(ilass_. Book- COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT s. A. smith:, C LOTHIN G Hats^ Caps and Men^s Furnishing Goods ^ ^ Mew Goods ^^ Low Prices STRAWBERRY POINT, IOWA. L. L. RENSHAW, F. M. ORR, MELVIN DAVIS, •President Cashier Vice Prcs» — 'MONONA-= State Bank Incorporated May 1 6, 1892. Capital $25', 000 Surplus $3,000 DIRECTORS: J. W. Kregel, F. H. HOWARD, David Egbert, F. W. Roberts, Wm. Leui. Do a General Banking Business. Issue both Foreign and Domestic Exchange. Pay Interest on Time Deposits. * Geo. w. Gilbert i Co. ruffS Monona, Iowa. MEDICINES, CHEMICALS, FANCY AND TOILET ARTICLES, PER- FUMERY, TOILET SOAPS, SPONGES, BRUSHES, ETC .... SPa/nts and 0//s WHt:N IN MONONA, AND WANT A RIG, CALL ON TAPPER S EGBERT Good Horses and Good Rigs Accommodating and Obliging Drivers Sale and Livery STANDARD PHONE NO 20, ra.Tr\cH vjOsepK Uiui^U^ The Telegraph-Herald's Abridged History of the State of Iowa. FROM THE TIME OF ITS DISCOVERY A. D., 1673 BY FATHER MARQUETTE. TO 1905 "To be ignorant of what has happened before one's birth, is nothing less than to remain in a state of Childhood- Cicero. PUBLISHED BY THE TELEGRAPH-HERALD. DUBUQUE. IOWA. COPYRIGHTED 1905. GENERAL GEO. W. JONES ic ;5S77f ■3- o Preface When, as now, shelves groan under the weight of massive volumes of history necessity seems to emphasize more strongly than ever the virtue that lies in brevity. In preparing this history the author has sought to be brief, eliminating so much of the events of the past as in his judgment is not necessary to an understanding of the peoples who have preceded us or the stirring dramas in which we find them the principal figures. He has sought to follow in the simplest langu- age and the fewest possible words the thread of history where first it takes on tangible form, through the loom of the years and into the completed fabric of the present. There has been retained enough of the romance of events to im- part enchantment to the story, for without sentiment history is in- complete and a virtue of man forgotten. The prosaic land of Iowa has been the scene of much that is romantic. The wanderings of Jacques Marquette through the enchanted valley of the Mississippi, the nomadic life of the border tribes of Indians, the bloody battles between the hostile tribes and the awful massacres that drenched the soil with red, the transformation of the trackless forests and plains into rich-bearing farm lands, make of history a veritable fairy story entertaining and instructive none the less to children than to those older in years and wisdom. The territorial development, the creation of Iowa as a State, offers little that is romantic; the author has fashioned a framework out of the successive events that if it shall be accepted as concise and faithful will serve the end designed. If the author shall have produced in these pages even a little of the spirit of discovery, of eternal struggle, of unflagging industry, of the ideals and the ambitions which have made Iowa, his attempt will not have been in vain. Publisher's Address. History is the written account of past events. It is the medium — we might say the chain — which connects the past with the present. It is one of the most, if not the most, valuable branches of knowledge; and no student will regret the time and labor spent in its study. It should find a place in every well regulated course of instructions. It is the only science, a knowledge of which, enables us to judge the future. Patrick Henry, in his famous speech delivered in the Virginia convention, March 23, 1775, said: "I know of no means of judging the future but by the past." The boy or girl failing to store his or her mind with a thorough knowledge of history, makes the mistake of a lifetime. A mistake which handicaps him or her in society and else- where throughout life. The good historian naturally becomes a good conversationalist. He is never short of a subject. The habits, which he forms and knowledge which he acquires, in the study of history, leads him into the art of thinking which is the great essential, in man, to attain distinction among his fellows. Now if this is true of history in general how much more applicable is it to the history of our own country, state, county and city "For lives there a man whose soul is so dead who never to himself hath said: this is my own my native land." Every person should become con- versant with history and especially the history of his or her state, county and city. Historians of late years have become so elaborate and their writ- ings so fraught with detail that in order to get the essential parts, of even a new state like Iowa, it is necessary to read volumes. To avoid this laborious reading and at the same time give the knowledge desired, the Telegraph-Herald has caused to be prepared for its subscribers an abridged history of Iowa, giving only the essential parts and narrating the most interesting events in plain and concise language. Commencing with its discovery by Marquette and Joliet and noting all salient events down to date. Giving a brief account of the various wars and battles between the Whites and Indians, as well as the most important battles between the various tribes of Indians in Iowa, so far as known to white men, which were the chief cause of the early extinction of those unfortunate people. The different treaties HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 5 with the Indians through which we acquired the right to occupy the lands, are also given. The strange phenomena of a vast concourse of people, occupying two great continents, practically disappearing in less than three centuries is a matter worthy of serious thought and every American should become conversant with the history of their decline and extinction, as well as that of the advance of the white man who succeeded them. HOW TO IMPROVE THE MIND. Another interesting feature is an article entitled "How to Improve the Mind." All intelligent people agree that the mind is susceptible of a high state of improvement; but few understand the method or man- ner of improving it. This article leads the student on in the art of thinking and memorizing, which is the sole channel through which the mind can be improved and expanded. The article is invaluable and any man or woman, young or old, who is ambitious to improve, should read, study and reflect on it. WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN'S CELEBRATED LECTURE. The lecture of W. J. Bryan, delivered at Dubuque, April 27, 1905, entitled "The Value of an Ideal" deserves more than a passing notice. It is the result of much study and thought, by one of the brightest intellects and greatest thinkers on our continent. It furnishes most valuable food for thought and reflection. Every person should read and reread it, and ponder, meditate and study it. The value of an ideal is something every aspiring and self-improving young man and woman should understand and study. THE RISE AND DECLINE OF CATHOLICITY IN UNITED STATES. The rise and decline of the Catholic Church in the United States is an article of more than ordinary interest. It was compiled and written for the Telegraph-Herald, in which it was published May 20, 1904. In this article the writer shows the rapid increase of the church from the adoption of our Constitution to the time when Bishop Hennessey commenced preaching against the public schools and in favor of the parochial or private school. The advantage which the children have, who attend the public school is also shown and on the whole the article is well worth careful perusal and serious thought. A DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES is another unique, useful and important feature of this book. This consists of some thousands of names of persons, spelt as the individual spells his name. Great care has been exercised in compiling these 6 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S names and the student may rest assured that the spelling is exact and accurate. No other such list or dictionary of proper names, exists or has been compiled, that we know of, hence it will no doubt prove not only useful and instructive but also interesting as a curiosity. Many a young man has failed to secure a place in offices, and others have lost them after they were secured, because he did not know how to spell proper names correctly. We have had in our own experience several cases where young men and women also, failed to hold the place on this account. Every young man and v/oman should secure a copy of the Telegraph-Herald's History of Iowa and Dictionary of proper names and learn how to spell the names of their fellow men. It will be worth to them many times the cost of the book. And parents should give the boys and girls a chance to learn this important and useful art. Such names are not to be found in our text books and as there is no rule for spelling them; you can only "give the boy a chance" by securing the list for him. THE CIVILIZATION OF JAPAN. The story of Commodore Perry's landing in Japan in 1853, and making a treaty which opened up that isolated country to the world is also of interest. A full account of the preliminaries leading up to and the signing of the treaty is given, including President Fillmore's letter and that of the Emperor of Japan. A VALUABLE HISTORICAL TABLE. Showing the dates of important events transpiring in the United States and Colonies, since the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, in the year 1492, affords much valuable information con- densed in small space. The Parliamentary Rules and Regulations; What caused our Presidents death; Wealth of our Presidents; How deep to plant Corn; The Famous Connecticut Blue Laws; The Seven Wonders of the World; Homestead and Homeseekers; Wonders of the Body; Elevation above the sea level of principal cities, etc.; Punctua- tion Marks and Rules; Tributes to Women; and the Great Battles of History, are also interesting and instructive. This book contains about 300 pages and no person will regret paying $2.00 for it and the Semi- Weekly Telegraph-Herald two years; or the book and Daily, including Sunday, for one year at $3.00. The book alone would be cheap at the latter figure. HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. Index. CHAPTER I. How America Was Populated — The Ten Lost Tribes of Israel^ Therry Corroborated by Colurnbus — Indians Observed Jewish Cus- tonis — Indian Traditions — Large Mound Built Over Chief Omaha^ First Human Skulls Found — Stone and Copper Implements Found— Indicate a P'air Degree of Intelligence — Remarkable Mound Opened in DubuQuc County — Mounds Opened Near Davenport. CHAPTER IL Iowa a Central State — Its Latitude — Longitude — Highest Point Lowest Place — Distance Between Those Points — Difference in Alti- tude — Average Slope — What the Figures Indicate — The Area in Ac-es — Growth of Population — Table of Acreage, Farm Products and Value, United States Census — History of Titles — The Dis- covery by Father Marquette — -Named Louisiana — When Ownership c" Territory Was Definitely Settled — Mississippi River Made the Boundary — Under Napoleon Spain Ceded to France — France Sold to the United Stales — States Formed Out of It — La Salle's Discover- ies — His P^'oclamatJon. CHAPTER III. Narvaez' Adventures — De Soto the Next Freebooter — Harsh Treatment of the Natives — Plunder, Murder and Rapine — A Fero- cious Army-— Natives Retaliate — Disastrous Expedition — More Than Three-fourths of Army Perish — De Soto's Grave — The Jesuits as Exri]oro'S — Their Kind and Just Treatment of the Indians — What Bancroft Says — Ignatius Its Founder — Society Formed — Pope Paul III. Erected Them Into a Religious Body — The Mississippi River Described in 1670 CHAPTER IV. The First V/liite Man to Set Foot on Iowa — Joy at the Discov- ery of the Great River — Discovery of the First Indians — Astonish- 8 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S ment of the Natives — Kind Reception — Speech of One of the Chiefs — The Feast That Followed — Marquette's Description — Indians Es- corted Them to the River — Where They Landed — Joliet's Descrip- tive Charts, etc., Lost — How the French Treated the Indians — How Other Nations Treated Them The Calumet or Pipe of Peace — Fattest Piece of Meat Given to the Visitors. CHAPTER V. A Fierce 1 ribe — At First Sight of White Men, Alarm Sounded — Largo Band of Warriors — Yells of Defiance — Marquette Held the Sacred Amulei Aloft — The Chief Restrained His Men — Made Signs of Peace— Invited Marquette and Party to Village — Were Enter- tained for Several Days — Descended More Than 1,100 Miles — Ob- ject of the Mi^-sion Accomplished — Indians Were Hostile — Conclud- ed to Return — Father Marquette's Death. CHAPTER VI. Slavery in Louisiana — Mississippi River Chartered — ^What Grantee Was Required to Do — War Between England and France — Cessior of Territory to England, Except Region East of New Or- leans — Cession of Louisiana to Spain — Embargo on the Mississippi River — Congress Declared the River Must Be Free — ^War Cloud Above the Horizon — Settled by Treaty — Spain Cedes Louisiana to France — Spain Tried in Vain to Win the Settlers — -They Were Loyal io the I^nion — France Sells to the United States — Virginia's Claims — Treaty With the Sioulx Indians — French and Americans — Treaty With Indians. CHAPTER VII. The Northwest Territory Formed — What It Embraced — States Subsequently Erected Out of It — Large Acquisition of Land by Treaty — Slavery Forever Prohibited — ^Indians Forced Step by Step V/ostward — Last Indian Battles Fought in Iowa — The Fatal Horse Race— Black Hawk Then Unknown to Fame — The Iowa Tribe Al- most Annihilated — Sold Their Lands to the United States — What They Worship — Their Traditions — Social Relations — Description of an Indian Village — Black Hawk's Watch Tower. CHAPTER VIII. Treaty of 1804 — A Great Fraud on the Indians — Repudiated by Black Hawk and the Other Chiefs— Object of Sending Chief to St. Louis— Major Taylor's Defeat — British Soldiers Join the Indians — HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 9 11) e Fight Was Desperate and Loss Heavy — Taylor Was Driven Back— Keokuk Made Chief of the Friendly Party — Treaty of 1824 — I! all-Breed Tract of Land — Base Treachery of the Sioux — Sac and Fox Chiefs Waylaid^All Murdered Except Two — Dire Revenge of the Sac and Fox Indians. CHAPTER IX. Black Hawk War — General Graves — Black Hawk and His Fol- low ' e Recross the River — General Atkinson's Command — Abraham Lincoln — Colonel Taylor and Jeff Davis — Major Stillman — Flag of Truce Fired On — The Charge of the Sac Warriors — Precipitous Kout ot Stillman — Camp Equippage Deserted — Heroic Defense of Black Hawk and His Braves — His Skillful Maneauvers — What Jeff Davis Said About It — What Black Hawk Said About It — Horrible Fate of the Indians — Black Hawk's Capture — His Appearance Be- fore President Jackson — The Cause of the War — Black Hawk Con- veyed Through the Principal Cities — Superceded by Keokuk — Re- tired to His Little Farm — His Last Appearance in Public — His Speech — His Death Oct. 3, 1838 — Mrs. Maria Beck's Description of Him. CHAPTER X. Treaty With the Sac, Fox and Winnebagos — The Black Hawk Purchase — Sac and Fox Indians Sell the Remainder of Their Land — Sad Parting With Their Homes — Indians Degenerate — Keokuk Not a Hereditary Chief — Shrewd Address — Leader of Chiefs Who Made Treaty of 1804 — All Got on a Drunk — Sold the Immense Tract — Poweshiek Made Chief — Chief Wapello — Chief Appanoose Had Four Wives — Chief Taimah — Head of a Secret Society — Mem- bers Noted for Courage and Good Character. CHAPTER XL Pottawattamie — What Group They Belong To — When First Seen — Were Allied to the French — In 1816 They Ceded Land Where Chicago Stands — Pottawattamie County Named — The Dako- tas — The Omahas — The Sioux Indians — First Known — Hennepin's Capture — Last Battle Between Indians in Iowa — Indians Left for Res- ervation — Iowa Territory Ceded — Order to Build Fort Des Moines — Reservation Established — Lead Ore in Mississippi Valley — Julien Du- buque First White Settler in Iowa — Procured Interest in Land — ^Wife of Peosta — Allowed Them Use of Village — Learned Habits, Supersti- tions and Traditions — Gave Him Name of Little Cloud. 