynolds, A.B., M.D., physician, soldier and author, was born at Lelianou. Oliio, June 22, 1813; removed with his father, in 1819, to Cincinnati, and graduated at Louisville Med- ical Institute in 1842 ; began practice at Anderson, Ind., but soon removed to Shawneetown, 111., where he gave much attention to geological research and made some extensive natural his- tory collections. From 1848 to '52 he resided at Jacksonville, lectured extensively on his favorite science, wrote for the press and, for two years (1850-52), edited "The Jacksonville Journal," still ■456 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later editing the newly established "Constitu- tionalist" for a few months. During a part of this period he was lecturer on natural science at Shurtleff College ; also delivered a lecture before the State Legislature on the geology of Illinois, which was immediately followed by the passage of the act establishing the State Geological Department. A majority of both houses joined in a request for his appointment as State Geolo- gist, but it was rejected on partisan grounds — he, then, being a Whig. Removing to Blooming- ton in 18,52, Dr. Roe became prominent in educa- tional matters, being the first Professor of Natural Science in the State Normal University, and also a Trustee of the Illinois Wesleyan University. Having identified himself with the Democratic party at this time, he became its nominee for State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1860, but, on the inception of the war in 1861, he promptly espoused the cause of the Union, raised three companies (mostly Normal students) which were attached to the Thirty-third Illinois (Nor- mal) Regiment; was elected Captain and succes- sively promoted to Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. Having been dangerously wounded in the assault at Vicksburg, on May 23, 1863, and compelled to return home, he was elected Circuit Clerk by the combined vote of both parties, was re-elected four years later, became editor of "The Bloom- ington Pantagraph" and, in 1870, was elected to the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, where he won distinction by a somewhat notable humorous speech in opposition to removing the State Capital to Peoria. In 1871 he was ap- pointed Marshal for the Southern District of Illi- nois, serving nine years. Dr. Roe was a somewhat prolific author, having produced more tlian a dozen works which have appeared in book form. One of these, "Virginia Rose; a Tale of Illinois in Early Days," first appeared as a prize serial in "The Alton Courier" in 18.52. Otliers of his more noteworthy productions are : "The Gray and the Blue"; "Brought to Bay"; "From the Beaten Path"; "G. A. R. ; or How She Married His Double"; "Dr. Caldwell; or the Trail of the Serpent"; and "Prairie-Land and Other Poems." He died in Chicago, Nov 6, 1893. ROGERS, George Clarke, soldier, was born in Grafton County, N H., Nov. 23, 1838; but was educated in Vermont and Illinois, having re- moved to the latter State early in life. While teaching he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1860; was the first, in 1861, to I'aise a com- pany in Lake County for tlie war, which was mustered into the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers; was chosen Second-Lieutenant and later Captain ; was wounded four times at Shiloh, but refused to leave the field, and led his regiment in the final charge; was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and soon after commissioned Colonel for gallantry at Hatchie. At Champion Hills he received three woiuids, from one of which he never fully re- covered ; took a prominent part in the operations at Allatoona and commanded a brigade nearly two years, including the Atlanta campaign, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier-Gen- eral. Since the war has practiced law in Illinois and in Kansas. ROGERS, Henry Wade, educator, lawyer and author, was horn in Central New York in 1853; entered Hamilton College, but the following year became a student in Michigan University, graduating there in 1874, also receiving the degree of A.M., from the same institution, in 1877. In 1883 he was elected to a professorship in the Ann Arbor Law School, and, in 1885, was made Dean of the Faculty, succeeding Judge Cooley, at the age of 32. Five years later he was tendered, and accepted, the Presidency of the Northwestern L^niversity, at Evanston, being the first layman chosen to the position, and succeed- ing a long line of Bishops and divines. The same year (1890), Wesleyan University conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL. D. He is a mem- ber of the American Bar Association, has served for a number of years on its Committee on Legal Education and Admission to the Bar, and was the first Chairman of the Section on Legal Edu- cation. President Rogers was the General Chair- man of the Conference on the Future Foreign Policy of the United States, held at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., in August, 1898. At the Con- gress held in 1893, as auxiliary to the Columbian Exposition, he was chosen Chairman of the Com- mittee on Law Reform and Jurisprudence, and was for a time associate editor of "The American Law Register, " of Philadelphia. He is also the author of a treatise on "Expert Testimony," which has passed through two editions, and has edited a work entitled "Illinois Citations." besides doing much other valuable literary work of a similar character. ROGERS, John Gorin, jurist, ^vas born at Glasgow, Ky., Dec. 28, 1818, of English and early Virginian ancestry ; was educated at Center Col- lege, Danville, Ky., and at Transylvania Univer- sity, graduating from the latter institution in 1841, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. For sixteen years he practiced in his native town, and, in 1857, removed to Chicago, where he soon HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 457 attained professional prominence. In 1870 he was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, continuing on the bench, througli repeated re-elections, iintil his death, which occurred suddenly, Jan. 10, 1887, four years before the expiration of the term for which he had been elected. ROGEKS PARK, a village and suburb 9 miles north of Chicago, on Lake Michigan and the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railways ; has a bank and two weekly newspapers ; is reached by electric street- car line from Chicago, and is a jiopular residence suburb. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1893. ROLL, John E., pioneer, was born in Green Village, N. J., June 4, 1814: came to Illinois in 1830, and settled in Sangamon County. He assisted Abraham Lincoln in the construction of the flat-boat with which the latter descended tlie Mississippi River to New Orleans, in 1831. Mr. Roll, who was a mechanic and contractor, built a number of houses in Springfield, where he has since continued to reside. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. The earliest Christians to establish places of worship in Illi- nois were priests of the Catholic faith. Early Catholic missionaries were explorers and histori- ans as well as preachers. (See AUoitez; Bergier; Early MissionaricK; Gravier; Marquette.) The church went hand in hand with the represent- atives of the French Government, carrying in one hand the cross and in the other tlie flag of France, simultaneous!}- disseminating the doc- trines of Christianity and inculcating loyalty to the House of Bourbon. For nearly a hundred years, the self-sacrificing and devoted Catholic clergy of the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- turies ministered to the spiritual wants of the early French settlers and tlie natives. They were not without factional jealousies, however, and a severe blow was dealt to a branch of them in the order for the banishment of the Jesuits and tlie confiscation of their property. (See Early Mis- sionaries.) The sub.sequent occupation of the country by the English, with the contemporane- ous emigration of a considerable portion of the French west of the Mississippi, dissipated many congregations, Uj) to 1S30 Illinois was included in the diocese of ^lissouri ; but at that time it was constituted a separate diocese, under the episco- pal control of Rt. Rev. Joseph Rosatti. At that date there were few, if any, priests in Illinois. But Bishop Rosatti was a man of earnest purjjose and rare administrative ability. New parishes were organized as rapidly as circumstances would permit, and the growth of the church has been steady. By 1840 there were thirty-one parishes and twenty priests. In 1896 there are reported 698 parishes, 764 clergymen and a Catholic population exceeding 850,000. (See also UeligioHS Denominations. ) ROODHOUSE, a city in Greene County, 21 miles south of Jacksonville, and at junction of three divisions of the Chicago & Alton Raili-oad; is in fertile agricultural and coal-raining region; city contains a flouring mill, grain-elevator, stock- yards, railway shops, water-works, electric light plant, two private banks, fine opera house, good .school buildings, one daily and two weekly papers. Pop (1890), 3,360; (1900), 2,351. ROODHOUSE, John, farmer and founder of the town of Roodhouse, in Greene County, 111., was born in Yorkshire, England, brought to America in childhood, his father settling in Greene County, 111., in 1831. In his early man- hood he opened a farm in Tazewell County, but finally returned to the paternal home in Greene County, where, on the location of the Jackson- ville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, he laid out the town of Roodhouse, at the junc- tion of the Louisiana and Kansas City branch with the main line. ROOT, Oeorge Frederick, musical composer and author, was born at Sheffield, Mass., August 30, 1820. He was a natural musician, and, while employed on his father's farm, learned to play on various instruments. In 1838 he removed to Bos- ton, where he began his life-work. Besides teaching music in the public schools, he was emploj-ed to direct the musical service in two churches. From Boston he removed to New York, and, in 1850, went to Paris for purposes of musical study. In 1853 he made his first public essa}' as a composer in the song, "Hazel Dell,'" which became popular at once. From this time forward liis success as a song-wTiter was assured. His music, while not of a high artistic character, captivated the popular ear and appealed strongly to the heart. In 1860 he took up his residence in Chicago, where he conducted a musical journal and wrote those "war songs" which created and perpetuated his fame. Among the best known are "Rally Round the Flag"; "Just Before the Battle, Mother"; and "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp." Other popular songs by him are "Rosalie, the Prairie Flower"; "A Hundred Years Ago" ; and "The Old Folks are Gone." Besides songs he composed several cantatas and much .sacred music, also publishing many books of instruction and numerous collections of vocal and instru- 458 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. mental music. In 1872 tlie University of Chicago conferred on him the degree of Mus. Doc. Died, near Portland, Maine, AugiLst 6, ISO."). ROOTS, Benajah Guernsey, civil engineer, and educator, was born in Onondaga County N. Y. , April 20, 1811, and educated in the schools and academies of Central New York; began teaching in 1827, and. after spending a year at sea for the benefit of lii.s healtli, took a course in law and civil engineering. He was employed as a civil engineer on the Western Railroad of Massachusetts until 1838, when he came to Illi- nois and obtained employment on the railroad projected from Alton to Shawneetown, under the "internal improvement system"' of 1837. When that was suspended in 1839, he settled on a farm near the present site of Tamaroa, Perry County, and soon after opened a boarding school, continuing its management until 1846, when he became Principal of a seminary at Sparta. In 1851 he went into the service of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad, first as resident engineer in charge of surveys and construction, later as land agent and attorney. He was prominent in the introduction of the graded school system in Illi- nois and in the establishment of the State Nor- mal School at Bloomington and the University of Illinois at Champaign ; was a member of the State Board of Education from its organization, and served as delegate to the National Repub- lican Convention of 1868. Died, at !iis liome in Perry County, 111., May 9, 1888.— Philander Keep (Roots), son of the preceding, born in Tolland County, Conn., June 4, 1838, brought to Illinois the same year and educated in his father's school, and in an academy at CarroUton and the Wes- leyan University at Bloomington : at the age of 17 belonged to a corps of engineers employed on a Southern railroad, and, during the war, served as a civil engineer in the construction and repair of military roads. Later, lie wa.s Deputy Sur- veyor-General of Nebraska; in 1871 became Chief Engineer on the Cairo & Fulton (now a part of the Iron Mountain) Railway ; then engaged in the banking bvisiness in Arkansas, first as cashier of a bank at Fort Smith and afterwards of the Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, of Avhich his brother, Logan H. . was President. — Logan H. (Roots), another son, born near Tama- roa, Perry County, 111., March 22, 1841, was edu- cated at home and at the State Normal at Bloomington, meanwhile serving as principal of a high .school at Duquoin; in 1862 enlisted in the Eighty-first Illinois Volunteers, serving through the war and acting as Chief Commissary for General Sherman on the "March to the Sea," and participating in the great review in Wash- ington, in May, 1865. After the conclusion of the war he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the First Arkansas District, was elected from that State to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1868 and 1870) — being, at the time, the youngest member in that body — and was appointed United States Marshal by Presi- dent Grant. He finally became President of the Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, with which he remained nearly twenty years. Died, suddenly, of congestion of the brain. May 30, 1893, leaving an estate valued at nearly one and a half millions, of which he gave a large share to charitable purposes and to the city of Little Rock, for the benefit of its hospitals and the im- provement of its parks. ROSE, James A., Secretary of State, was born at Golconda, Pope County, 111., Oct. 13, 1850. The foundation of his education was secured in the i>ublic schools of his native place, and, after a term in the Normal University at Normal, 111., at the age of 18 he took charge of a country school. Soon he was chosen Principal of the Golconda graded schools, was later made County Superintendent of Schools, and re-elected for a second term. During his second term he was admitted to the bar, and, resigning the office of Superintendent, was elected State's Attorney without opposition, being re-elected for anotlier term. In 1889, by appointment of Governor Fifer, he became one of the Trustees of the Pontiac Reformatory, serving until the next year, when he was transferred to the Board of Commissioners of the Southern Illinois Peniten- tiary at Chester, which position he continued to occupy until 1893. lu 1896 he was elected Secre- tar}' of State on tlie Republican ticket, his term exteniling to January-, 1901. ROSEVILLE, a village in Warren County, on the Rock Island Division of the Chicago, Burling- ton . Brigadier- General. Soon after his return to Galena he was appointed Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue, but was legislated out of oflSce in 1872. In 1873 he removed to Chicago and embarked in business. In 1874-76 he was a member (and Secretary) of the Illinois Board of Commissione?'s to the Cen- tennial Exposition at Philadelphia. In 1875 he was appointed Chief Grain-Inspector at Chicago, and held the office for several years. In 1873 and "76 he was a delegate to the National Republican Conventions of those years, and, in 1878, was elected State Treasurer, as he was again in 1883. In 1884 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, serv- ing until 1889. He is a prominent Mason, Knight Templar and Odd Fellow, as well as a distin- guished member of the Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and was prominently connected with the erection of the "Masonic Temple Build- ing" in Chicago. SMITH, John Eugene, soldier, was born in Switzerland, August 3. 1816, the son of an officer who had served under Napoleon, and after the downfall of the latter, emigrated to Philadelphia. The subject of this sketch received an academic education and became a jeweler ; in 1861 entered the volunteer service as Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry ; took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in the battle of Shiloh and siege of Corinth ; was promoted a Brigadier- General in November, 1863, and placed in com- mand of a division in the Sixteenth Army Corps ; led the Third Division of the Seventeenth Army Corps in the Vieksburg campaign, later being transferred to the Fifteenth, and taking part in the battle of Missionary Ridge and the Atlanta and Carolina campaigns of 1864-6.5. He received the brevet rank of Major-General of Volunteers in January, 186.5, and, on his muster-out from the volunteer service, became Colonel of the Twenty- seventh United States Infantry, being transferred, in 1870, to the Fourteenth. In 1867 his services at Vieksburg and Savannah were further recog- nized by conferring upon him the brevets of Brig- adier and Major-General in the regular army. In May, 1881, he was retired, afterwards residing in Chicago, where he died, Jan. 39, 1897. SMITH, Joseph, the founder of the Mormon sect, was born at Sharon, Vt., Deo. 33, 180.5. In 1815 his parents removed to Palmyra, N. Y., and still later to Manchester. He early showed a dreamy mental cast, and claimed to be able to locate stolen articles by means of a magic stone. In 1820 he claimed to have seen a vision, but his pretensions were ridiculed by his acquaintances. His story of the revelation of the golden plates by the angel Moroni, and of the latter's instruc- tions to him, is well known. With the aid of Martin Harris and Oliver Cowdery he prepared the "Book of Mormon," alleging that he had deciphered it from heavensent characters, through the aid of miraculous spectacles. This was published in 1830. In later years Smith claimed to have received supplementary reve- lations, which so taxed the credulity of his fol- lowers that some of them apostatized. He also claimed supernatural power, such as exorcism, etc. He soon gained followers in considerable numbers, whom, in 1833, he led west, a part settling at Kirtland, Ohio, and the remainder in Jackson County, Mo. Driven out of Ohio five years later, the bulk of the sect found the waj' to their friends in Missouri, whence they were finally expelled after man}' conflicts with the authorities. Smith, with the other refugees, fled to Hancock County, 111., founding the city of Nauvoo, which was incorporated in 1840. Here was begun, in the following year, the erection of a great temple, but again he aroused the hostility of the authorities, although soon wielding con- siderable political power. After various unsuc- cessful attempts to arrest him in 1844, Smith and a number of his followers were induced to sur- render themselves under the promise of protection from violence and a fair trial. Having been taken to Carthage, the county-seat, all were dis- charged under recognizance to appear at court except Smith and his brother Hjrum, who were held under the new charge of "treason," and were placed in jail. So intense had been the feeling against the Mormons, that Governor Ford called out the militia to preserve the peace; but it is evident that the feeling among the latter was in sympathy with that of the populace. Most of the militia were disbanded after Smith's arrest, one company being left on duty at Carthage, 488 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. from whom only eight men were detailed to guard the jail. In this condition of affairs a mob of 150 disguised men, alleged to be from Warsaw, appeared before tlie jail on the evening of June 27, and, forcing the guards — who made only a feeble resistance, — Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were both shot down, while a friend, who had remained with them, was wounded. The fate of Smith undoubtedly went far to win for him the reputation of martyr, and give a new impulse to the Mormon faith. (See Morvions; Nauvoo. ) SMITH, Justin Almerin, D.D., clergyman and editor, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y. , Dec. 39, 1819, educated at New Hampton Literary and Theological Institute and Union College, gradu- ating from the latter in 1843 ; served a year as Principal of the Union Academy at Bennington, Vt., followed by four years of pastoral work, when he assumed the pastorate of the First Bap- tist church at Rochester, N. Y., wliere he remained five years. Then (1853) he removed to Chicago to assume the editorship of "The Chris- tian Times" (now "The Standard"), with which he was associated for the remainder of his life. Meanwhile he assisted in organizing three Baptist churches in Chicago, serving two of them as pastor for a considerable period; made an ex- tended tour of Europe in 1869, attending the Vatican Council at Rome; was a Trustee and one of the founders of the old Chicago Univer- sity, and Trustee and Lecturer of the Baptist Theological Seminary; was also the author of several religious works. Died, at Morgan Park, near Chicago, Feb. 4, 1896. SMITH, Perry H., lawyer and politician, was born in Augusta, Oneida County, N. Y., March 18, 1838 ; entered Hamilton College at the age of 14 and graduated, second in his class, at IS ; began reading law and was admitted to the bar on com- ing of age in 1849. Then, removing to Appleton, Wis., when 33 years of age he was elected a Judge, served later in both branches of the Legislature, and, in 1857, became Vice-President of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railway, retaining the same position in tlie reorganized corporation when it became the Chicago & Northwestern. In 1856 Mr. Smith came to Chi- cago and resided there till his death, on Palm Sunday of 1885. He was prominent in railway circles and in the councils of the Democratic party, being the recognized representative of Mr. Tilden's interests in the Northwest in the cam- paign of 1876. SMITH, Robert, Congressman and lawyer, was born at Petersborough, N. H., June 12. 1802; was educated and admitted to the bar in his native town, settled at Alton, III., in 1833, and engaged in practice. In 1836 he was elected to the General Assembly from Madison County, and re-elected in 1838. In 1843 he was elected to the Twenty-eighth Congress, and twice re-elected, serving three successive terms. During the Civil War he was commissioned Paymaster, with the rank of Major, and was stationed at St. Louis. He was largely interested in the construction of water power at Minneapolis, Minn., and also in railroad enterprises in Illinois. He was a promi- nent Mason and a public-spirited citizen. Died, at Alton, Dec. 20. 1867. SMITH, Samuel Lisle, lawyer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1817, and, belonging to a wealthy family, enjoyed superior educational advantages, taking a course in the Yale Law School at an age too early to admit of his receiv- ing a degree. In 1836 he came to Illinois, to look after some lauded interests of his father's in the vicinity of Peru. Returning east within the next two years, he obtained his diploma, and, again coming west, located in Chicago in 1838, and, for a time, occupied an office with the well-known law firm of Butterfield & Collins. In 1839 he was elected City Attorney and, at the great Whig meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, was one of the principal speakers, establishing a reputation as one of the most brilliant campaign orators in the West. As an admirer of Henry Clay, he was active in the Presidential campaign of 1844, and was also a prominent speaker at the River and Harbor Convention at Chicago, in 1847. With a keen sense of humor, brilliant, witty and a mas- ter of repartee and invective, he achieved popu- larity, both at the bar and on the lecture platform, and had tlie promise of future success, which was unfortunately marred by his convivial habits. Died of cholera, in Chicago, July 30, 1854. Mr. Smith married the daughter of Dr. Potts, of Philadelphia, an eminent clergjman of the Episcopal Church. SMITH, Sidney, jurist, was born in Washing- ton County, N. Y., May 13, 1829; studied law and was admitted to the bar at Albion, in that State, in 1851 ; came to Chicago in 1856 and entered into partnership with Grant Goodrich and Will- iam W. Farwell, both of whom were afterwards elected to places on the bench — the first in the Superior, and the latter in the Circuit Court. In 1879 Judge Smith was elected to the Superior Court of Cook County, serving until 1885, when he became the attorney of the Chicago Board of Trade. He was the Republican candidate for HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 489 Mayor, in opposition to Carter H. Harrison, in 1885, and is believed by many to have been honestly elected, though defeated on the face of the returns. A recount was ordered by the court, but so much delay was incurred and so many obstacles placed in the way of carrying the order into effect, that Judge Smith abandoned the con- test in disgust, although making material gains as far as it had gone. During his professional career he was connected, as counsel, with some of the most important trials before the Chicago courts ; was also one of the Directors of the Chi- cago Public Library, on its organization in 1871. Died suddenly, in Chicago, Oct. 6, 1898. SMITH, Theophilus Washington, Judge and politician, was born in New York City, Sept. 28, 1784, served for a time in the United States navy, was a law student in the office of Aaron Burr, was admitted to the bar in his native State in 1805, and, in 1816, came west, finally locating at Edwardsville, where he soon became a prominent figure in early State history. In 1820 he was an unsuccessful candidate before the Legislature for the office of Attorney -General, being defeated by Samuel D. Lockwood, but was elected to the State Senate in 1822, serving four years. In 1823 he was one of the leaders of the "Conventionist" party, whose aim was to adopt a new Constitution which would legalize slavery in Illinois, during this period being the editor of the leading organ of the pro-slavery party. In 1825 he was elected one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, but resigned, Dec. 26, 1843. He was im- peached in 1832 on charges alleging oppressive conduct, corruption, and other high misdemean- ors in office, but secured a negative acquittal, a two-thirds vote being necessary to conviction. The vote in the Senate stood twelve for convic- tion (on a part of the charges) to ten for acquittal, four being excused from voting. During the Black Hawk War he served as Quartermaster- Greneral on the Governor's staff. As a jurist, lie was charged by his political opponents with being unable to divest himself of his partisan bias, and even with privately advising counsel, in political causes, of defects in the record, which they (the counsel) had not discovered. He was also a member of the first Board of Commission- ers of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, appointed in 1823. Died, in Chicago, May 6, 1846. SMITH, William Henry, journalist, Associ- ated Press Manager, was born in Columbia County, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1833; at three years of age was taken by his parents to Ohio, where lie enjoyed the best educational advantages that State at the time afforded. After completing his school course he began teaching, and, for a time, served as tutor in a Western college, but soon turned his attention to journalism, at first as assistant editor of a weekly publication at Cincin- nati, still later becoming its editor, and, in 1855, city editor of "The Cincinnati Gazette," with which he was connected in a more responsible position at the beginning of the war, incidentally doing work upon "The Literary Review." His connection with a leading paper enabled him to exert a strong influence in support of the Govern- ment. This he used most faithfully in assisting to raise troops in the first years of the war, and, in 1863, in bringing forward and securing the election of John Brough as a Union candidate for Governor in opposition to Clement L. Vallandi- gham, the Democratic candidate. In 1864 he was nominated and elected Secretary of State, being re-elected two years later. After retiring from office he returned to journalism at Cincinnati, as editor of "The Evening Chronicle," from which he retired in 1870 to become Agent of the West- ern Associated Press, with headquarters, at first at Cleveland, but later at Chicago. His success in this line was demonstrated by the final union of the New York and Western Associated Press organizations under his management, continuing until 1893, when he retired. Mr. Smith was a strong personal friend of President Hayes, by whom he was appointed Collector of the Port of Chicago in 1877. While engaged in official duties he found time to do considerable literary work, having published, several years ago, "The St. Clair Papers," in two volumes, and a life of Charles Hammond, besides contributions to periodicals. After retiring from the management of the Associated Press, he was engaged upon a "His- tory of American Politics" and a "Life of Ruther- ford B. Hayes," which are said to have been well advanced at the time of his death, which took place at his home, at Lake Forest, 111., July 27, 1896. SMITH, William M., merchant, stock-breeder and politician, was born near Frankfort, Ky., May 23, 1827; in 1846 accompanied his father's family to Lexington, McLean County, 111., where they settled. A few years later he bought forty acres of government land, finally increasing his holdings to 800 acres, and becoming a breeder of fine stock. Still later he added to his agricultural pursuits the business of a merchant. Having early identified himself with the Republican party, he remained a firm adherent of its prin- ciples during the Civil War, and, while declining 490 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. a commission tendered him by Governor Yates, devoted his time and means liberally to the re- cruiting and organization of regiments for serv- ice in the field, and procuring supplies for the sick and wounded. In 1866 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature, and was re-elected in 1868 and "70, serving, during his last term, as Speaker. In 1877 he was appointed by Governor Cullom a member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, of which body he served as President until 1883. He was a man of remarkably genial temperament, liberal impulses, and wide popu- larity. Died, March 25, 1886. SMITH, William Sooy, soldier and civil engi- neer, was born at Tarlton, Pickaway County, Ohio, July 23, 1830 ; graduated at Ohio University in 1849, and, at the United States Military Acad- emy, in 1853, having among his classmates, at the latter, Generals McPherson, Schofield and Sheri- dan. Coming to Chicago the following year, he first found employment as an engineer on the Illinois Central Railroad, but later became assist- ant of Lieutenant-Colonel Graham in engineer service on the lakes ; a year later took charge of a select school in Buffalo -, in 1857 made the first surveys for the International Bridge at Niagara Falls, then went into the service of extensive locomotive and bridge- works at Trenton, N. J., in their interest making a visit to Cuba, and also superintending the construction of a bridge across the Savannah River. The war intervening, he returned North and was appointed Lieutenant- Colonel and assigned to duty as Assistant Adju- tant-General at Camp Denisou, Ohio, but, in June, 1862, was commissioned Colonel of the Thirteenth Ohio Volunteers, participating in the West Virginia campaigns, and later, at Shiloh and Perryville. In April. 1862. he was promoted Brigadier-General of volunteers, commanding divisions in the Army of the Ohio until the fall of 1862, when he joined Grant and took part in the Vicksburg campaign, as commander of the First Division of the Sixteenth Army Corps. Subsequently he was made Chief of the Cavalry Department, serving on the staffs of Grant and Sherman, until compelled to resign, in 1864, on account of impaired health. During the war General Smith rendered valuable service to the Union csCuse in great emergencies, by his knowl- edge of engineering. On retiring to private life he resumed his profession at Chicago, and since has been employed by the Government on some of its most stupendous works on the lakes, and has also planned several of the most important railroad bridges across the Missouri and other streams. He has been much consulted in refer- ence to municipal engineering, and his name is connected with a number of the gigantic edifices in Chicago. SMITHBORO, a village and railroad junction in Bond County, 3 miles east of Greenville. Population. 393; (1900), 314 SNAPP, Henry, Congressman, born in Livings- ton County, N. Y., June 30, 1822, came to Illinois with his father when 11 years old, and, having read law at Joliet, was admitted to the bar in 1847. He practiced in Will County for twenty years before entering public life. In 1868 he was elected to the State Senate and occupied a seat in that body until his election, in 1871, to the Forty- second Congress, by the Republicans of the (then) Sixth Illinois District, as successor to B. C. Cook, who had resigned. Died, at Joliet, Nov. 23, 1895. SNOW, Herman W., ex-Congressman, was born in La Porte County, Ind., July 3, 1836, but was reared in Kentucky, working upon a farm for five years, while yet in his minority becoming a resident of Illinois. For several years he was a school teacher, meanwhile studying law and being admitted to the bar. Early in the war he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, rising to the rank of Captain. His term of service having expired, he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-first Illinois, and was mustered out with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war he resumed teaching at the Chicago High School, and later served in the General Assembly (1873-74) as Representative from Wood- ford County. In 1890 he was elected, as a Demo- crat, to represent the Ninth Illinois District in Congress, but was defeated by his Republican opponent in 1893. S^OWHOOK, WiUiam B., first Collector of Customs at Chicago, was born in Ireland in 1804; at the age of eight years was brought to New York, where he learned the printer's trade, and worked for some time in the same office with Horace Greeley. At 16 he went back to Ireland, remaining two years, but, returning to the United States, began the study of law ; was also employed on the Passaic Canal; in 1836, came to Chicago, and was soon after associated with William B. Ogden in a contract on the Illi- nois & Michigan Canal, which lasted until 1841. As early as 1840 he became prominent as a leader in the Democratic party, and, in 1846, received from President Polk an appointment as first Col- lector of Customs for Chicago (having previously served as Special Surveyor of the Port, while HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 491 attaelied to the District of Detroit) ; in 1853, was re-appointed to the CoUectorship by President Pierce, serving two years. During the "Mormon War" (1844) he organized and equipped, at his own expense, the Montgomery Guards, and was commissioned Colonel, but tlie disturbances were brouglit to an end before the order to march. From 18.56 he devoted his attention chiefly to Iiis practice, but, in 1862, was one of the Democrats of Chicago who took part in a movement to sus- tain the Government by stimulating enlistments ; was also a member of the Convention which nominated Mr. Greeley for President in 1872. Died, in Chicago, May 5, 1882. SNYDER, Adam Wilson, pioneer lawyer, and early Congressman, was born at Connellsville, Pa., Oct. 6, 1T99. In early life he followed the occupation of wool-curling for a livelihood, attending school in the winter. In 1815, he emi- grated to Columbus, Ohio, and afterwards settled in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair County, 111. Being offered a situation in a wool-curling and fulling mill at Cahokia, he removed thither in 1817. He formed the friendship of Judge Jesse B. Thomas, and, through the latter's encouragement and aid, studied law and gained a solid professional, poli- tical, social and financial position. In 1830 he was elected State Senator from St. Clair County, and re-elected for two successive terms. He served through the Black Hawk War as private, Adjutant and Captain. In 1833 he removed to Belleville, and, in 1834, was defeated for Congress by Governor Reynolds, whom he, in turn, defeated in 1836. Two years later Reynolds again defeated him for the same position, and, in 1840, he was elected State Senator. In 1841 he was the Demo- cratic nominee for Governor. The election was held Ln August, ,1842, but, in Maj' preceding, he died at his home in Belleville. His place on the ticket was filled by Thomas Ford, who was elected.— William H. (Snyder), son of the pre- ceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111., July 12, 1825 ; educated at McKendree College, studied law with Lieutenant-Governor Koerner, and was admitted to practice in 1845; also served for a time as Postmaster of the city of Belleville, and, during the Mexican War, as First-Lieutenant and Adjutant of the Fifth Illinois Volunteers. From 1850 to '54 he represented his county in the Legis- lature ; in 1855 was appointed, by Governor Mat- teson. State's Attorney, which position he filled for two years. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the ofl^ce of Secretary of State in 183C, and, in 1857, was elected a Judge of the Twenty- fourth Circuit, was re-elected for the Third Cir- cuit in '73, '79 and '85. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, at Belleville, Dec. 24, 1892. SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' HOME, a State charitable institution, founded by act of the Legislature in 1885, and located at Quincy, Adams County. The object of its establish- ment was to provide a comfortable home for such disabled or dependent veterans of the United States land or naval forces as had honorably served during the Civil War. It was opened for the reception of veterans on March 3, 1887, the first cost of site and build- ings having been about §350,000. The total num- ber of inmates admitted up to June 30, 1894, was 2,813; the number in attendance during the two previous years 988, and the whole number present on Nov. 10, 1894, 1,088. The value of property at that time was .?393,636.08. Considerable appro- priations have been made for additions to the buildings at subsequent sessions of the Legisla- ture. The General Government pays to the State SlOO per year for each veteran supported at the Home. SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME, ILLINOIS, an institution, created by act of 1865, for the main- tenance and education of children of deceased soldiers of the Civil War. An eighty-acre tract, one mile north of Normal, was selected as the site, and the first principal building was com- pleted and opened for the admission of benefici- aries on June 1, 1869. Its first cost was $135,000, the site having been donated. Repairs and the construction of new buildings, from time to time, have considerablj- increased this sum. In 1875 the benefits of the institution were extended, by legislative enactment, to the children of sol- diers who had died after the close of the war. The aggregate number of inmates, in 1894, was 572, of whom 323 were males and 249 females. SOLDIERS' WIDOWS' HOME. Provision was made for the establishment of this institution by the Thirty-ninth General Assembly, in an act, approved, June 13, 1895, appropriating §20,000 for the purchase of a site, the erection of building's and furnishing the same. It is designed for the reception and care of the mothers, wives, widows and daughters of such honorably discharged soldiers or sailors, in the United States service, as may have died, or may be physically or men- tally unable to provide for the families natu- rally dependent on them, provided that such persons have been residents of the State for at least one year previous to admission, and are without means or ability for self-support. 492 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The affairs of the Home are managed by a boaid of five trustees, of whom two are men and three women, the former to be members of the Grand Army of the Republic and of different political parties, and the latter members of the Women's Relief Corps of this State. T^he institu- tion was located at Wilmington, occupying a site of seventeen acres, where it was formally opened in a house of eighteen rooms, March 11, 189G. with twenty-six applications for admit- tance. The plan contemplates an early enlarge- ment by the erection of additional cottages. SORENTO, a village of Bond County, at the intersection of the Jacksonville & St. Louis and the Toledo. St. Louis & Western Railways, 14 miles southeast of Litchfield; has a bank and a newspaper. Its interests are agricultural and mining. Pop. (1890), 538; (1900), 1,000. SOULARD, James Gaston, pioneer, born of French ancestry in St. Louis, Mo., July 15, 1798; resided there until 1821, when, having married the daughter of a soldier of the Revolution, he received an appointment at Fort Snelling, near the present city of St. Paul, then under command of Col. Snelling, who was his wife's brother-in- law. The Fort was reached after a tedious jour- ney by fiat-boat and overland, late in the fall of 1821, his wife accompanying him. Three j'ears later they returned to St. Louis, where, being an engineer, he was engaged for several years in surveying. In 1827 he removed with his family to Galena, for the next six years had charge of a store of the Gratiot Brothers, early business men of that locality. Towards the close of this period he received the appointment of County Recorder, also holding the position of County Surveyor and Postmaster of Galena at the same time. His later years were devoted to farming and horti- culture, his death taking place, Sept. 17, 1878. Mr. Soulard was probably the first man to engage in freighting between Galena and Chicago. "The Galena Advertiser" of Sept. 14, 1829, makes mention of a wagon-load of lead sent by him to Chicago, his team taking back a load of salt, the paper remarking: "This is the first wagon that has ever passed from the Mississippi River to Chicago." Great results were predicted from the exchange of commodities between the lake and the lead mine district. — Mrs. Eliza M. Hunt (Soulard), wife of the preceding, was born at Detroit, Dec. 18, 1804, her father being Col. Thomas A. Hunt, who had taken part in the Battle of Bunker Hill and remained in the armj- until his death, at St. Louis, in 1807. His descend- ants have maintained their connection with the army ever since, a son being a prominent artillery officer at the Battle of Gettysburg. Mrs. Soular was married at St. Louis, in 1820, and survive her husband some sixteen years, dying at Galena August 11, 1894. She had resided in Galenp nearl)- seventy years, and at the date of her death, in the 90th year of her age, she was that city's oldest resident. SOUTH CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad.) SOUTH DANVILLE, a suburb of the city of Danville, Vermilion County. Population (1890), 799; (1900), 898. SOUTHEAST & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See LoiiisviUe d- Nashville Railroad.) SOUTH ELGIN, a village of Kane County, near the citv of Elgin. Population (1900), 515. SOUTHERN COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, located at Albion. Edwards County, incorporated in 1891 ; had a faculty of ten teachers with 219 pupils (1897-98) — about equally male and female. Besides classical, scientific, normal, music and fine arts departments, instruction is given in pre- paratory studies and business education. Its property is valued at §16,500. SOUTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, located at Anna, Union County, founded by act of the Legislature in 1869. The original site com- prised 290 acres and cost a little more than 122,000, of which one-fourth was donated by citi- zens of the county. The construction of build- ings was begun in 1869, but it was not until March, 1875, that the north wing (the first com- pleted) was ready for occupancy. Other portions were completed a year later. The Trustees pur- chased 160 additional acres in 1883. The first cost (up to September, 1876) was nearly §635,000. In 1881 one wing of the main building was de- stroyed by fire, and was subsequently rebuilt ; the patients being, meanwhile, cared for in temporary wooden barracks. The total value of lands and buildings belonging to the State, June 30, 1894. was estimated at §738,580, and, of property of all sorts, at §833,700. Tlie wooden barracks were later converted into a permanent ward, additions made to the main buildings, a detached building for the accommodation of 300 patients erected, numerous outbuildings put up and general im- provements made. A second fire on the night of Jan. 3, 1895, destroyed a large part of the main building, inflicting a loss upon the State of §175,000. Provision was made for rebuilding by the Legislature of that year. The institution has capacity for about 750 patients. o o E O C HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 493 SOUTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL UNIYER- SITY, established in 1S69, and located, after competitive bidding, at Carbondale, which offered lands and bonds at first estimated to be of the value of §229,000, but which later depreciated, through shrinkage, to 175,000. Construction was commenced in Ma}', 1870, and the first or main building was completed and appropriately dedi- cated in July, 1874. Its cost was §26.5,000, but it was destroyed by fire, Nov. 26, 188.3. In Febru- ary, 1887, a new structure was completed at a cost of $150,000. Two normal courses of instruction are given — classical and scientific — each extend- ing over a period of four years. The conditions of admission require that the pupil shall be 16 years of age, and shall possess the qualifications enabling him to pass examination for a second- grade teacher's certificate. Those unable to do so may enter a preparatory department for six months. Pupils who pledge themselves to teach in the public schools, not less than half the time of their attendance at the University, receive free tuition with a small charge for incidentals, while others pay a tuition fee. The number of students in attendance for the year 1897-98 was 720, coming from forty-seven counties, chiefly in the -southern half of the State, with represent- atives from eight other States. The teaching faculty for the same year consisted, besides the President, of sixteen instructors in the various departments, of whom five were ladies and eleven gentlemen. SOUTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, located near Chester, on the Mississippi River. Its erec- tion was rendered necessar}- by the overcrowding of the Northern Penitentiary. (See Northern Pe7iitentiary.) The law providing for its estab- lishment required the Commissioners to select a site convenient of access, adjacent to stone and timber, and having a high elevation, with a never failing supply of water. In 1877, 122 acres were purchased at Chester, and the erection of build- ings commenced. The first appropriation was of 8200,000, and 1300,000 was added in 1879. By March, 1878, 200 convicts were received, and their labor was utilized in the completion of the buildings, which are constructed upon approved modern principles. The prison receives convicts sent from the southern portion of the State, and has accommodation for some 1,200 prisoners. In connection with this peni,tentiary is an asylum for insane convicts, the erection of which was provided for by the Legislature in 1889. SOUTH UROYE, a village of De Kalb County. Population (1890), 730. SPALDING, Jesse, manufacturer. Collector of Customs and Street Railway President, was born at Athens, Bradford County, Pa., April 15, 1833; early commenced lumbering on the Susquehanna, and, at 23, began dealing on his own account. In 1857 he removed to Chicago, and soon after bought the property of the New York Lumber Company at the mouth of the Menominee River in Wiscon- sin, where, with different partners, and finally practically alone, he has carried on the business of lumber manufacture on a large scale ever since. In 1881 he was appointed, by President Arthur, Collector of the Port of Chicago, and, in 1889, received from President Harrison an appointment as one of the Government Directors of the Union Pacific Railway. Mr. Spalding was a zealous supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion and rendered valuable aid in the construction and equipment of Camp Douglas and the barracks at Chicago for the returning soldiers, receiving Auditor's warrants in paj'ment, when no funds in the State treasury were available for the purpose. He was associ- ated with William B. Ogden and others in the project for connecting Green Bay and Sturgeon Bay by a ship canal, which was completed in 1883, and, on the death of Mr. Ogden, succeeded to the Presidency of the Canal Company, serving until 1893, when the canal was turned over to the General Government. He has also been identified with many other public enterprises intimately connected with the development and prosperity of Chicago, and, in July, 1899, became President of the Chicago Union Traction Company, having control of the North and West Chicago Street Railway Systems. SPALDING, John Lancaster, Catholic Bishop, was born in Lebanon, Ky., June 2, 1840; educated in the United States and in Europe, ordained a priest in the Catholic Church in 1863, and there- upon attached to the cathedral at Louisville, as assistant. In 1869 he organized a congregation of colored people, and built for their use the Church of St. Augustine, having been assigned to that parish as pastor. Soon afterwards he was appointed Secretary to the- Bishop and made Chancellor of the Diocese. In 1873 he was trans- ferred from Louisville to New York, where he was attached to the missionary parish of St. Michael's. He had, by this time, achieved no little fame as a pulpit orator and lecturer. When the diocese of Peoria, 111., was created, in 1877, the choice of the Pope fell upon him for the new see, and he was consecrated Bishop, on May 1 of that year, by Cardinal McCloskey at New York. His 494 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. administration has been characterized by both energy and success. He has devoted much atten- tion to the subject of emigration, and has brought about the founding of many new settlements in the far West. He was also largely instrumental in bringing about the founding of the Catholic University at Washington. He is a frequent <'ontributor to tlie reviews, and the author of a number of religious works. SPANISH INVASION OF ILLINOIS. In the month of June, 1779, soon after the declaration of war between Spain and Great Britain, an expe- dition was organized in Canada, to attack the Spanish posts along tlie Mississippi. Simultane- ously, a force was to be dispatched from Pensa- cola against New Orleans, then commanded by a young Spanish Colonel, Don Bernardo de Galvez. Secret instructions had been sent to British Commandants, all through the Western country, to cooperate with both expeditions. De Galvez, having learned of the scheme through intercepted letters, resolved to forestall the attack by becoming the assailant. At the head of a force of 670 men, he set out and captured Baton Rouge, Fort Mancliac and Natchez, almost with- out opposition. The British in Canada, being ignorant of what had been going on in the South, in February following dispatched a force from Mackinac to support the expedition from Pensa- cola, and, incidentally, to subdue the American rebels while en route. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were contemplated points of attack, as well as the Spanish forts at St. Louis and St. Genevieve. This movement was planned by Capt. Patrick Sinclair, commandant at Mackinac, but Captain Hesse was placed in charge of the expedition, wliich numbered some 750 men, including a force of Indians led by a chief named Wabasha. The British arrived before St. Louis, early on the morning of May 20, 1780, taking the Spaniards by surprise. Meanwhile Col. George Rogers Clark, having been apprised of the project, arrived at Caliokia from the falls of the Ohio, twenty-four hours in advance of the attack, his presence and readiness to co-operate with the Spanish, no doubt, contributing to the defeat of the expedition. The accounts of what followed are conflicting, the number of killed on the St. Louis shore being variously estimated from seven or eight to sixty-eight — the last being the esti- mate of Capt. Sinclair in his official report. All agree, however, that the invading party was forced to retreat in great haste. Colonel Mont- gomery, who had been in command at Cahokia, with a force of 350 and a party of Spanish allies. pursued the retreating invaders as far as the Rock River, destroying many Indian villages on the way. This movement on the part of the British served as a pretext for an attempted re- prisal, undertaken by the Spaniards, with the aid of a number of Cahokians, early in 1781. Starting early in January, this latter expedition crossed IlUnois, with the design of attacking Fort St. Joseph, at the head of Lake Michigan, which had been captured from the English by Thomas Brady and afterwards retaken. The Spaniards were com- manded by Don Eugenio Pourre, and supported by a force of Cahokians and Indians. The fort was easily taken and the British flag replaced by the ensign of Spain. The affair was regarded as of but little moment, at the time, the post being evacuated In a few days, and the Spaniards returning to St. Louis. Yet it led to serious international complications, and the "conquest" was seriously urged by the Spanish ministry as giving that country a right to tlie territory trav- ersed. This claim was supported by France before the signing of the Treaty of Paris, but was defeated, through the combined efforts of Messrs. Jay, Franklin and Adams, the American Commissioners in charge of the peace negoti- ations with England. SPARKS, (Capt.) David R., manufacturer and legislator, was born near Lanesville, Ind., in 1823; in 1836, removed with his parents to Ma- coupin County, 111. ; in 18-17, enlisted for the Mexican War, crossing the plains to Santa Fe, New Mexico. In 1850 he made the overland trip to California, returning the next year by the Isthmus of Panama. In 1855 he engaged in the milling business at Staunton, Macoupin County, but, in 1860, made a third trip across the plains in search of gold, taking a quartz-mill which was erected near where Central City, Colo., now is, and which was the second steam-engine in that region. He returned home in time to vote for Stephen A. Douglas for President, the same year, but became a stalwart Republican, two weeks later, when tlie advocates of secession began to develop their policy after the election of Lincoln. In 1861 he enlisted, under the call for 500, 000 vol- unteers following the first battle of Bull Run, and was commissioned a Captain in the Third Illinois Cavalry (Col. Eugene A. Carr). serving two and a half years, during which time he took part in several hard-fought battles, and being present at the fall of Vicksburg. At the end of his service he became associated with his former partner in the erection of a large flouring mill at Litchfield, but, in 1869, the firm bought an extensive flour- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 495 ing mill at Alton, of which he became the princi- pal owner in 1881, and which has since been greatly enlarged and improved, until it is now one of the most extensive establishments of its kind in the State. Capt. Sparks was elected to the House of Representatives in 1888, and to the State Senate in 1894, serving in the sessions of 1895 and '97; was also strongly supported as a candidate for the Republican nomination for Congress in 1896. SPARKS, William A. J., ex-Congressman, was born near New Albany, Ind., Nov. 19, 1828, at 8 years of age was brought by his parents to Illi- nois, and shortly afterwards left an orphan. Thrown on his own resources, he found work upon a farm, his attendance at the district schools being limited to the winter months. Later, he passed through lIcKendree College, supporting himself, meanwhile, by teaching, graduating in 1850. He read law with Judge Sidney Breese, and was admitted to the bar in 1851. His first public office was that of Receiver of the Land Office at Edwardsville, to which he was appointed by President Pierce in 1853, re- maining until 1856, when he was chosen Presi- dential Elector on the Democratic ticket. The same year he was elected to the lower house of the Gieneral Assembly, and, in 1863-64, served in the State Senate for the unexpired term of James M. Rodgers, deceased. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention in 1868, and a Democratic Representative in Congress from 1875 to 1888. In 1885 lie was appointed, by President Cleveland, Commissioner of the General Land Office in Washington, retiring, by resignation, in 1887. His home is at Carlyle. SPARTA & ST. GENETTETE RAILROAD. (See Centralia & Chester Railroad.) SPEED, Joshna Fry, merchant, and intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln ; was educated in the local schools and at St. Joseph's College, Bards- town, Ky., after which he spent some time in a wholesale mercantile establishment in Louisville. About 1835 he came to Springfield, 111., where he engaged in the mercantile business, later becom- ing the intimate friend and associate of Abraham Lincoln, to whom he offered the privilege of sharing a room over his store, when Mr. Lincoln removed from New Salem to Springfield, in 1836. Mr. Speed returned to Kentucky in 1842, but the friendship with Mr. Lincoln, which was of a most devoted character, continued until the death of the latter. Having located in Jefferson County, Ky., Mr. Speed was elected to the Legis- lature in 1848, but was never again willing to accept office, though often solicited to do so. In 1851 he removed to Louisville, where he acquired a handsome fortune in the real-estate business. On the breaking out of the rebellion in 1861, he heartily embraced the cause of the Union, and. during the war, was entrusted with many deli- cate and important duties in the interest of the Government, by Mr. Lincoln, whom he frequently visited in Washington. His death occurred at Louisville, May 29, 1882.— James (.Speed), an older brother of the preceding, was a prominent Unionist of Kentucky, and, after the war, a leading Republican of that State, serving as dele- gate to the National Republican Conventions of 1872 and 1876. In 1864 he was appointed Attor- ney-General by Mr. Lincoln and served until 1866. when he resigned on account of disagreement with President Jolinson. He died in 1887, at the age of 75 years. SPOON RIVER, rises in Bureau County, flows southward through Stark County into Peoria, tlience southwest through Knox, and to the south and southeast, through Fulton County, entering the Illinois River opposite Havana. It is about 150 miles long. SPRINGER, (ReT.) Francis, D.D., educator and Army Chaplain, born in Franklin County, Pa., March 19, 1810; was left an orphan at an early age, and educated at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg; entered the Lutheran ministry in 1836, and, in 1839, removed to Springfield, 111., where he preached and taught school; in 1847 became President of Hillsboro College, which, in 18.52, was removed to Springfield and became Illi- nois State University, now known as Concordia Seminary. Later, he served for a time as Super- intendent of Schools for the city of Springfield, but, in September, 1861, resigned to accept the Chaplaincy of the Tenth Illinois Cavalry ; by suc- cessive resignations and appointments, held the positions of Chaplain of the First Arkansas Infan- try (1863-64) and Post Chaplain at Fort Smith, Ark., serving in the latter position until April, 1867, when he was commissioned Chaplain of the United States Army. Tliis position lie resigned while stationed at Fort Harker, Kan., August 23, 1867. During a considerable part of his incum- bency as Chaplain at Fort Smitli, he acted as Agent of the Bureau of Refugees and Freedmen, performing important service in caring for non- combatants rendered homeless by the vicissitudes of war. After the war he served, for a time, as Superintendent of Schools for Montgomery County, 111. ; was instrumental in the founding of Carthage (111.) College, and was a member of 496 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. its Board of Control at the time of his death. He was elected Chaplain of the Illinois House of Representatives at the session of the Thirty-fifth General Assembly (1887), and Chaplain of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Illinois for two consecutive terms (1890-"92). He was also member of the Stephenson Post, No. 30, G. A. R. , at Springfield, and served as its Chaplain from January, 1884, to liis death, which occurred at Springfield, Oct. 21, 18G2. SPRINGER, William McKendree, ex-Congress- man, Justice of United States Court, was born in Sullivan County, Ind.. May 30, 1836. In 1848 he removed with his parents to Jacksonville, 111., was fitted for college in the public high school at Jacksonville, under tlie tuition of the late Dr. Bateman, entered Illinois College, remaining three years, when he removed to the Indiana State University, graduating there in 1858. The following year he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Logan County, but soon after removed to Springfield. He entered public life as Secretary of the Constitutional Convention of 1862. In 1871-72 lie represented Sangamon County in the Legislature, and, in 1874, was elected to Congress from the Tliirteenth Illinois District as a Democrat. From that time until the close of the Fifty-third Congress (1895), he served in Congress continuously, and was recog- nized as one of the leaders of his party on the floor, being at the liead of many important com- mittees when that party was in the ascendanc}-, and a candidate for the Democratic caucus nomi- nation for Speaker, iu 1893. In 1894 he was the candidate of his jiarty for Congress for the eleventh time, but was defeated by his Repub- lican opponent, James A. Connolly. In 1895 President Cleveland appointed him United States District Judge for Indian Territory. SPRINGFIELD, the State capital, and the county-seat of Sangamon County, situated five miles south of the Sangamon River and 185 miles southwest of Chicago; is an important railway center. The first settlement on the site of the present city was made by John Kelly in 1819. On April 10, 1821, it was selected, by the first Board of County Commissioners, as the temporary county-seat of Sangamon County, the organi- zation of which had been authorized by act of tlie Legislature in January previous, and the name Springfield was given to it. In 1823 the selection was made permanent. The latter j-ear the first sale of lands took place, the original site being entered by Pascal P. Enos, Elijah lies and Thomas Cox. The town was platted about the same time, and the name "Calhoun" was given to a section in the northwest quarter of the present city — this being the "hey-day" of the South Carolina statesman's greatest popularity — but the change was not popularly accepted, and the new name was soon dropped. It was incorpo- rated as a town, April 2, 1833, and as a city, April 6, 1840; and re-incorporated, under the general, law in 1882. It was made the State capital by act of the Legislature, passed at the session of 1837, which went into effect, July 4, 1839, and the Legislature first convened there in December of the latter year. The general surface is flat, though there is rolling ground to the west. The city has excellent water-works, a paid fire-depart- ment, six banks, electric street railways, gas and electric lighting, commodious hotels, fine churches, numerous handsome residences, beauti- ful parks, thorough sewerage, and is one of the best paved and handsomest cities in the State. The city proper, in 1890, contained an area of four square miles, but has since been enlarged by the annexation of the following suburbs: North Springfield, April 7, 1891 ; West Springfield, Jan. 4, 1898 ; and South Springfield and the village of Laurel, April 5, 1898. These additions give to the present city an area of 5.84 square miles. The jjopulation of the original city, according to the census of 1880, was 19,743, and, in 1890, 24,963, while that of the annexed suburbs, at the last census, was 2,109 — making a total of 29,072. The latest school census (1898) showed a total popu- lation of 33,375— population by census (1900), 34.159. Besides the State House, the city has a handsome United States Government Building for United States Court and post-oflfice purposes, a county courthouse (the former State capitol). a city hall and (State) Executive Mansion. Springfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln. His former residence has been donated to the State, and his tomb and monument are in the beautiful Oak Ridge cemetery, adjoining tlie city. Springfield is an important coal-mining center, and has many important industries, notablj' a watch factory, rolling mills, and exten- sive manufactories of agricultural implements and furniture. It is also the permanent location of the State Fairs, for which extensive buildings have been erected on the Fair Grounds north of the city. There are three daily papers — two morn- ing and one evening — published here, besides various other publications. Pop. (1900), 34,159, SPRINGFIELD, EFFINGHAM & SOUTH- EASTERN RAILRO.iD. (See St. Louis, Indian- apolis & Eastern Railroad. ) HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 497 SPRnGFlELD & ILLINOIS SOUTHEAST- FRX RAILROAD. (See Baltimore cfr Ohio Southwestern Railroad. ) SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & St Louis Bailroad of Illinois.) SPRING VALLEY, an incorporated city in Bureau County, at intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Toluca, Marquette & Northern Railways, 100 miles southwest of Chicago. It lies in a coal- mining region and lias important manufacturing interests as well. It has two banks, electric street and interurban railways, and two news- papers. Population (1890). 3,887; (1900), 6,214. ST. .IGATHA'S SCHOOL, an institution for young ladies, at Springfield, under the patronage of the Bishop of the Episcopal Church, incorpo- rated in 1889. It has a faculty of eight teachers giving instruction in the preparatory and higher branches, including music and fine arts. It reported fifty-five pupils in 1894, and real estate valued at §15,000. ST. ALBAN'S ACADEMY, a boys' and young men's school at Knoxville, 111., incorporated in 1896 under the auspices of the Episcopal Church ; in 1898 had a faculty of seven teachers, with forty-five pupils, and property valued at SGI, 100, of which §54,000 was real estate. Instruction is given in the classical and scientific branches, besides music and preparatory studies. ST. ANNE, a village of Kankakee County, at the crossing of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railwaj-s, 60 miles south of Chicago. The town has two banks, tile and brick factory, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,000. ST. CHARLES, a city in Kane County, on both sides of Fox River, at intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago Great Western Railways; 38 miles west of Chicago and 10 miles south of Elgin. The river furnishes excellent water-power, which is being utilized by a number of important manufacturing enterprises. The city is connected with Chicago and many towns in the Fox River valley by interurb<,n electric trolley lines ; is also the seat of the State Home for Boys. Pop. (1890), 1,690; (1900), 2,67.5. ST. CLAIR, Arthnr, first Governor of the Northwest Territory, was born of titled ancestry at Thurso, Scotland, in 1734; came to .\.merica in 17'i7 as an ensign, having purchased his commis- sion, participated in the capture of Louisburg, Canada, in 1758, and fought under Wolfe at Quebec. In 1764 he settled in Pennsylvania, where he ama,ssed a moderate fortune, and be- came prominent in public affairs. He served with distinction during the Revolutionarj- War, rising to the rank of Major-General, and succeeding General Gates in command at Ticonderoga, but, later, was censm'ed by Washington for his hasty evacuation of the post, though finally vindicated by a military court. His Revolutionarj' record, however, was generally good, and even distin- guished. He represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress, and presided over that body in 1787. He served as Governor of the Northwest Territory (including the present State of Illinois) from 1789 to 1802. As an executive he was not successful, being unpopular because of his arbitrariness. In November, 1791, he suffered a serious defeat by the Indians in the valley between the Miami and the Wabash. In this campaign he was badly crippled by the gout, and had to be carried on a litter ; he was again vindicated by a Congressional investigation. His first visit to the Illinois Country was made in 1790, when he organized St. Clair County, which was named in his honor. In 1802 President Jef- ferson removed him from the governorship of Ohio Territory, of which he had continued to be the Governor after its separation from Indiana and Illinois. The remainder of his life was .spent in comparative penury. Shortly before his decease, he was granted an annuity by the Penn- sylvania Legislature and by Congress. Died, at Greensburg, Pa., August 31, 1818. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, the first county organ- ized within the territory comprised in the pres- ent State of Illinois — the whole region west of the Ohio River having been first placed under civil jurisdiction, under the name of "Illinois County," by an act of the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in October, 1778, a few months after the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark. (See Illinois; also Clark, George Rogers.) St. Clair County was finally set oft by an order of Gov. Arthur St Clair, on occa- sion of his first visit to the "Illinois Country, "' in April, 1790 — more than two years after his assumption of tlie duties of Governor of the Northwest Territorj-, which then comprehended the "Illinois Country" as well as the whole region within tlie present States of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and AVisconsin. Governor St. Clair's order, which bears date, April 27, 1790, defines the boundaries of the new county — which took his own name — as follows: "Beginning at the mouth of the Little Michillimackanack River, 498 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ninning thence southerly in a direct line to the mouth of the little river above Fort Massac upon the Ohio River; thence with the said river to its junction with the Mississippi ; thence up the Mississippi to the mouth of the Illinois, and so up the Illinois River to the place of beginning, with all the adjacent islands of said rivers. Illinois and Mississippi." The "Little Michillimackanack," ■the initial point mentioned in this description — also variously spelled "Makina" and "Macki- naw," the latter being the name by which the stream is now known — empties into the Illinois River on the south side a few miles below Pekin. in Tazewell County. The boundaries of St. Clair County, as given by Gov. St. Clair, indicate the imperfect knowledge of the topog- raphy of the "Illinois Country" existing in that day, as a line drawn south from the mouth of the Mackinaw River, instead of reaching the Ohio "above Fort Massac." would have followed the longitude of the present city of Springfield, striking the Mississippi about the northwestern corner of Jackson County, twenty-five miles west of the mouth of the Ohio. The object of Gov- ernor St. Clair's order was. of course, to include the settled portions of the Illinois Country in the new county ; and, if it had had the eflfect intended, the eastern border of the county would have fol- lowed a line some fiftj' miles farther eastward, along the eastern border of Marion, Jefferson, Franklin, Williamson and Johnson Counties, reaching the Ohio River about the present site of Metropolis City in Massac County, and embracing about one-half of the area of the present State of Illinois. For all practical purposes it embraced all the Illinois Country, as it included that por- tion in which the white settlements were located. (See St. Clair, Arthur; also Illinois Country.) The early records of St. Clair County are in the French language ; its first settlers and its early civilization were French, and the first church to inculcate the doctrine of Christianity was the Roman Catholic. The first proceedings in court under the common law were had in 1796. The first Justices of the Peace were appointed in 1807, and, as there was no penitentiary, the whipping- post and pillory played an important part in the code of penalties, these punishments being im- partially meted out as late as the time of Judge (afterwards Governor) Reynolds, to "the lame, the halt and the blind," for such offenses as the lar- ceny of a silk handkerchief. At first three places — Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskas- kia — were named as county-seats by Governor St. Clair; but Randolph County having been set off in 1895, Cahokia became the county-seat of the older county, so remaining until 1813, when Belleville was selected as the seat of justice. At that time it was a mere cornfield owned by George Blair, although settlements had previously been established in Ridge Prairie and at Badgley. Judge Jesse B. Thomas held his first court in a log-cabin, but a rude court house was erected in 1814, and, the same year, George E. Blair estab- lished a hostelry, Joseph Kerr opened a store, and, in 1817, additional improvements were inaugurated by Daniel Murray and others, from Baltimore. John H. Dennis and the Mitchells and Wests (from Virginia) settled soon after- ward, becoming farmers and mechanics. Belle- ville was incorporated in 1819. In 1825 Governor Edwards bought the large landed interests of Etienne Personeau, a large French land-owner, ordered a new survey of the town and infused fresh life into its development. Settlers began to arrive in large numbers, mainly Virginians, who brought with them their slaves, the right to hold which was. for many years, a fruitful and perennial source of strife. Emigrants from Germany began to arrive at an early day, and now a large proportion of the population of Belleville and St. Clair County is made up of that nationality. The county, as at present organized, lies on the west- ern border of tlie south half of the State, immedi- ately opposite St. Louis, and comprises some 680 square miles. Three-fourths of it are underlaid by a vein of coal, six to eight feet thick, and about one hundred feet below the surface. Con- siderable wheat is raised. The principal towns are Belleville, East St. Louis. Lebanon and Mas- coutah. Population of the county (1880), 61,806; (1890), 66,571; (1900). 86,685. ST. JOHN', an incorporated village of Perry County, on the Illinois Central Railway, one mile north of Duquoin. Coal is mined and salt manu- factured here. Population about 500. ST. JOSEPH, a village of Champaign County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 10 miles east of Champaign; has inter- urban railroad connection. Pop. (1900), 637. ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, (Chicago), founded in 1860, by the Sisters of Charity. Having been de- stroyed in the fire of 1871, it was rebuilt in the following year. In 1893 it was reconstructed, en- larged and made thoroughly modern in its appoint- ments. It can accommodate about 250 patients. The Sistersattend to the nursing, and conduct the domestic and financial affairs. The medical staff comprises ten physicans and surgeons, among whom are some of the most eminent in Chicago. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 499 ST. LOUIS, ALTOX & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Alton Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, ALTON & SPRINGFIELD RAIL- ROAD. (See St. Luttis. Chicago &- St. Paul Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, ALTOX & TERRE HAUTE RAILOAD, a corporation formerly operating an extensive system of railroads in Illinois. The Terre Haute & Alton Railroad Company (the original corporation) was chartered in January, 1851, work begun in 1853, and the main line from Terre Haute to Alton (172.5 miles) completed, March 1, 1856. The Belleville & lUinoistown branch (from Belleville to East St. Louis) was chartered in 1853, and completed between the points named in the title, in the fall of 18.54. This corporation secured authority to construct an extension from lUinoistown (now East St. Louis) to Alton, which was completed in October, 1856, giving the first railroad connection between Alton & St. Louis. Simultaneously with this, these two roads (tlie Terre Haute & Alton and the Belleville & lUinoistown) were consolidated under a single charter by special act of the Legis- lature in February, 1854, the consolidated line •taking the name of the Terre Haute. Alton & St. Louis Railroad. Subsequently the road became financially embarassed. was sold under foreclosure and reorganized, in 1863, under the name of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. June 1, 1867, the main line (from Terre Haute to St. Louis) was leased for nietj'-nine years to the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Company (an Indiana corporation) guaranteed by certain other lines, but the lease was subsequently broken by the insolvency of the lessee and some of the guarantors. The Indianapolis & St. Louis went into the hands of a receiver in 1883, and was sold under foreclosure, in July of the same year, its interest being absorbed by the Cleveland, Cin- cinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by whicli the main Line is now operated. The properties officially reported as remaining in the hands of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. June 30, 1895. beside the Belleville Branch (14.40 miles), included the following leased and subsidi- ary Unes: Belleville & Soutliern Illinois — "Cairo Short Line" (56.40 miles) ; Belleville & Eldorado, (50.20 miles); Belleville & Carondelet (17.30 miles); St. Louis Southern and branches (47.27 miles), and Chicago, St. Louis & Paducah Rail- way (53.50 miles). All the.se have been le?sed, since the close of the fiscal year 1895, to the Illi- nois Central. (For sketches of these several roads see headings of each. ) ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO & ST. PAUL RAIL. ROAD, (Bluff Line), a line running from Spring- field to Granite City, 111., (opposite St. Louis), 102.1 miles, with a branch from Lock Haven to Grafton, 111., 8.4 miles — total length of line in Illinois, 110.5 miles. The track is of standard gauge, laid with 56 to 70-pound steel rails. — (His- tory.) The road was originally incorporated under the name of the St. Louis, Jerseyville & Springfield Railroad, built from Bates to Grafton in 1882, and absorbed by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company ; was surrendered by the receivers of the latter in 1886, and pas.sed under the control of the bond-holders, by whom it was transferred to a corporation known as the St. Louis & Central Illinois Railroad Company. In June. 1887, the St. Louis, Alton & Springfield Railroad Company was organized, with power to build extensions from Newbern to Alton, and from Bates to Springfield, which was done. In October, 1890, a receiver was appointed, followed bj' a reorganization under the present name (St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul). Default was made on the interest and, in June following, it was again placed in the hands of receivers, by whom it was operated until 1898. The total earnings and income for the fiscal year 1897-98 were $318,815, operating expenses, .1373,270; total capitalization, §4,853,526, of which, 11,500,000 was in the form of stock and §1,235 000 in income bonds. ST. LOUIS, INDIANAPOLIS & EASTERN RAILROAD, a railroad line 90 miles in length, extending from Switz City. Ind.. to Efl!ingham, 111. — 56 miles being within the State of Illinois. It is of standard gauge and the track laid chiefly with iron rails.— (History.) Tlie orginal corpo- ration was chartered in 1869 as the Springfield, ElEngliam & Quincy Railway Company. It was built as a narrow-gauge line by the Cincinnati, Effingham & Quincy Construction Company, which went into the hands of a receiver in 1878. The road was completed by the receiver in 1880, and, in 1885, restored to the Construction Com- pany by the discharge of the receiver. For a short time it was operated in connection with the Bloomfield Railroad of Indiana, but was reorganized in 1886 as the Indiana & IlUnois Southern Railroad, and the gauge changed to standard in 1887. Having made default in the payment of interest, it was sold imder foreclosure in 1890 and purchased in the interest of the bond- holders, by whom it was conveyed to the St. Louis, Indianapolis & Eastern Railroad Company, in whose name the line is operated. Its business 500 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. is limited, and chiefly local. The total earnings in 1898 were ?65.583and the expenditures $09,112. Its capital stock was $740,900; bonded debt, §978.000, other indebtedness increasing the total capital investment to §1,816,736. ST. LOUIS, JACKSONVILLE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago d- Alton Railroad. ) ST. LOUIS, JERSEYVILLE & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago <& St. Paul Railroad. ) ST. LOUIS, MOUNT CARMEL & NEW AL- BANT RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evansinllc & St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, PEORIA & NORTHERN RAIL- WAY, known as "Peoria Short Line," a corpo- ration organized, Feb. 29, 1896, to take over and unite the properties of the St. Louis & Eastern, the St. Louis & Peoria and the North and South Railways, and to extend the same due north from Springfield to Peoria (60 miles), and thence to Fulton or East Clinton, 111., on the Upper Jlis- sissippi. The line extends from Springfield to Glen Carbon (84.46 miles), with trackage facilities over the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad and the Merchants" Terminal Bridge (18 miles) to St. Louis. — (History.) This road has been made up of three sections or divisions. (1) The initial section of the line was constructed under the name of the St. Louis & Chicago Railroad of Illinois, incorporated in 1885, and opened from Mount Olive to Alhambra in 1887. It passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- closure in 1889. and reorganized, in 1890, as the St. Louis & Peoria Railroad. The St. Louis & East- em, chartered in 1889, built the line from Glen Carbon to Marine, which was opened in 1893 ; the following j'ear, bought the St. Louis & Peoria line, and, in 1895, constructed the link (8 miles) between Alhambra and Marine. (3) The North & South Railroad Company of Illinois, organized in 1890, as successor to the St. Louis & Chicago Railway Company, proceeded in the construction of the line (50.46 miles) from Mt. OUve to Spring- field, which was subsequently leased to the Chi- cago, Peoria & St. Louis, then under the management of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railway. The latter corporation having defaulted, the property passed into the hands of a receiver. By expiration of the lease in Decem- ber, 1896, the property reverted to the proprietary Company, which took possession, Jan. 1, 1896. The St. Louis & Southeastern then bought the line outright, and it was incorporated as a part of the new organization under the name of the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway, the North & South Railroad going out of existence. In May, 1899, the St. Louis. Peoria & Northern was sold to the reorganized Chicago & Alton Railroad Company, to be operated as a short line between Peoria & St. Louis. ST. LOUIS, ROCK ISLAND & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington 'K OF ILLINOIS. The first legis- lation, having for its object the establishment of a bank within the territory which now consti- tutes the State of Illinois, was the passage, by the Territorial Legislature of 1816, of an act incorporating the "Bank of Illinois at Shawnee- town, with branches at Edwardsville and Kas- kaskia." In the Second General Assembly of the State (1820) an act was passed, over the Governor's veto and in defiance of the adverse judgment of the Council of Revision, establish- ing a State Bank at Vandalia with branches at Shawneetown, Edwardsville, and Brownsville in Jackson County. This was, in effect, a recliarter- ing of the banks at Shawneetown and Edwards- ville. So far as the former is concerned, it seems to have been well managed; but the official conduct of the officers of the latter, on the basis of charges made by Governor Edwards in 1826, was made the subject of a legislative investiga- tion, which (although it resulted in nothing) seems to have had some basis of fact, in view of the losses finally sustained in winding up its affairs — that of the General Government amount- ing to S54,000. Grave charges were made in this connection against men who were then, or afterwards became, prominent in State affairs, including one Justice of the Supreme Court and one (still later) a United States Senator. The e-vperiment was disastrous, as, ten years later (1831), it was found necessary for the State to incur a debt of §100,000 to redeem the outstand- ing circulation. Influenced, however, by the popular demand for an increase in the "circu- lating medium," the State continued its experi- ment of becoming a stockholder in banks managed by its citizens, and accordingly we find it, in 1835, legislating in the same direction for the establishing of a central "Bank of Illinois" at Springfield, with branches at other points as might be required, not to exceed six in number. One of these branches was established at Van- dalia and another at Chicago, furnishing the first banking institution of the latter city. Two j-ears later, when the State was entering upon its scheme of internal improvement, laws were enacted increasing the capital stock of these banks to 84,000,000 in the aggregate. Following the example of similar in.stitutions elsewhere, they suspended specie payments a few months later, but were protected by "stay laws" and other devices until 1842, when tlie internal imi^rovement scheme having been finally aban- doned, they fell in general collapse. The State ceased to be a stock-holder in 1843, and the banks were put in course of litiuidation, though it required several years to coinjjlete the work. STATE CAPITALS. The first State capital of Illinois was Kaskaskia, where the first Territorial Legislature convened, Nov. 25, 1812. At that time there were but five counties in the State — St. Clair and Randolph being the most important, and Kaskaskia being the county-seat of the latter. Illinois was admitted into the Union as a State in 1818, and the first Constitution provided that the seat of government should remain at Kaskaskia until removed by legislative enact- ment. That instrument, however, made it obli- gatory upon the Legislature, at its first session, to petition Congress for a grant of not more than four sections of land, on which should be erected a town, which should remain the seat of govern- ment for twenty years. The petition was duly presented and granted ; and, in accordance with the power granted by the Constitution, a Board of five Commissioners selected the site of the present city of Vandalia, then a point in the wilderness twenty miles north of any settle- ment. But so great was the faith of speculators in the future of the proposed city, that town lots were soon selling at SlOO to §780 each. The Com- missioners, in obedience to law, erected a plain two-story frame building — scarcely more than a commodious shanty — to which the State offices ■were removed in December, 1820. This building 504 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was burned, Dec. 9, 1823, and a brick structiire erected in its place. Later, when tlie question of a second removal of the capital began to be agi- tated, the citizens of Vandalia assumed the risk of erecting a new, brick State House, costing §16,000. Of this amount $6,000 was reimbursed by the Governor from the contingent fund, and the balance (§10,000) %vas appropriated iu 1837, when tlie seat of government was removed to Springfield, by vote of the Tenth General Assem- bly on tlie fourth ballot. The other places receiv- ing the principal vote at the time of tlie removal to Springfield, were Jacksonville, Vandalia, Peoria, Alton and Illiopolis — Springfield receiv- ing the largest vote at eacli ballot. The law removing the capital appropriated .$.50,000 from the State Treasury, provided that a like amount should be raised by private subscription and guaranteed bj- bond, and that at least two acres of land sliould be donated as a site. Two State Houses have been erected at Springfield, the first cost of the present one (including furnishing) having been a little in excess of §4,000,000. Abraham Lincoln, who was a member of the Legislature from Sangamon County at the time, was an influential factor in securing the removal of the capital to Springfield. STATE DEBT. Tlie State debt, which proved so formidable a burden upon the State of Illinois for a generation, and, for a part of that period, seriously checked its prosperity, was the direct outgrowth of the internal improvement scheme entered upon in 1837. (See Internal Improvement Policy. ) At the time this enterprise was under- taken the aggregate debt of the State was less than §400,000 — accumulated within the preceding six years. Two years later (1838) it had increased to over §6,500,000, while the total valuation of real and personal property, for the purposes of taxation, was less than §60,000,000, and the aggre- gate receipts of the State treasury, for tlie same year, amounted to less than §150,000. At the same time, the disbursements, for the support of the State Government alone, had grown to more than twice the receipts. This disparity continued until the declining credit of the State forced upon the managers of public affairs an involuntary economy, when the means could no longer be secured for more lavish expenditures. The first bonds issued at the inception of the internal improvement scheme sold at a premium of 5 per cent, but rapidly declined until they were hawked in the markets of New York and London at a dis- count, in some cases falling into the hands of brokers who failed before completing their con- tracts, thus causing a direct loss to the State. If the internal improvement scheme was ill-advised, the time chosen to carry it into effect was most unfortunate, as it came simultaneously with the panic of 1837, rendering the disaster all the more complete. Of the various works undertaken by the State, only the Illinois & Michigan Canal brought a return, all the others resulting in more or less complete loss. The internal improvement scheme was abandoned in 1839-40, but not until State bonds exceeding §13,000,000 had been issued. For two years longer the State struggled witli its embarrassments, increased by the failure of the State Bank in February, 1842, and, by that of the Bank of Illinois at Shawneetown, a few months later, with the proceeds of more than two and a half millions of the State's bonds in their possession. Thus left without credit, or means even of paying the accruing interest, there were those who regarded the State as hopelessly bank- rupt, and advocated repudiation as the only means of escape. Better counsels prevailed, how- ever : the Constitution of 1848 put the State on a basis of strict economy in the matter of salaries and general expenditures, with restrictions upon the Legislature in reference to incurring in- debtedness, while the beneficent "two-mill tax" gave assurance to its creditors that its debts would be paid. While the growth of the State, in wealth and population, had previously been checked by the fear of excessive taxation, it now entered upon a new career of prosperity, in spite of its burdens— its increase in population, be- tween 1850 and 18C0, amounting to over 100 per cent. The movement of the State debt after 1840 — when the internal improvement scheme was abandoned — chiefly by accretions of unpaid inter- est, has been estimated as follows: 1842. §15,- 637,9.50; 1844, §14,633,969; 1846, §16,389,817; 1848, §16,661,795. It reached its maximum in 18.53 — the first year of Governor Matteson's administra- tion — when it was officially reported at §16,724,- 177. At this time the work of extinguishment began, and was prosecuted under successive administrations, except during the war, wlien the vast expense incurred in sending troops to the field caused an increase. During Governor Bissell's administration, the reduction amounted to over §3,000,000; during Oglesby's, to over five and a quarter million, besides two and a quarter million paid on interest. In 1880 the debt had been reduced to §281,0.59.11, and, before the close of 1882, it had been entirely extinguished, except a balance of §18, .500 in bonds, which, having been called in years previously and never presented for < Q O a a < Q z o z z P3 a O V2 a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 505 payment, are supposed to have been lost. ^See Macali.iter and Stebbi}ts Boyids.) STATE GUARDIANS FOR (ilRLS, a bureau organized for the care of female juvenile delin- quents, by act of June 3, 1893. The Board consists of seven members, nominated by the Executive and confirmed by the Senate, and who consti- tute a bo'NER, Tazewell B., jurist, was born in Henry County, Va., and came to Jefferson County, 111, about 1846 or '47, at first taking a position as teacher and Superintendent of Public Schools. Later, he was connected with "The Jeffersonian," a Democratic paper at Mount Ver- non, and, in 1849, went to the gold regions of California, meeting with reasonable success as a miner. Returning in a year or two, he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, while in the discliarge of his duties, prosecuted the study of law, finally, on admission to the bar, entering into partnership with the late Col. Thomas S. Casey. In 1854 he was elected Representative in the Nineteenth General Assembly, and was in- strumental in securing the appropriation for the erection of a Supreme Court building at Mount Vernon. In 1863 he served as a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of that year ; was elected Circuit Judge in 1873, and, in 1877, was assigned to duty on the Appellate bench, but, at the expiration of his term, declined a re-election and resumed the practice of his profession at Mount Vernon. Died, March 25, 1880. TAXATION, in its legal sense, the mode of raising revenue. In its general sense its purposes are the support of the State and local govern- ments, the promotion of the public good by fostering education and works of public improve- ment, the protection of society by the preser- vation of order and the punishment of crime, and the support of the helpless and destitute. In practice, and as prescribed by the Constitution, the raising of revenue is required to be done "by levying a tax by valuation, so that every person and corporation shall pay a tax in proportion to the value of his, her or its property — such value to be ascertained by some person or persons, to bo elected or appointed in such manner as the Gen- eral Assembly shall direct, and not otherwise. " (State Constitution, 1870 — Art. Revenue, Sec. 1.) The person selected under the law to make this valuation is the Assessor of the county or the township (in counties under township organiza- tion), and he is required to make a return to the County Board at its July meeting each year — the latter having authority to hear complaints of tax- payers and adjust inequalities when found to exist. It is made the duty of tlie Assessor to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 519 include in his return, as real-estate, all lands and the buildings or other improvements erected thereon; and, under the head of personal prop- erty, all tangible effects, besides moneys, credits, bonds or stocks, sliares of stock of companies or corporations, investments, annuities, franchises, royalties, etc. Property used for school, church or cemeterj' purposes, as well as public buildings and other property belonging to the State and General Government, municipalities, publio charities, public libraries, agricultural and scien- tific societies, are declared exempt. Xominally, all property subject to taxation is required to be assessed at its cash valuation ; but, in reality, the valuation, of late years, has been on a basis of twenty-five to thirty-three per cent of its esti- mated cash value. In the larger cities, however, the valuation is often much lower tlian this, while very large amounts escape assessment altogether. The Revenue Act, passed at the special session of the Fortieth General Assembly (1898), requires the Assessor to make a return of ah property subject to taxation in his district, at its cash valuation, upon which a Board of Review fixes a tax on the basis of twenty per cent of such cash valuation. An abstract of the property assessment of each county goes before the State Board of Equalization, at its annual meeting in August, for the purpose of comparison and equal- izing valuations between coimties, but the Board has no power to modify the assessments of indi- vidual tax-payers. (See State Board of Equali- zation.) This Board has exclusive power to fix the valuation for purposes of taxation of the capital stock or franchises of companies (except certain specified manufacturing corporations) , in- corporated under the State laws, together with the "railroad track" and "rolling stock" of railroads, and the capital stock of railroads and telegraph lines, and to fix the distribution of tlie latter between counties in which thej- lie. — The Consti- tution of 1848 empowered tlie Legislature to impose a capitation tax, of not less than fifty cents nor more than one doUar, upon each free white male citizen entitled to the right of suf- frage, between the ages of 21 and 60 years, but the Constitution of 1870 grants no such power, though it authorizes the extension of the "objects and subjects of taxation" in accordance with the principle contained in the first section of the Revenue Article. — Special assessments in cities, for the construction of sewers, pavements, etc., being local and in the form of benefits, cannot be said to come under the head of general tax- ation. The same is to be said of revenue derived from fines and penalties, which are forms of punishment for specific offenses, and go to the benefit of certain specified funds. TAYLOR, Abner, ex-Congressman, is a native of Maine, and a resident of Chicago. He has been in active business all his life as contractor, builder and merchant, and, for some time, a member of the wliolesale dry -goods firm of J. V. Farwell & Co. , of Chicago. He was a member of the Thirty- fourth General Aosembly, a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1884, and represented the First IlUnois District in the Fifty- first and Fifty-second Congresses. 1889 to 1893. Mr. Taylor was one of the contractors for the erection of tlie new State Capitol of Texas. T.VTLOR, Benjamin Franklin, journalist, poet and lecturer, was born at Lowville, N. Y., July 19, 1819; graduated at Madison University in 1839, the next year becoming literary and dra- matic critic of "The Chicago Evening Journal." Here, in a few years, he acquired a wide reputa- tion as a journalist and poet, and was much in demand as a lecturer on literary topics. His letters from the field during the Rebelhon, as war correspondent of "The Evening Journal," won for him even a greater p9pularity, and were complimented by translation into more than one European language. After the war, he gave his attention more unreservedly to literature, his principal works appearing after that date. His publications in book form, including both prose and poetry, comprise the following- "Attractions of Language" (1845); "January and June" (1853); "Pictures in Camp and Field" (1871), "The World on Wheels" (1873); "Old Time Pic- tures and Sheaves of Rhyme" (1874); "Songs of Yesterday" (1877); "Summer Savory Gleaned from Rural Nooks" (1879); "Between the Gates" — pictures of California life — (1881); "Dulce Domum. the Burden of Song" (1884), and "Theo- philus Trent, or Old Times in the Oak Openings,' a novel (1887). The last was in the hands o' the publishers at his death, Feb. 27, 1887. Among his most popular poems are "The Isle of the Long Ago," "The Old Village Choir," and "Rhymes of the River." "The London Times" complimented Mr. Taylor with the title of "Tlie Oliver Gold- smith of America." TAYLOR, Edmund Dick, early Indian-trader and legislator, was born at Fairfield C. H , Ya.. Oct. 18, 1802 — the son of a commissary in the army of the Revolution, under General Greene, and a cousin of General (later. President) Zachary Taylor ; left his native State in his youth and, at an early day, came to Spnngfield, 111., where he 520 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. opened an Indian-trading post and general store ; was elected from Sangamon County to the lower branch of the Seventli General Assembly (1830) and re-elected in 1832 — the latter year being a competitor of Abraham Lincoln, whom he defeated. In 183-1 he was elected to the State Senate and, at tlie next session of the Legislature, was one of tlie celebrated "Long Nine" who secured the removal of the State Capital to Springfield. He resigned before the close o/ his term to accept, from President Jackson, the ap- pointment of Receiver of Public Moneys at Chi- cago. Here he became one of the promoters of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (1837). serving as one of the Commissioners to secure subscriptions of stock, and was also active in advocating the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The title of "Colonel," by which he was known during most of his life, was acquired by service, with that rank, on the staff of Gov. John Reynolds, during the Black Hawk War of 1833. After coming to Cliicago, Colonel Taylor became one of the Trustees of the Chicago branch of the State Bank, and was later identified with various banking enterprises, as also a some- what extensive operator in real estate. An active Democrat in the early part of his career in Illi- nois, Colonel Taylor was one of the members of his party to take ground against the Kansas- Neb raska bill in 1854, and advocated the election of General Bissell to the governorship in 1856. In 1860 he was again in line with his party in sup- port of Senator Douglas for the Presidency, and was an opponent of the war policy of the Govern- ment still later, as shown by his participation in tlie celebrated "Peace Convention" at Spring- field, of June 17, 1863. In the latter years of his life he became extensively interested in coal lands in La Salle and adjoining counties, and, for a considerable time, served as President of the Northern Illinois Coal & Mining Company, his home, during a part of this period, being at Mendota. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 4, 1891. TAYLORVILLE, a city and county-seat of Christian County, on the South Fork of the Sanga- mon River and on the Wabash Railwaj' at its point of intersection with the Springfield Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern. It is about 27 miles southeast of Springfield, and 28 miles southwest of Decatur. It has several banks, flour mills, paper mill, electric light and gas plants, water-works, two coal mines, carriage and wagon shops, a manufactory of farming implements, two daily and weekly papers, nine churches and five graded and township high schools. Much coal is mined in this vicinity. Pop. (1890), 3,839; (1900), 4,248. TAZEWELL COUNTY, a central county on the Illinois River ; was first settled in 1823 and organized in 1827 ; has an area of 650 square miles — was named for Governor Tazewell of Virginia. It is drained by the Illinois and Mackinaw Rivers and traversed by several lines of railway. The surface is generally level, the soil alluvial and rich, but, requiring drainage, especially on the river bottoms. Gravel, coal and sandstone are found, but, generally speaking, Tazewell is an agricultural county. The cereals are extensively cultivated; wool is also clipped, and there are dairy interests of some importance. Distilling is extensively conducted at Pekin, the county -seat, which is also the seat of other mechanical indus- tries. (See also Pekin.) Population of the county (1880), 29,666; (1890), 29,556; (1900), 33,221. TEMPLE, John Taylor, M.D., early Chicago physician, born in Virginia in 1804, graduated in medicine at Middlebury College, Vt., in 1830, and, in 1833. arrived in Chicago. At this time he had a contract for carrying the United States mail from Chicago to Fort Howard, near Green Bay, and the following year undertook a similar con- tract between Chicago and Ottawa. Having sold these out three years later, he devoted his atten- tion to the practice of his profession, though interested, for a time, in contracts for the con- struction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Dr. Temple was instrumental in erecting the first house (after Rev. Jesse Walker's missionary station at Wolf Point), for public religious worship in Chicago, and, although himself a Baptist, it was used in common by Protestant denominations. He was a member of the first Board of Trustees of Rush Medical College, though he later became a convert to homeopathy, and finally, removing to St. Louis, assisted in founding the St. Louis School of Homeopathy, dying there. Feb. 24. 1877. "tenure of office. (See Elections.) TERRE HAUTE, ALTON & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. (See St. Louis. Alton & Terre Haute Railroad.) TERRE HAUTE & ALTON RAILROAD (See St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad.) TERRE HAUTE & INDIANAPOLIS RAIL- ROAD, a corporation operating no line of its own within the State, but the lessee and operator of the following lines (which see): St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute, 158.3 miles; Terre Haute & Peoria. 145.12 miles; East St. Louis & Carondelet, 12.74 miles — totallength of leased HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 521 lines in Illinois, 316.16 miles. The Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad was incorporated in Indiana in 1847, as the Terre Haute & Rich- mond, completed a line between the points named in the title, in 18.i2. and took its present name in 1866. The Pennsylvania Railroad Com- pany purchased a controlling interest iq its stock in 1893. TERRE HAUTE & PEORIA RAILROAD, (Vandalia Line), a line of road extending from Terre Haute. Ind., to Peoria. 111., 145.12 miles, with 28.78 miles of trackage, making in all 173.9 miles in operation, all being in Illinois — operated by the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Com- pany. The gauge is standard, and the rails are steel. (History. ) It was organized Feb. 7, 1887, successor to the Illinois Midland Railroad. The latter was made up by the consolidation (Nov. 4. 1874) of three lines: (1) The Peoria, Atlanta & Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1869 and opened in 1874; (2) the Paris & Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1861 and opened in December, 1872 ; and (3) the Paris & Terre Haute Railroad, chartered in 1873 and opened in 1874 — the consolidated lines assuming the name of the Illinois Midland Rail- road. In 1886 the Ilhnois Midland was sold under foreclosure and, in Februarj-, 1887, reorganized as the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad. In 1892 it was leased for ninet3'-nine years to the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company, and is operated as a part of the "Vandalia System." The capital stock (1898) was .53,764,200; funded debt, $3,230,000,— total capital invested, §6,227,- 481. TEUTOPOLIS, a village of Emngham County, on the Terre Haute & IndianapoUs Railroad, 4 miles east of Effingham; was originally settled by a colony of Germans from Cincinnati. Popu- lation (1900), 498. THOMAS, Horace H., lawyer and legislator. was born in Vermont, Dec. 18. 1831, graduated at Middlebury College, and, after admission to the bar, removed to Chicago, where he commenced practice. At the outbreak of the rebelUon he enlisted and was commissioned Assistant Adju- tant-General of the Army of the Ohio. At the close of the war he took up his residence in Ten- nessee, serving as Quartermaster upon the staff of Governor Brownlow. In 1867 he returned to Cliicago and resumed practice. He was elected a Representative in the Legislature in 1878 and re-elected in 1880, being chosen Speaker of the House during his latter term. In 1888 he was elected State Senator from the Sixth District, serving during the sessions of the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh General As.semblies. In 1897, General Thomas was appointed United States Appraiser in connection with the Custom House in Cliicago. THOMAS, Jesse Burgess, jurist and United States Senator, was born at Hagerstown, Md., claiming direct descent from Lord Baltimore. Taken west in childhood, he grew to manhood and settled at Lawrenceburg, Indiana Territory, in 1803; in 180.5 was Speaker of the Territorial Legislature and, later, represented the Territory as Delegate in Congress. On the organization of Illinois Territory (which he had favored), he removed to Kaskaskia, was appointed one of the first Judges for the new Territory, and, in 1818, as Delegate from St. Clair County, presided over the first State Constitutional Convention, and, on the admission of the State, became one of the first United States Senators — Governor Edwards being his colleague. Though an avowed advo- cate of slavery, he gained no little prominence as the author of the celebrated "Missouri Com- promise," adopted in 1820. He was re-elected to the Senate in 1823, .serving until 1829. He sub- sequently removed to Mount Vernon, Ohio, where he died by suicide, May 4, 18.53. — Jesse Burgess (Thomas), Jr., nephew of the United States Sena- tor of the same name, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, July 31, 1806, was educated at Transylvania University, and, being admitted to the bar. located at Edwardsville. 111. He first appeared in connection with pubhc affairs as Secretary of the State Senate in 1830, being re-elected in 1832 ; in 1834 was elected Representative in the General Assembly from Madison Coimty, but, in Febru- ary following, was appointed Attorney-General, serving only one year. He afterwards held the position of Circuit Judge (1837-39). his home being then in Springfield; in 1843 he became Associ- ate Justice of the Supreme Court, by appointment of the Governor, as successor to Stephen A. Doug- las, and was afterwards elected to the same office by the Legislature, remaining until 1848. During a part of his professional career he was the partner of David Prickett and WiUiam L. May, at Springfield, and afterwards a member of the Galena bar, finally removing to Chicago, where he died, Feb. 21, 1850.— Jesse B. (Thomas) third, clergyman and son of the last named ; bom at Edwardsville, 111., July 29, 1832; educated at Kenyon College, Ohio, and Rochester (N. Y.) Theological Seminary ; practiced law for a time in Chicago, but finally entered the Baptist minis- try, serving churches at Waukegan, 111.. Brook- lyn, N. Y., and San Francisco (1862-69). He 522 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. then became pastor of the Michigan Avenue Bap- tist Church, in Chicago, remaining until 1874, when he returned to Brooklyn. In 1887 he became Professor of Biblical History in the Theological Seminary at Newton, Mass., where he has since resided. He is the author of several volumes, and. in 18G6, received the degree of D.D. from the old University of Chicago. THOMAS, John, pioneer and soldier of the Black Hawk War, was born in Wythe County, Va.. Jan. 11, 1800. At the age of 18 he accom- panied his parents to St. Clair County, 111., where the family located in what was then called the Alexander settlement, near the present site of Shiloh. When he was 22 he rented a farm (although he had not enough money to buy a horse) and married. Six years later he bought and stocked a farm, and, from that time forward, rapidly accumulated real property, until he became one of the most extensive owners of farm- ing land in St. Clair County. In early life he was fond of military exercise, holding various offices in local organizations and serving as a Colonel in the Black Hawk War. In 1824 he was one of the leaders of the party opposed to the amendment of the State Constitution to sanction slavery, was a zealous opponent of the Kansas- Nebraska bill in 18.54, and a firm supporter of the Republican party from the date of its formation. He was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly in 1838, "02, "04, '72 and "74; and to the State Senate in 1878, serving four years in the latter body. Died, at Belleville, Dec. 16, 1894, in the 95th year of his age. THOMAS, John R., ex-Congressman, was born at Mount Vernon, 111., Oct. 11, 1846. He served in the Union Army during the War of the Rebel- lion, rising from the ranks to a captaincy. After his return home he studied law, and was admit- ted to the bar in 1869. From 1872 to 1876 he was State's Attorney, and, from 1879 to 1889, repre- sented his District in Congress. In 1897, Mr. Thomas was appointed by President McKinley an additional United States District Judge for Indian Territory. His home is now at Vanita, in that Territor3-. THOMAS, William, pioneer lawyer and legis- lator, was born in what is now Allen County, Ky., Nov. 23, 1802; received a rudimentary edu- cation, and served as deputy of his father (who was Sheriff), and afterwards of the County Clerk ; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1823 ; in 1826 removed to Jacksonville, 111., where he taught school, served as a private in the Winne- bago War (182T), and at the session of 1828-29, reported the proceedings of the General Assem- bly for "'The Vandalia Intelligencer" ; was State's Attorney and School Commissioner of Morgan County; served as Quartermaster and Commis- sary in the Black Hawk War (1831-32), first under Gen. Joseph Duncan and, a year later, under General Whiteside ; in 1839 was appointed Circuit Judge, but legislated out of office two years later. It was as a member of the Legislature, however, that he gained the greatest prominence, first as State Senator in 1834-40, and Representative in 1846-48 and 1850-52, when he was especially influ- ential in the legislation which resulted in estab- lishing the institutions for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, and the Hospital for the Insane (the first in the State) at Jacksonville — serving, for a time, as a member of the Board of Trustees of the latter. He was also prominent in connec- tion with many enterprises of a local character, including the establishment of the Illinois Female College, to which, although without children of his own, he was a liberal contributor. During the first year of the war he was a member of the Board of Army Auditors by appointment of Gov- ernor Yates. Died, at Jacksonville, August 22, 1889. THORNTON, Anthony, jurist, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., Nov. 9, 1814 — being descended from a 'Virginia family. After the usual primary instruction in the common schools, he spent two years in a high school at Gallatin, Tenn., when he entered Centre College at Dan- ville, Ky., afterwards continuing his studies at Miami University, Ohio, where he graduated in 1834. Having studied law with an uncle at Paris, Ky., he was licensed to practice in 1836, when he left his native State with a view to set- tling in Missouri, but, visiting his uncle, Gen. William F. Thornton, at Shelby ville. III., was induced to establish himself in practice there. He served as a member of the State Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1862, and as Represent- ative in the Seventeenth General Assembly (1850-52) for Shelby County. In 1864 he was elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, and, in 1870, to the IlUnois Supreme Court, but served only until 1873, when he resigned. In 1879 Judge Thornton removed to Decatur, 111., but subsequentlj' returned to Shelbyville, where (1898) he now resides. THORNTON, William Fitzhugh, Commissioner of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, was bom in Hanover County, Va., Oct. 4, 1789; in 1806, went to Alexandria, Va., where he conducted a drug business for a time, also acting as associate .HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 523 editor of "The Alexandria Gazette.'^. Subse- quently removing to Washington City, he con- ducted a paper there in the interest of John Quincy Adams for the Presidency. During the War of 1812-14 he served as a Captain of carah}-, and, for a time, as staff-officer of General Winder. On occasion of the visit of Marquis La Fayette to America (182-1-25) he accompanied the distin- guished Frenchman from Baltimore to Rich- mond. In 1829 he removed to Kentucky, and, in 1833, to Shelby ville. 111., where he soon after engaged in mercantile business, to which he added a banking and brokerage business in 1859, witli which he was actively associated until his death. In 1836, he was appointed, by Governor Duncan, one of the Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, serving as President of the Board until 1842. In 1840, he made a visit to London, as financial agent of the State, in the interest of the Canal, and succeeded in making a sale of bonds to the amount of 81,000,000 on what were then considered favorable terms. General Thornton was an ardent Whig until the organi- zation of the Republican party, when he became a Democrat. Died, at Shelbyville, Oct. 21, 1873. TILLSON, John, pioneer, was born at Halifax, Mass., March 13, 1796; came to Illinois in 1819, locating at Hillsboro, Montgomery County, where he became a prominent and enterprising operator in real estate, doing a large business for eastern parties; was one of the founders of Hillsboro Academy and an influential and liberal friend of Illinois College, being a Trustee of the latter from its establishment until his death ; was sup- ported in the Legislature of 1827 for State Treas- urer, but defeated by James Hall. Died, at Peoria, May 11, 1853. — Christiana Holmes (Till- son), wife of the preceding, was born at Kingston, Mass., Oct. 10, 1798; married to John Tillson in 1822, and immediately came to Illinois to reside ; was a woman of rare culture and refinement, and deeply interested in benevolent enterprises. Died, in New York City, May 29, 1872— Charles Holmes (Tillson), son of John and Christiana Holmes Tillson, was born at Hillsboro, 111., Sept. 15, 1823; educated at Hillsboro Academy and Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 1844; studied law in St. Louis and at Transj-l- vania Uni%-ersity, was admitted to the bar in St. Louis and practiced there some j'ears — also served several terms in the City Council, and was a member of the National Guard of Missouri in the War of the Rebellion. Died, Nov. 25, 1865.— John (Tillson), Jr., another son, was born at Hillsboro. 111., Oct. 12, 1825; educated at Hills- boro Academy and Illinois College, but did not graduate from the latter ; graduated from Tran- sj'lvania Law School, Ky., in 1847, and was admitted to the bar at Quinc}-, 111., the same year: practiced two years at Galena, when he returned to Quincy. In 1861 he enlisted in the Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, became its Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion of Col. J. D. Morgan to Brigadier-General, was advanced to the colonelcy, and, in July. 1865, was mustered out with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General ; for two years later held a commission as Captain in the regular army. During a portion of 1869-70 he was editor of "The Quincy Whig"; in 1873 was elected Representative in the Twenty-eighth General Assembh- to succeed Nehemiah Bushnell, who had died in office, and, dm-ing the same year, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the Quincy District, serving until 1881. Died, August 6, 1892. TILLSOX, Robert, pioneer, was born in Hali- fax County. Mass., August 12, 1800; came to Illi- nois in 1822, and was employed, for several years, as a clerk in the land agency of his brother, John Tillson, at Hillsboro. In 1826 he engaged in the mercantile business with Charles Holmes, Jr., in St. Louis, but, in 1828, removed to Quincy, 111., where he opened the first general store in that city; also served as Postmaster for some ten years During this period he built tlie first two- story frame building erected in Quincy, up to that date. Retiring from the mercantile business in 1840 he engaged in real estate, ultimately becoming the proprietor of considerable property of this character; was also a contractor for fur- nisliing cavalry accouterments to the Government during the war. Soon after the war he erected one of the handsomest business blocks existing in the city at that time. Died, in Quincy, Dec. 27, 1892. TINCHER, John L., banker, was born in Ken- tucky iu 1821 ; brought by his parents to Vermil- ion County, Ind.. in 1829. and left an orphan at 17; attended school in Coles County, 111., and was employed as clerk in a store at Danville, 1843-53. He then became a member of the firm of Tincher & English, merchants, later establish- ing a bank, which became the First National Bank of Danville. In 1864 Mr. Tincher was elected Representative iu the Twenty-fourth General Assembly and, two years later, to the Senate, being re-elected in 1870. He was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, in Springfield, Dec. 17, 1871, 524 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. w)iile in attendance on the adjourned session of tliat year. TIPTON, Thomas F., lawyer and jurist, was born in Franklin County, Ohio, August 29, 1833 ; has been a resident of McLean County, 111., from the age of 10 years, his present home being at Bloomington. He was admitted to the bar in 1857, and, from January, 1867, to December, 1868, was State's Attorney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit. In 1870 he was elected Judge of the same circuit, and under the new Constitution, was chosen Judge of the new Fourteenth Circuit. From 1877 to 1879 he represented the (then) Thirteenth Illinois District in Congress, but, in 1878, was defeated by Adlai E. Stevenson, the Democratic nominee. In 1891 he was re-elected to a seat on the Circuit bench for the Bloomington Circuit, but resumed practice at the expiration of his term in 1897. TISKILWA, a village of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 7 miles southwest of Princeton; has creameries and cheese factories, churches, school, library, water- works, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 965. TODD, (Col.) John, soldier, was born in Mont- gomery County, Pa., in 1750; took part in the battle of Point Pleasant, Va., in 1774, as Adju- tant-General of General Lewis; settled as a lawyer at Fincastle, Va., and, in 1775, removed to Fayette County, Ky., the next year locating near Lexington. He was one of the first two Delegates from Kentucky County to the Virginia House of Burgesses, and, in 1778, accompanied Col. George Rogers Clark on his exijedition against Kaskaskia and Vincennes. In Decem- ber, 1778, he was appointed by Gov. Patrick Henry, Lieutenant-Commandant of IlUnois County, embracing the region northwest of the Ohio River, serving two j-ears; in 1780, was again a member of the Virginia Legislature, where he procured grants of land for public schools and introduced a bill for negro-emancipation. He was killed by Indians, at the battle of Blue Licks, Ky., August 19, 1783. TODD, (Dr.) John, physician, born near Lex- ington. Ky., April 27, 1787, was one of the earli- est graduates of Trans3'lvania University, also graduating at the Medical University of Pliila- delphia ; was appointed Surgeon-General of Ken- tucky troops in the War of 1812, and captured at tne battle of River Raisin. Returning to Lex- ington after his release, he practiced there and at Bardstown, removed to Edwardsville, 111., in 1817, and, in 1827, to Springfield, where he had been appointed Register of the Land Office by President John Quincy Adams, but was removed by Jackson in 1829. Dr. Todd continued to reside at Springfield until his death, which occurred, Jan. 9, 1865. He was a grandson of John Todd, who was apgointed Commandant of Illinois County by Go%'. Patrick Henry in 1778, and an uncle of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln. — John Blair Smith (Todd), son of the preceding, was born at Lexington, Ky., April 4, 1814; came with his father to Illinois in 1817 ; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1837, serving after- wards in the Florida and Mexican wars and on the frontier; resigned, and was an Indian-trader in Dakota, 1856-61 ; the latter year, took his seat as a Delegate in Congress from Dakota, then served as Brigadier-General of Volun- teers, 1861-62; was again Delegate in Congress in 1863-65, Speaker of the Dakota Legislature in 1867, and Governor of the Territory, 1869-71. Died, at Yankton City, Jan. 5, 1872. TOLEDO, a village and the county-seat of Cumberland County, on the Illinois Central Rail- road; founded in 1854 ; has five cliurches, a graded school, two banks, creamery, flour mill, elevator, and two weekly newspapers. There are no manu- factories, the leading industry in the surrounding country being agriculture. Pop. (1890), 676; (1900). 818. TOLEDO, CIIVCIJfNATI & ST. LOUIS RAIL- ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas Cits Railroad.) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WARSAW RAILROAD. (See Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway.) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Toledo. Peoria & Western Railwai/.) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILWAY, a line of railroad wholly within the State of Illi- nois, extending from Effner, at the Indiana State line, west to the Mississippi River at Warsaw. The length of the whole line is 230.7 miles, owned entirely by the companj'. It is made up of a division from Eflner to Peoria (110.9 miles) — which is practically an air-line throughout nearly its entire length — and the Peoria and Warsaw Division (108.8 miles) with branches from La Harpe to Iowa Junction (10.4 miles) and 0.6 of a mile connecting with the Keokuk bridge at Hamilton. — (History.) The original charter for this line was granted, in 1863, under the name of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad ; the main line was completed in 1868. and the La Harpe & Iowa Junction branch in 1873. Default was made in 1873. the road sold under foreclosure, in 1880, and reorganized as the Toledo, Peoria & HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 525 years to the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company. The latter defaulted in Jul}', 1884, and, a year later, the Toledo, Peoria & Western was transferred to trustees for the first mortgage bond-holders, was sold under foreclosure in October, 1886, and, in March, 1887, the present company, under the name of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway Company, was organized for the purpose of taking over the property. In 1893 the Pennsylvania Railroad Company obtained a controlling interest in the stock, and, in 1894, an agreement, for joint ownership and management, was entered into between that corporation and the Chicago. Burlington & Quiucy Railroad Com- pany. The total capitalization, in 1898, was $9,712,433, of which $4,076,900 was in .stock and §4,895,000 in bonds. TOLEDO, ST. LOUIS & KANSAS CITY KAIL- ROAD. This Line crosses the State in a northeast direction from East St. Louis to Humrick, near the Indiana State line, with Toledo as its eastern terminus. Tlie length of the entire line is 450.73 miles, of which 179i/2 miles are operated in Illi- nois. — (History.) The Illinois portion of the line grew out of the union of charters granted to the Tuscola, Charleston & Vincennes and the Charleston, Neoga & St. Louis Railroad Com- panies, which were consolidated in 1881 witli certain Indiana lines under the name of the Toledo, Cincinnati & St. Louis Raih-oad. During 1882 a narrow-gauge road was constructed from Ridge Farm, in Vermilion County, to East St. Louis (172 miles). In 1885 this was sold under foreclosure and, in June, 1886, consolidated with the main line under the name of the Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railroad. The whole line was changed to standard gauge in 1887-89, and otherwise materially improved, but, in 1893, went into the hands of receivers. Plans of re- organization liave been under consideration, but the receivers were still in control in 1898. TOLEDO, WABASH k WESTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Wabash liailroad.) TOLONO, a city in Champaign County, situ- ated at the intersection of tlie Wabash and the Illinois Central Railroads, 9 miles south of Cham- paign and 37 miles east-northeast of Decatur. It is the business center of a prosperous agricultural region. The town has five cliurches. a graded school, a bank, a button factory, and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 905; (1890), 902; (1900), 845. TONICA, a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 9 miles south of La Salle ; the district is agricultural, but the place has some manufactures and a newspaper. Population (1890), 473; (1900). 497. TONTV, Chevalier Henry de, explorer and sol dier, born at Gaeta, Italy, about 1650 What is now known as the Tontine system of insurance undoubtedly originated with his father. The yoimger Tonty was adventurous, and, even as a youth, took part in numerous land and naval encounters. In the course of his experience he lost a hand, which was replaced by an iron or copper substitute. He embarked with La Salle in 1678, and aided in the construction of a fort at Niagara. He advanced into tlie country of the Illinois and established friendly relations with them, only to witness tlie defeat of his putative savage allies by the Iroquois. After various encounters (chiefly under the direction of La Salle) with the Indians in Illinois, he returned to Green Bay in 1681. The .same year— under La Salle's orders — he began the erection of Fort St. Louis, on what is now called "Starved Rock" in La Salle County. In 1682 he descended the Mis- sissippi to its mouth, with La Salle, but was ordered back to Mackinaw for assistance. In 1684 he returned to Illinois and successfully repulsed the Iroquois from Fort St. Louis. In 1686 he again descended the Mississippi in search of La Salle. Disheartened by the death of his commander and the loss of his early comrades, he took up his residence with the Illinois Indians. Among them he was found by Iberville in 1700, as a hunter and fur-trader. He died, in Mobile, in September. 1704. He was La Salle's most effi- cient coadjutor, and next to his ill-fated leader, did more than any other of the early French explorers to make Illinois known to the civilized world. TOPOtrRAPHT. Illinois is, generally speak- ing, an elevated table-land. If low water at Cairo be adopted as the maximum depression, and the summits of the two ridges hereinafter men- tioned as the highest points of elevation, the alti- tude of this table land above the sea-level varies from 300 to 850 feet, the mean elevation being about 600 feet. The State has no mountain chains, and its few hills are probably the result of unequal denudation during the drift epoch. In some localities, particularly in the valley of tlie upper Mississippi, the streams have cut cliannels from 200 to 300 feet deep through the nearly horizontal strata, and here are found pre- cipitous scarps, but. for tlie most part, the fundamental rocks are covered by a thick layer of detrital material. In the northwest there is a broken tract of uneven ground; the central por- 526 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ticn of the State is almost wholly flat prairie, and, in the alluvial lands in the State, there are many deep Talleys, eroded by the action of streams. The surface generally slopes toward the south and southwest, but the uniformity is broken by two ridges, which cross the State, one in either extremity. The northern ridge crosses the Rock River at Grand Detour and the Illinois at Split Rock, with an extreme altitude of 800 to 850 feet above sea level, though the altitude of Jtount Morris, in Ogle County, exceeds 900 feet. That in the .south consists of a range of hills in the latitude of Jonesboro, and extending from Shawneetown to Grand Tower. These hills are also about 800 feet above the level of the ocean. The highest point in the State is in Jo Daviess County, just south of the Wisconsin State line (near Scale's Mound) reaching an elevation of 1,257 feet above sea-level, while the highest in the south is in the northeast corner of Pope County — 1,046 feet — a spur of the Ozark moun- tains. The following statistics regarding eleva- tions are taken from a report of Prof. C. W. Rolfe, of the University of Illinois, based on observations made under the auspices of the Illi- nois Board of World's Fair Commissioners: The lowest gauge of the Ohio river, at its mouth (above sea-level), is 268.58 feet, and the mean level of Lake Michigan at Chicago 581.28 feet. The altitudes of a few prominent points are as follows: Highest point in Jackson County, 695 feet; "Bald Knob" in Union County, 985; high- est point in Cook County (Barrington), 818; in La Salle County (Mendota), 747; in Livingston (Strawn), 770; in Will (Monee), 804; in Pike (Arden), 790; in Lake (Lake Zurich), 880; in Bureau, 910; in Boone, 1,010; in Lee (Carnahan), 1,017; in Stephenson (Waddam's Grove), 1,018; in Kane (Briar Hill), 974; in Winnebago, 985. The elevations of important towns are : Peoria, 465; Jacksonville, 603; Springfield, 596; Gales- burg, 755; Joliet, 537; Rockford, 728; Blooming- ton, 821. Outside of the immediate valleys of the streams, and a few isolated groves or copses, little timber is found in the northern and central portions of the State, and such growth as there is, lacks the thriftiness characteristic of the for- ests in the Ohio valley. These forests cover a belt extending some sixty miles north of Cairo. and, while the}' generally include few coniferous trees, they abound in various species of oak, black and white walnut, white and yellow pop- lar, ash, elm, sugar-maple, linden, honey locust, Cottonwood, mulberry, sycamore, pecan, persim- mon, and (in the immediate valley of the Ohio) the cypress. From a commercial point of view, Illinois loses nothing through the lack of timbei over three-fourths of the State's area. Chicago is an accessible market for the product of the forests of the upper lakes, so that the supply of lumber is ample, while extensive coal-fields sup- ply abundant fuel. The rich soil of the prairies, with its abundance of organic matter (see Geo- logical Formations), more than compensates for the want of pine forests, whose soil is ill adapted to agriculture. About two-thirds of the entire boundary of the State consists of navigable waters. These, with their tributary streams, ensure sufficient drainage. TORRENS LAND TITLE SYSTEM. A system for the registration of titles to, and incumbrances upon, land, as well as transfers thereof, intended to remove all unnecessary obstructions to the cheap, simple and safe sale, acquisition and transfer of realty. The system has been in suc- cessful operation in Canada, Australia, New Zea- land and British Columbia for many years, and it is also in force in some States in the American Union. An act providing for its introduction into Illinois was first passed by the Twenty- ninth General Assembly, and approved, June 13, 1895. The final legislation in reference thereto was enacted by the succeeding Legislature, and was approved. May 1, 1897. It is far more elabo- rate in its consideration of details, and is believed to be, in many respects, much better adapted to accomplish the ends in view, than was the origi- nal act of 1895. The law is applicable only to counties of the first and second class, and can be adopted in no countj" except by a vote of a majoritj' of the qualified voters of the same — the vote "for" or "against" to be taken at either the November or Ajuril elections, or at an election for the choice of Judges. Thus far the only county to adopt the S3-stem has been Cook, and there it encountered strong opposition on the part of certain parties of influence and wealth. After its adoption, a test case was brought, rais- ing the question of the constitutionality of the act. The issue was taken to the Supreme Court, which tribunal finally upheld the law. — The Torrens system substitutes a certificate of regis- tration and of transfer for the more elaborate deeds and mortgages in use for centm-ies. Under it there can be no actual transfer of a title until the same is entered upon the public land legis- ter, kept in the office of the Registrar, in which case the deed or mortgage becomes a mere power of attorney to authorize the transfer to be made, upon the principle of an ordinary stock transfer. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 527 or of the registration of a United States bond, the actual transfer and public notice thereof being simultaneous. A brief synopsis of the pro- visions of the Illinois statute is given below; Recorders of deeds are made Registrars, and required to give bonds of either $50,000 or $200,- 000, according to the population of the county. Any person or corporation, having an interest in land, may make application to any court having chancery jurisdiction, to have his title thereto registered. Such application must be in vrrit- ing, signed and verified by oath, and must con- form, in matters of specification and detail, with the requirements of the act. The court may refer the application to one of the standing examiners appointed by the Registrar, who are required to be competent attorneys and to give bond to ex- amine into the title, as well as the truth of the applicant's statements. Immediately upon the filing of the application, notice thereof is given by the clerk, through publication and the issuance of a summons to be served, as in other proceed- ings in chancery, against all persons mentioned in the petition as having or claiming any inter- est in the property described. Any person inter- ested, whether named as a defendant or not, may enter an appearance within the time allowed. A failure to enter an appearance is regarded as a confession by default. The court, in passing upon the application, is in no case bound by the examiner's report, but may require other and further proof ; and, in its final adjudication, passes upon all questions of title and incumbrance, directing the Registrar to register the title in the party in whom it is to be vested, and making provision as to the manner and order in which incumbrances thereon shall appear upon the certificate to be issued. An appeal may be allowed to the Supreme Court, if prayed at the time of entering the decree, upon like terms as in other cases in chancer)'; and a writ of error may be sued out from that tribunal within two years after the entry of the order or decree. The period last mentioned may be said to be the statutory period of limitation, after which the decree of the court must be regarded as final, although safeguards are provided for those who may have been defrauded, and for a few other classes of persons. Upon the filing of the order or decree of the court, it becomes the duty of the Registrar to issue a certificate of title, the form ol which is prescribed by the act, making such notations at the end as shall show and preserve the priorities of all estates, mortgages, incum- brances and changes to which the owner's title is subject. For the purpose of preserving evidence of the owners handwriting, a receipt for the certificate, duly witnessed or acknowledged, is required of him, which is preserved in the Regis- trar's oflSce. In case any registered owner should desire to transfer the whole or any part of his estate, or any interest therein, he is required to execute a conveyance to the transferee, which, together with the certificate of title last issued, must be surrendered to the Registrar. That official thereupon issues a new certificate, stamp- ing the word "cancelled" across the surrendered certificate, as well as upon the corresponding entry in his books of record. When land is first brought within the operation of the act, the receiver of the certificate of title is required to pay to the Registrar one-tenth of one per cent of the value of the land, the aggregate so received to be dejiosited with and invested by the Coxmty Treasurer, and reserved as an indemnity fund for the reimbursement of persons sustaining any loss through any omission, mistake or malfea- sance of the Registrar or his subordinates. The advantage claimed for the Torrens system is, chieflj', that titles registered thereunder can be dealt with more safely, quickly and inexpensively than under the old system ; it being possible to close the entire transaction within an hour or two, without the need of an abstract of title, while (as the law is administered in Cook County) the cost of transfer is only $3. It is asserted that a title, once registered, can be dealt with almost as quickly and cheaply, and quite as safely, as shares of stock or registered bonds. TOULOJf, the county-seat of Stark County, on the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad, 37 miles north- northwest of Peoria, and 11 miles southeast of Gal va. Besides the county court- house, the town has five churches and a high school, an academy, steam granite works, two banks, and two weekly papers. Population (1880), 967; (1890), 945; (1900), 1,0.57. TOWER HILL, a village of Shelby County, on tlie Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis and the Baltimore & Ohio Soutliwestern Rail- roads, 7 miles east of Pana; has bank, grain ele- vators, and coal mine. Pop. (1900), 615. TOW>'SHE>'D. Richard VI., lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Prince George's County, Md., April .30, 1840. Between the ages of 10 and 18 he attended public and private schools at "Washington, D. C. In 1858 he came to Illinois, where he began teaching, at the same time reading law with S. S. Marshall, at Mc- Leansboro, where he was admitted to the bar 528 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in 18G2, and where he began practice. From 1863 to 1868 he was Circuit Clerk of Hamilton County, and, from 1868 to 1872, Prosecuting Attorney for the Twelfth Judicial Circuit. In 1873 he removed to Shawneetown, where he became an oificer of the Gallatin Xational Bank. From 1C64 to 187.5 he was a member of the Democratic State Cen- tral Committee, and a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at Baltimore, in 1872. For twelve years (1877 to 1889) he represented his District in Congress; was re-elected in 1888, but died, March 9, 1889, a few days after the beginning of his seventh term. TRACY, John M., artist, was born in Illinois about 1842 ; served in an Illinois regiment during the Civil War; studied painting in Paris in 1866-76; established himself as a portrait painter in St. Louis and, later, won a high reputation as a painter of animals, being regarded as an author- ity on the anatomy of the horse and the dog. Died, at Ocean Springs, Miss., March 20, 1893. TREASURERS. (See State Treasurers.) TREAT, Samuel Hubbel, lawyer and jurist, was born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y. , June 21, 1811, worked on his father's farm and studied law at Richfield, where he was admitted to practice. In 1834 he came to Springfield, 111. , traveling most of the way on foot. Here he formed a partnership with George Forquer, who had held the offices of Secretary of State and Attorney-General. In 1839 he was appointed a Circuit Judge, and, on the reorganization of the Supreme Court in 1841, was elevated to the Supreme bench, being acting Chief Justice at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848. Having been elected to the Supreme bench under the new Constitution, he remained in office until March, 18.55, when he resigned to take the posi- tion of Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois, to which he had been appointed by President Pierce. This position lie continued to occupy until his death, which occurred at Springfield, March 27, 1887. Judge Treat's judicial career was one of the long- est in the history of the State, covering a period of forty-eight years, of which fourteen were spent upon the Supreme bench, and thirty-two in the position of Judge of the United States Dis- trict Court. TREATIES. (See Greenville, Treaty of; Indian Treaties. ) TREE, Lambert, jurist, diplomat and ex-Con- gressman, was born in Washington, D. C, Nov. 29, 1832, of an ancestry distinguished in the War of the Revolution. He received a superior clas- sical and professional education, and was admit- ted to the bar, at Washington, in October, 185.5. Removing to Chicago soon afterward, his profes- sional career has been chiefly connected with that city. In 1864 he was chosen President of the Law Institute, and served as Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, from 1870 to 1875, when he resigned. The three following years he spent in foreign travel, returning to Chicago in 1878. In that year, and again in 1880, he was the Democratic candidate for Congress from the Fourth Illinois District, but was defeated by his Republican opponent. In 1885 he was the candi- date of his party for United States Senator, biit was defeated by John A. Logan, by one vote. In 1884 he was a member of the National Democratic Convention which first nominated Grover Cleve- land, and, in July, 1885, President Cleveland appointed him Minister to Belgium, conferring the Russian mission upon him in September, 1888. On March 3, 1889, he resigned this post and returned home. In 1890 he was appointed by President Harrison a Commissioner to the Inter- national Monetary Conference at Washington. The year before he had attended (altliougli not as a delegate) the International Conference, at Brus- sels, looking to the suppression of the slave-trade, where he exerted all his influence on the side of liumanity. In 1892 Belgium conferred upon him the distinction of "Councillor of Honor" upon its commission to the World's Columbian Exposi- tion. In 1896 Judge Tree was one of the most earnest opponents of the free-silver policy, and, after the Spanish-American War, a zealoiis advo- cate of the policj- of retaining the territory acquired from Spain. TREMONT,a town of Tazewell County, on the Peoria Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago et St. Louis Railway, 9 miles southeast of Pekin; has two banks, two telephone exchanges, and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 768. TRENTON, a town of Clinton County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 31 miles east of St. Louis ; in agricultural district ; has creamery, milk condensery, two coal mines, six churches, a public school and one newspaper Pop. (1890), 1,384; (1900). 1,706; (1904), about 2,000. TROY, a village of Madison County, on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis railroad, 21 miles northeast of St. Louis; has churches, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,080. TRUITT, James Madison, lawyer and soldier, a native of Trimble County, Ky., was born Feb. 12. 1842, but lived in Illinois since 1843, his father having settled near Carrollton that year; was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 529 educated at Hillsboro and at McKendree College ; enlisted in the One Hundred and Seventeenth Illiuuis Volunteers in 18t)3, and was promoted from the ranks to Lieutenant. After the war he studied law with Jesse J. Phillips, now of the Supreme Court, and, in 1872, was elected to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, and, in 1888, a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. Mr. Truitt has been twice a prominent but unsuc- cessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Attorney-General. His home is at Hillsboro, where he is engaged in the practice of his profes- sion. Died July 26, 1900. TRUMBllLL, Lyman, statesman, was born at Colche.ster, Conn., Oct. 12, 1813, descended from a historical family, being a grand-nephew of Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, from whom the name "Brother Jonathan" was derived as an appellation for Americans. Having received an academic education in his native town, at the age of 16 he began teaching a district school near his home, went South four years later, and en- gaged in teaching at Greenville, Ga. Here he studied law with Judge Hiram Warner, after- wards of the Supreme Court, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. Leaving Georgia the same year, he came to Illinois on horseback, visiting Vandalia, Belleville, Jacksonville, Springfield, Tremont and La Salle, and finally reaching Chicago, then a village of four or five thousand inhabitants. At Jacksonville he obtained a license to practice from Judge Lockwood. and, after visiting Michi- gan and his native State, he settled at Belleville, which continued to be his home for twenty years. His entrance into public life began with his elec- tion as Representative in the General Assembly in 1840. This was followed, in February, 1841, by his appointment by Governor Carlin, Secre- tary of State, as the successor of Stephen A. Douglas, who, after holding the position only two months, had resigned to accept a seat on the Supreme bench. Here he remained two years, when he was removed by Governor Ford, March 4, 1843, but, five 3'ears later (1848), was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, was re-elected in 1852, but resigned in 18.53 on account of impaired health. A year later (lS.i4) he was elected to Congress fronx the Belleville District as an anti- Nebraska Democrat, but. before taking his seat, was promoted to the United States Senate, as the successor of General Shields in the memorable con- test of 18.5.5. which resulted in the defeat of Abra- ham Lincoln. Senator TrumbulPs career of eighteen years in the United States Senate (being re-elected in 1861 and 18G7) is one of the most memorable in tlie history of tliat body, covering, as it does, the whole history of the war for the Union, and tlie period of reconstruction which followed it. During this period, as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Judiciary, he had more to do in shaping legislation on war and recon- struction measures than any other single member of that body. While he disagreed with a large majority of his Republican associates on the ques- tion of Andrew Johnson's impeacliment, he was always found in sympathy with them on the vital questions affecting the war and restoration of the Union. The Civil Rights Bill and Freedmen's Bureau Bills were shaped by his liand. In 1872 he joined in the "Liberal Republican" movement and afterwards co-operated with the Democratic party, being their candidate for Governor in 1880. From 1863 his home was in Cliicago, where, after retiring from the Senate, he con- tinued in the practice of his profession until his death, which occurred in that city, June 2.5, 1896. TUG MILLS. These were a sort of primitive machine used in grinding corn in Territorial and early State days. The mechanism consisted of an upright shaft, into the upper end of which were fastened bars, resembling those in the capstan of a ship. Into the outer end of each of these bars was driven a pin. A belt, made of a broad strip of ox-hide, twisted into a sort of rope, was stretched around these pins and wrapped twice around a circular piece of wood called a trundle head, through which passed a perpendicular flat bar of iron, which turned the millstone, usually about eighteen inches in diameter. From the upright shaft projected a beam, to which were hitched one or two horses, whicli furnished the motive power. Oxen were sometimes employed as motive power in lieu of horses. These rudi- mentary contrivances were capable of grinding about twelve bushels of corn, each, per day. TULET, Murray Floyd, lawyer and jurist, was born at Louisville, Ky., March 4, 1827. of English extraction and descended from the earl}' settlers of Virginia. His father died in 1832, and, eleven years later, his mother, having married Col. Richard J. Hamilton, for many years a prominent lawyer of Chicago, removed with her family to that city. Young Tuley began reading law with his step-father and completed his studies at the Louisville Law Institute in 1847, the same year being admitted to the bar in Chicago. About the same time he enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Volun- teers for service in the Slexican War, and was <'ommissioned First Lieutenant. The war having ended, he settled at Santa Fe, N. M., where he 530 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. practiced law, also served as Attorney-General and in the Territorial Legislature. Returning to Chicago in 1854, he was associated in practice, successively, with Andrew Harvie, Judge Gar_v and J. N. Barker, and finally as head of the firm of Tuley, Stiles & Lewis. From 1869 to 1873 he was Corporation Counsel, and during this time framed the General Incorporation Act for Cities, under which the City of Chicago was reincor- porated. In 1879 he was elevated to the bench of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re- elected every six years thereafter, his last election being in 1897. He is now serving his fourth term, some ten years of his incumbency having been spent in the capacity of Chief Justice. TUKNICLIFFE, Damon G., lawyer and jurist, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., August 30, 1829; at the age of 20, emigrated to Illinois, set- tling in Vermont, Fulton County, where, for a time, he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. He subsequently studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 18.53. In 1854 he established himself at Macomb, McDonough Count}', where he built up a large and lucrative practice. In 1868 he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Repub- lican ticket, and, from February to June, 1885, by appointment of Governor Oglesby, occupied a seat on the bench of the Supreme Court, vice Pinkney H. Walker, deceased, who had been one of his first professional preceptors. TURCHIN, John Basil (Ivan Vasilevitch Tur- chinoff), soldier, engineer and author, was born in Russia, Jan. 30, 1822. He graduated from the artillery school at St. Petersburg, in 1841, and was commissioned ensign; participated in the Hungarian campaign of 1849, and, in 1852, was assigned to the staff of the Imperial Guards; served through the Crimean "War. rising to the rank of Colonel, and being made senior staff ofiBcer of the active corps. In 1856 he came to this country, settling in Chicago, and, for five years, was in the service of the Illinois Central Railway Company as topographical engineer. In 1861 he was commissioned Colonel of the Nine- teenth Illinois Volunteers, and, after leading his regiment in Missouri, Kentucky and Alabama, was, on July 7, 1863, promoted to a Brigadier- Generalship, being attached to the Army of the Cumberland until 1864, when he resigned. After the war he was, for six years, solicitor of patents at Chicago, but, in 1873, returned to engineering. In 1879 he established a Polish colony at Radom, in Washington County, in this State, and settled as a farmer. He is an occasional contributor to the press, writing usually on military or scientific subjects, and is tlie author of the "Campaign and Battle of Chickamauga" (Chicago, 1888). TURNER (now WEST CHIC.VGO), a town and manufacturing center in Winfield Township, Du Page County, 30 miles west of Chicago, at tlie junction of two divisions of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy, the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern and the Chicago it Nortliwestern Railroads. The town has a rolling- mill, manufactories of wagons and pumps, and railroad repair shops. It also has five churches, a graded school and two newspapers. Pop. (1900). 1,877; with suburb, 3,270. TURNER, (Col.) Henry L., soldier and real- estate operator, was born at Oberlin, Ohio, August 26, 1845, and received a part of his edu- cation in the college there. During the Civil War he served as First Lieutenant in the One Hundred and Fiftieth Ohio Volunteers, and later, with the same rank in a colored regiment, taking part in the operations about Richmond, the capture of Fort Fisher, of AVilmington and of Gen. Joe Johnston's army. Coming to Chi- cago after the close of the war, he became con- nected with the business office of "The Advance, " but later was employed in the banking house of Jay Cooke & Co., in Philadelphia. On the failure of that concern, in 1872, lie returned to Chicago and bought "The Advance," which he conducted some two years, when he sold out and engaged in the real estate business, with which he has since been identified — being President of the Chicago Real Estate Board in 1888. He has also been President of the Western Publishing Company and a Trustee of Oberlin College. Colonel Turner is an enthusiastic member of the Illinois National Guard and, on the declaration of war between the United States and Spain, in April, 1898, promptly resumed his connection with the First Regiment of the Guard, and finally led it to Santiago de Cuba during the fighting there — his regiment being the only one from Illinois to see actual serv- ice in the field during the progress of the war. Colonel Turner won the admiration of his com- mand and the entire nation by the manner in which he discharged his duty. Tlie regiment was mustered out at Chicago, Nov. 17, 1898, when he retired to private life. TURNER, John Bice, Railway President, was born at Colchester, Delaware Count}-, N. Y., Jan. 14, 1799; after a Virief business career in his native State, he became identified with the con- struction and operation of railroads. Among the works with which he was thus connected, were the Delaware Division of the New York & Erie and the Troy & Sclienectady Roads. In 1843 he HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 531 came to Chicago, having previously purchased a large body of land at Blue Island. In 1847 lie joined with W. B. Ogden and others, in resusci- tating the Galena & Chicago Union Railway, which had been incorporated in 1836. He became President of the Company in 1850, and assisted in constructing various sections of road in Northern Illinois and Wisconsin, which have since become portions of the Chicago & Northwestern system. He was also one of the original Directors of the North Side Street Railway Company, organized in 1859. Died, Feb. 26, 1871. TURNER, Jonathan Baldwin, educator and agriculturist, was born in Templeton, Mass., Dec. 7, 1805 ; grew up on a farm and, before reaching his majority, began teaching in a country school. After spending a short time in an academy at Salem, in 1827 he entered the preparatory depart- ment of Yale College, supporting himself, in part, by manual labor and teaching in a gymnasium. In 1829 he matriculated in the classical depart- ment at Yale, graduated in 1833, and the same year accepted a position as tutor in Illinois Col- lege at Jacksonville, 111., which had been opened, three years previous, by the late Dr. J. M. Sturte- vant. In the next fourteen years he gave in- struction in nearly every branch embraced in the college curriculum, though holding, during most of this period, the chair of Rhetoric and English Literature. In 1847 he retired from college duties to give attention to scientific agriculture, in which he had always manifested a deep inter- est. The cultivation and sale of the Osage orange as a hedge plant now occupied his attention for many years, and its successful introduction in Illinois and other Western States — where the absence of timber rendered some substitute a necessity for fencing purposes — was largely due to his efforts. At the same time he took a deep interest in the cause of practical scientific edu- cation for the industrial classes, and, about 18.50, began formulating that sj-stem of industrial edu- cation which, after twelve years of labor and agitation, he had the satisfaction of seeing recognized in the act adopted by Congress, and approved by President Lincoln, in July, 1862, making liberal donations of public lands for the establishment of "Industrial Colleges" in the several States, out of which grew the University of Illinois at Champaign. While Professor Tur- ner had zealous colaborers in this field, in Illinois and elsewhere, to him, more than to any other single man in the Nation, belongs the credit for this magnificent achievement. (See Education, and University of Illinois.) He was also one of the chief factors in founding and building up the Illinois State Teachers' Association, and the State Agricultural and Horticultural Societies. His address on "The Millennium of Labor." delivered at the first State Agricultural Fair at Springfield, in 1853, is still remembered as mark- ing an era in industrial progress in IlUnois. A zealous champion of free thought, in both political and religious affairs, he long bore the reproach which attached to the radical Abolitionist, only to enjoy, in later years, the respect universally accorded to those who had the courage and independence to avow their honest convictions. Prof. Turner was twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress — once as a Republican and once as an "Independent" — and wrote much on political, religious and educational topics. The evening of an honored and useful life was spent among friends in Jacksonville, which was his home for more than sixtj- j'ears, his death taking place in that city, Jan. 10, 1899, at the advanced age of 93 years.— Mrs. Mary Turner Carriel, at the pres- ent time (1899) one of the Trustees of the Univer- sity of Illinois, is Prof. Turner's onlj' daughter. TURNER, Tliomas J., lawyer and Congress- man, born in Trumbull County, Ohio, April 5, 1815. Leaving home at the age of 18, he spent three years in Indiana and in the mining dis- tricts about Galena and in Southern Wisconsin, locating in Stephenson County, in 1836, where he was admitted to the bar in 1840, and elected Probate Judge in 1841. Soon afterwards Gov- ernor Ford appointed him Prosecuting Attorney, in which capacity he secured the conviction and punislmient of the murderers of Colonel Daven- port. In 1846 he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, and, the following year, founded "The Prairie Democrat" (afterward "The Freeport Bulletin"), the first newspaper published in the county. Elected to the Legislature in 18.54, he was chosen Speaker of the House, the next year becoming the first Mayor of Freeport. He was a member of the Peace Conference of 18G1, and, in May of that year, was commissioned, by Governor Yates. Colonel of the Fifteenth Illinois Volun- teers, but resigned in 1862. He served as a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1871, was again elected to the Legisla- ture, where he received the Democratic caucus nomination for United States Senator against General Logan, In 1871 he removed to Chicago, and was twice an unsuccessful candidate for the office of State's Attorney. In February, 1874, he went to Hot Springs, Ark., for medical treatment, and died there, April 3 following. 532 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. TL'SCOLA, a city and the county-seat of Douglas County, located at the intersection of the Illinois Central and two other trunk lines of rail- way, 22 miles south of Champaign, and 36 miles east of Decatur. Besides a brick court-house it has five churches, a graded school, a national bank, two weekly newspapers and two establish- ments for the manufacture of carriages and wagons. Population (1880), 1,457; (1890), 1,897; (1900), 2,.569. TUSCOLA, CHARLESTON & VINCENNES RAILROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis <& Kansas City Railroad.) TUTHILL, Richard Stanley, jurist, was born at Vergennes, Jackson County, III., Nov. 10, 1841. After passing tlirough the common schools of his native county, he took a preparatory course in a high school at St. Louis and in Illinois College, Jacksonville, when he entered Middlebury Col- lege, Vt., graduating there in 1863, Immediately thereafter he joined the Federal army at Vicks- burg, and, after serving for some time in a com- pany of scouts attached to General Logan's command, was commissioned a Lieutenant in the First Michigan Light Artillery, with which he served until the close of the war, meanwhile being twice promoted. During this time he was with General Sherman in the march to Meridian, and in the Atlanta campaign, also took part with General Thomas in the operations against the rebel General Hood in Tennessee, and in the battle of Nasliville. Having resigned his com- mission in May, 1865, he took up the study of law, which he had prosecuted as he had opportu- nity while in tlie army, and was admitted to the bar at Nashville in 1866, afterwards serving for a time as Prosecuting Attorney on tlie Nashville circuit. