w BiLfe THE ALASKAN BOUNDARY DISPUTE FROM AN AMERICAN POINT OF VIEW BY WILLIAM H. LEWIS FROM THE AMERICAN REVIEW Of REVIEWS AUGUST 18 9 9 ^ EDUCATION IN THE SOUTHERN STATES 187 gogues and adventurers, the slaves of prejudice and passion, individual liberty is less and less until it becomes extinct and despotism is a ne- cessity. Our American republic, which we love, is the guardian of the holiest trust ever com- mitted to a people. There are gravest questions growing out of our late and present war against Spain and the Philippines, our relations with half-civilized islanders, which are not to be considered in this conference. There are other questions, home and internal, which thrust themselves upon our thoughts and demand wise consideration and the fullest education of every citizen. When all are properly educated we shall not then have too much wisdom for meeting the perils which men- ace our institutions. The masses, always repre- senting the lowest parts of society, must have general instruction and some familiarity with the rights and duties of ordinary citizenship. Per- haps the most mischievous error in the public mind is the misapprehension of liberty and of democracy. Lilierty is to be blended insepara- bly with the Government, harmonized with its forms, be made subordinate to its ends, for the Correlative of liberty is lawful authority. Free- dom consists in keeping within lawful limits and rules, and anything except that is not freedom, but license — in fact, servitude of the most abject type. It is a pestiferous error, largely accepted, that the people have an inherent right to rule, inde- pendent of forms and rules and constitutional restrictions. Lincoln, in homely language, said that ours was a government of the people, for the people, by the people. This means the rule of the people through an organized government, through legal and orderly administration. How shall the people rule ? When is their voice au- thoritative ? Certainly not whenever, wherever, or however e.xpressed ; not by the spontaneous utterance of a promiscuous assembly ; not by the will of a frenzied mob. The voice of every man, woman, and child in the United States is not law unless that voice has been collected and formu- lated according to prescribed methods and forms. Such a claim is the very opposite of our rep- resentative republic. Neither a majority nor unanimity vote can ■ justify the assumption of legislative and executive functions. To be a people jiresnpposes a state of civil society, and a voluntary assemblage has no sort of title to alter the seat of power in the society in which it ought to be the obedient and not the ruling part. This modern democracy is mobocracy — is des- potism pure and simple. The tendency is too frequent among our peo- ple for an excited, conscienceless multitude to take power into their hands. We have had examples of this in Massachusetts, New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Illinois, and the South. Growing largely out of this perversion and mis- understanding of the theory and functions of our Government is the frequent violation of law or the contempt of civil authority. Regarding the people as the fountain and sanction of law and authority, the slow process of prescribed forms is disregarded and men take unto themselves the administration of law, the redress of inju- ries, the punishment of offenders. Human life is shown in the 10,000 annual murders to be very cheap. White-capism and Ku-kluxism and secret associations set their judgment up as better than a regularly organized civil government. Riots abound and rights of property and obligatoriness of contracts are treated as wrongs to be sum- marily remedied. These offenses are not local and are as censurable in Ohio and Illinois as in Kentucky or Georgia. It behooves good men and women everywhere in self-examination, charity toward others, in catholic patriotism, in courageous purpose to do right, in helpfulness for those less favored, to comljine all intiuences that the republic may come to no harm. Our history fills our hearts with exultation and pride ; its great examples, its general teachings, the .splendor of its achieve- ments, the advance in all good arts, the peace and prosperity, the open door for individual and national development, the contagiousness of the success of freedom have made the boast of American citizenship to be more real and far more universal than that of being a Roman. These representative institutions nuist not perish nor be set aside as vain experiments, nor re- placed by forms or realities which deny popular sovereignty and the