10 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S CHAPTER Xn. Effort to Secure Title to Land — Petition to Governor Carondelet — Referred to Don Andred Todd — Petition Granted — Chouteau of St. Louis furnished Money — Dubuque's Death — Indians Refused to Recog- nize a Successor — Claim for Title in Court — Pending for Nearly Half a Century — Dubuque's Grave — What the Court Held — Settlement in Clayton County — First Legal Title to Land in Iowa — Territory Owned by Three Different Nations During Dubuque's Occupancy from 1788 to 1810. CHAPTER XIII. Territory of Orleans — The District of Louisiana — Organized Into a Territory — ^^Vhite Population — St. Louis Was the Capitol — Charles Floyd's Death — The First White Man Buried in Iowa — Pike's Explo- rations — Thomas H. Benton's Editorial — Burr Conspiracy — Prosecu tions by the United States — The Governor of Louisiana Implicated — Captain Tyler and Others Descend the Ohio River — Are Joined by Burr — Authorities Alarmed — President Jefferson Issued a Prcrclamation — Burr Arrested — Grand Jury Did Not Indict — Burr Made His Escape — Henry Clay Burr's Counsel — Was Captured — Taken to Richmond — Grand Jury Indicted Him — Scheme Prostrated — First Paper Published West of the Mississippi River — Fort Madison Erected — Indians Did Not Consent — This Was a Violation of the Treaty — Efforts to Capture the Fort — When Provisions Gave Out the Fort Was Abandoned. CHAPTER XIV. Fort Built at Rock Island — Indians Did Not Give Consent— Colonel Davenport— Fort Completed — Lands Reserved From Entry — Long Litigation Followed — Government Purchased Claims — A Succession of Earthquakes — Great Alarm Caused — New Madrid the Center — Great Changes in the Topography of the Country Effected — River Run Up Stream for Ten Miles — First Steamboat — Louisiana Admitted — Colonel Nichols Commander of the British Fleet— Tried to Revive the Scheme of Separation — Proclamation in the Name of the King — Population of the Northwest in 1812 — First Steamboat to Ascend the Mississippi River — Missouri Admitted — Beginning of the Slavery Conflict — Henry Clay's Influence — Slave Limits Agreed On — Southern Boundary of Iowa Described — Dispute Over Location — Armed Force Called Out on Both Sides — Better Council Prevailed. CHAPTER XV. Dr. Muir Built a Cabin Where Keokuk Stands — Married an Indian HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 11 Girl — Order Directing Officers to Abandon Indian Wives — Dr. Muir Refused to Desert His — He Resigned His Commission — He Lived Happily — In 1832 He Died Suddenly of Cholera — First School in Iowa —By Whom Taught — First White Child Born— Eleanor Galland — ^What Dr. Galland Says — Graveyard Bluff — James White — Monsieur Julien — • First Steamboat to Reach the Rapids — It Was Agreed to Build a City and Call It Keokuk — James L. Langworthy — Exploration of the Lead Mines — Great Battle With the Sioux Indians — Near Dubuque's Grave — The Vanquished Sac and Foxes Rushed to Death Over a Precipice — • Miners Organized a Local Government — Rules and Regulations — Regulations at Galena Adopted — War Department Orders the Removal of Settlers — Sand S. White and Others — Entered on the Black Hawk Purchase — Were Driven Off and Cabins Destroyed — Treaty Ratified — At Flint Hill — White and Others Removed From Indian Lands. CHAPTER XVI. Black Hawk Purchase — Named Iowa — Population June 1, 1832 — Troops Withdraw from the Mines of Spain — The Langworthy Broth- ers Crossed to West Side of River and Resumed Work — Second School Established — Description by a Pioneer — Log Houses Built Without Doors or Windows — Winter Isolated Them From the Outside World — A Short Supply of Provisions but Plenty of Whiskey — Not a Woman in Settlement — The Demon Intemperance Stalked Everywhere — Cholera Also Claimed Its Victims — In Spring of 1834 Steamboat Landed — ^First American Flag Raised — First Church Built — First Catholic Church — Bishop Loras Located — Fort Madison Second Place Settled — Daven- port—Claim Sold for $100 — A Long and Bitter Contest — Davenport Gets County Seat — First Record of "Iowa." — Lieutenant Lee's Report — The Dubuque Visitor Refers to "Iowa" — "Iowa" First Found in Pub- lic Record — Iowa County Formed — Mineral Point the County Seat. CHAPTER XVII. Treaty August 4, 1824— Half-Breed Tract— Consisted of 119,000 Acres — Half-Breds Allowed to Pre-empt— Court Appointed Commission — Legislature Repealed the Act — Claim and Action — Sale Made by SherifC — Supreme Court Set It Aside — Greed of the Attorneys — Divis- ion of Iowa Into Tv/o Counties — A Court in Each County — The Judges — County Seats — ^First Newspaper — Second Newspaper — George W. Jones Elected to represent Michigan Territory in Congress — What Bill He Secured Among His First Acts — Census Taken in 1836 — Total Population 10,531 — Who Elected to the Legislature — Miners Bank Es- tablished — Act Regulating the Sale of Spirituous Liquors — Fine for Running a Grocery Without a Liceijse — First Newspaper West of the Mississippi River — The First Newspaper Established in Iowa— Origin 12 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S of the Cognomen Hawkeye — Bill Introduced by General Jones Creating the Territory of Iowa — Second Legislature at Burlington — Disputed Boundary Settled — Congress to Appoint Commission — First Legislative Body — Dubuque County Divided — New Counties Organized. CHAPTER XVIII. Treaty With the Sac and Fox Indians — Census of 1836 — Territory of Iowa Established — ^What It Included — ^What the President Was Re- quired to Do — Terms of OflBce and Courts — Conway, Secretary, Usurp- ed Office of Governor — When Governor Lucas Arrived^Territory Di- vided Into Districts — Legislature Met in Old Zion Church, Burlington — James W. Grimes the Youngest Member — Call for First Democratic Convention — The First Whig Convention — Dodge Elected — Constitu- tion Defeated — Census of 1840 — First Treasurer — First Auditor — Crops Raised 1840 — How Houses Were Built — No Carpenters Required — How Grain Was Stored — How Stables Were Built — Third Legislature — Governor Lucas Message — Capitol Moved to Iowa City — The First Settlers — Salutary Laws Enacted — The Law Against Negroes — Heavy Penalties for Sheltering a Negro — Contest Between Governor and Legislature — Missouri Boundary Fixed by Act of Congress — Capi- tol located. CHAPTER XIX. Boundary Dispute — Governor Boggs of Missouri — Sent General Allen With 1,000 Men — Governor Lucas Ordered Out the Militia — Matter Finally Settled by the Supreme Court — Capitol Located — Fur- row Run One Hundred Miles — Soon a Beaten Road — Governor Lucas Visits New Capitol — Description of the First Settlers — A Most Notable Case — First Call for a Democratic State Convention — General Dodge for Governor — Iowa Products — Corn the Chief Crop — New Capitol — Corner Stone Laid — Governor Lucas Chief Orator — General Depression in Business — First Whig State Convention — General Harrison for President — Democrats Nominated Van Buren. CHAPTER XX. Superintendent of Schools Created — General Harrison Elected President — Democrats Removed from Office — Governor Lucas Was Su- perceded — John Chambers Appointed — Steamboat Ascended the Iowa River — Governor Chambers Made First Visit to the Capitol — Treaty With the Sac and Fox Indians — Financial Depression of 1842 — Specie Payments suspended — The Miners Bank of Dubuque the Only One in Iowa — Badly Managed and Went Down — Severest Winter — Continu- ous Snow from November to April — Fierce Winds and Cold Intense — HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 13 Great Suffering — Cattle and Game Perished — No Money to Pay Debts — Unparalleled Low Prices and High Interest — Census of 1844 — Half- Starved Wolves Devoured Pigs and Sheep — Wheat Twenty Cents per Bushel — Money Twenty-five to Forty Per Cent — Majority in Favor of a Constitutional Convention — Committee to Frame Constitution — State Included Large Part of Minnesota — The Boundary — Pro and Anti Slav- ery Parties — ^Agreed to Admit Iowa Free and Florida Slave. CHAPTER XXL Address of Hon. A. C. Dodge — Eastman, Parrins and Mills — Made Aggressive Campaign — Leffler and Wood Joined Them — Consti- tution Rejected — New Legislature Met — Governor's Veto — Overruled by More Than Two-thirds Vote — Charter of the Miner's Bank Repealed — Dodge Advocated the Adoption — Constitution Beaten Second Time — General Dodge Was Elected — Prevailing Prices — State Government Organized With Population of 96.088 — Salaries of Officers — Annexation of Texas — War With Mexico — Iowa Volunteers — Third Constitution Framed — Banks Prohibited — First Democratic State Convention — The Platform— First Whig State Convention — -The Platform — Constitution Adopted — Douglas Reported a Bill for the Admission of Iowa — De- cember 21, 1846, It Passed the House — December 24th It Passed the Senate — December 28th the President Signed It — Mormons Driven from Missouri — Unparalleled Barbarity. CHAPTER XXII. Sound Money a Cardinal Principle — First Mormon Colony — ^Elder Rigdon— Joseph Smith Found Plates and Printed Bible — Joseph Smith Had a Second Revelation — New Jerusalem to Be Built in the West — Independence, Missouri, the Place Selected — Mob Attacked Them — Governor Boggs Called Out Militia — Ordered to Exterminate the Mor- mons — Leaders Arrested — Families Driven from Their Homes in No- vember — Snow Deep and Suffering Great — Mothers Carried Their Starving Children — Novel Mode of Burying Their Dead — Howe Mills Massacre — Barbarous Murder of a Nine-Year-Old Boy — Border Ruffians —The Missouri Authorities Grew Sick of the Atrocities — Finally Found Shelter in Iowa and Illinois — Purchased Town Sites of Keokuk, Nashville and Montrose. CHAPTER XXIII. Mormons Allowed to Settle in Iowa — Purchased Town Site of Com- merce — Changed It to Nauvoo — Revelation in 1843 Permitting a Plural- ity of Wives— Raised a Storm — Joseph Smith and Others Arrested— Mob Killed Smith and His Brother and Wounded Several Others— 14 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S Temple Built at Nauvoo and City of 20,000 People — ^Abandoned All for Religious Liberty — Brigham Young Succeeded Smith — Great Caravan — Their Route Marked With Graves — Stopped in Decatur County — Place Called Garden Grove — Several Hundred Settled on Grand River — Place Called Mount Pisgah — Remnant Left at Nauvoo Were Perse- cuted — Started West in October — Their Sufferings — Sickness and Death. CHAPTER XXIV. Winter March of Mormon Refugees — Reached Mount Pisgah— Frightful Mortality — Over Four Hundred Died from Exposure — Mor- mon Authorities Caused Monument to Be Erected — Names of William Huntington and Sixty-five Others Inscribed on the Monument — ^Village Built at Missouri River — Iowa Never Joined in the Persecution — Her Citizens Claim the Utmost Freedom — Accord Same Rights to Others — Salt Lake Selected — Cholera Scourge Carried Off Many — Imperative Order Issued — First Legislature at Iowa City — Salaries of State Offi- cials Fixed — First Grant of Lands for Railroads — Prohibition Move — Maine Liquor Law Adopted — Approved by Governor Grimes — Majority Vote in Favor of Prohibition — Over Forty Years Later This Law Was Repealed. CHAPTER XXV. Report of Superintendent of Public Schools — Salaries of Teachers — First Exemption Law — Rate of Interest — Code of 1851 — Census of 1847 — George W. Jones Elected — Gold Fever — Wet Season — First Train at Rock Island — Thousands Assembled — Booming of Cannon, Speeches, Etc. — In 1S56 a Company Was Organized to Bridge the Mis- sissippi River at Rock Island — Last Contest Between Whigs and Democrats — Whigs Won — Contest in Kansas Over Slavery Had Be- come Bitter — Armed Collisions Frequent — Joint Resolution Opposing the Extension of Slavery — Harlan and Thorington Were the First Iowa Congressmen to Oppose Slavery — Big Grant to Railroads — Important Changes — Limit to State Indebtedness Increased — Banks Authorized — Capitol Fixed at Des Moines — Indians Drove Surveyor Marsh from His Work — Destroyed Wagons, Instruments, Etc — War Between the Sioux and Pottawattamies— The Latter Fought Bravely But Were Defeated. CHAPTER XXVI. Desperado Henry Lott— Ponies Stolen from Indians— Found on Lott's Premises — Lott Ordered to Leave County — Indians Burnt His Cabin and Killed His Cattle— Lott Alarmed and Fled— Spread Report That His Family Were Murdered— A Son Twelve Years Old Lost and HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 15 Frozen to Death — Lott Swore Vengeance — Traded Whiskey to Indians — Lott Feigned Friendship — Waylaid Old Chief and Shot Him — Mur- dered the Whole Camp — Lott and Son Burnt Their Cabin — Major Williams and Several Indians Pursued — Crossed the Missouri River and Escaped — Lott Afterwards Hung in California — Facts Proven by Major Williams — Brother of Murdered Chief. CHAPTER XXVII. Adventurous Pioneers — The Irish Colony — Mr. Granger's Cabin — ■ Settlements of Springfield, Algona, Okoboji and Spirit Lakes — Most of the Indians Had Left — Cold Winter 1856-57— Deep Snow Isolated Set- tlers — The Massacre Was Planned — The Chief Selected Thirty War- riors — Parties Sent to Take the Arms, Etc. — Settlers Unable to De- Fled at Night — Abner Bell Was Nearest Neighbor — Great Indignation at Fort Dodge — First White Man to Paddle a Canoe on the Lakes — fend Were Obliged to Submit — Outrages at Gillett's Grove — Settlers The Next Settlers. CHAPTER XXVIII. Trip Through Snow Drifts to Waterloo — Indians Invaded Gard- ner's Cabin — Massacre Commences at Mattock's House — Gardner's Wife Implored Him Not to Shoot — Abbie the Only one Spared — Brave Resistance — Outnumbered Five to One — No Witness Survived — Dr. Herriott and Carly Snyder — Indians Killed and Wounded — Major Williams' Report — Horrible Work of March 8, 1857 — Celebration by the Indians — Abbie Gardner a Prisoner — Abbie Gardner Dragged to the Horrible Scene — Five Men, Two Women and Children Dead — Other Children Being Burned to Death in the Cabin — Their Cries Heartrending — ^Vain Attempt to Save the Women and Children. CHAPTER XXIX. No Warning on East Side of Lake — Mr. Howe and Family Mur- dered — Thatcher's Cabin Next Visited — Seeing Two Stout Men, the Cowardly Savages Professed Friendship — They Treacherously Fired, Killing Both Men — Children Snatched from Mothers' Arms and Brains Dashed Out — Mrs. Noble and Mrs. Thatcher Made Prisoners — William Mable's Cabin Next Visited — They Profess Friendship — Proposed to Shoot at a Mark — Mable Shot in Back — Mrs. Mable Kept a Prisoner — They Now Had Four Women Captives — Braided Hair and Painted Their Faces — Thus After the Lapse of Over Three Years the Savage Chief Avenged the Death of His Brother and Family by Lott. 16 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S CHAPTER XXX. Springfield, Minn., Saved — Markham Gave Notice — All Gathered in One House — Messenger to Fort Ridgely — Seventeen Days Suspense — When Attack Began — Called the People Out on a Cunning Pretext — Savages in Ambush fired on Them — But Three Men Left in the House — Prepared for a Vigorous Defense — Indians Crept Near the House — They Kept in Shelter of Stable and Trees — The Women Cast Balls — Mrs. Church Shot One Indian — Fight Lasted Till Sunset — Determined to Escape at Night — Markham Volunteered to Reconnoiter the Prem- ises — All Waited in Suspense — No Indians Discovered. CHAPTER XXXI. But One Abie-Bodied Man — They Had No Team — Compelled to Abandon Henderson and Smith — In Their Haste Boy Left Behind — Sheigly Returned Searching for His Boy — Sufferings Were Intense — Were Out Three Days — Plan of Battle — Bradshaw Was to Advance Upon the Indians — A Loud Shout and Signal Proclaimed Them Friends — It Was the Relief Corps — Language Cannot Describe the Joy and Transport — Mr. Church Recognized His Wife and Child — Thatcher Learned of the Butchery of His Child and Perhaps Worse bate of His Wife — Dr. Bissell Dressed the Wounds — ^All Felt Safe for the First Time in Weeks — Conveyed to the Irish Colony — Smith and Henderson Were Found Alive — News of Massacre Carried to Fort Dodge — Relief Expedition Organized — Call for Volunteers — Company Poorly Equipped — The Winter Had Been the Severest on Record. CHAPTER XXXII. March Was Slow and Difficult — Made But Eighteen Miles in Two Days — Hardship and Sufferings Increased — Supper on Crackers and Raw Pork — Major Williams Made Brief Address — Nine Turned Home- ward — Reached Irish Colony — Got Fresh Teams and Recruits — Scouts Sent Ahead — Indians Sighted — Men Formed in Line — Gov- ernor Carpenter's Description — Soldiers From Fort Ridgely at Spring- field — Volunteers to Bury Bodies at Lakes — Twenty-three Volunteered — Major Williams and Party Went to the Irish Colony — Johnson's Party to Lakes — A Horrible Spectacle. CHAPTER XXXIII. Not One of the Colony Alive — Body of Dr. Herriott Found — Luce and Clark Found Some Weeks Later — Homeward March — Sudden Change in Temperature — Terrific Blizzard — Horrible Suffering — Sep- arated in Two Companies — Johnson Led One, Maxwell the Other — ^A HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 17 Night in the Storm — Johnson and Buckholder Succumb — Fire Started at the River — Went to Irish Colony for Help — The Account of Major Williams — The Principal Division — River High, Spread Over Valley — Box Ferry a Failure — Messenger Sent to Nearest House — What Cap- tain Richards Says — Governor Carpenter Tells — What Lieut. Mason Says— The Command Broke Up in Small Parties — Sufferings Beyond Description. CHAPTER XXXIV. What Capt. Duncombe Says — Four Young Women Prisoners — Indians Loaded Ponies, Squaws and Captives with Plunder — Mrs. Thatcher Was 111 — Heartless Savage Had No Mercy — Forced to Assist in the Camp Drudgery — She Sank Fainting in the Snow — She Was Lashed to the Back of a Pony — Indians Discovered That They Were Pursued — Ordered to Kill Captives When Battle Begun — Lieut. Mur- - ray Believed Indians Were Near — Guides Claimed Camp Was Old — When They Reached the Big Sioux — Mrs. Thatcher Ordered to Go on the Driftwood Bridge — She Suspected What Was Coming — Savage Shoved Her Into the River — One of the Braves Shot Her — Mrs. Noble Anxious for End of Life — ^News Reached Indian Agency — Plans De- vised to Rescue Them — Mrs. Mable Purchased — She Bid Her Compan- ions Good-Bye — She Was Ransomed for $1,000. CHAPTER XXXV. Minnesota Legislature — Appropriated $10,000 to Be Used by the Governor — Effort to Exterminate Failed — Taken Far Into the Wilds of Dakota — Hopeless of Rescue — Roaring Cloud Murdered Mrs. Noble — Life Had Been a Burden to Her — Abbie Alone — They Reached the James River — Abbie Abandoned All Hope — But Friends Were at Work — John Other Day — Learned but One White Woman Left — Miss Gard- ner Was Purchased — Abbie Conveyed to Mr. Thatcher the Last Mes- sage of His Wife — Mr. Skinner Got Information and Was Saved — Don't Seem to Have Told His Neighbors — Mr. Carter Was Also Warned — The Boy Josh Engaged in Massacre — Massacres Traced to i the Desperado I^ott — Leute's Message — Killed Roaring Cloud — The Old Chief the Most Ferocious. CHAPTER XXXVI. Major Williams' Report — Governor Grimes' Message — ^Indians Driven Out