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, two years later was elected City Attorney and re- elected in 1877 ; was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1880 and, in 1884, was appointed LTnited States District Attorney for the Nortliern District, serving until 1886. In 1887 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Rogers, was re-elected for a full term in 1891, and again in 1897. TTXDALE, Sharon, Secretary of State, born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 19, 1816; at the age of 17 came to Belleville, 111., and was engaged for a time in mercantile business, later being employed in a surveyor's corps under the internal improve- ment system of 1837. Having married in 1839, he returned soon after to Philadelphia, where he engaged in mercantile business with his father ; then came to Illinois, a second time, in 1845, spend- ing a year or two in business at Peoria. About 1847 he returned to Belleville and entered upon a course of mathematical study, with a view to fitting himself more thoroughly for the profession of a civil engineer. In 1851 he graduated in engineering at Cambridge, Mass., after which he was employed for a time on the Sunbury & Erie Railroad, and later on certain Illinois railroads. In 1857 he was elected County Surveyor of St. Clair County, and, in 1861, by appointment of President Lincoln, became Postmaster of the city of Belleville. He held this position until 1864, when he received the Republican nomination for Secretary of State and was elected, remaining in oifice four years. He was an earnest advocate, and virtually author, of the first act for the regis- tration of voters in Illinois, passed at the session of 1865. After retiring from office in 1869, he continued to reside in Springfield, and was em- ployed for a time in the survey of the Gilman, Clinton & Springfield Railway — now the Spring- field Division of the Illinois Central. At an early hour on the morning of April 29, 1871, while going from his home to the I'ailroad station at Springfield, to take the train for St. Louis, he was assassinated upon the street by shooting, as sup- posed for the purpose of robbery — his dead body being found a few hours later at the scene of the tragedy. Mr. Tyndale was a brother of Gen. Hector Tyndale of Pennsylvania, who won a high reputation by his services during the war. His second wife, who survived him, was a daughter of Shadrach Penn, an editor of con- siderable reputation who was the contemporary and rival of George D. Prentice at Louisville, for some years. "UXDEROROUND RAILROAD," THE. A history of IlUnois would be incomplete without reference to the unique system which existed there, as in other Northern States, from forty to seventy years ago, known by the somewhat mys- terious title of "The Underground Railroad." The origin of the term has been traced (probably in a spirit of facetiousness) to the expression of a Kentucky planter who, having pursued a fugi- tive slave across the Ohio River, was so surprised by his sudden disappearance, as soon as he had reached the opposite shore, that he was led to remark, "The nigger must have gone off on an underground road." From "underground road" to "underground railroad," the transition would appear to have been easy, especially in view of the increased facility with which the work was performed when railroads came into use. For HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 533 readers of the present generation, it may be well to explain what "The Underground Railroad" really was. It may be defined as the figurative appellation for a spontaneous movement in the free States — extending, sometimes, into the slave States themselves — to assist slaves in their efforts to escape from bondage to freedom. The movement dates back to a period close to the Revolutionary War, long before it received a definite name. Assistance given to fugitives from one State by citizens of another, became a cause of complaint almost as soon as the Govern- ment was organized. In fact, the first President himself lost a slave who took refuge at Ports- mouth, N. H., where the public sentiment was so strong against his return, that the patriotic and philosophic "Father of his Country" chose to let him remain unmolested, rather than "excite a mob or riot, or even uneasy sensations, in the minds of well-disposed citizens." That the mat- ter was already one of concern in the minds of slaveholders, is shown by the fact that a provision was inserted in the Constitution for their concili- ation, guaranteeing the return of fugitives from labor, as well as from justice, from one State to another. In 179.3 Congress passed the first Fugitive Slave Law, which was signed by President Washing- ton. This law provided that the owner, his agent or attorney, might follow the slave into any State or Territory, and, upon oath or afl!i- davit before a court or magistrate, be entitled to a warrant for his return. Any person who should hinder the arrest of the fugitive, or who should harbor, aid or assist him, kno^ving him to be such, was subject to a fine of S.JOO for each offense. — In 18.50, fifty -seven years later, the first act having proved inefficacious, or conditions having changed, a second and more stringent law was enacted. This is the one usually referred to in discussions of the subject. It provided for an increased fine, not to exceed §1,000, and im- prisonment not exceeding six months, with liability for civil damages to the party injured. No proof of ownership was required beyond the statement of a claimant, and the accused was not permitted to testify for himself. The fee of the United States Conmiissioner, before whom the case was tried, was ten dollars if he found for the claimant: if not, five dollars. This seemed to many an indirect form of liriberv ; clearly, it made it to the Judge's pecuniary advantage to decide in favor of the claimant. The law made it possible and easy for a wliite man to arrest, and carry into slavery, any free negro who could not immediately prove, by other witnesses, that he was born free, or had purchased his freedom. Instead of discouraging the disposition, on the part of the opponents of slavery, to aid fugi- tives in their efforts to reach a region where they would be secure in their freedom, the effect of the Fugitive Slave Law of 18.50 (as that of 1793 had been in a smaller degree) was the very oppo- site of that intended bj- its authors — unless, indeed, thej' meant to make matters worse. The provisions of the act seemed, to many people, so unfair, so one-sided, that they rebelled in spirit and refused to be made parties to its enforce ment. The law aroused the anti-slavery senti- ment of the North, and stimulated the active friends of the fugitives to take greater risks in their behalf. New efforts on the part of the slaveholders were met by a determination to evade, hinder and nullify the law. And here a strange anomaly is presented. The slaveholder, in attempting to recover his slave, was acting within his con.stitutioual and legal rights. The slave was liis projierty in law. He had purchased or inherited his bondman on the .same plane with his horse or his land, and, ^part from the right to hold a human being in bond- age, regarded his legal rights to the one as good as the other. From a legal standpoint his posi- tion was impregnable. The slave was his, repre- senting so much of money value, and whoever was instrumental in the loss of that slave was, both theoretically and technically, a partner in robbery. Therefore he looked on "The Under- ground Railway " as the work of thieves, and en- tertained bitter hatred toward all concerned in its operation. On the other hand, men who were, in all other respects, good citizens — often relig- iously devout and pillars of the church — became bold and flagrant violators of the law in relation to this sort of property. They set at nought a plain provision of the Constitution and the act of Congre-ss for its enforcement. Without hope of personal gain or reward, at the risk of fine and imprisonment, with the certainty of social ostra- cism and bitter opposition, they harbored the fugitive and helped him forward on every occasion. And why? Because they saw in him a man. with the same inherent right to "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness' " that they themselves possessed. To tliein this was a higher law than any Legislature. State or National, could enact. They denied tliat tliere could be truly such a thing as property in man. Believing that the law violated human rights, they justified themselves in rendering it null and void. 534 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. For the most part, the "Underground Rail- road" operators and promoters were plain, obscure men, without hope of fame or desire for notoriety. Yet there were some whose names are conspicuous in history, such as Wendell Phillips, Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Theodore Parker of Massachusetts; Gerrit Smith and Thurlow Weed of New York: Joshua R. Giddings of Ohio, and Owen Lovejoy of Illinois. These had their followers and sympathizers in all the Northern States, and even in some por- tions of the South. It is a curious fact, that some of the most active spirits connected with the "Underground Railroad" were natives of the South, or had resided there long enough to become thoroughly accjuainted with the "insti- tution." Levi Coffin, who had the reputation of being the "President of the Underground Rail- road'" — at least so far as the region west of the Ohio was concerned — was an active operator on the line in North Carolina before his removal from that State to Indiana in 1826. Indeed, as a system, it is claimed to have had its origin at Guilford College, in the "Old North State" in 1819, though the evidence of this may not be conclusive. Owing to the peculiar nature of their business, no official reports were made, no lists of officers, conductors, station agents or operators preserved, and few records kept which are now accessible. Consequently, we are dependent chiefly upon the personal recollection of individual operators for a history of their transactions. Each station on the road was the house of a "friend" and it is significant, in this connection, that in every settlement of Friends, or Quakers, there was sure to be a house of refuge for the slave. For this reason it was, perhaps, that one of the most frequently traveled lines extended from Vir- ginia and Maryland tliruugh Ea.stern Pennsyl- vania, and then on towards New York or directly to Canada. From the proximity of Ohio to Virginia and Kentucky, and the fact that it offered the shortest route tlirough free soil to Canada, it was traversed by more lines than any other State, although Indiana was pretty thoroughly "grid-ironed" by roads to freedom. In all. however, the routes were irregular, often zigzag, for purposes of security, and the "con- ductor" was any one who conveyed fugitives from one station to another The "train" was some- times a farm-wagon, loaded with produce for market at some town (or depot) on the line, fre- quently a closed carriage, and it is related that once, in Ohio, a number of carriages conveying a large party, were made to represent a funeral procession. Occasionally the train ran on foot, for convenience of sidetracking into the woods or a cornfield, in case of pursuit by a wild loco- motive. Then, again, there were not wanting lawyers who, in case the operator, conductor or station agent got into trouble, were ready, without fee or reward, to defend either him or his human freight in the courts. These included such names of national repute as Salmon P. Chase, Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, William H. Seward, Rutherford B. Hayes, Richard H. Dana, and Isaac N. Arnold, while, taking the whole country over, their "name was legion." And there were a few men of wealth, like Thomas Garrett of Delaware, willing to contribute money by thousands to their assistance. Although technically acting in violation of law — or, as claimed by themselves, in obedience to a "higher law" — the time has already come when there is a disposition to look upon the actors as, in a certain sense, heroes, and their deeds as fitly belonging to the field of romance. The most comprehensive collection of material relating to the history of this movement has been furnished in a recent volume entitled, "The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Free- dom," by Prof. Wilbur H. Siebert, of Ohio State University ; and, while it is not wholly free from errors, both as to individual names and facts, it will probably remain as the best compilation of history bearing on this subject — especially as the principal actors are fast passing away. One of the interesting features of Prof. Siebert's book is a map purporting to give the principal routes and stations in the States northwest of the Ohio, yet the accuracy of this, as well as the correct- ness of personal names given, has been questioned by some best informed on the subject. As might be expected from its geographical position between two slave States — Kentucky and Mis- souri — on the one hand, and the lakes offering a highway to Canada on the other, it is naturally to be assumed that Illinois would be an attract- ive field, both for the fugitive and his sympa- thizer. The period of greatest activity of the system in this State was between 1840 and 18G1 — the latter being the year when the pro-slavery party in the South, by their attempt forcibly to dissolve the Union, took the business out of the hands of the secret agents of the "Underground Railroad." and — in a certain sense — placed it in the hands of the Union armies. It was in 1841 that Abra- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 535 liam Lincoln — then a conservative opponent of tlie extension of slavery — on an appeal from a judgment, rendered by the Circuit Court in Taze- well Count}', in favor of the holder of a note given for the service of the indentured slave- girl "Kance," obtained a decision from the Supreme Court of Illinois upholding the doctrine that the girl was free under the Ordinance of 1787 and the State Constitution, and that the note, given to the person who claimed to be her owner, was void. And it is a somewhat curious coincidence that the same Abraham Lincoln, as President of the United States, in the second year of the War of the Rebellion, issued tlie Proclamation of Emancipation which finally resulted in striking the shackles from the limbs of every slave in the Union. In the practical operation of aiding fugitives in Illinois, it was natural that the towns along tlie border upon the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, should have served as a sort of entrepots, or initial stations, for the reception of this class of freight — especially if adjacent to some anti- slavery community. This was the case at Ches- ter, from which access was easy to Sparta, where a colony of Covenanters, or Seceders, was located, and whence a route extended, by way of Oakdale, Nashville and Centralia, in the direction of Chicago. Alton offered convenient access to Bond County, where there was a community of anti-slavery people at an early day, or the fugi- tives could be forwarded northward by way of Jerseyville, \Vav«rly and Jacksonville, about each of which there was a strong anti-slavery sentiment. Quincv, in spite of an intense hos- tility among the mass of the community to any- thing savoring of abolitionism, became tlie theater of grea-t activity on the part of the opponents of the institution, especiallj' after the advent there of Dr. David Nelson and Dr. Rich- ard Eells, botli of whom had rendered themselves obnoxious to the people of Missouri by extending aid to fugitives. The former was a practical abolitionist who, having freed his slaves in his native State of Virginia, removed to Missouri and attempted to establisli Marion College, a few miles from Palmyra, but was soon driven to Illinois. Locating near Quincy, he founded the "Mission Institute" there, at which he continued to dis- seminate his anti-slavery views, while educating young men for missionary work. The "Insti- tute" was finally burned by emissaries from Mis- souri, while three j-oung men wlio had been connected with it, having been caught in Mis- souri, were condemned to twelve years" confine- ment in the penitentiary of that State — partly on the testimony of a negro, although a negro was not then a legal witness in the courts against a white man. Dr. Eells was prosecuted before Stephen A. Douglas (then a Judge of the Circuit Court), and fined for aiding a fugitive to escape, and the judgment against him was finallj- con- firmed bj' the Supreme Court after liis death, in 18,52, ten years after the original indictment. A map in Professor Siebert's book, showing the routes and principal stations of the "Undergound Railroad," makes mention of the following places in Illinois, in addition to those already referred to; Carlinville, in Macoupin County; Paj'son and Mendon, in Adams; Washington, in Taze- well ; Jletamora, in Woodford ; Magnolia, in Put- nam; Galesburg, in Knox; Princeton (the home of Owen Lovejoy and the Bryants), in Bureau; and many more. Ottawa appears to have been the meeting point of a number of lines, as well as the home of a strong colony of practical abo- litionists. Cairo also became an important transfer station for fugitives arriving by river, after the completion of the Illinois Central Rail- road, especially as it offered the speediest way of reacliing Cliicago, towards which nearly all the lines converged. It was here that the fugitives could be most safelj' disposed of by placing them upon vessels, which, without stopping at inter- mediate ports, could soon land them on Canadian soil. As to methods, these differed according to cir- cumstances, the emergencies of the occasion, or the taste, convenience or resources of the oper- ator. Deacon Levi Morse, of Woodford County, near Metamora, liad a route towards Magnolia, Putnam County; and his favorite "car" was a farm wagon in whicli there was a double bottom. The passengers were snugly placed below, and grain sacks, filled with bran or other light material, were laid over, so that the whole presented the appearance of an ordinary load of grain on its way to market. The same was true as to stations and routes. One, who was an operator, says; "Wherever an abolitionist happened on a fugi- tive, or the converse, there was a station, for the time, and the route was to the next anti-slavery man to the east or the north. As a general rule, the agent preferred not to know anything beyond the operation of his own immediate section of the road. If he knew nothing about the operations of another, and the other knew nothing of his, they could not be witnesses in court. We have it on the authority of Judge Harvey B. Hurd, of Chicago, that runaways were usually 536 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS forwarded from that city to Canada by way of the Lakes, there being several steamers available for that purpose. On one occasion thirteen were put aboard a vessel under the eyes of a United States Marshal and his deputies. The fugitives, secreted in a woodslied, one by one took the places of colored stevedores carrying wood aboard the ship. Possibly the term, "There's a nigger in the woodpile,"' may have originated in this incident. Thirteen was an "unlucky num- ber" in this instance — for the masters. Among the notable trials for assisting runaways in violation of the Fugitive Slave Law, in addi- tion to the case of Dr. Eells, already mentioned, were those of Owen Lovejoy of Princeton, and Deacon Gushing of Will County, both of whom were defended by Judge James Collins of Chi- cago. Jolm Hossack and Dr. Joseph Stout of Ottawa, with some half-dozen of their neighbors and friends, were tried at Ottawa, in 1859, for assisting a fugitive and acquitted on a techni- cality. A strong array of attorneys, afterwards widely known through the northern part of the State, appeared for the defense, including Isaac N. Arnold, Joseph Knox, B. C. Cook, J. V. Eus- tace, Edward S. Leland and E. C. Larned. Joseph T. Morse, of Woodford County, was also arrested, taken to Peoria and committed to jail, but acquitted on trial. Another noteworthy case was that of Dr. Samuel Willard (now of Chicago) and his father, Julius A. Willard, charged with assisting in the escape of a fugitive at Jacksonville, in 1843, when the Doctor was a student in Illinois College. "The National Corporation Reporter," a few years ago. gave an account of this affair, together with a letter from Dr. Willard, in which he states that, after protracted litigation, during which the case was carried to the Supreme Court, it was ended by his pleading guilty before Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, when he was fined one dollar and costs— the latter amounting to twenty dollars. The Doctor frankly adds: "My father, as well as myself, helped many fugitives afterwards." It did not always happen, however, that offenders escaped so easily. Judge Harvey B. Hurd, already referred to, and an active anti-slavery man in the days of the Fugitive Slave Law, relates the following: Once, when the trial of a fugitive was going on before Justice Kercheval, in a room on the second floor of a two-story frame building on Clark Street in the city of Chicago, the crowd in attendance filled the room, the stairway and the adjoining sidewalk In some way the prisoner got mixed in with the audience, and passed down over the heads of those on the stairs, where the ofiBcers were unable to follow. In another case, tried before United States Commissioner Geo. W. Meeker, the result was made to hinge upon a point in the indictment to the effect that the fugitive was "copper-colored." The Commissioner, as the story goes, being in- clined to favor public sentiment, called for a large copper cent, that he might make comparison. The decision was. that the prisoner was "oflF color," so to speak, and he was hustled out of the room before the officers could re-arrest him, as they had been instructed to do. Dr. Samuel Willard, in a review of Professor Sieberfs book, published in "The Dial" of Chi cago, makes mention of Henry Irving and Will- iam Chauncey Carter as among his active allies at Jacksonville, with Rev. Bilious Pond and Deacon Lymau of Farmington (near the present village of Farmingdale in Sangamon County), Luther Ransom of Springfield, Andrew Borders of Randolph County, Joseph Gerrish of Jersey and William T. Allan of Henry, as their coadju- tors in other parts of the State. Other active agents or promoters, in the same field, included such names as Dr. Charles V. Dyer, Philo Carpen- ter, Calvin De Wolf. L. C. P. Freer, Zebina East- man, James H. Collins, Harvey B. Hurd, J. Young Scammon, Col. J. F. Farnsworth and others of Chicago, whose names have already been men- tioned; Rev. Asa Turner, Deacon Ballard, J. K. Van Dorn and Erastus Benton, of Quincy and Adams Count}' : President Rufus Blanchard of Knox College, Galesburg ; John Leeper of Bond ; the late Prof. J. B. Turner and Eliliu Wolcott of Jacksonville; Capt- Parker Morse and his four sons — Joseph T., Levi P., Parker, Jr., and Mark — of Woodford County ; Rev. William Sloane of Randolph ; William Strawn of La Salle, besides a host who were willing to aid their fellow men in their aspirations to freedom, without advertising their own exploits. Among the incidents of "Underground Rail- road" in Illinois is one which had some importance politically, having for its climax a dramatic scene in Congress, but of which, so far as known, no full account has ever been written. About 18.55, Ephraim Lombard, a Mississippi planter, but a New Englander by birth, purchased a large body of prairie land in the northeastern part of Stark County, and, taking up his residence temporarily in the village of Bradford, began its improve- ment. He had brouglit with liim from Mississippi a negro, gray-lviired ami bent with age, a slave HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 537 of probably no great value. "Old Mose, " as he was called, soon came to be well known and a favorite in the neighborhood. Lombard boldly stated that he had brought him there as a slave ; that, by virtue of the Dred Scott decision (then of recent date), he had a constitutional right to take his slaves wherever he pleased, and that "Old Mose" was just as much his property in Illinois as in Mississippi. It soon became evident to some, that his bringing of the negro to Illinois was an experiment to test the law and the feel- ings of the Northern people. This being the case, a shrewd play would have been to let him have his way till other slaves should have been brought to stock the new plantation. But this was too slow a process for the abolitionists, to whom the holding of a slave in the free State of Illinois appeared an unbearable outrage. It was feared that he might take the old negro back to Mississippi and fail to bring any others. It was reported, also, that "Old Mose" was ill-treated; that he was given only tlie coarsest food in a back shed, as if he were a horse or a dog, instead of being permitted to eat at table with the family. The prairie citizen of that time was very par- ticular upon this point of etiquette. The hired man or woman, debarred from the table of his or her employer, would not have remained a day. A quiet consultation with "Old Mose" revealed the fact that he would hail the gift of freedom joyously. Accordingly, one Peter Risedorf, and another equally daring, met him by the light of the stars and, before morning, he was placed in the care of Owen Lovejoy, at Princeton, twenty miles away. From there he was speedily "franked" by the member of Congress to friends in Canada. There was a great commotion in Bradford over the "stealing" of "Old Mose." Lombard and his friends denounced the act in terms bitter and profane, and threatened vengeance upon tlie per- petrators. The conductors were known only to a few, and they kept their secret well. Lovejoy "s part in the affair, however, soon leaked out. Lombard returned to Mississippi, where he related his experiences to Mr. Singleton, the Representative in Congress from his district. During the next session of Congress, Singleton took occasion, in a speech, to sneer at Lovejoy as a "nigger-stealer." citing the case of "Old Mose." Mr. Lovejo)- replied in his usual fervid and dramatic style, making a speech which ensured his election to Congress for life — "Is it desired to call attention to this fact of my assisting fugitive slaves?" he said. "&n-en Lovejoy lives at Prince- ton, 111., three-quarters of a mile east of the village, and he aids every slave that comes to his door and asks it. Thou invisible Demon of Slavery, dost thou think to cross my humble threshold and forbid me to give bread to the hungry and shelter to the homeless? I bid you defiance, in the name of ni}' God!" With another incident of an amusing charac- ter tliis article may be closed; Hon. J. Young Scammon, of Chicago, being accused of conniving at the escape of a slave from officers of the law, was asked by the court what he would do if sum- moned as one of a posse to pursue and capture a fugitive. "I would certainly obey the summons," he repUed, "but — I sliould probably stub my toe and fall down before I reached him. ' Note.— Those who wish to pursue the subject of the " Underground Railroad " in Illinois further, are referred to the work of Dr. Siebert, already mentioned, and to the various County Histories which have been issued and may be found in the public libraries; also for interesting Inci- dents, to "Reminiscences of Levi Coffin," Johnson's •■ From Dixie to Canada," Petit's Sketches, •'Still, Under- ground Railroad," and a pamphlet of the same title by James H. Fairchild, ex-President of t)berlin College. UXDERWOOD, William H., lawyer, legislator and jurist, was born at Schoharie Court House, N. Y., Feb. 21, 1818, and, after admission to the bar, removed to Belleville, III., where he began practice in 1840. The following year he was elected State's Attorney, and re-elected in 1843. In 1846 lie was chosen a member of the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1848-54, sat as Judge of the Second Circuit. During this period he declined a nomination to Congress, although equivalent to an election. In 1856 he was elected State Senator, and re-elected in 1860. He was a member of the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1869-70, and, in 1870, was again elected to the Senate, retiring to private life in 1872. Died, Sept. 23, 1875. UNIOX COUNTY, one of the fifteen counties into which Illinois was divided at the time of its admission as a State — having been organized, under the Territorial Government, in January, 1818. It is situated in the southern division of the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi River, and has an area of 400 square miles. The eastern and interior portions are drained by the Cache River and Clear Creek. The western part of the county comprises the broad, rich bottom lands lying along the Mississippi, but is subject to frequent overflow, while the eastern portion is hilly, and most of its area originally heavily tim- bered. The county is especially rich in minerals. Iron-ore, lead, bituminous coal, chalk, alum and 538 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. potter's clay are found in considerable abun- dance. Several lines of railway (the most impor- tant being the Illinois Central) either cross or tap the county. Tlie chief occupation is agri- culture, altliough manufacturing is carried on to a limited extent. Fruit is extensively cultivated. Jonesboro is the county-seat, and Cobden and Anna important shipping stations. The latter is the location of the Southern Hospital for the Insane. The population of the county, in 1890, was 21,529. Being next to St. Clair, Randolph and Gallatin, one of the earliest settled counties in the State, many prominent men found their first home, on coming into tlie State, at Jones- boro, and this region, for a time, exerted a strong influence in public affairs. Pop. (1900), 22,610. UJiION LEAGUE OF AMERICA, a secret poUt- ical and patriotic order whicli had its origin early in the late Civil War, for the avowed pur- pose of sustaining the caase of the Union and counteracting the machinations of the secret organizations designed to promote the success of the Rebellion. The first regular Council of the order was organized at Pekin, Tazewell County, June 25, 1862, consisting of eleven members, as follows; John W. Glasgow, Dr. D. A. Cheever, Hart Montgomery, Maj. Richard N. Cullom (father of Senator Cullom), Alexander Small, Rev. J. W. M. Vernon, George H. Harlow (after- ward Secretary of State), Charles Turner, Col. Jonathan Merriam, Henry Pratt and L. F. Gar- rett. One of the number was a Union refugee from Tennessee, who dictated the first oath from memory, as administered to members of a some- what similar order which had been organized among the Unionists of his own State. It sol- emnly pledged the taker, (1) to preserve invio- late the secrets and business of the order; (2) to "support, maintain, protect and defend the civil liberties of the Union of these United States against all enemies, either domestic or foreign, at all times and under all circumstances," even ''if necessary, to the sacrifice of life""; (3) to aid in electing only true Union men to offices of trust in the town, county. State and General Government ; (4) to assist, protect and defend any member of the order who might be in peril from his connection with the order, and (5) to obey all laws, rules or regulations of any Comicil to which the taker of the oath might be attaclied. The oath was taken upon the Bible, the Decla- ration of Independence and Constitution of the United States, the taker pledging his sacred honor to its fulfillment. A special reason for the organization existed in the activity, about this time, of the "Knights of the Golden Circle," a disloyal organization which had been introduced from the South, and which afterwards took the name, in the North, of "American Knights" and "Sons of Liberty. ' " (See Secret Treasonable Soci- eties.) Three months later, the organization had extended to a number of other counties of the State and, on the 25th of September following, the first State Council met at Bloomington — twelve counties being represented — and a State organization was effected. At this meeting the following general officers were chosen: Grand President — -Judge Mark Bangs, of Marshall County (now of Cliicago) ; Grand Vice-President — Prof. Daniel Wilkin, of McLean ; Grand Secre- tary — George H. Harlow, of Tazewell; Grand Treasurer — H. S. Austin, of Peoria, Grand Mar- shal— J. R. Gorin, of Macon; Grand Herald^ A. Gould, of Henry ; Grand Sentinel — John E. Rosette, of Sangamon. An Executive Committee was also appointed, consisting of Joseph Medill of "The Chicago Tribune"; Dr. A. J. McFar- land, of Morgan County ; J. K. Warren, of Macon ; Rev, J. C. Rybolt, of La Salle; the President, Judge Bangs; Enoch Emery, of Peoria; and John E. Rosette. Under the direction of this Committee, with Mr. Medill as its Chairman, the constitution and by-laws were tlioroughly revised and a new ritual adopted, which materi- ally clianged the phraseologj^ and removed some of the ci-udities of the original obligation, as well as increased the beauty and impressiveness of the initiator}' ceremonies. New signs, grips and pass-words were also adopted, whicli were finally accepted by the various organizations of the order throughout the Union, which, by this time, included many soldiers in the army, as well as civilians. The second Grand (or State) Council was held at Springfield, January 14, 1863, with only seven counties represented. The limited representation was discouraging, but the mem- bers took heart from the inspiring words of Gov- ernor Yates, addressed to a committee of the order who waited upon him. At a special ses- sion of the Executive Committee, held at Peoria, six days later, a vigorous campaign was mapped out, under which agents were sent into nearly every county in the State. In Oc- tober, 1862, the strength of the order in Illi- nois was estimated at three to five thousand; a few months later, the number of enrolled members had increased to 50,000 — so rapid had been the growth of the order. On March 25, 1863, a Grand Council met in Chicago — 404 Councils in Illinois being represented, with HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 539 a number from Oliio, Indiana, Michigan, Wiscon- sin, Iowa and Minnesota. At this meeting a Committee was appointed to prepare a plan of organization for a Xational Grand Council, which was carried out at Cleveland, Ohio, on the 20th of Maj- following — the constitution, ritual and signs of the Illinois organization being adopted with sUght modifications. The i<- vised obligation — taken upon the Bible, the Declaration of Inde- pendence and the Constitution of the United States — bound members of the League to "sup- port, protect and defend the Government of the United States and the flag thereof, against all enemies, foreign and domestic," and to"beartrue faith and allegiance to the same"; to "defend the State against invasion or insurrection"; to support only "true and reliable men" for offices of trust and profit; to protect and defend worthy members, and to preserve inviolate the secrets of the order. The address to new mem- bers was a model of impressiveness and a powerful appeal to their patriotism. The organization extended rapidly, not only throughout the North- west, but in the South also, especially in the army. In 186-i the number of Councils in Illinois was estimated at 1.300, with a membersliip of 175,000; and it is estimated that the total mem- bership, throughout the Union, was 2,000,000. The influence of the silent, but zealous and effect- ive, operations of the organization, was shown, not only in the stimulus given to enlistments and support of the war policy of the Government, but in the raising of supplies for the sick and wounded soldiers in the field. AVithin a few weeks before the fall of Vicksburg, over .?25,000 in cash, besides large quantities of stores, were sent to Col. John AVilliams (then in charge of the Sanitary Bureau at Springfield), as the direct result of appeals made through circulars sent out by the officers of the "League." Large contri- butions of money and supplies also reached the sick and wounded in hospital through the medium of the Sanitary Commission in Chicago. Zealous efforts were made by the opposition to get at the secrets of the order, and, in one case, a complete copj" of the ritual was published by one of their organs : but the effect was so far the reverse of what was anticipated, that this line of attack was not continued. During the stormy se.ssion of the Legislature in 1863, the League is said to have rendered effective service in protecting Gov- ernor Yates from threatened assassination. It continued its silent but effective operations until the complete overthrow of the rebellion, when it ceased to exist as a political organization. UMTED ST.ITES SENATORS. The follow- ing is a list of United States senators from Illinois, from the date of the admission of the State into the Union until 1899, with the date and duration of the term of each: Ninian Edwards, 1818-24; Jesse B. Thomas, Sr., 1818-39; John McLean, 182-1-20 and 1829-30; EUas Kent Kane, 1825-35; David Jewett Baker, Nov. 13 to Dec. 11, 1830; John M. Robinson, 1830-41 ; William L. D. Ewing, 1835-37 ; Richard M. Young, 1837-4;? ; Samuel Mc- Roberts, 1841-43; Sidney Breese, 1843-49; James Semple, 1843-47; Stephen A. Douglas, 1847-61; James Shields, 1849-55; Lyman Trumbull, 1855-73; Orville H. Browning, 1861-63; William A. Rich- ardson, 1863-65; Richard Yates, 1865-71; John A. Logan, 1871-77 and 1879-86; Richard J. Oglesby, 1873-79; David Davis, 1877-83; Shelby M. Cullom, first elected in 1883, and re-elected in '89 and '95, his third term expiring in 1901; Charles B. Far- well, 1887-91; John McAuley Palmer, 1891-97; William E. Mason, elected in 1897, for the term expiring, March 4, 1903. UMVERSITY OF CHICAGO (The New). One of the leading educational institutions of the country, located at Chicago. It is the outgrowth of an attempt, put forth b}- the American Educa- tional Society (organized at Washington in 1888). to supply the place which tlie original institution of the same name had been designed to fill. (See University of Chicago— Tlie Old.) The following year, Mr. John D. Rockefeller of New York ten- dered a contribution of §600, 000 toward the endow- ment of the enterprise, conditioned upon securing additional pledges to the amount of §400,000 by June 1, 1890. The offer was accepted, and the sum promptly raised. In addition, a site, covering four blocks of laud in the city of Chicago, was secured — two and one-half blocks being acquired by purchase for §282,500, and one and one-half (valued at §125,000) donated by Mr. Marshall Field. A charter was secured and an organiza- tion effected, Sept. 10, 1890. The Presidency of the institution was tendered to, and accepted by. Dr. William R. Harper. Since that time the University has been the recipient of other gener- ous benefactions by Mr. Rockefeller and others, until the aggregate donations (1898) exceed §10,- 000.000. Of this amount over one-half has been contributed by Mr. Rockefeller, while he has pledged himself to make additional contributions of §2,000,000, conditioned upon the raising of a like sum, from other donors, by Jan. 1, 1900. The buildings erected on the campus, prior to 1896. include a chemical laboratory costing §182,000; a lecture hall, §150,000; a physical laboratory 540 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. §150,000; a museum, $100,000; an academy dor- mitory, 530,000; three dormitories for women. §150,000; two dormitories for men, §100,000, to which several important additions were made during 1896 and 97. The faculty embraces over 150 instructors, selected with reference to their fitness for their respective departments from among the most eminent scholars in America and Europe. Women are admitted as students and graduated upon an equality with men. The work of practical instruction began in October, 1893, with 589 registered students, coming from nearly every Northern State, and including 250 gradu- ates from other institutions, to which accessions were made, during the year, raising the aggregate to over 900. The second year the number ex- ceeded 1,100; the third, it rose to 1,750, and the fourth (1895-96), to some 2,000, including repre- sentatives from every State of the Union, besides many from foreign countries. Special featiu'es of the institution include the admission of gradu- ates from other institutions to a post-graduate course, and tlie University Extension Division, whicli is conducted largely by means of lecture courses, in other cities, or through lecture centers in the vicinity of the University, non-resident students having the privilege of written exami- nations. The various libraries embrace over 300,000 volumes, of which nearly 60,000 belong to what are called the "Departmental Libraries," besides a large and valuable collection of maps and pamphlets. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO (The Old), an educational institution at Chicago, under the care of the Baptist denomination, for some years known as the Douglas University. Senator Stephen A. Douglas offered, in 1854, to donate ten acres of land, in what was then near the southern border of the city of Chicago, as a site for an institution of learning, provided buildings cost- ing §100,000, be erected thereon within a stipu- lated time. The corner-stone of the main building was laid, July 4, 1857, but the financial panic of that year prevented its completion, and Mr. Doug- las extended the time, and finally deeded the land to tlie trustees without reserve. For eighteen years the institution led a precarious existence, struggling under a heavy debt. By 1885, mort- gages to the amount of §320,000 having accumu- lated, the trustees abandoned furtlier effort, and acquiesced in the sale of the property under fore- closure proceedings. The original plan of the institution contemplated preparatory and col- legiate departments, together with a college of law and a theological school. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, the leading edu- cational institution under control of the State, located at Urbana and adjoining the city of Champaign. The Legislature at the session of 1863 accepted a grant of 480,000 acres of land under Act of Congress, approved July 2, 1862, making an appropriation of public lands to States — 30,000 acres for each Senator and eacli Repre.sentative in Congress — establishing colleges for teaching agri- culture and the mechanic arts, though not to the exclusion of classical and scientific studies. Land- scrip under this grant was issued and placed in the hands of Governor Yates, and a Board of Trustees appointed under the State law was organ- ized in March, 1867, the institution being located the same year. Departments and courses of study were established, and Dr. John M. Gregory, of Michigan, was chosen Regent (President). — The landscrip issued to Illinois was sold at an early day for what it wonld bring in open market, except 25,000 acres, whicli was located in Ne- braska and Minnesota. This has recently been sold, realizing a larger sum than was received for all the scrip otherwise disposed of. The entire sum thus secured for permanent endowment ag- gregates §613,026. The University revenues were further increased by donations from Congress to each institution organized under the Act of 1862, of §15,000 per annum for the maintenance of an Agricultural Experiment Station, and, in 1890, of a similar amount for instruction — the latter to be increased §1,000 annually until it should reach §25,000.— A mechanical building was erected in 1871, and this is claimed to have been the first of its kind in America intended for strictly educa- tional purposes. What was called "the main building" was formally opened in December, 1873. Other buildings embrace a "Science Hall," opened in 1892; a new "Engineering Hall, " 1894; a fine Library Building, 1897. Eleven other prin- cipal structures and a number of smaller ones have been erected as conditions required. The value of property aggregates nearly §2,500,000, and appropriations from the State, for all purposes, previous to 1904, foot up §5,123,517.90.— Since 1871 the institution has been open to women. Tlie courses of study embrace agriculture, chem- istry, polytechnics, military tactics, natural and general sciences, languages and literature, eco- nomics, household science, trade and commerce. The Graduate School dates from 1891. In 1896 the Chicago College of Pharmacy was connected with the University: a College of Law and a Library School were opened in 1897, and the same year the Chicago College of Physicians and [Sur- <1 o z O 02 > z HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 541 geons was affiliated as the College of Medicine — a School of Dentistry being added to the latter in 1901. In 1885 the State Laboratory of Natural History was transferred from Normal, III., and an Agricultural Experiment Station entablished in 1888, from which bulletins are sent to fanners throughout the State who may desire them. — The fir.st name of the Institution was "Illinois Indus- trial University," but, in 188.5, this was changed to "University of Illinois."' In 1887 the Trustees (of wliom there are nine) were made elective by popular vote — three being elected every two years, each holding office six years. Dr. Gregory, having resigned the office of Regent in 1880, was succeeded by Dr. Selini H. Peabody, who had been Professor of Meclianical and Civil Engineer- ing. Dr. Peabody resigned in 1891. The duties of Regent were then discharged by Prof. Thomas J. Burrill until August, 1894, when Dr. Andrew Sloan Draper, former State Superintendent of Public Instruction of the State of New York, was installed as President, serving until 1904. — The corps of instruction (1904) includes over 100 Pro- fessors, 60 Associate and Assistant Professors and 300 Instructors and Assistants, besides special lecturers, demonstrators and clerks. The num- ber of students has increased rapidly in recent years, as shown by the following totals for suc- cessive years from 1890-91 to 1903-04, inclusive: 519; 583; 714; 743; 810; 852; 1.075; 1,582; 1,824; 2,234; 2,505; 2,932; 3,289; 3,589. Of the last num- ber, 2,271 were men and 718 women. During 1903-04 there were in all departments at Urbana, 2,547 students (206 being in the Preparatory Aca- demy) ; and in the three Professional Departments in Chicago, 1,042, of whom 694 were in the Col- lege of Medicine, 185 in the School of Pharmacy, and 163 in the School of Dentistry. The Univer- sity Library contains 63.700 volumes and 14,500 pamphlets, not including 5,3.50 volumes and 15,850 pamphlets in the State Laboratory of Nat- ural History. — The University occupies a con- spicuous and attractive site, embracing 220 acres adjacent to the line between Urbana and Cham- paign, and near the residence portion of the two cities. The athletic field of 11 acres, on which stand the gymnasium and armory, is enclosed with an ornamental iron fence. The campus, otherwise, is an open and beautiful park with fine landscape effects. TNORGAXIZED COUNTIES. In addition to the 102 counties into which Illinois is divided, acts were passed by the General Assembly, at different times, providing for the organiza- tion of a number of others, a few of which were subsequentlj' organized under different names, but the majority of which were never organized at all — the proposition for such or- ganization being rejected by vote of the people within the proposed boundaries, or allowed to lapse bj' non-action. These unorganized coun- ties, with the date of the several acts authorizing them, t.nd the territory which tliey were in- tended to include, were as follows: Allen County (1841) — comprising portions of Sanga- mon, Morgan and Macoupin Counties; Audobon (Audubon) County (1843) — from portions of Mont- gomery, Fa^-ette and Shelby; Benton County (1843) — from Morgan, Greene and Macoupin; Coffee County (1837) — with substantially the same territory now comprised within the bound- aries of Stark County, authorized two years later; Dane County (1839) — name changed to Christian in 1840; Harrison County (1855)^ from McLean, Champaign and Vermilion, com- prising territory since partially incorporated in Ford County; Holmes County (1857) — from Champaign and Vermilion; Marquette County (1843), changed (1847) to Highland— compris- ing the northern portion of Adams, (this act was accepted, with Colvimbus as the county- seat, but organization finally vacated) ; Michi- gan County (1837) — from a part of Cook; Milton County (1843) — from the south part of Vermil- ion; Okaw County (1841) — comprising .substan- tially the same territory as Moultrie, organized under act of 1843; Oregon County (1851) — from parts of Sangamon, Morgan and Macoupin Coun- ties, and covering substantially the same terri- tory as proposed to be incorporated in Allen County ten years earlier. The last act of this character was passed in 1867, when an attempt was made to organize Lincoln Coxinty out oJ parts of Champaign and Vermilion, but whicli failed for want of an affirmative vote. UPPER ALTON, a city of Madison County, situated on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, about 1^ miles northeast of Alton— laid out in 1816. It has several churches, and is the seat of Shurtleff College and the Western Military Academy, the former founded about 1831, and controlled by the Baptist denomination. Beds of excellent clay are found in the vicinity and utilized in pottery manufacture. Pop. (1890), 1,803; (1900), 2,373. UPTON, George Putnam, journalist, was born at Roxbury, Mass., Oct. 25, 1834; graduated from Brown University in 1854, removed to Chicago in 1855, and began newspaper work on "The Native American," the following year taking the place of city editor of "The Evening Joiu-- 542 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. nal. " In 1862, Mr. Upton became musical critic on "The Chicago Tribune," serving for a time also as its war correspondent in the field, later (about 1881) taking a place on the general edi- torial staff, which he still retains. He is regarded as an authority on musical and dramatic topics. Mr. Upton is also a stockholder in, and, for sev- eral years, has been Vice-President of the "Trib- une" Company. Besides numerous contributions to magazines, his works include: "Letters of Peregrine Pickle" (1869) ; "Memories, a Story of German Love," translated from the German of Max Muller (1879) ; "Woman in Music" (1880) ; "Lives of German Composers" (3 vols. — 1883-84); besides four volumes of standard operas, oratorios, cantatas, and symphonies (1885-88). URBANA, a flourishing city, the county-seat of Champaign County, on the "Big Four," the Illinois Central and the Wabash Railways: 130 miles south of Chicago and 31 miles west of Dan- ville; in agricultural and coal-mining region. The mechanical industries include extensive rail- road shops, manufacture of brick, suspenders and lawn-mowers. The Cunningham Deaconesses' Home and Orphanage is located here. The city has water-works, gas and electric light plants, electric car-lines (local and interurban), superior schools, nine churches, three banks and three new.spapers. Urbana is the seat of the University of Illinois. Pop. (1890). 3,511; (1900), 5,728. USREY, William J., editor and soldier, was born at Washington (near Natchez), Miss., May 16. 1827; was educated at Natchez, and, before reaching manhood, came to Macon County, 111., where he engaged in teaching until 1846, when he enlisted as a private in Company C, Fourth Illinois Volunteers, for the Mexican War. In 1855, he joined with a Mr. Wingate in the estab- lishment, at Decatur, of "The Illinois State Chron- icle, " of which he soon after took sole charge, conducting the paper until 1861, when he enlisted in the Thirty-fifth Illinois Volunteers and was appointed Adjutant. Although born and edu- cated in a slave State, Mr. Usrey was an earnest opponent of slavery, as proved by the attitude of his paper in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. He was one of the most zealous endorsers of the proposition for a conference of the Anti- Nebraska editors of the State of Illinois, to agree upon a line of policy in opposition to the further extension of slavery, and, when that body met at Decatur, on Feb. 22, 1856, he served as its Secre- tary, thus taking a prominent part in the initial steps which resulted in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois. (See Ariti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) After returning from the war he resumed his place as editor of "The Chronicle," but finally retired from newspaper work in 1871. He was twice Postmaster of the city of Decatur, first previous to 1850, and again under the administration of President Grant; served also as a member of the City Council and was a member of the local Post of the G. A. R., and Secretary of the Macon County Association of Mexican War Veterans. Died, at Decatur, Jan. 20, 1894. UTICA, (also called North Utica), a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois & Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 10 miles west of Ottawa, situated on the Illinois River opposite "Starved Rock," also believed to stand on the site of the Kaskaskia village found by the French Explorer, La Salle, when he first visited Illinois. "Utica cement" is produced here ; it also has several factories or mills, besides banks and a weekly paper. Popu- lation (1880), 767; (1890), 1,094; (1900), 1,150. VAX ARNAM, John, lawyer and soldier, was born at Plattsburg, N. Y., March 3, 1820. Hav- ing lost his father at iive years of age, he went to live with a farmer, but ran away in his boyhood; later, began teaching, studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar in New York City, beginning practice at Marshall, Mich. In 1858 he removed to Chicago, and, as a member of the firm of Walker, Van Arnam & Dexter, became promi- nent as a criminal lawyer and railroad attorney, being for a time Solicitor of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quinc}' Railroad. In 1862 he assisted in organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry and was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled to resign on account of illness. After spending some time in California, he resumed practice in Chicago in 1865. His later years were spent in California, dying at San Diego, in that State, April 6, 1890. VANDALIA, the principal city and county-seat of Fayette County. It is situated on the Kas- kaskia River, 30 miles north of Centralia, 62 miles south by west of Decatur, and 68 miles east-northeast of St. Louis. It is an intersecting point for the Illinois Central and the St. Louis, Vandalia and Terre Haute Railroads. It was the capital of the State from 1820 to 1839, the seat of government being removed to Springfield, the latter year, in accordance with act of the General Assembly passed at the session of 1837. It con- tains a court house (old State Capitol building), six churches, two banks, three weekly papers, a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 543 graded school, flour, saw and paper mills, foundry, stave and heading mill, carriage and wagon and brick works. Pop. (1890). 2,144 ; (1900), 2 665. VANDEVEER, Horatio 31., pioneer lawyer, was born in Washington County, Ind., March 1, 1816; came with his family to Illinois at an early age, settling on Clear Creek, now in Christian County; taught school and studied law, using books borrowed from the late Hon. John T. Stuart of Springfield ; was elected first County Recorder of Christian County and. soon after, appointed Circuit Clerk, flUing both otfices tliree years. He also held the ofiice of County Judge from 1848 to 18.57 ; was twice chosen Representative in the General Assembly (1843 and 1850) and once to the State Senate (1862); in 1846, enlisted and was chosen Captain of a company for the Mexican War. but, having been rejected on account of the quota being full, was appointed Assistant -Quarter- master, in this capacit}- serving on the stall of General Taylor at the battle of Buena Vista. Among other offices held by Mr. Vandeveer, were those of Postmaster of Taylorville, Master in Chancery, Presidential Elector (1848), Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and Judge of the Circuit Court (1870-79). In 1868 Judge Vandeveer established the private banking firm of H. M. Vandeveer & Co., at Taylorville, which, in conjunction with his sons, he continued successfully during the remainder of his life. Died. March 12, 1894. VAN HOUSE, William C, Railway Manager and President, was born in Will County, 111., February, 1843 ; began his career as a telegraph operator on ihe Illinois Central Railroad in 1856, was attached to the Michigan Central and Chi- cago & Alton Railroads ',18.58-72), later being General Manager or General Superintendent of various other lines (1872-79). He next served as General Superintendent of the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul, but soon after became General Manager of the Canadian Pacific, which he assisted to construct to the Pacific Coast; was elected Vice-President of the line in 1884, and its President in 1888. His services have been recog- nized by conferring upon him the order of knighthood by the British Government. VASSEl'R, Soel C, pioneer Indian-trader, was born of French parentage in Canada, Dec. 25, 1799; at the age of 17 made a trip with a trading party to the West, crossing Wisconsin by way of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, the route pursued by Joliet and Marquette in 1673 ; later, was associ- ated with Guidon S. Hubbard in the service of the American Fur Company, in 1820 visiting the region now embraced in Iroquois County, where he and Hubbard subsequently established a trad- ing post among the Pottawatomie Indians, believed to have been the site of the present town of Iroquois. The way of reaching their station from Chicago was by the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers to the Kankakee, and ascending the latter and the Iroquois. Here Vasseur re- mained in trade imtil the removal of the Indians west of the Mississippi, in which he served as agent of the Government. While in the Iroquois region he married Watseka. a somewhat famous Pottawatomie woman, for whom the town of Watseka was named, and who had previously been the Indian wife of a fellow-trader. His later years were spent at Bourbonnais Grove, in Kankakee County, where he died, Dec. 13, 1879. VENICE, a city of Madison County, on the Mississippi River opposite St. Louis and 3 miles north of East St. Louis ; is touched by six trunk lines of railroad, and at the eastern approach to the new "Merchants" Bridge," with its round- house, has two ferries to St. Louis, street car line, electric lights, water-works, some manufactures and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 932; (1900), 2,450. VENICE & "CARONDELET RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evcnsvillf urg — being engaged at Champion Hills, and in numerous assaults ; also took part in the battles of Missionary Ridge and Resaca, and in the campaign in the Carolinas, including the battle of Bentonville. Some 200 members of the regiment perished in a wreck off Cape Hatteras, March 31, 1865. It was mustered out in Arkan- sas, August 12, 1865. Fifty-seventh Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice, Dec. 26, 1861, at Chicago; took part in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, and the second battle at that point ; was also engaged at Resaca, Rome Cross Roads and Allatoona; participated in the investment and capture of Savannah, and the campaign through the Carolinas, including the battle of Benton- ville. It was mustered out at Louisville, July 7, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, July 14. Fifty-eighth Infantry. Recruited at Chi- cago, Feb. 11, 1862; participated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, a large number of the regiment being captured during the latter engage- ment, but subsequent!)' exchanged. It took part in the siege of Corinth and the battle of luka, after which detachments were sent to Springfield for recruiting and for guarding prisoners. Returning to the front, the regiment was engaged in the capture of Meridian, the Red River cam- paign, tlie taking of Fort de Russey, and in many minor battles in Louisiana. It was mustered out at Montgomery, Ala., April 1, 1866, and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge. Fifty-ninth Infantry. Originally known as the Ninth Missouri Infantry, although wholly recruited in Illinois. It was organized at St. Louis, Sept. 18, 1861, the name being changed to the Fifty-ninth Illinois, Feb. 12, 1862, by order of the War Department. It was engaged at Pea Ridge, formed part of the reserve at Farmington, took part at Perryville, Nolansville, Knob Gap and Murfreesboro, in the TuUahoma campaign and the siege of Chattanooga, in the battles of Missionarj- Ridge, Resaca. Adairsville, Kingston, Dallas, Ackworth, Pine Top, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna, Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. Having re-enli,sted as veterans, the reginient was ordered to Texas, in June, 1865, where it was mustered out, December, 1863, receiving its final discharge at Springfield. Sixtieth Infantry. Organized at Anna, 111., Feb. 17, 1862; took part in the siege of Corinth and was besieged at Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans while at the front, in January, 1864; participated in the battles of Buzzard's Roost, Ringgold, Dalton, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack, Peach Tree Creek. Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville; was mustered out at Louisville, July 31, 1865, and received final discharge at Springfield. Sixty-first Infantry. Organized at Carroll- ton, 111., three full companies being mustered HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 559 in, Feb. 5, 1862. On Febraarj' 21, the regiment, being still incomplete, moved to Benton Bar- racks, Mo. , wliere a sufficient number of recruits joined to make nine full companies. Tlie regiment was engaged at Shiloh and Bolivar, took part in the Yazoo expedition, and re-enlisted as veter- ans early in 1864. Later, it took part in the battle of Wilkinson's Pike (near Murfreesboro), and other engagements near that point : was mustered out at Xashville, Tenn., Sept. 8, 186.5, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, Septem- ber 27. Sixty-second Inf.vxtry. Organized at Anna, 111., April 10, 1862; after being engaged in several skirmishes, the regiment sustained a loss of 170 men, who were captured and paroled at Holly Springs, Miss., by the rebel General Van Dorn, where the regimental records were destroyed. The regiment took part in forcing the evacuation of Little Rock; re-enlisted, as veterans. Jan. 9, 1864 ; was mustered out at Little Rock, March 6, 1866, and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge. Sixty-third Inf.\ntry. Organized at Anna, in December. 1861, and mustered into service, April 10, 1862. It participated in the first invest- ment of Vicksburg, the capture of Richmond Hill, La. , and in the battle of Slissionary Ridge. On Jan. 1. 1864, 272 men re-enlisted as veterans. It took part in the capture of Savannah and in Sherman's march through the Carolinas, partici- pating in its important battles and skirmishes; was mustered out at Louisville, July 13, 1865, reaching Springfield, July 16. The total distance traveled was 6,453 miles, of which 2,250 was on the march. SiXTY-FOCRTH INFANTRY. Organized at Spring- field, December. 1861, as the '"First Battalion of Yates Sharp Shooters." The last company was mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861. The regiment was engaged at New Madrid, the siege of Corinth, Chambers' Creek, the second battle of Corinth, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Decatur, the siege of Atlanta, the investment of Savannah and the battle of Bentonville ; re-enlisted as veterans, in Januarj-, 1864 ; was mustered out at Louisville, July 11, 1865, and finally discharged, at Chicago, July 18. Sixty-fifth Isfaxtry. Originally known as the "Scotch Regiment"; was organized at Chi- cago, and mustered in. May 1, 1862. It was cap- tured and paroled at Harper's Ferry, and ordered to Chicago; was exchanged in April, 1863; took part in Burnside's defense of Knoxville; re-en- listed as veterans in March. 1864, and participated in the Atlanta campaign and the "March to the Sea." It was engaged in battles at Columbia (Tenn.), Franklin and Nashville, and later near Federal Point and Smithtown, N. C, being mus- tered out, July 13, 186.i, and receiving final pay- ment and discharge at Chicago. July 26, 1865. Sixty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Benton Barracks, near St. Louis, Mo., during September and October, 1861— being designed as a regiment of "Western Sharp Shooters" from Illinois, Mis- souri, Wisconsin. Iowa, Minnesota, Indiana and Ohio. It was mustered in, Nov. 23, 1861, was engaged at Mount Zion (Mo.), Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth. luka. the second battle of Corinth, in the Atlanta campaign, the "March to the Sea" and the campaign through the Carolinas. The regiment was variously known as the Fourteenth Jlissouri Volunteers, Birge's Western Sharpshooters, and the Sixty- sixth riinois Infantry. The latter (and final) name was conferred by the Secretary of War, Nov. 20, 1862. It re-enlisted (for the veteran service), in December, 1863, was mustered out at Camp Logan, Ky., July 7, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield. July 15. Sixty-setenth Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, June 13, 1862, for three montlis' service, in response to an urgent call for the defense of Washington. The .Sixty-seventh, by doing guard duty at the camps at Chicago and Springfield, relieved the veterans, who were sent to the front. Sixty-eighth Infantry. Enlisted in response to a call made by the Governor, early in the sum- mer of 1862. for State troops to serve for three months as State Militia, and was mustered in early in June, 1862. It was afterwards nmstered into the United States service as Illinois Volun- teers, by petition of the men, and received marching orders, July 5, 1862 ; mustered out, at Springfield, Sept. 26. 1862 — many of the men re- enlisting in other regiments. Sixty'-ninth Infantry'. Organized at Camp Douglas, Chicago, and mustered into service for three months, June 14, 1862. It remained on duty at Camp Douglas, guarding the camp and rebel prisoners. Seventieth Infantry. Organized at Camp Butler, near Springfield, and mustered in, July 4, 1862. It remained at Camp Butler doing guard duty. Its term of service was three months. Seventy-first Inf.\ntry. Mustered into serv- ice, July 26. 1862, at Chicago, for three months. Its service was confined to garrison duty in Illi- nois and Kentucky, being niustereu out at Chi- cago, Oct. 29, 1862. 660 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Seventy-second Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, as the First Regiment of the Chicago Board of Trade, and mustered into service for three years, August 23, 1863. It was engaged at Cliam- pion Hill, Vicksburg, Natchez, Franklin, Nash- ville, Spanish , Fort and Fort Blakely; mustered out of service, at Vicksburg. August 6, ISe.'i, and discharged at Chicago. Seventy-third Infantry. Recruited from the counties of Adams, Champaign, Christian, Hancock, Jackson, Logan, Piatt, Pike, Sanga- mon, Tazewell and Vermilion, and mustered into service at Springfield, August 21, 1863, 900 strong. It participated in the battles of Stone River, Perryville, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Re.saca, Adairsville, Burnt Hickory, Pine and Lost Mountains, New Hope Church. Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Spring Hill, Frank- lin and Nashville ; was mustered out at Nashville, June 13, 1865, and, a few days later, vent to Springfield to receive pay and final discharge. Seventy-fourth Inf.^ntry'. Organized at Rockford, in August, 1863, and mustered into service September 4. It was recruited from Win- nebago, Ogle and Stephenson Counties. This regi- ment was engaged at Perryville, Murfreesboro and Nolansville, took part in the TuUahoma campaign, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Tunnel Hill, and Rocky Face Ridge, the siege of Atlanta, and the battles of Sjiring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. It was mustered out at Nashville, June 10. 1865, with 343 officers and men, the aggregate number enrolled having been 1,001. •Seventy-fifth Infantry'. Organized at Dixon, and mustered into service, Sept. 3. 1862. The regiment participated in the battles of Perry- ville, Nolansville, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Dalton, Resaca, Marietta, Kenesaw, Franklin and Nashville; was mustered out at Nashville, June 13, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 1, following. Seventy'-sixth Infantry. Organized at Kan- kakee, 111. , in August, 1862, and mustered into the service, August 23, 1862 ; took part in the siege of Vicksburg, the engagement at Jackson, the cam- paign against Meridian, the expedition to Yazoo City, and the capture of Mobile, was ordered to Texas in June, 1865, and mustered out at Galves- ton, July 22, 1865, being paid off and disbanded at Chicago, August 4, 1865 — having traveled 10,000 miles. Seventy-seventh Infantry'. Organized and mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862, at Peoria; was engaged in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg (including the battle of Champion Hills), the capture of Jackson, the Red River expedition, and the bat- tles of Sabine Cross Roads and Pleasant Hill ; the reduction of Forts Gaines and Morgan, and the capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. It was mustered out of service at Mobile, July 10, 1865, and ordered to Springfield for final pay- ment and discharge, where it arrived, July23, 186.5, having participated in sixteen battles and sieges. Seventy'-eighth Infantry'. Organized at Quincy, and mustered into service, Sept. 1, 1863; participated in the battles of Chickamaiiga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Benton ville; was mustered out, June 7, 1865, and sent to Chicago, where it was paid off and dis- charged, June 12, 1865. Seventy-ninth Infantry'. Organized at Ma.t- toon, in August. 1863, and mustered into service, August 28, 1863; participated in the battles of Stone River, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kene- saw Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy, Franklin and Nashville; was mustered out, June 13, 1865; arrived at Camp Butler, June 15, and, on June 33, received final pay and discharge. Eightieth Infantry'. Organized at Centralia, 111., in August, 1862, and mustered into service, August 25, 1863. It was engaged at Perryville, Dug"s Gap, Sand Mountain and Blunt's Farm, surrendering to Forrest at the latter point. After being exchanged, it particii>ated in the battles of Wauhatcliie, Missionary Ridge, Dalton, Resaca, Adairsville, Cassville, Dallas, Pine Mountain, Kene.saw Mountain, Marietta, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- ville. The regiment traveled 6,000 miles and participated in more than twenty engagements. It was mustered out of service, June 10, 1865, and proceeded to Camp Butler for final pay and discharge. Eighty-first Infantry. Recruited from the counties of Perry, Franklin, Williamson, .Jack- son, Union, Pulaski and Alexander, and mustered into service at Anna. August 26, 1862. It partici- pated in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hill, Black River Bridge, and in the siege and capture of Vicksburg. Later, the regiment was engaged at Fort de Russey, Alexandria, Guntown and Nashville, besides assisting in the investment of Mobile. It was mustered out at Chicago. August 5. 1864. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 561 Eighty-second Infantry. Sometimes called the "Second Ilecker Regiment," in honor of Col- onel Frederick Hecker, its first Colonel, and for merly Colonel of the Twentj'-fourth Illinois Infantry — being chiefly composed of German members of Cliicago. It was organized at Spring- field, Sept. 26, 1862, and mustered into service, Oct. 33, 1862; participated in the battles of Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Wauhatchie, Or- chard Knob, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, Dallas. Marietta, Pine Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Bentonville ; was mustered out of service, June 9, 1865, and returned to Chicago, June 16 — having marched, during its time of service, 2, .503 miles. Eighty-third Infantry. Organized at Mon- mouth in August, 1862, and mustered into serv- ice, August 21. It participated in repelling the rebel attack on Fort Donelson, and in numerous hard-fought skirmishes in Tennessee, but was chiefly engaged in the performance of heavy guard duty and in protecting lines of communi- cation. The regiment was mustered out at Nash- ville, June 26, 186.5, and finally paid off and discharged at Chicago, July 4, following. Eighty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Quincj-, in August, 1862, and mustered into serv- ice, Sept. 1, 1862, with 939 men and officers. The regiment was authorized to inscribe upon its battle-flag the names of Perryville, Stone River, Woodbury, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Ringgold, Dalton, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Burnt Hickory, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Smyrna, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Sta- tion, Franklin, and Nashville. It was mustered out, June 8, 1865. Eighty-fifth Infantry. Organized at Peoria, about Sept. 1, 1862, and ordered to Louisville. It took part in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Knoxville, Dalton, Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Savannah, Ben- tonville, Goldsboro and Raleigh; was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 5, 1865, and sent to Springfield, where the regiment was paid off and discharged on the 20th of the same month. Eighty-sixth Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice, August 27, 1862, at Peoria, at which time it numbered 923 men, rank and file. It took part in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca. Rome, Dalhis, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Jonesboro, Averygboro and Bentonville; was mustered out on June 6, 1865, at Washington, D. C, arriving on June 11, at Chicago, where, ten days later, the men received their pay and final discharge. Eighty-seventh Infantry. Enlisted in Au- gust, 1862 ; was composed of companies from Hamilton, Edwards, Wayne and White Counties; was organized in the latter part of August, 1862, at Shawneetown; mustered in, Oct. 3, 1862, the muster to take effect from August 2. It took part in the siege and capture of Warrenton and Jackson, and in the entire campaign through Louisiana and Southern Missis-sippi, participating in the battle of Sabine Cross Roads and in numer- ous skirmishes among the bayous, being mustered out. June 16, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where it arrived, June 24, 1865, and was paid off and disbanded at Camp Butler, on July 2. Eighty-eighth Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, in September, 1862, and known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment." It was mustered in, Sept. 4, 1862 ; was engaged at Perry- ville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Pine Mountain, Mud Creek, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Franklin and NashviUe; was mustered out, June 9, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, June 13, 1865, where it received final pay and discharge, June 22, 1865. Eighty-ninth Infantry. Called the "Rail- road Regiment"; was organized by the railroad companies of Illinois, at Chicago, in August, 1862, and mustered into service on the 2Tth of that month. It fought at Stone River, Chicka- mauga, Missionary Ridge, Knoxville, Resaca, Rocky Face Ridge, Pickett's Blills, Kenesaw Jlountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station, Spring Hill, Columbia. Frank- lin and Nashville; was mustered out, June 10, 1865, in the field near Nashville, Tenn. : arrived at Chicago two days later, and was finally dis- charged, June 24, after a service of two years, nine months and twenty seven days. Ninetieth Infajjtry. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 7, 1862 ; participated in the siege of Vicksburg and the campaign against Jackson, and was engaged at Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church. Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Nickajack Creek, Rosswell, Atlanta, Jonesboro and Fort McAllister. After the review at Washington, the regiment was mustered out, June 6, and returned to Chicago, June 9, 1865, where it was finally discharged. IviNETY-FiRST Infantry. Organized at Camp Butler, near Springfield, in August, 1862, and 562 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. mustered in on Sept. 8, 1862 ; participated in the campaigns against Vicksburg and New Orleans, and all along the southwestern frontier in Louisiana and Texas, as well as in the investiture and capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Mobile, July 13, 186.5, starting for home the same day, and being finally paid off and discharged on July 38, following. Ninety-second Infantry (Mounted). Organ- ized and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862, being recruited from Ogle, Stephenson and Car- roll Counties. During its term of service, the Ninety-second was in more than sixty battles and skirmishes, including Ringgold, Chickamauga, and the numerous engagements on the "March to the Sea," and during the pursuit of Johnston through the Carolinas. It was mustered out at Concord, N. C, and paid and discharged from the •service at Chicago, July 10, 1865. Ninety-third 1nf.\ntry. Organized at Chi- cago, in September, 1863, and mustered in, Oct. 13, 998 strong. It participated in the movements against Jackson and Vicksburg, and was engaged at Champion Hills and at Fort Fisher; also was engaged in the liattles of Missionary Ridge, Dallas, Resaca, and many minor engagements, following Sherman in his campaign though the Carolinas. Mustered out of service, June 33, 186.5, and, on the 35th, arrived at Chicago, receiv- ing final payment and discharge, July 7, 1865, the regiment having marched 3,554 miles, traveled by water, 3,296 miles, and, by railroad, 1,337 miles — total, 6,087 miles. Ninety-fourth Infantry'. Organized at Bloomington in August, 1863, and enlisted wholly in McLean County. After some warm experi ence in Southwest Missouri, the regiment took part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and was, later, actively engaged in the campaigns in Louisiana and Texas. It participated in the cap- ture of Mobile, leading the final assault. After several months of garrison duty, the regiment was mustered out at Galveston, Texas, on July 17, 1865, reaching Bloomington on August 9, follow- ing, having served just three years, marched 1,200 miles, traveled by railroad 610 miles, and, by steamer, 6,000 miles, and taken part in nine bat- tles, sieges and skirmishes. Ninety-fifth Infantry. Organized at Rock- ford and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862. It was recruited from the counties of McHenry and Boone — three companies from the latter and seven from tlie former. It took part in the cam- paigns in Northern Mississippi and against Vicks- burg, in the Red River expedition, the campaigns against Price in Missouri and Arkansas, against Mobile and around Atlanta. Among the battles in which the regiment was engaged were those of the Tallahatchie River, Grand Gulf, Raymond, Champion Hills, Fort de Russey, Old River, Cloutierville, Mansura, Yellow Bayou, Guntown, Nashville, Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely, Kenesaw Mountain, Chattahoochie River, Atlanta. Ezra Church, Jonesboro, Love joy Station and Nash- ville. The distance traveled by the regiment, while in the service, was 9,960 miles. It was transferred to the Forty-seventh Illinois Infan- try, August 25, 1865. Ninety-sixth Infantry. Recruited during the months of July and August, 1863, and mus- tered into service, as a regiment, Sept. 6, 1863. The battles engaged in included Fort Donelson, Spring Hill, Franklin, Triune, Liberty Gap, Shelbyville. Chickamauga, Wauhatchie, Lookout Mountain, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kingston, New Hope Church, Dallas, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Rough and Ready, Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station, Frank- lin and Nashville. Its date of final pay and dis- charge was June 30, 1865. Ninety-seventh Infantry. Organized in August and September. 1863, and mustered in on Sept. 16 ; participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bluff's, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River, Vicksburg, Jackson and Mobile. On July 29, 1865, it was mustered out and proceeded homeward, reaching Springfield, August 10, after an absence of three years, less a few days. Ninety-eighth Infantry. Organized at Cen- tralia, September, 1862, and mustered in, Sept. 3 ; took part in engagements at Chickamauga, Mc- Minnville, Farmington and Selma, besides many others of less note. It was mustered out, June 27, 1865, the recruits being transferred to the Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers. The regiment arrived at Springfield, June 30, and received final payment and discharge, July 7, 1865. Ninety-ninth Infantry. Organized in Pike County and mustered in at Florence, August 33, 1863; participated in the following battles and skirmishes: Beaver Creek, Hartsville, Magnolia Hills, Raymond, Champion Hills, Black River, Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Esperanza, Grand Coteau, Fish River, Spanish Fort and Blakely: days under fire, 63; miles traveled, 5,900; men killed in battle, 38; men died of wounds and disease, 149; men discharged for disability, 137; men deserted, 35; officers killed in battle, 3; HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 563 officers died, 2; officers resigned, 26. The regi- ment was mustered out at Baton Rouge, July 31, 1865, and paid off and discharged, August 9, following. One Hundredth Inf.4.ntry. Organized at Joliet, in August, 1862, and mustered in, August 30. The entire regiment was recruited in Will County. It was engaged at Bardstowu, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and Nashville; was mustered out of service, June 12, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, June 15, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred .^nd First Infantry. Organ- ized at Jacksonville during the latter part of the month of August, 1862, and, on Sept. 2, 1862, was mustered in. It participated in the battles of Wauhatchie, Chattanooga, Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw and Pine Mountains, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Bentonville. On Dec. 20, 1862, five companies were captured at Holly Springs, Miss., paroled and sent to Jefferson Barracks, Mo. , and formally exchanged in June, 1863. On the 7th of June, 1865, it was mustered out, and started for Springfield, where, on the 21st of June, it was paid off and disbanded. One Hundred and Second Infantry. Organ- ized at Knoxville, in August. 1862. and mustered in, September 1 and 2. It was engaged at Resaca, Camp Creek, Burnt Hickory, Big Shanty, Peach Tree Creek and Averysboro; mustered out of service June 6. 1805, and started home, arriving at Chicago on the 9th, and, June 14, received final payment and di-scharge. OsE Hundred and Third Infantry. Re- cruited wholly in Fulton County, and mustered into the service, Oct. 2, 1862. It took part in the Grierson raid, the sieges of Vicksburg, Jack- son, Atlanta and Savannah, and the battles of Missionary Ridge. Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Dal- las, Kenesaw Mountain and Oris wolds vi lie; was also in the campaign through the Carolinas. The regiment was mustered out at Louisville, June 21. and received final discharge at Chi- cago, Jul}' 9, 1865. The original strength of the regiment was 808, and 84 recruits were enlisted. One Hundred and Fourth Infantry. Organ- ized at Ottawa, in August. 1862, and composed almost entirely of La Salle County men. The regiment was engaged in the battles of Harts- ville, Chickamauga, Lookout Jlountain, Mission- ary Ridge, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek. Utoy Creek, Jonesboro and Bentonville. besides many 6e\ere skirmishes ; was mustered out at Washing- ton, D. C, June 6, 1865, and, a few days later, received final discharge at Chicago. One Hundred and Fifth Infantry. Mus- tered into service, Sept. 3, 1863, at Dixon, and participated in the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, and almost constantly skirmishing, also took part in the "March to the Sea" and the campaign in the Carolinas, including the siege of Savannah and the battl&s of Averysboro and Bentonville. It was mustered out at Washing- ton, D. C, June 7, 1865, and paid off and dis- charged at Chicago, June 17. One Hundred and Sixth Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Lincoln, Sept. 18, 1862. eight of the ten companies having been recruited in Logan County, the other two being from San- gamon and Menard Counties. It aided in the defense of Jackson, Tenn., where Company "C"' was captured and paroled, being exchanged in the summer of 1863; took part in the siege of Vicksburg, the Yazoo expedition, the capture of Little Rock, the battle of Clarendon, and per- formed service at various points in Arkansas. It was mustered out, July 12, 1865, at Pine Bluff, Ark , and arrived at Springfield, July 24, 1865, where it received final payment and discharge One Hundred and Seventh Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Springfield, Sept. 4, 1862; was composed of six companies from DeWitt and four companies from Piatt County. It was engaged at Campbell's Station, Dandridge, Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin, Nashville and Fort Anderson, and mustered out, June 21, 1865, at Salisbury, N. C, reaching Springfield, for final pajment and discharge, July 2, 1865. One Hu.n'dred and Eighth Infantry. Organ- ized at Peoria, and mustered into service, August 28, 1862; took' part in the first expedition against Vicksburg and in the battles of Arkansas Post (Fort Hindman), Port Gibson and Champion Hills; in the capture of Vicksburg, the battle of Guntown, the reduction of Spanish Fort, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicks- burg, August 5, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, August 11. One Hundred and Ninth Infantry. Re- cruited from Union and Pulaski Counties and mustered into the service, Sept. 11, 1862. Owing to its number being greatly reduced, it was con- solidated with the Eleventh Infantry in April, 1863. (.See Eleventh Infantry.) One Hundred .\nd Tenth Infantry. Organ- ized at Anna and mustered in, Sept. 11, 1862 ; was 5G-1 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. engaged at Stone River, Woodbury, and in numerous skirmishes in Kentucky and Tennessee. In May, 1803, the regiment was consolidated, its numbers having been greatly reduced. Subse- quently it participated in the battles of Chicka- mauga and Missionary Ridge, the battles around Atlanta and the campaign through the Carolinas, being present at Johnston's surrender. The regi- ment was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 5, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, June 15. The enlisted men whose term of service had not expired at date of muster-out, were consolidated into four companies and trans- ferred to the Sixtieth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry. One Hundred and Eleventh Infantry. Re- cruited from Marion, Clay, Washington, Clinton and Wayne Counties, and mustered into the serv- ice at Salem, Sept. 18, 1862. The regiment aided in the capture of Decatur, Ala. ; took part in the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro ; partici- pated in the "March to the Sea" and the cam- paign in the Carolinas, taking part in the battles of Fort McAllister and Bentonville. It was mus- tered out at Washington, D. C, June 7, 1865, receiving final discharge at Springfield, June 37, having traveled 3,736 miles, of which 1,836 was on the march. One Hundred and Twelfth Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Peoria, Sept. 30 and 33, 1863; participated in the campaign in East Ten- nessee, under Burnside, and in that against Atlanta, under Sherman; was also engaged in the battles of Columbia, Franklin and Nashville, and the capture of Fort Anderson and Wilming- ton. It was mustered out at Goldsboro, N. C, June 30, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 7. 1865. One Hundred and Thirteenth Infantry. Left Camp Hancock (near Chicago) for the front, Nov. 6, 1863; was engaged in the Tallahatchie expedition, participated in the battle of Chicka- saw Bayou, and was sent North to guard prison- ers and recruit. The regiment also took part in the siege and captiu-e of Vicksburg, was mustered out, June 30, 1865, and finally discharged at Chi- cago, five days later. One Hundred and Fourteenth Infantry. Organized in July and August, 1863, and mustered in at Springfield, Sept. 18, being recruited from Cass, Menard and Sangamon Counties. The regi- ment participated in the battle of Jackson (Miss. ), the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and in the battles of Guntown and Harrisville, the pursuit of Price through Missouri, the battle of Nash- ville, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicksburg. August 3, 1865, receiving final payment and discharge at Springfield. August 15, 1865. One Hundred and Fifteenth Infantry. Ordered to the front from Springfield, Oct. 4, 1862; was engaged at Cliickamauga, Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, Tunnel Hill, Resaca and in all the principal battles of the Atlanta campaign, and in the defense of Nashville and pursuit of Hood; was mustered out of service, June 11, 1865, and received final pay and discharge, June 23, 1865, at Springfield. One Hundred and Sixteenth Infantry'. Recruited almost wholly from Macon County, numbering 980 oflicers and men when it started from Decatur for the front on Nov. 8, 1862. It participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Stone Mountain, Atlanta, Fort McAllister and Bentonville, and was mustered out, June 7, 1865, near Washington, D. C. One Hundred and Seventeenth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Sept. 19, 1862; participated in the Meridian campaign, the Red River expedition (assisting in the cap- ture of Fort de Russey), and in the battles of Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Franklin, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 5, 1865, having traveled 9,276 miles, 2,307 of which were marched. One Hundred and Eighteenth Infantry-. Organized and mustered into the service at Springfield, Nov. 7, 1863 ; was engaged at Chicka- saw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Cham- pion Hills, Black River Bridge, Jackson (Miss.), Grand Coteau, Jackson (La. ), and Amite River. The regiment was mounted, Oct. 11, 1863, and dismounted. May 22, 1865. Oct. 1, 1865, it was mustered out, and finally discharged, Oct. 13. At the date of the muster-in, the regiment num- bered 830 men and oflicers, received 283 recruits, making a total of 1,103; at muster-out it num- bered 523. Distance marched, 3,000 miles; total distance traveled, 5,700 miles. One Hundred and Nineteenth Infantry. Organized at Quincy, in September, 1862, and was mustered into the United States service, October 10 ; was engaged in the Red River cam- paign and in the battles of Shreveport, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 565 Blakely. Its final muster-out took place at Mobile, August 26, 1865, and its discharge at Springfield. One Hundred and Twentiety Infantry. Mustered into the service, Oct. 28, 1863, at Spring- field ; was mustered out, Sept. 7, 1865. and received final payment and discharge, September 10, at Springfield. One Hundred and Twenty-first Infan- try. (The organization of this regiment was not completed.) On^e Hundred and Twenty-second Infan- try. Organized at Carlinville, in August, 1862, and mustered into the service. Sept. 4, with 960 enlisted men. It participated in the battles of Tupelo and Nashville, and in the capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, and was mustered out, July 15, 1865, at Mobile, and finally dis- charged at Springfield, August 4. One Hundred and Twenty-third Infan- try. Mustered into service at Mattoon, Sept. 6, 1862; participated in the battles of Perry ville, Milton, Hoover's Gap, and Farmington ; also took part in the entire Atlanta campaign, marching as cavalry and fighting as infantry. Later, it served as mounted infantry in Kentucky, Tennes- see and Alabama, taking a prominent part in the capture of Selma. The regiment was discharged at Springfield, July 11, 1865 — the recruits, whose terms had not expired, being transferred to the Sixty-first Volunteer Infantry. One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Infan- try. Mustered into the service, Sept. 10, 1862, at Springfield ; took part in the Vicksburg campaign and in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond and Champion Hills, the siege of Vicksburg, the Meridian raid, the Yazoo expedition, and the capture of Mobile. On the 16th of August. 1865. eleven days less than three years after the first company went into camp at Springfield, the regi- ment was mustered out at Chicago. Colonel Howe's history of the battle-flag of the regiment, stated that it had been borne 4,100 miles, in four- teen skirimishes, ten battles and two sieges of forty-seven days and nights, and thirteen days and nights, respectively. One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Infan- try. Mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862; par- ticipated in the battles of Perryville, Chicka- mauga, Missionary Ridge, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Jonesboro, and in the "Ma'ch to the Sea" and the Carolina cam- paign, being engaged at Averysboro and Benton- ville. It was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 9, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago. One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Infan- try. Organized at Alton and mustered in, Sept. 4, 1862, and participated in the siege of Vicksburg. Six companies were engaged in skirmish line, near Humboldt, Tenn., and the regiment took part in the capture of Little Rock and in the fight at Clarendon, Ark. It was mustered out Julj' 12, 1865. One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Infan- try. Mustered into service at Chicago. Sept. 6, 1862; took part in the first campaign against Vicksburg. and in the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg under Grant, the cajjture of Jackson (Miss.), the battles of Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, the Meridian raid, and in the fighting at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta and Jonesboro; also accom- panied Sherman in his march through Georgia and the Carolinas, taking part in the battle of Bentonville ; was mustered out at Chicago. June 17. 1865. One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Infan- try. Mustered in, Dec. 18, 1862, but remained in service less than five months, when, its num- ber of officers and men having been reduced from 860 to 161 (largely by desertions), a number of officers were dismissed, and the few remaining officers and men were formed into a detachment, and transferred to another Illinois regiment. One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Infan- try. Organized at Pontiac, in August, 1863, and mustered into the service Sept. 8. Prior to May. 1864, the regiment was chiefly engaged in garri- son duty. It marched with Sherman in the Atlanta campaign and tlirough Georgia and the Carolinas, and took part in the battles of Resaca, Buzzard's Roost. Lost Mountain. Dallas, Peach Tree Creek. Atlanta, Averysboro and Benton- ville. It received final pay and discharge at Chi- ca'-o, June 10, 1865. One Hundred and Thirtieth Infantry. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, Oct. 25, 1862 ; was engaged at Port Gib- son. Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Vicks- burg, Jackson (Miss.), and in the Red River expedition. While on this expedition almost the entire regiment was captured at the battle of Mansfield, and not paroled until near the close of the war. The remaining officers and men were consolidated with the Seventy-seventh Infantry in January, 1865, and participated in the capture of Mobile. Six months later its regimental re- organization, as the One Hundred and Thirtieth, was ordered. It was mu.stered out at New Orleans, August 15. 1865, and discharged at Springfield, August 31. 566 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. One Hundred and Thibty-first Infajc- TRY. Organized in September, 1863, and mus- tered into the service, Nov. 13, with 815 men, exclusive of oiScers. In October, 1863, it was consolidated with the Twenty-ninth Infantry, and ceased to exist as a separate organization. Up to that time the regiment had been in but a few conflicts and in no pitched battle. One Hundred and Thirty-second Infan- try. Organized at Chicago and mustered in for 100 days from June 1, 1864. The regiment re- mained on duty at Paducali until the expiration of its service, wlien it moved to Chicago, and was mustered out, Oct. 17, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty -third Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in for one hundred days, May 31, 1864 ; was engaged during its term of service in guarding prisoners of war at Rock Island ; was mustered out, Sept. 4, 1864, at Camp Butler. One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Infan- try. Organized at Chicago and mustered in, May 31, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to garrison duty at Columbus, Ky., and mustered out of service, Oct. 25, 1864, at Chicago. One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Infan- try. Mustered in for 100-days" service at Mat- toon, June 6, 1864, having a strength of 852 men. It was chiefly engaged, during its term of service, in doing garrison duty and guarding railroads. It was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 28, 1864. One Hundred .\nd Thirty-sixth Infan- try. Enlisted about the first of May, 1864, for 100 days, and went into camp at Centralia, 111., but was not mustered into service until June 1, following. Its principal service was garrison duty, with occasional scouts and raids amongst guerrillas. At the end of its term of service the regiment re-enlisted for fifteen days; was mus- tered out at Springfield, Oct. 23, 1864, and dis- charged eight daj-s later One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Inf.\n- try. Organized at Quincy, with ex-Gov. John Wood as its Colonel, and mustered in, June 5, 1864, for 100 days. Was on duty at Memphis, Tenn , and mustered out of service at Spring- field. 111.. Sept. 4, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Infan- try Organized at Quincy, and mustered in, June 31, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to garri- son duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., and in Western Missouri. It was mustered out of serv- ice at Springfield, 111., Oct. 14, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Infan- try. Mustered into service as a 100-day's regi- ment, at Peoria, June 1, 1864; was engaged in garrison duty at Columbus and Cairo, in making reprisals for guerrilla raids, and in the pursuit of the Confederate General Price in Missouri. The latter -service was rendered, at the President's request, after the term of enlistment had expired. It was mustered out at Peoria, Oct. 25, 1864, hav- ing been in the service nearly five months. One Hundred and Fouetieth Inf.antry. Organized as a 100-days" regiment, at Springfield, June 18, 1864, and mustered into service on that date. The regiment was engaged in guarding railroads between Memphis and Holly Springs.and in garrison duty at Memphis. After the term of enlistment had expired and the regiment had been mustered out, it aided in the pm-suit of General Price through Missouri; was finally dis- charged at Chicago, after seri-ing about five months One Hundred and Forty-first Infan- try. Mustered into service as a 100- days' regi- ment, at Elgin, June 16, 1864 — strength, 843 men; departed for the field, June 27, 1864; was mus- tered out at Chicago, Oct. 10, 1864. One Hundred and Forty-second Infan- try. Organized at Freeport as a battalion of eight companies, and sent to Camp Butler, where two companies were added and the regiment mustered into service for 100 days, June IS, 1864. It was ordered to Memphis, Tenn., five days later, and assigned to duty at White's Station, eleven miles from that city, where it was employed in guarding the Memphis & Charleston railroad. It was mustered out at Chicago, on Oct, 27, 1864, the men having voluntarily served one month beyond tlieir term of enlistment. One Hundred and Forty-third Infan- try. Organized at Mattoon, and mustered in, June 11, 1864, for 100 days. It was assigned to garrison duty, and mustered out at Mattoon, Sept. 26, 1864. One Hundred .a.nd Forty-fourth Inf.as- try. Organized at Alton, in 1864, as a one-year regiment; was mustered into the service, Oct. 21, its strength being 1,159 men. It was mustered out, July 14, 1865. One Hundred and Forty-fifth Infan- try. Mustered into service at Springfield, June 9, 1864; .strength, 880 men. It departed for the field, June 12, 1864; was mustered out, Sept. 33, 1864. One Hundred and Forty-sixth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Sept. 18, 1864, for one year. Was assigned to tlie dut}' of guarding drafted men at Brighton, Quincy, Jacksonville HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 567 and Springfield, and mustered out at Springfield, July 5, 1865. OxE Hundred ajsd Forty-seventh Ixf.o- TRY. Organized at Chicago, and mustered into service for one year, Feb. 18 and 19, 1865; was engaged chiefly on guard or garrison duty, in scouting and in skirmishLug with guerrillas. Mustered out at Nashville, Jan. 22, 1866, and received final discharge at Springfield, Feb. 4. One Hundred -\^nd Forty-eighth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, for the term of one year : was assigned to garrison and guard duty and mustered out, Sept. 5, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn ; arrived at Springfield, Sept. 9, 1865, where it was paid off and discharged. One Hundred and Forty-ninth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 11, 1865, and mustered in for one year; was engaged in garrison and guard duty ; mustered out, Jan. 27, 1866, at Dalton, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Fiftieth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Feb. 14, 1865, for one year ; was on duty in Tennessee and Georgia, guarding railroads and garrisoning towns. It was mustered out, Jan. 16, 1866, at Atlanta, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty'-first Ixfantry'. This regiment was organized at Quincy, 111., and mustered into the United States service, Feb. 23, 1865, and was composed of companies from various parts of the State, recruited, under the call of Dec. 19, 1864. It was engaged in guard duty, with a few guerrilla skirmishes, and was present at the surrender of General War- ford's army, at Kingston, Ga. ; was mustered out at Columbus, Ga.. Jan. 24, 1866, and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge, Feb. 8. 1866. One Hundred and Fifty'-second Infan- try. Organized at Springfield and mustered in, Feb. 18, 1865, for one year ; was mustered out of service, to date Sept. 11, at Memphis, Tenn., and arrived at Camp Butler, Sept. 9, 1865, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-third Infan- try. Organized at Chicago, and mustered in, Feb. 27, 1865, for one year; was not engaged in any battles. It was mustered out, Sept. 15, 1865, and moved to Springfield, 111., and, Sept. 24, received final pay and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21. 1865, for one year. Sept. 18. 1865, the regiment was mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge, where it arrived, Sept. 22 ; was paid oft and dis- charged at Camp Butler, Sept. 29. One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield and mustered in Feb. 28, 1865, for one year, 904 strong. On Sept. 4, 1865, it was mustered out of service, and moved to Camp Butler, where it received final pay and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-sixth Infan- try'. Organized and mustered in during the months of February and March, 1865, from the northern counties of the State, for the term of one year. The officers of the regiment have left no written record of its history, but its service seems to have been rendered chiefly in Tennessee in the neighborhood of Memphis, Nashville and Chattanooga. Judging by the muster-rolls of the Adjutant-General, the regiment would appear to have been greatly depleted by desertions and otherwise, the remnant being finally mustered out, Sept. 20, 1865. First Cavalry. Organized — consisting of seven companies. A, B, C, D, E, F and G— at Alton, in 1861, and mustered into the United States service, July 3. After some service in Missouri, the regiment participated in the battle of Lexington, in that State, and was surrendered, with the remainder of the garrison, Sept. 20, 1861. The ofiicers were paroled, and the men sworn not to take up arms again until discharged. No ex- change having been eft'ected in November, the non-commissioned ofiicers and privates were ordered to Springfield and discharged. In June, 1862, the regiment was reorganized at Benton Barracks, Mo., being afterwards employed in guarding supply trains and supply depots at various points. Mustered out, at Benton Bar- racks, July 14, 1862. Second Cavalry*. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, August 12, 1861, with Company M (which joined the regiment some months later), numbering 47 commissioned offi- cers and 1,040 enlisted men. This number was in- creased by recruits and re-enlistments, during its four and a half year's term of service, to 2,236 enlisted men and 145 commissioned oflScers. It was engaged at Belmont ; a portion of the regi- ment took part in the battles at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson and Shiloh, another portion at Merriweather's Ferry, Bolivar and Holly Springs, and participated in the investment of Vicksburg. In January, 1864. the major part of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, later, participating in the 568 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Red River expedition and tlie investment of Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at San Antonio, Tex., Xov. 33, 1865, and finally paid and dis- charged a't Springfield, Jan. S, 1866. Third Cavalry. Compo.sed of twelve com- panies, from various localities in the State, the grand total oif company officers and enlisted men, under the first organization, being 1,433. It was organized at Springfield, in August, 1861 ; partici- pated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Haines" Bluff, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, and the siege of Vicksburg. In July, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re- enlisted as veterans. The remainder were mus- tered out, Sept. 5, 1864. The veterans participated in the repulse of Forrest, at Memphis, and in the battles of Lawrenceburg, Spring Hill, Campbells- ville and Franklin. From May to October, 1865, engaged in service against the Indians in the Northwest The regiment was mustered out at Springfield, Oct. IS, 1865. Fourth Cavalry. Mustered into service, Sept. 36, 1861, and participated in the battles of Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, and Shiloh; in the siege of Corinth, and in many engagements of less historic note ; was mustered out at Springfield in November, 1864. By order of the War Depart- ment, of June 18, 1865, the members of the regiment whose terms had not expired, were con- solidated with the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry. Fifth Cavalry. Organized at Camp Butler, in November, 1861 ; took part in the Meridian raid and the expedition against Jackson, Miss., and in numerous minor expeditions, doing effect- ive work at Canton, Grenada, Woodville, and other points. On Jan. 1, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. Its final muster-out took place, Oct. 37, 1865, and it re- ceived final payment and discharge, October 30. Sixth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, Nov. 19, 1861 ; participated in Sherman's advance ujx)!! Grenada ; in the Grierson raid through Mis- sissippi and Louisiana, the siege of Port Hudson, the battles of Moscow (Tenn), West Point (Miss.), Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans, March 30, 1864; was mustered out at Selma, Ala., Nov. 5, 1865, and received discharge, November 20, at Springfield. Seventh Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, and was mustered_into service, Oct. 13, 1861. It participated in the battles of Farmington, luka, Corinth (second battle) ; in Grierson's raid through Mississippi and Louisiana; in the en- gagement at Plain's Store (La.), and the invest- ment of Port Hudson. In March, 1864, 388 officers and men re-enlisted as veterans. The non-veterans were engaged at Guntown, and the entire regiment took part in the battle of Frank- lin. After the close of hostilities, it was stationed in Alabama and Mississippi, until the latter part of October, 1865 ; was mustered out at Nashville, and finally discharged at Springfield, Nov. 17, 1865. Eighth Cavalry. Organized at St. Charles, 111., and mustered in, Sept. 18, 1861. The regi- ment was ordered to Virginia, and participated in the general advance on Manassas in March, 1863; was engaged at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Hill, Malvern Hill, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Middle- town, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericks- burg, Sulphur Springs, Warrenton, Rapidan Station, Northern Neck, Gettysburg, Williams- burg, Funkstown, Falling Water, Chester Gap Sandy Hook, Culpepper, Brandy Station, and in many raids and skirmishes. It was mustered out of service at Benton Barracks, Mo., July 17, 1865, and ordered to Chicago, where it received final payment and discharge. Ninth C-4.valry Organized at Chicago, in the autumn of 1861, and mustered in, November 30 ; was engaged at Coldwater, Grenada, Wyatt, Saulsbury, Moscow, Guntown, Pontotoc, Tupelo, Old Town Creek, Hurricane Creek, Lawrence- burg, Campellsville, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, March 16, 1864; was mustered out of service at Selma, Ala., Oct. 31, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where the men received final payment and discharge. Tenth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield in the latter part of September, 1861, and mustered into service, Nov. 25, 1861 ; was engaged at Prairie Grove, Cotton Plant, Arkansas Post, in the Yazoo Pass expedition, at Richmond (La.), Brownsville, Bayou Jletoe, Baj'ou La Fourche and Little Rock. In February, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re enlisted as veter- ans, the non-veterans accompanying General Banks in his Red River expedition. On Jan. 27, 1865, the veterans, and recruits were consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, and all reorganized under the name of the Tenth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Cavalry. Mustered out of service at San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 22, 1865, and received final discharge at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1866. Eleventh Cavalry. Robert G. IngersoU of Peoria, and Basil D. Meeks, of Woodford County, obtained permission to raise a regiment of cavalry, and recruiting commenced in October, 1861. The regiment was recruited from the counties of Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Woodford, HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 569 Marshall, Stark, Knox, Henderson and Warren; was mustered into the service at Peoria, Dec. 30, 1861, and was first under fire at Shiloh, It also took part in the raid in the rear of Corinth, and in the battles of Bolivar, Corinth (second battle), luka, Lexington and Jackson (Tenn.); in Mc- Pherson's expedition to Canton and Sherman's Meridian raid, in the relief of Yazoo City, and in numerous less important raids and skirmishes. Most of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans in December, 1863; the non-veterans being mus- tered out at Memphis, in the autumn of 1S64. The veterans were mustered out at the same place, Sept. 30, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, October 20. Twelfth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, in February, 1863, and remained there guarding rebel prisoners until June 35, when it was mounted and sent to Martinsburg, Va. It was engaged at Fredericksburg. Williamsport. Falling Waters, the Rapidan and Stevensburg. On Nov. 26, 1863, the regiment was relieved from service and ordered home to reorganize as veterans. Subsequently it joined Banks in the Red River expedition and in Davidson's expedition against Mobile. While at Memphis the Twelfth Cavalry was consolidated into an eight-company organi- zation, and the Fourth Cavalry, having previously been consolidated into a battalion of five com- panies, was consolidated with the Twelfth, The consolidated regiment was mustered out at Houston, Texas, May 29, 1866, and, on June 18, received final pay and discharge at Springfield. Thirteenth Cavalry. Organized at Chicago, in December, 1861 ; moved to the front from Benton Barracks, Mo., in February, 1862, and was engaged in the following battles and skir- mishes (all in Missouri and Arkansas) ; Putnam's Ferry, Cotton Plant, Union City (twice). Camp Pillow, Bloomfield (first and second battles). Van Buren, AUen, Eleven Point River, Jackson, White River, Chalk Bluff, Bushy Creek, near Helena, Grand Prairie, White River, Deadman's Lake, Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Austin, Little Rock, Benton, Batesville, Pine Bluff, Arkadel- phia, Okolona, Little Missouri River, Prairie du Anne, Camden, Jenkins' Ferry, Cross Roads, Mount Elba, Douglas Landing and Monticello. The regiment was mustered out, August 31, 1865, and received final pay and discharge at Spring- field, Sept. 13, 1865. Fourteenth Cavalry. Mustered into service at Peoria, in January and February, 1863; par- ticipated in the battle of Cumberland Gap, in the defense of Knoxville and the pursuit of Long- street, in the engagements at Bean Station and Dandridge, in the Macon raid, and in the cavalry battle at Sunshine Church. In the latter Gen- eral Stoneman surrendered, but the Fourteenth cut its way out. On their retreat the men were betrayed by a guide and the regiment badly cut up and scattered, those escaping being hunted by soldiers with bloodhounds. Later, it was engaged at Waynesboro and in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, and was mustered out at Nashville, July 31, 1805, having marched over 10,000 miles, exclusive of duty done by detachments. Fifteenth Cavalry'. Composed of companies originally independent, attached to infantry regi- ments and acting as such; participated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the siege and capture of Corinth. Regimental or- ganization was effected in the spring of 1863, and thereafter it was engaged chiefly in scouting and post duty. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 25, 1864, the recruits (whose term of service had not expired) being consolidated with the Tenth Cavalry. Sixteenth Cavalry. Composed principally of Chicago men — Thieleman's and Schambeck'a Cavalry Companies, raised at the outset of the war, forming the nucleus of the regiment. The former served as General Sherman's body-guard for some time. Captain Thieleman was made a Major and authorized to raise a battalion, the two companies named thenceforth being knowrr . as Thieleman's Battalion. In September, 1863, the War Department authorized the extension of the battalion to a regiment, and, on the 11th of June, 1863, the regimental organization was com- pleted. It took part in the East Tennessee cam- paign, a portion of the regiment aiding in the defense of Knoxville, a part garrisoning Cumber- and Gap, and one battalion being captured by Longstreet. The regiment also participated in the battles of Rocky Face Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Kingston, Cassville, Carterville, Allatoona, Kenesaw, Lost Mountain, Mines Ridge, Powder Springs, Chattahoochie, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. It arrived in Chicago, August 23, 1865, for final payment and discharge, having marched about 5.000 miles and engaged in thirty-one battles, besides numer- ous skirmishes. Seventeenth Cavalry. Mustered into serv- ice in January and February, 1864 ; aided in the repulse of Price at Jefferson City, Mo., and was engaged at Booneville. Independence, Mine Creek, and Fort Scott, besides doing garrison duty, scouting and raiding. It was mustered 570 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. out in November and December, 1865, at Leaven- worth, Kan. Gov. John L. Beveridge, who had previously been a Captain and Major of the Eighth Cavalry, was the Colonel of this regi- ment. First Light Artillery. Consisted of ten batteries. Battery A was organized under tlie first call for State troops, April 21, 1861, but not mustered into the three years' service until July 16; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the Atlanta cam- paign ; was in reserve at Champion Hills and Nashville, and mustered out July 3, 1865, at Chicago. Battery B was organized in April, 1861, en- gaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the siege of Corinth and at La Grange, Holly Springs, Memphis, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg, Mechanicsburg, Richmond (La.), the Atlanta campaign and the battle of Nashville. The Battery was reorganized by con- solidation with Battery A, and mustered out at Chicago, July 2, 1865. Battery D was organized at Cairo, Sept. 2, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson and at Shiloh, and mustered out, July 28, 1865, at Chicago. Batter}- E was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered into service, Dec. 19, 1861 ; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Jackson, Vicksburg, Gun- town, Pontotoc, Tupelo and Nashville, and mus- tered out at Louisville, Dec. 24, 1864. Battery F was recruited at Dixon and mus- tered in at Springfield, Feb. 25, 1862. It took part in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona expedition, and was consolidated with the other batteries in the regiment, March 7, 1865. Battery G was organized at Cairo and mus- tered in Sept. 28, 1861 ; was engaged in the siege and the second battle of Corinth, and mustered out at Springfield, July 24, 1865. Battery H was recruited in and about Chicago, during January and February, 1862; participated in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Vicksburg, and in the Atlanta campaign, the "March to the Sea," and through the Carolinas with Sherman. Battery I was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered in, Feb. 10, 1862; was engaged at Shiloh, in the Tallahatchie raid, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the battles of Chattanooga and Vicksburg It veteranized, March 17, 1864, and was mustered out, July 26, 1865. Battery K was organized at Shawneetown and mustered in, Jan. 9, 1862, participated in Burn- side's campaign in Tennessee, and in the capture of Knoxville. Part of the men were mustered out at Springfield in June, 1865, and the re- manider at Chicago in July. Battery M was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered into the service, August 12, 1862, for three years. It served through the Chickamauga campaign, being engaged at Chickamauga; also was engaged at Missionary Ridge, was besieged at Chattanooga, and took part in all the impor- tant battles of the Atlanta campaign. It was mustered out at Chicago, July 24, 1864, having traveled 3,102 miles and been under fire 178 days. Second Light Artillery. Consisted of nine batteries. Battery A was organized at Peoria, and mustered into service. May 23, 1861 ; served in Missouri and Arkansas, doing brilliant work at Pea Ridge. It was mustered out of service at Springfield, July 27, 1865. Battery D was organized at Cairo, and mustered into service in December, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Jackson, Meridian and Decatur, and mustered out at Louisville, Nov. 21, 1864. Battery E was organized at St. Louis, Mo., in August, 1861, and mustered into service, August 20, at that point. It was engaged at Fort Donel- son and Shiloh, and in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona expedition^was consolidated with Battery A. Battery F was organized at Cape Girardeau, Mo., and mu.stered in, Dec. 11, 1861 ; was engaged at Shiloh, in the siege and second battle of Corinth, and the Meridian campaign; also at Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro. It was mustered out, July 27, 1865, at Springfield. Battery H was organized at Springfield, De- cember, 1861, and mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson and in the siege of Fort Pillow; veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, was mounted as cavalry the following summer, and mustered out at Springfield. July 29, 1865. Battery I was recruited in Will County, and mustered into service at Camp Butler, Dec. 31, 1861. It participated in the siege of Island No. 10, in the advance upon Cornith, and in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge and Chattanooga. It veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, marched with Sher- man to Atlanta, and thence to Savannah and through the Carolinas, and was mustered out at Springfield. Battery K was organized at Springfield and mustered in Dec. 31, 1863; was engaged at Fort Pillow, the capture of Clarkston, Mo., and the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 571 siege of Vicksburg. It was mustered out, July 14, 1865, at Chicago. Battery L was organized at Chicago and mus- tered in, Feb. 28, 1863; participated in the ad- vance on Corintli, the battle of Hatchie and the advance on the Tallahatchie, and was mustered out at Chicago, August 9, 1865. Battery M was organized at Chicago, and mus- tered in at Springfield, June, 1862 ; was engaged at Jonesboro, Blue Spring, Blountsville and Rogersville, being finally consolidated with other batteries of the regiment. Chicago Board of Trade Battery. Organ- ized through the efforts of the Chicago Board of Trade, which raised $15,000 for its equipment, within forty-eight hours. It was mustered into service, August 1, 1862, was engaged at Law- renceburg, Murfreesboro, Stone River, Chicka- mauga, Farmington, Decatur (Ga.), Atlanta, Lovejoy Station, Nashville, Selma and Columbus (Ga. ) It was mustered out at Chicago, June 30, 1865, and paid in full, July 3, having marched 5,268 miles and traveled bj' rail 1,231 miles. The battery was in eleven of the hardest battles fought in the West, and in twenty-six minor battles, being in action forty-two times while on scouts, reconnoissances or outpost duty. Chicago Mercantile Battery. Recruited and organized under the auspices of the Mercan- tile Association, an association of prominent and patriotic merchants of the City of Chicago. It was mustered into service, August 29, 1862, at Camp Douglas, participated in the Tallahatchie and Yazoo expeditions, the first attack upon Vicksburg, the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg, the battles of Magnolia Hills, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge and Jackson (Miss.); also took part in Banks' Red River ex- pedition; was mustered out at Chicago, and received final payment, July 10, 1865, having traveled, by river, sea and land, over 11,000 miles. Springfield Light Artillery. Recruited principally from the cities of Springfield, Belle- ville and Wenona, and mustered into service at Springfield, for the term of three years, August 21, 1863. numbering 199 men and officers. It participated in the capture of Little Rock and in the Red River expedition, and was mustered out at Springfield, 114 strong, June 30, 1865. Cogswell's Battery, Light Artillery. Organized at Ottawa. 111., and mustered in, Nov. 11, 1861, as Company A (Artillery) Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, Colonel Cushman command- ing the regiment. It participated in the advance on Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg, the battle of Missionary Ridge, anl the capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, near Mobile. The regiment was mustered out at Springfield, August 14, 1865, having served three years and nine months, marched over 7,500 miles, and partici- pated in seven sieges and battles. Sturges Rifles. An independent company, organized at Chicago, armed, equipped and sub- sisted for nearly two months, by the patriotic generosity of Mr. Solomon Sturges ; was mustered into service. May 6, 1861 ; in June following, was ordered to West Virginia, serving as body- guard of General McClellan; was engaged at Rich Mountain, in the siege of Yorktown, and in the seven days' battle of the Chickahominy. A Iiortion of the company was at Antietam, the remainder having been detached as foragers, scouts, etc. It was mustered out at Washington, Nov. 25, 1862. WAR, THE SPANISH -AMERICAS. The oppressions and misrule w-hich had character- ized the administration of affairs by the Spanish Government and its agents for generations, in the Island of Cuba, culminated, in April, 1898, in mutual declarations of war between Spain and the United States. The causes leading up to this result were the injurious effects upon American commerce and the interests of American citizens owning property in Cuba, as well as the constant expense imposed upon the Government of the United .States in the maintenance of a large navy along the South Atlantic coast to suppress fili- bustering, superadded to the friction and unrest produced among the people of this country by the long continuance of disorders and abuses so near to our own shores, which aroused the .sympathy and indignation of the entire civilized world. For three years a large proportion of the Cuban population had been in open rebellion against the Spanish Government, and, while the latter had imported a large army to the island and sub- jected the insurgents and their families and sympathizers to the grossest cruelties, not even excepting torture and starvation itself, their policy had failed to bring the insurgents into subjection or to restore order. In this condition of affairs the United States Government had endeavored, through negotiation, to secure a miti- gation of the evils complained of, by a modifica- tion of the Spanish policy of government in the island ; but all suggestions in this direction had either been resented by Spain as unwarrantable interference in her affairs, or promises of reform, when made, had been as invariably broken. 572 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In the meantime an increasing sentiment liad been growing up in the UniteJ States in favor of conceding belligerent rights to tlie Cuban insur- gents, or tlie recognition of their independence, which found expression in measures proposed in Congress — all offers of friendly intervention by the United States having been rejected by Spain with evidences of indignation. Compelled, at last, to recognize its inability to subdue the insur- rection, the Spanish Government, in November, 1897, made a pretense of tendering autonomj' to the Cuban people, with the privilege of amnesty to the insurgents on laying down their arms. The long duration of the war and the outrages perpetrated upon the helpless "reconcentrados," coupled with the increased confidence of the insurgents in the final triumph of their cause, rendered this movement — even if intended to be carried out to the lettei- — of no avail. The proffer came too late, and was promptly rejected. In this condition of affairs and with a view to greater security for American interests, the American battleship Maine was ordered to Havana, on Jan. 34, 1898. It arrived in Havana Harbor the following day, and was anchored at a point designated by the Spanish commander. On the night of February 15, following, it was blown up and destroyed by some force, as shown by after investigation, applied from without. Of a crew of 354 men belonging to the vessel at the time, 266 were either killed outright by the explosion, or died from tlieir wounds. Not only tlie Ameri- can people, but the entire civilized world, was shocked by the catastrophe. An act of horrible treachery had been perpetrated against an American vessel and its crew on a peaceful mis- sion in the harbor of a professedly friendly na- tion. The successive steps leading to actual hostili- ties were rapid and eventful. One of the earliest and most significant of these was the passage, by a unanimous vote of both houses of Congress, on March 9, of an appropriation placing §.50,000, 000 in the hands of the President as an emergency fund for purposes of national defense. This was followed, two days later, by an order for the mobilization of the army. The more important events following this step were: An order, under date of April .5, withdrawing American consuls from Spanish stations ; the departure, on April 9. of Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee from Havana; April 19. the adoption by Congress of concurrent resolutions declaring Cuba independent and directing the President to use the land and naval forces of the United States to put an end to Spanish authority in the island; April 20, the sending to the Spanish Government, by the Presi- dent, of an ultimatum in accordance with ihis act; April 21, the delivery to Minister Woodford, at Madrid, of his passports without waiting for the presentation of the ultimatum, with the departure of the Spanisli Minister from Washing- ton ; April 23, the issue of a call by the President for 125,000 volunters; April 24, the final declara- tion of war by Spain ; April 25, the adoption by Congress of a resolution declaring that war had existed from April 21 ; on the same date an order to Admiral Dewey, in command of the Asiatic Squadron at Hongkong, to sail for Manila with a view to investing that city and blockading Philippine ports. The chief events subsequent to the declaration of war embraced the following; May 1, the destruction by Admiral Dewey's squadron of the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila; May 19, the arrival of the Spanish Admiral Cervera's fleet at Santiago de Cuba; Slay 25, a second call by the President for 75,000 volunteers; July 3, the attemjit of Cervera's fleet to escape, and its destruction off Santiago; July 17, the surrender of Santiago to the forces under General Shatter; July 30, the statement by the President, through the French Ambassador at Washington, of the terms on which the United States would consent to make peace ; August 9, acceptance of the peace terms by Spain, followed, three days later, by the signing of the peace protocol; September 9, the appointment by the President of Peace Commis- sioners on the part of the United States ; Sept. 18, the announcement of the Peace Commissioners selected by Spain ; October 1, the beginning of the Peace Conference by the representatives of the two powers, at Paris, and the formal signing, on December 10, of the peace treaty, including the recognition by Spain of tlie freedom of Cuba, with the transfer to the United States of Porto Rico and her other West India islands, together with the surrender of the Philippines for a con- sideration of $20,000,000. Seldom, if ever, in the history of nations have such vast and far-reaching results been accom- plished within so short a period. The war, which practically began with the destruction of the Spanish fleet in Manila Harbor — an event which aroused the enthusiasm of tlie whole American people, and won the respect and admiration of other nations — was practically ended by the surrender of Santiago and the declaration by the President of the conditions of peace just three months later. Succeeding HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 573 events, up to the formal signing of the peace treat}', were merely the recognition of results previously determined. History of Illinois Regiments. — The part played by Illinois in connection with these events may be briefly summarized in the history of Illi- nois regiments and other organizations. Under the first call of the President for 125,000 volun- teers, eight regiments — seven of infantry and one of cavalry — were assigned to Illinois, to which ■was subsequently added, on application through Governor Tanner, one battery of light artil- lery. The infantry regiments were made up of the Illinois National Guard, nimibered consecutively from one to seven, and were practically mobilized at their home stations within forty-eight hours from the receipt of the call, and began to arrive at Camp Tanner, near Springfield, the place of rendezvous, on April 26, the day after the issue of the Governor's calL The record of Illinois troops is conspicuous for the promptness of their response and the com- pleteness of their organization — in this respect being unsurpassed by those of any other State. Under the call of May 25 for an additional force of 75,000 men, the quota assigned to Illinois was two regiments, which were promptly furnished, taking the names of the Eighth and Ninth. The first of these belonged to the Illinois National Guard, as the regiments mustered in under the first call liad done, while the Ninth was one of a number of "Provisional Regiments" which had tendered their services to the Government. Some twenty-five other regiments of this class, more or less complete, stood ready to perfect their organi- zations should there be occasion for their serv- ices. The aggregate strength of Illinois organi- zations at date of muster out from the United States service was 13,280—11,789 men and 491 officers. First Regiment Ilunois Volunteers (orig- inally Illinois National Guard) was organized at Chicago, and mustered into the United States service at Camp Tanner (Springfield), under the command of Col. Henry L. Turner, May 13, 1898; left Springfield for Camp Tliomas (Chickamauga) May 17; assigned to First Brigade, Third Division, of the First Army Corps; started for Tampa, Fla., June 2, but soon after arrival there was transferred to Picnic Island, and assigned to provost duty in place of the First United States Infantry. On June 30 the bulk of the regiment embarked for Cuba, but was detained in the har- bor at Key West until July 5, when the vessel sailed for Santiago, arriving in Guantanamo Bay on the evening of the 8th. Disembarking on the 10th, the whole regiment arrived on the firing line on the 11th, spent several days and nights in the trenches before Santiago, and were present at the surrender of that city on the 17th. Two companies had previously been detached for the scarcely less perilous duty of service in the fever hospitals and in caring for tlieir wounded comrades. The next month was spent on guard duty in the captured city, until August 25, when, depleted in numbers and weakened by fever, the bulk of the regiment was transferred by hospital boats to Camp Wikoff, on Montauk Point, L. I. The members of the regi- ment able to travel left Camp Wikoff, September 8, for Chicago, arriving two days later, where they met an enthusiastic reception and were mustered out, November 17, 1,235 strong (rank and file)— a considerable number of recruits having joined the regiment just before leaving Tampa. The record of the First was conspicuous by the fact that it was the only Illinois regiment to see service in Cuba during the progress of actual hostiUties Before leaving Tampa some eighty members of tlie regiment were detailed for engineering duty in Porto Rico, sailed for that island on July 12, and were among the first to perform service there. The First suffered severely from yellow fever while in Cuba, but, as a regiment, while in the service, made a brilliant record, wliich was highly complimented in the official reports of its com- manding officers. Second Reglment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry (originally Second I. N. G.). This regi- ment, also from Chicago, began to arrive at Springfield, April 27, 1898 — at tliat time number- ing 1,202 men and 47 officers, under command of CoL George M. Moulton; was mustered in between May 4 and May 15; on May 17 started for Tampa, Fla., but en route its destination was changed to Jacksonville, where, as a part of the Seventh Army Corps, under command of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, it assisted in the dedication of Camp Cuba Libre. October 25 it was transferred to Savannah, Ga., remainingat "Camp Lee" until December 8, when two battalions embarked for Havana, landing on the 15th, being followed, a few days later, by the Third Battalion, and sta- tioned at Camp Columbia. From Dec. 17 to Jan. 11, 1899, Colonel Moulton served as Chief of Police for the city of Havana. On March 28 to 30 the regiment left Camp Columbia in detach- ments for Augusta, Ga., where it arrived April 5, and was mustered out, April 26, 1,051 strong (rank and file), and returned to Chicago. Dur- 574 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing its stay in Cuba the regiment did not lose a man. A history of tliis regiment lias been written bj- Rev. H. W. Bolton, its late Cliaplain. THffiD Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, composed of companies of the Illinois National Guard from the counties of La Salle. Livingston, Kane, Kankakee, McHenry, Ogle, Will, and Winnebago, under command of Col. Fred Bennitt, reported at Springfield, with 1,170 men and 50 officers, on April 27 ; was mustered in May 7, 1898; transferred from Springfield to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), May 14: on July 22 left Chickamauga for Porto Rico ; on the 28th sailed from Newport News, on the liner St. Louis, arriving at Ponce, Porto Rico, on July 31 ; soon after disembarking captured Arroyo, and assisted in the capture of Guayama, which was the beginning of General Brooke's advance across the island to San Juan, when intelligence was received of the signing of the peace protocol by Spain. From August 13 to October 1 the Third continued in the performance of guard duty in Porto Rico; on October 23, 986 men and 39 offi- cers took transport for home by way of New York, arriving in Chicago, November 11, the several companies being mustered out at their respective home stations. Its strength at final muster-out was 1,273 men and officers. This regiment had the distinction of being one of the first to see service in Porto Rico, but suffered severely from fever and other diseases during the three months of its stay in the island. Fourth Illinois Volunteer Inf.a.ntry, com- posed of companies from Champaign, Coles, Douglas, Edgar, Effingham, Fayette, Jackson, Jeflierson, Slontgomery, Richland, and St. Clair counties; mustered into the service at Spring- field, May 20, under command of Col. Casimer Andel; started immediately for Tampa, Fla., but en route its destination was changed to Jackson- ville, where it was stationed at Camp Cuba Libre as a part of tlie Seventh Corjjs under command of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee; in October was transferred to Savannah, Ga., remaining at Camp Onward until about the first of January, when the regi- ment took ship for Havana. Here the regiment was stationed at Camp Columbia until April 4, 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out at Camp Mackenzie (Augusta), May 2, the companies returning to their respective home stations. During a part of its stay at Jacksonville, and again at Savannah, the regi- ment was employed on guard duty. While at Jacksonville Colonel Andel was suspended by court-martial, and finally tendered his resigna- tion, his place being supplied by Lieut. -Col. Eben Swift, of the Ninth. Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry was the first regiment to report, and was mustered in at Springfield, May 7, 1898, under command of Col. James S. Culver, being finally composed of twelve companies from Pike, Chris- tian, Sangamon, McLean, Montgomery, Adams, Tazewell, Macon, Morgan, Peoria, and Fulton counties; on May 14 left Springfield for Camp Thomas (Chickamauga, Ga. ), being assigned to the command of General Brooke ; August 3 left Chickamauga for Newport News, Va., with the expectation of embarking for Porto Rico — a previous order of July 26 to the same purport having been countermanded; at Ne^vport News embarked on the transport Obdam, but again the order was rescinded, and, after remaining on board thirty-six hours, the regiment was disem- barked. The next move was made to Lexington. Ky., where the regiment — having lost hope of reaching "the front" — remained until Sept 5, when it returned to Springfield for final muster- out. This regiment was composed of some of the best material in the State, and anxious for active service, but after a succession of disappoint- ments, was compelled to return to its home sta- tion without meeting the enemy. After its arrival at Springfield the regiment was furloughed for thirty days and finallj' mustered out, October 16, numbering 1,213 men and 47 officers. Sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, consisting of twelve companies from the counties of Rock Island, Knox, Whiteside, Lee, Carroll, Stephenson, Henry, Warren, Bureau, and Jo Daviess, was mustered in May 11, 1898, under command of Col. D. Jack Foster ; on May 17 left Springfield for Camp Alger, Va. ; July 5 the .regiment moved to Charleston, S. C, where a part embarked for Siboney, Cuba, but the whole regiment was soon after united in General Miles' expedition for the invasion of Porto Rico, landing at Guanico on July 2.5, and advancing into the interior as far as Adjunta and Utuado. After several weeks' service in the interior, the regiment returned to Ponce, and on September 7 took transport for the return home, arrived at Springfield a week later, and was mustered out November 25, the regiment at that time consist- ing of 1,239 men and 49 officers. Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry (known as the "Hibernian Rifles"). Two battalions of this regiment reported at Spring, field, April 27, with 33 officers and 765 enlisted men, being afterwards increased to the maxi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 575 mum ; was miistered into the United States serv- ice, under command of Col. JIarciis Kavanagh, 5Iay 18, 1898; on May 28 started for Camp Alger, Va. ; was afterwards encamped at Thoroughfare Gap and Camp Meade ; on September 9 returned to Springfield, was furloughed for thirty days, and mustered out, October 20, numbering 1,260 men and 49 officers. Like the Fifth, the Seventh saw no actual service in the field. Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry (col- ored regiment), mustered into the service at Springfield under the second call of the Presi- dent, July 23, 1898, being composed wholly' of Afro- Americans under officers of their own race, with Col. John R. Marshall in command, the muster-roll showing 1,195 men and 76 officers. The six companies, from A to F, were from Chi- cago, the other five being, respectively, from Bloomington, Springfield, Quincy, Litchfield, Mound City and Metropolis, and Cairo. The regiment having tendered their services to relieve the First Illinois on duty at Santiago de Cuba, it started for Cuba, August 8, by way of New York ; immediately on arrival at Santiago, a week later, was assigned to duty, but subse- quently transferred to San Luis, where Colone, Marshall was made military governor. The major part of the regiment remained here until ordered home early in March, 1899, arrived at Chicago, March lo, and was mustered out, April 3, 1,226 strong, rank and file, having been in service nine months and six days. Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry was organized from the counties of Southern Illinois, and mustered in at Springfield under the second call of the President, July 4-11, 1898, under com- mand of Col. James R. Campbell; arrived at Camp Cuba Libre (Jacksonville, Fla.), August 9; two months later was transferred to Savannah, Ga. ; was moved to Havana in December, where it remained until May, 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out there, May 20, 1899, at that time consisting of 1,09.5 men and 46 officers. From Augusta the several companies returned to their respective home stations. The Ninth was the only "Provisional Regiment" from Illinois mustered into the service during the war, the other regiments all belonging to the National Guard. F^RST Illinois Cavalry was organized at Chi- cago immediately after the President's first call, seven companies being recruited from Chicago, two from Bloomington, and one each from Springfield. Elkhart, and Lacon; was mustered in at Springfield, May 21, 1898, under command of Col. Edward C. Young; left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 30, remaining there until August 24, when it returned to Fort Sheridan, near Chicago, where it was stationed until October 11, when it was mustered out, at that time con- sisting of 1,158 men and 50 officers. Although the regiment saw no active service in the field, it established an excellent record for itself in respect to discipline. First Engineering Corps, consisting of 80 men detailed from the First Illinois Volunteers, were among the first Illinois soldiers to see serv- ice in Porto Rico, accompanying General Miles' expedition in the latter part of July, and being engaged for a time in the construction of bridges in aid of the intended advance across the island. On September 8 they embarked for the return home, arrived at Chicago, September 17, and were mustered out November 20. Battery A (I. N. G.), from Danville, 111., was mustered in under a special order of the War Department, May 12, 1898, under command of Capt. Oscar P. Yaeger, consisting of 118 men; left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 19, and, two months later, joined in General Miles' Porto Rico expedition, landing at Guanico on August 3, and taking part in the affair at Gua yama on the 12th. News of peace having been received, the Battery returned to Ponce, where it remained until September 7, when it started on the return home by way of New York, arrived at Danville, September 17, was furloughed for sixty days, and mustered out November 25. Tlie Battery was equipped with modern breech-load- ing rapid-firing guns, operated by pi-actical artil- lerists and prepared for effective service. N.WAL Reser%'es. — One of the earliest steps taken by the Government after it became ap- parent that hostilities could not be averted, was to begin preparation for strengthening the naval arm of the service. The existence of the "Naval Militia," first organized in 1893, placed Illinois in an exceptionally favorable position for making a prompt response to the call of the Government, as well as furnishing a superior class of men for service — a fact evidenced during the operations in the West Indies. Gen. Jolin McXulta, as head of the local committee, was active in calling the attention of the Navy Department to the value of the service to be rendered by this organization, which resulted in its being enlisted practically as a body, taking the name of "Naval Reserves" — all but eighty -eight of the number passing the physical examination, the places of these beirg promptly filled by new recruits. The first de- 576 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tachment of over 200 left Chicago May 2, under the command of Lieut. -Com. John M. Hawley, followed soon after by the remainder of the First Battalion, making the whole number from Chi- cago 400, with 267, constituting the Second Bat- talion, from other towns of the State. The latter was made up of 147 men from Moline, 58 from Quincy, and 62 from Alton — making a total from the State of 667. This does not include others, not belonging to this organization, who enlisted for service in the navy during the war, which raised the whole number for the State over 1,000. The Reserves enlisted from Illinois occupied a diflferent relation to the Government from that of the "naval militia" of other States, which retained their State organizations, while those from Illinois were regularly mustered into the United ^States service. The recruits from Illinois were embarked at Key West, Norfolk and New York, and distributed among fifty-two different vessels, including nearly every vessel belonging to the North Atlantic Squadron. They saw serv- ice in nearly every department from the position of stokers in the hold to that of gunners in the turrets of the big battleships, the largest number (60) being assigned to the famous battleship Ore- gon, while the cruiser Yale followed with 47 ; the Harvard with Z5; Cincinnati, 27; Yankton, 19; Franklin, 18 ; Montgomery and Indiana, each, 17 ; Hector, 14; Marietta, 11; Wilmington and Lan- caster, 10 each, and others down to one each. Illinois sailors thus had the privilege of partici- pating in the brilliant affair of July 3, which resulted in the destruction of Cervera's fleet off Santiago, as also in nearly every other event in the West Indies of less importance, without the loss of a man while in the service, although among the most exposed. They were mustered out at different times, as they could be spared from the service, or the vessels to which they •were attached went out of commission, a portion serving out their full term of one year. The Reserves from Chicago retain their organization under the name of "Naval Reserve Veterans," with headquarters in the Masonic Temple Build- ing, Chicago. WARD, James H., ex-Congressman, was born in Chicago, Nov. 30, 18.53, and educated in tlie Chicago public schools and at the Universitj' of Notre Dame, graduating from the latter in 1873. Three years later he graduated from the Union College of Law, Chicago, and was admitted to the bar. Since then he has continued to practice his profession in his native city. In 1879 he was elected Supervisor of the town of West Chicago, and, in 1884, was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket, and tlie same year, was the successful candidate of his party for Congress in the Third Illinois District, serv- ing one term. WI>NEBAGO INDI.VXS, a tribe of the Da cota, or Sioux, stock, wliich at one time occupied a part of Northern Illinois. The word Winne- bago is a corruption of the French Ouinebe- goutz, Ouimbegouc, etc., the diphthong "ou" taking the place of the consonant "w," which is wanting in the French alphabet. These were, in turn, French misspellings of an Algonquin term meaning "fetid," which the latter tribe applied to the Winnebagoes because they had come from the western ocean — the salt (or "fetid") water. In their advance towards the East the Winnebagoes early invaded the country of the Illinois, but were finally driven north- ward by the latter, who surpassed them in num- bers rather than in bravery. The invaders settled in Wisconsin, near the Fox River, and here they were first visited by the Jesuit Fathers in the seventeenth century. (See Jesuit Rela- tions.) The Winnebagoes are commonly re- garded as a Wisconsin tribe; yet, that they claimed territorial rights in Illinois is shown by the fact that the treaty of Prairie du Chien (August 1, 1829), alludes to a Winnebago village located in what is now Jo Daviess County, near the mouth of the Pecatonica River. While, as a rule, the tribe, if left to itself, was disposed to live in amity with the whites, it was carried away by the eloquence and diplomacy of Tecumseh and the cajoleries of "The Prophet."' General Harrison especially alludes to the brav- ery of the Winnebago warriors at Tippecanoe' which he attributees in part, however, to a super- stitious faith in "The Prophet." In June or July, 1827, an unprovoked and brutal outrage by the whites upon an imoffending and practically defenseless party of Winnebagoes, near Prairie du Chien brought on what is known as the 'Winnebago War." (See Winnebago ll'ar.) The tribe took no part in the Black Hawk War, largely because of the great influence and slirewd tactic of their chief, Naw-caw. By treaties executed in 1832 and 1837 the Winnebagoes ceded to the United States all their lands lying ea.st of the Jlississippi. Thej* were finally removed west of that river, and, after many shiftings of loca- tion, were placed upon the Omaha Reservation in Eastern Nebraska, where their industry, thrift and peaceable disposition elicited higli praise from Government officials. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 577 WARNER, Vespasian, lawyer and Member of Congress, was born in De Witt County. 111. , April 23, 1842, and has lived all his life in his native county — his present residence being Clinton. After a short course in Lombard University, while studying law in the office of Hon. Law- rence Weldon. at Clinton, he enlisted as a private soldier of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, in June, 1861, serving until July, 1866, when he was mustered out with the rank of Captain and brevet Major. He received a gunshot wound at Shiloh, but continued to serve in the Army of the Tennessee imtil the evacuation of Atlanta, when he was ordered North on account of dis abilit}'. His last service was in fighting Indians on the plains. After the war he completed his law studies at Harvard Universitj", graduating in 1868, when he entered into a law partnership with Clifton H. Moore of Clinton. He served as Judge- Advocate General of the Illinois National Guard for several years, with the rank of Colonel. under the administrations of Governors Hamil- ton, Oglesby and Fifer, and, in 1894, was nomi- nated and elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Thirteenth District, being re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the Fiftj'-fifth Congress, Mr. Warner was a mem- ber of the Committees on Agi'iculture and Invalid Pensions, and Chairman of the Committee on Revision of the Laws. WARREN, a village in Jo Daviess County, at intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways, 26 miles west-northwest of Freeport and 27 miles east by north of Galena. The surrounding region is agricultural and stock-raising ; there are also lead mines in the vicinity. Tobacco is grown to some extent. Warren has a flouring mill, tin factory, creamery and stone quarries, a State bank, water supply from artesian wells, fire department, gas plant, two weekly newspapers, five churches, a high school, an academy and a public library. Pop. (1890V 1,172; (1900), 1,.327. WARREX, Calvin A., lawyer, was born in Essex County, N. Y. , June 3. 1807; in his youth, worked for a time, as a typographer, in the office of '"The Northern Spectator,'" at Poultney, Vt., side by side with Horace Greeley, afterwards the founder of "The New York Tribune." Later, he became one of the publishers of "The Palladiimi" at Ballston, N. Y., but, in 1832, removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, where he began the study of law, completing his course at Tran.syl- vania University, Ky., in 1834, and beginning practice at. Batavia, Ohio, as the partner of Thomas Morris, then a United States Senator from Ohio, whose daughter he married, thereby becoming the brother-in-law of the late Isaac N. Morris, of Quincy, 111. In 1836, Mr. Warren came to Quincy, Adams County, 111 , but soon after removed to W^arsaw in Hancock County, where he resided until 1839, when he returned to Quincy. Here he continued in practice, either alone or as a partner, at different times, of sev- eral of the leading attorneys of that city. Although he held no office except that of Master in Chancery, which he occupied for some sixteen years, the possession of an inexliaustible fund of humor, with strong practical sense and decided ability as a speaker, gave liim great popularity at the bar and upon the stump, and made him a recognized leader in the ranks of the Democratic party, of which he was a life-long member. He .served as Presidential Elector on the Pierce ticket in 1852, and was the nominee of his party for the same position on one or two other occa- sions. Died, at Quincy, Feb. 22, 1881. WARRE\, Hooper, jnoneer journalist, was born at Walpole, N. H., in 1790; learned the print- er's trade on the Rutland (Vt.) "Herald"; in 1814 went to Delaware, whence, three years later, he emigrated to Kentucky, working for a time on a paper at Frankfort. In 1818 he came to St. Louis and worked in the office of the old "Mis- souri Gazette" (the predecessor of "The Repub- lican"), and also acted as the agent of a lumber company at Cairo, III., when the whole popula- tion of that place consisted of one family domi- ciled on a grounded flat-boat. In March. 1819, he established, at Edwardsville, the third paper in Illinois, its predecessors being "Tlie Illinois Intelligencer," at Kaskaskia, and "The Illinois Emigrant," at Shawneetown. The name given to the new paper was "The Spectator,"' and the contest over the effort to introduce a pro-slavery clause in the State Constitution soon brought it into prominence. Backed by Governor Coles, Congressman Daniel P. Cook. Judge S. D. Lock- wood, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge Wm. H. Brown (afterwards of Chicago). George Churchill and other opponents of slavery, "The Spectator" made a sturdy fight in opposition to the scheme, which ended in defeat of the measure by the rejection at the polls, in 1824, of the proposition for a Constitutional Convention. Warren left the Edwardsville paper in 1825, and was. for a time, associated with "The National Crisis," an anti-slavery paper at Cincinnati, but soon re- turned to Illinois and established "The Sangamon Spectator"" — the first paper ever published at the 578 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. present State capital. This he sold out in 1839, and, for the next tliree years, was connected with "The Advertiser and Upper Mississippi Her- ald," at Galena. Abandoning this field in 1832, he removed to Hennepin, where, within the next five years, he held the offices of Clerk of the Cir- cuit and County Commis.sioners" Courts and ex ofRcio Recorder of Deeds. In 1836 he began the publication of the tliird paper in Chicago — "The Commercial Advertiser" (a weeklj') — wliich was continued a little more than a year, wlien it was abandoned, and he settled on a farm at Henry. Marshall County. His further newspaper ven- tures were, as the associate of Zebina Eastman, in the publication of "The Genius of Liberty," at Lowell, La Salle County, and "The Western Citizen" — afterwards "The Free West" — in Chi- cago. (See Eastman, Zebina, and Lundy, Ben- jamin.) On the discontinuance of "The Free West" in 1856. he again retired to his farm at Henry, where he spent the remainder of his days. While returning home from a visit to Chicago, in August, 1864, he was taken ill at Mendota, dying there on the 32d of the month. WARREN, John Esaias, diplomatist and real- estate operator, was born in Troy, N. Y., in 1836, graduated at Union College and was connected with the American Legation to Spain during the administration of President Pierce ; in 1859-60 was a member of the Minnesota Legislature and, in 1861-63, Mayor of St. Paul; in 1867, came to Chicago, where, while engaged In real-estate business, he became known to the press as the author of a series of articles entitled "Topics of the Time." In 1886 he took up his residence in Brussels, Belgium, wliere he died, July 6, 1896. Mr. Warren was author of several volumes of travel, of which "An Attache in Spain" and "Para" are most important. WARREN COUNTY. A western county, created by act of the Legislature, in 1825, but not fully organized until 1830, having at tliat time about 350 inhabitants ; has an area of 540 square miles, and was named for Gen. Joseph Warren. It is drained by the Henderson River and its affluents, and is traversed by the Chicago, Bur- lington Sz Quincy (two divisions), the Iowa Central and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroads. Bituminous coal is mined and lime- stone is quarried in large quantities. The countj-'s early development was retarded in consequence of having become the "seat of war," during the Black Hawk War. The principal products are grain and live-stock, although manufacturing is carried on to some extent. The county-seat and chief city is Monmouth (which see). Roseville is a shipping point. Population (1880), 32,938. (1890), 21,381; (1900), 23,163. WARRENSBURG, a town of Macon County, on Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railway, 9 miles northwest of Decatur; has elevators, canning factory, a bank and newspaper. Pop. (1900), 503. WARSAW, the largest town in Hancock County, and admirably situated for trade. It stands on a bluff on tlie Jlississippi River, some three miles below Keokuk, and about 40 miles above Quincy. It is the western terminus of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, and lies 116 miles west-southwest of Peoria. Old Fort Edwards, established by Gen. Zachary Taylor, during the War of 1812, was located within the limits of the present city of Warsaw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines River. An iron foundry, a large woolen mill, a plow factory and cooperage works are its principal manufac- turing establishments. The channel of the Missis- sippi admits of the passage of the largest steamers up to this point. Warsaw has eight churches, a system of common schools comprising one high and three grammar schools, a National bank and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 3,105j (1890), 2,721; (1900), 2,335. WASHBURN, a village of Woodford County, on a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railway 35 miles northeast of Peoria; has banks and a weekly paper ; the district is agricultural. Popu- lation (1890), 598; (1900), 703. WASHBURNE, Elihu Benjamin, Congressman and diplomatist, was born at Livermore, Maine, Sept. 23, 1816; in early life learned the trade of a printer, but graduated from Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1840. Coming west, he settled at Galena, forming a partnership with Cliarles S. Hempstead, for the practice of law, in 1841. He was a stalwart Whig, and, as such, was elected to Congress in 1852. He con- tinued to represent his District until 1869, taking a prominent position, as a Republican, on the organization of that party. On account of his long service he was known as the "Father of the House," administering the Speaker's oath three times to Scliuyler Colfax and once to James G. Blaine. He was appointed Secretary of State by General Grant in 1869, but surrendered his port- folio to become Envoy to France, in wliich ca- pacity he achieved great distinction. He was the only official representative of a foreign govern- ment who remained in Paris, during the siege of that city by the Germans (1870-71) and the reign of the "Commune." For his conduct he was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 57'.' honored by the Governments of France and Ger- many alike. On his return to the United States, he made his home in Chicago, where he devoted his latter years chiefly to literary labor, and where he died, Oct. 22, 1887. He was strongly favored as a candidate for the Presidency in 1880. WASHINGTON, a city in Tazewell County, situated at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe, and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads. It is 21 miles west of EI Paso, and 13 miles east of Peoria. Carriages, plows and farming implements con- stitute the manufactured output. It is also an important shipping-point for farm products. It lias electric light and water-works plants, eight churches, a graded school, two banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,301; (1900), 1,451. WASHINGTON COUNTY, an interior county of Southern Illinois, east of St Louis ; is drained by the Kaskaskia River and the Elkhorn, Beaucoup and Muddy Creeks; was organized in 1818, and has an area of 540 square miles. The surface is diversified, well watered and timbered. The soil is of variable fertility. Corn, wheat and oats are the chief agricultural products. Manu- facturing is carried on to some extent, among the products being agricultural implements, flour, carriages and wagons. The most impor- tant town is Nashville, which is also the county- seat. Population (1890), 19,262; (1900), 19,526. Washington was one of the fifteen counties into which Illinois was divided at the organization of the State Government, being one of the last three created during the Territorial period — the other two being Franklin and Union. WASHINGTON HEIGHTS, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 12 miles southwest of Chicago; has a graded school, female seminary, military scliool, a car factory, several churches and a newspaper. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1890. WATAGA, a village of Knox County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 8 miles northeast of Galesburg. Population (1900), 545, WATERLOO, the county-seat and chief town of Monroe County, on the Illinois Division of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 24 miles east of south from St. Louis. The region is chiefly agricultural, but underlaid with coal. Its industries embrace two flour mills, a plow factory, distillery, cream- ery, two ice plants, and some minor concerns. The city has municipal water and electric light plants, four churches, a graded school and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,860; (1900), 2,114. WATERMAN, Arba Nelson, lawyer and jurist, was born at Greensboro, Orleans County. Vt., Feb. 3, 1836. After receiving an academic edu- cation and teaching for a time, he read law at MontpeUer and, later, passed through the Albany Law School. In 1861 he was admitted to the bar, removed to Joliet, 111., and opened an office. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the One Hun- dredth Illinois Volunteers, serving with the Army of the Cumberland for two years, and being mustered out in August, 1864, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. On leaving the army. Colonel Waterman commenced practice in C4iicago. In 1873-74 he represented the Eleventh Ward in the City Council. In 1887 he was elected to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court, and was re-elected in 1891 and, again, in 1897. In 1890 he was assigned as one of the Judges of the Appellate Court. W-ATSEKA, the county-seat of Iroquois County, situated on the Iroquois River, at tlie mouth of Sugar Creek, and at the intersection of the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads, 77 miles south of Chicago, 46 miles north of Danville and 14 miles east of Oilman. It has flour-mills, brick and tile works and foundries, besides several churches, banks, a graded school and three weekly newspapers. Artesian well water is obtained by boring to the depth of 100 to 160 feet, and some forty flowing streams from these shafts are in the place. Popu- lation (1890), 2,017; (1900), 2,505. WATTS, Amos, jurist, was born in St. Clair County, III., Oct. 25, 1821, but removed to Wash- ington County in bojhood, and was elected County Clerk in 1847, '49 and '53, and State's Attorney for the Second Judicial District in 1856 and '60 ; then became editor and proprietor of a news- paper, later resuming the practice of law, and, in 1873, was elected Circuit Judge, remaining in office until his death, at Nashville, III Dec. 6, 1888. WAUKEGAN, the county-seat and principal city of Lake County, situated on tlie shore of Lake Michigan and on the Chicago & North- western Railroad, about 36 miles north by we.st from Chicago, and 50 miles south of Milwaukee; is also the northern terminus of the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railroad and connected by electric lines with Chicago and Fox Lake. Lake Michigan is about 80 miles wide opposite this point. Waukegan was first known as "Little Fort," from the remains of an old fort that stood on its site. The principal pait of tlie city is built on a bluff, which rises abruptly to the height of about 680 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. fifty feet. Between the bluff and the shore is a flat tract about 400 yards wide which is occupied by gardens, dwellings, warehouses and manu- factories. Tlie manufactures include steel-wire, refined sugar, scales, agricultural implements, brass and iron products, sash, doors and blinds, leather, beer, etc. i tlie city has paved streets, gas and electric light plants, three banks, eight or ten churches, graded and high schools and two newspapers. A large trade in grain, lumber, coal and dairy products is carried on. Pop. (1890), 4,915; (1900), 9,436. WAUKEGAN & SOUTHWESTERN RAIL- WAY. (See Elgin, Joliet d- Eastern Hailicciy.) AVAA'ERLY, a city in Morgan County, 18 miles southeast of Jacksonville, on the Jacksonville & St. Louis and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroads. It was originally settled by enter- prising emigrants from New England, whose descendants constitute a large proportion of tlie population. It is tlie center of a rich agricultural region, has a fine graded school, six or seven churches, two banks, two newspapers and tile works. Population (1880), 1,124; (1890), 1,337; (1900). 1,573. WAYNE, ((Jen.) Anthony, soldier, was born in Chester County, Pa., Jan. 1, 1745, of Anglo-Irish descent, graduated as a Surveyor, and first prac- ticed his profession in Nova Scotia. During the years immediately antecedent to the Revolution he was prominent in the colonial councils of his native State, to which he had returned in 1767, where he became a member of the "Committee of Safety." On June 3. 