blessings of a written con- stitution. We must all feel that in us and in our republic the highest life of man is vitally and in- separabh' associated. Our country is the glory ot earth, the hope of the oppressed of all lands, the realization of the dignity of man as man, the fulfillment of the dreams of all who have huilt tlieir hopes on human capabilities and humun liberty, and nothing can surpass the duty to omit no exertion of transmitting unimpaired all these blessings and hopes to those who are to come after us. THE ALASKAX li()L\\UAR\- DISl'UTK I-ROM AX AMl-RICAN POIXT OF MIAV. BV WILLIAM H. I.KWIS, OF SEAj/TLK, WASH. (Fiiriiii-rly Httitcliril ui Bering Sen tribuniil of nrliilratiuu.i THK aiinoiinceinen*. tliut tin.' international jii had faileil to coinu to an agreement U])(>n the questions submitted to it because of the inability to agree upon a treat- ment ot the disputed Alaskan boundary has not been a surprise to those who have U-en interested in the subject in the i)ast and liave been jjer- milted to observe the claims made by the Cana- dians interested in Alaska and the Northwest Territories and their determination to secure a new boundary that would give Canada harbors on the coast of Alaska and enable her to reach her valuable possessions in the interior without Iwing subject to American customs regulations. The ((uestion in dispute relates only to tliat line which separates the possessions of Great Hritain and the United States along the strip of land lielonging to the latter whidi extends down the coast from the Alaskan peninsula and shuts olT the Brilish possessions from liie waters of the Pacific Ocean. This boundary line is descrilied in the treaty of February 1 tj, I .S'io, between Russia and Great Britain, and was mapped out by Russia shortly after. Great Britain contends that the Russians iiiisiinierpretcd the treaty, and that the true biiiindary line according to the terms of the iieaty should be much ni;arer the coast and should give .several salt water harbors on the .Maskan coast to CJreat Britain, furnishing free access through her own ports to her possessions in the interior. The lioundary line is descrilK'd in Articles IIL ami 1\'. of the treaty as follows : III C'oniinciK'inK from the soutlicriininst point of the islnnil called Prince of Wales Island, wliirli (Hiint lien in Ilie iiiirallelof .'►4>' 40' nort li latitude and l)et\veentbe one hunilred and tliirty-lirsi anri one liuiidreiiit of iiiterst'ction of the one hundred and forty-llrst degree of west longitude, shall pnive to l«e ut a distance of more than ten marine leagues from the iH-ean. the limit I)etweeii the Kritish posses.sions and the line of cuii.st which is to Udoiig to Kussia its alxive mentioned shall Ik- formed liy a line parallel to the windings Isiniio^i- tie.si of the coast, and which shall nev^-r exceed the dis- tance of (e1i marine leagues therefrom. The British contentiojj is : Fiijt. That the "pass called the Portland Channel " did not mean what is now called Port- land Canal, but what is now known as Behin Canal, which they claim was formerly calle.l Portland ( 'hannel. Second. 'J'hat though the, Russians ran the line a uniform ten marine league* from the coast a.s though there were no distinct range of moun- tains parallel to the coast, there is, as a fact, a range of mountains parallel to the coast the crest of which should have been followed. Third. That in case there wei? no range of mountains the ten marine leagues should have been measured, not from the line of salt water, but from the outer coast line of the islands or from the ocean, that being meant as the coa.st. Fourth. That even if there were no distinct range of mountains and tlie line was accepted as ten marine leagues from the coast, it should lj<> ten leagues from a meandered coast-line and sliould cut across the mouths of the narrow chan- nels and iidets with •.vhich the coast of Alaska is indented, leaving th( harbors at the head of these inlets in the posse.ssion of (Jreat Britain. iSir Wilfrid Laurier. premier of Canada, stated in the Canadian Parliament in rei)ly to a question relative to the Alaskan boundary: "According to our construction of the treaty of 1.S2.'), the Ixiiindarj' line shouM follow the crest of the mountains nearest the coast, passing over bays anil creeks and inlets which are territorial wa- ters." After making all these contentions, it is re- ported that Great Britain took the jKjsition lie- fore the commission that while she was by right THE ALASKAN BOUNDARY DISPUTE. 