of State — Jackson County — Gang of Desperadoes — Coun- terfeit Money Appeared — Traced to Some Employe of Brown — Horses Stolen — Bellevue Headquarters of the Gang — Battle Fought at Brown's Hotel— Desperadoes Captured — Murder of Col. Davenport — Mitdhell 18 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S Abused a Young Lady — Thompson and Mitchell Met on the Street — Thompson Missed and Mitchell Sent a Bullet Through His Heart — Attempt to Blow Up Mitchell's House — Citizens Organized — Sheriff Warren, Attorney Crawford and Judge Wilson — Warrants Issued for Twenty Desperadoes — Posse of Forty Men Marched to Brown's Hotel — Brown Shot Dead — The Gang Fought Desperately — Orders Given to Set Fire to the Hotel — Cry to Hang Them — Punishment Finally De- cided by Vote. CHAPTER XXXVII. Chairman Passed Sentence on Each — Placed in Skiffs With Three Days' Rations — Sent Down the River — Reign of Terror — Murder of Col. Davenport — Edward Bonney Ferreted Out the Murderers — Burch Turned Out Statels Evidence — Guilty Brought to Justice — ^An Atro- cious Murder — Vigilance Committee Organized — Gifford Was Lynched — Confessed He Had Been Hired — Oath Bound Organization — Purpose to Rid the State of Thieves and Murderers — Cruel Murder — Barger Was Arrested — Tried Three Times — Always Convicted but Lawyers Saved His Neck — Vigilance Committee Took Matter in Hand — There Was No Further Appeal — Statement of the Vigilance Committee — Pledged to Stand by Each Other — Law Was Powerless to Protect — CHAPTER XXXVIII. Each Member of the Gang — Witnesses Ready to Prove an Alibi — Comegnick — Took Long Trips — He Belonged to the Gang — He Fre- quently Changed Residences — Robbed an Old Man — Confederates on the Jury Prevented an Indictment — Murdered Man and Wife — Brother of Murdered Woman Ran Him Down — Case Was Continued — Venn Changed, Etc. — Made a Short Speech to the Crowd — Judge Lynch Took the Matter in Hand — Comegnick Was Promptly Hung — Many Horses Stolen in 1855-6-7— Hard Times With the Settlers. CHAPTER XXXIX. Project of Dams a Failure — New Constitution Adopted — State House at Des Moines — Capitol Moved — Financial Depression — Banks Failed — No Banks of Issue in Iowa — Banks Started in Nebraska — Thomas H. Benton — Iowa Soon Had Plenty of Worthless Paper Money — Self Denial Practiced — Legislature Met at Des Moines Jan. 11, 1858 — Gov. Grimes' Message — Commission Appointed to Codify Laws — Severe Law Against Fugitive Slaves — Under Ground Railroad — john Brown Drilled His Little Army— Of the Twenty-Six Men in His Band, Six Were From Iowa — Victor Hugo's Prediction Verified — "John Brown's Body" — Revision of 1860 — Branches of State Bank — HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 19 Where Located — Gov. Kirkwood Vetoes the Banking Law — The Greatest Tornado — Its Course — Velocity — Loss of Life — Damage to Property — Strange and Wonderful Electric Freaks — Iowa Sent to the Civil War. CHAPTER XL. Indian Outbreak in Minnesota — First Hostilities in Northwestern Iowa — Settlers Become Alarmed — Military Companies Organized — About Eight Thousand Sioux Indians on the Reservation — Indians Planned the Massacre — Men Were at a Public Meeting — Indians Fell on Defenceless Families — News of Massacre Reached Spirit Lake — Company Organized to Aid — Indians Were Gone — Frontier Settlements Abandoned — Spirit Lake and Estherville Stood Pat — Territory of Minnesota Organized — Indians Ceded More Than 30,000,000 Acres of Land — Reserved a Tract on the Minnesota River — Indians Accepted an Amendment — Tribes Concerned in the Uprising — Location of the Agencies — Sioux Represented All Grades of Barbarism — How They Lived — Half-Breeds and Traders. CHAPTER XLI. Cause of the Outbreak — The Lost Cause Figured — Indian Warriors Within Reach — Tribes in the Conspiracy — Chiefs Visited Upper Agency — Assured Their Annuities Would Soon Arrive — Five Thou- sand Camped at Agency — Government Warehouse Plundered — Soldiers Passive — American Flag Cut Down — Excitement in Lower Agency — Quarreled With a White Man — Indians Fired, Killing Three — Large Number at Inquest — Indians Decided to Commence Massacre — Little Crow Called on Early in the Morning — Messengers Sent — James Lynde Shot Dead — Indians Afraid to Go Upstairs — A Bold Dash to Escape — General Massacre Commenced — Red Devils Showed No Mercy. CHAPTER XLII. Indians eager for plunder — Wabashaw and other chiefs joined — Dr. Humphreys — Frightful massacres — Unparalleled cruelty — Bravery of Captain Marsh — His fate and that of most of his soldiers — Treach- ery of the Indians — Loyalty of Other Day and his relatives — Friendly Indians warned whites — Attack on Fort Ridgely — Attack on New Ulm — Aid arrived in time to save the town — Second attack on Fort Ridge- ly — Narrow escape of Henry Ballard. CHAPTER XLIII. Indian charge at New Ulm— Whites made the mistake of retreat- 20 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S ing by deserted houses — Indians took shelter in them — Sharp and rapid firing from both sides — Indians set fire to houses and advanced behind the smoke — The conflagration became general — Captain Dodd's brave charge — Resulting in his death — Effective service bj^ sharp shooters — Great Indian charge repulsed — A desperate half breed — Col. Sibley's advance — Abandonment of New Ulm — Victims of Indian atrocity — Mayor Brown's perilous position and great loss — Indians quarreled — Defense of Forest City. CHAPTER XLIV. Little Crow saw the inevitable — Peace negotiations opened — In- dians had a large number of captives — Savages were divided among themselves — Battle of Wood Lake — One large camp with 250 white prisoners surrendered — Women and children wept with joy — Military Commission organized. CHAPTER XLV. Desolate condition of the country — People of New Ulm attacked the prisoners — Camp Lincoln established at Mankato — A number of Winnebagos tried — Prisoners arraigned on written charges — Trials, etc. — Witnesses and testimonj^ — Terrible murder of Cut Nose — Number of prisoners tried — Number sentenced to death and number to imprison- ment and number executed. CHAPTER XLVI. Treatment of the condemned — How they seemed affected — Descrip- tion of the condemned — Father Ravoux spent the whole night with them — Preparation for the execution — White Dog's request not granted — The half-breeds were most dejected — Ascending the scaffold — The death song was hideous — Nearly all their necks were broken — 38 in all. CHAPTER XVII. Republican State convention, 1877 — Resolution expressing confi- dence in President Hayes defeated — Greenback and Democratic con- ventions — Their declarations— Resolution of the Woman's Suffrage So- ciety—Resolutions adopted by the State Grange— The heaviest rain- storm of record — Fate of a railroad train — The dead and wounded — Amount of public land granted in 1878 was 8,000,000 acres— Report of Auditor of State— Kate Shelley's heroic act— Recognition by the State Legislature and railroad company. HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 21 CHAPTER XLVIII. Drive well patent contest — Case tried before Judge Shiras and jury — Decision against the defendant — The U. S. Supreme Court affirmed the decision — Decision saved the farmers over two million dollars — The citizens who fought the suit deserve great praise, CHAPTER XLIX. Message of Governor Larrabee — Public debt reduced — An appeal for the prohibitory law — Reduced consumption of liquor — Duty of the legislative power — Gov. Boies' inaugural address — Local option favored — What Iowa needs — Effort to enact a local option law failed. CHAPTER L. Destructive hurricane — Gathered in Cherokee County — Graphic de- scription — Two women killed in Rock Township — Destruction of Pom- eroy — Shrieks of the wounded and groans of the dying were appal- ling — Efforts to rescue — Number of dead forty-two — Gov. Boies' appeal for aid — Destructive railroad collision — Presidential election, 1904. CHAPTER LI. Parliamentary rules and regulations — Quorum — Chairmai, Clerk and Committees^How appointed— Questions, motions, etc, — Division of question and urivilege — Minority and mapority report — -Motions not requiring seconds — Amendmeits, etc., when not debatable — Division of question — Previous and Equivalent questions — Order, Commitment and Reconsideration. CHAPTER LII. What caused the death of our Presidents — George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Hadison, James Monroe, John Q. Adams, Andrew .lackson, Martin Van Buren, W, H, Harrison, John Tyler, James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, Millard Filmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, U, S. Grant, James A, Garfield, Chester A, Arthur, R, B, Hayes, William McKinley. CHAPTER LIII. Wealth of our Presidents — How deep to plant corn — The famous Connecticut blue laws — The seven wonders of the world — Homestead and Homesteaders — Valuable information — Wonders of the body — Food and drink consumed by the average man — Elevation above the 22 THE. DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S sea level of 19 cities and points — Average fall of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers — Punctuation Marks and Rules — Tributes to Women — Confucious, Voltaire, Adams, Whittier, Gladstone, Barrett. CHAPTER LIV. Rise and decline of the Catholic Church in the United States — A strange phenomenon — Statement of the Very Reverend Dr. Slattery of Baltimore, Md. a great surprise to Catholics — What advocates of the Parochial School affirm — What the Berlin Germania says — What oc- curred in 1790 — Catholic population in 1790 and in 1880 very rapid increase — Ratio in 1790 and 1880 — Table of immigration and census by decades from 1790 to 1900, both dates inclusive —Catholic population in 1902 — The cause of the great loss —When and how the public schools were established — Great advantage of the Public Schools — Bishop Hennessey's preaching against them — What he encountered — The reason why the Jew did not increase — Abstract history of the Jew — Number Moses led through the Red Sea — Settlement of Carthage and Rome — The Jew did not increase why? — The early Christians — The tenth general persecution — Where relief came from — What St. Sylvester wanted — What the Emperor Con- stantino did — Evil results of segrigation — Dubuque Public Schools — Catholic boy is handicapped — What the Poet Gray says — Comparison between the increase of the General and Catholic population — Time has come for reflection and action — What Pope Leo XHI. says. CHAPTER LV. W. J. Bryan's lecture delivered in the City of Dubuque, April 27, 1905 — His appearance on the platform — What is the Value of an Ideal — An ideal is above price — How to measure life — The most difficult thing — A good class motto — Description of a noble life — The lecturer had three ambitions or ideals — The most important thing in dealing with young people — Entered politics by accident — Confidence game played on a young man — The science of government — No patience with those who are too good to take part in politics — The boast of Roman matrons — What ought to be the boast of American mothers — Service the measure of greatness — What fixes man's place among his fellows — What sons of farmers, mechanics, merchants, etc. have ac- complished — Hull House and Jane Adams — The ideal of Tolstoi — His change of ideals — The mystery of life — The period of skepticism — Materialism — Different ideals — Self-made men — Speculative spirit — What we need to-day — Domestic ideals — Commercial marriages — ^Busi- ness ideals — Ideals in politics — Corrupt politics — Voters paid for com- ing to the polls and voting — Some Democrats followed this bad ex- ample — Their excuse — Must have parties — What Jefferson said — Initia- HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 23 tive and referendum — Switzerland the most democratic — Rights of the people — No excuse for fraud — An honest platform — What Senator Hill said — A nation must have an ideal — Grand action towards Cuba — Let flag stand for justice. CHAPTER LVI. Story of Commodore Perry's Landing in Japan in 1853 — The day appointed — The advance boat — Letter to the Emperor of Japan — Letter of the President of the United States Convention — Commodore Perry's letter to the Emperor of Japan — Letter of credence — Receipt given to Perry — The procession — The reception building — Conference lasted two hours — Steamer moved slowly down the bay — Japan opened to the nations. CHAPTER LVII. Dates of important events which occurred in the United States and Colonies from the discovery by Christopher Columbus, October 12, 1492, to date. This is a very useful table. CHAPTER LVIII. Dictionary of Proper Names. CHAPTER 1. Inasmuch as the American Continents are isolated on all sides,- except at Behring Strait and the Polar region, by a wide expanse of ocean, it has been a question of much speculation, since their dis- covery by Colunibus, as to how, at what time, and whence they were populated. Different theories have been advanced; one is that many ages ago, those Continents were connected with Europe by a great Continent called "Atlas," which, long before the Christian era, sunk into the Atlantic Ocean. Another theory is that Ancient Navigators may have crossed the Atlantic Ocean and effected a settlement. An- other theory is, and to our mind the most plausible one, that the ten lost tribes of Israel, who rebelled in the year of 975 B. C. and estab- lished the Kingdom of Israel, which in the year 721 B. C. was over- come by Shalmanser of Asseria and all of its inhabitants led into cap- tivity. This put an end to the Kingdom of Israel, and also an end to the ten tribes, so far as history is concerned, for it makes no farther mention of them. They were no doubt colonized by the Asserians, and as they were a healthy, vigorous race of people, they increased and in time were liberated. Instead of returning to Jerusalem they may have wandered Northward along the Pacific Coast and after ages reached Behring Strait. At that time the channel was perhaps much narrower than it is now, or there may have been islands in it, suffi- cient to make it possible for them to cross with their crude crafts. This theory is corroborated by statements made by Columbus that he "observed that the natives he discovered, practiced some of the Jewish customs," and the lowas, who inhabited this country, and after whom our state is named, had a tradition "that the Great Spirit made a man and a woman out of red clay and all the Indians sprung from them," and again, "it rained for a month and the whole world was destroyed, except a few that escaped in a big canoe," and all the Indian tribes claimed that they had come from a great distance, generally from the Northwest. Towards the Pacific Ocean. These traditions were hand- ed down from father to son from time immemorial. Archaeologists generally claim that the remains of two distinct races have been found in the valley of the Mississippi River. It is claimed also that the Mound Builders were different from the Indians who preceded the white man. There is, however, much speculation about this. Because Ihey built mounds over theii- dead, and manifested some skill in man- uracturing copper knives, axes, etc., it does not follow that they were a different race. The custom of building mounds may have b^en dropped, and the art of working copper forgotten. Moreover, at least 26 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S one mound was built about the year 1801. For the Commissioner, ap- pointed by President Jefferson in 1803 to explore the Louisiana Pur- chase, found a mound recently built, twelve feet in diameter and eight feet high, erected on a prominent Missouri River bluff, over the re- mains of Chief Omaha. This would indicate that the Indians still built mounds over their most illustrious dead. The first human skulls discovered resembled those of a Gorilla, having thick ridges over the eyes, and very low forehead, indicating a low degree of intellect. Similar skulls have been found in Europe. This leads to the belief that the first inhabitants of the Earth known to Archaeologists were low browed, small bodied beings but a grade above the lower animals. The first inhabitants of the Mississippi River Valley, of which we have any evidence, are called Mound Builders. Stone and copper implements found indicates that they had made some progress in the scale of intelligence. As to their number, color, form of government; whether or not they cultivated the land and built comfortable houses, and how they constructed those mounds, is not and perhaps will never be known. In many of those mounds were found skeletons, partially preserved; with vessels, pipes and or- naments. One opened in Dubuque County disclosed a vault divided into three cells. In the center were found eight skeletons sitting in a circle, and in the center of the group was a drinking vessel made from a sea shell. The whole chamber was covered with logs preserved in cement. Some very interesting mounds were found near Daven- port. Several of them were opened and found to contain sea shells, copper axes, hemispheres of copper, stone knives, pieces of Galena mica, pottery with coarse cloth which had been preserved by the copper. The pipes were of the Mound Builders' pattern. Some of them were covered with effigies of birds and animals. One bird had eyes of copper, another of pearl, showing much delicacy of manufac- ture and skill in carving. Eleven copper awls and twenty copper pipes were taken from those mounds. All of the mounds contained skele- tons and ashes. Two contained altars of stone. In one tablets were found upon which heiroglyphics representing