1776, he was commissioned Colonel of the Fourtli Regiment of Pennsylvania troops in the Continental army, and, dui-ing the War of the Revolution, was conspicuous for liis courage and ability as a leader. One of his most daring and successful acliievements was the cap- ture of Stony Point, in 1779, when — the works having been carried and Wayne having received, what was supposed to be, his death-wound — he entered tlie fort, supported by his aids. For this service he was awarded a gold medal by Con- gi'ess. He also took a conspicuous part in the investiture and capture of Yorktown. In October, 1788, he was brevetted Major-General. In 1784 he was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature. A few years later he settled in Georgia, which State he represented in Congress for seven months, when his seat was declared vacant after contest. In April, 1792, he was confirmed as General-in-Chief of the United States Army, on nomination of President Washington. His con- nection with Illinois history began shortly after St. Clair's defeat, when he led a force into Ohio (1783) and erected a stockade at Greenville, which he named Fort Recovery ; hia object being to subdue the hostile savage tribes. In this he was eminently successful and, on August 3, 1793, after a victorious campaign, negotiated the Treaty of Greenville, as broad in its provisions as it was far-reaching in its influence. He was a daring fighter, and although Washington called him "prudent," his dauntlessness earned for him the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony." In matters of dress he was punctilious, and, on this account, he was sometimes dubbed "Dandy Wayne. ' He was one of the few white oflBcers whom all the Western Indian tribes at once feared and re- spected. They named him "Black Snake" and "Tornado." He died at Presque Isle near Erie, Dec. 15, 1796. Thirteen years afterward his remains were removed by one of his sons, and interred in Badnor churchyard, in his native count}'. The Pennsylvania Historical Society erected a marble monument over his grave, and appropriately dedicated it on July 4 of the same year. WAYNE COUNTY, in the southeast quarter of the State ; has an area of 720 square miles ; was organized in 1819, and named for Gen. Anthony Wayne. The county is watered and drained bj- tlie Little Wabash and its branches, notably the Skillet Fork. At the first election held in the count}', only fifteen votes were cast. Early life was exceedingly primitive, the first settlers poimding corn into meal with a wooden pestle, a hollowed stump being used as a mortar. The first mill erected (of the antique South Carolina pattern) charged 25 cents per bushel for grinding. Prairie and woodland make up the surface, and tlie soil is fertile. Railroad facilities are furnished by the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis and the Baltimore & Ohio (Southwestern) Railroads. Corn, oats, tobacco, wheat, hay and wool are the chief agricultural products. Saw mills are numer- ous and there are also carriage and wagon facto- ries. Fairfield is the county-seat. Population (18.S0), 21,291; (1890), 23,806; (1900), 27,626. WEAS, THE, a branch of the Miami tribe of Indians. They called themselves "We-wee- hahs," and were spoken of by the French as "Oui- at-anons" and "Oui-as. " Other corruptions of the name were common among the British and American colonists. In 1718 they had a village at Chicago, but abandoned it through fear of their hostile neighbors, the Chippewas and Potta- watomies. The Weas were, at one time, brave and warlike ; but their numbers were reduced by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 081 constant warfare and disease, and, in the end, debauchery enervated and demoralized them. They were removed west of the Mississippi and given a reservation in Miami County, Kan. This they ultimately sold, and, under the leadership of Baptiste Peoria, united with their few remain- ing brethren of the Miamis and with the remnant of the Ill-i-ni under the title of the "confederated tribes," and settled in Indian Territory. (See also Mia m is : Pia n kesli a ics.) WEBB, Edwin B., early lawyer and politician, was born about 1802, came to the vicinity of Carmi, White County, III, about 1828 to 1830, and, still later, studied law at Transylvania Uni- versity. He held the office of Prosecuting Attorney of White Count}", and, in 1834. was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly, serving, by successive re-elections, until 18-12, and. in the Senate, from 1842 to '46. During his service in the House he was a col- league and political and personal friend of Abraham Lincoln. He opposed the internal improvement scheme of 1837, predicting many of the disasters wliich were actuallj- realized a few j-ears later. He was a candidate for Presi- dential Elector on the Whig ticket, in 1844 and '48, and, in 18.52, received the nomination for Governor as the opponent of Joel A. Matteson, two years later, being an unsuccessful candidate for Justice of the Supreme Court in opposition to Judge W. B. Scates. While practicing law at Carmi, he was also a partner of his brother in the mercantile business. Died, Oct. 14. 1858. in the 56th year of liis age. TVEBB, Henry Living'ston, soldier and pioneer (an elder brother of James Watson Webb, a noted New York journalist), was born at Claverack, N. Y., Feb. 6, 1795; served as a soldier in the War of 1812, came to Southern Illinois in 1817, and became one of the founders of the town of America near the mouth of the Ohio; was Repre- sentative in the Fourth and Eleventh General Assemblies, a Major in the Black Hawk War and Captain of volunteers and, afterwards, Colonel of regulars, in the Mexican War. In 1860 he went to Texas and served, for a time, in a semi-mili- tary capacity under the Confederate Govern- ment; returned to Illinois in 1869, and died, at Makanda. Oct. 5, 1876. WEBSTER, Fletcher, lawyer and soldier, was bom at Portsmouth, N. H., July 23, 1813; gradu- ated at Harvard in 1833, and studied law with his father (Daniel Webster) ; in 1837, located at Peru, 111., where he practiced three years. His father having been appointed Secretary of State in 1841, the son became his private secretary, was also Secretary of Legation to Caleb Gushing (Minister to China) in 1843, a member of the Massachusetts Legislature in 1847, and Surveyor of the Port of Boston, 1850-61 ; the latter year became Colonel of the Twelfth Massachusetts Volunteers, and was killed in the second battle of Bull Run, August 30. 1862. WEBSTER, Joseph Daua, civil engineer and soldier, was born at Old Hampton, N. H., August 25, 1811. He graduated from Dart- mouth College in 1832, and afterwards read law at Newburyport, Mass. His natural incli- nation was for engineering, and, after serv- ing for a time in the Engineer and War offices, at Washington, was made a United States civil engineer (1835) and, on July 7, 1838, entered the army as Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. He served through the Mexican War, was made First Lieutenant in 1849, and promoted to a captaincy, in March, 1853. Thir- teen months later he resigned, removing to Chi- cago, where he made his permanent home, and soon after was identified, for a time, with the proprietorship of "'The Chicago Tribune." He was President of the commission that perfected the Chicago sewerage system, and designed and executed the raising of the grade of a large por- tion of the city from two to eight feet, whole blocks of buildings being raised by jack screws, while new foundations were inserted. At the outbreak of the Civil War he tendered his serv- ices to the Government and superintended the erection of the fortifications at Cairo, 111., and Paducah, Ky. On April 7, 1861, he was com- missioned Paymaster of Volunteers, with the rank of Major, and, in February, 1862, Colonel of the First Illinois Artillery. For several months he was chief of General Grant's staff, participat- ing in the capture of Forts Donelson and Henry, and in the battle of Shiloh, in the latter as Chief of Artillery. In October, 1862, the War Depart- ment detailed him to make a survey of the Illi nois & Michigan Canal, and. the following month, he was commissioned Brigadier-General of Volunteers, serving as Militarj- Governor of Mem- phis and Superintendent of military railroad.s. He was again chief of staff to General Grant during the Vicksburg campaign, and, from 1864 until the close of the war, occupied the same relation to General Sherman. He was brevetted Major-General of Volunteers, March 13, 1865, but, resigning Nov. 6. following, returned to Chicago, where he spent the remainder of his life. From 1869 to 1872 he was A.ssessor of Internal Revenue 682 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. there, and, later. Assistant United States Treas- urer, and, in July, 1872, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue. Died, at Chicago, Marcli 13, 1876. WELCH, William R., lawyer and jurist, was born in Jessamine Coimty, Ky., Jan. 22. 1828, educated at Transylvania University, Lexington, graduating from the academic department in 1847, and, from the law school, in 1851. In 1864 he removed to Carhnville, Macoupin County, 111., which place he made his permanent home. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth Circuit, and re-elected in 1879 and "85. In 1884 he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court for the Second District. Died. Sept. 1, 1888. WELUOX, Lawrence, one of the Judges of the United .States Court of Claims, Washington, D. C, was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, in 1829 ; while a child, removed with his parents to Madison County, and was educated in the com- mon schools, the local academy and at Wittenberg College, Springfield, in the same State; read law with Hon. R. A. Harrison, a jirominent member of the Ohio bar, and was admitted to practice in 1854, meanwhile, in 1852-53, having served as a clerk in the ofBce of the Secretary of State at Columbus. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, locat- ing at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he engaged in practice ; in 1860 was elected a Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly, was also chosen a Presidential Elector the same year, and assisted in the first election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency. Early in 1861 he resigned his seat in the Legislature to accept the position of United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, tendered him by President Lincoln, but resigned the latter office in 1866 and, the following year, removed to Bloomington, where he continued the practice of his profession until 1883, when he was appointed, by President Artluir, an Associate Justice of the United States Court of Claims at Washington — a position which he still (1899) continues to fill. Judge Weldon is among the remaining few who rode the circuit and practiced law with Mr. Lin- coln. From the time of coming to the State in 1854 to 1860, he was one of Mr. Lincoln's most intimate traveling companions in the old Eighth Circuit, which extended from Sangamon County on the west to Vermilion on the east, and of which Judge David Davis, afterwards of the Supreme Court of the United States and United States Senator, was the presiding Justice. The Judge holds in his memory many pleasant remi- niscences of that day, especially of the easter'j portion of the District, where he was accustomed to meet the late Senator Voorhees, Senator Mc- Donald and other leading lawyers of Indiana, as well as the historic men whom he met at the State capital. WELLS, Albert W., lawyer and legislator, was born at Woodstock, Conn., May 9, 1839, and enjoyed only such educational and other advan- tages as belonged to the average New England boy of that period. During his boyhood liis family removed to Xew Jersey, where lie attended an academy, later, graduating from Columbia College and Law School in New York Cit}-, and began practice with State Senator Robert Allen at Red Bank, N". J. During the Civil War he enlisted in a New Jersey regiment and took part in the battle of Gettysburg, resuming his profes- sion at the close of the war. Coming west in 1870, he settled in Quincy, 111., where he con- tinued practice. lu 1886 he was elected to the House of Representatives from Adams County, as a Democrat, and re-elected two years later. In 1890 he was advanced to the Senate, where, by reelection in 1894, he served continuously until his death in office, March 5, 1897. His abilities and long service — covering the sessions of the Thirty-fifth to the Fortieth General Assem- blies — placed him at the head of the Democratic side of the Senate during the latter part of his legislative career. WELLS, William, soldier and victim of the Fort Dearborn massacre, was born in Kentucky, about 1770. When a boy of 12, he was captured by the Miami Indians, whose chief. Little Turtle, adopted him, giving him his daughter in mar- riage when he grew to manhood. He was highly esteemed by the tribe as a warrior, and. in 1790, was present at the battle where Gen. Arthur St. Clair was defeated. He then realized that he was fighting against his own race, and informed his father-in-law that he intended to ally himself with the whites. Leaving the Miamis. he made his way to General Wayne, who made him Cap- tain of a company of scouts. After the treaty of Greenville (1795) he settled on a farm near Fort Wayne, where he was joined by his Indian wife. Here he acted as Indian Agent and Justice of the Peace. In 1812 he learned of the contemplated evacuation of Fort Dearborn, and, at the head of thirty Miamis, he set out for the post, his inten- tion being to furnish a body-guard to the non- combatants on their proposed march to Fort Wayne. On August 13. he marched out of the fort with fifteen of his duskv warriors behind HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 683 him, the remainder bringing up the rear. Before a mile and a half had been traveled, the party fell into an Indian ambuscade, and an indiscrimi- nate massacre followed. (See Fort Dearborn.) The Miamis fled, and Captain Wells' body was riddled with bullets, his head cvit off and his heart taken out. He was an uncle of Mrs. Heald, wife of the commander of Fort Dearborn. WELLS, William Harvey, educator, was born in Tolland, Conn., Feb. 27, 1813; lived on a farm until 17 years old, attending scliool irregularly, but made such progress that he became succes- sively a teacher in the Teachers' Seminary at Andoverand Newburyport, and, finally. Principal of the State Normal School at Westfield, Mass. In 1856 he accepted the position of Superintend- ent of Public Schools for the citj' of Chicago, serving till 1864, when he resigned. He was an organizer of the Massachusetts State Teachers' Association, one of the first editors of "The Massachusetts Teacher" and prominently con- nected with various benevolent, educational and learned societies ; was also author of several text- books, and assisted in the revision of "Webster's Unabridged Dictionary." Died, Jan. 21, 1885. WENONA, city on the eastern border of Mar- shall County, 20 miles south of La Salle, has zinc works, public and parochial schools, a weekly paper, two banks, and five churches. A good quality of soft coal is mined here. Popu- lation (1880)", 911; (1890), 1,0.53; (1900), 1,486. WENTWORTH, John, early journaUst and Congressman, was born at Sandwich, N. H., March 5, 1815, graduated from Dartmouth Col- lege in 1836, and came to Chicago the same year, where he became editor of "The Chicago Demo- crat, " which had been estabhshed by John Cal- houn three years previous. He soon after became proprietor of "The Democrat," of which he con- tinued to be the publisher until it was merged into "The Chicago Tribune," July 24, 1864. He also studied law, and was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1841. He served in Congress as a Demo- crat from 1843 to 1851, and again from 1853 to 1855, but left the Democratic party on the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. He was elected Mayor of Chicago in 1857, and again in 1860, during his incumbency introducing a number of important municipal reforms ; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and twice served on the Board of Education. He again represented Illinois in Congress as a Republican from 1865 to 1867 — making fourteen years of service in that body. In 1872 he joined in the Greelev movement, but later renewed his alle- giance to the Republican party. In 187i ;4r. Went- worth published an elaborate genealogical work in three volumes, entitled "History of the Went- worth Family." A volume of "Congressional Reminiscences" and two by him on "Early Oii- cago, " published in connection with the Fergus Historical Series, contain some valuable informa- tion on early local and national history. On account of his extraordinary height he received the sobriquet of "Long John," by which he was familiarly known throughout the State. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 16, 1888. WEST, Edward M., merchant and banker, was born in Virginia, May 2, 1814; came with his father to Illinois in 1818 ; in 1829 became a clerk in the Recorder's office at EdwardsviUe, also served as deputy postmaster, and, in 1833, took a position in the United States Land Office there. Two years later he engaged in mercantile busi- ness, wliich he prosecuted over thirty years — meanwhile filling the office of County Treasurer, ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, and Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1847. In 1867, in conjunction with W. R. Prickett, he established a bank at EdwardsviUe, with which he was con- nected until his death, Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. West officiated frequently as a "local preacher" of the Methodist Church, in which capacity he showed much ability as a public speaker. WEST, Mary Allen, educator and philanthro- pist, was born at Galesburg, 111., July 81, 1837; graduated at Knox Seminary in 1854 and taught until 1873, when she was elected County Super- intendent of Schools, serving niae years. She took an active and influential interest in educa- tional and reformatory movements, was for two years editor of "Our Home Monthly," in Phila- delphia, and also a contributor to other journals, besides being editor-in-chief of "The Union Sig- nal," Chicago, the organ of the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union — in which she held tlie position of President ; was also President, in the latter days of her life, of the Illinois AVoman's Press Association of Chicago, that city having become her home in 1885. In 1892, Miss West started on a tour of the world for the benefit of her health, but died at Tokio, Japan, Dec. 1, 1892. WESTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, an institution for the treatment of the insane, located at Watertown, Rock Island County, in accordance with an act of the General Assembly, approved. May 22, 1895. The Thirty-ninth Gen- eral Assembly made an appropriation of §100,000 for the erection of fire-proof buildings, while Rock Island County donated a tract of 400 acres 684 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of land valued at S40, 000. The site selected bj- the Commissioners, is a commanding one overlooking the Mississippi River, eight miles above Rock Island, and five and a half miles from Moline, and the buildings are of the most modern style of con- struction. Watertown is reached by two lines of railroad — the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy — besides the Mississippi River. The erection of buildings was begun in 1896, and they were opened for the reception of patients in 1898. They have a ca- pacity for 800 patients. WESTERN MILITARY ACADEMY, an insti tution located at Upper Alton, Madison County, incorporated in 1892; has a faculty of eight mem- bers and reports eighty pupils for 1897-98, with property valued at §70,000. The institution gives instruction in literary and scientific branches, besides preparatory and business courses. WESTERN NORMAL COLLEGE, located at Bushnell, McDonough County; incorporated in 1888. It is co-educational, has a corps of twelve instructors and reported 500 pupils for 1897-98, 300 males and 200 females. WESTERN SPRINGS, a village of Cook County, and residence suburb of tlie city of Chi- cago, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, 15 miles west of the initial station. Population (1890), 451; (1900), 662. WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, located in Chicago and controlled by the Protes- tant Episcopal Church. It was founded in 1883 through the munificence of Dr. Tolman Wheeler, and was opened for students two years later. It has two buildings, of a superior order of archi- tecture — one including the school and lecture rooms and the other a dormitorj-. A hospital and gymnasium are attached to the latter, and a school for boys is conducted on the first floor of the main building, which is known as Wheeler Hall. The institution is under the general super- vision of Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren, Protes- tant Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Illinois. WESTFIELD, village of Clark County, on Cin., Ham. & Dayton R. R., 10 ni. s.-e. of Charleston; seat of Westfield College: has a bank, five churches and two new.spapers. Pop. (1900). 830. WEST SALEM, a town of Edwards County, on the Peoria-Evansville Div. 111. Cent. R. R.. 13 miles northeast of Albion; has a bank and a weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 476; (1900), 700. WETHERELL, Emma Abbott, vocalist, was born in Chicago, D'ET, James W., pioneer lawyer and early teacher, known by the nickname of "Lord Coke"; came to Illinois in Territorial days (be- lieved to have been about 1800) ; resided for some time at or near Edwardsville, then became a teacher at Atlas, Pike County, and, stiU later, the first Circuit and County Clerk of that county. Though nominally a lawyer, he had little if any practice. He acquired the title, by which he was popularly known for a quarter of a century, by his custom of visiting the State Capital, during the sessions of the General Assembly, when he would organize the lobbyists and visit- ors about the capital — of which there were an unusual number in those days — into what was called the "Third House." Having been regu- larly chosen to preside under the name of "Speaker of the Lobby," he would deliver a mes- sage full of practical hits and jokes, aimed at members of the two houses and others, which would be received with cheers and laughter. The meetings of the "Third House," being held in the evening, were attended by many members and visitors in lieu of other forms of entertain- ment. Mr. Whitney's home, in his latter years. was at Pittsfield. He resided for a time at Quincy. Died, Dec. 13, 1860, aged over 80 years. WHITTEMORE, Floyd K., State Treasurer, is a native of New York, came at an early age, with his parents, to Sycamore, 111., where he was edu- cated in the high school there. He purposed becoming a lawyer, but, on the election of the late James H. Beveridge State Treasurer, in 1864, accepted the position of clerk in the office. Later, he was employed as a clerk in the banking liouse of Jacob Bunn in Springfield, and, on the organization of the State National Bank, was chosen cashier of that Institution, retaining the position some twenty years. After the appoint- ment of Hon. John R. Tanner to the position of Assistant Treasurer of the United States, at Chi- cago, in 1892, Mr. Whittemore became cashier in that office, and, in 1865, Assistant State Treas- rure under the administration of State Treasurer Henry Wulff. In 1898 he was elected State Treasurer, receiving a plurality of 43,450 over his Democratic opponent. WICKERSHAM, (CoL) Dudley, soldier and merchant, was born in Woodford County, Ky., Nov. 22, 1819; came to Springfield, 111., in 1843, and served as a member of the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volimteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) through the Mexican War. On the return of peace he engaged in the dry-goods trade in Springfield, until 1861, when he enlisted in the Tenth Regi- ment Illinois Cavalry, serving, first as Lieutenant- Colonel and then as Colonel, until May, 1864, when, his regiment having been consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, he resigned. After the war, he held the office of Assessor of Internal Revenue for several years, after which he en- gaged in the grocery trade. Died, in Springfield, August 8, 1898. WIDEN, Raphael, pioneer and early legislator, was a native of Sweden, who, having been taken to France at eight years of age, was educated for a Catholic priest. Coming to the United States in 1815, he was at Cahokia. 111., in 1818, where, during the same year, he married into a French family of that place. He served in the House of Representatives from Randolph County, in the Second and Third General Assemblies (1820-24), and as Senator in the Fourth and Fifth (1824-28). During his last term in the House, he was one of those who voted against the pro-slavery Con- vention resolution. He died of cholera, at Kas- kaskia, in 1833. WIKE, Scott, lawyer and ex-Congressman, was born at Meadville. Pa,, April 6. 1834; at 4 years of age removed with his parents to Quincy. 111., 588 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and, in 1844, to Pike County. Having graduated from Lombard University, Galesburg, in 1857, he began reading law with Judge O. C. Skinner of Quincy. He was admitted to the bar in 1858, but, before commencing practice, spent a year at Harvard Law School, graduating there in 1859. Immediately thereafter he opened an office at Pittsfield, 111., and has resided there ever since. In politics he has always been a strong Democrat. He served two terms in the Legislature (1863-67) and, in 1874, was chosen Representative from his District in Congress, being re-elected in 1888 and, again, in 1890. In 1893 he was appointed by President Cleveland Tliird Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, which position he continued to fill until March, 1897, when he resumed the practice of law at Pittsfield. Died Jan. 15, 1901 WILEY, (Col.) Benjamin Ladd, soldier, was born in Smithfield, Jefferson County, Ohio. March 25, 1821, came to Illinois in 1845 and began life at Vienna, Johnson County, as a teacher. In 1846 he enlisted for the Jlexican War. as a member of the Fifth (Colonel Newby's) Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serving chiefly in New Mexico until mustered out in 1848. A year later he removed to Jonesboro, where he spent some time at the carpenter's trade, after which he became clerk in a store, meanwhile assisting to edit "The Jonesboro Gazette" until 18.53; then became traveling salesman for a St. Louis firm, but later engaged in the hardware trade at Jonesboro, in which he continued for several years. In 1856 he was the Republican candidate for Congress for the Ninth District, receiving 4,000 votes, while Fremont, the Republican can- didate for President, received only 825 in the same district. In 1857 he opened a real estate office in Jonesboro in conjunction with David L. Phillips and Col. J. W. Ashley, with which he was connected until 1860, when he removed to Makanda, Jackson County. In September, 1861, he was mustered in as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, later serving in Missouri and Arkansas under Generals Steele and Curtiss, being, a part of the time, in command of the First Brigade of Cavalry, and, in the advance on Vicks- burg, having command of the right wing of General Grant's cavalry. Being disabled by rheumatism at the end of the siege, he tendered his resignation, and was immediately appointed Enrolling Officer at Cairo, serving in this capac- ity until May, 1865, when he was mustered out. In 1869 he was appointed by Governor Palmer one of the Commissioners to locate the Southern Illinois Hospital for the Insane, and served as Secretary of the Board until the institution wa": opened at Anna, in May, 1871. In 1869 he was defeated as a candidate for County Judge of Jackson County, and, in 1872, for the State Sen- ate, by a small majority in a strongly Democratic District; in 1876 was the Republican candidate for Congress, in the Eighteenth District, against William Hartzell, but was defeated by only twenty votes, while carrying six out of the ten counties comprising the District. In the latter years of his life. Colonel Wiley was engaged quite extensively in fruit-growing at Makanda, Jack- son County, where he died, March 22, 1890. WILKIE, Franc Bansrs, journalist, was born in Saratoga County, N. Y. , Jul}- 2, 1830; took a partial course at Union College, after which he edited papers at Schenectady, N. Y. , Elgin, 111., and Davenport and Dubuque, Iowa ; also serving, during a part of the Civil War, as the western war correspondent of "The New York Times." In 1863 he became an editorial writer on "The Chicago Times," remaining with that paper, with the exception of a brief interval, imtil 1888 — a part of the time as its European correspond- ent. He was the author of a series of sketches over the nom de plume of "Poliuto," and of a volume of reminiscences under the title, "Thirty-five Years of Journalism," published shortly before his death, which took place, April 12, 1892. WILKIN, Jacob W., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Licking County, Ohio, June 7, 1837 ; removed with his parents to Illinois, at 12 years of age, and was educated at McKendree College ; served three years in the War for the Union; studied law with Judge Scholfield and was admitted to the bar in 1866. In 1872, he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket, and, in 1879, elected Judge of the Circuit Court and reelected in 1885 — the latter year being assigned to the Appellate bench for the Fourth District, where he remained until his election to the Supreme bench in 1888, being re-elected to the latter office in 1897. His home is at Danville. WILKINSON, Ira 0., lawyer and Judge, was born in Virginia in 1822, and accompanied his father to Jacksonville (1835), where he was edu- cated. During a short .service as Deputy Clerk of Morgan County, he concei%'ed a fondness for the profession of the law, and, after a course of studj' under Judge William Thomas, was admitted to practice in 1847. Richard Yates (afterwards Gov- ernor and Senator) was his fii-st partner. In 1845 he removed to Rock Island, and, six vears later. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 089 was elected a Circuit Judge, being again closen to the same position in 1861. At the expiration of his second term he removed to Chicago. Died, at Jacksonville, August 24, 1894. WILKINSON, John P.. early merchant, was born, Dec. 14, 1790, in New Kent County, Va., emigrated first to Kentucky, and, in 1828, settled in Jacksonville, 111., where he engaged in mer- cantile business. Mr. Wilkinson was a liberal friend of Illinois College and Jacksonville Female Academy, of each of which he was a Trustee from their origin until his death, which occurred, during a business visit to St. Louis, in December, 1841. WILL, Conrad, pioneer physician and early legislator, was born in Philadelphia, June 4, 1778; about 1804 removed to Somerset County Pa., and, in 1813, to Kaskaskia, 111. He was a physician by profession, but having leased the saline lands on the Big Muddy, in the vicinity of what after- wards became the town of Brownsville, he engaged in the manufacture of salt, removing thither in 1815, and becoming one of the founders of Brownsville, afterwards the first county-seat of Jackson County. On the organization of Jackson County, in 1816, he became a member of the first Board of County Commissioners, and, in 1818, served as Delegate from that county in the Convention which framed the first State Consti- tution. Thereafter he served continuously as a member of the Legi.slature from 1818 to "34 — first as Senator in the First General Assembly, then as Representative in the Second, Tliird, Fourth and Fifth, and again as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth — his career being conspicuous for long service. He died in ofifice, June 11, 1834. Dr. Will was short of stature, fleshy, of jovial disposition and fond of playing practical jokes upon his associates, but very popular, as shown by his successive elections to the Legislature. He has been called "The Father of Jackson County." Will County, organized by act of the Legislature two years after his death, was named in his honor. WILL COUNTY, a northeastern county, em- bracing 850 square miles, named in honor of Dr. Conrad Will, an early politician and legislator. Early explorations of the territory were made in 1829, when white settlers were few. The bluff west of Joliet is said to have been first occupied by David and Benjamin Maggard, Joseph Smith, the Mormon "apostle," expounded his peculiar doctrines at "the Point" in 1831. Sev- eral of the early settlers fled from the country during (or after) a raid by the Sac Indians. There is a legend, seemingly well supported, to the effect that the first lumber, sawed to build the first frame house in Chicago (that of P. F. W. Peck), was sawed at Plainfield. Will County, originally a part of Cook, was separately erected in 1836, Joliet being made the county-seat. Agriculture, quarrying and manufacturing are the chief industries. Joliet, Lockport and Wil- mington are the principal towns. Population (1880), .'■)3.422; (1890), 62,007; (1900), 74,764. WILLARD, Frances Elizabeth, teacher and reformer, was born at Church ville, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1839. graduated from the Northwestern Female College at Evanston, 111., in 1859, and, in 1802, accepted the Professorship of Natural Sciences in that institution. During 1866-67 she was the Principal of the Genessee Wesleyan Seminary. The next two years she devoted to travel and study abroad, meanwhile contribut- ing to various periodicals. From 1871 to 1874 she was Professor of Esthetics in the Northwestern University and dean of the AVoman's College. She was always an enthusiastic champion of temperance, and, in 1874, abandoned her profes- sion to identify herself with the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union. For five years she was Corresponding Secretary of the national body, and, from 1879, its President. While Secretary she organized the Home Protective Association, and prepared a petition to the Illinois Legislature, to which nearly 200,000 names were attached, asking for the granting to women of the right to vote on the license question. In 1878 she suc- ceeded her brother, Oliver A. Willard (who had died), as editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," but, a few months later, withdrew, and, in 1882, was elected as a member of the executive com- mittee of the National Prohibition party. In 1886 she became leader of the White Cross Move- ment for the protection of women, and succeeded in securing favorable legislation, in this direc- tion, in twelve States. In 1883 she founded the World's Christian Temperance Union, and, in 1888, was chosen its President, as also President of the International Council of Women. The latter years of her life were spent chiefly abroad, much of the time as the guest and co-worker of Lady Henry Somerset, of England, during which she devoted much attention to investigating the condition of women in the Orient. Miss Willard was a prolific and highly valued contributor to the magazines, and (besides numerous pamphlets) published several volumes, including "Nineteen Beautiful Years" (a tribute to her sister); "Woman in Temperance"; "How to Win," and 590 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "Woman in the Pulpit.'' Died, in New York, Feb. 18, 1898. WILLARI), Samuel, A.M., M.D., LL.D., phy- sician and educator, was born in Lunenberg, Vt., Dec. 30, 1831 — the lineal descendant of Maj. Simon Willard, one of the founders of Concord, Mass., and prominent in "King Philip's War," and of his son, Rev. Dr. Samuel Willard, of the Old South Church. Boston, and seventh President of Harvard College. The subject of this sketch was taken in his infancy to Boston, and, in 1831, to Carrollton, 111. , where his father pursued the avocation of a druggist. After a preparatory course at Shui-tleff College, Upper Alton, in 1836 he entered the freshman class in Illinois College at Jacksonville, but withdrew the foUowiug year, re-entering college in 1840 and graduating in the class of 1843, as a classmate of Dr. Newton Bate- man, afterwards State Superintendent of Public Instruction and President of ICnox College, and Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, now of Elmira, N. Y. The next year he spent as Tutor in Illinois Col- lege, when he began the study of medicine at Quincy, graduating from the Medical Department of Illinois College in 1848. During a part of the latter j'ear he edited a Free-Soil campaign paper ("The Tribune") at Quincy, and, later, "The Western Temperance Magazine" at the same place. In 1849 ]ie began the practice of his pro- fession at St. Louis, but the next year removed to CoUinsville, III. , remaining until 1857, when he took charge of the Department of Languages in the newly organized State Normal University at Normal. The second year of the Civil War (1863) he enlisted as a private in the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon after commissioned as Suigeou with the rank of Major, participating in the campaigns in Tennessee and in the first attack upon Vicksburg. Being dis- abled by an attack of paralysis, in February, 1863, he was compelled to resign, when he had suffici- ently recovered accepting a position in the ofKce of Provost Marshal General Oakes, at Spring- field, where he remained until the close of the war. He then became Grand Secretary of the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows for the State of Illinois — a position which he had held from 1856 to 1863 — remaining under his second appoint- ment from 1865 to "69. The next year he served as Superintendent of Schools at Springfield, meanwhile assisting in founding the Springfield public library, and serving as its first librarian. In 18T0 he accepted the professorship of History in the West Side High School of Chicago, which, with the exception of two years (1884-86), he continued to occupy for more than twenty- five years, retiring in 1898. In the meantime. Dr. Willard has been a laborious literary worker, having been, for a considerable period, editor, or assistant-editor, of "The Illinois Teacher," a con- tributor to "The Century Magazine" and "The Dial" of Chicago, besides having published a "Digest of the Laws of Odd Fellowship" in six- teen volumes, begun while he was Grand Secre- tary of the Order in 1864, and continued in 1873 and '83; a ".Synopsis of Historj' and Historical Chart," covering the period from B. C. 800 to A. D. 1876 — of which he has had a second edition in course of preparation. Of late years he has been engaged upon a "Historical Diction- ary of Names and Places," which will include some 13,000 topics, and which promises to be the most important work of his life. Previous to the war he was an avowed Abolitionist and operator on the "Underground Railroad," who made no concealment of his opinions, and. on one or two occasions, was called to answer for them in prosecutions under the "Fugitive Slave Act." (See "Underground Railroad.") His friend and classmate, the late Dr. Bateman, says of him: "Dr. Willard is a sound thinker; a clear and forcible writer; of broad and accurate scholarship; conscientious, genial and kindly, and a most estimable gentleman." WILLIAMS, Archibald, lawyer and jurist, was born in Montgomery County, Ky., June 10, 1801 ; with moderate advantages but natural fondness for study, he chose the profession of law, and was admitted to the bar in Tennessee in 1828, coming to Quincj', lU., the following year. He was elected to the General Assembly three times — serving in the Senate in 1832-36, and in the House, 1836-40; was United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, by appointment of President Taylor, 1849-53; was twice the candidate of his party (the Whig) for United States Senator, and appointed by Presi- dent Lincoln, in 1861, United States District Judge for the State of Kansas. His abilities and high character were widely recognized. Died, in Quincy, Sept. 21, 1863— His son, John H., an attorney at Quincy, served as Judge of the Cir- cuit Court 1879-85.— Another son, Abraham Lin- coln, was twice elected Attorney-General of Kansas. WILLIAMS, Erastus Smith, lawyer and ju- rist, was born at Salem, N. Y., May 22, 1831. In 1842 he removed to Chicago, where, after reading law, he was admitted to the bar in 1844. In 1854 he was appointed Master in Chancery, which HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 591 office he filled until 1863, when he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook Coimty. After re-election in 1870 he became Chief Justice, and, at the same time, heard most of the cases on the equity side of the court. In 1879 he was a candidate for re-election as a RepubUcau, but was defeated ^vith the part}' ticket. After his retirement from the bench he resumed private practice. Died, Feb. 24, 1884. WILLIAMS, James R., Congressman, was born in 'White County, 111., Dec. 27, 1830, at the age of 25 graduated from the Indiana State Uni- versity, at Bloomington, and, in 1876, from the Union College of Law. Chicago, since then being an active and successful practitioner at Carmi. In 1880 he was appointed Master in Chancery and served two years. From 1882 to 1886 he was County Judge. In 1892 he was a nominee on the Democratic ticket for Presidential Elector. He was elected to represent the Nineteenth Illi- nois District in the Fifty-first Congress at a special election held to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of R. W. Townshend, was re-elected in 1890 and 1892. but defeated by Orlando Burrell (Republican) for re-election in the newly organ- ized Twentieth District in 1894. In 1898 he was again a candidate and elected to the Fifty sixth Congress. WILLIAMS, John, pioneer merchant, was bom in Bath County, Ky., Sept. 11, 1808; be- tween 14 and 16 years of age was clerk in a store in hia native State; then, joining his parents, who had settled on a tract of land in a part of Sangamon (now Menard) County, 111., he found employment as clerk in the store of Major Elijali lies, at Springfield, whom he succeeded in busi- ness at the age of 22, continuing it without inter- ruption until 1880. In 1856 Mr. Williams was the Republican candidate for Congress in the Springfield District, and, in 1861, was appointed Commissary-General for the State, rendering valuable service in furnishing supplies for State troops, in camps of instruction and while proceed- ing to the field, in the first years of the war ; was also chief officer of the Illinois Sanitary Commis- sion for two years, and, as one of the intimate personal friends of Mr. Lincoln, was chosen to accompany the remains of the martyred President, from Washington to Springfield, for burial. Liberal, enterprising and public-spirited, his name ■was associated with nearh- everj- public enter- prise of importance in Springfield during his business career — being one of the founders, and, for eleven years President, of the First National Bank; a chief promoter in the construction of what is now the Springfield Division of the Illi- nois Central Railroad, and the Springfield and Peoria line; a Director of the Springfield Iron Company ; one of the Commissioners who con- structed the Springfield water-works, and an officer of the Lincoln Monument Association, from 1865 to his death. May 29, 1890. WILLIAMS, Xorman, lawyer, was born at Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 1, 1833, being related, on both the paternal and maternal sides, to some of the most prominent families of New England. He fitted for college at Union Academy, Meriden, and graduated from the University of Vermont in the cla.ss of 1855. After taking a course in the Albany Law School and with a law firm in his native town, he was admitted to practice in both New York and Vermont, removed to Chi- cago in 1858, and, in 1860. became a member of the firm of King. Kales & Williams, still later forming a partnership with Gen. John L. Thomp- son, which ended with the death of the latter in 1888. In a professional capacity he assisted in the organization of the Pullman Palace Car Com- pany, and was a member of its Board of Directors ; also assisted in organizing tlie Western Electric Company, and was prominently identified with the Chicago Telephone Company and the Western Union Telegraph Companj-. In 1881 he served as the United States Commissioner to the Electrical Exposition at Paris. In conjunction with his brother (Edward H. Williams) he assisted in founding the public library at Woodstock. Vt., which, in honor of his father, received the name of "The Norman Williams Public Library." With Col. Huntington W. Jackson and J. Mc- Gregor Adams, Mr. Williams was named, in the will of the late Jolin Crerar, as an executor of tlie Crerar estate and one of the Trustees of the Crerar Public Library, and became its first Presi- dent; was also a Director of the Chicago Pub- lic Library, and trustee of a number of large estates. Mr. Williams was a son-in-law of the late Judge John D. Caton, and his oldest daughter became the wife of Major-General Wesley Mer- ritt, a few months before his death, which oc- curred at Hampton Beach, N. H., June 19, 1899 — his remains being interred in his native town of Woodstock, Vt. WILLIAMS, Robert Ebenezer, lawyer, born Dec. 3, 1825, at Clarksville, Pa., his grandfathers on both sides being soldiers of the Revolutionary War. In 1830 his parents removed to Washing- ton in the same State, where in boyhood he worked as a mechanic in his father's shop, attending a common school in the winter until &92 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. he reached the age of 17 years, when he entei-ed Washington College, remaining for more than a year. He then began teaching, and, in 1845 went to Kentuckj'. where he pursued the business of a teacher for four years. Then he entered Bethany College in West Virginia, at the same time prosecuting his law studies, but left at the close of his jiuiior j-ear, when, having been licensed to practice, he removed to Clinton, Texas. Here he accepted, from a retired lawyer, the loan of a law library, which he afterwards purchased; served for two years as State's Attor- ney, and, in 1856, came to Bloomington. 111., where he spent the remainder of his life in the practice of his profession. Much of his time was devoted to practice as a railroad attorney, espe- cially in connection with the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads, in which he acquired prominence and wealth. He was a hfe- long Democrat and, in 1868, was the unsuccessful candidate of his party for Attorney-General of the State. The last three years of his life he had been in bad health, dying at Bloomington, Feb. 15, 1899. WILLIAMS, Samuel, Bank President, was born in Adams County, Ohio, July 11, 1820; came to Winnebago County, 111., in 1835, and, in 1842, removed to Iroquois County, where he held vari- ous local offices, including that of Count}- Judge, to which he was elected in 1861. During his later j-ears he had been President of the Watseka Citizens" Bank. Died, June 16, 1896. WILLIAMSON, Rollin Samuel, legislator and jurist, was born at Cornwall, Vt. , May 23, 1839. At the age of 14 he went to Boston, where he began life as a telegraph messenger boy. In two years he had become a skillful operator, and, as such, was employed in various offices in New England and New York. In 1857 he came to Chicago seeking employment and, through the fortunate correction of an error on the part of the receiver of a message, secured the position of operator and station agent at Palatine, Cook County. Here he read law during his leisure time without a preceptor, and, in 1870, was admitted to the bar. The same year he was elected to the lower House of the General Assembly and, in 1872, to the Senate. In 1880 he was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Cook County, and. in 1887, was chosen a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court. Died, Au- gust 10, 1889. WILLIAMSON COUNTY, in the southern part of the State, originally set off from Franklin and organized in 1839. The county is well watered. the principal streams being the Big Muddy and the South Fork of the Saline. The surface is imdulating and the soil fertile. The region was originally well covered with forests. All tlie cereals (as well as potatoes) are cultivated, and ricli meadows encourage stock-raising. Coal and sandstone underlie the entire county. Area, 440 square miles; population (1880), 19,324: (1890) 22,226; (1900), 27,796. WILLIAMSA'ILLE, village of Sangamon Coun- ty, on Chicago & Alton Railroad, 12 miles north of Springfield : has a bank, elevator, 3 churches, a newspaper and coal-mines. Pop. (1900), 573. WILLIS, Jonathan Clay, soldier and former Railroad and Warehouse Commissioner, was born in Sumner County, Tenn., June 27, 1826; brought to Gallatin County, 111., in 1834, and settled at Golconda in 1843; was elected Sheriff of Pope County in 1856, removed to Metropolis in 1859, and engaged in the wharf-boat and commission business. He entered the service as Quarter- master of the Forty -eighth Illinois Volunteei-s in 1861, but was compelled to resign on account of injuries, in 1863; was elected Representative iv the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1868), appointed Collector of Internal Revenue in 1869, and Railway and Warehouse Commissioner in 1892, as the successor of John R. Tanner, serving until 1893. WILMETTE, a village in Cook County, 14 miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, a handsome suburb of Cliicago on the shore of Lake Michigan ; principal streets paved and shaded with fine forest trees; has public library and good schools. Pop. (1900), 2,300. WILMINGTON, a city of Will County, on the Kankakee River and the Chicago & Alton Rail- road, 53 miles from Chicago and 15 south-south- west of Joliet; has considerable manufactures, two National banks, a graded school, churches and one newspaper. Wilmington is the location of the Illinois Soldiers" Widows' Home. Popu- lation (1890), 1,576; (1900), 1,420. WILSON, Charles Lush, journalist, was born in Fairfield County, Conn., Oct. 10, 1818, edu- cated in the common schools and at an academy in his native State, and, in 1835, removed to Chi- cago, entering the employment of his- older brothers, who were connected with the construc- tion of the Illinois & Jlichigan Canal at Joliet. His brother, Richard L., having assimied charge of "The Chicago Daily Journal"' (the successor of "The Chicago American"), inI1844, Charles L. took a position in the office, ultimately securing a partnership, which continued until the death HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 593 of liis brother in 1856, when he succeeded to the ownership of the paper. Mr. Wilson was an ardent friend and supporter of Abraham Lincoln for the United States Senate in 1858, but, in 1860, favored the nomination of Mr. Seward for the Presidency, though earnestl)' supporting Mr. Lin- coln after his nomination. In 1861 he was appointed Secretary of the American Legation at London, serving with the late Minister Charles Francis Adams, until 1864, when he resigned and resumed his connection with "The Journal." In 1875 his health began to fail, and three years later, having gone to San Antonio, Tex. , in the hope of receiving benefit from a change of cli- mate, he died in that city, March 9, 1878. — Richard Lush (Wilson), an older brother of the preceding, the first editor and publisher of "The Chicago Evening Journal," the oldest paper of consecutive publication in Chicago, was a native of New York. Coming to Chicago with his bi-other John L., in 1834, they soon after estab- lished themselves in business on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, then in course of construction. In 1844 he took charge of "The Chicago Daily Journal" for a publishing committee which had purchased the material of "The Chicago Ameri- can," but soon after became principal proprietor. In April, 1847, %vhile firing a salute in honor of the victory of Buena Vista, he lost an arm and was otherwise injured by the explosion of the can- non. Early in 1849, he was appointed, by Presi- dent Taylor, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, but, having failed of confirmation, was compelled to retire in favor of a successor appointed by Millard Fillmore, eleven months later. Mr. Wilson publislied a little volume in 1843 entitled "A Trip to Santa Fe," and, a few years later, a story of travel imder the title, "Short Ravel- lings from a Long Yarn." Died, December, 1856. — John Lu.sh (Wilson), another brother, also a native of New York, came to Illinois in 1834, was afterwards associated with his brothers in busi- ness, being for a time business manager of "Tlie Chicago Journal;" also served one term as Sher- iff of Cook County. Died, in Cliicago, April 13, 1888. WILSON, Isaac Grant, jurist, was born at Middleburj", N. Y., April 26, 1817, graduated from Brown University in 1838. and the same year came to Chicago, wliitlier his father's family had preceded liim in 1835. After reading law for two years, he entered the senior class at Cambridge (Mass.) Law Scliool, graduating in 1841. In August of that year he opened an office at Elgin, and, for ten years "rode the cir- cuit." In 1851 he was elected to the bench of the Thirteentli Judicial Circuit to fill a vacancy, and re-elected for a full term in 1855, and again in "61. In November of the latter year he was commissioned the first Colonel of the Fifty- second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but resigned, a few weeks later, and resumed his place upon the bench. From 1867 to 1879 he devoted him- self to private practice, which was largely in the Federal Courts. In 1879 he resumed his seat upon the bench (this time for the Twelfth Cir- cuit), and was at once designated as one of the Judges of the Appellate Court at Chicago, of whicli tribunal he became Chief Justice in 1881. In 1885 he was re-elected Circuit Judge, but died, about the close of his term, at Geneva, June 8, 1891. WILSON, James Grant, soldier and author, was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, April 28, 1832, and, when only a year old, was brought by his father, William Wilson, to America. The family settled at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where James Grant was educated at College Hill and under private teachers. After finishing his studies he became his father's partner in business, but, in 1855, went abroad, and, shortly after his return, removed to Chicago, where he founded tlie first literary paper established in the Northwest. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he disposed of his journal to enlist in the Fifteenth Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Major and after- wards promoted to the colonelcy. In August, 1863, while at New Orleans, by advice of General Grant, lie accepted a commission as Colonel of the Fourth Regiment United States Colored Cavalry, and was assigned, as Aid-de-oamp, to the staff of the Commander of the Department of the Gulf, filling this po.st until April, 1865. When General Banks was relieved. Colonel Wil- son was brevetted Brigadier-General and placed in command at Port Hudson, resigning in July, 1865, since which time his home has been in New York. He is best known as an author, having published numerous addresses, and being a fre- quent contributor to American and European magazines. Among larger works which he has written or edited are "Biographical Sketches of Illinois Officers"; "Love in Letters"; "Life of General U. S. Grant"; "Life and Letters of Fitz Greene Halleck"; "Poets and Poetry of Scotland"; "Bryant and His Friends", and "Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography.'' WILSON, James Harrison, soldier and mili- tary engineer, was bom near Shawneetown, 111., Sept. 2, 1837. His grandfather, Alexander Wil- 594 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. son, was one of the pioneers of Illinois, and his father (Harrison Wilson) was an ensign dur- ing the War of 1812 and a Captain in the Black Hawk War. His brother (Bluford Wilson) served as Assistant Adjutant-General of Volun- teers during the Civil War, and as Solicitor of the United States Treasury during the '"whisky ring" prosecutions. James H. was educated in the common schools, at McKendree College, and the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduating from the latter in 1860, and being assigned to the Topographical Engineer Corjis. In September, 1861, he was promoted to a First Lieutenancj', then served as Chief Topo- graphical Engineer of the Port Royal expedition until March, 1862; was afterwards attached to the Department of tlie South, being present at the bombardment of Fort Pulaski ; was Aid-de- camp to McCIellan, and participated in the bat- tles of South Mountain and Antietam ; was made Lieutenant-Colonel of Volunteers in November, 1862; was Chief Topographical Engineer and Inspector-General of the Army of the Tennessee until October, 1863, being actively engaged in the operations around Vicksburg; was made Captain of Engineers in May, 1863, and Brigadier- General of Volunteers, Oct. 31, following. He also conducted operations preliminary to tlie battle of Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, and for the relief of Knoxville. Later, he was placed in command of the Third Division of the cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac, serving from May to August, 1864, under General Sheridan. Subsequenth- he was transferred to the Depart- ment of the Mississippi, where he so distinguished himself that, on April 20. 1865, he was made Major-General of Volunteers. In twenty-eight days he captured five fortified cities, twenty- three stands of colors, 288 guns and 6,820 prison- ers — among the latter being Jefferson Davis. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in January, 1866, and, on July 28, following, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- fifth United States Infantry, being also brevetted Major-General in the regular army. On Dec. 31, 1870, he returned to civil life, and was afterwards largely engaged in railroad and engineering oper- ations, especially in West Virginia. Promptly after the declaration of war with Spain (1898) General Wilson was appointed, by the President, Major-General of Volunteers, serving until its close. He is the author of '"China: Travels and Investigations in the Middle Kingdom" ; "Life of Andrew J. Alexander"; and the ""Life of Gen. U. S. Grant," in conjunction with Charles A. Dana. His home, in recent years, has been in New York. WILSON, John M., lawyer and jurist, was born in New Hampshire in 1802, graduated at Bowdoin College in 1821 — tlie classmate of Frank- lin Pierce and Nathaniel Ha\vthorne ; studied law in New Hampshire and came to Illinois in 1835, locating at Joliet; removed to Chicago in 1841, where he was the partner of Norman B. Judd, serving, at different periods, as attorney of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Lake Shore & Michi- gan Southern and the Chicago & Northwestern Railways; was Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Cook County, 1853-59, when he became Presiding Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, serving until 1868. Died, Dec. 7, 1888. WILSOX, John P., lawyer, was born in White- side County, 111.. July 3, 1844; educated in the common schools and at Knox College, Galesburg, graduating from the latter in 1865; two years later was admitted to the bar in Chicago, and speedily attained prominence in his profession. During the World's Fair period he was retained as coimsel by the Committee on Grounds and Buildings, and was prominently connected, as counsel for the city, with the Lake Front litiga- tion. WILSON, Robert L., early legislator, was born in Washington County, Pa., Sept. 11, 1805, taken to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1810, graduated at Frank- lin College in 1831, studied law and, in 1833. removed to Atliens (now in Menard County), 111. ; was elected Representative in 1836, and was one of the members from Sangamon County, known as the "Long Nine," who assisted in securing the removal of the State Capital to Springfield. Mr. Wilson removed to Sterling, Whiteside County, in 1840, was elected five times Circuit Clerk and served eight years as Probate Judge. Immedi- ately after the fall of Fort Sumter, he enlisted as private in a battalion in Washington City under command of Cassius M. Clay, for guard duty until the arrival of the Seventh New York Regi- ment. He subsequently assisted in raising troops in Illinois, was appointed Paj^master by Lincoln, serving at Washington, St. Louis, and, after the fall of Vicksburg, at Springfield — being mustered out in November, 1865. Died, in White- side County, 1880. WILSON, Robert S., lawyer and jurist, was born at Montrose, Susquehanna County, Pa., Nov. 6, 1812; learned the printer's art, then studied law and was admitted to the bar in Allegheny County, about 1833; in 1836 removed to Ann Arbor, Mich. , where he served as Probate Judge HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 595 i-.aJ State Senator; in 1850 came to Chicago, was elected Judge of the Recorder's Court in 1853, and re-elected in 1858, serving ten years, and proving "a terror to evil-doers." Died, at Law- rence. Mich., Dec. 23, 1882. WILSON, William, early jurist, was born in Loudoun Coiuity, Va., April 27, 1794; studied law with Hon. Jolm Cook, a distinguished lawyer, and minister to France in the early part of the centurj- ; in 1817 removed to Kentucky, soon after came to IlUnois, two years later locating in Wliite County, near Carmi, which continued to be his home during the remainder of his life. In 1819 he was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court as successor to William P. Foster, who is described by Governor Ford as "a great rascal and no lawyer," and who held office onlj' about nine months. Judge Wilson was re-elected to the Supreme bench, as Chief- Justice, in 1825, being then only a little over 30 years old, and held office until the reorganization of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 1848 — a period of over twenty-nine j'ears, and, -vith the exception of Judge Browne's, the long- est term of service in tlie historj' of the court. He died at his home in White County, April 29, 1857. A Whig in early life, he allied himself with the Democratic party on the dissolution of the former. Hon. James C. ConkUng, of Spring- field, says of him, "as a writer, his style was clear and distinct; as a lawyer, his judgment was sound and discriminating.'' WINCHESTER, a city and county-seat of Scott County, founded in 1839, situated on Big Sandy Creek and on the line of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 29 miles south of Beardstov>-n and 84 miles north by west of St. Louis. While the surrounding region is agricultural and largely devoted to wheat growing, there is some coal mining. Winchester is an important .shipping- point, having three grain elevators, two flouring mills, and a coal mine employing fifty miners. There are four Protestant and one Catholic church, a court house, a high school, a graded school building, two banks and two weekly news- papers. Population (1880), 1,626; (1890), 1,542; (1900), 1,711. WIXDSOR, a city of Shelby County at the cross- ing of tlie Cleveland. Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways. 11 miles north- east of Shelbyville. Population (1880), 768; n890). 888; (1900), 866. WIXES, Frederick Howard, clergyman and sociologist, was bom in Philadelphia. Pa., April 9, 1838, graduated at 'Washington (Pa.) College in 1857, and. after serving as tutor there for a short time, entered Princeton Theological Semi- nary, but was compelled temporarily to discon- tinue his studies on account of a weakness of the eyes. The Presbyterj- of St. Louis licensed him to preach in 1860, and. in 1802, he w-as com- missioned Hospital Chaplain in the Union army. During 1862-64 he was stationed at Springfield, Mo., participating in the battle of Springfield on Jan. 8, 1863, and being personally mentioned for bravery on the field in the official report. Re- entering the seminary at Princeton in 1804, he graduated in 1865, and at once accepted a call to the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Church of Springfield, 111., which he filled for four years. In 1869 he was appointed Secretary of the newly created Board of Commissioners of Public Chari- ties of Illinois, in which capacity he continued until 1893, when he resigned. For the next four years he was chiefly engaged in literary work, in lecturing before universities on topics connected with social science, in aiding in the organization of charitable work, and in the conduct of a thorough investigation into the relations between liquor legislation and crime. At an early period he took a prominent part in organizing the various Boards of Public Charities of the United States into an organization known as the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, and, at the Louisville meeting (1883), was elected its President. At the International Penitentiary Congress at Stockholm (1878) he was the official delegate from Illinois. On his return, as a result of his observations while abroad, he submitted to the Legislature a report strongly advocating the construction of the Kankakee Hospital for the Insane, then about to be built, upon the "detached ward'' or "village" plan, a depai'ture from then existing methods, which marks an era in the treatment of insane in the United States. Mr. Wines conducted the investigation into the condition and nmnber of the defective, depend- ent and delinquent classes throughout the coun- try, his report constituting a separate volume under the "Tenth Census," and rendered a simi- lar service in connection witli the eleventh census (1890). In 1887 he was elected Secretary of the National Prison Association, succeeding to the post formerly held by his father. Enoch Cobb Wines. D.D., LL.D. After the inauguration of Governor Tanner in 1897, he resumed his former position of Secretary of the Board of Public Charities, remaining until 1899, when he again tendered his resignation, having received the appointment to the position of Assistant Director 1196 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the Twelfth Census, which he now holds. He is the author of "Crime and Reformation" (1895) ; of a voluminous series of reports ; also of numer- ous pamphlets and brochures, among which may be mentioned "The County Jail System; An Argument for its Abolition" (18T8) ; "The Kanka- kee Hospital" (1883); "Provision for the Insane in the United States" (1885); "Conditional Liberation, or the Paroling of Prisoners" (1886), and "American Prisons in the Tenth Census" (1888). WINES, Walter B., lawyer (brother of Freder- ick H. Wines), was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 10, 1848, received his primary education at Willis- ton Academy, East Hampton, Mass., after which, he entered MidJlebury College, Vt., taking a classical course and graduating there. He after- wards became a student in the law department of Columbia College, N. Y., graduating in 1871, being admitted to the bar the same year and commencing practice in New York City. In 1879 he CAine to Springfield, 111., and was, for a time, identified with the bar of that city. Later, he removed to Chicago, where he has been engaged in literary and journalistic work. WINNEBAGO COUNTY, situated in the "northern tier," bordering on the Wisconsin State line; was organized, under an act passed in 1836, from La Salle and Jo Daviess Counties, and has an area of 553 square miles. The county is drained by the Rock and Pecatonica Rivers. The surface is rolling prairie and the soil fertile. The geology is simple, the quaternary deposits being underlaid by the Galena blue and buff limestone, adapted for building purposes. All the cereals are raised in abundance, the chief product being corn. The Winnebago Indians (who gave name to the county) formerly lived on the west side of the Rock River, and the Potta- watomies on the east, but both tribes removed westward in 1835. (As to manufacturing inter- ests, see Rockford.) Population (1880), 30, .505; (1890), 39,938; (1900), 47,845 WINNEBAGO WAR. The name given to an Indian disturbance which had its origin in 1837, during the administration of Gov. Ninian Edwards. The Indians had been quiet since the conclusion of the War of 1813, but a few isolated outrages were sufficient to start terrified "run- ners" in all directions. In the nortliern portion of the State, from Galena to Chicago (then Fort Dearborn) the alarm was intense. The meagre militia force of the State was summoned and volunteers were called for. Meanwhile. 600 United States Regular Infantry, under command of Gen. Henry Atkinson, put in an appearance. Besides the infantry, Atkinson had at his disposal some 130 mounted sharpshooters. The origin of the disturbance was as follows: The Winne- bagoes attacked a band of Chippewas, who were (by treaty) imder Government potection, several of the latter being killed. For participation in this offense, four Winnebago Indians were sum- marily apprehended, surrendered to the Chippe- was and shot. Meanwhile, some dispute had arisen as to the title of the lands, claimed by the Winnebagoes in the vicinity of Galeiua, which had been occupied by white miners. Repeated acts of hostility and of reprisal, along the Upper Mississippi, intensified mutual distrust. A gather- ing of the Indians around two keel-boats, laden with supplies for Fort Snelling, which had anchored near Prairie du Chien and opposite a Winnebago camp, was regarded by the whites as a hostile act. Liquor was freely distributed, and there is historical evidence that a half-dozen drunken squaws were carried off and shamefully maltreated. Several hundred warriors assembled to avenge the deception which had been practiced upon them. They laid in ambush for the boats on their return trip. The first passed too rapidly to be successfully assailed, but the second grounded and was savagely, yet unsuccessfully, attacked. The presence of General Atkinson's forces prevented an actual outbreak, and, on his demand, the great Winnebago Chief, Red Bird, with six other leading men of the tribe, sur- rendered themselves as hostages to save their nation from extermination. A majority of these were, after trial, acquitted. Red Bird, however, unable to endure confinement, literally pined to death in prison, dying on Feb. 16, 1838. He is described as having been a savage of superior intelligence and noble character. A treaty of peace was concluded with the Winnebagoes in a council held at Prairie du Chien, a few months later, but the affair seems to have produced as much alarm among the Indians as it did among the whites. (For W^tnnebagfoJndtans see page 576. ) WINNETKA, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, I61/2 miles north of Chicago. It stands eighty feet above the level of Lake Micliigan, has good schools (being the seat of the Winnetka Institute), sev- eral churches, and is a popular residence town. Population (1880). 584; (1890), 1,079; (1900), 1,833. WINSTON, Frederick Hampton, lawyer, was born in Liberty County, Ga., Nov. 20. 1830, was brought to Woodford County, Ky., in 1835, left an orphan at 12, and attended the common HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 597 schools until 18, when, returning to Georgia, he engaged in cotton manufacture. He finally began the study of law with United States Sena- tor W. C. Dawson, and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1852; spent some time in the office of W. M. Evarts in New York, was admitted to the bar and came to Chicago in 1853, where he formed a partnership with Norman B. Judd, afterwards being associated with Judge Henry W. Blodgett; served as general solicitor of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railways — remaining with the latter twenty years. In 1885 he was appointed, by President Cleveland, Minister to Persia, but resigned tlie following year, and traveled exten- sivelj' in Russia, Scandinavia and other foreign countries. Mr. Winston was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1868, "76 and 84; first President of the Stock Yards at Jersey City, for twelve years President of the Lincoln Park Commission, and a Director of the Lincoln National Bank. WISCONSIN CENTRAL LINES. The Wiscon- sin Central Company was organized, June 17, 1887, and subsequently acquired the Minnesota, St. Croix & Wisconsin, the Wisconsin & Minne- sota, the Chippewa Falls & Western, the St. Paul & St. Croix Falls, the Wisconsin Central, the Penokee, and the Packwaukee & Montebello Rail- roads, and assumed the leases of the Mihvaukee & Lake Winnebago and the Wisconsin & Minne- sota Roads. On July 1, 1888, the company began to operate the entire Wisconsin Central system, with the exception of the Wisconsin Central Railroad and the leased Milwaukee & Lake Win- nebago, which remained in charge of the Wis- consin Central Railroad mortgage trustees until Nov. 1, 1889, when these, too, passed under the control of the Wisconsin Central Company. The Wisconsin Central Railroad Company is a re- organization (Oct. 1, 1879) of a company formed Jan. 1, 1871. The Wisconsin Central and the Wisconsin Central Railroad Companies, though differing in name, are a financial unit; the former holding most of the first mortgage bonds of tlie latter, and substantially all its notes, stocks and income bonds, but, for legal reasons (such as the protection of land titles), it is necessary that separate corporations be maintained. On April 1, 1890, the Wisconsin Central Company executed a lease to the Northern Pacific Railroad, but this was set aside by the courts, on Sept. 27, 1893, for non-payment of rent, and was finally canceled. On the same day receivers were appointed to insure the protection of all interests. The total mileage is 415.46 miles, of which the Company owns 258.90— only .10 of a mile in Illinois. A line, 58.10 miles in length, with 8.44 miles of side-track (total, 66.54 miles), lying wholly within the State of Illinois, is operated by the Chicago & Wisconsin and furnishes the allied line an en- trance into Chicago. WITHROW, Thomas F., lawyer, was born in Virginia in March, 1833, removed with his parents to Ohio in childhood, attended tlie Western Reserve College, and, after the death of his father, taught school and worked as a printer, later, editing a paper at Mount Vernon. In 1855 he removed to Janesville, Wis., where he again engaged in journalistic work, studied law, was admitted to the bar in Iowa in 1857, settled at Des Moines and served as private secretary of Governors Lowe and Kirkwood. In 1860 he became Supreme Court Reporter; served as Chairman of the Republican State Central Com- mittee in 1863 and, in 1866, became associated with the Rock Island Railroad in the capacity of local attorney, was made chief law officer of the Company in 1873, and removed to Chicago, and, in 1890, was promoted to the position of General Counsel. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 3, 1893. WOLCOTT, (Dr.) Alexander, early Indian Agent, was born at East Windsor, Conn., Feb. 14, 1790; graduated from Y'ale College in 1809, and, after a course in medicine, was commis- sioned, in 1812, Surgeon's Mate in the United States Army. In 1820 he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn (now Chicago), as suc- cessor to Charles Jouett — the first Agent— who had been appointed a United States Judge in Arkansas. The same year he accompanied Gen- eral Lewis Cass and Henry Schoolcraft on tlieir tour among the Indians of the Northwest; was married in 1823 to Ellen Marion Kinzie, a daughter of Col. John Kinzie, the first perma- nent settler of Chicago ; in 1825 was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Peoria County, which then included Cook County; was a Judge of Election in 1830. and one of the purchasers of a block of ground in the heart of the present city of Chicago, at the first sale of lots, held Sept. 27, 1830, but tlied before the close of the year. Dr. Wolcott appears to Iiave been a high-minded and honorable man, as well as far in advance of the mass of pioneers in point of education and intel- ligence. WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE OF CHI- CAGO. (See Northtcestern University Woman's Medical School.) 698 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. WOMAX Sl'FFRAtiE. (See Suffrage.) WOOD, Ben!Son, law yer and Cougressman, was born in Susquehanna County, Pa., in 1839; re- ceived a common school and academic education ; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, and, for two years, taught school in Lee County. He tlien enlisted as a soldier in an Illinois regiment, attaining the rank of Captain of Infantry; after the war, graduated from the Law Department of the old Chicago University, and has since been engaged in the practice of his profession. He was elected a member of the Twenty-eighth Gen- eral Assembly (1872) and was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions of 1876 and 1888 ; also served as Mayor of the city of Effing- ham, where he now resides. In 1894 he was elected to the Fifty-fourth Congress by the Republicans of the Nineteenth District, which has uniformly returned a Democrat, and, in oflice, proved himself a most industrious and efficient member. Mr. Wood was defeated as a candidate for re-election in 1896. WOOD, John, pioneer, Lieutenant-Governor and Governor, was born at Moravia, N. Y., Dec. 20, 1798 — his father being a Revolutionary soldier who had served as Surgeon and Cajitain in the army. At the age of 21 years young Wood re- moved to Illinois, settling in what is now Adams County, and building the iirst log-cabin on the site of the present city of Quincy. He was a member of the upper house of the Seventeenth and Eight- eenth General Assemblies, and was elected Lieu- tenant-Governor in 18.59 on the same ticket with Governor Bissell, and served out the unexpired term of the latter, who died in office. (See Bis- sell. William H.) He was succeeded by Richard Yates in 1861. In February of that year he was appointed one of the five Commissioners from Illinois to the "Peace Conference" at Wash- ington, to consider methods for averting civil war. The following May he was appointed Quartermaster-General for the State by Governor Yates, and assisted most efficiently in fitting out the troops for the field. In June, 1864, he was commissioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers (100-days' men) and mustered out of service the following Sep- tember. Died, at Quincy. June 11. 1880. He was liberal, patriotic and public-spirited. His fellow-citizens of Quincy erected a monument to his memory, which was appropriately dedicated, July 4. 188.'?. WOODFORD COUNTY, situated a little nortli of the center of the State, bounded on the west by the Illinois River; organized in 1S41 : area. 540 square miles. The surface is generally level, except along the Illinois River, the soil fertile and well watered. The county lies in the north- ern section of the great coal field of the State. Eureka is the county-seat. Other thriving cities anil towns are Metamora, Miiionk, El Paso and Roanoke. Corn, oats, wheat, potatoes and barley are the principal crops. The chief mechanical industries are fiour manufacture, carriage and wagon-making, and saddlery and harness work. Population (1890), 21,429; (1900), 21,822. WOODHULL, a village of Henry County, on Keithsburg branch Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, l.") miles west of Galva; has a bank, electric lights, water works, brick and tile works, six churches and weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 774. WOODMAN, Charles W., lawyer and Congress- man, was lioru in Aalborg, Denmark, March 11, 1844 ; received his early education in the .schools of his native countrj', but took to the sea in 1860, following the life of a sailor until 1863, when, coming to Philadelphia, he enlisted in the Gulf Squadron of the United States. After the war, he came to Chicago, and, after reading law for some time in the office of James L. High, gradu- ated from the Law Department of the Chicago University in 1871. Some }"ears later he was appointed Pro.secuting Attorney for some of the lower courts, and, in 1881, was nominated by the Judges of Cook County as one of the Justices of the Peace for the city of Chicago. In 1894 he became the Republican candidate for Congress from the Fourth District and was elected, but failed to secure a renomination in 1896. Died, in Elgin A.sylum for the Insane, Slarch 18, 1898. WOODS, Robert Mann, was born at Greenville, Pa., April 17, 18-10; came with his parents to Illi- nois in 1842. the family settling at Barry, Pike Count}', but subsequently residing at Pittsfield. Canton and Galesburg. He was educated at Knox College in the latter place, which was his home from 1849 to '.58; later, taught school in Iowa and Missouri until 1861, when he went to Springfield and began the stud}- of law with Milton Hay and Shelby M. Cullom. His law studies having been interrupted by the Civil War, after spending some time in the mustering and disbursing office, he was promoted by Gov ernor Yates to a place in the executive office, from which he went to the field as Adjutant of the Sixty-fourth Illinois Infantry, known as the "Yates Sharp-Shooters." After participating, with the Army of the Tennessee, in the Atlanta campaign, he took part in the "March to the Sea," and the campaign in the Carolinas. includ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 5'JS ing the siege of Savannah and the forcing of the Salkahatchie, where he distinguished himself, as also in the taking of Columbia, Fayetteville, Cheraw, Raleigh and Bentonville. At the latter place he had a horse shot under him and won the brevet rank of JIajor for gallantrj' in the fiekl. having previously been commissioned Captain of Company A of his regiment. He also served on the staffs of Gens. Giles A. Smith, Benjamin F. Potts, and William W. Belknap, and was the last mustering officer in General Sherman's army. In 1867 Major Woods removed to Chicago, where he was in business for a number of years, serving as chief clerk of Custom House construction from 1873 to 1877. In 1879 he purchased "The Daily Republican" at Joliet, which he conducted successfully for fifteen years. Wliile connected with "The Republican," he served as Secretarj' of the Illinois Republican Press Association and in various other positions. Major Woods was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, whose birth-place was in Illinois. (See Grand Army of the Ri>2mb- lic; also Stephenson, Dr. B. F.) Wlien Dr. Stephenson (who had been Surgeon of the Four- teenth Illinois Infantry), conceived the idea of founding such an order, he called to his assist- ance Major Woods, who was then engaged in writing the histories of Illinois regiments for the Adjutant-General's Report. The Major wrote the Constitution and By-laws of the Order, the charter blanks for all the reports, etc. The first official order bears his name as the first Adjutant- General of the Order, as follows; HB:AnCinARTF,R.S DEPARTMENT OF ILT.TNOIS Grand Army of the Kepi'blic. s1'k!nuf1eld, ili... april i, 18g(». General Ordkr.s ' N(}TO\, Nicholas EUsworth, ex-Con- gressman, was born in Brooke County, W. Va., March 30, 1836, and completed his education at Alleglieny College, Pa., studied Law at Jlorgan- town, Va., and was admitted to the bar in 1860. He is a resident of Peoria, and, by profession, a lawyer; was County Superintendent of Schools of Peoria County from 1868 to 1872, and a mem- 602 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ber of the State Board of Education from 1869 to 1872. In 1882 he was elected to Congress, as a Democrat, from the Tenth Congressional District, and re-elected in 1884. In 1886 he was again a candidate, but was defeated by his Republican opponent. Philip Sidney Post. He was elected Circuit Judge of the Tenth Judicial District in 1891, and re-elected in 1897. In 1894 he served upon a commission appointed by President Cleve- land, to investigate the labor strikes of that year at Chicago. WRIGHT, John Stephen, manufacturer, was born at Sheffield, Mass., July 16, ISlo; came to Chicago in 1832, with his father, who opened a store in that city ; in 1837, at his own expense, built the first school building in Chicago; in 1840 established "The Prairie Farmer," which he con- ducted for manj- j-ears in the interest of popular education and progressive agriculture. In 1852 he engaged in the manufacture of Atkins' self- raking reaper and mower, was one of the pro- naoters of the Galena & Chicago Union and the Illinois Central Railways, and wrote a volume entitled, "Chicago: Past, Present and Future," published in 1870. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 26, 1874. WULFF, Henry, ex-State Treasurer, was born in Meldorf, Germanj-, August 24, 18.54; came to Chicago in 1868, and began his political cai-eer as a Trustee of the town of Jefferson. In 1866 he was elected Coimty Clerk of Cook County, and re-elected in 1890; in 1894 became the Republican nominee for State Treasurer, receiving, at the November election of tliat year, the unprece- dented plurality of 133,427 votes over his Demo- cratic opponent. WTANET, a town of Bureau County, at the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railways, 7 miles southwest of Princeton. Population (1890). G70; (1900j, 902. WYLIE, (Rev.) Samuel, domestic missionary, born in Ireland and came to America in boyhood ; was educated at the University of Pennsylvania and the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, and ordained in 1818. Soon after this he came west as a domestic mis- sionary and, in 1820, became pastor of a church at Sparta, lU., where he remained until his death, March 20, 1872, after a pastorate of 52 years. During his pastorate the church sent out a dozen colonies to form new church organizations else- where. He is described as able, eloquent and scholarly. WYMAX, (Col.) John B., soldier, was born in Massachusetts, July 12, 1817, and educated in the schools of that State until 14 years of age, when he became a clerk in a clothing store in his native town of Shrewsbury, later being associated with mercantile establishments in Cincinnati, and again in his native State. From 1846 to 1850 he was employed successively as a clerk in the car and machine shops at Springfield, Mass., then as Superintendentof Construction, and, later, as con- ductor on the Xew York & New Ha\'en Railroad, finally, in 1850, becoming Superintendent of the Connecticut River Raikoad. In 1852 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany, assisting in the survey and construction of the line under Col. R. B. Mason, the Chief Engi- neer, and finallj^ becoming Assistant Superin- tendent of the Northern Division. He was one of the original proprietors of the town of Amboy, in Lee County, and its first Mayor, also serving a second term. Having a fondness for military affairs, he was usually connected with some mili- tary organization — while in Cincinnati being attached to a company, of which Prof. O. M. Mitchell, the celebrated astronomer (afterwards Major-General Mitchell), was Captain. After coming to Illinois he became Captain of the Chi- cago Light Guards. Having lef*- the employ of the Railroad in 1858, he was in private business at Amboj' at the beginning of the Civil War in 1861. As Assistant-Adjutant General, by appoint- ment of Governor Yates, he rendered valuable service in the early weeks of the war in securing arms from Jefferson Barracks and in the organi- zation of the three-mouths" regiments. Then, having organized the Thirteenth Illinois Volun- teer Infantry — the first organized in the State for the three years' service — he was commis- sioned its Colonel, and, in July following, entered upon the duty of guarding the railroad lines in Southwest Missoirri and Arkansas. The follow- ing year his regiment was attached to General Sherman's command in the first campaign against Yicksburg. On the second day of the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, he fell mortally wounded, dying on the field, Dec. 28, 1862. Colo- nel Wj-man was one of the most accomplished and promising of the volunteer soldiers sent to the field from Illinois, of whom so manj' were former employes of the Illinois Central Rail- road. WYOMING, a town of Stark County, 31 miles north-northwest from Peoria, at the junction of the Peoria branch Rock Island & Pacific and the Rushville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway; has two higli schools, churches, two banks, flour mills, water-works, machine HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 603 shop, and two weekly newspapers. Coal is mined here. Pop. (1890), 1,116; (1900), 1,277. XEXIA, a village of Clay County, on the Balti- more & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 87 miles east of St. Louis. Population (1900), 800. YATES CITY, a village of Knox County, at the junction of the Peoria Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, with the Rushville branch, 23 miles .southeast of Galesburg. The town has banks, a coal mine, telephone exchange, school, churches and a new.spaper. Pop. (1890), 687; (1900), 6.-)0. YATES, Henry, pioneer, was born in Caroline County, Va., Oct. 29, 1786 — being a grand-nephew of Chief Justice John Marshall ; removed to Fa- yette County, Ky., where he located and laid out the town of Warsaw, which afterwards became the county-seat of Gallatin County. In 1831 he removed to Sangamon County, 111., and, in 1832, settled at the site of the present town of Berlin, which he laid out the following year, also laying out the town of New Berlin, a few years later, on the line of the Wabash Railway. He was father of Gov. Richard Yates. Died, Sept. 13, 1865.— Henry (Y'ates), Jr., son of the preceding, was born at Berlin, 111., March 7, 1§35; engaged in merchan- dising at New Berlin ; in 1862. raised a company of volunteers for the One Hundred and Sixth Regiment Illinois Infantry, was appointed Lieu- tenant-Colonel and brevetted Colonel and Briga- dier-General. He was accidentally shot in 1863, and suffered sun-stroke at Little Rock, from which he never fully recovered. Died, August 3, 1871. YATES, Richard, former Governor and United States Senator, was born at Warsaw, Ky., Jan. 18, 1815, of English descent. In 1831 he accom- panied his father to Illinois, the family settling first at Springfield and later at Berlin, Sangamon County. He soon after entered Illinois College, from which he graduated in 1835, and subse- quently read law with Col. John J. Hardin, at Jacksonville, which thereafter became his home. In 1842 he was elected Representative in the Gen- eral Assembly from Morgan County, and was re-elected in 1844, and again in 1848. In 18-50 he was a candidate for Congress from the Seventh District and elected over Ma.j. Thomas L. Harris, the previous incumbent, being the only Whig Representative in the Thirty-second Congress from Illinois. Two years later he was re-elected over John Calhoun, but was defeated, in 1851, by his old opponent, Harris. He was one of the most vigorous opponents of the Kansas- Nebraska * Bill in the Thirty-third Congress, and an early participant in the movement for the organization of the Republican party to resist the further extension of slavery, being a prominent speaker, on the same platform with Lincoln, before the first Republican State Convention held at Bloom- ington, in May, 1856, and serving as one of the Vice-Presidents of that body. In 1860 he was elected to the executive chair on the ticket lieaded by Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency, and, by his energetic support of the National administration in its measures for the suppression of the Rebellion, won the sobriquet of "the Illi- nois War-Governor."" In 1865 he was elected United States Senator, serving until 1871. He died suddenly, at St. Louis, Nov. 27, 1873, while returning from Arkansas, whither he had gone, as a United States Commissioner, by appointment of President Grant, to inspect a land-subsidy railroad. He was a man of rare ability, earnest- ness of purpose and extraordinary personal mag- netism, as well as o€ a lofty order of patriotism. His faults were those of a nature generous, impulsive and warm-hearted. YORKVILLE, the county-seat of Kendall County, on Fox River and Streator Division of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles southwest of Aurora; on intei'urban electric line; has water-power, electric lights, a bank, churches and weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890) 375; (1900), 413. YOU>"G, Brigham, Mormon leader, was born at Whittingham, Vt., June 1, 1801, joined the Mormons in 1831 and, the next year, became asso- ciated with Joseph Smith, at Kirtland, Oliio, and, in 1835, an "apostle."" He accompanied a con- siderable body of that sect to Indej^endence, Mo., but was driven out with them in 1837, settling for a short time at Quincy, 111., but later remov- ing to Nauvoo, of which he was one of the foun- ders. On the assassination of Smith, in 1844, he became the successor of the latter, as head of the Mormon Church, and, the following year, headed the exodus from Illinois, which finally resulted in the Mormon settlement in Utah. His subsequent career there, where he was appointed Governor by President Fillmore, and, for a time, success- fully defied national authority, is a matter of national rather than State history. He remained at the head of the Mormon Church until his death at Salt Lake City. August 29, 1877. YOUNG, Bichard Montaromery, United States Senator, was born in Kentucky in 1796, studied law and removed to Jonesboro, 111. . where he was admitted to the bar in 1817; served in the Second 604 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. General Assembly (1820-32) as Representative from Union County ; was a Circuit Judge, 1825-37 ; Presidential Elector in 1828 ; Circuit Judge again, 1829-37 ; elected United States Senator in 1837 as successor to W. L. D. Ewing, serving until 1843, when he was commissioned Justice of the Su- preme Court, but resigned in 1847 to become Commissioner of the General Land Office at Washington. During the session of ISoO-.il, he served as Clerk of the National House of Repre- sentatives. Died, in an insane asylum, in Wash- ington, in 1853. YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, first permanently organized at Chicago, in 1858, although desultory movements of a kindred char- acter liad previously been started at Peoria, Quincy, Chicago and Springfield, some as early as 1854. From 1858 to 1872, various associations were formed at different points throughout the State, which were entirely independent of each other. The first effort looking to union and mutual aid, was made in 1872, when Robert Weidensall, on behalf of the International Com- mittee, called a convention, to meet at Blooming- ton, November 6-9. State conventions have been held annually since 1872. In that of 1873, steps were taken looking to the appointment of a State Secretary, and, in 1876, Charles M. Morton assumed the office. Mucli evangelistic work was done, and new associations formed, the total number reported at the Champaign Convention, in 1877, being sixty-two. After one year's work Mr. Morton resigned the secretaryship, the ofEce remaining vacant for three years. Tlie question of the appointment of a successor was discussed at tlie Decatur Convention in 1879, and, in April, 1880, I. B. Brown was made State Secretary, and has occupied the position to the present time (1899). At the date of his appointment the official figures showed sixteen associations in Illi- nois, with a total membership of 2,443, and prop- erty valued at $126,500, including building funds, the associations at Chicago and Aurora owning buildings. Thirteen officers were employed, none of them being in Chicago. Since 1880 the work has steadily grown, so that five Assistant State Secretaries are now employed. In 1886, a plan for arranging the State work \inder depart- mental administration was devised, but not put in operation until 1890. The present six depart- ments of supervision are: General Supervision, in charge of the State Secretary and his A.ssist- ants; railroad and city work; counties and towns; work among students; corresponding membership department, and office work. The two last named are under one executive head, but each of the others in charge of an Assistant Secretary, who is responsible for its development The entire work is under the supervision of a State Executive Committee of twenty-seven members, one-third of whom are elected annually. Willis H. Herrick of Chicago has been its chair- man for several years. This body is appointed by a State convention composed of delegates from the locar Associations. Of these there were, in October, 1898, 116, with a membership of 15,888. The value of the property owned was $2,500,000. Twenty -two occupy their own build- ings, of which five are for railroad men and one for students. Weekly gatherings for young men numbered 248, and there are now representatives or correspondents in 663 communities where no organization lias been effected. Scientific phys- ical culture is made a feature by 40 associations, and educational work has been largely developed. Tlie enrollment in evening classes, during 1898-99, was 978. The building of the Chicago branch (erected in 1893) is the finest of its class in the world. Recently a successful association has been formed among coal miners, and another among the first grade boys of the Illinois State Reformatory, while an extensive work has been conducted at the camps of the Illinois National Guard. ZANE, Charles S., lawyer and jurist, was born in Cumberland County, N. J., March 2, 1831, of English and New England stock. At the age of 19 he emigrated to Sangamon County, 111., for a time working on a farm and at brick-making. From 1852 to "55 he attended McKendree College, but did not graduate, and, on leaving college, engaged in teaching, at the same time reading law. In 1857 he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice at Springfield. The follow- ing year he was elected City Attorney. He had for partners, at different times, William H. Herndon (once a partner of Abraham Lincoln) and Senator Shelby M. Cullom. In 1873 he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifth Judicial Circuit, and was re-elected in 1879. In 1883 President Arthur appointed him Chief Jus- tice of Utah, where he has since resided, though superseded by the appointment of a successor by President Cleveland. At the first State elec- tion in Utah, held in November, 1895, he was chosen one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the new Commonwealth, but was defeated for re-election, by his Democratic opponent, in 1898. ^R;^ii— ^- The Peristjie. WORLD'S FAIR BUILDINGS. Admiuistration Building. German Building. 'Vlie Fisheries. SCENES IN SOUTH PARK. SUPPLEMENT. The following matter, received too late for insertion in the body of this work. Is added in the form of a supplement. COGHLAX, (Capt.) Joseph Bullock, naval ofHcer, was born in Kentucky, and, at the age of 15 years, came to Illinois, Living on a farm for a time near Carlyle, in Clinton County. In IStiO he was appointed by his uncle, Hon. Philip B. Fouke — then a Representative in Congress from the Belleville District — to the Naval Academy at Annapolis, graduating in 1863, and being pro- moted through the successive grades of Ensign, Master, Lieutenant, Lieutenant-Commander, and Commander, and serving upon various vessels until Nov. 18, 1893, when he was commissioned Captain and, in 1897, assigned to the command of the battlesliip Raleigh, on the Asiatic Station. He was thus connected with Admiral Dewey's squadron at the beginning of the Spanish- Ameri- can War, and took a conspicuous and brilliant part in the affair in Manila Bay, on May 1, 1898, which resulted in the destruction of the Spanish fleet. Captain Coghlan's connection with subsequent events in the Philippines was in the highest degree creditable to himself and the country. His vessel (the Raleigh) was the first of Admiral Dewey's squadron to return home, coming by way of the Suez Canal, in the summer of 1899, he and his crew receiving an immense ovation on their arrival in New York harbor. CRANE, (Rer.) James Lyons, clergyman, army chaplain, was born at Mt. Eaton, Wayne County, Ohio, August 30, 1823, united with the Methodist Episcopal Church at Cincinnati in 1841, and, coming to Edgar County, Illinois, in 1843, attended a seminary at Paris some three years. He joined the Illinois Conference in 1846, and was assigned to the Danville circuit, after- wards presiding over charges at Grandview, Hills- boro, Alton, Jacksonville, and Springfield — at the last two points being stationed two or more times, besides serving as Presiding Elder of the Paris, Danville, and Springfield Districts. The importance of the stations which he filled during his itinerant career served as evidence of his recognized ability and popularity as a preacher. In July, 1861, he was appointed Chaplain of tbe Twenty-first Regiment IlUnois Volunteers, at that time commanded by Ulysses S. Grant as Colonel, and, although he remained with the regiment only a few months, the friendship then established between him and the future com mander of the armies of the Union lasted through their lives. This was shown by his appointment by President Grant, in 1869, to the position of Postmaster of the city of Springfield, which came to him as a personal compliment, being re appointed four years afterwards and continuing in oflSce eight years. After retiring from the Springfield postofiice, he occupied charges at Island Grove and Shelbyville, his death occurring at the latter place, July 29, 1879, as the result of an attack of paralysis some two weeks previous. Mr. Crane was married in 1847 to Miss Elizabeth Mayo, daughter of CoL J. Mayo — a prominent citizen of Edgar County, at an early day— his wife surviving him some twenty years. Rev. Charles A. Crane and Rev. Frank Crane, pastors of prominent Methodist churches in Boston and Chicago, are sons of the subject of this sketch. DAWES, Charles Gates, Comptroller of the Treasury, was born at Marietta, Ohio, August 37, 1865; graduated from Marietta CoUege in 1884, and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1886; worked at civil engineering during his vacations, finally becoming Chief Engineer of the Toledo & Ohio Railroad. Between 1887 and 1894 he wag engaged in the practice of law at Lincoln, Neb., but afterwards became interested in the gas busi- ness in various cities, including Evanston, HL, which became his home. In 1896 he took a lead- ing part in securing instructions by the Republi- can State Convention at Springfield in favor of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for the Presi- dency, and during the succeeding campaign served as a member of the National Republican Committee for the State of Illinois. Soon after the accession of President McKinley, he was appointed Comptroller of the Treasury, a position 605 606 HISTOKICAL EXCYt'LOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. which he now holds. Mr. Dawes is the son of R. B. Dawes, a former Congressman from Ohio, and the great-grandson of Manasseh Cutler, who was an influential factor in the early history of the Northwest Territory, and has been credited with exerting a strong influence in shaping and securing the adoption of the Ordinance of 1787. DISTIN, (Col.) William L., former Depart- ment Commander of Grand Army of the Repub- lic for the State of Illinois, was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 9, 1843, his father being of English descent, while his maternal grandfather was a Colonel of the Polish Lancers in the army «f the first Napoleon, who, after the exile of his leader, came to America, settling in Indiana. The father of the subject of this sketch settled at Keokuk, Iowa, where the son grew to manhood and in February, 1803, enlisted as a private in the Seventeenth Iowa Infantry, having been twice rejected previously on account of pliysical ail- ment. Soon after enlistment he was detailed for provost-marshal duty, but later took part with his regiment in the campaign in Alabama. He served for a time in the Fifteenth Army Corps, under Gen. John A. Logan, was subsequently detailed for duty on the Staff of General Raum, and participated in the battles of Resaca and Tilton, Ga. Having been captured in the latter, he was imprisoned successively at Jacksonville I^Ga.), Montgomery, Savannah, and finally at Andersonville. From the latter he succeeded in effecting his escape, but was recaptured and returned to that famous prison-pen. Having escaped a second time bj- assuming the name of a dead man and bribing the guard, he was again captured and imprisoned at various points in Mis- sissippi until exchanged about the time of the assassination of President Lincoln. He was then so weakened by his long confinement and scanty fare that he had to be carried on board the steamer on a stretcher. At this time he narrowly escaped being on board the steamer Sultana, which was blown up below Cairo, with 2,100 soldiers on board, a large proportion of whom lost their lives. After being mustered out at Daven- port, Iowa, June 28, 186.5, he was employed for a time on the Des Moines Valley Railroad, and as a messenger and route agent of the United States Express Company. In 1872 he established him- self in business in Quincy, 111., in which he proved very successful. Here he became prom- inent in local Grand Army circles, and, iu 1890, was unanimously elected Comuiander of the Department of Illinois. Previous to this he had been an officer of the Illinois National Guard, and served as Aid-de-Camp, with the rank of Colonel, on the staff of Governors Hamilton, Oglesby and Fifer. In 1897 Colonel Distin was appointed by President McKinley Surveyor-Gen- eral for the Territory of Alaska, a position which (1899) he still holds. DUMMER, Henry E., lawyer, was born at Hallowell, Maine, April 9, 1808, was educated in Bowdoin College, graduating there in the class of 1827, after which he took a course in law at Cam- bridge Law School, and was soon after admitted to the bar. Then, having spent some two years in his native State, in 1S32 he removed to Illinois, settling first in Springfield, where he remained six years, being for a part of the time a partner of John T. Stuart, who afterwards became the first partner in law of Abraliam Lincoln. Mr. Dum- mer had a brother, Richard William Dumnier, who had preceded him to Illinois, living for a time in Jacksonville. In 1838 he removed to Beardstown, Cass Count}', which continued to be his home for more than a quarter of a century. During his residence there he served as Alder- man, City Attorney and Judge of Probate for Cass County ; also represented Cass County in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and, in 1860, was elected State Senator in the Twenty-second General Assembly, serving four years. Mr. Dummer was an earnest Republican, and served that party as a delegate for the State-at-large to the Convention of 1864, at Baltimore, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a second time. In 1864 he removed to Jackson- ville, and for the next year was the law partner of David A. Smith, until the death of the latter in 1865. In the summer of 1878 Mr. Dummer went to Mackinac, Mich., in search of health, but died there August 12 of that year. ECKELS, James H., ex-Comptroller of the Currency, was born of Scotch-Irish parentage at Princeton, 111., Nov. 22, 1858, was educated in the common schools and tlie higli school of his native town, graduated from the Law School at Albany, N. Y., in 1881, and the following year began practice at Ottawa, 111. Here he con- tinued in active practice until 1893, when he was appointed by President Cleveland Comptroller of the Currency, serving until May 1, 1898, when he resigned to accept the presidency of the Com- mercial National Bank of Chicago. Mr. Eckels manifested such distinguished ability in the dis- charge of his duties as Comptroller that he received the notable compliment of being retained in oflfice by a Republican administration more than a year after the retirement of Presi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 607 dent Cleveland, while his selection for a place at the head of one of the leading banking institu- tions of Chicago was a no less marked recognition of his abilities as a financier. He was a Delegate from the Eleventh District to the National Democratic Convention at Chicago in 1893, and repiesented the same district in the Gold Demo- cratic Convention at Indianapolis in 1896, and assisted in framing the platform there adopted — which indicated his views on the financial ques- tions involved in the campaign of that year. FIELD, Daniel, early merchant, was born in Jefferson County, Kentucky, Nov. 30, 1790, and settled at Golconda. 111., in 1818, d}-ing there in 1855. He was a man of great enterprise, engaged in merchandising, and became a large land- holder, farmer and stock-grower, and an extensive shipper of stock and produce to lower Mississippi markets. He married Elizabeth Dailey of Charleston, Ind., and raised a large family of cliildren, one of whom, Philip D., became Sheriff, while another, John, was County Judge of Pope County. His daughter, Maria, married Gen. Green B. Raum, who became prominent as a soldier during the Civil War and, later, as a mem- ber of Congress and Commissioner of Internal Revenue and Pension Commissioner in Wash- ington. FIELD, (Jreen B., member of a pioneer family, was born within the present limits of the State of Indiana in 1787, served as a Lieutenant in tlie War of IbVZ, was married in Bourbon County, Kentucky, to Miss Mary E. Cogswell, the daughter of Dr. Joseph Cogswell, a soldier of the Revolutionary War, and, in 1817, removed to Pope County, Illinois, where he laid off the town of Golconda, which became the county -seat. He served as a Representative from Pope County in the First General Assembly (1818-20), and was the father of Juliet C. Field, who became the wife of John Raiuu; of Edna Field, the wife of Dr. Tarlton Dunn, and of Green B. Field, who was a Lieutenant in Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers during the Mexican War. Jlr. Field was the grandfather of Gen. Green B. Raum, mentioned in the preceding paragraph. He died of yellow fever in Louisiana in 1823. GALE, Stephen Francis, first Chicago book- seller and a railway promoter, was born at Exeter, N. H., March 8, 1812; at 15 years of age became clerk in a leading book-store in Boston; came to Chicago in 183.'). and soon afterwards opened the first book and stationery establish- ment in that citj-. which, in after years, gained an extensive trade. In 1842 the firm of S. F. Gale & Co. was organized, but Mr. Gale, having become head of the Chicago Fire Department, retired from business in 1845 As early as 18-16 he was associated with W m. B. Ogden and John B. Turner in the steps tlien being taken to revive the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & NortJiwestern;, and, in conjunction with these gentlemen, became responsible for the means to purchase the charter and assets of the road from the Eastern bond- holders. Later, he engaged in the construction of the branch road from Turner Junction to Aurora, became President of the line and ex- tended it to Mendota to connect with the Illinois Central at that Point. These roads afterwards became a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy line. A number of years ago Mr. Gale returned to his old home in New Hampshire, where he has since resided. HAY, John, early settler, came to the region of Kaskaskia between 1790 and 1800, and became a prominent citizen of St. Clair County. He was selected as a member of the First Legislative Council of Indiana Territory for .St. Clair County in 1805. In 1809 he was appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court of St. Clair County, and was continued in office after the organization of ihe State Government, serving imtil his death at Belleville in 1845. HAYS, John, pioneer settler of Northwest Ter- ritory, was a native of New York, who came to Cahokia, in the "Illinois Country," in 1793, and lived there the remainder of his life. His early life had been spent in the fur-trade about Macki- nac, in the Lake of the Woods region and about the sources of the Mississippi. During the War of 1812 he was able to furnish Governor Edwards valuable information in reference to the Indians in the Northwest. He filled the office of Po.st- master at Cahokia for a number of years, and was Sheriff of St. Clair County from 1798 to 1818. MOULTON, (Col.) George M., soldier and building contractor, was born at Readsburg, Vt., March 15, 1851, came early in life to Chicago, and was educated in the schools of that city. By pro- fession he is a contractor and builder, the firm of wliich he is a member liaving been connected with the construction of a number of large build- ings, including some extensive grain elevators. Colonel Jloulton became a member of the Second Regiment Illinois National Guard in June, 1884, being electeil to the office of Major, which he retaineil until. January, 1893, when he was appointed Inspector of Rifle Practice on the staff of General Wheeler. A year later he was com COS HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. missioned Colonel of the regiment, a position which he occupied at the time of the call by the President for troops to serve in the Spanish- American War in April, 1898. He promptly answered the call, and was sworn into the United States service at the head of his regiment early in May. The regiment was almost immediately ordered to Jacksonville, Fla., remaining there and at Savannah, Ga., until early in December, when it was transferred to Havana, Cuba. Here he was soon after appointed Cliief of Police for the city of Havana, remaining in office until the middle of January, 1899, when he returned to his regiment, then stationed at Camp Columbia, near the city of Havana. In the latter part of March he returned with his regiment to Augusta, Ga., where it was mustered out, April 36, 1899, one year from the date of its arrival at Springfield. After leaving the service Colonel Moulton resumed his business as a contractor. SHERMAN, Lawrence Y., legislator and Speaker of the Forty -first General Assembly, was born in Miami County, Ohio, Nov. 6, 1858 ; at 3 years of age came to Illinois, his parents settling at Industry, McDonough County. When he had reached the age of 10 years he went to Jasper County, where he grew to manhood, received his education in the common schools and in the law department of McKendree College, graduating from the latter, and, in 1881, located at Macomb, McDonough County. Here he began his career by driving a team upon the street in order to accumulate means enabling him to devote his entire attention to his chosen profession of law. He soon took an active interest in politics, was elected County Judge in 1886, and, at the expira- tion of his term, formed a partnership with George D. Tunnicliffe and D. G. Tunniclifle, ex-Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1894 he was a candidate for the Republican nomination for Representative in the General Assembly, but withdrew to prevent a split in the party; waa nominated and elected in 1896, and re-elected in 1898, and, at the succeeding session of the Forty-first General Assembly, was nominated by the Republican caucus and elected Speaker, as he was again of the Fortj'-second in 1901. VINYARD, Philip, early legislator, was born in Pennsylvania in 1800, came to Illinois at an early day, and settled in Pope County, which he represented in the lower branch of the Thirteentli and Fourteenth General Assemblies. He married Miss Matilda McCoy, the daughter of a prominent Illinois pioneer, and served as SheriS of Pope County for a number of years. Died, at Gol- conda, in 1863, SUPPLEMENT NO. II. BLACK HAWK WAR, THE. The episode known in history under the name of ' 'The Black Hawk War," was the most formidable conflict between the whites and Indians, as well as the most far-reaching in its results, that ever oc- curred upon the soil of Illinois. It takes its name from the Indian Chief, of the Sac tribe, Black Hawk (Indian name, Makatai Meshekia- kiak, meaning "Black Sparrow Hawk'"), who was the leader of the hostile Indian band and a principal factor in the struggle. Black Hawk had been an ally of the British during the War of 1812-15, served with Tecimiseh when the lat- ter fell at the battle of the Thames in 1813, and, after the war, continued to maintain friendly re- lations with his "British father." The outbreak in Illinois had its origin in the construction put upon the treaty negotiated by GSen. William Henry Harrison with the Sac and Fox Indians on behalf of the United States Government, No- vember 3, 1804, under which the Indians trans- ferred to the Government nearly 15,000,000 acres of land comprising the region lying between the Wisconsin River on the north, Fox River of Illi- nois on the east and southeast, and the Mississippi on the %vest, for which the Government agreed to pay to the confederated tribes less than $2,500 in goods and the insignificant sum of $1,000 per an- num in perpetuit}'. While the validity of the treaty was denied on the part of the Indians on the ground that it had originally been entered into by their chiefs under duress, while held as prisoners HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 609 under a charge of murder at Jefferson Barracks, during which they had been kept in a state of con- stant intoxication, it had been repeatedlj- reaf- firmed by parts or all of the tribe, especially in 1815, in 1816, in 1822 and in 1823, and finally recog- nized by Black Hawk himself in i831. The part of the treaty of 1804 which was the immediate cause of the disagreement was that which stipulated that, so long as the lands ceded under it remained the property of the United States (that is, should not be transferred to private owners), ' 'the Indians belonging to the said tribes shall enjoy the priv- ilege of living or hunting upon them." Al- though these lands had not been put upon the market, or even surveyed, as "squatters" multi- plied in this region little respect was paid to the treaty rights of the Indians, particularly with I reference to those localities where, by reason of fertility of the soil or some other natural advan- tage, the Indians had established something like permanent homes and introduced a sort of crude cultivation. This was especially the case with reference to the Sac village of "Saukenuk" on the north bank of Rock River near its mouth, where the Indians, when not absent on the chase, had lived for over a century, had cultivated fields of corn and vegetables and had buried their dead. In the early part of the last century, it is estimated that some five hundred families had been accustomed to congregate here, making it the largest Indian village in the West. As early as 1823 the encroachments of squatters on the rights claimed by the Indians under the treaty of 1804 began; their fields were taken possession of by the intruders, their lodges burned and their women and children whipped and driven away during the absence of the men on their annual hunts. The dangers resulting from these con- flicts led Governor Edwards, as early as 1828, to demand of the General Government the expul- sion of the Indians from Illinois, which resulted in an order from President Jackson in 1829 for their removal west of the Mississippi. On appli- cation of Col. George Davenport, a trader of much influence with the Indians, the time was extended to April 1, 1830. During the preceding year Colonel Davenport and the firm of Davenport and Farnham bought from the United States Gov- ernment most of the lands on Rock River occupied by Black Hawk's band, with the intention, as has been claimed, of permitting the Indians to remain. This was not so understood bj' Black Hawk, who was greatly incensed, although Davenport offered to take other lands from the Government in ex- change or cancel the sale — an arrangement to which President Jackson would not consent. On their return in the spring of 1830, the Indians found whites in possession of their village. Pre- vented from cultivating their fields, and their annual hunt proving unsuccessful, the following winter proved for them one of great hardship. Black Hawk, having made a visit to his " British father" (the British Agent) at Maiden, Canada, claimed to have received words of sympathy and encouragement, which induced him to determine to regain possession of their fields. In this he was encouraged by Neapope, his second in com- mand, and by assurance of support from White Cloud, a half Sac and half Winnebago — known also as "The Prophet " — whose village (Prophet's Town) was some forty miles from the mouth of Rock River, and through whom Black Hawk claimed to have leceived promises of aid in guns, ammunition and provisions from the British. The reappearance of Black Hawk's band in the vicinity of his old haunts, in the spring of 1831, produced a wild panic among the frontier settlers. Messages were hurried to Governor Reynolds, who had succeeded Governor Edwards in De- cember previous, appealing for protection against the savages. The Governor issued a call for 700 volunteers " to remove the band of Sac Indians " at Rock Island beyond the Mississippi. Al- though Gen. E. P. Gaines of the regular army, commanding the military district, thought the regulars sufficiently strong to cope with the situa- tion, the Governor's proclamation was responded to by more than twice the number called for. The volunteers assembled early in June, 1831, at Beardstown, the place of rendezvous named in the call, and having been organized into two regi- ments under command of Col. James D. Henry and Col. Daniel Lieb, with a spy battalion under Gen. Joseph Duncan, marched across the country and, after effecting a junction with General Gaines' regulars, appeared before Black Hawk's village on the 2.'5th of June. In the meantime General Gaines, having learned that the Pottawatomies, Winnebagos and Kickapoos had promised to join the Sacs in their uprising, asked the assistance of the battalion of mounted men previously offered by Governor Reynolds. The combined armies amounted to 2,500 men, while the fighting force of the Indians was 300. Finding himself over- whelmingly outnumbered. Black Hawk withdrew under cover of night to tlie west side of the Missis- sippi. After burning the village. General Gaines notified Black Hawk of his intention to pursue and attack his band, which had the effect to bring the fugitive chief to the General's head- CIO HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. quarters, where, on June 30, a new treaty was entered into by whicli lie bound himself and his people to remain west of the Mississijipi unless permitted to return by the United States. This ended the campaign, and the volunteers returned to their homes, although the affair had produced an intense excitement along the whole frontier, and involved a heavy expense. The next winter was spent by Black Hawk and his band on the site of old Fort Madison, in the present State of Iowa. Dissatisfied and humil- iated by his rejiulse of the previous year, in disre- gard of his pledge to General Games, on April 6, 1832, at the head of 500 warriors and their fam- ilies, he again crossed the Mississippi at Yel- low Banks about the site of the present citj" of Oquawka, fifty miles below Rock Island, with the intention, as claimed, if not permitted to stop at his old village, to proceed to the Prophet's Town and raise a crop with the Winnebagoes. Here he was met by The Prophet with renewed assurances of aid from the Winnebagoes, which was still further strengthened by promises from the Brit- ish Agent received through a visit by Neapope to Maiden the previous autumn. An incident of this invasion was the effective warning given to the white settlers by Shabona, a friendly Ottawa chief, which probably had the effect to prevent a widespread massacre. Besides the towns of Galena and Chicago, the settlements in Illinois north of Fort Clark (Peoria) were limited to some thirty families on Bureau Creek with a few cabins at Hennepin. Peru. LaSalle. Ottawa. In- dian Creek, Dixon, Kellogg's Grove, Apple Creek, and a few other points. Gen. Henry Atkinson, commanding the regulars at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island), having learned of the arrival of Black Hawk a week after he crossed the Missis- sippi, at once took steps to notify Governor Rey- nolds of the situation with a requisition for an adequate force of militia to cooperate with the regulars. Under date of April IG, 1832, the Gov- ernor issued his call for ' 'a strong detachment of militia " to meet by April 22. Beardstown again being named as a place of rendezvous. The call resulted in the assembling of a force which was organized into four regiments under command of Cols. John DeWitt. Jacob Fry. John Thomas and Samuel M. Thompson, together with a spy bat- talion under Maj. James D. Henry, an odd bat- talion under Maj. Thomas James and a foot battalion under Maj. Thomas Long. To these were subsequently added two independent battalions of mounted men, under command of Majors Isaiah Stillman and David Bailey, which were finally consolidated as the Fifth Regiment under command of Col. James Johnson. The organiza- tion of the first four regiments at Beardstown was completed by April 27, and the force under command of Brigadier-General Whiteside (but accompanied b\' Governor Reynolds, who was allowed pay as Major General by the General Government) began its march to Fort Armstrong, arriving there Maj- "and being mustered into the United States service. Among others accompany- ing the expedition who were then, or afterwards became, noted citizens of the State, were Vital Jarrot, Adjutant-General; Cyrus Edwards, Ord- nance Officer; Murray McConnel, Staff Officer, and Abraham Lincoln, Captain of a company of volunteers from Sangamon County in the Fourth Regiment. Col. Zachary Tajlor, then commander of a regiment of regulars, arrived at Fort Arm- strong about the same time with reinforcements from Fort Leavenworth and Fort Crawford. The total force of militia amounted to 1,935 men, and of regulars about 1,000. An interesting story is told concerning a speech delivered to the volun- teers by Colonel Taylor about this time. After reminding them of their duty to obey an order promptly, the future hero of the Mexican "War added: "The safety of all depends upon the obe- dience and courage of all. You are citizen sol- diers: some of you may fill high offices, or even be Presidents some day— but not if you refuse to do your duty. Forward, march!" A curious com- mentary upon this speech is furnished in the fact that, while Taylor himself afterwards became President, at least one of his hearers — a volunteer who probably then had no aspiration to that dis- tinction (Abraham Lincoln) — reached the same position during the most dramatic period in the nation's history. Two days after the arrival at Fort Armstrong, the advance up Rock River began, the main force of the volunteers proceeding by land under Gen- eral Whiteside, while General Atkinson, with 400 regular and 300 volunteer foot soldiers, pro- ceeded by boat, carrying with him the artillery, provisions and bulk of the baggage. Whiteside, advancing by the east bank of the river, was the first to arrive at the Prophet's Town, which, finding deserted, he pushed on to Dixon's Ferry (now Di.xon). where he arrived Ma}- 12. Here he found the independent battalions of .Stillman and Bailey with ammunition and supplies of which Whiteside stood in need. The mounted battalions under command of Major Stillman, having been sent forward by Whiteside as a scouting party, left Dixon on the 13th and, on the afternoon of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 611 the next day, went into camp in a strong position near the moutli of Sycamore Creek. As soon dis- covered. Black Hawk was in camp at tlie same time, as he afterwards claimed, with about forty of his braves, on Sycamore Creek, three miles distant, while the greater part of his band were en- camped with the more war-like faction of the Pot- tawatomies some seven miles farther north on the Kishwaukee River. As claimed by Black Hawk in his autobiography, having been disappointed in his expectation of forming an alliance with the Winnebagoes and the Pottawatomies, he had at this juncture determined to return to the west Bide of the Jlississippi. Hearing of the arrival of Stilhnan"s command in the vicinity, and taking it for granted that this was the whole of Atkin- son's command, he sent out three of his young men with a white flag, to arrange a parley and convey to Atkinson his offer to meet the latter in council. These were captured by some of Still- man's band regardless of their flag of truce, while a party of five other braves who followed to ob- serve the treatment received by the flagbearers, were attacked and two of their number killed, the the other three escaping to their camp. Black Hawk learning the fate of his truce party was aroused to the fiercest indignation. Tearing the flag to pieces with which he had intended to go into council with the whites, and appealing to his followei-s to avenge the murder of their comrades, he prepared for the attack. The rangers num- bered 27.5 men, while Black Hawk's band has been estimated at less than forty. As the rangers caught sight of the Indians, they rushed forward in pell-mell fashion. Retiring behind a fringe of bushes, the Indians awaited the attack. As the rangers approached. Black Hawk and his party rose up with a war whoop, at the same time opening fire on their assailants. The further historj- of the affair was as much of a disgrace to Stillman's command as had been their desecra- tion of the flag of truce. Thrown into panic by their reception by Black Hawk's little band, the rangers turned and, without firing a shot, began the retreat, dashing through their own camp and abandoning everything, which fell into the hands of the Indians. An attempt was made by one or two officers and a few of their men to check the retreat, but without success, the bulk of the fu- gitives continuing their mad rush for safety through the night until they reached Dixon, twenty-five miles distant, while many never stopped until they reached their homes, forty or fifty miles distant. The casualties to the rangers amounted to eleven killed and two wounded, while the Indian loss consisted of two spies and one of the llag-bcarers, treacherously killed near Stillman's camp. Vhis ill-starred af- fair, which has passed into history as "Stillman's defeat. " produced a general panic along the fron- tier by inducing an exaggerated estimate of the strength of the Indian force, while it led Black Hawk to form a poor opinion of the courage ct the white troops at the same time that it led to an exalted estimate of the prowess of his own little band — thus becoming an important factor in prolonging the war and in the bloody massacres which followed. Whiteside, with his force of 1,400 men, advanced to the scene of the defeat the next day and buried the dead, while on the 19th. Atkinson, with his force of regulars, pro- ceeded up Rock River, leaving the remnant of Stillman's force to guard the wounded and sup- plies at Dixon. No sooner had he left than the demoralized fugitives of a few days before de- serted their post for their homes, compelling At- kinson to return for the protection of his base of supplies, while Whiteside was ordered to follow the trail of Black Hawk who had started up the Kishwaukee for the swamps about Lake Kosh- konong, nearly west of Milwaukee within the present State of Wisconsin. At this point the really active stage of the campaign began. Black Hawk, leaving the women and children of his band in the fastnesses of the swamps, divided his followers into two bands, retaining about 200 under his own com- mand, while the notorious half-breed, Mike Girty, ledaband of one hundred renegadePottawatomies. Returning to the vicinity of Rock Island, he gathered some recruits from the Pottawatomies and Winnebagoes, and the work of rapine and massacre among the frontier settlers began. One of the most notable of these was the Indian Creek Massacre in LaSalle County, about twelve miles north of Ottawa, on May 21, when sixteen persons were killed at the Home of W'illiam Davis, and two young girls — Sylvia and Rachel Hall, aged, respectively, 17 and 1,5 years — were carried away captives. The girls were subse- quently released, having been ransomed for $2,000 in horses and trinkets through a Winnebago Chief and surrendered to sub-agent Henry (Iratiot. Great as was the emergency at this juncture, the volunteers began to manifest evi- dence of dissatisfaction and, claiming that they had served out their term of enlistment, refused to follow the Indians into the swamps of Wis consin. As the result of a council of war, the volunteers were ordered to Ottawa, where thev 612 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. were mustered out on May 28, by Lieut. Robt. Anderson, afterwards General Anderson of Fort Sumter fame. Meanwhile Governor Reynolds had issued his call (with that of 1831 the third,) for 2,000 men to serve during the war. Gen. Winfield Scott was also ordered from the East with 1,000 regulars although, owing to cholera breaking out among the troops, they did not arrive in time to take part in the campaign. The rank and file of volunteers responding under the new call was 3,148, with recruits and regulars then in Illinois making an array of 4,000. Pend- ing the arrival of the troops under the new call, and to meet an immediate emergency, 300 men were enlisted from the disbanded rangers for a period of twentj' days, and organized into a regiment under command of Col. Jacob Fry, with James D. Henry as Lieutenant Colonel and John Thomas as Major. Among those who en- listed as privates in this regiment were Brig.- Gen. Whiteside and Capt. Abraham Lincoln. A regiment of five companies, numbering 195 men, from Putnam County under coznmand of Col. John Strawn, and another of eight companies from Vermilion County under Col. Isaac R. Moore, were organized and assigned to guard duty for a period of twentj' daj'S. The new volunteers were rendezvoused at Fort Wilbourn, nearly opposite Peru, June 15, and organized into three brigades, each consisting of three regiments and a spy battalion. The First Brigade (915 strong 1 was placed under command of Brig. -Gen. Alexander Posey, the Second under Gen. Milton K. Alexander, and the third under Gen. James D. Henrj-. Others who served as officers in some of these several organizations, and afterwards became prominent in State his- tory, were Lieut. -Col. Gurdon S. Hubbard of the Vermilion County regiment; John A. McClern- and, on the staff of General Posey; Maj. John Dement ; then State Treasurer ; Stinson H. Ander- son, afterwards Lieutenant-Governor; Lieut. - Gov. Zadoc Casey; Maj., William McHenry; Sidney Breese (afterwards Judge of the State Supreme Court and United States Senator) ; W. L. D. Ewing (as Major of a spy battalion, after- wards United States Senator and State Auditor) ; Alexander W. Jenkins (afterwards Lieutenant- Governor) ; James W. Semple (afterwards United States Senator) ; and William Weatherford (after- wards a Colonel in the Mexican War), and many more. Of the Illinois troops, Posey's brigade was assigned to the duty of dispersing the Indians between Galena and Rock River, Alexander's sent to intercept Black Hawk up the Rock River, while Henry's remained with Gen. Atkinson at Dixon. During the next two weeks engage- ments of a more or less serious charactei *\ ere had on the Pecatonica on the southern border of the present State of Wisconsin ; at Apple River Fort fourteen miles east of Galena, which was successfully defended against a force under Black Hawk himself, and at Kellogg's Grove the next day (June 25), when the same band ambushed Maj. Dement's spy battalion, and cameal, and a splendid empire, in the heart of the grandest val- ley on the globe, dedicated to freedom, intellig- ence and progress. Frontiers. — The people of this interior wilder- ness, plethoric with abounding opiwrtunlties, were virtually isolated from the world. They spun on spinjiing-wheels and wove on looms of their own handicraft material for their own clothing. They made their own clumsy chairs, rough tables and rude bedsteads, and ate from wooden bowls Instead of dishes. They crudely tanned for leather the skins of the wild beasts they slew for food, and from it fabricated shoes and raiment, and from the husks of corn made ropes and brooms and harness. They made cradles for the babies from sugar troughs and hives for the bees from hollow trees, and drank sassafras tea sweetened with maple sugar. The trusty rifle was alwa.ys carried afield, to be at instant service for the skulking Indian. The fertile soil yielded bounteous crops. The streams were filled with edible fish. The elk, deer, and bear, the wild turkey and pigeons abounded in endless profusion ; the majestic for- ests were stored with nutritious nuts and acorns; wild strawberries, in luscious abundance, em- broidered, with crimson hues, the settlers' lonely paths ; industrious bees filled the hollows of giant trees with honey, sweet as those of an- cient Treliizoud. and the wild crab apple freighted the drowsy air with the most redolent of perfumes. This was indeed a land of romance and op- portunity, of enchantment and grandeur, and from It there has been developed the fairest and richest territorial dominion ever vouchsafed to the destiny of mankind. CHAPTER II. ILLINOI.S. AREA AND GE0GR.\PHY — PRAIBIES AND FORESTS — PREHISTORIC MONUMENTS AND RELICS INDIANS — FRENCH E.\PLOREBS — SETTLEMENT — BRITISH DO.MINION — THE CONQUEST OF KASKASKIA — TER- RITORY OF ILLINOIS — ILLINOIS A STATE. A knowledge of the history and resources Oi our great State is important, as well as the his- tory of our nation. It is essential to a proper understanding of the magnitude of its material and industrial imjwrtance, and to a Just appre- ciation of Its influence ui>on our sisterhood of States. Illinois is Ills miles wide at its widest luirt, and has an extreme length of 385 miles, thus extending as far north as Boston, Mass., and as far south as Richmond. Va. Its area is !5(i,(J50 square miles. Geography. — It was due to the sagacity and tactics of Nathaniel Pope, our Territorial Dele- gate in the Congress of 1818, that the present northern boundary of the State Wi\,s fixed at lat. 42° 30', instead of the southern bend of Lake Michigan, which would have cros,sed the State about fifteen miles below the City of Chicago, and fixed that great metropolis in what is now the State of Wisconsin. Illinois is eminently fortunate in her geograph- ical location. Situated in the very heart of the nation, a prodigious volume of the travel and commerce of the countr.v is compelled to traverse her soil, augmenting her great industries and en- hancing her wealth. More than two-thirds of her boundaries are made up the navigable waters, the Mississippi on the west, the Ohio on the south and the Wa- WABASH COUNTY 619 bash Kiver and Lake Michigan on the east. The courses of her interior rivers are highly favorable for domestic trade and calculated to i)rouiote comuiercial development. The average altitude of the State above sea- level is about liOO feet, the highest point being 1257 feet, which is in Jo Daviess County, while Cairo, the lowest point, is about 300 feet above the sea. The average temperature is 5S degrees, and the average rainfall for the north is 34 inches and. of the south, 40 inches jier annum. The surface is undulating, sloping gradually to the south, except where It is crossed by a ridge of the Ozarks. Prairies. — The vast prairies of Illinois are wonderfully fertile and very level. The word prairie means meadows, and was used by the French explorers to describe the vast and tree- less areas they discovered in this region, re- splendent with lirilliant hued wild flowers and over which grazed the lordly liuffalo. the stately elk and graceful deer. It was the habit of the Indians to bum off grass on the prairies in the fall and winter to provide nutritious pastura.ge in the spring, for the wild animals, which would feed in great squad- rons, upon their luxuriant growth, and, it is supix)sed, that these tires prevented the spread- ing of forests. Forests. — Fully three-fifths of the State was treeless, almost entirely north of a line drawn from St. Louis to Mt. Carmel, while south of this there were many noble forests of the most valuable species of timber, which even yet sus- tain valuiible and extensive lumber industries. A'andal hands have Ignorantly and wantonly dis- mantled much of tills land, which, otherwise would be gorgeous and stately natural parks, preserving in miniature, at least, some aspect of the grace and splendor of the primeval for- ests as they were beheld by the wrapt and wondering visions of the iron-willed explorers. Prehistoric Monuments and Relics. — Illinois is rich in the relics of prehistoric races, and rare and extensive collections of stone implements have been collected from their ancient abodes and burial mounds. Fine spen found in many places. These races carved and painted the images of animals and fantastic ligures on the faces of bluffs and exposed rocks. The most remarkable feat performed by these vanished races was the rearing of stupendous mounds, the purpose of which, and the manner of their construction, are veiled in obscurity as dim as that of the Egyptian pyramids and to which there is a plainly recognizable but inex- plicable similitude. It is supix)sed some were built for the purposes of war, others for wor- ship and interment, but as to the greater por- tion, our ingenuity is baffled, even in the realm of conjecture. These mounds abound chiefly along rivers and are especially numerous and large in the "American Bottom.' There are almost one hun- dred in the vicinity of the old CahoUia Mound — one of this group which is the most extensive earth-work of its kind in the United States. This mound is p.\Tamidal in form, rising in a series of four terraces to a height of one hun- dred feet, while its base covers an area of four- teen acres, surpassing the base of any of the Egyptian pyramids. Indians of Ilunois. — The Indians of Illinois were generally superior in physical strength and prowess to those of other portions of North America, and had attained to somewhat better conditions of living, due. doubtless, to the favor- able conditions afforded them by the productive soil of the prairies, which needed no clearing, and on which an abundance of wild fowl and other game was more easily obtained than in the dense forests and mountain fastnesses of other parts of the c-ountry; and also to the fact that, out on the expanding and variegated prairies, with their luxuriant landscapes, beautiful sun- shine and emerald verdure, there was wanting that oppressive sense of isolation, fear and su- perstilion tliat peojiled the gloomy forest and frowning mountain heights with phantom foes and disembodied spirits. Because of these favorable environments, the densest Indian population of the country grew up along the Illinois and other rivers of the State. No where could the red man find such an abundance of game, fish and fowl so easy of procurement, live in such savage aftluence or tind a more congenial home. This beautiful and prodigal land was coveted by many tribes and fierce and bloody were the numerous wars waged by contending tribes for its posses.sion. Even the renowned Iroquois of New York had 620 WABASH COUNTY heard the inviting tales of this plentiful region, and in the seventeenth century, invading it with 500 picked warriors, attaclied and defeated the Illinois Indians hut never made this region their permanent dwelling place, The most numerous and powerful tribe in Illi- nois was the lUini, and from it the State took its name — a word which, in the Indian lan- guage, means "suijerior men," and was supiwsed to be descriptive of the tribe which Father Menibre says were "tall of stature, strong and robust, the swiftest runners in the world." The Sacs and Foxes, and the Pottawatomies lived north of the Illinois River, the ambitious and savage Kickapoos near the mouth of Fox Kiver, Wis., and later in tlie central part of Illi- nois, the Miamis on the eastern borders, the Shawnees and Piaukishaws on the lower Wa- bash. The red man has departed from the land he loved so dearly, but his race is perpetuated in the sweetly eujihonious and musical names of our rivers, counties and States, which he has be- queathed to us as a legacy of his poetical fancies. French Explohers. — Jean Nicolet, a French explorer, was the first white man known to have visited the Illinois Country. Having discovered Jjake Michigan, in l(iii4, it is supposed that he then visited the village of the Illinois Indians. He was followed by fur traders and trappers who undoubtedly wandered over the greater por- tion of the present State prior to the coming of the intrepid LaSalle and adventurous Joliet, but of their adventures and perils tradition alone ious, prudent and humble priest. Father Jacques Marquette, master of seven Indian dialects, and a typical missionary, in comixmy with five dauntless companions, .started from St. Ignace on the northern shore of Lake Michigan, in two birch bark canoes, and with i)rovisions of meal and smoked meat, made the hazardous journey which led them down the Father of Waters. On their return they passed Tip the Illinois River, visited the Peoria In- dians and Marquette preached to them, after- ward making their way to Lake Michigan whence Joliet returned to Quebec. The follow- ing year Marquette returned to Illinois and after spending the winter near the mouth of the Chi- cago River, in the spring of 1675, founded the first Mission in Illinois, where the village of Utic-a now stands. Marquette wrote accurate descrii>tions of the land, vegetation, animals, fish and small game seen by these heroic voy- agers on the first journey of the white man down the lordly Mississiijpi. Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, was the most daring and intrepid genius ever sent by France to the new world. None of the French explorers were so bold or resourceful as LaSalle. Assailed by jealousy, the victim of treachery and conspiracies of white men and Indians, attempts made uiion his life, wounded, suspected and be- trayed, yet his masterful genius and indomit- able courage overcame all obstacles and he achieved marvelous results for his country. He explored the country west of the Alleghenies, found the Ohio and overcoming great disasters, at last reached the mouth of the Mississippi, and took ix)ssesslon of the country in the name of Louis XIV. naming it Louisiana, in honor of his king. In 1GS4 he attempted to found a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, but through lack of knowledge of the Gulf coast, located in the vicinity of what is now believed to have been the vicinity of Matagorda Bay, Texas. There he remained three years, his colon- ists enduring, in the meantime, great suffering and privation. He then attempted to return nortli to Canada, but on the way was murdered b.v some of his nuitinous companions on the Trinity River, in Texas, on March 19, 1687, and thus treacherously perished the wisest and brav- est of the great French explorers on the conti- nent. Settlement. — The mission wliicli Marquette established, on the Illinois River, near the present site of Utica. he named Kaskaskia. Through fear of the hostile Iroquois and to secure the fur trade on the Mississippi the mission was abandoned, and the tribe moving south settled near the mouth of what be- came the Kaskaskia River, and the new town was given the name of the old one, and thus in 1700 the second Kaskaskia was founded. The first permanent settlement in the State, however, there is reason to l)elieve, was the village of Cahokla, some forty miles north of Kaskaskia, thus antedating the latter by a few months, but occurring the same year. In 1718 the French soldiers erected a fort between Kaskaskia and Cahokia, which they named Fort Chartres and OTj, WABASH COUNTY 621 it soon grew into such prominence that it was often said tliat "All the roads lead to Fort Chartres." Prior to 1712 Illinois was a part of Canada, but it was then united with the lower Missis- sippi settlements under the name of Ix)uisiana. In the year 1717 the Illinois country had but 300 white inhabitants. British Dominion. — By the terms of the treaty of Fontainebleau, signed February 10. 17tj3, the Illinois Country was transferred to the British crowi\. The brief rule of England brought but little ihauge to Illinois, and but few of its inhabitants knew or cared anything about It. In 17ti3 England Issued a proclamation designating the provinces and the manner of their governuient. Upon the arrival of Captain .Sterling the flag of France was taken down and the English flag run over Fort Chartres. which was certainly a strange and interesting sight to the inhabitants. They were given eighteen months to decide whether they would remain or remove, and one- third left, going to St. Louis and New Orleans. Col. Wilkins, the British Commandant, in 1768, by proclamation established a code of civil and criminal administration, of which trial by jury was the central feature. The French, unaccus- tomed to jury trials, avoided the courts and sub- mitted their controversies to the priest for ad- judication. Conquest of Kaskaskia. — Kaskaskia was captured July 4, 177S, by the retloubtable Gen. George Rogers Clark, a good soldier and an able diplomatist, after which the other French vil- lages surrendered at discretion, and soon the British flag was lowered at Cahokia never again to wave on Illinois soil as a British possession. By Gen. Clark's conquest Illinois became a part of Virginia and by act of her Legislature, in October, 1778. was created and organized as the County of Illinois. The illustrious orator. Patrick Henry, then Governor Virginia, thus be- came the tirst American Governor of Illinois. His first administrative act was to appoint Col. John Todd. Lieutenant-Commandant of the County of Illinois, his commission bearing date December 12, 1778. At the time of his appoint- ment Col. Todd was a judge on the bench in Kentucky, where he had evinceop- lar, oak, hickory, walnut, cypress, gum, maple, elm and sycamore. Along the Wabash River and on the Illinois shore within the county, are several prominent liluffs ranging from 75 to 100 feet in height. McCleary Bluff in the southeast w^as near the site of the ancient and important village of the Pianklshaw Indians, and at this point, during low water, the farmers take coal from the bed of the river. Little Rock is about ten miles above Mt. Carniel. Its natural beauty has been greatly marred by cutting away great portions of its once smooth and lofty walls for stone. At this place the Illinois shore is a vertical palisade of rocks for a great distance. Xear its center it is cleft by an abrapt canon, within which are small eaves, shaded nooks, trickling cascades and lovely grottos, where great ferns grow in tropical profusion. Hanging Rock, three miles above Mt. Carniel, is a semi- circular rock wall which, in the center, rears its huge i)innacle over a hundred feet above the water and projects out over the river many feet, from which fact it takes its name. From its lofty snnunit can be obtained a superb view of the surrounding country, which affords a fasci- nating perspective, and the place itself is rich in relics and legends of the Indians, once romantic, but evanescent abode. At Mt. Carmel the bluffs are one hundred feet high and gracefully crowned with noble shade trees, and from their heights can be had a splendid view of the Wa- bash. AA'hite and Patoka Rivers, which roll their wimpling sea of waters at their rocky base. Here one may stand And see the rivers, how they run, Through woods and meads, in shade and sun. Sometimes swift, and sometimes slow. Wave succeeding wave, they go A various journe.v to the deep, I>ike human life to endless sleep. Hydrography. — Lying lietween the Wahash River and Bonpas Creek, the county is well sup- plied with water courses, the entire eastern and southern boundary being washed by the Wabash The smaller streams of importance are the Coffee, Crawfish, Greatbouse, Sugar and Jordan Creeks. Until recent years there were large ponds in the southeast part of the county, the principal ones being Bairds, Brushy and Grassy Ponds, all of which have been reclaimed by ex- tensive drainage, and where the pioneers seined barrels of fish and trajiped the otter and musk- rat, are now found cultivated fields, with a black soil six feet in depth. Soil. — Wabash is an agricultural county, its regular surface and well drained lanjls making it particularly suitable for husbandry. In the northern and eastern portions, near the bluffs, the soil is clayey, but is underlaid by loess de- posit, and is consequently very productive and 624 WABASH COUNTY yields abundant crops of all the cereals known to this climate. Most of the upland soil is a clay loam and is peculiarly well adapted for wheat, of which it produces a superior quality. The bottom lands, on which there is still consid- erable timber, are comjwsed of a deep alluvial dejKJsit with a sandy subsoil, and are the most productive lands in the county. It has been claimed that if this soil were in some parts of New England, it would be sold by the bushel. CHAPTER IV. GEOLOGY— FLORA AND FAUNA. GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN WABASH COUNTY — SOIL, COAL MEASURES AND STONE VARIETIES — BBICK AND potter's CLAY BOTANY' — INDIGE- NOUS TREES AND OTHER PRODUCTS — NATIVE ANI- MAI,S CHANGES THAT HAVE BEEN PRODUCED BY CIVILIZATION — ANIMALS AND BIRDS THAT HAVE DISAPPEARED. The geological formations of Wabash County are found to belong to the Quaternary and up- per coal measures. The first attains its com- pletest development along the bluffs of the Wa- bash, where it consists of the buff and yellow marly sands and clays of the loess, and an ordi- nary thickness of the gravelly clays of the drift formation, while stratified clays abound along the lower streams and near the mouth of the Bonpas. At Mt. Carmel the loess and drift clays are about thirty feet in thickness, this being the average depth, and being the same as in the river bluffs, but on the uplands, distant from the river, the usual thickness ranges from fifteen to twenty feet. At GrayvUle, the banks of the Bonpas reveal out-crops of stratified clay of from five to ten feet in thickness, of various colors and apparently derived from the decom- position of the clay shales of the coal measures, while above these are found from twenty to thirty feet of loess, probably covering a nucleus of gravelly drift clay. At Mt. Carmel. in the river bluffs, there is an outcrop of sandstone, forming the lower part of the bluff, which is underlaid by a blue clay shale, partially exposed, which comes under the classification of coal measures. A section of the bluff at this point shows the following : Strata Feet Loess and drift clay 30 Soft, shaly, micaceous sandstone 13 Massive sandstone, partly concretionary. . .20 Blue clay shale, partial exjwsure 3 to 6 Springs of water issue from the sandstone in- dicating the impervious nature of the under- lying beds. A boring for coal was made at this point, the record of which Mr. J. Zimmerman furnished for publication in the State Geolog- ical Rerwrt: also a reiwrt of borings for oil is accessible in the same publication, and to which we are indebted for much information contained in this chapter. Coal shafts have been sunken and mining has been done at Frieudsville. Maud, McCleary's Bluff and on the Sehrodts, Chapman and Simonds farms. The latter lies two miles south- west of Mt. Carmel. The vein found in it con- formed in thickness and quality with the others, being about three feet in thickness and a section of which showed the following : Strata Ft. In. Drift clay and soil 5 6 Argillaceous shale 30 Limestone 6 Mineralogy'. — Coal is quite generally found In drinking wells and, at several places through the county, crops out above the surface in the beds of streams. There is but little stone in the county fit for building purpose, and that which exists is found in the sandstone out-cropplngs along the bluffs of the river and in the northwest part of the county. There Is a ledge of rock in the river at Rochester, which has been slightly worked, and it is thought, if sufficiently quar- ried, it would yield a fair quality of building stone. In the banks of Greathouse Creek, near Mt. Carmel, there is found, what is thought to be a fair quality of ixitter's clay. Good brick clay is plentiful in nearly all parts of the county, and sand suitable for building purposes is abundant. Flora. — In this work we cannot treat fully of the fl,iora of the county. Our plants are of great va- riety, many of great beauty and some quite rare ; in fact, it is one of the richest and most inviting fields to be found by the botanist. The late Dr. J. Schneck. a capable and enterprising botanist, made an accurate and exhaustive botanical a>-y— ^ 1— Vo^-i— WABASH COUNTY 625 study of the county and made a complete list of Its indigenous trees and shrubs, which is found on page ti3, Vol. VI., of the "Geological Survey of Illinois." The most common varieties of timber to be observed in the county are the common species of oak, hickory, walnut, maple, ash, locust, elm, Cottonwood, sycamore, gum, pecan, persimmon, hackberry, dogwood, sassafras, crab-apple, catalpa and pawpaw. Fauna. — Among the native animals found in the county were the buffalo, elk, Virginia deer, black bear, panther, gray wolf, wild-cat, fox, mink, otter, skunk, raccoon, opossum, squirrel, muskrat, etc. The bones of the larger animals were often found as late as 1830 ; bears did not entirely dis- appear until 1850, and the last wild deer was shot by Mr. Larner Risley on the Robert Chap- man farm in ISO'J. Like the red man. the buffalo and elk, the deer, wolf and other important species of mammals were unable to withstand the strenuous march of civilization, and have passed away, never again to return to our borders. Birds. — The groves and noble forests of the county were in highly favorable conditions for birds, both from the standpoint of subsistence and shelter, and no region in the country was blessed with greater numbers or more beautiful varieties than Wabash County once enjoyed ; but like the wild animals, many of their species have departed to other localities or become extinct. The latter class includes the wild turkey, wild pigeon, and prairie chicken. The birds of this section have been carefully classified and reported in the Transactions of Illinois Horticultural Society of the year 187(3. CHAPTER V. SETTLEMENT. ORIGIN OF THE NAME "W.\BASH" COUNTT ORGANI- ZATION — SOME EARLY FRENCH SETTLERS — FIRST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT — THE COMPTONS, GREAT- HOUSE AND SETH CARD THE ALLEGHANT COPNTY COLONY — THE CANNON MASSACRE- PRIMITIVE INDUSTRIES FIRST MILLS — FLAT- BOATING TO NEW ORLEANS LIFE IN THE PIONEER CABINS AMUSEMENTS AND SOCIAL LIFE. Wabash County takes its name from the Wa- bash Itiver. The name Wabash is derived from the Indian name. "Ouabache," by which the river was known to the Indians and early ex- plorers. The word has various meanings in the Indian language, among which are "White Waters," "Moving Cloud," "Swift Summer Cloud." Silver Water, and "Mad Bull," aU evi- dently being figures of speech, expressive of the swift and foaming waters at the Grand Rapids. The early French explorers gave the name of St. Jerome to the river, but the Indians and English refused to recognize it by any other than its metaphorical and symphonious Indian name. Wabash County was originally a part of Ed- wards County, which was divided and Wabash established in 1824, The French were the first to locate in Wabash County, their settlement being made at Rochester, a very favorable site on the Wabash River, in 1800. Among the first settlers were four brothers, named August, William, Joseph and Francis Tougas, also called Lauvelette or Lovellette. They were feared and respected by the Indians. August was particu- larly respected by the Piankishaws, and he had the boldness to punish thieving members of the tribe and they regarded him as their superior in prowess and intellect, and, while massacreing other settlers, they remained at peace with the four daring and stalwart brothers. August, in 1838, moved to Mt. Carmel, where he conducted a hotel for several years, and in 1849 returned to Rochester, where he died. William removed to Vincennes but in 1816 returned to Rochester and erected a horse mill, the second one operated in the county. The first English settlement was made in Wa- bash Precinct in 1802, being founded by Levi Corapton and Joshua .Jordan. Compton after- wards erected Fort Compton in 1810, which was surrounded with a palisade and contained dwell- ings, barns, etc.. for the use of the inmates. This fort was large enough to shelter and pro- tect a hundred families, and often, at a hurried signal, were they compelled to seek refuge within its enclosure. The first horse-mill in the county was built by Compton at this i)Iace. Compton was an influential and progressive man and was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 and afterwards Representa- tive in the First General Assembly from Ed- wards County, of which Wabash County then 626 WABASH COUNTY constituted a part. He attained the age of eighty years. John CouiiJtou was a Representa- tive from Wabash County in 1842-44. I^evi Compton"s son, Josepli, who died about 1874, was the first white child Itorn in the county. Levi's companion and lirother-in-law, Jordan, was a Virginian and had been a tenant of George Washington and fought with him at the lime of Braddoclv"s disastrous defeat. John Stilwell came from Kentuclcy in 1S(>4 and brought with him a negro slave, named Armstead, whom the records show, he liberated in 1822. He was the wealthiest of the pioneers, but afUlcted with many strange peculiarities. Enoch Greathouse. a native of Germau.v, settled on the present site of Mt. Carmel in 1804. and in 1S17 moved to the now extinct town of Cen- treville, where he died at the advanced age of 110 years. The Degans were French and coming from Detroit, joined their countryman at Rochester aliout 1804. IVo hardy and adventurous young French- men, Joseph Burway and Joseph Pichinaut. had joined the numerous little colony at Rochester. They were both killed by the Indians in 1815 near Baird's Pond. Having lost their horses, the.v had gone in search of them and. while trail- ing through the dense woods, were surprised and killed. Burway carried a rifle, the report of which was recognized by three settlers in the bottoms. They suspected the cause of the firing. and rushed to the settlement to give the alarm. Hastening to the locality where the firing was heard, tlaey found the dead and mutilated bodies of the young heroes. The savages were pur- sued but escaped. The surrounding circum- stances showed that Burway had fought hero- ically, for several dead Indians strewed the peri- Ions path he had followed. Seth Gard. the most prominent of all the early settlers, located in what is now Lick Prairie Precinct, in 1813. The locality was named. Card's Point in his honor, and the name still perpetuates his memory. Judge Gard was a man of commanding force, a rare judgment and clear discernment. He was a truly repre- sentative man, and the early settlers leaned on him for counsel and direction. Upon the organi- zation of Edwards County in 1815, he was elected a Representative to the Third Terri- torial Legislature, and filled that office during the first session, being succeeded by M. S. Davenport for the second and last session. He was one of the first County Judges and was a leading member of the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1818. By his noble and useful life he bequeathed a legacy of honor to Wabash County which will ever cherish his venerated name. In 1816 a little band of c-olonists left their fair and traiHinil homes in Alleghany County, N. Y., to seek habitations in the deep solitude of the far western frontier. Of that memorable little comiwny, one still survives at the age of 95 years. Rosander Smith, the .sou of Benjamin Smith. They made the entire journey by boats and settled at old Palmyra, where Crawfish Creek i)uts into the Wabash, and after a year of wretched privations and many deaths, the malarial location was cheerfully abandoned and the inhaliitants disi)ersed to more genial parts of the county. Brevity forbids calling the roll of the many courageous and self-sacrificing pioneers who, struggling with grave and innum- erable privations and dangere, wrested this beau- tiful country from savager.v and chaos, and struck out for their descendants the fair high- ways of civilization and prosi>erity. The Cannon Massacre. — The iiioneers were confronted with many perils and hardships on account of the hostility of the Indians, and until 1815 the region was filled with treacherous and marauding bands. The murderous redskins fre- quently drove the .settlers into the forts or block- houses, and on several occasions the sanguinary tomahawk and bloody scalping knife secured many ghastly trophies. In 1818 occurred what is known in local history as the "Cannon Mas- sacre." an event whose tragic and bloody charac- ter threw the settlers into a state of fearful ap- prehension. An account of the tragedy, as afterward given by one of Mr. Cannon's daugh- ters, describes it in the following manner : "Mr. Cannon and his sons came across the Wabash from the Indiana side, and constructed a cabin near Campbell's Landing, in Coffee Precinct, on the ground where the Painter Grave-yard is now located. No signs of Indians were seen while they were engaged in the work, and it was supiwsed they had all left. ".Vfter completing the cabin, they crossed the river to bring over the family. Late in the afternoon of the same day, after they all moved and settled in their house, they found a bee tree, and after becoming fairly settled, the men went into the timber to cut it. While thus engaged a band of Indians fell upon them suddenly. Mr. WABASH COUNTY 627 Cauiioii was instantly killed, and the otiiers fled for their lives. iSanuiel. a son of Mr. Cannon, was soon overtaken and disi)attlied by tlie imir- derons foe. They cut off his head and otherwise mutilated his liod.v, leaving it where he fell." ilrs. Cannon, a daughter, a boy about ten years old, and a son-in-law, by the name of Starks, were captured and carried off by the Indians. They were, however, all subsequently ransomed except the boy. Mr. Cannon and his son were buried by two neighbors. They wrapped the bodies in a horse skin and placed them in one grave. Primitive Ixdustries. — The industries of the pioneers consisted of farming, lumbering, crude manufacturing and flat-boating. Wheat and corn were raised in considerable quantities. The wheat was harvested with sickles, threshed with resounding flails or tramped out with horses, ridden by children, and the grain ground at mills run l)y water or propelled by horses. A Mrs. Ingrahani is said to have made the first wheat bread in the county, from wheat she plucked from the golden field, rubbed out and crusheatient and industrious women. The men wore "jeans" and linsey- woolsey hunting-shirts and coonskin caps, and the women linsey-woolsey gowns. The women often became adepts with the use of the hand card, spinning wheel and loom, and made sev- eral kinds of cloth which were colored to suit the fancy of the maker or the wearer. The young gallants were fond of wearing fringed buckskin breeches on special occasions, believing that they exercised a subtle influence upon the hearts of the buxom damsels whom they courted. Amusements were robust and athletic and re- garded for their exhibitions of physical skill and endurance: shooting was universally practiced and esteemed above all other accomplishments. Jumping and wrestling were common sports and everybody danced. Disputes and quarrels were settled by square stand up fights, and the deadly revolver, which reaps an annual harvest of be- tween six and eight thousand lives in our coun- try, today, was never found in tlie pocket of the brave pioneer. The complete story of the modes of life, the customs and amusements, privations and perils of the pioneers of Wabash County, is not essen- tially different from that of our whole country at an early day, which has been told with such thrilling reality and ravishing beaut.v by several of our great historians, and generations to come will linger over the fascinating recital with en- vious admiration. CHAPTER VI. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION- SEATS. COUNTY TEMPORARY IDENTITY OF EDWARDS AND WABASH COUNTIES — PALMYRA FIRST COUNTY-SEAT ITS INSANIT.\BY LOCATION — REMOVAL OF COUNTS SEAT TO ALBION EARLY COURTS AND FIRST COUNTY BUILDING — FRICTION BETWEEN EAST AND WEST DniSIONS — WABASH COUNTY SET OFF FROM EDWARDS IN 1S24 — ACT OF ORGANIZATION CENTBEVILLE FIRST COUNTY-SEAT OF WABASH — FIRST ELECTION — SE^AT OF JUSTICE REMOVED TO MT. CABMEL — COURT HOUSES — FIRES AND DIS- ASTROUS CYCLONE OF 1877 — APPEAL TO STATE LEGISLATURE FOR AID SUCCESSFUL. The history of Wabash County as a body poli- tic began December 27, 1824. when, by an act of the Legislature, it was severed from Edwards County and organizetl as Wabash County. Its political history, up to that time, is blended with Edwards County, which, at one time during the Territorial period, included one-third of the present area of the State of Illinois. Wabash constituted the east half of Edwards County at the time of separation, and in it the first im- portant pioneer settlements within its boun- daries were made chiefly by immigrants from Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, and North Carolina, except the French settlement at Rochester. IMwards County was created by act of the Terri- torial Legislature in 1814, its northern boundary being the Canadian line and Palmyra was named in the act as its county-seat The pro- prietors of the town were required to donate t went J' acres of ground for such purpose. Pal- myra was accordingly founded on the 22nd day of April, 1815, by the cooperation of Seth Gard, Peter Keen. Genaise Hazelton, Levi Compton and John Waggoner, who constituted the part- nership of Seth Gard & Co. Palmyra, named after the famous city of the East, was located on Crawfish Creek near the (Jreat Wabash River about two and a half miles north of the present city of Mt. Carmel, and like its proud predecessor of antiquity, was destined to fall into decay. Its site was a sluggish, marshy bend near the river, one of the most un- healthy locations in the whole region. Its sturdy inhabitants were tortured with m.ilarial fever, and many were soon buried on the sloping little knoll where, until a few years ago. fragments of the rude tombstones that marked their deso- late resting places, could be found beneath the withered leaves of the forest that had sprung into luxurious growth above them. Upon their arrival an Indian chief told them how many of his tribe had sickened and died at o^^2z/'A//-CiaL- WABASH COUNTY 629 the place, and warned them that the white man would share the same fate. But his counsel was unheeded until many of the colony had perished of wasting fever, and impending doom was ap- parent. The spot where Palmyra once stood is now a cultivated Held, and the plowshare ruth- lessly upturns the hallowed sod above the sepul- cher of its forgotten dead. A JfEW County Seat. — Such unsuitable and noxious environments were destined to compel an early abandonment of the ill-fated town, and accordingly a proiMSition to re-locate the county- seat was sulimitted to a popular vote at an elec- tion held in 1S21. Albion and Mt. Carmel were candidates and the former won. Albion was the heart of the noted English settlement in the west part of the county and. as the bitterness engendered by the war of 1S12 had not entirely subsided, Mt. Car- mel and the east part of the county were sorely aggrieved over the result. They would not be reconciled to the idea of having the county administration transferred to the British, as they satirically denominated their English neighbors of the west half. The feeling became so bitter that Mt. Carmel raised and drilled four companies of militia, for the purpose of marching upon Albion and violently seizing the records and transporting them to Mt. Carmel. The companies started on the march and the tirst night bivouacked on Bald Hill Prairie, and pro- posed to descend on the metropolis of "Little Britain" the next day. In the meantime Albion, having been advised of the contemplated attack, speedily dispatched peace commissioners to ar- range terms of settlement. The controversy was happily settled by an agreement to divide the county into eastern and western divisions, making the Bonpas Creek the dividing line. Courts. — I>uring Palmyra's existence as the county-seat, several Imiwrtant terms of county court were held at that place, and much public business transacted, of which there is preserved a complete and authentic record. The first session of court was convened at the house of Gervaise Hazelton. January 23rd. 181.5. The house of Hazelton was officially declared to be the court house, for which Mr. Hazelton was paid six and a fourth cents, in full, for the tirst year's rent. The history of the brief and formal proceedings of those early courts is full of in- terest to the student of pioneer jurisprudence. The first license was issued to Robert Erwin for the sale of spirituous liquors, on payment to the county of the sum of two dollars, and the price for the commodity sold was fixed at 121/. cents per half pint. The license was dated April 4, 1S15. At this term Francis Vallie was granted license to operate a ferry across the Wabash River, and James Martin was licensed to keep a public house in the town on payment of one dol- lar to the county. No court house was ever built at Palmyra, the house of Mr. Hazelton being always used for that puriMse. The first Circuit Court held in I'almyra convened July 11, 181."). over which Judge Stanley Griswold pre- sided, and of which Nathaniel Clayijole was ap- Iiointed Clerk. At this session the Grand Jury returned five indictments. The first case tried was that of the United States vs. John Stillwell for as.sault and battery. The defendant was convicted and fined two dollars and costs. The petit jury was constituted, largely, of members of the Grand Jury, who found the indictments. At tile July term in ISIO, six applicants were admitted to practice law, one of these being the celebrated Elias Kent Kane, who later became United States Senator from Illinois. The first jail was built at Palmyra, In 181."i, of hewed logs with a puncheon floor and shingle roof, at a cost of .'t;2.5."). By an order of court it was or- dered that certain town lots should be sold at $15.00 each, to defray the expenses of the pub- lic buildings, but because of Palmyra's un- fortunate location, but few lots were sold even at that low price. On the 10th day of April. 1821, the seat of jus- tice was formally transferred from unhappy Palmyra to Albion and on that day the Board of Commissioners, that had been appointed to appraise the damages accruing to the town in consequence of its loss of the county-seat, re- ported such damages at iflOO and said sum was orderey which a partition of Edwards County was agreed ui>on. Major Utter, a member of the House of Representa- tives from Edwards County, introduc-ed a bill. 630 WABASH COUNTY providing for tlie fornmtion of a separate county out of tlie ("ounty of KJwarJs, wliit-li was passed and approved December 27, 1824, and thence- forward tlie Iiistory of tlie two counties diverges. Old asperities were sunk In oblivion and a sen- timental feeling and reverence for a c-ommou history, together with many nelgliborly deeds and acts of reciprocal appreciation, have united these two counties in bonds of faitliful friend- ship and neighl)orly association. The legislative act establishing Wabash County is now an in- teresting document to its citizens and should be esteemed with much regard for its historical interest. The debt of Edwards County was to be shared equally, and a commission, composed of Samuel Mundy. of Wabash, and John Cover, of Edwards, was aiipointed t,o audit the indebted- ness and apportion the same. An Act forming a separate county out of the County of Edwards : Approved December 27. 1824. Herewith follows a coiiy of tlie act : .Section 1. lie it enacted by tlie people of the State of Illinois reprenentcd in the General Assembly, That all the tract of country within the following boundaries, to wit : Beginning at the mouth of De Bon Pas Creek, thence run- ning up the main branch of said creek to the line of Lawrence County, thence running east, with said line, to the Wabash River, and thence down the same to the place of beginning, shall constitute a new county, to be called Wabash ; and for the purpose of fixing a permanent seat of justice in said count.v. William Kiiikade, John H. Morris, Cornelius DeLong and Thomas Mason, of Dawrenee County, and (ieorge W. Farris. of Wayne County, be, and they are here- by appointed. Commissioners, which said Com- missioners, or a ma.iority of them, lieing duly sworn before some judge or .Justice of the I'eace of their State, to faithfully take into view the convenience of the people, and the situation of the settlements, witli an e.ve to future popula- tion and the eligibility of the place, shall meet on the first Monda.v in May. or within six days thereafter, at the house of Gervaise Ha/.leton. in said county, and proceed to examine and de- termine upon the place of the permanent seat of justice and de.signate the same: ProrUlcd. That the proprietors of the land shall give to the county a quantity of land not less than twent.v acres, for the piu'|)ose of erect- ing county liuiklings. to be laid out in lots and sold for that purpose; or .should the proprietor, or proprietors, refuse or neglect to make the do- nation aforesaid, then it shall be the duty of said Commissioners to fix ui>ou some other place for the seat of justice, as convenient as may be to the inhabitants of said county, which place so fixed and determined upon, the said Commis- sioners shall certify under their hands and seals, and return the same to the next County Lommissiouers' Court in said county: which court shall cause an entry to be made in their books of record, which place, so designated, sliall be the permanent seat of justice of said County, and until the public buildings shall be erected, the courts shall be held at such place in said county, as the County Commissioners of said county shall appoint. Sec. 2. JSe it further enacted. That said county shall bear an even share of the debts which are now outstanding against Edwards County, excepting all such as have arisen from the erection of public buildings at Albion ; and for the imrpose of ascertaining and adjusting tlie same, Samuel Mundy, of said county, and John Cover, Junior, of Edwards County, be and they are hereby appointed commissioners, whose duty it shall be to meet at the court house in Albion on the first Monday in June next, and to examine into the state of the treasury of the present Edwards County and the debts due from said county, and to divide the amount of debts which shall remain unpaid, excepting such as have arisen from the erection of the public building at Albion, between the two counties in iM|ual ]irop P.AR-^COrNTY OFFICERS. FIRST CIRCUIT COURT — JUDGES WHO HAVE PRE- SIDED OVER EDWARDS AND WABASH COUNTY CIR- CllT COURTS — CHANGES IN CIRCUITS AND COURT DLSTRICTS — SOME OF THE MOST EMINENT JIT- RISTS — WAB.\SH COUNTY BAR — THE PLACE WHICH LAWYERS HAVE FILLED IN GEXER.\L HISTORY — EARLY AND PRESENT LAWYERS IN WABASH COUNTY COUNTY OFFICERS. ISSli TO 11)10. Circuit Judges. — The first Circuit Court held within the territor.v of what is now lOdwards and Wabash Counties, was held at t)ld Palmyra, then the county seat of Edwards County, over which Judge Stanley (iriswold presideer acre has been obtained in fields of 100 acres or more. On land next to the river, the average of com per acre exceeds 50 bushels, and in fields of con- siderable size, the average has reached 90 bushels. The uplands produce bountiful crops of oats, grass, clover, potatoes, melons, beans, fruits and berries of every description. The lands of the county are well improved and the farmers are prosperous to au unusual extent, which is evi- denced by the many tine and commodious resi- dences and barns that dot the country in every direction. Breeders' Association. — Many of the farmers of Wabash County are now engaged iu the rear- lug of pure blooded live-.stock, aud their exhibits of registered cattle aud hogs have won hand- some premiums at high-class fail's aud evoked the commendation of noted judges. The Wa- bash County Breeders' Association was organ- ized in Septenilier. 1!»0S. Its object is to improve the breeds of live-stock, generally, in the county and to encourage aud develop a spirit of en- terprise among the farmers in the rearing of animals eligible to registration. The societj- has a membership of about twenty-five and has a regular constitution aud liy-laws. the member- ship being limited to breeders of live-stock en- titled to be registered. County Fairs. — ^The first county fair of which we have any authentic record was held at Mt. Carmel on the commons in 18G6. Soon after fairs were held on the farm of Marlon Kigg for about two .vears. but. being inconveniently lo- cated, the.v were unsuccessful aud discontinued. In the year ISTO the Wabash County Fair was held, for the time on the William H. Harjier farm, two miles from Mt. Carmel. This series of fairs ran a veiy successful course for iibout seven years. The fairs acquired great popular- ity and attracted liberal exhibits, some of them being of much merit, and tliey proved not only a credit, but a heli>ful incentive to the farmers of the count.v. Another fair association, known as the Wabash County Grange Fair, was organ- ized and held a fair at Asbury Chapel, In 18S7, and thereafter held three exhibitions on the farm of I. W. Jaquess, at Mt. Carmel. The county, since then, has had no fair, but it is one of the sti'ongest and most liberal exhibitors at neighboring county, and even state faii-s. in this section of the State. Sometime in the 'fifties a fair was held at Lancaster, and soon thereafter one was held on JIain Street in Mt. Carmel, the court house .yard being used for the purpose of displaying exhibits. Transportation. — The earliest means em- ployed for the transportation of the sun)lus prod- ucts of the Wabash A'alley. were rafts and flat boats on the Wabash Kiver and its tributary streams. The first steamboat to arrive at Mt. Carmel was "The Commerce." of Cinciimati, in 1819, and it subsequently went as far north as Terre Haute. About 1830. steam boating became quite regular and iu later years greatly in- creased, and on account of their facilities, for river commerce Mt. Carmel and Rochester be- came thrh-ing to\\Tis. When railroads made their advent into the region, river traffic soon became inconsequential. Railroads. — In 1837 au attempt was made to construct a railroad from Mt. Carmel to Al- ton. The work of grading was commenced at each place and after more than twenty miles of it had been accomplished, the enterprise was abandoned and the roadway sold* to General Pickering for !f300. It was not until 1872 that the first railwa.v train pulled into Mt. Carmel over the line now known as the Louisville & St. Louis Division of the "Southern." For years it was kno\^^l as the "Air Line." It is now one of the most prosj^erous lines passing across the State. The old Cairo & Vincennes line was opened up for operation through Mt. Carmel in December. 1872. It has changed hands often and gone under various names, but is uow kno\\m as the Cairo & Danville IMvision of the C. C. C. & St. L. (or "Big Four") Railway, which is a part of the New York & Hudson River Railroad system. Its division headquar- ters and shops are located at Mt. Carmel, being originally at Carmi, whence they were removed in 1884. The company has recently expended large sums of money in improving the line, its equipment and shops, and now has upwards of one thousand men employed at Mt. Carmel. The company handles au immense freight business on this line, from the Saline County coal mines. The pay-roll of the shops and division employes at Mt. Carmel averages $54,000 per month. The cost of the new shops was $230.0(X). and of the new depot and remodeling of the Y. M. C. A. building $.50,000. In 1906 the roadway of the division was reconstructed at a cost of ?6,- > z S M Z o ^^V jHk^^fenAi ^^^^^^^^^Bi P^'V HjnV i'l^H^^^^^I X X WABASH COUNTY 637 500,000. 'rUe company is now constructing a new line from Alt. Canuel to Evansville. Ind., called the Evansville, Mt. Oirmel & Northern, which crosses the Wabash River about two miles below Mt. Carmel and where a splendid steel bridge is being built at a cost of $337,000. The Big Four deiiot at Mt. Carmel is the hand- somest and most commodious in the State south of Springfield. The Big Four Railway Company has been a tremendous factor in the upbuilding and im- provement of the prosperous and attractive city of Mt. Carmel. Grand RApms Dam. — There are several at- tractive resorts along the Wabash River, such as McCleary's Bluffs, Old Rochester and Hang- ing Rock, but the place of chief interest and greatest importance is the famous Grand Kapids Dam, about two and one-half miles above Mt. Carmel. As early as 1837 it was believed the water power at Grand Rapids could easily be developed sufficiently to build up a large city at that place, and predictions of the most extravagant char- acter, as to its future, were indulged by pro- moters. Townsites were laid off. imaginary streets were given metropolitan names, and fab- ulous prices asked for lots. Plats of one of these phantom cities is preserved among the old archives at Vincennes. The Wabash Navigation Company about 1847 constructed its great wooden dam, for the pur- pose of navigation and manufacturing, and im- mediately Houring and siiw-mlllfi sprang up, and trade was drawn from fifty miles distant. When the dam was completed the place became a verit- able "anglers paradise." Bass, salmon, perch, catfish and buffalo of the finest quality were easily caught and in inexhaustible quantities, so great was the fame of the place that fisher- men came from all the surrounding c-ountry, and even from the distant cities of Cincinnati, Louisville and St. Ixiuis. Anglers fished not only for sport but for profit, and campers from dis- tant counties would return home with their creaking w-agons loaded with barrels of salted fish. For years Jack Kavanaugh. the jovial, witty and intelligent miller at the Old Dam. charmefl and amazed all visitors by his irresist- ible humor and fanciful tales. None who ex- perienced the merriment and good fellowship of that delightful spot can ever forget the halQon days of the "Old Dam." In 1S79 the Old Dam gave way and was fin- ally removed. The present dam, eleven hundred feet in length and twelve feet in height, was constructed by the General Government, together with a splendid system of locks, the total cost of which approximated ¥340.0uiar resort, and railroads make reduced rates to fishing and outing parties who visit it in great numl)ers. It is the most interesting and inviting resort in the entire Wabash Valley and is visited by more people than any other jwiut of attraction on the Wabash River. Pearl and Mussel Shell Industry. — Pearl- fishing has been a valuable industry since the days of the Macedonians. They were first to develop the pearl fisheries of the Persian Gulf, which have been celebrated for their value for- ages. In the time of the Ptolemies pearl-fishing was prosecuted along the shores of the Red Sea. Some of the finest i)earls are secured from the Sulu Archipelago, and when the Sultan of Sulu recently started on his tour around the world, he is said to have taken with him several bushels of Sulu pearls, which he distributed with a lavishness that seemed a realization of the ancient Oriental custom of sprinkling gold dust and seed pearl on the princes of ro.val blood, and to which Milton refers in the following lines : "Or where the gorgeous East, with richest hand. Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold." The great poet, in his description of the wealth of Ormus. alluded to the ijearl-flshing of the Persian Gulf. The ancients obtained i>earls only from India and the Persian Gulf, but now they are procured chiefly from the Sulu seas. Australia, the Coast of Central America and the South Pacific Lslands. The.v were familiar only with salt water pearls. River pearls are produced by fresh water mus- sels, which inhabit the rivers in the temijerate climates of the Northern Hemisphere, principally in Scotland. Wales. Saxon.v, Bohemia. Canada and the United States. The first river pearls, systematicall.v worked in this country, were found in the Little Miami River, and from there the industrj' gradually spead over the whole countrj', and has be(_f)me eKi)ecially important along the rivers of Illinois. Iowa and .Arkansas, where the fresh water mus- sel abounded in great profusion. Pearls have always been esteemed as among 638 WABASH COUNTY the most coveted of personal ornaments; even Julius Ca?sar regarded them so highly that he presented a breastplate of British pearls to one of his greatest Generals. They are calcareous concretions of 'remarkable luster and are supposed to be formed by the in- trusion of some foreign substance between the mantle of the mollusk and its shell, which, be- coming a source of irritation, determines the de- position of nacreous matter in concentric layers until the substance is completely encysted. The pearl and mussel industry was first de- veloped on the Wabash River at Mt. Carmel, in the fall of 1902, and steadily grew in imiwrtance until its rich rewards attracted men of almost ■every vocation to engage in the alluring occupa- tion of pearl-fishing. Faiiuers, clerks, mechan- ics, rivermen and laborers rushed to the mussel beds, with an eager impulse that reminded one of the poefs lines describing the muster at Til- bury : "The fisher left his boat to rock On Tamar's glittering waves; The rugged miner rushed to war From Mendip's siuiless caves." Experienced and capable pearl buyers esti- mate that the total value of pearls taken from that part of the Wabash River bounding Wabash County will approximate one million, three hundred thousand dollars, and that the value of the shells taken from the same i-egion has reached as much as seven hundred thousand dollars. Many pearls of great value have been found, and one is said to have brought the fabulous sum of $8,000 In the city of Paris. Pearl buyers have come direct from Paris to Mt. Car- mel to spend the pearl season in pur.suit of their occupation, notwithstanding they had strong local competition. The season for taking mussels is fixed by statute, in order to prevent the exter- nnnation of the mussels. It opens April 1st and ■closes October 1st of each year. The nius.sel shells are of many varieties and greatly different values. Among the names of the many kinds of shells the following are the ■common ones: Buckhorn. Sandshell. the Muckett. Washboards, Three Ridges, Buttei-fly, Monkey Face, Nigger Heads, Pig Toes, Maple Leaf, and Knife Handles. The Washboards and Three liidges are the most valuable. During the year 1905 it is estimated that, within twenty nnles up and down the river from Mt. Carmel, four thousand men were engaged in uuissellng. The average number now employed during the season is about four hundred. The vast beds of mussels were being rapidly exliausted, and protective legislation alone has preserved them from utter depletion. It is a Sony fact that the selfishness of human nature, if unrestrained, in so far as it is physically able, would destroy every species of natural wealth the abundant earth yields for man's pleasure and profit. CHAPTER IX. THE WABASH COUNTY PRESS. THE P.\RT PLAYED BY THE LOCAL NEWSPAPER AND WHAT IT ACCO-MPLISHES THE FIRST PAPER IN MT. CARMEL — THE MT. CARMEL SENTINEL AND ADVOCATE — MT. CARMEL REGISTER AND ITS VA- RIED POLITICAL CAREER — THE WABASH REPUBLI- CAN, GREENBRIER AND PLOW BOY' HAVE A BRIEF EXISTENCE WABASH DEMOCRAT — TEMPERANCE JOURNALS — THE MT. CARMEL REPUBLICAN — HAVILL'S EVERY MORNING. The local new.spaper is the ubiquitous chron- icler of all the events, affairs and transactions of the community. It is a supervisor of all pub- lic proceedings and censor of political conduct, and is .supposed to be authority on all subjects of general interest. It spreads sunshine, fosters improvement, inspires courage, unmasks shams, irradiates intelligence, and enjoys the confidence of the public when actuated b.v good motives and solemn regard for the truth. It speaks as with myriad tongues, and is the medium and servant of all men. It heralds our coming into tile world, narrates our dail.v deeds and, with simple pathos, aunoiuices our everlasting de- parture. Mt. Carmel Sentinel and Advocate. — The first newspaper published in Jit. Carmel was the "Mt. Carmel Sentinel and Advocate." which ap- peared in l.'^:!4. Its e. and Mr. Smith became act- ing editor. Mr. Duke Havill bad editorial charge of the "Daily Register" from .Tuly 6. 1909, to January 1, 1910." when he gave place to the ijresent editor, but is still a stockholder in the concern. February 1, 1910, it was sold to the Mt. Carmel Register Company, where Mr. A. E. Smith, a scholarly and versatile writer, became editor. The "Register" is one of the oldest and best known local papers In the State. In May, 1901, it began issue as a daily. Wabash Republican. — W. D. Latshaw, in 1840, published the "Wabash Republican' for about one year. The Greenbrier. — In 1840 a small sheet called the "Greenbrier'' was published by J. S. Powers. The Plow Boy was publiished by Valentine Miller in 1844. The Wabash Democrat was founded by W. E. I-atshaw in 1844, and continued for two years, when it was sold to Brooks & Preston and promptly discontinued. In ISfiO, a new outfit was purchased, the old name revived and Hon. Jacob Zimmerman emplo.ved as editor, who proved to he a very capable writer. Zimmerman was succeeded by George W. Besore, who was killed by Hiram Stanton In a political duel which he had provoked by the utterance of dis- loyal sentiments in 1863. The unfortunate Besore was succeeded by John T. Costello, who got out an excellent pa- per. The "Democrat" was published until 1878, when it collapsed under the strain of many vicis- situdes. The Temperance Leader, launched In 1878, on the crest of the "Blue Ribbon Movement," by Grossman & Scafer, was a monthly publication and had a glorious but brief career. The Pilot, another temperance paper, was established by Rev. W. E. Wllley, in 1892, and ran an earnest and aggressive career of about six months. Mt. Carmel Republican. — This able and re- liable journal was established in 1878 by Rich- ard Brown and his father. Being unable to com- pete with the i>opularlty and strength of the "Register," tbe.v sold the plant to J. F. Wllman. who was a brother-in-law of the resourceful and vigorous editor of the "Register." Wllman re- fitted the office and published the paper until January 11. 1883, when it was sold to Thomas L. Joy, who steadily improved and developed the value and influence of the paper and demon- strated that it was jxissible for a Republican newspaper to exist and prosper in Wabash County. Jlr. D. E. Keen purchased the paper from T. I.. Joy. April 15. 1888. and on Septem- ber 4. 1899. Mr. Keen commenced the Issue of a daily e C WABASH COUNTY 641 nols Voluuteers, mustered out August 15. 1831;, from Wabash County : Captain. John Arnold. First Lieutenant, George Danforth. Second Lieutenant. Samuel Fisher. Sergeants: Mitchel C. Minnis. Mathias Lither- land, Hiram Couch, John A. Dobbs. Corporals : Solomon Frear, John Golden, Ira Keen, Wesley Wood. Privates — Besley, James Ochletree, John Bass, Dolphin Pannenter, Isaac Buchanan, John W. Plxley, Isaac Buchanan. Joseph O. Rldgely. William Buchannau. Henry R. Reel. Henry R. Brines, Jefferson Sanford. Thomas Dodds, Joseph M. Sanford. Jacob Godda, John Smith. John O. Gardner, James Turner. Abuer Golden, William Utter, John Hull, Philip Vanderhoff. Philip Hoyt, Jonathan S. Woods. Jeremiah Hobbert. Henry Wear, Thomas Keen, Dennis Winders. Warren Miller. Barton S. Wright. Robert. McMillen, James Detachment of Captain Elias Jordan's Com- pany, of the Second Regiment, Second Brigade, enlisted for 90 days as Mounted Volunteers : Captain, Ellas Jordan. First Lieutenant. James Kennerly. Second Lieutenant. John X. Bamett. Sergeant, James Grayson. 4th. Corporal, Zach Wilson, 2d. Privates — Harnett, Benjamin Lovellette. Joseph Carlton. Robert Painter. Joseph Canipliell. Robert Summer, Thomas Campbell, Patrick S. Summer, Joseph Fortney, Daniel Major. James Grayson. William Major. Isaac Hood, Albert I>anford. Thomas. A detachment of Illinois Mounted Volunteers, under the command of Isaac Parnienter as Adju- tant, Second Regiment. Second Brigade, from the day of its enrollment to August 2. 1832, when mustered out of service at Dixon's Ferry. 111.. Included the following from Wabash County: Adjutant. Isaac Parmenter. First Lieutenant, Samuel Fisher. Sergeants : Matthew Litherland. John A. Dodds. Corporals : Solomon Frear, John Golden, Ira Keen, Westley Wood. Privates — Buchanan, Jos. O. Gilkinson. Jonathan Buchanan. Henry R. Hickey, James Besley. James Wright, C. W. Bigley, William Williamson, Robert Dodds, Joseph M. Ficklin, O. B. Goddy, John Ochletree, John Gardner. James Reel. Henry R. Golden. William Smith. John O. Hoyt. Jonathan S. Turner, Abner McMullen, James Utter, John Miller, Barton S. Vanderhoff. Philip Jaquess. W. F. Wear, Thomas Jaquess, I. N. Wear. Harvey Eastwood, William Hawkins, Tilford Beauchamp. Charles Wheeler, Tanquary. Wm. Fortney, Richard. Mexican War. — In the war with Mexico Illi- nois furnished four full regiments, nearly all of whom were from the southern portion of the State and distinguished themselves by excep- tional bravery. At the desjierate battle of Buena Vista the First and Second Regiments were un- der the eye of Gesi. Taylor, who, in his reix)rt of the battle, bestowed upon them the very highest praise for spirit and gallantry, while the Third and Fourth Illinois did heroic service at Vera Cruz. Cerro Gordo, and the City of Mexico. In all these conflicts, marches and campaigns Wa- bash County had brave and fearless sons under the commands of Hardin. Bissell. Forman and Baker. We have unfortunately been unable to secure the names of soldiers from Wabash Countj" who participated in that conflict, and it is our impression that Rev. V. D. Lingeufelter is the only one of their number who still sur- vives. Civil War. — Wabash County's part in the Civil War is largely in common with that of her neighboring counties, and constitutes a history of valor and self-sacrificing devotion of which her people are truly proud. In ISHO her population was only 7,2,33. and out of this number there were enrolled 939 men (or nearly 13 per cent of the Whole population) who took part in that war. The following is a list of regiments of which volunteers from Wal>ash County formed a part :. Eighteenth Illinois Infantry. — This Regi- ment was organized at Anna, 111., and mustered 642 WABASH COUNTY into the State service by Capt. U. S. Grant. It suffereU severely at Ft. Donelson and Sliilob. It was mustered out December 16, 1805, at Little Rock, Ark., Company G contained eight and Company C one muu from Wabash County. These were tlie first soldiers of the county to en- list in the service during that struggle. TwENTTY-sixTH ILLINOIS INFANTKY. — Com- pany H of this regiment contained ten men from Wabash Couuty. Thibtieth Infaniey. — Company B of this regiment was principally recruited in Wabash County, as was also Comijany I of the Thirty- second lufautry. which was organized and com- manded by Col. John Logau. This splendid regiment saw a prodigious amount of service and was in nearly every important battle in the West, from Shiloh to Vicksburg, in the Georgia Campaign, Sherman's Marcb to the Sea and through the Carolinas, having traveled eleven thousand miles during the war. It was mus- tered out September H!. 1805. at Ft. Leavenworth, Kans. Fortieth Illinois Infantry. — Company I of this regiment was raised in Wabash Couuty and Company E contained a number of men from the county. Tlie Captains of Company I were Abraham Hummaker. resigned March 14, IstS ; Samuel B. Lingenfelter. term expired December 28, 18(i4 ; and Frank W. Havlll, detached and mustered out of regiment. The regimeut was organized by Col. Stephen G. Hicks, was mustered into service August 10, 1861, and re-enlisted Januai-j- 1, 1864. It fought at Shiloh, Holly Springs, Missionary Ridge, participated in the battles around Atlanta and marched to the Sea. It vv'as mustered out at Louisville. July 24. 18a."i, after rendering the cause of the Union superb service. Forty-eighth Infantry.— This intrepid regi- ment had a larger representation from Wabash County than any other. It was organized in September, 1861, by Col. Isham N. Haynie, Lieut. Col. John W. Ingersoll. Major Edward Adams. Company G was recruited in Wabash County and almost wholly from Mt. Carmel. Its Captains were William W. Beall. (Jeorge M. Keneipp, and Isaac K. Carlton. Its First Lieu- tenant, Theodore S. Bowers, was promoted to the Staff of Gen. Grant. The regiment had a long arrl brilliant record and bore a gallant part in the battles of Fort Donelson. Shiloh. Corinth, Missionary liidge, Iveuesaw Mountain and .Sands- town, and was engaged in all the conflicts lead- ing up to the capture of Atlanta. It marched with Sherman to the Sea, was in the siege of Savannah, at South Edisto and on the march througli the Carolinas. closed its active cam- paign at Beutonville and was mustered out at Little Kock, Ark., August 15, 1865. The heroic achievements of this dauntless regimeut will always be remembered by our people with patriotic pride. Fifty-sixth Regiment. — Company F of this regiment had a large enrollment from Wabash County. Six of them were lost on the ill-fated steamer Gen. Lyon and two killed at Vicksburg. .Sixty-second Infantry'. — Company A of this regiment contained many soldiers from Wabash Count.v, as also did Company K of the Sixty- Fourth, known as the "First Battalion of the Yates Sharp Shooters." In the Sixty-sixth and Eighty-seventh Regiments, Companies I and H, respectively of these regiments, were made up in part by enlistments from Wabash County. One Hundred and Fifteenth Infantry. — This regiment was organized at Camp Butler, September 19. 1862. and ordered into the field in October following and became a part of the com- mand of Gen. A. J. Smith. Company C was re- cruited in Wabash County and its Captain was David Williams. It distinguished Itself for valor at Chickamauga. Chattanooga and Mis- sionary Ridge. It was with Sherman on the At- lanta Campaign and took a gallant part in the campaign which destroyed Bragg's Army. It mas mustered out July 11. 1865. One Hundred and Thirtieth Infantry. — Company H of this regiment was largely re- cruited from Wabash County. It was organized Octolier 25, 1862, by Col. Nathaniel Niles. and mustered out at New Orleans August 15. 1S65. Wabash County was represented in eighteen regiments of infantry and two of cavalry In our own State, besides many of her patriotic sons en- listed and performed valiant service in Indiana and Missouri regiments. We have made special mention of the Fortieth, Forty-eighth and One Hundred and Fifteenth Regiments, because they contained a much larger representation from Wabash County than any other regiments, and are therefore, most closely connected with her war history. The names of the many war heroes of our coun- ty are far too numerous to be here enrolled, and WABASH COUNTY 643 we can only present those war facts that come within our more immediate rau^e. In August. 1900, the grateful aud patriotic citizens of Wabash Cotmty, as a memorial in honor of her heroic dead, erected a handsome and stately monument, which was dedicated with solemn and lietitting ceremony, the dedica- tory address l>elng most appropriately delivered liy Uov. Richard Yates, sou of Illinois" great War (iovernor. who was one of the central fig- ures of that heroic day. War with .Sp.mn. — When war was declared between the United States and Spain, in April, 189S. following the destruction of the battle- ship Maine, the old time war spirit flamed up everj-where in tlie I'nited States, and Illinois resiionded with patriotic ardor. The State fur nished nine regiments, one of which (the Ninth) was colored. The Ninth Regiment, organized in "Egypt" by Col. James R. Campbell, and of Company G of this regiment — consisting of 107 men — all but about fifteen were from Wabash County. The Company left Mt. Carmel June 29. IMIn. for <'amp Tanner, at Springfield, and was mustered into the service on July Sth. From Sjiringtield the regiment went to Camp Cuba Libre, at Jacksonville. Fla.. afterward to Savannah and in January. 1899. was transferred to Cuba, where it remained in service several months. The regiment was mustered out at Huntsville. Ala., and Company C returned to Mt. Carmel on May 22. 18J)9. To that great sacramental host, which Illinois has laid ujion the altar of the Republic in the conflicts of war. Wabash County has contributed a noble part. CHAPTER XI. PRECINCT HISTORY. XIST OK PRESENT PBEtlNCTS IX W.\BASH COUNTY — MT. CARMEL. BEI.LMONT. COFFEE. COMPTON. ERIENDSVILLE. LANCASTER. LICK PRAIRIE AND WABASH — INDniDr.\I. SKETCHES OF PRECINCTS — EL\RLY .\ND NOTED SETTLERS — I.MPORTANT LOCAL EVENTS. Wabash County having never adoptetl town- ship organization, its local affairs are adminis- tered b.v a Board of County Commissioners elected by ixipular vote of the whole county. The geographical subdivisions of the county re- main under the name of Precincts, iuste-ad of Townships, of which there are eight In Wabash County. In the following chapter the histories of the several precincts are treated separately in alphabetical order, except as to Mt. Carmel Pre- cinct, whicli leads the list. MT. CARMEL PRECINCT. Mt. Carmel Precinct, extending along the Wabash River, is bounded on the north by the Base Line, east by the Wabash River, west by Bellmont aud Lick Prairie Precincts and south by Coffee I'recinct. Its surface in general, con- forms to that of the rest of the county. Its first known settler was a native of Germany by the name (evidently anglicized) of Enoch Great- house, who, in 1803, settled where the City of Mt. Carmel now stands. He sold his lands to Messrs. Hinde and McDowell, who founded the town of Mt. Carmel. He then removed to the point where old Centreville was subseecimens of pottery were found on the bluffs, besides many other relics, the most valuable being a copper hatchet. The old Brewer fields have yielded up as fine Indian arro\\-s. stone axes and vases as can be seen in the Smithsonian Institute, to which place the late Dr. J. .Schneck sent some of the choicest specimens. Excavations have also re- vealed numerous burial places, in which, judging from the many skeletons found, large numbers of Indians must have been interred. The Piankishaws were a tribe of the Algon- quin family, origiuall.v were a part of the Mianiis and came to Illinois with the latter tribe. They never numbered over a thousand. The Government removed them to the Indian Territory in the southwest in 1S67, and in 1S90 there were said to be but three survivors of this once bold and roving tribe. They had previ- ously removed from Piankishaw Bend about 1817, and their going was a happy and comiwsing event for the anxious and perturbed settlers. John McCleary settled on MeCleary's bluff in 1817, having walked all the way from Dayton. Ohio. Soon after he was joined by his family and resided on the bluff the remainder of his life, and he and his wife lie buried together, on the beautiful heights whereon, in youth, they built a home in the lone wilderness. Daniel Keen, a brawny, fearle.ss man. came in 646 WABASH COUNTY 1810. and his cabin was used as a sanctuary in the couiuuity where the gospel was tirst preached, and convicted sinners had the "jirks." About this time the "New Lights" in- vaded the neighborhood and organized a society and did much successful proselyting. William Townsend, a bachelor and Methodist exhorter, opened and taught a school, in the log house of a benevolent neighbor. The tirst Catholic Cburch built in the county was erected in 1S42 on Brewer Hill, now on the farm of Theodore (i. Rlsley, midway between Rochester and Keensburg. The name of the church was St. Rose. It was a fair-sized brick structure and Catholics came from a great dis- tance to it to worship and were ministered to by priests usually sent from Vincennes. Most of the congregation consisted of iieople of French descent. In 1868, its meniliership had so de- clined, that the organization was abandoned and the building sold and removed, and only portions of its foundation and the beautiful little cemetery beneath the great oaks that grow thereby, mark the spot where once stood the humble fane of devout pioneers. Keensburg, a village and station on the line of the "Big Four" Railroad, lias a jiopulation of about 500. COMPTON PRECIXCT. This precinct for many years was a part of Coffee I'recinct. but was, for a time, detached and known as Keensburg. On July 15, 1899, the Board of County Commissioners organized it under the name of Compton Precinct. It Is named after the Compton family who were among its early settlers, and have been pro- minent in county history. Tlie sketch of Coffee Pi-ecinct embraces the history of Compton also, as they were parts of the same precinct for three-cjuarters of a cen- tury. FRIENDSVILLE PRECINCT. Tills precinct is bounderecinct. WABASH PRECINCT. Wabash Precinct was the first portion of Wa- bash County to be settled by Americans, the French having preceded them by two years at Rochester. It is bounded on the north by Lawrence County, on the east and southeast by the Wabash River, its southwest corner touching Mt. Carmel Precinct, and on the west by Friendsville Precinct. Its chief drainage is fur- nished by Raccoon and Crawfish Creeks. The land is generally rolling, e.\ceedingly fer- tile and was formerly covered with a magnifi- cent growth of excellent timber. There is not a better wheat growing section in Illinois and but few farming localities so well imi>roved. The first settlers fi)und here every variety of game known to the Wabash \'alley, in boundless abundance. They were, however, sorely trou- bled by hostile Indians who. for a time, were said to be under the Influence of the younger Teeumseh, and not the least of their troubles was the great number of rattlesnakes that in- fested the lands near the river. Dens of them, containing astonishing numbers, were destroyed and none have been seen for years. A few lone monarchs of the noble sugar-tree groves that grandly crowned the rich uplands in the eastern jiortion of the precinct, still sur- vive in stately majesty, as if in protest against the civilized vandalism of man. Joshua Jordan and Levi Compton settled on the Wabash River in 1802 ; later they moved to the northwest quarter of Section 12 and in 1810 built Fort Compton, which was an extensive affair for those days, and is said to have been large enough to accommodate one hundred fami- lies. Compton was a member of the Constitu- tional Convention of 1818, and later a Represen- tative in the First (Jeneral As,sembly from Ed- wards County, which then included what is now Wabash County. There Is a ti-adition that Jordan, who was Compton's brother-in-law. and who was a tenant of George Washington, and with him at Brad- dock's defeat, shot and killed Gen. Braddock, to avenge the insult he had given Washington just before the battle commenced. The probability is that the tradition originated in Jordan's imagination, as Gen. Braddock had four horses shot under him and had mounted the fifth when slain. John Stilwell and sons came from New Jersey in 1804, after a brief sojourn in Kentucky. He also built a fort. He was a man of consider- able wealth and acquired a vast body of fine land. He was a vei-y eccentric character and of sarcastic temper. The McInto.shes. Leeks, .\rmstrongs and Ramseys were early and de- sirable settlers, whose descendants have been well known in the county. The first school was taught in Fort Compton by Reuben Pox. BIG FOIR DEPOT AND Y. M. C. A.. MT. CARMRL CITY HALL. MT. CARMKL WABASH COUNTY 649 The first Importaut industry established iu the county was a flouring mill, built by Moses Bedell on tlie northwest quarter of Section 30. It was built of logs, did a considerable business and was in operation for about sixteen years. The Fox graveyard, long since neglected and forgotten, holds the dust of Jarvis Dale, who erected the first house in Old Palmyra ; of Joseph Haniford. the pioneer schoolmaster and Abner Armstrong, the first sheriff of Edwards County. Allendale, a railway station on the "Big Four'' Railroad, and has a population of about 500. In these days of self-worship and selfish com- petition, hut few people have sufficient venera- tion for the deeds and good names of their an- cestors, to study their history or preserve their memory from oblivion. The privations endured, the arduous struggles encountered and the labors accomplished by the pioneers of Wabash Pre- cinct are worthy of commendation and of per- I)etuatlon in the memory of later generations. CHAPTER XII. TOWNS AND VILLAGES. •CITY OF MT. CARMEL — ITS FOUNDEBS AND THETB PLANS FOR ESTABLISHING AN IDEAL CITT — ABTICLE OF INCORPORATION — FIRST HOUSES AND FmST BUSINESS ENTERPRISES — LATER DEVEL- OPMENT — ^A BOOMING ADVERTISEMENT — SOME CALAMITOUS EVENTS — THE OLD TOWN OF ROCHES- TER — ITS EARLY PROSPERITY AND FIN.^L COLLAPSE ^ILIiAOES OF LATER DAYS KBTENSBURG, COWL- ING, BELLMONT, L.\NCASTER, FRIENDS\'ILLE, AL- LENDALE AND PATTON. The City of Mt. Carme! was founded in 1817 and already the celebration of the completion of its first centenary is contemplated. Its found- ers were Rev. Thomas S. Hinde and William McDowell, whose purpose was to build a town that should be governed by a code of laws based upon their particular views of morality. The location \\"as then in the "Far West." Its proprietors believed that the navigation facili- ties, afforded liy its three rivers, would soon de- velop it into an important commercial city, and that its beautiful situation on the prominent bluffs of the Wabash River would render it an exceiJtionally healthy and desirable place of residence. Their first thought was to name their town "Three Rivers," on account of the three rivers, near whose junction it was situated, but being profoundly orthodox in their religious views, the bluffs reminded them of the place where Elijah rendered up his bloody sacrifice to Deity, and being at once overcome with pious emotions, they adopted the biblical name of Mt. Carmel. Between the river and the bluffs a beautiful commons of several hundred acres in- tervenes which, thanks to the forethought and liberality of its founders, was reserved to the city The actual site was selected, surveyed and platted in 1818. the town was laid out on an extensive scale, and lots were donated to im- migrants, who would build on them within a prescribed period. In September of the same year articles of association for the government of the town were drafted. They provided for the erection of a seminary and the founding of a bank. Among other inhibitions contained in Article 18, of the Association, it was provided that "No theatre or playhouse should ever be built within the bounds of the city," profane swearing and Sabbath breaking were made grave offenses, the offender, upon conviction, being disfranchised and disiiuallfied for holding any position of honor or trust for a term of three years. These enactments were very aptly designated "blue laws." Rev. Mr. Hinde was reared in Kentucky and moved to Ohio, where he served several terms in the Legislature of that state. He was a man of good education and philanthropic impulses, and did much good In the world. He died at Mt. Carmel in 184(>. Soon after Hinde and McDowell left Chilli- cothe. Ohio, to make a settlement on the Wa- bash, they were joined by the Rev. William Beauchamp, who suireyed and platted the town. Rev. Beauchamp was a celebrated Methodist preacher, an able %^Tlter and, at one time, lacked but a single vote of election to the of- fice of bishop. The splendid Methodist church at Mt. Carmel is named in memory of this de- voted man. Francis Dixon is said to have con- structed the first house In the town in 1818. This was located iu the alley between Third and Fourth Streets, and was a double log cabin of connnodious dimensions. Mr. Dixon resided in one end and sold goods in the other, thus 650 WABASH COUNTY conferring on the proprietor the distinction of being tlie flrst actual resident and storelieeper in Mt. Carmel. Scoby Stewart built the tirst frame liouse, which stood on Fifth !^treet, be- tween Main and Cherry Streets. Mt Carmel's first industry was a foundry, erected by Joseph L. Wilson, in 1823. It was located on the lot where now stands the old brick house in Which the late Gilbert Turner lived for many years. Many of our people have seen "The Old Red Tavern" that stood on Mulberry Street, between Fifth and Sixth Streets. It was the flrst tavern built In Mt. Carmel and was erected by Reuben Baker in 1819. It is claimed, uix)u what appears to be authen- tic Information, that the first brick church erected in Illinois was built in Mt. Carmel in 1824, by the Jlethodist Ei)iscopal denomination and our investigation convinces us that the claim is well established. It stood at the cor- ner of Fourth and Mulberry Streets. The build- hig ultimately fell into the hands of John Baumgartner, who impiously converted it into a brewery, but the brewer's art did not flourish within Its sacred walls, and it later became a dwelling and, in 1877, was destroyed by the cyclone. The first regular licensed minister to preach in Mt. Carmel, was the Rev. Charles Slocumb. V • A floiu-ing mill was constructed l^V Russell & Stewart in 1822, and the same year John Bunt- ing, a negro, erected a tan-yard. Bunting soon sold his tan-yard and moved to Liberia. Africa. Robei-t Ballentiue established the first terry across the river in 1817, and J- L. Wilson, an en- terprising man, put in operation a steam flour- mill as early as 1833. The first school house was built' on the site of the home of Charles W. Russell in 1823. In 1836 there were not a dozen houses east of Mulberi-y Street, and nearly all were built of logs. The town was incorporated as a village in 182.5, and as a city in 18(55. Mt. Carmel. in its early days, was regarded as a town of great promise and was widely advertised by those who endeavored to promote its gi-owth. For the purpose of enabling the reader to appreciate the enterprise, courage and energy of the founders of Mt. Carmel, in their ambitious efforts to make it a great manufacturing cit.v, even in that re- mote pioneer day, we copy a portion of a pre- tentious circular, printed by the "Mercury," of Leeds, England, in 1822, which may be found in the valuable and highly interesting scrap- book, kept by the late Mrs. Mary Turner, of Mt. Carmel, an intelligent and appreciative woman, and we commend it as a document of rare inter- est to students of Mt. Carmel pioneer history : "To CAPITALISTS, M.\NLFACTUBEBS, FaBMEBS AND ARTIZANS: "A Most Advantageous Opportunity for the Proflt- able Emiiloyuient of Capital, and the Suc- cessful Direction of Industry, is Offered in the Beautiful and Thriving Town of Mount Carmel, ou the Great Wabash River, in the United States of America. "The states of Illinois and Indiana, in the former of which Mount Carmel is situated, form one of the richest countries in the world, IX)S- sessing all the elements of agricultural and manufacturing prosperity, and advancing in population and wealth with a rapidity almost uniiaralleled, "Forming part of the jwwerful and free Re- public of the I'nited States, they are the Gov- ernment of the poor, "The ricnness of the soil, the cheapness of land, the great natural advantages of the coun- try for the growth of every kind of produce, as well as for manufactures, are continuall.v at- tracting settlers from the Eastern States of Anieric.-i. as well as from Eurojie: so that many towns have now sprung up there, which are daily increasing in poiuilation and all the com- forts of civilized life. "It is believed that there is no country where tile farmer thrives more rapidly, where (he store-keei>er sells bis goods at a higher profit, or where cajiital laid out in improvements yields a larger and quicker return. "The Great Waliasli River is one of those noble streams which flow through the centre of America, and after fertilizing an extensive tract of country, empty themselves into the still larger rivers, the Ohio and Mississippi. It en- .ioys the advantage of steam navigation, liy moans of which it has an internal connnunica- tion of several thousand miles, from above I'itts- burg. in IVnnsylvania to Xew Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico. "On the banks of the Great Wabash River are prairies, or natural meadows, of coiisidcr- able extent and of the highest fertility-, with an inexhaustible al)undaiice of fine limber and grounds sufticieully elevated to form beautiful and healthl'ul situations for townsj, "The soil and climate are so good that all the productions both of the northern and southern extremities of the American conliitent rimie to perfection — Tobacco, wheat, rice. Indian corn. Indigo, Irish and sweet potatoes, rye. barley. WABASH COUNTY 651 oats, hemp, flax. etc.. as well as fruits of all kinds, apples, peaches, cherries, pears, etc. "It is an excellent region for sheep, and the wool is good. Cotton grows flnely, and of a staple equal to the Georgia upland cotton. "The countr.v is healthful for cattle and horses, and hogs are a great article of trade. "Mr. Hinde is the son of an English gentle- man, who was surgeon to General Wolfe at the taking of Quebec, and who received a grant of lands from the government in Virginia. Mr. Hinde is an extensive proprietor of lands in the States of Ohio. Indiana, and Illinois. For the sitisfaction of the English public he makes known the fdilowing testimonials, (of which Mr. Kingrose has the originals,) which he received in the year 182.j from the Hon. Henry Clay, then the Vice-rresident of the rniteIst-ofHces in the county were Mt. Carmel, Centerville and "Coffeeton." Old Tim- berville, which was about two and one-half miles south of Allendale, was practically moved to the latter place in 1871. Banking facilities are furnished by the First National Bank of Allendale, which has a paid up capital of $25,000. Its present officers are: James W. Price, President ; William F. Courter, Vice President, and W. F. Price, Cashier. PATTON. This village is on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, midway between Mt. Carmel and Allendale on the Wabash River, and does a considerable business in the lum- ber trade. It was named after Dr. Patton of Vincennes. CHAPTER XIII. EDUCATION. COI/)NIA.L EDUCATION APPROPRIATION OF PUBLIC LANDS FOB SUPPORT OF SCHOOLS IN ILLINOIS- FIRST PUBLIC SCHOOL LAW ESTABLISHMENT OF PRESENT SYSTEM IN 1854 FIRST STATE SUPERIN- TENDENT OF SCHOOLS — ^FIRST TEACHERS AND LATER PROMOTERS OF POPULAR EDUCATION — DE- SCRIPTION OF EARLY SCHOOL HOUSES BY' DR. SAM- UEL WILLARD — FIRST REGUI^AR SCHOOL ESTAB- IJSHED IN WABASH COUNTY AT FRIENDS\1LLE IN 181G FRIENDSVILLE ACADEMY — FIRST SCHOOLS IN COFFEE PRECINCT AND MT. CARMEL — ST.VTIS- TICS OF WABASH COUNTY SCHOOLS FOB 1909 PRESENT CONDITIONS. 654 WABASH COUNTY With our forefathers there came many edu- cated iiieu from Old England, and upon settling in the New World, their thoughts early turned to the purix)se of providing schools for the edu- cation of the youth of the colonies. Amid the l>erils of a wild frontier, impoverished and l>ereft of the ordinary conveniences of life, they provided the means of education by arranging for places of instruction in log houses and some- times in forts, and selected such instructors as the community fould best afford. Soon there were schools in nearly evei-j- township, of some char- acter. They were generally supiwrted by pri- vate means. The system was chaotic and ele- mentary, and the discipline was severe, as the theory that "learning and licking" went together was a popular notion. However deficient the colonial system of education may have been, it possessed the elements and the spirit of won- derful development, and laid the foundations of poiiular education as it exists today. First Schools in Illinois. — The enabling act of Illinois provided for the encouragement of education, by appropriating the sixteenth section of every township, amounting in all to 998.448 acres of the best land in America, for school pur- IKjses, the net proceeds, realized from the sale of which, was to be used for the advancement and diffusion of education, among the people lu gen- eral, throughout the State. Our first public school law was enacted in 182.5, but as this was rei)ealed. our public schixil system was not regularly established until 1849. when the Secretary of State was made ex-ottlcio Superintendent of Public Instruction, and at the same time reboard roof and split-log seats, but we have found no more ac- curate, vivid and instructive pen-picture of the eaa-ly school house than that given by Dr. Samuel Willard. of Chicago, and believing that it will prove delightfully interesting to the younger readers, we quote a iwrtion of it. "For the first school," says Dr. Willard. "the settlers met witli a yoke or two of oxen, with axes, a saw. and an auger, no other tools were uecessar.v, though a trow or tool for splitting out clapboards was desirable. The first settlements were never in the open prairies, but always on the skirts of the timber land or in the woods ; the school house had the same location. Trees were cut from the public lands : rough trimmed and unhewn, they were put together to make a log house, generall.v sixteen feet sijuare; a hole was cut on one side for a side door ; a larger hole on the other side to allow the building of an outdoor chimney. The roof was made of clap- boards, roughly split out, which were held in place by 'weight jwiles" laid on the ends of the clapboards and secured by pins or otherwise. Three or four days' labor might be enough to do all this and to add the chimney and the furniture, the walls and roof, with a fairly numerous eom- pan.v, would require but the second day. Gener- ally such a house had no atom of iron in its structure ; all was of wood or stone. We read of one of gum logs that sent forth sprouts and twigs after the house was built : of another which was used without door, or window or chinking." In 1824 Edwards County had the distinction of WABASH COUNTY 655 having a school with a real glass window. These old schoolhouses were warmed with great fire- places and tlie teachers carried a piece of flint or steel with which to kindle the fire. Water was carried in a pail or "pigglu" from a nearby well or spring, and a gourd was used as a drinking vessel. To go for a bucket of water was esteemed quite a privilege and was a "reward of merit" for good conduct. Wabash County Schools. — In 1810 the first regular school was taught iu Wabash County. It is said to have been conducted in a log cabin, near Fort Barney, which was within the limits of the present town of Friendsville, and the first instructors were John Griffith and Betsey Os- good. The first regular school house was erected but a short distance east of Friendsville iu 1820, and was built of unhewn logs, had a puncheon floor and genuine "rustic" furniture. The Rev. Samuel Baldridge, who came to Friendsville in an early day, was a man of classi- cal education and benevolent impulses, and always manifested a deep concern in the cause of education. He conducted classes In the "higher branches'' in his church, for a number of years, and in 1S66, through tlie co-operation of others, secured the erection of the Friendsville Academy, which had a useful and succesful career of many years. More than 1,200 students, representing many States, were educated at this institution. Some twenty years ago the building was pur- enitential grief. But, however harsh, patristic and emotional, the religious teachings and labors of these early ministers may have been, they nevertheless perfonned a necessary and self-sacrificing duty to humanity and redeemed the reckless frontiers from many vicious and demoralizing influences, and incul- cated in the minds and hearts of the pioneers a veneration for the faith of the church, a regard for morality and a love of piety which were es- sential to their moral, intellectual and spiritual growth. In its early settlement, Wabash County was blessed by the active influence of several minis- ters of noble character and devout piety, and who were men of fine education and good ability, the impress of whose wholesome lives continues to exist in refre^ing consequences. Presbyterian Church ES.^Four Presbyterian Churches have been organized in Wabash County. The Wabash Church was organized March 5, 1822, by Rev. D. C. Proctor, with five members, and is the mother church in the county. The church at Mt Carmel was organized May 5, 1839, by the celebrated Rev. Stephen Bliss, assisted by Rev. Isaac Bennett, with a member- ship of eleven. The Friendsville church was or- ganized August 25, 1857, by Revs. J. Crozier and S. ,C. Baldridge with twenty-eight members. Allendale church was organized Februai-y 26, 1SC.7. by Rev. S. C. Baldridge and W. H. Smith and John Mack as Elders, with a membership of nine. The first Presbyterian sermon delivered in the county w"as at the home of Thomas Gould, who had settled in Timberville settlement in 1S16. He came to the countj- by way of Evansville, which at that time was a straggling cluster of log cabins, covered with clapljoards. The preach- er was Rev.. Samuel Scott Thornton of Vincennes. His seiTnon was well received and he aftei-ward c;une frequently to Gould's cabin to preach and, upon his arrival. Gould's boys were put on the horses to ride the neighliorhood and announce the "preaching." Soon after William Crane, called the "Sweet Singer," settled in the com- munity and was made chorister of the little con- gregation. In 1824 a Sabbath school was or- ganized in Mr. Gould's home and maintained for many years. The active organization of the Presbyterian Church in the county assumed systematic form, when taken in charge by Rev. Stephen Bliss, April 11. 1819, who was assisted by Rev. George May. They founded a Sabbath school in their cabin home, also a prayer-meeting. These resv- erend gentlemen came from New England and were graduates of Middlebury College, Vt. The Rev. Mr. Bliss, in 1820, walked back to Boscawen, N. H., to marry Miss Elizabeth Worcester, a cousin of Joseph Worcester, author of Worces- ter's Dictionary, and she returned with him to Barney's Prairie in 1821. C^rus Danforth, who settled on Barney's Prairie in 1817, was a strong, fearless, original and decisive man, but tenacious of his views and intolerant of all re- ligious opinions but his own. He came from New York and was soon joined by Charles Mc- Nair, from his home community, who was the pioneer of tlie McNair family in Wabash County. Danforth and McNair were orthodox Presby- vST. lOHN Tin-; P.AI'TIST KPISCOPAL CHIRCH, MT. CARMKL lAANCI'lI-KAI. cm KCIl. -MT. CARMKL WABASH COUNTY 657 terians, aud were of invaluaLile help to Bliss aud Gould in founding the I'l-eshyterlan Church in Wabash County. Rev. Stephen Bliss was for many years the only preacher of his denomina- tion in the county. He w-as a scholarly man, possessed of clear judgment, moderate in his views aud endowed with exceptional ability. In 1824 he was elected State Senator in the Fourth General Assembly from Edwards County. as an anti-slavery candidate, serving a term of four years. He was a modest, conscientious, capable and attractive man, who wielded a benef- icent influence, and whose high character lent a charm to tlie rugged outlines of frontier life. His faithful friend and co-laborer, Kev. S. C. Baldridge, has written an interesting and in- structive biography of his life and work. The Rev. Isaac Bennett did great sen-ice for the cause of his church in the early days. He had a logical mind, a good education and a nervous elo- quence that mightily stirred his hearers. The Rev. S. C. Baldridge was one of the most typically spiritual characters that ever graced the minis- try, and was tlie soul of piety. He was a classi- cal scholar and labored with tireless zeal in the cause of education. We cannot better charac- terize him, than by using his own language: "Oh solemn, stern, single-eyed, holy brother, thou canst never be forgotten." The Mt. Carmel Presbyterian Church was or- ganized on the 5th day of May. 1839. by Revs. Stephen Bliss and Isaac Bennett, who had been appointed by the Presbytety of Palestine. 111. The following are the names of the original members of the church, the first twelve of whom had been members of the Wabash Presbyterian Church : William Eldridge. Paulina Eldridge. Anna E. Page, Elizabeth Bell, Elizabeth P. McDowell, Rachel R. Cook, Elizabeth Harris, Elijah Harris, William H. Miller. James D. Knapp. Sarali Knapp, Martha Harris. William Mudge, Mary B. Mudge, Alvin S. Sturgis. Anganet Sturgis. Mar- garet Mahon, William H. Swain, Abigail Swain and Rebecca Galloway. William Eldridge and Elijah Harris were unanimously chosen elders and were .subsequently ordained, and Eldridge was c^iosen clerk of the session and served in that capacity till October. I.s."i2, over 13 years. Rev. R. H. Lilly, tlie first pastor and one of the organizers of the church, served the church for about six years and rejwrted a membership of 36 in 1844. Mr. Lilly was succeeded by Rev. Blackburn LefBer in 1847. He remained one year. Rev. Preston Wallace Thomson, cousin of Rev. William M. Thomson, D. D., famous author of "The Land aud the Book,' was here for about two years, 1848-50. Rev. John L. Hawkins began his labors in Mt. Carmel, in 1852, and is reix)rted as having re- mained until 185G. Rev. Charles P. Spinning is still living in honorable retirement at Iowa City, Iowa, and is the oldest living minister of this church. He supplied the church one year, 1858- 59, Rev. Jefferson Clay Thornton was the next minister, from 1861-63. We find no record of any regular supply of the church from 1863 to 1875. but it is understood that Rev. S. C. Baldridge, of Priendsville, preachetl on alternate Sabbaths for a time. Rev. William S. Heindel supplied the church from 1875 to 1876. Rev. Thomas C. Winn, now of Osaka, Japan, spent the summer of 1876 with the church while a student in a Theological Seminary, and gath- ered many new members into the church. Rev. Thomas E. Green, supplied the church for about a year. 1879-80, when a reorganization of the session was effected aud an effort was made to erect a new house of worship. Then there was another period of six years without any regular services and without any official meeting of session till thie spring of 1886, when the church was reorganized on the arrival of Rev. W. W. Tait. At the time of the cyclone in 1877, the church reported 35 members In consequence of the splendid ingathering in 1876 under Rev. Thomas C. Winn. In 1880, after the accessions under Rev. T. E. Green, it reported 73 ; in 1882 and 1883, only 10. and in 1885 and 1886. 43 members. Soon after the arrival of Mr. Tait, on June 10, 1886. n new members were received, two elders anl four deacons were elected, and church ser- vices and meetings of the session have continued without serious interruption ever since. June 10, 1886. stands out as the date of reconstruction and renewed life. On the account of ill health. Rev. Mr. Tait re- mained but a few months, being followed by Rev. R. Dobson, who remained for one year ; he was followed t>.v Rev. J. H. Stevenson, under whose ministry of eight years the church made marked progress in every way. He found only about 25 active members holding services in the hall over the First National Bank. -After worshiping there for a short season, they removed to the 658 WABASH COUNTY courthouse where they remained till the present house of worship was defiicated on February 23, 1890. The first year in the new church was marked by an unprecedented growth in the membership, 44 names being added, and for the first time in its history, it reached 100 and reported 118. Four years later, 44, the largest number in all its history, were added, and the roll attained its maximum, reporting 153 to the Presbytery. Dr. Stevenson was followed by Rev. Luciau Doty Noel, who remained but a short period on account of sickness. Then came Rev. J. F. Knowles, wilio remained a little over one year. He was followed by Rev. John T. Farris, under whose ministry of five years the church came, for the first time, to self-support and also erected the fine parsonage occupied b,v the pastor. Rev. Charles E. Marvin followed and remained but one year when he moved to a more northern cli- mate. Rev. George E. Richards came as pastor in 1905, and spent four prosperous years. He was succeeded by Rev. W. P. Hoskin. who remained only one year. The church has a larger mem- bership at present than ever before, is out of debt and is in the most prosperous condition since its organization. The congregation at dif- ferent periods has occupied two houses of wor- ship, both of them brick. The first was erected on Third street between Mulberry and Cherry. It was built prior to the organization of the church in 1830, and was said, at that time, to be the finest church in the town or in the presby- tery. This building was destroyed by the cyglone of June 4. 1877. The present building was erected under the ministry of Dt. J. H. Stevenson. Ground was broken in the summer of 1889, and on February 23, 1890, Dr. Jonathan E. Spillman, of Carmi, preached the dedication sermon. It cost $4..500.00. of which it received ?900 from the Board of Church Erection. 1 In 1885, one year before the reorganization. the church lost the last charter member by the death of Mrs. Elizabeth Bell, the mother of Judge Robert Bell. St. Maey's Catholic Church. — The first cele- bration of the rites of the Catholic Church, to iThe editor is indebted to Dr. J. B, Maxwell for much valuable information in connection with tJie history of the Presbyterian churches in Wabash County. take place in Wabash County, of which we have any authentic rec-ord, was the marriage of Nicho- las Peter and Barbara Wirth, in 1836, the cere- mony being celebrated by Rev. P. Chakert, S. J., who was a Jesuit priest, from St. Marie, Jasi)er County, 111. The first child that was baptized was Thomas, son of Thomas and Anna Moulehin, April 14, 1839. The Rev. Valentine Burgos was the first priest to be stationed in the parish. The first regular services were celebrated by Rev. K. Muller. August 20, 1840. From 1840 to 1851, priests were sent from various places to celebrate mass, as there was neither church nor residence available for church service at Jit. Car- niel. Among those who performed Che priestly duties for this period were Rev. K. Muller, Rev. James Flyn. Rev. G. A. Hamilton, Rev. Fr. Fisher and Rev. R. Weinzapfley. The services were held in private residences and the public school houses of Mt. Carmel. By 1850 enough emigrants had come from Germany to increase the congregation to about thirty Catholic fami- lies. It was then decided to erect a church and secure a resident priest. The corrner-stone of the new church was laid August 8, 1851, and the dedication took place in 1854. The Rev. Burgos, who was a Spaniard, remained in charge three years. Tlie new church was built under great difficulties, and the members of the church did the greater part of the work, the Rev. Burgos doing his shai'e of manual labor. Among the early families who assisted in the building of the new church were those of Antone Peter, Christo- pher Weisenberger, Michael Berberick, Suitbert Kolb. Barney McMannaman, Gerhard Wirth, Nicholas Peter, .\ndreas Fearheiley, John Key- ser. .John Keepas, Daniel Berberick, Nicholas Goetz, Philip Rosingol, Mike Fearheiley, Frank Fuchs, George Wirth, Mike Peter, George Freid- rich. Valentine Ke.vser, Laurence KepiJel, Nicho- las .Vnkenbrandt, John Breivogel. Laurence Roth, Wendelin Wetter. Michael Hockgeiger, John Weigand, John Kohlhause and Jacob Dunkel. In August, 1858, after an interregnum of four .years. Rev. R. W. Repis came to succeed Rev. Burgos, and in six months he was succeeded by Rev. P, R. Kolopp. who was followed by Rev. Jansen. Rev. F. H. Budde, the i)resent popular and able priest, took charge iu 1895. Four suc- cessful missions have been held by the church, in 1856, 1885. 1898 and 1904. A number of WABASH COUNTY 659 joung women have entered the sisterhood, but only one young man has entered the priesthood. The flourishing eongregation long ago outgrew the old fhurch and. on March 27, 1900. the cornerstone of tie present siilendid and imiwsing edifice was laid and the building was dedicated October 16th, following. The structure, com- plete, cost $2.3.515.70, and is one of, (he noblest sanctuaries in Southern Illinois. In connection witli the church is tbe large seliool. conducted by the Sisters of the Precious Blood, and a new and «)mmodious priest's residence. Jit. Carmel was flTSt subject to the diocese of Chicago, then to Alton and now of Belleville. The church of St. Sebastian, in Bellmont Pre- cinct, was erected in 1870, and its congregation is composed of alx>ut sixtj- families. The first Catholic church built in the county was St. Rose, near Rochester, long since fallen into decay, and of which an account will be found in the history of Ck>£fee Precinct. Christian Churches. — Among the first regu- larly organized religious societies founded in Wabash County were those of the New Light Ohnreh, which was subsequently merged into the Christian Church, on account of their similarity of doctrine. The real fore-runner of the Chris- tion Church in the county was the New Light Societ.v, organized in 1816 on the east bank of Crawfish Creelc, on what was linown as the Eli Wood land. Elder James Poole and William Kinkade met under a white oak tree and there organized Barney's Prairie Church, which after- ward became the first Christian Church in the county. Of this church there is in existence a comiilete official record. Upon this Jlother CliuTCh all other Christian Churches in the county have drawn for membership and assist- ance, in various ways in times past. Among its charter members were James Poole, Angelina Poole, Peter and Jemima Keen. Josei>h Wood, and Ira Wood, Enoch and Daniel Ureathouse, Jacob Shadle and wife, Seth and Mary Gard, .\bigail Preston. Jerry Ballard, Philo Ingram, Ransom Higgins. Levi Couch, Ira Keen. The first church was built one-half mile east of Priendsville. where also schools were taught In those early days people came from a great dis- tance to attend divine service, and were depend- ant upon the hospitality of the local memljers of the congregation, for food and shelter for them- selves and horses, which were generously given. It is said that such men as George Litherland, (ieorge Buchanan and Ira Keen, frequently fed from fifty to sixtj- guests in a single day, and that the patient and devout woineu, in their fervid zeal, often forgot to eat in their eageniess to return to meeting, but it is not unreasonable to suppose that, after they had fed fifty or sixty hungry people, there was little left to tempt their appetites. Among those who were towers of sti'ength to the church in its early days, and who are well worthy to be mentioned, are: Joseph Ballard, Joseph Wood, Jr., Elder Ira Wood, Elder James Poole, and Charlotte J. Wood. Prominent and useful among the ministers of Barney's Prairie Church have been William Courter, Sr., Elijah (ioodwin, Cornelius Ades, Elder James McMillen, Elder U. B. F. Treat, Alexander Wells, Thomas W. Wills, William C. Black, Elder F. W. Black, and Elder W. R. Couch. The Coffee Creek Church was organized at tlie home of Daniel Keen, in -Vugust, 1819. and lias been prosix«rous from its origin and has a fine church and large congregation at Keensburg. The Lick Prairie Church was organized in 1830, by Elder Joseph Wasson, the Church of Christ at Lancaster in 1842, and the one at Adams Corner in 1851. They are all flourishing congregations, having commodious church structures and effi- cient official boards and ministers. Tlie Christian Church at Mt. Cannel. was founded in 1862, by Elder D. D. Miller. This congregation is one of the strongest in Southern Illinois, numerically and financially, and is one of the most vigorous and influential bodies of the Christian Church to be found in the Wabash Valley. For years it has been favored with some of the ablest ministers of the denomina- tion, and its official board has been eouiix)sed of capable, energetic and devout men, ever ready to uplift, and advance the cause of the church. The congregation has a fine and desirable church property and building, yet its steadily growing membership will soon demand greatly enlarged accomodations and which are already l)eing seriously contemplated. Elder J. W. Kll- born. is the i)resent pastor. The Church of Christ at Bellmont was or- ganized in May, 1876, and although for many years Its growth was uncertain and many diffi- culties beset it, it is now on safe ground, enjoy- ing a promising outlook for future usefulness. United Brethren in Christ. — The first church of the United Brethren In Christ was or- 660 WABASH COUNTY ganized, at a schoolhouse near Friendsville, in 1862, through the effort of Rev. William Hovis. The class at first had a membership of thirteen. In 1866 the clas.s was lemoved to Cabbage Cor- ner, and. in 1874. it was moved to the Stoltz sdioolhouse. At the last place the surroundings were so favorable that the membership rapidly increased, and in 1879, a Board of Trustees was appointed to build a cliureh. Wm. Litherland supervised the building of the church, which was completed in 1880. It was erected adjacent to Gard's Toint Graveyard, and was named Nye Chapel. The church has long maintained a numerous membership, and has been blessed witli a prosjierous career. It is now in charge of Rev. Fowler. There is also a United Breth- ren congregation having a church of its own at Adams Corner. Methodist Churches. — Profes-soi- George W. Smith. M. A., in his excellent History of Illinois, says : "The Reverend Beauehamp, a much loved minister In the Methodist Church, was located at Chillicothe, Ohio, in 1816. He was induced by the people of Mt. Carmel to come to their town, to which he removed in 1817. He labored here faithfully for about four years, when he was obliged to give up his preaching and retire to a farm. While in the active work of preaching in Mt. Carmel, he announced the service by the blowing of a trumpet instead of the ringing of the bell." The Professor has been led into an error as to the Rev. Beauchamp's last days. His reverence was famed far and near as a camp- meeting revivalist, and the announcement of his ctxming drew^ vast multitudes to hear him. Hav- ing failed to be elected Bishop by a solitary vote, he decided to spend his life in evangelistic work, and wliile preaching at a great camp-meeting in Indiana, was stricken with a fatal illness. Methodism founded Mt. Carmel, and in its his- tory, the twain are co-existent. Two Methodist ministers — the Rev. Thomas Hinde. of noted an- cestry, and the Rev. William McDowell — ^who had conceived the idea of founding a city on moral principles that would enable them to carry out, in practical results, what they believed to be the true ideals of Methodist faith and teach- ing, came from Chillicothe, Ohio, in 1816, settled on the town site of Mt. Carmel. and, in 1817, founded the city. Soon after their arrival Rev. William Beauehamp came and surveyed the site and laid off the lots. These devout proprietors prescribed « code of municipal laws by which the prosiiective city should be governed, and which were afterward denominated "Blue-laws," In fact, they were copies of rigid puritanical enactments. alTead.v out-grown by the spirit of the age, and were soon repealed. Excerpts from these harsh ordinances will be found in the sketch of the City of Mt. Carmel. Hinde, Mc- Dowell and Beauehamp were intelligent, scholarly, fearless and conscientious enthusi- asts, who were descended from families of quality, and were resolutely determined to do some good in the world ; and their honored names should be venerated b.v every on-coming generation of citizens of Mt. Carmel. The father of Thomas Hinde was a surgeon in the English army. He belonged to the vessel which General Wolfe left to go ashore and fight Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham and dressed the wounds of that General, when he fell in that memorable struggle, which made North America a Protestant, instead of a French Catholic, government. The battle of Quebec was as de- cisive in its results as Marathon, Cannse, Cha- lons. Waterloo or Gettj-sburg. The founders of Mt. Carmel. were actuated by pious zeal, and they intended that the town should he marked b.v its moral and religious status. Their ambition was to make it "The Garden of the Lord." as its name signifies. Mt. Carmel Circuit was estab- lished in 1819, and it extended from the mouth of the Wabash River to Terre Haute, and reached far into the interior of Indiana and Illinois. To traverse this vast and unsettled circuit required indomital)le courage and prodigious physical en- durance, but these men had Ijoth and, in addi- tion unconquerable faith, and they accomplished wonders. In 1819, Charles Slocumb was appointed to the Mt. Cannel Circuit, which was the first regu- larly established Methodist Circuit in Illinois, and preached to settlers wherever they could be gathered together. Methodism was so prosper- ous that, in 182-1, it erected the first brick church in the State in Mt. Carmel. In 1827, the An- nual Conference was held in Mt. Carmel, and was presided over by Bishop Roberts. At this conference there were assembled many men who became famous in the ministry of the Methodist OhuTch. This conference took the initiatory step that led to the founding of McKendree College at Lebanon, 111. In 1834, Mt. Carmel was made a station. On May 18, 1850. a resolution was passed providing for the building of a new Lt'THERAX CHfRCH, MT. CARMKL lIk>T MI'.THODIST CHIRCH. MT. CARMKL WABASH COUNTY 661 church, which was completed within a year. The new edifice was appropriately named Beau- champ Ohapel, in honor of Rev. William Beau- champ. In 1853, the Southern Illinois Confer- ence was held here, with Bishop Scott presiding, and again in 18i;3, with Bishop BaUer presiding. Convening in the midst of the bitterness engen- dered by the Civil War, and tlie conference being intensely loyal and boldly outspoken on the question of human slavery, which the Church of the North had so uncompromisingly assailed, Its members were subjected to many serious insults by CV)ufederate sympathizers. In 1869. a brick parsonage was erected at a cost of $3,000. In 1875, the church was re- modeled at a cost of $7,00t), and the building was re-opened for service by Bishop Bowman, and the same year the Annual Conference was held in it, with the venerable Bishop Scott in attend- ance. In 1877, the church was practically de- molished by the terrible cyclone, but was soon re- built and improved, and was used as a house of worship until the completion of the present beau- tiful and noble edifice, which is an ornament to the city and a credit to Methodism. The corner stone of the present church was laid in 1899 and the church was dedicated by Bishop McCabe. It was erected at a cost of $33,000, and is the most attractive and amplitudinous house of worship outside of the larger cities In Illinois, and it is altogether fitting that the his- tory of Methodism in Jit. Carmel, should be crowned with such a splendid monument to the record of its long and faithful service in the cause of humanitj". At her altar thousands have humbly bowed and been received into fellowship with her congregation, which is one of the largest in Illinois. Its total membership is 725. The parsonage is an elegant residence and was erected at a cost of $7,000. The following, in the order named, have been pastors of the Church since its establishment: Charles Slocum, J. Stewart. Robert Delap, Samuel Hull, William McReynolds, Thos. Davis assisted by Samuel Bassitt. .Tolm McReynolds, Aaron Woods, J. Miller with A. L. Thompson as junior preacher, James JIcKean, James Massey, W, S. Crissy, A. McMintz, P. W. Nickolds, James Hadley, A. L. Risley, J. M. Massey, W. C. Cummings. J. H. Dickson, R. Ridg\\ay. C. J. Houts, E. H. Hub- bard, S. Elliott, .Tohn Borland, J. W. Calwell. William Cliff. James Leaton. Nelson Hawley. Albert Nesbit, J, P. Davis, R. J. Nail, G. W. CVjmptou (who i-esigned the charge to enter the union anuy and D. Chipman finished the year), Hiram Sears, A. B. Morrison, G. W. Hughey, T. A. Eaton, B. R. Pierce. A. B. Grant, J. L. Wallar, T. H. Herdman, Joseph Earp, R, N. Carter, J. T. Pender, William Van Cleve, C. Nash, R, E. Pierce, John F. Harmon, F, L. West, F, H. Knight, J. W. Cummins, and C. D. Shumard, the present pastoi-. The Friendsville, Lick Prairie, Cabbage Cor- ner, AsbuiT, Keensburg, Cowling, Allendale, Me- Kendree, Maud and Bellmont Methodist Churches have large congregations and are in a flourishing condition. Most of them were or- ganized in the early days and have much inter- esting history connected with their early struggles and pioneer experience. The Asbury Society was founded about 1830. and was or- ganized in a log barn on the Emanuel Reel farm, where a great revival had been in progress. For many years thereafter the devout little congrega- tion used the Simonds schoolhouse, where many famous pioneer preachers expounded the gospel at great revival meetings. In 1869, the congre- gation built its present church, ^-liich has been the scene of many interesting and important events in the church history of Wabash County. For years it was a favorite meeting ix)int for tie Methodists from the country and Mt. Carmel, and it seemed to possess a subtle influence that drew itinerant preachers fi-om far and near, to its ix>pular pulpit, where ministers of various faiths, black and white, were welcomed with an unexampled tolerance, and received into the homes of its members with unstinted hospi- tality. In the history of Wabash County, tie in- terests of the Methodist Church have not been neglected and the voice of the Methodist preacher has been heard, for many years in everj- locality. Evangelical Church, — In the year 1842 the first missionary of the Evangelical Association came to Wabash County, This first missionary was Rev. C. Augenstein, who was sent out by the Ohio Conference. The mission field was com- Iiosed of six counties in Indiana and Illinois, with Wabash County as the center, and from this point the missionary went for the jjerform- ance of his arduous duties. This enthusiastic man went alxjut doing good, preacliing in the homes of the people and in school houses. His laboi-s were among the German people. The efficient labors of this first missionary resulted in laying a good foundation, ufwn 662 WABASH COUNTY which has been built a superstnioture of Chris- tian influence and helpfulness to the community, and of which the Evangelical Association is justly proud. In the year 1845, the big mission field was di- vided, the western portion being named the Mt. Carniel Mission, and the eastern portion as the Dubois MLssion. From this time, special atten- tion was paid to the City of Mt. Carmel, and soon resulted in the forming of a congregation. In the year 1847, a little brick church was built on Fifth Street, near Cherry, and for years this little Evangelical society was known for its spir- ituality. On quarterly or special meetings, the Evangelicals of the county and of Grayville and West Salem would meet and have "good times" together. Many souls were converted and many lives changed, because of the influence of these deeply spiritual meetings. In the year 1873, a new brick church was erected on the corner of Fifth and Cherry Streets, under the administration of Rev. Joseph MeiT. In this church the congregation has wor- ehijiped until the present time. For many years the senices were all held in the German lan- guage, but about the year 1883, it was evident that if the young people of the congregation weie to be retained, there must be the introduc- tion of the English language, and from that time until about the .vear ISOS, the change was gradu- ally made, and from the latter date the English language has been exclusively used. The membership of the church through the years of its history has been made up of some of the best and most influential people of Mt. Cairmel. From a few families at the beginning until the year 1883, the membersliip increased to one hundred members, and from that date until the present writing (T.dO), the increase has reached about one hundred and seventy. The following ai-e a few of the charter mem- bers : II. Kramer, William Proetzler, N. Seitz, P. Moyer, R. Bentelman, Steven Mo.ver, C. Seitz and S. Mueller. For a number of years this congregation be- longed to what is known as the S(nitli Indiana Conference, but later there was a change in the boundary of some of the conferences, and it now belongs to the Indiana Conference. The pastors who have served this congre.gation have been among the best of the conference. The follow- ing is a list of the ministers -nho served as pas- tors: \ugenstein, Lintner, Nikolai. Platz. Pretsch, Tobias, Mueller. Withaub, Trometer, Diekover, Messner, Fisher, Bockman, Fuehs. Kohlmeyer. Hoffman, Krommiller, Kleiber, Glauser, Gomen, Fisher. Mode, Meyer, Theiss, Hallwachs, Earheart, Griesemer. Sch,aurmeier, Markman. Bu.ver, Schleucher. Maas, and C. E. Geist. At the present writing the congregation is well organized and doing effectual work. The names following are some of the organizations: Trustee Board of five members, of which Ed. Storekmau is President ; Missionary Society of which Rev. Schnitz is President ; Sunday Schools with O. A. Unbehaun. Assistant Superintendent; Young I'eople's Alliance, of which Mi.ss Mame Kern is President ; Woman's Missionai"y Society, Mrs. Geist, President ; and Ladies' Aid, Mrs. Un- behaun, President. Evangelical LuTHsnAN Church. — The ear- liest records of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in this county show that the Rev. C. F. Heyer, who was a general missionary of the cJiurch. serving first in the home mission work of this country and later organizing the first Lutheran .Mission Station in .\frica, first came to Mount Carmel In January, 1836, on a tour of inspection and succeeded in rallying the scattered adher- ents to the Lutheran faith. He gathered to- gether the nuclei of two congregations, one at Mount Carmel, the other at Jordan Creek, which latter is now the St. Paul's of Lancaster. In March of the same year, the Rev. H. Haver- stick came on the field and perfected the organi- zations. The Rev. C. F. Heyer returned later and several young members were confirmed and others gathered into the organization. Both of these pioneer ministers retired from the field soon after, and during the interim of pastorates, an attempt was made to organize a German Re- formed congregation, partly out of the Lutheran organization. This, however, failed and the Rev. D. Kohler, a home missionar.v, sent out by the East Pennsylvania Synod, came iipon the field and on March 11. 1838, dedicated the new church at Jordan Creek, and on March 27th. the Zion's Evangelical Liitheran church of Mt. Carmel was made a certainty by the adoption of certain regulations, which committed the or- zanization exclusively to the Lutheran name and cause, yet later efforts were made to divert at least a part of the members to the Reformed Church. The Rev. Barthol succeeded Mr. Kohler. and WABASH COUNTY 663 during his ministry tlie property on Set-onil Street, between Marliet and Cliestuut, was pur- chased. On the lot was a frame house and a brick blaclismitli shop. The latter was remod- eled into a ciiuroh. Mr. Barthol was in charge up to the latter part of 1839. In tlie meantime a fire, communicated from an adjoining house, partially destroyed the same. The ruins were sold and removed from the site. There was a period of inactivity up to 1841, when the Rev. Lauer, of Evansville, ministered to the people and he, in turn, was followed by Rev. Henning. Mr. Heuning not being able to preach in the German language, those who pre- ferred that language, lieing prompted to do so by other considerations, withdrew and organized a church of the Evangelical Association. Mr. Henning remained but a few years. To this time matters were in a very unsettled condition, the distuTbing elements being the questions of lan- guage, the use of revival methods and sacra- mental differences. These were now practically at an end, for the German element and advo- cates of the revival methods withdrew. At this junctiwe, September 29, 18+4, the Rev. Daniel Scherer became the regular pastor of the charge, and from that time forth the ehuches took on new life. The adoption of a new constitution followed, a debt of nearly $1,200 was provided for, most of it being collected liy tlie pastor in the east and south. This covered two years of time and, in the meantime, a new house of wor- ship was in contemplation. This was erected by a liberal people under the leadership of a pas- tor who was an eflicient manager and worker. It is said that he burned the brick and did much other labor in connection with the erection of the new church. Mr. Scherer moved to Jordan Creek in ISiiO for economic reasons, the church there having eightj- acres of land the products of which were entailed to the pastor, he being then still pastor of the whole charge. He died on April 4. 18.52. and was burled at Mt. Carmel. Mr. Scherer was not the founder of the work, but to him is due the honor of placing it beyond the point of peril, for at the time of his taking charge the fate of the Mt. Carmel pastorate was in serious doubt. The Rev. G. Wolf was a temporary suiijily from the death of Mr. Scherer until September 5, 1852, when the Rev. Conrad Kuhl took charge, remaining for over three years. During his in- cumbency still another constitution was pro- vided, and tlie old German documents and rec- ords were translated into English and incorpo- rated in the church book. The Rev. I. C. Hiller followed and was pastor from 18.J0 to 1858 and he, in turn, was followed b.v the Rev. John Krack, who remained until ISCl. In the latter year, the Rev. J. M. Harkey became pastor and remained until 1868. Dur- ing this pastorate, the unfortunate division in the general synod occurred (1864-G6). and while Mr. Harkey was a pronounced advocate of the uewly-formed general council, the most part of both the Mt. Carmel and Jordan Creek churches remained loyal to tlie general synod. The Rev. Geo. H. Scliuur then had <-harge for one year and was followed by the Rev. J. M. Lingle, who was pastor for more than three years. The Rev. R. E. McDaniel was pastor dur- ing 1875 and part of 1876, and served tempo- rarily as a teacher in the public schools. Before the close of 1876, the Rev. H. C. Graussman took charge and remainetl until 1879. It was during Mr. Graussman's pastorate that the Jor- dan Creek Church was divided and a new church edifice erected at Lancaster in 1877-7S. The Rev. •M. L. Heisler came to the field soon after, but .having received a call to the presidency of a female seminary at Burkittsville. Md., he re- mained only a few months. On July 18, ISSO. the Rev. G. II. AUbright. .just graduated from the theological seminary at (Jettysburg, Pa., took charge. The Mt. Carmel Church was remodeled, action to that effect hav- ing been taken on the first day of Mr. Allbrighfs ministrations. The fact is also noted that Rev. AUbright was the first pa.stor of Zion's Church, Mt. Carmel, as a separate jiastorate. the Lancas- ter charge having called the Rev. I. W. Bobst as its pastor. The remodeled church was dedi- cated September 6, 1880, all free of indebtedness. Mr. AUbright retired from the field in the fall of 1884. September 1, 1885, the Rev. J. F. F. Ka.vhoe became pastor and remained with the church until January 1, 1,S89. During this pas- torate fifty-two members were addetl. but a num- ber of losses by removal and otherwise occurred. On June 1, l.S,S9. the Rev. J. H. Walterick be- came pastor and remained iu charge until April 1. 1907 — a ijeriod of seventeen years and ten months — the longest and, for that reason and others, the most effective to this date in the his- torj- of the church. During tliis extended inter- val, the congi-egation lias been in a growing con- 664 WABASH COUNTY dition, the parsonage was improved, the church refurnished and decorated. Finally, April 13, 1902, steps were taken for the removal of the church to a more eligible site, and on March 29, 1903, it was decided to purchase the lot uixtn which the new church now stands. During 1901- 05, the present church was erected and was dedi- cated early in May, 1905. The church is the second largest in the city, most eligibly situated on the northeast corner of Market and Seventh Streets, convenient in all its appointments and entirely completed except the baisement, which is to be devoted to social purposes. The old cliurch property was sold to another congrega- tion and the old parsonage still houses the pastor and his family. The total value of the church's property approximates $25,000. Mr. Walterick welcomed into fellowship with the church 183 members during his pastorate. In a large degree the present status of Zion's Church is due to the earnest work of Mr. Walterick, sustained by the unfaltering loyalty and devotion of the entire church organization. On the first Sunday following the retiracy of Mr. Walterick, J. C. Kauffman, D. D., of Mon- roe, Wis., visited the field and, a few weeks later, was called by a unanimous vote of the congrega- tion to become pastor of the church. Later he' accepted the call and on July 7, 1907, began his lalx)rs among this people. As is frtMiuently the case after a new church has been built, there was the incubus of a church debt to contend with as soon as the new pastor was settled. This amounted to about $1,700, all of which has since been provided for, together with sufficient funds to make some desirable improvements in both church and parsonage. But this is not the only thing achieved in these three short years. There has been a general growth in interest in the church and its work, contributions to the work of the congregation and the cause of missions and other benevolences of the church have steadily increased, fifty-one new members have been wel- comed, and there are now 275 baptized members enrolled, about two hundred of whom are regu- lar communicants and faithful attendants upon the services of the church. St. John's German Evangeucai-. — G. V. Kirsch and William Bosecker, both Evangelical Lutherans, came fTOm Adams Count.y, Ind.. to Illinois, in 1890. and settled near Cowling. The next year came John Graesch. Sr., and John Graesch, Jr, John and Louis Bosec-ker. and Peter and Adam Kirsch. These men organized a Ger- man Lutheran Church, and named it St. John's German Evangelical Congregation. For a time they secured the services of Rev. Frank R. Tranmj. of Vincennes, Ind., and afterwards of Rev. George Mohr. The services were held at .such places as could be conveniently secured. In 1872, a new church was built and, on August 11th. of that year, it was dedicated and Rev. Christian JIaurer, was ordained and introduced as its first pastor, who immediately baptized G. V. Kirsch, Jr. The cmngregation joined the Missouri Synod, to which it still belongs. The localitj- in which the church is located, is one of the most fertile, prosperous and beautiful farming countries upon which the eye of man has ever looked ; on its rich lands it is a common occurrence for wheat to average 40 bushels per acre and corn from 90 to 110 bushels per acre. Originally it was a low black bottom land, but its German settlers, real- izing its vast possibilities, tiled and drained it, and have made it one of the veritable garden sjwts of earth. The early German settlers, ap- preciating its ix)tential wealth, wrote of its great future to their relatives, esijecially in Vanderburg County, Indiana, who at once poured in to this favored locality. As a result of the great immi- gration to the community and its wonderful de- velopment, the church prospered and is now a strong and wealthy congregation, having a handsome church property and liberally supixwt- ing its pastor. Rev. Karl Colditz. The church is a comfortable and well appointed building and a credit to the community. St. John's Episcopal Church. — This parish of the One. Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church, usually kno^\ii as the Episcopal Church, is irr possession of a beautiful church and rectory at the corner of Sixth and Mulberry Sti-eets, Mt. Carmel. The property was purchased in an un- finished condition by the late Rt. Rev. George F. Seymour, S. T. W. Bishop of Springfield, from the trustees of the Presbyterian denomination. Tlie chapel was finished and named St. Paul's. The Rev. J. S. Lassater was appointed priest in charge in November. 1S81. Fr. Lassater was also in charge of a church school for girls. In 1882 a rectory was built It was not until St. John's day, 1892, that the parish was formally organized and the name changed from St. Paul's to St. John's. The rectory was enlarged and remod- eled and the church building very considerably WABASH COUNTY 665 improved in 1907. Tlie present rector is tlie Rev. Fr. T. W. C. Cheeseman. il.A., D.D. Senices are held every Sunday and Friday, and on holy daj-s. Ft. Cheeseman has aiso charge of St. John's Church at Albion, In Edwards County. OTHEat Churches. — ^There are two Bapti.st Churches in Mt. Cannel. with small congrega- tions and one Free Jlethodist Church. Wabash County has one church to every 400 Inhabitants, a proportion which, we believe, at least equals that of any other county in Illinois. CHAPTER XV. SCIENTIFIC AND FRATERNAL SOCIETIES. EAM-T PHYSICIANS IX WABASH COUNTY — FIBST MEDICAL SOCIETY" — LATER ORGANIZATIONS MT. CABMEL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY' — SOUTHERN ILLI- NOIS SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION SECRET AND FRA- TERNAL SOCIETIES. Among the early physicians and surgeons of Wabash County, some have been almost forgot- ten, with the generations they served, but there were many of the early practitioners who will long be remembered by the iieople. not only be- cause they prolonged human life and aelieved suf- fering, but as well because of their friendship, integrity and moral worth to the communitj-. The first physician to practice in Wabash County was a Dr. Norton, who commenced his profes- sional career at Palmyra in 1S16. and he was followed by Dr. Reuben Baker at Mt. Carmel in 1818. From that timo downi to 1850. the most prominent iihysicians who practiced in the coun- ty were Drs. Allison, Trail, Fithian, Anderson and James Harvey. Medical Societies. — The first Medical Society was organized in the 'sixties, and prominent among its niemt)ers were Paul Sears. William Graham. Francis P. Manley. Andrew Maxwell, T. J. Rigg. Jacob I^escher. James Leeds, James Strahan and T. J. .McLain. The society had a brief career and there are no authentic records of its proceedings. The records of the present society, as furnished by its secretary. Dr. J. B. Maxwell, show that it was organized July 26, 1880. Dr. William Friend of Lancaster, was elected President ; Dr. Jacob Schuecli, Vice-President ; Dr. P. G. Manley, Secretary ; Dr. J. C. Utter, Assistant Secretary ; Dr. H. M. Leeds, of Allendale, Treasurer. The following signed the constitution and by-laws as member's: William Friend, Thomas J. Rigg, Fay K. Wallar. Paul G. Manley. J. Schneek, William N. Nanney, Nat C. Lewis, R. J. McMur- ray. G. C. Kingsliury, E. D. Biddle, Paul Sears, J. C. Utter, N. Bristow, A. W. Messick. E. Mc- Jilton, James Harve.v, A. J. Mcintosh, H. M. Leeds, M. E. Warner and F. S. Gray. This soci- ety met at intervals until 1SS.5. when its meet- ings were discontinued. It slumbered for five yeare when some new and enthusiastic men came into the c-ounty and then the physicians sent out a call foi- a meeting of the physicians of the county for the purpose of reorganizing the so- ciety. Accordingly on May 27. 1890, such a meeting was held. Dr. L. J. Lesher was elected temiK>rar.v chairman, and Drs. J. Schneek, J. H. Tanquarj- and R. J. McMurray were appointed a committee on jjennanent organization. They re- iwrted as follows: Dr. James Harvey for Presi- dent, R. J. McMurray for Vice-President, G. C. Kingsbury for Secretary, and W. C. Ridgway for Treasurer. The following persons signed the constitution and b.v-laws of the reorganized society: G. C. Kingsbury. J. Schneek. J. H. Tanquarj-, J. B. Maxwell. Fay K. Wallar, H. M. Leeds, R. J. McMun-ay, James Harvey. J. T. Legier, John ilcClurkin, P. G. Manley, J. D. KingsbuiT. Dr. Kelso. William Friend, C. G. Smith, Norman Leeds. C. C. Craig, L, C. Lukenmeyer, W. M. Friend, J. C. Utter and S. W. Schneek. Since that period nearly evei-y regular phy- sician who has practised medicine in the eountj- has belonged to the society. It has maintained its meetings for more than twentj- consecutive years, seems to have passed through all the danger periods and reached a mature growth, and it is to be hoped that it will yet survive many years to keep alive the spirit of h.ainnony and unity, which ought to exist between members of one of the nolilest professions. Dr. C. E. Gilliatt, of Allendale, is President of the society. The various schools of medicine are well represented throughout the county by capable and popular physicians. Mt. Carmel Scientific Society. — For many years the Mt. Carmel Scientific Society has been recognized as the most prominent and successful 666 WABASH COUNTY literary aud scientific society in this part of the State, and it has exerted a useful aud extended influenc-e along the lines of individual investiga- tion and the study of popular science. Several of its members have done noteworthy work in the fields of science and literature. The society has had an iuterestins and useful career of more than a quarter of a century and is still an ac- tive and flourishing organization. Its members are the representative forces in education and scientific investigation. We copy here poi-tions of an article relating to its history, read before the society by Mrs. Lydia Annie Hughes : "Away back in the "seventies two citizens of this city, imbued with a love of nature and thirst- ing for a deeper knowledge of her fac-ts and mys- teries, began together a systematic study of other investigators in that realm, the while pursuing original lines of work. In their weekly meetings they used playfully to style themselves "The Mt. Cannel Scientific Society.' These two gen- tlemen were Dr. Jacob Sehneck and Superinten- dent Cowan of the public schools. True to the itinerary habits of his profession. Mr. Cowan soon betook himself to another field of labor, but his place in this very exclusive coterie of students reverted, by a process of natural selec- tion, to his immediate, as well as to several of his more remote successors, all of whom were likewise itinerants. The membership of this society was augmented in l.S7."> b.v the addition of the Rev. J. L. Wallar, and later Mr. James Pool became associated with them. Even at that early date, they prepared papers and en- gaged in the discussion of various subjects. "When, in 1877, or thereabout, a call from Carliondale was issued for recruits to enlist In an association for scientific stud.y. which was to embrace all Southern Illinois, these gentlemen promptly responded, were duly mustered in and Mr. Pool, as representative of the Mt. Carmel contingent, delivered an address on some phases of the planet Saturn, which was published. "The Rev. Mr. Carter succeeded Mr. Wallar as a member of this little company of truth seek- ers, and their readings, investigations and orig- inal work were quietly but zealously pursued un- til the pastorate of the Rev. J. T. Pender, in 1886. Then a literary association, called the Lyceum, was formed in the Methodist Church of this city, having for its object the promotion of general culture, to which our still select scientific societj- attached itself. "Among others ardently interested in the suc-cess of the Lyceum was the pastor, himself, Mr. W. H. Lee, Dr. Jacob Sehneck, Mr. George L. Guy, then Superintendent of our schools; Messrs. H. H, Mason, John M. Mitchell, Otto Krug and the late Thomas J, Shannon, Jr. "But aftei- several months there came an ut- ter c-oUapse and one December evening while Messrs. Lee. Sehneck. Guy. JIason and others waited in the lecture room of the M. E. Church for the audience, that never came, a plan for a non-sectarian association to be known as 'The Mt. Carmel Scientific Society," was proposed and adopted. Thus, out of the wreck of the Lyceum, merged into the more sturdy and enduring con- stituency of its predecessors, was organized the society whose thirteenth annual election took place Januarj- 2, 1899." Secret, Patriotic akd Fraternal Societies. — • Mt. Carmel has about as mauy secret and fra- ternal societies as any city in the State except Chicago, and for a complete list of such orders we are indebted to the excellent city and county directoiy, prepared aud published by Messrs. George B. Stein and Edward F. Eichhorn, which is as follows: Masoni(^Mt. Carmel Lodge No. 239, A. F. 4 A. M. Charter granted Oct. 7. 1857. Royal Arch Masons — Mt. Carmel Cliapter No. 159, R. A. M. Order of the Eastern Star — Mt. CaTmel Chap- ter No. 32. Charter granted Oct. 5, 1890. Odd Fellows — Wabash Lodge No. 35. Charter granted Feb. 3, 1848. Rebekah Lodge No. 441. I. O. O. F. Charter granted Feb. 18, 1896. Sirion Encampment No. 11. I. O. O. F. Meets the second and fourth Thursday nights of each month. Chartei- granted Aug. i29, 1848. Fraternal Order of Eagles. Charter granted Aug. 8, 1905. Maccabees, L. O. T. M. — Helen Gould Hive, No. 193. Charter granted June 21, 1900. Order of Railway Conductors^-Bluff City Di- vision, No. 308. Charter granted Nov. 15, 1891. Brotherhood of Loc-oinotive Firemen — Olympia Lodge, No. 536. Charter granted May 5, 1898. Patrons of Husbandry — Eureka Grange, No. 784. Charter granted March 30, 1874. Modern American Fraternal Order — Mt. Car- mel Ixidge. No. 18. Charter granted March 6, 1897. WABASH COUNTY 667 Mystic Workers of the World — Mt. Carmel Lodge Xo. 578. Chatter granted July 29, 1903. Knights of Pythias. Charter granted Oct. 23, 1891. Modern Woodman of America. Charter granted Feb. 23. 1893. Columbian Camp No. 1910. Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks — Mt. Carmel Lodge No. 715. Charter granted June 15, 1901. Improved Order of Rednien — Oneska Tribe No. 248. Tribe of Ben Ilur — Mira Court No. 97. of the Tribe of Ben Hur. Charter granted May 7, 1900. (Jrand .\rmy of the Republic. Charter granted March 4. 1882. T. S. Bower's Post No. 125. Meets second and fourth Friday at. 7:00 p. m., of each month, at St. Jerome Hall. Membership ."it;. Wonuin's Relief Corp.s — .\uxiliary of the G. A. R. T. S. Bower's Relief Corps No. 292. Charter granted April 18, 1907. Sons of Veterans — Wabash County Camp No. 18. Division of Illinois. Charter gi-anted Sept. 30, 1907. Women's Christian Temperance Union. Meets every two weeks at the different churches. Mutual Protective League — Mt. Canuel Coun- cil No. 414. Charter granted May 9. 1902. Catholic Knights. Charter granteh Miller. Joseph Miller was a [H'osper- ous young merchant of Charleston, 111., about twenty-two years of iige, who had Jones employed as a clerk. Jones was a Virginian of pleasing manners, the same age as his victim, who re- posed in him unqualified confidence and confided to him all his business affairs. Miller and Jones started from Charleston to Vincennes, whence Miller was to go on to Kentucky to join his .voung wife and child. At Miller's suggestion. Jones took along a cane gun. and frertment, and was called a "ladies' man," and it was difficult for those who knew him to comprehend how one so trusted by men and admired by women, and whose mor- als were so irreproachable, could suddenly be- come guilty of so foul a crime, and they refused to believe him guilty until he was convicted by the ove^^•helming weight of evidence and the publication of his confession. On Saturday morning, September 14th, Mr. Kitchell, the prosecutor, opened the argument to the jury in an able presentation of the evidence and the law. He was followed by Mr. Webb, who made an earnest and able speech for the defendant. Mr. Webb was followed by Mr. Con- stable, who, perhaps, made the ablest forensic ef- fort of his life. For four hours he siwke with wonderful power and his discussion of the law of circumstantial evidence was masterly. The "Mt. Carmel Register," in its report of the trial, says of Mr. Constable's effort : "Upon the whole, perhaps, so jwwerful a speech was never made on so poor a subject." Mr. Linder's closing argu- ment is said to have been the greatest of all that remarkable man's oratorical efforts. He siwke for several hours, carrying conviction to every mind, and the newspaper reiwrts state that scarcely a dry eye was to be observed in the vast assembly, either inside the court room or among the multitudes that entirely filled the c-ourt house yard. The struggle between Constable and Linder was, doubtless, one of the most thrilling oratorical contests ever heard in the courts of Southern Illinois. Mr. Constable was an aristocratic Marylander of the old school, and Linder a Kentuekian, and endowed with a remarkable gift of sjwntaneous eloquence. He was the oratorical meteor of the Illinois bar. His convivial habits ultimately wrecked his brilliant career, and in later years, his siilendid practice gone, his stalwart frame sinking under the inroads of dissipation, he was compelled otfen to appeal to the charity of others to sustain an uuahppy existence. The jury deliberated one hour and returned a verdict of "Guilty," and upon its solemn an- nouncement the defendant, until then so calm, and looking so young and innocent, realized his awful doom and his head fell violently forward and for the first time he gave way to tears, and his hitherto stout young heart, racked with the pangs of remorse and appalled with the horror of the gallows, broke in bitter anguish. Judge Har- lan's remarks ujwn sentencing the defendant, were a model pronouncement of judicial learning and wisdom, and constitute one of the best exam- ples of eloquenc-e and logic to be foimd in our judi- cial literature. For pure idiomatic English, clear- ness of expression and elegance of diction, they bear a not unfavorable resemblance to Lord Mansfield's address to the mob in the court of King's Bench. Jones was hung at the foot of the bluff, below where the water tower stands, on the 11th day of October, 1850, and it was estimated that the execution was \\-itnessed by no less than 15,000 people, a vast host in that day, many of whom PRESBYTERIAN CHTRCH, MT. CARMEL CHRISTIAN CIIIRCII. MT. CARMEL WABASH COUNTY 669 had driven iu wagons more than 100 miles. One comjxiny came in wagons from Paducah. Ky. For tliree days prior to the execution, the fer- ries at Mt. Carniel were crowded witli i>eople from Indiana and Kentuclvy, who were coming to the "Hanging." Before his execution Jones wrote a lengthy and startling confession, and gave it to his jailer, George W. Lingenfelter, for publication, which had an extensive sale and which may he found in the edition of the "Jit. Carmel Register." dated October 23, 1850. While the case was pending in court, Jones protested his innocence with a quiet earnestness, that shook the confidence of man.v in the belief of his guilt, until the day of his execution, and for a time he was the recipient of many manifestations of sin- cere and profound sympathy. Jones, like the celebrated Eugene Aram, was a schoolmaster. A Civil \Yae Time Tragedy. — On Tuesday evening, November 3, 1863. a bloody affray took place in the streets of Mt. Carmel. growing out of the iKjlitical bitterness engendered by the war. During that great stniggle there were many men in Southern Illinois, who iutensel.v sympathized with the Southern Confederacy and did not hesitate to flaunt their disloyal senti- ments in the faces of their loyal neighbors, and Union soldiers were the esiiecial objects of their animadversion. Wabash Countj', though particularl.v loyal, was unfortunate enough to have some of this class of citizens. The "Knights of the Golden Circle" also had some aggressive members in the count.v. Cdnserjuently. it was impossible to supjiress expressions of opinion calculated to cause bloodshed, and as a result of this hostile feeling and the bitterness of partis;in zeal, blood was shed in Wabash, as well as in many other counties in Southern Illinois. Hiram Stanton, a stanch Union man. and a Deputy Provost ilarsbal, who had raised a company of hundred-days men to be mustered into the Union cause at the outbreak of the war. was attacked by George AV. Besore. an attorney of Mt. Carmel. and Zachariah Xewkirk. a prom- inent farmer, as the result of an acrimonious political controversy. Stanton was shot through the wrist and through the thigh, and though dreadfully wounded, drew his pistol with his left hand and fired at each of his assailants, who were continuing their fire, and inflicted mortal wounds upon each of them. The tragedy cre- ated profound excitement and intense partisan feeling, and of course, there were c-onflicting re- ix)rts about the distressing affair. Newkirk and Besore lingered several days, but succumbed to their wounds. Stanton hovered between life and death for some time but ultimately recovered. He was indictetl but never brought to trial. The many friends of Xewkirk and Besore greatly de- plored their untimely taking off. and the friends of Stanton applauded him as a fearless and loyal man who would not apologize for his c-onvictions or shrink from danger. The Sinking of the "Kate Saechet." — On Friday morning. June 26, 1808, the fine stern wheel steamboat, "Kate Sarchet," upward bound, in attempting to go over the Grand Rapids Dam, two miles above Mt. Carmel, was wrecked and torn to pieces in the seething whirliwol of waters below the dam, rendering the boat and cargo a total loss. The boat was attempting to run over the dam in order to avoid the paj-ment of "lockage," a thing which several boats had attempted, and narrowly escaping destruction, and this was cer- tainly the last of such foolhardy adventures. Three efforts were made to cross at the abut- ment, on the Illinois side, and in the third trial the boat was caught in the eddy below the dam and could not be backed out. As a last resort her Captain, 'Hail Columbia" as he was called, ran her across to the lock on the Indiana shore, and as she ploughed through the raging waters, her chimneys and pipes were shaken down by the commotion, and finally she crashed, headlong, into the guard wall, and npon which those on board, numbering about twenty-five souls, made their escajte. After striking, the boat careened, filled with water, and her cabin and boiler rolled off into the water. The loss of the boat and cargo was estimated at fourteen thousand dollai-s. The boat was owned by the Dusouchet Brothei-s, of Mt. Vernon. Ind., who. with their families, were aboard. The officers remained at their posts, surrounded by smoke and steam, until she struck. The pilots were Captain Stephen D. Greer, of Mt. C^arniel, now eighty-seven years of age, and his son, William C. Greer, of Mt. Carmel, who stayed at the wheel until their services were un- availing. While the Ixiat was reeling and surg- ing in the turbulent waters, threatening everj- moment to go to pieces, her passengers wore panic-stricken with fright, and that they all 670 WABASH COUNTY escaped seemed almost miraculous. The freight book was the only thiug saved from the wreck- age at the time. The floors of the upper and cabin deck were recovered and sold for lumber, and now constitute the floors of Judge E. B. Green's residence in Mt. Car'nel. Lebanon Camp Meetings. — In the early his- tory of the Western country, one of the popular forms of religious servic-e was the camp-meeting. It has loug siuce been succeeded by the revival, which is its natural outgrowth. In those days men became famous campmeet- Ing preachers, just as now they attain celebrity as revivalists and evangelists. These early preachers, as a rule, were not men of education and culture, but were zealous, self-sacrificing and courageous, and it was essential that they should be physically sti-ong and capable of great endurance. They preached the consoling doc- trine of ■■Hell Fire'' and '■Eternal Damnation.'' with a vengeance, and it comforted their hearers mightily. The Rev. Jesse Walker, a Methodist preacher, held the first camp meeting in Illinois at Shiloh, in St. Clair County In 1807. The places for hold- ing camp meetings were selected in pleasant woods, where plenty of shade and water abounded. The friends and neighbors were called in to assist in clearing up the ground, building the rude split log seats and the clap- board tents, which were made by setting posts in the ground and fastening cross-strips to them, on which clapboards were attached for siding. and the roof was made of clapboards. When all necessar.v arrangements were completed, the camp ground was dedicated witli prayer. To these meetings people would come for many miles, and they would stay fur days, often two weeks together. There were several noted campmeeting grounds in Southern Illinois and Indiana. One of these was the Lebanon camp ground, about three miles west of Mt. Carmel, near the Mt. Carmel and Albion a-oad. on what was then known as the William Beauchanip land, now owned l)y Robert Wallace, in Section 2.'?. T. 1. S.. R. 13 West, and which was admirably lo- cated in n niag:iificent forest. The meetings were first held, for several years, on Greathouse Creek, about two miles from Sit. Carmel. on the farm now owned l\v William Chapman, but this, heing low ground and su1i.1ef-t to overflow, was abandoned. The first meeting was held about 1833, and the association kept up its meetings for nearly twenty years with great interest and success. Its meetings were attended by great concourses of people, for those days, who came for miles and miles away, and many famous campmeeting preachers annually attended these gatherings, which were held in the month of Sei)- tember. A large number of permanent buildings were erected on the grounds, and a two-story, clapboard hotel was conducted during the meet- ings, for a good many years. The services were numerous and gi-eatl.v protracted. There were usually four daily services, one before breakfast, being a prayer service, one at ten o'clock, one during the afternoon and a good long one at night. The sermons were often two hours in duration, and consisted almost exclusively of the lireachers' peculiar exposition of scripture, and always concluding with a detailed and vivid description of hell and the certainty of everlast- ing damnation for those who died in sin. Sur- rounded l)y the gloomy forest and awed by the austerity of puritanical preachers, who pro- nounced upon even the most amiable of human weakness the infinite vengeance of outraged Deit.v, and listening to the lugubrious prayers and agonizing groans of desiwiring sinners, com- mingled with the joyful songs and triumphal shouts of the converted, was enough to overcome and prostrate the hareans became more nu- merous the Indians slowly disapi)eared, until about 1828, when they had all left. A few would occasionally return later for the purpose of barter. Tbeir principal headquarters were at Vincennes and Shawneetown. And It is only a few years since the last traces of the old "Indian Trail," or "Trace Uoad." were obliterated. This led from Vincennes to Shawneetown. It passed through Old Boupas town, near where Grayville now stands, crossed Bonpas Creek at the Gray- son ford or ferry, deiJending on the stage of the water. This is now the E. Freese farm. It then crossed the W. Wright farm, thence through the Compton Prairie, crossed Coffee Ci'eek at the E. B. Keen farm, passed over the sites of James Calverly's, Daniel Tilton's and Robert Chapman's farms, crossed the Crawlish Creek a short dis- tance above where the present wagon road bridge stands, touched the Wabash River at Old Palmyra, then passed up its right bank some dis- tance, then through the laud where the Fox farms are now located ; it passed northeast of the sites of Tiniber\-ille and Allendale, and crossed the Wabash River at the Vallie ferry, which was situated at Vallie's Ripple, a short distance be- low the mouth of Raccoon Creek. In the recol- lection of some of our oldest citizens, this was the highway of travel for both the red man and paleface. The United States mail was carried, for a number of years, over this route from Vincennes to Shawneetown. One week the mail went down and the next came up. Along this dangerous and lonely trace our forefathers, as well as the Indians, would carry their corn-meal to the salt mines in Saline county and exchange it, bushel for bushel, for salt. Many interesting incidents are told by old settlers of their hard- ships and fights with Indians, which occurred along this road in those pioneer days, but we cannot stop to relate them here. After there were settlements at Timberville, Jit. Canuel and Rochester, the road was so changed as to pass through them. Indian Mounds. — I have so far been able to locate 92 mounds in this county. I will notice them very l)rietiy. Beginning at the north- eastern comer of the county, we find a grouj) of six mounds on the X. B. Jordan farm ; near Buchanan's ferry on the Stillwell farm is another group of five mounds ; at Old Palmyra is a group of 20 mounds. I have explored a goodly number of these, but can only give you a general outline of the results. They all contained one or more human skeletons ; some contained flint im- plements and fragments of iwttery ; others, large boulders, and one of them more than ten bushels of mussel shells. I recognized eleven species o" shells, all of which are common at this time in the Wabash River. Another c-ontained a copper kettle and a large number of china beads and a large number of beads made from the c-anine teeth of bears and wolves. These last were made by boring two holes on the same side into the nerve cavity of the tooth, then reaving them on to a string. I also have record of two mounds on the J. G. Beesly fann. They are overgrown by a thicket of crab trees ; on the L. W. White place is another group of five mounds, they are also in a crab orchard thicket and near one of the branches of Crawfish Creek ; on the Z. Xew- kirk farm stands another mound from which have been taken pieces of isinglass and a sand- stone pipe, carved into the fonn of a bird. This pipe is now in the American Museum of Natural Histoa-y, New York. Near the Air Line depot, on the commons near Mt. Carmel. 111., there was formerly a mound ; the earth has all been hauled away. It contained human bones, a small brass bucket, arrow heads and a pair of c-opper brace- lets, marked "Montreal," and a flintlock gun. In the brass kettle were the charred bones of a small animal and some parched com. On the farm owned b.v Hon. S. Z. Landes is a group of 21 mounds. They stand in an old field. This is the largest group of mounds in the county. None of them have been excavated, so far as I know. There is another group of 17 mounds on Mrs. Heniken's farm. On the farm north of Roches- ter. T. 1 S., R. 1.3 W., is a group of six large mounds. On the J. R. Bratton farm is a mound which I am informed is 30 feet high and covers near one-half acre. On the land of the Stillwell estate is another large mound, and there is a group of three mounds on the land known as the J. O'Neal farm. The mounds are usually located near a stream or a body of water, and are gen- erally composed of the same material as the sur- rounding soil, and contain various articles used by the American Indians, both of their own manufacture and of such as they could secure from the Europeans. Many of them also con- tained one or more human skeletons. Who wei'e SYCAMORE Twentv-eight feet in circumference Four miles south of Mt. Carmel INDIAN RELICS WABASH COUNTY 673 the arehiteets of these structures'.' We have not the time now to attempt the full answer to this Interesting question, but will at once give our conclusions. V)ase(I ou a slight knowledge of the most recent literature on this subject and ou the results of the investigation of the mounds in this c-ounty, wliich we have made during the past twentj- years. They were built by the Ameri- can Indians who were in ixissession of the lauds when the Europeans discovered the continent. This, we think, is true not only of the mounds of this county but also of the aboriginal earth- works tliroughout the Mississippi valley. The first and most important reason is. that while many of these remains are of unlcnown antiquity, it is proven beyond a doubt that many are of quite recent date ; numerous instances are re- corded where Indian tribes have built extensive mounds after the whites came amoug them. Many of the mounds have been found to contain articles which they must have obtained from the white traders. I have already mentioned the finding of a fliut-lock gun and a pair of cx)pi5er bracelets in a mound at Mt. Carmel, and of a copper kettle and china beads in one at Old Palmyra ; a number of other instances could be given. ScATTESiXG Burial Places. — In addition to the skeletons found in the mounds, many scat- tering graves have been, and are still being found in various parts of the county. Some of these contain many articles which were of use while alive, and were supposed to be needed in the spirit land. Schiller has tmthfully said : "Here bring the last gifts! — and with these The last lament be said : Let all that pleased, and yet may please. Be buried with the dead. "Beneath his head the hatchet hide, That he so stoutly swung. And place the bear's fat hauueh beside — The journey hence is long. "The piiints that wsirriors love to use. Place here within his hand. That he may shine with ruddy hues Amidst the spirit-land." I dug into a grave on Mr. Jacob Seller's farm ; it contained one human skeleton and a number of table knives and forks. In another there was found, besides a set of human bones, a catliuite pipe, one small-tin box filled with mica, a second tin box containcil a thumb lancet. There were also two razor blades, one steel, the other fliut, half-gallon red paint, iron ochre, a number of brass buttons, one pair of sc-issors. a large num- ber of small square piec-es of sheet eopiier ; these were twisted into small cones and probably served as spangles on the ends of the buckskin threads which were attached to his garments. This is the more probable explanation since they were tvvisted around some shreds of fibrous tis- sue. Three trees which stood near the grave, in different directions, had been blazed, but the markings had been covered by the new growth. From the annual rings which had been made on these trees since they had been marked, I con- cluded the body must have been buried there for nearly seventy years. This gi-ave was along the White River and nearly oue mile from its mouth ; it was about three feet deep. Many of these graves coutain nothing but human bones, while in others I have also found the bones of some of the lower animals; a few contain arrow or siiear-heads, while in others there are imple- ments of chase. The bodies were usually buried in the recumbent jxisition with the face toward the east ; but in the vicinit.v of Rochester, many of the Ixidies had been placed in the sitting pos- ture. We ma.v learn from this that among In- dians, as well as among Euroieans. a certain cus- tom may prevail in one neighborhood which is rtion of it was for a while an apple and peach orchard. It has all this time been noted for the great number of fragments of pottery and other implements which were found on its surfaces from time to time. And it Is stated that, when first settled, there were a num- ber of perfect pieces of pottery found under the roots of trees which had been blown down. But it was not until after the heavy rains and deep washes of 187.") that the most interesting and im- portant finds were made. During that summer alone tliere were taken from this field two basins from eight to ten inches in diameter and about three inches deep; two bottles with long necks and of about one quart capacity; one pipe, made of the same material as the rest of the pottery. It is an imitation of an Indian woman in a sit- ting posture. There were also found one small long-necked bottle of one-half ounce capacity, ap- parently a trinket ; four bowls with short, wide necks, varying from six to twelve inches in height and from six to ten inches in diameter; one large pot whose greatest diameter is 19 Inches, the mouth is flaring and has two e.ves. through which a bale may be fasteucd and the vessel swung over a fire. Two rattles made of pottery, described further on. Many other objects were found here but I will mention but one more ; this is an image of an Indian head carved from fluor spar. Most of the finds have been made near the centers and bottoms of these shallow excavations, and were usually near beds of charcoal, showing that they had been used and left about the fire in the wigwam. Some of the vessels were partiall.v filled with small bones or charred corn. Some of the bones were found to be those of the wild turkey and deer. Mussel shells were also quite commonly found. Here were also found masses of the material of which the [XJttery is made. This consists of crushed mussel shells mixed with clay. There are doubtless many more of these town sites in this county that have been entirely ef- faced b.v the filling up of depressions so they can- not now be recognized. There is another class of remains that is closely related to that just de- scribed. I refer to kitchen refuse heaps. They are usually near the sites of Indian towns or some noted fishing or hunting grounds. They WABASH COUNTY 675 usually consist of a miscellaneous mass of bones, teeth, shells, frafjmeuts of ixittery beads, flint, etc. I have found these heaps as much as two and one-half feet thiclv. and in the one on Hang- ing Kock there were seven species of shells repre- sented, all of which may still be found alive iu the near vicinity. Near each of the three vil- lages mentioned above I found large accumula- tions of such materials. They are also fomid at many other places along streams where no evi- dences of wig^vams can be found. These places were probably the scenes of their ceremonial feasts. From the great number of mussel shells found in these heaps, as well as in the mounds, graves and wigwam sites, we may infer that the Indians were veiy fond of them. With the prairie stocl^ed with deer, turkey and numer- ous other game, and the river swarming with fish, mussels and water fowls, the Indians in this vicinity could truly sing as iu the language of their Great Spirit : "I have given you lands to hunt in. I have given you streams to fish in. I have given J'ou bear and bison. I have given you elk and antelope, I have given you braut and beaver. Filled the marshes full of wild-fowl. Filled the rivers full of fishes."' CHAPTER XVIII. •THE LEGEND OF TUCKAWAXXA. THE REXEGADE. (By Theodore G. Risley.) "Down the i-ivers, o'er the prairies. Came the warriors of the nation. Painted like the leaves of autumn. Painted like the sky of morning. In their faces stern defiance. In their hearts the feuds of ages." The Miami Indians were .i branch of the great -Mgonquin family. Their domain was vast and they were able to muster a great host of war- riors. Bancroft says their dialwt was the most fertile and widely diffused known to the red men. When discovered by the French they dwelt principally around Green Bay. Wis. They had l)ody guards for their chiefs, who received superior consideration. To them the English ap- plied the name "Twlghtwees." They were cousins of the lUini, and brothers of the Pianki- shaws, and were a warlike tribe. In their wars with the French and their ancient enemies, the fierce Sioux, they were driven southward to the Maumee River, near the present site of Fort Wayne, Ind., where the crucial conflict between the French and English began. They were hos- tile to the English, and finally joined the great conspiracy of the ixvwerful Ottawa Chief, Pon- tiac, whom the historian Parkmau says, was the most ambitious and resourceful warrior of his race. During the RevoUitionaiy War they were friends of the English. In 1790 their famous chief, Little Turtle, led fifteen hundred of his warriors against General Harmar, whom Wash- ington had sent against them, and infiicted on him a cnishing defeat, and the same year this adroit chief surprised and destroyed the army of General St Claire. Not until "Mad Anthony Wayne," iu 1794, overwhelmed and defeated their bold warriors on the banks of the JIaumee, could the United States make peace with this powerful tribe. After the "Treaty of Greenville" they gradually moved west and settled on the west bank of the Ouabache (Wabash River), be- tween the \'ermilion .Mnd Little Wabash Rivers. One branch of the tribe was called Oujatanons, which had five settlements on the west bank of the Wabash River. One village, which was said to have been about twenty miles south of Vin- cennes, was called Oujatanous, and it had a chief who was called "Grand Door of the Wa- ba.sh." This village is supposed to have been at Hanging Rock, about three and one-half miles above Mt. Carmel. and judging from the tradi- tions of white men and the results of excavations made iu the ricinit>". must have had from forty to fiftj- wigwams. The excavating has revealed many skeletons, kitchen retu.se and gi'eat quanti- ties of mussel shells (the mussels were used for food), and heaps of the bones of smaller animal.s. .V more iiictiires(ine and suitable locality for an Indian village could not have been found in the Wabash Valley. To the sernatural creature. But the bold Tuckawanna was without fear and little given to the idle superstitions of his race. so. preparing himself with a great hujiting Unite, he con- structed a cunning ambush at the foot of the lick and awaited the coming of the deer and the leap of the panther upon his unsuspecting prey. Ujxm tlie third night of his long and lonely vigil tlie timid deer came again to the lick, as did the panther. Stiddenly the great beast sprang from the brushes upon a deer, pinioned it to the ground, and as he crushed its bones and began to lap Its warm blood, Tuckawanna leaped from his ambush and instantly plunged the knife deep into the palpitating heart of the ferocious mons- ter, and as he did so it uttered an uuearthl.v shriek, released its bloody .iaws. and after a short and convulsive struggle, died at tlie feet of the intrepid savage. The story of this daring deed filled the rest of the tribe with awe and admiration for Tuckawanna's braveiy. The hunting of the panther, the elk and the deer was too tame a diversion for the wild and restless ambition of the flerj- Tuckawanna. He longed to be the chief of his tribe and thirsted for the glories of conquest. He loved war and his savage heart burned for the foray, the am- bush, the siK>ils of warfare and its wretched eai> fives. He was endowed with a nervous elo- quence that drew the listening savages about him, while with burning oratory he taunted tiem with the memory of ancient wrongs and bitter feuds, painted graphic pictures of fierce triumphs, midnight massacres, the burning of victims at the stake, plunderings. scalpings and the feats of victorious warriors. With fiery zeal he would denounce their tranquil chief, Hunka- happy, or Red Wings, so named because he was in the habit of wearing a plume made of the wings of red birds, as a feeble squaw man. who was unfit to be the ruler of his tril>e. which num- bered about twelve hundred sotils. The romantic eloquence, the wild tales of ven- geance and triumph, uttered by Tuckawanna, were lost upon the spirits of his hearei-s, because the.v believed him to be treacherous and were loyal to Red Wings. In the bitterness of his dis- apix)intnieut Tuckawanna repined and mourned ever his liafiled ambition, but he suddenly re- solved to kill Red Wings and. by his prowess and eloquence, make himself chief of the tribe. Mas- tered by his absorbing ambition, he grew morose, refused to join in the chase or feasts and inces- santly brooded over plans to encompass the de- struction of Red Wings. Upon this murderous ]iur|X)se he was now fully resolved, and to which perfidious end he cunningly planned. Some dis- tance from the village, lying in verdant beauty between' the foot of the bluffs and the low bank of the river, there was a beautiful plot of luxur- iant meadow, a kind of natural park, where suc- culent grasses, flecked witb motle.v hued wild flowers, grew in rich ]irofusion. and to feed ui)on its greensward, and drink from tlie river's liini)id water, there would come at night time great troops of deer, besides it was nearliy their favorite "lick." where Tuckawanna had slani the great panther. Now this sylvan retreat was a favorite spot with Red Wings, and he was accustomed to go thither Ijy night, to slay deer. He would con- ceal himself in the hollow of a great sycamore tree that stood on the very brink of the river, and against the roots of which the moonlit waters rippled in mournful monody, as if chant- INDIAN RELICS INDIAN RELICS WABASH COUNTY 677 ing a requiem in iiieniory of the departed spirits of his kindred. Tuclia wanna Icnew that Red Wings frequented this lonely si)ot, and had designed that there he would take his life and cast his body into the hurryinir waters of the river, and havinsr pre- ceded his chief to the scene of the imiiending tragedy and retired into concealment, he stoically awaited the coming of his unsuspecting vletiui. It was not long until Red Wings ap- peared and seated himself on one of the pro- jecting roots of the great tree on the river side, where he was fully hidden from the sight of the approaching deer, and as he watched and waited for their apiiroach along the narrow path that led from the "lick'" down to the meadow, being exhilirated by the s^eet odors of the wild crab apple, and listening to the songs of myriads of whlp-iwor-wills, he was soothed Into tranquil meditation. Tuekawanna. who was hidden be- hind some lmmen.se logs, which the floods of the river had drifted against the sycamore tree, now sprang forward and with a tomahawk crushed, at one blo^-. the skull of his chief, whose body tumbled Into the deep waters at his feet, never to be found by his tribesmen. After the atrocious deed was done, the cruel Tuekawanna knew that he would be suspected of the fearful crime a>nniiltted against his own tribe ; knew that they had long mistrusted his re- vengeful and ti'aitorous nature, and that, as soon as It was discovered that their chief had disaiv peared. he would be accused of having ensnared and dispatched him. He grew fearful of their almost certain vengeance, and abandoned his dream of chieftainship and fled to the wigwams of the Oujatanons at Hanging Rock, where he found refuge and in time was adopted into the tribe. T^ickawanna's bold address, prowess and ready elo(iuence were much admired by their chief. Grand Door of the Wabash. With true savage stoicism, he. of course, concealed the reason wh.v he had turned renegade and the cause of his now deadly hostility to his native tribe. Grand Door of the Wabash had a beauti- ful daughter, named Xuntahalo. meaning "The Evening Tnilight." who was lovefl by the young waiTior. Callusaha. "The Sweet Waters." Soon after joining the tribe Tuekawanna became enamoured of Xantahalo, and all the arts of his fervid passion were exerted to play uixm the springs of her afTection.*. but without avail. Grand Door of the Wabash was, however, well pleased with the stately form, the strong pas- sions and maTtlal Are of the infatuated renegade and looked witli pleasure uixm his fierce wooing of Xantahalo. It was the habit of the .youth of the tribe, in the eventide, to gather about the etlges and on the brow of the great rock and listen to the songs of the whip-ix)or-wiIls, watch the deer come forth to drink, tell tales of their forefathers and talk and laugh and make love to- gether. One evening as the chief sat at his lodge door, Tuekawanna api^ealed to him for the hand of Xantahalo. to which request he as- sented, although he knew his daughter dreaded the jealous and furious renegade. Tuekawanna was under the constant suspicion and suiweillanee of Callusaha. who mistrusted and abhorred him. Callusaha had a natural love of iieace, was reputed to be brave and generous and had all the savage virtues of his Tace, He loved the beautiful Xantahalo. and believed" that the treacherous renegade intended to i-ob him of her, whether by fair means or foul, and so, for her safety and his own, he never relaxed his vigi- lance over every movement of IXiekawauna. After his meeting with the chief and procuring his consent to the hand of Xantahalo, Tueka- wanna again pressed his suit but only to be re- jected, and then swore vengeance against her .voung life and vowed to wash out the stain of his degi-adation in Callusaha's blood. Soon after he saw Xantahalo, on a summer evening, sitting on the crest of the rock alone, and not knowing that Callusaha was near, secretly guarding against his treachery, he stealthily stole over to whe'-e she was seated and commanded her to flee at once with him to the neighboring tribe of Shaw- nees. This she boldly refused to do. whereuijon he seized her in his great brawny aiins and was in the ver.v act of satiating his flaming rage by hurling her headlong into the river below, as he had often threatened her he would do, if she per- sisted in refusing his suit, when, like a tiger, leaping uiwn its prey. Callusaha sprang from a ilnster of wild plum bushes, and with a kc>en hunting knife in his hand, seized Tuekawanna by his raven lilack hair, and with one plunge of his trusty blade laid his infuriated foe in death at his feet, rescued his beloved Xantahalo from her awful peril and rolled the ghastly corpse of Tuekawanna into the swift flowing river. The river soon aftenvard, taking a sudden rise, had finally carried the body of Tuekawanna 678 WABASH COUNTY down the swollen flood and lodged it in the drift wounds he had received in a struggle with a of great logs at the roots of the sycamore tree, great bear he had slain. the very spot where Tuckawanna had concealed Thus perished Tuckawanna, the bold and himself the night he slew Chief Red Wings, and treacherous regenade of the Piankishaws, there it was found by some roving I'iaukishaws, whose grim courage and tragic fate became a who had known him while living in their tribe, lasting part of the legendary lore of the fierce and identified it by some fearful scars left from and cruel Piankishaws. BIOGRAPHICAL CHAPTER XIX. THE PART OF BIOGRAPHY IN GENERAL HISTORY — - CITIZENS OF WABASH COUNTY AND OUTLINES OF PERSONAL HISTORY — INDIVIDUAL SKETCHES ARRANGED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER. The verdict of mankind has awarded to the Muse of History tlie highest place amonij; the Classic Nine. Tlie extent of lier otiice, however, appears to lie. by many minds, but imi)erfectly understood. The task of the historian is compre- hensive and exacting. True history reaches be- yond the doings of court or camp, beyond the Is- sue of battles or the effects of treaties, and re- cords the trials and the triumphs, the failures and the successes of the men who make histor.T. It is hut an imperfect conception of the philoso- pliy of events that fails to accord to portraiture .•nid biograph.v its rightful position as a part — and no unimpiirtant juirt — of historic narrative. Hehind and beneath tlie activities of outward life the motive power lies out of sight, just as the furnace (ires that work the piston and keep the I>onderous screw revohing down in the darkness of the hold. So, the impulsive power which shai>es the course of communities may be found in the molding influences which form its citizens. It is no mere idle curiosit.v that i>rompts men to wish to learn the private, as well as the jiuhlic. lives of their fellows. Rather is it trui> that such desire tends to jirove universal hrother- hdcid; and the interest in personality and liiogra- phy is not contined to men of any particular caste or vocation. The list of those to whose lot it falls to play a conspicuous part in the great drama of life, is comparatively short; yet conununities are made U]) (if individuals, and the aggregate of achieve- ments — no less than the stun total of human haiipiness — is made up of the deeds of those men and Wdinen whiise primary aim, through life, is faithfully to jierform the dut.v that comes nearest to hand. Individual influences upon human affairs will be considered jiotent or in- siirniticant, according to the stand|Miint from wliicli it is viewed. To him who. standing ujion the seashore, notes the ebb and flow of the tides and listens to the sullen roar of the waves, as tbev break u)ion the lieach in seething foam, seenuni-'l.v chatiug at their limitations, the ocean ajviiears so v.-ist .-is to need no tributaries. Yet. wifbont the smallest rill that heljis to swell the '•Father of Waters." the mighty torrent of the Mississip])! would be lessened, and the beneficent luflueuce of the Gulf Stream diminished. Count- less streams, currents and counter currents — sonietimes mingling, sometimes counteracting each other — collectively combine to give motion to the accunuilated mass of waters. So is it — and so nuist it ever be — in the oci'iin of human action, which is formed by the blemling and re- jmlsiou of currents of thought, of influence and of life, yet more numerous and more tortuous than those which form the "fountains of the deep." The acts and characters of men. like the several faces that comi)ose a composite pic- ture, are wrought together into a compact or heterogeneous whole. History is condensed bi- ography; "Biography is History teaching liy ex- ample." It is both interesting and instructive to rise above the generalization of history and trace, in the personality and careers of the men from whom it s]irang. the jirinciples and influences, the impulses ami ambitions, the labors, struggles and triumphs that engross their lives. Here are recorded the careers and achieve- ments of piiuieers who, "when the fullness of time had come." came from widel.v separated sources, some from be.voud the sea, impelled by divers motives, little conscious of the import of their acts, and but dimly anticiiiafing the harvest which would spring from the sowing. They built their primitive homes, toiling for a present sub- sistence while laying the foundations of private fortunes and future advancement. Most of these have iiassed avva.v, but not before they beheld a development of business ami iHipu- lation suri>itssing the wildest dreams of fancy or expectation. X few .vet remain whose .vears have passed the allotted three-score and ten, and who love to recount, among the cherished memories of their lives, their reminiscences of early days. [The following Items of personal and family history, havlns been arranned in enryclopedlc (nr alpliabetical ) order as to names of the Individual subjects, no si>eclal Index to this part of the work will be found necessary.] ADAMS, George. — .\mong the representative and successful farmers of Waliash Precinct. Wa- bash Count.v. 111., is (ieorge Adams, fornierl.v a teacher in the county and for many years a car- penter. Mr. -Vdams has himself cleared and im- jiroved his farm and has put it into a fine state of cultivation. He has shown excellent judg- ment in the conduct of his affairs and has been successful througli hard work and energy. He was born in Bmoke County. W. Va.. February !!'■■. 1.'-.":i, and is ,i son of Francis and Eleanor (Green) .\i1anis. natives of Miiryhmd. Francis .\dains was .-i son of .Samuel and Sarah (Preston) 679 680 WABASH COUNTY Adams, also of Maryland, aud was married in liis native State. He and his wife moved to Mor- gan County. Ohio, and there spent the remainder of their lives. In his boyhood George Adams accompanied his ixireuts to Morgan County, Ohio, aud in 1S04, when he reached his majority, left home, having received a good education in Morgan County schools. He proceeded by boat from McCouuells- ville to Kvansville. and thence by train to Princeton, Ind. With others he hired a four- horse team to reach Mt. Carmel, 111., and while traveling through the lx)ttom, it rained so hard- that they remained all night at a house on the Indiana side of the river. After reaching Mt. Carmel Mr. Adams wall^ed to Timberville, in Wali.ish I'recinct, and worl^ed for others until his marriage. He spent seven winters teaching school in Waliash County and for some time fol- lowed the trade of carpenter. He later turned his attention to farming, and after his marriage moved to a forty-acre farm belonging to his wife. Only eight acres of the land was cleared and he began improving the farm at once for cultiv.-ition, liecoming iMjssessed of loO acres all in one bod.v. of which he cleared and cultivated all except twelve acres of timber. He gave his son. Charles F., thirty-five acres of land. Hi February, is.'s. Mr. Adams married Jane Wodd. a native of Waliash County, daughter of Josliua and Klizabeth (Coucli) AVood, aud they became ivarents of the following children: Eleanor, Mrs. Charles Hunyou, now deceased; Flora, Mrs. Linder Courier, of Mt. Carmel ; Charles F.. of Wabash Precinct; Myrtle. Mrs. William F. Courter. of Allendale. HI.; Joshua, of Hulianaitolis. Hid. ; Clara. Mrs. Webster Sei- bert. of Mt. I'arliiel ; Delia V.. Mre. Joseph Wright, of Wabash Precinct; Ruth, at home; (ieorge, died in lOO.^'i. The family attend the Christian Church and in politics Mr. Adams is a stanch supixirter of the Republican party. He is among the oldest residents of Wabash County and is considered one of its most useful and public-spirited citizens, being identified with the best interests of his community. ALKA, John (deceased), who passed away at his liiiiiu' ill Keensburg Precinct, Wabash County, 111.. Xovenilier ?,. T.lOH. was a native of the county, liorn in Mt. Carmel Precinct, and spent his entire life near bis birthplace. He was a useful, industrious citizen, a kind hnsliand and father, and had the respect of his friends and acrjuaintances. Mr. Alka was liorn February 20, 1S().3. son of Ernest and Rosanna (Ameter) Alka, both natives of Germany. The parents emigrated to the United States and settled on a farm in Wa- basli County. Mrs. Alka was married first to a Mr. .\ meter. The boyhood of John Alka was spent on a farm and he received his education in the dis- trict schools. When a young man he l)egan farming on his own account on eight.v acres of land in Mt. Carmel Precinct, where he remained until isy.j. then sold it and bought eighty acres in .Section 4. of Keensburg Precinct, where his widow still resides. The latter farm was pretty well ini[)roved. containing but six acres of tim- ber land. He became a successful farmer and also raised considerable stock. Mrs. Alka has purchased two forty-acre tracts in Bellmont I'recinct. She now lives on the home place aud hires the farm work done. Four children were born to Mr. Alka and his wife, namely : Clella. born December 25, \s'M ; Eber Ernest. July I'J, 1S03 ; Everett Ameter, August 28, 1902; Cleo Madeline. February 14, 1!)0I3. Mr. Alka was a Republi«tn in iKjlitics and fraternally belonged to the Modern Woodmen of -Vnierica. and the Indeiiendent Order of Odd Fel- lows, of Bellmont. Pie was well known as an energetic, enterprising farmer and had many friends to mourn his loss. Mrs. Alka is a mem- ber of the Christian Church. She has shov\ii marked ability in the management of her affairs and is wholly absorbed in rearing and edticating her children. AMETER, Christian, a well known farmer of BelliiKiiit Precinct. Wabash County, 111., has spent nearly his entire life in the county, and has been identified with the development and iniprovenient of his comniunit.v. Mr. Ameter laid out the to^vni (if Maud, which was named l)y Judge Bell in honor of his deceasetl daughter, and for many years Mr. Ameter conducted a store in that town. He was born in Mt. Carmel, A I abash (Nninty. Xovenilier 16, 1S48. sou of Chris- tian and Rosanna (Stegger) Ameter, natives of Switzerland, who came to the I'nited States in 1S48. Christian .\nieter and his wife lived for a time at Olney. III., where he died before his son's liirth. His widow later moved to Mt. Carmel. where she afterward married Ernest .\lka. men- tioned elsewhere in this work, in connection witli his son. the late .Jolin Alka. Mr. Alka and his wife lived in Wabash County after their mar- riage and there both died. By her first marriage she had two childen. a daughter who died in infancy, and Christian. By her second mar- riage she had 7 sons and 4 daughters. Christian .Vineter was the .vounger of the two children of his jiarents. and after his mother's second marriage, lived with his mother and steji- father until he was thirteen years of age. when lie was liound out to work for three years. He attended the district school at Olney nine months and spent nine months at McKendree College. Lebanon. 111. In 18(!0-70. he engaged in teaching, following this profession during the winter and fanning in summer, until 18S2. when he estab- lished a general store at Maud, becoming Post- master of the village and also conducting his store. He held the ofiice of Postmaster until isno. then sold his merchandise stock, but still owns the store building. In 1870. Mr. Ameter secured land in Section 2S. Bellmont Precinct, where he developed a fine farm. He had but thirty-four and one-half acres at first, but kept adding to it until he now has a JOHX FISCHKR WABASH COUNTY 681 good farm. After the Town of Maud was laid out Mr. Ameter erected a store building and two residences there, and has sold three building lots there. He does not do much work himself but superintends the management of liis farm. He is a member of the ilethodist Episcopal Church, of which he is a Trustee, is also a Class- Leader and a teacher in the Sunday School. He is also Recording and District Steward and ac- tive in church work. He is much interested in the cause of prohibition and is always ready to give his support to any measure he believes will advance the public welfare. He has been School Treasurer since 1SS6. In 1S74, Mr. Ameter married Hattie R. Brown, daughter of Capt. G. W. Brown. Mr. .Vraeter and his wife never had any children, but he adopted the daughter of his half sister Elizabeth, after the latter's death. This adopted daughter. Bes- sie, married John Deputy, son of E. C. Deputj-. and they have one daughter. Christella. Mr. Deputy and his wife reside with Mr. Ameter and Mr. Deputy helps operate the farm. Mr. Ameter is a farmer of intelligence and enterprise and was also an able and successful business man. He has shown good judgment in carrying on his enterprises and has won success through his own energy and ambition. ANKENBRANDT, Michael.— One of the success- ful farmers and stockmen of Bellmont Precinct. Wabash County. 111., is Michael Ankenbrandt, a native of the precinct, bom February 1, 18(52, son of Sebastian and Catherine (Berberich) Anken- brandt. the former a native of Hamelburg, Ger- many, and the latter of Bellmont Precinct. The parents of Catherine Berberich were Michael and Lucy (Schuman) Berberich, natives of Ger- many, who were early settlers of Bellmont Pre- cinct, where they secured land. Sebastian An- kenbrandt was left an orphan as a young boy and he came to America by himself when fourteen years of age and worked several years in a brewery in Baltimore, Md., then moved to Bell- mont Precinct. Wabash Count}', where he worked two years for others and then Iwtight land. He has added to his possessions from time to time and now ownis 020 acres, of which there are 200 acres in timber and pasture. Since locating in Wabasli County he has lieen engageil in agricul- tural pursuits and attained a very fair degree of success, being a self-made man. The children tiorn to Sebastian .\nkenhrandt and his -wife were: Michael; Frank and George, of Bellmont Precinct: Anna and diaries, at home: Marj-, Mrs. Nicholas Waller, of Mt. Oar- niel : r>ena. at home: Margaret. Mrs. Earl Wal- ler, of St. Ixiuis : Clara, died at the age of twen- ty years: Philip, died at the age of two years. Michael .\nkenbrandt attended the district school as a boy and remained at home, assisting his father with the farm work, until his mar- riage. November 23. 1892. to Anna Pfeister. born in Bellmont Precinct, daughter of George and Anna CWoltz) Pfeister, natives of Germany. After marriage Mr. Ankenbrandt moved to a farm of 180 acres In Bellmont Precinct. He has cleared and put 100 acres under cultivation. He has since been conducting the farm and has purchased 262 acres in Wayne Countj-. 111., which he rents. He plants about sixty acres of wheat and sixty acres of corn and the balance is used for pas- ture. He breeds registered Pereherou horses and keeps an average of forty head of horses and mnles on his farm. Mr. Ankenbrandt is actively interested in public affairs and in [wlitic-s is a Democrat. He is a substantial and representa- tive citizen, upright in bis business dealings and highly respected. He is a member of the Catho- lic Church. He and his wife became parents of children as follows: William Henry, at home; Minnie Magdeline, Peter John, Carl John, Mary L.. and Tina Valentina. ANKENBRANDT, Nicholas, for many years one of the extensive stock-raisers and large farmers of Bellmont Precinct, Wabash County, 111., has been a resident of Mt. Carmel since 1905, where he occupies his comfortable home at No. 210 West Sixth Street. The retired farmers are veiy welcome additions to the citizenship of the town, when, like Mr, Ankenbrandt, they are men of capital and high standing and supporters of schools and churches. Mr. Ankenbrandt was bom in Germany. January 20, ISIjO, a son of John and Dora (Wabert) Ankenbrandt, and was one of a family of seven children. In Germany no child lacks schooling and Nich- olas Ankenbrandt spent a certain time at his books before he was twenty-one years old, when he went into the German army and served during the specified time. In 185.3 he came to America and as many Germans were already settled in the vicinity of Mt. Carmel. he continued his jour- ney to this point and until the fall of 1,8.54 be- ing emplo.ved in various kinds of work. He then bought an eighty-acre tract of land in Bellmont Precinct, which was mostly covered with timber. This property he cleared off and as he was able, kept on adding other tracts until he now has ,320 acres. 120 of which he cleared off himself. This land is fine producing land and also is so situated that stock raising is profitable. Mr. Ankenbrandt has been married three times. His present wife was born in Germany and came to America at the same time her husband did. All their eleven children were born in Wabash County, as follows : .John, Nicholas, Jacob, An- dnis, Josejih. Mary. Margaret. Barbara. Lena, Rosie and Dora. The eldest son John, was ac- cidentally killed on the railroad. The family is prominent in the Catholic Cliurch at ,vt. Car- mel. In politics, Mr. Ankenbrandt is a Democrat. BAIRD, Francis M., one of the leading mer- chants of Mt. Cannel. III., who has taken an active part in local politics and public affairs In the vicinity for many years, is a native of Wa- bash County, born in Lick Prairia Precinct, February 11. IfUS. a son of .John W. and Re- becca f Stewart) Baird. the former a native of Kentucky, born in 1803, and the latter a native 682 WABASH COUNTY of Tennessee, born in 1808. His grandparents were Adam and Rebecca Baird, natives of Ken- tucky, and James Stewart and liis wife, of Ten- nessee. Tbe Stewarts were among the eai-ly set- tlers of Wabasli County, coming in 1826 and ford- ing tlie Wabash River with an ox team and wagon. They entered wild timber and prairie land in Lick Prairie Precinct, and improved it until they had a good farm. The Baird family also settled In Wabash County in 182G. securing Government land, and spending the remainder . of their lives on this farm. John W. Baird and his wife were married in Indiana, in 182.5. and settled on a farm in Lick Prairie Precinct, where they resided until 1S71, when they moved to Mt. Carmel to live with their sou. Mr. Baird died in 1883 and his wife in 1S!»."">. They were parents of ten children, of whom three sons and three daughters are now living, namely : Nancy, widow of C. B. Root. of West Salein. Edwards County. 111. ; Foster A.. of Sumner, 111. ; Adam Quiney, of Shelbyville, lud. : Caroline, widow of Sylvester L. ; Will, of Portland, Ore. ; Lillie, widow of Isaac N. Sloore, of Mt. Carmel. and Francis M. Francis M. Baird received a good common school education, and carried on farming on his own account until he was twenty-two years old, when he and his brother. Adam Q.. established a drug store at Jit. Carmel. Two years later they sold out and Francis JI. worked in the employ of others until 190G. then again embarked in busi- ness on his own account, in which entei-prise ha is still engaged. He has established a good cus- tom and en.ioys the confidence and esteem of his customers and friends. September 8, 1874. Mr. Baird married Candace A. Jennings, who was born at Cataract. Ind., daughter of Theodore and Emma (Yager) Jen- nings, of Kentucky and England. Two children have been born to Jlr. and Mrs. Baird : Ralph J., of Long Beach. Cal.. and Nora. Mrs. Edwin Marks, who lives with her father. Mrs. Baird died February 27. 1009. deeply mourned liy her family and all who knew and appreciated her high character and blameless life. She was a good wife and mother and died firm in the faith of tlie Christian Church. Mr. Baird has been an Elder in the Christian Cburcli since 1Sr>."i. He is a stanch Kepublican in political views and from 1804 to 1.808 lield the office of Countv Clerk, being the only Repuli- lican who has ever held that office in Wabash County. Mr. Baird is a member of the fraternal orders of Ben Hur. Modern America and Court of Honor. He has a large circle of friends and is an intelligent, useful citizen, who has tbe best interests and welfare of the community at heart. BAIRD, Winfield Scott, proprietor of the South View PoultiT Farm, .in Lick Prairie Precinct. Wabash County. 111., was born near the farm where he now lives. January 1?.. 18(!0. a "^ou of William S. and Sarah (Wood) Baird. William S. was a son of John and Rebecca fSte^^•art'l Baird. formerly of Kentucky, and was born in Lick Prairie Precinct, August 15, 1829, while his wife was born in Friendsville Precinct, Wa- bash County, JIarch 17, 1832, daughter of John and Catherine (Bratton) Wood, of Kentucky and Tennessee, respectively. William S. Baird, Sr., and his wife spent their married life in Lick I'rairie Precinct, where he was a farmer and stock-raiser. He died on his farm September 3, 1865, and his widow died on the same farm Janu- ar.y 31, 1881. Their children were : Claybom, born October 8, 1853, died September 20, 1876, in his twenty-third year ; Romelda, bom March 17, 1855, died March 15, 1S7C. at the age of twenty- one years ; Elmira. Mrs. F. S. Briner, born Sep- tember 22. 1856. died in Lick Prairie Precinct, June 27, 18S5 ; Winfield S. ; Zeruah, born April 1, 1863, died January 2, 1882, at the age of nineteen years. After finishing the course in the common schools. Winfield S. Baird. Jr.. attended the normal school at Grayville. 