189 entitled to all the territory these various con- structions of the treaty would give her, she was willing to sacrifice them all and as a compromise receive just one harbor — the best one on the Alaskan coast. And the refusal of the commis- sioners on behalf of the United States to accede to their request caused a suspension of negotiations on the part of the commission. It has been said that Great Britain's policy in international disputes is to claim everything in sight and then have a margin upon which to make concessions when effecting a compromise. In the Alaskan boundary dispute her claims are without foundation, and the concessions she offers should not be considered, as they represent no sacrifice. She proposes to concede to the United States that which belongs to the United States, in order to get from the United States, on the principle (so often invoked in international com- promises) of mutual accommodation, a concession at once valuable to both nations. The purpose of this article is to prove from official British records that the claims of Great Britain to any other than the present accepted boundary line are entirely without foundation. The best indication of what was intended by the framers of the treaty can be found in the corre spondence leading up to its adoption. This has, fortunately, been published by the British For- eign Office in Volume II. of the appendix to the case of her majesty's government before the Bering Sea arbitration, and the quotations given in this article are from that volume. This correspondence shows that Russia's in- tern ion in asking tliat the line of demarcation should follow Portland Canal was that she should secure a strip of " terra firma" opposite Prince of Wales and the adjacent islands ; that she de- scribed Portland Canal as "at the height of Prince of Wales Island " to indicate that the mouth of Portland Canal was opposite ihe south- ern extremity of Prince of Wales Island and the " origin in the interior between tlie fifty-fifth and fifty-sixth degrees of north latitude." This describes Portland Canal and not Behm Canal. Great Britain's second contention, that the line should follow the crest of the mountains nearest the coast, cannot be sustained, as any one familiar witli the Alaskan mountains knows that there is no distinct range of mountains along the coast, that they are in groups and patches both on the islands and on tlie mainland, and that where there are ranges they run at right angles and not parallel to the coast. Looking at the Ala.skan coast from a distance, one sees what apjiear to be distinct ranges of mountains, but upon close ex- amination it is impossible to find any range of moiintains parallel to the coast. Great Britain's plan of taking individual mountains that suit her purpose and cutting from the crest of one to the crest of the next in such a way as to give her the heads of the bays, inlets, and channels with which the Alaskan coast is indented is thus shown to be untenaljle. With reference to the third contention, that the ten marine leagues should be measured from the outer coast-line of the islands, it will be ob- served that in demanding this ten marine leagues Russia insisted upon it as ten marine leagues of " terra fir/iia" "on the continent, " and not ten marine leagues in width of island possessions. Her fourth contention will also he proven im- possible. The parties to the treaty meant exactly what they said when they described the line as following the "sinuosities " or windings of the coast, and did not mean, as Sir Wilfrid Laurier suggests, a line passing over bays and creeks and inlets. The first proposal looking to the framing of a treaty adjusting the differences between Russia and Great Britain arising from their confiicting interests in the north I'acific Ocean was made by Count Lieven, Russian ambassador to London, on January 19, 1823, and on February 2.5 of that year Sir C. Bagot, British ambassador to- St. Petersburg, was granted full power to adjust those differences with the Russian Government. On April 17, 1823, Count Nesselrode, the Russian prime minister, wrote Count Lieven at London the results of the first interview between himself and the British ambassador. Sir C. Bagot, stat- ing clearly the Russian position as follows : . . . That the line of the fifty-fifth degree of north latitude should constitute the southern lioiindaryof the states of his imperial majesty, that on the continent toward the east that liue slioulrl run aluug tlie range of mountains which follow the sinuosities of the coast up to Mt. Elias, and tliat from that point up to the Arctic Ocean we would fix the borders of our respective pos- sessions on tlie line of the one