letters and figures of people, trees and animals. In one mound two skeletons were found, below these were layers of ashes and river shells, several feet thick. Beneath these three mature skeletons were lying horizontally, and be- tween them the skeleton of a child. Near them were five copper axes wrapped in cloth. Many of the mounds have been opened and found to contain, in addition to skeletons, evidence of ingenius and skilled work of a prehistoric race. If they were of the same line as the inhabitants of Central America, who erected the massive structures found in ruins on that portion of the Continent, their civilization must have been well advanced. That they existed in great numbers and through periods of many years there is no doubt, HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 27 CHAPTER II. Iowa is one of the Central Western States of the Union. It is situated between 40 degrees 20 minutes and 43 degrees 30 minutes North Latitude; and 90 degrees 12 minutes and 96 degrees 38 minutes West Longitude. The center of the State is about on a line with the Northern boundary of California and Rhode Island, and is nearly mid- way between the two Oceans. Iowa is bounded on the West by the Missouri River, which separates it from South Dakota and Nebraska, and on the East by the Mississippi River, which separates it from Illi- nois and Wisconsin. It contains 56,025 squore miles, being very near the size of Illinois or Wisconsin. In shape the State forms a rectan- gle, having an extreme length of 300 and a breadth of 208 miles. The North and South boundaries are parallel. In area it is about equal to England and Wales. The North boundary separates it from Minnesota and the South boundary from Missouri. Its highest point is in the vicinity of Spirit Lake and its lowest at the mouth of the Des Moines River. The distance betweeu these points is about 300 miles and the difference in altitude 1,200 feet, making an average slope of four feet to the mile. The slope from the Northeast corner of the State to the Southeast is thirteen inches to the mile. From the Northwest corner to the Southwest corner, two inches per mile, from the Northwest corner to Spirit Lake five feet and five inches per mile. These figures give a general idea of the lay of the land. Its 35,856,000 acres constitute the finest body of agricul- tural land in the world. No bad lands, but few hills, all of which are good for grazing. Soil rich and well watered with suflicient rainfall. Its beds of coal are almost inexhaustible. Table showing the increase of population by decades from 1836 to 1900, and the agricultural products for the latter year, according to the United States Census for 1900: 1S36— 10,331 1840— 45,112 1850— 192,214 1860- 674,713 1870—1,194,020 1880—1,624,615 1S90— 1 ,911,896 1900—2,231,853 Acres. Quantity. Value. Corn 9,804,076 383,453,190 bushels $97,297,707 Wheat 7,689,705 22,769,440 bushels 11,457,808 Oats 4,695,361 168,364,170 bushels 33,254,987 Barley 627,851 18,059,060 bushels 5,343,363 Clover Seed 15,114 bushels 69,640 Grass Seed 1,276,958 bushels 1,146,123 Hay and Forage 4,644,378 6,851,871 tons 30,042,246 Rye 89,172 1,177,970 bushels 480,817 Buckwheat 13,834 151,120 bushels 84,842 Flax Seed 126,452 1,413,380 bushels 1,380,103 Kaffir Corn 66 1,408 bushels 552 Broom Corn 2,220 1,178,120 bushels 50,636 Tobacco 131 127,421 pounds 8,345 Peanuts 7 127 bushels 164 Dry Beans 2,427 24,903 bushels 38,296 Dry Peas 1,556 27,606 bushels 24 470 28 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S Potatoes 175,888 17,305,919 bushels 3,870,746 Sweet Potatoes 2,688 224,622 bushels 128,981 Onions 1,195 292,097 bus».els 177,088 Other Vegetables 81,502 3,332,039 Maple Sugar 2,320 pounas 280 Maple Syrup 2,662 gallons 2,640 Sorghum Cane 7,999 10,033 tons 29,125 Sorghum Syrup 421,212 gallons 190,695 Orchard Fruits 180,076 1,849,767 Small Fruits 9,650 878,447 Grapes 5,180 7,408,900 bushels 166,360 Flowers and Plants 140 320,407 Seeds 71 7,044 Nursery Products 2,905 619,192 Nuts 3,265,628 Fruit Products 3,265,628 Miscellaneous 28,501 Total 22,164,564 $195,552,544 Quantity. Value. Cattle all year on Farm 5,367,630 $142,518,902 Horses all year on Farm 1,392,573 77,720,577 Mules all year on Farm 57,579 3,737,529 Sheep all year on Farm 1,056,718 3,956,142 Swine 9,723,541 43,764,176 Goats 41,468 146,708 Poultry 20,043,343 6,535,461 Bees, Swarms 138,811 443,923 Unclassified 6,675 Total $278,830,096 Number. Cattle of all ages not on farm 79,880 Horses 150,775 Mules 5,74] Sheep 2,857 Swine 128,138 Goats 800 The Territory now included in the State of Iowa was prior to 17G2 claimed by three different foreign countries, Spain, England and Prance. Spain based her claim to title on the Discovery of North America by Columbus in 1492, and on a grant from Pope Alexander VI., made in 1493, to Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Aragon and Castile, of all the continents, inhabited by infidels, which they had discovered, said grant being assigned to their heirs and successors, the Kings of Castile and Leon. By the partition agreed upon by Spain and Portugal, Spain was allotted all of North America. England cliamed title through the discovery of America in 1498, by John Cabot, who, together with his sons, had been granted a patent of discovery, possession and trade by Henry VII., King of England. The claim of France was based on the actual discovery of Iowa Territory by Father Marquette and Louis Joliet, in June. 1G73, and upon the discoveries made by Robert La Salle, in 1682, who had been granted a patent by Louis XIV., in 1678, permitting him to explore the Western part of HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 29 New France. La Salle descended the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, explored the shores of the Gulf of Mexico to the Westward, and on the 9th of April, 1682, proclaimed the rivers and all the lands drained by them to be by right of discovery the dominion of Louis XIV., King of France, and he named the country Louisiana in honor of his King. The ownership of the Territory of Louisiana was not definitely setled until 1763. In 1762 a preliminary treaty, known as the act of Fontainbleau, was signed between England, France and Spain, by which it was agreed that the boundary between the Provinces of Eng- land and France should be irrevocably fixed by a line drawn in the middle of the Mississippi River; the French possessions lying West and the English possessions East of said line. By this treaty Iowa was definitely placed in the Louisiana Province, and all rights of claimants through charters and grants made by the Kings of England in the Seventeenth Century were terminated. The treaty of Paris, which was signed by the three countries in the following year, con- firmed the boundaries agreed upon in the preliminary treaty. Louis XV., King of France, secretly ceded to Spain in 1762, all the French Possessions lying beyond the Mississippi River. Spain took formal possession of the Province of Louisiana in 1769, and retained control of this vast territory until 1800, when the treaty of St. Idle- fonso was concluded, Spain agreeing to recede the Province of Louis- iana to France upon the fufillment of certain considerations to be per- formed by the French Republic. This treaty was succeeded in the fol- lowing year by the treaty of Madrid, which provided that the retro- cession of Louisiana, as agreed upon in the treaty of St. Idlefonso, should be carried out. In 1803, for a consideration of $15,000,000, France relinquished to the United States all her right and title to the territory lying West of the Mississipi River and North and East of the Spanish possessions. This transaction is known as the "Louisiana Purchase." The United States thus acquired possession of a vast domain, out of which there have been formed the states of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, North and South Dakota, all of Indian Territory, the major parts of the states of Louisiana, Minnesota, Kansas, Montana, and Wyoming, nearly all of the Oklahoma Territory, and a large portion of the State of Colorado. CHAPTER III In 1538 Narvaez was appointed by Charles V. of Spain, Governor of Florida. He fitted out an expedition of five ships and four hundred men. After enduring hardships not easily described, all perished but one, Alvard Nunez, the sole survivor, who reached a Spanish settle- ment after ten years of wandering. De Soto was the next freebooter to try his hand. He organized a fleet of ten ships, manned by over 30 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 1,000 men. Like his predecessor, Narvaez, his purpose was to get gold. Thew had no respect or consideration for the natives. Plunder, murder and rapine were resorted tt>. They proved to be a band of freebooters in quest of fortune and plunder. An army, rendered cruel and ferocious by avarice, ready to march to any point where they might plunder Indian villages supposed to be stored with gold or other riches. The native soon discovered that they must fight; either fight and exterminate the invaders or be exterminated by them. And De Soto, before he had proceeded far into the trackless woods, had reason to believe he had taken the wrong course. The natives hounded his army day and night, and after a disastrous siege about 250 returned to the Spanish settlement. Both of these expeditions spent some time in the Mississippi River Valley. De Soto found a grave in the Great River. England and Portugal sent out exploring parties, who were equally cruel and unjust to the Indians. In fact, for the first century after the discovery of America, the Indians were treated like wild animals, having no rights that the white men were obligated to respect. But a new era was introduced by the Brotherhood of Jesus, or, as they are better known, the Jesuits. This society was organized about the year 1540. Ignatius, its founder, who held a high rank in the Spanish army, was wounded at the siege of Pampeluna, and while convalescing, in the hospital, he read the lives of the Saints, and on refiection conclud- ed he was fighting on the wrong side. That he was fighting against humanity when he ought to be battling for God and humanity. He conferred with a few friends, and the result was that nine men of rank pledged themselves to devote their lives to the cause of God and humanity. After studying Theology fqr about three years, they went to Rome and made an offer of their services to Pope Paul III. He applauded their zeal, and after another three years' course of study, they were erected into a religious body, under the name of the Society of Jesus. Others soon joined and the society became in a short time numerically strong. The New World was their objective point and they penetrated nearly every part of it. Bancroft says of the Jesuits: "The history of their labor is connected with nearly every celebrated town in the annals of French America. Not a river was entered, not a cape turned, but a Jesuit led the way. Although certain privations and suffering was their lot, and martyrdom might be the crown of their labors, they ventured into the remotest regions and among the most warlike tribes." The Jesuit revelation, given by Father Claude Dablon in 1670, in his account of the Illinois Indians, says: "These people were the first to come to Green Bay to trade with the French. They are settled in the midst of a beautiful country away southward towards the great river named 'Missipi.' It takes its rise in the North, flowing towards the South, discharging its waters into the Sea. All the vast country through which it flows is of prairie without trees. HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 31 It is beyond this river that the Illinois live, and from which are de- tached the Muscatines, which signifies a land bare of trees." None of the early French explorers seem to have suspected that this Great River so often told of by the Indians was the same river discovered by De Soto one hundred and thirty years before. CHAPTER IV. The French Jesuit, Father Marquette, was the first white man to set foot on Iowa soil. He had spent many years with the Indians in the vicinity of Green Bay building churches and teaching and preaching to them. The Indians held him in high esteem. They had a warm affection for the good Missionary who had devoted the best years of his life to their welfare. He had resolved to go farther West and see the Great River, which he had heard of so often. The Indians besought him with tears not to undertake so perilous a journey, but he had resolved to go. Louis Joliet, with five experienced voyagers, embarked with him May 13th, 1673, in two birch bark canoes. Arriv- ing at the Western extremity of the French explorations, they engaged two Miami guides to pilot them to the Wisconsin River. They floated down that river to where it empties into the Mississippi River, when they were delighted at beholding the magnificent river so often heard of. The largest on the continent. This was on June 17th, 1673. They felt the inspiration of their great discovery. All about them was an unknown region, not a human being was to be seen. They landed from time to time, made camps, killed game and caught fish. They ascend- ed the bluffs and saw in the distance boundless prairies, upon which were herds of buffalo and elk. The explorers passed between shores of unsurpassed beauty, where Dubuque, Clinton, Davenport, Rock Island, Muscatine, Burlington and other flourishing towns and cities now stand. On June 28th they landed on the West shore and dis- covered human foot prints in the sand. They traced them to a path which led up the bluff. Leaving their companions in charge of the boats, Marquette and Joliet followed the trail Westward for several miles, till nearing a fringe of timber a column of smoke was seen and soon after a tent was discovered erected in a grove. It proved to be part of an Indian village. It was built on the bank of a small river, the shores of which were shaded by a beautiful fringe of timber. The na- tives were astonished to see white men, but no hostile demonstration were made. It is likely that few if any of these Indians had ever seen a European before. The Indians made signs of friendship and offered the pipe of peace. They proved to be a band of the Illinois tribe, and had two other villages a few miles distant. The river on which they were living, was called by them, the Mon-in-go-na. Mar- quette was well enough acquainted with the language of the lUkioia tribe of Indians to converse with the villagers. When he had ex- 32 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S plained who they were, the object of their visit and the pleasure it afforded them to meet some of the inhabitants of that delightful country, the Indians gave the explorers a very cordial welcome. One of the chiefs delivered the following address: I thank the black gown chief, and his friend, for taking so much pains to come and see us. Never before has the earth been so beautiful nor the sun so bright as now. Never has the river been so calm and free from rock, which your canoes have removed as they passed down. Never has the tobacco nad so fine a flavor, nor our corn appeared so beautiful as we behold it now. Ask the Great Spirit to give us life and health, and come ye and live with us." At the conclusion of the chief's address they were invited, to a feast which the squaws had prepared, and which Marquette describes as follows: "It consisted of four courses. First, there was a large bowl filled with a preparation of corn meal boiled in water and sea- soned with oil. The Indian conducting the ceremonies had a large wooden spoon with which he dipped in the mixture, called by them Tagamety, and passed it in turn into the mouths of the different mem- bers of the party. The second course was fish, nicely cooked and sep- arated from the bones and placed in the mouths of the guests. The third course was a roasted dog, which our explorers declined with thanks, when it was at once removed from sight. The last course was roast buffalo, the fattest pieces of which were passed to the visitors. It was excellent meat and nicely cooked." Marquette and Joliet were delighted with the beautiful country. The fish and game were plenti- ful, and the friendly reception by the Indians, all conspired to give the explorers a lofty conception of both the country and its inhabitants. This was Iowa as seen by the first white man. For six days they re- mained with their Indian friends, hunting and fishing and living on the best the land could produce. The natives exerted them- selves to provide every entertainment for them, and urged them to prolong their stay. When Marquette and his party could not be in- duced to remain longer, more than six hundred Indians escorted them back to the river, where their canoes were moored, and regretfully bade them good-bye. The Indians watched the white men, waving them farewell, until they disappeared in a bend in the river. The place where they landed is supposed to be where Montrose now stands. A complete record of their trip and a description and chart of the country were kept by Joliet, but unfortunately were lost. Father Marquette's chief interest in all his daring expeditions Into unknown regions was the conversion of the Indians to Christianity. He made but few notes or records of his travels. Fierce feuds and savage war- fare have prevailed among the tribes of Indians; but the first white man that came among them was met with warm welcome and sub- stantial tokens of friendship. The French, doubtless under the influ- ence of the Jesuits, who led them in nearly all their explorations, HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 33 treated the Indians