111., during the win- ter of 1879-80. He lived with his parents until their death, assisting with the work on the farm. He inherited 120 acres of the home farm, .and from his sister's husband, Mr. Briner. pur- chased seventy acres, which he sold two years later. He has added to his land until he now has 188 acres in his home farm, and purchased twent.v-two and one-half acres of land in Fordyce Creek bottom, which was covered with timber, which he has cleared, tiled and improved. At the time he took possession of his farm but fifty acres were under cultivation, the balance being covered with timber. He sold twenty acres of tbe original 120 acres and now has eight.v acres under cultivation. During the fall of 1905 he erected the present two-story nine^"oom dwelling. He has also erected all other necessary buildings and has ever.v possilile convenience for carr^'ing on his work. He has a substantial new barn 42 by 76 feet. 22 feet high, with an addition of the same height. 24 by 28 feet and ad.joining the barn is an ensilage silo with a capacit.v of 70 tons. Besides these he has a building which in- cludes a corn crib, machine shed and hog house. 46 I)v 60 feet, and a wheat granary 20 iiy 24 feet. Besides general farming interests Mr. Baird has a large dairy of Holstein cows and raises Oer- man coach horses and Poland-China hogs. His wife raises Silver Wyandotte chickens. In 1888. Mr. Baird purchased a threshing ma- chine which he conducted until 1803. then sold out and secured another outfit of tbe kind, which lie has since been operating, and has threshed in all parts of Wabash County. Febru.ary 1. 1910. while felling trees Mr. Baird was caught by a falling tree which wedged him against another tree in such a way that his left leg was crushed from four inches above his knee to his foot, and he was held a prisoner in this condition a half- hour before he could be released, .\fter lie had lieen taken home, blood poisoning set in and his limb had to be amputated some four inches above his knee. In politics Mr. Bnird is a Republican and served one term as School Director previous to V. r. ■s- r. r. WABASH COUNTY 683 1898, aud has served In this position since 1901. He belongs to Monitor Lodge No. 235. I. O. O. F., of Bone Gaii. ICdwards County. 111. He is well linowu and highly respected in the community and his misfortune was greatly deplored by his many friends. Mr. Baird married Octolier V\ 1S.S1. Fannie S. MajTie. who was born in Clariv County. Ohio. October 15. llSCiO, daughter of Benjamin F, and Elizabeth (Kauffniani Mayne. the former born in the District of Columbia and the latter in Pennsylvania. Mr. Ma.vne was a son of Adam C. and Catherine (Kemp) Mayne. and his wife a daughter of Michael and Catherine ( Seitz) Kauffman. of Pennsylvania. Mrs. Mayne. Mrs. Baird's mother, died December 1. 18(51. and Mr. MajTie married (third) her sister, who was widow of William Tiffany, but who died in ISSO. -Mr. Mayne marrieeander S.. deceased : EUen, Mrs. Samuel McClure. of Springfield. Ohio: Catherine. Mrs. William Schmalhausen. a widow, living in OIney, 111.: Philander, of Lick Prairie Precinct: Clarke, of Bone Gap. 111.: Em- ma. Mrs. Sanuiel D. Freeman, of Lick Prairie Precinct. By his second mariage M. Mayne had one child. Mrs. Baird. and by his third and fourtli mariages had no children. Mr. Baird and his wife became parents of chil- dren as follows : Waldo Brown, born November 12. 1882, a physician and surgeon of Wabash County: Laura Ethel, born .\pril '■'. 1884. mar- ried Harry Shearer and lives in Lick Prairie Pre- cinct and they have four children : Kittle Evelina, born May 2(5. 1890: Bt'niice Joy. born October 10. 189."). and Glenna Bernardine. born M.ay 20. 1902, the last three all at home. BARE, Eugene Y., one of the older merchants of Bellmiii't. 111., is the pioneer in that town in the line of furniture and undertaking, and has built up a good liusiness through his own efforts. The enterprise nf which he is the head had a very small beginning. Init he has increased the business from time to time, aud has kept up with the growing demand for his line of goods. Sir. Bare had been connected with various lines of work before engaging in the mercantile biisi- tiess and has been succes.sful in all he has un- dertaken. He was born in Richland County. 111.. November r>. 18fi0. a son of Joseph and M.ar- garet fMesleyl Bare, the former a native of Pennsylvania and the latter of Germany. The parents of .Tospph Bare lived along the Ohio River in Ohio, and he became a blacksmith and operator of a grist mill. In 1872 he brought his family to Bellmont Precinct. This w;is alioiit the time the town" of Bellmont was laid out and Mr. Bare boueht several lots, building a house and a blacksmith shop. He died in 1892, at the age of ei^hty-tno years and his widow died Felmiarv 21. 19(T0. nt the age of seventy-eiirht. Their children were: Sanford ; Elizabeth, Mrs, Samuel Skiles, deceased : C. A. : Eugene Y. ; Jolin, of Bellmont. Ill, ; Mary J., Alice, and Lot- tie, deceased. After receiving his education in the common schools. Eugene Bare learned the trade of car- Ijenter. at which he worked more or less after he was twelve years old. He was married, in December, 1,884, to Mrs. Alice (Crackles) Gray, widow of Richard Gray. She was born in Eng- land, and. at the time of her marriage to Mr. Bare, had two children — Myrtle. Jlrs. William Smith, of Flora. 111., and another daughter who died in childhood. Three children were born of her se<-ond marriage, namely: Bertha May, died at four weeks old ; George, died at the age of tour years, and Roy, in furniture business at Golden Gate. III. Mr. Bare's first wife died in 18«9. and he mar- ried (second), in May. 1891. Emma E. Jordan, who was born in Gibson County. Ind., a daugh- ter of Thomas and Jane (Manck) Jordan, na- tives of Gilison County. Mrs. B.are's gi-andpar- ents were , John and Catherine (Fletcher) Jordan, of Indiana, and Jacob and Celestina (Hart- gi'ove) Mauck, of Indiana. .Vfter his marriage Mr. Bare taught school in winter and worked at his trade during the sum- mer until 189.S. when he embarked in his pres- ent business. He has prospered so well that he now owns two large store buildings where his store is located. He has established himself in the good opinions and confidence of his fellow- citizens by his honest and straightfoi-ward methods. He is well fitted for his work, having attended the Jleyers School of Embalming, at Evansville. Ind.. and the Barnes School of Em- balming, at Peoria. 111. Two children were born to Mr. Bare by his second marriage: Mabel C. l>oni March 28. 1,89,"?, and Edgar T., born January 1. 1!)00. Mr. Bare is a member of tlie Methodist E]iiscopal Church in which he has served as Tnistee since 190fi. In politics he is a Republican aud has served as President of the Town Board of Bellmont since lOOd. and also served several previous terms in the same olTice. besides .several other local of- fii-es. He belongs to the Blue I/nige of Ma.sons, of Mt. Carniel: to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows of Bellmont. having served as Grand Master and Delegate to the .State Convention of this order : and to the Modern Woodmen of America and the M. P. L.. of Bellmont. He is also a member of the Illinois I'ndertakers' As- sociation. BAUMGART, Joseph.— The pleasant town of Mt. Carinel. 111., claims among its citizens a nunilier of retired farmers who. after years of successful cultivation of their lands, desire a ouiet life and closer social and church relations than the wider expanse of the country can give: hence they form a very representative portion of the substantial residents of the town. Of this cla.ss is .Joseph Baumsart. who came to Mt. Car- niel in 1901 and occujiies his comfortable home at No. 414 West iMiurth Street. 684 WABASH COUNTY Mr. Bauiugart was boni iu Germauy, Novem- ber (J, IS.'H. His parents were Peter aud Mary (Uiee) Bauiugart, both of whom were natives of Germauy, where tliey were married. They had four sous aud two daughters, all boru iu Germany ; Michael, Anthony, Lena, Joseph, Margaret aud Stephen. In 1850 the parents of Mr. Baumgart came with their children to America aud settled iu Indiana, buying a farm ten miles distant from Kvausville, on which he continuetl to live until his passing away at the age of seventy-two years. He was a lifelong De:nocrat. Joseph Baumgart was reared a farmer aud during the whole of his active life carried ou farm pursuits, cultivating his lands to their fullest capacity aud taking just pride iu his fine stock. He continued to live iu Indiana until 1883. when he came to Wabash C-ounty and bought 100 acres near Mt. Carmel aud to this first purchase later added 221 acres, clearing about sixt.v acres of the same. He made many Improvements on his laud aud one of these was the building of a substantial farm home resi- dence. He left the farm, as stated above, in 1901, and since theu has been a valued and respected resident of Mt. Carmel, where he is a member and a devoted attendant of the Catholic Church. On January 1.5, ISOl, Mr. Baumgart was mar- ried to Louisa Kulni. who was boni near Ciii- •cinnati, Ohio, March ?.l, 1841. She is a daughter of Wendel and Margaret (Shefler) Kuhn, both of whom were natives of Germauy. They came to America after the birth of one child aud their family contained the following: Barbara. John. Adam, Jlrs. Baumgart, Jacob. Margaret, Katherine, Pronie being the youngest. In Ger- many Mr. Kuhn owned a fanu and vine.vard. After settling near Evansville. lud.. he followed farming, and there Mrs. Baumgart was reared and went to school. The following children were twrn to Joseiih Baumgart and wife: Katherine. Lena. Stephen. Peter. Henry, Frouie. Mary and .Joseph, and of these Stephen and Mary are deceased. The fam- ily all belong to the Catholic Church. In his political views, Mr. Baumgart is a Democrat. BEDELL, George T. (deceased).— The prosper- ity of any conuiiunity rests largely uixm the char- acter of its leading business men. aud iu remem- bering those who assisted in establishing a firm commercial foundation in Mt. Carmel. 111., the late George T. Bedell is brought to mind, his activit.v c-ontinuing eveu after the artlictiou of blindness fell upon him. He was boru at Mt. Carmel, June 0, 1832. a son of >Ioses and Eliza- beth (Tombs) Bedell. Moses Bedell was a native of Kentuck.v and in early manhood came to Palmyra, 111., where he built a grist mill and operated it for a number of years. Later he moved to Mt. Canuel and opened a general store and also engaged in i>ork Iiadiing. shipping his produce to Xew Orleans, lie was a Democrat in politics but led too busy a life to accept any kind of public office. His death occurred at Jit. Carmel, February 2(!, 1842, aud his widow, also a native of Kentucky, died at Mt. Carmel, May li3, 1855. The late George T. Bedell obtained his edu- cation in the Mt. Carmel schools, aud when he eutered into business for himself it was as pro- prietor of a livei-y stable which he conducted sev- eral years. He took au active interest in politics from early manhood and served several terms as Deputy Sheriff. He was considered one of the shrewd and suc"cessful busines men of the couuty and continued his trading during the ten years of blinduess prior to his death. August 20, 1902. January 2, 1850, Mt. Bedell married Eunice Lindsay, of Vinceunes. Ind., the daughter of a Revolutionary soldier. She was bom and reared at Vinceunes, her birth occuring August 10, 18.33. She attended school in her native placs and there gi-ew to maturity, becoming acquainted with pioneer conditions. Her father, William Lindsay, was born in Virginia aud sen-ed under General Washington. He was one of the earliest settlers of Kuo.x Couuty, lud., and many times he and his family fled to the fort for safety from the Indians. In later life he was a contractor and owner of a brick yard at Vinceunes. JIt. Lind- sa.v married Clarissa Pr.vor, also a native of Vir- ginia, and Mrs. Bedell is the only survivor of tlie family of t\vo sons and three daughters, namely: Hester. Benjamin. Elizabeth, Eunice and Hiram. Mrs. Bedell is one of the three sur- vivors of the original members of the Daughters of the Revolution. Mr. Bedell and his wife be- came parents of one daughter. Elizabeth Tombs, who was married. June 23. 18,80. to James H. Decker, of the Grand Central Hotel. All of Mr. Bedell's life was spent iu Mt. Carmel with the exception of three years, when he was in busi- ness in New Harmony. Ind. He was a man of considerable wealth and at the time of his death owned the Grand Central Hotel, the family home adjoining it, and a valuable farm, and was engaged in erecting three large busines.s houses on Main Street. .\ few years before his death he became totally blind, and about a year before his decease sustained injuries as the result of a fall. He suffered a paral.vtie stroke which proved fatal, dying two days later. One sister sunived him. Mrs. Stephen D. Greer, of Mt. Car- mel. BEDELL, John H. — In order to achieve success in any line of mercantile business, certain re- quisite traits of character and power of judgment are required of a man. He should also be will- ing to devote a large amount of his time to his business interests in order to insure attention to all necessary details. Such a man is ,Tohn H. BeDell. a prominent business man of Mt. Carmel. 111. Mr. BeDell is a native of that city. Ijorn Sei)teniber 24, 1871. and son of John aud Mattie ( JIassey) BeDell. the former born in Mt. Carmel aud the latter iu A'incennes. Ind. His grand- father. Moses BeDell. came to Wabash County, 111., among the earliest settlers and engaged in general mercantile business, also conducting a ^h^c>-'OU^-^^3 ^' "^ rx^L^^ WABASH COUNTY 685 floiiriug mill and iiatking business. He reared a large family and died luauy years ago. John BeDell and liis wife were married in Vineennes. Ind., December 1, 1870, and he en- gaged in livery business at Mt. Carmel, which he carried on until his death. Februarj- 5. 1.S06. caused bv a kick from a hoi-se. His widow, Mrs. Mattie BeDell. died January 1. 1902. Their chil- dren were : John H. : William D., of Mt. Car- mel ; Paul S. died In infancy ; Harry M.. of Mt. Carmel, in the employ of the Big Four Railroad ; Norman K. and Lewis T.. of Mt. Carmel. and Charlotte, Mrs. Henry Graham, of Eureka Spi'ings, Ark. The education of John H. BeDell was received in the putilic schools of Mt. Carmel and when he was twenty-two years old he began working for the Big Four Railroad Company as fireman. In 1895 he went into the livery, transfer and coal business with his brother AVilllam D.. and ten .vears later he sold out his interests to his brother L. T.. who still conducts the business, in company with William. John H. then began working in the freight office of the Big Four Railroad, where he remained a year and a half. and in April 1, 1007. went to Denver. Col., and found emiiloyment as street-car conductor. He returned to Mt. Carmel. January 1. l!)f>S. es- tablished a retail coal-yard, and has built up a good business. He pays careful attention to the needs of his business and keeps a good grade of his conunodlties. March .">. ISOC, Jlr. BeDell married Flora M. Cowling, who was born at Cowling Station. Wa- bash Covinty, in 1874, daughter of Frank Cow- ling. To this union two children were born : Vivian and Roy, who reside with their grand- mother. Mrs. Cowling. Mrs. BeDell died May 30, 1909. Mr. BeDell takes an active interest in public affairs and is a strong adherent of the Democratic party. He was elected City Treas- urer in April. 1909. and is well qualified for the office. Fraternally he is a member of the Knights of Pythias and of the My.stic Workers of the World. BELL, James. — One of the oldest native-bom residents of Wabash County. 111., is James Bell, who was born in Bellmont Precinct. September 3, 18.30. a son of George and Martha (Stlllwein Bell, the former a native of Botetourt County. A'a.. and the latter of Monmouth County, X. J. The grandparents were Robert and Mary (Cald- well) Bell, natives, respectively, of County Cork. Ireland, and Virginia, and John and Hanna (Stevens^ Still well, natives of New Jersey. .John Stillwell and his wife settled in Barren County. Ky.. and later moved to Illinois, settling at Timberville. Wabash County, about 181fi. Robert P.ell and his wife located in Barney Prairie. Wabash County, about 1818. He .served seven years in the Revolution as a member of the Light .Vrtillery under Oon. Lafayette, in Pennsylvania and Kentiicky. He settled in Friendsville Precinct and was Imried there. George and Martha Bell were married about 1820 and settled on a farm in Mt. Carmel Pre- cinct. In 1837, Mr. Bell sold out and moved to other laud which they entered from the Govern- ment, Jlr, Bell was born August 24. 1794. and died Januaiy 8. 1871 ; his wife died October 15, 1870. at the age of seventy-three years. Their children were: John. Hannah. Hiram, Eliza, James, Richard. William, Jeremiah and Ellen. The only one of these children living is James, of this biography. James Bell attended the subscription schools of his native place, and lived with his jiarents until he attained his majority. He worked for a time as traveling salesman, and as Boss on Ohio & Mississippi, now the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, a short time, and taught school some. He was married. November 27. 1.8.'57. to Winni- fred E. Overton, Ixirn in Gibson County, Ind., December 10, 1837. and reared in Warren County. Mo. Her parents died when she was young. After his marriage Mr. Bell settled at his present location in a log house in the woods. He had eighty-seven and one-half acres of land, of which five acres was cleared. This he has developed into an excellent farm, clearing all but about four acres, and has added twenty-six acres more in one tract and fourteen acres in another. He has sold some of this land, but at the present time owns 103 acres of as good land as is to be found in Coffee Precinct. Formerly he raised a good many horses, mules, cattle and hogs, but in 1890 retired, turning over the man- agement of the farm to his son. Mr. Bell was a veiy industrious and successful farmer and has won the respect and confidence among his fel- low-citizens. He has lieen a Republican since the time of Lincoln, and is a consistent member and active worker in the Christian Disciples Church, of which he has been Elder and Clerk. Mrs. Bell died August 10, 1909, having been a devoted wife and mother, and was mourned by a large circle of friends. Children as follows were born to Mr, Bell and wife: Martha Irene, resides with her father; Jlarj- E.. married Philander Read, of Coffee Pre- cinct : Permelia L„ Mrs. James Boger. who died in September. 1888; Anna E., married Jawb Bradle. of Albion. HI. : J. Harvey, who operates the home farm ; Vashti B., married J, W. Wil- liams, of Wagner, Okla., and Wiliam Henry, of Washington, Ind. BERBERICH, John.— Among the many Ger- mans who have located in Wabash County, 111.. most have attained a high degree of success and secured a good standing in the conuininit.v. B.v dint of perseverance and industry, coupled with the exercise of good .iudgment. .ToIiti Berberich, who now resides in Mt. Carmel. has been able to retire from active labor and enioy a life of well- earned ease. Ho has impToved a large amount of land which he formerly ciiltivated himself with excellent restdts. Mr. Berberich was Itorn of German parents, both being natives of Byron, Germany, who came to Wabash County with their parents, in the 'thirties and were maiTied 686 WABASH COUNTY after arriving tliere. John Berljeriuh was bom July 6, 1844, a son of Mieliael and Mary (Scliu- uian) Berberieli, wlio settled in Bellmont Pre- cinct after their marriage and there si>ent the re- mainder of their lives. They became the owners of a good farm and had nine children, of whom six survive. John being the second child. The early years of John Berberieh were spent on his father's farm and he attended the com- mon schools, .spending considerable time helping with the necessary farm duties. He resided with his parents until November 8. 1809, when he married Margaret Hnt-hgeiger. who was born in Byron. Germany, daughter of Michael and Eliza- beth Hoehgeiger, who came to Waljash County Hlien she was si.x years old. Mr. Berberieli had ininhased a farm of eighty acres in Bellmont Precinct. He kept adding land and improving it until he owned 240 acres, all in the same pre- cinct. Here he carried on general farming and made a specialty of raising hogs, cattle, horses and other stock. In the fall of l!Ml."> Mr. Berbe- rieh retired and purchased a handsome residence on West Fifth Street, where he and his wife now reside. They became the parents of children as follows: Anna. Jlrs. John Weisenberger. of Bell- mon Precinct; George and William, on their father's farm: Elizabeth, died at the age of nine years ; Leo. of Mt. Carmel ; and Albert, who died at the age of one and a half years. Mr. Berbe- rieh and his family are members of the Catholic Church and are interested in its different lines of good work. He is a strong supiwrter of the Democratic part.v and served many .vears as School Director. He is one of the public-spirited and enterprising citizens of the community and has contributed his share to the development of the commiinit.v. BERNINGER, Amos, who has an extensive busi- ness in the Ihie of wagon-making and repairing in Ijancaster. 111., was bom in Columbia County, Pa., October IS. 1S44. the .voungest child of Aaron and Hannah (Rhodes) Bernlnger. of Berkes County. Pa., and grandson of Philip Berninger. Aaron Berninger and his wife located in Lan- caster. Wabash Count.v, 111., in 18.58. with their four children. He had been a millwright in Pennsylvania and became a farmer in Illinois. He lived in Lancaster Precinct the q-est of his life, passing away in 1890. His widow died thirteen months later. Their cliildren were: Cornelius, died in Richland Coimt.v: Isaiah and Ezra, died in Lancaster ; and Amos. Amos Berninger received his education in the common schools and remained with his parents until twenty-tuo years of age. then liegan learn- ing the trade of wagon-maker and. a year later, he and his brother. Isaiah, oi'^ned tip a wagon- making and repair shop in Lancaster, continuing in partnership seven years, when the partnership was dissolved. Isaiah then began farming and Amos has since carried on the shop alone. He has won a reputation for hi?h class work and is well patronized : is a man of honesty and in- tegrity and considered a representative and suc- cessful business man. He is much interested in all sub.jeets pertaining to the public welfare and in politics is a Demooi-at. In 1870 Mr. Berninger married Mary Baker, who was born in Ohio, a daughter of Peter Baker, and they have one daughter. Harriet, since 1S98 a teacher in the high school at Mt. Carmel. .She was born in Lancaster and received her education in the State Normal Institution. BERTLESMAN, John (deceased).— Among the German-.\mericans who have won success in Wabash County. 111., through their own efforts, was the late John Bertlesman, who for many years conducted a harne.ss-making shop in Mt. Carmel. Mr. Bertlesman was bom in Hanover. Germany. July 2.8. 1.S44. and died at his home in Mt. Carmel. where lie had lived forty-one years, in July. 1880. his burial taking place July 12. in Rose Hill Cemeterj*. He was a son of Henry Bernard and Katherine ((iohauer) Bertlesman. both natives of Hanover. Germany. The parents lived on a farm in their native country until 1870. then they brought their family to the Tnited States, locating first at Cincinnati. Ohio. John Bertlesman received his education in the public schools of St. Ijouis. Mo., and after leav- ing school, learned the harness-making trade. He was "engaged for a time in farming, but about 1869 moved to Mt. Carmel. 111., and there worked for a year for Philip Fredericks, after which he conducted a shop of his own. He was successful in Ills operations and became the owner of real estate in the community. For forty-one years he occupied the same house, situated at .8.'',1 Cherry Street. Mt. Carmel. where his widow still resides. Mr. Bertlesman became highl.v respected as an industrious, hard-working man and useful citi- zen. He was a Democrat in politics and served as Alderman of tie Third Ward. He was a mem- ber of the Catholic Knights and belonged to St. >Lary's Catholic Church. Mt. Carmel. Mr. Bertlesman enlisted in ISOl. in Battery L. Illinois Light Artillery, and served nearly four years in the Civil War. being discharged in August. l.Sn."i. He established a good record as a soldier, performing his duties most satisfac- torily. January 12. 1809. Mr. Bertlesman was mar- ried, at St. Mary's Church. Mt. Carmel. to Miss Barbara Peters, daughter of Michael and Mar- garet Peters, and they became the parents of five children, namely: Mrs. Mary (Bertlesman) Conners. born October 10. 1800: Jlrs. Ida Cyr. Ixmi April 4. 1871 : Frank M.. Iwrn May 0. 1874: Bernard, born March 28. 188?,: Edgar, born March 9. 1,887. Mr. Bertlesman made many friend.s in Mt Carmel and vicinity and his presence was missed in man.v circles. Although he has been dead many years, he is still well re- membered bv those who knew him and appreci- ated his many good qualities. BIEHL, Charles, who now lives retired at Lan- caster. 111., became a successful farmer and miller through his own efforts and ambition, and X n WABASH COUNTY 687 tias lived in Wiibasli Couuty, 111., since 183G, when lie was bi-ou^lit there by his father, Abra- ham Biehl. Me was born in Berks County, I'a., August 27, 182o, anil spent his early youth iu Ills native State. He has practii-ally no eduea- tiou e.'voept what he has acquired by his owu efforts, and what he has learned in the school of experience. When he first came to Wabash Oount.v it was a common thing to see bauds of Indians passing through the country, and deer and smaller game abounded. Abraham Biehl was a son of Daniel Biehl. of rennsylvania, and came to Lancaster Precinct, Wabash County, with a team and wagon. He bought 4er acre, and bcith he and his wife died on this farm. Their children were: Daniel and John, deceased : Charles ; Penrose, and Samuel and Catherine, deceased : Caroline, and Hettie, Mrs. Ephraim Stanninger. The .youth of Charles Biehl was spent on his father's farm, and he remained at home until his marriage, in 1.S40. to Mary Slenker, who was bom in Lehigh County, Pa., a daughter of Gideon and Sarah (Fisher) Slenker. Mr. Slenker was born in Lehigh County and his wife in Berks County, I'a., and they came to Wabash Ctounty in 183.'?. settling in Bald Hill Prairie. After their marriage Charles Biehl and his wife moved to a farm of seventy-five acres, whieli bis father gave him, composed partly of timber and partly of prairie, and they remained there until l.'!70. when he moved to the Village of Lan- caster and formed a partnership with his brother, purchasing a grist-mill. Charles Biehl had vari- ous other partners in this enterprise and con- ducted the mill nine years, after which he sold out and has since lived retired from active life. He has added to his farm until he owns eighty- five acres in Section 7 and 120 acres in Section ]2. all being under cultivation except eight.v acres of timber. Mr. Biehl stands well in the estimation of liis neighbors, as an industrious and useful citizen. He is a Democrat in jwlitics and has served as Uoad Commissioner and mem- ber of the School Board. Cliildren as follows were born to Jfr. Biehl and ■wife; Maria. Mrs. 0(>orge Betebcnner. of Lan- caster; Sallie. Mrs. .John Higgins, of Lancaster Precinct, and Caroline, who died in infancy-. Mrs. Biehl. who was born October 2."). 1.S2S. died Ms\y 20. 100r>. having been a fond and loving wife and mother, and was mourned by a large circle of" friends and acquaintances. Mr. Biehl's daughter. Jfrs. Betenbener. keeps liouse for him. lie is a member of the Lutlioran Church and has served as Elder in the same for many years. was born near Evansville, Ind., February 21, 1M5-1, son of Charles and Elizabeth (Sachs) Bosecker, the former born iu Sa.vony and the latter in Byron, (iermany. Charles Bosecker locateil in Evansville about l.S4r) and Elizabeth Saclis came to the same city in 184(). They were married there and settled on the farm on which tlie.v spent the remainder of their lives. He died in 1S7(» and his widow iu IS'.H. Tliey had six children, namely : Anna, Mrs. Philip Schmidt, who died in lilf)!); Elizabeth, Mrs. Andrew Schmidt, living near Evansville, Ind. : William, on the home farm near Evansville; Christian; Andrew, of Compton Precinct; Charles, who died in infanc.v. Tlu> education of Christian Bosecker was re- cei\ed iu the common schools and he resided with his parents until his marriage. In April, lS7."j, when he was united with Charlotte Schweikhard, of Posey County, Ind., daughter of .lac-ob and Margaret Schweikhard, natives of liermany and early settlers of Posey County, Ind. After his marriage Mr. Bosecker operated tlie home farm three years, then his father died and he inherited a farm of sixt.v-eight acres in Comi>tcin Precinct, to which he added forty acres. Most of this land was (wered with timber and he cleared it and put it under cultivation. It is mostly level prairie land and vei-y fertile, and Mr. Bosecker prospered so well that he was able to keep adding to his possessions until he now owns five farms, consisting of 240. 37erseverauce overcame dis- heartening conditions aud adversities, aud early rose to a rank of influence aud honor among his fellow citizens. Prior to the Civil War Hr. Bowers was a printer and, tor several years, owned aud published the "Mt. Carmel Register.'' After the beginning of the war he took an active part in organizing Company G of the Forty- eighth Illinois Infantry and, to avoid offending a friend, declined the commission as Captain of the same, entering the ranks as a private soldier. Later, being detailed as clerk at Gen. Grant's headquarters, he at once attracted the attention of the great commander, who rapidly advanced him. until, at the close of the war, he held the rank of Colonel and Assistant Adjutant-General in the i-egnlar army, and subseijuently was pro- moted to Brigadier-General, which was his rank when he accidentally met his death in 18tiii. lie was an uncle of Thomas and Lawrence Cole- man, of ilt. Carmel, that place being his home at the time of that calamitous event. Col. Bowers, after i>assing safely through the perils of all of Gen. Grant's campaigns, and hav- ing escaped many hazardous conditions and suf- fered many frightful experiences, was accident- ally killed March i;, mtiO. He met Instant death Ij.v falling l)etween two cars, while attempting to board a trail' which was leaving Garrison Sta- tion, on the Uudson River Railroad. General Grant, with his son. accompanied by Col. Bowers, arrived at (Tarrison Station, opjiosite West Point, on the evening of March 5th and was com- pelled to remain there overnight. The next day they went across the river to West Point, and the General, leaving his son at the Academy, re- turned to the east side with Col, Bowers. When the train arrived by which they were to return to New York, some confusion arose concerning a carpet-bag Vielonging to the partj-, which had been left in the station, and which Col. Bowers volunteered to get. Gen. Grant liad then taken a seat in the rear of the car. The station agent handed Col. Bowers the wrong cai-pet-hag. and he said. "This is not the one." These were the last words he uttered. He then rushed for the train, which was already in motion. In attempt- ing to get on lioard he grasped the railing on the platfoT-m of the car in which Gen. Grant was seated, and sprang upon the step, but striking with such violence as to break his hold, he was instantl.v precipit.Tted under the wheels of the next car and ground to death. When the train ■was stopped. Mr. Garrison, proprietor of the ad- joining ferr\-. said to Gen. Grant. "General. I think your .Vdjiitant is killed.'' The General replied. "Something told me he was killed." and viewing the mangled form of his faithful officer and beloved friend, he sadly remarked, "That is he; a ver.v estimable man was he. He has been with me through all my battles." The General later directed Major Hill to ar- range for the burial of the body at West Point, and sent the following tei^ram to the deceased's brother, who at that time was at Lebanon, Pa. : Headquarters Armies of the United States "Washington, D. C, March 7, 1860. Dr. Lorenzo Bowers, Lebanon, Pa. : "It is with heartfelt sorrow that I communi- cate to you the accidental death of your most estimable brother. Col. T. S. Bowers. It occurred at 'j P. JI. yesterday, opiMsite West Point. In attempting to get on the cars while in motion, he fell between two of them, and was instantly crushed to death. His funeral will take place tomorrow at West Point, and his brother staff officers and myself will attend iu a bod.v. Tour brothei- had won more than esteem from all who knew him. and in his death the country sustains a gi'eat los.s." U. S. Grant, Lieutenant General." At the iiersonal reI0.'5. he became Assistant Ad- jutant General, with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, succeeding Col. ,Tohn A. Rawlins, who had been promoted. From that time until the surrender of Lee's Army, he was Gen. Grant's Chief .\ssistant Adjutant General in the field, and at the close of the war, retained the same IX)Sition. In September. 1804, in consideration of his eminent services, he was ai>pointed Major and .\ssistant Adjutant-General of the Regular Army. Col. Bowers was with Grant at the sur- render of Gen. Lee at Appomattox. In describ- ing that historic event. Gen. Horace Porter, in his book. "Campai.gning with Grant," says: "Lee now looked greatly relieved, and though anything but a demonstrative man. he gave every evidence of his appreciation of this conces-sion, and said : 'This will have the best possible effect upon the men. It will he ver.v gratifying, and will do much toward conciliating our people.' He handed the draft of the terms back to Gen. Grant, who called Col. T. S. Bowers of the Staff to him. and directed him to make a cop.v in ink." The tragic death of Col. Bowers was a source of personal sorrow to Gen. Grant and of over- whelming grief to the people of Wabash County, who knew so well the story of his dauntless r-ourage and loyal devotion to his chief, and who knew, as none others could know, how he had triumphed over almost insuTmountahle obstacles in his splendid career. He was a man of fine FRANK \V. HAVIIJ, WABASH COUNTY 689 character, the soul of houor, modest and gen- erous, and as conscientious as he was brave and loyal, and the very remeuiljrauce of his beloved name and tragic fate starts the tears from many a comrade's eyes, even to this day. The Grand Army Post at Mt. Oarmel was named in his honor. In the brilliant Memorial Day address delivered at Mt. Carniel May 3(i, l.ss.3, by the late Judge Bell, of Mt. Carmel — who was a personal friend of Col. Bowers — the orator pronounced the following eloquent panegyric in a commemo- ration of his noble service rendered to his couu- try : "And one who. in the flesh, has trod the green aisles before us; one whose kindred slumber in pulseless hush near by ; one whose honored name is borne by the Post of the Grand Army mar- shaled here — marred and lifeless by cruel chance in the morning of his brilliant promise — ^the mis- Biles of battle hurled by him on the field in vain, but the shaft of Fate struck him down before it was yet noon of life or fame. Duty was the deity of his especial worship, and his unswening fidelity to every trust conquered for him everj* gradation from the unmarked blouse to the eagle and the star. The star he won was burnished by high honor to the last : and. although un- tarnished and undimnied by obliquity of shame. It was less resplendent than his high soul — his high soul which never Inirned with greed or gain, whii-h never quailed before a foe. "Theodore S. Bowers is entombed in historic ground, and he fares well. Today the nation's minute guns salute his dust: the nation's musi- cians flu the sky above him with patriotic airs, and the flag of the stars floats over tlie trained platoons marching to deck the graves in West Point. 'Saint Citj' of the Dead.' "The Star of Theodore S. Bowers' life went down without zenith or twilight : but it is a blesseer ,", 1858, a daughter of John M. and Marinda (Putnam) Stewart. After Mr. Bratton's maiTiage his mother deeded him forty acres of the home farm, on which be erected a house. I^venty-five acres of the land was cleared and he cleared seventeen acres more. He bought out two of the other heirs and now owns 120 acres, twenty-three acres of this being in timbeT. Besides carrying on general farming he raises cattle and hogs. Mr. Bratton and his wife are members of the Church of Christ, of which be has been Elder since 1800. He is a Reiniblican in politics and served fifteen years as School Director. He is an energetic and industrious farmer and his property is kept in excellent condition. Mr. Bratton has spent his whole life in the neighlior- hood where be now lives and lias a large circle of friends. He and his wife had children as folows ; Clarence .\., born .\ugust ."^O. 1,878. lives at Mt. Carniel ; Henry H.. bom December 8, 1879, died December 28, 1.885, at the age of six years; ^--^^"^-^ WABASH COUNTY 691 llaidie M.. Mrs. F. Albert Doyle, lx>rn Novem- ber 5. 18812, live.s at Bone Gap, III. ; Walter Aiiio.s, born January 'M. 1886. died Febi-uary 15. I'.tol, at tlie age of fifteen .years; Flossie Exima, born January !1, 1880, at home; Paul Randolph. Iiorn March 2.'). 1892. at home; and Beulah Isabelle, born January 5, 1895, at home. BRIAN, Charles Frederick, M. D., of Bellmont, 111., who practices his profession in partnership with his wife, also a physician, is a native of Wabash County, born in Linn. 111., July 27, 1879. He is a son of Martin and II. Melissa ISehrader) Brian, the former born in Lawrence and the lat- ter in Wabash County. Martin Brian is a son of German parents, who settled on the Bonpas Bottom, in Lawrence County, 111., and died there. Mrs. Brian was a daughter of John Schrader, who was one of the pioneers of Friends- ville Precinct, where he secured government land and became the owner of several thousand acres. After his marriage Martin Brian settled at Orio, Wabash Count.v, and entered into partner- ship with George Rencheler, in a blacksmith and wagon-making shop, Init soon afterward the former sold out his interest and for about seven years conducted a brick and tile factory at Orlo. He then sold out and purchased a farm in Law- rence County. Since 1902 he has lived retired at St. Francisville. The following children were bom to him and his wife: Dr. J. R.. of St. Francisville: William, in lumber business at St. Francisville: .\lgia. of Meli-ose. N. Mex. : Samuel, William's partner; Dr. Charles F. ; .\ustin, of Melrose, N. M. ; Heber and Victor, at the uni- rersitj- at Valparaiso. Ind. ; Agues, at home, and Ro.v. died in infancy. Dr. Charles F. Brian attended colle.ge one year at Valparaiso. Ind.. and then entered Barnes University at St. Ix)uis. Mo., from which he graduated May ?,. 190o, with degree M. D. He purchased the practice of Dr. Norman Leeds, of Bellmont. and has since been successfully en- gaged in following his profession there. lie and his wife are members of the County and State Medical Societies and he belongs to the .\merican Medical .Association. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church and has been a Trustee of the church since 1908. He al.so be- longs to the JIasonic Order, being affiliated with the Blue Lodge of Allendale: the I. O. O. F., of Bellmont, also the M. W. A.. Mystic Workers and M. P. L. In politics be is a Prohibitionist. He lias established a high reputation in his profes- sion and is well established at Bellmont. He is a Director in Mt. Carmel Banking & Trust Com- pany, he and bis wife together own a fine farm of 200 acres in Bellmont Township, and they have an interest in the .Vlhion Vitrified Brick Company, of .\lbion. 111. May "0. 1900. Dr. Brian married Flora Matina Tanquary. who was bom in Bellmont Preiinct. daughter of John F. and Flora Ellen (Price) Tanquary, the former a native of Bellmont Pre- cinct and the latter of White Conntr, 111. Mr. Tanquary was a son of .\lfred Tanquary, and his wife is a daughter of Hansford and Polly I Ferguson) Price. Mr. Tanquary died in Dwember. lOO.S. and his widow now resides at .Vlliion. 111. They had children as follows: Mol- lie. who died in infancy; Mrs. Brian; Pearl, died at the age of six years : and Blanch. John H. and Pe.afrl Lucile. with their mother. Mrs. Brian attended the Southern Collegiate Institute at Albion. 111., spent one year at the Northwestern Universit.v, Evanston. 111., two years at the Noa-thwestern Woman's Medical Col- lege, and two years at the College of Physicians & Surgeons Medical Department of the Fniver- sity of Illinois, from which she graduated May 24. 1904. She spent one year as interne in the New England Hospital for Women and Children, at Boston, Ma.ss. Since her marriage she has jiracticed with her husliand and lias shared in his success. She is skilled in her profession and stands well in the community. BRINES, Franklin, one of the largest land- owners and most influential citizens of Lick Prairie Precinct. Wabash County. 111., is a repre- sentative of a family that is well known in the count.v, having been born on the farm which he now owns. October 1.', 18.S5. He is a son of Ly- man and Maria (Holmes) Brines, natives of New York State, and a grandson of John Brines, who settled in Wabash County at a verj' early date and was one of the first to enter government land there, liring on his farm the remainder of his life. Maria Holmes was a daughter of a soldier of the war of 1812. who was never heard of after his service, having disappeared while in the army. She was brought to Wabash County b.y some of her relatives when five years of age. and at the time of the Black Hawk War was in the foit at Cla.vpool. .\fter their marriage. Lyman Brines and his wife settled at CenteiTille. the first county-seat of Wabash County, where for several venrs be ran a cardinsr machine which he owned. Later he purchased 20."i acres of timber land in the wmtheastern part of Lick Prairie Precinct and cleared a large iiart of it. He died in 180."? his widow surviving him until 1900, when she passed away at the age of ninety years. Tnelve cliildren were born to Lvman Brines and wife, of whom Franklin was the sixth. Those survi\ing are: Mar.v. aged eighty years; Franklin, aged seventy-five; Ellen, aged seventy- three: Hannah, seventy; Edla. sixty-eight; Rebecca, sixt.v-three; and Margaret, sixty. In boyhood Franklin Brines attended the com- mon .schools, remaining with his parents as long as they lived, then purchased the shares of the other heirs and received his mother's dowry of 20," acres. .\t the present time he owns alx)ut .500 acres of fine land, of which a large part is under cultivation. He f«rected a handsome two- story house in 1897 and has remodeled and built bams and other outbuildings. His tvvo sisters, Ellen and Rebecca, reside with him. Mt. Brines raises a good grade of hogs, cattle and horses, and carries on diversified farmiHg. 692 WABASH COUNTY He has won a rcpiitatiou for industry and enter- prise, is successful to a lari;e degree, and is well known and much respected in bis neiglilwrhood. He is a member of the Christian ChuKb and in politics is a Republican. Mr. I'.rines is unmar- ried. BRINES, Henry (deceased).— The late Henry Brines, of Mt. C'arniel I'recinct, was descendetl from the tirst white settler in Wabash County, 111., his gii-eat-graudfatber having taken up gov- ernment laud before there were any settlements. Henry Brines was born in Bellmout Precinct, Wabash County. October 27. 1860, a son of Heni-y and .Julia (Ballard) Brines, his father being a son of Edward Brines. Henry Brines. Sr.. died before his son Henry was born, and later his widow married a Jlr. Finne.v. Young Henry left home at the age of eleven years and began earning his own living. Before his majority he had ])urchased forty acres of land in Mt. Carmel Precinct, and later added twenty acres to his farm. He made all possible improvements and cultivated this land the re- mainder of his life. He died in young manhood. October 2C>. 1898. ,1ust as he was beginning to reap the fruits of his ]irevlous industry and hard work. He was a Ueiniblican and active in lo<^al affairs, taking great interest in anything pertaining to the public welfare. He was well known and highly resjiected. a kind friend and neighbor, and his loss was keenly felt by many. He was a devout meniiier of the Methodist Epis- copal Church and nnich interested in its work. August '2i'<. 18'.n. Mr. Brines married Mar- garet .\nn .Jones, daughter of .Jenkin and Sarah Ann (Martin) Jones, who was liorn in (iihson County. Tnd.. Decendier 2. 1.841. Her father was .■! native of Wales and her mother of Eng- land. Both died when their daughter was eight years of age and she was reared by iieojile in In- diana. At the time of her marriage she was liv- ing in the family of Rev. .Jennings, at I'rinceton. Ind. She is a grand-daughter of Edward Martin, who spent his entire life in England. Mr. and Mrs. Brines became jiarents of chil- dren as follows : Paul Henry, bom August 7. 1802: .John Richard, born March 12. lS9."i ; George Franklin, born February 10. 1808. all at home. Mrs. Brines has continued to live on the home farm since her husband's death, and has been occupied chiefly with the education and ti-aining of her children. She has (Widucted her affairs in a husines.s-like. sensible manner, and has been well rewarded for her efforts. She and her children carry on f.anning on the land left by Mr. Brines. BRINES, James Russell, Jr., of the fourth gen- eration of the Brines family in Wabash County. 111., was torn in Bellmont Precinct. October .'^1. 1870. son of Morris and Vii-ginia (Mull) Brines! the father, a native of Bellmont Precinct, and thp mother of Peru, Ind. Morris was a son of Rus- sel and Nellie (Oanier) Brines, of Allegany County. N. Y.. and Russell was a son of Edward P.rines. who located in Wabash County in 1816. later settling in Friendsville Precinct, where he entered land from the Government. He was buried on his old farm, in what is now Hallock Cemetery. Russell Brines, grandfather of James I!., was a f.irnier. and married and settled in Bellmont Precinct, whew his death occurred. Morris Brinse married and settled on land near his birthplace, in Bellmont Precinct. He started in life with nothing but a horse, buying land from time to time as he was al>le and clear- ing it. finally becoming the owner of 710 acres and one of the most extensive f.armers of Bell- mont I'recinct. He raised many hogs and was successful in his oiierations. The children liorn to him and Ills wife were: Morris W.. of Bell- mont Precinct: Nellie B.. Mrs. J. R. Fisher, who lives en her father's home farm; Jacob S., of Bellmont Precinct: Mina, Jlrs. T. K. Wright, of Bellmont Precinct : Eva Bell, living on the home place with her sister, Mrs. J. R. Fisher: and James R.. the oldest. The father died January .31. 1002. and the mother November 21. 1001. The early education of James R. Brines was acquired in the district schools, but later he at- tended the Ccnti-al Normal College, at Danville, Ind.. receiving a diploma in stenography and the commercial course in 1.880. and in 1801 a teach- er's diploma. At the age of eighteen years he be- gan teaching scIkx)!. continuing in this profession twentj- winters, but working at fanning during the summer months. In this time there was an interval of four years during which he did not teach. His teaching was all done in seven ad- joining districts. Since the spring of 1000 Mr. Brines has devoted his attention exclusively to bis farming interests. lie paid his father S!1.(XK) for ninety acres of land, wliile his wife owns eight;*- acres, and between them they now own 200 acres, all in Bellmont Precinct, called the "Plain A'iew Farm." Mr. Brines was successful in his profession and has also made his farming very jirofltable. He is enteriirising and ambi- tious, and follows scientific methods and modern Ideas in his agricultural oiierations. He was President of Wabash County Teachers' Associa- tion, two yeai-s. and has been re-elected President of the County Farmers' Institute. May 4. 1802. Mr. Brines married Flora Viola Groff. boTn in Bellmont Precinct. March 4. 1872. daughter of John and Harriet (Gard) Groff. Mr. Groff was born at Hesse Cassel on the Rhine. Germany, and his wife was born in Lick Prairie Precinct. Wabash County, in 1.820. Mr. Brines moved to the farm, where he now lives, after bis marriage, and here lias made many improve- ments, developing a fine farm and erecting sub- stantial buildings. He has always paid careful attention to all the details of his farming and has nic-t with success accordingly. He raises nnroc Jersey hogs and Holstein cattle, and makes a specialty of Buff Rock chickens. In ix>litics he is a Repuiilican. Since 1000 he has lieen Government Crop Correspondent for Bell- mont Precinct. Fraternally he is a member of Tjodge Xo. 720. Independent Order of Odd Fel- LVMAN BRINES LYMAN BRINES' FAMILY Mar\' Hatnilton Ellen Rebecca Maria Brines Age 90 Franklin Hannah Edia Margaret WABASH COUNTY 693 lows, and Royal Neighbors, of Belluiout. uud of Sugar Greek Lxidge No. 7045. Modern \\'oodmeu of America. He is a member of tiie C'liristiau Cliurcii, at Maud, Wabasli County, having' been Clerk of the church since its establishment. Jlay 10. 1S'.»(>. and Elder since 1900. Mrs. Brines is a member of the Christian Church and a Royal Neighbor. The children bom to Mr. Brines and wife are: Mabel Ora, born May 2, 1898: Gilbert Mc- Kinley. born January 16. lSt).5 : Naomi Pearl, born October 10. lS9(i: Everett tTroff. born July 23. 1000: Carroll Heign Scoville. born June 15. 190«: Virgil I.eroy. Iwrn July ;!0, 1908. Mr. Brines is an iuteligent. representative citizen. and he and his wife have a large number of friends. BRINES, Robert, one of the well known and prosijerous farmere and stock-raisers of Wabash County, 111., was born in Lick Prairie Precinct, where he now resides. September 18. 1872. a son of E. C. and Mary E. (Swain) Brines, both na- tives of Wabash County, the former born in Bell- mont Precinct, E. C. Brines was a son of Rus- sell Brines and his wife is a daughter of William Swain. They settled on a farm in Bellmout Pre- cinct after their marriage and a short time after- ward sold this land and bought unimproved tim- ber and prairie land in Lick Prairie Precinct. He built a house and made all possible imiirovemeuts before his death, which occurred August 2o. 189S. His widow now resides in Mt. Carmel. Their children were: William, who died at the age of twenty-four yeai-s : Phebe. Jlrs. Harry Rhodes, of Mt. Carmel : Effie. widow of Dr. Win Ridge- way, of Mt. Carmel : Mar.v, Mrs. Joseph Wilhelm, of Princeton. Ind. : Laura, died at the age of three years : Robert ; James E., of Lancaster ; and Joseph H., on the home farm. The education i-eceived by Robert Brines was the same as most farmei-s" sons are given in the district schools, and he remained with his mother until his marriage, February 22. 1892. to May Wood, who was Iwrn in Lick Prairie Pre- cinct, daughter of Nelson and Sarah ll'lm) Wood. After his marriage Mr. Brines took up his residence on the home farm and lived there some seven or eight years, then rented a fann near Maud, in Bellmout Precinct, lived there three years, then moved to the Link Rigg farm in Mt. Carmel Precinct. Four years later he pur- chased seventj'-five acres of his present fann in Section 2."). Lick Prairie Precinct, and in the spring of 1908 purchased foi-ty acres of timber land on the Bonpas Creek Ixittom. He has cleared all the timber from his farm except fourteen acres, and Is tiling and otherwise im- proving his land, so that he will soon have it in a high state of cultivation. He is an enterpris- ing farmer, of prudent, industrious habits, and has won a fair degree of success through Ills own efforts. He raises a good grade of cattle, horses and hogs, besides carrying on a general line of fanning. Mr. Brines and his wife became parents of children as follows: Walter, born August 30, 1892, deceased; William Austin, born August 28, 1894 ; Lela Myrtle, born September 1, 1895 ; Mar- cella May, born Februarj- 5, 1897, died July 30, 1897; Nelson Wood, lx>ni August 1, 1S9S; Lola Berj-1. born January 22, 1901 ; Ethan LeRoy, bom December 20, 1906. The family attend the Christian Church and Mr. Brines is a member of Camp No. 5227, Modern Woodmen of America, of West Salem, Til. Politically he is a Republi- can and takes a commendable interest in public affairs and current issues. BROWN, George Washington (deceased), was born in the State of New York. September 30, 1814. His father came west about 18.30 and 'rente was elected Survevor of Wabash County. 111., serving five years in tliis capacity. He then lo- cated on eighty acres of land, his share of the home farm, and in 18!>2 removed to Bellmont. whci'e he conducted a general store several years, flien returned to his farm, where he remained until inon. when he was elected to the office of Coiuity Treasurer and moved to Mt. Carmel. which is now his home. He continues the work of surveying when his ser\'ices are in rennisition. He has established a reputation for ability and carefTil work, and enjoys the full confidence and esteem of his fellow-citizens. Politically he is a Democrat. He formerly served as Trustee in Bellmont J'reeinct and is much interested in the cause of education, as well as other matters of public interest. He belongs to the Masonic Lodge Xo. 2:^0. of Mt. Carmel. and to the Modern Wood- men of America, of Keensburg, 111. December tl. 1S85. Mr. Buchanan married Elizabeth Keepes. born in Bellmont. III., daugh- ter of Peter and Elizabeth (Peters) Keeiies, of Gennan ))arentage. The children b.v this mar- riage were: Evelina, married Lester B. I'utnam of Mt. Carmel. and Hany. who died when two and a half years old. The family attend the Methodist Episcopal Church. BUTTERICK, James, an enteqirising farmer of Coffee Precinct. Wabash County. 111., is a na- tive of tlie county, born in Compton Precinct. Febi-uary 7. 1875. a son of AVilliam and Per- milla (Compton) Butterick, the fonuer a native of Yorkshire. England, and the latter of Wabash county. William Butterick is a son of John and Ann (Crackles) Butterick. natives of Eng- land, wlio came to the Ignited States in 1.850. and his wife is a daughter of Joseph and Eliza- beth Compton. natives respectively of Wabash Ctount.v and Virginia. Joseph Compton was a son of I^evi and -Vnn Compton. among the earli- est settlers of Wabash County. William and Perniilla Compton had children as follows: Jo- seph and Callie. died young: Elizabeth. Mrs. Harrv JJilburn. of Coffee Precinct ; Laura. Mrs. Lewis Groff. of Bellmont Precinct : James ; Mar- garet, Mrs. Hugh Brines, of Edwards C'ounty, 111. : Edward, of Compton Precinct : Xora. Mrs. William Davis, of Browns. III., and Mabel, wife of Grover Browns, of Browns. James Butterick i-eceived his education in the public schools, remaining on the home farm un- til his marriage, in the fall of 18r>!t. to Elsie Higginson. born in Coffee Precinct, daughter of Amzi and .\lice (Kimbrel) Higginson, of Wa- bash Count.v, the latter a native of Coffee Pre- cinct. Mrs. Bufterick's grandparents were Roily and I'^lizabeth (Williams) Higginson and William and Tina (Compton) Kimbrel. natives of Wabash County. Jlr. and Jlrs. Butteridi went to housekeeping on a farm they rentefl in Comiiton Precinct, and after remaining there five years, rented part of the Heingen farm, of whidi he and his brother Edward purchased fiorty-two acres. Tlie.v purchased seventy-six acres of their father, where James lived until the fall of 1005. when he moveil to his present fine farm in Coffee Precinct, within a half mile of Keensburg. In the spring of 1010 he and his brother had a division of the proj>ert.v the.v owned in partnership, and .James Butterick re- ceived as his share the farm of seventy-six acres where he now lives. He carries on a gen- eral line of farming and follows modern meth- ods in his work. Mr, Butterick is a Republican in political views. The family is well known in Wabash County and is identified with the best interests and development of the community. ' /mi^^^-^!^^ WABASH COUNTY 695 Three cliiklreu were born to Jauies Butterick and his wife, luimely : William Earl, Daisy aud Hazel. BUTTERICK, John, who is extensively en- gaged in stock faruiiug and dairying iu Crompton Precinct, Wabash County, 111., was lx)rn in Lin- colnshire, England. May 0. 1S4U. a son of John and Ann (Crackel) Butterick. both natives of England. The grandparents all died in Eng- land, but John Butterick. Sr.. with his wife and tbi-ee children, came to America in 18.")<), first, in consequence of having got on the wrong route, landing in Canada. Then, finding himself with- out means, he worked by the day until he couUl earn money enough to resume his journey, finally reaching Cleveland, Ohio, where his means were again exhausted and one child died. After remaining at work there nine weeks, he was able to proceed to Waliash (Vinnty. 11].. where he was engaged in winking liy the day for aiiotit one year, then lived on rented land for the next three years, when he jiurchased l.nnd in Comjiton Pre- cinct, adding thereto until he finally owned .iC«l acres in different parts of the precinct. Mr. But- terick died in IST.") and his widow lived in tlie vicinity of the old home.stead until her death, in September, 1008. at the age of eighty years. They had children as follows: William and John, of Compton Precinct : Hannah. Mrs. Wil- liam Root, of Enid. Okla.; Elizabeth. .Mrs. Eewis Arnold, of Conrad. Mont. : Mary. Mrs. Henry Stanaker, of Scott's Bluff, Xeb. : Anna. .Mrs. John Vice, of CVinrad. Mont, (is a twin of Mary), and Harriet. Mrs. Robert Arnold, of Bellmont Precinct. The education of .John Butterick. Jr.. was ac- quired in the district schools of Wal>ash Counfj- and he remained with his parents until his niar- ri.age. in October. 1.87."). to Elizabeth G. Van Senden. born in Bellmont Precinct, a daughter of John A. and Saniantha TRigg) Van Senden. the lather a native of Germany and, the mother of Wabash County. After his marriage Mr. But- terick settled on part of his father's farm, in Section 10. purchasing 100 acres of land from his father. Forty-five acres of this land were cleared and he has cleared all except six acres of it. hav- ing ft4 acres under cultivation. He has added to his land from time to time and now owns 22.'^ acres, in Sections 2, .S. 10 and 11. all except eighty acres in one body. He carries on general farming, has a good dairy, and raises hogs, liorses and mules. He is an industrious fanner and lias managed his business in a maimer that assured his success. He is well known for his honesty and integrity and stands well in his communit.v. He is a Democrat in ix)litics and has served as School Director and Trustee, and fraternally he is connected with Lodge No. T."8, 1. O. O. F.. of Browns. HI. Children as follows have been born to Mr. But- terick and his wife: Lillie. Mrs. Eli.iah Floyd, of T'rbana. HI. : John. Carrie and Grover C. at home: Xora. died at the age of one year: Maud, died in infancy; Jessie, at home: Minnie, died in infancy : Mary, at home. The family attend the Christian t^hurch, of Browns. BUTTERICK, "William, a retired farmer of Compton I'reciiict, Wabash County, III., was liorii in York.shire. England. May 5. 18-14, the oldest son of .John and Ann (Crackles) But- terick, both natives of England. The parents emigrated to the United States in 1S.jO. and after stoiiping to visit about ten weeks iu Cleve- land, then proceeded to Wabash County, where they began iuqiroviug a farm. They secured eighty acres of land iu Crackles Prairie, Comp- ton Precinct, and 120 acres of timber nearby. The father cleared all except a few acres and erected a brick house, which is still standing. He died in 187.0 on the home place, where his widow remained al>out fifteen years alter his death, then moved to Browns. Edwards County, where she remained until her death in tlie fall of liMlS, at the age of eighty years. Their chil- dren were: William; John, of Crompton Pre- cinct, whose sketch also appears in this work; Hannah. Mrs. William Root, of Enid. Okla.; fllizabeth. >Irs. Lewis Arnold, of Conrad. Jlont. ; Mary and Anna (twins) tlie former Mrs. Henry Stanaker. of Scotts Bluff. Xeb., and the latter, Mrs. John Vice, of CVinrad. Mont. ; Harriet. Mrs. Roliert Arnold, of Bellmont Precinct. William Butterick received his education in the country schools and helfH>d in the work upon the home farm as soon as he was able. He liveur- chased of his father-in-law. This fann consists of 117 acres, all improved. In 1007 he erected a handsome two-stoi-y house on the natural build- ing site where the old residence stood. This home stands on a bluff which commands a view of the coiintr.v for nian.v miles around. Mr. But- terick has his land in a high state of cultivation and has added forty acres to the farm. He c:ir- rieil on general farming and raised cattle, horses and hogs, but in lOOC rented his farm to his sons and now en.ioys a well-earned rest. He is a Republican in jiolitics and one of the best known and most highl.v respected men in the conununit.v. Children iKirn to Mr. and Mrs. Butterick have been as follows: .Toseph. died at the aire of ten years; Callie. died at the age of six years; Elizabeth. Mrs. Harry Milbuni. of Coffee Pre- cinct; Laura. Mrs. T>ewis (^roff. of Bellmont Pre- cinct ; .Tames, of Keensburg Piwlnct ; Margaret. Mrs. Hugh Brines, of Edwards County. III.; Ed- ward, of Compton Precinct; Xora. Mrs. William 696 WABASH COUNTY Davis, of Browus, III. ; Mabel, Mrs. Grover Browns, of Browns. CALVERLEY, Charles.— Many men who have at- tained tiuaucial sucx-ess through their own ef- forts and have earned a right to retire fi-om ac- tive life and spend their last days in ease and retirement, find it difficult to content themselves watliout the cares to which they have bec-ome ac- customed. Such a man is Charles Calverley, who owns a farm of 178 acres in Mt. Carmel Precinct. Mr. Calverley was born iu Bevla Parks, England, April 28, 1839, a sou of James D. and Martha (Veuia) Calverley, who emigrated from England to the United States, landing at New Orleans in 1843. They came up the Mississippi River and the Ohio, to Shawneetown, 111., then pro- ceeded by ox-team and wagon to Wabash County, 111., and lived four yeai-s on rented laud iu Mt. Carmel I'reeinct. They then purchased land in the neighborhood and became possessed of 498 acres of land in one body. Mr. Calverley made a sijecially of raising fine horses, having paid $2,- 000 for one animal. His laud was mostly cleared when he bought it and he was very succesful in general fanning. He brought from England the first Shepherd dog brought into Wabash Count}-, which, like its master, never learned to eat com bread. He was a devout member of the Metho- dist Church in England and joined the same church in his new home. His wife died in 1874. at the age of sixty-eight years, and he resided with a d.iughter in Wayne County, III., until his death, alNiut IIXIO, at the age of ninety-five years. Their children were : Charlotte, Mrs. Thomas Jones, now deceased; James, deceased; Martha, Mrs. Henry Cramer, of Wayne County ; Rachel. Mrs. William Harper, deceased; Marj- Ann, died at the age of thirteen years ; Charles ; James, of Mt. Carmel, 111. ; Sarah Jane, died in infancy ; Henry, of Mt. Carmel. As a boy Charles Calverley attended the Leba- non District School and afterward helped with the work of carrying on the home farm until his marriage to Maria J. Keneipp, who was born in Mt. Carmel, 111., daughter of Silas and Jane (Harvey) Keneipp, natives of Ohio and Mt. Car- mel, respectively. She is a granddaughter of Silas Keneipp and Beachamp Harve.v. After this marriage Mr. Calverley moved to the farm where he still lives, which was given to him by his father. After remaining there twelve years, he retired from tlie farm and went to live in Mt. CaTmel, buying a residence there. However, after spending eleven years is that city he became tired of a life of inactivity and returned to his farm, -n-here he has since made his home. He makes a sjiecialty of raising Xorman Percheron horses and Red Angus cattle, also Shropshire sheep. He also carries on general farming with excellent success. Besides his farm he still owns city property, which he rents. The children bom to Mr. Calverley and his wife were: Martha. Mrs. Harry Standard, of Mt. Carmel ; Maud, died in Infanc.v ; and Mary, Jjaura, Charles, Earl. Edgar and Raymond, all at home. Mr. Calverley and his family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He takes an active interest in the weltare and progress of the com- munity and is highly esteemed as a man of strict integrity and honesty of purpose. Politically he is a Republican. He has worked hard all his life and still takes an active part in conducting his farm, l>aying close attention to details and adopting modern methods. CAMPBELL, James. — One of the most success- ful and sulistantial farmers of Mt. Carmel Township, Wabash County, 111,, is James Camp- bell, who has been a resident of the county for more than sixty years. Mr. Campbell has a well improved and v,-ell stocked place, on which he carries on a general line of farming. He was bom in Wilson County. Teun., May 31, 1839, a son of James and Mary Glenn (Pritchett) Campliell, the former a native of Tennessee and the latter of Virginia. His parents were na- tives of Scotland and after coming to America located in Tennessee. James Campbell, Sr., was married in Tennessee and in 1840 brought his family to Wabash County, 111., purchasing a farm one mile northeast of Jit. Carmel. Here he silent the remainder of his life except for a short period before his decease, when he lived with his children. He died in 1881 and his wife in 1879. They were parents of children as fol- lows: Elizabeth. Mrs. Justus Gard, deceased; Cecilia, Mrs. James C. Payne, deceased; Jane; Mi-s. Washington Keen, of Wabash County ; Sarah, married William Ulm, of Wabash County ; and James. The early years of James Campbell were spent on his father's farm and he received only a lim- ited education in the country schools. He was about ten years old when the family came to Illinois and soon began helping in connection with the work of clearing and cultivating the new farm. He lived at home until his marriage, on December 31, 18t;i. to Martha Ann Xewkirk. who was born in Friendsville Precinct, a daugh- ter of Zachariah and Levila (Higgins) Xewkirk both natives of Illinois. The following children were Ixim to Mr. Campbell and his wife; Mary Eliza. Mrs. Josephus Johnson, of Knox County, Tex.; Charles Henry, of Mt. Carmel Precinct; Clara Levila, Mrs. .John Wood, of Mt. Carmel Township ; Edith. Mrs. Victor Wood, of Friends- ville Township. Mrs. Campbell died September 22, 1879. and Mr. Campbell married (second), December Ifi. 1880. Judy Adams, who was a na- tive of Wabash County, and died January 20. 1897. having borne no children. She was a daughter of .Tohn and Catherine (Bratton) Wood, both of Illinois. March 8. 1898. Mr. Campbell married (third) Laura Jane (Briner) Frick, widow of Charles Frick and Daughter of .John and Ann (Briner) Briner. both natives of Orange Count.v. Ind. Mrs. Campbell had one child by her former marriage, .\llie C. who died in infancy. Her first husband. Mr. Frick. died .\ugust 2.";. 1.89.1. After his first marriage Mr. Campbell moved to djor^cK-c,^ WABASH COUNTY 697 a farm of eighty acres, three miles uorth of ilt. Oarmel. There were titteen acres of this laud cleared and the remainder was iu timber. A log cabin liad been built on the place, and here the family lived four years; then he erected a two- story frame house and they had just moved into it when it was destroyed by tire, with all its con- tents. He lived with his parents until he could erect another dwelling in which they have since lived. He has added to this building since its erection and now has a comfortable, modern dwelling. He now has but ten acres iu timber, and has added forty acres to the home faiin, which he gave to his only son, the latter having purchased forty acres of land from his mother- in-law ad.ioining this land. Mr. Campbell is recognized as one of the representative citizens of his loculitj- and is highly respected by all who know him. He has won success through his per- sonal efforts and deserves the good fortune that has come to him. He purchased a forty-acre tract of land iu Mt. C'armel Precinct for each of his children. Politically is a Democrat, and is also a member of the Oliristiau Church. Charles Henry Campliell. son of James Cami>- bell, married Sarah Elizabeth Keel, a native of Wabash County, and a daughter of David and Margaret (Gard) Keel, also natives of the same county. The children of this marriage are: Fred, Pearl, Ansel, B"'ranlc aud Kalph. CANED Y, Lewis G. — ^Many of the older resi- dents of Wabash County. 111., have carried on their farms during the greater part oi their lives, and when nearing old age. have retired from active life to spend the remainder of their lives in comparative ease and comfort. Among these is Lewis G. Canedy, who has been a resident of the county since l.S.5'.l, antl has always been iden- tified with every movement for the welfare and development of the connminity. Mr. Canedy was bom in Geauga County, Ohio, April (3, 18.87, a son of Aden and Elizabeth (StockwelJ) Can- edy. both natives of Benulugton County, Vt. His grandi)a rents were Thomas Canedy and wife, and Willard and Nancy (Jackson) Stockwell, all of Vermont. -Vdeu Canedy and wife were married in Ver- mont and. aliout two years later, moved to Geauga Count.v, Ohio, returning to Vermont when their son Lewis G.. was six weeks old. .\fter living five years longer in Vermont they moved to Delaware County, Ohio, and there he worked in saw-mills, until compelled by failing health to retire from this kind of work. He spent the remainder of his life as a shoe-maker and died in the fnll of 1S7.8. His widow survived him many years and died about ].srt2. Their chil- dren were: Lewis G. (the oldest I ; Lucuis. de- ceased: James Monroe, of Nebraska: Louisa, Mrs. Joshua Buchanan, deceased : Sarah. Mrs. James Stillwell. of .VUendale. III.: .losephine. married .lames Risley, and is now deceased; Mitchell, died in infancy. Lewis G. Canedy resided witii his i>arents until his marriage, September 14. 1,S.58, to Catherine Wigtou, who was Iwrn In Delaware County, Ohio, January 22, 1842, daughter of Augustln and Mary (Koseorans) Wlgton, both natives of Bradford County, Pa. Her grandparents were: William and Elizabeth (Price) Wigton, of Mas- sachusetts, and Isaac and Mary (Taylor) Kose- crans, of New York aud Pennsylvania, respect- ively. After his marriage Mr. Canedy lived about a year on a farm in Delaware County, Ohio, though he spent most of his time In car- penter work. In the fall of 18.50 he and his wife came to Wabash County. 111., and rented a farm in Kriendsville Precinct si.\ years, then bought a farm in Wabash Precinct, where they lived twenty-seven years. They sold this farm and purchased 140 acres in Friendsville Precinct, where they have since resided. Mr. Canedy carru'd on general farming with success until the past few ye.-irs, but his health has lieen poor and he has been obliged to retire from active life. He liad made all possible improvemnts nud put his land into a higli state of cultivation, de- riving a good Income therefrom. The following children were bom to Mr. Can- edy and wife: Lilly May. died in infancy; Charles Albert, of Mt". Carmel ; Alvin R.. of Al- lendale, an instructor in band music; Willard, died July 2."), 1908. at the age of forty -one years; Clifton L.. of Mt. Carmel; Ora L., died at the age of three years ; LeToy, of Mt. Carmel ; Elwin H., wlio carries on his father's farm. Mr. Can- edy is a Republican iu ]x)litics and has served as Sch€ol Director and in other local offices. He enjoys the full confidence and esteem of his neiglihors and is considered a representative, public-spirited citizen. The family attend the T'nited Brethren Church. CAPOOT, George R. — Among the younger mer- cliants who have won success in Wabash County, HI., is George R. Capoot, of .\llendale. who has lived in the county since infanc.v. Mr. Caiwot was bom at GrayvlUe. 111.. September 10, 187.S, a son of John and Amy (Hugo) Capoot. John Capoot was born in Cincinnati. Ohio, Septem- ber 10. 18.84. and died In Wabash County, HI., January 20. 1010. while his wife, born in Evans- ville. Ind.. November 21, 1.S4.'). now resides at .\Ilendale. He was a son of Peter and Catherine Capoot. the former bom in Baltimore. Md., soon after his parents' arrival from France, the lat- ter born in Louisville, K.v.. and died at Cairo, 111. Peter Capoot was a cooper and worked at his trade at Cincinnati. Ohio, and his son .John also learned the same trade. TTntil his enlistment in 1801, the latter worked at his trade at Cairo and Metropolis. 111. He served in Company I, First Regiment Illinois Cavalrj*. from Julv 25, 1801. until September 3. 1802. when he was dis- charged. He re-enlisted in Company B, Fifteenth Rfiriment Ilinois Cavalry-, and was discharged witli the rank of Sergeant. June 27. 1804, at Helena. .\rk. He returned to his home at Cairo and remained there until his marriage. Decem- ber 20. 1870. to -Vmy (Hugo) Pritchard. widow 698 WABASH COUNTY of Bertram Pritcbard. who was residing in New Harmony, Ind. She is a daughter of Philip R. and Martha ( Barker ) Hugo, tne former born in Baltimore, JId.. and the latter a native of Indi- ana. By her previous marriage Mrs. Capoot had two children, namely : Martha, who resides with her mother, and Victor Clay, of Allendale. 111. Mr. (^apoot lived at New Harmony a short time after his marriage, and then moved to Gray- ville. where he lived until his removal to Allen- dale, in ]8T5. He worketl as cooper in connec- tion with a grist-mill several years, making bar- rels, then started a shop of his own, which lie conducted until 1SS.">. when he embarked in gen- eral merchandise business, which he continued some fifteen years and then transferred it to his son Edwin, now a farmer in Wabash Precinct. The children born to John Caixiot and his wife were : Edwin. Oeorge K. and Amy. the later dy- ing in infancy. Getn-ge R. Capoot was educated in the com- mon schools of Allendale and Central Normal College, at Danville, Ind. He worked in the store for his father and brothei- as a young man. being clerk, buyer and general agent. Later he went to Chicago and liecame city salesman for a ruliber stamp and stationei-y company, and aftenvards woaked in a law and abstract office at Sullivan, Ind. In 1900 he returned to Allen- dale and there opened an office, being a Justice of the Pence and Notary Public, also agent in in- surance, real-estate, coal and collecting business. On December 1. lOOO, he resigned the office of Justice of the Peace, but is still Notar.v Public, and has established himself in mercantile busi- ness, dealing in groceries, china, glass, tin-ware, granite-ware, books, stationeiy, watches, clocks and jewelry, .j and 10 cent gtwds. niiU, remnants, jiost cards, candy, cigars and tobacco. He also retains his agencies for coal, insurance, etc., and does a good business in all his lines. He has the confidence and esteem of his patrons and is a man of good .iudgment and business acumen. His store is kno\^^l as the Index Store, and he has trade from many miles around. November 29. IDOO. Mr. Capoot married Mae Brodhecker, who was liorn at Brownstown. Jack- son County. Ind.. daughter of Frank and Maiy (Doerr) Brodhecker. of Indiana, but of German parentage. To Mr. and Mi-s. Capoot has been born one child, Miriam Henrietta, horn Alarch 24. 1010. Mr. Capoot is well known in the vicinity of .\llendale, which has been his home since ^S,~o His parents were members of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, as he is. and he has served in va- rious church offices. He was for three yeai-s Su- perintendent of the Sunday School, and is Fi- nancial Secretary of the Church Board. Trustee and Recording Steward of tlie .Vllendale Cir- cuit, and Superintendent of the Home Dep.art- ment of the Sunday School. In politics lie is a Repulilican and takes an active interest in public affairs. Fraternally he is a member of the Mystic Workers of the World, and has been Sec- retary of tlie same since its organization. CHAPMAN, Charles F.— One of the substantial and influential farmers of Wabash County, 111., is Charles F. Chapman, who is descended from two of the pioneer families of tlie county. He was born at Mt. Carmel, April 3, 1875, a sou of William Major and Ellen (Kenelpp) Chap- man, both natives of Mt. Carmel. William M. Chapman is a son of Robert Chapman and his wife was a daughter of Silas Keneipp. Robert Chapman was a native of England and both he and Jlr. Keneipp were among the early settlers of Wabash County, where they became success- ful farmers. \\'illiam Major Chapman was bora October 22. 1840, and upon his marriage settled on a farm near Mt. Carmel, where he now re- sides. He has always taken a great interest in public affairs and has been a strong supporter of the Methodist Episcopal Church. His first wife died December 30. 1880. having borne the fol- lowing children : Sarah, died in childhood ; Wil- liam, of Mt. Carmel ; Nellie, twin sister of Wil- liam, died in infancy ; Charles F. ; Laura and Clara, twins, died in infancy, William M. Chap- man married (second) Madora Groff, of Bell- niont. 111., and they had the following eight chil- dren : Ethel, Flora, Clella. John, Gladys, El-nest. Genu and Eva, all at home. The Iwyhood of Charles F. Chapman was spent on a farm and he received good education in the district school of the neigliborhood. He had an opportunity of learning all the details of farm work, and has all his life been engaged in agri- cultural pursuits. He helped in the work uiion his father's farm as soon as old enough to do so. and lived at home a year and a half after his marriage: then bought the old Kisley farm of 14.") acres, two miles northwest of Mt. Carmel, where he remained until 1906. and in that year bought the Kingsbury farm of 101 acres, which adjoined his first fann on the west. Mrs. Chap- man also has 121 acres of land on the Wa- bash River near .\llendale. Mr. Chapman has been very successful in gen- eral farming and fully appreciates the value of high-grade stock, in which lie is extensively Inter- ested. He has registered Hereford cattle and Duroc Jersey hogs. lx)th of which he has found very profitable : is also a breeder of Buff Rock chickens. He is an entei"prising and business- like farmer, and has his entire farm under cul- tivation except eight acres still in timber. Mr. Chapman is highly respected in the community, where his entire life has been spent, and is a representative of the higher type of Illinois farmers. He has a large circle of friends and lielongs to the Modem Americans, of Friends- ville. and the Order of the Eastern Star. Po- litically he supports the principles of the Repub- lican party, and is an earnest member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, having served as Trustee in the same since 1900. March 1, 1,899. Mr. Chapman married Lovilah Courter, born at Allendale, 111., a daughter of William F. and Mary (Foxl Courter, both of Wabash County, and six children have been born to Mr. Chapman and wife, namely : Charles Ed- o WABASH COUNTY 699 wiinl. Wjlliiini Franklin. Mary Ella. Myrtie Jane, Bernarrt t'linton anil Madorah. William Frank- lin, the swond ihild. died at the age of five years. CHAPMAN, Robert (deceased), was born at Flixton, Vinkshire, England. July 17, 1808, came to this country at the age of nineteen years and was maried to Sarah Wharram in Philadelphia. The.v resided at Wilkesbarre, Pa., for eighteen months, when he returned to England to partici- pate in the settlement iif the estate of Mrs. Chap- man's father, John Wharram, Gent. Mrs. Chap- man was a niece of the illustrious emancil)ator, William Wilherforce. After a year spent at their old home, they returned to America, and in 18.''.0. settled in Mt. Carniel for a brief period, when they located in the uncleared forest to build a home and develop a farm. Mr. Chapman was one of the rugged, persever- ing and forceful pioneers of the county and did much to reclaim it from i)rimitlve conditions. By his enei-gj- and sound judgment he acquired a comfortable conipetency. and his sterling In- tegrity and irreproachable cliaraeter won for him the confidence and resi>ect of all his numer- ous acquaintances. Ilis counsel was freely sought and highly regarded. He was the father of ten children, five of whom are still living. He attained a ripe old age and his days were filled with usefulness. Ilis life was simple and prac- tical, and he possessed the essence of all virtues — sincerity. He was a kindly, devoted and cour- ageous man. true to himself and lo.val to ever.v duty, and lived to see the fruition of his cher- ished hopes, and enjoy the love and veneration of all who knew him. He was a loved and lov- ing man, fearless and sympathetic, upright and absolutely honest. CHAPMAN, Thomas W., who owns a well- improveil farm in Mt. Carmel Precinct. Wabash Count.v, 111., is an entenirising and progressive farmer, and has spent his entire life in agricul- tural pursuits. Mr. Chapman was born In the township. March 2fi. 1847. son of Robert Chap- man, who was a native of England, and came with his wife to the I'nited States and Viought a tract of land in Wabash County from the Gnv- ernment in an early day. This land was then mostl.v covered with timber, and Mr. Chapman set about clearing and improving it. adding to his farm from time to time, until at the time of his death he omief \\'aliash I'recinct, where he now owns a good farm. He was Iwirn March 6. 1.841. a son of Thomas and Maiy tMcClaiu) Cisel. the for- mer boni In New York and the latter in Ohio. The parents of Thomas Ci.sel removed from Ohio to Walia.sh County, in 1821. and died in Wabash Precinct. Thomas Cisel owned a fanu in Wa- bash Precinct, where he lived after his marriage, .iikI ac(|uired more land in the Wabash River Bottom. Here he and his wife both died. Of their tsvelve cliildren all reached maturity ex- cei)t one daughter who died in childhood. John II. was the sixth child. T'ntil his marriage .John II. Cisel lived at home and lieljx^d in work on his father's farm. He received a good education in the public schools and was reared to agricultural i)ursuits. He married. December 2.'i. 1.8(in. Jemima Keen. who was l)orn in Wabash Precinct, a daugh- ter of Dennis and Margaret (Cf>m)itont Keen After his marriage Mr. Cisel moved to a f.-irm of 10(1 acres in Sei-tion 24. Wabash Precinct, which he cleared and inqiroved. adding to it until he now owns 2.'fO acTes on Sections 2. 24 and 18. He carries on general farming and makes a spe- cialty of raising fine horses, rattle and hogs. He 700 WABASH COUNTY lias been very suciessful and is known as au en- terplsing, ambitious farmer. He is actively in- terested in all imblie enterprises tliat be con- siders benficial to the community and ia politi- cal views is a DemocTat. The following children have been born to Mr. Cisel and wife : Jesse Lee, of Wabash Precinct ; Callie. Mrs. Harvey Pixley. of Flora. 111.; Mar- garet, Mrs. Wile Pixley, of Eugene, Ore. ; Levi, of Colorado Springs, Colo. ; Josle, Mrs. Fred Holsing. of .Vllendale, HI.: G. C, of Billings, Mont. ; and Xora. CLARK, Dutch Hamilton. — To achieve success in ;iny line of railroad worli retiuires steady nerves, a careful study of the details of the worlv being carried on and strict adherence to tlie rules governing the operation of the line of worii in question. Dutch Hanulton Clark, of Mt. Carmel. 111., has been engaged in railroad worlv of one kind and another since attaining the age of sixteen years, and has shown ability of a high order in perlonuing his various duties. He was born in Knox Ccunty, Ind.. July 20, 18.55, a son of James Madison and Elizabeth (Lindsay) Clarlv. the former a native of Knox County aiul the latter of Hnpkinsville. Ky. .James M. Clark still lives on his farm in Knox County, wliere lie has resided since his mar- riage, and has now attained the age of eighty- three years. His wife pa.ssed away March IS, ISOfj. They were parents of the following chil- dren : Thomas J., deceased ; James M.. and .John F. P.. also deceased; Dutch H. ; and Eliza, mar- ried William Herin. a farmer of Knox County. The education of D. H. Clark was acquired in his native county, where he attended the com- mon and high schools, and when he left school he entered the emplo.v of the Evansville & Terre Haute Railroad, working some six years with construction gangs, and fhen for two years •worked as bridge carjienter. He then moved to Effingliam. III., where he was employed as bridge carpenter on the Springfield. Effingham. Southeasteni & P.loonnngton Railroad, now a part of the Illinois Central. Later he was em- ployed in a sinnlar capacity l)y tlie Wabash, now part of the Big Four Railroad, and in 18SC re- moved to Jit. Carmel. 111., and for four years worked in the railroad switch-yards of that city. From ISitO until 1.S04 he was employed in the capacity of freiglit brakeman. then spent two years as conductor, .\liout ISOfi Mr. Clark de- cided to settle down, taking a 7>osition in the car repair shops at Mt. Carmel. where he is still employed. He is a good niec-hanic and stands well with his employers. Mr. Clark was married. September .S. l.S.Sfi. to Essie Steely Tonilinson. who was liorn in Mat- toon. III., and was adopted in infancy by a Airs. Steely. Four children liave been born to Mr. Clarlj and wife, namely: James and Harry, both of whom died in infancy: Earl Owen and Helen Esther. Mr. Clark has identified himself with the liest interests of Mt. Carmel and vicinity, and has won a high degree of respect and esteem from his associates and fellow-citizens. Politic- ally he Is a sui)ix)rter of the principles of the Republican party. He is a member of the Chris- tian Church and fraternally is affiliated with the A. F. & A. M. Lodge No. "2;i9, the Eastern Star Chapter Xo. VI. and the Big Four Tent of K. O. T. M., Xo. 273. He is a man of quiet disposition and industrious habits, and a good type of the useful, pulilic-spirited citizen. CLINE, Hubert Lee. — Among the enterprising fanners of Wabash County. 111., who have alipre- eiated the benefits arising from modern methods and ideas, is Hubert Lee Cline, who operates his farm of ICO acres in Section 36, Mt. Carmel Pre- cinrt. Mr. Cline was born in Friendsville Pre- cinct. Waliash County. October 2i!. 1872. a son of Andrew L. and Lucinda (Litherlandt Cline, natives of Washington County. I'a., and Wabash County, 111., respectively. Lucinda Litherhmd's parents, Henry and Mary (Wood) Litherland. were early settlers in Wabash County and lived in Wabash and Friendsville Precincts. Andrew L. Cline was a Southern soldier and after the close of the war moved to Friendsville Pret-inct, where he married and settled on a farm. He died in ISSo, a comparatively young man, and his widow afterward married Jacoli Dntj-, but died about lOOO. Hubert L. Cline has a younger brother. John W.. of Waliash Precinct. After the death of his father Hubert L. Cline remained with his mother and stepfather, and acquired his education in the district schools. He remained at home until his marriage. May 16, 189.^, to Sarah Bauman, who was born in Silencer County, Ind. After his marriage Mr. Cline inherited 100 acres of land in Friendsville Precinct, and lived on it until 10(i,5, when he pur- cha.sed 100 acres on Section 36. Mt. Carmel Pre- cinct, the farm being well improved. He has erected a barn 42 by 72 feet, twenty feet high, and has set out a fine four-acre apple orchard. He has brought his land to a fine state of culti- vation and. besides carrying on general farming, raises (ierman coach-horses, short-horn cattle, Poland China hogs and Shropshire sheep. Mr. Cline and wife became parents of chil- dren as follows: Evota. Augusta. Irma. Hubert, Alta. Orlen. Harold and Orthel Eldin. Mr. Cline is a Democrat and has served as School Director since 1006. He is a member of the Christian Church and is interested in every cause for the good of the c-ommunity. He be- longs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows X'o. 17.S2. of Friendsville. and the Modern Wood- men of America of Cabbage Corner. Wabash County. He is identified with the better class of citizens and is highly respected for his many good traits of character and sterling worth. CLINE, John W. — Many men make their own way in life and achieve financial success who have not had the benefit of a good education. Such a man is John W. Cline. a prominent farmer of Friendsville Precinct, Wabash County, III., who lost his father when he was an infant. WABASH COUNTY 701 lie bad little opportunity to attend school but has learued much through his own efforts and in the school of exi)erieuce. He keeps himself well informed on the topics and issues of the day and appreciates the advantage of management on his farm in a scientific manner. Mr. Cline was born in Fricndsville Precinct. January 11. 1873, a son of Andrew L. and Lucinda (Litherland) Cline, the former born near Pittsburg. Pa., and the latter in Friendsville Precinct. They were married in the latter place and settled on a farm there, though he was a carpenter by trade. Here he died, leaving cliildren as follows : Hubert Lee. of Friendsville Precinct, and John W. His widow married (second I Jacob Doty and they lived on various farms in the neigh- borhood. She died about 1900. At the time of his mother's seconr" marriage John W. Cline was seven years of age and he left the parental home. He lived for a year with Henry Leek and later found a home at various places until he was sixteen years of age, when he began working at farming by the month. He was married. April 28. ISO-j. to Lucy Payne, who was torn in Wabash Precinct, October 28. 1871. a daughter of Jonathan and Letitia I McDonnell ) Payne. After his mar- riage Mr. Cline built a house on a farm of l.Stl acres in Friendsville Precinct, which he had in- herited from his (Jrandraother Litherland and his great-uncle. Marshall Wood. In the spring of lOOG he sold this land and purchased an eighty-acre farm on Section .8. Friendsville Pre- cinct. The place was well improved and he has put it into a fine state of cultivation. He appre- ciated the value of high-grade stock and raises registered Berkshire hogs and Holstein cattle. Mr. Cline and his wife have no children of their own Init have an adopted son. Otto, who was iKirn May 1. 100.5. They are members of the Christian Church and active in its good work. Politically Mr. Cline is a Democrat and is a<'tively interested in the welfare and develop- ment of the conuniinity. COMBS, George Washington, a leading farmer of Wabash County. 111., was born in Lawrence County, 111.. October 11. ISilL'. son of George W. and Rebe<-ca (I,ntz"i Combs, the former born near Columbus. Ohio. AinMl 2C>. 181.5. and the lat- ter in Franklin County. Pa.. July 24. 1821. George W. Combs was a son of George W. Combs. a Revolutionary soldier, who settled in Ohio, and his wife was a daughter of Henry and Mat- tie Lutz. natives of Germany. The pai-ents of tiie subject of this sketch were married Decem- ber 10. 18.^8. and .July ^?.. 1.830. came to St. Lawrence County, settling in Bridgeport Town- ship, where the oil fields have since been dis- covered. Tliev entered one thousand acres of land, all in timber. Mr. Combs improved some of the land and built a small house. 1,8 by 20 feet, also a large bank barn. .80 by 120 feet, and the first of its kind erected in that section of the State. He became one of the most extensive farmers of 'hat region, taking care of a large tract of land liiniself and renting out a consid- erable iX)rtion of it. He was much interested in stock-raising and became very successful in his enterprises. He died July 31, 1860, and his wife passed away August 23, ItKC both being buried in Lawrence County. They had cliildren as fol- lows : Martin, died in infancy ; Eliza E., Mrs. Walter Gray, of Bridgeiwrt, III. ; William, de- ceased ; Marj- J., died in childhood ; Ainia, Mrs. .lames X. Thrapp, of Olney, III. ; Lafayette, of Vincennes, Ind. ; Addie, Mrs. John Mieur. now de- ceased : John, died at the age of thirty years; Lyda. .Mrs. Alonzo Gilspie. who died after her marriage ; Enmia, Jlrs. Ge-. wliere he attended the district school, and helped with the work on his father's farm until his marriage, October 24, 1,804, to Laura E. Schrodt. born in Jit. Carmel Township. She is a daughter of John and .\nna ( Bradle) Schrodt, the former bom at Worms. Germany, .May 4, 1830. The parents of Mr. Schrodt were .John and Mary Schrodt, who were natives of (Jermany. He came from Germany in 1,838 and entered land from the Government, part of which now lielongs to .Mr. Combs. The parents of Mrs. Combs were married July 8. 18.51. Her father died r>ecember 23. 1SS7. and her motlier February 19. 18.82. Upon his marriage Mr. Combs moved to a farm which his father-in-law- had deeded to his daughter. This land con- sisted of 'IS4 acres and he also gave her .300 acres in Gibson Countj-. Ind. Jlr. Combs carries on general farming, cultivating his entire farm him- self and paying special attention to stock-raising and buying. He is one of the most progressive and ui>-to-date farmers of his region and is al- ways ready to adojit modern methods in his work. He is a member of the Methodist P^isco- pal Church, of which he served some years as Steward, also as Trustee. He served on build- ing committees of the church and helped build four churches, two in Lawrence County and two in Knox County. Ind.. where he lived eight years prior to his maiTiage. In political affairs he Is a Republican. COMPTON, James (deceased), who died on his farm of eightj- acres, one mile west of Keens- burg. 111. spent his entire life in Wabash County, and was identified with the best inter- ests of his community, .\lthough he died a young man. he had won the respect of his fellows and maintained a good standing among them. Mr. Comptdu was born in Coffee Prec-inct, Wabash County. .Tune 1. 1.820. son of John and Rebecca (Branders^ Compton. of Virginia, who were among the earliest settlers of the countj-. The parents entered wild land from the Government and developefl a farm. The Indians were just leaving the neighliorhood as they settled there. James Compton received but a limited education and early began to help his father on the farm. He remained at home until his marriage. Decent- 702 WABASH COUNTY ber 23, 1848, to Marj' Ann Kimbrell, who was born in Wayne Countj^ 111.. April 2. 1S31, daugh- ter of William and Permelia (Webster) Kim- brell, natives of North Carolina. Her grand- parents were Peter and Catherine Webster, the latter of whom came with her daughter to Wa- bash Count}'. After his marriage James Compton moved to his fanu near Keensburg, where he died a few years later, in November, isno, at the age of thirty years. His widow continued to reside on this "faVm until lUOl. The children bom to Mr. Compton and his wife were : Joseph H.. a sketch of whom appears in this work ; Jeremiah and Sarah, deceased ; Caroline, man-ied John G. Lovelette, of Keensburg, who died September 7. 1904. Mr. Ixjvelette and his wife became par- ents of four children : two sons, James and Count, both of Chicago, and two daughters. Sharlotta and Laura, both of whom died of lung disease. Mrs. Compton married (second), February 3, 1861, Joshua Fifer, born in the United States, son of George Fifer, a native of Germany. Joshua Fifer resided on the old Compton home- stead until his death, December 20, 1873. He and his wife had children as follows: James and Francis, of Coffee I^ecinct : Permelia. and William, deceased. In 1001 Mrs. Fifer went to live witli her daughter, Mrs. .Tohn (i. Lovelette. in Keensburg. She has been a widow for nearly fort.v years and has managed her own affairs in a most able manner. She has reared her children to honorable man- and womanhood and has done her whole duty liy them. She is in fair health and is quite active for a woman of her years. She is revered and esteemed by ber large num- ber of friends and is honored by her children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. COMPTON, Joseph Henry, a substantial and successful farmer of Coffee Precinct Wabash County. 111., and for ten years a merchant of Cowling, is a native of the county, bom in Coffee Precinct, April 24, 1849. He is a son of James and Mary Ann (Kimbrell) Compton, both bom in Coffee Precinct, and grandson of John and Re- beca (Branders) Compton. both natives of Vir- gina. and on the maternal side of William and Permelia (Plul]X)t) Kimbrell. the former a na- tive of Eastern Tennessee. John and Rebecca Compton settled in Wabash County at an early day. securing forty acres of land near Keens- burg village. He was a highl.v educated and gifted man and served at one time in the Illinois I^egislature. He taught school in Virginia and also for many years in Illinois. AVilliam Kim- brell and his wife were early settlers of W'abash County, securing eighty acres of land adjoining the John Compton farm. After marriage James and Maiy Compton settled on the Wabash River in old Coffee Pre- cinct, on what is now known as the Blunt land, and two years later he purchased eighty acres of land adjoining the Kimbrell farm. He se- ■cured this iand from the Government, improved it and died uiwn his farm in 1856. His widow later married Joshua Fifer. and they lived on the Compton homestead until Mr. Fifer's death In 187.3. after which Mrs. Fifer continued to live there until 1001. since which she has lived with her daughter, Mrs. Caroline Lovelette. of Keensburg. She reached the age of seventy-nine years. April 2. lOlti. James Compton and his wife had children as follows: Joseph H. ; Jere- miah, died April 2. 1865 : Sarah, died in child- hood ; Caroline, married John G. Lovelette. By her second marriage Mrs. Fifer had four chil- dren, namely : James M., rents the old home from his mother: Francis, of Coffee Precinct; William, died about 1890 ; Permelia, died at the age of twenty years. Joseph H. Compton was but seven years old when his father died. He continued to live with his mother after her second marriage, meanwhile attending the district school, and re- maining on the home farm until his marriage. August 4. 1872. to Rachel E. Stewart. Mrs. Compton was Ixirn on the plac-e where she and her husband now live, and where her entire life has been silent, with the exception of a few years after marriage when they rented farms in Coffee Precinct. After the death of Mrs. Compton's father, William Boswell Stewart, they went to live on the farm which they now occupy and operate. William Boswell Stewart's wirn Febru- ary 7. 187.8. lives In Keensburg. 111. : John C, Itorn Januaiy 31, l.SSl, resides in Mt. Cannel. 111.: Laura. {>om February 19, 18,83. died Febru- ary 19, 1,883: Jessie 11.. born November 21. 1885. resides in Mt. Carmel ; Cnarence H.. lioni Novem- ber 4. 1,887. of Mt. Carmel : Thomas H.. born Sei)tenilier29. 18!10. died August 29. 1,891 : George H., bom September 20. 1895. ^ j\ (hk..c^.^u WABASH COUxNTY 703 Mr. Compton is prominent in local affairs and in politics is a Democrat. He has liekl various township offices and has been Justice of the Peace six years. Both he and his wife are mem- bers of the Tribe of Ben Hur, of Keensliurg, and she also belongs to the Royal Neighbore. Both are much interested in the good work of tue Christian Church and give their sup]K)rt to every worthy cause. They have a large numljer of friends and are held in high esteem by all who know them. COMPTON, Martin Van Buren, of Allendale, III., is descended from some of the first settlers of Wabash County, his father having served as Representative in the Illinois Legislature 1S42- 44, and his grandfather in the Constitutional Convention of 1818. Mr. Compton was born In Wabash Precinct. March 23, 18;>T, son of .lohn and Drusilla (Selby) Compton. the former born in Berkeley County, AV. Va.. and his wife in iveutuck.v. He was a son of Levi and Rosanna (Phinesee) Compton, the former a native of Fairfax County, Va.. and the latter of Saint Mary Count.v. Md. Levi Compton was a sou of .Tohn and Elizabeth (Hill) Compton, of Fair- fax County, Va., the former born February 1, 176fi. a son of John Comiiton, who was l>oni in Charles County. Md.. and .she born in England. The wife of John Compton, father of M.artin Van Buren Compton. was a daughter of Jeremiah and Xauc.v Ann fLevens) Selby. of English descent, who located in Wabash County. 111., in 1807. and entered land from the Government. In 1820 Mrs. Selby died and he moved to Pike Ctount.v, Ind., where he died, about IS-W-Sl. Levi Comjiton came to Wabash County as early as 180.3 and settled in Wabash Precinct along the river. He raised the first corn planted in the county, and lived on his first farm until 1807. when he moved to the place now occupied by his grandson. Martin Compton. where he se- cured 3.50 acres, on Section 12. which wag timber land. In 181fi he sold this land to his son. .John, and moved to Compton Precinct, entering land along the river. He died there in 1844. Levi Compton was one of the most prominent men of his day and served as a member of the Constitu- tional Convention of 1818, which prepared the Constitution for the admission of Illinois as a State. He ton that work, for the more eflicient preparation for which he spent four full years in the Northwest- ern Christian University, receiving his B. S. de- gree at the hands of that institution on the 28th day of .June. 1872. He had previously been or- dained to the regular ministr-y and, during his last three years in college, he preached on almost every Lord's Day in the pulpits of some of the surroiuiding churches. It is worthy of remark, as showing the strenuosity with which he pros- ecuted both ministrj- and studies, to mention that, while he kept pace with his classes in tie college, he held three consecutive protracted meetings, unaided by any other minister, at Old North liberty Church, iu Marion County. Ind. ; Old Belleville, iu Hendricks County ; and Arcade, Hamilton County, all iu Indiana, gathering in converts to the number of 80. which, for- those periods, was considered rather a remarkable achievement. During this same ministry the North Liberty Church was reorganized, and at Old Belleville the house was rebuilt. Before his graduation in June, 1872, he had been called to ]ireach. half the time each, for Greenwood and Clarksville Churches, both located in Johnson Cotuit.v. aliout five miles apart, the former lying some ten nnles due south of Indianapolis. He re- ceived the stipend of .$."i(i0 from each of these congregations ,and for five consecutive years ministered for these san)e fields, at the end of which time he severed his connection with Clarksburg, but continued to preach at Green- wood for two years more, when he resigned there also and came back to Wabash County, taking ui> liis residence in his old home, east of Friends- ville and near the old Barney's Prairie Church. It should be said with regard to his relations with the churches in Johnson Countv that they were always of the most ha]ii)y. sympathetic and congenial nature, and are today one of the most iileasant memories of all his .vears of service. .\t the age of twenty-three Mr. Coucb was V married to Aliss Exima C. Wood, daughter of Joseiih and Charlotte Wood, and sister to Oliver and Ogle Wond. all of this county. She was to him a true helpmeet, sharing not only his joys, but bis privations and toils as well, and was the brave. lo\ing mother of all his children. During Jf~Ci^iyi^^ jTZ^ne^tyiy"^ WABASH COUNTY 705 his years of early struggle, when burdened with his college work and trying at the same time to render efficient service in the ministry to the churches to whici lie had been called, she it was who bore more than her share of the lalwrs, safeguarded him with her love and prayers, and taught their children to be loyal to the Lord whom their father and mother both serve. on his farm, and his widow died .March 21. 10(12. at Allendale, III. Their children were : James E.. died in Georgia during the war ; Ja<-ob ; Nancy A.. Jlrs. E. S. Preston, of Lawrence County. 111.: Rachel P., Mr.s. William Milligan. deceased : Samuel H.. of St. Francisville. 111. : Mary E.. Mrs. A. M. Milli- gan, deceased: William A., of Hennessey, Okla. ; Jane. Mrs. William O. Ramsey, died in Wabash Precinct : (Jeorge B.. of Chicago. 111. : Mattie, Mrs. John Dunham, of St. Francisville. Jacob Courier wa^ reared on a farm and at- tended the district schools of his neighborhood. He did not leave home until his enlistment in Company B. Forty-second Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, in .\ugust. 18G4. He was assignerove- ments. having all the land under cultivation ex- cept ten acres which he has left in timber. Be- sides carrying on general farming lie pays con- siderable attention to raising Shrojishire sheep, short-horn cattle, Poland-China hogs and fine road and draft horses. He has been very suc- cessful in all his ventures and has always shown excellent judgment in the conduct of his affairs. He is an intelligent, enterprising farmer, ready to adopt modern methods and ideas in his work. The children horn to Mr. Cotirter and his wife were: William F.. of Wabash Precinct; Edward R.. also of Wabash Precinct: Sarah Viola and Walter J., at home. The family are members of the Christian Church and interested in all good work. Mr. Courter is actively interested in local afifaii-s and is a Democrat in politics. He served as County Commissioner from 189f! to 1905 continuously, and filled the office with credit and ability. He belongs to the Modern Americans of St. Francisville. III., and also to the Farmers" Union, of Wabash Precinct. CROW, Alfred Joseph. — Among the successful farmers of Wabash County. 111., is Alfred Joseph Crow, who lives In Mt. Carmel Precinct and car- ries on general farming. Mr. Crow was bom in West Salem. Edwards County. 111.. February 2.5. 1868. son of Henry and Jllnerva (McKinley) Crow, the latter a native of Edwards County. Henry was a son of Joseph and Jane Crow, na- tives of Daviess Countj-, Ky. The boyhood of .Vlfred J. Crow was spent on his father's farm and lie resided with his parents until his marriage, in 1889, to Elizabeth Stum, after which he resided with his Orandmnther McKinley. who was a widow. Later he moved to Missouri and lived in that State and in In- diana until he settled in Mt. Carmel. III., where he lived several years, and where his wife died February 21. 1901. The children were: Earl of Alt. Carmel, Precinct ; Ctirtis and Everett, at home; Edgar and his twin, deceased; twin daughters, deceased. Mr. Crow married (sec- ond) February 22, 1905. Anna Laura (Reel) Miller, who was born in Mt. Carmel Precinct, September SO, 1861, a daughter of David S. and Margaret (Gard) Reel, both natives of Wabash County, and the latter, widow of Raymond Miller. Her grandparents were Emanuel Reel and his wife, of Indiana, and Justus and Sarah E. (Omen) Gard. Her first husband. Raymond Miller, was born in Indiana. January 25. 1859, and they were married September 18, 1884. after which they renteil a farm for one year, then bought fifty-three acres of land in Mt. Carmel Precinct and later added twenty acres. Here he carried on general farming until his death. Fel>- ruai-y 8. 1904. They had three childi-en, namely Clyde Orlando, died February 23 , 1902. at the age of fifteen years and nine months; David Ernest, died October 10, 1901. at the age of eight years and ten months ; Bessie Alarguerite, bom Febi-uarly 25, 1895. After his second wife Mr. Crow took up his residence on his wife's farm and there has caiTied on general farming with excellent success. He is an enterprising and ambitious farmer, and pays close attention to the conduct of his affairs. He enjoys confi- dence and esteem of his neighbors and has good standing in the community. Politically he is a Democrat and attends the Methodist Episcapal Cliurch. Fraternally he is a member of the Modern Workmen of .\merica and the Mystic Workers of the World, of Patton Station. 111. DEICHER, Adam, an enterprising farmer and stockman of Lick Prairie Precinct. Wabash Count.v. 111., is a native of that precinct, born October 4. 1865, a son of John and Mary Eliza (Stoitz) Deicher. the former a native of Berks Countj-, Pa., and the latter of Lancaster Precinct. Wabash County. John Deicher was a sou of Jacob and Mary (Biehl) Deicher, of Berks County, and his wife a daughter of Adam and Marquet (Lipoid) Stoitz, the former bom in Alsace-Lorraine, and the latter in Hesse-Darm- stadt. Germany. Adam Stoitz first settled in Pennsylvania, later came to Indiana overland, stopping for a time in Terre Haute, and then locating in Wabash County, 111., where he mar- ried and settled in Lancaster Precinct. His father took up government land in Wabash County and his grandfather was in Chicago when it contained but two cabins and Fort Dear- iKirn. The latter could have purchased land where the present Chicago postotfice stands at 1214 cents per acre. He went to Eastern Iowa, along the Mississippi River, where the Indians were numerous and one exciting scene he wit- nessed was at a time when the Indians liad pro- cured some whisky ("firewater") and were linetl up on each side of the road. One Indian started to cross over to the other side, fell in the middle of the road in a drunken stuixir. and Adam Stoitz felt sorry for him. helped him up. cleaned the dirt off his clothe.s. and then learned it was Cliief Black Hawk. At this time Mr. Stoitz was on a Iirospecting tour and took up government land, WABASH COUNTY 707 ^hicli he aften\'ard sold. He traveled a long wiiy up and do^\■u tbe Mississippi, and finally settled in Lancaster I'reciuct in 184S. He died there in August, I'Mo. at the age of ninety years. Jacob Deicher and wife came to Wabash County in 1855 to join his sons who had settled tbere in 1850, and he died in 1805. John Deicher settled on a farm of 234 acres of tim- ber land in Lick Prairie Precinct, which he started to clear and improve, and he worked all around the neightorbood as carpenter and builder. He died in 1885 and his widow still resides on part of the old farm. Adam I)eicber attended tbe Stoltz district school and belped his father in clearing tbe land as soon as be was old enough to be of assistance. He carried on the home farm two years after his father's death, then it was divided and be re- ceived twenty-five acres, whicb he sold to his brother, .John, two years later and bought sixty acres on Sectiemocrat and takes an active interest in public affairs. He seired seven years as Highway Commisioner and six years as Scbool Director. Fraternally he is a member of the Modern Woodmen of America. Camp Xo. 1834. of Lancaster. DEICHER, John, (deceased).— The Deicher family is an old and well-known one in Wabasb County. 111., and has always been identified with llie best interests of tbe county. Although .John Deicher. who had a farm in Ivick Prairie Pre- cinct, has been dead a quarter of a century, his friends and associates still rememlier him with kindly feelings. He was t>orn in Berks County. Pa.. December 7. 1.S30. a son of .Tacob and Cathe- rine (Biebl) Deicher. of that State. About 1848 he came to ^\■abas•h County and worked for some time at the trade of carpenter. Januar>- 14. 18<>4. be married .Mary Eliza Stoltz. who was born in Lancaster Precinct. Wabash County. .July 0. 1845. a daitcbter of Adam and Margaret (LilKiIt) ."Stoltz. botb natives of fJermany. The grandparents of Mrs. r)eicher were Adam and Eva (Sfupple) Liliolt, and .\dam and Eva (Marx) Stoltz, all natives of Gei-many, who emi- prated to the United States and became early settlers of Lancastp' Precinct. Wabash County. After their marriage Adam and Margaret (Libolt) Stoltz settled on tbe farm owned by Mr. Stoltz's parents, which he purchased. His wife died August 11, 1840. and be married (sec- ond) her sister, Elizabeth Libolt. Mrs. Deicher was the only child by tbe first marriage, and by the second were four children, namely ; Henry, deceased ; John, died In infancy ; Lewis, de- ceased; Anna Margaret, Mrs. B. F. Seibert, of Lancaster Precinct. Mr. Deicher resided in Lancaster a year after his marriage and worked at bis trade as cari>en- ter. He had erected buildings on a farm of 160 acres in Lick Prairie Precinct, this farm being mostly in timber. He set to work to clear his land and put it under cultivation and became a successful farmer and stock-raiser, continuing this occupation until bis death, .January 31, 1885. Since bis death his widow has lived on a farm of fifty-five acres, owning ten acres and purchasing forty-five acres from her sons, and her sons .James F. and Charles F. are cultivating her land. She and her husband joined the Luth- eran Church in early life. Mr. Deicher was a Democrat in iKilitics. He was a gO(Kl carpenter and an industrious and energetic farmer and did bis duty as a citizen and in private life. Cljildren as follows were born to Mr. Deicher and his wife: Ad.am. of Lick Prairie Precinct, a sketch of whom appears in this work : Elizabeth M., Mrs. .John Seibert, of West Salem. 111. ; John, born September 5. 1800, died January 5, 1S95; George Wesley, died at tbe age of two years; Daniel, of Lick Prairie Precinct : James H. and Charles F., already mentioned; Nora Catherine, Mrs. Joseph Brines, of Lick Prairie Precinct. DENHAM, Albert B., a prominent farmer of Com])ton Precinct, Wabasb County. 111., was born in Clermont County. Ohio, son of Benjamin C. and Aristella (Webster) Denham, the former a native of Clermont County and tbe latter of Maine. His grandparents were James and Sarah tCrane) Denham. of New Jersey, and Burnham and Alice ( Sargent) Webster, of Maine. Tbe Webster family were of tbe same descent as Daniel and Xoah Webster. The jiarents of Albert B. Denham came to Wabash County. 111., in 18.52, with tbe parents of Benja- min Denham, having traded land in Ohio for land in Wabash Countj-. 111., and Gibson County, Ind. James Denham had been a large land holder in Ohio and became owner of about 600 acres of land in Wabash County. He died in the latter place. (October 3. 1855. His sons. John M.. Benjamin C. and William W., and bis daugh- ter. Rachel, came with him to Illinois, and he divided 000 acres of land among them. Benjamin C. Denham and .\ristella Webster were married in Ohio, in 1837. Her parents moved to Ripley County, Ind.. while Mr. Den- ham and wife located on a farm in Coffee I*re- <-inct. near McClenry's Bluff, wbere both he and his wife died. Their children were: James P.. died in 1805; Burnham W.. killed in the Civil War; Sarah .\.. Mrs. Diiuiell. of Compton Pre- 708 WABASH COUNTY cinct ; David W., on the home place, in Coffee Precinct ; Albert B. ; Alice Isabel, lives with her sister, Mrs. Dinnell. A sketch of David W. ap- pears in this work. Albert B. Denhani attended the common scliools in Wabash County and spent six months in Indianapolis College. lie lived at home until his marriage. October 3, l.STO, to Alice A. Pool, born in Wabash I'recinct, Wabash County, daughter of Klhanan and Nancy (Compton) Pool, natives of Wabash County. Her grand- parents were James and Mary (Keen) Pool, na- tives of Kentucky, and Eli and Hannah (Har- nett) Compton, of Virginia. After maiTiage Mr. Denham and his wlie moved to a farm of eighty acres in Compton Precinct, where they lived tbree years, then after living six months in Mt. Carmel, returned to tbeir eighty acres, and four years later traded this for part of the old homestead. Ten years afterward they sold this land and purchased forty acres In Section SO of Compton Precinct, where most needed improve- ments were made. Jlr. Denham continued clear- ing and improving tbis farm and now has it all under cultivation except about four an-es of tim- ber. He carries on general farming and has been very successful in lireeding and raising Hamp- shire hogs. He and his wife have children as follows: Otis A., of Compton Precinct; E. Garry, at home; Essie, Mrs. E. Clement Keen, of Keens- burg. Mr. Denham is an intelligent and entel^1rising farmer and a shrewd man of business. He has always taken a prominent part in local affairs and in polities is a Democrat. He has served at various times in local offices, such as School Director and Road Commissioner, and in 1890 was honored by election to the Thirty-seventh General .\sserably of Illinois. He has given most satisfactory and able service in public otHce and has the entire confidence of his fellnw-citizens. Fraternally he is a member of the F. M. B. A. The family attend the Christian Church, of which Mr. Denham lias been an Elder since 188adiah Denham was born August 5, 18i4. although his e.xact birthplace is not known ; It is believed, however, to have been either New- Jersey or Virginia., They remained in Virginia lint a short time, soon after removing to Ken- tucky, where they remained twenty-four years, and where all their children were bona. In 1795 they removed to Ohio, settling in what is new Clemont County, where Obadiah Denham became the owner of (i.tWO acres of land. uix)n which he founded the city of Bethel in Clermont Countj-. His decease occurred June 3, 1817, and that of his wife on April 28. ISIS. James Denham. the second son of Obadiah Denham. was born in the State of Kentucky. Aiigust 14. 1782, in 1795 came with his parents to Ohio, there grew to manhood and. on Decem- ber 3, 1807. was married to Miss Sarah Crane, l*orn in the State of New Jersey. March 13. 1783. daughter of Benjamin Crane, and came witli her parents to Ohio in 1800, and lived on a farm near Bethel. James Denham was a farmer and owner of a farm of 300 acres near Bethel, where he and his wife reared a family of seven chil- dren — four sons and tbree daughters — and where bis wife died February 9, 1841. aged fifty- seven years. The father continued to reside there until 18.52. when he and two of bis sons traded a part of this land for land in Wabash County, 111., receiving about 5fK) acres in Town No. 2 South. Range 13 West. To this they moved hi October. 1852, ,Janies Denham's family then consisting of one son, .John W.. and one daughter. Rachel B. Denham. and his little granddaughter. Rebecca X. Hewitt. James Denham. the father, departed this life October 3, 1855. aged seventy-three years. Benjamin Crane Denham. son of James Den- ham. was born in Clermont County. Ohio. Mav 22. 1812. and lived at the paternal home mitil 1,837, when he marrietl Miss Aurestella Webster. Ixvrn hi the State of Main. September 2. 1.811. the daughter of Burnham and Alice (Sargent) Webster, who came to Ohio at an early day. WABASH COUNTY 709 lit'iijaiiiii) ('. iK'iiliam reiiialue-. Itonj Auirust 10. }K',H; i'.uriiliain Webster, liorii AupiKt 2, ^K^»■, Sarati A,. U^rn Auifust 20. ^W2: iJavld Welmter. Ixjrn SeptMulier 10, 1H44; Albert B.. iKjrii .\Iarcli 2.'{. 1H47: Alice I'., boni Xoveml)i;r 7, 1S4!». All the children were Ixjrn In Ohio and came with their fKirentH to lIlinolK In XK',2. Mr. Denfuim waK an Industrious and successful farmi-r. owneij a fine Ixxly of .'{20 ac-res of land and became i»rf>niinent in the aflfairx of the county. He died in 1SH4 at the age of seventj-- four years, his wife having precedeeri'xl of KM) days. thet>er^ice of the retriment l)eing Iimiteandes. lK)th na- tives of Virginia. After marriage he and his wife lived on his father's homestead, of which he in- herited IftO acres, including the house. He has sinc<' .'iddefl to his holdings until he now owns 24fi acres in .^^ection .".2. Town 2 South. Range 13 West. His father had erectefl a hantisome resi- dence on McCleary's BlufT. overlwiking the river and having one of the finest views in that sec- tion of the cf)unty. This is a natural buildinz site, surrounded by fine shade and ornamental trees and making an ideal country home. Mr. Denham carried on general farmlnz here, rai.s- Ing cattle, horses and hogs, but at sixty years of age retirefl from active business life, turning his fanning ofierations into the hands of his two sons. William Clyde and Perry Einjer. these being his only children and both at home. In isrt." Mr. Denham dis^^vered a vein of coal at Mf^'lejiry's BluflT. which has lieen developed to a considerable extent. In i'MCt his sons ojxjned. a .^'/i foot coal vein on the home place, which is in rvjntlnued operation, fumi.shing cf>al to near- by farmers and residents of neighl)Oiing vil- lages. Mr. Denham has been especially fortunate in his investments and has been success-ful In his farming operations, developing a fine farm and bemlng one of the prominent men of his com- munity. In rolit''^''' he Is a DemofTat and for several years ser\-ed as a member of the Town- ship Schofil P^Mrd. The family attend the Chris- tion Church and lend their hearty cfi-operatlon In siijifioii: of the church and its work, and are ready to espouse any case which the.v regard as for the benefit of the community. DEPUTY, Ezra C. (deceased).— Among the successful farmers of Mt. Carmel Precinct. Wa- bash County, III., who apprw.-iated the ad- vantages to tie derived from foll'wing modern nielliods of caro'ing on their work and fr<>m raising high-grade stock, was the late Ezra C. Dei)Uty. Mr. Deputy was born Fetjruarj' IC, 1V)1, on the farm where his entire life was srient, and there diwl July 2. i;»10. his burial taking place on July 4th in Bellmont Cemetery. He was a mm of William ('. and Elizabeth f Ar- nold) Deputy, the former tx>rn in Mt. Carmel Prec-inct and the latter in Richland County, III. William C. Deputy was a mm of William and Nancj' (Tavner) I)e|mty. of Virginia, and his wife was a daughter of .lohn and Elizatjeth ^Jordan) Arnold. Jolin Arnold organized a cfjnixKiny for the Sec-ond lU-giment. .Second Bri- gade of Illinois, for the Black Hawk War, l>e- coming Captain of tliis company. He entered service May 12 and was mu.stered out August 15, 38.'{2. William and Nancy Deputy were among the early settlers of Wabash County, se- curing a large amount of Oovenirnent land. He carried on fanning and died on his fann. which was on the Ixjrder between Mt. Cannel aiid Bellmont I're<-Incts. After their marriage William C. and Eliza- t>eth Deputy move<] to a farm In Section 21 of Mt. Carmel Precinct, where he secured .'580 acres ol land, all of which was fivered with timtjer at the time he got It from his father. He died there February 17. 1881. and his wife Seirtem- ber <), 1870. Their children were: Sarah .M., tKirn January Mt. 1849. and married Jf>achim .Joachims, of Oklahoma: F;zra *■. : Theodore, lK)rn June <;. 18-54. dieui August 14. 18.-/». died Septemt»er 15. IWW: Sherman, txirn July 20, 18G5. died Decemlier 4. 1873 ; Grant J., lx>m No- vember 18. 1W«. diem in Bell- mont Pre'inet, March 20. 1850. daughter of John M. and Mary .Tane (Ballard) Rigg. t>oth natives of Wabash County. Her grandparents were Rot)ert and Elizabeth M'<'lary Rigg, natives of Virginia, and .Tosei»h and Martha (Putnam) Ballard, all of them among the early settlers of Wat»ash Oiunty. After his marriage Mr. Deputy erc-ted a residence on pai^ of his father's farm in Bellmont Precinct, and lived there until No- vemt)er 24. 1882. when he purchased the old homestetid from his stef>-mother. n-hose maiden name was .Sarah Lingenfelder and who was the widow of .Mr. Staninger. She had one child by Mr. Der>uty's father. Inna. who lives with her mother in .Mt. Carmel. Mr. Deputy owned 290 acres in the home place and he and his son had eighty acres a mile and a quarter south. He r-arrled on general farm- ing, with sfiecial attention to breeding and rais- ing Hereford cattle and Duro'- Jersey hogs. He was prominent in social and fraternal circles and had manv friends. He was a member of Blue Lodge No. 239. A. F. & A. M.. of Mt. Car- 710 WABASH COUNTY mel ; of the Mutual Protective League, also of Mt. Camiel. aud of Camp No. 1745, Modern Woodmen of America, of Sugar Creeli. in wliioh he served one year as District Deputy. In pol- ities he was a Keiiuliliean, had served twenty- five years as School Trustee, and had also served as Road Commissioner. Mrs. Deputy is a mem- ber of the Jlethodist Episcopal Church and is prominent in churrli worli. Mr. and ilrs. Deputy liad children as follows : Marj- E.. lx)rn August Kt. 1874. and died Oc- tober 22, same year; Thomas, \yorn September 3, 1875, resides in Bellmont Precinct ; James, bom May 2. He was assigned to the Army of the Tennessee, serving in the Thirteenth Army Corps, under Gen. John A. McClernand for a sliort time, and later transferred to the Fifteenth Araiy Corps under Gen. John A. Logan. Mr. Dinnel partici- pated in the battles of Vicksburg. ilissionary Ridge. Resaca. Savannah, and Beutonville, N. C. as well as numerous skirmishes, and participated in the March to the Sea, with General Sherman. He was mustered out at Goldsboro, N. C, April 0. 1805. He returned to his home with Mr. Heniken with whom he farmed two years, then rented land one year, after which he purchased his present farm, which then c-onsisted of eighty acres with a log house and log barn, boarding for a time witli his brother and afterward with a tenant on his farm. He added to his possessions from time to time as he was able, and now has 2S5 acres, all under cultivation except twenty acres of timber land. He has been verj' suc- cessful in his ojierations and is one of the most extensive farmers of the neighborhood. He has made a S])ecialtv of raising stock. Mr. Dinnel married, February 23. 1870. Sarah A. Denham, who was born in Clennont County, Ohio, a daughter of Benjamin C. and Aristella (Webster) Denham, he born in Clermont County and she near Augusta. Maine. Her grandparents were James and Mary (Ball) Den- ham. of New Jersey, and Bumham and Elsie (Sargent) Webster, of English desc-ent. Mr. Dinnel and his wife were blessed with children as follows : Maud. Mrs. James Deputy, of Comiiton Preurchased a farm near Mt. Carmel. The Ravensteins came to Wabash County in 1855, locating on a farm he purchased in Bellmont Precinct. The parents of Daniel S. Epler were married in Wabash County and settled on a farm one mile south of the Village of Bellmont. where he died June 20, 1.881. His widow has since con- tinued to live on the home farm. Their chil- dren were: Barbara. Mrs. I^ewis Harper, of Edwards County. 111. ; Justine. Mrs. James WABASH COUNTY 711 Lance, of Bellmont TreciiKt ; Diiniel S. ; Cath- erine, Mrs. 1). Z. Putnam, of Bellmont I'reciuct ; Peter, of Bellmont ; Flora. Mrs. William Cole, of Bellmont Precinct; John, of Bellmont Pre- cinct. At the age of seventeen ^fears, having received a scanty education, Daniel S. Epler began farm- ing on his own account, bu.viug laud in Bellmont Precinct, which he kept until he was of age, then sold it and purchased a farm in Keeusburg Precinct, where he spent three years, then sold out and bought forty acres on the northern boundary of Keeusburg Village, which he uses for a stock farm. He has various other inter- ests, liowever. March 1. ISO:^., he embarked in the livei-j' business, and in 1808 began to deal in agricultural implements. His lively stable burned and he did not rebuild it. but continued handling implements. In the spring of 1!)10 he turned most of bis business over to his son Ed- ward, but .still conducts a saddlery, harness, and hardw^ire store. He is a man of good business abilit.v and an excellent farmer. He makes a sjiecialty of raising (Jerman coach horses and .lackasses. dealing extensively in horses and hogs. He and his wife have two children : Bes- sie and A. Edward, both at home. Mr. Epler is an ententrising citizen and prom- inent in fraternal circles. He is a Republican in politics and a menUier of the Independent Or- der of Odd Fellows Lodge No. 03!>, and the Mod- ern Woodmen of America Camp N"o. 2193. of Iveensburg. l)eing a charter meuil)er in both or- ganizations. He is activel.v interested in the good work cairied on by these orders and is also identified with the best interests of the com- munit.v. EWALD, John Jacob. — ^Among the successful farmers of Wabash Count}-, 111., may be found nian.v who are comparatively young, but have had the advantage of siieiMal training for their line of work, and have acquired laud on which nian.v improvements were made before it came into their jmssession. Among the enterprising .\-oung farmers of Bellmont Precinct is John Ja- cob Ewald. a native of the precinct, born June 1. 18S1, a sfm of George C. and Jennie (Seller) EvA-ald. the former born in Oenuaug in 1S.".l, and the latter born in Mt. Carmel. III., in isr,2. The father, who is County Oonunissioner in Wabash CV)inity, owns fV40 acres there and 820 acres in old Mexico. He and his wife had children as follows: John Jacob. Ida M.. Heinricb. Clar- ence IT., Ada Matilda Tucker. Grace Elizabeth. Paul George. Clara Bell. Ralph Waldo. Edith Vivian. Fre- ment of this order, and is also a member of the Miwlern Woodmen. EWALD, William, one of the large landowners of Wabash County. 111., and member of a i>rom- inent family in that count}', was born in Ilische, Province of Kirtz Gilsow. Germany, November 16. 1S49. He is a son of John and Catherine ( Moriel ) Ewald, both natives of Germany. John Ewald was an expert cabinet-maker and won distinction in his art by producing what was kno\\ni as a "master-piece,"' which work en- titled him to the iirivilege of hiring others to work for him. He came to the United States in ISiHt and engaged in general farming in Bell- mont Precinct. He and bis wife were parents of the following children : William. George C. and Pauline. William Ewald was reared in Germany until eleven years old. when he came with his jiarents to Wabash County. 111. On August Id. 188.''., he was married to Rosa Fisher, a daughter of John and Mary Fisher, of Bellmont Precinct, and they had children as follows: John William, bom July 12. 18.84: Rosa Fisher, bom July If!. 1.S.S5: Harmon Frederick, born August Ki. 1880: Rosa .\melia. lx)rn August 4, 1888; Sophia C. born July 27. 1891: Gusta Louise, born July 2. 1.894; Mar}-. Iiorn August 27. 1.S90. deceased; Myrtle, boni July 11. 1.8!i7: Sherman Oneal. born July ."). 19(i(». and Eliza Maria, born February 1. 1903. For the jiast eighteen years Mr. Ewald has been Drainage Commissioner, and in this con- nection has rendered valuable service to his lo- cality. He is interested in an.v project calcu- lated to benefit his precinct or county, and in politics follows the fortunes of the Democratic party. He is an Odd Fellow, belonging to the Encampment of this order and is an active mem- ber of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Ewald owns .")87 acres of fine fanning land in Bellmont and Coffee Precincts, a large part of which he cleared and improved. He is ac- counted one of the most intelligent and pros- perous farmers of Wabash County and pays close attention to ever}- detail of his business. Besides bis land in this countv he owns 100 acres ri2 WABASH COUNTY in the Panhandle district of Texas, which lie devotes to raising wheat, millet and katHi- com. He stands well with his ueighhors and associ- ates and has a reputation for integrity and re- liabilitj'. FISCHER, Philip Rudolph.— Among the most extensi\e fanners of Wabash County, 111., is Philip Kudolph Fischer, who owns laud iu vari- ous preeiucts. He was iioru iu Bellmont Pre- cinct. Wabash Countj-, October IS, 18.50, a son of John and Anna .Marie ((Jroff) Fischer, na- tives of Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany. They came to the United States witli their parents as chil- dren, and met and were married September 18, 1845, iu the United States. In company with John and Jacob (iroff and a Mr. Grotz, John Fischer built a flat-boat on Bonpas Creek, near the Kitchen bridge, on the Mt. Cannel and Al- bion road, and on it each of them loaded what corn they had for market. When a rise in the Creek came the lioat was floated into the Wa- bash and down the (.)hio and Mississippi Rivers to New Orleans, where the coru was sold at 12i'_. cents per bushel, and the flat-boat for what they could get. Mr. Fischer made two of these trips, at one time having .$(5 and at the other $12 left when he reached home, after having sjieut about three mouths on each trip and walked most of the wa.v home. .\fter his marriage John Fischer spent one year in Mt. C'aruiel Precinct, then bought tim- ber land in Bellmont Precinct. He built a small log house, with a flrei)Iace and a mud. stick and straw chimney. He had alKJut .".OO acres, which he began clearing. He was l)oni January 31. 1814, and died December .''., 1!)02, and his wife. who was born December l(i. 1S24, died Febni- ar>' 17. 188.3. Their children were: John, of Dexter. Mo. : a daughter who died in infancy, and a son who died in infanc.v also ; Rhinehult. a sketch of whom appeai-s iu this work : Mary, born December 11. 1853, widow of John Howard, of West Salem. III.; Pliilip P.: George I.... born October 10, 1859; Elizabeth. Ixirn August 2, 1802. Mrs. George Sterl. of Mt. Caruiel Precinct: Rosa, Mi-s. William Ewald. of Jit. Carmel. was born July 10. 1805: Emma, born December 5. 1871, died September 10, 1873. -■Vfter living several years in a little log house, with a mud fireplace and stiilv chimney, Mr. Fischer Iniilt an eight-ixwui frame dwelling, the front oue-and-a-half stories high. Half of this building is still standing, .\fter the death of his wife in 188:',. he lived about nine months with his son Philip R.. when be moved to the home of his daughter. Mi-s. Ewald. where he spent nine mouths. In December. 1,8.84, he re- turned to the home of his son Philip R., where he remained six years. Then, after .some dis- agreement, he moved to the home of his daugh- ter. Mrs. Howard, at West Salem. Edwards County, and there sjient nine years, then mov- ing to his son's. Rhinehult. in Bellmont Pre- cinct, where he remained until the date of his decease about three .years later. In February. 1887. Mr. Fischer visited his sister, Mrs. Strieker, at Fort Adams, Miss., where he re- mained some six weeks, returuing home about the midle of March. Both he and his wife were members of the German Moravian Church, at West Salem. • I'hilip R. Fischer was i-eared on his father's farm and received but few educational advan- tages. He remained with his parents until his marriage, November 0, 1884, to Harriet Henry, who was born in West Salem. III.. August 28. 18.50, daughter of Christian G. and Joanna Elizabeth (Banack) Henry, natives of ^^^ ^^ L.^c,^i^<^^ WABASH COUNTY 713 ler of Westhofen, and spent his entire life at ttie old home there, lifter his death his widow emigrated with her family to the United States and settled near Mt. Carmel, 111. At the time Martin Fisher accompanied his mother to the United States he was about four- teen years of age. He had received his education in his native country and, after arriving at Mt. Carmel, hel])ed in the work on the farm. He learned the trade of shoemaker from William Seitz. but .soon afterward was obliged to go south on account of ix)or health. He went to New Or- leans, where he was naturalized, and lived in that city thirty years. He engaged in business soon after locating there and for many years con- ducted a shoe factoiy. He lost all his money during the reconstruction period, and had to build up his business anew. He joined the Ma- sonic Order while living in New Orleans, served as Junior Warden of his lodge, and after he re- turned to Mt. C'amiel. transferred his member- ship and served as Tiler of the lodge at the lat- ter place. He was a .stanch Democrat and in religious views a Presliyterian. He had many warm personal friends and has Iwen missed in man.y circles. He had the esteem and regard of all who knew him and took great interest in the welfare of the comniunit.v. Mr. Fisher ■omied the home where his death occurred, and which is now the residence of his widow. He -was buried at Rose Hill Cemetery. Mr. Fisher was twice married. His first wife was Margaret Huft a native of Germany, who had one child and died in 186.5, at New Orleans, La. He marrierT. Miller lived there the remainder of his life. In his youth John Fisher, after learning the trade of eanienter. went to New Orleans and traveled up and down the Mississippi River working at his vocation. He was married in Gib- son County and soon after moved to Wabash Precinct. Wabash County, where he followed his occupation a few years, and then moved back to Gibson County. In 1847 he moved to Lick Prairie Precinct. Wabash County, and piirchased eighty acres of land. He followed his trade in connection with farming, and he and his sons cleared most of the farm, fifteen acres having already been cleared when he moved on it. He lived on this farm until 18(!8, then twught 143 acres ad.loining, to which he moved and culti- vated until 1877, then traded for 121 acres east of his farm, where he lived the remainder of his life, and where he died in 1897. His first wife died about 1870 and he married (second) Mary (Carter) Greathouse, widow of Irvin Great- house, who had two children by her former mar- riage — William, of .\rkansas, and George W., of Edwards County, 111. By his first marriage Mr. Fisher bad children as follows: Da^id. on the old homestead in Lick Prairie Precinct; Peter M. : Alameda, Mrs. Marion Sloan, a widow, liv- ing in Tipton, Iowa ; John W.. of Jit. Carmel ; Rachel. .Mrs. Homer Morgan, of Sumner, III. ; Susan. Mrs. James Tuel. died in Lick Prairie Precinct; William, of Arkansas; Cieorge W., of Edwards County, III. By his second marriage .Mr. Fisher had children as follows: Robert Bonner, died at the age of twenty-five years; Charles C, of St. Loui.s. Mo. ; Frederick, resides with Peter .M. ; Emma V., .Mrs. George Ulm, who resides with her half-brother, David. Peter N. Fisher attended the Ridge District School, remaining with his parents until he en- listed, October 9, 1861, in Company I, Sixty-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, later part "of the Western Sharpshooters in the Fourteenth Mis- souri \"oIunteer Infantry, their first commander being Col. Burge. Mr. Fisher was with the regi- ment until .May 1. 186.3. when he went to La- Grange, Tenn.. later to Fort Pickering. .Memphis, and entered the Veteran Reserve Corps, doing guard duty at St. Louis. Mo., after si^nding six months in the invalid camp on account of rheu- matism. He assisted in guarding new recruits and drafted men. and in conducting them to the places assigned them, going from Benton Bar- racks to points along the Mississippi River. He was discharged at the end of his term of service, October 18. 18(54. and returned home. He had proved a faithful soldier and had performed his full duty at all times. -Vfter the close of his service Mt. Fisher re- mained with his father until his marriage. In September, 186.5, to Mary E. (Hill) Bratton. born in Lick Prairie Precinct, a daughter of Thomas and Phebe (Stewart) Hill, of Indiana, and widow of .Marshall Bratton. who died In the I'nion Ann.v. She had two children by her former marriage — Sarah E.. Mrs. George Mc- Gregor, who died in 1902. and Oliver Howard, who died in 18,85. After his marriage Mr. Fisher rnn-chased 121 acres of land adjoining his father's farm, and in 1877 traded witli his father and moved to the old home farm, where he now lives. There was only about fifteen acres of this land cleared at that time, and he has since cleared the remainder except alwiut four acres left in timber, so that he now has some ninety- seven acres under cultivation. His land is very fertile and. besides a general line of farming, he 714 WABASH COUNTY is successful in raising a good grade of liorses. tiogs and cattle. Mr. Fisher is a consistent member of tlie Chris- tian Churcli and is active in ehurcli worls. He lias been a Deacon and Treasurer since ISnO and a Trustee since 18ft5. He is a prominent mem- ber of the G. A. R. and stands well among his coun-ades in the post. He is well known and highly esteemed in the immunity where he lives." In politics he is a Republican. Cliildreu as follows were boni to Mr. Fisher and his wife : Elsie J., Mrs. Clark Mayne. of Bone Gap, 111.; Emma, Mrs. John Marville, of Danville, 111., and Harry U., born in 1875 died in 1885. FISHER, Rhinehult, who is extensively en- gaged in stock farming in Bellmont Precinct, Wabash County, 111., is a native of that precinct, born May 20, 1851, a sou of Johu and Anna Marie (Groff) Fisher, both natives of Germany —he born in 1814 and she December 10, 1821. John Fisher (whose name is spelled Fischei- in preceding sketch of Philip R., brother of the sub- ject of this sketch ) and his wife were early set- tlers of Wabash County and lived sometime near Mt. Carmel. He spent one year in Mississippi be- fore his marriage, and upon his return entered a tract of laud in the northern part of Bellmont Precinct, part prairie and part timber. He kept adding to this tract until he owned about 1,000 acres. He spent the last three years of his life with his son Rhinehult, and died November 6, 1902. His wife died February 18, 188?.. Their children were: John F., of Dexter, Mo., born December 25, 184(1; Rhinehult; Philip R.. born October 18. 18.5(i, whose sketch appears in this work; George L., bom October 10, 1859; Eliza- beth, bom August 2, 1862, married George Sterl, who now lives in Mt. Carmel Precinct; MaiT. born December 11, 1853, widow of John Howard, resides in West Salem, 111. : Rosa, bom July l(i, 1,sfi5. married William Ewald, of Mt. Carmel; Emma born December 5, 1871, died September 10, 1873. Rhinehult Fisher attended the public schools until he was twelve years old. and remained at home witli his i)arents until his marriage. Ajn-il 4. 1870, to Katherine Kramer, tom January 11. 1858, a daughter of Henry and Anna M. (Shafer) Kramer. Her father born in Bavaria, and her mother in Baden, Ciermany. Henry Kramer was a .soldier in Germany and emigrated to Buf- falo, N. Y., where he worked some time at his trade of cooper. From Buffalo he mo\'ed to Evansville, Ind. ; and later located at Mt. Car- mel, 111., where he worked some years, then pur- chased a farm near Maud, in Bellmont Precinct. After occupying this farm several years, he sold out and purchased another farm in ;Mt. Carmel Precinct, where he died Febrnry 27. IS.SO. his wife having passed away Februaiy 22. 1873. Their children were : Henry, died in infancy, at Buffalo ; Henry (II i died at the age of five years ; Catherine, Mrs. Fisher ; George, of Compton Precinct, and Henry (III), of Denver, Colo. .\fter his marriage Mr. Fisher moved to a farm of 100 acres which his father gave him, this land being partially improved. He con- tinued clearing and developing the land, bring- ing it into first-class condition. He also iiur- ehased eighty acres at Bellmont. half of it within the corporation limits and half just outside. He also purchased a farm of 140 acres in Lick Prairie Prec'inct, which he rents. He has always carried on a general line of farming, with special attention to stock-raising. He and his wife became parents of children as follows: John R., lx)rn JIarch 7. 1877, of Bellmont Pre- cinct ; William H., born November 9. 1878, died December 19, 1878; May Elmira, born Septem- ber 11, 1882, died May 12. 1887; Laura E.. born July 5. 1885 at home ; Roy D. born August 1, 1888. at home; Adam R., born July 22, 1890, died January 5, 1891 ; Anna ilarie, born Septem- ber 29 189.5. died March 5, 1890; Esther, bom June 21, 1897, at home. Mr. Fisher is an ener- getic farmer, winning success through hard work and giM>d management, and he has won the con- fidence of his fellow citizens as an upright, hon- orable man. In politics he is a Republican. He and his wife attend the Methodist Episcopal Church and take a prominent share in its good work. Mrs. Fisher, like her husband, had few- early advantages, being able to attend school only until she was twelve years old. Both take a lively interest in the public welfare and prog- ress, and are ready to further any good cause of which they become cognizant. FOGERTY, Charles J., a veteran of the Civil War and a highly esteemed citizen of Mt. Car- mel, 111., although a native of England, has been a resident of the United States since he was about six years of age, and has proven himself a patriotic and useful citizen of his adopted coun- try. Mr. Forgerty was born in Shetlield. Eng- land, Februaiy 0, 1843. a son of William and Harriet (Porter) Fogerty. who came to the United States in 1849. settling in Covington. Ky. William Fogerty was a surveyor and civil en- gineer and laid out the first division of the Ken- tucky Central Railroad. In 1S52 he and his wife, with six of their children, died of cliolera, and their remaining three children, including Charles J., were taken by friends to rear. Charles grew up with George H. Bussing, who was a banker at Cincinnati. Ohio, where the hoy attended the common schools and received a fair education. In July, 1801, Charles J. Fogerty enlisted in Company C. Nineteenth Illinois Volunteer Infant- r.v. which was made up at Chicago. They were first assigned to service in Missouri, and soon after to Cincinnati. In the fall of 1.801 thev were sent to Louisville, Ky., where they entered the .\rniy of the Cumberland. Mr. Fogerty jiar- ticipated in engagements in Kentucky. Tennes- see. .\labama and Georgia, several of them lead- ing battles in which the Eastern Army took jiart. He receive*! his discharge Julv 9. 18(>4. having served with credit to himself and shown a close devotion to his duties. WABASH COUNTY 715 Returning to Indianapolis at the close of his service in the aiui.\-, Mr. Fogerty entered the em- ploy of the J. M. & I. Kailroad as clerk, remain- ing iu that position until 1SI57. then went to New Orleans and took a position as night insiieetor in that city. Later he lield the position of United States Marshal at the same place, where he s!>ent seven years. Returning to Indian- apolis, Mr, Fogerty accepted a position as con- ductor for the Big Four Railroad, remaining in that capacity from IST.j until 1S8S, when he came to Mt. Carmel. In the latter city he became freight and extra passenger conductor for the same roa'd. liut*in IS!)!), on account of failing health, resigned his jMsition and has since been retired. He soon made his influence felt in the city and has rendered valuable service in the in- terests of the Republican party. He is now sen-ing as a member of the City Committee of the party and Committeeman of the First Ward of the city. He takes an active Interest in the progress and welTare of the community and sup- ports any worthy cause. He is prominent in G, A, R. circles, belonging to T. F. Bowers Post. No. 12.1. has many warm friends in Mt. Carmel and is highly esteemed for his many good qual- ities. Mr. Fogerty married. May T. ISGi). Melissa M. Mounts, of Dupont, Ind.. and they became par- ents of one son. Harry, who died in 1S.S0. Mrs. Fogerty died JanuaiT 11. 1.87.5. and Mr. Fogerty married (second) December 1. ISTfi. Henrietta Kuhlmann. who was born in Indianajwlis. Ind.. and they have one daughter, Eva, who married Clareni-e F. Stein, of Mt. Carmel. FORDYCE, Oliver P.— Horticulture is every year receiving more scientific attention and the success which followers of this line of work are attainii'g comes only through careful study of the subject in hand and strict attention to details. Oliver P. Fordyce. who conducts large green- houses at Mt. carmel. 111., is a .voung man of business ability and good judgment, and has won success throngli his long experi"nce in this occu- pation and a natural ai>titude for the same. Mr. Fordyce was born in Clark County. Ind., August Ifi. 1870. a snn of William and Eliza (Mann) Ford.vce. both natives of Indiana. His paternal grandparents. .Tarius and .ludith ( MeKinlev ) Fordyce, were natives of A'irginia, and were pio- neers of Indiana, who secured land from the Government His gra)idparents, on both sides, came to Indiana about 1830 and secured govern- ment land, William Fordyce was man-ied in Indiana and became owner of a farm in Clark County. He died December 2fl. 1008, and his widow has since moved to the Village of Borden, Ind,, where she lives with her daughter, Dena. She and her hus- band had children as follows: Dennis Link, of Princeton, Ind. : Dena. Mrs. G. M. McKinley. of Borden : Samuel J., of Borden : Addle .T.. Mrs. Zachnriah Nicholson, of Borden; Oliver P.; Amanda. Mrs. .lesse Wade, of Borden. After receiving a common school education. Oliver P. Furdyce attended Borden Institute. He has been engaged in his present line of work since he was fifteen years old, starting out near Borden, Ind., where he remained three years, then moved to Vincennes. where for two years he was superintendent of a nurseiy. He then went to Niles, Cal„ where he spent two years in horti- cultural work, and then returned to Illinois and took charge of a nurseiy at Normal a year and a half. Mr. Fordyce then became assistant super- intendent of a large nursery at Shenandoah, Iowa, with D. S. Lake. A year later he was called home on account of sickness in the family, and a short time later returned to Vincennes, where he found employment for two years as suiierintendent of another luirsery. On account of ix)or health he spent two years in Wyoming, then erected a greenhouse at Borden and en- gaged rather extensively in the line of horticul- ture. Several years later he sold out his inter- ests and worked one year in Chicago for George Rheinlnirg. who had a large greenhouse. How- ever, he i>referred conducting his own Inisiness and liought an interest in a nursei-y at Warrick. Ind.. where he spent three years, then sold out and started a similar enterprise at Mt. Carmel. He has ni.-iny rare and Iieautit'ul varieties of cut flowers, and has had such varied experience In so many parts of the countiT. that he is well in- formed as to the best manner of conducting his business. His greenhouses cover 12.000 square feet, and he handles a general line of plants, cut flowers, vegetables, nursery stock, such as orna- mental and fruit trees, shrub.s, etc. He has built u]! a good business in his line and has one of the finest establishments of its kind in Wabash county. He enjoys the i-espect and confidence of his customers and all who know him, and his future outlook for business is extremely good. In April. 1800. Mr. Fordyce married Cora V. Wade, who was bom in Floyd County. Ind.. a daughter of Henry and Mai-y CBurkharti Wade, both bom in the same county. One daughter has been bom of this union. Alma H,, bom December 20, 1000. Mr. Fordyce is a meiuber of the Christian Church, in which he served as Clerk eight vears. Politically he is a Republican. Since .\T'riI 1. 1000. Mr. Fordyce hns been asso- ciated with William H. Wetzel, who was taken into eriual partnership with him on that date, and the firm is known as Fordyce & Co, FOSTER, M, J,— Many men are able to win success in different lines of business, and such a man is M, J, Foster, who now lives at Mt, Car- mel, 111. Mr. Foster was born in Cambridge, England. October 17. 1S."0. a son of James and Maiy .lane (Patterson) Foster, the former a na- tive of Wittelsford and the latter of Duxford. The parents came to the T'nited States in 1.S.5S and settled in the northern part of Wabash County. He bought a farm in that vicinity and cultivated it six years, when he went to England on a visit, but upon his return engaged In gen- eral mercantile business at Friendsville, where he died in May. 187.'^. He had been a dmggist 716 WABASH COUNTY in his native country. His widow married (sec- ond) a Mr. Beaird. and lived at Claremont. 111., but while she was visiting a daughter at Olney, 111., her death ocemred. August 5, 1S96. She and Mr. Foster had two ohildren : M. .1. aud Ellen Mafj-. the latter of whom married John Beaird, her step-brother. When he was seventeen years of age M. J. Fos- ter began earning his own living, having received his education in the common schools. He was engaged in various occupations until 1871, when he embarked in the retail grocerj- business, which he continued until his father's death, then .sold out his own business, which was situated at Allendale, and returned to Friendsville to take up the business left by his father. He carried on this establishment for ten years, when he sold out and accepted a iX)sition as traveling sales- man for shoes. His territory comprised Southern Illinois, and for tT\'enty-seven years he covered it successfully without losing a single day's salary from sickness or other causes. However, in October, 1909, he found it necessary to abandon business temporarily, on account of the critical condition of his wife's health. Mr. Foster was married, in September. 1873, to Lizzie Thorn, who was born in Bridgeport, Lawrence County, 111., a daughter of Samuel and Eliza Ann (Collins) Tliorn both natives of Indi- ana, the former of Vanderburg County and the latter of Vincennes. Two children have been born of this union : Edgar, of Mt. Carniel, who is tak- ing his father's place in business; and .loseph Kyle, of Flathead County, Mont. For many years Mr. Foster has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and for a long time had charge of the music for its meet- ings. Fraternally he is a member of the Knights of Pythias and of the Masonic Order, being affili- ated with the Knights Templar of Vincennes, Ind. In politics he is a Republican and actively' interested in any subject that pertains to the public welfare. He keeiis well informed on all current topics and issues of the day, and is able to state his opinions on various subjects In a concise and convincing manner. He is well known in Wabash County-, having many friends there, as well as throughout the entire territory where he has traveled so many years. His busi- ness associations have been invariably pleasant and profitalile, FRENCH, Bascom, Jr., an enterprising busi- ness man of Bellmont. and formerly a teacher of ability and success, was lx>rn in Lukin Town- ship, Lawrence County, 111., November 2.5. 187l>, a son of Bascom and Margaret (Vanderment) French, the former a native of Lukin Township and the latter of Brown County, Ohio. Tlie father is a son of James and Mar.v French, and the mother a daughter of George Vandemient, who was a minister in the Christian Church. Bascom and Margaret French became parents of children as follows : ,\ddie, Mrs. S. .\. Landis. of Jit, Carme!, 111. ; Charles A„ of Bellmont, 111. ; Mary, Mrs. G. C. Higgins, of Independence, Kan, ; Ibba, Mrs, James Landis, whose husband is a minister in the Methodist Eijiseopal Church ; Bascom, Jr. ; Ella, married Dr. W. B. Moon, of Independence, Kan. ; l^ed, in partnership witli his brother, Bascom. After taking a common school course, Bascom French, Jr.. attended the State Xormal at Car- l>ondale. 111., the EtJingham College, and the Southern Illinois College, of Albion, 111. He lived with his parents until his marriage, Febru- ai-y 14, 1890, to Minnie .May Groff, bom in Bell- mont Precinct, Wabash County, a daughter of B. F. and Hattie (Ingram) Groff, of Bellmont Pre- cinct. After his marriage Mr. French taught in the public schools of Bellmont six years, then went to Champaign County, 111., but soon re- turned to Bellmont. In 1900 he and his brother embarked in tie grain business at Bellmont, then Bascom taught one year, after which he formed a partnership with his father in the same business and two years later left to teach in Ctiampaign County. On June 14, 1909, entered into partnership with his father and brother in the grain, elevator and milling business. Tlieir elevator has a capacity of about 10.000 bushels and they grind about fifty barrels of flour per day. Besides dealing in all kinds of grain, they also deal in horses, cattle and hogs, and do an ex- tensive business in shipping stock. All three are hustling, energetic business men, and pay careful attention to every detail of the enterprise in which they have firmly established themselves. Their dealings with their business patrons and associates have been distinguished by honesty and integrity, and they have won a good repu- tation. Mr. French is a member of the Christian Church, in which he has been an Elder since 190.3. He is a Republican in jwlitics and be- longs to the Modern Woodmen of .\merica of Bellmont. One daughter has blessed their mar- riage: Fern Vivian, born May 11, 1898. Mr. French and wife are prominent in social circles and have a multitude of friends. FRENCH, Howard Preston.— A successful law- yer and banker should be a man of high educa- tion and a high order of intelligence, who is able to see all sides of any financial question that ma.v arise in the routine of business and the intri- cacies of his profession. He should be a man of good judgment and always ready to follow [xilicies he has laid down for others in the con- duct of affairs, understanding every detail of each operation in the line of his work. Howard Preston French has been a resident of Mt. Carmel since 1905 and has formed a wide acquaintance and a host of friends. Mr. French was bom in Lawrence County. 111.. SeT>tember 8, 1879. son of P. O. and .Mar>- .Malinda (Ruark) French, both natives of Lawrence Count.v. His paternal grandparents. Xewton and Sarah A. French, bom in Pennsylvania and Ohio, i-espeet- ively, came to Wabash County after their mar- riage in IfViO. and a few years later moved to I^awrence County. Newton French was a cooper Qa^^ 'aiU.n^ WABASH COUNTY 717 in Mt. Cariiiel. but when he moved to Lawrence County bousht a farm, where he spent the re- mainder of liis life, and where his widow still lives. The parents of Mar.v Malinda French came to Lawrence Count.v. 111., among the early settlers, niovins there from Virsinia. about 1S15. Mr. and Mrs. Ruark were of English descent and died on their farm in Lawrence County. P. O. French was married in Lawrence County and now owns a farm there near the oil wells. His wife died February 2. l.Sn2. They had four cfhildTen, namely : Dr. A. D.. of Orio. 111.; How- ard P. ; E. B.. a school-teacher at Bridgeport. 111. : and Grace, living at home with her father. After receivin.a a common school education, Howard P. French entered college at Danville. Ind.. and later the Northwestern University at Evanston. III., graduating from the law depart- ment of the latter in 100.5. In September of the same year he came to Mt. Carmel and began the practice of his profession, in which he has met with gratifying success, and now enjoys an ex- tensive and lucrative patrona.ge. In 1007 he be- came afTdiated with the Mt. Carmel Banking & Trust Company, of which he is Assistant Cashier. Director and attorne.v. being thus engaged in the active management of the institution. He is capable and aggressive, has a good standing In the community, is well-liked and popular, and promises to be a factor in the future of Wabash County. .\ugust 7. 1007. Mr. French married Martha Binford. who was born at Greenfield. Ind.. a daughter of Robert Barclay and Deborah (But- ler) Binford. both of whom are living and mem- bers of leading pioneer Quaker families of that State. Mr. French and his wife have no chil- dren. He is Exalted Ruler of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, of Mt. Carmel. and in politcal views is a Democrat. He and his wife belong to the Presbyterian Church of Mt. Car- mel. FRIDRICH, Nicholas (deceased).— Tn the death of the late Xiclinlas Fridrich. who passed away February 20. lOO.s. Mt. Carmel. 111., lost one of Its best and most influential citizens. Mr. Frid- Tidi was interested in every movement for the pulilic welfare, and was known and respected by tlie entire population of the cit:^-. He was a friend of the po. and died in August. ISiiO. and his wife, born July 16. ISCMj, died about 18.51. His children were: Jerusha, Susan. Mary, Harriet and Charlotte, deceased : Washington, of Lick Prairie Precinct ; Wasson, deceased; Ben.iamin. of Indiana; Green; Frank- lin. Marion and Rachel, deceased; Effie. Mrs. Alliin Rirkett. of Oklalioma ; Caleb, deceased. The two la.st-naniefl were children by his second wife, who was a Mis.s Kitchen. The youth of Oreen Gard was spent on his father's farm, and he received the usual educa- tion accorded a farmer's son in those times in the district schools. At the age of nineteen .vears he began working for his brother. Washington, learning the trade of wagon-making. In lSof» he liegan the erection of a house on a farm of IGO acres in Section P,C>. Lick Prairie Precinct, which his father had given him. Two-thirds of this land was prairie land and he cleared the remainder, putting it all under cultivation. At the time lie liegan building the brush was so thick he could hardly get through it. but he brought the land to a high state of cultivation. He and his brother. Benjamin, bought a part of the home place on the Bonpas Creek Bottom, which was still covered witli timber. Green Gard secured .sixty-three and one-half acres of this, but has given land to his son until he now owns but thirty-two acres, liesides 100 acres of the home place, having sold sixty acres in l.SOi). October 18. ISfil. Mr. Gafd enlisted in Com- pany I. Sixty-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, called the "Western Sharpshooters.'' which be- came part of the Fourteenth Missouri Volunteer Infantry, in which he served for one year, when it was transferred to the Sixty-sixth Illinois. He remained with the regiment as long as it was in service, except six months when he was on de- tached sen'ice. tniilding railroads in Georgia. Mr. Gard received his discharge October IS. 1SR4. when he returned home, and has been em- ployed in the management of his farm continu- ously ever since, except during a period in 1881- 82. spent in wagon-making business in Edwards County. III. JiT. Gard married. .January 14. 1.800. Electa Kitchen, who was born at Kitchen Bridce. Ed- wards CouTity. Fobruai-y 0. 1844. a daughter of Leallyn and Elizabeth (Wellsl Kitchen, of Indi- ana. Her father died when she was quite small and her mother died aiiout 1902. Mr. Kitchen and his wife had children as follows: Martha A.. who maiTied Martin V. Hon. but is deceased; Mrs. Gard; Mary C. married Dr. Thomas AIc- Clain. of Roswell. X. M. ; .John E.. of Bone Gap. Edwards County; William W.. died in infancy. The children born to Mr. Gard and wife were: Addie. liorn March 12. 1801, and died November 24. 18S4: Maud, linrn October 20. 180.5. widow of Peter .\ndrews. and resides at Cowling. 111.; Ed- ward, died in infancy; Earl, born April 1. 1872. lives in Lick Prairie Precinct ; Leonard, boni January 5. 1878. lives at Bone Gap; Vernon. born June 28. 1,881. lives in Mt. Carmel Precinct ; Paul, born October 1. 1,886, at home. Mr. Gard is a Republican in politics and takes an active in- terest in the public welfare. He is an intelligent and progressive farmer and has Ijeen very suc- cessful in his enteri>rises. He has a large num- ber of friends in the county and is considered a representative, useful citizen. He is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic. GARD, Washington. — Xo family is more closely identitied with the early histor.v of Wabash C(mnty. tlian the Gard family, which has been represented there since 1814. and which fur- nished one of the meml)ers of the Constitutional Convention of bSlS, and of the last Territoiial Legislature before Illinois be<-ame a State. Wasliingtnn (Jard, now living retired from active life in Lick Prairie Precinct. Waliash Cnunty, was born in that precinct. Dei-enilier 20. l,s:^,.3. a son of P.en.ianun F. and Mary ( Bratton ) Gard. Benjamin F. Gard was Iiorn in Ohio, the son of Seth and Mary (Brown) Gard. natives of Ohio, and Mary Bratton. daughter of a soldier of the War of 1812, was born in Tenne.ssee. Grand- father Bratton was bom in Tennessee and died in his native State, after which his widow came to Walia.'ih County and maiTied a Mr. Wood. Seth Gard located in old Palmyra. Wal)ash County, and helped lay out the streets of that towni. He was one of the first Judges of the county and served in the Territorial Legislature in 1810-17. when it met at Kaskaskia. He finally settled on land which he secured from the Gov- ernment at Gard's Point, which was named after him. and died on this farm in 184.5. His widow died aI>out 1856. .\fter his marriage Benjamin F. Gard settled on a farm near Cabbage Corner in Lick Prairie Precinct, but soon soid out there and bought land in the western part of the precinct. At one time he owned 1.000 acres of land, mo.st nf which he entered from the Government. He died August 17. 1,800. and his wife died in February, 18.5.5. Their children were: Seth. died in child- hood; Mary. Mrs. .John White, died at the age of thirt.v-five years; Harriet. Mrs. John Groff. died in 1906. in Wabash County; Charlotta. Mrs. Lewis White, died at Bone Gap, III., in lOOO; Washington ; Wasson. was killed in 1804 in the Civil War: Benjamin, of Pose.v County. Ind. ; Green, of Lick Prairie Precinct: Franklin, died young; Rachel. Mrs, Nicholas Frederick, died several years ago. in Mt. Carmel Precinct; Marion, died young. Mr. Gard married (second) a Miss Kitchen, by whom he had two children. Effie. Jlrs. Birkett. of Oklahoma, and Caleb, who died many jears ago. Washington Gard received his education in the district school of his neighborhood and re- mained with his parents until his marriage, November 12. 18.54. to Ellen Gardner, who was born in Luzerne County. Pa., daughter of Henry and Sarah (Cole) Gardner, of Luzerne County. After his marriage Mr. Gard moved to a farm of 100 acres which his father gave him. erected a WABASH COUNTY 719 house and other buildings, and lived there until 1880, when he sold out to J. Fred Groff, and went to Pope County. III., and purchased Itti acres of improved land, which he traded nine .rears later for a farm in Lincoln County. Kan. After living there five years, he sold out and returning to Lick Prairie Precinct. Iwught a small farm there. on which he has since resided. He has retired from active life and is enjoying the rest he has so well earned. In itolitics he is a Reiniblican and has served as School Director and Road Supen-isor. While living in Kansas he was a member of the P. of H. Mr. Gard is well known in the community where he lives as a puhlic-si>irited citizen, and is a worth.v representative of the name lie bears and of the family that has done so mucli to ad- vance the interests of Wabasli County. He and his wife became parents of children as follows : Alice and Alonzo. died in infancy : Frank : Glen- bum, of the State of Washington ; Nora, widow of James H. Stallons. conducts a general store at Gard's Point : George O.. of Saline County. Kan. ; and Rudolph, of Kansas City. GAY, Jesse 0., for many years a prominent educator in the public schools of Wabash County. 111., is a native of Wabash County, bom in Bellmont. October 3, 1873. a son of Adam P. and Mary E. (Wheeler) Gay, lx)th twrn in War- rick County. Ind. Adam P. Gay is a son of Adam and Elizabeth Ga.v. born in Penns.vlvania. of Holland parentage, and Mrs. Gay was a daugh- ter of .To-;hua and Ann Wheeler, natives of Ten- nessee. Adam and >rary Gay were married in Xewburg County. Ind.. and the.v conducted a saw-mill in the southwestern part of Indiana. Mr. Gay enlisted, at Evansville. Ind.. in .July. 1861. in Company H. Twenty-fifth Indiana Vol- unteer Infantrv. became ill with the mumps at the time of the Battle at Fort Henrj- and was discharged at Cairo, in February. 180)2. on ac- count of disability, returning to Indiana. He was married in 18?iT. when but twenty years of age. and engaged in the saw-mill busi- ness which he continuefl until ISTO in Indiana, then engaged in a similar enterprise in Bellmont. In 1880 his mill engine blew up. and he discon- tinued his business, becoming a section foreman on what is now the Southern Railroad. After working three years for the railroad cnmpan.v. Mr. Gay engaged in farming and followed this occupation until 1803. Since 1004 he has been residing with his son .Jesse O.. in Bellmont. and his daughter. Corsi. in South Omaha. Mrs. Ga.v died April IS. 1.808. Their children were: Marj- J. and Frank, both of whom died at the age of two years ; Ella, died at the age of twenty years : William, died at the age of eighteen; .Jesse and Cora. Mrs. Francis L. Woods, of South Omaha. At the age of nineteen .vears Jes.se O. Gay be- gan teaching in the public schools of Wabash County, artd has since continued in this profes- sion with gratifying success, having tatight more years consecutivel.v than almost any other mem- ber of the profession in the county. He received his education in the public schools of Bellmont and in the State Normal School at Carbondale, 111. He has won a reputation for ability in his profession and stands well among the educators of the region. He was President of Wabash Coiuitj- Teachers" Association in 1008-00. In politics Mr. Gay is a Republican and has served as Clerk of the Village of Bellmont. also acted four years as a Trustee of the Village Board, and since 1003 has been Police Magis- trate. Fraternally he belongs to the Mystic Workers of the World, in which he has been Prefect since 100.". He is a member of the I. O. O. F. No. 720. of Bellmont. and has been Captain of the Degree Team : is President of tlie Council of the M. P. L.. and belongs to the V. S. Endow- ment of Chicago. In the fall of 1004 Mr. Gay served as Delegate to thq Republican State Con- vention, being President of the Waliash County Delegation. In 1008 he served as Delegate to the SuiH-eme Session of the Mystic Workers at St. Paul, and in 1010 served in a similar capacity at their session at Elgin. 