hundred and fortieth de- gree of longitude west from the meridian of Greenwich. To the end not to cut the island of the Prince of Wales, which by that arrangeineut would remain with Russia, we would propose to carry the southern fron- tier of our donuiius to 54'' and 40' of latitude and to make it abut on the continent at the Portland Canal, of which the opening into the ocean is at the height of the Prince of Wales Island and the origin in the in- terior between the fifty-fifth and fifty-sixth degrees of latitude. This proposition would leave to us a straight liKtirv on that coast and would leave to the Knglish estiil)lish- ments all the necessary space to multiply and extend. As this is the line that was finally accepted after two years of effort by the Britisli Foreign Office to secure a "compromise," it will be ob- served that the Russian diplomats know how to- deal with Great Britain. r.M) THE AMERICAN MONTHLY REI^IEU' OF RE^/EIVS. Procpcdiiift. fount Ni-sselroile, aftor mention- ing a jiroposal of Sir ( 'iiarli'S Hajfot to have tiie lino follow the ciiannel called Duke of Clarence Strait, which is lietween I'rince of Wales Island and the mainland, says : If I'rince i>f Wales Nlaml renmiiisours it i^ iiwessiiry tliiit it Ik- of winie use to iih. Hut liy tlie pliiii of the KiiKlisli iinilHi.sNiiii the reservation of a medium space of term tiniiii, does not insi.st uihju it for any value it has, lint in order not to lose the sur- ronndini; isles. . . . We ilo not .s*-ek any advantage : we would avoid grave inconvenience. Having stated the grouiul upon which Russia stood and shown clearly his thorough under- standing of the whole subject. Count Xesselrode remains linn to it tliroughotit the negotiations. .■strong etlorts were made by Great Hritain to force him from his position. In the beginning .Sir (.". Hagot was instructed to secure, if possible, the (iftyseventli degree as the .southern boundary of Russian territory. lie tried to do even better by propasing that tlie lino follow Cross .Sound and Lynn Canal, thus cutting off Russia from both the islaiuJs along tlie coast and the h'siere, stating as his rea.«on : " I thought that it might be for the advantage of the negotiation if I re- served the ])roposition of the fifty-seventh degree to a later periocl of it, anil, jiulging from the map. it appeared to me that it might lie desirable to obtain, if possible, the whole group of islands along the coast." <)n January 15, 1S".!4, an entire year having lieen consumed in negotiations without result, Mr. (.». Canning, at the lieadof the Hritish Foreign Office, wrote Sir C. Hagot, indicating that the line most satisfactory to the Hritish (iovernment ■ Would lie one drawn through Chathaiu Strait," the channel separating the island on which Sitka is situated from the island lo the eastward of it. • or even Sle]ihen's I'lussage. and if neither of :liese can be obtairieil," the line must lie drawn on the mainland to ihe north of the northernmost post of the Northwest (.'ompany from east lowest until it strikes the coast, and tlience may descend to whatever lalitiule may be necessary for taking in the island on which .Sitka stands. Again, he suggested "the strait which sejia- rates the mainland from the islands" as the bound- ary. Hut if that could not lie secured it would lie ex]>edienl to assign, with res|«'ct to the main- land southward from Lynn Canal, '-a limit, say, of fifty or a liunilrei. Sir C. IJagot wrote that after six weeks of constant negotiation, after having gone lo the utmost limit of his instruc- tions and even lieyond them, he had entirely failed to induce the Russian Government to ac- cede to what he considered to U- a fair and reasonable adjustment. He reported that he first suggested a line through Chatham Strait to the head of Lynn Canal. This U-ing refused, he offered a line drawn from the west to the east through the center of the strait north of Prince of Wales Island to where it touched terra firma. " From there it shall follow in the same direction upon the Irrrajirma to a point distant ten leagues from the coast, and from that point the line shall extend to the northwest jiarallel to the sinuosi- ties of the coast, and always at the ilistance of ten marine leagues from the shore up to the one hundred and fortieth degree of longitude," etc. As a last resort he had then proposed to assign to Russia the I'rince of Wales Island and to have the line of demarcation follow the channel seiia- rating rrince of Wales Island from the mainland to the middle of the strait north of that island, and then run directly east to a point on the terra Jirma ten marine leagues from the coast, and thence north, etc. 