with kindness and respected their rights. The people of nearly all other nations regarded and treated them as sav- ages having no rights that white men were bound to respect. The French lived with peace and security among them, while the English, Spanish and Portugese made war upon them which brought retaliation and massacre of men, women and children. Father Marquette won the conndence and esteem of the Indians, and when he and his party bade farewell to the Illinois chief, the latter presented him with the pipe of peace. The sacred calumet, ornamented with brilliant feathers. This suspended from the neck, was a safeguard among all the savage tribes that he might encounter in his journey. CHAPTER V. In latitude 33 degrees they met a fierce tribe of Indians of the Michigamie nation. These natives had heard, no doubt, by tradition, of the invasions of De Soto, one hundred and thirty years before, and the atrocities perpetrated on their ancestors. At first sight of the canoes manned by white men, the alarm was sounded. A large band of warriors assembled, and, armed with bows and arrows, tomahawks and war clubs, embarked in their canoes and advanced with yells of defiance upon the seven Frenchmen. The fearless Marquette, un- awed by the impending danger, held aloft the sacred calumet. Seeing the token of peace, the Indian chief restrained his men, and in turn made signs of peace. He invited Marquette and his party to the vil- lage, where for several days they were entertained with hospitality. They descended nearly to the mouth of the Arkansas River, a distance of more than 1,100 miles. They had learned that the Great River they had discovered emptied into the Gulf of Mexico, at a distance of about GOO miles from where they were encamped. The object of the expedi- tion was accomplished, the party had entered a region where the lan- guage learned by Marquette was unknown, and it was difficult to com- municate or procure information from the natives. The Indians were hostile and might at any time attack the little company. Should these men be killed all their valuable discoveries would be lost to France. Moreover, they were liable to come upon Spanish settlements or freebooters, of which they were as much in dread as the Indians. Hence they concluded it was their duty to return to Canada and report the result of their long and interesting voyage. Propelling the canoes up stream in hot weather was not such an easy task, but energy and perseverance accomplished it. Arriving at the mouth of the Illinois River, they heard from the Indians that this river afforded a much shorter route to the Great Lakes than the Wisconsin River. They therefore ascended it for two weeks and then crossed the Illinois prairie from its head to the Chicago River, and followed that stream to the shore of Lake Michigan. Father Marquette died in 1675 at tke 34 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S age of 38 years. His country was mankind. The following lines writ-* ten by a traveler, who was not a member of his church, gives an idea of his peaceful death: "His solitary grave was made Beside thy water, Mictiigan; In the forest shade the bones were laid Of a world wandering man. Discoverer of a world; he sleeps By all the world unknown; No mausaleum marks tlie spot, Nor monumental stone. He died alone; no pious hand Smoothed down the pillows for his liead; No watching follower reared the tent Or strewed the green leaves for his bed. His followers left the holy man. Beside a rustic altar kneeling. The slanting sun's beams sitting rays Through the thick forest branches stealing. An hour had passed and they returned; They found him lying where he knelt, But Oh! how changed; the calm of death Upon his marble features dwelt, Even while he prayed, his living soul Had to His native Heaven fled; While the last twilight's holiest beam Fell like a glory on his head." CHAPTER VI. In 1710 the first African Negroes were taken into the new French Colony and slavery established in Louisiana. In 1717 the entire trade of the Mississippi River was granted by a charter from the French King to a Western Company for twenty-five years. The company under its charter was obligated to introduce 6,000 white settlers and 3,000 slaves. War was waged between England France from 1756 to 1702, for the conquest of Canada, and in 1763 France ceded to England all her territory East of the Mississippi River, except a region East of New Orleans. The King of France about the same time, by a secret treaty, ceded to Spain the entire country West of the Mississippi River known as Louisiana. Thus, after nearly one hundred years' posses- sion, the entire interests of France were turned over and the French inhabitants became unwilling subjects of Spain and England. When Spain secured possession of Louisiana she put an embargo on the Mississippi River, which made it very inconvenient for the Americans, and after making several unsuccessful attempts to induce her to raise it, Congress in 1788 declared "that the navigation of the Mississippi River is a clear and essential right of the United States and that it ought to be enforced." This developed a war cloud above the horizon, and although Spain realized her danger, she procrastinated hoping to win the people of the Mississippi Valley to her side. But they were too firmly wedded to the Union. Finally the American minister at Madrid proposed that if Spain would cede to the United States, her possessions East of the Mississippi River, including the islands and HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 35 City of New Orleans, the United States would make no claim to the vast teritory West of the river, as her real interests would then re- quire that Spain retain her possessions West of it. Since the free navigation of the river was of such prime necessity to the United States, it must sooner or later be conceded. The minister said: "This is the decree of Providence written on every map of the Continent, and it cannot be perverted by any human agency. Would it not be the part of wisdom to anticipate an irrepressible event peacefully, and cement a lasting friendship with the United States on this basis of mutual benefit and interest." In 1795 the matter was settled by treaty, making the middle of the Mississippi River the Western boundary of the United States from the 31st degree of North Latitude to its source, and navigation made free to its mouth. Under the brilliant young counsel. Napoleon Bonaparte, Prance became the most power- ful nation of Europe, and as her people had not become reconciled to the manner in which Louisiana was taken from them. Napoleon resolved to restore it to France, and in 1801 a treaty was made, by which Spain ceded to France all the Province of Louisiana, but before Napoleon could take possession of it, England and her allies were pressing the French armies so hard that Napoleon feared the power- ful British navy would secure and blockade the ports of Louisiana; thus cutting France off from her possessions so recently acquired. The French and Americans were traditional friends, and in order to save Louisiana from England, Napoleon determined to transfer it to a friendly power able to defend it, and in 1803 sold it to the United States for $15,000,000. The almost unexplored country comprising Louisiana, had been discovered by Spanish adventurers in 1542, but they abandoned it for one hundred and thirty years, when French explorers took possession of it, in the name of their King. It was held by France from 1681 to 1763, when it was ceded to Spain. Up to the close of the Revolutionary War, Virginia claimed the territory lying west of the Ohio River, as well as Kentucky. This claim was ceded to the United States in 1784. In the same year a treaty was made with the Sioux Indians, who claimed a portion of the territory, by which they relinquished their claim to all lands west of the State of New York. In 1785 Congress passed an act providing for the survey of public lands. These lands were divided into Townships six miles square. The ranges to be numbered from the boundary of Pennsylvania west, and the Town- ships north from a point on the Ohio River due north or the western terminus of the southern boundary of Pennsylvania. These townships were divided into thirty-six sections one mile square. This was the origin of our excellent system of surveying, dividing and describing public lands. Afterwards the law was amended to the extent of lay- ing off the land in checks twenty-four miles north and south, and 36 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S forty-two miles east and west. This was divided into townships and sections, and the fractions thrown on the west side of the check, and township. In 1786 Congress adopted a joint resolution providing that not less than three nor more than five States should be organized out of the new territory. CHAPTER VII. In 1787 Congress passed an act by which all the country lying North and West of the Ohio River, and East of the Mississippi River, was organized into the Northwest Territory. This embraced what has since become the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wis- consin. Seventeen million acres of land had been acquired by treaty with the various tribes of Indians, and the ordinance provided for its organization, forever prohibiting the introduction of slavery within its limits. This prohibition was introduced by Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence, and afterwards President of the United States. The wresting of Iowa from the Indians was attended with but little of the cruelties of war which followed the advent of the English, Spanish and Portugese invaders of other parts of America. Three hundred years of sturdy but unrewarded resist- ance to the advance of the European races, had exhausted the original fire and unyielding courage of the Indians, and impressed them with the gloomy conviction that further resistance must be futile. Nation after nation of their ancestors had been vanquished in the unequal contest. Slowly but surely they had been dispossessed of their hunt- ing grounds and home. The most powerful tribes had disappeared in tne warfare. Their lands had been peopled by the white man, who forced the savage step by step Westward. Their conquerors must be tueir historian, and justice demands that we shall record their virtues as well as their vices. If they were cruel, treacherous, revengeful and merciless as enemies, it is no less true that they were brave, warm, hospitable, devoted and loyal friends. They were as ready to risk life in defense of a friend as they were to tomahawk, scalp and burn their enemies and prisoners. They resisted the invasion of their country with a stern and relentless ferocity, born of ages of barbarism, tortur- ing and exterminating the despoilers of their homes. When Iowa was first explored by the whites, the Dakota Indians were found in possession of Minnesota and Northern Iowa. This family consisted of the following tribes: The lowas, Omahas, Osages, Winnebagos, Muscatines, Otoes, and Sissetons. The Algonquin family consisted of the Illinois, Poxes, Chippewas, Attouays, Pottawattamies, and Sioux, occupied North Missouri and South Iowa. Fierce wars were waged between those tribes and frequently until the weaker tribe was exterminated. The last battle fought between the lowas on on side and the Sacs and Foxes on the other, was near the town of HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 37 lowaville. Here in the year 1824 the lowas had assembled in great .'lumbers to witness a horse race on the river bottoms about two miles from their village. Most of their warriors were present, unarmed and unconscious of the impending danger. The Sacs and Foxes were led by their Chief Pashepaho, assisted by Black Hawk, who was then a young man unknown to fame. Their spies had watched the assemb- ling of the lowas and reported their number. The Sacs and Fox braves were in ambush in a forest near by. The old chief had two divisions, in the stealthy attack, while young Black Hawk was sent with a third division to capture and burn the village. At a moment when all eyes were bent on an exciting race, the terrible warwhoop burst upon their ears and the fierce Sac and t ox warriors rushed like an avalanche upon the unarmed and panic-stricken crowd. The Iowa warriors made a dash for their village, where their arms had been left, only to find it in flames. The agonizing shrieks from their wives and children, mingled with the yells of young Black Hawk's band, as the tomahawks fell upon the defenseless villagers, nerved the Iowa braves to superhuman exertions. But few of their arms could be found in the confusion and the men, women and children were massa- cred by hundreds. In their hopeless efforts to protect their families, they fought with clubs and stones, and, seeing the utter futility of their resistance, the remnant of the band finally surrendered. Their power was broken, their proud spirit crushed by this disaster, and the survivors never recovered from the blow. They lingered in despair about the ruins of their village and the graves of their dead, gloomy and hopeless. The renown of this once powerful tribe had departed. They moved from place to place through Southern Iowa and Northern Mis- souri. They ceased as an individual tribe to hold any portion of the State to which their name had been given. In 1820 they sold their undivided interests in their Iowa lands to the United States. At this time their number was estimated at 1,000, and their principal villages in the Valley of the Little Platte River. In 1838 they ceded their en- tire interests in Iowa to the United States for $157,500, which was kept in trust; the interest at 5 per cent, is paid annually to the tribes. The remnant of the tribe accepted lands West of the Missouri River, with the Sacs and Foxes their conquerors. They soon after outnum- bered the tribes that subdued them and are partially civilized. During the Civil War they were loyal to the Union and many of them enlisted in the army, making good soldiers. In October, 1901, they finally surrendered their tribal organization and accepted lands in severalty. The lowans were worshippers of the Great Spirit, the Creator and Ruler of the Universe. They have a tradition that a very long time ago the Great Spirit "made a man and a woman out of red clay, and all the Indians sprung from them," and another tradition is that "it rained for a month and drowned all living animals and human beings. 38 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S except a few who escaped in a big canoe." They regarded rattle snakes and a certain species of hawks with veneration. Unlike most of the Indian tribes they were chaste in their social relations. Illegiti- mate children were never found among them. We give this extended account of this trib on account of its relation to Iowa, and our State being named after it. Equally interesting accounts could be given of the other tribes, but our space will not admit of such detail. It may, however, be of interest to give a description of an Indian village, and lor that purpose we will select the Sac vilage on the Rock Valley. Black Hawk, in his autobiography, says it was built in 1751; it was named Sahkenhk. This was for more than fifty years the largest village of the Sacs, and contained in 1825 a population of not less than eight thousand. The houses were substantially built, and were from thirty to one hundred feet in length, and from sixteen to fifty feet wide. They were built with a frame of poles covered with sheeting of elm bark, fastened with thorns of buckskin. The doors were three by six feet, and before them were suspended buffalo robes. These houses were divided into rooms separated by a hall, extending the length of the building. Fire pits were provided with opening for the smoke. The beds were made of skins of animals, thrown over ele- vated frames of poles. Half a mile East of town was a bold promon- /tory rising 200 feet from the bed of Rock River. This was known as "Black Hawk's Watch Tower," and was the favorite resort of the famous Sac chieftain. Here he would sit smoking his pipe, enjoying the grand scenery for hours. Here he was born, and his father before him, one of the greatest Sac chiefs. It is to his credit that he clung to his old home, and fought his last hopeless battle against over- whelming numbers of well equipped troops in defense of his native land. CHAPTER VIII. In 1804 a few chiefs of the Sac and Fox Nations, sold fifty-one million acres of land lying in the East side of the Missouri River, between St. Louis and the Wisconsin River, for the insignificant sum of $2,234 worth of goods and $1,000 in money per year. Black Hawk and several other chiefs repudiated this treaty, and claimed that the chiefs making it had no authority to dispose of this immense tract of land, including the site of the principal and oldest village of the true Sac Nation. These chiefs were sent to St. I.cuis to secure the release of a prominent member of their tribe who was charged with murder- ing a white man, and Black Hawk always asserted that they had no right to dispose of these lands. When it was claimed that he had subsequently ratified the treaty of ISO 4 with his own signature, he asserted that he had been deceived, and did not intend to dispose of the lands. In 1814 Major Taylor was sent, with a detachment of 334 HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 3^ soldiers, up the Mississippi River by boat, with orders to destroy the corn fields of the Sacs and Foxes and burn the villages. The Indians were located on both sides of the river, in the vicinity of Rock Island and Davenport. They rallied from