111., beginning .Tune 7. Besides his other interests and duties Mr. Gay is a writing agent for the Hartford Fire Insur- ance Compan.v. He is an enterprising and repre- sentative citizen and identified himself with every cause for the advancement of the public welfare. He and his wife belong to no church but generally attend the Methodist E]iiscopal services and have a leaning toward that faith. November 4. 1807. Mr. Ga.v married Mary M. Weisenberger. who was liorn in Bellmont Pre- cinct, .Vpril 1. 187.^. a daughter of George and Margaret ('Groff) Weisenberger. Mr. Weisen- berger was born in Timberville. Wabash County, and his wife in Mt. Carniel Precinct. Tlielr parents were George and Rachal C Black) Weis- enberger. and Jacob and Mary (Fearheiley) Groff. also of Germany, natives of Hesse-Cassel. .\fter his marriage Mr. Gay moved to a house he had erected and furnished in Bellmont, where he has since resided. November 20. 10O5. he was a]">poiPted Postmaster of Bellmont and his wife is .Vsistant Po.stmaster. Their children are: Hazel ;\Iargaret. born August 31. 1.808: Clarence Arrol. born Januarv 27. 1001. and Kenneth Mer- win. Octolier 2. 100.5. GILLIATT, Claud Edison, M. D., a prominent and successful young physician of Allendale. Wa- bash County. 111., was born in L'nionville. Ind., July 24. 1878. son of Dr. William B. and Amy -Vnn (Lomax) Gilliatt. both natives of Orange County. Ind, Their parents were Willinni and Nancy nvillard) Gilliatt. natives of West Vir- ginia, and Lentsford and Elvira CHunt) Lomax. Dr. William B. Gilliatt graduated from the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons of Cincinnati, Ohio, about 1872. and began practicing at Fi'ench Lick. Ind.. in partnei-ship with Dr. Bowles, who invented "Greek Fire." After spending a year with Dr. Bowles he moved to English. Crawford County. Ind.. and a year later moved to T'nion- ville. the same State, being one of the oldest physicians in Orange Comity. He and his wife 720 WABASH COUNTY had children as follows : Laura, who died at the age of four years ; Claud E. ; and Lulu Ann. of Greenfield, Ind. After sraduatiug from the public schools Dr. Claud E. Gilliatt attended the normal school at Mitchell. Ind.. and Blooniiniiton (Ind.) State Universit.v. at the latter institution taking a prepatory medical course. He taught one year (1804) in Orange County, Ind.. and later at- tended the Hospital College of Medicine, at Louisville. Ky. In 1S9.5 he took a post-graduate cour.se at Chicago Post-Graduate Medical School. In 1898 Dr. Gilliatt began practicing at Union- ville, Ind., and in .Tune. 1.899, located at Allen- dale, 111. He is a skillful ])hysician. enterprising and ambitious, and has the largest practice of any physician in the vicinity. Dr. Gilliatt was married. March 14. 1900. to Beulah Price, who was born at Allendale. 111., daughter of .7. W. and Sarah (McLain) Price. They have one son. James Price, who was born February 10. 1901. Dr. Gilliatt is well-known and statids well in the community, having been saiccessful from the start in building up his prac- tice. He is a member of the Christian Church and has been Deacon since 190S. He belongs to the JIasonic Lodge, the Indejiendent Order of Odd Fellows and the Modern Woodmen of America. of Allendale, and the Tribe of Ben Hur and Lodge of Royal Arch Masons at Mt. Carmel. In political views he is a Democrat. GLICK, James Samuel Marshall, a representa- tive farmer aud stock-raiser of Mt. Carmel Precinct. Wabash County. 111., is a native of the precinct, born on the farm he now occupies, November 8, 18.^8. He is a son of Louis and Mar>- (Dyer) Glick. the former born near Allen- town, Pa., .July 20. lSL':i. and the latter in Wa- bash County. 111.. Septemlier 12. 1.822. Louis Glick was a son of George and Rachel (Fisher) Glick. the former born March 30. 1800. and the later October 17. 1799. in Mauatawny Township. Berks County. Pa. They were married Septem- ber 1. 1.822. in Pennsylvania. Mrs. Glick was a daughter of Andrew and Elizabeth Dyer, natives of Virginia. George Glick located in Wabash County in 1818. and returned to Pennsylvania to be married, then returned and entered land in Lancaster Precinct and later moved to Mt. Car- mel Precinct, where the remainder of his life was spent. Louis Glick and his wife were married in 1843 and then lived several years with bis father, who owned 000 acres of land and became one of the county's most prominent men, George Glick served four years as member of the County Court, was an eaiTiest member of the Lutheran Church, and a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, which organization took charge of his runeral. Ixiuis Click died .July 10. 189.'i. and bis wife .Julv 7. 1898. They were parents of children as follows: George Andrew, of Mt. Carmel : Elizabeth R,, Mrs, Charles H. Goodge, of Bvansville, Ind.: William F.. of Aberdeen. Wash. : John E., of Mt. Carmel, 111. ; Mary, Mrs. Frank Wirth, of Mt. Carmel Precinct ; Louis J., of Oregon : James S. M. : and May. Mrs. Louis Howell, who died July 29. 1893. James S. M. (Jlick remained with his parents until his marriage, and as a twy attended the dis- trict school and helped carry on the home farm. He has always taken great interest in agricultural matters and has made a study of the best methods of farming in his locality. He mar- ried. October 28, 1880,'Florence B. Howell, born in Lick Prairie Precinct, daughter of Samuel and Rebecca Howell, both natives of Indiana. The children of this union were : Zelma, born Jaiiuai-j- 12, 1883, Mrs. Roscoe Harper, of Beardstown. 111.; Vitula. born July 25. 18^. Mrs. Reuben Jordan, of Keensburg: Enola, boru .Vugust 9 1880, Mrs. Benjamin Smith, of Evans- ville. Ind. : Ethel, born April 7, 1888. Mrs. • ilick died Octolier 14. 1888. aud Mr. Glick mar- ried (second). November 26. 1891. Edith Hin- derleiter, born in Lancaster Pi-ecinct, daughter of Daniel and Jane (Discher) Hinderleiter, the former a native of Wabash County and the lat- ter of Pennsylvania, The grandparents of Mrs. Glick were: Daniel and Lydia Discber, of Penn- sylvania, and Henry and Elizabeth (Fisher) Hinderleiter, of Berks County, Pa. By his sec- ond maiTiage Mr. Glick had children as follows: Edward F.. born October 0, 1893, died January •!, 1898: Samuel L.. born January 6. 1897; Archi- bald W.. born October 21, 1904. After his first marriage Mr. Glick lived one year on part of his father's farm later spent one year in the house with his parents, and then Imilt a hou.se for his family on a portion of the home farm, where he lived until his father's death, when he moved back to the home place and has since resided in the old home. His mother spent her last days with him and the profierty has been his since her death. He owns 13.") acres, eighty-tn-o acres of which are the home farm. He raises a good many horses, hogs and cattle, and is very successful in his opera- tions. He has taken an active part in local political affairs and has held some minor offices. He ser\-ed twelve years as School Director, was re-elected to that office, which he still holds. He belongs to the Jlodem Woodmen of .\meriea and the Tribe of Ben Hur Lodge. Mt. Carmel. He is highly esteemed for his sterling worth and in- tegrity and well known in the community. GODDARD, Henry Thomas, a prominent and r>opnlar citizen of Mt. Carmel. Til., has been identified with the banking interests of that city since 1.890. and is at present holding the re- sponsible position of President of the First Na- tional Bank. Mr. Goddard is of Scotch-Irish an- cesti-y. his forebears having emigrated from Scot- land to Cork. Ireland, and thence to America. His grandfather. James Goddard. a native of Virginia, served in a Virginia regiment in the War of 1812. and aftem-ard moved with his family to Williamson County. Til. His wife. >rrs. Mariah (Davis-McHaney) Goddard. was a second cousin of Jefferson I>avi.s, President of ^.^^c^ ^^^OA^ WABASH COUNTY 721 the Soutlieru Coufederac}'. ami au auut of Gen- eral John T. Davis. The birtu of Henry Thomas Goddard occurred in Marion, Williamson Counry. 111.. .Tune 20. 1852. He is a son of James T. and Wiuuifred (Spiller) Goddard, the father l)orn in Franklin County. Va., in 1818, and the mother in Williamson County, 111. She was a daughter of William and Winnilred (Benson) Spiller, (early settlers of Illinois TerritoTj'. coming to Williamson County from Robinson County. Tenu. ) Her mother, whose maiden name was Winnif red Benson, was a cousin ot General Cheatham, of the Confederate Army. James T. Goddard and his wife lived for a time at Bainbridge, Williamson County where he was engaged in mercantile business, then moved to Marion, where he embarked in the same business, and where they sijent the re- mainder of their lives. Heni-j- Thomas Goddard received his early education in the public schools of Marion. 111., and later attended the Normal University, at Xormal, III., and Notre Dame University at Notre Dame. Ind. Upon leaving school he was employed in his brother's dn,'-goods store at Marion, and also engaged in banking business there for ten years. He left Marion in 1890 to aeept the position of Cashier of the First Na- tional Bank, at Mt. Carmel at its organization, which he held until February. 1904. when he wes elected President, which position he still holds. He is an enterprising and energetic busi- ness man and takes au active interest in the wel- fare and progress of the communit.v. He has many friends and is prominent in fraternal circles, being a member of the Masonic Order, the Elks and Knights of Pythias. For several years he served as District Deput.v Grand Master of the first-named order and is now a member of the committee on mileage and per diem a permanent committee of the (4rand Lodge of the State. Wliile Mr. Goddard is not actively engaged in politics and is in no sense an office seeker, he served as City Treasurer. Alderman and mem- ber of the Board of Education of Marion, and is now a member of the Board of Trustees of the Southern Normal t^niversity. at Carbondale. 111. He is Chairman of Group 9 of the Illinois Bank- ers' Association, and President of the Bank of AVayne Cit.v, Wayne City. 111. Mr. Goddard was married, at Marlon. 111.. Sep- tember 4. 1S7.S. to Mary E. Houts. daughter of C. J. and M. .T. Houts. Her father was a pioneer Methodist minister of Illinois and Missouri and a co-laborer of Peter Cartwright. having spent fort.v-seven years in the ministry. Mrs. God- dar(i's mother was Jane (^Rjindle) Houts, a de- scendant of the Randolphs of Virginia. The children born to Mr. and Mrs. Goddard were: Lora Houts Goddard. born July 22. 1874: Eu- cile Houts (Goddard) Roberts, born May 20. 1876; Roy Houts Goddard. born April 21. 1878, and Henry Houts Goddard. born April 22. 1889. Mrs. Goddard takes an active interest in char- ity, club, social and fraternal affairs, being Past Grand Matron of the Order of the Eastern Star of Illinois: a member of the State Board of Cliar- itles, and is connected with the Reviewers' Mati- nee, a local ladies' club that engaged in literary and civic improvement work. She is a woman of culture and retinenient and has a large circle of friends. GRAY, Frank S., M. D.— Among the moat valu- able citizens of any community are its physi- cians, whose influence is always widely felt. Among the well-known physicians of Allendale, 111., is Dr, Frank S. Gray, who was born in Fees- burg, Brown County, Ohio, Januarj' 20, 18.5.5, son of Martin Perry and Eliza (Waterfield) Gray. Martin P. Gray was born in Smithville. Monroe County. Ind.. son of Peter and Mary (Dillman) Gray, of Bartholomew County. Ind. His wife was born in Browu County. Ohio, daughter of Jacob and Nancy (Metzer) W^aterfleld, natives resiiectively of Virginia and Kentucky. The Waterfield family came originally from England and settled in Virginia. Martin Pen-j- (Jray and his wife married In Brown County. Ohio, and lived on their large farm there from 1854 until the spring of 18(58, when they moved to Merom. Ind.. the site of Union Christian College. Tliey disiiosed of their Ohio land and. in the fall of 1878. moved to Windsor. Mo., living there until 1S97. when they sold out and removed to Indianaixilis. Ind. Here Mr. Gray still resides with his son. Austin W. lie was born January 28. 1833. and has reached the age of seventy-seven years. His wife, who was born November 2. 1831. died in September, 190G. Frank S. was the oldest child and the others were: Alvin Scott, of Edinburgh, Scot- land : Ida. Mrs. Arthur DeVore. of Indianapolis, Ind. : Edwin, died at the age of two years : Car- rie. -Mrs. Harry Wheelock, who died while on a visit to her parents in Jlissouri : and Austin W.. emplo.ved in the car shops of the Big Four Rail- road, at Indianapolis. Frank S. (iray attended the public schools of Ohio and Union Christian College, of Merom, Ind.. and at the age of nineteen years began teaching at Covington. Ind. A year later he re- turned to Merom and taught two years in the schools of that city. He then taught two years in Sullivan. Ind.. one year at Paxton. Ind.. and then accepted a position as Principal of the schools at .\llendale, which he held two years. Julv 2.5. 1880, he began reading medicine with Dr.' .Mcintosh, and in the fall of 1881 entered Ohio Medical College, of Cincinnati, from which he graduated March 8. 1883. and two days later liecame cn-iiartner -nntli Dr. Mcintosh at .Mien- dale. They also conducted a drug store. Eight years later they dissolved partnership, and Dr. Gray, after practicing medicine three years, then established a dnig store. Since 1890 he has had only office practice, and now has the only drug store in .Vllendale. In November. 1897. he was appointed by President McKinley as Postmaster of .\llendale. and has since held the office by subseciuent appointments. Besides the office in -Vllendale. he has charge of two rural delivery 722 WABASH COUNTY routes. He has been very successful in bis various enterprises and has established himself in the good-will and esteem of his fellow-citizens. He stands well in his profession and has a good practice. March 24, 1883, Dr. Gray married Rachel Belle McFarland. who was born in Waliash Pre- cinct, Wabash County, and they became parents of cliildren as follows : Nellie. Mrs. HaUlon L. Gooch, of Lawreuceville, 111. ; Gertrude, Mrs. John C. F. Henry, of Herrin, 111. : Carrie, at home ; Frank Sylvester, attending school in Valparaiso, Ind., where he is taking a course in pharmacy ; Lady Jane and Martin Paul, at home. Dr. Gray is a Republican in political views. He is a mem- her of the Christian Church, is serving on the Board of Trustees, and has been Superintendent of the Sunday School since 1902. He is a mem- ber of tne Modern Woodmen and Mystic Workers of the World of Allendale, and is examining physician for tioth orders and for the New York Life Insurance Company. GREEN, Hon. Edward B.— (3ne of tlie moat dis- tinguished citizens of Wabash County, 111., is the Hon. Kdward B. Green, first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Oklahoma, wlio is now making his home at Mt. Carmel, where he has an extensive law practice. Judge Green was bom in Blair County. Pa.. Decemlier 29. 1S37. a son of Thomas and Martlia (Galbraith) Green, the former being of English ancestry, the family hav- ing settled in Virginia in early days. Thomas Green was a soldier in the War of 1.S12, serving with the army operating in Canada and on the northern frontier, and at the close of the war settled in w'hat is now Blair County. Pa., where he followed farming until his death in lS7o. His wife was of Scotch-Irish stock, her ancestors having been early settlers of Pensylvania, and she was born, reared and married in Blair County, that State. She survived hei- husband until 1S.S9 and died in Chicago. Judge Green was the youngest of the twelve children of this wortli.v couple, luit five of whom are now living. Edward I?. Green received his primary educa- tion in his native county, and later attended the Reimersburg and Leatherwood Academies, wuile still young, fitting himself for the profession of teaching, on which he entered in his seventeenth .year. As an instructor he became proficient in language.s and. for a ye.ar and six months jirev- ious to leaving Pennsylvania, held the chair of Languages in the Academy at West Freedom. Clarion County. r)n October 20, l.S."iS. he came to Illinois, settling first at Paris, Edgar County. where, having deternuned to adopt the profession of law, he entered the oflice of his brother. Amos Green, who was in partnership witli James A. Eads. In June. 1800. Mr. Green went to Car- lisle, Clinton County, the home of Judge Sidney Brese, then a Justice of the Supreme Court, and was liy him examined and upon his recommenda- tion admitted to the bar. On tlie 20th of that month he came to Mt. Carmel and opened a law office, continuing alone until 1864, when he formed a partnership with the late Judge Robert Bell, which continued until Mr. Green's apijoint- ment to the Supreme Court in Oklahoma in 1890. The law firm of Bell & Green became widely known throughout Southern Illinois and had a large and lucrative practice in Wabash and the surrounding counties and in the Appellate. Cir- cuit, State Supreme and in Fedei-al Courts. Politically. Judge Green has always l>een a Re- pul)lican, having cast his first presidential vote in 1800, for Abraham Lincoln, and in subsequent elections has remained a stanch and active sup- porter of the Grand Old Party. In 1877 his ability as a lawyer and his worth as a man was recognized by his nomination foir tlie ottice of Circuit Judge of the Second Judicial District, .■uid in 1S79 lie was further honored by nolmina- tion for Justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois, lint in biitli instances was defeated owing to the fact that his party was in a hopeless minority in bis district. In 18.S2 Judge Gi'een was nonunated in the Sixteenth Congressional District for Con- gress, and made the canvass against Judge Aaron Shaw, demonstrating that he was a .strong and [wpular man by reducing the Democratic ma- jority of 1476 in the district in 1880, to 628. In 1885 he was appointed by Governor Oglesby. on the Revenue Commission, to revise the revenue laws of the State and was elected, in 1.886, to the Legislature, and was a])iK)inted Chairman of the House Revenue Committee. In January, 1887, he was elected President of the Illinois State Bar Association. On May 14. 1890, he was appointed by President Harrison as the first Cliief Justice of the Supreme Court of the newly created Terri- tory of Oklahoma. The Supreme Court, with Chief .Justice Green presiding, and Associate Justices John G. Clark of Wisconsin and Abra- ham J. Sea.v of Missouri, organized and held its first session in the city of Guthrie, in June, 1890, with Charles II. Filson. of Indiana, as Clerk, Warren G. Lurty. of West ViTginia. as Marshal, and Horace Speed, of Kansas, as I'nited States Attorney. This was the first court baring api>el- late jurisdiction held under authority of the .\ct of Congress, approved May 14. 1.S90, within the boundaries of that portion of the Indian Terri- tory designated as Oklahoma and containing mo7-e tlian 30.000 square miles. President Har- rison failed of re-election, and Judge Green was succeeded Iiy Jlr. Frank Dale, a Democrat, ap- pointed l)y President Cleveland. September 1, 1893. He was then retained by Mr. Stratton, the owner of the Independence Mine, at Cripple Creek. Colo., in litigation concerning a half-in- terest in this property, which is one of the larg- est gold mines in the I'nited States. He was also the attorney in litigation concerning the Little .Johnny Gold Mine at Leadville. Colo. When the union of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church and Presbyterian Church of the United States of America was being consummated. Judge Green was general attorney for the former, wliich was opposed to the union, .\fter his re- turn from Colorado, in 1898, Judge Green formed a partnership with Theodore G. Risley, under JJ:P^/kAZJiZu^ WABASH COUNTY 723 the firm name of Green & Risley, and this part- nership lias continued to the presnt time. Judge Green has taken an active interest in education and liy his zeal and energy has succeeded in con- nection with other meniliers of the School Hoard (of which he was a meuiher for thirteen years), in building up the present excellent graded schools of Mt. Carmel. He prepared the first curriculum of study in the Mt. Carmel High school, which, with some additions, is still in force. Judge (ireen has no church affiliation, but his sympathies are with the Methodist Episco- jjal denomination. Fraternally, he is connected with the Mt. Carmel lodges of the Masons and Odd Fellows. On October 23. 1801, Judge (Jreen was mar- ried to Emma E. Lutes, of York County. Pa., and three children have been born of this union : Daisy, who died March 28, 1898, the wife of S. L. Rtissell, leaving one daughter ; and Pearl and Paul, at home. GREER, Capt. Stephen D., who has been a resi- dent of Mt. Carmel for more than eighty years, during which time he has seen marvelous changes take place in that city, is now living retired at his home at No. 122 West Second Street. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Februaiy 2.j, 1824. a son of William and Elizabeth t Clark) Greer. William Greer was bora in Pennsylvania. Octo- ber 3. ITOG. and in Bedford Ctounty, that State, was married April 6. 1820, to Elizabeth Clark, a native of the county, who was born January 8. 1802. William Greer was a printer by ti-ade and worked at that occupation in Pennsylvanai, but in 1824, with his wife and son William C. he started for the West by boat. On reaching Cin- cinnati lie left his wife to go to Louisville. Ky.. and while he was away Stephen D. was born. After his refuni the famil.? went on to Louis- ville, where the.v resided for four years, and in 1829 the family, then consisting of two boys and two girls, came by the steamboat Tippecanoe to Mt. Carmel. 111., where Mr. Greer purchased a tavern, this being conducted by his wife while he caiTied on operations on the Mississiptii River, going to Xew Orleans and dealing in corn. While on one of these expeditions accompanied liy Moses P>edell. he was stricken by cholera and died at Menijihis, Tenn., May 4, 18;^". His widow survied until February 20, lS."iS. when slip died at Mt. Carmel. Mr. Greer is the only survivor of his parent.s' six children, the others being: William C. Mary Jane. Margaret Ellen. Juliana and .Tames Monroe. Capt. Stephen D. Greer redved his education in the subscription schools of his day. but owing to his family's humble circumstances, he could not get nuich scliooling. .\fter his father's death he and his brother. William ( .. cut cord wood until the steamer Concord sank above Terra Haute in 1.837. .\fter it was raised and repaired Mr. Greer secured a position as second cook, and his brother as cabin boy. They were to receive ten dollars per month, in "wild-cat" money, but after making the first trip to Cincinnati, the boat was tied upon account of a debt and the brothers were left without money. They were finally able to work their passage back to Evansville, Ind., whence they walked home, starting out in the night and reaching home the following morning, a walk of sixteen miles. They next worked on the steamer Othello, which was engaged in trans- porting rock for the proiwsed dam above Mt, Car- mel, but this boat later sank. William became a steamboat captain and helped to build the larg- est boat than ever ran on the Wabash River, the John M. Stockwell. In 1847 Stephen D. (Jreer bought the steamer Sligo. at Cincinnati, and took charge of it, running from that city to Lafayette, continuing to operate it for nine mouths. He then too!». charge of the Fannie Farrar, as cap- tain and pilot for about a year, and was later captain and iwlot of such well known vessels as the Atlanta, Kwasind and Osseo, and stood at the head of captains and pilots on the river. On the breaking up of navigation on the rivers. Cap- tain Greer retired and has been living quietly ever since in Mt. Carmel. On October 24. 1,S44. Capt. Greer was married to Winnie Ann Bedell, who was born November 14. 1,820. at Bedell Dam, Wabash County, and died March 2:;. I'.Hr,. To this union there were born two children : William C. born August 12. 1847. and living in Mt. Carmel, maiTied Eliza- beth Masse, of Vinceunes, Ind., died in 100.5, leaving two children — Cahill Masse and Winnie Greer ; and >Lary E., born September 2, 1850, and died January 28, 1870, at Paterson. N, J. Mr. Greer built his present brick residence in 18.50. and it is still in a fine state of ])reserva- tion. He and his wife were members of the >rethodist Epi.scopal Church, and in his ixvlitical views he is a Republican, although he has never occupied any office except that of School Director. He has seen many changes in Mt. Carmel since the time when it was a typical frontier town, surrounded by hea\w timber and with many bad characters, and he has done his share towards improving conditions. The Greer family has quite a military record. Captain Greer hav- ing lieen a KMVday man in Compan.v H. One Hundred Thirf.v-sixth Regiment, Indiana Volun- teer Infantry, while his son, William C, served about nine months in an Indiana regiment dur- ing 1S64, and his grandson, Cahill Masse enlisted in the army during the Spanisli-.\merican War and served three .vears in the Philippines. AH three — the father, son and grandson — draw I)ensions. GREY, George Byron. — One of the best-known citizens of Mt. Carmel. 111., is George Byron Grey, a native of the State and veteran of the Civil War. and now an emjiloye of the United States Government. Mr. Grey has had an eventful life and has been engaged in several differnt lines of work with fair success. He was born in Morgan County, September 1.5. 18.50, son of Thomas and Margaret (Cunningham) Grey, both natives of Clare Coiuitj-, Ireland. The parents were mar- ried in their native county in 1833, wlien they 724 WABASH COUNTY emigrated to the T'liited States ami located on a farm in Morgan Coiiutj-. 111., where they spent their remaining years. They bad three sons: Thomas, of Wichita. Kau. ; Richard, of Gene- see County, N. Y.. where he lives ou a farm ; and George B. The early education of (ieorge B. Grey was received in the c-ommon schools. At the age of thirteen years he enlisted in the Sixth Missouri Cavalry, the date of his enlistment Ijeing March 14, 1SC8. He was first a bugler, hut in lSi;4 be- came a private. He served some time in Mata- gorda, Te.x., where he was discharged. May 15, 186."). having established a good record as a sol- dier. At the close of the war Mr. Grey found em- ployment at St. IjOuIs. Mo., and from that time until 1872, traveled through different parts of the countiy. working at whatever he found to do. In that year he settled at Mt. Carmel, where he worked as a carjienter and at bridge building principally, although he spent some time also in farming. He had previousl.v taught school eleven terms in Missouri, Iowa and Illinois, and after locating in Wabash County he taught eleven terms in Gibson County, Ind., ten terms being in one School. In 1891 Mr. Grey purchased 240 aci-es of land from the State, in Gibson Count.v. which he partly improved, and siient eight years farm- ing on the ])ortion that was cleared and ready for cultivation. He then sold out and returning to Mt. Carmel. in 1901. secured the iKist of rural mail carrier out of that city, in which jiosition he has since served. He secured the first route, called Route No. 1, and has held this route to the pi-esent time. Six other routes have since been estahlishefl. He has been very faithful in tlie discharge of his duties and has missed very few days since he started. April 10. 1875. Mr. Grey married Laura Trout- man, a native of Gil)Son County. Ind.. and daugh- ter of .Tohn and .Tane (Watkins) Troutman. he a native of Kentucky and she of Tennessee. To this union children have been lx>rn as follows : Theresa. Mrs. Stanley Berry, of Mt. Carmel Pre- cinct: Ellen. Mrs. Anton Reisinger, of Mt. Car- mel : Gertude and Ethel, at home. Mr. Grey is a member of the Methodist Ejusco- pal C'huTch and politmlly is a Republican. He belongs to the Modern Ameri. a son of John and Margaret Groff. of Germany, who brought their family to Wabash County in 1840 and settled in Bellmont Precinct. Grand- father Groff entereer. and started to clear it. He died on this farm in 184.S, having made many improvements including the sotting out of an orchard. Harriet Gard was a daughter of Frank- lin Gard, an old settler of Wabash County. John Groff, Jr.. secured the old homestead, manufactured brick and erected one of the first brick houses in Wabash County, which is still standing. At one time he owned 818 acres of land. He worked for his father, received a house in payment and acquired all bis land through his own enterprise and jndustiy. He cared for his mother until her death in IS.'iS. Mr. Groff' moved to Mt. Carmel. where he lived a few years, but did not like it there and returned to his farm. He died March 4, 190.5, and his widow survived him but a short time, passing away May 1, 1905. Their children were: Benjamin Frank- lin, of Bellmont, HI.; .John F. ; Elizabeth, Mrs. Thomas Davis, who died at Bone Gap, 111. ; Anna Margaret, Mrs. George Rigg. of Bone Gap; Perry A., of Bellmont Precinct: Albert, who died in infancy : Frances Elniira, Mrs, Prank Cowling, a widow, living in Mt. Carmel. III.: Harriet M.. married Major Chapman, of >rt. Oarmel I'recinct : William A., of Bellmont Pre- cinct ; Lewis E., lives on the old homestead ; Flora, Mrs. James Brines, of Bellmont Precinct. John Groff gave each of his children eighty acres of land and John Frederick received his ss in Wabash' County. 111., is that owned by I^ouis Edward Groff, "who has spent his entire life on his ])resent farm in Bell- mont Precinct, where he was born June 9, 1S(;7. 726 WABASH COUNTY He is a son of John and Harriet (Gard) Groff. the former a native of Gernuiny and tbe latter of Wabasli County. Jolan Groff Ijet-ame owner of l.CMJO acres of land, most of which he cleared and improved himself. He and his wife had the followini.' children : Frank. Lizzie. Fred. Margaret. Klmira. Albert, Dora, ^^^^iam, Louis Edward and Flora. November MO. 1892, Louis E. Groff was mar- ried, at Mt. Carniel. HI., to Flora Butterick. daughter of William and Amelia (Compton) But- terick, the former a native of England and the latter of Wabash County. Mr. Butterick was a general farmer and brick-layer by occuiiatiou, and he and his wife had children as follows : Lizzie. Flora. .Tames. Maggie. Edward. Nora. Ma- bel and Collie. Mr. Groff and his wife became parents of the following children : Maude, born February .3, 1893: Ravmond. Augtist 3, 1S94 ; Bessie. April 2.5. 1890; Harold. May 25. 1898; Holland. September 3. 1900; Leonie Atigust 28. 1904, and one child, bom July 5. 1910, and died in infancy. Mr. Groff was reared on his present farm and educated in local schools. He has spent his en- tire active life in agricultural pursuits and met with gratifying success in his enterprises. He pays special attention to dairying and appre- ciates the value of high-grade stock in securing the best results. He raises thoroughbred Hol- steiu cattle for this purpose and finds them a profitable investment. He owns 235 acres of land and is well known for the excellence of his crops. He is actively interested in local public affairs and for three terms has served as pre- cinct school director. He contributes consider- able time and influence to the promotion of the interests of the Farmers' Union, as well as to any other cause which he believes will benefit his community. He is a member of the Chris- tian Church. GROFF, Perry Allen. — Among the enterprising business men of Wabash County. 111., is Periy Allen Groff. of Bellmont Precinct, an extensive dealer in agricailtural implements, threshing ma- chines and clover hullers. and well known in con- nwtion with the work he has done in tlie interest of the Farmers' Co-operative and Educational Union. Jlr. Groff was born on the farm he now occupies. Febrtiarj- 2.5. 1800. son of .John and Harriet (Gard) Groff. the former native of Hesse Cassel. Germany. The grandfathers were .John Groff and Fi-ank Gard, the former having located in Wabash County in 1842. on timber land in Bellmont Precinct, purchased from the Govern- ment. After marriage the parents of Perry .\. Groff settled on land in Bellmont Precinct that was seciu'cd fi-oni the Government, where they sjient the remainder of their lives, with the exception of three years spent in Mt. Carmel. Both died on the farm, he March 3. 1905, and she in May, 1905. They were parents of ten children. The boyhood of Perry A. Groff was sjieut on his father's farm. He received a common school education, attended the normal school at Gray- ville. 111., one term, and spent a year and a half at Holbrook's Normal School, at Lebanon. Ohio. He lived with his parents until his marriage, January 12. 1SS8. to Flotilla Bratton. who was born in Lick Prairie Precinct, daughter of Amos and Zerelda (Moore) Bratton. of Wabash County. Mr. Groff and his wife settled on part of the home farm, which his father gave him. and which contained a good house and other neces- sary buildings. He had eighty acres at first and has added to it until he now has four bodies of land, all in Bellmont Precinct, aggregating 120 acres. lie has managed his fanns himself ex- cept for two years when he rented them. Besides doing general fanning he raises Shorthorn and Jersey cows, draft and other horses, and a few Poland China hogs. He sells the milk from his dairy. Mr. Groff has natural ability in the line of mechanics, and is a good carjienter. iron and brick worker, and able to run man.v kinds of machinery. Since 1889 he has handled harvest- ing machines and binders, and he has added to his line many other farming implements, hand- ling all stich machines put out by the Collins- Gale Importing Company, the Fish Brothers Wagon Comjiany and the Banner Buggy Com- pany. In 1894 he added threshing- machines and clover hullers. as well as fodder shredders. Mr. Groff has worked up a good business in this line, and his dealings with his customers have been most satisfactorj*. He is a stanch Democrat and has served as Clerk of the Road District since 189() and as School Director since ]90Ci. He is a charter member of the Farmers' Co-operative and Educational Union of .\merica, ha\ing served as Secretary and Treasurer since its organization. He is a member of the Chris- tian Church and ready to supix>rt any worthy cause which comes to his notice. Children as follows were boni to Mr. and Mrs. Groff: Virgil A., died November 29. 1895. was born March 14. 1889; Mamie Pauline, born No- vember 14. 1891 : Dolice Viola, bom November 1, 1893. the last tn-o being at home. GRUNDON, Ulysses Grant, a prominent and successful farmer of Mt. Carmel Precinct, where he carries on diversified farming, is a na- tive of the ]irecinct. born Feliruary 12. 1864. son of Thomas and Anna (Connor) Giiuidon. lx)th natives of Lebanon County. Pa., and married in their native State. Mr. Grundon knows ver.v lit- tle about his grandiiarents or wliere tliey were born. Thomas Gnnidon and his wife came to .Mt. Cn rniel Precinct in 18(10 and purchased a farm three miles west of Mt. Carmel. where he lived until bis death, cultivating 120 acres of land. He died October 31. 1892. and bis wife .Vpril 21. 1S,»J5. They were parents of children as follows: Cyms JI., of Bellmont Precinct; .\nna. Mrs. Henrj- Ciilverly. of Mt. Carmel ; Oliver II. P.. of St. Louis. Mo. ; Sadie Jane, mar- ried Dr. J. B. Maxwell, of Mt. Camiel ; Rnse A., Mrs. Charles M. Risley, of Mt. Carmel Precinct ; WABASH COUNTY 727 Ulysses G. ; Elizalietli >r.. Mrs. S. S. Seiler. ot Mt. Curmel rretiiK-t ; William T., of Princetou, Ind. ; and James Monroe, who died at the age of five and a half years. The boyhood days of Ulysses G. Gruiulon were spent on his father's farm and he received a good education in the district schools. lie early learned to do all kinds of farm work and ttxik great interest in agricultural matters, so that he is now able to cultivate his farm to the best advantage and is considered one of the most intelligent farmers of his vicinity. He married, August 30. 18.0.3. Emma T. Seiler. a native of Mt. Carmel Precinct, a daughter of Jacob and Ann Matilda (Behm) Seiler. and they rented a farm in Mt. Carmel Precinct, where they lived two and a half years, then moved to a place near the farm inberited by Mrs. Grundon, where they have since resided. He erected a handsome two-stoiT frame house on this proiiert.v. which was com- pleted March 3. 1807. and here the family have been comfortably installed since that date. He has 120 acres of land and has cleared and im- proved a large part of it himself, although there were forty acres cleared when he moved on to it. and he has left ten acres of timber stand- ing. He has a good grade of horses and cattle and his fine Poland-Oiina and Chester White hogs are profitable stock. He has shown ex- cellent business judgment in the conduct of his affairs and has well deserved the success that has attended his efforts. To Mr. Grundon and his wife children have been born as follows: Walter Winton. born May 24. 180.5; Thomas Vern. December 22. 1807; Ruth .Matilda. December 0. 1S90. died May 12. 1000; Florence Elizabeth, bom September 10, 1001 ; Leroy Grant. December 28. 1004 : Edna Marie. March 31. l'.M17. The family attend the Reformed Lutheran Church, of which they are members. Politically Mr. Grtindon is a Repub- lican and although he does not care to hold public ofl[ice, takes a commendable interest in local af- fairs, as well as national issues. He is a mem- ber of Lodge No. 3~>. Independent Order of Odd Fellows and No. 1910. Modern Woodmen of -America, of Mt. Carmel. HABBERTON, William P. — Some men are born with a special instinct for business. From child- hood they show an aptituer- ton has lived in Jit. Carmel since first coming here. Jlr. Habberton is a man who has a war record of which he may well be proud. On Jlay 14. 1.S04. be enlisted in Company II. One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was stationed most of the time in Tennessee. He was mustered out at Indianapolis, having enlisted from Posey County. Septemlier 2. 1804. He married Helen .M. Redman, daughter of William L. and Jane (Clarkl Redman, the for- mer a native of Indiana and the latter of Illi- nois. Mr. Redman was a merchant at Bridge- Tiort. 111., and prior to that carried on the same business in Indiana. Jlr. and Mrs. IIal>berton have a family as follows : Ruth, wife of .\. F. Orr of JIt. Oarmel; Kittle Maud, deceased; .Vnna Belle: William L.. deceased: JIarguerite; Norma ; William and Benjamin. The two eld- est are graduates of JIt. Carmel Tlish School. and the others are attending school. For many yeai's Jlr. Hablierton and his fam- il.v have belonged to the Methodist Church and are very active in all its works. An ardent Pro- hibitionist, he has been very aitive in temper- ance matters and was one of the leaders in the successful movement in 1007 to do away with saloons in Wabash County. He has ser\"ed as President of the Board of Education for sever- al vears and has been a member of it for a 728 WABASH COUNTY longer period. He has also served as a member of the Citj- Council. In addition to his other interests. Mr. Hab- berton is one of the Directors of the Wabash Building & Loan Association, and Viee-I'resident of the Mt. Carniel Trust & Savings Bank. He was at one time the owner of two low-water boats which plied in the Wabash and White Rivers; they were the "Irene" and the "(ieorge T. Frank." "which were used in towing timber, lumber, grain and similar cargoes. He handles anually large quantities of coal, his soft coal being from the Ayrshire Mines and his hard coal from the Kast. Superintending all of his business. Mr. Hab- berton is kept busy with details, but is always glad to exert his influence towards the better- ment of Mt. Cannel. of which he is very proud. HALLOCK, Aaron B., one of the oldest resi- dents of Wabash County. 111., is well versed in the early history of the county, where most of his life "has been spent, and has always taken great interest in the welfare of the connuunity in which he lived. He was formerly ver>- active in promoting the interest of the Farmers' Grange, and has given his financial aid to the erection of at least a dozen chureiies. of various denomi- nations. Mr. Hallock's immediate ancestors were of the Quaker faith. He was born in Tuckerton, N. J., April 24. ISIS, son of John and Lydia (Col- lins) Hallock, natives respectively of New York and New ,Tersey, and gi-andson of John Hallock and John Collii'is. both of the State of New York. In 1S"!> the family of John Hallock moved west, going by rail to Philadelpliia. thence by stage to Pittsburg, and then down the Ohio River by boat to Evansville. where a party of six hired a wagon to take tliem to Wabash County. There Mr. Hallock purchased 120 acres in Lick Praiiie Precinct, the farm containing a one-room house. His land was on Bald Hill Prairie. Mr. Hallcx-k tried to make things convenient for the farmers in the vicinity in eveiy ixjssible way. and con- ducted a general store, a hay press and a cider- mill. His mother being deceased. Aaron B. Hallock started out in life on bis own account at the age of fourteen years, going to the State of New York where he worked for farmers at a wage of .?4-50 per month. Being aml)itious to better ■himself, he went to Philadelphia soon after to learn a trade, but had to abandon his punwse on account of a death in his family. Soon after- ward he went to New York City and began learn- ing the profession of druggist, conducting a store for his brother some six years. Mr. Hallock has spent an active life up to the last few years, but since that time has lived practically re- tired from business and other cares. In his work for the Grange he has had many large gatherings at his place. He has disjxised of all his land except 120 acres in his home farm. May 5. 1842. Mr. Hallock married .\senath Og- den. who was born in Ohio, and died Fehruar\- 24. 185<>. having borne her husband children as follows : Mar.\'. Mrs. Joseph Shearer, a widow, living iu Mt. Carmel ; John, of Lick Prairie Pre- cinct ; William P., of Harrisburg, 111.; Aaron, died in a southern hospital during the Civil War ; Allen, of Harrisburg, 111. ; .Martha. Mrs. Rufus Newkirk, of Mt. Carmel Precinct; Lydia, Mrs. David Ro.ver. of Centralia, Wash. ; Charles, of Keensburg, 111. ; Lillie, died in infancy; James, Asenath and Amy. live with their father; Katie PMnle.v. Mrs. Lewis Rigg. of Elbert, Colo, ; Harry, died in infancy. Mr. Hallock married (second) his first wife's niece, who bore the same name, al.so born in Ohio. They were married in 18(50 and she died April 28. 1873. Mr. Hallock is still more active than many men of fewer .vears, and has a retentive memory. In religious views he is inclined in favor of SiiiTltualism. He was one of the first voters for the Anti-Slavery ticket iu Wabash' County and has since voted the Republican ticket. He served many years as a Justice of the Peace, six- teen years as a Magistrate and sixteen years as School Trustee. Many are the men who are glad to claim Mr. Hallock as their friend, and he is accorded the highest regard and resi)eet where- ever known. HAMMAKER, Jacob A., a prominent farmer of Lick Prairie Precinct. Wabash County, 111., has been successfully engaged in a number of enter- prises. Mr. Hammaker was born in Springfield, Ohio. August n. IS^iO. son of Adam and Susan (Prince) Hammaker, the former born in Read- ing. Pa., and the latter in Springfield. Ohio. Adam Hammaker was a son of Adam Hammaker, a native of Reading. Pa., of German descent, and Mrs. Hammaker was a daughter of Peter and Susan Prince, of Schuylkill. Pa. The parents of Jacob Hammaker settled on a farm near Springfield. Ohio. He had learned the trade of tailor in Pennsylvania, and was but nineteen years of age when he went to Spring- field, working at his trade until his marriage in 1.842. when he c-onducted his father-in-law's farm until 1857. then moved to Lick Prairie Precinct, Wabash County, making the journey with wagons by way of Terre Haute, where they crossed the Wabash River. Abraham Hammaker conducted a grist-mill in Lick Prairie Precinct, and tliere was a block-house or fort on his place to protect the white settlers from the Indians. Mr. Jacol) .\. Hammaker well remembers seeing the foundations of the old fort. Mr. Hammaker boufTht a farm of forty acres in I>ancaster Pre- cinct and lived there until 1S70. when he sold bis fann and moved to Mt. Carmel. His wife died in Lancaster Precinct and he lived with bis son Jacob A., three years prior to his death. The following children were tiorn to him and his wife : .James and Oliver, deceased ; Peter, of Si>ringfield. Ohio ; .Jacob .\. : Mary, widow of Sylvester Wheeler, of Keensburg Precinct : Anna. Mrs. William Roberts, of Mt. Carmel : Adam, of Springfield. Ohio; Abram, died at the age of three years. Jacob A. Hammaker was educated in the dis- MR. AND MRS. \VII,I,IA:M R. MINDY WABASH COUNTY 729 trict schools and in bis youth helped his father in farm work. He lived at the jKitonial home until his marriasre. May 4. ]S72, to Mary Rob- erts, iMirn in Mt. t'arniel. daughter of Archibald R. and Harriet (Gardner) Roberts, the former born in Mt. Cannel and the latter in Pennsyl- vania. Her grandparents were Henry and Sarah (Cole) Gardner, of I'ennsylvania. After his marriage Mr. Hammaker lived in Mt. Carmel, working in a saw-mill and at various occupations. In 1878 he moved to Lick Prairie Precinct, where he bought two acres of land, a threshing machine, clover huUer and saw-mill. Later he purchased his present home, erected the dwelling anle post for man.v years. He had been a resident of Mt. Car- mel for about seven years and was well known and respected there. In early life Mr. Han- son was an Episcopalian. Imt later l>ecanie a Presbyterian. In i>olitics he was a Republican and was a member of various fraternities, his lodge associations being as follows: Wabash I>odge Xo. 227. Knights of Pythias ; Mt. Carmel Lodge Xo. •2?.d. A. F. & A. M. ; Mt. Carmel Cliai>- ter Xo. 1.59, R. A. M. ; Mt. Carmel Chapter Xo. •■'.2. Order of the Eastern Star ; and Gorin Com- mandery Xo. 14, Knights Templar, of Olney, 111. Mrs. Hanson is a member of the Order of the Eastern Star. Mr. Hanser," who was Chief Clerk of Cliester (111.') Penitentiary, under Governor Altgeld. was Captain of Company G, Ninth Illi- nois Volunteer Infantry, during the Spanish- American War ; Duke, editor of the "Mt. Car- mel Register." and jirivate secretary of Supreme Judges, at Mt. Vernon. 111., for six years; and Rene. Rene Havill was educated in the common and high schools of Mt. Carmel, then attended Or- chard City Business College, at Flora, 111,, after which he spent a year as his f.ather's secretary in the "Register" office. Since 1002, he has been official court reporter in the Second Judicial Dis- trict, and is now serving his second term. He is secretary of the Mt, Carmel Register Com- pany, and inherited his father's handsome resi- dence in Mt. Carmel on West Fourth Street. He has always been much interested in public aff.airs and political issues, and keeps thoroughly In- formed on the current topics of the day. He follows the foot-steps of his father in being active WABASH COUNTY 731 in local matters, and though young, has held im- portant ixisitions in the Demoeratie party organi- zations. He is now Chairman of the Democratic Central Committee and member of the State Cen- tral Committee. He is one of the promising young men of Wabash County, and has a bright future: is representathx* of the best interests of the conununitj-, and in business affairs has shown himself to be honest and upright, so that he has won the respect and esteem of all witli whom he has been associated. He is a member of Lodge No. 2.30. A. F. & A. M.. of Mt. Carmel. and of the Order of the Eastern Star, and of IvOdge Xo. 715. Order of Elks. Aiigust n. lt>On. Mr. Havill married Amy Lee Sn.vder. Iwrn in Mt. Carmel. January 20. 1883, a daughter of Charles and Martha ( McPaniels) Snyder, natives of Gibson County. Ind.. and of this union one son has been born. Frank Walden. born June 21, 1907. HEIN, Paul J. — Among the natives of Germany who have located in Wabash County. 111., are to be found many who have come to the county with almost nothing and b.v dint of hard work and perseverance liave acquired a competency. Paul J. Hein. who now lives at Mt. Carmel. is one of those who have been successful to a gratif.ving extent in a financial way, as at the time he came to this community he was an orphan, without money and almost witliout friends, and is now the owner of a comfortable two-story home of six rooms. [)rovided with modern comforts and con- veniences, and a lot 100 by 200 feet, besides bams and other buildings and all necessai-y utensils for carying on farm work. Mr. Hein was horn in Hesse Darmstadt. Ger- many. October 17. IS.'iO. a son of George and Mary (Willmanl Hein. both natives of Germany. He was one of five children, four sons and one daughter, and by the death of his father in ISOC. and that of liis niinther in 1878 he was left with the care of his brotliers and sister. He received but a limited education in his native country and. at an earl.v age. had to assume cares and respon- sibilities far beyond his years. In 1881 be emi- grated to the Ignited States, locating at Mt. Car- mel. During the first year he worked for an tmcle. then purchased a team and began cultivat- ing land for others, on shares. He continued this occupation with success and profit until be flnall.v located on his present place. November 12, IS'%2. ^^r. Ilein married .\nna Marie fKornl Stromaer. who was bom in Wur- temburg. Germany, daughter of .John ^T'cbnel and Barbara CRonlfoose') Kern. She had pre- vious! v married George Stromaer. who died, and they had four children, namely: Patherinp. who lives with her mother: Sarah. Afrs. M. Litber- land. of Rmnswick. Neb., and two died in in- fancy. Mr. Hein and wife had children as fol- lows: Fred, who is ensraged in the coal business in Mt. Carmel: Marie. Mrs. Ernest Shepard. of Mt. Cannel. and Cora. Mrs. ,Tohn Sbennrd. of Mt. Carmel. M"r. Hein and his familv belong to the Evangelical Church pnd are active in its w»>rk. He is ready to advance tlie interests of any good cause, both by personal effort and in a financial way. He is a Democrat in ]x)litics and actively interested in the welfare of his county and State. HENIKEN, Benjamin F., a progressive and buc- cessful farmer of Compton I'recinct. Wabash Count.v, 111., is a native of that precinct, bom Januaiy 2.5. 1S73. a son of (ieorge W. and Mar- garet (Frair) Ileniken. the former a native of Wa.\me Count.v. 111., and the latter of New York State. The father came to Wabash County as a young man and purchased a farm in Compton Precinct, and tlie mother was brought to Comp- ton Precinct b.v her [wrents wlien a child. They were married in Wabash County and settled on 4."0 acres of land in Conijiton Precinct, where they spent the remainder of their lives. He died in 1878 and his widow survived him many years, passing awa.v October 7. 180ri. Their children were : John E.. of Cleveland. Ohio, where he is engaged as a grain inspector; Willie Ann., Mrs. G. W. Rimstidt. of Compton Precinct: Mary L., who died at the age of twenty-two years ; Ben- jamin F.. and Dora M.. wife of Dr. J. H. Wil- liamson. After receiving a common school education, P.en.lamin F. Heniken attended Eureka College, in Woodford County. 111., and took a course at Bryant & Stratton's Business College. Chicago. \t the age of seventeen years he was employed by a grain-dealer at Cowling. III., where he re- mained three years, when he began farming on 120 acres of land in Compton Precinct, six years later being employed as book-keeper by a firm in Grayviile. 111., also working for a time in the grain busine.ss. Returning to Comjiton Precinct, he has since been engaged in farming and raising hogs and cattle. He is an intelligent farmer, an able business man and is higlily esteemed by all who know him. Mr. Heniken is actively in- terested in general jirogress and welfare of the community and is a stanch Democrat in polities. He has many friends and fraternally is a mem- ber of the B. P. O. E. No. 71.5. of Mt. Cannel. al.so the Blue Lodge and Chapter of the Masonic Order. 'I'wo children have been born to Mr. Heniken and wfe. namely: Dorothy M.. liorn September 7. lOO.",, and Sereno L., November 14, 100(1. HIGGINS, John F., a prominent citizen of Lancaster. TIL. formerly a successful business man and farmer, but now retir(>d fixini active business life, was bom in the town where he now resi4. son of John and Judy nvercher) Higgins. .John HisKlins was born in Ca.vuga Count\-. N. Y.. in 1812. son of .John Hig- gins, who was born in England. Judy Kercber was born in Berks County. Pa., daughter of Jonathan Kercber. Jolm HiiTgins. Jr.. father of .Tohn F. Higcins. was brought West )iy his parents in 1810. Tliey came by wagon to Cincinnati, thence down the Ohio and up the Wabash to Mt Carmel. with 732 WABASH COUNTY keel-boats. They drove to Laueaster and entered land, part timber and part prairie, about eighty acres altoy;ether. Jonathan Kercher entered land near that of the Higgins family in 1818. and heli)ed lay out the towii of Lancaster, and iKith families made permanent settlements in Lancaster Precinct. John and Judy Iliggins set- tled on part of his father's farm after tlieir mar- riage and he purchased eighty acres of land ad- joining. He finished clearing the land and in- verted it into a line farm, making all iwssible iinjirovements. Part of the land was in Section 4 and part in Section .">. Town 1 North. Range VA West. .Mr. Higgins died Janu;u-j- IS. lt:H)2. and his wife died May 12. ISUl. They we''e parents of two sons and ten daughters. The boyhood of John K. Higc" s was spent on his father's farm and he att nded the district school of the neighborhood. 'le heli>ed with the farm work and lived at honu nutll hi.s marriage. June 2. ISTs. to S.irali .\nu Hiehl. who was lx)rn in Lancaster Prwinct. daughter of Charles and Mary (Schlenker) Pielil. natives of (lermany. John F. lliggins and wife settled on part of the home farm. whi<-h he liought from his father, and to which he added twenty acres more. He carried on general farming and stock-raising and conducted a furniture, hardware and lumber business for ten months, at Flat Rock, III., serv- ing in the capacity of clerk, and also took care of the postoffice. Later he worked four months as clerk of a general store in Lancaster, and for three years served as I'ostmaster of that town under Presidents Grant and Arthur. November S. 1010. he was elected Justice of Peace and has now retired from his farm. He has been success- ful in all his enterprises and has won the ayt- I)roval and resfyect of his fellow-men by his in- dustr.v and high character. He is a member of the Christian Church and is afJiliated with the >rystic Workers of the World. In politics Mr. Higgins is a Rejiublican and served three years as Deputy Assessor. He and his wife lieea me par- ents of children as follmvs : Charles F.. of Lan- caster Pre<'inct; Adam J., on his father's farm; Naomi, the oldest child, died in infancy ; Ruth K.. lives with her father. HILL, Morris (deceased). — The late Morris Hill, of P.ellmont. 111., was a veteran of the Civil War and an honored citizen of the rtllage where his last days were sjient. He was representative of the best interests of his community and his loss was widely mourned. He retired ,\pril 2(1. i;>10, and lived in his cozy little home in P.ellrainit until his death. December 1?.. inOT. Most of his life was spent on a forty -acre farm in Bellmont Precinr-t. which he purchased the stmuner before his marriage and canned on until his retireTuent from active life. He was an industrious and successful farmer and stix)d well in the com- nninity. having always lieen most upright and fair in his business dealings. It is such men as he who build up any communitj' and promote the general welfare. Mr Hill was born in .\tlantic City. N. J.. Mny 17, 1833, a son of Horace and Dorcas (Hackett) Hill, the former a native of Ireland and the lat- ter of England. The parents located in Wabash County in 1836 and spent the remainder of their lives on a farm in Bellmont Precinct. Of their ten children Morris was the fifth. After the death of his father, in 1840. Morris Hill lived with various families until September 1, 1861, when he enlisted, at Mt. Carmel, in Company G, Forty-eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He was dischargetl in December, 1863, and re- enlisted January 1. 1S(>4, in the same company and regiment. He was discharge, at Little Rock. Ark., and after living a year with a sister at Buffalo. 111., returned to Wabash County. He participated in the battles of Shiloh. Vicksburg. Chickaniauga. Chattanooga, Siege of .Vtlanta. and marched with Sherman to the sea. Septend)er 11. 1.87(». .Mr. Hill marrie«l Sarah E. Tanquary. born in Bellmont Precinct. May 31. l>Ciii, ,1 daughter of Reuben C. and Margaret (RiggI Tanquary. Mr. Tanquary was bom in Mt. Carmel Precinct, a son of Fielden and Kliza- lieth (Beauchamp) Tauquaiy. and his wife was horn in Bellmont Precinct, her parents being Rob- ert H. and Elizabeth iMir-Clary) Rigg. Mr. Tan- quary was an early settler in W^abash County and secured a large amount of land from the Government. Since the death of her husband Mrs. Hill has lived alone in the Bellmont resi- dence. Both she and her husband received their educations in the common schixils of Wabash County. Both were meniliers of the Methodist Church. Mr. Hill was a Republican in iwlities. The children l)orn to them were: Reuben M.. of Bellmont Precinct : Thomas G.. a clerk in the post-office at Mt. Carmel. 111. : John X., of Da- coma. Okla. HILL, Morris. — One of the most enterprising and progressive farmers of Wabash County. 111., is Morris Hill, of Lick Prairie Precinct, a native of the county, liorn in Bellmont Precinct. Febru- ary 10. 181^3. He is a son of Sanuiel S. and Ellen (Wallace) Hill, the former a native of New Jer- sey and the latter of Wabash Clounty. Samuel Hill's father came to Wabash County alwut 1.8.36 and died a few .vears later. Mrs. Hill aftenvaTd married James Wiley. Ellen Wallace's parents were natives of Ohio, who became early set- tlers of Friendsville Precinct. Wabash County, and later moved to Bellmont Precinct, where their last days were srient. Samuel and Ellen Hill were married in Wa- bash County- and settled on a farm of Forty- acres, mostly timber, which he owned in the eastern part of Bellmont Precinct. He cleared the land and brought it under cultivation. living many years on this fann. and ber-oming success- ful in this occupation, .\tiout 1001 he moved to Mt. Carmel, where his death occurred January 1, 1006. his wife dying in .\pril. 1004. Thev had children as follows: Eliza. Mrs. George Olden, a widow, of Mt. Carmel ; Fannie. Mrs. Curtis Browai. of Coffee Precinct; .John, died young; .\nna. Mrs. John Beauchamp, of Mt. Carmel Pre- J. Ci. REEL "WABASH COUNTY r33 oinct ; Mattie, Mrs. George Aiusburg, of Chicago ; Morris : Dora, lives with Morris ; May. Mrs. Frank Weisenberirer. of Mt. t'anuel ; Tessie Maud. Mr.s. Fretl Aiii.sburg. of Chicago; George, tUeil at the age of six years, and Samuel F., of ViiK-eiiiies. lud. Morris Hill attended the district school and remained at home until his marriage. Oetol>er 2."{. 1S8T. to Aquila Munsey. born In Kellmont ~ Precinct, daughter of George and Elizabeth (Towner-Sappi Munsey. Mrs. Mun.sey's first marriage was to Henry Sai>p. who died, having had children as follows : Albert, of the State of Washington: Marian, of Friendsville rre<-inct ; Meander. Mrs. John Fisher, of Mt. Carmel ; Ol- lie, Mrs. William Anthis. of Keensburg ; Vina, deceased; Charles. Mt. Carmel Precinct. Mr. Munsey and his wife had children as follows ; Anna, Mrs. Thomas Williams, of Coffee Precinct; Ida.. Mrs. .Tose]ih Dillon, of the State of Wash- ington ; Mrs. Hill and Priscilla. twins, the latter the wife of William Christian, of Arkansas; General Grant, died in infancy. JiT. Hill and his wife were married in Mt. Carmel. an Holfjen. the former a native of Ger- many and the latter of Illinois. Fred Holsen, Sr.. was a son of a farmer and came with his parents to Lawrence County. 111., when about twelve years old. T^ater the family removed to Wahasli County. His wife was a daughter of James Keneipp. They were residents of Law- rence County, where he was a farmer and mil- ler, until 1R70. when they lo<>ated in Allendale, where be purchased a flouring mill. Later his brother Herman was taken into the business as partner and they continued together twenty years, when he bought out his brother's interest and conducted the busine.ss alone until 1H05, then selling it to his son Fred and L. A. Kemps. Mr. Holsen died in Atigust, litO!.», and his wife in May, 1892. They had children as follows: Wil- liam, of Lawrence County; Charles L.. also of Lawrence County ; Jude L.. Mrs. J. A. Pi-out. of .\llendale; Sadie. Mrs. J. R. Brown, of Sullivan, Ind. ; Fred ; Edgar L.. of Mt. Carmel ; Hester L, Mrs. John J. Mcintosh, of Allendale. After receiving a common .school education, Fred Holsen. Jr.. spent one term in Ilayward School at Fairfield. 111. In IIMKI he became pro- prietor of an elevator at Mt. Carmel. and in 1901 sold a half-Interest to Heni-j- Wetzel. A year later he bought the Bluff City Mill, which heand his partner conducted for a time, taking Poke French into partnership one year later. At the death of Mr. Wetzel. James Sugan and .Mr. Hol- sen formed a c-o-parfnership in the Bluff City Mill i.*i Elevator Company, which they conducted until V.\iC,. when they sold out and Jlr. Holsen located in Allendale. Since 1905 Mr. Hol.sen and F. J. Domey have ccmducted a good business, handling wheat, c-orn, clover seed, etc. They also have the only coal y.-ird in .\Ilendale and realize a good profit from this line of business. They also make IW bar- rels of flour per da.v. The building was rebuilt in 188;? by Mr. Holsen's father and brother, and is now a large establishment, known for miles around for the high quality of the output from the mill and the honest dealing accorded all who have dealings «ith the honest and enter- I)rising proprietors. Mr. Holsen has been asso- ciated with this kind of business since boyhood and is well fitted to carry on his share with abil- ity and .iudgment. August 11. 189tl, Mr. Holsen married Josie Clsel, who was bora in Wabash Precinct, Wabash Countj-, daughter of .John II, and Jemima (Keen) Clsel, both natives of Wabash County, Three children have been born of this nnion : Paul Jennings, Levi Sharon and Frederick, Jr. Politically Mr. Holsen is a stanch Democrat and takes a connnendable interest in miblic affairs. He is a :neml>er of the Christian Cliurch and fra- ternally belongs to the Modern Woodmen of .\merica of Allendale, the K. O. T. M. of Mt. Carmel and the Masonic Order at Allendale HOSKINSON, Millard Fillmore (deceased), a former successful attorney of Mt. Carmel. 111., had serve A. Hoskinson was a lumber dealer by occupation and moved with his family to Mt. Carmel at an 734 WABASH COUNTY early date. He and his wife had several chil- dren, of whom three now survive: Thomas G., Clara F., and Laura D. (Mrs. M. R. Jones). ■±ue boyhood of Millard F. Hoskinson w-as spent mostly in Mt. Carmel, and he received his primary education in the common schools of that place. His legal training was acquired in the law school of Wesleyau University at Bloomington, 111., from which he was graduated In 1875. He had previously worked at the trade of tinner with Lewis Reese, of Mt. Carmel. but his natural preference led him to take up the study of law, and after his graduation he en- gaged in i>ractice, building up a good practice in Mt. Carmel and standing high in his profes- sion. He won the confidence and respect of those with whom he came in contact and was ac- tively interested in the public welfare. He died a comparatively young man when he had briarht prnsi>ects for future achievements in his pro- fession and in public life. He was admitted to the Bar in Wabash Couutj', January 7. 187fi. and continued in actice practice until the time of his death. He always adhered to the principles of the Republican party and was honored by his fellow citizens by being elected to the office of City .Vttorney in 1S79, and again in 1S91. also served one term as County Judge, being elected In December. 18orn June 27, 1008; Roy, bom August 23. 18S0. married Lizzie May Camjibell, and they have no children ; Laurel H., boni October 2, 188;^. married Edwin R. Wood, who died, leaving one child, Edwin A. Wood, born July 13. 1904. and she married (sec- ond> L. W. Coffman ; Theo. married W. A. Owens, and they have one child. Hazel Esther, born November 20. 1907 : Raymond S., born May 1. 1.887; Lisle and Leslie, twins, born December 2.3, 1888. Mr. Hoskinson died at his home in Mt. Carmel, and was buried in Rose Hill Cemetery. HYNE, Major Wolfgang. — One of the venerable i'ltizens of Mt, Carmel, 111., is Ma.ior Wolfgang Hyne. a veteran of the Mexican and Civil Wars, wiio is now living retired after a long and use- ful life of activity in Wabash County, during v\iuch he has served in various official capacities. Wolt'giing llyiie was born in Bavaria. Oermany, March 20. 1,82(>. son of Deitrich and Anna (Hib- ner) Hyne, natives of the same place, who died in Stewartsville. Bosey Countj-, Ind. In 1840 Ma.jor Hyne accompanied his parents to America, the trip being made on a sailing ves- sel which landed at Baltimore after a long and stormy voyage. From Baltimore the family went to I'ittsburg, where a brother and sister of Mr. Hyne had preceded the 'other members of the family, and later went to Evansville, Ind., whence they removed to Posey County, in that State. There the father engaged In agricultral pursuits and he and his wife continued living in that part of the country until their deaths. Wolfgang Hyne received his education in the schools of his native country and in Posey County, Ind., and as a young man learned the trade of a turner, and was engaged in making spinning wheels, reels, wagons, etc., at Stewarts- ville, until the outbreak of the Mexican War, when he enlisted under Captain Oliver and Col- onel DeBetz, serving until the close of the war, when he was discharged with the rank of Cor- poral at XewiX)rt, Ky. He then commenced working at his trade at Stewartsville, where he was married March 27, 1849, to Elizabeth Par- vin, who was torn in Clay Count}-, 111., October 18. 1831, a daughter of Thomas and Frances (Maugrum) Parvin, early settlers of Clay County. Mr. Parvin was a cattle drover and died at Chicago, while his wife passed away at Carmi, 111. Five children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Hyne, namely; Frances Ann, torn March 2, 1850. is the widow of Mathias Iluntzinger and lives at Orayville; Ida Bell, born Febraari- 10, 1854, and died at Mt. Carmel when about forty years of age, was the wife of John Williamson, a njachinist: Louisa Ellen, born September 28, 1857. is the wife of Jack Warfel. aud lives at Laramie. Wyo. ; William Richard Owen, born August 9. 18i;4. is a resident of Sacramento, Cal. ; and Amy Elizabeth, bom June IG, 1871, is the wife of Charles Seitz, of Mt. Carmel. Mr. Hyne continued to work at his trade un- til the outbreak of the Civil War, when on March 7. 18(12. Company B. Sixtieth Regiment, Indiana Volunteer Infantry, which he had or- ganized and of which he was chosen Captain, was mustered into the service. The regiment's first duty was guarding prisoners at Indian- aix)lis. While in pursuit of Morgan. Mr. Hyne was sun-struck and. for a month following, was confined in a hospital on the Mississippi River, being then .sent to his home at Stewartsville. For a long time he was not even able to recog- nize the members of his own family, but he slowly recovered and in a few years had re- gained full ]V)ssession of his faculties, although he has never entirely recovered from the effects of the stroke. He -n-as promoted to the rank of Major and was discharged at the close of the war. After his health had improved, Mr. Hyne commenced working in the car yard at Carmi, where he was foreman for atout twenty years, and when the yards were moved to Mt. Carmel, he came to this place In the same ca- pacity, continuing therein until a few years ago, when he retired. Mr. Hyne is a Democrat, politically, but be- lieves in voting for the man he considers best able to fill the office at issue. Wlille living in Posev County, Ind.. lie was elected a member of the Legislature, serving one term. He has served WABASH COUNTY 735 two terms as City Treasurer, and it was while lie was acting in tlie capacity of Mayor of Mt. Carmel that the liciuor interests were driven from tile town, his vote being the deciding one as the Council stood at a tie. He has always been a stanch adherent of the cause of Temiier- ance. Fraternally, he is connected with the A. F. & A. M. at Xew Harmony, Ind., and the Grand Army of the Republic at Mt. Carmel, 111. His wife is a member of the Methodist Bi)isco- pal Church, which he also attends. The Hyne family has always been a long-lived one, sev- eral members having lived to be more than ninety years of age, and Jlr. Hyne although well past the three-score-and-teu mark, is possessed of his faculties and is very active for a man of his years. He is honored and respected by all who know him. and his record, both as a soldier and a citizen, entitles him to this honor and respect. INSKEEP, James Edward, M. D.— The medical profession of Waliash County is ably repre- sented by men of skill and sympathetic character, and one -worthy of special menti(m is Dr. .Tames Edward Inskeep. of Mt. Carmel, l>oni in Culpeper Coimty, near Culpeper, Va.. December 29. 1851. a son of James W. and Frances B. (Hudson) Inskeep. The former was born at Mt. Pony, Culpeper County. Va.. in 1824. and died on a part of his old plantation in ISO."). His wife was born in the same county as her htisband, in 182.0. and died there in ISfif). Dr. Inskeep comes of an old and honored famll.v, his fore- bears having emigrated from England to the colonies in 1775. locating in New Jersey. Judge John Inskeep was the first one of the family of whom there is definite data. The great-grand- father of Dr. Inskeep, Rev. James Inskeep. emi- grated to Virginia from New Jersey. His son, Joel Inskeei*. later bought Mount Pony, two and one-quarter miles from Culpeper, a large planta- tion which is still in possession of the family. Dr. Inskeep was the third of a family of ten children born to his parents. His father married again, and b.v his sec-ond wife lie had six chil- dren. Seven of the first family and all of the second survive. Dr. Inskeep was educated in Col. TJghtfoot's Academy and military school at Culpei^r. In April. 1872. he started west, coming to Frank- fort. Ind. He had learned the trade of plaster- ing from his father, who was a contractor and builder, and so Dr. Inskeep found ready em- ployment in his new home where he remained two years. However, he \\as not satisfied, and soon began studying medicine under Dr. M. S. Canfield. During the winters of 1S74 to 1S77. he studied at the Eclectic Medical Institute at Cincinnati. Ohio, from which he was graduated in May of the latter year. During the sum- mers, while attending medical college, he worked at his trade at Frankfort and Indianapolis. Immediately after graduating. Dr. Inskeep be- gan practicing at Merriam. Wa.vne County, 111.. ■and for thirteen years remained there, hut in November, l.S'.tl). moveil with his family to Mt. Carmel, which has since been his home. He is engaged in general practice. On December IS, 1879, Dr. Inskeep married Elizabeth C. Harris, of Wayne County, a daugh- ter of John M. and Sarah C. (Parker) Harris, the former a native of Tennessee and the latter of Kentucky. They were married in Kentucky, whence they came to Waj-ue Count}' al)out 1S49, locating on a large farm, the greater portion of which Mr. Harris improved. Mr. Harris still survives, and is an old man, having been born in May, 182S. Dr. and Mrs. Inskeep have had four daughters : Leonie. who died in infancy ; Kathe- rine M., of Mt. Carmel ; Claribel. wife of C. A. McClure of Bone Gap, 111., and Callie M., of Mt. Carmel. The oldest and youngest are gradu- ates of the Mt. Carmel high school. They are menil)ors of the Christian Church, to which Dr. Inskeep is a liberal contributor. Dr. Inskeep is a Democrat and was Chairman of the Democratic County Central Committee in Wayne Countj- in 1882. and held that position from 1894 to 1908, a period of fourteen years. He was Coroner in Wayne County for six years, and served in the same office since coming to Wabash County, from 1892 to 1008. with the ex- ception of four years. Since 1804 he has been President of the Columbian Building & Loan A.s- sociation of Mt. Cannel. When Sheriff Alex- ander Compton died. Dr. Inskeep was Coroner, and he therefore became successor to the office of Sheriff until the next election, and discharged the duties pertaining to it faithfully and well. He has the record of attending all but one of the Democratic National Conventions in sixteen years, and has frequentl.v been a Delegate to State and local conventions. He is a stock- holder in the "Mt. Carmel Register."* both weekly and daily. The fraternal affiliations of Dr. Inskeep are with the A. F. & A. M. and the F. O. E.. and is physician to the Bluff City Aerie. JAQUESS, Arthur L.— The Jaquess family lo- cated in Jit. Carmel. 111., among the early settlers, and the father of Arthur L. Jacquess took a prominent part in the public affairs of Wabash County until his death. He was a son of Isaac Newton and Jane (Tilton") Jaquess, early settlers of the (Xiunty. Isaac N. Jaquess was a cabinet-maker by trade and followed that occupation many years in Mt. Carmel. In bis day he was probably the most influential man in the county and held many public offices. He served two terms as Sheriff of the county, and the only hanging in the county took place under his administration. Thouch he had never at- tended school more than about six months in his life, he was a man of intelligence and foresight and had a good understanding of the needs of the people. He owned the farm where his gr.indson, .\rthur L.. was bom. and where he re- sides, on the northern edge of Mt. Carmel. ad- joining the present citv limits. Isaac N. Ja- quess was born in Harrison Cotintv. Kv . Febru- arv 10. l.SII. and died at Mt. Carmel Novemlier 736 WABASH COUNTY 12, 189C. Ills wife was born In Atlantic County. N. J., February 7, 1818, and died July 1, 18(;:i. They wi»ro married in Wabasli County. HI.. March 20. IS'54, by Keverend Aaivn Wood. Tlu'y had ten children, namely : Sarah E., Mao' Ann. John. Laura Jane. Sarah Koxanna. Ella S.. Isaac W.. I'harlotte F.. Siirah T. and James 11. The only two now living are: I^aura Jane. Mrs. T. J. Kiii.u', of Mt. Carmel. and Mrs. Uiili.ird Weaver, of CoUunbus, Ind, Artlnir L. Jaquess was born in Mt. Carmel. Seiitember l(i. 1SS4, son of Isiiac W. and Mary E. (lAini;) Jaquess. the former a native of Mt. Carmel and the latter of Carnu. 111. Isaac W. Jaquess was lM>rn March ."i, 181S, and when a .vouue: man learned tlie trade of cariienter. but before his marriaiie enpiiied in farming. He was married December Hi. 187.">, and settled in Sa- line County. HI,, where he mana.ued a farm for two years, when he returned to the home farm and remodeled the old house. lie added to it until it was one of the tinesi n'sidences at Mt, Carmel, beins surrounded by a tine grove of oak trees. 'I'here were 108 acres in the farm, of which much was covered by timlter. and he cleared and improved it. developing a tine es- tate, Thirly-four acres of this farm was In- cluded in the <'ity limits and, in 1',102. Mr. Ja- quess succetHled in having an ordinance passed by which it should be c*r>l, still resides on the old homestead. The following children were born to them: Sus:in. lxirn XovemlHn- *'<. 1874. died January 12. lS7."i: Sarah E.. born April 20. 1877. lives with her mother: Nellie, born Novem- ber 5. 18,80. also at home: .\rthnr L., Mabel Oer- trude. borit Aug\ist 14. IWtl. at home, is one of the graduating class of 1010 in Mt, Carmel High School, .Vrthur L. Jaquess attendt^l the public and high schools of Mt. Ciirmel and for two weelcs in two winters attendetl siiei'ial ctmrses at the State T'niversity at I'rbana, His sisters also attemled the pui>lic and high schools of Mt, Car- mel, lie always assisted his father on the farm from tlie time he was old enough, and tooii entire charge of the farm after his father's death. He was the first in the county to secure registered Berkshire hogs and mises more of them now than any other breeder in this vicinity. He has made exhibits of this stock at various State and county faii-s, in Indiana and HIinois, and has won many prizes. He is the youngest man in this part of the State to receive prizes on his st(X-k. and is oinsidered one of the most enterprising and progressive fanners of the region. He has also raised some fine sheep and other stivk and (Xintemplates investing more extensively in registered grades, which he be- lieves pay l>est in the long run. thousrh the initial exivnse considerable, ^tr. Jaquess is a Director Of the Mt. Carmel Banking & Trust Company, in which his mother also holds stock. He is a mem- ber of the Knights of Pythias of Mt. Carmel, and of tlie .Methodist Episcojial Church, to which the family are generous c-ontributors. He is iuter- esteil in the progress and welfare of the cx)m- iiumity and has been a zealous worker in the cause of I'lMhibitiou. He is one of the most prouusing yimng business men and farmers of .Mt. Carmel and vicinity, and looks carefully after his interests, being of an ambitious, indus- trious charai-ter. JAQUESS, Hon, Isaac N, (deceased).— In the dentil of the lion. Isaac N. Jaijness. which oc- curred November 12. l.SOi;. Wabash County lost one of its most distinguished citizens, and a man wlio had abl.\' servetl in various public offices within the gift of the i>et)ple. The Jaquess family, to which he belonged, is of French origin, Jonathan Jaquess. from whom the family de.scended. having died previous to the American Kewilution. He had four sons. Jonathan, Isaac, William and Jolin, and five daughters. Polly. Itulli. Susan. Massy and Letty. His eldest son, Jonathan, was liorn April 28. 1775. went to se:» when twelve years old and followed a sailor's life until twenty-seven. He married Sally Jaquess. a third cousin, daughter of Samuel and -Vbigail Jaquess. and she lived but thirteen months. He then marrietl Mrs. Esther E. Koy and movetl from his home in Essex County. N. J., to Kentuck.v, in 1789. settling near the jiresent site of Cynthiana. His wife. Esther, died, leaving two children: Sara Christina and Isaac, the latter the father of Isaac N, Isaac Jaquess was born in New Jersey, February 1, 17.8i;. and dieil June '>. 1812. He marrietl Betsy Jolmson. who died February It!. 1841. in Marion CountN- Mo, Her father was a native of North Carolina, and a noted Indian fighter of his day. Jonathan Jaquess. the grandfather of Isaac N.. emigrateil frtnn Kentucky to Indiana in 181(>, and settled in Henderson County, and from tliere mo\e to Pose,\- County, where he died. Isaac N, Jaquess was the only child of Isaac and Elizabeth (Johnson) Jaquess, He was born in Harrison County. Ky.. February 10. 1811. learned the cabinet maker's trade in his .vouth and. in 18'28. went with his mother to Marion County. Mo., returning to Posey County Ind„ in tlie fall of 18:^1, to see friends, also spent a short time at Mt. (^armel on a visit to his uiicle. W. T. Jaquess. Liking the town and the people he met there, he decided to remain and rommenced working at his trade, at which he cni that time until his death never swen-ed from its principles and teachings. JOHNSON, Charles A. — One of the men who has dcme much to introduce high-bred horses in Wabash. County. 111., is Charles A. Johnson, of Mt. Carmel. who has been very successful as breeder and trainer of fine lioi-ses. Mr. John- son is a native of Mt. Carmel. although nuich of his life has been slieut in Gibson C^ounty. Ind., where for several years he conducted the farm left by his f.ither. He was l)orn June 30. ISti:'.. and is a son of James S. and Eliza C. (Robb) Johnson, both born near Princeton. Gilison County. Ind. Their parents were Jacob Johnson, and wife, of Virginia, and Mr. and Mr.s. David Robb. who always lived in Indiana. The maiden name of Mrs. Robb was Sinii>son. The pater- nal grand|)arents were among the pioneers of Gibson County and James S. Johnson, and bis wife w<>re married there. Jam.es S. Johnson, was a farmer and owned a large farm, which he left in 1802 and locating In Mt. Carmel. there engaged in liveiy and transfer business, sending passenger and freight vehicles over routes to EvansviUe. Vincennes. Bridseport. Princeton and other jioints in that section. He also carrie they moved to Wabash County, 111., and bought a tract of land in Section 6. Wabash Precinct, consisting of HiO acres, where they located permanently. He died in 1854 and liis' widow in 1871, Their children were: Har- rison ; Frances, Jlrs. John Greer, who died in Knox County, Ind.. Squire died In 1872 : Miner- va, died in i873. The I)oyhood of Harrision Johnson was spent on his father's farm and he attended subscrip- tion schools at Allendale. He lias spent most of his life on the old farm and made all possilile Improvements. Most of tlie buildings on the place were erected by him and lie brought it to a high state of cultivation. About 100 acres are under cultivation and the remainder has been left in timber. He carried on general farming and raised considerable jwultiy, but since 1007 has rented out his farm. He has always been recognized as an industrious and in- telligent farmer, and bas been accordingly suc- cessful. He comes from a family well liuown and highly respected in the neighborhood where most of bis life lias been spent and is a worthy representative of same. Politically he is a a Democrat and has identitied himself with the best interests of the community. Mr, Johnson married, January 3, 1864. Nancy Banks, who was born in Daviess County, Ind.. daughter of William and Sarah (Johnson) Banks, of Virginia, and they became parents of children as follows : Sarah, Mrs. John Breen. of Wabash Precinct; Harriet, died in bSSl ; Thomas, at home ; Nellie and Ida, died in cbild- bood ; Clara. Mrs. John Jordan, of Decker, Ind. ; Alice. Mrs. Daniel Reilier, of Wabash Precinct; Charles, in the United States Coast Artillery, stationed at San Francisco ; Anna. Mrs. Everett Banks, of Allendale, 111. JOHNSON, Jacob F., who has been a resident of M. Carmel. 111., since 1861. and has con- tributed his share toward the progress and d^ velopment of the city during that time, is a native of Gibson County. Ind.. l>oni October 31. 1.84.5. He is a son of James S. and F.liza E. (Robb> Johnson, both natives of Gibson County, and grandson of Janib Johnson and wife and of David and Elizabeth (Simpson) Robb, all early settlers of Gibson County. Jacob John.sou (I) was born in Virginia, in 1784, and died in Indiana in 1875. In 1798 be was taken by his parents, John and Sarah Johnson, to Kentucky, and four .years later they crossed the Ohio River near the present site of Evausville, and made tbeir way on horseback to a tract of land a mile west of Princeton, Ind., where they built a shanty and spent the winter. During the winter their horses got away and started bac-k for the old home in Kentucky, and the son, Jacoli. started in pursuit, on foot, not even waiting to jiut on a cap. He went bare- lieaded through the forest, keeping on their trail, and caught them near the place where they had crossed the Ohio. On his way he passed no haliitations and saw no one, but kept fearlessly on. In the .spring they built a log cabin a few miles northwest of Princeton, and began improv- ing their land. The meii of the family became quite celebrated hunters and trappers. Jacob enlisted in 1813 in Hargrove's Company of Rangers. He also assisted in the survey of 'semi- nary land, being camp-keeper. John Johnson, bis wife and the older cbildren, were natives of Virginia, Their seven children were : Rebecca, Betsy. Mary. Hannah, Jacob, David, John. Jacob Johnson first married a Miss Stewart, and after her death, a Miss Skelton, daughter of John Skelton. He had two children, by his first marriage. James Stewart and Sarah Ann, Mrs. McFetridge. By his second marriage bis chil- dren were: John, Jackson, Mrs. Fairchilds. Mrs. Martha McCrea. Lydia and David. Jacob Johnson secured several pieces of government land in Gibson County and became a large land- holder. David Roiib was born in I'nion County, Ky., May 22. 1709, and died in Gilison County, Ind., .\pril 8, 18,88. His wife, Elizabeth Simpson, was born in Tennessee February 1, 1805, and died In Gibssition as clerk in a dry-goods store, this time in Mt. C'armel. Several years later he began speculating in timber, buying the trees standing, felling them and cutting them into logs and otherwise putting them in shape for sale. Ha found this business very protitaWe and continued in it for nine years, after which he began farm- ing on land he owne58 acres, all in one body. He has 500 acres under culti- vation and the remainder is covered with tim- ber. Since 1S61 he has lived in Mt. Carmel and his land is situated crary Compton. who was bom in Wabash County, daughter of .Teremiah Compton, who died in October. ISTfi, without issue. He married r second 1. in October. 1.8S1. Fannie Cihbs. a na- tive of Indiana, who died October 30. 1,SS4. leaving one daughter, Fannie 0.. who married Carl Putnam. Cashier in the First National Bank, of Mt. Carmel. The daughter was reared bv Mrs. James Jeffers. of Danville. Ind.. where she lived until her marriage, and since then her father has lived with her and ber husband, in their handsome residence, situated at 1?.0 East Fourth Street. Mt. Carmel. JOHNSON, William R. (deceased), former owner of a large and fertile farm in Wabash Precinct. Wabash County. 111., was l>orn in that precinct and spent his entire life there on the same farm, and at his death was widely mourned. He had the fullest mnfidence and esteem of bis neighbors, and bad many warm personal friends. Mr. Johnson was liorn .Janu- ary 4. ISO"), a son of William and Rebecca CJacobus) Johnson, born in Knox County, 111. William Johnson was one of the early settlers of Wabash County and purchased a large ti-act of land in the northeast corner of the county. Both he and his wife died on tlie homestead, he on February 21. 1.S.S2. and his widow on Mav 17. 180". They had two children: Hezekiah. l)orn January 9, 18(iO. and died September 13, 1802. and William R., who died .\pril 12, IS'.MJ. The boyhood of William R. Johnson was spent in much the same manner as that of other farmer boys, and he received his education in the public schools. As soon as he was old enough he lielped in tlie work on his father's farm of 2.51 acres, and at the deatb of the latter took entire charge. He carried on general fanning, culti- vating 100 acres, the remainder of the land being in timber. He was married, August 2, 1880, to Sarah Louisa Jordan, who was bom in Wabash Precinct, Februar>' 3, 1802. daughter of William B. and Jerusha (Barney) .Jordan, natives re- spectively of Wabash and Friendsville Precincts, iier grandparents were \'arnold and Rebecca (Buchanan) Jordan. After his marriage Mr. Johnson resided with his mother, and after his death his widow and his mother continued to live together on the home farm until the death of the latter. Since the death of her husband Mrs. .Johnson's brother, Thomas, has carried on the farm. Mr. Johnson and wife were members of the Christian Church and he belonged to the Modem Wood- men of .\merica. Politically he was a Democrat and was actively interested in public affairs. They had two children, namelv: John Riley, born September 4. 1802. and William Ogle, horn .Vugust n. l.SOn. and they attend the district schools and assist in the farm work. Mrs. .John- son is a good manager and conducts her affairs in a manner to insure a good income. She has many friends and is much esteemed by all -who know her. JOHNSTON, Asa Williams.— Among the beat citizens of Mt. Carmel, 111., are many men who are employerotherhood of locomo- tive Engineers. Division Xo. 40(1. JORDAN, Levi (deceased), who was for many years identifie44, and received his somewhat limited education in the common schools near his home. At the age of eleven years he felt compelled to leave home on account of the cruel treatment accorded him b.v his father and step- mother, and siJent two years in the Sate of Mis- souri. He then returned to tlie vicinity of his old home and began learning the work of a sta- tionary engineer from a man named James Hughes, who befriended him and gave him a home and employment until the time of his en- listment for ser^ice in the Union Army, which t(X)k i)lace September 13, 18(31, when he bec-ame a member of ('ompany E, Forty-sec-ond Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He was captured at the Battle of Stone River and confined in Libby Pri.-ion four months, being then discliarged and re-enlisting the following day. He served until July 21. 18(i."i. serving in all a period of three years, nine months and twenty-seven days, and during th.-it time participating in some of the most memorable battles of the war iieriod, in- cluding Pero-ville, Murfreeslniro, Chickamauga, Lookout Jlountain, Mission Ridge. Ringgold, Re.saca. Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and numerous other engagements and skirmishes. After his discharge he located at Mt. Carmel. where he worked as machinist in various lines for about ten years. In 1875 he purcha.sed twelve acres of land in the south- western part of Mt. Carmel and established a truck garden, where he raised sweet corn, sweet ixitatoes and many other vegetables and plants, December 28, 1S69, Mr. Jordan married Frances Parkinson, who was born in Mt, Carmel, August C<. 1849, daughter of William and Eliza ( Russell ) Parkinson, Mr. Parkinson was born in Wilkesbarre. Pa., three weeks after his par- ents came from England, a son of Edward and Mar.v (Beilby) Parkinson, both natives of Eng- land. His wife was born in Mt. Carmel. a daugh- ter of Abraham and Hanna (Stewart) Russell, the former a native of Xantuckett. Mass.. and the latter born in Xew Jerse.v, her mother's maiden name being Ingersoll. Mr. Russell and wife settled in Mt. Carmel among the pioneers and there died. \»illiam Parkinson was a merchant and car- ried on a business some years in Mt. Cannel. Imt on account of poor health was compelled to abandon his occuixition. and in 18.52 went to California, where for two years he worked In the gold mines. Returning to Illinois by way of the Isthnuis and by ship to Xew York City, whence he made his wa.v to Mt. Carmel. he en- gaged in work as a stone mason. He enlisted in the Cnion .\rmy as member of the Fortieth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and was killed at the Battle of Pittsburg Landing, April (i. 1802, having enlisted during the previous month. His widow die. son of Louis and Sarah (Ball) Kamp. the former a native of Germany and the latter of Vanderburg County, He came to the United States as a young man and spent some time in Philadelphia, where he worked in grist mills and then proceeded to Vanderburg Count.v, Ind., where he became the owner of a farm, also a Iwnt on the Ohio River. Later Mr. Kamp moved to Mt. Carmel, 111., and there conducted a flour mill from 1S70 until l.«!ni. when it Imrnefl. and he then established a plant for manufactur- ing ice, which he carried on three .vears. then sold out and retired from active life. Mr. Kamp died in July. ^U0?,, and his wife died in .\ugust. l.sno. They were parents of eight children, of whom two died in infancy, the others being: Berthold. who has a department store at Mt. Carmel: Emi] L.. with Kamp Brothers: Angeto. of Mt. Carmel : Eugene, of Mt, Cnrniel, and Clnra, :\rrs. Howard Sherrv. of Mt. Carmel. Louis W. Kamp received his education in the common and high schools and in 1S!12 entered the employ of Mr. L. Rees. a tinner in Mt. Crtr- mel. where he remained till ISOfi. then went to work for the Pnlliiian car-shops at rullman 111., being employed tT\-n years as plumlier. and then located in New Tnrk City, where be worked one ,vear in a plumbing and heating plant establish- ment. Returning to Mt. Cartel \\r. Knmp be- gan business on his own account, dealing in sheet metal, nlumbing supplies, heating appara- tus, and similar lines. Tbc firm is known as L. W Knmn Companv. which does an extensive business throughout Southern Illinois. Making a specialty of the Countv Water Systems and Gas Licrhtintr Plants. Mr. Kamp. having served time at the sheet metal, plumbing and heating busi- nes,s for past 18 years, has been very suc- cessful and built up a large business, carrying a complete line of up-to-date, high-grade stock. June 1, 1908, Mr. Kamp married Jessie Rein- hard, who was l>orn in Fairfield, 111., daughter of John D, and Betsey (Sheets) Reinhard, the father born in Mt. Carmel and the mother in Frankfort, Ky, Mr. Kamp and his wife have one child, Robert L,, bora December 17, 1909, Mr, Kamp is a member of the Lutheran Church, being one of its Trustees and Superintendent of the Sunday School. He is a member of the A. F. & A. yi.. the I. O. O, F., Elks and the M, W, A. Politically he is a stanch supporter of the Republican party and takes a commendable interest in pulilic affairs. KAVANAUGH, John Dillon.— Many self-made men have achieved a high degree of succ-ess and have won the highest resiiect and esteem from their associates. John Dillon Kavanaugh, of Friendsville. III., has made his own way in the world since he was seventeen years of age, and is now one of th e most i)rominent men in his communitj'. He was born in Mt, Carmel Pre- cinct, Walwsh Couutj-, 111., March 18, 18.S8, a son of Leroy and Rachel (Martin) Kavanaugh, Ixirn in Clark County, Ky. His father was a son of William and Anna (Hinde) Kavanaugh, of Virginia, .\s a boy .John D. Kavanaugh attended tlie dis- trict school and the public schools at >It. Car- mel. He started out for himself by helping get out timber in Indiana for a firm in Cincinnati, Ohio, and three years later went into a mill at Grand Rapids, Wabnsh County, learning the milling trade, at which he worked twenty-five .years in that neighl^orhood. In 1887 Mr. Kava- naugh was ajipointed Deputy Sheriff, under .\lfred McXair. and served two years. He pur- chased a residence in Friendsville in 1871. and has made this his home since. In 18,81 he was appointed Deinity I'nited States Marshal under Charles P. Hitch, and held that position four years. He spent three years in the retail gi'o- cery trade and has also followed various other occupations, thouirh for the past few years he has been practically retired from active life. From 190.S until 1905 he served as guard at the Southern Illinois Penitentiary at Chester. He has shown excellent .iudgment in his various lines of business, and his public service has been con- scientious and satisfactor.v. He is well known and popular socially, is a member of the Masonic T/idge Xn. 2r.9. Mt. Cannel. and politically a sup- Itorter of the Ttoin'blican party, showing keen in- terest in public affairs. Mr. Kavanaugh married. March 7. 1.S(il. Eliz.a Benedict, who was born in Crawford County, Ind,. a daughter of Ciirlton and Delila (Hvden) Benedict, and thev became parents of children as follows: Elizabeth. Mrs, George Wilkinson, now- deceased: Isaac r,. died in 1872- Luella. Mrs, .T, N. T/Oudin. of Mt Carmel. III. The family at- tend the Methodist Church and are identified with every cause that has for its object the im- provement of existing conditions. 742 WABASH COUNTY KEEN, Albert B.— One of the oldest residents of Wnliash County, III., is Albert B. Keen, of Frientlsville Prec-inct, whose name beads this biogra]>b.v. Mr. Keen was born in that precinct, October '20. ISHd, a .sou of Ira and Eleanor (Jor- dan ) Keen, the former a native of Hamilton Oounty, Ohio, and the latter of Bowling Green, Ky., and is a grandson of Peter and Jemima (Gard) Keen, the latter of New Jersey, and Caleb and Rebecca Jordan, natives of Kentucky, Peter Keen and his wife landed where Cincin- nati. Ohio, is now located, and Iielped build the first f-aliin there. They, as well as the rest of their party, were pursued by Indians. They came down the Ohio to the Wabash River, and while on the way the Indians shot at the boat with their arrows, but he and the others escaped. He located near Tiraberville, Wabash County, but soon afterward moved to Friendsvllle Pre- cinct, where he entered land. He cleared this from the scrub oak and imitroved it. After his marriage he lived at Patton Station, in Wabash Precinct, but later secured a tract of land in Freindsville Precinct, where he died in l.'^ST. at the age of eighty-seven years, his wife having died there some years prior. She was born in 1801, tv\-o years before her parents came to Friendsvllle Precinct. Her father secured a large tract of land from the Government and died at the age of eighty-two years. Her mother died at the age of eighty-one. After his marriage Ira Keen spent the re- mainder of his life in farming. He and his wife had nine children, the only survivors now being: Rebecca. Mrs. Thomas Wilkinson, of Friendsviile Precinct : Alliert P.. ; William C. of Wavne City. Wayne County, 111. ; Louisa. Mrs. A. D. Rutter. of Mt. Carniel. Albert B. Keen received his education in the schools of his neighborhood and made the most of his advantages. Most of the .schools in his early boyhood were subscription schools. He remained at home with his parents until his mar- riage, in December, I.SCO. to Mnrtha Shoaff, who was born in W.'ishington. Pa,, daughter of Jacob and Martha ( Wolfenbargerl Shoaff, of Penn- Sj'Ivania. After theii- marriage they moved to a fanii of eighty acres in Friendsviile Prwinct, where he has since resided. Mrs, Keen died in 1881. His father deeded him a farm of eight:*- acres at Patton Station, which he afterward sold. He began clearing the timber from his land and improving it. and added twenty acres to It. He discovered coal on his land and sunk a shaft, which he mine many years, the vein, which is soft lump coal, varying from .30 inches to four feet in depth. He rented out several tracts of his land, on which three shafts were sunk. He ha.s received a good income fi-om this industry and has al.sn. been successful in his farming operations. He has practically retired from active life, but takes great interest in every detail of tl\e work carried on. The children born to ;Mr. Keen and wife were: Elizabeth. Mrs. Mnrcellus Andrus. died at Poplar Grove, Mo. : Robert and Herscliel, died in in- •■ancy ; Romana. with her father, and Alberta, Mrs. Thomas Besley, of East St. Louis, 111. Mr. Keen is a Democrat in politics and served one term as County Commisioner. He is a member of the South Star Odd Fellows Lodge No. 732, of Friend.si'ille. He is well kuoWn in the county and universally esteemed for his many good qualities of heart and mind. lie keeps fully in- formed on the topics and issues of the day and is much interested in public affairs. KEEN, Daniel E,, is a native son of Wabaah County, III., Ijeiug a descendant of one of the pioneer families of this section. His father was the late Hon. Ezra B. Keen, a sketch of whose lief also appears in this volume. His mother is Mrs. Luciuda (Knowles) Keen, whose parents were among the early settlers of Gibson County, Ind. He was Iwni November 21. IStU. on the farm just north of Keensburg, where his grand- father settled in the second decade of the last century. His youth was spent on the farm in the ijerformance of such tasks as usually fall to the lot of the farmer boy. During the winters lie attended the pulilic school of the neighbor- hood. After acquiring such an education as this institution afforded, he entered the Southern In- diana Normal College at Mitchell. Ind.. from which he graduated in 18S1 with tlie degree of B. S. LTpon his graduation he was chosen as one of a liody of young teachers from the North, selected to compose the faculty of the Milan Nor- mal College, at Milan. Tenn., where he taught successfully for two years, the last year as Asso- ciate Principal. During his residence in Milan, thrnugh his acquaintance with the publisher of the local paper, Mr. Keen acquired a taste for newspai^er work, and returning to his native c-ounty pur- chased the "Mt. Carmel Republican." then owned by Thomas L. .Toy. He began the jiublication of the ■■Renulili'^aii" Anril ''" 1SSS. and has been in charge of the paiwr continuously from that day to the present time. His early experience in the newspaper field was not encouraging. The "Republican" ix)ssessed an equipment that was meager in the extreme and the ojitiosition was far stronger than that usually encountered by a new candidate for public fav(U', Having little to rer-onuiiend him hut his own strength of char- acter and honesty of pui-pose. bis progress was slow indeed and the struggle was often severe. .\s the years passed, however, the paper gradually won its way to the front, the office was given a more fitting equipment and the pulilication was accorded a standing equal to that of any of its contemixiraries. On Septem- ber 4. 1890. the publication of the "Daily Repub- lican" was commenced, this being the first daily pa]>er ever established in Aft. Carmel and its pub- lic.ition at first undertaken as an experiment. Its existence was rather precarious for a time, the town being scarcely large enough for its sup- port : but it. too. won the favor of the nubiic n^d. in due course lias become one of the firmly estab- lished institutions of the city. The publisher WABASH COUNTY r43 now lias the satisfaction of knowing that the "Republican," Daily and Weekly, is regarded as one of the foremost papers of Southern Illinois, and fully up to the standard of the c-ountry press of any section of the .State, while the old iiand press, broken jobber and worn-out tyi^, have given place to the linotype, the cylinder press and a complete modern equipment in every re- spect. In his editorial capacity ilr. Keen has always endeavored to stand for decency, honesty and fair-play, not only in strictly local matters, but in polities and affairs of government as well. His intluenc-e has always been thrown in favor of progress, and the elevation of public morals and the betterment of conditions under which we live. Mr. Keen"s position as editor of the Republi- can party organ, of necessity has caused him to take a somewhat prominent part in jwlitics. and his worth in this line was recognized by his ap- pointment in 1898 as Postmaster at Mt. Carmel. He was re-appointed in r.Mi2 and again in 1906. making his term of service in this position longer than that of any other incumbent, save one. who held the office during the days when Mt. Carmel was but a village. His administration of the affairs of the ixi.stoffice has been marked by a wonderful growth of the iwstal service. Largely through his efforts the present extensive rural free deliverj- senice was established, and a little later city free delivery was added. Dtiring his incumbency the expenditures of the office on ac- count of local service have grown from alwut .$2..'!n0 per annum to a total of almost .i;iS.(XiO. In this youth Mr. Keen became a member of the old Coffee Christinn Church, later removed to Keensburg. of which his grandfather. Daniel Keen, was one of the founders in 1819. He re- tains his memliership there at the present time, thoutrh naturally his attendance is at the 'M. Car- mel Church of the same bod.v. He has been a member of the Order of Knights of Pythias since 18.S9. having been one of the charter members of Wab.nsh Lodee Xo. 227. of Mt. Carmel. w'li-li ho has frequently served in various capacities. For many years he was a member of the Grand Lodge of the order in Illinois and had the dis- tinction, as Chairman of the Committee on Aged Pythians and Pythian Onihans' Home, of pre- senting the report establishing the magnificent home for the dependents of the order, recently erected at Decatur. Mr. Keen was united in marriage. September 24. 1902, at Palmer Lake. Colo., to Miss Effie K. Johnson, of Mt. Carmel. One daughter, Eleanor J., was- born to them November 2S. 1900. Mr. Keen is extremel.v domestic in his tastes and practically all his time, not taken up by business affairs, is devoted to his famil.v and his home. KEEN, Hon. Ezra B. (deceased), who. at the time of his death, was the oldest native citizen of Wabash Ooiint.v. 111., came from a race of pio- neers and was a worthy representative of the hardy stock from which he sprang. His familv werp among the founders of three States. They came originally from New Jersey, of which State his grandfather. Peter Keen, was a native. Soon after the Revolutionary War the grandfather re- moved to the Northwest TeiTitorj', settling near Cincinnati, then but a struggling frontier village. In 1S14 he sold out and, gathering his effects to- gether, removed to the Territory of Illinois, settling on what is known as the Fox farm, r\vo miles south of Allendale, in what is now Wabash, but which was then a part of Edwards County. He was one of the original proprietors of the ill- fated town of Palmyra, which was the first county-seat of Wabash County. He died in 1840 on a farm near Frieudsville. to which he had removed. His wife was Jemima Gard, a sister of Seth Gard. another pioneev and a man of prominence in his day. who was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818, and of the Territorial Legislature in 1817. One of the chil- dren born to this family was Daniel Keen, who became the father of the subiect of this sketch. Daniel Keen was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, in 1794. and was a young man when the family came to Illinois. He was married In 1815 and removed to the southern part of the county, settling on a tract of wild land in Cof- fee Prec-inct just north of the present town of Keensliurg. There he opened up a farm uiwn which he remained until 1.8.52, when he returned to the northern part of the county, but later came back to end his days on the old place, dy- ing there in 187.5. He was married, in 1815. to JIary Compton. daughter of Levi and Rosanna Compton. who came to Illinois from Virginia in 1802. and who are .said to have been the first settlers of this part of the State. Levi Compton was one of the prominent men among the pioneers of Illinois, was the colleague of Seth Gard as Delegate from Edwards County to the Cbnstitutional Convention of 1818. the year Illi- nois was admitted into the Fnion as a State, and Representative from the same county in the First General Assembly (181,8-20'). His son Jo- seph was he first male child liom within the limits of what is now Wabash County. Mary f Compton) Keen died in IS."?!, the mother of five sons and two daughters, the subject of this sketch being one of the former. Daniel Keen was married in later years to .Tulydia. daughter of Thomas MeClain. who survived him at his death. Ezra Baker Keen, the third son of Daniel and Mary (Compton") Keen, was born on the old homestead near Keensburg. December 1. 1821. He grew up on the fann and was subject to all the privations and trials which marked the pioneer life of those days. He received a lim- ited education in the subscription schools, the only kind then in existence in that part of the State, and in he old log school houses with puncheon floors and greased-paper windows, he learned to read, write and cipher. His onl.v opportunity for a more advanced education came when for a short time under the tutelage of a shrewd Yankee. Reuben Fox. he was given in.struction In English grammar in addition t" 744 WABASH COUNTY hii! other studies. Meager as were his early educational oi)iiurtunities. he ne^-er ceased to add to bis store of informatiou. and through travel, reading and t-outact with men, awjuired a broad knowledge of affairs that made bim one of the best informed men of his time. In bis youth the waterways afforded prac- ticall.v the only means of communication with the outside world, and bis desire to leani some- thing of other .sections of the counti-y led him early to turn liis attention to the river. .\t the age of eighteen years he made his first trip to New Orleans, as a tlatlxwtman, and the aptitude which he at once showed for the work caused him to be in great demand as a pilot for these rude craft, which constituted the only means by which the early settlers could get their pro- duce to market. In the intervals of farming be followed the river for many years, making 25 round trips to New Orleans, a record i)erhaps equaled by no other person in his section. He had many stirring adventures and the story of his experiences wotUd fill a volume. He in- herited a rugged constitution and his i)byslcal prowess made him a leader among the young men. few of whom could best bim in a wrestling bout or equal him in lifting with the baud- spike, the favorite methods of determining pli.vs- Ical superiority in those days. Jlr. Keen taught one term of school at Lick Prairie and a little later located in Mt. Carmel where, in partnership with the late D. S. Har- vey, be conducted a store for a short time. He could not be content, however, to be trannneled by the restrictions of a business career, and. soon disiwsing of his Interests, returned to farming, iwrcbasing the old homestead, uix>n which be remained until tlie day of bis death. He was progressive in bis methods as a farmer" and. before his days of activit.v had passed, ac- quired quite a comfortable competence. In 185(1 Mr. Keen was united In marriage witli lAieinda Kiiowlos. of Gilison County. Ind. Mrs. Keen is a daughter of K|ihraim and Pynthia (Kimball) Knowles. Her family came origin- ally from the State of Delaware, but her father was a native of Georgia, emigrating to Indiana in bSll. .Jesse Kimball, the maternal grand- father, was a soldier of the Revolutionaiy War. removed from his native State of Connecticut to Kentucky and later to Indiana, where be died in IS.'iS, at the advanced age of ninety-seven years. Six children were born to the union of Ezra R. and Lncinda Keen, of whom three are living, namely: Mrs. E. .\. P.urbolz. of Keens- burg : Daniel E.. of Mt. C'annel, Postmaster and editor of the "Mt. Carmel Republican." and Marshall G.. of Chicago. Politically. Mr. Keen was a Reputiliean of Re- publicans. Originally a Whig, when the break- up came, his opposition to human slavei-y led him to identify himself with the tiarty of free- dom. He voted for Lincoln in 1S(iO and con- timied a leader in his part.v almost up to the time of his death. He was a Republican throughout the troublous times of the Civil War. when to be so required courage, both moral and l)bysiral. In 18S0 he was nominated b.v his party for Representative in the General Assem- bly in the old Forty-fourth District, being as- sociated on the ticket with the late Governor John R. Tanner, who, as a candidate for State Senator, was just then beginning his political career. He was elected and served with credit to himself and bis constituents. In character Mr. Keen was a representative of all that was best in tJie rugged ancestry whence he came. He was absolutely fearless in bis stand for the princi])les in which be believed, and allowed no opposition to swerve bim. He was generous and honorable in all his dealings, and bis word was ever as good as his Iwnd. He was charitable to the poor, and no hungry man was ever turned from his door unfed. For almost two generations he was a leading mem- ber of the Christian Church, known as the Old Coffee, and afterwards as the Keensburg Chtireli. giving ireely of his time and means for its support. In earlier years his home was a haven for the ministers of the chun-h and a gathering i>lace for those who came from a dis- tance to attend the services. He always took a deep intere.st in the progress of the neighborhnod and gave his support to all movements for the betterment of conditions therein. For man.v years he served as a member of the School Board and in every way possible did what he could for the advancement of education. The i>ositive- ness of his character caused man.v to disagree with him. but none failed to accord him the full nieasttre of resiie<-t and esteem to which his patriarchal character entitled bim. The last several years of his life were sjient b.v Mr. Keen quietl.v at his home near Keensburg, where he passed awa.^•. Tuesday. May 4, 1900, at the age of eigbt>--seven years, five months and three days, bis death occuring almost within a stone's throw of the spot where be was born. The interment was in the nld Coffee Cemetery, to which other members of his family preceded bim. Those who have come upon the stage of action at a later date have but little comprehension of the vast changes that took place during Mr. Keen's lifetime, or how far back into the his- tory of his countr.v that lifetime reaches. Wlien he was born the Union was yet in its infancy : Tllinois had been a State but three .years and Wabash County had not lieen created. Tlie en- tire country in this section was a howling wil- derness, from which the footjiTlnts of bnstile sav- ages had scarce been ol)literated. The railroad was as yet unknown and the telegraph was a generation in the future. The steamboat had but recently I>een invented and as yet had scarcely made its wa.v to western waters. He lived tuider all but four of his country's Presi- dents and voted in seventeen of the regular iiresidentinl elections, lieginning with William IIenr>- Harrison and ending with William How- ard Taft. Willi the lives of none of her sons is the his- WABASH COUNTY 745 torv of Wabash County more intimately cou- net'ted. and few indeed have borne a hirger part in its development and progress, or left a stronger impress for good upon the community in which they lived. KEEN, William E., a prosperous merchant of Keeusburg. 111., and a citizen of Coffee Precinct. Wabash County, is a native of the precinct, born May S. 1849. sou of Oruamil H. and Mar- garet P."(Sproun Keen, the former a native of Coffee Precinct and the latter of Lexington, Ky. Ornaniil H. Keen was born in 1S17. a sou of Daniel and Marj- (Compton) Keen, natives re- spectively of New Jersey and Wabash County. and Margaret P. Sproul was bom In 1-^24. Peter Keen, the father of Daniel, was born in Tren- ton. X. J., and came to Waliash County in 181:2, settling on the prairie at Friendsville. Mary Compton was a daughter of Levi Compton. a native of A'irainia. who in ISiy located at Tim- berville. now Allendale. Wabash County. Both the maternal and iKiternal gi-andparents of Will- ian E. Keen were married in Wabash County, as were also his parents, the latter settling in Coffee Precinct where Keensburg now stands. They were all farmers. Tlie father served sev- «rar times as County Commissioner and laid out the town of Keensburg on his farm in 1872. the same being named in his honor. Mr. Keen was a large land holder and an extensive stock farmer. He died at Keensburg. August 30. 1877. that town having been laid out on his farm, and his widow died about 1890. They had children as follows : William E. : John M.. died in in- fancy ; Ornamil IL ; Oliver P.. died at the age of twenty-five years : Daniel, died in in- fancy. By a previous marriage, to a Miss Mc- Clain. Mr. Keen had one daughter. Mary I., who married D. F. Moyer. and died in Mt. Car- niel about 18.08. The boyhood of William E. Keen was spent at Keensburg and he received his early educa- tion in the public schools. He also attended the Presbyterian school at Friendsville and the Northwestern Christian University at Indian- apolis, Ind. He remained at home with his parents until his marriage. June 2i. 1874. to Hattie A. Burns, who was born in Grayville. White Countj-. 111., a daughter of Xeil C. and Hannah Ann (Gilbert) Bums, the former born in Po.sey Countv. Ind.. and the latter in Phila- delphia. Pa. The Burns family, which was of Scotch desc-ent. early settled in Eastern Illinois. Mr. Keen engaged in mercantile business soon after his marriage and did his .share toward the progress and development of the thriving town of Keensburg. and still conducts a general store there, carrying dry-goods, household furn- ishings and various farm appliances and imple- ments. Tliere were three children born to Mr. Keen and wife, namely: Elery C. Helen B. and Mar.v. Elery C. Keen married ffirstt Bertlin Harrinston. who died in f'p spring of lOOi;, leaving three children. Elizabeth. William and Xeil B.. and married (second) .\nrestella Denham. by whom he had one son, Oliver P. Helen B. Keen, who lives at home, is now at- tending school at Huntington Hall. Los Angeles, Cal. Mary died in infancy. Mr. Keen is a member of the Christian Church and in politics is a Democrat, He has been ai-tive in local affairs and is an influential and useful citizen. He served as Clerk of the Circuit Court from 1876-80. during which time he resided in Mt. Carmel. Fraternally he is a member of the Tribe of Ben Hur, of Keensburg. KELLER, John H,, a prominent merchant of .Mt. Carmel, 111., member of the firm of Keller & McClung. has been successful as a farmer, manu- facturer and merchant, and has acquired his present position through his enterprise and per- severance. Mr. Keller was lx)rn in Heilmandale, Lebanon County. Pa.. March 12. 1855. a son of John and Sarah (Richard) Keller. His pater- nal grandparents. John and Elizabeth (Lyuts) Keller, were natives of Strassburg. Germany, and his maternal grandparents. John Peter Rich- ard and his wife, were Iwru in England. John Keller was a farmer in Pennsylvania. John H. Keller received his education in the common schools of his native county and re- mained at home until he was twenty-one years old. then went to Wichita. Kan., and remained there three months, after which he walked back as far as Bloomington. 111., having not a cent of money. He worked on a farm in McLean County until he had money enough to take him to Hoopeston. 111., and worked on a farm near there six months, during which time his par- ents had moved to Mt. Carmel. He then re- turned home and worked for them until his marriage. May 27. 188?,. to Alice Risley, a na- tive of Mt. Carmel. dauffhter of John T. Risley. After his marriage Mr. Keller rented a farm near Mt. Carmel from his brother-in-law, and a year later a e.vclone destroyed all his proi>erty. He then located in Mt. Carmel and engaged in business for one year, when he bought a farm five miles north of Mt. Carmel. whii'h he car- ried on three years, then rented it and pur- chased another farm two miles north of Mt. Carmel, where he lived two years. Mr. Keller then moved to Mt. Carmel and engaged in the lumber business, in company with D. F. Rhein- hart and M. R. Jones, the firm name beins J. H. Keller & Company. They continued in busi- ness a year and a half, when Mr. Keller sold his interest to his partners and for two years engaced in fani'ln" : he then bousht f'^p 'iri.^k yard which was owned by George G. Blood, .iust north of Mt. Carmel. and conducted this enter- prise with success seven years. He sold the brick plant and two of the nine acres, there be- ins a fine brick house on part of the land. He also sold out his farms in Wabash Count.v and purchased the hardware business of W. S. Mer- ritt. in partnership with George \. McCluns. The firm of Keller & McClung have since car- ried on the business and carry a good line of gen- eral hardware merchandise, having one of the best stores in Mt. Carmel. They are both men 746 WABASH COUNTY of euterprise and business acumen and pay proper attention to tlie needs of their custom- ers. In Marcli, ItHjO, tliey purcliased a 30<)-acre farm in Knox County. Ind.. under the name of Keller & MeClung. This is well improved, fer- tile land, and all under cultivation except forty acres of timber. Mr. Keller and his wife became parents of children as follows: .J. Everett, at home; Lee, at San Diego, t'al. : Arthur and Ralph, at home. Mr. Keller is a member of the B. I'. O. E.. No. 715. Mt. Oarmel, the Modem Americans and the Modem Woodmen of America. In political views he is independent, voting for the man he considers best fitted for othee. In llKi."> he was elected Alderman of the Third Ward in Mt. Carmel on the Democratic ticket, and dis- charged his duties with ability and good judg- ment. He takes an active Interest in ])nblic af- fairs and keeps himself informed upon the is- sues of the day. KENEIPP, Alexander P.— Among the substan- tial and entenirislng farmers of Wabash County, 111., one of the most successful is Alexander P. Keneipp. who owns a farm .iust outside the city limits of Mt. Carmel. besides considerable proi)- erty in the city. Mr. Keneipp was born in Mt. Carmel. May !). 1852. son of Silas and Jane (Harve.v) Keneipp. Silas Keneipp was born in Painesville, Ohio, son of Charles Keneipp. a na- tive of HesserDarmstadt. Germany, and bis wife, who was born in Bedford. Ohio, was a daughter of Beauchamp and Hester (Saylor) Harvey. The parents of Silas Keneipji died when he was but eleven .years of age. and he came to Mt. Carmel with hi.s uncle. Andrew Keneipp. He remalnetl in that city, while bis uncle went to Lawrence Count.v. 111. Silas Keneipi> leameil the trade of blacksmith and afterward hou'-'bt out his employer, conducting the shop until 1S5S. when he sold out and purchased a farm of 120 acres just west of Mt. Carmel. Besides oi)eratlng his farm he conducted a saw-mill, but retired from active business several .vears before bis death, which occurred about 1.SS2. He was born July 2!t. 1,111. and his wife, who was born Oc- tober 17. 1S17. died about 1S7.'!. They bad c'"'- dren as follows: George M.. died in l.SO,S; Ed- , ward B.. of Mr. Carmel; Mary E.. Mrs. Major Chapman, deceased: C.vms IT., of Mt. Carmel Precinct ; Benjamin F.. deceased ; Maria J.. Mrs. Charles Calverly. of Mt. Carmel Precinct; Alex- ander P.; Judith Hester, married .\. M. Orr. of Mt. Carmel Precinct. I'ntil six years of age Alexander P. Keneipp lived in Mt. Carmel. when bis iwirents moved to their farm a little way outside the city limits. He attended the district school and Central Normal College, at Danville. Ind. .Vfter bis father's death lie Inherited the bnme'^tead. He wa.s married. May 1.S, 1,SS5. to Gertrude Ebert. born July - tember 12. 1.S97. aud Frances Wllhelmlna. Ixjrn November 17. looo. at home. Mr. Kenelp)> is a most intelligent aud euter- lirislng famier and gives close attention to all the details of his work. He taught school a few- winters before his marriage, but has since de- voted bis entire time aud attention to his agri- cultural operations. A Republican politically, be has been prominent in political affairs, has served fifteen years as ScIkxjI Director, and has bc-en identified with ever.v movement for pub- lic improvement and the general welfare. In religions views he is identified with the Metho- dist Ei)iscopal Church and has contributed his share to the work of bis church. A useful and representative citizen he has a large number of friends. KENEIPP, Cyrus Harvey, a farmer of Mt. Car- mel Precinct, where he owns an extensive farm, is a native of the precinct where he resides, born July 2l!. l,84(i. He is a son of Silas and Jane ( Harvey t Keneipp. the former a native of (iermany and the latter of Wabash County, 111. -Mrs. Kenel])p's falher and mother, Beauchamp and Hester Harvey, were natives of Ohio. Silas Keneii)p was one of the earliest settlers of Mt. <'.irmel. and the land he secured was all cov- ered with timber. I'pon bis marriage he set- tled a mile and a half southwest of Mt. Carmel. and here spent the remainder of his life, pass- ing away about 1.870. His widow survived sev- eral years and died aliout 1889. They were par- ents of children as follows: (ieorge JI.. de- ceased: Edward, of Mf. Carmel ; Ellen, deceased, wife of .Major Chapman, of Mt. Carmel Pre- cinct: .Maria. .Mrs. Charles Calverly. of Mt. Car- mel Precinct; Alexander, of Alt. Carmel: Frank, died at the age of eight years, and Judith. Mrs. A. M. Orr. of Mt. Carmel. The boyhood of Cyrus II. Keneipp was spent on bis father's farm near Mt Carmel. where he resided with his ]>nrents until his marriage. In December. l.'*(!9. to Catherine Wilbelm. damihter of Conrad and (Jertnide f Smith) Wllbeim, both natives of Worms. (Jermany. Mr. Wil- belm's father. Conrad Wilbelm. and his wife's father. William Smith. c.-\me to Wabash Ciiunty in an early da.v. and here Mrs. Kei'elpp's ]iarents were marrie/if/i^ :y^//// WABASH COUNTY 747 death, in 1890. After his marriase Mr. Keiieipp moved to his t'anii of eighty acres, oue and a half miles southwest of Jit. ('Mrniel. lie had to dear a large part of this land, eret-ted ou it inodern huikliiigs and made all possible improve- nients. adding to his ix>ssessions from time to time, until he is now tlie owner of 332 acres, all well improved. He raises registered Hereford cattle and has a good grade of horses and hogs. Mr. Keneipp is ind('])endent in ix)litical matters and votes for the man he considers best fitted to hold ottice. He belongs to the Methodist Episco- pal Church of Mt. Carmel. ranks as one of the intelligent and successful farmers of Wabash Count.v, and is held in high esteem b.v all who know him. He takes an active interest in po- litical affairs, although he does not care for imblir- otH< e. Mr. Kenei]»]) and his wife have one son. Stew- art, born .Tune 11. 1871. who resides on part of the home farm. He mari'ied Maud Murray, born in Mt. Carmel. daughter e (Hirvevi Kenelpn. Silas Keneipp was born .Tulv 20, 1.811. near Winchester. Oeauga County. Ohio, and came with his uncle to Mt. Carmel. in 1827. There he learned the trade of a blacksmith with James IT. Tieall. afterward buying a shop of his own and carrving on business in this line for a quarter of a century. In 1.8.")n he moved to his farm near Mt. Carmel. where he spent the re- mainder of his life, and died .Vpril T*, 1.'<^!. The founder of the Keneipp family in America was Chri.stian Keneipp. a Hessian soldier, who was c-aptiired at Trenton, and later .ioined the Continental Army. After the war he married and Incated in Geauga County. Ohio. Many of his descendants .settled in Wabash and Law- rence Counties. HI. Captain Keneipp received his education in the publi<- schiHiIs of .Mt. Carmel, and then learned the blacksmith trade in bis father's .shop. He moved to the country with the family in 1859, and there followed farming until his enlistment in the war. Septemlier 1. l.s. C. : Rolla. of Illinois: two daughters. Rosalind and JIary Ethel, who reside with their mother, in Jit. Carmel. Capt. Keneipp owned 102 acres of land near Jit. Car- mel. and had operated this farm several years, with success. He was buried in Rose Hill Ceme- tery. His widow moved to Jit. Carmel in 1894. KENNARD, Frank, who has a well developed farm in ColTee Precinct. Wabash Count.v. Til., is a native of that county, born in Bellmont Pre- cinct. February 2. 1S."9. a son of Robert and Sarah Jane (Paul) Kennard. natives of Jiason County, Kv. The parents were married in Tven- tucky and soon after removed to Wabash Countj-, buying a farm in Bellmont Precinct, where they lived for a time, then jnirehased another i>lace In the same precinct. In 1870 they moved to Coffee Precinct, and he and his wife Iioth died in the village of Rochester. Their children were: Nancy, married .Tosejih ICennard. nf Bellmont Precinct: .Vngeline. mar- riefl George Adamson. and died in Coffee Pre- cinct : Henry, of Griffln, Posey County. Tnd. : Frank: Ella, died at the age of sixteen years; Ennna. Jlrs. Robinson, of Sullivan County. Tnd. ; .\lvii'. died at the age of twenty-eight .rears; James, of Sullivan. Tnd.: Fannie. Jlrs. Owen Gard. of Griffin. Tnd.: Laura, Jlrs. George Smothers, of Jlissouri. ^ The eflucation of Frank ICennard was ac- quired at the JTud Prairie and Ridge District Schools, and he lived with his parents until his marriage, JIar<-h 27. lS.':."i. to \'ictoria Willyard. of Coffee Precinct, a daughter of Wesley and Elizabeth (Desaii) Willyard.. both natives of Wabash County. Jlr. Kemiard and his wife first rented a farm In Coffee Precinct, where they lived four years, then moved to old Rochester, where they purchased a farm, and after living on it four .years rented the I\een farm, also in Coffee Precinct, whii-h they occupied four years. They then moved U. t/ie Village or ICcenslnirg. 748 WABASH COUNTY where they resided six months, after which they purchased the farm of eii;hty-one aud a half aeres in Coffee Preciurt, adjoining Rochester. This place was only partly cleared and he has since c-ontinued clearing and developing It until he had hut five acres of timber, which he had lately cleared and put under cultivation. He has erected on it sulistantial buildings and has an e.\celleiit farm. He also owns eight lots in Rochester. He does general farming and raises cattle and hogs. Four children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Kenuard, uamely : Alfred, at home; Ephraim, a school teacher, also lives at home; Essie. Mrs. Robert Strauthers, of Keens- burg; Cliarles, at home. Mr. Kennard has always been au industrious aud energetic farmer and has followed the most approved and modern methods of canning on his agricultural work. He is well known and nmch esteemed in the community which is his home, aud has a host of friends. Fraternally he is a hiember of the Modem Woodmen of Amer- ica and Indepeudent Order of Odd Bellows, of Keensburg. In political views he is a Democrat and served ten years as School Director, having also served as Drainage Commissioner .since 100". KINGSBURY, Alonzo M.— A man who has served in several positions of public trust and has been a successful farmer and business man. is Alonzo M. Kingsbury, now living in Mt. Car- mel, HI. The family has been prominent in Wabash Couuty for many years, and has cou- tributed a fair share to the growth and develop- ment of public and ]irivate enteii)rises. Alonzo M. Kingsbury was born in Mt. Carmel Precinct. April 13, 18.54. a son of Wooster P. and Eliza- beth Ann (Reel) Kingsbury, mentioned in con- nection with the sketch of Theodore H. Kings- bury, to be found also in this volume. After completing the course in the district schools of Mt. Caniiel Precinct, Mr. Kingsbury took a business course at the Normal School at Danville. Ind. After reaching liis nia.ient almost his entire life within its limits. The spring of the year when he was twenty-three years old he went to (Jirard. Craw- ford County. Kan., where he spent one year, working on the farm through the summer aud .siH'uding the winter in fiirard. Politically Mr. Kingsbury is a supiwrter of the principles of the Republican party. He served two terms as Justice of the I'eaee in Coffee Pre- cinct, a i>eriod of eight years, aud served three terms of three years each on the School Board. Fraternally he is a member of the Modern Woodmen of .\nierica No. 21!)3. of Keensburg. KINGSBURY, Theodore H.— Many men are able to acquire success in several different lines of work, and among the residents of Wabash County, 111., who have been fortunate in invest- ing in and carrying on, various euterprises, is Theodore H. Kingsbury, now a resident of Mt. Carmel. Mr, Kingsbury was bom in Mt. Carmel Precinct. OctolK>r I'd. IS.")!), a sou of Wooster P. aud Elizabeth Ann (Reel) Kingsbury. The father was a native of Meigs County. Ohio, and the mother of Wabash County. 111. The grand- father. Emanuel Reel, of Indiana, was among the first settlers in Waliash County and became a .successful farmer of Mt, Carmel Precinct. He died in lSO(t, at the age of eight>--five years. The paternal grandparents were also early settlers of Wabash County and later moved to Richland Countj-. where they conducted a store, and some- time afterward returned to Mt. Ciirmel, Wabash County, where the grandfather died about 187."). at the age of sixty-three years, having spent his last days in Friendsville. Wcnster P. Kingsbury and his wife were mar- ried in Wabash County aud owned a farm in Mt. Canue! Precinct, although for eleven years after their marriage they traveled throiigh that part of the State in the interest of a Bible So- ciety. Mr. Kingsbury then t^irned his atten- tion to farming and served as a hx-al preacher in the Methodist EiiiS(^opal Church, .\bout four- teen years before his death he moved to Ponca. Xeh.. where he died June 17, ISim. His wife died in March. 1SS7. and he married (second") Mars' .\nn Scott, by whom he had no children. She now lives at On-ensville. Ind. Bv his first maiTiage his children were: A. M.. of Mt. Car- mel: L. E.. of Hiicago. III.: Laura V.. Mrs. H. B. .\ndrews. of Knoxvllle. III.: Theodore H. ; Clarence .\.. au attorney-at-law. at Pouca. Xeb. ; Emerv S., an attornev living at Evansville, Ind.; WABASH COUNTY 749 Luella May, of Deoatur, 111.; Mary J., of Chi- cago ; Elmer B., who couduc-ts a newspaper at Ponca, Neb. ; Rosa E., Mrs. Rudy Bachiuan, of Ponca, Neb. Theodore II. Kingsbury received his educa- tion in the c-onuiion schools and, when old enough, began farm work for others. He con- tinued in this line of employment until his mar- riage, in JIarcb. 1SS7, to Martha A. Lincoln, who was l>orn in Milltown. Harrison County, Ind., a daughter of Mordecai and Maiy (Si>encer) Lin- coln. After his marriage Mr. Kingsbury rented a farm in Mt. Carniol I'recint for a .year and a half, then bmight thirty-two and a half acres of land, which was a part of his Grandfather Reel's farm. Tn-o years later he sold this and bought his father's farm which was his birthplace, and on which he carried on farming three years, after which he bought eighty acres in Mt. Car- niel Precinct. This he cultivated two years, when he sold It and bouirht another farm, where he lived three years. He then traded his last purchase for city property at Mt. Carmel. and eight months later traded this property-, taking in its place his father's old farm, which he car- ried on seven years. Then having sold this out. he purchased another farm, but without operat- ing it himself located in Mt. Carmel and there engaged in real estate business for one year, after which he embarked in his present business, dealing in stock feed and seed-grains, in which he has been very successful and has Imilt up a pood trad". The children born to Mr. Kingsbur.v and his wife are: Everett E.. of Mt. Carmel: Grace May. Mrs. A. .\. Kuhn. of St. Louis. 'VIo. : Elsie E.. at home; Vern E., also at home. The family are members of the Christian Church and in po- litical atflliations Mr. Kingsbury is a Republic- an, although he takes no very active part in public affairs, being chiefly absorbed by bis business affairs. In his dealings with nUiors' 'ip has invariaiily proved himself a man of probity and high honor, and those who have transacted business with him have been fairly dealt with. Fraternally he Iielongs to Columbia Ca"iTi. No. IfilO. Modern Wondmen of \nierica. of Mt. Car- mel, and Knights of Pvtbias, "U'aliasb I/idge, No. 22T. KITCHENE, George Theodore, a former citizen of Wabash County resldim; in the vicinity o," '^It. Carmel. but now a resident of Vermontville, Mich,, w;|s born in Cliarle'stnn, Coles County. 111., June .'{(). 1S71. a son of Georgius and Belle Perrj-- rian Kitchene. natives respectively of Paris. France, and Pana. 111. The father emigrated to the T'nited States when a .voung man and be- came a telegraph ojierator in the State of New York. Later he secnrefl a position with the Big Four Railroad, at Charleston. 111. He and his wife had two children, namely : Georgius. wlio died at the age of two years, and George T. When the latter was about six mnnths old his mother secured a divorce from her husband and subsequently married Dr. .T. T. DoUohan. a dentist of Sumner, 111., where he died August 14, 19(12. His widow still resides at Sumner. They had children as follows : .lohn Franklin, a traveling salesman in Illinois; Harry Kecley, also a traveling .salesman, and Nellie Isabel, widow of John Lature, who has one daughter, Laverne, and lives with her mother. After receiving his education in the public schools George T, Kitchene started working as a p.iinter and iiaper-hanger, and followed this decollation ill Sunmier and Olney, 111,, some time, then engaged in conducting a feather renovator, which he continued in Michigan, Illinois, Indi- ana, Missouri and Texas. He married. Septem- ber 1, ISO.'i. Katie Reel, who was born in Mt. Carmel Precinct, and is a daughter of David S. and Margaret (Gard) Reel, both natives of Wa- bash County. Her mother, who was horn March 10, l,'*.'52. still resides in Jit. Carmel Precinct, and Jlr Kitchene's maternal grandmother. Mrs. Marks, who was Iwrn in April, 1831, now lives in Olney, 111. The children born to Mr. Kitchene and Avife were: Marie I., born May .3, 1S98 ; George A., born June 30. inoo; Mabel E., born October 4, 1003. After his marriage Mr. Kitchene lived in IMt. Carmel one year and then Ixiught a ten-acre tract of land two miles north of Mt. Carmel. to which he later added nine acres, and also owned a five-acre tract one-half mile east. He rented out his land and followed the business of reno- vating feathers. His wife is a mendjer of the Methodist Episcopal Church and active in church work. Mr. Kitchene is a Repulilican in p McLean. Children as fol- lows were born of this marriage: William Har- very, lK>rn .July 24. 18.">7, died in .January. 1S,S.S: Susan A., born Xnvembei- 17. lS.^)ri, married Clar- ence Harvey, of Mt. Carrael. 111.: Etihraim H.. born May .".l, 1,S02. lives with his father: and Cynthia, born Anril 21. 1.S(W, also at home. Mrs. Knowles died Febniarj- 10. l.Sns. The second marriage of Mr. Knowles occurred AJarch 27. lono, when he was united with Airs. Ellen (Braxton) J^rancisco. a widow, whose death oci-nrred November 17. ^0()~>. "Vtr, iv'^mvles ninrried Cthird) Peceniber 23, 100(^ Fannie Mc- .Vllister, born at Marietta. Ohio. .June 'i. 1S07. dnM':rhter of .Tames A. and Mary (Noffsinger) Mc- Allister, natives of Morgan County. Ohio, Her grandparents were Andrew and Hannah (Cra- mer) McAllister, natives respectively of Vir- ginia and Pennsvlvania, and .James and .Tane CTjVnnI Xoffsinger. the former horn in l^no, in Greene County. Pa., and the latter in 1,S0."i, In Belmont Conntv, Ohio. .James Xoffsinger was a son of Mathias and Xaiicy n'rill) X^offsiuger, the former a native of Pennsylvania and a sol- dier in the Revolutionary War. son of .Jacob Xoffsinger. who came from (iermany to the TTnited States, crossing the ocean on the shin •'Brotherhood." and locating in Philadelphia, Nancy (Brill) X'offsinger was a native of Vir- ginia. .James and Mary fXoffsingerl McVllis. ter came to Indianapolis in ISOO and there their dauL'hter was married to ^\v. Knowles. Before his first marriasre Mr. Tvnowles had purchaseil a tract of land in Wabash County, mostly covered with tind)er. He set about clearing and improving it and eventually put practically all of it under cultivation, and there carried on general farming with excellent suc- cess. Some years since he moved to Bellmont and engaged in business with his son William Harvey. Iiut after the death of the latter in 188,8. the father returned to his farm, where he erected a handsome residence. Later he Ixuight a lot and erected a home in Mt. Carmel, living there three years, then moved to Paoli, Ind., where he owned property, and lived there in retirement four years, then sold out and re- turned to the home farm. He has rented his land for many years and has sold seventy acres of it. now retaining 21(1 acres. Mr. Knowles enlisted, in Febniary. 1S(!4. in Company K. Sixty-fourth Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, and marched with Sherman to the sea. He was discharged in .July, 18(l."i. having never been wounded or taken prisoner. He is a member of Bowers Post Xo. 12."). G. A. R.. of Mt. Carmel. In religious views he is a Con- gregationalist and in i)olitics a Republican. He is one of the l>est knowm men in his commun- ity and has a large number of friends. KOLB, Adam. — Man.y farmers in Illinois attain success to such an extent that, in their old age, they are able to retire to some neighboring town or city, and si)end the remainder of their lives in comparative ease and comfort. Among such residents of .Mt. Carmel. in Wabash County, may be mentioned .Vdam Kolb. who carried on his farm thirt.v-three .vears. then sold out and retired. Mr. Kolb was bom in Bavaria. Ger- many, Februarv- 22. 18:^.5. a son of Sultbert and Elizabeth (Dunkel) Kolb. The parents came to the United States and bought a farm a few miles from Mt. Carmel. where they built a log cabin and began clearing their land, which was mostl.v covered with tindier. Mr. Kolb increased Ids holdings from eighty to 1(">0 acres, and died in lS8,"i. His widow moved with her family to Jrt. Carmel about 1.8!)('>, and died there in 100(5, having reached the age of about eighty-nine years. She and her husband had nine children, of whom six survive, namely : Adam, the old- est : Jjawrence. of St. Maries. .Jasper County, III. : .John, of Mt. Carmel Precinct ; .Joseph, of Jit. (\armel : Mary, widow of Henry Ernest, of Mt. Canuel : Margaret. Mrs. .Joseph Herberholt, living near (Jrayville. 111. The childhood of .Vdam Kolb was spent on a farm and he was reared to hard work. He re- mained at home until his marriage, then bought a farm near Rochester, Wabash County, but after the death of his wife sold this and bought another farm three and one-half miles north- west of Mt. Carmel. where he remained after his second marriage, and until September, 1001. when he sold out and bouglit three hou.ses and lots in Mt. Carmel. Since then he has not en- gaged in nn.v active work. Jfr. Kolb married (fir«t) in 18(50, .Josephine AJecher, who was horn in I>ouisviIle. Ky.. and they had two children, who died in infancy. WABASH COUNTY 751 Mrs. KoUi died in 1863. Mr. Kolli nuirried (sec- ond) on February 11. 1867, Anna Kohlhaas, who was born in Wabasli Count.v, daugliter of John and Mary .\nn (LilK)lt) Kohlliaas, the former born in I'russia and tlie latter in Hesse- Darmstadt. Germany. Coming to America Mr. Kohlhaas landed at Baltimore. .Md.. .\ug:ust 1, 1836. and went direetly to Natrhez. Miss., where he workeil for a short time and then worked on the railroad to reach r.rt)uisville. Ky.. where he married. Ills wife had come there with her parents. Soon after their marriage they located in Louisiana and. a few years later, moved to West Salem. 111., where they spent Bve years, then located near Friendsville. Wabash County, where they lH)ughf a farm of 16(1 acres. His wife dieil March 4. l.s."i(l, and he resided with his .son-in-law. Mr. Kolb, until his death, De- cember 1, IST.'i, at the age of eighty-one .rears. Mr. Kolb had children by his second marriage as follows: Charles, of Chester. 111.: George, an attorney practicing in Chicago : Peter J., an attorney at Mt. Carmel. given extended mention elsewhere in this work : Mary. Mrs. .Joseph .\n- kenbrand, of Cleveland, Ohio : Laura. Mrs. Joseph Moeller. of Mt. Carmel. Mr. Kolb is a stanch supiwrter of the Democratic party and takes an active interest in current issues and events ; is a Catholic in religious belief. He and his wife have reared a family of whom they may well be proud, and in this way have deserved all the honor and respect which they are accorded. The.v have a large circle of friends and are uni- versally esteemed. KOLB, Peter J. — Among the prominent young husine.ss men of Mt. Carmel, 111., may he men- tioned I'eter J. Kolb, who is successfuU.v en- gaged in the practice of law and is interested in several local enterprises, and is also prominent in political affairs. He was elected State's At- torney of Wabash County, serving from Decem- ber, 1904, until December. 190.8. and in Xovem- ber,1900, was apixiinted Master in Chancery, of Wabash County. Mr. Kolb was born three miles west of Mt. Carmel, .\ugust .5, 1874, a son of Adam and .\nna (Kohlhaas) Kolb, the former a native of Tluilba, Bavaria, Germany, and the latter of Wabash ('ounty. 111. The grandparents were Suitbert and fjlizaheth (Dunkel) Kolb, of Bavaria, and John and Mary (Leipold) Kolhaas. The Kolb family came to Wabash Countj- in 1840. and settled on a farm northwest of Mt. Carmel. Some time later Mr. Kohlhaas came to America, making the trip in a sailing vessel and spending three montlis on the ocean. He landed at Baltimore, then worked his way west, finally looating near Mt. Carniel on a farm, Adam Kolb was married in Wabash County in 1.867. and then settled on a farm where he and his wife lived until September, 1000. when he sold out and moved to Mt. Carmel. where he and his wife now reside. They had the following chil- dren : Charles H.. in business at Chester. 111. : George, who is practidng law at Chicago: Peter J, ; M.iry. Mrs, Joseph .\nkenbrand, of Cleve- land, Ohio ; Laura, Mrs. Joseph Moeller, of Mt. Carmel. Peter J. Kolb received his education in Wa- bash County schools and lived at home until nineteen years of age. then began teaching in the district schools of Wabash County, which he continued for four years, when he came to Mt. Carmel and taught in the high school one and a half years. In Deceml>er. 1898, he resigned to accept the position of Deputy County Clerk, under George King, which othce he held two .vears. He had attended the Illinois Normal Uuiversit)- at Carlwndale. during the winter of 1.892-93, and the following winter engaged in teaching, as before mentioned. During the sunnner of 189.") he attended the Indiana Normal at Danville. Ind., and during the summer of 1896 attended Austin C^ollege, of Etlingham, 111. In the fall of 1896 he began reading law with Messrs. Leeds & Ramsey, at Mt. Carmel, and the following summer (1897) attended school at Blooniington (111.) Law School. Mr. Kolb was admitted to the Bar in December. 1899, at Mt. Vernon. III., and September 2.5. 19(J0. formed a partnership with Judge S. Z. Laudes. which as- sociation continued until the first Monday in Decemlier, 1!H13. when Mr. Landes was elected Count.v Judge and ilr. Kolb conthuied in prac- tice alone. He had acquired valuable experi- ence through his association with Judge Landes and has been very successful throughout his professional career, standing high in the esti- mation of all with whom he has been associated. Besides his pul>lic offices, the duties of which Mr. Kolb has performed with marked ability, he is Vice-President and Director of the First National Bank, of Mt. Carmel. and is al.so Presi- dent and Corixiration Director of the Colum- bian Building and Loan Association, of Wa- bash County. In November, 1906, he and \. E. Snnth purchased the "Mt. Carmel Register," from F. W. Havill. and conducted the pafier un- til Februarx'. 1908. when the business was In corporated under the name of the Mt. Carmel Re^-ister Cimipany. Mr. Kolb is one of tlie most iuiblic-s|)irite(l and enterprising young men of Mt. Carmel and has done mucli to interest others in its welfare. He organized the Knights of Co- Inmbns in that city, October 18. 190,8. and since then has serred as (Jrand Knight. He is a mem- ber of the B. P. O. E.. No. 71.5. of Mt. Carmel, and he and his family are members of the Catholic Church. Mr. Kolb married. October 15. 1902. Helen Fridrich. who was born in Mt. Carmel. .\ugust 25, 1,879. a d.aughter of Nicholas and Margaret (Peter) Fridrich. and tno children have been bom of this marriage: Margaret, horn .January 21, 1!>04. and Walter, born Decemlier 6, 1908. KUHN, Christian, — .\mong the natives of Ger- many who have met with success in Mt. Car- mel. 111., is Christian Kuhn. who was born in Lantrcnbriicken. Baden. February 5. 1.875, son of Weiidelin and Sophia (Haffner) Kuhn. who died in Germany. .\t the age of seventeen years Mr. 752 WABASH COUNTY Kuhn left his home and native laud, and came to Illinois tO' start life on his own account. He worked first in a wagon-shop for his uncle, Jo- seph Kuhn, and four years later went to St. Louis and worked nine months in the butcher- ing business, but selling out his Interests on ac- count of poor health, for two years worked for others. Later, he again embarked in the butch- ering business iu Mt. Carmel in ccmpany with Harvey Keueii'p, but one year later bought out his partner and continued the business one year alone, when he sold out and worked five months for others. He then started business on his own account, but a year later sold out and re- turned to Germany on a two months' visit. Upon returning to Jit. Carmel he engaged in the livery business with Benjamin Moore (now Sheriff of Wabash County) and Harvey Ke- neipp. but four months later sold out his inter- ests to his partners and opened a butchering es- tablishment at Princeton. Ind., carrying on this enterprise one year. He then returned to Mt. Carmel and opened a butcher's shop there, which he sold tAvo ye:u's later, Imt after being out of business six months took up the same business in partnership with H. P. Lowry on Market Street. They have built up a fine trade and have an attractive line of salt and fresh meat and fisli. ■ The.v also handle a large amount of poultry and are both able, intelligent busine.ss men, ready tn take good care of their custom- ers' needs and supply the best of everything. Tliey have established a reputation for honest and upright dealings, and those who do business with them feel assured of fair treatment. September G. 100.'), Mr. Kuhn married Rffie M. Piles, who was born in Orayville. 111., her par- ents being both natives of Wabash County. The children l>orn to Mr. and Mrs. K:uhn are: Mil- dred. Hnzfl and Fred. Mr. Kuhn is considered one of the enterpris- ing and representative citizens of Mt. Carmel, taking an active interest in all worthy causes and doing his full share toward the development of the conununity. Politically he is a Republic- an and is a member of the Evangelical Church He was educated in the common schools of his native country, but has been ambitious to im- prove his knowledge of the English language and has learned nnich through his own efforts and in the school of experience. He is a mem- ber of the K. of P. and the I. O. R. M., of Mt. Carmel. and has a large inimher of friends. LANDES, Hon. Silas Z. (deceased).— Few men have been better known in Wabash County, 111., than was the late Hon. Silas Z. Landes, who practiced law at Mt. Carmel for nearly half a century, and was prominently identified with the public interests of the citv and county for a long period. As a lawyer .Judge Landes will be ranked as one of the most eminent, faithful and successful practitioners of Southern Illinois. He was a devoted and consistent member of the Catholic Church and a liberal contributor to its support. By his energy and fine business abil- ity he had acquired a haud.some fortune and was liberal iu his efforts to relieve suffering and distress, but was extremely modest about his charitable deeds. By nature he was ardent, positive and honest, and always fearless and resolute in prosecution of his purposes. He iH>ssessed indomitable energy which, com- bined with his capacity for physical endurance, made him almost invincible iu his professional, political and business undertakings. His loyalty to his friends and to any cause he esix)used, was absolutely unfaltering and he labored and wrought with unwearied zeal. Judge Landes was born May 1.5. 1842, in August.! County, Va., whenc-e he was brought liy his parents, John and Delila (Skelton) Landes, to Edgar C^junty, 111., in 185C, the fam- ily later moving to Henry County, Mo. John Landes died iu Wabash County, 111., December 1, 18,S8, his wife having passed away in Edgar County, April 28. 1864. The early education of Silas Z. Landes was secured in the subscription .schools of Virginia, and later he attended the academy at Paris, 111., where he made up his mind to adoi>t the profession of a lawyer, subse- (piently entering the office of Amos Green, at Paris. IHiring the time he was studying law he supported himself liy teaching in the schools of his vicinity. He pursued his studies diligently and. at the August term of the Supreme Court in ISllo, held at Springfield, he was examined and admitted to the Bar. In May. 18&4, he came to Mt. Carmel and oi>ened an office, and that city was the field of his practice until his death. His practice was large and lucrative, the direct result of close application, studious habits and unfiagging zeal and industry in the cause of his clients. A Democrat in his ]>olitical beliefs. Mr. Landes at various times represented his ]iarty in nu- merous po.sitions of trust and honor. In 1872 be was nominated and elected State's Attorney for Wabash County, was re-elected in ISTO and again in 1880, and in that capacity earned the reputation of an able and vigilant pro.secutor. In .\pril, 1878, he was appointed Master in Chancery and held that office until 188-"?. In 1882 his zeal and fidelity to his party made him a suitable candidate for Congressional honors in his district. In the convention which met at Olney to nonnnate a candidate for Congress, he was jilaced in nomination am] led all competitors for aliont rt.'iO ballots, but withdrew from the race in the interest of harmony, .iltbougb be was the strongest man in the convention, and his withdrawal resulted in the nomination and sub- sequent election of Judge Shaw as Congress- man from the Eighteenth District. In ]8Sv4 he was the nonnnee of his party for Congress, and was elected, being re-elected in 1886, and served from 1SS.'") until 1880. He was a member of the Democratic State Central Committee in 1S7G. On the first Monday of June. 1.801. he was elected to the Circaiit Bench, performing his duties in this connection with exceptional credit for six years. ^mtl^UA^Cl^ J^uJ^ ^A£^Ai^ WABASH COUNTY 75a Ou October 31, 1SC5, Mr. Landes was married to Clarissa Sears, who was born iu Mt. Carmel, daughter of Paul aud Eliza J. (Gibsou) Sears. Dr. I'aul Sears was born near Zanesville, Ohio, June 5, 1)S»U, a son of Dr. Natlian Sears, who was born in Massachusetts and graduated iu medicine in Boston, stud.ving iu the office of Dr. Bryant, the father of William Cullen Bryant. After his graduation Dr. Nathan Sears came to Zanesville. where he practiced his profession until 1S34. when he removed to Wayne County, Mich., and in ISillt came to Mt. Carmel, 111., con- tinuing a resident of the latter place until his death, February 1, 1S4S. Dr. Paul Sears re- ceived his early education at Granville. Ohio, and Elyria (Ohio) High School aud College, and went to Michigan with his father. He com- menced the study of medicine with his father and in 1843 entered the Ohio Medical College, at Cinciuuati, from w^hich he received his di- ploma in 1845, after which he came to Mt. Carmel. where he .soon built up a large prac- tice in the city aud vicinity, not infrequently riding sixty miles in twenty-four hours to call upon his jiatients. He was known in almost every household iu Wabash and the surround- ing counties. Later he opened a drug store in Mt. Carmel aud also engaged in other enter- prises, and achieved success professionally and financially. On May 5. 1S41. Dr. Sears married Eliza .7. Gibson, of Cincinnati, daughter of Alex- ander and Martha (Sturges) Gibson, and there were three children born of this union : Dr. Alfred Alexander, who died December 13, 1867 ; Charles Nathan, who died August IS. 1804. and Clarissa, who became the wife of .Judge Landes. To the marriage of .Tudge and Mrs. Landes eleven children were born, two of whom sur- vive, viz. : Mrs. Pauline S. L. Eichhorn and Bernard S.. both of Mt. Carmel. One .son, Her- bert S.. a young man of promise, died after be- ing practically grown, but the remaining children died in infancy. The mother of these children died November 7th. in().">. .ludge Landes died May 23. lltio. being at the time of his demise sixty-eight years of age. He enjoyed the af- fection and admiration of his multitudes of friends, and tlie esteem and respect of his op- ponents. He was always a student and a clear thinker and his mind was ever under the do- minion of serious and earnest thought. He was frank, decisive and masterful in every situa- tion. He had strong passions and intense con- victions, but was conservative and judicious. He was a iKipular, strong and resourceful citizen, who profoundly impressed his life uix>n the af- fairs and the people of Wabash County. LEACH, Horace J. — A man wlio is able to em- bark in an enterprise \\ith very small capital and influence, and make a sticcess of it through his energy, ambition and persistence, deserves his good fortune. Horace .7. Leach, of Mt. Carmel. III., has built up a good business and since 1003, has been Manaser of the Mt. Carmel Telephone Company, of which he is princii>al owner, and which he organized and promoted. Mr. Leach was born at Bone Gap, Edwards County, 111., November 8, 18.j8, a son of Daniel B. aud Maria (Koot) Leach, the former a native of Smlth- ville Flats, N. Y., and the latter of Virginia. Daniel B. Leach left home iu 1839, at the age of seventeen years, aud began farming iu the neighborhood of Bone Gap, and his wife came with her parents to Edwards County, 111., about the siinie year. At the time of their marriage he had to seud to his home in New York for money to pay for a lic-euse, aud when a tive- doliar bill returned he found it dithcult to dis- pose of it. However, he found a man who wa* going to New Y'ork, and who was willing to take it iu e.Ychange for hve silver dollars. Mr. Leach entered land from the Government, part prairie aud part timber, and used a team of oxen in plowing the virgin soil. He lived on this farm from the time he was twenty years old until his death, in February, 1909, and his widow still resides on the home place. He was a de- vout member and a local preacher of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church and often filled vacancies in neighboring pulpits. Of their twelve chil- dren eleven lived to maturity and Horace J. is the third from the youngest. In boyhood Horace J. Leach attended the dis- trict schools and helped with the work on his father's farm until sixteen years of age, and then he and two brothers traveled through Wayne. Edwards and Wabash Counties, with a portable saw-mill. He contiimed iu this enter- prise until he was about twenty-seven years of age, then sold out and engaged in farming on Sugar Creek, four miles southwest of Mt. Car- mel. He carried on his farm until 1890, when his left ankle being broken, necessitated his giving up this kind of work, so he looked about for some other occupation. For two .vears he traveled for the New Y'ork Life Insurance Com- jBiny. and during the following year for the Diamond Publishing Company, of Minneaix)lls, Minn. St)Ou afterwards he engaged in the telephone business, and in 1903 jiromoted and in- corporated the Mt. Carmel Telephone Company (Independent!, with which he is still connected. He had very little capital of his own and al- most no experience in this line, but by hard work, determination and perseverance he has made a success of the enterprise. Iu opposition was an old established Cumber- land Bell Company with its eijuipment already installed, but by using new and improved meth- ods and giving fair treatment, the new company soon out-distanced the old company and has had a phenomenal growth from its inception. This fact has caused the old company to make numerous flattering offers and propositions to the new compan.v to sell out to them, but this Mr. Leach has stubbornly and persistently re- fused to do. Probably not one man in one hun- dred, luiaided and alone, would have had the courage to undertake the establishment of a business in face of the strong opiwsition that ex- 754 WABASH COUNTY isted at tluit time. Mr. Leaeli cau certainly be proud of wliat he has accomplished. January 23, lS,So, Mr. Leach married Auua M. Schrodt, wlio was Ijoru iu Sugar Creek I'recinet, Wabash County, daughter of Peter and Amanda (Keel) Schrodt. Mr. Schi-odt was born iu Ger- many and his wife in Wabash County. The chil- dren lioru of this union are as follows: Loren E. ; Olive K., now Mrs. Guy Mundy : Virgil H.. at home; ller.schel B., who met his death at the age of thirteen years, as the result of an in- jury received when a log rolled on him iu De- cember, 1!»04 ; and Lester K., Edgar S., and Lot- tie R., all at home. Mr. Leach is a Kepublieau and has served four years as Justice of the Peace. Fraternally he belongs to the ilodern Woodmen of America, of Mt. Carmel. He and his wife are well known in the community and have many friends. Their oldest son. I^oreu, has been deaf since he was five years old. and received his education at the St;ite School for Deaf and Dumb, at Jaclisonville. He graduated from this institution and has now secured a good position in a furniture factory at Sala- luanea, N. Y. LEEDS, Edgar Francis. — Many men have rea- son to be proud of their ancestors, not so much for iniinjrtant public ixjsitions which they have held, but because they have l)een sturdy pioneers in a new country and liave lived in a manner that left conditions lietter for their having lived and worked in it. Kdgar Francis Leeds, a pi-om- iuent farmer of Frieudsville Precinct, Wabash County, 111., is descended from several pioneer families of the county. He wa.s born in Mt. Carmel, April 28, 1802, a son of Philip and Mary (Danforth) Leeds, fhe former a native of Day- ton, Ohio, and the latter of Frieudsville Pre- cinct. The grandp.'irents were Benjamin Leeds and his wife, the former of English parentage, and George and Uuth ( P.rown ) Danforth. early settlers iu Frieudsville Precinct. Benjamin" Leeds was one of the first merchants at Roches- ter, Wabash County, and also conducted a store at Mt. Carmel. (ieorge Danforth was a farmer and in later life moved to Sumner, Lawrence Ctiunty, 111. He died in 1902, at the age of eiglity-uine years, and his wife died in IftOO. at the age of ninety years. After bis marriage I'hilip Leeds located at Mt. Carmel and worked at the trade of car- I)enter. He also became a contractor and builder and erected many of the finest buildings in the vicinity. lie died in February, 1S8.5. and his widow now resides in Anna. 111. Their children were: (ieorge, deceased: Edgar F. ; William, deceased: Hattie. Mrs. Charles Harris, of Mt. Carmel: Harmon, deceased: Russell, of Toklo. Japan : Fannie, of San Francisco, Cal. Edgar F. Leeds remained at home with his parents until ten yeai-s of age. then went to live with his uncle. Joshua Strop, four and one-half miles northwest of Mt. Carmel. where he re- mained until he reached his majority, mean- while receiving his education in the district and Mt. Carmel public schools. He started work- iug on a farm as a young man and was em- ployed in various places in Wabash County. In 1880 he iiurcliased a farm of 160 acres on Sec- tion 22. Frieudsville I'recinet, and later sold it to sucli good advantage that he doubled the pur- chase ijrice. He later moved to the home faiTu, to which he added forty acres about 18'J2. There were m.iny improvements on the farm, to which he has added largely, and now has the entire place under cultivation. He has the buildings in good order and the whole place shows careful attention to details, which is one of the greatest attributes of success. Mr. Leeds fully under- stands the line of work in which he is engaged and endeavors to reap the maximum of profit from his work. He is industrious and thrifty and is considered one of the intelligent, repre- sentative farmers of his neighborhood. Jlr. Leeds married (first) in April, 1892, MeroLi (Jardner. who was born in Frieudsville Precini-t. and they bad two childreu — Larner and Verner, both at home. Mrs. Leeds died July 12, 1890, and June 10, 1897. Jlr. Leeds married (sec- ond) Era Litlierland, who was l)orn in Cherokee Count.v. Kan., daughter of Ananias and Mary Jane ((Jard) Litherland, the former a native of Indiana, and the latter of Lancaster Precinct, Wabash County. Her grandparents are: William and Susan (Hall) Litherland. of Indiana, and Justus and Elizabeth (Campbell) (iard, the latter of Tennessee. The Cards were early settlers in \\'abash County. By this second marriage Mr. Leeds had childreu as follows : Ruth, May, Mary- Bell and Blanche Marie. Mr. Leeds is a Socialist in jiolitical afliliations. and served tor a time as School Direi'lor. LEEDS, James A., among the prominent and influential farmers of Frieudsville Precinct, Wa- bash Coiuit.^;. 111., was for~ many years engaged in nierc;\ntile business at .Vllendale. and has been successful in all of his various enterprises. Mr. Leeds was born in Frieudsville Precinct, Sep- temlier (>, lSfi8. a son of James and Annis (Bal- lard ) Leeds, natives respectively of Dayton, Ohio, and Wabash County, 111. His maternal grandparents were James and Vashti (Barney) Ballard, she l>orn In Frieudsville Precinct. iliughter of William and Jerusha Barney, among the earliest settlers in the precinct, who located on Barney's Prairie and entered land from the Government where Frieudsville is now located. .Tamos Ballard also settled in Frieuds- ville Precinct and spent the remainder of his life in farming. James Leeds was a iihy.sician and located in Mt. Cannel. where he practiced some years, and in 1849 removed to Friendsville. He was mar- ried at the latter olace and practiced his i)ro- fession there until his death. He and his wife liad children as follows: Harry. M. D., of St. Francisville. 111. : Edith, of Poseyville. Ind., Mrs. Robert Tiltou : James A.; Lyman, died in Mt. Carmel: Xorman : Clara, Mrs. Grant Hall, of Mt. Carmel ; Anson, of Colorado ; Simon WABASH COUNTY 755 died at the age of eighteen jears ; Eva, Mrs. Kobert Wallace, of Mt. Carmel I'reeiiict. The education of James A. Leeds was obtained in [mblic and private schools of his neighborhood and he lived at home until twenty-four years of age. He was married in June, 18X4, to Miss Delia McXair, born iu Friendsville Precinct, daughter of .Vlfred and Luciuda (Newkirk) Mc- Nair, both of Friendsville Precinct. Alfred Mc- iS'air, who served two terms as Sheriff of Wabash County, was born July 24. ISoo, and was a son of Charles McNair. a pioneer settler of Wabash County. The younger man served with credit during the Civil War in Company I, Thirty-sec- ond Regiment of Illinois Volunteers, and after his return developed into one of the leading citi- zens of Ills connuunity. His entire life was spent in the county, and his death occurred, in IttOo, on the farm where he was born. His first wife, who was a daughter of William Newkirk. died a few years after their marriage, having had but one child, Mrs. Leeds. After the death of his first wife Mr. McXair was luarried to Miss Mahala Sii.vder. who bore him two children, of whom one daughter, Dora, lived to young woman- hood. Mrs. Llella Leeds died in March 1907, missed by a large circle of friends and most sadly mourned as a devoted wife and mother. She was well known for her good iiifiiience and example and her high character made her univers- ally admired and esteemed. She and her hus- band had children as follows: Elsie, a school teacher in Jit. Carmel public schools ; Jessie, a clerk in the general store of J. W. Price, at Allen- dale: M.irgaret. works in the telephone exchange at -Vllendale; Harvey; a school teacher, and Cora, at home. After marriage Mr. and Mrs. Leeds lived on his father's farm one year, when he moved to .\llendak'. and there embarked in business, sell- ing drugs and groceries, having been in business but three months when his store Imrned. He afterward entered business in the line of hard- ware and implements, in company with George McFarland. and after this connection had con- tinued ten years. Mr. McFarland sold his inter- est to Charles Saunders, who continued the liusi- ne-s with Mr. l,eeds two years, when they sold out and Mr. Leeds spent two .vears traveling in the enii)loy of the McConniek Harvester Com- pany, lie followed the trade of carpenter six years and then, in the spring of IflO". moved to a fann of IfJO acres which had been left to his wife li.v her father, located three-(pinrters of a miles north of Friendsville. Here he has since carried on general farming and raises dinsider- able stock — cattle, horses and lings. Politically Mr. Leeds is a Democrat and takes a lively in- terest in the progress and welfare of the com- munity, although he does not care for public office. LENNERT BROTHERS.