'I'he.se various offers were not accepted by the Russians, and they set forth their rea.soiis in their final reply, saying, among other things : That the [Missi'ssion of the Prince of Wales Island williuut II portion of the territory on the coast situated opposite that island could uot lie of any utility lo Kussia. That all estalilishments formed on that island or on those adjacent to it would llnd themsi'lves in many ways injnn-d liy the Knglish estnblishmeiits on the ter- ra flriiKi and completely at their mercy. This ended the first period of negotiations, with Russia insisting on her original proposition and Great Hritiiin still urging a " compromise." It is worth while to notice that throughout even these preliminary negotiations the location of Portland Canal is clearly defined as "at the height of Prince of Wales Islam!" and origi- nating "in the continent between the fifty-fifth anil fifty-sixth degrees of latitude." The fact that the mouth of Portland Canal is directly op- ])osite the southern points of Prince of Wales Island and Russia's demanding the coast opposite Prince of Wales Island would clearly prove that THE ALASKAN ROUND A RY DISPUTE. 191 the canal now known as I'ortland Canal was meant, and not a passage further to the north. It is also worth noticing, while the two powers are preparing for a renewal of the negotiations, that the line Paissia insisted upon was construed by l:)Oth sides to give her a ' ' liaiere of lerra firma" "on the continent" — not a chain of islands or several detached pieces of mainland, as Great Britain contends now. The line of de- mai'cation on the continent was to be not ten marine leagues from the outer line of the islands, but ten marine leagues from the shore, and in each case was insisted upon by Russia as a pro- tection for the islands. It was also understood that the proposed line should "run along the mountains which follow the sinuosities of the coast,"' and it could not have been understood that such a line would, as Sir Wilfrid Laurier suggests, pass over bays and inlets, though it could very easily pass over creeks or mountain streams. The sinuosities of the coast would naturally mean the indentations of salt water. Three months later, on July 12, 1824, Mr. Canning wrote to Sir C. Bagot directing him to reopen the negotations, and inclosed a draft of a treaty that would be acceptable to Great Britain, whicli accepts the line of demarcation laid down by Russia, except that it follows "the sinuosi- ties of tlie coast along the base of the mountains neaiest the sea." It further provides that "the said line of coast on the continent of America which forms the boundary of the Russian pos- sessions shall not in any case extend more than leagues in breadth from the sea toward the interior, at whatever distance the aforesaid moun- tains may be." The number of leagues was pur- posely left out in order that Sir C. Bagot might get it reduced as much as possil)le. But he was instructed not to consent to more than ten. The expression "from the sea" has been construed by British officials to mean from the outer line of the islands — that is, from the Pacific Ocean. But wlien it is remembered that the lisiire thus described is spoken of as '^ terra Jirma," as "on the continent of America," as for the protection of the islands along the coast, and when it is further considered that it is in many places twenty or more marine leagues from the outer line of the islands to the shore or coast of tlie continent, and that the line, if measured from the outer line of tlie islands, would come upon the inner edge of Prince of Wales and other islands, or in many cases in the middle of the strait separating tlie islands from the mainland, the contention is proved to be an impossible one. This proposed draft of the treaty was practi- cally acceptable to Russia from a territorial stand- point. But there were differences still to be ao8ing of such extra energy, jiarticularlj' by children and young i)eo|ile. 'Vhv talented young fJennan, Carl (iroos, however, who has made an extensive study of the play of both animals and children, is convinced that surplus energy is not the (-ause nor even a necessary condition (though a favorable f)ne> for play, .