all sides to the attack. A detachment of British soldiers, from Prairie du Chien, joined them, and the battle lasted for three hours. The Indians, led by Black Hawk, fought with great courage to save their homes, and Taylor was driven back with great loss and compelled to retreat. Black Hawk had become an ally of the British on the promise that they would aid him to drive the Americans out of the valley which he claimed and refused to abandon. But when the war closed and the British were unable to aid him further, he returned to his old home at Rock River and found that Keokuk had become a chief of the party friendly to the Americans. In 1815 a large council of Sacs and Foxes met at the mouth of the Missouri River and ratified the treaty of 1804. Black Hawk and a few minor chiefs withheld their assent. In 1824 the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States all lands lying between the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers, South of the North line of Missouri, except a small portion lying at the junction of the rivers afterwards known as the "half-breed tract," which they reserved for the iamilies of the white men who married Indian wives. In 1825 an agreement was reached in council at Prairie du Chien, fixing the South boundary of the Sioux country, separating the hunting grounds from that of the Sac, Fox and Iowa Indians on the South. It began at the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, extending West- ward to its fork in Winneshiek County; then West to the Red Cedar, in Black Hawk County; then West to the East fork of the Des Moines in Humboldt County; then in a direct line West to the lower fork of the Big Sioux, in Plymouth County; then following that river to its junction with the Missouri River. In 1828 the Sioux and Winne- bagos, then in alliance, sent an invitation to the Sac and Fox chiefs near Dubuque, to meet them in council and forever bury the hatchet. The Fox chiefs, unsuspicious of treachery, started towards the place of meeting. On the same evening as they were in camp for the night on the East shore of the Mississippi River, near the mouth of the Wis- consin River, they were fired upon by more than a thousand Sioux warriors. Rushing from their hiding place, the treacherous Sioux killed all but two of the Foxes, who plunged into the river and swam to the West shore, carrying the news to their villagers. Stung to des- peration by this act of treachery, the Foxes prepared to avenge the murder of their chiefs. A war party was organized, and led by the newly elected chief, they embarked in canoes and landed in the vicin- ity of the enemy, concealing themselves in the dense woods and un- derbrush. Towards midnight they crossed the river and crept silently upon the sleeping foe. Nerved by the spirit of revenge, they silently 40 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALli'S buried their tomahawks in the heads of seventeen Sioux chiefs and warriors and escaped to their canoes without the loss of a man. The war between the Sioux, and the Sacs and Foxes was waged for many years. CHAPTER IX. Black Hawk and his followers always repudiated the treaty of 1804, feeling that they had been wronged. The whites who were swarming around them, fearing hostilities, demanded their removal. Collisions took place from time to time, and in 1830 Black Hawk and his tribes, returning from their annual hunting excursion, found the lands had been surveyed and sold to white settlers. Their cabins had been seized and occupied, and their women and children were shelter- less along the river. Black Hawk drove the whites from the village and restored the wigwams to their owners. The whites called on Governor Reynolds, of Illinois, for assistance, and he called on Gen. Graves to bring an army strong enough to expel the Indians. On the 25th day of June, 1831, Gen. Graves, with 1,000 mounted men, took possession of the Sac village, driving the Indians from their homes to the West side of the river. On the 30th day of June, Gov. Reynolds and Gen. Graves, at the point of the bayonet, dictated the terms with the Sac chief, by which the Indians were prohibited from returning to the East side of the river without the permission of the United States authorities. It was now too late to plant corn or grain, and the ;autumn found them without food for the winter. In April, 1832, Black Hawk, with his followers, including women ;and children, crossed to the East side of the river near the mouth of the Rock River. He declared the purpose of his journey was to join tne Winnebagos. Gen. Atkinson, in command of Fort Armstrong, on Rock Island, sent a message to Black Hawk, commanding him to return immediately to the West side. Black Hawk refused to comply with the order, stating that his people were suffering for food. He sent word to Gen. Atkinson that they were on a peaceable mission, their purpose being to join the Winnebagos, who had invited them to come and help raise a crop of corn. Gov. Reynolds, upon hearing of the return of the Sacs, called out the militia to aid the regulars at .Fort Armstrong, to drive them out of the State. Gen. Whiteside was placed in command of the Illinois militia, numbering about 2,000 men. One of the captains serving under him was Abraham Lincoln, after- wards President of the United States. Serving under Atkinson, Lieutenant-Colonel Taylor, who was elected President in 1848, Lieu- tenant Jeff Davis, afterwards President of the Southern Confederacy, and Captain W. S. Harvey, afterwards a distinguished general. The militia burned the Indian village at Prophetstown, and then joined the regulars under Gen. Atkinson. The combined army numbered about 2.000, while Black Hawk had less than 500 warriors. Black Hawk's HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 41 little band was now at Dixon's Ferry. Major Stillman, with 275 mounted volunteers, was anxious for a fight, and Gen. Whi' side sent him out in the direction of the Sac camp to make observations. Black Hawk, hearing of Stillman's approach, sent three young men with a flag of truce to conduct Major Stillman into camp, that they might hold a conference. Five more young warriors were sent by the Sac chief to watch the reception of his messengers. When the messen- gers bearing the flag of truce reached Stillman's camp, they were taken prisoners, and one of them was shot. As the second party of five approached the camp, they were fired upon and two of them killed. The others escaped and reported to Black Hawk the slaughter of his messengers. The Sac chief had but forty warriors with him, the main body being encamped ten miles distant. The three Indians who escaped were pursued by the militia into Black Hawk's camp. The fearless old chief concealed his forty warriors in the brush and pre- pared for battle. As Major Stillman approached with his entire force, the Indians in hiding opened fire upon him and gave a terrific war- whoop. The volunteers fired one volley and then fled in a wild panic as the forty Sac warriors poured hot shot into their ranks. Eleven of the volunteers were killed. As they fied their provisions and camp equipments were abandoned. The fugitives scattered into little parties, and continued their wild flight until thirty miles were placed between them and the enemy. Fifty of them kept on until they found shelter in their homes; reporting as they ran an overwhelming force of In- dians in close pursuit. The wanton murder of his messengers and the attack upon his camp incensed Black Hawk, and he prepared as best he could to defend his people to the last. After several battles against greatly superior numbers, the Indians were gradually driven to the Wisconsin River. Gen. Dodge, with two brigades of mounted men, now came upon the remnant of the tribe, and killed sixty-eight of them. The Indians fought with great bravery, and when driven to the river, made a heroic stand against overwhelming odds; checking for several hours the pursuit, until the women and children crossed the river. A few years before his death Jeff Davis wrote as follows: "This was the most brilliant exhibition of military tactics that I ever witnessed; a feat of most consummate management and bravery in the face of an enemy of greatly superior numbers. I never read of anything that could be compared with it. Had it been performed by white men, it would have been immortalized as one of the most splendid achievements of military history." Black Hawk modestly says of this struggle at the river: "In this struggle with fifty braves, I defended and accomplished my purpose on the Wisconsin, with a loss of only six men, though assailed by a host of mounted militia. I would not have fought there but to gain time for our women and children to cross to an island. A warrior will duly appreciate the disadvantages I labored under. Sixty-eight 42 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S Sacs fell in this brilliant retreat and battle; but a remnant of the tribe was saved. An attempt was made to escape by rafts and canoes down the Wisconsin River, but the soldiers, from safe shelter on the shore, killed men, women and children in their flight. Many were drowned and others sought shelter in the woods and died of starva- tion." On the first of August, Black Hawk had gathered the remnant of his band on the bank of the Mississippi, and offered to surrender. But the soldiers who crowded the Steamer "Warrior" were ordered to fire on the white flag Black Hawk raised in token of surrender. Twenty-three of his men were thus killed while offering no resistance. The next day the Indians were attacked by the combined forces of Generals Dodge, Henry Alexander, and Posey and shot down again without mercy. Men, women and children were killed like wild ani- mals as they sought to escape by swimming the river. More than 300 Indians were thus massacred and the slaughter was dignified by the name of "Battle of Bad Axe." Black Hawk and a few of his followers escaped, but were captured by treacherous Indians, delivered up to Col. Taylor and by him sent to Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis. Thus ended the Black Hawk War, in which the whites lost about two hundred killed and the In- dians about five hundred men, women and children. The cost to our Government was about two million dollars. Black Hawk was taken by his captors to Washington in 1835, and when presented to' Gen. Jack- son, he stood unawed before the President, remarking, "I am a man, you are another." He then addressed the President as follows: "We did not expect to conquer the whites. They had too many men. I took up the hatchet to avenge injuries my people could no longer endure. Had I remained longer without striking, my people would have said. Black Hawk is a squaw; he is too old to be our chief; he is no Sac. These considerations and reflections caused me to raise the war whoop. The result is known to you. I say no more." The prisoners were taken to fortress Monroe, where they were kept until the 4th day of June, when they were released by order of the Presi- dent. They were then conducted by Major Garland, of the U. S. Army, through several of the large cities to impress them with the greatness of our nation. Crowds of people gathered to see the famous Sac chief and his braves. As they were conveyed down the Mississippi River to B'ort Armstrong, while passing along the shores of the old home and hunting grounds, the dauntless old chief sat with bowed head. The memory of the power and possession of his race in former years came over him, as he looked for the last time on the familiar shores, woods and bluffs. Here he had reigned over the most powerful tribe of the West; here his father ruled before him; here he had dwelt in happiness from boyhood; here he had taken his one young wife to his cabin and lived faithful to her all the years of his life; here for half a .century he had led his warriors to a score of victories. Now he was HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 43 being returned a prisoner shorn of his power, to be humiliated before his hated rival, Keokuk. Upon landing at Fort Armstrong, Keokuk was seen gaily decorated as the Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, sur- rounded by his chosen band of personal attendants. Black Hawk was requested to make a personal surrender of his authority as chief of his Nation, to his triumphant rival and enemy. It was the saddest moment of his life and he only bowed to the humiliation at the com- mand of his conquerors, when powerless to resist. He returned with his faithful wife, two sons and a beautiful daughter, to the banks of the Des Moines River, near lowaville. There he lived a quiet life, fur- nishtng his house like white people. He cultivated a small farm, raised corn and vegetables for his family. His cabin stood near the bank or the river, shaded by two majestic trees. He saw his once warlike nation dwindling away year by year. Under his despised rival they were selling their land to the whites, and spending the money in drunkenness and degradation. Here on the old battlefield where he had wrested the country from the proud lowas, the proud Sac chief broods over his fallen fortune. His last appearance in public life was at a celebration at Fort Madison on the Fourth of July, 1838, when the following toast was given to his honor: "Our illustrious guest Black Hawk. May his declining years be as calm and serene as his previous life has been boisterous and warlike." In responding the old chief said: "It has pleased the Great Spirit that I am here to- day. I have eaten with my white friends. It is good. A few sum- mers ago I was fighting you. I may have done wrong. But it is past, let it be forgotten. Rock River Valley was a beautiful country. I loved my village, my corn field and my people. I fought for them. They are now yours. I was once a great warrior; now I am old and poor. Keokuk has been the cause of my downfall. I have looked upon the Mississippi River since I was a child. I love the great river. 1 have always dwelt upon its banks. I look upon it now and am sad. I shake hands with you. We are now friends. I may not see you again. Farewell." He died the 3rd day of October, 1838, and was buried in a spot long before selected by him, on the banks of the Des Moines River near the Northeast corner of Davis County. His age was about 72 years. Mrs. Maria Beck, of Davenport, who made a careful study of the Sac chief, writes in the annals of Iowa as follows: "In Black Hawk was incarnated the very spirit of justice. He was as inflexible as steel in all matters of right and wrong, as he understood them. Expediency formed no part of his creed; and his conduct in the trying emergency that ended in the fatal conflict was eminently consistent with his character. No thought of malice or revenge entered his great soul. The contest was waged with no other purpose in mind than to pro- tect his people, in what he believed was their inalienable rights to the wide domain that was being wrested from them. It matters not 44 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S whether his skin is copper-colored or white, the man who has the courage of his convictions always challenges the admiration of the world, and as such pre-eminently the old Sac War Chief will ever stand as an admirable figure." CHAPTER X. In 1832 the Sacs. J^^oxes and Winnebagos entered into a treaty with the United States, ceding six million acres of land on the West side of the Mississippi River known as the Black Hawk Purchase, the consideration being $20,000 per annum for thirty years; and the fur- ther sum of $50,000, to be paid to the Indian traders, Davenport and Farnam, in cancellation of a debt which the Indians owed them; (5.000 bushels of com; fifty barrels of flour; thirty barrels of pork; thirty-five beef cattle and twelve bushels of salt were also appropri- ated for the support of the Indian women and children, whose hus- bands and fathers had been killed in the war just closed. It was estimated that the United States paid in money and provisions about nine cents per acre for this magnificent grant of land. In 1842 the Sac and Fox Indians conveyed all their remaining land to the United States. They were to vacate the Eastern part of the land ceded, to a line running on the West side of the present Counties of Appanoose and Lucas and North through Marion, Jasper, Marshall and Hardin to the North limit of Grant, on the 1st of May, 1843, and the remainder on October 11, 1845. When the time came the Indians were sad apd sorrowful. They lingered around the old homes reluctant to leave them forever. The women were weaping as they gathered their chil- dren and household goods together for the long journey to a strange land. The warriors could hardly repress their emotion as they looked for the last time upon their beautiful river, groves and prairies they had owned so long, and were so reluctant to surrender. As the long line of red men silently and sorrowfully took their way Westward, the booming of guns, and the lights of a hundred bonfires gave evi- dence of the advancing hosts of white settlers who hastened to occupy the vacant places. In the progress of years those once powerful and warlike tribes became listless and effeminated, losing the energetic character which distinguished them in farmer times. Keokuk, who succeeded Black Hawk as chief of the Sacs, was not a hereditary chief, but attained the position by bravery in battle with the Sioux Indians when a young man. He advocated peace and when Black Hawk was defeated his day of glory came. He was with great pomp and ceremony installed as chief. On one occasion when the war feeling was running high, and even the advocates of peace were yielding