— One of the leading business estalilislmients of Mt. Carmel, 111., is that of Lennert Brothers, harness-makers, who liave been identified with the busines.s and public interests of the city for a long jjeriod. Adam E. and Joseph B. Lennert, twins, were born at Evansville, Ind., July 2{j, 1801, sons of Peter and Elizabeth (Schafer) Lennert, the former born in Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, in 183t), and the hitter at St. Joseph, Ind., in 1S41J. Peter Len- nert came to the United States with his parents iu 18.j3. first locating in New York and later in Pennsylvania, where for three years his father drove the stage-c-oai-h from Dalton to Susque- hanna over the Allegheny Mountains. He then went to Evansville. Ind., where he continued to reside during the remainder of his life. The Lennert brothers have, throughout their lives, manifested the greatest affection for each other, and neither has been satisfied in any un- dertaking unless he was accompanied by his brotlier. They were educated in the common schools of Evansville, Ind., and when about fourteen years of age, began learning the har- ness-makers trade, serving three years and nine months as apprentices, and then working at the bench for four years for J. O. Flickner & Sons. In 1SS6 they came to Mt. Carmel, HI., and im- mediately opened a harness-making shop there under the firm style of Lennert Brothers — a jiartnership which has continued to the present time and is numbered among the old firms of the city, there being but six firms now in business that were here when the brothers first came. They are fine mechanics and make all of tlie harness they sell, disdaining to handle factory made goods. In addition to their business, which is a large and lucrative out, they o^^^l 150 acres of fine farming property in Gibson County. Ind. On May S. 1888. Joseph B. Lennert was mar- ried to Dora L. Verhiley. who was born in Wa- bash Couiitj-. 111., and they have two children : Peter and Emil. On June 21, 1891, Adam E. Lennert married Carrie M. Kranz, and they have had four children, Laura and Elizabeth (who are deceased). Bernard and Edward. Mrs. Car- rie M. Lennert was born at Evansville. Ind. Both families reside in the same house, and all are memliers of the Catholic Cliurch, of which Joseph has been a trustee for the past nine years. The brothers are Democrats in politics, and .Vdain has served two terms as Alderman of Mt. Carmel and is now a County Commissioner. Ever since coming to Mt. Carmel the brothers liave been members of the voliuiteer fire depart- ment, which was organized about that time and which is still in existence. Joseph B. Lennert was apiiointed Fire Chief under Frank W. Havill servii'ir two years, and Is now acting in the same capacity under Ma.vor Striekman. Both are nienibers of the Catholic Knights of America, the Knights of Columbus and the St. Joseph Benevolent Society. Both of these brothers are shrewd business men. pnblic-spiriteil citizens and good neighlxirs. Their reseo'blance to each other is striking and it Is ditlicult for the casual observer to tell one from the other. They have always l>eeii fore- most ill all niovements which promise to be of 756 WABASH COUNTY benefit to tbeir community, and are classed among ilt. Carmel's must useful aud represent- ative men. LESCHER, Jacob, M. D.— The late Dr. Jacob Lescber was born in Lancaster, Pa., aud early decided uiwu entering tbe medical profession, in wbicb he afterwards became su eminent. In 1832 be moved to Obio from Pennsylvania, but remained only one year, feeling tbat better op- portunities awaited in Mt. Carmel, aud tbis city continued to lie bis bome aud tbe scene of bis successful jiractice until bis demise, August 31, 1854. Witbout doubt be was a man far abead of his times, being well informed ui:iou almost every subject, and bolding very advanced views with regard to some matters. Some of his theories are now proven facts. His great delight was his large library composed of standard and miscel- laneous works, where be si>eut bis leisure mo- ments engaf-'ed in study, (ieuerous to a fault, he gave bis services many times witbout thought of recompense, traveling miles to see a patient who, as he knew, could never remunerate him for his time and trouble. Altbongh he never identified himself with any religious organizations, he lived entirely accord- ing to tbe Golden Rule, and carried out the Di- vine teachings in his charities and sympathies. In his death Wabash County lost not only its most beloved pbysiciau. but a loyal citizen, and its peojile a devoted friend who could always be depended niKin in any emergency. LIDDLE, David Runyon, of Friendsville Pre- cinct, Wabash County, 111., was torn on tbe farm he now owns and operates, which was purchased by his paternal grandfather. Sir. Liddle was born October 2, 1S03. a son of Steven L. and Eliza M. (Vermule) Liddle, the former torn on the farm now owned b.v his son David, aud the latter a native of Xew .lerse.v, born iu ISiT. Steven L. was a son of Ralph and Mary (Rigley) Liddle. tbe former a mitive of England, who came to Wabash Coiuit.v, 111., and there located permanently. A portion of tbe laud purchased by Ral|ib Liddle was prairie, and Ite accom- plislied a great deal in the way of improving it and bringing it under cultivation. He died on this farm. The first marriage of Steven L. Liddle was to Mary Cnsic. by whom he bad one son. who died in infancy. He owned 100 acres of his fatber's old bnmestead. and here he settled after bis marriage. lie married (second) Eliza M. Ver- mule. ;uid continued to clear anrosperous farmers iu bis vicinity and enjoys the respect and esteem of bis neightors. Mr. Liddle married, March 18, 1885, Laura Hinderliter, who was torn in Lancaster Pre- cinct, Wabash County, a daughter of Daniel F. and Mary .1. (Deiscber) Hinderliter, the former a native of tbat precinct and tbe latter of Penn- sylvania. Mr. Hinderliter is a son of Henry and Elizabeth (Fisher) Hinderliter. of Pennsylvania, who came overland to Wabash County and en- tered the land where tbeir son aud his wife now live. Tbe following children have been born to Mr. Liddle and his wife: Mabel B.. Mrs. Henry Deiber, of Wabash Precinct; Ethel G., Mrs. Ollie Leigbty. of Friendsville Precinct; Mary E., Mrs. Mac Leigbty ; Floy Eulalie, Virgil Sylvin, V. Feni and Ruth Ivalou. at home. Mr. Liddle is a Republican politically and has served two terms as School Director. He is a member of file Siodern Woodmen of America aud the Royal Neighbors, of Friendsville. In anything that pertains to tbe pulilic welfare and progres.s. ■ he shows a keen interest and is ready to supiiort every worthy cause. Mrs. Liddle is a member of tbe Lutheran Church. LIDDLE, Robert Ralph.— A large number of the farmers of Wabash Ccmuty, 111., appreciate the advantage of raising oidy registered high-grade stock, and tbeir ueigliliors are shown what can be accomplished Ity gocid judgment and care in selecting tbe kind of stock in wbicb to invest. One of tbe enterprising farmers of Friendsville Precinct, who has become convinceil of tbe value of this brnncb of farming, is Robert Ralph Liddle. who has one of tbe best kept farms in his neighborhood. Everything upon his farm bespeaks care and neatness, and he is considered one of the most intelligent and industrious farm- ers of the precinct. Mr. Liddle was torn in Lan- caster Precinct. Wabash County. 111., December i^i, 1803. a son of William :\nd Emma (Round- ing) Liddle. His gmndiiarents. Ralph Liddle and wife, and Thomas Rounding and wife, were all natives of Enirland and early settlers in Wa- liash County. Thomas Rounding paid a visit to bis native country and on his return died as soon as he reached the American shore. Ralph Liddle settled on a farm two miles north of the village of Friendsville. where be died about 1898. His widow has since lived in Friendsville. where tbev had lived about ten years at the time of his death. The education of Ralph R. Liddle was secured in Friendsville schools. He was the seventh of WABASH COUNTY 757 twelve children and, after he reached the age of eighteen years, worked at various OL-cupations. He workeash County. After his marriage Mr. LUUlle settled on a twenty-lour acre farm in Friendsville Precinct, belonging to his wife, and three years later purchased forty acres of land which adjoined another forty acres owued by his wife, thus making 104 acres, on which he built a house, later adding thereto twenty-nine acres, so that they now have 133 acres in one body. He has taken great pride in improving this farm and operating it to good ad- vantage. He has registered PoUed-Angus cattle. Poland-China hogs, Shropshire Down sheep and draft hoi-ses. The following children have been bom to Mr. Liddle and his wife: Bonnie, Mrs. Granville Rigg. of Po.stle. Okla. ; Bessie, at home ; Carrie, died in infancy : Ezra R.. died at the age of two .vears and five months ; Addis Alvin. Dewey R., Winnie Bell, Roy .John. Dudley French, and Fay Millie, at home. Mr. Liddle is a Republican and has served as School Director. Fraternally he is a member of the Modern Woodmen of America, of Friendsville. LOPP, Judge J. A., one of the most prominent memliers of the Wabash County Bar. was born in Edwards County. 111.. August 1«>, 1SG3, a son of Jacob and Flliza .1. (Cl'aver) Lopp, the former born in Edwards County in 1832 and died there in 18S9, and the latter born in the same place in 1842 and died there in 1908. The paternal grandfather. ,Tohn Ivopp. was one of the very early settlers of Edwards County. Both he and his wife came there from Forsyth Coimty, N. C, in the early 'twenties. The maternal grand- father, Jac-ob Craver, came with his family from Davidson County, X. C. in the 'twenties. Both were farmers, taking up government land in Ed- wards County, which they improved and lived upon the balance of their lives. The Lopp family still owns the land secured by .John Lopp. Jacob Ijopi). father of Judge Ix>pp. was born and lived on a iiortion of the farm his father entered from the Government until his death. Judge Lopp was graduated from the Northern Indiana Law ScIioorne his part in pub- lic affairs. In 1904 he was appointed Master- ir--rbancerv of Wabash County, in 1900 was elentod County .Judge for a term of four yf^irs. and in 1910, was re-elected for a second term by a greatly increased majority. Mr. Lopp married Arlett;i Brenzel, who came from Pontiac, 111., a daughter of George H. Brenzel, who resides at Mt. Carmel, and one daughter was born of this union, Fredreka M. Judge Lopp is a member of the Odd Fellows Fraternity, also being af- tiliated with the Order of Rebekahs and the Encampment ; also belongs to the Masonic Order, the Red Men. Modern Woodmen and Modern .\merlcaus. He is a Past Grand in the Order of Odd Fellows and Past Grand Conductor of the tirand Lodge of Odd Fellows of Illinois. In his business relations Juge Ijopp is a Director of the Mt. Carmel Trust & Savings Bank. He is a con- scientious Judge, a learned lawyer and a good citizen, of whom the county has rea.son to be proud. LUTZ, WilUam Rudolph, who is a prominent and suci essful farmer of Wabash County, 111., has spent his entire life on the farm which he now owns and occupies in Mt. Carmel I'recinct. He is a son of Nicholas Lutz, who was born near Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, February 2, 1816, and came to the L'nited States in 1833, locating in Wabash County and there spending the re- mainder of his da.vs. He was married three times and his first two wives were sisters, both of whom died in Mt. Carmel Precinct. His third wile was Elmina Good, wlio was born in Pennsylvania, and they settled down on a farm in Mt. Carmel Precinct, where he became owner of ninety-four acres of land. In his later years he retired from active life and moved to Mt. Carmel. where he died, in 1!XI3. his wife having I>assed away in 1900. They were i>arents of children as follows : Fannie, Mrs. Henry Hilbert, of Mt. Carmel ; William R. ; John, of Wabash Precinct ; Laura, died at the age of twenty- two .vears; Ella. Mrs. Allen Groff, of Mt. Car- mel ; Victoria, Mrs. Allen Wier, of Bellmont Precinct ; and Adam, of Mt. Carmel. William R. Lutz was bom Februarj- 5, 1859, and \\as reared on his father's farm, where he learned the details of successfully oi^erating the same. He received his education in the common schools and helfied his parents as .soon as old enough. After the death of his father he con- tinued on the farm, purchasing the interests of the other heirs. He is a general farmer, paying special attention to the breeding and raising of horses and mules. He is a man of good judg- ment and superior intelligence, and stands well anmng his fellows in the commimity in which his entire life has been spent. On September 27. 1891. Mr. I^utz married Mary Rosignol. born at Mt. Carmel. January 26. 1865, a daughter of .\dam and Caroline (Willman) Rosingol. natives of Hesse-Darmstadt. Germany, and grand-daughter of John Willman. Mr. Rosingol came to Mount Carmel before his mar- riage, in the "forties, and his wife came in the 'fifties. The children of Mr. Lutz and his wife were as ffiUnws: Albert. Glenn and George, at home: Pauline and Christine, twins. Christine 758 WABASH COUNTY (lyiug in iufauc-y ; I'bilip. Frances and I'aul, at home. Mr. Lutz is a Uepublk-an in politics and a niemljer of the Methodist Episcopal Church. MALONEY, Patrick J.— The subject of this sketch, r. J. Maloney, was bom in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 24. ]8(J0, a sou of Daniel and Mar- garet (Moran) .Malouey. They were both natives of Ireland who eniiijrated to Auierira in early life, and to them were born six children : Mary, 1*. J., John, Dennis, Margaret and Helen. Daniel Maloney was connected, for many years, with the Ohio & Mississippi (now Baltimore & Ohio Southwesteni ) Uailroad. and was alile to give his son the information derived iruni much prac- tical e-\perience, and inculcated in him a reso- lute ambition to make himself a valuable and successful railroad manager. Jlr. JIaloney was united in marriage to Mary Leonard, at Covington, Ky., October 24, 1888. Mrs. Maloney was the daughter of Michael and -Margaret (O'Rourke) Leonard, who were born in Ireland. On coming to America they made their home at Covington, Ky., where ail their chil- dren — Dennis, Nellie, Mary, Michael, John, Jose- phine and -Margaret — were born. To -Mr. and Mrs. Maloney have lieen born three children : Raymond D., liorn -\ugust 29. 1889; Margaret, born November 10. 18'.n. and Helen, Ijorn Novem- ber 29, ISO?!, all of whom are still members of the family circle. Mr. JIaloney is a man of clear convictions, frank in manner and liberal in his views, and has a natural faculty for winning and holding the fri('ndslii]i of people, and the simplicity and cordiality of his manners elicit the confidence and esteem of those with whom he comes in Con- tact, either in business or in a social way. He Is energetic, prompt and self-poisefl, is ready to as- sume just resixmsil)ility and initiate active en- teiT>rises. He posse.sses the quality nf dealing with men on fair terms, and securing their earnest co-operation in mutters where .joint in- tersts are at stake. Politically Mr. Maloney is a Democrat, was brought up in the Tatholic faith and is devoted to the work of tliat great chiirch. is also a niein- Ivr of the Knights of Columbus. He is piiblic- spirited and his heart re.sponds fervently to the meritorious appeals of charity. Since he was ten years of age Mr. JIaloney has followed the busines.s of railroading. -\t that tender age he began work as a water carriT fnr the Ohio & jrississippi Uailroad. and has faith- fully and persistently worked his way up. through privations and by uni-eniitting toil, to the re- simnsible r-o=itioTi of Superintendent of the train sorvicp of the Cairo & D-inville Division of tho Cleveland. Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis Rail- wnv. which he has so ciTiiably filled since Mav 1.", inOfi. This branch of the service has since lieen enlarged and imnroved until the number of men under his supervision has been increased from 200 to 2.000. and the monthlv pav-roll from .$20,000 to .$80,000, of this sum about $nO.(X)fl be- ing exiieuded at Mt. Carmel. At the present time the road is being double-tracked from Danville to West I'nion, in Clark County. Between 50 and To miles will be double-tracked during the year lUlO, and it will be within a iJeriod of only lour to ti\e years when the whole line will be double-tracked from the coal-fields at Harris- burg, in Saline County, to the city of Chicago. -Mr. -ilaloney is one of the most efficient and popu- lar officials that has ever been connected with the Cairo & Danville Division of the "Big i^our." He is a man of enterprise, has constructive capac- ity and is a thorough railroad man by impulse and training, and as a conseciuence his advice and reconnnendations are highly regarded by the managers nf the line. He is also a valuable' citi- zen and is favored with a most estimable family. From a humble beginning, by unfla.gging industry, and the jiatient and sueces.sful discharge of every duty entrusted to him, Jlr. Maloney has demon- strated his ability and won for himself the re- si)ect and confidence of his superiors and a wide circle of friends. MANLEY, Addis R.— Mt. Carmel is the home of some of the most progressive business men of the eountj-. and one who is jirofitably engaged in production her&, is -\ddis R. Mauley of the Mt. Carmel (Jas & Electric Company, a stock com- pany which furnishes the city with its light. Mr. Manley was born in Bellmont Precinct on a farm. July 12. 1800. being a son of Frank C. Man- ley, a sketch of whom appears elsewhere in this work. Mr. Manley was educated in the Bell- mont schools and the Normal Fniversity at Car- liondale. 111. He then taught school for a time in Wabash County. Tlie West then claimed him for a year, during which time he clerketl for a concern in Slaughter, Wash. Returning home he entered his father's store, and when the elder Mr. Manley moved to Mt. Carmel. -\ddis R. went with him. Later he clerked for J. G. Stanfield and for Mark Wise. During these various experiences he gained a valuable knowledge of business methods, and when in 1002 he organized the Mt. Carmel Gas & Electric Company, he was able to make It a success from the start. In 1801. Mr. JIanlev married Martha Rigg of Mt. Carmel, a daughter of .John Mack Rigg of Bellmont. Two children have been liorn to them, namely: Frankie and Helen. -Vlthough his time is closel.v occupied with business affairs, he is in- terested in securing good government and sup- ports anv imiirovements he believes will work out for the ultimate good of the majority. MANLEY, Frank C— W.nbash County is the home of some of the mnst solid and representa- tive men in the State, and one who has borne his full part in the struggle of life is Frank C. Manley of Mt. Carmel. born in Bellmont Pre- cinct, Wabash County, July 20. 1844. a son of Francis Perrj' and Maria (Wiley) Manley. The family is one well known in the military his- tory of the country, as the representatives did their full duty whenever called upon. The "^ffl^^B^^ ^- 'Vlfc. -t ^' ' 1 !^xJC^>6^ -a^tr^ ^^JL^U^f-y*^ . WABASH COUNTY r59 Wiley family was uot t'ournl wanting, eitljer, and James Wiley, the father of Jlrs. JIanley, was a soldier in the War of 1S12. He came to Illi- nois with a Dr. HaUer and worked for him a year to defray the expense the latter incurred in bringing him from New Jersey. Franli C. JIanley had few opiwrtunities of at- tending school. Being the eldest of the sons, the labor of providing for the supijort of the others devolved u|ion him after the death of the father in ISliH. Starting out with but a meager edui-atiou, i)y close study he Btted him- self to become a teacher, following that oceujia- tion during the winter months and working at farming iu the sunuuer for six or seven years. In 1S77, he mover. I'aul (J. .Mnnley. :it Keensburg. in 18S,S. with Mr. .Manley in charge of it. In less than a year, however. Mr. Manley sold to his brother, who continued the store. In December. 1880. Mr. Manley nime to Mt. Carmel and engaged in a livery ibusiness. which he continued foi- nearly five years. He then sold it to become a real- estate dealer with R. T. Wilkinson, and they con- tinued together for four or five years, when the jiartnership was dissolved, and he continued alone, Mr. Mauley has always been a strong Republi- oan, and in addition to his serving as Postmaster so etiiciently for a number of years, he was elected Justice of the Peace at Bellmont. but re- signed one year after election. On August 22. 18(58. Jlr. Manle.v married Ixjuisa M. Cory, Iwrn in Bellmont Precinct in 1S4.S, a daughter of Alanson W. and Louisa fllunterl Cory. Mr. and Mrs. Manley have had five children, as follows: Addis, a sketch of whom appears in another part of this work : Nora Olive, wife of Joe E. Degan of Mt. Carmel : IjK>rting at a tender age. At seventeen he had secured sufficient education to teach school, which he did for five terms. While teaching, he decided to enter upon the study of medicine, conunenced reading standard medical works and also pursued his studies a part of the time in the office of Dr. Lemen. at Olney. 111., who later be- came President of the Board of Health of Colo- rado and Dean of the Denver Medical College. L.iter lie studied with Dr. Paul Sears of Mt. Car- mel. and in the winter of 1,870-77. entered the Miami .Medical Ciillege of Cincinnati, graduating therefrom in .March. 1879. and receiving the highest percentage of any in his class. During the last .vear of his collie term, he was )ihysi- eian at the Free Disjiensary at .Miami. In the s|]ring of 1870 he conunenced jtractice at Keens- burg. Wab.-ish County, where he met with flatter- ing success and remained there until ISS:^. when he went to Xew York City and conunenced a year's work in the Bellevtie Hospital Medical College, from which he gradiiated iu spiking of 1884. He then returned to Keensburg. where he rein.'iiiicd until July. l.so:'.. at which time he moved to Evaiistoii. 111., and took a ye.-ir of post- graduate st-Graduate Medi- cal School. Cook CoTMitv Hosiiital .and Dr. .Senu's Clinics at the Presbyterian Hospital and Rush Medical College. In May. 18.04. he returned to Wabash CViunty and liegan his practice at Mt. Carmel. where he has been particularly succe.ss- ful. It is s.iid that he has a wider circle of friends and acquaintances than any otli(>r physi- 760 WABASH COUNTY ciau in the couut.v. is immbered auioug tlie lead- ing ujembers of liis jiroiession in tlie State, anil is honored and respeL-ted by all for his upright fharai-ter and moral condUL-t. lu politieal mat- ters he is a I'rohibitionist. and his religious con- nection is with the Jlethodist Episcopal Cliurcii. Ou April (J, 1.STG, Dr. JIauley was married to Mary E. McClure, who was born in Lawrence County, 111., a daughter of Capt. Richard and Mary J. (Earls) MeClure. To them have been born six children. Ave of whom Ihed nearly to adult life, and four of whom are still living (November. litlO). They are: Dr. Richard S.. Mt. (i'armel. 111. ; Paul S.. of Medina. Mexico ; Mrs. Mary Mason, of Washington. D. C. ; and ,lohn A., who graduates in Ittll from the College of Liberal Arts, at Northwestern I'niversity. in which institution they have all been educated, in- cluding I'auline 1'. Mauley, the twin sister of Paul S.. who died at school in 1808. MARVEL, WUliam.— One of the finest farms in Wabash County. 111., is owned by William Mar- vel, who owns uiuety-tive acres of land in Friendsville Precinct. Mr. Marvel was born in Gibson County, Ind.. October 10. 1,S5S. son of Wesley and .lenetta (Davis) Marvel, both na- tives of Gibson County. His grandfather. .lohn Marvel, was a native of Kentucky. Abijah Davis, the father of .lenetta Davis, was also a native of Kentucky, and came to (iibson County. Ind., in an early day. Both he and John Marvel were farniei-s and among the earliest settlers of Gibson County, where tliey spent the greater part of their lives. Mr. Marvel died in Wabash County, 111. Wesle.v Marvel and wife, were mar- Tied in their native county and settled in Mont- gomery Townshi]!, that county. Their first home was a log ci\bin and their land was heavily tim- bered, mostly with black walnut and yellow ix>i)- lar. Mr. Marvel cleared a large amount of land and put it in cultivation and became a large land-owner. Me has kept for himself ISn acres of land, and gave each child a farm or its equiva- lent, upon reaching their majority. He was liorn October 22. 1.S20. and his wife in 1834. and t)oth are still strong and active. They live on the home farm with a son and a daughter. Their children were: .Tohn. who died in infancy: Abi- gail, widow of Alfred Simpson, resides with her parents: William: .Tulius. living at home witti his parents : .John, who was killed by a runaway borse alxmt LST."!: James, of Gibson Coimty ; Flora Bell. Mrs. Elza Mount, of Gibson County; Ella. Mrs. Massey. of Owensville. Ind. The education of William Marvel was received in the district school, and he early began learn- ing the science of farming. He has been en- gaged in f:irnnned in work on his father's farm as scxin ;is he was old enough to do so. He resided with his parents until his marriage, in September. ISSo. to .\melia Seibert. who was born in Lancaster Precinct, daugh- ter of John Seibert. The children born to them were : Orrie E.. living with her Iiaternal grandparents; Katie C. Mrs. Robert Storkman. also with her father's parents. The first wife of Mr. Marx died in September. 1888. and he married (second), in April. 1S89, Flora Orilla Baird. born in Lick Prairie Precinct. Wa- bash Couutv. a daughter of Fletcher and Luretta Olundy) Baird. By his second marriage Mr. Marx had children as follows: Callie. Mrs. Lewis Morgan, of Gibson County. Ind. ; .Tosie E.. Mrs. Frank Fessel. of Lawrence County. 111. ; and Effie M.. Jessie G.. Fern Anetta. Raymond Baird. Ida F.. Mattie Bell, at home. After his marriage Mr. Marx lived on his ■ ■■ ■ 1 ET f w I. 1 il 5^ J hj H ^^^^^^^^Hp^ -:v ^^^^^^M ■ 1 ^^^H|^g^^^^V^??^!iH Zf. •''-■?_SrV',v ■ . ^;.f ^^^^^^^^k i^ WABASH COUNTY 761 I'atber's farm iu a separate residence from his parents aud managed the place until 1891, when he went to Seattle, Wash., and siH.>ut fourteen months in that State. He purchased twenty acres of laud in Kitsap County, where he lived three mouth-s hefore his return home. When he reached home his father gave him forty acres of the home place, where he erected a house and barns and continued to improve it. He carries on general farming aud raises horees, cattle, and Poland China aud O. I. C. hogs. The Marx family is well known in the community and have always taken an Interest in the improvement and development of the same. John H. Marx is a Republican in iwlitics, though he takes no active part in public affairs, and he is a member of the Evangelical Association. He can always be de- pended upon to support any cause that will tend to promote the general welfare and is considered a representative citizen. MARX, Philip Henry, one of the oldest citizens of Wabash County, 111., has been a resident of the couuty since he was four years of age and has always been identified with its best inter- ests. Mr. Marx was born in Northampton County, Pa., April 21, 18.32, a son of Michael and JIargaret ( Buesch ) Marx, natives of Germany. The parents emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1829, and lived there until 1836, when they entered 120 acres of government timber land in Lancas- ter Precinct, Wabash County, and there erected a log hut and began clearing the land. Mr. Marx later added to his possessions until he owned several hundred acres, and he and his wife died about 1ST5. within two months of each other. Six children were born to them, namely : Barbara, Mrs. Jonas Deiseher, deceased; Samuel, died in Lancaster Precinct, about 1895 : Philip H. ; Lena, Mrs. George Schafer, died at Mt. Car- mel ; Margaret, Mrs. William Schafer, died at Mt. Carmel ; Mary. Mrs. JIartin Stephens, of Lan- caster Precinct. The education of Phili]) H. Marx was received in the district schools and remained with his parents until his marriage on March .5. 1S.57, to Margaret Stephens, who was born in Warren County. Ohio, December 23. 1837, daughter of George and Margaret (Miller) Stephens, natives of Germany. Mr. Stephens and his wife moved from Ohio to Shelby County, Ind., in 1838, and lived on a farm there until 1S,52, then bought land in Lancaster Precinct, Wabash County. Mr. Stephens died in Wabash County. Children as follows were Ixini to Mr. Marx and wife : Samuel C, of Lancaster Precinct, a sketch of whom ap- pears in this work : William M., of Bellmont Pre- cinct : John H.. of Lancaster Precinct, wliose sketch appears in this work ; Catherine, Mrs. Charles Seibert. of Evansville, Tnd. ; MaTj-. Mrs. Edwin Seibert. of Lancaster Precinct. After his marriage Mr. Marx moved to a farm his wife secured from her parents, in Lancaster Precinct, where they lived about six years, then moved to the home of his parents, which was deeded to him. He has erecf^d all the buildings now on the place and has made many improve- ments, liringing the land to a high state of cul- tivation. He has added to his iwssessions until he now owns 2(»0 acres all in one body. He is well known and much esteemed in his com- munity, is a Democrat and has served on the School Board. He is a member of the Evangeli- cal Association aud contributes his share toward iis supiKjrt. MARX, Samuel Clinton. — ^Among the enterpris- ing farmers of Wabash County, 111., who are making a specialty of raising high-grade stock is Sanmel Clinton Marx, who has developed a tine farm in Lancaster Precinct. He has been promi- nent in the Democratic affairs of the couuty and has sened as Justice of the Peace since 1890. Mr. Marx is the oldest child of Philip H. Marx, whose sketch also appears in this work. Philip H. Marx was born iu Berks County, Pa., and married Margaret Stephens, a native of Shelby County, Ind. They still live on their farm in Lancaster Precinct. The early education of Samuel C. Marx was acquired in the connnon schools, and later he at- tended Friendsville (111.) Seminary. Aftpr reaching the age of twenty years he taught school iu Lancaster Precinct, every winter for eighteen years, working at farming during the sunnner. He married, September 4, 1881, Julia A. Burton, who was born in Lancaster Precinct, daughter of James and Martha (Adams) Bur- ton, who were natives of Nashville, Teun. After their marriage. Mr. and Mrs. Marx settled on the (Jeorge Glick farm, iu Lancaster Precinct, where he rebuilt the house and liarns. and put up all the impovemeuts. This farm was on the edge of I>ong Prairie, on the border of Bonpas Creek. -Mr. Marx also received 100 acres of his father's homestead, all of which he has under cultivation except twelve acres of timber. This farm is lo- cated in Section 7. Town 1 North, Range 13 West, and he also owns forty acres in Section 2. Town 1 North. Range 14 West, all of which he culti- vates except five acres of timber. Mr. Marx carries on general farming and makes a specialty of raising short-horn registered cattle. Jersey Red hogs, horses for general pur- ix)ses, and Plymouth Rock and Leghorn chickens. He is a member of the United Brethren Church, has held all the church offices, served four times as Delegate to the Annual Conference, and since 1S9.5 has been Superintendent of the Sunday .Schonl. He is a charter member of the Modem Woodmen of .\merica. Camp No. 1834, of Lan- caster, which was instituted in 1892. has held all the offices in the same and has served as Dele- gate to the State Oidge. Mrs. Marx is a mem- ber of the Mystic Workers of the World, of Lan- caster. Roth have many friends and are popu- lar in social circles. Children as follows have been bom to Mr. Marx and his wife; Bertha, at home; Delia M.. Mrs. H. C. Hinderliter. of Lancaster Precinct ; Ilenrv E.. (iied in infancy; ,\Ivin C. died at the age of eight years; Martha E., at home; James 762 WABASH COUNTY Stepheusou, died at tbe age of six years; Samuel Burton, I'hilip Herman, Fay Beatrice and Alma Edith, at home. MAXWELL, J. B., B. S., M. D.— Perhaps one of the best luiowu physicians of Wabash County, 111., is Dr. J. B. Maxwell, whose skill has proved a mine of comfort to the afflicted in times of sick- ness and distress. He was born at Frieudsville, 111., in 1S5!>. Although in youth he obtained a good ordinary education, he was not satisfied, and entering the Central Normal College at Dan- ville, lud., there took a scientific cour.se. He then taught school for six years in Knox County, Ind., and in White and Wabash Counties. III., gaining a well-earned reptitatiou for the thor- oughness of his metliods which made liis services valuable to those desiring a conscientious in- structor. In spite of liis success as an educator, be de- cided to study medicine. His father. A. M. Max- well, .M. D.. was a successful physician who had been educated in the Medical Department of the Michigan State University. Dr. A. M. Maxwell was born in Lycoming County, Pa., and practiced medicine from 1853 until his death in 188S. The son entered Kush Medical College, Chicago, in 1887, and graduated therefrom in 1890, follow- ing which lie began practicing in ^he office where he continued for twenty years. He has gained the confidence and gratitude of a wide circle of patients, many of whom have retained him as a family physician for years. He is a member and secretary of the W^abash County Medical Society, The Illinois State Medical Society and the Amer- ican Medical Association. He has written and has published in the various medical journals of the country, articles uixtn the subject of epilepsy, and through his personal agitation a bill was passed by the State Assembly for the establish- ment of a State institution for the treatment of patients suffering from this disease. In 1891 Dr. .Maxwell was married to Miss Sarah .1. (irundon. of Mt. Oannel. He belongs to the Kiiights of Pythias and the Masonic order, in religious matters is a Presbyterian, and in polities a Reiaiblican. Dr. Maxwell is a pub- lic-spirited citizen, and is interested in the wel- fare and prosperity of the community. He is the owner of considerable property in Mt. C'armel. and has several fine farms in the country adja- cent thereto. McCLANE, Edwin B. (deceased), formerly a well-known and prosperous farmer of Bellmont Precinct, Wabash County. 111., was born in that precinct, August 6, 18:^7, a son of Charles and Louisa (Sloan) McClane. and grandson of John Sloan. The parents were early settlers of Bellmont Precinct and spent the remainder of their lives there, she dying many years before her husband. He owned several different farms. Their children were: Henry and Edwin, de- ceased : Thomas. M. D.. of Roswell. N. M. : Mary J., deceased ; Julia, Mrs. Alpheus Adis, living in the State of Washington ; Rebecca and Malinda, deceased; Edwin B. ; Hannah, deceased. Edwin B. McClane received his education in the public school and heli->ed with the work on his father's farm in boyhood. He remained with his jjarents until his marriage, January 13, 1859. to Mary E. Brines, born in Bellmont Pre- cinct. April 27, I80.J, daughter of Ilussell and Nellie (Ga.-ner) Brines, the former a native of New York and the latter of Connecticut. The father was a sou of Edward Brines and the mother's parents were Charles and Margaret Garner, all of whom settled in W'abash County, the Brines family in Bellmont Precinct and the Garners at Timberville, iu Wabash Precinct. Uussell Brines and his wife were married in Wa- bash County and settled at Bald Hill Prairie, where both died, having had children as follows: Jlorris, who died in Bellmont Precinct ; Jane and Julia, deceased ; Mrs. JlcClane ; Henry and Rus- sell, of Lick Prairie Precinct ; Harvey and Ed- win C, decvis.id. After their marriage Mr. McClane and his wife settled on a farm of eighty-six acres, of which there was but six acres cleared, and they lived (here in a log house for many years. He develojied ;i good farm and carried on general farming most successfully for many years, and then retired to live in Mt. C'armel. where his death occurred. November .3, 1871, about two years after they had left the farm. His widow remained for a time iu Mt. Carmel, then re- t\u'ned to the home farm, where she rented the farm five year s but now hires the farm work done. She is an excellent manager and lier af- fairs have prosjiered under her care. She has n'an.\- friends in tlie c-ommunity and is highly re- si.c'-led for the manner in which she has reared her children to be useful men and women. The children born to this t-ouple were: Henry Allen, of Bellmont Precinct: William M.. died in in- fancy, in November. ]862: Ida. Mrs. Otto Brad- ham, of Edwards County, III. ; Virginis Gertrude, Mrs. Jerrj- (Jinther, of Bone Gap, III.; Edwin Baker, of New Baden. III. ilr. Mc-Clane was a member of the Cliristian Church and in polities was a Democrat. He was an industrious and energetic farmer, an excellent neighbor, and a kind husband and father, and was much re- spected by his fellow-citizens. McGregor, George Henry, who for many .vears. carried on extensive agricultural opera- tions in Wabash County, III., and is now living in retirement in the village of Bellmont. is a na- tive of Wabash County, born in Friendsville Pre- cinct. May ."). 1842. a son of Asa and Mary (Ulm) McGregor. .\sa McGregor was liorn in Wabash Count?-, his father, Henry McGregor, being one of the early settlers of Palmyra, once the county- .seat. Henry McGregor was a native of Ireland nnd came to the T'nited States as a young man. He secured government land and developed a farm, passing his last days in Palm,\-Tn. Mary T'Im. who was l>orn near Chillicothe. Ohio, was a daughter of Edward and Catherine Ulm. both WABASH COUNTY 763 natives of Ohio, who were among the llrst settlers of Mt. Carmel. where Mr. Ulm built the first mill for griudiiig corn. This was a tread- mill run by horse-power. Mr. Ulm was a shoe- maker as well as a miller. He first entered laud near Mt. Carmrf, but later sold out there and moved to Wayne County. 111., where he died. Asa Mc-tiregor and his wife settled in Frieuds- ville I'rednct after their marriage, and there he conducted a faiin until his death, March 7, 1857. His widow continued on the farm and married John T. Risley. Some time after her second marriage she went to live in Mt. Carmel, where her death occurred about 1882. Mr. McGregor and his wife had children as follows: George Henry: Sanih. Anna. Scott and Harry died in in- fanc-y ; Sanmel died in 1898, in Gibson County, Ind. The education of (Jeorge Henry McK^regor was acquired in tlie district schools and he remained with his mother until her second marriage ; then began working on a farm by the month, contin- uing this until he attained his majority, when he came into i)ussession of 120 acres of the home place. He carried on the farm until his brother, Samuel, was twenty-one years of age, when he sold his interests to the latter, buying a farm of 160 acres, of which about forty acres were cleared. This farm contiiined some old log buildings and here his first wife died, after which he lived in the log cabin by himself, hiring a man to help him. He continued to improve his farm and cleared alwut sixty acres in all. He sold this farm later and purchased 120 acres in one jjart of Lick Prairie Precinct and 160 acres a few miles south, putting it all under cul- tivation excei>t twenty acres of the first farm. He sold the farm of 120 acres and lived on the one of 160 acres until Fel)rnary. 1910. when he purchased two lots and a residence in Bellmont. ■where he now lives. He rents all his land and has retired from active business life. Jlr. Mc- Gregor has always been a most enteiprising and intelligent farmer and achieved a very fair de- gree of success. He is a public spirited citizen and actively interested in the public welfare, giving his earnest support to the cause of Prohi- bition. The first marriage of Mr. McGregor took place in Febni.-iry. 186(5. when he was united with Elizabeth Shearer, bnrn in Vermont, a daughter of William and .Joanna (Olden Shearer, who were very early settlers of Friendsville Precinct. The children born to this union were: Lewis, of Lick Prairie Precinct: Cliarles. of Seattle. Wash.: Laura. Mrs. William Brians, also of Seattle: .Mark, of Aberdeen. Wash. Mrs. Mc- Gregor died in 1S7.'?. Mr. McGregor was married (second), on Sep- tember i;'.. 187.J. to Fannie Wood, wlio was born in Friendsville Precinct, a daughter of Victor and Eliza (Armstrong) Wood. One daughter was b-rn of this union. Eliza, wife of William Garrett, on Mr. MciJregor's farm. The second Mrs. JfcGreuor died in 1.S77 and .Mr. McGregor •was married (third), on February 6. 1880, to Sarah E. Bratton, born in Lick Prairie Precinct, a daughter of Marshall and Elizabeth (Hill) Bratton. To this latter union were born chil- tlren as follows : Mabel, Mrs. Elmer Wetherholdt, of Jasper County, 111. ; Elizabeth, Mrs. Samuel Woods, on her father's farm ; Asa, of Danville, HI.: Howard and Ilollis, on their father's farm; Opal, died in iniani-y. The third Mrs. McGregor died in I'.JOl, and Mr. McGregor married (lourtli). on Septi-mber 6, 1005, Mrs. Maria L. (Uigg) Brown, who was born in Mt. Carmel Precinct, a daughter of Thomas and Mary J. (McCleary) Rigg. Her first husband, Samuel (i. Brown, was born in Miami County, Ind., and died November 26, 1897, in Bellmont Precinct. Jlr. Brown and his wife had children as follows : Elmer, died in Mt. Carmel. in 1904. leaving three children — Alli.son. George and Delia; Thomas, died in infancy; \"ictor, died at the age of thir- teen years ; David is engaged in the management of a threshing machine and saw-mill. u\\'nlug one of the best outfits in the county — resides in Bell- mont Precinct ; and Alonzo. who died in infancy. David was twice married, (first) to Elfiie Omp- bell, who bore him one son, Carl Raymond, and (second) to Joselyn Gray, of this union there being tlu'ce children — Earl. Davis and Charles. Mr. McTiregor is a man of upright character and honest intentions, and his many good quali- ties of mind auil heart are widely appreciated by his many friends. He is well known in Wabash County and held in high esteem. McINTOSH, John Jerome, M. D., a prominent j)hysician of Allendale. 111., whose father was the second practicing physician in Wabash County, and who had a diploma from a medical college, is a native of Allendale, born July 2. 1S.S1. ?Ie is a son of Dr. Andrew J. and Jane (McFarland) Mcintosh, the former born at Tim- berville, Wabash (/(mnty. and the latter in Wa- bash Precinct. His paternal grandparents were Samuel and Eleanor (Mathews) Mcintosh, he a native of Pai-is. Bourbon (\)Unty. Ky.. and she of Sullivan County, Ind. Samuel Mcintosh was a son of John Ogg and Sarah (Bennett) Mcintosh, the former born in Invernesshire. Scotland. He was an assistant surgeon luider Cormvallis in the Revolutionary W;r. and was appointed presid- ing Judge at the organization of Wabash County. Jane McFarland was a daughter of James Alex- ander an the practice of his father, to which he has added materiall.v, and now has the satisfaction of being well established and very busy. He has established himself also in the confidence and esteem of all with whom he has aSKOCiated. and is considered one of the leading .voung physicians of the county, being well fitted by natural ability and training to rise in his pro- fession. In the fall of 1008 he was elected to the important office of County Coroner and is dis- charging the duties of same with credit. Dr. Mcintosh married. October ?>. 1908, Hester Holson. born at Allendale. 111., a daugliter of Fred and Xancy (Keneipp) Holsou. he born in Ger- many and she in Lawrence Count?'. 111. They have one daughter, Mary .Tane, born July 21. 1909. and one son. John Jacksnn. born August 9. 1910. Dr. Jlclntosh is a devout member of the Christian Church and is a deacon of same. Politically be is a Democrat and fraternally a member of the Jlodern Woodmen of America, Camp 1799. and the Masonic Lodge. Xo. 752. of .\llendale. He has many firm friends in the ooiinty and takes a lively interest In everything that affects the welfare of the people. He is a tvpical yoimg physician of today, keeping well informed on the latest discoveries and theories of bis i.riifession. and taking an intelligent in- terest in other current topics and issues. McKOWN, Larry H. — Among the enterprising youni: business men of Mt. Carmel, 111., is Larry H. JIcKown. who has built up a good busi- ness in the line of mortgage loans. Mr. McKown has been engaged in several lines of business and is well fitted by experience and ability to con- duct his enterjirise successfull.v. He was bom near Greenville, Floyd County, Ind., December t>, 1878, sou of M. C. and Anna (Sheets) Mc- Kown, both natives of Floyd County. His grand- parents were Hiram McKowu and wife, natives of Virginia, and Jacob Sheets and wile, the former born in West Virginia and the latter in Indiana. Hiram McKowu was a farmer in In- diana. M. C. McKown was married in Indiana, where he owned a farm and alSD conducted several cooper shops, which business he had learned when he was a young man. He lived in Indiana five years after his marriage, when he became ordained a minister of the Methodist Church and was located at different places. At this time he sold his farm to be able to devote his time entirely to his pastoral duties. He is now located at Bellmont, 111., where he has been liv- ing since the fall of 1908. Four children were born to Mr. McKuwn and wife, namely : Eva, died at the age of eighteen months ; Louis S., of Shawneetown, 111., a Methodist minister; Larry H. ; Harriet, Mrs. Bert Wilkes, of Mt. Car- mel. Larry H. JIcKown received a common and high school education, then attended the De Pauw L'niversity at Greencastle, Ind., and Vin- cennes University. He made the most of his educational advantages and became well fitted for making his own way in the world. He lived with his parents until his marriage, then lived for a time at Caunelton. Ind., where he t-on- ducted a tailor shop six mouths. Then moring to Louisville. Ky., he worked two years in a wholesale clothing house, when he removed to Xew Albany. Ind., and there took up life insur- ance business, which he followed two years, after which he worked about six months in a wholesale clothing house in Chicago. August 1, 1906. Mr. McKown located in Mt. Carmel and engaged in his present line of business. He has won the confidence and regard of all who have bad dealings with him, in the way of business or .so(^ially, and is considered a representative, useful citizen. He is a Republican in politics and is nuich interested in local affairs. He be- longs to the Methodist Church and to the B. P. O. E. Xo. 715. of Mt. Carmel. Mr. McKowu man'ied. December 3, 1901, Mabel Rogers, who was born in Loogootee, Ind., daughter of B.vron L. Rogers and wife, of Ken- tucky. Mr. McKnown and his wife have one daughter. Lelia Ruth, born December 30. 1904. McNAIR, Charles E., of Friendsville Precinct, Wabash County. 111., conies of a family well- known in the county for nearly a century, and always identified with its best interests and pro- Tcss. The grandfather of Mr. McNair entered land three-riuarters of a mile north of Frlends- ville. and was one of the pioneer settlers. Chnrle* E. McNair was Iwrn in Friendsville Pre- cinct. January 13. 18-53. a son of James P. and Alargaret A. (Dennison) McNair. the former a native of the same precinct and the latter of Lawreiue County. 111., being born near Bridge- r. 'J. V. > 2 r. > M O '•ft Ml' ^^ ( , WABASH COUNTY 765 port. Jaiues P. McXair married and located on an eighty-acre farm oue-lialt' mile east of liis father's home, this laud having been given him b.v the latter. lie built a house and entered fort.v acres more on the Crawfish l)ottoms. He died May 17, IS'JS. and his widow died August 5, ItKJO. Charles E. was their second child, the others being George, who died at the age of six- teen years, and JIary. who died at the age of seventeen years. Nearly the entire life of Charles E. McXair has been spent on the home place. He attended the district school in boy- hood and came into possession of the farm at his father's death. Here he carried on general farmlnir and raised cattle, hogs and horses, until February, 1902, then sold out and purchased nluetT,' acres oue-half mile west of Frieudsville, where he has resided since September, irx»6. Mr. McXair married (first) Sonora Jones, -who was born in Gibson County, Ind., daughter of Charles and Rachel (Xewsom) Jones, and they had two children : George, who died in infancy, and Maggie, married William L. Crum, of Lan- caster Precinct, and they have one child — Beatta Ruth, born October 2!). I'JOo. Mr. McXair mar- ried ( second » on December 30, 1891, Mary Ellen Oourter, liorn in Wabash County, a daughter of Daniel and Rebecca (Ashcraft) Courier. Her parents died when she was a .•^inall child, and she was reared in the family of Gifford Runyon, of Friendsville Precinct. By his second marriage Mr. McXair. has one child. Effle. at home. He and his wife are well-known and iiopular and have a large circle of friends. He is a Repub- lican in iwlitics and served as School Director one term. Fraternally he is affiliated with the Modern Woodmen of America, of Friendsville. and the Farmers' I'nion. of the same place. He is interested in every good cause. Like his father and trraiidfatlier before him. he is greatly interested in the development and welfare of the community, and is one of the public-spirited citi- zens of the county, being representative of its highest interests. MEYER, H. A., proprietor of a general store at Bellniont. 111., carries everything necessary in the way of hDUsehold and fann furnishings and appliances. Jlr. Meyer was born in Freeport. 111., September 20. 186,S, a son of Harm and Catherine X'. (Ravenstine) Meyer, natives of Em- den, Germany. Catherine Ravenstine's father, located on a farm in Bellmont Precinct in 18.51. Harm Meyer was a sailor and after spending fifteen years on the ocean located at Ulim. Wis. There l>eing only Indians living there at that time he later moved to Wabash County. 111. After his marriage he and his wife located near Freeport. and two and a half years later they moved to Efl^ngham County ami bought PJOrt acres of farm land. He died there in 1902 and his wife on March 17, 1909. Their children were: H. A. Meyer, subject of this sketch ; Peter L., living in Bellmont since 1904: .John H.. of Mt. Carmel : Justus, dipfl at the age of seven years, l)eing the third child. At the age of nineteen years, having been edu- <-ated in the common and high schools of Effing- ham County, H. A. Meyer began working as clerk in a store at Bible Grove, 111. Two years later he went to Terre Haute, Ind., and took a two years' course in telegraphy and bookkeeping, after which he became manager of a general store at Dieterieh, 111. Mr. Meyer became a resident of Bellmont in 1889, when he took the position of station agent on the Southern Railroad, remain- ing in this iKJsition until 1905, when he embarked in the mercantile business with his brother Peter. This partnership was continued until March 7, 1908, «hen Peter withdrew from the concern and H. A. Meyer has since carried on the enterprise alone. He keeps a large stock of standard grade goods and has built up a good trade, as well as a reputation for honest dealing. He stands well in the community and is successful in a financial way. Mr. Meyer married, July 3, 1893, Kate E. Maid- low, burn in \'anderburg County, Ind., a daughter of Henry and Elizabeth (Earl) Maidlow, also natives of Vanderburg County. Children as fol- lows were born to Mr. Meyer and his wife: Helen Frances. Ivy Gertrude and Edith Laura, all at home. Mr. Meyer's first wife died in April, 1903, and he married (second), on June 20, 1907, Fan- nie Avis Maidlow, sister to his first wife. They have no children. Mr. Meyer is an enterprising citizen and ac- tively interested in public affairs ; is a member of the Republican party and belongs to the Meth- odist Episcopal Church. He is afliliated with the I. O. O. F. Xo. 729. the JL W. A. Camp No. 4f;71. the Royal Xeighbors and the Jlystic Work- ers, all ol which meet at Bellmont. MITCHELL, John Minton, who is one of the liest-knowu business men of Wabash County, 111., I'resident of the American National Bank of Mt. Carmel. and interested in many other public and private enterprises, has heen a resident of JIt. Carmel since 1883 and has identified himself with the progress and welfare of the community. The Mitchell fannly is of Scotch-Irish descent and came from England to America. They set- tled in Illinois about 1810 and the grandfather of .lohn M. Mitchell served as Colonel in the Forty -eighth Illinois Cavalry during the Civil War. Mr. .Mitchell was born in Franklin County, 111.. July 10. 1802. son of Jesse G. and A. E. (Mar- vel) Mitchell. The father was born in Franklin County in 183."), and the mother in Gibson Count.v, Ind,, in 1837. Jesse G. Mitchell was for many years Postmaster of Locust Grove, Franklin Coimty. and was also a farmer, school-teacher and merchant. He became an extensive dealer in grain, tobacco and stock, and was successful in many lines. He was a natural leader of men and a man of influence in the community in which he lived, where he won many warm friends. He was naturally an optimist, and his liberality, good nature and high character were strongly felt by all who had any dealings with him. He also served as a local preacher of the Methodist 766 WABASH COUNTY Eniscopal Church. lu 1880 he sold his farm aud moved to Beutou, 111., where he engaged m mer- cantile business. He and his wife had six chil- dren, one of them dying in infancy. . , „ The early education of John Miuton Mitcuell was received in the public school, and he later attended the Southern Illinois University at Car- boiKlale aud the Central Normal College at Dan- ville, Ind., graduating from the latter institution at the age of eighteen years. He spent his hoy- hood on his father's farm and early learned the habits of industry which he has since followed. Upon leaving school he began working in his father's store at Uenton, 111., and in lS8a located in ilt. Carmel, where he engaged in the clothing business on his own account. After continuing lu this business a few years he embarked in the dry-goods business. In 18'J4 he sold his mercan- tile interests aud entered the banking business as President of the Wabash Savings Bank, and later became President of the American State Bank, which in 1901 became the American National Bank. Under his able management the affairs of this institution have prosi)ered and it is con- sidered one of the sound flnaucial institutions of this part of the State. Mr. Mitchell is well fitted to fill such a position, having had consid- erable experience in the business world, and his patrons naturally feel a confidence in his judg- ment and discretion in directing to the best in- terests of all concerned, the investments and other business interests that come under his su- Ijervision. Mr. Mitchell has been identified with many business enterprises besides the American Na- tional Bank, being President and owner of the American Exchange Bank, of Browns, 111.; Re- ceiver for the Mt. Carmel Gas & Electric Com- pany and for Mt. Carmel Light & Water Com- pany, and Treasurer of the Wilcox \^1iolesale Grocery Company. He is an active member of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Mt. Carmel ; President of the Board of Trustees of McKendree College, of Lebanoi,, 111. : President of the South- ern Illinois Laymen's Association Southern Il- linois Conference, and of the Southern Illinois Conference Claimants' Society : a member of the Finance and Executive Committees of the Board of Sunday Schools of the Methodist Church of the Woro. 111., where he worked for a short time in the mines, then beroming a brake- man on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, a jKisition WABASH COUNTY 767 which he held lor six months. In 1881 he came to Wabash County, 111., and tirst worked in a mine near Maud, working for a few mouths for Ja- cob Zimmerman, then going to Saline County, 111., and assisting in opening a mine at Clifton. He worked there until his marriage, July 3. 1883, to Lida Van Seudeu, born in Wabash County, a daughter of J. A. and Samautha (Rigg) Van Seuden. After marriage Mr. Moore worked for Harvey Hughs in the Clifton mines until the fol- lowing spring, when he commenced farming, his first venture being on the farm of his father-in- law, near Maud. The following year he rented the Jack McLain farm on Bonpas Prairie, which he sold and moved to I'ratt County, Kan. He next went to Metropolis, where he conducted a liverj- concern for three years, then going to Johnson CV)unty and serving as City Marshall at Buniside, and as Deputy Sheriff of the county under Sheriff M. A, Hankins. Moving back to Wabash County in liXlO, he came to Mt. Carmel and bought a livery business on Fourth Street, and in 1!K>3 was elected Alderman on the Repub- lican ticket. In 1904 he sold his business on Fourth Street and bought the old Woods House and a lot adjoining on which he erected a liv- ery stable. In addition to these, he owns three other properties in Mt. Carmel. In the fall of 1906, Mr. Moore was nominated for the office Sheriff and Collector of Wabash County, his op- ponent being Alec Compton. who defeated him. Twenty days after the election. Mr. Compton was murdered, and at the subsequent special election necessary to fill the vacancy, Jlr. Moore defeated James Williams, his Democratic op- ponent, by 160 votes, in a county that ordinarily has a Democratic majority of .SOO to 400. He has been one of the liest officials Wabash County has ever had and has the confidence and resi^ect of his fellow citizens. Mr. Moore has a daughter. Carrie, and an adopted daughter, Glad.vs. He and his wife are members of the Christian Church. Fraternally he is connected with the Odd Fellows, the Mod- ern Woodmen, the Tribe of Ben Htir and the Order of Elks. MORGAN, Calvin Douglas (deceased). — The Morgan family has been prominent in Wabash County, 111., for many years, and its members have been representative of the highest t.vpe of citizenshiii. Calvin D. Morgan, who was a pros- perous farmer of Wabash Precinct, was engaged at various times in other pui-suits. but again turned his attention to farming, and became the owner of a larsre farm. He was bom in Lancas- ter Precinct. April 29. lS(il. a son of George W. and Man- t Preston) Morgan, the former of Lan- caster and the latter of Friendsville Precinct. The grandiiarents were Calvin and Xancy ( Oun- ton) Morgan, of Tennes.see and North Carolina, resiiectively, and .Joseph Preston and wife, all early settlers and farmers of Wabash Countj-, where they died. After his marriage George W. Morgan settled on a farm in Lancaster Precinct and became an extensive farmer. He died in 1906 and his wife in 1901. Their children were: Frank, of Ed- wards County, 111. ; Calvin D. ; George, deceased ; Jacob, of Lancaster Precinct ; Joseph and Eli, of West Salem, Edward Ctountj', 111. ; Nellie, Mrs. John Bradham, of Lancaster Precinct. Until his marriage Calvin D. Morgan resided with his parents, then settled on part of the home place, where he carried on farming. He also conducted a portable saw-mill and a threshing machine, and a clover huller. Later he moved to Allendale, and continued to oi)erate the thresh- ing machine and saw-mill until the date of his death, during which time he purchased 160 acres of land in Wabash Precinct, and con- tinued to add to it until he had 367 acres, all river bottom laud e.xcept nine acres where the houst and other buildings are located. He was an extensive corn-grower, dividing his time be- tween this industrj- and operating his threshing machine and s;iw-mill. He was a Democrat in ixditical belief and had served as School Direc- tor. Fraternally he belonged to the Modern Woodmen of America and the Mystic Workers of the World, of Allendale. He and his wife won a large circle of friends and became important factors in the social life of the neighborhood. They always espoused the cause of progress and sliowed interest in every worthy cause. Both be- came members of the Christian Church of Allen- dale. Mr. Jlorgan's marriage occurred January 11, 18S2, when he was united with Laura B. Roberts, born in Mt. Carmel. III.. January 30, 1865, a daughter of Rudd and Lucinda (Montgomery) Roberts, both natives of Wabash County. The children born of this marriage were: Clara, Mrs. Cain Clark, of Waba.sh Precinct; Albert, Mamie and Gladys, at home; Flora, who died at the age of nine ye.ai-s : and seven children who died in infancy. Mr. Morgan's death occurred August 22, 1910, MOYER, Charles Wesley, a prominent and high- ly esteemed resident of Mt. Carmel Precinct, Wa- bash County. 111., where for many years he has carried on general farming, is a native of Prince- ton, Ind., born February 14, 18.">7, a son of Joseph and Sarah (Stone) Moyer, the former born in Pennsylvania and the latter in Wabash Couuty, III., and grandson of Peter Moyer, who was born in Pennsylvania, and William Stone, born in England. The grandparents were all earl.v set- tlers of Waliash County, 111., where .Joseph and Sarah Moyer were married. They moved to In- diana and lived on a rented fanu six .vears, but retttriied to Wabasli County, where both died, he about 1SS2 and she about l.S.'^O. Their children were: Maria, Mrs, George Wilson, deceased; William, of Mt Cannel : Charles W. ; .Tames, of Mt. Carmel. and Franklin, deceased. T'ntil he was twenty years of age. Charles W. Mover lived with his mother and received his education in the public schools. He worked about ten years at farm work for others, and when thirty years old. rented land and farmed 768 WABASH COUNTY for himself, coutinuiug tbis occupation iiutil HMO, when lie purcliased six acres of laud in the eastern part of ilt. Carmel. He rents sixty acres of land near Lis borne and bere carries on general farming. He lias been successful in his work and is well known for his industry and thrift. The Moyer family has been ideutitied with the history of Wabash County and its members have been among the highest tyi^e of citizens, doing the best for themselves and their community. Mr. Moyer married, in September, 1881, Emma Stroh, who was born in Wabash County, daugh- ter of Isaiah and Eliza (Seitz) Stroh, the former a native of Pennsylvania and the latter of Wa- bash County. The children born of this union were : Leslie I., of Mt. Carmel, 111. ; Nora E., Mrs. Ijyman Stultz, of Friendsville Precinct ; Maud, died in infancy. Mrs. Moyer died in Janu- ary, l'J02, and in September. 1903, Mr. Moyer married (second) Mrs. Flora (Wirth) Kern, widow of Thomas Kern, who had seven chil- dren by her former marriage, namely : Mame, of Mt. Carmel ; Laura, Jlrs. Fred Baringer, of Los Angeles, Cal. ; ,Iohn, of Danville, 111. ; Will- lam, of Wabash County ; Maud, Jlrs. Christ Onihy, of EsthervlUe, la. ; Fred, of Mt. Carmel ; Martha, of St. Louis, Mo. By his second mar- riage Mr. Moyer has one child. Paul, born March 12, 1905. In iwlitics Mr. Moyer is Independent and votes for the man he considers best fitted to hold oflSce. He is a member of the Evangeli- cal Association and fraternally is a Modern American. He stands well in the community and has a large circle of friends. MOYER, Edward Joseph (deceased), who died at his home in Mt. Carmel, 111., September 18, 190.3, was for many years iirominent in public affairs in Wabash County and had served in city and county offices. He was a stanch sui> porter of the Democratic party, took a deep inter- est in political matters, and is kindly remembered by all who knew him. Mr. Moyer was the friend of education and of all worthy objects, devoting both time and niduey to the ]ii-ouiotion of any cause which he believed for the Interest of the people. He was a man of sterling honesty and integrity and. in his business dealings, was ac- tuated by the highest jirinciples of fairness and honor. He was a kind, indulgent husband and father and gave his children the best educational advantages he was able, always feeling a deep interest in their being fitted for useful lives. Mr. Moyer was born in Mt. Carmel. .July 23. 1842. a son of Paul and Mary (Alenderl Moyer. both natives of Pennsylvania, being born in Allen- town, where their marriage took jilace. Paul Moyer went to Wabash County to make a home for his family, and after si>ending a year there, returned for his wife and they came back as far as Princeton, when their funds being exh.austed, they found it necessar.v to walk the remainder of the way to Mt. Carmel. where they settled down. He performed any kind of work he could find at first and for some time clerked in a store. In 1873 his wife died and in the fall of 1875 he married (second) Susan Ilamer, of Marshall, 111., where they lived until 1894, when Mrs. Moyer died. Mr. Moyer finally returned to Mt. Carmel and lived with his daughtei', Mrs. Fred Kern, un- til his death, November 9, 1903. Edward J. Moyer received his primary educa- tion in the common schools and also attended Mt. Carmel Academy. Between the ages of seven- ten and twenty-one years he learned the trade of cabinet-maker with Mr. Cosier, of Mt. Car- mel. He then went to Evansville, Ind., and worked as a mill-wright until his marriage, No- vember 14, 1867, to Mary E. Collins, of Vin- cennes, Ind., where she was born January 8, 1850. a daughter of Alexander and Delilah (El- der) Collins. Mr. Collins was born in Tennes- see and his wife in North Carolina. He was a stationary engineer and in 1850 moved to Patoka, Ind., where he died in February, 1875, and his widow in Jlay of the same year. After his marriage Edward J. Moyer took up his residence in Mt. Carmel and for many .years was employed as clerk. He was afterward em- ployed by various firms as buyer, and in 1898 began working at book-keeping for different con- cerns, as his ser\ices were needed. In 1895 he purchased a handsome residence on East Ninth Street, Mt. Carmel. where his widow still resides. The following children were born to him and his wife : Cloten, a school-teacher, of Kingman, Kan. : Frank, of Cairo, 111., a yard-master in the employ of the Illinois Central Railroad Company, married Helen Gallagher, of Marshall, 111. ; Ethel, married Deloyd Malloy, of Chicago; Cora, Mrs. Paul E. I'epper, of Mt. Carmel; Lyman T., of (ialveston. Tex., freight clerk for a railroad com- pany; Muriel, married Joseph L. McClellan, an engineer for the Big Four Railroad Company, living at Mt. Carmel ; Helen, attending the high school. Mr. Jloyer served several times as Alderman of Mt. Carmel, and in the fall of 1902 was elected to the office of Treasurer of Wal)ash County. He discharged the duties of each office in a satisfac- tory manner, and was considered a competent of- ficial. MTJNDY, Hon. Mahlon H., who is one of the most jirominent Democrats in Wabash County, 111,, and has served in several public offices in the State, as well as in local offices, has been en- gaged in the practice of law at Mt. Carmel, 111., since 1880. Mr. Mundy was born in Lancaster Precinct, Wabash County, March 8, 1S.50, a son of Henry and .Mary ( Penson ) Mundy, the former a native nf Edwards County and the latter of Waliash CWunty. Heniy Mundy was a son of Samuel and Phelie (Reed) Mundy, lioth born in New Jersey, the fonner in 1785 and the latter in 1787. Phel>e Reed was a davigbter of William and Rachel Reed and a cousin of President Pierce, and her husband was a .son of Samuel and Abigail Mundy. Samuel JI\uidv and his wife were married November .30. iSOn, and in 1818 they came to ■ ^vs B^^^^H ■ ■ 7 -^ ^^^^^^^Hi ^H ^ H^^i ^M ^^^^^^^HK' ■ 1 ^^^^K^fl ^^^^^^^^|i r?^ WABASH COUNTY 769 wliat is uow Wabash County, 111., llieu a part of Edwards County. Their children were : Gritlith, bom Juue 22, 1S13 ; William, born May 2t), 1S15 ; James M., born Juue 0, ISIT ; Henry, boru February 2U, 1S20 ; N'elsou, boru Februaiy 10, 1822, died January 3, 1824; Caroline, boru May 21, 1824 ; Samuel, boru December 25, 1825 ; John Q. A., born October 15. 1827 ; Phebe A., born July 23, 1829; Julia A., born November 1, 1831 ; Jersey A., boru November 12, 1834. The I'enson family were natives of Couuectlcut and were early settlers of what is now Wabash County. Henry Munday married and settled on a farm in Lancaster I'recinct. He was born February 26, 1820, and his wife March 12, 1824. He died on his farm, Juue 7, 1896, and since then his widow remains on the old homestead. Their children were : Carl, died in infancy ; -\lleu, deceased ; JIahlon ; Samuel, of Mt. Carmel ; Maria and Frances M.. deceased ; Sarah Jane. Mrs. W. A. Risley, of Mt. Carmel ; JIary Ellen, died in 1888 ; PUebe A., Mrs. John Mason, of Ed- wards County, 111. The early years of Mahlou H. Mundy were spent on his father's farm and he attended the coumion schools. He remained at home until he reached his majority and then worked a year and a half on a farm, after which he went to Warrontou. Warren County, Mo., and attended the Central Western College two years. Return- ing to Illinois he went to Edwards County and taught four years, then began reading law with Judge Phinney 1>. I'reston. of Oluey. 111. Three years later he came to Mt. Carmel and engaged in the practice of law there, January 1, 1880. He has been successful from the start and stands high in liis profession. In ]ioIitical views Mr. Mundy is a strong Demo- crat and is active in party affairs. He served from 18.84 until 1.S06 as State's Attorney, and as a nipniber of the Forty-third and Forty-fourth General Assemblies of Illinois. He held the of- fice of Master in Chancery from 1905 to 1909. and was elected City Attorney in 18S2 and again in 1884, .serving two terms of two years each. Fraternally he is a member of the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. No. 715, of Mt. Car- mel. and has many friends among all classes. He is w-ell known among business men and is looked upon as a representative, patriotic citizen of the city, county and State. Mr. Mundy married (first). January C. 1884. Mrs. Isabel Phipps. who was bora in Lawrence County, Ind.. widow of Larkin Phipps, and daugliter of David and Catherine Boyles. of Lawrence County, Ind. By her first marriage she had two children: Harry M.. of Mt. Car- mel, and Minta, Mrs. J. F. SicDonald. of Vir- ginia. One daughter was liorn of her marriage to Mr. Mundy. Hazel. Mrs. Fred Lewis, of Co- lumbus, Ind. Mrs. Mundy died September 21. 1894. and Mr. Mundy married (second) October 18. ia95. Mrs. Emma L. (Koegley) Robinson, widow of John Robinson. She had two children by her first marriage: Estella. Mrs. J. S. Camp- bell, of Marion, HI., aud Hattie, who lives with .Mr. Mundy aud her mother. By his second mar- riage Mr. Mundy had no children. MUNDY, William R. (deceased).— The late Wil- iam R Mundy, of Lick I'rairie Precinct, Wabash County, 111., spent most of his life in the county, where his parents were among the earliest set- tlers. The family have been useful members of the community aud have helped build up the local institutions and promote the general wel- fare. Mr. iluudy was a prominent member of the Methodist Church aud served many years as a steward. He was active in ix>litical affairs and served several years as County Commis- sioner, beiug a Republican in his views. He was active in the Farmers' Grange and was much interested in its progress. He has beeu missed from many circles and his many friends remem- ber with gratitude his public spirit and many good traits of character. Mr. Mundy was born iu New Jersey, May 26, 1815, the sou of Samuel and Phebe Mundy, also natives of New Jersey, who located on a farm iu Lick Prairie Precinct. Wabash Couuty, when the surrounding country was a vast prairie and almost entirely unsettled. They entered land from the Government aud lived on it until a few yeare before their deaths, then moved to Mt. Carmel. William R. Mundy lived at home with his parcn-ts until his marriage, and was educated in the country schools of the time. He and his wife began housekeeping on a farm iu Lancas- ter Precinct, and he afterward entered a farm of ](!(• acres in Lick Prairie I'recinct, part of it in timber. He improved the land and erected a house, developing a fine farm. He became an ex- tensive stock-raiser and was an energetic farmer, making the most of his opportunities. He be- came very successful and had a good standiug in the couHuunity. -Mr. .Mundy married (tirst) December 30, 1S;58, .Sarah Risley. who was boru in Wabash County, a (laughter of Jeremiah and Rachel Risley. Mrs. .Mundy died in June, 18.59, having had children as follows: I'hineas. boru April 9, 1,S40. died at the age of a year and a half; Frances C, born October 23, 1841, married Isaac Breese, who died, and she now lives in Mt. Carmel ; Henry Clay, born June 3, 1844. died at the age of a year and a half ; Ezra Green, born January 12. 1846. deceased: William Hardin, liorn January 3. 1.S49. deceased; Charles Miller, bom June 11, 1851, deceased; Sarah Alice, born May 31, 18.54, now Mrs. Eli Knowles of El Paso County. Colo. ; .\scnath .Vdeline. born October 5. 1.857. married Simon Epler. and died at .\Ibion, 111., in 1908; .\nna Isabel, born Jinie 19, l.s.59. now Jlrs. Jacob Ejiler. of Glendora. Cal. .Mr. Mundy was mar- ried (se<'ond) M.-irch 20 1860. to Mary .\nn Ris- ley, born in Mt. Carmel, 111.. May 20. 18.35, daugh- ter of Daniel aud Eliza (Harl'and) Risley, na- tives of New Jersey, aud grand-daughter of Jere- miah and Rachel (Tilton) Risley, also natives of New .Tersey. who were early settlers of Wa- liash County. 111. By his second marriage Mr. 770 WABASH COUNTY Muudy had no children. His death occui-red No- vember 7, 1899, siiK-e which time his widow- has lived on the home farm, which she rents out. Mrs. Muudy is well known in the vicinity of her home, having spent her entire life in Wabash County, and she has a large circle of friends. MYERS, Albert, who, for some fifteen years fouducted a saw-mill and threshing machine, besides conducting his farm in Lancaster Pre- cinct, Wabash Couuty, III., uow confines his at- tention to the cultivation of hi.s laud. Mr. Myers is active in public affairs, is a Republican in politics, and has served several terms as School Director. He was born in West Salem Township. lOdwards C'bunty. 111.. March 28, 1852, a sou of John and Emily (Xiphong) Myers, the latter a native of North Carolina. No complete record regarding the family iif .Jolm Myers is in exist- ence, as he was working on a flat-boat on the Mississippi River aud died of cholera at Natchez, Miss., the year his sou .\.lbert was liorn. I'hnily Nijihoug was brought by her parents to Edwards County, 111., when she was a small child and. in 1832. married (first) Peter Snider, a cabinet-maker, wlio was born in 1800 aud died at Mt. Carmel, March 11, 1839. They had chil- dren as follows: Mary C, Cynthia A., William H.. and Susixn A.,* all deceased. John aud Emily Slyers had five children, of whom All>ert was the .voungcst. They were : Jo.seph, of Edwards Cbuuty. III.: Martha, deceased; John, of Bur- ton, Kan. ; Mathias. of West Salem, aud Albert. Mr. Jlyers had been married before and had three children : (Jeorge, who died in January, 1910; Philip, of Richland County. 111.; Jane, Mrs. C. Cunningham, deceased. After the death of her husband Mi-s. Myers married (third) An- thony Wilkinson, by whom she had no chil- dren. She died April ,5, 1893. The education of Albert Myers was secured in the common schools of Edwards, Wliite and Wa- liash Cn lS4."i and 18."j0. William Newkirk did not oome to Wabash County until 1,S.5S and in IS-'tO he purchased a tract of land in Section do. Town 1 North. Range 13 West, in Friendsville Precinct, half prairie and half timber. He had 160 acres in the home farm and 100 acres south of Friendsville. where Jacob Zimmerman now lives. Mr. Newkirk made all possilile improve- ments and erected one of the tii-st brick bouses in the county. lie was killed by the memorable cyclone at Mt. Carmel. June 4. 1877. and his widow survived him until December. ISOl. Their rbildren were: MaiT Jane. Mrs. Jairus Great- house, died at Anna. 111., in 1908 ; Clarinda. JIi-s. Alfred McNair, died about 1861 ; Nathan Henry and Clari.ssa, drowned in 1852. and Rufus M. Rufus M. Newkirk was the youngest child of his parents and has spent his life on the home farm since he was brought there a small child. He attended the district schools and Friends- ville Academy and received a good education. His father gave him the homestead, to which he has added twenty acres. He has cleared it and put it under cultivation except about fifteen acres of timber land. Besides carrying on gen- eral farming he makes a specialty of raising Red I'olled, Durham and Jersey cattle, and has a fine dairy herd. He also raises Poland-China hogs, and horses for general use. He is a Re- publican in ix)litics and served twenty years as School Director. Fraternally he is a member of the Masonic Order, being affiliated with Ijodge No. 329. of Mt. Carmel. and also belongs to the Ben Hur Tribe. No. 97, of Mt. Carmel. He is an ambitious farmer and has developed his farm to a fine i)roi>erty. .Mr. .Newkirk was married, in September, 1874, to Martha Hallock. who was born in Mt. Carmel Precinct, daughter of Aaron B. and Acenih (Og- den) Hallock. Children as follows were born to this union : Sarah Catherine, Mrs. Adelbert Shearer, of Centralia. Wash. ; Anna, died in in- fancy ; Gertrude and Grace, twins, the latter of whom died in infancy, and Gertrude is wife of A'ern Mundy. of Clierry, Colo. : Amy, at home ; William, died at the age of two years; a .sou and daughter who died in infancy; Allen, at home; and another daughter who died in infancy. NOLLER, William, a successful buaineaa man of Mt. Carmel. 111., is a native of that city and inherited his present busines-s from his father, who established it in 1853. It is, therefore, one of the oldest enterprises in the county and has been constantly doing business for more than half a century. William Noller was born November 21, 1864, and has sjient his entire life in the city where he now resides, having received his education there and also his business train- ing. His father. Carl Noller. was born in Ger- many, at Geildorf. and his second wife, Margaret Zindel. was born near the same place. They were married near Mt. Carmel and became the parents of four children. He was a cabinet- maker and worked for some time at his trade in Evansville. Ind.. and later established a furni- ture factory in Mt. Carmel. in connection with a retail furniture and undertaking establishment. By 1.S64 be had steam-power for carr.vlng on his work at the factory and in time had a very good trade. He died January 1. 1906. leaving his entire business interests to his son. His wife died in 1872. His children were Amelia. Jlrs. J. Q. Ilersrbelman. of South Dakota ; Louisa, whi) married .Michael Walsh, of Springfield Mo. : Wilhelmina. Mrs. .Michael Smith, of Gray- ville. 111., and William. Mr. Noller worked with his father until he was twenty-one years old when lie became his father's business jiartner. and the firm name 772 WABASH COUNTY was Noller & Sou. He has coutiuued the busi- ness aud also makes a specialty ot repairiug tur- uiture. Uuder liis father s iustructiou he had learned the lull details ol the work carried uu, aud was well litted to take charge of the es- tablishnieut. lie stands well iu the commuuity and has been successful iu a financial way. He carries a good stock of modern goods and gives carelul attention to his customers" wants. Air. NoUer is well informed on current topics and the issues and events of the day, aud takes an active iuterest in the welfare and pi-ogress of the community. He is well known iu >It. Carniel aud has a large circle of friends. Po- litically he is indepeudent, aud is a member of the German Evangelical Church. He is un- married. ODOM, James, one of the most extensive farm- ers of Bellmout Precinct, Wabash County, 111., has become the owner of cousiderable land as the result of hard work aud earnest effort combined with e.xcellent .judgmeut. Mr. Odom was born in Coffee Precinct. Wabash County, April 3, 1857, a son of Zedekiah aud Louisa (Leasor) Odom, the former a native of Iowa. When James Odom was but three years old his father died, his widowed mother later marrying Matthew Crackle, of Couipton Preciuct. where they con- tinued to live. Mr. Crackle was killed during the Civil War, about 1803. and his widow aftenvard married Shuble Jordan, and they moved to Posey. County, lud. After living about six years in Posey County, they moved to Gibson County, Ind., where Mr. Jordan died iu 1875. His widow then returned to Compton Precinct, Wa- bash County, where her death occurred in 1879. By her first marriage she had two sous : James, subject of this sketch, aud William, who died at the age of fifteen years. By her third marriage she had five children. As a boy James Odom attended the district .schools in Indiana and helped in the work on his step-father's farm. At the age of seventeen years he begau working on a farm iu Posey County, living three years there and three years in Gibson County, Ind. He theu moved to Comp- ton Preciuct. Wabash Comity, where he was married. September 8. 1878, to Mary E. Painter, who was boi-n in Compton I'reeinct. a daughter of Henry and Martha (Gray) Painter. After marriage Mr. Odom rented various farms iu Cof- fee aud Cbmpton Precincts until he purchased forty acres of land in the former, where he lived six .years, and then moved to Bellmout Precinct, where he bought 280 acres of laud in two tracts. He has since .sold forty acres aud there are eighty acres iu the home place, which is the old Xick Ankenbraud farui. Mr. Odom is a most energetic farmer and an excellent manager, and has brought his laud to a high state of cultiva- tion. He raises excellent horses for general pur- poses, a good grade of cattle and registered I'o land-China hogs. He is a public-spirited aud useful citizen, and much iutere.sted in the wel- fare of his conmiunity. In poli'tical views he is a Republican, is a member of the Christian Church and athliated with the Modern Wood- men of America. Children as follows were born to Mr. Odom and wife ; Ida, at home ; Susan, Mrs. William Kigg. of Bellmout; Maud, Zelma, Verla, Johu and James, at home. O'DONNELL, Thonias, for "many years a suc- cessful business man of Mt. Carmel, 111., and other cities, but now living iu retirement, is a well-known and ixipular citizen aud actively in- terested in public affairs. Jlr. O'Donnell was born in Bridgeport. 111.. September 211, ISGO, a son of Charles aud Mary Ann (Monahau) O'Donnell. Charles O'Donnell was born in County Donegal, Ireland, a sou of Patrick O'Donnell, aud Mary Ann Monahau, the latter born iu Hamilton County, Ohio, a daughter of Owen and Bridget Monahau. Mr. O'Donnell came to the United States as a young man, lauding iu New Orleans, and proceeding to Lawrence County, 111., where he became a farmer and extensive stockman. He was killed there September 25. 18W. His widow lived on tlie farm a few years longer, then moved to Vincennes. Ind., where she now resides. The farm eoutains twenty-two oil-wells, which pro- duce from 50 to 5CM_> barrels of oil per day. Of the fourteen children of Charles O'Donnell and his wife eight survive, namely : Charles B. and James M., of Ylncennes, Ind. ; Thomas ; Alance B.. Mrs. L. J. Mooney, of Indianapolis, Ind. ; Margaret, Mrs. Eugene Qulnu. of Vin- cennes ; Mar.v E.. married Dr. Johu Downey, of Vincennes : Hugh, of Vincennes ; Berdinett, Mrs. William Vetz. of Indianapolis. Thomas O'Donnell lived at home uutll twenty- two years of age and received his education in the conunon schools. He theu went to Indiana- Iiolis and worked in a butcher shop until the death of his father, which necessitated his re- turning home to take charge of the home farm, which he carried on until VMM). He then engaged in the liquor business in Bridgeport one year, then conducted a saloon at Enfield. 111., after which he located in Vincennes and worked one year with his brother. Charles. June 20. 1903, Mr. O'Donnell purchased a liquor cafe iu Mt. Car- mel. which he conducted until Jul.v. 1907, then had charge of a liilliard parlor until January 20, 1910. since which he has lived retired from active Imsiuess. He ha.s been successful In a financial way aud is a devout member of the Church of the Immaculate Conce))tion. of Bridge- port, 111., and affiliated with the St. Joseph's Fra- ternal Benevolent Societv, F. O. E.. No. 1145. of Bluff City. January 10. 1899. Mr. O'Donnell married Car- rie Dillon. l)orn near Princeton, Ind., a daughter of .Toseph and Bridget (Maher) Dillon, both na- tives of Ireland. Tlie following children were lx)rn of this marriage: Blanche Catherine, Willam Joseph. Philip Francis aud Mary Eliza- beth. Mr. O'Donnell and his wife have a large circle of friends and are esteemed by all who know them. In jiolitics he is a Democrat, and is WABASH COUNTY 773 actively interested in the welfare and prosperity of the comniuuity. PARMENTER, Aden Theodore, an extensive laraier of Wabash Couuty, 111., was boru In Lick Prairie I'reciuct. Wabash Count}-, May la, 1857. He is a son of Henry and Xauey Jane (Putnam) Parmeuter both natives of Mt. Carmel Precinct, Wabash County, grandson on the paternal side of Isaac and Mary (Utter) Parruenter, natives of Xew York State, and on the maternal, of Eber and Trifosa (Ballard) Putnam, of English de- scent. The Parmenter family were early settlers of Bald Hill Prairie, Mt. Carmel Precinct Isaac Parmeuter and his wife lived at Ceuter- ville. Mt. Carmel Precinct, where he was a car- penter and farmer. Before c-oming west he had owned laud in Rochester. N. X. His wife came to Wabash Countj- with her parents and they were married iu Wabash County. At the time of his marriage. Mr. Parmenter was Sheriflf of Ed- wards County, of which Wabash County then formed a part. Henry Parmenter and wife were married in Wabash County and about 1854. moved to Coffee (once Keensburg) Precinct, where he purchased 167 acres of land, twenty acres of which was cleared, the balance being in timber. There was a double log house on the farm, also some log bams. After living eighteen years in the log house, they erected a large frame dwelling. He kept add- ing to his land until he had atout 336 acres. He cleared up a large amount of his land and de- veloped one of the best farms in the county. Mr. Parmenter died January 16. 1900. and his widow died May ^a. 1006. Their children were: Lester, died at the age of thirteen years; Aden T. : Letta Ann. married George Graham, of Mt. Carmel Prec-inct : Sarah Melinda. married Alonzo Ander- son and died in Coffee Precinct : Marian, widow of John Alka. lives in Coffee Pre- cinct ; Harry, died February 1. 1906, on the home farm : William Franklin, of Coffee Precinct. Aden T. Parmenter received his education in the district school and lived with his parents until his marriage. August 4. 1S77. to Mary Alice Bristow. horn in Pike County. Ind.. daughter of Dr. Nathaniel and Maria Jane (Caneda^ Bristow. natives, respectively of Kentucky and Illinois. After his marriage Mr. Parmen- ter moved to the old log house in which his parents had formerly lived, remaining there alxiut one year, then bmiirht a farm on Bonpas Creek, remained there three years, when he sold out and spent one year on the home place, after which he bousht eighty-eight acres of the Brum- field farm in Bellmont Precinct, where he resided twenty-two years. Mr. Parmenter returned to the home place in 1906. buying all except twenty acres of it. He is now the owner of 333 acres of land, eighty acres in Bellmont Precinct. ]6.=> in Coffee Precinct, and eight^'-eisht acres along the south line of Bellmont Precinct. He raises cattle and hogs and has always done gen- eral farming as well. Mr. Parmenter Is a good manager and an excellent farmer, and has been most successful in his operations. Children as follows were born to Mr. Parmen- ter and his wife: Frances and another child who died in infancy ; Daisy A., Mrs. J. S. Brines, of Bellmont Precinct; Ben, a physician, at Bell- mont ; Anna F. and George H.. at home ; Milo Aden, of Bellmont Precinct ; Mary Alice, Mrs. Hiram Myers, of Bellmont Precinct; Effie, died at the age of one and one-half years ; Harry B. and Winnifred, at home. Mr. Parmenter is prominent in public affairs in the community and has served as School Director and Drainage Com- missioner. In politic-s he is a Republican, is well known and has many friends. PARMENTER, Ben, M. D.— Among the younger lihysicians who have established themselves suc- cessfully in the practice of their profession in Wabash Countj-, 111., is Dr. Ben Parmenter, of Bellmont. Dr. Parmenter is a member of a family that is well known in the community and has identified himself with its best interests. He was bom in Bellmont Precinct, Deceml)er 8. 1881, son of Aden Theodore and Mary Alice (Bristow) Parmenter. the former a native of Wabash County and the latter of Gibson County. Ind. Aden T. Parmenter is a son of Henry and Jane (Putnam) Parmenter, of Wabash Countv-. and his wife is a daughter of Nathaniel and Maria (Collins) Bristow. the former a native of Ken- tucliy. Henry's father. Isaac Parmenter. was one of the earliest settlers of Wabash County, when it was part of Edwards County, coming from the State of New York. He was a farmer by occupation and served as Sheriff of Edwards County. Aden T. Parmenter was married in his native county and settled on a farm of 2.53 acres in Bellmont Precinct, where he reared his family. He has always been engaged in farming and owns auother farm of eighty acres. He and his wife had children as follows : Daisy A.. Mrs. J. S. Brines, of Bellmont Precinct : Dr. Ben ; Anna and George H.. at home : Milo. farms part of the home place : Mollie. married Harm Myer. a mer- chant of Bellmont; Harry and Winnifred. at home. After receiving a public school education. Ben Parmenter entered the Southern Collegiate Insti- tute, at Albion. 111., from which he graduated at the age of twenty years. He taught two years in the public schools of Bellmont. then served one year as Superintendent of Schools in Xorris Cit.v. 111. He received his professional training at the Barnes University. St. Louis. Mo., from which he graduated in medicine and surgery in 1909. Dr. Parmenter has had a very good prac- tice in Bellmont since hx^ting there and stands high in the profession. He is prominent in so- cial and political circles, is a Republican and Is affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fel- lows. No. 720. of Bellmont. and the Modem Wood- men of Americti of St. Louis. Mo.. Olive Camp. Dr. Parmenter is unmarried and makes his home with his sister. Mrs. Mver. 774 WABASH COUNTY PHILLIPS, WilUam E. (deceased).— In the death of the late William E. I'liillips, of Mt. Car- uiel, 111., tlie couiiiiuuit}- lost oue of its best citi- zens. His tragic death was a great shoclc to his many friends and he left a place in their hearts which will never be tilled. Mr. Phillips was highly esteemed and his relations with all who knew him were pleasant and satisfactorj". whether in the nature of business or friendship. He was born in Troy, I'erry County, Ind., Decem- ber IS, IS.'iO, a sou of John H. and Elsie M. (Sanders) Phillips, both of Indiana. John II. Phillips was a common laborer and a hard-working man. He and his wife are uow deceased. William was the oldest of their nine children, the others being : Rebecca, Mrs. John Southwood. of Tro.v. Ind. ; Thomas, of Ti'oy ; Mary, Mrs. James Hall, died in Troy; George, who was killed while at work on a railroad at Henderson. Ky. ; Mary, Mrs. Sanders, died at Poplar Bluff, Mo.; Ilettie. .Mrs. James Hawkins, of Iluntingliurg. Ind., and her twin sister. Bettie, Mrs. Wesley Hawkins, of Evansville, Ind. After reaching the age of thirteen years William E. Phillips was employed by the farmers of the neigliborhorid. He received his education in the common .schnols and, being the oldest child, early began to earn his own living. When about tnenty-three years of age he removed to St. Francisville. 111., and became employed in the construction of the Cairo Division of the Cairo, Vincenups & Chicago R.-iilroad, now a part of the "Big Four System,'' and later became a bridge carpenter for the Big Four. April n, 1,SS2, Mr. Phillips married Rosa Cour- ier, who was liorn near Lancaster. Wabash County, daughter of Newton .T. and Esther C. (Couch) Courter. Mr. Courter was a soldier in Company I. Sixty-sixth Regular Sharpshooters, and in Felirnnry. 18114, at tlie Battle of Lookout Mountain, w:is shot in the hand, crippling it for life, serving however, until the close of the war. Before the war he had been a blacksmith, and after returning home after the war, taught school seven years, then was ordained a minister of the Christian Church, in which field he worked until his death. Mr. Courter died February Ifi. 187?!, and his widow has since lived with her children. She and her husband had ten children, five of whom died young and five still survive, namely : MaiT .Mice. Mrs. William II. Moore, of Vineen- nes. Ind. ; Hiram, died in infancy : Sarah Eliza- beth, died at the age of oleven years: Susan Olive. Mrs. George W. Maurer. living near Sum- ner, 111, : Mrs. Phillips and Lillle. twins, the latter. .Mrs. '\^ J. T.\Trell, of Chicago; Charles Clinton. Hattip May and Frankie, died in in- fancy: and William .\., of Peoria, 111., who mar- ried Laura Page, of Vincennes, Ind,. and has five children —John Newton. Lambert Maurice. Esther I>ouise. Charles Albert and Martha Alice. After his marriage Mr. Phillips continued to live at St. Francisville some time, being employed as bridge carpenter one year. December 1. 18.8:?. he moved with his family to Mt. Carniel. where he was employed in the round-house of the rail- road company. Later he was promoted to the machinery department, but soon after began work as tireman. After serving fourteen years in the latter position, he became an engineer on the road, but about one year after being pro- moted to this ixjsitiou was fatally injured in a head-on collision at Ilarrisburg, 111,, September ;i, l!i(i4, dying there two days later, and being buried in Mt. Carmel Cemetery, September 13. His widow still resides in Mt. Carmel, where she has erected a handsome residence on West .\inth Street. She is Secretary of the Mystic Workers Lodge. Mr. Philliiis was a meml>er of the Christian Church, with which the entire family is connected, and iu politics was a Repub- lican : was also a prominent member of the B. of L. F.. of .Mt. Carmel. The children born to Mr. Phillips and wife were: Charles Augustus, bom December 12. 1882, a boiler-maker at Mt. Carmel. who married Dora Followell, and they have one child — .\Iice Marie, born February 15, 101(1: and Clyde J., born March 2t», ].S8.'5, a switchman at the Big Four Yards at .Mt. Carmel. who married Ro.se Wolf, a daughter of Frank Wolf of Mt. Carmel, liut they have no children. Besides the residence where Mrs. Phillips lives, she ahso omis and rents a house on West Fourth Street. PHIPPS, Harry M,, States-Attorney, Mt. Car- mel, III., and one of tlie leading young lawyers of Waba.sh County, was born in Seymour. Jackson County, Ind., Febniai-j- 10, 1.877. a son of Larkln and Isabelle (Boyles) Phipps. The former was born in Sjiarta, N. C, and died September 24, 1883. aged thirty-four years. He was an engi- neer on the old Ohio & Slississippi. now the Balti- more & Ohio Railroad. His wife was born In Sparksville, Ind.. and died September 2], 1904, aged fifty-two years. She married after her first husband's death. JI. H. Mundy. the present Mas- ter-in-Chancery of Wabash County. Mr. Phipps has a sister. Minta. now the wife of Joseph Mc- Donald, living at Richmond, Iowa, and the two were the only children bnni to their parents. About 1.8.S0. Mr. Phipps and his sister came to Mt. Carmel to live with his mother, who had by this time maiTied again. He attended the public .schools of Mt, Carmel. from which he was gradu- ated in 1,807, after which he attended McKendree Ctollege for one year, at Lebanon. 111. From there he went to the Wesleyan University at Blooming- ton, from which he was graduated from the law department in 1800, and immediately thereafter began practicing at Mt. Carmel. Hi's oflices are in the Cowling building. A strong Democrat, he has received recognition at the hands of his party, being appointed in 1002 and again In 1904 Master-in-Chancerj-. In November. 1008. he was further honored by election to the office of State's .\ttorney of Wabash County, for a period of four years. In religious faith he is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Fraternally he is a Maccabee. On August 23, 1,808, Jlr. Phipps married Ida Farnsworth. born at Parker.sbur,g. 111., daughter WABASH COUNTY 776 of I. N. Farusworth. who is uow a resident of Mt. Carmel, but is a traveling salesman. One son has been boiu to Jlr. and .Mrs. Phlpps, William Farnsworth I'hiiips. During the first three mouths as State's Attorney, Mr. I'hipps suc- ceeded in convicting a woman and son of mur- der, and they were sentenced to imprisonment for life. This was the famous Lucas ease. PICKERING, John M., one of the most sub- stantial and prominent citizens of Allendale, 111., has risen to a position of trust and responsibility by his habits of industry and reliability. Mr. Pickering was iKirn in Lukin Township, Lawrence County, 111., the oldest of eight children of Jor- dan and Mary (Keneil)p) Pickering, natives of Pickaway County, Ohio, and Lawrence County, 111., respectively. She was a daughter of Solo- mon and Xancy Keneipp. Jordan I'ickering was a carpenter and cabinet-maker and married in Lawrence County. In later life he became a farmer in the same c-ounty. John M. Picliering was born August l(j, 1!-H<.>. liy his father's first marriage, and lived with his parents until his marriage, being educated in the common schools. In ISW John .M. Pickering moved to Claremont, 111., and worked at the trade of Cooper, making flour barrels one year, then removed to Bridge- port, 111., and worked at his trade a year and a half longer, after which he returned to the home farm and conducted same until 18,S2. At that time he moved to Allendale and became engi- neer in a grist mill. After working one year in the mill he took a position as Exchanger on the floor, and also i-un the engine, until 1904, when he was made chief miller, and has held this posi- tion since in the plant of the Holsen & Dorney Milling Company. He is an expert in his line and has the c-omplete c-onfidenee of his employers, earini; feu- their interests as though they were his own. He has sold the iiroperty left him by his parents and invested in real estate at Allendale. Politically he is a Democrat and has served as School Director. While living in Lawrence County he served one term as Assessor of Lukin Townshij). He is devoutt member of the Method- ist Episcopal Churcli and has been a Class- leader since 1808. Mr. Pickering is a well-known and popular member of society, and is considered a representative and public-spirited business man. March 3, 1804. Mr. Pickering married Sarah Woodward, who was born Xovember ?>, 1841. in Connecticut, a daughter of Samuel Woodward, also a native of that St.ate, Of this union cliil- dren were horn as follows : Sanuiel. died in lSfi5 : Marion, of Vincennes. Ind. : Marj- Caroline, keeps house for her fatlier : George A., of Robinson, 111., Solomon, died in infancy : Harriet J.. Mrs. Reeder Courty. of AVabash Precinct : Horace of r^awrence County. 111. : and Viola, who died in infancy. Mrs. Pickering died .\ugust 12. 1881. mourned by a large circle of friends, remembered as a kind neighbor and a devoted mother and ■wife, a.s well as a devout Christian. POOL, Andrew, a prosperous farmer of Licit I'rairie i'recinct, Wabash County, 111., was born in Lewis County, Ky.. November 5, 1800, a son of John and Serena (I'ell) Pool. He is a grandson of Thomas and Mary (McKenzie) I'ool, natives of Maryland and Kentucky, respectively, and Henry and Sarah (Ai'ms) Pell, natives of Vir- ginia and Kentucky. The Pool and Pell families were farmers in Lewis County, Ky., where they entered land and where their deaths occurred. .lohn Pool and his wife were married and settled on a farm in Lewis County, Ky., where they spent the remainder of their lives. Mr. Pool died in August. ISU.'i. and his wife in 1805. They had children as follows: .Mary, Mrs. R. H. McCann, who died in Kentucky : Sarah, died at the age of seven years ; .Vudrew ; and Henry C. who died in infancy. .Vfter his first wife's death Mr. Pool married (second) her sister, Maria Pell, by whom he had one son, Paris, of Vernulion County, Ind. The boyhood of .\ndrew Pool was spent in his native State, where he remained with his father until his marriage, October 28, 1883, to Nellie Mc\'aney. a native of I^ewis County, and daugh- ter of .\aron and Caroline (Harvey) McVaney. Mr. McVaney was born near Philadelphia. Pa., October 9. 1S09. and his wife in Lewis County, being a daughter of William and Sallie (Martin) Harvey, of .Maryland and Kentucky, respectively. .\aron McVaney and his wife had children as fol- lows : Moses, of Lewis County. Ky. ; Mary, mar- ried W. W. Thurmau. of Lewis County; William, died in Kentucky, in 18f»0: Sallie, .Mrs. W. H. Gorman, of Fleming County. Ky. ; Mrs. Pool, the youngest, bom .\ugust lo, 1S(>7. Mr. Pool and his wife liegan housekeeping on his father's farm, November 24. 1885. and lived there until his removal to Wabash County, 111., in Feliruary. ISOtj. He purchased a farm in Bell- niont Precinct, where they lived about six years, and then traded it for a forty-acre farm on Sec- tion 1 of Town 1 North, Range 14 West, Lick Prairie Precinct. Mr. Pool has replaced many of the old buildings on the farm with new ones, and has made many other imi>rovements. In June. 1901. he purchased forty-eight and one-half acres more in Lick Prairie Precinct, on the For- dyce Bottoms, and lias all his land under cultiva- tion. Besides carrying on general farming he raises horses, cattle and hogs and makes a siiecialty of chickens. The children liorn to Mr. Pooi and his vife were: Flossie, bom .Vpril 24, 1888, at home; John. Itorn October 5. 1890. died at the age of one year: Fred, liorn January 28. 189.S. Ralph, born Febmary 14. ISO.'i. Caroline, born February- 21, 1902, and Garnet, born June 1,S, 1908 — all at home: and the oldest. Goldie, bom October 4. 188f!. wife of Elmer Arnold, of Beaver County, Okla. Mr. Pool is a Rei>nblican in politics and is identified with the best interests of the (X)m- nuniity. He is actively interested in public af- fairs and ready to support any movement which he considers is for the benefit of the public. He and liis wife are memliers of the Methodist Church and fraternally he is affiliated with the 776 WABASH COUNTY Indtiieiulent Order of Odd Fellows of Boue Gai), and tbe Tribe of Beu Hur, of Bellmont. POOL, James, of I'riendaville, Wabash County, 111., is ;i graiidsou of Jaines Pool, who came to the county iu 1810, with .-i brother. William, and took up a half-section of prairie land in Friends- ville I'recinet, where he spent the remainder of his life, and died in March, 1855. He i>reaehed in the Christian Church, the first funeral ser- mon in Wabash County, and besides being a preacher, was also a successful farmer and tan- ner. The subject of this biography was born in Wabash Precinct, March 26. 1851. a son of Lemon and Mary ( Potts-Swaney ) I'ool, natives of Friendsville Precinct and Dresden, Ohio, resiiec- tively. The mother was the widow of James Swaney at the time of her marriage to Lemon Pool, who was a son of .James and Angelina (Keen) Pool, both natives of Ohio, while she was a daughter of William Potts, also of Ohio. After his marriage Lemon Pool settled at St. Francisville, 111., and for three years worked in a saw-mill. He then took a trip through the Southern States and conducted a saw-mill one year in St. Francisville, and uiK)U his return purchased the shares of the other heirs to his father's homestead. After carrying on the farm four years he moved to Ilazelton, Ind.. in Spring of 1S(>1, where for four years he followed the trade of cari)enter. He then returned to his fjtrm. where the remainder of his life was spent. He died October 13. 1S95, at the age of .seventy- nine yeans. His children were: .Tames (the old- est) : .John, of Mt. Carmel, 111.; Peter, of Evans- ville. Ind. ; Lemon IT., of Friendsville, 111. ; William, a Jlethodist Episcopal minister; Charles, who died in Evansville in lOtiS. .James Pool was educated in the public schools and Friendsville Semnar.v. and when eighteen years of age began working m a foundry and machine shop in Vincennes, Ind.. removing six months later to Evansville. where he spent gix months, in a machine shop, later returning to Friendsville. where he erected a general repair shop. He also taught Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in Friendsville Seminary. Three years later he embarked in the manufacture of scientific instruments, such as telescopes, micro- scopes, batteries, etc.. and continued in this en- terprise eight vears. and then worked eight years in various machine shops in Mt. Carmel. lie re- turneil to Friendsville in 18SS and in 1897 was appointed Postmaster, which office he has held to the T'resent time. He has also carried on other business in connection with the postoffice, for ten years did general job-printing, and since has con- ducted a general merchandise store. He is an expert mechanic and in lS7f! made the first elec- tric telephone ever used in the county. In 1002 he made the first automobile ever run on public roads in the countv. first trip November 24. 1902. and since turning his attention to other lines has shown business acumen and good judgment in the conduct of his public and private affairs. He is one of the most prominent Republicans of Wa- bash County and served four years in the United States Signal Service, four years as Justice of I'eace, eight years as School Director, and one year as Overseer of the Poor in Wabash County. Fraternally he is a memlier of the Modern Wood- men of America, is well known in social circles and highly esteemed by his associates and neigh- bors. The family attend the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Pool married, September 7, 1880, Anna Simonds, who was Iwrn in Mt. Carmel Precinct, a daughter of William and Mary (Hill) Simonds, and they became parents of children as follows : Vitula. Mrs. Harley Geissler, of El Reno, Okla. ; Eugene E.. a mail clerk on the Louisville & Nash- ville Railroad, his run being from St. Louis to Nashville; Nellie, cashier in a bank at El Reno, Okla. ; Ethel, a stenographer at El Reno, Okla, ; and Robert, Harry and Lenora, all at home. PRICE, James W. — One of the leading citizens of Allendale, 111., is James W. Price, who helped lay out the town and was the first Postmaster of the place. He is proprietor of one of the old- est stores in Wabash County, the oldest and largest of its kind, and also owns 500 acres of farm land, all in Wabash Precinct, which he rents. He is one of the oldest residents of the County and took the State census of same iu 1855. He is one of the most prominent Democrats in the region and some years ago served as Postmaster of TiinbeTville. a village a mile and a half south of Allendale. Mr. Price was one of the organ- izers of the First National Bank of Allendale, and has since been its President, the other offi- cers being: William F. Courter, Vice President; William M. Price (son of James W.) Cashier, and II. A. Fox Assistant Cashier. Mr. Price has niaics and is much interested in the welfare of his community, as well as his county and State. PRICE, William M.— The bankers and success- ful business men of any place have great influ- ence on the progress and welfare of their com- munity, and are necessarily men of prominence and stability. The financiers of a farming coun- try are usually conservative and careful in their business dealings, and are so well known by their patrons, who are also their neighbors, that they have gained the confidence and respect of all who know them. The First National Bank of Allendale. 111., the only institution of its kind ever establislietl in that town, was organized by a number of leading men who resided in the vicinity, their names being: James W. Price, Willia;n M. Price, Fred Holsen. Sr.. William F. Courter. H. A. Fox, James Stillwell. and 11. T. Ooddard of Mt. Carniel. III. Wiliam M. Price was born at Timberville. Wa- bash County. 111.. August 15, 1869, son of James W. and Sarah T. (McOlain) Price, the former a native of Richland County. Ohio, and the latter of Wabash Precinct, Wabash County, III. (For list of their children see sketch of J. W. Price.) The education of William M. Price was re- ceived in the public schools of Allendale, 111., after which he began working in his father's store, following this occupation until 1906, when he participated in organizing the Allendale Bank. The otUcers of The First National Bank, of Al- lendale, are : James W. Price, President ; William F. Courter, \ice President ; William M. Price, Cashier, and H. A. Fox, Assistant Cashier. Mr. Price has been Cashier since the organization of the bank aud is well fitted by training aud es- jierieuce for this resiwusible position. The bank is one of the chief financial institutions of Wa- bash County and stands well in that part of the State. September 11, 1895, Mr. Price married Cora B. Tracy, born at Chapel Hill, N. J., a daughter of Elizabeth R. Tracy. To this marriage one son was born, James Tracy Price, born June 11, INiG. Mr. Price is a member of the CTaristian Church, in which he is a Deacon, having held that liost siuie ItHii. lie is a .sound Democrat and Served seven years as a member of the Demo- cratic Central Committee. Fraternally he be- longs to A. F. & A. M. No. 752, of Allendale; Chapter No. 159, of Mt. Carmel; Knights of Pythias, No. 227, of Mt. Carmel, and Modern Woodmen of America No. 1799, Allendale. He is well known in Allendale and vicinity, and has many warm personal and political friends. He has discharged the various duties that have come to him in private and public capacities to the best of his ability and has won the approval of all with whom he has had dealings. PUTNAM, Lafayette P., a substantial farmer of Bellmont Precinct, Wabash County, 111., is a native of that precinct, boru October 26, 1861, a son of Alfred D, and Rebecca (McClane) Put- nam, both natives of Wabash 0)unty, the former born in Mt. Carmel I*recinct and the latter in Bellmont Precinct. The grandparents — Eber and Trifosa (Ballard) Putnam and Charles and U)uisa (Sloan) McClane, were all from the East and among the early settlers of Wabash County, where they became extensive farmers. After their marriage Alfi-ed D. Putnam and his wife settled on eighty acres of timber land, which he cleared and put under cultivation. Later they i-old this farm and punhased ."(X) acTes five miles northwest of Bellmont. where both died, he on April i. 1S7.S. and she August 20. 18SS. They were Iiarents of children as follows: Louisa. Mrs., John (iroff. died in Bellmont: Lester, .\llen. La- fayette: Williams, died in Bellmont: Zoll. of Bellmont Precinct; Elton, of Colorado City, Colo. Lafayette F. Putnam received his education in the district school and remained with his par- ents until he was married, March 1. 18.S2, to Clara E. Barker, born in Rockport. Ind.. daugh- ter of Heniy and Ilattie (Drum) Barker. iKJth natives of Indiana. Mr. Barker and his wife lo- cated in TJck Prairie Precinct. Wabash County, in 1861;. niKi hp died there in 187."). Ills widow continued to live on the farm and in Bellmont until she married (second) George West, when 778 WABASH COUNTY tliey moved to Lovelaud, Iowa, where she now re- sides, a widow. Mr. Putuam and his wife moved to eighty-two and one-half acres of laud in Section 22, Bell- mont Precinct, part of the home farm, which was deeded to him, and of this he cleared forty acres from timber and now has the place all under cul- tivation. He erected a house and other neces- sary buildings and has developed an excellent farm, where he carried on general farming. He also raises a good grade of cattle, hogs and horses. He is an energetic and industrious farmer and has met with gratifying success. Mr. Putuam is a member of the Christian Church and Assistant Superintendent of the Sunday School. He has also served as Deacon of the church. In political affairs he supports the Democratic party and has served as Justice of the I'eace and Deputy Assessor. Fraternally he is a member of Lodge No. 729, Independent Order of Odd Fel- lows, of Bellmont. Children as follows were bom to Mr. and Mrs. Putnam : Luretta, Mrs. Riley Duke, of Bellmont Precinct, has one sou, Raymond, born July 10, 190U ; William A., of Bellmont Precinct, married Mary Johnson, and they have one daughter. Fern, bom May 25. 1908, and a sou, Vern La- fayette, born May 3, 1910; Bertha, Mrs. Lewns ( Berbericb ) lives with her father and has one sou, Emmet Eugeue. bom July 20, 1910, Amy who died at the age of three years aud Mina, at home. PUTNAM, Samuel R. (deceased).— For many years the late Samuel R. Putnam was actively engaged in a large law practice in Mt. Carmel, 111., and was not only one of the best kuown law-yers in AVabash County, but was before the public frequently as organizer in matters of a business aud fiuaueial nature. Mr. Putuam was born in Lick Prairie Preciuct, Wabash County, 111., October 19. 1S49, the eldest sou of Chester F. and Elizabeth (Baird) Putuaui. When he was sixteen years of age the family moved to Bridge- port, III., but about two years later located in Mt. Carmel, which was Mr. Putnam's home until the time of his death. His father being a man of limited means, young Putnam had to make his own way in the world, aud immediately after completing his iiublie school course he entered the law office of Bell and Green, one of the most widely known legal firms in Southern Illinois. He was admitted to the bar in the spring of 1870. In the practice of his profession. Mr. Putnam was one of the most successful o' Wabash County attorneys. He made no attempt at oratorj- and rarely argued a case liefore a jury, but as an office lawyer and counsel he had few equals. He was a director of the First National Bank from Its organization and Vice President from 1891 until his death. lie was President and Director of the Wabash Savings Bank until it was sold out, now being the American National. He was Sec- retary of the Friendship Mutual Fire & Lightning Insurance Company for fifteen years and for twelve years served as City Clerk of Mt. Carmel. He was a lifelong Republican and believed in the principles advocated by that party, but was broadminded enough to vote for aien rather than for party in local matters. He was connected with the Order of Elks. Although quiet and un- assuming by nature, he stood high in his com- munity and his life was one of usefulness and wielded a mighty iufluence for good. On May 30, 1907, just as the funeral procession of Mrs. Katheriue Stein (Mr.s. Putnam's foster mother) was leaving his home on Third Street, he died, lie had reached the walk on the street with his wife, intending to get into his carriage to go out to the cemetery, when suddenly he fell in an un- conscious condition aud, on being carried into the house, died in a few minutes without regain- ing consciousness, his death being probably caused by heart failure. Mr. Putnam had not been in the best of health for some four or five years, but his condition had not beeu considered serious, and there had been no noticeable change. His death under these conditions, so closely fol- lowing that of Mrs. Stein, proved such a shock to Mrs. Putuam that it is doubtful If she will ever entirely reco\er from it. On April 21, 1878. Mr. Putnam was married to .Vgatha Weinliaeh. who was born in Mt. Carmel, 111.. December 20, 185-1, daughter of Frederick aud .Margaret (Schafer) Weinbach. Mr. Wein- bach was born in Hesse Darm.stadt, Germany, October 27, 1829, and died at Mt. Carmel Novem- ber 5, ISC-i. He came to the United States with his parents in 1831. the family first locating at Cairo, going thence to Evansville, aud finally to Mt. Carmel, where a wild farm was purchased alwut one mile from the town. Margaret Schafer was born at Mt. Carmel in 18.''.4 and died there in 1856. She was a daughter of John and Agatha Schafer. natives of Germany who came to Mt. Carmel. HI., from Pittsburg at an early day. Frederick and Margaret (Schafer) Wein- bach were married In Mt. Carmel. He was a carriage-maker by trade, following that occupa- tion throughout his life. He and his wife had two daughters : Jlrs. Putnam, and Clara, the lat- ter the wife of Albert Corle of Tuscola. Karl F. Putnam, a son of Sanuiel R. aud .\gatlia (Weinbach) Putnam, is Cashier of the National Bank of Mt. Carmel. with which he has been connected ever since his graduation from the Northwestern TTniversity. He married Fannie Johnson, daughter of Jacob F. Johnson, and they have a daughter: .\nna Elizabeth. RAMSE'y, George P., formerly States-Attorney of Wabash County, is one of the leading repre- sentatives of the Bar, and a man widely known and imiversally respected. He was born at Xenia, HI., January 19. 1S(>3. a son of Dr. Ram- sey, who died In 1901 while engaged In active practice at Xenla. HI. Mr. Ramsey was eradu- .'ited from McKendree College. Class of 1882, and then began his law studies with M. Thompson, of St. Lotils, which he continued there with Felix Corwell of Clay County. After a careful prepara- tion, he was admitted to the Bar in 1SS5. and lo- cating at Tu.scola, Douglas County, began prac- WABASH COUNTY •79 tlce immediately. By December of tbe same year he was appointed Deputy County Clerii, but re- signed to returu to Clay Couuty. On June 3, isyi, he came to Mt. Carmel, which has since been the scene of his worli. lie tooli up the prac- tice of Judge Laudes, upon the election of the latter to the office of Circuit Judge. Always ix)p- ular and a strong Democrat, he was elected City Attorney tor two years, in 18'J3, and re-elected to the same office in 1805. In November, 1S90, he was elected on his party ticket to the office of State's Attorney, and during his term, was fear- less in his administration of justice, and his prosecution of crime. On July Itj. 1.SS4, occurred the marriage of Mr. Ramsey to Amanda L. I'hillips, and they have two children : Mary E. and Edgar P. He is a member of the K. of P.. of which he has been Chancellor Commander twice, and also belongs to the A. O. U. W. and Elks. Strong in the councils of his party, a liberal, far-seeing man and eloquent lawyer. Mr. Ramsey is one of the uio.st valuable citizens of Wabash Couuty, and one whose services have always been at the command of his fellow-citizens. RAMSEY, J. Eli, who all his life has taken an active interest in the welfare and progress of the public schoy Orr, of Bicknell, Ind. ; and Maud, Mrs. Charles Silencer, of Bridgeiwrt, 111. J. Eli Ramsey spent his boyhood on a farm and upon reaching manhood spent his summers at farm work and his winters in teaching school. He received part of his education iu the seminary at Friendsville, 111., and also attended the Normal College at Danville, Ind. After teaching some years he attended the Southern Illinois Normal University, at Carbondale, III., from which he graduated in 18'J0, having completed the full classical course. He served one term as I'resi- deut and held other offices in the Southern Illi- nois Teachers" Association, and has held offices in other educational asociations. In 1890 he was elected County Superintendent of Schools and rendered an able administration of affairs. He then entered the employ of the Prudential Life Insurance Company at Mt. Carmel. and two years later was appointed Assistant Sui>eriutendent. After holding this position he became business manager of the Mt. Carmel Register Company. At the same time he has been actively interested in the real estate business, in connection with the life and fire insurance business, and has met with gratifying success. .Mr. Ramsey was married, July 7, 1887, to Eliza- beth .Mundy. who was born in Lick Prairie Pre- cinct, daughter of James and Irene (Wood) Mundy, and to this marriage children were born as follows: Clarence, who died In tbe fall of 1907, at the age of nineteen years ; Leota M., a teach- er in the imblic schools of Mt, Carmel ; Everett E. and Fred W. E., at home. Mrs. Ramsey died April IS, 1896. and in February, IS'.Xt, Mr." Ram- sey married (second) Maggie C. Copeland. born in .Mt. Carmel. daughter of James Copeland, one of the old settlers of Mt. Carmel, Mr. Ramsey has been Deac-on several .vears in the Christian Church and Is now an Elder, He is a teacher iu tbe Sunday School aud served eight years as Superintendent of same. He is also the chorister. He is a member of the Wa- bash County Sunday School .\ssociation and for some time gave instruction in music in various counties in Illinois. He takes an active interest in all kinds of church work and is an active mem- ber of the various societies of Mt. Carmel Chris- tian Church. In [Kjlitical affiliations Mr. Ramsey is a Demo- crat and is much interested in ix)litical affairs. He lias been very prominent as a memlier of the State Teachers' Association, and is a member of tbe Scientific Society of Mt. Carmel. He be- longs to Lodge No. 8.39. A. F. & A. M., of .Mt. Car- mel ; also to the I. O. O. F.. the K. O. T. M. and the M. W. of A. He and his wife have a large circle of friends and are well known for their generous hosiiitality. RAVATT, Daniel S., one of the most extensive farmers in \A'abash County. III., owns one of the Largest farms in his part of the State and carries on bis work according to modern theories and methods. Mr. Ravatt was born in Middletown, Monmouth County. X. .L. in 1S.")2. son of William S. and Emma tSeely) Ravatt. Itoth natives of .Monmouth County. His grandfather, William 780 WABASH COUNTY Ravatt, was a soldier iu the Revolutiou from New- Jersey. William S. Ravatt aud bis wife had six children. Tlie pareuts died iu the East. The father was a farmer by oCL-upatiou. About 1872-73 Dauiel S. Ravatt moved to Wa- bash Coimty, 111., aud rented laud there for twelve year.s. theu purchased about 1,000 acres in Wabash I'reelnct. This land was very muck run dowu aud he found it necessary to nurse it bacli to a state of productiveness, which he has been very successful in doing. He uow has as fine an estate as is to be found iu the county and also owns 150 acres in Lancaster Precinct. Of his larger farm about GOO acres has been left in timber. He raises considerable wheat, corn and oats and makes a specialty of stock-raising, hav- ing Polled Angus cattle, draft horses, a registered Percheron stallion and Poland China hogs. The handsome and comfortable house where he now resides was erected in I'JOS and contains many modern c-onvenlences. In 1894 Mr. Ravatt married Alice Staley, born in Colorado, but they were divorced in 1907, since which time he has lived alone. Mr. Ravatt has demonstrated a high degree of busiuess ability in conducting his agricultural affairs, and takes great interest and pleasure in what he has ae- complished along this line. He is a member of the Christian Church, a stanch adherent of the Democratic party and belongs to Masonic Lodge No. 752. at Allendale. He has become well known and [wpular in his locality, and is looked upon as a valuable public-spirited citizen. REEL, David S., one of the oldest native-born residents of Wabash County, 111., was born in Mt. Carmel Precinct. Marcli 1. 1830. a son of Emanuel and Nancy (Simonds) Reel, natives of Indiana and Ohio respectively. The parents were early settlers of Wabash County, where they were mar- ried, and located on a farm north of Mt Car- mel, where both died. Children were born to them as follows: David S. (the oldest); Eliza- beth A.. Mrs. Wooster Kingsbury, now deceased ; .Vnianda, Mrs. Peter Schrodt, deceased ; Jacob, died at Camp Butler, during the Civil War; Cynthia E., Mrs. Fielden Muney, deceased; Oliver, of Mt. Carmel ; Benjamin, deceased ; Susan, Mrs. .Tobn Beard, of Mt. Carmel. The education of David S. Reel was olitained in the Simonds District School and he lived with his parents until his marriage, November 15, 1855, to Margaret Gard. born in Lick Prairie Precinct, March 10. 1832. daughter of Justus and Anna (Oman) Gard, natives of Ohio and of Rochester. N. Y.. resjiectively. Justus Gard was a son of Seth and Amelia (Font) Gard. the former horn in Ohio and the latter in Pennsylvania. Mrs. Gard was a daughter of George and .\nna Oman, of Rochester. N. Y., who came west with their family on a houseboat down the .\llegheny and Ohio Rivers, to Vincennes. Ind.. then on to Friendsville Precinct. Wabash County, in 1818. 'I nev secured government land liegan improving their farm. Seth Gard and his wife brought their family to Card's Point, in 1814. and se- cured a large tract of land, where they si)eut the remainder of their lives. Mr. Gard was a New Light preacher, a soldier iu the Black Hawk War aud served as a member of the last Terri- torial Legislature of Illinois, lSlG-17, and mem- ber from Edwards County in the Constitutioual Convention of 1818. Justus Gard aud his wife were married and settled at Gard's Point, where he bought land, and also entered land iu Lick Prairie Precinct. A tannery was erected on the place, and Dr. Baker conducted it. Mrs. Gard died in 1855, at the age of forty-eight years, while her husband survived until February, 1870, dying at the age of sixty-two years. .Vfter his marriage David S. Reel took up his residence ou a forty-acre tract of land northwest of Jit. Carmel, also became owner of forty acres two miles north of Mt. Carmel. August 14. 18(32, he enlisted iu Company C, One Hundred Fif- teenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, serving uutil June 25. 18(55. Upon his discbarge he returned home, whpre he found his wife and children had had many hardships during his absence. He participated in many battles, was wounded sev- eral times, and his head having been injured, he was assigned to the hospital corps, where he served the remainder of his time. He had sold his farm before going to war and after he was gone his wife moved to the original place he had owned, which was all covered with timber. She was left with four children, the oldest si.x and the .voungest less than a year old. Her neigh- liors banded together, cut trees and erected a log cabin. She hired a man to put on a roof, cut and made fence rails, cut cord wood and often she and her children went huugy. After the return of the husband they were a happy family and prospered well. He was sick a great deal for a few years but managed to clear off the timber and jnit his farm under cultiv.-ition. He improved bis land as much as possible and erected good buildings, adding as man.v modern conveniences and appliances as he was able. He died March 21. 1899, since whicli time his widow has contin- ued to reside on the farm, with one servant. The children born to Mr. Reel and wife were : Mary K.. Mrs. George H. Higgins. of West Salem, Edwards County. 111. ; Emanuel S.. of Friends- ville Precinct; Justus G.. of Mt. Carmel Precinct; .Vnna L.. Mrs. Alfred Crow, of Jit. Carmel Pre- cinct ; Frank, who died in infancy: Sarah Eliza- beth. Mrs. Charles Campbell, of Mt. Carmel Pre- cinct : Catherine D.. Mrs. George T. Kitchene. of .Mt. Carmel Precinct. Mr. Reel was well known throughout the county and highly esteemed for his patriotism and high character. He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church and in politics was a Republican. He was a repre- sentative citizen and his loss was widely mourned. REEL, Justus Gard, who is well kno-mi for the fine registered stock he raises, on his farm in Mt. Carmel Precinct. Wabash County. 111., is a native of the precinct, born April 5. 18G0. He is I '^iiiiBijii'iiiiiimi r ■ "im oJLcnoiyyi ^ 0'ri-u^4t. WABASH COUNTY 781 a son of David S. and Mart;aret (Gard) Reel, na- tives of Wabasli County. Their parents were Emanuel S. and Nancy Reel, natives of Indiana, and Justus Gard. of German parentage, all of wboni were early settlers of Wabasli County, where they entered land from the Government. The Reels settled at Reel's Corners. David S. Keel and wife settled where their son Justus was iKjrn. the land then being covered with timber and the latter well remembers the time when deer, wild turkeys, and other wild animals and fowls were plentiful. The father served in Com- pany C. One Hundred and Fifteenth Regiment. Illinois Volunteer Infantry, enlisting in 1862 and serving until the close of the war. While help- ing clear a road through the woods for artillery to pass through, a tree fell upon him and he had to remain in the woods a week or ten days until he was able to join his regiment, as they were not able to get him to a hospital. At the close of the war he continued to clear and improve his farm, and carried on this work until his death, in March. 1003. His widow still resides on the home farm, having reached the age of seventy- five years. They were parents of children as follows : Mary Ellen, married James Wiggs. who died, and she afterward married Arthur Higgins. of Salem. 111. : Emanuel S.. of Friendsville Precinct: Anna. Mrs. Alfred Crow, of Jit. Car- niel Precinct : Justus G. ; Frank, died in in- fancy : Elizabeth. Mrs. Charles Campbell, of Mt. Carmel Precinct : Catherine. Jlrs. Tlieodore Kltchene, of Mt. Carmel Precinct. Justus G. Reel spent his childhood on a farm and received but a meager education in the dis- trict schools. He began working on his father'.'! farm as soon as he was able to help, and was reared to hard work and habits of thrift. When he reached his majority be left home and began to work for his uncle. Peter Schrodt. where he remained until bis marriage. He was married February 21, 1,S,S.S. to Mary, daughter of John and Maria (Bradle) Schrodt. who was born in Mt. Carmel Precinct. Her parents were natives of Germany, the father bom in Hesse-Darmstadt. Mary Schrodt married (first! Fred Guagy. who was killed in the cyclone at Mt. Carmel in 1877. By her first marriage she had but one child. Serena, who died in infancy. After his marriage Mr. Reel moved to the farm given them by his wife's f.-ither. which consists of 127 acres, where they still reside. He has bought land himself, ninefy-four acres in one tract and seventy-four in another, lioth in Mt. Carmel Precinct, and his wife also owns IfiO acres in Mt. Carmel Precinct. He has raised registered Shropshire sheep and Berkshir(- liogs. and has found high-grade stock to he a profitable investment, a line in which he has been veiy successful. He is an enterprising, progressive citizen and takes an active interest in public affairs. Politically he is a Republican and he belongs to the Modern Woodmen of Amer- ica of Mt. Carmel. The following children have been born to Mr. Reel and his wife: Daisv L., Mrs. Frank Seller. of Chico. Cal.. who has one child — Bemice Reel. boi-n January '.), lOOO; Rosa, married Paul Hu- bert, who lives near her father, and they have two children — Geneva Aline, born March 23, lt»03, and Violet Bernadine. born September 20, 1909 ; Mamie, married Charles Trover, of Mt. Carmel, 111., but has no children ; Beatrice, resides at home, won a four years' scholarship in 1900, and is attending the Southern Illinois Normal Col- lege at Carbondale. REEL, Manuel S.— The Reel family is one of the best known in Wabash County, 111., where its members have always stood for the best interests of their conmuniity. One of the representative menjbers of this family is Manuel S. Reel, who was born in Mt. Carmel Precinct. September 16, lS.''i8. the son of David S. and Margaret (Gard) Reel, natives of Mt. Caruiel Precinct, whose par- ents were Emannel and Nancy ( Simonds ) Reel, and Justus and Anna (Oman) Gard. David S. Reel and his wife are mentioned elsewhere in this work. He was a soldier in the Civil War and served with honor and distinction, during his absence in the field, leaving his wife to care for the children. The early education of Manuel S. Reel was obtained In the district schools, but after reach- ing his majority, beginning to appreciate more fully the value of a higher education, he bor- rowed money with which he paid for private in- struction, and tins has since proved to him worth the time and money expended on it. He remained with his parents until his marriage, July 23, 1884. to Maggie Parkinson, who was born at Grand Rajiids, Mt. Carmel Precinct. February 18. 1859. a d.iughter of Edward and Sarah (Hodgson) I'arkinson. Mr. Parkinson was born at West- moreland and his wife near Leeds. England, the latter a daughter of Edward Bealby and wife, who came to the Tnited States In 1S41. making the trip in a sailing vessel and landing at Phila- delphia after three months spent on the ocean. They then jiroceeded to what is now Wabash County, then a part of Edwards County, 111., where they located permanently. Mr. Parkin- son was brought to the same county by his par- ents in 182.5, when but two years old. the family settling in Mt. Carmel. He was married in Mt. Carmel In 184(3, and worked there at his trade as a millwright, also being engaged at different times in v.irlous other lines of work. He died February IS. isn.s. and his wife on January ]S. 1S02. Their cliildren were: .Vnna. Mrs. George W. Shilling, of Mt. Carmel. III. : Joseph, of Salt Lake City. T'tah : .Mary and Esther, died in in- fani'y : Lena. Mrs. Jacob Marks, of Mt. Carmel. III.: Mrs. Reel: Alice. Mrs. .John Ritter. of Mt. Carmel Precinct: Laura Ellen, died at the age of three years, and William, died In infancy. .\fter his marriage Mr. Reel lived for some tinie on rented land In Mt. Carmel Precinct, and then iMiught his present farm of forty-one acres of well Imiirovcd land in Friendsville Precinct. In 1.S02 he added sixteen acres and about 190.5 six acres more, in Mt. Carmel Precinct, near the Wabash River. Besides carrying on a general 782 "WABASH COUNTY line of farming he raises Poland China and Berkshire hogs, as well as a good grade of cattle and chickens. The following children ^vere born to him and his wife: Anna Laura, Mrs. Frank Shurtlitr, of Friendsville. 111. ; whose first hus- band, Harvey Wetzel, died ; Herman M., of Mt. Carmel Precinct, married Pauline Briner ; Esther Pearl, of Mt. Carmel ; David William, Sarah and Amy Marie, at home : Nellie and Ethel, twins, and Koliert Edward, all at home. Mr. Keel is a devuut member of the Methodist Ei)isco])al Church, having served as Trustee, Steward and Sunday School Superintendent, and is now District Steward. In polities he is a Re- publican. His wife was reared in Mt. Carmel, where she attended the common and high schools. Fratern.allv Mr. Reel belongs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. No. 732, of Friendsville: Modern Woodmen of America, No. 2074 ; Royal Neighbors No. -US^. to which his wife also be- longs ; both are also members of the Order of Re- bekahs, and Mrs. Reel belongs to the Modern Americans No. ."4. to the Eastern Star I^odge and also to the Uoyal Neigbbcjrs. Both have many friends in the community and are popular in so- cial circles. REES, Lewis (deceased). — One of the oldest settlers of Mt. Carmel, 111., during his later years was Lewis Rees. who was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, February 8. 18:3;?. and whose death occurred Seijfember 2!). 1!»10. He was a son of Henry and Margaret (Fogle) Rees. natives of Germany, who came to Cincinnati in 3830. Henry Rees learned the trade of tailor and later became a contractor, wcrking on the Whitewater Canal, at Lawrence- burg, Ind.. wbiib he continued until 1840, ami then conducted a hotel at Lawrenceburg. In the early 'forties he joined the regular United States Armv and took i)art in the Mexican War. While located at Fort Green Bay he purchased a farm there. Later he re-enlisted at Chicago, serving until the end of the war. After being mustered out at .Teffer.son Barracks. Mo., he died, at St. Louis, in 1848. Meantime his wife had bought a farm in St. Clair County. 111., bnt later moved to St. Louis, and after her husband's death mar- ried again .and retunieil to St. Clair Count.v. where she died In 18114. Lewis Rees was the sec- ond of three children, the others being : Henry, who died at New Richmond. Ohio, in IftO.'i. and Caroline, who died at Leavenworth. Kan., jire- vlous to the death of her l>rother Henry. At the age of nine years Lewis Rees began learning the tinner's trade, at Lawrenceburg. Ind., remaining in that city until 1848, when he went down the Ohio River to Newburg. Ind., where he spent a niontli. on .January fi. 1840, lo- cating at >rt. Carmel. 111. He worked there two years as a journeyman tinner for the firm of Cunua & Rosier, and in November, 1850, bought the interest of William Kosier, the firm then be- coming Cuqua & Rees. A year later this partner- shit) was dissolved and Mr. Rees worked for various employers until the spring of 18.52, when he formed a p:irtnershii> with Messrs. Tilton & Johnston, a year later he and Mr. Johnston buy- ing the interest of Mr. Tilton. In 1860 Mr, Rees bought out Mr. Johnston's interest and carried on the business alone until 1903, when he sold out to Kamp Brothers. He had built up a good trade and carried a good stock of stoves, hardware and tinware. From that time during the rest of his life he c-onducted the tinshop for Kamp Brothers. He built up a large business from a small begin- ning, and was considered one of the leading mer- chants of Mt. Carmel. In March, 18.52, Mr. Rees married Sarah J. Wilson, who was born at Mt. Carmel, in August, 1833, a daughter of J. L. and Sarah (Thrapp) Wilson, natives of Ohio, who were early settlers of Wabash County. Mr. Wilson came to Illinois in 1824 and conducted a grist-mill, saw-mill and foundr.v. Mrs. Rees was one of the first pair of twins born in Mt. Carmel. She died June 5, inOS, and was buried in Rose Hill Cemeterj-, at .Mt. Carmel. She had borne her husband chil- dren as follows: Frances C, born May 18. 1853, married James V. Hurd and died February 15, 1882 : James Henry, bom December 14, 1854. died May 23. 1857; Agnes M.. bom November 22, 1856, married John Steckler ; William Lewis, born April Ifi, 1.859, died February 27, 1863; Luella, born September 3, 1861, died JIarch 5, 1867: one daughter died in infancy: Nellie, born July 31. 1.807, now Jlrs. B. H. Kamp, of Mt. Car- mel. Mrs. Hurd had two children : Leila, born August 22, 1.871, died August 8, 1876: Hattie Rees. liorn October 24. 1.877. now Mrs. Frank Or- land. of Mt. Carmel. who has one daughter. Fran- ces Hurd. and one son. Lewis Rees Orland. Mr. and Mrs. John Steckler have two children: Lillie M.. married A. F. Ray. of Detroit. Mich., and they have one son — Marion ; and Gladys W.. born November 12. 1.888. is at liome. Mr. Rees and wife celebrated their golden wedding in March, 1902. Mr. Rees was a self-educated ami self-made man, having begun his career at a tender age, and attended school only four months. He learned nnich in the .school of experience and from personal observation. He manifested good judgment in his business operations and was suc- cessful to a gratifving degree. He was a mem- ber of Wabash Lod'.re No. 35. Independent Order of Odd Fellows, of Jit. Carmel. which he joined March 12. 1.8.54. Politically he was a stanch Re- fiublican and always took an active iTiterest in local affairs, especially in the growth and devel- opment of his home city of Mt. Carmel, He served two terms as Mayor of the city and twent.v- eigbt years as .Vlderman of the First Ward, and was a village Trustee long before Mt. Carmel he- came a city. REIBER, Andrew. — Among the prominent and successful German-.\mericans of Wabash County, III., none are accorded higher respect than veter- ans of the Civil War. who supported the caiise of their adopted countrv so courageouslv and de- fended its interests with their greatest treasure - even life itself. Among the thinning ranks of WABASH COUNTY 783 these veterans may be found Andrew Reiber, of Wabash Precinct. Mr. Reiber was boru in Hesse-Cassel, Germany, April 23, 1842, a son of Henry and ilartraret Reiber, who came to the United States in 1S1(3. The parents settled in Newcastle, Fa., wliere for some time the father worked at his trade of l>laclismith. They moved to McKeesport, and later to I'hilipsburj;:. Pa., and in 1857 Mr. Reiber and a neitihbor. with the lat- ter's son. removed to Lancaster, 111., where they located. Here Mr. Reiber conducted a black- smith shop with the help of his three sons. He was born May 13, 1813. and died July 2. 18S4, and his wife, who was l)oru in January. 1815. died July 20. 1893. Of their twelve children the following grew to maturity : Mary, Mrs. Samuel Biehl, now deceased ; John, of Missouri ; Andrew ; Catherine. Mrs. Henru Biehl, of Brazil, Ind. ; William, died October 3. 1883. at the age of" thirty-seven years, ten months and four days ; Elizabeth, Mrs. Daniel Selbert. of Lancaster Precinct. Andrew Reiber remained with his parents un- til August 21. 18t)2, when he enlisted in Company C, One Hundred Fifteenth Illinois Volunteer In- fantry. They were ordered to Springheld, 111., where they were drilled a short time, thence went to Cincinnati, then being assigned to the Army of Kentucliy. .Mr. Reiber took part in a battle near Nashville. Tenn., then was taken sick and sent to a hosi)it;il at Nashville. After spending a few months in the hospital he was examined and put in the veteran re.r. Thomas Jefferson Rigg. which oc- curred February 3. 1800. the city of Mt. Carmel li'... lost its oldest jiracticing physician and one of its most distinguished citizens. For over tliirtj- years he had been prominently identil3ed with the public, educational and medical inter- ests of Wabash County, and few men have ren- dered more valued services to their community. Dr. Kigg was born at Catlettsburg, Ky., .\pril 17. 1829, a son of George and Cynthia Rigg, na- tives of Kentucky. They had live children, all deceased, namely : Thomas Jefferson, Alfred, Harvey. Robert and Cynthia Stlmpson. When still a youth Dr. Rigg accompanied his parents to Wabash County, in., and the greater piirlion of his time imt'l reaching manhood was sp°nc on tbo home l.iru,. bis education being such as w.is affoidid by the country schools of his day. which he attended during the winter terms. Later he taught school for a time at. or near. Cab- bage Cor'iti'. but (leterminiiig to become a physi- cian, he v.cnl to Ohica.ao and entered Rush Medi- cal C'll.'ege. jaid after being graduated therefrom in 1800. practiced his profession in that city for a lime, being also engaged in the drug business. .\t the outbreak of the Civil War he was ap- pointed .-Vssistant i^urgeon in the Seventh Illinois Volunteer Cavalry, and was with Grierson in many of his famous raids, participating in some of the most stirring scenes of the war. Before its close he had lieen promoted to the position of surgeon, with tlie rank of Ma.ior. After the close of hostilities. Dr. Rigg came to Mt. Carmel. where for a .short time he was In the drug busi- nes in partiiershiii with his father-in-law. the Hon. I. N. Jaquess. but after disposing of his in- terests In this line he devoted himself entirely to the practice of his profession and was so en- gaged UP to the (lay of his death. In disposition. Dr. Rigg was most kind and genial, and was de- voted to his family. He always had a pleasant smile and kind word for whomever he came in contact with, was a great favorite with chil- dren, and one of the secrets of his success as a I)hysician was the cheerful manner in which he 784 WABASH COUNTY entered a sick room. He \Yas au honored citizen and after a long and useful life, died firm in the belief of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was always a stanch aiid loyal Republican in politics, and at one tiaie was a member of the City Council. He was a strong advocate of the cause of education, and for twelve years in suc- cession and at different times afterwards, he served as President of the School Board. He be- longed to the Udd Fellows, the Masons and the Grand Army of the Republic, while his profession connected him with the Wabash County Medical Society. Dr. Rigg"s death came suddenly, and it is a co-incidence that he had always expressed a desire that it should so be. On the afternoon of the day of his death he had been around town, apparently in better health and spirits than usual, even for him, and had remarked that he felt better than he had in a long time. The fun- eral was held from the Methodist Episcopal Church and was conducted by Rev. J. F. Har- mon and largely attended. Dr. Rigg was married (first) to Sarah Clark, who died in 185G, having been the mother of two children : George E., of Mt. Carmel, and Mrs. Mary Courtright of Edwards County. In 18G6 Dr. Rigg married Miss Laura Jaquess. and there were three children born to this union : Nellie, died in infancy : Mrs. Ida R. Curtis, of Mt. Car- mel ; and Mrs. Dr. C. P. Danks of Washington, Ind. RISLEY, Charles Miller, whose parents and grandparents were all early settlers in Wabash County, 111., is a native of Mt. Carmel Precinct, where he now resides, being bom August 27, 1857, a son of Ezra and Margaret H. (Wallace) Risley. Ezra Risley was born in Wabash County and his parents, Daniel and Sarah Risley, were natives of New Jersey and early settlers of Mt. Carmel Precinct. Margaret H. Wallace was a daughter of Elijah and Jane Wallace, natives of Virginia and early settlers of Mt. Carmel Pre- cinct, who spent the remainder of their lives in that vicinity. The marriage of Ezra Risley and his wife took place in Mt. Carmel Precinct, where she was born, and where he died in 1902. His widow continued to live on the home farm until three or four years ago, when she went to live with a daughter. Mrs. J. E. Seller, of Mt. Carmel Pre- cinct. The children born to Mr. Risley and wife were : Louisa V.. Mrs. F. C. Seller, of Mt. Carmel Precinct : CTiarles M. : Mary Ida. died at the age of forty years: Will S.. of Friendsville Precinct; Harlan E., resides near Seattle, Wash. : Emma. Mrs. .T. E. Seller, a widow ; John and Fannie died in infancy. Charles M. Risley spent his boyhood on his father's farm, helping in the farm work as soon as old enough. He remained at home until his marriage. December 4, 1882. to Emma Dyar. born in Mt. Carmel Precinct, a daughter of John D. and Elizabeth (Seller) Dyar, natives of Ger- many and Pennsylvania, respectively. Mr. Ris- ley's first wife died in February, 1885. and on March 15, 1S87, he married (second) Rosauna Grundun. born in Mt. Carmel Precinct, a daugh- ter of Thomas and Annie (Connor) Grundou, na- tives of Pennsylvania. To this union children were born as follows : Annie G., Charles Oliver, Fred G., May Belle and Nellie Enola. Mr. Risley's farm is in Mt. Carmel Precinct, in Section 1, on land that he had bought from his father. It was partly cleared at the time he purchased it, but contained no buildings. He had erected a house prior to his marriage and continued improving the land, so that now he has all except hve acres under cultivation. He has also erected other necessary buildings of a substantial character, and has oue of the best kept estates in Wabash County. Mr. Risley has ninety-six acres of land in what is called the "Sugar Tree Front Farm." where he carries on diver.sified farming and raises registered Poland- China hogs, Jersey cows for his dairy, and Percheron horses. He received his education in the local schools and has spent his entire life near his present home. He is well known and much esteemed, having a host of friends. Po- liti<-ally he is Independent and in religion is a Lutheran. Mr. Risley and his wife are mem- bers of the Tribe of Ben Hur fraternal organi- zation. He is descended from some of the pioneers of Wabash County, who took the keenest interest in the public welfare and progress and is a worthy representative of his race. RISLEY, John T., was born at Little Egg Har- bor. N. J., in 1813, and coming to Wabash County, 111., in 1822. lived there seventy-five years. In 1837 he was married to Sarah J. Arn- old, a daughter of Captain John Arnold, who commanded a company in the Black Hawk War. She died in 1858. In 18C0 he was married to Mrs. Mary McGregor. By his first marriage there were born two sons. Lamer and Edwin, and six daughters. Mrs. Sarah Lewis. .Mrs, Thomas W. Chapman. Mrs. (i. W. Sharp. .Mr.s. J. H. Keller, Mrs, Mary Wolfe and Hrs. Laura Hallock. Mr. Risley was a sturdy and enterprising pio- neer, who toiled earnestly to sulidue the wil- derness and overcome the privations of pioneer life, and greatly helped to build up and advance the welfare and prosperity of Wabash County. He was a man of firmness and energy, honest in all his transactions and successful in business. His temperament was hopeful and he kept himself abreast of the times. He was un- pretentious, but his sterling integrity, clear judg- ment, jirogre-ssive character and fidelity to friends and neighbors made him influential. He was beautifully devoted to his children and con- stantly solicitious about their happiness and welfare, even to the very end. and in his last days they comforted him with unfeigned devo- tion. Mr. Risley's long and useful life will fill a bright and honored page in the history of the brave and generous forefathers of our county. The moral example of such a life is rich with sweet influences and redolent with honors that bless succeeding generations. He was one of the HENRY SPIRLING AND FAMILY WABASH COUNTY 785 first Abolitionists of the county, always a loyal Republican in politics, and evinced a deep inter- est in public affairs. He was endowed with an alert iutcllisence and unusual penetration and sagacity, which would easily have qualified him for a superior part in the larger affairs of men, had he given reiu to ambitious purposes. HiSLEY Lineage. — Richard Risley, ancestor of the American branch of the Risley family, im- migrated to Massachusetts from near Boston, England, in company with Thomas Hooker and John Cotton, clergjanen of the church of Eng- land, in March. Iti.S.S. "Risley Hall." in the east of England, still standing, was the ancient fam- ily seat. The party, emigrating from Xewton to the present site of Hartford, there purchased a tract of land from the Naubuek Indians, which was apiwrtioned among the settlers, in SO acre tracts, and to Richard Risley fell the tract on which stood the famous Charter Oak. A family coat of arms, which represented a body of wa- ter, on which were ducks floating, with a shield surmounted by a gre.vhound. was registered in l(v!4. as api^ears from the office of the Registrar of Vital Statistics in London. One member of the family was a General who conmianded a por- tion of Cromwell's Army on the Field of Rowton Moor, where King Charles I. from the Watch Tower on the walls of Chester, saw his last Royal Army defeated and scattered in flight. Richard died in Hartford in October. iCAS. and his name is graven on the monument erected to commemorate the pioneers of Connecticut, which stands on State Street, in Hartford. The record of his will is on file in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth of Connecticut. His son Richard died in 1729. leaving four liv- ing sons. He possessed a valuable estate in Hart- ford County. Careful research tends to show that all the Risle.vs. except the family that went from England direct to South Carolina in 172.3, are descended from Richard I and Richard (II) and his four sons. The Risleys were among the first settlers of Oneida County. X. T.. and Little Egg Harbor, N. .7. At the latter place the subject of this sketch was born in 1811. He was the son of Jeremiah Risle.v. who was the son of Samuel Risley who was in direct line of decent from Richard (T). Jeremiah emigrated from New Jer- sey to Wabash County. Illinois, in 1827. RISLEY, Larner (deceased), was born in Wa- basli County, III., .\ugust :il. 1.S.30. where he re- sided until his death, which occurred November 22. 1000. He was the eldest son of .John T. and Sarah Jane Risley. who were prominent among the pioneers of the county. On February 14. 1.8fi4. Mr. Risley was united in marriage with Mar.v J. Chapman, a daughter of Robert and Sarah Wharram Chapman, who came from York- shire. England, in 1830. She died January 19. ISf!.'). Mrs. Risley was a .vonng woman of most amialile character, esteemed and beloved by all who knew her. She was of studiotis habits, and a devoted member of the Methodist Church ; was intensely loyal to the cause of the Union during the dark days of the Civil War. and spent much time in writing beautiful, patriotic and insjiiring letters to the soldier boys of her ac- quaintance. Her early demise was deeply de- plored, and the memory of her sweet and beau- tiful life is fondly cherished by all who came within the sphere of its beneficent influence. She died leaving one child, Theodore Granville Risley. now of Mt. Carmel. 111. In September. 1871, Mr. Larner Risley was married (second) to Mary Lois Roberts, daugh- ter of Archibald and Polly Roberts, well known residents of the county. By this union there were born the following children : Mary A., who died in infancy ; Elma L.. married Allen I. Veih- man. who died June 14. 1897; Charles B., for- merly of Princeton. Ind., but now a resident of Mt. Carmel. III., and Roy T., of Mt. Carmel. Mrs. Risley departed this life May 22. 1910, having outlived her husband just six months. She was an intelligent Christian woman and was zeal- ously devoted to the welfare of her family. Mr. Larner Risley was a successful farmer and stockman, and for .years one of the county's prominent and infiuential citizens, and enjoyed the deserved esteem and confidence of a barge acquaintance throughout the entire county. He was conservative and retiring in temperament, but of firm convictions, sound judgment and strong common sense. He was eminently fair, and his opinions were highly regarded. In poli- tics he was a devoted Republican and took nmch interest in political matters, always keeping him- self well informed on questions of public inter- est. He was a member of the Methodist Church but quite liberal in his theological views. He was a man of irreproachable character and lov- able disposition. His earnest, patient and de- voted life shed a benign influence upon all who came within its radiant circle. Mr. Risley was a man of enterprise and en- ergy and never ceased his business activities until his death. He grew old beautifully, and his heart always seemed young and in full sym- pathy with the vital currents that animate the meridian of life. He was a fearless, hopeful, conscientious and devoted man. and the memory of his pure and useful life is a legacy of honor to his posterity. RISLEY, Theodore G., was born in Wabash County, III., December 4, 1SG4. was raised on a farm and. after the usual cour.se In a country school, attended school at Lebanon. Ohio, and afterward spent two years at the Geneseo Nor- mal School, from which he graduated. He com- pleted the law course at Weslevan T^niversity, Bloomington. 111., and after graduation went to Olympia. Washington, where he was engaged for a time in rei>ortorial work for the "Portland Oregonian." the "Tacoma Ledger" and "Olympia Partisan." During this time he canva.ssed the territory in the statehood campaign, under the auspices of the Republican Territorial Commit- tee. 786 WABASH COUNTY Mr. Kisley at the age of tweutj-four was ap- pointed Clerk of the United States District Court, at Gutbrie. Olcla., organized tlie otKce and for more tlian tliree years conducted its great volume of business In a manner tbat elic- ited higb commendation from tbe Department of Justice at Wasbiugton, uiwn bis retirement. While in Oklaboma Mr. Risley was twice elected President of tbe Territorial Republican League clubs, was Secretary of tbe Republican Terri- torial Committee four years, and its Treasurer two years. After five years' residence lu Okla- homa, be returned to Mt. Carmel and engaged in the practice of law. In 1S96, and before be had been home long enough to be again a legal voter in Illinois, the Republican Congressional Convention nominated him. over several strong candidates, lor Presiden- tial Elector in tbe Twenty-third District, as he would be a legal voter before election and to this office be was elected. In tbat memorable campaign be took tbe "stump" on the 1st of August and continued in the canvass, throughout the State until the election, speaking the last ten days in Chicago. In ISOS the Republicans of tbe Twenty-third Congre.ssional District appealed to him to make the race for Congress against tbat eloquent and resourceful Democratic campaigner. Hon. J. R. Williams, who had attained distinction as a re- doubtable deliater in the Halls of Congress. Mr. Risley was nominated and. although the distiict was normally Democratic by o"2.")0 majority and the democracy had nominated a candidate who was recognized as one of its most formidable champions in the State, he entered into the canvass with relentless energy and boldly chal- lenged his opponent to confront him in a dis- cussion of the leading issues before the people. Both candidates entered uix>n a seven-weeks' speaking campaign, making two speeches a day, and. while defeated. Mr. Risley succeeded in reducing the Democratic majority about 1700 votes. By request of Senators Cullom and Ma- son, in 1000, be accepted the appointment of Su- peiTisor of the Census for tlie Fourteenth Dis- trict of Illinois, and in 1901, Hon. Charles G, Dawes appointed him Si^ecial Counsel to the Comi)troller of tbe Currency, and assigned him to conduct a legal investigation as to the liability of the Directors of the faile Courier, widow of Eben W. Courter, who was born in Lancaster Precinct. Wabash County, January 2?,. 1872. d.aughter of William H. and Miriam W. (King) Putnam. Mr. Rose is a member of the Christian Church, in which he has iieen a Deacon since 190G. He is Prohibitionist in political views and is active- ly interested in public affairs. He is a member of the Modern Woodmen of America No. 219?.. of Keensburg. and has been clerk of the order since irxiO. Mr. liose is an enterprising and representative citizen and is generally held in high esteem by those who know him. SAPP, Marion T., one of the substantial and progressive farmers i.pf Wabash County, III., was born in Clermont County. Ohio. January 8. 1850, a S(m of Henry and Elizatieth (Touner) Sapp, natives of Ohio, the latter a daughter of Abra- ham Touner. Henry Sapp and his wife came to Wabash County. 111., in 1854 and bought a farm in Mt. Carmel Precinct, where he died in 18(!0, and two years later his widow married George W. Munsey and lived sometime in Mt. Carmel Precinct, then moved to 'Lick Prairie Precinct. Mr. Munsey finally sold his farm and moved to Mt. Carmel. where he died about 1888. Mrs. Munsey died while visiting in Keensburg in 1890. Mr. Sapp and his wife had children as follows: Meander. Mrs. John Fisher, of Mt. Carme! ; Al- bert, of Machias. Wash. : Marion T. ; Lavinia, died about 1877: Ijoreta, Mrs. Robert Peters, of Evansville. 111. : Charles, of Mt. Carmel Precinct ; Olive. Mrs. Lynch, of Keensburg. 111. Mr. Mun- sey and Ills wife had children as follows : Diana. Mrs. Thomas Williams, of Keensburg; Ida, of Seattle. Wash.; Priscilla. Mrs. William Chris- tian.- of Kansas ; Aquilla. Mrs. Morris Hill, of Bellmont Precinct, the last two being twins. The boyhood of Marion T. Sapp was spent on a farm and he attended the district schools. He remained at home until seventeen years of age, then worked at farming by the month until his marriage. December 2. 1870, to Sarah Melvina Martin, born in Washington County. Ind.. daugh- ter of William and Mary (Pickler") Martin, of Washington County. After his marriage Mr. Sapp began living on a rented farm in Friends- vilie Precinct, and afterward moved to another farm in the same precinct, where he remained two years, .spent one year on another farm in the neighborhood and then spent one year on his brother's farm in Mt. Carmel Precinct. He purchased a small place in Mt. Carmel Precinct, where he lived eighteen months, but later sold it He lived four years on a rented farm in Friends- ville I'recinct, spent nine months in Harrisburg, 111., and returning to Friendsville Precinct, worked for his brother Albert, and for eight years rented a farm in Friendsville Precinct. In April, 1901. Mr. Sapp purchased eighty-five acres in Section 2(i of Friendsville Precinct. This land was in iwor condition and he had to make many improvements. He has fifty acres in the home place, twentj--five acres forty rods north of it, and has it all under cultivation. He raises considerable stoel;: and makes his farming pay well, using scientific methods and modern ideas. He is well known and stands high in the com- nuuiity, being recognized as a public-spirited, useful citizen and a man of high character. He takes an active interest in the public welfare and belongs to the Republican party. He is a member of the Christian Cliurch and is ready to contribute time and money to any good cause. Two sons were born to Mr. Sapp and his wife : Albert Glen, of Friendsville Precinct, and Carl Edgar, at home. The latter is a member of the Indcjiendent Order of Odd Fellows, of Friends- ville. also of the Order of Rebekahs and the Modern Americans. SCHAFER, George E., who has developed a fine farm in Wabash County, 111., is a native of the county, born in Compton Precinct, near his pres- ent home. May 21. 1875. He is a son of George P. and Enmia (Compton) Schafer, the former born in Hesse-Darmstadt. Germany, and the latter in Wabash County. The father died when the son. George E.. was but fourteen years of age, and the latter lived with his brother Will- iam H.. until his marriage, which occurred in August. 1895, when he was united with Jennie P.illett, a native of La\^Tence County. 111., and daughter of John and Mary Ettie (Shroyer) Billett. both of German descent. After his marriage Mr. Schafer moved to a farm of 120 acres on Section 18 of Compton Pre- cinct, where he erwted a suitable house and other buildings. A large part of this land was tim- bered, which he has cleared and put into culti- vation. He has added eight.y acres and all his land is in Coffee Precinct except the forty acres containing his buildings. Jlr. Schafer has been successful in raising stock and breeds Duroc Jer- sey hogs. Jersey cattle and (Jerman coach horses. He carries on a general line of farming and is one of the enterprising, up-to-date farmers of his community, always read.v to consider modem methods and theories. Mr. Schafer is a Republican in politics and has served fourteen years as School Director. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Churci and also lielongs to the Indei>endent Or- der of Odd Fellows, the Modern Woodmen of America and the Tribe of Ben Hur, of Keensburg. He has spent his life in the community, received his education in School District No. 53. of Wa- M r. M t/5 o > r r. > O 5 o WABASH COUNTY 7«9 basil Couuty, and has won a large number of friends. He and bis wife have four children, namely : Florence, bom May 25, 1S06 ; Mildred, born February 3, 1S99 ; William, born Dec. 2S, VM2 ; and Ross, born March 4, 1907. SCHAFER, Wilham H., proprietor of the beau- tiful "Village Creek Stock Farm," in CofCee I'reciuct, Wabash County, 111., Is a native of the county, born in Coffee Precinct, June 19, 1857, a sun of George P. and Magdalena (Marx) Scbafer, the former a native of Hesse-Darmstadt. Germany, and the latter of Wabash Couuty 111. The parents were married in Wabash County and settled on a farm of seventy acres in Cof- fee Precinct. He kept adding to his posses- sions until be owned 220 acres. Mr. Schafer cleared and put most of this land under cultiva- tion, and died tliere in February. 1SS9. his wife having preceded him about 1803. He served dur- ing the Civil War in Company K, Sixty-fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. Four children were born to him and his first wife, namely: William H. ; Mary, Pernielia aud Georgiana, died in in- fancy. Mr. Schafer was married (second) to Susan Compton, by whom he had two daughters : Nancy, married C. M. Batson. of Coffee Precinct, and Nellie, married Charles G. Seller and died in Coffee Precinct, in 1904. The second Mrs. Schafer died about 1870. and Mr. Schafer mar- ried (third) Emeretta Compton. by whom be had two children: a daughter who died in infancy, and George E.. of Coffee Precinct, a sketch of whrmi appears in this work. William H. Schafer received a common scliool education and remained at home until his mar- riase. May 14. 1879. to Miss Mary C. Compton, born in Coffee Precinct, a daughter of Noah and Louisa ( Lance > Compton. the former a native of Wabash County and the latter of Indiana. After his marriage Mr. Schafer moved to a farm of thirty-seven acres which he had purchased preparatory to estal)lishing a home, and he has since added to this tract until he owns 485 acres, all in Section 7 and 18 of Coffee Precinct, the l)uildings being on Section 7. Besides his own residence he has erected two comfortable houses for the occupancy of liis employes. Mr. Schafer makes a speci:\lty of breeding and raising registered Shorthorn cattle and Berk- shire hogs. He has established a jiasture of 140 acres which he uses for no other purpose, but has the remainder of his land under cultivation. Since 1903 he has had annual sales of l)looded stock on his farm, and is a regular advertiser in the "Breeders" Gazette" (of Chicago), and the "Cliicaiio Daily Drovers' .Journal." where the dates of Ills extensive sales are given. Breeders from all sections of the Unit(*d States are visitors of his extensive stock farm, of which Wabash County is justly proud, and a visit to the same is a pleasure and a revelation of the sreat jiossi- bilities of this industry. No county in the State is better adapted to the raising of stock, as Mr. Schafer has amply demonstrated, liaving been a jiioneer in this line in his section of the State. His usual herd numbers about 1(X) head of pure Sc-otch breeding, at the liead of which may be mentioned Imported Koau Archer No. 10OU74, ImiKjrted Royal Fusilier No. 2S2940, also I'rlm- rose Sullau No. 294034, grand.son of White Hall Sultau, champion bull of the world. This herd includes six imported cows. In the Hue of Berk- shire hogs Mr. Schafer keeps such stock as sons of Masterpiece, Lord Premier aud liiley's Pre- mier ; in fact, the highest breeding in the country. In September, 19ttO, Mr. Schafer lost two of his large barns by tire, with about 100 tons of hay, but at once replaced these buildings by- others that are motlern in every respect. He has his laud well tiled aud carries on oi^erations on a large scale, following approved modern meth- ods aud usiug up-to-date machinery and appli- ances. His laud is uuexcelled for raising corn aud he has been most successful in all his ven- tures. He has erected several substantial and sanitary barns and other buildings and in 1891 built a handsome residence, which he has equip- ped with a hot-water heating phtnt and has in- stalled an excellent water system in the same. He has fitted it with many other moderu com- forts and conveniences and takes great delight in providing eveothing possible for the well- being aud enjoyment of his family. He is a man of geuerdus nature and kind heart, and has a host of warm personal friends. He is a Repub- licau in iMjlltics. takes an active interest in the conduct of public affairs aud is a supporter of the Christian Church, of which all his family are members. Fraternally he belongs to Lodge No. 939, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Mod- ern Woodmen of America and the Tribe of Ben Hur, of Keensburg. Seven childreu blessere lie called him homo; thou good and faithful servant, a brief farewell. 