\nimals and children will play till exhausted, and wIk'U they have too little energy to do anything else becaii.se of weak- ness or weariness they can often be induced to play. Every species of animal ha.s its character- istic plays, which are not wholly the result of as- sociation with its own species. Play is therefore a fuinlameiital instinct instead of a mere mani- festation of temiHirary excess of energy. Fur- thermore, it is one of the most important instincts posses.sed by animals and ha,s been a most efTect- ive factor lu the preservation and development of the higher species. No one who has watched puppies or kittens as thej' chase each other and engage; in mock combat can doubt for a moment that they are thus getting the Iwst possible train- ing for adult life and the struggle for existence. It is evident that animals having the instinct to engage in such activities will be much mme like- ly to survive than those without it. Again, the indeliniteness of the play instinct gives an oppor- tunity for adaptation to environment and for more varied development than woiihl be the case if the play instinct were replaced by one or many definile instincts toward particular forms of ac- tion. From these considerations and the recogni- tion of the general evolutionary principle that higher animals have the same characteristics as the lower, with additions and complications, we should expect ti /iriori that the ])lay instinct would be a prominent feature in the young liu- tiian animal. Kveiy one who has noticed clul- lay. During the first fifteen years of his life, therefore, the average chihl R[ienlay in ani- mal life ami the physical, mental, s^ocial, and moral development that the chihl get.s in this his most inteii.se form of activity, th<'re is good rea- son for claiming that children's plays do at lea.st as much to bring out their latent capal>ilities and prepare them for life as their school training. The value of play for little children was rec- ognized by Froeliel in forming the kindergarten and is now appreciated by all intelligent edu- cators. Teai-hers of gymnastics and systems of physical culture have long admitted that play is valuable as a means of physical culture, and to .some extent have made practical apjilications of play in physical training. The .social develoj)- ment to be gotten from grouj) plays has been seen by a few of the keener students of social phenomena, and it lias lieen asserted by a prom- inent Freiicliinan that the power and progress c)f the Anglo-.'^axon race are due as much to their plays as to any other one factor. The value of play for the volitional, intellectual, and moral development of older children and young pi-o- pie has not been so generally appreciated. ^'el a few years ago < J. K. John.son, now superintend- ent of the .\iidover schools, after a careful stuily classified -11)0 games of educational value acconl- ing to the powers they were suiteil to develop, and graded them according to the ages for which they were best adapted. He has since verified their value in the evening play schools that he has conducted. l'l..\V IS lilH-ICfLT. One does imt need to !«• a very jirofoiind student of play to discover that play is not the doing of easy things, as some have supposed. The amount of energy put into hunting, fishing, skating, bicycling, ball -]ilay ing. solving ])U7,zles, anil ]>hiving checkers, chess, etc., proves to the most ca-sual observer that play is not always ea.sy. / Edited by ALBERT SHAW The "America's" Cup Race { Robert Bonner. in 1899. Porto Rico from a Woman's Point of View. ByMrsOuyV Henry. The Alaskan Boundary Dispute. By William H. Lewis. Education in the South. By Dr. J. L. M. Curry. Play as a Factor in Education. By E. a. Kirkpatnclc. A Slcetch by E. J. Edwards. The Present and Future of the nOrSe. By Jolm Oilmer Speed. In the Departments: The Editor on tlie Educational Conferences — Secretary Oage and the Civil Service League— The Censorship at Manila— Is Otis the Wrong Man?— Mr. Alger's Resignation and " Algerism " The Work of the Con- ference at The Hague Shall We Evacuate Cuba? The Automobile in L'se To-day — The Cape to Cairo Railway The United States and Russia— and forty more topics of immediate interest. A PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED NUMBER. j^Mbs^A*^ THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO., 13 AStor r>ldCe/ NeW: Vwk. Vol. XX. No. 115. • '■'••! Jit N. V. Pn. 82 Blake St, Lynn, Mass. m T j^ There In niithing mure attrattn c aiiu helpful In rontan^i than a handstimc ftnit. SOROSIS as I ^^ ^\j'S^ *a{}pltt'J fir .s/if»tS 'N /ii;»' a hitusihidd word, and means all that i\ bc.sf. The knuwiag uac i> i if I'd ^*' oft^arc^t^hat SOk0^iS'make> her feet /.