and a great pressure was brought to bear on Keokuk, he shrewdly addressed his followers thus: "Warriors, I am your chief. It is my duty to lead you to war If you are determined to go. The United States is a great Nation and unless we conquer them we HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 45 must all perish. I will lead you against the whites on one condition, that is that we shall first put our women and children to death, and then resolve that when we cross the Mississippi River, we will never retreat but perish among the graves of our fathers rather than yield to the white man." His warriors, after listening to the desperate proposal, hesitated and finally determined to yield to the great superior forces of the whites. Pashepaho was the head chief of the Sacs at the beginning of the Nineteenth Century. He was the leader of the five chiefs who went to St. Louis in 1804 to meet Harrison, to nego- tiate the release of a member of his tribe, accused of killing a white man. While there he and his companions became intoxicated and were persuaded to agree to a treaty conveying to the United States an immense tract of land on the East side of the Mississippi River, including that upon which their ancient village of Saukunek stood. They returned loaded with presents and it was a long time before the tribes knew that they had conveyed to the whites more than 51,000,000 acres of land, including their homes for more than one hun- dred years. Poweshiek, after the Black Hawk war, was made chief of the Fox tribes. His village was near the lowas, not far from where Iowa City now stands. He was born in 1787. He weighed two hundred and fifty pounds and was a fine specimen of his race, large and powerful. Wapello was head chief of the Fox tribes. His principal village was where the city of Rock Island now stands. He belonged to the peace party and supported Keokuk and Pashepaho in adhering to tho treaty of 1804. Hishkekosh was a Fox chief. His village was at one time on the Skunk River in Jasper County. He tried to bring about reform by changing the customs which required the Indian women to do all the work. He was very much attached to his young wife and was un- willing to have her do all the work. He did not, however, succeed in changing the custom. Appanoose, a chief of the Sacs, was one of the chiefs who accom- panied Keokuk to Washington in 1837. At Boston he made a speech which made him famous. He had four wives and lived a very quiet life, seldom going far from his village. Taimah was a Fox chief. In 1820 his village stood on Flint Hill where Burlington is built. Taimah was the head of a secret society of Indians noted for their courage and good character. Taimah was one of the chiefs who went to Washington in 1824 and signed the treaty made at that time. Tama County was named after him. The Musquakies are a remnant of the Pottawattamies and Foxes who returned from the Kansas reservation about 1800 and stopped on the Iowa River to hunt and fish. They were so much attached to Iowa that they persisted in staj'^ing in the State that had so long been their home. 46 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S CHAPTER XI. The Winnebagos belonged to the Dakota group, and are mentioned by French writers as early as 1669. The Pottawattamies belonged to the Algonquin group and were first seen by the French missionaries near the North limits of the Michigan Peninsula, extending East of Lake Erie into Northern Indiana. They were allies of the French in their wars with England. In 1816 the United States ceded a portion of the land acquired from the Sacs and Foxes in 1804 to the Pottawattamies and other tribes in exchange for lands lying on the West shore of Lake Michigan, in- cluding the site of Chicago. Afterwards the ceded lands were pur- chased by the United States from the Indians, for the sum of $16,000 per annum. This purchase was made in 1828 and 1829 respectively. Those two purchases embraced but a small portion of the 51,000,000 acres purchased in 1804 for a trifling sum. Pottawattamie County was named after this tribe. The Dakotas were the most powerful and popular of all the tribes that occupied the Valley of the Mississippi River in the Sixteenth Century. The Omahas, who spoke a language similar to the Dakotas, occupied at this period the West side of the Missouri River from the Kansas to the James River in Dakota. The Sioux Indians belonged to the Dakota Nation and were first known to the French in 1640. Hennepin, in 1680, was captured by a band of Sioux Indians, and was rescued after about six months, at Du Luth, by a French adventurer. The last battle fought in Iowa by the Indians was between a band of the Sioux and the Pottawattamies. One was fought near the Twin Lakes in Calhoun County, and another on the South Lizard, in Webster County. The Sioux were victors in both battles. The various tribes left soon after this for the Western reser- vations. Iowa Territory was ceded by Act of Congress in 1834. White settlers were not permitted to occupy any part of the territory with- out the consent of the Indians, until after the time stipulated in the treaty of purchase for them to vacate. By the terms of the treaty negotiated by Gov. Chambers at Agency City in 1842, the Sac and Fox Indians ceded to the United States the remnant of their lands in Iowa, but retained possession until 1845. In 1842 an order was issued to build a fort at the junction of the Raccoon and Des Moines Rivers. The establishment of the fort was delayed until March, 1843, when Captain Allen was selected to built it. It was called Fort Raccoon but changed to Fort Des Moines. The Government established a reservation a mile on each side which was retained until after the fort was abandoned in 1846. As early as 1690 it was known that lead ore existed in the upper Mississippi Valley. In that year a Miami chief with whom he was trading gave Mr. Parrot a specimen of lead ore, taken from a creek HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRBCTORY. 47 that flows into the Mississippi which was no doubt "Catfish." The first white man who settled within the limits of Iowa was Julien Dubuque. He was a French Canadian, born in the Province of Quebec, January 10, 1762. He had a good education; a fine conversationalist and a good writer. He had given special attention to mineralogy and writing. He went to the far West in 1784 when he was 22 years old, settling near Prairie du Chien. Dubuque having heard about lead ore existing where Dubuque now stands, determined to procure an interest in the lands if possible. He succeeded in gaining the confidence of the Fox chief "Kettle" and his tribe and exploring the County, found lead ore existing in considerable quantities. The wifge of a prominent Fox warrior named Peosta, had in 1780 discovered lead where Dubuque now stands, and Julien Du Buque induced the Indians to grant him the exclusive right to mine along the river from the mouth of the Little Maquoketa to the Tetes des Morts, a distance of seven leagues, and running Westward about three leagues. In drawing up the paper making this grant, Du Buque had written, "We sell and abandon to Du Buque all the coast and the contents of the mines discovered by Peosta's wife, so that no white man or Indian shall make any pretention to it without the consent of Sienr. Julien Du Buque." The grant was dated Prairie du Chien,. September 22, 1788. As soon as he had secured the lease he brought from Prairie du Chien ten Canadians to assist him as overseers, set- tlers, wood choppers, and boat men. There was a Fox village near where Dubuque now stands, called the village of Kettle Chief. It con- sisted of Indian lodges extending back from the river, sufficient to shelter about four hundred people, one hundred of whom were war- riors. Du Buque had secured the friendship of the Indians, who> permitted him and his companions to make their home in this village. He employed Indian women and old men of the tribe to work in the mines. He learned the habits, superstitions and traditions of the Fox Indians, and in the course of time acquired great influence over them. They gave him the name of "Little Cloud." CHAPTER XIL Dubuque opened farms, built fences, erected houses and horse mills; built smelting furnaces, opened stores, bought furs, and sold goods and Indian trinkets, carrying on a large business, including the preparation of ore for the market. Twice a year he took a boatload of ore, furs and hides to St. Louis, exchanging them for goods, money and supplies. He was an accomplished diplomat, but not a success as a money maker. After eight years of mining and trading he made an effort to secure a title to his leased lands; the only title he held was a permit *9 mine, granted by a council of Fox Indians. He now claimed that he had paid for the land in goods and in 1796 he pre- sented to the Spanish Governor of Louisiana a petition asking fop a 48 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S title to the lands. The petition was referred by Gov. Carondelet to Don Andrew Todd, a prominent merchant who secured a monopoly of the Indian trade with the tribes of the Mississippi River Valley. Todd was requested to examine into Dubuque's petition and report to the Governor. In his report Todd stated that he saw no reason why Du- buque should not be granted his claim, provided he should be pro- hibited from trading with the Indians, except with written permission of Mr. Todd, and upon such terms as he might require. November 10, 1769, Gov. Carondelet granted the petition, endorsing on it these words: "Granted as asked for under the restrictions mentioned by the Merchant Don Andrew Todd, in his report." Monuments were erected oy the x^'ox chief and Dubuque to mark the boundary on the three sides from the river front, soon after the grant was made. In- asmuch as Spain always recognized the right of the Indians to sell their rights, Dubuque now thought his title was secure. As the years passed he carried on a large trade with August Chonteau of St. Louis, and became heavily indebted to him. m 1804 he conveyed to Chon- teau in settlement of his debt an undivided 7-lu of this land, estimated to consist of 73,324 acres. It was also provided that at the death of Dubuque all the remainder of his interests in the lands should succeed to Chouteau or his heirs. In 1807 Chonteau sold one-half of his inter- est to John Mullanphy of St. Louis for $15,000. In 1810 Dubuque died of pneumonia after a short illness. His death brought a great change in the mines, the village and the white colony. John T. Smith, a famous Indian fighter and West Pointer, bought an interest in Du- buque's grant, after his death, and took possession of some of the lead work. He attempted to carry on mining and smelting but the Indians refused to recognize his title. They claimed that the grant to Dubuque was a permit to him personally and conveyed no absolute title to the lands and could not be used by other parties. The Fox chief gathered his warriors, destroyed the buildings and drove all the whites to the East side of the river. In 1805 Dubuque and Chonteau had filed a claim in the United States Court for title to all the lands which Dubuque had originally leased of the Indians, embracing a tract of nine miles wide, twenty- one miles along the rives. For nearly half a century this claim was pending before the various tribunals. Finally by agreement a suit of ejection was commenced against Patrick Maloney, who held a United States patent to his farm, and judgment was rendered in favor of the defendant. An appeal was taken to the United States Supreme Court in 1853, which affirmed the judgment of the lower court. The Chon- teau heirs employed several able attorneys, assisted by Reverdy John- son, the great Maryland lawyer, while the Dubuque settlers were repre- sented by Caleb Gushing, of Massachusetts, Judge T. S. Wilson and Piatt Smith of Dubuque. It was to the people of Dubuque a very important case and closely contested. The title to thousands of city HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 49 lots and farms as well as the lead mines of Dubuque were dependent upon the result. The decision hinged largely upon the legal con- struction given to the original grant made by the Indian council to Dubuque in 1788. Also on the nature of the Spanish grant made by Gov. Carondelet to Dubuque in 1796. The Court held that both grants were in the nature of a lease or permit to mine, and not intended to convey title to the land. During the twenty-two years that Dubuque and his assistants lived in Iowa, from 1788 to 1810, the territory was owned by three different nations, viz: Spain, France and the United States. The mines and village which were first named by Dubuque the "Mines of Spain," were after his death called "Dubuque Lead Mines." The burial place of Dubuque was on a high bluff two hun- dred feet above the river and close to it, near the site of the old Indian village of Kettle Chief. Inscribed on a cedar cross in large letters were, "Julien Dubuque, Miner of the Mines of Spain. Died March 24, 1810. Age 45 years and six months." His friend, the Fox chief, was buried near his grave. Fourteen years after the death of Dubuque but little was known of the lead mines, as the Indians had undisputed possession. The next white settlement attempted in the limits of Iowa was by Brazil Giard, a French-American, who obtained from the Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana in 1795 a grant to a tract of land in the limits of Clayton County, known as the "Giard Tract." It contained 5,860 acres and was occupied several years. When Louis- iana was acquired by the United States a patent was issued to Giard by the Government, which was the first legal title obtained by a white man to land in the limits of Iowa. CHAPTER XIII. October 3, 1803, Congress passed an Act authorizing the President to take possession of Louisiana, and establish a temporary Govern- ment. March 26, 1804, an Act was passed organizing the Territory of Orleans, which embraced what subsequently became the State of Louisiana, while the remainder of the purchase was made the District of Louisiana, and placed under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Indian Territory. On the 3rd of March, 1810, it was organized into a separate territory, with Gen. James Wilkinson as Governor. The white population at this date did not exceed 1,000 and the capitol was St. Louis. Charles Floyd, member of an exploring party, died August 20, 1804, and was buried on a Missouri bluff a few miles above Omaha. He was the first white man buried in Iowa soil. A monument was erected over his grave in 1901. It is 100 feet in height and cost $20,000. In the spring of 1805 an exploring party was fitted out by the Government to explore the new purchase. It consisted of Captain Clark and Lewis. They traveled up the Missouri River and made their way to the Pacific Coast. Their report afforded much valuable information. 50 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S In August another exploring party was organized to explore the upper Mississippi River. Z. M. Pike, a brilliant young officer, was placed in command. They ascended the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries until February 18th, when they turned homewards. The expedition was a success, as it explored the Mississippi River to Red Cedar Lake. They reached St. Louis April 30, 1806, while the land was reported very fertile and grasses luxuriant, still, it seemed at that time the impression prevailed that the good land lay along the river, and a few miles West the land was barren and worthless. As late as 1819, Thomas H. Benton, Editor St. Louis Engineer, wrote: "After you get forty or fifty miles West of the Mississippi River the arid plains set in. The country is uninhabitable except upon the border of the rivers and creeks. The Grand Prairies, a plain without wood or water, which extends to the Northwest farther than hunter or traveler have ever been, come down to within a few miles of St. Charles, and so completely occupies the fork of the Mississippi River and Missouri River that the woodlands for three hundred miles of each form a skirt of from five to twenty miles wide, and about that distance the prairie actually reaching the river in many places." When it is seen that a statesman and editor so intelligent and eminent as Thos. H. Benton, as late as 1819, regarded the Northwest prairies covering a large portion of Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebras- ka, and the Dakotas, as uninhabitable except along rivers and creeks, it is not strange that the early pioneers, hunters and trappers enter- tained the same opinion. In 1806 the citizens of the Mississippi River Valley were excited by rumor of a secret conspiracy, said to be organ- ized under the leadership of the late Vice-President of the United States, Aaron Burr, to separate that region from the Union. It was reported that the scheme was to capture the adjacent Spanish Province of Mexico, unite them and form a Western Empire. November 15th the United States District Attorney for Kentucky made formal charges in the United States Court against Burr, and followed with a brief statement explaining the texture of the con- spiracy. Henry Clay appeared as counsel for Burr and defeated the attempt to have him held for trial. Burr had caused to be built at Marietta, Ohio, ten large beteaux and had collected a great amount of provisions for a voyage. He had secured the co-operation of many prominent men in various parts of the valley, and after the failure to indict him, took active steps to carry out his plan. Gen. Wilkinson, who was Governor of Louisiana Territory, was approached and there