792 WABASH COUNTY "Sleep in peace, oh brother dead, Rest iu thy narrow tomb. We scatter o'er thy peaceful bed The sweetest tlowers that blooiu. Wlieii we shall ioiii that happy baud Uiwn the other shore We'll clasp a brother's friendly hand Where tears are shed uo more." SCHNITZ, Joseph Sylvester, a prominent far- mer of Lancaster I'reciuct. Wabash County, 111., who has been successful largely through his oiierations in high grade stock, has been a resi- dent of the county aliout twenty years. Mr. Schnitz was bom in Huntington, Ind., July 8, 18GG, a son of William and Elizabeth (Schleu- cher) Schnitz, the former a native of Ohio and the latter of Germany. William is a sou of George Schnitz. a native of Germany, who lo- cated on a farm in Ohio as a young man. When William was a bo.v his father moved to Indiana, and in that State William Schnitz and his wife were married and still reside. Mrs. Elizabeth Schnitz was lirought to Indiana b.v her mother when she was fourteen years old. She has now reached the age of ninety-two .years, is enjo.v- Ing good health and is strong and "active. She and her husband had eleven children, all of whom survive except one. The education of .To.seph S. Schnitz was re- ceived in the common schools of Indiana, and he was reared on his father's farm. He was the fifth child of his parents and remained at home until he was twenty-three years old, then be- gan working at the trade of caiiienter. Later he learned telegraphy and worked eighteen months for what is now the Big Four Railroad. In .\pril, 1890. he moved to Lancaster. 111., and ■worked there three years at the trade of car- penter, after which he moved to a farm of 2-10 acres in Sections G and .31. Lancaster Precinct, which belongs to his wife. He has since operated this place, carr.ving on general farming and rais- ing registered Durham cattle, Poland-China hogs and horses for general use. Mr. Schnitz was married, August 18, 1892, to Laura E. Cmniingham. born in Lancaster Pre- cinct, daughter of William C. and Mary (Cro- well) Cunningham. Mr. Cunningham was born in Lancaster Precinct, a son of Johri Cunning- ham, a native of Virginia, wlio was one of the earliest settlers of that precinct, and Mrs. Cun- ningham was born in Friendsville Precinct. Wa- bash County. Mr. Cuiniingham died .Tanuar.v 1. 1910. Four children were horn to Mr. and Mrs. Schnitz. namely : Mary E.. Cora May. Herman W.. and Pearl Ellen. Mr. Schnitz and his wife are interested in church work and behing to the Evangelical Association. Mr. Schnitz has served as Sunday School Superintendent since 190."). In politics he is a Democrat. He is much respected in the community as an industrious, useful citi- zen, and has many firm friends. SCHRADER, William S., one of the substantial and prominent agri. 1874. and Mr. Schra- der married (second) Aiiril 27. 187.5. Sarah (Greenhood) Hariier, widow of John Harper. Mr. Schrader's second wife died and he married (third) November 19. 1885. Emily K. Greenhood, born in Lawrence County. 111., daughter of Will- iam and Caroline (Beesle.y Greenhood, natives of England and early settlers in Wabash County. After his first marriage Mr. Schrader moved to a farm in the northern part of Friendsville Precinct, where he remained until 1888, then moved to his present home at Lynn, in the same precinct. He owns 1131-; acres here and also sixty acres in Lawrence County. He has always carried on general farming and makes a specialt.v of raising stock. He is one of the representative men of the count.v and in his business dealings has always shown strict honesty. He is much respected and has many warm friends. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church and served some time as Trustee of the same. He is a Demo- crat in politics and has served many times as School I) i rector. By his third marriage Mr. Schrader had chil- dren as follows: Charles, now on the home farm: Jacob, born October 6. 1888. died Novem- ber 11. 1.88.8: John T^ro.v, of Lawrence County; Robert, born February 1-1. 1896, and died August 7. 1897. SCHRODT, John H.— The Sehrodt family has l)een well represented in Wabash County, 111.. since 1S.'',8. when John Sehrodt, the grandfather of John H. Sehrodt. came to the county with his WABASH COUNTY 793 wile and oldest son, Peter. John H. Sehrodt was born in Mt. Carniel Precinut, Wabasli County, April 25, ISlil, son of Peter and Amanda (Reel) Scbrodt, the former a native of Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, and the latter of Mt. Carmel Precinct. Peter Scbrodt, son of John and Marie (Kader) Sehrodt, is mentioned elsewhere in this work. He and his wife were parents of four sons and two daughters, namely : Anna, Mrs. H. J. Leach, of Mt. Carmel ; John H. ; George and Lincoln, both of whom died when about two and a half years old ; Uosa, Mrs. Jacob Steine, Jr., of Mt Carmel ; J. lillswortb, resides at home. The education of John H. Scbrodt was secured in Sugar Creek District, Mt. Carmel Precinct, and he resided on his father's farm until bis mar- riage April 17, 18S2. to Mary Seller, who was born in Mt. Carmel Precinct, daughter of John and Mary (Mauck) Seller, the former a native of Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany. After bis mar- riage Mr. Sehrodt moved to a farm he had bought two miles northeast of Mt. Carmel, where be lived until l.S!i2. when be rented another farm nearer the city and lived on it four and a half years, then bought from his mother and the heirs his present twenty-four-acre farm. He has lived on this farm ever since, and has added twenty-eight acres to it. Mr. Sehrodt still owns the first farm he purchased, which contains 118.23 acres, which he rents to his son and son- in-law, and he deeded the twenty-eight-aere farm to his daughter and son-in-law. In the month of April, 1900. when Mr. Scbrodt was working in the field, he suffered a slight para- lytic stroke and the team and wagonload of fifty- two bushel of wheat went over bis chest, since which time he has lieen unable to do any actual work, although be looks after bis land. Children born to Mr. Sehrodt and his wife are as follows : Ethel Agnes ; Marshall, born May 5, 1886, died July 20. 18S8; Alvin. born November 9, 1888, died November 0, ISSO; John Estes, born June 2.S. 1800. is at home; Mary Leona. born November 20. 18[).3 ; Edna Charlotte, born December 3\. 1890, died August 14, 1899. Ethel ,\gnes was married. October 24. 19tU, to Kolla Vernon A'eibman. who was born in Wabash Countv. May 21. 1887, and they have one child, Camille Cecilia, bom June 12, 1907. Mrs. Sehrodt's mother was born in Harrison County, Ind.. a daughter of Christly and Catherine (Hump) Mauck. of Pennsylvania. .Mr. Scbrodt is ii faithful member of the Luth- eran Church, of which be has been a Trustee since 1901. Politically he is a Republican and served nine months as Highway Commissioner, then was elected County Commissioner and served one term of three years. He has t>een a School Trustee since 1897. Fraternally he is a member of the Modem Woodmen of America No. 1910. Inderiendent Order of Odd Fellows No. 35, Rebekahs No. 441, all of Mt. Carmel. and his wife is also a member of the Rehekah Ixidge. He is well known and highly resjiected and has been a successful farmer through his energj- and in- dustry. He is a representative of the best type of citizen and is much interested in questions affecting the public welfare. SCHRODT, Peter, one of the prosperous and successful German-Americans o f Wabash County, HI., has been a resident of the county since he was one year old. He was born in Westhofen, Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, Janu- ary 2, 1837, a son of John and Marie (Rader) Scbrodt. also natives of Hesse-Darmstadt, and grandson of John Sehrodt, who lived all bis life there. In September, 1838, John and Marie Scbrodt settled in Mt. Carmel Precinct, Wabash County, and bought an eighty-acre tract of tim- ber land, which be set out to clear. When about sixty years of age be moved to an adjoining farn'i, where he died in 1803. He divided his 1,000 acre farm among his six children in 1800, having added to his land as be was able. His widow died at the age of sixty-seven yeitrs. Their chil- dren were : Catherine. Mrs. Michael Broadel, de- ceased ; John and Conrad, deceased ; Peter ; Mary, Mrs. Melcher Libolt. of Mt. Carmel Pre- cinct : Margaret, widow of Jacob Steltzer, of Mt. Carmel Precinct, now deceased. As a boy Peter Sehrodt helped his father at clearing land as soon as be was old enough and attended school only a year and a few months. He lived at home until his marriage. April 8, 18G0, to Amanda M. Reel, bom in Mt. Carmel Precinct, daughter of Emanuel and Nancy (Si- monds) Reel, natives of Ohio and Indiana. After bis marriage Mr. Scbrodt moved to a farm of ninety-six acres that was given him by his father, all timber except twenty-five acres. He started clearing it and placing it under cultivation, add- ing five and three-quarters acres to it. He erected a house from brick which he manufac- tured on his farm, and cultivated this land until 1898. then turned over its management to his son. Jacob E. In 1892 Peter Sehrodt began grain and stock- dealing and carried on this business some years in connection with bis farm. He now devotes his whole attention to his business interests. His wife died February 22. 1890, after which he bought a tract of an acre and a half where Scbrodt Station on the Big Four Railroad stands. There was a small general store on this land, which be also purchased, improved and added to it. occupying it until 1908, when he erected a store building. 24 by 44 feet, twelve feet six inches high. Besides a stock of general mer- chandise be keeps a large variety of household soods. farm appliances, coal, paints, oils, etc. He has bandied agricultural implements for the Rock Island Plow Company. Mr. Sehrodt is a man of friendly, jovial character, being of large pjysique and very good-natured. He has a mul- titude of friends and is successful in a business wav. Pdlitically be is a Republican The following children have been born to Mr. Sehrodt and wife: .\nna M.. Mrs. Horace N. . Leach, of Mt. Cannel. 111. : .John N.. of Mt. Car- mel Precinct : Rosa C. Mr.s. Jacob J. Stein, of Mt. Carmel : Jacob E.. on his father's farm, and 794 WABASH COUNTY two now dec'eased. The family stand well in the comjuunity and are representative of its best in- terests. SCHRODT, Philip, member of a family that is well known iu Wabash County, III., was born in Mt. Carmel Precinct, Wabash County, April 22, ISOti, a son of John and Mary (Brudle) Scbrodt. both natives of Germany, and grandson of John Scbrodt. The grandparents were all early set- tlers in Wabash County, and secured timber land in Mt. Carmel Precinct. They were among the first Germans who located there and became large land-owners. The parents of Philip Scbrodt were married in Wabash County and settled on a farm near Jit. Carmel. The fatJier acquired about 2,50o acres of land, of which part was in Mt. Carmel Pre- cinct, part in Coffee Precinct, some in Lawrence County, 111., and one farm in Gibson County, Ind. Mr. Scbrodt was born May 4. 1830, and died December 22, 189T, and his wife, who was born January 2(1, 1S3.0. died in l.SSl. They had children as follows : Mary, Mrs, .Justus G. Reel, of Mt. Cannel Precinct; Pliilip and B. F.. the latter of whom died in August. IIXHJ : George who died many years ago ; i^aura. Mrs. G. W. Combs, of Mt. Carmel Precinct ; Daniel B.. died ab(jut 189.5 ; Ellen, died in childhood : Catherine. Mrs. Fred Goke. died in Mt. Carmel ; several other children dying in infancy. Philip Scbrodt attended the Sugar Creek Dis- trict School and assisted in the work on his father's farm until his marriage, Ff^bruary 22. 1887. to Hattie Nunley. who was born in Mt. Carmel. a daughter of Robert and Mary (Cope- land) Xunley. the former a native of Tennessee and the latter of Mt. Carmel. She is a grand- daughter of Samuel and Phebe (Keneipp) Nuu- le.v, the former a native of Virginia and the lat- ter of Ohio, .\fter his marriage Jlr. Scbrodt be- gan farming on MrCleary's Bluff, on the AVabash River, in Coffee Precinct. Most of the land was cleared and it had some log buildings on it. He erected a modern dwelling and substantial barns, as well as other necesary buildings, and now has one of the best farms in the county. There were .seventy-seven acres in the farm originally, and he has kept adding to it until he now owns .3,S0 acres, known as the "McCleary Bluff Stock Farm," all cleared except thirty acres of timber. He raises registered short-born cattle, horses for general use. and a mixed breed of hogs. He manages the entire farm, which is In the garden spot of the county, and has been most successful in his operations. He is promi- nent in social and fraternal circles and accounted one of the representative men of the connnunity. He belongs to The Tribe of Ben Hur. Independ- ent Order of Odd Fellows No. 9.10. the Modern Woodmen of .\merica, the Mystic Workers, and the Royal Xeighbors. all of Keensburg. In politics he is a Republican and is a member of the Christian Church. Mr. Scbrodt and wife became parents of the following children : John Robert. Leora H., Harry P., and Lela E., all at home. The family home is well situated and one of the most pleas- ant and comfortable in the county. SCHRODT, William, an industrious and suc- cessful farmer of Mt. Carmel. Precinct, Wa- bash County, 111., is a native of that precinct, bom November 9, 1861, a son of conrad and Catherine (Ackert) Scbrodt, the former a na- tive of Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, and the lat- ter of Switzerland. Their parents, John and Anna Mary Scbrodt. and John and Anna (Wal- ters) Ackert, were all early settlers of Wabash County, where they became prominent and useful citizens. John Scbrodt brought his family to Mt. Carmel Precinct, where he secured unimproved land and developed a fine farm. John Ackert and his family came to New York, by way of the canal to Buffalo, thence by boat to Chicago, and trom there drove to St. Louis, where they took a boat by way of the Ohio and Wabash Rivers to Mt. Carmel. His wife's brother, John Walters, induced them to locate iu this locality, where they both died. Ccnirad Scbrodt was man-led iu Wabash County and settled on a farm near Mt. Carmel, where he and his wife spent the remainder of their lives, he passing away February 13, 1907, and she June 2, 1906. They were parents of nine children, of whom five survive, namely : William; Margaret. Mrs. W. H. Crossley, of Fairfield. 111.; Jacob, of Dallas Tex.; Fred C, of Jackson. Miss. William Scbrodt was reared on a farm and was early taught habits of industry and thrift. He received a fair educaticm in the district school in bis neigbliorhood. and helped with the farm work when still quite .voung. He has car- ried on farming all bis life, with very satisfac- tory results, and has made a careful study of modern theories and methods of fanning, so that he is considered a wide-awake and progressive man. He lived with his parents until his mar- riage. He has been active in public affairs and served fifteen years as School Director. He is a stanch Rci)ublican in political views. Frater- nally Mr. Scbrodt is a member of Sugar Ch'eek Camp No. 7(i4.5. Jlodern Woodmen of America, and be and his family attend the Lutheran Church, of Mt. Carmel December 2."i. 18S2, Mr. Scbrodt maiTied Chris- tina Baumgaertner, born in Mt. Carmel, daugh- ter of John and Barbara fKnorr'i Baumgaert- ner. natives of Germany, who came to New York before they were married. They located in Mt. Carmel and there he died in 1862 and his widow in 1879. Mr. Scbrodt and his wife be- came ])arents of children as follows: Sereno, Katie. N. and Clara J., all at home. SCHUH, Philip, one of the many German- Americans of Wabash Countj-. 111., who have won success by industry and perseverance, is a native of Hesse-Dannstadt. born November 2.5. 1840. He is a son of Philip and Elizabeth (Hummer) Schuh. and grandson of Henry Schuh and of WABASH COUNTY 795 Philip and Elizabeth (Weiubach) Hummer, all of whom (lied iu Germauy. The boyhood of Philip Schuh, subject of this sketch, was spent on his father's farm in Hesse-Darmstadt, and for eight years he attended school there. In 1860 ie entered the Hesse-Darmstadt Division of the German Army, serving until February, 1866, when he emigrated to the United States, landing at Xew York. He came to Mt. Canuel, 111., and worked nearly four years on the farm of John Schrodt. then began farming for himself in Cof- fee Precinct. For ten years he rented land of John Schrodt. near his present home, then bought 113 acres on Section 7 of Compton Pre- cinct, at Horse-Shoe Bend. Forty acres of this land was cleared and it contained an old log house in which be lived fifteen .vears. He erected a comfortable two-stor.v. frame house on this land and has kept adding to it until he now owns 640 acres in one body, besides two other farms — 120 acres in Section 31 and eighty acres in Indiana. He has cleared 350 acres of this from timber and has about 500 acres under culti- vation. He managed the entire place until 1004. when he began renting the land and retired from active business life. He also piu-chased 120 acres of improved land in Coffee Precinct, which he rents. Mr. Schuh married (tirst) iu 1870, Hulda Max- well, a native of Virginia, and they became par- ents of one daughter. Anna. Mrs. .lohn Hoffman, of Comiiton Precinct. Mrs. Schuh died in 1872, and Mr. Schuh married (second), in 1873. Mis- souri Douglas, born in Gibson Count.v. Ind.. and the.v became jiarents of children as follows: Ida married Wesley Jlerideth. living on part of the home farm, and they have two children — Manvil and Ethel : Man' married John Hell, and they live on Mr. Schuh's farm in Coffee Precinct, and have five children — Maggie. Carrie. Edward, Bennie and William ; Effie married Richard Ash- worth, of Posey County. Ind.. and they liave two children — Milferd and Margaret ; Benjamin, on the borne farm, married Lelia Finnel. a native of Wabash County, and they have two children — Bonnie and Elba. Mr. Sehuh"s second wife died in ISSS'and he married (third) in September. 1804, Margaretta (Gardner) Boutz. widow of William Boutz. of Posey County. Ind. She was bom in Aldagrona. Hesse. Germany, and by her first marriage bad si.x children, namely : Mar- garet. Mrs. Fred Sandwald. of Evansville. Ind.: I>ouisa. was accidentally burned and died of her injiiries. at the age of three years: John and Adam, of Mt. Vernon. Ind. ; Catherine, married Stephen t'nderwood, of Texas Cit.v. Saline County. 111.: Elizabeth married George .Mor- loek. of Mt. Vernon. Ind. Mr. Schuh is a member of the Evangelist Church and iu politics is a Repul)lican. He has been one of the most successful farmers of his community and through his own efforts has ac- quired a large amount of land. He has wou many friends, who greatly respect him for his many sterlinir nualities. SHULTZ, Charles, of Keensburg, 111., is en- gaged in the grain, live-stock, coal and seed busi- ness, with which be has been connected since 1895. Mr. Schultz was born in Olney, 111., December 14, 1866, a son of Charles and Sarah E., (Gaddy) Shultz, the former bom on the lUver Rhine, in Germany, and the latter a native of Richland County. 111. The paternal grand- father of Charles Shultz started for the United States in 1848. and died just liefore the vessel l.-uided at Xew Orleans, his widow dying two years later at Claremont. 111. Sarah E. Gaddy was .1 daughter of Mr. and Mrs. David Gaddy, her mother's maiden name being Jordan. The father was a native of Tennessee and the mother of Lancaster Precinct, Wabash County, 111., where the former taught school and where they were married. The marriage of Charles and Sarah E. Shultz tooli place in Olney. 111., where he was engaged in grocery business. He served as a sutler during the Civil War and afterward resumed his busi- ness in the grocery line, but two years later es- tablished a general mercantile business, which he continued until 1805. when he conlined his busi- ness to dry-goods, clothing and similar lines, and he is still proprietor of the Schultz Depaitment Store at Olney. 111. In 18S5 he established a seed- store, which he conducted until 1008. which he (ben turned over to his son. Arthur E. His two daughters are in partnership with their father in the diy-gonds business. Children as follows were born to Mr. Shultz and wife: Nettie, mar- ried E. C. Feutz, of Olney : Ma.v, died in infancy ; Charles : Bertha and Anna with their parents ; Winnifred. Mrs. William Gray, of Kinmund.v, .Marion Count.v. IU. : Edward, died at the age of two years: Artbtir. Harrv and Cleveland, of Olne.v. Charles Shultz. the subject of this sketch, re- ceived his education iu the common and high schiH)ls of Olney. and when he reached his ma- jority en.gaged in the dry-goods business at Law- renceville. HI., in partnership with E. A. Pow- ers, of Olney. Two and a half years later they sold out this business and Mr. Shulty- began working for his father, remaining one and a half years. In the spring of ISOO he bought the dry- goods business of Dr. P. G. Mauley, but two and a half years later sold this and bought a grain elevator and grist-mill, which he coiulucted four years. He then formed a iiartnership with M. I.. Rosenberger. and two years later they took into t>artnersbip. H. H. Wetzel, the firm assum- ing the Name of Wetzel. Shultz & Company. A year later Mr. Wetzel sold his interest to Mr. Schultz and Mr. Rosenberger. In 1004 their es- tablishment was Imrned and they rebuilt a grain- ele\:itor on the same site. In the spring of 100.S Airs. .v. P. P.tmib iMiught out Mr. Rosenberger and six months afterwards Mr. Shultz bought out the interest of Atrs. Bumb, which later un- derwent various changes. This company has been successftil despite the misfortune of loss b.y fire. Tlie members of the firm are men of energy and ability, fully understood every detail 796 WABASH COUNTY of tlielr business, and have been able to build up an extensive enterprise from a small beginning. Mr. Sclniltz has been largely resixmsible for the success of the company. Besides doing business at Keenslmrg. they have a branch at Cowling, 111. Mr. Shultz is a Democrat in ix)litics and has served as a member of the Democratic Central Connuittee. At the incorporation of Keensburg he was elected President and held the office one term. He is a member of the Knights of I'ytliias of Olney, of Henry Dobbins Lodge No. 174 of Masons, at L.iwrenceville. Guriu Com- mandery, Xo. 14, K. T. of Olney ; Medinah Temple Shrine, of Chicago ; Jit. I'aruiel Benevolent Pro- tective Order of Elljs, No. 715 ; the Modern Wood- men of America and the Royal Neighbors, of Keensburg. He is identified with the progress and welfare of the conununity and jirominent in .social circk's. Mr. Shultz is unmarried. SCOTT, Alfred Winfield, wlio conducts a ma- chine shop, lilacl;smitli and repair establishment, and an agricultural iuiiilement liusincss in Bell- niont. 111., was born in Leach Township. Wayne County, 111.. October 30. 1S49. a son of William and Narcissa (Hunt) Scott, the former a native of Wayue County and the latter of Edwards County, III. The grandfather, William Scott, was born in Scotland, and his wife in Illinois. They were the first settlers of Scottsville, Wayne County, which was named in their honor, and here Mr. Scott worked at his trade of blaclismith- ing. Narcis.sa Hunt was a daughter of Thomas and Mary (Edmonson) Hunt, of Indiana. The father of .Vlfred W. Scott was a black- smith by trade and all his active life conducted a sho]i at Scottsville. where he died about 1900. During the latter part of the Civil War lie served a year and a half in the One Hundred Thirty- sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. In politics he was a Kepublican. His widow died in Febru- ary, lt)0,S. They had children as follows: Alfred W. ; Laura. Mrs. .lohn Sti-oup. of Ellery, 111. ; E^nnna. of Arkansas; Nettie, Mrs. Henry Skin- ner, of Mt. A'ernon. III. : Francis E., of Bone Gap, 111. : Amos and John, who died when small and were buried in the same coffin. Alfred W. Scott learned the trade of black- smith after receiving a common school education in a log school house in the countr.v. He worked with his father at this trade until 1870. then moved to Merriam, Wayne County, III., where he conducted a shop on his own account until Februarv 24. 1S02. when he located in Bellmont. He conducted a blacksmith shop in Bellmont for ten years, then erected the building he now occu- pies, where he also does wagon, carriage and automoliile repairing and similar work in a well equipped machine shop, where his power is fur- nished by a gasoline engine. He also handles agricultural imiilements. wagons, carriages, etc. He has built up a good trade in the surrounding countr.v and is a first-class workman. Mr Scott married October 12. 187.",. Cynthia .\nn Copeland, who was born near Fairfield. Wayne County, daughter of James and Elvira (Hodges) Copeland, the former a native of Ten- nessee and the latter of Wayne County. Chil- dren as follows blessed this uniou : Prundy, died in infancy ; Etfle, man-led William Bruc-e, of Terre Haute, Ind. ; Myrtle, married John Epler, of Bellmont Precanct ; Maud, married Ed. Hilge- man. who conducts a brick and tile factory at Bellmont ; Herschel, of Bellmont. in partnership with his father : William, of Bellmont, in the concrete manufacturing business with his brother-in-law. Alfred W. Scott is a member of the Methodist Ejiiseopal Church and in politics is a Republican. He has served three terms on the Town Board in Bellmont and three on the School Board, and vk'hile living in Wayne County, served as High- way Commissioner. Fraternally he is a mem- ber of tlie Independent (Jrder of Odd Fellows No. 72il, of Bellmont. He is actively interested in the progress and welfare of the community and is an enterprising, energetic business man, who has been successful in building up one of the leading enterprises of his community. SEIBERT, James F. — Among the prosperous farmers of Wabash County. 111., who have demon- strated the advisability of following modem methods of carrying on their work and investing in high-grade stock, is James F. Seibert, who has spent most of his life on the farm where he now lives in Lancaster Precinct. Mr. Seibert was born on his present farm, June 21, 18(50. a son of Jacob and Mary Jane (Williams) Seibert, the former a native of Lancaster Precinct and the latter of Tennessee. Jacob Seibert was a son of Jacob and Catherine (Fritz) Seibert, of Le- high County Pa., and grandson of Solomon Seibert. a native of Pennsylvania, whose parents came to .\merica at the time of the Revolution. Mary Jane Williams is of Irish descent, a daugh- ter of .Tames Williams, who married a Miss Campbell. The paternal grandparents of James F. Seibert, Jacnli Seibert and wife, came to Wal)ash County on horseback in 18^2. settling in Lancaster Pre- cinct, on land they entered from the Government. The Williams family came down the Ohio River to Evansville, Ind.. then drove from there to Mt. Carmel. Mr. Williams was one of the early mail carriers from Mt. Carmel to Olney. kept a toll-gate, and worked at various other occupa- tions. Jacob Seii)ert. Jr.. and his wife settled on a farm in Lancaster Precinct .after their niar- riasre. He was a carpenter and worked on the first church built in Mt. Carmel. He also worked on many other buildings in the community. In politics he was a stanch Democrat. Mr. Seibert died in November, 1900. at the age of seventy- one years, and his widow now resides at Lan- caster, having reached the age of sixt.v-nine vears. They were parents of children as fol- low.? : James F. ; Charles, of Evansville. Ind. ; Antc'nette. Mrs. William Marks, of Bellmont : Catherine, Mrs. Isaac Guisewitt; Robert Lee and Clarence, of Lancaster Precinct ; Mary Jane. WABASH COUNTY (97 with her mother ; Laura, Mrs. Thomas Moore, of Lawrence Couut.v, 111. James F. Seibert attended the common schools of his neighborhood and the normal school at Danville. Ind. He lived with his parents until his marriage, June IG, 1884, to Maria Elizabeth Staninger, a native of Lancaster Precinct, daugh- ter of Ephraim and Esther (Biehl) Staninger, natives of Lehigh Couuty, Pa. For twelve years Mr. Seiben taught school in winter and worked at farming during the .summer, being successful in his profession. In 18'J4J he purchased a house and lot in Lancaster, being elected to the othce of County Treasurer at that time and serving four years in that position, during part of which time he was interested in mercantile business. In 1892 he purchased a half-interest with D. G. Sei- bert in a general store at Lancaster, which he held ten years, then sold out to N. E. C-ouch. Mr. Seibert now has 280 acres in two farms, one of them including the homestead of his father. He also owns forty acres of timber in Phelps County, Mo. Mr. Seibert cultivates all his land in Wa- bash County himself, and makes a specialty of raising registered American trotting horses, Hereford cattle. Poland-China hogs and Shrop- shire .sheep. He also raises some fine poultry. Children as follows were born to Mr. Seibert and his wife : Myrtle, Ernest. Iva. Ralph and Sheldon. Mr. Seibert is a Lutheran in religious faith and in politics is a Democrat. He has alw-ays favored every movement that he con sidered for the best interests of the public. SEIBERT, Reuben A., was bora in Lancaster Precinct. Wabash County, 111.. August 20. 18C2, a son of Keulien and Marj- (Markley) Seibert, both natives of Berks Cotmty, Pa., and a grand- son of Abraham Seibert. who was born in Ger- many. His grandparents were all born in Ger- many and came to America, settling in Pennsyl- vania, Berks County, about 17!M). In 18.S.3 they removed to Wabash County and settled in Lan- caster I'rci-inct (in the northwest quarter of Sec- tion 2. Township 1 North. Range 1.". West. The land was purchased from the Government and is yet in the hands of the family. Mr. Seibert's parents were married in this county and settled on the farm his father had purchased from the Government and lived tliere until their death which came June 10. 1884. for his mother, and Apiil 8. 180.S. for his father. Reuben A. Seibert was edticated in the com- mon schools of Wabash County and remained on his father's farm until his marriage to Sarah A. Marx, daughter of Samuel and Fannie (Schlanker) Marx. May IT. l.SS.">. After his marriage he settled on a rented farm near West Salem, in Edwards County. He remained here only a year, after which he removed to Wabash County and again settled on a rented farm in Lick Prairie Precinct and afterwards in Lan- caster Precinct. In .\U2Ust. 180.5. Mr. Seibert purchased a forty- acre farm in Section 21. and soon removed there- to, after having erected comfortable buildings. He has added to this farm until he now owns 120 acres, which he has developed into one of the best in the community equipped with all neces- s:ir.\ modern improvements. He was an exten- sive farmer and stock-raiser and for fourteen years was engaged in the live-stock business where he made countless friends by his honest dealings with everybody. In 1909 he was the unanimous choice of the Democratic party for County Commissioner and in November of the same year he was elected by a handsome majority. In the spring of 1910 Mr. Seibert engaged in the farm iuiplement business in Mt. Carmel, with his son Alvah A. and Mr. A. M. Carter. All indications are that the business will be very successful, as the proprietors are industrious men and possess good business judgment. The union of Mr. and Mrs. Seibert has been blessed with three children, two sous and a daughter. Alvah A., the older son. who was for six years one of the leading school teachers of the county and for one year teacher of grammar and ai-iilniietic in the Southern Collegiate Institute of Albion. 111., is now engaged in the implement business with his fsiMier. He is a Woodman, an Odd I'ellow and a Ma.son. Gideon E., who is now engaged in farming on his father's farm, was married to Miss Jes,sie Thompson, Febru- ary 12. 1910. He is a Woodman and an Odd Fel- low. Josie G.. the daughter, resides with her parents in Mt. Carmel. In religious faith Mr. Seibert is a Lutheran and has served as Deacon since 1900 and as Church Treasurer since 1007. Fraternally he is a Woodman and an Odd Fellow. His wife is a member of the Royal Neighbors and the Rebekahs. SEILER, Frederick Christian, Justice of the Peace ill Mt. Carmel Precinct. Wabash County, III., where he owns a well-improved farm of 240 acres, is a native of that precinct, born August 8. 1848. a son of Jacob and Ann Matilda (Beiim) Seller, the former born in Westliofen, Germany, and the latter in Lebanon County. Pa. The par- ents of Jacob Seiler were Frederick (born Sep- tember 1."). 17.88) and Elizabeth (Copp) Seiler, liorn February o. 1782. His wife's parents were Riidoliih and Mary Ann (McKee) Behm, the foiTuer born January 27. 1798. the latter July 27. 1808. and both natives of Pennsylvania. Frederick Seiler brought his family from Ger- many to New Orleans, thence by water to Evans- ville. Ind.. where they remained one winter. Jacob Seller was seventeen years of age when he came to the I'nited States, and during the winter of l.S.'!r;-:?4 he cut cord wood where the city of Kvansville now stands. The family settled on a farm of pight.v acres in Mt. Carmel Precinct, all timber land except about twenty acres, which was cleareil. A log cabin liad been built there and the father and mother spent the rest of their lives on this land. Jacob Seller lived with his parents until his marriage, then settled on his father's farm. His wife's parents had movM to 798 WABASH COUNTY Wabash County in 1832. He secured the home- stead after his lather's death and also became the owner of several other farms. He was a farmer all his lite and became iutlueutial in Wa- bash Count}'. He served one term as County Commissioner and many years as Township School Treasurer. He was born December 16, 1817, and died November 12, 1900, while his widow, born August 7, 1829, died in 1902. They were parents of eleven children, of whom Fred- erick C. was the oldest. The others were : Mary Ann died in infancy; David, of Chico, Cal. ; John G. died May 2U, 1902; Elizabeth, Mr.s. J. O. Wood, of Friendsville Precinct ; Jennie, Mrs. George Ewald, of Bellmont Precinct; Amelia died in infancy; Sebastian and Jacob E., twins, the former living in Mt. Carmel Precinct and the latter died March 10, 1902; Clara M., Mrs. C. S. Andrus, of Friendsville Precinct; Emma, Mrs. U. G. Grundou, of Mt. Carmel Precinct. Frederick C. Seller remained at home with his parents until his marriage and received his edu- cation in the district schools of the neighborhood. He married. May 31 1877, Louisa Virginia Kis- ley, who was born at Mt. Carmel. December IS, 1854. daughter of Ezra and Margaret H. (Wal- lace) Risley, he born in Mt. Carmel Precinct and she in Virginia. Mrs. Seller's grandparents were Jeremiah and Kachel Risley, of Xew Jer- sey, and Elijah and Jane Wallace, of Virginia. After his marriage Mr. Seller took up his resi- dence on a farm of 120 acres given him bv his father, all timber land. He cleared a space and In December. 187(5, began building a house, which was ready the following spring. The following year he erected a good barn and began exten- sively clearing his farm, and soon bought another 120 acres, all in timber except thirty acres. He no\y has 160 acres of land under cultivation, upon which he has a magnificent new residence of ten rooms, with all modern improvements. He has been very successful as a farmer and raises .short horn cattle for market and Jersev cows for dairying purjwses. He also raises Poland China hogs and German coach-horses. He is well known and highly respected in the com- munity and has taken an active Interest in pub- lic affairs. He is a Democrat and was elected County Coniinissioner in 1888, serving three years. He has been a School Trustee since isg-^ and since the fall of 1909 has been Justice of the Peace. He was a very active member of the Patrons of Husbandry of Wabash County and Past Overseer of the State Grange of IlUnols. He and his family are members of the Evangeli- cal Lutheran Church and are active in support- ing every worthy cause. The following children have been born to Mr. Seller and wife: Xellie V horn August 2. 1878. a school teacher ; Lottie E ' horn March 19. 18.S0, living with her Grand- mother Risley: Reulah I., born December '^O 1881. married J. W. Heinrich. live in St. Louis' Mo., and they have three children— (William' horn August 1.",, 1004; Lottie. Iwrn August 19 liKlfi. and Walter Frederick, born Julv 17. 19101 • Mabel Grace, born February 29, 1884. at home- Ethel, died March 27, 1891, at the age of two years ; E\-erett E., born June 28, 1886 ; Irving S born January 4, 1891 ; Waldo F., born Dec-ember 2o, 1892 ; Freda E., born January 1, 1S95. SEILER, George, member of a family that has been prominent in Wabash County, 111., for sev- eral generations, «as born in (iibson County, lud., March 3, 18o4, son of John and Mary (Mauckj Seller. John Seiler was born in Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, and his wife in Harrison County, Ind. He was a son of Frederick Seiler who brought his family to Wabash County, lU.', m 1830. Mary Mauck was a daughter of (jhrist- ley aud Mary Mauck, the former born near Alexandria, Va. Mr. Mauck brought his famUy to Gibson County about 1860, and about 1880 he and his wife moved to Owensville, but died at lort Branch, Ind., about 1885. John Seiler and his wife were married about 1860, in Gibson County, and after living with her father a couple of years, they moved to Wabaah County and purchased an eighty-four acre farm in Mt. Carmel Township. This farm contained some of the most heavily timbered land in the county, and he at once set out to clear and de- velop it. He lu-ought it to a high state of culti- vation and became a successful farmer. He died there July 12. ItMJO. his wife having passed away November 16. 1903. They vN-ere parents of chil- dren as follows: William and Farley, died in in- fancy: George; James and Catherine, on the home farm ; Jlary. Mrs. John H. Schrodt, of Mt Carmel Township; and Christley and Margaret on the home farm. ' The early days of George Seiler were spent on the home farm, and as soon as old enough he be- gan assisting with the work of operating it. He attended Sugar Creek District School and there received a good common school education. He lived at home until his marriage, September 14 1893, to Ida B. Tilton. born at Mt. Carmel January 6, 1870, daughter of Isaac and Mary L (Shadle) Tilton. both natives of Wabash County. She IS a grand-daughter of Daniel and Phebe (\\ alters) Tilton, the former a native of New Jersey, and the latter of Gibson Countv. Ind., and of Samuel and Barbara (Dale) Shadle. the former a native of Pennsylvania. After his mar- riage .Mr. Seiler moved to a farm of eightv-four acres, which he had purchased a few years prior. He has placed the entire farm under "cultivation! and although there was a house on it. he has in- stalled all other improvements and has left but eight .acres in timber. Besides general farming he raises a good grade of horses, cattle and hogs. He and his wife became parents of children as follows: Lowell E.. born September 16, 1894; Harry Fay. born March 1(5. 1897; and Mary Aleta. born May 21. 1903. Mr. Seiler is a pub- lic-spirited, useful citizen and activelv interested in tlie welfare and in-ogress of the "community. He is a stanch Reiniblican and .served three years as School Director. SEILER, Jacob Ellsworth (deceased).— \monff the f.irmers of Wabash County. III., who have WABASH COUNTY 799 been more than usually successful and have been considered among the most useful and public- spirited citizens of the county, have been many members of the Seller family, which has been well represented here since Frederick Seller (born in Germany, in 17S8), came to the county with his family in 1830. He was the progenitor of a large f;iniily, most of whom have followed agricultural pursuits. His grandson, Jacob Ellsworth Seller, was born in Wabash County, June 22. 1802, son of Jac-ob Seller, of Jit. Car- mel Precinct. Jacob Seiler was about seven- teen yeai-s of age when bis father came to imer- ica, and he inherited the farm which his father secured in Mt. Cannel Precinct. He and his wife, Ann Matilda (Behm) Seiler, are given somewhat extended mention m connection with the sketch of their son, Frederick Christian Seller, to be found elsewhere in this work. The late Jacob E. Seiler was born on the farm where his entire liCe was spent, and at the time of his marriage, his father deeded the homestead to him, with the provision that be was to provide a home for his parents as long as they lived. This was the farm his Grandfather Seiler had se- cured and started to clear. The portion of the farm which was given Jacob E. Seiler was 130 acres containing the house, and to this tract he added until he owned 173 acres in one body. Here he always ciirried on general farming and stock-raising, and was up-to-date in his methods. He had received a good education, having taken a course at the University of Illinois, and another at the Danville (Illinois) Normal School. He made the most of his opportunities for securing learning and culture, and was an intelligent, well-read man, keeping in touch with current topics and events. He was a member of the Lutheran Church and fraternally belonged to the Modern Woodmen of America and the Knights of Pythias, of Mt. Carmel. He was a stanch Demo- crat and served two years as Master in Chan- cery, also four years as Justice of the Peace. December 8, 1880, Mr. Seiler married Emma Rlsle.v, bom at Mount Carmel, September 11, 1868, a daughter of Ezra Risley. and to this union children were born as follows : Jacob Oliver, born Decenilier 1. 1890: Lyman Eston. born May 14, 1892 ; and Herman Mauley, born May 2.'?. 180.5. Mr. Seiler died March 16. 1902. mourned by a large circle of friends and missed by the entire community. He had been a kind neighbor and sincere friend, and was well liked by all who had dealings with him. for his many good traits of character and sterling honesty and integrity. His widow and children reside on the homestead and carr.v on the home farm. SEILER, Peter Jacob.— .\ retired farmor and business man. living in Mt. Carmel Precinct. Wabash County. 111., is a native of that precinct, born September 12. ]S.")7. a son of Henry and Margaret (Oswald) Seiler. natives of Hesse- Darmstadt. Germany, the former horn In 181.5. The father came to New Orleans In 18.35. and worked there eight years as a mill-wright, then coming to Wabash County, 111., where he was married about 1845. Keturuing to New Orleans after his marriage, he worked a few years at his trade, and then bought a farm two miles west of Mt. Carmel, which was partly improved. Here he carried on farming until his death, February 6, 1870, though several years before his death he was an invalid and had to leave the actual work to others. His wite died December 26, 1869. They were parents of children as follows: Lewis, decased ; Elizabeth, died in 1869 ; John F., deceased : Peter J. ; and Edward, deceased. Peter J. Seiler spent his boyhood on the home farm and attended the district school, helping with the farm work as soon as old enough. He was about eighteen years of age at the time of his father's death, and then received his iwrtion of the estate, where he began farming on his own account. He built a house and barn, and in .\pril, 1883, he and his brother, Lewis, bought out the shares of the other sons, and later divided the land, Peter receiving as his share eighty- three and one-half acres in Section 30. To this he added eighty-four acres, which he bought from his brother, John, and nineteen acres from Louis Glick, a half-mile from the home place. He has made all possible improvements and has erected substantial buildings for his stock. April 3. 1883. Mr. Seiler married Elizabeth Hart, who was born in Bavaria, Germany, a daughter of Gerhardt and Gertrude (Celtz) Hart. Mr. Hart died in Germany and his widow brought her family to Wabash County in 1876, where she was afterward married to Nicholas Peters, of Mt. Carmel. The following children were liorn to Mr. Seiler and his wife : Gertrude, born April 28. 1884, at home ; L(>, and after spending one year at Mt. Carmel, bought a farm in the precinct, where both died, the former October 29, 1892, and his wife April 21, 1885. They were parents of twelve children. After his marriage Mr. Seiler located on a farm of 127 acres, given him b.v his father, in Sections .34 and 35, Mt. Carmel Pre- cinct, to which he has since added three acres. This farm was partly cleared and improved and Mr. Seiler cleared thirty acres more, putting the entire farm under cultivation. He has carried on general farming and makes a specialty of raising registered Shorthorn cattle. Since 1892 he has made a business of buying and feeding cat- tle, hogs, lior.ses. mules and sheep, which he ships to market. He has embarked extensivel.v into the business of buying and selling live-stock, which he has found very satisfactory. T\vo children have been born to Mr. Seiler and his wife namely: Leah, born August 31, 1889. died Octolier 8. 1890; and Lela, born June .30, 1893. is at home. Mr. Seiler is a stockholder in Mt. Carmel Banking & Trust Company and is President df the .\lbion District Mutual Wind- storm & O'clone Insurance Company, of .\lbion. He takes great Interest in the welfare and prog- ress of the county, and in political principles is a Prohibitionist. He is a member of the Luth- eran Church and always ready to support any measure he believes to be for the public welfare. He sen'ert one term as School Director, but is not an office-seeker. Mr. Seiler belongs to Wa- bash Ivodge No. 35. Independent Order of Odd Fellow.s, and the Modern Woodmen of America, of Sugar Creek. He is highly esteemed for his a: w o o X n X r. r, X WABASH COUNTY 801 many f;oo(l qualities of mind and heart, and is a representative and public-spirited eitineu. SEXTON, Sydney A.— Tlie art of pliotography requires careful study and loug yeare of prac- tic-e belore proticiencj- is readied, and in this line a uiau has an opi)ortuuity to exercise his artistic taste to a gratifying degree. The principal photo- graph studio in Mt. Caruiel, 111., is owned and oi)erated hy Sydney A. Sexton, who has estab- lished a good business and stands well in the community. Jlr. Sexton was born in Odell, Liv- ingston County, 111., June 5, 180!>, a son of Alonzo and Mary (Wanchope) Sexton, the former a na- tive of Hartford, Conn., and the latter of Living- ston County. Alonzo Sexton was a farmer and owned land in Livingston County. He served in the One Hundred Twenty-ninth lUiuois Volunteer Infantry, and during his service was crippled by rheumatism. In ISTU he sold his farm and moved to Grayville. Wabash County, where he owned a place, and some years later he moved to Lacon, 111., where he died. His widow now lives with her children. They had two children, Sydney A., and Annie. Mrs. J. W. Johnston, of Springfield, Mo. AVhen he reached the age of eighteen years Sydney A. Sexton began earning his own living. He had been educated in the common and high schools and began life on his own account as salesman for a house that enlarged photographs. He traveled two and a half years through the Southern States, and one year in Indiana and Illinois, and during this time took up the study of photography in Warren and Grayville. He then took up the business of taking views on his own account, traveling through Wabash. Ed- wards and White Counties, 111., two years, then went to Indiana and spent two years in similar business. He first opened a studio at Lacon. 111., and after siiending eight years there looked for a larger town in which to establish himself. In October. ISKe. he located in Mt. Carniel. 111.. and by the 10th of that montli had his studio ready for business. He is an expert photogra- pher and does all kinds of work in this line, also enlarges photograiihs and does crayon work. His studio is 2.5 by 100 feet, and is fitted with all the latest cameras and aitpllnnces. He has erected a handsorn March 11. 100.3; Elizabeth, born January 1-1. 1007. >rr. .Sexton is n prnminont and active member of the Methodist Episcopal Church and in politics Is an Independent Republican. He is affiliated with the Mystic Workers of the World and with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. N'o. .3.5. of Mt. Cariiicl. lie and his wife have a wide circle of friends and are highly esteemed. SEYBOLD, Charles.— Among the successful Ger- mau-^Vmericaus of Illinois are to be tound many who came to the United States without any other asset than their youth and strength, coupled with a willingness to work hard in the struggle to gain a foothold in the new country. Such a man is Charles Seybold. of Frieudsville Precinct. Wabash County. Mr. Seybold was born in Wurtemburg, Germany, March 8, 1839, son of John and Madeline Seybold, the latter of whom died when Charles was but six years old. As a boy Charles Seybold attended school in his native country and at the age of sixteen years came to America, locating in Bartholomew County, Ind., where he worked at farming by the month until his marriage, August 2. ISOG, to Elizabeth Boman, born October 25. 1845, in De- catur County. Ind.. daughter of Samuel and Mar- garet (Anderson) Boman. of New Jersey. Mr. Boman and his wife removed to In4. Their children were : Granville W. aud Minnie, who died in infancy ; All>ert G.. who died In 1894 : Frederick, and Sarah Ella. Frederick Sharp attended the public school iu his home district and spent one term at Leb- anon Normal School. When twenty years old he began teaching and continued six years iu this profession. He has always taken an active interest iu any question connected with the pub- lic welfare aud gives his substantial supiiort to every worthy cause. He has lived on the home farm since retiring from the profession of teacher and be and his sister. Sarah Ellen, have added to it until they ni>w own 2."il acres iu one body. Since 18!« their aunt. Elizabeth Chapman, has lived with tliera. Mr. Shai-p carries on gen- eral farming and raises a good line of cattle aud hogs for the market, as well as a good grade of horses. He is energetic and industrious aud has been very successful in a business way. For ten years he has been a Director of tlie American National Bank of Jit. Carmel. aud is Secretary and nirector of Mt. Carmel Canning Company. In politics he is a Republican aud served two and one-half years as District Road Clerk. In 1910 he was the Republican candidate for County Treasurer. Mr. Shai-p is a man of recognized probity and business ability aud has been administrator of several estates. He is a member of the Jleth- odist Episcopal Church, served as Assistant Class r^eader aud Assistant Sunday School Superin- tendent, and was for two years President of the Sunday School .\ssociation of Mt. Carmel Pre- cinct. Mr. Sharp was married .Tuly 3. 1910. to Miss Susan Stoltz. an intellisrent and popular voung lady, who is descended from one of the pioneer families of the county. His sister, Sarah Ella, was married April 10, 1910, to Mr. Beauchamp Kigg, who was boru and raised iu Wabash County, aud is a member of one of its best aud most favorably known families, and who is at present Cashier of the American Exchange Bank at Browns. Edwards County, 111. SHEARER, Barber Austin, a retired farmer of Lick I'rairie Preciuct, Wabash Couuty, 111., Is au bouured Civil War veteran and has beeu a resident of the communitj- where he now lives for more thau half a century. Mr. Shearer was born in Franklin Couuty, Mass., July 0, 1836, sou of Joseph aud Elizabeth (Canedy) Shearer, the former a native of Massachusetts and the latter of Windham Countj-, Vt. Joseph Shearer was a son of William Shearer, of Boston, and his wife was a daughter of Thomas Canedy, of Vermont. Joseph Shearer married (first) a Miss (iregg. iu Massachusetts, and was a soldier in the War of 1S12, removing to Mt. Carmel about two years after the war. Mrs. Shearer died in Mt. Carmel aud her husband returned to his native State, where he remained until his sec- ond marriage, to Elizabeth Canedy, and In 1854 be brought his family to Wabash County, buy- ing land iu Friendsville Precinct, where he spent the remainder of his life. He died in 1857 and his widow survived him ten years. They liad children as follows : Joseph, of Loveland, Ohio ; Jane, died in Massachusetts, a year ago ; Ear- lier A. : Christopher, deceased ; Lura, Mrs. John Dardeen. now decea.sed ; Thomas, died while serving in the Fuion army : Lucy, Mrs. Lorin Jordan, of Alamosa. Colo. ; Lucinda, Mrs. James Payne, of Lick Prairie Preciuct ; Laura A., died iu Childhood : Augeline aud Jonathan, died in childhood, in Massachusetts. The education of Barber A. Shearer -was ac- quired iu the (Ommon schools of Franklin County. Mass.. and he remained with his parents in Wabash Couuty until the father's death, then, with his mother and two sisters, started back to Massachusetts on a visit. The.v made the jour- ney in 1861. aud when tliey had proceeded as far as Olive Green. Delaware County. Ohio, Mr. Shearer learned of the President's call for 75,- 000 men. Mr. Shearer enlisted, in April, 1861. in Company I, Fourth Ohio Volunteers, spending a week in training iu Columbus, then being sent to Camp Deiinison. His regiment was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, and Mr. Shearer re- mained constantly with his regiment except when he spent three weeks in a hospital and was en- gaged iu manv important engagements, including the battles of Antientan. the Wilderness, etc. He received his discharge in the summer of 1S64. then returned to Illinois and purchased 120 .ncres of land in Mt. Carmel Precinct, living on this farm thirty years and making all jxissihle improvements. He then traded it for the .Tames Mnndv farm iu Lick Prairie Precinct, where he bns 2?.0 acres of fine land, all improved except tbirtv acres of timber. Mr. Shearer has been retired from active life since 1890, and his son WABASH COUNTY 803 llatry and bis sou-in-law, Otto Marx, operate the farm. He is well kiiowu for liis energy and industry and bus been one ot the most success- tul farmers of bis community. .Mr. Shearer married, in July, 1866, Edith Brines, who was born iu Lick Prairie Precinct, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Lyman Brines, na- tives of Wabash County and New York, respect- ively. Children as follows have blessed this union : Thomas, of Centralia, Wash. ; Mary, Mrs. Fred Palmer, of Seattle. Wash. ; May, Mrs. Otto Mar.x, on the home farm; Harry, on the home farm, married Ethel Beard. SHEARER, George C. (deceased), who was a veteran ot the Civil War, discharged with the rank of Sergeant, developed a tine larm ia Friendsville l're<-iuct and worked many years at the trade of carpenter in Wabash County. Mr. Shearer was born iu Franklin County, Mass., October 3. 1836, a sou of Joseph and Elizabeth Shearer, of Massachusetts. He remained iu Ver- mont, whither his parents bad moved, and re- ceived a common school education in that State. Mr. Shearer married, December 24, 1859, Catherine Case, who was born in Lick Prairie Precinct. Wabash County. January i), 1841, a daughter of Jonathan and Theresa Jane (Mc- Dowell) Case, of Orange County. X. Y. Mr. Case and wife were married in New York and became early settlers of Wabash County, enter- ing land from the Government, which they im- proved and occupied until a few years before his death, when they moved to Mt. Carmel. Mr. Case died in 1802 and bis widow survived him many years, passing away in 1887, at the age of eighty years. They had children as follows: David and Chauncey. deceased: Julia, widow of Benjamin Fuller, of Tell City. Ind. ; John, died in the Union army ; Charles, died at the summer home, at Sleep.v Eye. Minn. ; Theodore, of Sleepy E.ve: Clark, of Sumner. 111.: George, of Valley Center. Kan. Mrs. Shearer is the fifth child. After bis marriage Mr. Shearer rented a farm in Lick Prairie Precinct. At the time of the Civil War he responded to the call of his coun- try and enlisted, in the fall of 1861. in the One Hundred Fifteenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, serving until the end of the war. making a good record as a soldier. He participated in man.v important engagements but was never wounded. While he was away his wife remained with her mother and upon his return he remained with his wife's i>eoi)le until 18".". when he purchased ninety acres of unimproved land, wliich he be- gan to cultivate and develop, erecting a com- fortable house and other buildings. He worked at his trade of carnenter also, and built a sood many houses in the vicinity. Fie was enter- prising and energetic and became successful in his undertakings. .\t the time of his death he owned eighty acres of fine land, on which his widow now resides. He was nnich interested in the cause of education and every movement he deemed for the good of the community. He was a Republic.nn in politics and served many years as Sdiool Director. He had a host of friends and was highly esteemed among bis army comrades in particular, and by all who knew him and grew to appreciate his many good mualities. Mr. Shearer died at his home, January 8, 1806, aud was buried at Gard's Point. Children as follows were boru to Mr. Shearer and his wife : George Henry, of Ontario, Ore. ; Nora Angeline, Mrs. Alfred Putnam, of Wabash County; James, of Centralia. Wash.; Frank aud Samuel, died in infancy ; Adelbert, of Centralia, Wash.; Clarence, of Mt. Carmel, 111.; Lucy Bell, Mrs. Lemuel JIalone, of Washington ; Fannie Maria, Mrs. Joseph Majors, resides with her mother ; Carl, of Centralia, Wash. SHOAFF, Ross. — Many men who have led an active lile are not willing to retire from their work, eveu after they have pas.sed the age at which most men rest from all labor and prepare to .spend their remaining days in ease. Such a man is Koss Shoaff, who was boru in Washing- ton County, Pa., October 3, 1834, and has for many years beeu engaged in contracting in Wa- bash County, 111. He is a son of Jacob and Mar- tha (Wolfenburger) Shoaff, both natives of I-;ebanon County, Pa., and a grandson of John Wolfenburger, of Lancaster County, Pa. Mr. Shoaff received his education iu the dis- trict schools of his native county and there in 1800 learned the trade of bricklaying and plaster- ing. In 1854 he came with a brother to Terre Haute, Ind., aud though they had plenty of "wild- cat" money, this was of no use to them on ac- count of the failure of so many banks. Ross Shoaff began working at his trade aud a year later returned for his parents, who came with him. bringing their daughter also. They then moved to Friendsville. 111. Ross Shoaff built up a good business in the line of contracting and erected a great many of the best buildings of Mt. Carmel. as well as other buildings throughout that region. He made his home in the village of Friendsville until 1868, when he traded his village i)roi>erty for a tract of land in Friends- ville Precinct, and in 1870 he exchanged that in turu for his present home one mile east of Friendsville. where he owns fifty-nine acres. He continues his business of contracting and at times em[iloys from six to ten men. He has been suc- cessful in this line of work, is a man of execu- tive ability aud business judgment. Mr. Shoaff married (first) May 0. 1861. Dor- thula Keen, who was bom in Coffee Precinct, daughter of Daniel and Julydia (McClain) Keen, natives of Ohio. Tvro children blessed this union, namely: Maggie, married Dr. William I. Farr. who died, and she married (second) Scott Secerns, of Edward County. 111. : Orion, died at the ase of three vears. Mrs. Shoaff died Febru- ary- 7. 1870. and Mr. Shoaff married (second) De- cember I>. 1874. Mary Ellen Pixley. who was born in Friendsville Precinct, a daughter of William and Lnura f White) Pixley. the former a native of .\nrora. N. Y.. born December 7. 1703. and died December 7. 1876. and the latter born in Boston. Mass.. November 10. 1700. and died •Vugnst 1. 1805. Mr. Pixley and his wife were 804 WABASH COUNTY uiun-ied in 1S20, after which they lived ou the prairie iu Friendsville I'reciuet, ou the tarm where he died, after which his widow spent the reuiaiuder ot her days with her daughter, Mrs. Slioaff. -Mr. I'ixley was a soldier iu the War of 1.S12. lie v.-allied to Vermout aud back on an errand for his lather, a distance of about 1,0(XI miles, ilr. I'ixley was 'a son of Job and Abigail (I'atcheni I'ixley. of Vermont, aud his wife was a daughter of John aud Lydia (Woodruff) White. Mrs. Laura (White) I'ixley started with a sister for the West, coming down the Ohio River aud stopping over Sunday iu Kentucky. Seeing a cabin on the opixislte side of the river they went across, and while playing on a sand bar they saw a man and woman named Evans. A town had just been platted and the man said it was to be named for his nephew, Robert Evans. This was iu IJSlti. The family came to Wabash Countv iu that year aud eutered land in Frleuds- ville I'reciuet iu 1S18. One child was born by the second marriage of Mr. Shoaff, Bertha E., Mrs. Philip Kiue, of Golden Gate. Wayne County, 111. Jlr. Shoaff is a member of the Christian Church iu which he has been Deacon since 1880. In politics he is a Democrat. He has always been interested in public affairs and has contrib- uted his share to the progress and development of his county. He is a good type of an ambitious, useful citizen, and is held in high esteem where- ever ne is kncwi.. SIMONDS, William (deceased).— In the death of William Simonds the people of Mt. Carmel, IU., lost a good man and a representative citizen, one whose long life was full of usefulness. He was born October 25, 182."i. a sou of Elijah and Katli- erine ( Ulm ) Simonds. Elijah Simonds was boru in Oliio and came to Wabash County when a young man. settling in a still uncleared part of the county, where he subseciuently engaged in farming. lie married Katherine Ulm. who was of German descent but was born in Ohio, and they had three children, William being the only one to survive infancy. William Simonds obtained his knowledge of books in the district schools of Wabash Comity. From earlv voutli he was of a serious east of mind and ' united with the Methodist Church, later becoming a local preacher and in that call- iiiiT visited many jiarts of the county and became well and fnvorablv known. When his father died he inherited the home farm of eighty acres, a large portion of it yet reniaiiiing uncleared. To the clearing up of this land and to its im- provement and cultivation. Mr. Simonds devoted himself, these cares restricting somewhat his labors in the local ministry, nUhough to the close of his life he was an active and useful member of the church. On AUL'ust 12. 1.S4fl. Mr. Simonds was married to Mary R. Hill, horn Februarv 7, 1827, in New .Jersey and was brought to Wabash Countv by her nn rents in 1887. She was a daughter of Horace Hill, a native of that State, who formerly followed tbe son. He married Dorcas H-ickett. also a native of New .Jersey, and they were the pareuts of three sous and three daughters who survived, two children being born after the family came to Wabash County. The names are as follows: Sarah, Rhoda, Mary R., John, Sam- uel. Morris, Aaron, Ann Eliza aud Harriet, Hor- ace Hill located at first ou Bald Hill I'rairie, en- tering loriy acres from the (joverument, a part of which he cleared up and improved aud con- tinued to live ou that place until the close of his life. To Mr. and Mrs. Simonds eleven children were born, all on the old Simonds homestead. They were given the loUowiug names : C.vnis, Nathan, William, Edward, Maria, Eliza, Abraham, Al- fred, Anna, Ellsworth and James, Of these : Cyrus, Nathan, William, Abraham and James are deceased. In his political sentiments, the late William Simonds was a Republican aud he was ever a loyal supporter of the Government. During the great Civil War he served one year as a soldier in Co. I. Thirty -second Illinois Volunteer Infan- try, being discharged ou account of disability. He was identified w-ith both the Masons and the Odd Fellows. Mrs. Simonds died April 18, 1910. SMITH, Edwin, a life-long resident and repre- sentative farmer of Wabash I'reciuet, Wabash Oouut}-, 111., was born December 4, 1851, a son of George and Mary (Banks) Smith, the former a native of Indiana and the latter of Lawrence County, 111. George Smith and his wife were children of John and Rebecca (Ballard) Smith, of Nw Ilaniiishire and New York, respectively, and Alexander and Nancy Banks, all pioneers of Wabash County. John Smith was a farmer and tinsmith, (ieorge Smith and his wife mar- ried and settled iu the northwestern c-orner of Wabash Precinct, where they acquired 300 acres of land, on which he made man,y improve- ments. He died in December, 1860, and his widow died in February, 1002, at the age of eighty years. Their children were: Helen, Mrs. Daniel Hersliey. a widow, living iu Oklahoma : Rebecca, Mrs. Theophilus Smith, who died at Bridgeport. 111. : Nancy Ann. Mrs. Newton Schrader, of Lawrence County, 111. ; Mary, lives with her brother Edwin ; James B.. died in Wabash Precinct; Edwin; Sarah, Mrs. Aimer Wood, of Mt. Carmel ; Hester, Mrs. Edwin Curr.v, died in Wabash Precinct; George B., of Wabash Precinct. In his toyhood Edwin Smith attended the pub- lic schools and as soon as old enough helped in the work on his father's farm. Having lost his father when ho was aliout seven years of age, he lived with his mother until he was tliirty- six ve'irs old, .-iltbough he had purchased a ninety-five acre farm on Section 0. Wabash Pre- cinct, which was partly improved. He now lives on his own farm, which he has all under culti- ration except tn-entv acres of timber. It was partly improved, but he has erected all the build- ings on it and added many other improvements. He does n sreT'eral line of fannint' and stock- raising, and tbromrli his industrv and crond judg- ment lias won a gratifying degree of success. His MARSHAIJ. WOOD I. \V. CI.IM': AND FAMILY WABASH COUNTY 805 sister Mary has beeu his liouselieeper siuce Uie death of his mother. Both are unmarried. Mr. Smith is a publif-spirjted, useiul citizen and ac- tively interested iu Uie public welfare, lie is a Democrat in political views. SMITH, Dr. James Edward. — Many prominent physicians of Illinois have acquired their medical educations through their own efforts, and have found it necessary to worii very- hard to earn the uioney with which to pursue their studies. Dr. James Edward Smith, of Mt. Carmel, who is a veteran of the Civil War, and present member of the United States Pension E.\aiulniug Board, has taken a prominent part in public affairs siuce living in Wabash County, and enjoys a lucrative practice in Mt. Carmel. Dr. Smith was born iu Campbell County, Ky., December 11, 1838, a son of George Washington and Ilhoda (Jenner) Smith, Iwth natives of Campbell County. When George Washington Smith was a small child his father died and he was reared by an uncle, a .Mr. Harrison, with whom he lived until his marriage. He became a farmer in Kentucliy and iu June, 184(1, came with his family to Rich- laud County, 111., making the journey by horse and wagon, and settling near Olney. He en- tered 12(1 acres of goverimient land, eighty acres of prairie and forty of timber. He improved the former but retained the timber. He died in 1868, his wife having passed away in March, 18t!5. They had eleven children, of whom James E. was the second. Dr. James E. Smith remained with his par- ents until he was twenty-two years of age. then spent his summers in farm work and taught school in the winter until April IT. ISC.l. when he enlisted in the Eiglith Illinois Volunteer Infan- try, lint the company in which he enlisted being already full, he Vas not accepted. In June of the same year he enlisted in the Eleventh Mis- souri Volunteers, but his father having been disabled by an accident, he found it necessary to withdraw his name until his father's recovery. On .Vugnst ."i. l.Srt2. he re-enlisted at Olney. Ill,, in Conipanv B, Ninety-eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and his company was first assigned to duty at Louisville, Ky.. but being taken sick at Bowling Green. Ky.. he was there placed on de- tailed duty until January 1. ISOn. wh(>n by order of General Rosecrans. all detailed soldiers re- ported for duty at Murfrecsboro. Upon reaching Murfreeshoro in January. 1S(«. he was assigned to Wildcr's Brigade, and the next spring they were mounted. They were engaged in service in Tennessee, opposing the progress of Gen- eral .Morgan, and in June. 1S(«. Wilder held the pass -it Hoover's Gap. against the ronfederates. Dr. Smith was placed on duty in the field hos- T'itnl. where be had to stand guard in his turn. tl,o .-.me as the other soldiers. He was a mem- ber of the division that captured Jefferson Davis, near Macon. Ga. ,\fter his discharge at Spring- fielrl. Jnlv .". ISr..". he returned home. .\fter the war Mr. Smith continued teaching during winters and worked at farming during the summer, until 1870, when he began the study jf medicine under Dr. D. Bates, of Calhoun, near Olney. HI. After spending u year there he at- tended the Eclectic Medical College at Ciiiciu- nati, and a year later began practicing medicine at St. Fraucisville, 111., where he remained four years, then tor twenty-seven yeare practiced his prolession at Allendale. His work was mostly in the country and. in VM2. he gave up his prac- tice at Allendale and removed to Mt. Carmel, where he is engaged in city practice only. He has sold his Allendale property and bought a residence in Mt. Carmel. April 7, 18t;7, Dr. Smith married Nancy How ay, who was burn in .Vrkausas, and they had chil- dren as follows: Lena, died at the age of one year : Hayward died at the age of nineteen months ; Zillah, Mrs. G. W. Klindera, of Tulare County, Cal., has two daughters ; Edwin Freeman, killed at Harrisburg, IU., in August, 1900: Elmer, ticket and passenger agent of the Iron Mountain *; Missouri Pacific Railroad Com- pany, at Memphis, Teiin.. is married and has two children ; Morris, ticket agent for the Big Four Railroad Coiiipaiiy at Mt. Carmel: Mattie, married Ed. L. Ilolsen, Deputy Circuit Clerk of Wabash County, and they have two daughters and one son ; Vera Grace, at home. In 1877 Dr. Smith re-entered the Eclectic Medi- cal College, at Cincinnati, and graduated there- from in 187S, receiving his degree. He is a stanch Republican in politics, having cast hi.s first vote for .Vhraham Lincoln, and served four years as Postmaster at .\lleiidale. under Presi- dent ILirri-oii. He still has in his po.ssession a draft on the Fuited States Postoffice Depart- ment which was sent to him at the close of his service in the department, the amount of the same heins' one cent, the number 0276 and the Auditor's Report Number 385.35. Dr. Smith was appointed a member of the Pension E.xamining Board February 15, 1004, and served some time as Secretary, but is now its Treasurer. He is prominent in Grand .\rmy circles and is a mem- ber of T. S. Bowers Post, No. 125, of Mt. Car- mel. He belongs to the State Eclectic Society. He has been a member of the Methodist Episco- pal Cliurch since he was fourteen years of age and is active in church work. He stands well in his [irofession and has the confidence and es- teem of all who know him. SMITH, Rozander, who has resided in Wabash County. HI., nearly ninety years, is a son of one of the earliest settlers of that region, born April !), 1817. in Ftica, N. T., and brought to Illinois by his parents in 1821. His parents. Rausler V. and Mary fOrmshy> Smith, were both natives of New York, the former a son of Benjamin F. Smith, who served scv<>n .vears in the Revolu- tionary War. Rausler Smith and his wife came down the Allegheny to the Ohio River, thence on to the Wabash. u|i which they came to Old Palmyra, in Wabash Count>-. They settled on government land in Lancaster Precinct and later bought land, jiart prairie and part timber. At that time there were many deer, hears, panthers 806 WABASH COUNTY and wolves in the iieigbburhood, as well as In- diaus. Tbe mother died at Lancaster, iu 1823, and was the first person buried iu the cemetery there. Mr. Smith married (second) Jane l\irner, and lived in the northwesteru part of Lancaster Precinct. lie died in Evansville, lud., iu 1844, having lived there about six months. By his first marriage he had four children, o( whom Kozander was the oldest, the others being: Rosella, deceased ; Lucetta, Mrs. Barney Higgins, of Berryville, Richland Couuty, 111. ; and a daugh- ter who died iu infancy. By his second marriage Mr. Smith had five children, as follows: Perrln, deceased; Abner, and Simeon (twins), Franklin, and Jane, all deceased. When fifteen years of age Rozander Smith was bound out to George Glick, of Lancaster Precinct, for whom he worked three years before securing his freedom, then continued iu his employ a few years longer, tor two mouths of that time, help- ing to build bridges on the first railroad con- structed through Mt. Carmel, Mr. Smith and John Sproul started in a canoe for Xew Orleans, and after they had proceeded about twelve miles down the Wabash River, they were halted by a crew of men who were raising a building, one of the crew pointing a gun at them aud asking them to come ashore. Jlr. Smith pointed a gun at him In turn, advising that he and his comrade did not care to disembark, aud they were allowed to go on tlieir way, They landed that night at the home of Eli Comi]ton, who was building a boat, and the.v made a contract with him to help him in return for their passage to Xew Orleans. By the time the boat was finished the river was frozen over. Mr. Sproul and Mr. Smith pro- ceeded to Shawueetown ou foot and worked two days there in a saw-mill, cutting slabs, then se- cured a ]iosition cutting liard wood, at which they worked several days, then engaged to go to Xew Orleans, securing forty dollars apiece for the trip. Their boat was sunk at Plum Point, being run into by another boat. They then secured passage to Vicksburg, where Mr. Smith and Mr. Sproul obtained passage on a coasting boat, hir- ing out for one dollar a da.v and hoard. After these adventures and mishaps, they finally reached Xew Orleans, worked there four days aud then started back, after reaching Evansville, Ind., walking the rest of the way to their home. Mr. Smith was twenty-one years old at the time of his return and soon after found employment as pilot on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, mak- ing seventeen consecutive trips upon the river. In 1S44 Mr. Smith married Rebecca Hulibard. a native of Lancaster Precinct, and daughter of Lindsey and Patsie (Jordan) Hulibard. natives of Teiuiessee. who were early settlers in Wabash County, coming there about one year later than Mr. Smith's parents. Mrs. Smith died in lS(i4, and Mr. Smith married (second), .\pril 14, 1867, Cinthia Snyder, a native of Wabash Couuty. who died Octoher 0. 1007. .\fter his marriage Mr. Smith bought the farm in Lancaster Precinct that had belonged to his father, paying .$00 in gold and giving his note for $40 for eighty acres of land. He has since resided on this farm aud added to his pos- sessions from time to time until he became the owner of 7U0 acres of land iu one body, all in Wabash County. He has sold much of this laud, and now owns but 100 acres in the home place. He has turned over to each of his sous eighty acres of laud, for which they pay him one- sixth of the product of same. He has been a member of the Universalist Church since 1860 and has held offices iu the same. In politics he is a Democrat aud has always taken an active part in local affairs. He served sixteen years as Jus- tice of the Peace, four years as Associate Jus- tice, eight years as Xotary Public and one term as County Commissioner. He is oue of the best known citizens of the county aud is well versed in its early history, taking great interest in the development of the region from a wilderness to a scene of prosperity and thrift. Mr. Smith had children as follows : George, who died in in- fancy ; and Frank, of Lancaster Precinct, by the first marriage ; and William, Levitt and Edward by the second marriage. Though an old man, Mr. Smith is still iu possession of much vitality, and it is a pleasure to his many friends to con- verse with him on past aud present issues and events. SPURLING, Henry. — Among the most successful stock farmers of Wabash Count.v, 111., is Henry Spurting, of Lancaster Precinct, who was born in Shelby Count}', Ind.. December 31. 1845, son of Eli.iah Spurling, a native of Ohio. Elijah Spurliug and his wife died when their son Henry was a mere infant, and the latter was taken in charge liy the family of John Heitz, in Indiana. The Heitz family moved to Wabash County when Henry was seven .vears of age, aud settled on the farm where he now lives. Mr. Simrliug was an inmate of the Heitz home until his marriage. March* 25. 1870. to Hester .Tane Biehl. born in Lancaster Precinct. Mrs. Spurling is a datighter of John and Hannah (Darney) Riehl. natives of Pennsylvania. Her mother died when she was three years old and she was reared iu the family of Ephraira Stauinger. where she made her home until her marriage. Mr. Spurling aud his wife began housekeeping on eighty acres of laud, a part of the home place, which he purchased of Mr. Heitz. He also purchased eighty acrgs on Section IS of Lancaster Precinct, on the Bonpas Creek bottom, which tract he sold in 1881. He pur- chased seventy acres adjoining the home farm and forty-two and one-half acres nearby. Mr. Spurling has 140 acres mider cultivation and forty-seven and one-half acres in timber. He has always carried ou diversified farming and raises mules, cattle and hoes. He formerly dealt extensively in cattle, which he bought as calves, fattened and sold. He also raises Shropshire sheep. Mr. Spurling is a prominent Democrat and nctivelv interested in anvthins pertaining to the nuWic welfare. He has been Treasurer of the Independent Farmers' Telephone Company. which has nn exchange nt Lancaster. He is the friend of progress aud contributes his share WABASH COUNTY 807 towards its cause. In religious affiliations he is a Lutheran and has served as Deacon since 1904. Four children were born to him and his wife, namely ; Edward, who died in 190U, at the age of thirty years ; Elijah, of Lancaster Precinct, married Ella Mayue and has six children ; John Franklin, and Harvey Wilson, at home. STEES, Rudolph K., who represents one of the oldest families iu Mt. Carmel, 111., has now re- tired from active life, but is deeply interested in everything that pertains to the progress and wel- fare of the city, county or State. His father was one of the early Postmasters of Mt. Carmel, and served several years after his apixiintment in 1849. Kudolph K. Stees has also served in va- rious public offices and is very well known throughout the county, having been Postmaster of Mt. Carmel for seventeen years, from lSt>5 to 1882. He was born in Covington, Fountain County, Ind.. February 2. 1839, a son of Henry and Susanna (Kelker) Stee.s, the former a na- tive of Union County and the latter of Lebanon County, Pa. His grandparents were Frederick and Jlary (Riblet) Stees. of Pennsylvania, and Henry and Elizabeth (Grunenwalt) Kelker, na- tives of Switzerland. The Stees family origin- ally came from Germany, the first in America, being sold by a shipmaster to pay for his pass- age to the United States. He was an iron worker and did some work on cannon used by Revolu- tionary soldiers at the Battle of Brandywiue. The family became prominent in Snyder and Lebanon, as well as in Berks County. Pa., and Frederick Stees had a carding mill, in addition to carrying on a farm. He and his wife lived all their lives in Pennsylvania. Henry Stees was married in Lebanon Count.v. Pa., and moved to Marion, Ohio, and later to Covington. He lived in Indiana from 18:?7-39. then located in Mt. Carmel and started a tin- sho]). whirli be conducted ten years, after which he conducted a grocery and notion store six years. He was a strong Whig and. besides serving from l,S4!)-riP, as Po.stniaster at .Mt. Carmel. was for many .ve.ars .lustice of the Peace. In ISfi.") he re- tired from active business and his death occurred in .Tuly. ISfiS. His first wife died in November. ISA^. and after her death he married her sister. Mary >r. Kelker. By his first marriage he had four children, naniel.v : Mary, resides with her brother Rudolph : Elizabeth. niarrie0 and for the third .eper Counties. The Harrises left Virginia he- cause of their opposition to slavery, going tirst to Ohio and, in 1S40, removed to Illinois. Mr. and Mrs. Stein have four children : Maur- ice Harris, horn January 9. 1S90 ; Dorothy, born February 11, 1899; and Frank Berkeley and Bernard Jacob, born Januarj- 23. 1908. STEIN, Jacob, Sr.— Jacob Stein, St., was born in West Huveu, Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, Jantiary 23, 1821. He came with his father's family to America in 1849 and located in Mt. Carmel in 1850. He was a coojier by trade and, for a quarter of a century, conducted an e.xten- sive business in Mt. Carmel. Subsequently he engaged in farming and was successful in all his business inidertakings. He was a man of clean judgment and strict integrity, and his sterling virtues were admired by all. He was of an amiable di.sposition, though tirm in his con- victions and I rank in expression of his opinions. He enjoyed the confidence and esteem of all his acquaintances. On P^bruary 2.'5. 18.51. Mr. Stein was married to Julia Groff. and on February 2'A, 1901, they celebrated their fiolden Wedding on the premises where they went to housekeeping, having lived tliere continuously. Mrs. Stein was born at En- sheim. Hesse-Darmstadt. Germany, May IC. 18.31. whence she came with Iier parents to this coun- try in 1840. Mr. and Mrs. Stein were the par- ents of ten children, of whom these are still living: .1. Fred; George B. ; Jacob, of Wabash County ; Lewis, of White County, 111. ; Mrs. A. Maggie Tucker ; Mrs. Clara L. Geiger ; Mrs. Car- rie H. Seibert. aiurMiss Allie. of Mt. Carmel. Mr. Stein died July .'iO. 1901. and Jlrs. Stein departed this life April W. 1907. They were honest, moral, industrious Christian i^eople. who were respected and beloved by all the jieople of Mt. Carmel. among whom it was their happy lot to spend so many useful, prosjierous and happy years. They were always amialile. cheerful and buoyant with hope, and even at their great ages seemed still to be young and inspired with the vigor and animation of youth. Tlie memory of their noble lives will be a precious legacy of honor to their many de.scendants. STELZER, John J., a successful and enterprising farmer of Mt. Carmel Precinct, Wal)ash Count.v. 111., was l>orn on the farm where he now resides, and part of which he now owns. .June 21. 1874. He is a son of Jacob and Margaret (Schrodt) Stelzer. the former a native of Bladersheim. Ger- many, and the latter of Mt. Carmel. and a daugh- ter of John and Anna M. Schrodt. natives of Germany. Jamb Stelzer came to New York City when twenty years of age and later removed to Osh- kosh. Wis., where he visited an uncle. He went from there to Wabash County, where he married, May 19. 1872. and moved to a farm of eighty- four acres given the young couple by Mr. Schrodt. He followed farming and stock-raising, and he and his wife together became owners of about 500 acres of land, all in Mt. Carmel Precinct, and in a single tract, excejit IfK) acres in Coffee Precinct. His wife died April 12. 1901, and he married (second). Decemlier 5. 1901. Sarah <}. Glick. a widow, and native of Wabash County, whose maiden name was Wirth. After his sec- ond marriage he retired to Jit. Cannel and lived at ease until his death. He was killed while walking on the tracks of the Southern Railroad, January 21, 1910. He was born January 10. 1847. He was a prominent man in public affairs and was well known in the county. By his first marriage he had two children : John J., and Mary M.. Mrs. Robert Woolard. of ilt. Carmel Precinct. John J. Stelzer has spent his entire life on the farm which his Grandfather Schrodt secured as a homestead, and was educated in Sugar Creek District School. His farm is in Section 36. where be carries on general farming and stock- raising. His father gave him alx>ut eight.v acres of the home farm, and here he settled after his marriage. He has added ninety acres and now has a fine farm of .>j6 acres, 50 acres of which are in Coffee Precinct, which he has put into good condition and has improved as much as possible. He is a progressive and enterprising business man, carrying on his work in a manner to give him the maximum of profit from his operations. December 29. 1895. Mr. Stelzer married Claudia Stillwell. born in Wabash Precinct. January 7, 1.875. a dam.'hter of Samuel J. and Sophia Sa- bina (Kaiser) Stillwell. the former a native of Wabash Precinct and the latter of Hesse-Cassel. Germany. Mrs. Stelzer's grand|iarents. Samuel and Elizabeth (McKinney) Stillwell. were among the earliest settlers of Wabash County, and secured land from the Government, most of which is still owned by the Stillwell family. The following children were born to Samuel Stillwell and his wife: James K., of Wabash T'reiinct; Pauline. Mrs. William C. Brown, died March 4. l.SOfi ; Elizabeth. Mrs. Charles W. Ma- son, of Keniort. N. J. : Mrs. Stelzer : Samuel J.. of Wabash Precinct: and George W., on part of the home place. The children bnm to Mr. Stel- zer a'ld his wife are: .John .Jacob, born August 21. 1897: Ogle P.eryl. born November 15. 1899; and Cecil Everett, born December 9. 1902. Mr. Stillwell was born June 0. 1S.32. and died June 24. 1.S95. His wife was born November 1. 1836, and still resides on the old homestead. Mr Stelzer is an earnest member of the Chris tion Church, as also is Mrs. Stelzer. and is lib- eral in his support of the same. He favors the principles of the Republican party, and although he does not care for public office, takes an active interest in public affairs, STERL, George L., a representative farmer of Wabash County. III., and a native of the county. WABASH COUNTY 809 was born in Rochester, Coffee Precinct, April IS, 1857, a son of George and Catherine (Broedel) Sterl. of Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, the latter a duugluT of Leonard and Mary Broedel, who came to the United States and settled iu Mt. Car- niel Precinct, Wabash Conuty, at an early day. George Sterl came to Mt. Carmel as a young man and there married and worked at his trade of blacksmithing. Later he owned a shop at Roches- ter and later moved to Deputy Corners, where he bought a forty-acre farm and also conducted a blacksmith shop. He died in 1S05, at the age of thirty-eight years and his widow went to live with her father near Mt. Carmel. She after- ward married .John Schrodt and lived some years In Mt. Carmel, where he conducted an elevator. After the death of Mr. Schrodt she moved back to the old home farm and lived with her son there up to the time of her death, December 26, 1907. at the age of seventy-three years. The chil- dren of Mr. Sterl and wife were : Mary, who died in infancy; George L. ; Elizabeth, died at the age of eighteen years ; Rosa, died at the age of twelve years. The only child to reach maturity in the fam- ily of George Sterl and wife was George L.. their only son, and he lived with his mother and helped her until his marriage. March 24, 18S6. to Eliza- beth Fisher, who was born in Bellmont Pre- cinct. Wabash County, a daughter of John and Mary (Groff) Fisher, natives of Germany. The children of this marriage were: Rosa May. a trained nurse employed at the State School for Girls at Geneva, 111.; John William, Frank T. and Grace M.. at home. After his marriage Mr. Sterl and Wife lived on the old Sterl farm until the spring of 1893. when he bought a farm of 120 acres in Mt. Car- mel Precinct, to which he later added eighty acres. He has a fine farm, all under cultivation, and also owns 200 acres in Bellmont Precinct. He and his wife together own 480 acres of land in Wabash County, and he inherited 160 acres in Wayne County from his mother. He also owns 627 acres near Stratford. Sherman County. Texas. His sons cultivate about 240 acres and he rents the remainder. He makes a specialty of raising short-horn cattle. Duroc Jerse.v hogs and German coach horses. Mr. Sterl has always worked at farming and still helps his sons carry on the farm. He is a progressive and enterpris- ing man of business and has interests outsiae his farm. He is a stock-holder and Director in the Mt. Carmel Banking & Trust Association and is much esteemed by all who have had deal- ings with him in a social or business way. He i.s a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Asso- ciation and is a Republican in politics. Frater- nally he belongs to the Modern Woodmen of America, of Maud. 111.. Sugar Creek Camp, and to the Fanners' Co-ojierative Union. Mr. Sterl and wife are well known in the commu- nity and have a large circle of friends. STEWART, Wesley C— Few men are better known throughout Wabash County. 111., than Wesley C. Stewart, of Lick Prairie Precinct, an honored veteran of the Civil War, aud formerly engaged in conducting a threshing machine and saw-mill in the county. Mr. Stewart is still ac- tively engaged in farming, having disjMsed of his other business Interests. He is a native of the precinct where he now resides, having been boni un the farm he now owns and occupies, January ;!1, 1S4.5, a .son of John M. and Mi- randa (Putnam) Stewart, the former born in Dubois County, Ind., and the latter in Wabash County. The grandparents of W. C. Stewart were John and Rachel (Shively) Stewart and Samuel and Relief (Chaffee) Putnam. Mr. Put- nam was a native of Connecticut and his wife of Vermont, and they became very early settlers of Wabash County. 111. John and Miranda Stewart were married in Wabash County and settled on a farm in Lick Prairie Precinct, where they lived a few years, then moved to another part of the precinct. He learned the trade of wagon-maker, at which he worked some years. He tinall.v purchased a farm on Section .32, Town 1 North, Range 13 West, where there was a log house and a few acres cleared. Later he manufactured brick to erect a house to replace the frame one which burned. His farm contained eighty acres, and in addition to cultivating it he operated a wagon-making, repair and blacksmith shop. He was born in 1821. and was killed liy the run- ning away of a team of horses with a land roller, in September, 1S77. His widow, who was born in 1827. lived on the farm several .vears longer, then lived with her children until her death in September, 1907. They had children as follows : Wesley ; Edwin F.. deceased ; Amanda, deceased. Mrs. John Gard ; Virginia C.. married Samuel Mundy. of Mt. Carmel : J. Chester, of California ; Emma, Mrs. George Robinson, of Edwards County. 111. ; Fannie M., Mrs. R. H. Brattou. of Lick Prairie Precinct ; Oliver S.. of Colorado ; Minnie M., Jlrs. John Snider, of Louisville. Ky. : Tessie M., Mrs. George Jessup. of Eastonville. Colo. Wesley C. Stewart was educated in the dis- trict .school and remained at home until his en- listment, in October. 1861. in Company I, Sixty- sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, organized as Fourteenth Missouri Volunteer Infantry, mostly made up from Illinois men. and enrolled as sharpshooters. They .spent their tirst winter in Xorthern Missouri, then took a boat to the Ohio River, and thence went to Fort Henry, Tenn., where they were assigned to the Army of the Tennessee. They participated in the Bat- tles of Fort Donelson. Shiloh and Corinth, then took part in the Atlanta campaign and were one hundred days under fire, after which they marched with Sherman to the sea. Mr. Stewatt took jiart in the Grand Review at Washington and was mustered out of service July 19. 186."). lieing discharged at Springfield. 111. Though he took part In many important en- gagements. Jlr. Stewart was never wotnided, taken prisoner or sent to a hospital. At the close 810 WABASH COUNTY of the war he returned to Wabash County, where he remained until after his marriage. In March. 1868, Mr. Stewart married Cer- villa R. Hill, born in Lick Prairie Precinct, daughter of William S. and Anna (Moore) Hill, natives of North Carolina and Tennessee, re- spectively. After his marriage Mr. Stewart moved to Greenwood, Kan., soon afterward to Elk County, that State, and pre-empted 160 acres of Indian land. He erected a house, put his farm under cultivation and lived there about six years, then traded it for a flour and grist mill at Longton, Kan. After operating this mill for four years, he sold it, and in 1879 re- turned to Wabash County and there rented a farm. Soon after his return he bought a threshing outfit and saw-mill, which he eon- ducted until about 1905. when he sold out to his sons. In 1002 he purchased the shares of the other heirs to his father's old homestead, and has since been engaged there in farming. He raises Poland-China hogs and keeps dairy cat- tle. Children as follows were born to Mr. Stewart and wife : Anna M.. at home ; Agnes L., married T. H. Gilkinson. of Friendsville Precinct, and died at the age of twenty-seven years; W. Claud, of Lick Prairie Precinct, mar- ried Etta Williams, daughter of H. Williams ; Winter C of Lick Prairie Precinct, married May Smith, daughter of William and Abigail (Payne) Smith; and John W., who died in. Feb- ruary, 1900. at the age of twenty-two years. Mr. Stewart is a devout member of the Christian Church, of which he is an Elder. He is a Republican in politics and served twelve years as Justice of the Peace In Illinois, also two years in the same office while living In Kansas. He is a liroad-minded and reliable citizen, much interested in the public welfare, and highly respected wherever he has lived, h.iving earned a reputation for reliability and integrity. STEWART, WiUiam B. (deceased), was for many years a successful farmer of Conii]ton precinct. Wabash County. 111., where his death occurred January 14. 1891. He was born in Sulphur Springs. Orange County. Ind.. in June. 1822, a son of John and R') Brian, txirn .March 20, lS7!t: Lydia Pearl, liorn March 22, 1883, died November 2;!, 1889; Mrs. Blanche (Tanquary) Runcie. lx)ru April 16, 1887; John Hansford, born October 9. 1.890; Pearl Lucile, bom September 23, 1893. Mr. Tanquary was a kind and indulgent husband and father and a true friend of all who reposed confidence in him. His death occurred Decem- ber 13, 1003, at his home in .\lbion, TILTON, Mark Lake, who is master of one of the most important lines of industrj- in any sec- tion — one on whidi every c-ommunity is more or less dependent for all its material growth — is a carpenter, builder and contractor and his home is a beautiful residence at Mt, Car- niel, which he built in 189.5. He was born near Mt. Carmel. Wabash Count)'. 111.. January 17, 1841, and is a son of Daniel L. and Phebe Jane (Walters) Tilton. Daniel L. Tilton, now deceased, was one of the best known and most active business men of Wabash County for many years. He was born in New Jei-sey and was brought to Wabash Countj- when nine years old. b.v his step-father, with whom he learned the slioemaking trade, near Mt. Carmel. Later he engaged in team- ing and still later bought a flat-boat and car- ried commodities to New Orleans and other jioints for about eight years, then bought a farm of eight.v acres near >It. Carmel and to the first purchase added eighty acres more. He cleared and improved this land to some extent, but subsequentl.v went into the Imtchering business in connection with farming, and built up a large meat trade which was ver^- profitable during the Civil War and in which he contimied for twent\-five years. During this time he also bought and sold cattle, hogs and sheep. For a time he was also interested in a peddling Imsi- ness. representing a mercantile store at Mt, Carmel. He was a life-long Repulilican in his imlitical views. He belongem : Mark Lake. Ruth. Sarah Jane, Isaac C, Mary A.. Ly'lia E.. Clara F. and I>aura E.. all born in Wabash County. Daniel L. Tilton was married a second time, to Mrs. Mary Sissel. a widow, there being no issiie. He was married (third) to Mr.s. Alice AVood, a widow, and to this union a son was born, Charles C. 814 WABASH COUNTY Mark Lake Tilton obtained his edueatiou in tlie country schools and at Mt. Carmel. He helped his father in the latter's enterprises and assisted in the clearing of the tirst seventy-live acres and helped to improve that tract. In 18G1 he left home and spent his winters until lSt>4, in teaching school, spending three winters in Wabash and the rest in Gibson County, lu 18G4 he enlisted for service in the Civil War, entering Company C. One Hundred and Thirty- sixth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served until the final close of hostilities, having tilled the otiice of Sergeant. He was a good soldier and has a clean record. itr. Tilton resumed farming on the old place near Mt. Carmel, and also was engaged in butch- ering for five years and then moved into town and oi)ened a brick .•in- E. (Schier) Stillwell. of New Jersey. After his marriage Mr. Trimble moved to a farm east of Allendale, in Wabash Precinct, owned by his father-in-law. and later rented another farm three yeais. He then moved to a farm two and oue-half miles north of .\lleudale owned by his wife and later bought eighty-five acres nearby. On the latter and on his wife's 124 acres, he does general farming. Mr. Trimble is a firm believer in the advisability of raising high-grade stock and has made a si)ecialty of registered Hereford cattle. Perclieron horses and Berkshire hogs. He and his wife have made many improvements on the place and in the fall of 190.") erected a hand- some residence with modern conveniences and comforts. The following year they erected a large barn. Mr. Trimble and his wife became parents of children as follows: Earl, born June 9. 1893, died December 8, 1S98 ; Susan, liorn December 24. 1894; William, born June .">. 1807; Ina M., born October :51. llXKi; Sarah Alice. Ijorn Sep- tember 12, 1905. The family are well known and highly regarded by their neighbors, Mr. Trim- l>le has been successful through energy and en- teriirise and has conducted his affairs in an able manner. He is a member of the Christian Church and a Democrat, and fraternally lielongs to the Modern Woodmen of America of Allen- dale and to Lodge No, 71.5 B, P. O. E., of Mt. Carmel. UTTER, John Charles, M. D., who is conducting a large medical practice at Mt. Carmel. 111., was born there December 14. 1859, a son of Abraham and Elizabeth (Penston) Utter, The father was born in Allegany County. N. T., March 11, 1812, anroved and on which he lived for fifteen years. He then purchased the place near Mt. Carmel, and there the remainder of his life was spent. He was a man of energy and indus- try, possessed of good Imsiness judgment and foresight, and accumulated a large amount of property. He was of a quiet dis[)Osition and reserved manner, but quick to take advantage of a good business pro[X)sition. He was domes- tic in his habits and tastes, and a faithful mem- ber of the Christian Church. Nine children were born to Mr. I'tter and his wife, namely : Mary Gordon, born May IS, 1S40; Josiah, who die3, and then returning to his native county, took up his practice at Mt. Carmel, At Waco, Texas, on September 2.5. 1884. he married Frances H. Scarborough, a native of Mississippi and daughter of Daniel Scarborough, an early planter of the latter State, Mr. and Mrs, Utter have two daughters living: Camille, tx>rn July 18, 188C, married George D, Karsch, a civil en- gineer, living at Mt. Carmel : and Marie, born June !), 1890, marrieorn in Mt. Carmel Precinct, July !"■ 1^69. son of John H. and Mary (Epler) Veihman. the former born in Mt. Carmel Precinct and the latter in Penn- sylvania. The father was a son of John H. Veihman. a native of Germany, and the mother a daughter of Daniel Epler, a native of Penn- sylvania. The Eplers came to this countrj- in 1734 and the grandfather of Daniel Epler was an artilleryman in Washington's army. Dan- iel Epler carried on farming in Pennsylvania until he removed to Mt. Carmel Precinct, Wa- bash County, in l,>v45. The Veihman family came to the county before 1840, and the grand- father of Frank S. Veihman worked in Wabash Precinct at his trade of shoemaker, John Veihman, Jr., and his wife were married in Mt. Carmel Precinct and renled a farm for t^vo years, then bought his present farm of eighty acres and later another fort.v-two acres. He has since carried on farming and is an industrious, useful citizen. Mr. Veihman was l)orn in 18;!S and his wife in 1841. They had children as follows: Amanda and Edgar, at home; Frank S, ; .\llen, of Mt. Carmel Pre- cinct, whose farm adjoins that of Frank S. ; Daisy, died in infancy ; and RoUa V., of Mt. Carmel Precinct. Frank S. Veihman remained with his parents until his marriage and received his education in the district school. He bought a farm of ninety- four acres eigliteen months before his marriage, and this farm has been brought to a high .state of cultivation through his efforts. He is a most jirogressive and wide-awake farmer, and has met with gratifying success. He has raised Percheron horses, registered Shropshire sheep, registered Short-horn cattle and registered Po- land-China hogs, all of which have received his most careful attention, Mr. Veihman makes the breeding of Poland-China hogs a specialty. Mr. Veihman was married, September 12, 1894, to Rosa Coleman, born at Mt. Carmel, November 17, 1809, a daughter of Thomas and Mary (Doell) Coleman, of Bellmont Precinct, Mr. and Mrs. Veihman were parents of one daughter that survived. Irene, who was born August l.j. 1807. and lives with Mr. Veihman's parents. Mrs. Veihman died .May .'!0, 1900, and Mr. Veihman married (second!. .March 20. 1901. Hatiie Barber, who was born in Lawrence County. 111.. November 27. 1870, daughter of John and Rachel (Litherland) Barber, natives of Illinois. Two children have been born of this union: Roy E.. born .May 13, l!»ft5 : and (iladys, horn December 21. 1907. Mr. Veihm.in and wife are membei-s of the Methodist Episco- pal Church and in [lolitical views he is a Pro- hibitionist, having been active in the recent agitation of the temperance question throughout Illinois, He is always ready to support every good cause for the benefit of the comnmiuty at large, and is a man of good standing and influ- ence; Is well known in the county and has hosts of friends who appreciate his many good Qualities. WALTER, Louis, of the firm of Walter i Sons, who conduit the Old Reliable Furniture House, one of the oldest business establishments in Mt. Carmel, 111., is one "f five brothers who own the Walters Block, wmprising five separate brick buildings which are all connected to form the 816 WABASH COUNTY block. They carry one of the largest stocks in the line of undertaking supplies and furniture in Southern Illinois, and have a floor space of 13,000 feet for displaying their line. Louis Walter was born in Mt. Carmel, November 4, 1802, son of Martin and Amelia (Schmidt) Walter, the father born in Alsace (then France but now Germany), and she in Hesse-Darm- stadt, Germany. He was born June -9, 18.33, and died January 5. 1809, and she born October 13. 1841, died January 23. 1900. He was a son of Martin Walter. The mother, Mrs. Schmidt, was a widow when she came to the United States and brought her children with her. About 18.54 she came to Mt. Carmel. Martin Walter came to Coshocton, Ohio, about 18.50, to escape service in the German Army. In Ohio he learned the trade of cabinet- maker and in 1S5.5 located in Mt. Carmel, where he worked at his trade and became a foreman in a furniture factory. He also had a planing mill. About 18.56 he went to Colorado, where there was great excitement over gold mining, going with several others who drove across the plains. He returned to Mt. Cannel and in 1860 was married. He worked at the carpenter trade until February 25. 1S(JS, when he purchased William Kosier's furniture store on East Fourth Street, and in 1870 purchased a lot, 400 by 200 feet, on the corner of Sixth and Main Streets, where he erected a building, conducting a fur- niture store in front and in the rear manufac- turing furniture and coffins, making the latter to order as needed. This was the beginning ot the present large enterprise caiTied on by his sons, which is the oldest establishment of its kind in Wabash County, He had a partner for two years, whom at the end of that time he bought out. His six .sons worked for him in the factory and store and. in 1897, he took the four eldest in as partners, later turning over the business to them. William M. died in Sep- tember. IftOl. and the three others continued the business until January 15. 1907. when John and Louis bought out the interest of their younger brother, Rudolph .1. They have since continued the business and have a .SIO.OOO stock of modern furniture, one of the finest in the countj'. as well as a complete line of undertak- ing supplies, and have a large patronage from both the city and surrounding country, making a great effort to keep good stock and cater to the wishes of their customers. Their reputa- tion has been established for many years and they have the complete confidence and esteem of all who know them. They have two fine funeral cars and an amiuilance. Louis Walter was educated in the common and high schools of Mt. Camiel, and when old enough began working in his father's establish- ment. October 27, 1897. he was married to Amelia Bender, born at Mt. Carmel, daughter of Fred and Ida (Hoffman) Bender, natives respectively of Japesr Count.v. Ind.. and Mt. Carmel. Children as follows have been born to Mr. Walter and wife : Xorman. Frederick, Rob- ert, Helen, Clara and Richard. Mr. Walter is a memlicr of St. Mary's Catholic Church, a.s are the other members of his family, and they are active in church work. He is a Director and Vice President of Mt. Carmel Banking & Trust Company. He is a Democrat in polities and a member of the Knights of Columbus of Mt. Car- mel No. 1.343, and has been a Trustee of the society since its organization. He also belongs to the B. P. O. E. No. 715. of Mt. Cannel, and to the St. Joseph's Benevolent Society. WEIGAND, Sebastian, who was for many years known as an educator in Wabash County, 111., has served with ability in several public offices and now makes his home in Mt. Carmel. though devoting his time to carrying on his farm near there. Mr. Weigand is a memljer of a family that is well known in the county, having been represented there over half a century. He was born in Mt. Carmel, October 9, 18t54, a son of John and Clara (Stanger) Weigand, natives of Bavaria, Germany, who came to the United States in a sailing vessel in 1844, the passage occupying forty-eight days. His grandfather, Andrus Weigand, was a soldier under Napoleon from 1803 to 1812, and witnessed the burning of Moscow. He was a lumlierraan and worked at hewing timber. About 1857 he followed his son John to America and lived with this son until his death, a few years later. After his marriage John Weigand and wife settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he worked at general labor until December, 1855. when he bought a farm in Wabash County. 111., carrying on farming until his death, in 1886. His wife died in 1873. Their children were : Andrew, died in infanc.v : Samuel, deceased; John D.. of Mt. Carmel Precinct ; Charles and Mary, died in infancy : August A., of Mt. Car- mel ; Catherine, died at the age of nine years : Sebastian : Charles, died in infancy. At the age of sixteen years Sebastian Wei- gand began teaching school in Wabasli County and for twelve years taught through the winter months. During the simimers he gave his at- tention to farm work and attended school him- self. He first attended Cecilian College, in Hardin Count.v, K.v., the county in which Abra- ham Lincoln was born. He later attended the Normal School of Lebanon. Ohio, two terms, and spent one term at the Normal School at Valparaiso. Ind. From 1890 until 1894 he served as County Clerk and Auditor of Wabash County, and proved an able official. He owns a farm in Mt. Carmel Precinct, which he looks after, while residing in Mt. Carmel. January 20. 1892. Mr. Weigand married Mar- garet Fearheil.v, who was liorn in Mt. Carmel, a daughter of Andrus and Catherine (Peters) Fearheily. natives of Bavaria, Germany. Her grandfather. Michael Fearheily, was a soldier imder Napoleon, and the family were among the earliest German settlers of Wabash County, where they have been prominent since 18.37. Mr. Weigand and his wife became parents of chil- WABASH COUNTY 817 dren as follows: Clara C. at home; Marsraret F., died at the age of two and a half years; Arthur A., at home. Mr. Weigand is regarded as one of the most intelligent and enterprising citizens of the county, where he is well known and highly esteemed. lie is a memher of the Catholic Church and belongs to the Kuights of Columbus, of \vhich he is Chancellor. WEISENBERGER, George, a veteran of the Civil War and a successful farmer of Bellmont Precinct, Wabash County, 111., is a native of the county, born in Wabash Precinct. October 12, 1842, son of George and Kacina (Black) Wei- seuberger. The parents were both natives of Hesse-Cassel, German.y, where they were mar- ried, and about 1835 they emigrated to the United States locating at Timherville, now Al- lendale. Wabash County, 111. There Mr. Wei- senberger purchased forty acres which he sold later and moved to Mt. Carmel, living on rented land until his death a few years later. His widow married (second) Nicholas (Jetz, who died about ISfMi. and she then sold her |iri;p- ert.v and lived among her children until her death in 1903, at the age of eighty-.seven years. By Mr. Weisenberger she had children as fol- lows : Benjamin, deceased ; .lohn. of Bellmont Precinct ; Geor.ge ; Mary, married John IngersoII and died at Olney, 111.; Alexander, died in Wayne County, 111., in August. HKH): Frank. died in 1865. By her second marriage .Mrs. Getz had children as follows : Nicholas, died in Mt. Carmel ; Simeon, died in Bellmont Pre- cinct ; Henry, died in Mt. Carmel. The education of George Weisenberger was very limited in his youth, but he has learned much in the school of experience. He attended Groff District School a few terms, and at the age of eighteen years began working for farm- ers. In 1864 he went to Douglas County. 111., and February i:!, ]8t')."), went to Bureau (^ounty, 111., where he enlisted in the One Hundred Fifty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry. Ills company was sent to Tennessee, later to Colum- bus, (ia., and to other points. They were dis- charge. and they had eight children, four of whom sur- vive, namely : Mrs. .John Sites. Mrs. Charles Johnson, Mrs. George Weisenberger and Mrs. W. M. Baum. In .lanuary, isnn. Mr. Groff mar- ried (second) Mrs. T,ouise Iteiidiard. wlio sur- vives him. After his tirst marriage Mr. Groff located on a farm in Mt. Carmel Precinct and later purchased a tract of wild prairie and tim- ber land in Bellmont Precinct, which he im- proved. In his later years he was a respected citizen of Mt. Carmel, having retired from ac- tive life. For a year before his death he had been suffering from cancer, from which he died. Mr. Weisenberger aniccessful business man and a ]iublic-s|iirted. useful citizen. He was a man of high cliaracler. whose jirobily and lionesty were recognized liy all. Mr. Wetzel was born in Law- rence County. 111., .\ugust 24. ],s.">!). a son of Henry and Wilhelmina (Bowden) Wetzel, both natives of (iermany. Henry Wetzel. Sr., came to Illinois in an early day and entered government land, spending his last days in Lawrence County. He had held a high |H)sition in his own country, being of noble family. However, through some misfortune, he had lost his holdings, and as it was not considered proper for one of noble blood to do an.v kind of work, he emigrated to America in search of a new home and an oppor- tunity to make his fortune. He cleareil his laud of timber and gave each of his children a farm, his son Henry ( whose name appears at the head of this sketch) receiving the original homestead. An uncle of Henry Wetzel. Sr., Lewis, was a famous Indian tigliter. and known as a br.-ive man in the part of Illinois where the fandly located. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Wetzel, who reached maturity, were : Carl, of Richland County III.: Josephine, Mrs. John Fonioff, of Lawrence County: Henry, Jr., and Louis, of Sunnier, 111. Henry lived at home after the death of his father, who passed away in 1864, and after his marriage In 1878. remained with his mother two or three years longer, then built a home for himself on the home farm and re- mained there unril 1887. when he removed to West Salem. 111., where he spent two years in a grist-mill. He then erected a grist-mill In Grayville, which he conducted until It was de- 818 •WABASH COUNTY stroyed by fire. March 14, 1S96. , He rented a mill at Bellmont a year, and then engaged in buying and selling grain, shipping it from Gray- ville, which he continued alwut a year, then purchased an interest in a grist-mill and grain elevator at Keensburg, remaining in that city three years. l'p<3n selling out his interests in Keensburg, he purchased an interest with Fred Holson, in the Bluff City Milling Comiiany. of Mt. Carmel, which he held until his death. Mr. Wetzel had received a fair education in the public si-hools and was a man of superior intelligence and energj", making his own way In life and achieving success through his own ef- forts. In 1878 he married (first) Elmo Wooden. who died in December. ls.s."i. having borne him two children : William II.. of Mt. Carmel. and Harvey, who was killed on the railroad, in February, 1900. In ISST Mr. Wetzel married (second) Tillie Keiling. and they had two chil- dren who survived: Irving H., of Mt. Carmel. and Elsie, a school teacher. Mi-s. Wetzel died in 189.3, and in April, 189C, Mr. Wetzel married (third) Rilla Bank.s, a native of Daviess County, Ind., a daughter of Levi and Lettie (Gregor.v) Banks. To this union were born children as follows: (5eorge II.. bom June 29. 1898; C. Harry, born April 29, 19(10 ; and Helen Marie, born March l.'i. 1902. The death of .Mr. Wetzel occurred at his home in Mt. Carmel. August 21. 1903, and his remains were interred in the cemetery at Lancaster. He had many friends who sincerel.v mourned his loss. In political views Mr. Wetzel was a Democrat, and he at- tended the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was afl!iliated with tlie Knighted Order of Tented Maccabees, in wliich ho had insurance to the amount of .1!2.000, which w.-is divided equally among his widow and seven children. William Henry Wetzel was born in Law- rence County, 111., .\ugust 24. 1882. and re- mained at home until his father's death. He received his early education in the common schools and later attended the high schools of Keensburg and Mt. Carmel. and the Southern Collegiate Institute, of Albion. 111. At the age of eighteen .years he began teaching In the dis- trict schools, and thre years later became Principal of the school at Lancaster, where he remained one year, and then took a similar ]io- sition at Keensburg. which he also held one year. On account of ill health he decided to abandon the profession of teaching and became clerk in the hardware store of McClung & Keeler. One year later he became jiartner in the florist business with Jlr. Fordyce. at Mt. Carmel. At the death of his father William Henry Wetzel came into possession of the orig- inal homestead of fort.v acres. Since 190" his brother. Irving Herman, has lived with him ; the latter is a civil engineer in the employ of Guy Courier. County Surve.vor. February fi. 1904. William Henry Wetzel mar- rier Margaret Wood, born near Friendsville, 111., a daughter of Louis L. and Tenipe (.\dams) Wood, of Allendale, Wabash County. Her pa- ternal grandparents, Alexander and Lucinda (Simonds) Wood were natives of Wabash County, and her maternal grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. George ,\dams, were also natives of this county. Mr. Wetzel and his wife became parents of two children : Lewis Henr.v, born February 2, IfKi.-i. and died February 1", lOtXl; and JIarguerite Elsie, born March 20', 1908. Mr. Wetzel is a member of the Christian Church, of which he has been Deacon since 1907. Politic- ally he is a Democrat and is interested in pub- lic affairs. He is a young man of stability of character, a representative, useful citizen, and has considerable influence in the community. WHITE, Milbum Judson, eldest son of Dr. Sam- uel X. and Mary (Sitherwood) White, was born JIarch 24. 187."?, at Beaucoup, Washington County, 111. Doctor \\'hite was descendant of the old Virginia Whites, who were among the earliest settlers of the Virginia Colony, and his wife was a direct descendant of the house of JIcMichael, the royal family of Scotland. In 1877, when Milburn was but four .vears old. his parents moved to Okawville. 111., where Dr. White continued to practice his profession nntil his death two years later, August 20. 1.879. From this time on the care of the family de- volved upon the mother, who soon after the father's death, was appointed Postmaster Rt Okawville. in which capacity she served for eighteen years. Here, amid the peaceful environments of ccmntry village life, our friend pa.ssed his boy- hood da.vs, attending the village schools during the winter months, and assisting the family by working as a hired hand on neighboring farms during the summer mouths. His mother was a woman of unusual character and energy. — a no- ble. Christian woman. His f.-ither was a man of highest repute and scholarly attainments, and desired that his family should be brought up creditabl.v and receive the best educational ad- vantages he could provide. That his death should not end his plans for his children's bringing up, his widow continued the fight along the lines her husband had planned, and by her untiring energj- and faithful teaching inspired her son. who though but a boy in years, was the man of the home, to work cheerfull.v onward toward the goal he kejit constantly before his mind, that of an upright and honorable man- hood, adorned b.v a liberal education. Thus influenced and encouraged, he was inspired with an ambition to obtain an education beyond that which the home schools afforded. So, af- ter being out of school an entire year, during wliich time he saved a meager amount from funds earned b.v hard work, a part of which was chopping cord wood in the Kaskaskia River bottoms over two miles from home, which distance he walked morning and night going to and from his work, he entered McKendree Col- lege at Lebanon, in the fall of 1890, After at- tending one year and exhausting his hard- earned savings, he found it necessary to seek WABASH COUNTY 819 employiiient to enable him to provide fiiiuts to continue liis course in rollege. He secured a position as teaclier of a country scliool near his home town, and acquitted himself so creditably as a teacher that the directors offered to in- crease his monthly salary by ten dollars a month, which was then regarded as an unusual Inducement, if he would teach another year. The offer was inviting, but the desire to con- tinue his studies in college was stronger, so he returned to college again, where he remained three years, working his way through by ob- taining employment after school hours and on Saturdays. These were years of privation and sacrifice, but that they were well spent cannot be gainsaid. While in college he was popular ■with the student body and with his teachers on account of his gentlemanly deportment and studious habits. He was a leader in all of the college activities and distinguished himself as a member of the Platonian Literary Society, by reason of his proficiency as an orator and a de- claimer. .\lthough he carried his ftiU quota of studies and earned sufiicient to pay his board, he also figuretl prominentl.v in athletics, es- peciall.v distinguishing himself as a member of the foot-ball team, which he served as Captain and Full-back the last ,vear he was in college. Being thus busily engaged with the serious matter of securing an education, enlivened b.v a moderate indulgence in healthy, manly sports, our friend found no time for the acquirement of extravagant tastes or useless and huitful habits and his clean life, as much as his scholarl.v at- tainments, rec-ommended him for the ]K>sition of Principal of the Enfield High School when he had finished his college course. In this position he served with pronounced success for three years, when he was elected Superintendent of the City Schools at Eldorado. 111., where he sen-ed with equal success for three years. While serving his third year as Superintendent of Schools at Eldorado, he was elected Cashier of the Bank of Eldorado, the tender of the i>osi- tion coming to him unsought. His Board of Ed- ucation being unwilling to accept his resigna- tion, he occupied the dual position of School Superintendent and bank cashier for a period of six months, after which he gave up the teach- ing profession to enter into tlie liaidiing busi- ness. Soon after Ids connection with the Bank of Eldorado, that institution was reorganized. The First National Bank of Eldorado result- ing. Mr. White was active in the reorganiza- tion and became a Director and the Cashier of the reorganized bank. Here he served until the close of the year 100,5. .\bout this time The Farmers and Merchants National Bank of Nashville, in Washington County, was being or- gainzed. and it is a strong testimonial to the es- teem in which he was held in his home wninty, that Mr. White was invited to that field for the purpose of completing the organization of that bank, and taking the active management of it as its Cashier. In this enterprise he was un- usually successful, building up a large and jirosperous Imsiness in a short time. When at the beginning of the year 1008 the American National Bank of Mt. Carmel ten- dered the position of Cashier to Mr. White, the most serious question that had confronted him during his business <-areer was before him for solution. Being in absolute charge of a large and rapidly develo|)ing business s\u-rounded by tho.se who liad been friends and neighliors during his young manhood, and |K)Ssessing their confi- dence and enjoying their esteem, it was difficult to even consider severing such agreeable ties aud launching out among strangers to liegin anew the work of establishing agreeable .social and business as.sociations. But here again we find the good taste and sound .judgment that had been his best asset asserting an influence in the decision of this perjilexing problem, with tlie result that he decided to accept the new po.si- tion and become a citizen of the Bluff City on the banks of the Wabash. Here he has become a fixture among the figinvs iirominent in the commercial as well as in the social and frater- nal life of the city, and that he has found Wa- bash County an agreeable abode for himself and family is not surprising to those who have knowledge of the excellency of her citizenship and the splendid advantages her County Capital affords to a .voung and enterprising sjiirit. It would be an injustice to Mr. White to speak of him without mention of his estimable family. In the year 18.07 he was married to Miss Mary May, daughter of Captain William May. of En- field. 111. Their family consists of three bright bo.vs. all fine specimens of "Young Americans." If there is anything Mr. White is proud of, it is that he is a ftoiitherii Illinaisan. he having resided in this i>art of the State all his life. His honorable and successful career is a splen- did illustration of what can be accomplished in the way of worthy attainment here in Egypt, by the boy of linnted financial assistance, who is animated l>y lofty motives and is willing to strive honestly and lal>oriously to the attain- ment of high ideals. — Chaki.es H. Dobris. WILKINS, Ellison L., who has been engaged in the oci-upation of engineer most of the time since he was sixteen years of age. now holds a res-jionsible position in Mt. Carmel. III., as first engineer at the plant of the Electric Eight and Gas Company. Mr. Wilkins was born near Fort Branch. (Jibson County, Ind.. September 2.1. isns. son of Sharp and Fannie E. (Martin) Wilkins. the latter a native of Vanderburg County. Ind. Fannie Wilkins was a daughter of .lolin and Lucena (Marvel) Martin, and was married at Evansville. Ind. He became em- ployed as engineer in erecting machinery, but fin.ally died in Oakland City. Ind.. where he was engaged in the milling business. His widow still maki>s her home at Oakland City. Their children were: Ellison L. : Gertrude. Mrs. Oscar Verling. of Evansville. Ind., whose husband is a conductor on the Evansville & 820 WABASH COUNTY TeiTe Haute Railroad; and Clarence, chief en- gineer at tlie Electric Light plant. Princeton, Ind. When a hoy Ellison L. AYilkins attended the puhlic school and. as a young man. toolv a course in the Scranton Correspondence School, later taking up the study of steam engineering and electrical work. He lived at home until his marriage, although he was engaged in en- gineer work on stationary engines from the time he was sixteen years of age. He was married, March 20. 1895, to Mary JIayhall. bom at Lynu- ville, Ind.. daughter of George and Nancy (Bo- hall) Mayhall. Soon after marriage Mr. Wil- kins began work as engineer in a flouring mill at Oakland City. Ind.. where he had worked some years iireviously. At the time the elec- tric light plant was installed there he became Its first engineer and, a year later, became chief enginer of the plant at Princeton. Ind., remain- ing there five or six .years, then accepted a sim- ilar p Williams, the former born in New York and the latter in Wabash County. Robert G. Williams, a sketch of whom appears In this work, was a son of .Toseph and Eliza Williams, both natives of Ireland, and early settlers of Wabash County. Henry H. Williams received his education in the Armstrong District School and was reared to farm work. He resided with his parents un- til his mariage. In October. 1870. to Elizabeth McManaman, born in Lick Prairie Precinct, daughter of Barney and Sarah (Gupton) Mc- Manaman. natives of Tennessee. After their marriage Mr. Williams and his wife located on a farm of 120 acres which he purchased, part in Lick Prairie and part in Lancaster Precinct. This land was but little improved, about twenty acres being cleared of timber. There was a log house with bams and an old frame house on it. They lived in the latter until 1880. when Mr. Williams erected a .story-and-a-half frame house (32 by 50 feet) where the family now live. He has been constantly clearing and de- veloping the land and now has 100 acres under cultivation. He has been successful in general farming and in his operations in live stock. He breeds horses for general purposes, Durham and Hereford cattle, and Poland-China and Berkshire hogs. Children as follows have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Williams : Luella and Ora. both died at the age of eighteen months ; Effie May. mar- ried Claude Stewart, of Lick Prairie Precinct ; Oma Bell and Ferble Elizabeth, at home ; For- rest Lake, of Lancaster Precinct. In polities Mr. Williams is a Democrat, and has served many years as School Director and Highway Commissioner. He also served two terms, 1903- 07, as County Commisioner. He is highly re- garded by all who know him. and in his busi- ness dealings has been actuated by high princi- ples. Mr. Williams is well known and has many friends. In his religious views he is a Uni- versal ist. WILLIAMS, James S., an enterprising and suc- cessful merchant of Keensburg. 111., was born in Coffee Precinct. Wabash County. III.. De- cember 20. 1.802. He is a sou of .Jeremiah and Mary (Hall) Williams, both natives of Ken- tucky. The parents were married at New Al- bany. Ind.. where for many years he was em- ployed as a ship builder. They afterward moved to a farm iu Jackson County. 111., and in 1857 he purchased a farm in what is now Coffee Precinct. Wabash County, where he died in the spring of 1870. His widow survived him many .years and passed away in 1890. Tlie.y were parents of children as follows : Louisa G.. widow of John Martina, of Bloomington, 111. ; Franklin A., of Arkansas : Thomas M., of Keensburg; Joseph W.. died In Keensburg, at the age of forty-seven years ; James S. ; Will- iam, of Wanette. Okla. The early education of James S. Williams was acquired in the common schools in Wabash County and he spent one year in the Southern Indiana Normal School at Mitchell. Ind., where he took a teacher's course and also studied book -keei ling. He lived with his parents until his marriage. October 4, 1885. to Edith M. Klm- lirel. bom in Coffee Precinct, daughter of James .\. and Annis (Skinner) Kimbrel. natives, re- spectively, of Wabash and Edwards Counties, 111. The young couple began farming on part of the home farm, of which he inherited 120 acres, and this was their home until 1903, when he rented his farm and moved to Keensburg, where he liought property. Mr. Williams sold his farm in 1909. and Au- gust 8. 1909. bought a business block in Keens- burg. stocking a store with groceries and hard- ware, where he has built up an extensive re- tail trade. He is well known and has man.y friends, enjoying the full confidence of his pa- WABASH COUNTY 821 trous. He carries a very eoniiJlete stock in his various lines and carries on his business witli energy and ability. Children as follows have been born to Mr. Williams and his wife: Goldie. married An- drew J. Fern, of Hudsonville. 111.; Kdna. mar- ried ^Villiam N. Fisher, of Keenslmrs;; (ilonu G. and Lawrence, at home. Mr. Williams is a Democrat in politics and servetl as County Commisioner from 1896-9i>. Fraternally he is a member of the Modern Woodmen of America, Camp No. 2193 : Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Lodge No. fHI!) ; Uoyal Neighbors and Tribe of Ben Hur. all of Keensburg. In relig- ious views he is member of Christian Church. WILLIAMS, Robert Graham (deceased), for many years a resident of Wabash County, 111,, was born in the State of New York, September 1, 1824, son of Joseph and Eliza (Graham) Williams, natives of Ireland, who came west and settled at Albion, 111., where for many years the former served as Postmaster. Joseph Williams had children as follows : George, Fleming, Roliert G., James, Joseph, John, Da- vid, Serena, Eliza J., Susan. — all deceased. When he was twenty years of age. Robert G. Williams began learning the trade of tanner, In Edwards County. 111., and three years later es- tablished a tan-yard on the farm where his widow now resides, which he conducted many .vears, then for many .vears operated a thresh- ing machine. He also carried on general farm- ing. He firet purchased forty acres, adding to his possesions from time to time as he was able, until he owned 184 acres, forty acres being lo- cated in Edwards County. He died on this farm, November 21, 187(), having been active and industrious all his life. He was greatly missed in many circles and left a number of tirm friends to mourn his loss. Mr. Williams married, December 21. 1848, Susan A. Penston, who was born in Mt. Carmel Precinct, April 7. 1828, a daughter of John and Sarah (Lake) Penston, the former born in Boston, Mass., and the latter in New Jersey. The iiarents of Mrs. Pension, Daniel and Alma Lake, of New Jersey, moved to Illinois at an early day, becoming very early settlers of Wa- basli County. Since the death of her husband Mrs. Williams has continued to reside on the home place. They were parents of cbihlren as follows: Henr>-, of Lick Prairie Precinct; Eliza, Mrs. Tobias Blakeney. of Vermilion County, 111.; Fleming I)., of Lancaster I're- cinct : Ada. Mrs. Oscar Swartzbaugh, of Ed- wards County, 111.: Robert (i.. who died Octo- ber 21, 1!)04, always resided with his mother, married Mary E. Brines, July IT. 18".)8. and they had one son — Samuel R. ; EHie. Mrs. Josejib Walter, of Evansville, Ind. ; IlaiTiet and Serena E., deceased. Robert G. Williams. Jr.. was first married to .\m:inda McGary. by whom he had three children : I-eo, who died at the age of eight vears; Winnie Pearl, and Nora Ethel. His widow resides with her mother-in-law on the home farm. Robert G. Williams, Sr., the subject of this sketch, was nmch interested bi public affairs and in politics was a Democrat. He was a I'niversalist in religious belief. WOOD, Abner.— The Wood family came to Wa- liash County at an early day, and Ale.xauder Wood, the grandfather of Abner, was one of the pioneers of Friendsville Precinct. His ma- ternal grandfather, Ira Keen, was also an early settler in Friendsville Precinct and a soldier in the Black Hawk War. Abner Wood was iHirn in Friendsville Precinct, October Ki. 18.50, a son of Ira and Rubina (Keen) Wood, both natives of that iire<-inct. Alexander Wood was a native of Kentucky and Ira Keen from Ham- ilton County. Ohio. Ira Wood w.is married in Friendsville Precinct, where he was reared, and settled on a farm of 200 acres. He died in 18T.S and his widow continued to live on the home farm sevei'al years, and then spent the remainder of her life with her children. She died in Mt. Carmel, March 20, 1008. They had four sons and five daughters, of whom those surviving are: Abner: Emily, Mrs. George Goodhart, of Mt. Carmel : Clinton, of Mt. Car- mel : and Eleanor and William, of Friends- ville Precinct. The early days of Abner WocmI were spent on a farm and he attended the district schools, lie resided with his parents and after the death of his father, remained in charge of the home farm until his own marriage, June 11. 1870, to Sarah Smith, who was l)orn in Wabash County, a daughter of George and Mary (Banks) Sndth. both natives of Wabash Precinct. George Smith is a son of John and Rebecca (Ballard Smith, he of Vermont and she of Xew York, daughter of a Methodist circuit-rider. Mr. Smith was married in New Hampshire and was ii turner by trade. He came down the Wabash River on a flat-boat while the Indians were still living in Wabash County, and se<-ured tim- ber land from the Government, which he im- proved and developed into a good farm. The paternal grandparents of Mrs. Wood. Alexander and Nellie (Rawlins) Banks, were early settlers In Illinois, the latter a native of Lawrence County. III., and the former of England. After his marriage .\bner Wood lived on his farm and made a specialty of raising stock. .\bout seven .vears later he moved from this farm of ninety acres, locating in Mt. Carmel in the fall of 1002. He still looks after his farm, but devotes the most of his time to buy- ing and selling hogs, cattle and sheep, a busi- ness which he has found very profitable. He has established a reputation for fairness and honest dealing in business and is highly es- teemed for his many good qualities. The fol- lowing children were born to him and bis wife: Ira. of Mt, Carmel. a s<'hool te.-icher : Ge(U-ge. a ph.vsician and surgeon of Indianapolis, Ind.; Delia, Mrs. Enieqr Davidson, of Mt. Carmel 822 WABASH COUNTY Precinct, and Dora. Allie and France, at home. Mrs. Wood was educated in the connnon and higli school and is a refined, cultured woman, who is interested in many good causes in the community. Mr. and Mrs. Wood are members of the Christian Church. He is a Democrat in jiolitics and a member of the Modern American Society. WOOD, Francis Marion (deceased), formerly a successful fanner of Wabash County. 111., died January 20. IJS^l. but is still kindly remembered by his many friends, who revere his memory for his high character and many worthy deeds, lie was a good friend and neighbor and always had at heart the welfare and progress of the community. He has been missed in many cir- cles and will not be forgotten as long as those who knew him live. He was prominent as an active supporter of the Democratic party and took great interest in public affairs. He was a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fel- lows and of the Ben Hur Lodge and Moaern Woodmen of America. Mr. Wood was liorn in Hardinsburg, Ind.. .Tune 20. 1S52. a son of Will- iam Adoljihus and Margaret Wood, both na- tives of Indiana. The father was a saddle- maker and in later life became a farmer. He moved to Wabash County and both he and his wife died there. Francis M. Wood remained with his parents until his marriage, January 27, 1875. to Emily Jane Shadle. who was born near FriendsviUe, Wabash County. 111.. October 19. 1.8.53. a daugh- ter of Samuel and Barbara (Deal) Shadle. the former a native of Pennsylvania. Both Mr. Shadle and his wife died when their daughter Emily was a small child and she was reared by a family living near Allendale. At the age of sixteen years, wishing to be independent, she began earning her own living by working in various families, continuing until her marriage. She and her husband started housekeefiing in Wabash County and lived on a farm until his death. They had several children, but the father was cut off in young manhood. His widow remained on the farm two years, then bought a residence in Mt. Carmel. In August, liX):!. she erected a modern ten-room house, where the family now reside. The children were: Asa S.. John Walter, and Mary Elizabeth. Of these children. Asa S. Wood married Sarah Ellen Trunks and they had "the follow- ing children : John Austin. Mabel Irene, Juan- ita Ruth and Xina Mildred. Asa S. Wood was a mason and contractor, and died September 20. lOOn. John Walter Wood is a ItricU mason and contractor and lives at Mt. Carmel. He mar- ried Anna Woods and tliey have two children. Merle and Doris. Mary Elizabetli Wood mar- ried James Edwin Peters, a native of Mt. Car- mel. son of Roliert and Loretta (Sapp) Peters, of Wabash County. lie is a grocer of Mt. Car- mel. and they liave three iliildren : Garnet Mar- etta. Naomi Fern and William Howard. WOOD, Nelson.— The Wood family is one of the oldest in Wabash County, 111., having been rei> resented there since ISOO. Nelson' Wood, of Lick Pniirie Precinct, is a native of the county, born in FriendsviUe Precinct. February 27, 1834, a son of John and Catherine (Bratton) Wood, natives of Kentucky and Tennessee, re- spectively. The father of John, also named John Wood, was born in England and came to the United States in 1770, liecoming an officer in the Revolutionary War. He married a Miss Ogle in Maryland, and afterward lived for a time in Virginia, moved from there to Ken- tucky, and in 1800 entered land in the southern part of FriendsviUe Precinct. Wabash County, mostly prairie. He erected a fort in which the family lived for protection from the Indians. He developed a flue farm and died on it about 1838. His son John married Catherine Bratton, whose father died in Tennessee, after which the widow brought her family of three daughters and two sons to Wabash County. The mother married John Wood. Sr., and her daughter mar- ried John Wood. Jr.. the former spending her last days in Edwards County, 111., where she died about 1S75. John and Elizabeth (Bratton) Wood were married In Wabash Count}' and settled down on part of the land his father owned, where both died, he on January 20. 18111, and she in the fall of 1878. Their children were. Llvona, who was Mrs. Sidney Miller and later Mrs. IBrad- shaw. died in Mt. Carmel ; Victor, of Mt. Car- mel Precinct ; Avaline. died at the age of twelve years: Sarah. Mrs. William S. Beard, died in Li-ck Prairie Precinct ; Nelson : Clark and a daughter (twins), the former of whom died in infancy, and the latter in Wabash County in Au- gust, 1008: Judy, JIi-s, James Campbell, of Mt. Carmel Precinct; John R.. killed in Mt. Carmel. in lOOii: Catherine, Mrs. John Leek, of Wabash Precinct; Niles, died in the Civil War; William, died in Mt. Carmel Precinct ; and Stephen, of Mt. Carmel. Nelson Wood attended the Shadel District School and received the same education as was given to most farmers' sons in the vicinity at that time. He remained at home until his mar- riage. April 11. 1858, to Sarah Ann Ulm. who was born in Clav County, 111., daughter of William T'hn. Iii September, 1,S61, Mr. Wood enlisted in Compan.v I. Thirt.v-second Illinois A'olunteer Infantry, being nuistered in at Springfield. 111., and assigned to the Western Army, under (ieneral Grant. He participated in the Battle of Shiloh. April (5 and 7. 18(i2. was afterward taken ill and as a consequence was discharged for disability. November 22. 1862. He made a good record as a soldier and ac- quitted himself creditably In the line of his duty to his country. Returning home after the war he resmned fanning, and after his mar- riage located on a farm of 100 acres in Lick Prairie Precinct, upon whicli were fifteen acres of cleared land with an old log house standing on it. where the family made their home about WABASH COUNTY 823 V ten years. He erected a good frame house about 18GS, aud in IS&S erected a new frame dwell- ing with modern conveniences, to which he added in IS'.Ki, making a fine home. He has developed a fine farm, all of which he has un- der cultivation except twenty acres of timber land. Mr. Wood's wife died on February 15, 1878, and he married (second), December 1, 1878, Mary E. Ulm, a half sister of his first wife, whose mother was Sarah (Campbell) Ulm, of Tennessee. Ry his first marriage Mr. Wood had nine children, namely : Bertha, liorn Feb- ruary (!. 18;")!). died March 18, 1872; Rosella, born September 12, 18('i0, married Glenn God- dard, and died ; Catherine, born December 21, 18(54, married Lewis McGregor, is now de- ceased ; Victor, born August 6, 1866, died De- cember 15, 1886; Austin A., born January 3, 1868, resides in Eugene, Ore. : John H., born May 4, 1869, resides in Wabash Countj- ; Flor- ence May. born July 7, 1871. married Robert Brines, of Lick Prairie Precinct ; Sarah Me- lissa, bom December .31. 187.S. died March 17, 1875 ; Lenora. born January 29. 1876, died June 25, 188.3. By his second marriage Jlr. Wood had children as follows : William M.. born No- vember 29, 1879. died December 12. 1879; El- bern A., born December 22. 1883, resides with his parents; Judy L.. born February 6. 1885, married Glenn Cotieh, of Jit. Carmel ; Arva V.. born May 29, 1887, and died October 5. 1903; Estes I., born May 22, 1894, resides with par- ents. Mr. Wood Is a member of the Christian Church, of which he has been a Deacon for many years. In polities he is a Republican and has served a few terms as School Director. Mr. Wood is identified with the best Interests of his comnmnity and is a worthy representative of his family, which has been highly resiiected in Wabash County for more than a hundred years. WOOD, Oliver H.— .\mong the oldest families of Wabash County, 111., are the Wood and Keen families, who have been represented there for several generations. Oliver H. Wood was born in Frlendsville Precinct. November 6. 1845. a son of Joseph and Charlotte (Keen) Wood, and a worthy representative of his race. Josejjh Wood was a son of Joseph and Leah (Great- house) Wood, the former a native of Virginia and the latter of Kentucky, and bis wife was a daughter of Ira and Eleanor (Jordan) Keen, the former born in Cincinnati. Ohio, and the latter of Kentucky. Joseph Wood came down tlie Ohio River and up the Wabash to Palmvra. fonnerly the cotmty-seat of Ed- wards (^ounty. then drove to Frlendsville Pre- cinct, where be secured government land, there married and spent the remainder of his life. Ira and Eleanor Keen were very early settlers of Wabash County, he being brought there by his parents when a lad. and the family took up government land in Wabash I'recinct. Ira Keen married and settled In Frlendsville Pre- cinct, where he died at the age of ninety-two years. Joseph and Charlotte Wood were married in Wabash County and settled on land they Ixiught and entered, adding lo it nnlil they owned 500 acres, lie died .\pril 27, is.511, at tlie age of thirty-nine years .•uul she died April 18, 1884, at the age of sixty years. Tlieir children were: Exima. married W. R. Couch and died in I'Yiendsvillc Precinct; Oliver 11. Mary, Mrs. S. A. Williams, of Springfield. 111. ; Horace, died at the age of thirty-five years ; Joseph O., of Frlendsville Precinct ; Linder, died at the age of twenty-seven. Oliver H. Wood lived with his mother after his fatlier's death and took charge of the farm, remaining at home until his marriage, Decem- ber 21. 1871. to Mary E. Milbnrn, born in Frlendsville Precinct, daughter of Harrison and Emily (Shoaff) Milbnrn. tho former a native of Patoka. Ind., and the latter of Pennsylvania. After his marriage Mr. Wcwd and his wife moved to his farm in Friendsvillo Precinct. This land had been previously imi)roved and tiled and buildings erected on it by him. He has since added thereto until he has 135 acres, and here carries on farming, raising Jersey cattle and registered Poland-China hogs. He and his wife have two children, Clifton J., who is in i)artnership witli his father in carrying on the farm, and Nora E.. Jlrs. (Jeorge Schrader. of Frlendsville Precinct. Mr. Wood and his son have made a specialt.v of breeding Barred Ply- mouth Rock chickens and White Holland tur- keys. Mr. Wood is nnicli interested in this in- dustiy and formerly served as President of the \\'abash County Poultry and Pet Stock -Associa- tion. .\s a l)oy he attended the district school and the Presbyterian iiarochial school at Frlendsville. He is now a member of the Chris- tian Church and has Iteen an Elder in the same since 1890. Politically he is a Repulilican and served three years as County Commissioner, from December 5, 1887. He takes great inter- est in anything that pertains to farnnng and has always liked this class of work, in which his wliole life has been |)assed. He is an able and industrious farmer and has reaped results accordingly. He is now President of the Wa- bash County Fair .\ssociation. and his adnnn- istration of its affairs has been most satisfac- tory to all concerned. WOOD, Victor. — One of the enterprising and suc- cessful farmers of Wabash County, 111., who has brought his farm from an unimproved state to its present produ<'tiveness. Is a native of the county, born in Frlendsville Precinct. De- cemlier 4. 1828. a son of John and Catherine (Bratton) Woobell. who was born in Tennes- see and died in Edwards County, 111., in 1876. She and Mr. Wood had one daughter, Jessie May, Mrs. Clinton Hinderliter. of Waterloo, Iowa. The following children were born to William D. Campbell and wife ; Mary D., died in infancy; Indiana, died at the age of eight years ; James, of Friendsville Precinct ; John, and Almira (Mrs. Joseph Shillings), both of Mt. Carmel. Mr. Wood is an enterisrising and progressive farmer, and is always ready to adopt modern methods of carrying on his work. He is a mem- ber of the Christian Church and his wife of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Politically he is a stanch Republican and is much interested in the welfare of his community and highly es- teemed. WRIGHT, Edwin D.— The Wright family were among the very early settlers of Wabash County, Joseph and Margaret (Buchanan) Wright, the paternal grandparents of Edwin Wright, having come to the cxjunty from Ohio, securing land from the Government. Edwin Wright was born on the farm in Wabash Pre- cinct, where he now lives, July 20. 1863, sou of John R. and Rosanna (Keen) Wright, both na- tives of Wabash Precinct. Rosanna Keen was a daughter of Dennis and Margaret (Compton) Keen, the latter born at old Compton Fort In Wabash Precinct. The Comptons entered land from the (ioverument and became prominent farmers of Wabash Countj-. The marriage of John R. Wright and his wife took place in Wabash County, and they then settled on land in Wabash Precinct which she had inherited from her father. There were eighty acres in this tract and part of it was covered with timber. He cleared the farm and lived there until 1870. when he botight 100 acres near by and later added more land. He died on his farm and his widow still resides there with her son. Van C, who carries on the home farm. Their children were: Margaret A., widow of Fred Holsen, Sr., of Allendale, 111. ; Edwin D., of Wabash Precinct; Joseph T., died December 22. 1909; Clara E.. wife of Kent Adams, of Wabash Precinct ; Van C, with his mother. Edwin D. Wright received his education In the public schools and lived with his parents until his marriage, November 8, 188.'5, to Mary C. Hines. who was born in Pulaski County, Ky.. and at the time of her marriage was living with her brother, Hardin Hines, near Allendale. .\fter his marriage Mr. Wright purchased a farm of ninety-tliree acres which adjoined 120 acres given him by his parents. He erected a comfortable house and substantial barns and made many other improvements, clearing about sixty acres. He carries on general farming and raises draft horses, also buys and feeds hogs and cattle for market. Mr. Wright and his wife have had children WABASH COUNTY 825 as follows: Emma Leota. Lyman Newell and Doreen, at home; MafiKie. who dieil in IS'.M), at the age of eight years; Edwin Burns, died in 1900 at the age of sixteen months; M. Lurile. at home. Mr. and Mrs. Wright are well known and popular in social circles, having many friends. He is a member of the Christian Church, in political matters is a Democrat, and a member of the fraternal order Modern Woodmen of America, No. ]79i), of Allendale. He is a public-spirited citizen and actively in- terested in the welfare and development of the community. WRIGHT, John Robinson (deceased).— The late John Robinson Wright, of Wabash Precinct, Wabash County, III., was a large landowner and extensive stock-raiser. He was one of the best known men iu the county and was regarded by all with the highest esteem. Mr. Wright was a native of the county, born in Wabash Precinct. in 1831. son of Joseph and Margaret (Buch- anan) Wright, vei-y early settlers of the region. The parents secured land from the Government and both died in 1842. He attended ])rivate schools when a small boy and began working at farm work as soon as he was old enough to do so. For a few years the orphan boy lived with various families in his native county, and then rented ninety acres of the home farm. Mr. Wright married. February 24. 1853, Ros- anna Keen, who was born on the farm where she now resides. January 24. 1835, daughter of Dennis and Margaret (Compton) Keen, Mr. Keen was born in Ohio and his wife was the second white child born in Wabash County. Their parents were Peter and Jemima (Gard) Keen, natives of New Jersey, and Levi and Ros- anna (Burk) Compton. w^ho came from Vir- ginia. After his marriage Mr. Wright went to California, where he spent seven years, working in gold mines, herding sheep, etc. then re- turned and bought 107 acres of land from his wife's brother. His wife inherited 150 acres in Section 1. Wabash Precinct, and altogether they became owners of about 400 acres. He carried on general farming and became an e.x- tensive stock-raiser. Mr. Wright died June G. 1892. but his widow still resides on the farm. Mr. Wright was a very industrious, ambitions man. and brought his land to a good state of cul- tivation, making all possible improvements. He witnessed the develoiHnent of the county from w-ild prairie and timber to well-kept farms, dotted with comfortable houses, and in his youth had to bear the many hardships and pri- yations connnon to pioneer life. He was a Democrat in politics and a member of the Christian Church. Children as follows were born to Mr. Wright and wife : Margaret A., widow of Fred Holsen, Sr., of Allendale; F.dwin D.. of Wabash Pre- cinct, a sketch of whom appears in this work; Joseph T.. died December 22. IWO ; Clara E.. Mrs. Kent Adams, of Wabash Precinct, and Van C. who lives with his mother on the old farm. Mrs. Wright is a woman of high char- acter and has many friends. Like her husliand she witnessed the many changes that have taken [ilace in the comity for more than half ii century, and well remembers the conditions and mode of living which prevailed in her child- bdod. Both bore their jiart in assisting in the developing and im]iroving cif their conununity. WRIGHT, Thomas B., Jr.— .Vmong the success- ful business men of Mt. Carmel, 111,, is Thomas B. Wright, Jr„ who has many financial inter- ests in the city, being the owner of considerable I>rout 1840 they located in Hamilton County. 111., where John William 0"Neil be<'ame a jwrk jiacker. He also shipiied meats and other pro- duce to New Orleans and was an extensive grain- dealer. He died in 1882, having been one of the leading business men of Hamilton County. When he began his business the only means of long distance transjHirtation in his part of the country was by water, and he lived to see great changes in business methods. Charles Henry Wright was one of the early settlers of McLeansboro, Hamilton County, 111., and he and Henry Mclx'an laid out tlie town. There he erected and operated the first giist-mill in that part of the State. o|>erating the same until 18(11. He then enlistcfl in the I'nion Army, and served as Ca|)tain of a t-(imi)any in the Eighty-seventh Illinois Vohmtcer Infantry to the end of the war. [The report of the Adjutant (ienemi of Illinois gives the name of James H. Wright, of McLeansboro. as Captain of Company E. Eight.v-seventh Illinois Volunteers during the Civil War. — 'Thk Editor.] Returning home, Mr. Wright engaged in business in the line of gen- eral merchandise, which he continued until 1872, when he went to Black Hills. S. D., where he died in 1S94. at the age of eighty-four years. John W. O'Neil also enlisted in the Union .\rmy. in 18(11. as a member of the Fifty-sixth Illinois Volunte(>rs. and served to the end of the war. A part of the regiment was with Sherman in the "March to the Sea." and after the Battle of Bentonville, N. C, 193 men and 12 officers took pas,sage on the steamer Gen. Lyon, on the way home to be nmstered out. When off Cape Hatteras the steamer caught fire, during a storm, and was totally destroyeshooter to the end of the war. He was a member of the Grierson's raiders of 1863, who comprised some of the bravest and most fear- less men of the Union Army. He had one knee- cap shot off, was shot in liis right arm, his el- bow being carried 'away, had three horses sliot under him, and had many other narrow eseai^es. .\t one time he was captured, but managed to escape. After his discharge he returned to Mc- Leansboro and was married to a lady who was a graduate of St. Vincent's Catholic School and a woman of culture and refinement. Mr. Wright engaged in mercantile business in McLeausboro. where he continued until 1S84, when he sold out and embarked in the lunil)er business, which his sons conducted. In l.S8(i he was ordained a minister of the Jlissionary Baptist Church and has been able to do good work in the cause of the church. He resides at McLeausboro and does evangelical work throughout his part of the State. His wife died in 1888. They were parents of six children, namel.v : J. W., of Mc- Leausboro, who conducts a business of his own and is a leader in the lumber trade in Southern Hlinois: .Judge S. M., of Mount Vernon, 111., who is a graduate of Ann .'Vrbor Law School, was ad- mitted to the bar at the age of twent>'-one years and elected County .Judge of Hamilton County two years later ; Thomas B.. ,Jr. : Charles Henry, who after attaining his ma.iority was partner of his brother Thomas at Carmi and Mt. Carmel, 111., from 1897 until his death, February 8, 1905, at San Antonio, Tex., whither he had gone for the benefit of his health ; Dollie, born in 1880 and died at the age of nine months; Mollie, married Allen L. Spivey, editor of the "News (Jleaner," and I'ostmaster of Shawnee- town, 111. Judge S. M. Wright was .\d,iutant in the Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry during the Spanish-American War. He is interested in several large lumber yards and is the sell- ing agent of some of the largest lumber concerns in the United States. Thomas B. Wright. Jr., received his early edu- cation in the public schools and later attended the Northwestern Universit.y at Evanston, also the Rush Medical College at Chicago, and read jnedicine for a time with Dr. Halls in Me- Leansboro, but never completed his medical course. He later engaged in wholesale produce business at Cuba, Mo., where he had headquar- ters, with branches at Rolla. Salem, St. James and Sullivan, in the same State. He afterward located in Mt. Vernon in the same business, then went to Nashville, Tenn., where he remained a year and a half, when he and his brother Charles H. went into wholesale and retail lumber liusi- uess at Carmi, 111, In 1901 Mr. Wright opened a wholesale and retail lumber business at Mt. Cannel. and at the death of his brother in 1907, he bought the entire interest of the business and is now sole proprietor. He has other busi- ness interests and is tUe owner of much improved ])roperty in the way of houses and lots. He stands high in business circles and is President of the Illinois, Indiana & Kentucky Lumber Dealei-s' Association. He has always shown high honor and integrity in his business dealings and has an envialile business reputation. June 1.5, 1892, Mr. Wright married Ida May Siddall, born at McLeansboi-o, 111., daughter of Joseph Robert and Rebecca (McGiiT) Siddall, the former born in the South and the latter in Marietta. Ohio. Mr. Siddall is a son of Wil- liam and Martha (Maltby) Siddall. of England. and his wife is a daughter of William McGirr. a Quaker and a native of I'hiladelphia. The following children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Wright: Wilma. born .\pril T,, 1893, at home; Robert Bernard, born February 22, 1895; Thomas Gilbert, born February i, 1907. Mr. Wright is a Tresbyterian in religious faith and politically is a Republican. He has taken an ac- tive part in local affairs and in 1907 was elected Mayor of Mt. Carmel, serving one term of: two yeai-s. He was a candidate of State Senator in the fall of 1909, but was defeated by a small majority. He belongs to the B. P. O. E. No. 715, of Mt. Carmel. and to Hoo Hoo, No. 1861. Mr. Wright is now erecting a handsome residence on Seventh and MuUicrry Streets, which will be one of the most modern buildings of the kind In Southern Illinois. He has the facult.v of mak- ing and retaining warm personal friends, and he and his wife are well known and much sought in social circles in their city. YOUNG, James A. (deceased). — In recalling the business men of Mt. Carmel. who once were most active and useful among her citizens, the late James A. Young is brought to mind, many of the substantial buildings of the place having been erected through bis skill and the lumber furnished for many more from his mill.s. He was born near Mt."Carmel, 111., .August 10. 1831, his father being a farmer in Wabash County and a native of New York, Later the family moved into Mt. Carmel, the father selling his farm lands at that time and there James A., with others of the large family, attended school for a time. James X. Young learned the principles of merchandising in Oregon, and when he came back to Mt. Carmel he went into the mercan- tile business for himself, but after conducting a store for several years reverses fell upon him and he failed in busines.s. Earlier he had learned the carpenter trade, and to this he again tnnied after settling iip his mercantile affairs, and during the folowing years put up a large number of buildings. He then went into saw- null work and continued for twenty-five years being compelled to abandon this on account of an accident from which he later died. On March 28. 1869. Mr. Young was married to Mrs. Mary E. (Shannon) Miller, widow of WABASH COUNTY 827 S. p. Miller. Mr. Miller was lioni in Mary- land and was bronght to Wabash County by hla Iiaronts in boyhood. He was reared and edu- cated at Mt. Carniel, where be taught school for some years, and was also a local preacher In the Methodist Episcopal Church. He left three childi'en : James S.. Otto P. (deceased), and Sarah H., all born at Mt. Carmel. Mr. Young was a member of the Methodist Church to which Mrs. Young also belongs. He was a man who was very highly respected by all who knew him. ZIMMERMAN, Frederick H.-^Araong the suc- cessful farmers and stock-raisers of Wabash County, 111., is Frederick H. Zimmerman, who has a fine fertile farm in Mt. Carmel Precinct, on which he was born October 17, 1S(>4, son of Jacob and Belinda B. (Hinde) Zimmerman, na- tives of Pennsylvania and Illinois, respectively. Jacob Zimmerman and his wife had children as follows : Frederick H. and Charles Bradford, who died at the age of four years. Belinda B Hinde, the mother of Frederick and Charles, died in 1S05 and was the daughter of Thomas S. Hinde, the founder of Mt. Carmel. Letters of the Association which founded Mt. Carmel were taken out at Chill icothe, Ohio, in 3818, and are now in possession of the subject of the above sketch. The education of Frederick H. Zimmerman was acquired iu the common and high schools of Mt. Carmel and, as a young man, he moved to Fort Smith, Ark., where from 188.3-86 he and a cousin, Harry H. Hinde, conducted a grocery store. He then returned home and remained with his father on the farm where he still re- sides. The fanu was turned over to him on his marriage. July 1.3. 1902. to Agnes M. Oldendorf. born at Jit. Carmel on May .3, 1872, a daughter of Peter and Mary S. (Wise) Oldendorf. of Wabash County. They became the parents of two children : Jacob Hinde and Belinda Re- becca. Mr. Zimmerman's farm, which contains about 350 acres, is situated at the dam in Mt. Carmel Precinct. He is an extensive farmer, raises fine trotting horses and feeds cattle and hogs for the market. He is prosperous and indus- trious and is reaping a good profit from liis work. He is Independent in politics. Frater- nally he belongs to the Knights of Pythias of Mt. Carmel. having been Chancellor Commander of his lodge and filled the other chairs; is also a member of the Uniform Bank of same order, having held the rank of Captain for four years. ZIMMERMAN, Jacob.— One of the boat known and most popular citizens of Wabash County, 111., who has been prominent in Democratic poli- tics throughout his part of the State, is Jacob Zimmerman, who has served two terms in the State Legislature and has helfl several local offices. Mr. Zimmerman was born near Greens- burg. Pa.. September 27. 18.31. son of Henry and Elizabeth (Steelsniith) Zimmerman, natives of Westmoreland County, Pa., and grandson of I'eter Zinnnerman. of Berks County, Pa., and of Jacob Steelsniith, who married a Miss Will- iams. Mr. Steelsniith was a carjienter, farmer and millwright. .Vll the grandparents of Mr. Zinnnerman spent their entire lives in Pennsyl- vania. Henry Zimmerman was married in (Jreensburg. Pa., where lie lived until 1840, when he moved to Stark County, Ohio, where he lived four years, then removed to Upjier San- dusky, Ohio, and liought land which had be- longed to the Wyandot Indian.s. Here he and his wife died, he at the age of si.xt.v-one years and she at eighty-one. Tlieir children were: Jacoli. the oldest ; Rebeera, .Mrs. Jones, now de- ceased ; Margaret, of Upper Sandusky, Ohio; Susan, of Bellefontaine, Oliio; Mrs. Jerome (Jould, wlio died in Mt. Carmel, in 1900; Bela B., deceased; Henry, of Upper Sandusky, Oliio; Bell, widow of Charles N. Lamason, a very prominent citizen of Lima, Ohio ; Mary, and one other who died in infaiuy. The education of Jacob Zimmerman was re- ceived in the connnon and select schools of Up- per Sandusky, Oliio, and at the age of eighteen yeai-s he liegau learning tlie trade of a printer. In 1849 the man for wliom lie was working got the "gold fever," and left the conduct of his busine.ss in the hands of Mr. Zimmerman and Robert Duuini. and a year later their employer, Mr. Giles, turned his Inisiness over to his brother. Mr. Dunnn and .Mr. Zimmerman went to Tiffin, Ohio, and worked on a newsjiaper there until March, 18r)2, when the latter went through Kentucky and Indiana, and finally located at Marshall, 111., where he worked on a Democratic paper a few months ; then he and James C. Robinson purchased the paper and a Whig paper and. combining tlie two. named their paper the "Eastern Illinoisan." In IS.'jO Mr. Zimmerman sold his interests and went to Ur- bana, where he established the "Constitution," also established a paper at CJreenup. 111., which he sold a few months later. In 1800 Mr. Zim- merman sold his interests in Urbana and moved to Mt. Carmel, where he took charge of a Dem- ocratic paper, conducting it until the latter part of November of that .vear, when he went out of the newspaper business. Mr. Zimmermau at this time owned an interest in an estate which his wife had inherited, and after lier death he purchased the interests of the other heirs, be- coming sole owner of 215 acres of land in Mt Carmel Precinct, near the Grand Rapids of the Wabash River. Wliile living at Marshall. III., Mr. Zimmer- man introduced the primary election method, which became universal. Wliile living in Cham- paign, he was instrumental in securing the adoption of township organization in the county. Wherever he has livetl he has been ac- tively interested in public affairs and has iden- tified himself with the cause of progress and improvement. Mr. Zimmerman married. December 25. 1856, Belinda B. Hinde. born in Mt. Carmel, daugh- ter of Thomas S. Hinde, a native of Kentucky, 828 WABASH COUNTY and one of tbe original proprietors of Mt. Car- mel. The two children bom of this union were : Charles, who died at the age of four years, and Fred H., of Mt. Carmel Precinct. Mrs. Zim- merman died June -0, 1S65, and Mr. Zimmer- man married (second), April 13, 1875, Emma Harris, born in Mt. Carmel, a daughter of John K. and Mary B. (McNair) Harris, both natives of Wabash Count}'. Her grandparents were Elijah and Elizabeth (Hogeland) Harris, he of New Yorli and she of Holland, and Charles and Amelia (Gard) McNalr, natives of Ireland and Ohio, respectively. From 1860 until 1903 Mr. Zimmerman lived near the Grand Kapids of the Wabash, then pur- chased 160 acres in the southeastern part of Friendsville Precinct. He has devoted most of his time to agricultural pursuits since 1861, and raises Jersey cows and registered Holstein cattle, registered Shropshire sheep and also draft and driving horses. By his second mar- riage he had two children : John, living on part of the home farm at Grand Rapids, and V. Hugo, living with his parents. Mr. Zimmer- man was elected on the Democratic ticket to the Illinois Legislature, in 1878, and afterward ■was elected for another term. During his first term he obtained the appropriation for building the Wabash County court house, and during his second term was instrumental in securing the appropriation for placing the statue of General Shields in the House of Fame, at Washington, D. C, for which service he was publicly thanked by the daughter of Gen. Shields. He has also served as County Commissioner and Highway Commissioner. He has given efficient service in whatever office he has filled and has been so mindful of the interests of his constitu- ents that they have delighted to honor him in any way they could. Mr. Zimmerman has been a member of the Masonic Order since 1852, and also belongs to the Mt. Carmel Chapter. He served as Worshipful Master of the lodge at Mt. Carmel a number of years, and at the conclu- sion of his service his lodge brothers presented him with a unique Pastmaster's jewel. ZIMMERMAN, John Henry, though a young man, has shown himself possessed of consider- able business talent and has been successful in various lines of enterprise. Mr. Zimmerman was born in Section 9, Mt. Carmel Precinct, Peh- ruar.v 22, 1880, a son of Jacob and Emma J. ( Harris ) Zimmerman, of Wabash County, the latter born in Mt. Carmel. They had three children, all boys. The early education of John Henry Zimmer- man was received in private schools until lie was about seventeen years of age, and he after- ward graduated from the high school at Mt. Carmel. When eighteen years of age he be- came employed as a clerk in a shoe and dry- goods store in Mt. Carmel, and about four years later engaged in farming on sixty acres of his father's farm. Here he carries on diversified fanning and makes a specialty of hog raising. November 14, 1902, Mr. Zimmerman married Clara Shryoek. born near Olney, III., a daugh- ter of Valentine and Margaret Shryoek. One son has been born of this union, J. Richard, born July 2. 1904. Mr. Zimmerman is a mem- lier of the Methodist Episcopal Church and in politics is a Democrat, though he does not care for public office. He has taken great pride in developing and improving his farm, and the re- sults have been highly satisfactory. He is con- sidered a representative and useful citizen and stands well in the community. -/- & & «9 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 016 095 612 4 ill II 1!" MM M i!P ! I ! ii m:' . iiii "liiiiiiuiii i m! i»(}()i> mmm\ ■I'.-ur >}'.)■•.>■'.■ .]•'> :>: P 'I i(wiM7yfi? .iliUiilliiSII •);?i!ti ; i •ii mmmmmmmmm l%A-tAii^ititt\*i*Tivktiti-'.4t:tttfiM*iii\