«.K Mt// and feci ntlt. The Story of J^ani//a. CHAPTER IX. By Robert Manton. AFTER the Mexicans have spent ninety days or more in curing the vanilla bean, their product is put into " bundles," each weigh- ing from twelve to sixteen ounces. The beans are then pressed into shape, the ends of the bundles rounded by turning the ends of the beans in at the top of the bunch. The beans of finest quality are put into cans, and the most skilled curers, who pride themselves upon the excellence of their product, carry their stock for one or two months before finally pack- ing it in cases. Four or five "cans" make up a *' case." {Sfe illustration.') Strictly high-grade Mexican beans, such as are used altogether in liurnett's Extracts, come out of the tropics in cedar wood cases. The spicv odor of the beans them selves, joined with thi fragrance of cedar wocul gives off a perfume which is most grateful to the nostrili. The delightful odor lingers for days in a warehouse after the cases have been shipped away. The writer could tell, when he entered a store room in Vera Cruz, whether a stock of vanilla beans was carried then or had recently been store there. Vanilla beans are sorte. into grades. The fine>i are packed as alreadv described. More than one half of this quality of the last year's crop was bought, and is being used by the Joseph Burnett Company. The inferior beans, which have been improperly cured, and thus decay and mould, are cut up into pieces a half inch or so in length. In trade circles these are known as "cuts." They arc packed in large tin cases, holding from fifty to seventy-five pounds. "Cuts" are sent to market and used in llie extracts which the house- wife thinks are "cheap." The quality as well as the price is low. These cuts sell for about one third the price of the first class bean. Quality determines price in everything. (CurVKK.HT I'UuTttTtl. UV l.TMiN I>. MoSSI.) In future issues of this magazine the results of man's futile attempts to cultivate the vanilla plant in other parts of the world will be described, and also the various devices and artifices employed in adulteration. Little does the housewife realize what injurious and poisonous mixtures are sold daily over the counters of stores and labelled " Vanilla Extract " in place of Burnett's. They are no more the extract of the fragrant Mexican bean than water colored with aniline is wine. On various occasions Boards of Health have submitted cheap "Vanilla" extracts to the writer with requests that he ■1 analyze them. Analyza- tion is simply impossible. Goodness only knows what many are made of. He has found Balsam of Peru, a watery decoction of the tonka, with pos- sibly a little inferior vanilla in it, the cost of which would be perhaps $2.00 a gallon. Fully 70% of the vanilla extract sold in the American market to-day is made from cuts, cheap or wild vanilla, strengthened and doc- tored by Vanillin, or arti- ficial vanilla, made from clove stems or coal tar, Colored and sweetened. The amount of rubbi.sh which is thus bottled up and made attractive by a gaudy label, is amazing. The extract which the unsuspecting housewife buys cheap, really yields the maker anywhere from 100 to 50 per cent, profit. Unscrupulous men pile up wealth at the expense of the public health. The full deliciousness, flavor, and fragrance of the Mexican Vanilla bean are brought out only in the extracts made by the Joseph Burnett Company, of Boston, Mass. Every first-class grocer places them above all others, and makes comparisons by them. It is really a matter of pride to a manufac- turer to have it said of his extract that it is "next below Burnett's." ( To be continued.) mess OF FERRIS BROS.. 46-51 ROSE STREET. NEW YORK CITY « \« A^A^ ^.^ A* A ♦'.Iw* A ♦fl.^^A ♦■^♦■.^.♦A*«.'*A«^« .-V ■♦■.'\*^ '•^'•■^.♦•^.♦•.^^♦Hk!*^ t $ » WdltcrBaker&Co's BREAhFAST COCOA. 9«'»'»'»'>«'»'>^^ «OST.S Lrss 7 HAN ONE «CNI A « I'P. Ur MiRr THAT IMP PAinAOC IIPARS OUR IRADC-MARft. 4 Perfect Food. Pure, Hulnliout. Delicious. WALTER BAhER & CO.L"-"»ed t '^labll^tl• It. I-. Il»ll t Co.. Na.liu.!. >'. II. R" lOVAI. B.AKING POWDER contains no acid except that de= rived from ic^apes, and is pure, healthful, sure in makiny: the finest food, and of hiichest practical strenvcth. Ba k i n «; powders made from harsh. cau>= tic acids are lower in price. The> ma\ puff up the doujch, but they will ruin the stomach. >*!. e«»ts-.-, rowpfR ro rr*" DOKfTMMP ^ WALK TMC GRAND UNION HOTEL (ircind Central Depot 4 -J Sircct nnd Ptrk Ave., NIW YORK. Jiisi ■ fttrp from llic car« lo your room, in ihc monly five mimties from Thcairct ■ nj shopping disiricf. Fine fife and Rcstiurant. rx*.-cllfni Service. Modcriie Prlcet. 1 iirupein plan. Hates. $1 a day and upwards :{ in :» iii .> '■i i|! ■i ♦: .■»■ i(t JK C « 'h ^ > •> > vose PIANOS 1 .n of vNO CO.. i6o HuyUlon St.. Hii.ttun. HiM.