was evidence that he had for several months possessed some knowl- edge of the enterprise. Captain Tyler, with a force of men and boats, accompanied by Harman Bleumerhassett, a wealthy Irish gentleman occupying an island near Marietta, finally began the descent of the Ohio River. Be- low Louisville they were joined by Burr. The authorities now became HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 51 alarmed. The situation seemed grave. President Jefferson issued a proclamation warning all citizens against aiding the conspiracy and directing the arrest of all concerned in the unlawful enterprise. Burr and his party were arrested near Natchez, his boats and military sup- plies were seized and he was taken before the Supreme Court and released on bail. The Grand Jury refused to indict him, and Burr, failing to secure a discharge, escaped. In attempting to make his way by night to Pensacola to find shelter on board a British vessel, he was captured and taken to Richmond, Va. He was there indicted, tried for high treason and acquitted. The arrest of Burr prostrated the scheme, although there was no doubt several influential men were implicated. The first paper published West of the river was at St. Louis, July, 1808, called the Louisiana Gazette. As there was no print paper to be found in Louisiana at that time, the first number of the new paper was printed on Cap writing paper. The name was afterwards changed to the Missouri Gazette, and later to the Missouri Republican, and is now known as the St. Louis Republic. In 1805 Lieut. Pike was sent to locate a fort somewhere between St. Louis and Prairie du Chien and to procure the consent of the Indians. In his report he says: "I have chose a site on a hill forty miles above the View Des Moines Rapid, on the West side of the river. The channel of the river runs on that shore; the hill is about sixty feet perpendicular, nearly level on top." In 1808 Lieut. Kingsley was sent with a company of infantry to make a plat of the ground and erect the fort. The next year it was garri- soned and in honor of the President called Fort Madison. It appears that the Indians did not consent to the erection of the fort, and it was therefore a flagrant violation of the treaty of 1804, by which the United States secured 51,000,000 acres of most valuable lands for almost noth- ing. It is not strange that the Indians complained of bad faith, and hostilities under the leadership of Black Hawk made an attempt to capture and destroy it. In 1812 this fort was manned by about fifty men, and on the 5th of August a band of about two hundred Winne- bagos atacked it. Among the Indians was Black Hawk, then a young man. A lively fight ensued, lasting for three days, when the Indians withdrew after having burned several buildings in the vicinity. In 1813 this fort was again attacked by the Indians, who were defeated, but seven soldiers were killed. In August of that year a large force of Indians laid siege to the fort, entirely surrounding it. The Garrison, under Hamilton, made a brave defense until the provisions were ex- hausted and they were reduced to the verge of starvation. During the night of Sept 3rd Hamilton ordered a trench dug from the blockhouse to the river where the boats were lying. There was no prospect of re- inforcements being sent to their relief. Starvation, massacre or escape were the alternatives. They chose the latter; the night was dark and cloudy, with a fierce wind roaring in the forest surrounding the fort. 52 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S The little garrison crawled on hands and knees along the bottom of the trench in fearful silence, and at midnight entered the boats with- out alarming the watchful savages. The last man to enter the trench applied a torch to the fort. A moment later the boats pushed out into the rapid current of the Mississippi River, and were soon out of danger. They arrived safely in St. Louis and the fort was never rebuilt. But the name clung to the spot where the ruins of the fort were long visi- ble and a later generation built a city on the historic site, giving it the name of Fort Madison. CHAPTER XIV. In 1815 Col. Nichols was sent with the 8th United States Infantry' to build a fort on Rock Island. On arriving at the Island, messengers were sent to the chiefs in the vicinity inviting them to meet in council, but none of them came. The Indians understood the significance of a fort and garrison and regarded it as unfriendly, but made no resis- tance. The island had long been a favorite resort of the Indians, who camped among its beautiful groves and paddled their canoes along its rocky shores. It was one of the most beautiful places in the Missis- sippi River Valley and they were reluctant to see it occupied by a military force of the whites. Gen. Smith was now in command and the erection of the fort was immediately commenced. When completed it was 4U0 feet square, the lower part of rock and the upper part of heavy timber. Col. Davenport was the contractor. He made his per- manent home on the island. In 1817 fort Armstrong was completed and occupied by troops until 1836, when it was evacuated. Different attempts were made to enter the lands on the Island, but the government held it as a reserve, except the tract occupied by Col. Davenport and D. B. Sears, on which they had made valuable improvements. They were by special act of Congress allowed to enter their lands. Long litigation followed, but finally the government purchased a number of the claims, others were abandoned, and in 1862 the Attorney General held the island was a military reservation. Over $3,000,000 had been spent in improving the island. In 1811 a succession of earthquakes shook the Mississippi River Valley and caused great alarm. The point where several shocks were felt was in the vicinity of New Madrid, in the Southeast corner of what is now the State of Missouri. The convulsion was so great that the inner section of land sunk. The channel of the river was changed, lakes and swamps disappeared and the low lands were elevated into hills. The waters of the Mississippi River near .New Madrid were rolled up stream with great force, for nearly ten miles, causing de- struction of life and property. It was during the continuance of these convulsions that the first steamboat that navigated a Western river was making its way cautiously down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Its name was the Orleans, of four hundred tons, commanded by Capt. HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 53 Roosevelt. It was built at Pittsourg. The trip was made to New Or- leans in good shaiDC, and steamboat navigation was established on Western rivers. June 4th, 1812, the Territory of Orleans was admitted into the Union as a State, under the name of Louisiana. During the war of 1812 the Mississippi Valley suffered but little. Col. Nichols, commander of the British fleet in 1814, attempted to revive the scheme for separat- ing that region from the Union. He issued a proclamation in the name of the King of Great Britain to the citizens of Louisiana, calling upon the French, Spaniards, English, Indians and native Loulsianians to rally to his standard and emancipate themselves from a usurping, weak and faithless government. He declared that he had come with a fine train of artillery, experienced British officers and a large body of In- dian warriors, supported by a British and Spanish fleet. His avowed object was to put an end to the usurpation of the United States and re- store the country to its lawful owners. To the Indians he offered a bounty of ten dollars for every scalp taken from the enemy. His ad- -dress was distributed throughout the valley in the hope that the people of English, Spanish and French birth might be persuaded to conspire against the government of the United States and aid Great Britain in her attempt to secure the Mississippi River Valley. The response given to this apeal was manifested a few months later, when the loyal pioneers flocked to New Orleans with their rifles and met the English invaders on the field of battle. More than twenty-five hundred of Wel- lington's veterans fell before unerring aim of the sturdy, loyal back- woodsmen under Gen. Jackson. At the beginning of the war of 1812 the entire population of the Northwest, embracing the Territories of Indiana, Illinois and Michigan, was estimated at forty thousand. The first steamboat that ascended the Mississippi River to the limits of Iowa was the Grand Pike. It reached St. Louis Aug. 2nd, 1817. It was commanded by Capt Reed. In 1818 Missouri made application for admission as a State. When the bill was introduced in Congress, Mr. Talmage of New York offered the following proviso: "Provided that the further introduction of slavery or involuntary servitude be prohibited, except in punishment for crime, when the party shall have been duly convicted; and that all children born within said State after the admission thereof, shall be free at the age of twenty years." After a brief discussion the proviso was adopted in the House by a vote of 79 to 67. This was the beginning of the great conflict between freedom and slavery in the new States and Territories, which forty years later brought on the greatest Civil War known to the civilized world. The Senate favored the admission of Missouri as a slave state and the House insisted on the exclusion of slavery. The remarkable influence and eloquence of Henry Clay finally persuaded a majority of the members to admit Missouri as a Iowa and Missouri over the true meaning of the "Rapids of the River 54 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S slave state, upon the conditions that slavery should forever be ex- cluded from that portion of the Louisiana Purchase lying North of Lat. 36 deg. 30 min. excepting Missouri. In defining the Northern boundary of Missouri the following language was employed: "From the point aforesaid North along said meridian line to the intersection of the par- ciliel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the River Des Mc^ines, making the said line to correspond with the Indian boundary liiie; then East from the point of intersection last aforesaid along said parallel of latitude, to the middle of the channel to the main part of said River Des Moines, to the mouth of the same, where it empties into the Mississippi River, then due East to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River. Some years later a serious conflict arose between tne States of Des Moines," Missouri contenting that it referred to certain ripples in the River Des Moines, which would carry the line some thirty miles North. Iowa held that the rapids in the Mississippi River called by the early French explorers "La Rapids de la River Des Moines" was tlie point meant. In 1819 the first steamboat undertook to ascend the ever shifting channel of the Missouri River. CHAPTER XV. In 1812, the trading house of the American Fur Company, was destroyed by fire, and Colonel Johnson, its manager, reported the loss on the building and furs at $5,500. In 1820 Le Moliere, another French trader, established a trading post six miles above the mouth of the Des Moines River. The same year Dr. Muir, a surgeon in the United States Army, was with a command stationed at Fort Ed- wards, now Warsaw, 111. He crossed the river and built a cabin where Keokuk now stands. He had married a beautiful and intelligent Indian giii of the Sac nation. Some years later an order was issued by the War Department re- quiring ofllcers of the army at the frontier posts to abandon their In- dian wives. Dr. Muir refused to desert his wife and resigned his com- mission. He was a Scotchman and a graduate of Edinburg University. He lived happily with his wife in their humble home until 1832, when ho died suddenly of cholera, leaving a widow and five children desti- tute, as he had lost his property in litigation. In 1830 the first school was established, taught by Berryman Jen- nings, and the first white child, Eleanor Galland, was born within the limits of Iowa at Keokuk. In his book Dr. Galland says: "As we pass- ed up the river we saw the ruins of old Fort Madison, about ten miles above the rapids, near a sand bluff rising perpendicular from the vater's edge. On the second day after our boat reached Flint Hill, an J.r.di*in village of the Fox tribe which stood at the mouth of Flint Creek; its chief was Tiema. In 1825 I took a trip, with an ox team and HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 55 Indian guide up the river. We passed Wapello's village and crossed the Des Moines River on a raft. We ascended the highlands above Grave Yard Bluff, which was a landmark for the Indians. In the fall of 1825 I settled at Quash-qua-we-Village, where my father-in-law, CLipt. James White, had purchased the old trading house and a tract of land adjacent, which was an old Spanish grant made to Monsieur Julien, on which he lived in 1805. Capt. White made his first trip on the steamer Mandan, which was the first that came to the foot of the rapids. In 1831 the American Fur Co. erected on the bank of the river at Keokuk a row of hewn log buildings for the use of its agent in its traffic with the Indians, and for storing skins and furs. This place was called Farmers Port. In 1834 a meeting of the half-breed Indians was held at this place to prepare a petition to Congress, requesting the passage of an act to authorize them to sell the lands in the tract known as the "Half-Breed Reservation." There were nine families living in that vicinity, and after the adjournment of the meeting, the citizens held a council at John Gaines' saloon, to consider the pros- pect of building a city at that place. After some consultation John Gaines proposed, and it was agreed to, that the future city should be named for the Sac Chief Keokuk. In 1829 James L. Langworthy, a native of Vermont, purchased an interest in the Galena Lead Mines and attempted to procure an inter- est in Dubuque's old "Mines of Spain." Securing Indian guides he explored the country between the Turkey and Maquoketa Rivers, to find the lead mines formerly worked. He made friends of the Indians and secured permission to work some of the mines. The next year, with his brother, Lucius H. Langworthy, and a company of miners, he began work. A village of the Sac and Fox Indians which stood at the mouth of Catfish Creek had been depopulated by an attack of the Sioux Indians, who killod nearly all of its inhabitants. This battle took place near Dubuque's Grave, and tradition tells us that a remnant of the Sac and Foxes who escaped the slaughter rushed up the hill to the grave of their old friend and protector, Julien Dubuque; but being followed by the Sioux and hard pressed, they plunged over the rock precipice, which rises nearly two hundred feet, into the river and were no more. All perished. There were about seventy empty houses standing here when the miners from Galena crossed to take possession of the abandoned "Mines of Spain," Some of the indiscreet miners thought to intimidate the Indians by burning their cabins and thereby preventing their re- turn to the mines. In June, 1S:I0, the miners on the West side of the river determined to organize a local government. They held a meet- ing and elected a legislature consisting of James L, Langworthy, W. F. 56 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S Lander, James McPeters, Samuel Scales and E. M. Wren, and instruct- ed them to report a code of laws. The pioneer law making body gathered around an old cotton wood log for a table and proceeded to business. Mr. Langworthy was chosen clerk and kept the records. The following is a copy of the codes adopted: "Having been chosen to draft laws by which we, as miners, will be governed, and having duly considered the subject, we do unanimously agree that we will be governed by the regulations on the East side of the Mississippi River, with the following exceptions: "Article 1. That each and every man shall hold two hundred yar^s square of ground by working said ground one day in six. "Article 2. We further agree that there shall be chosen by the majority of the miners present, a person who shall hold this article, and who shall grant letter of arbitration, on application having been made, and said letter of arbitration shall be obligatory on the party so applying." The regulations referred to on the East side of the river, were the laws established by the Superintendent of the United States Lead Mines at Galena. Settlers soon began to arrive in the new colony, but as it was in violation of the treaty of the Indians, the War Depart- ment ordered their removal, and a detachment of troops was stationed at the mines to protect the Indians in their rights. Jefferson Davis, then a young man, was sent from the fort at Prairie du Chien, with a detachment of troops, to remove the settlers across the river. Jeff accomplished the very unpleasant task with the utmost promptings of humanity. He made warm friends of the miners by his mild course, and the aid which he and his soldiers extended in helping them to re- move their families and effects to the East side of the river or the island, whichever place they preferred to go. At Flint Hill, Sand S. White and others had entered the Indian lands, erected cabins and staked off claims, but were also driven out and the cabins destroyed. The treaty by which the "Black Hawk Pur- chase" was acquired was ratified Feb. 13th, 1833. CHAPTER XVI. It had not been named Iowa, but was known as the "Black Hawk Purchase." On June 1st, 1832, there were no more than fifty white people living within the limits of the future State. When the troops were withdrawn from the "Mines of Spain" in June, 1833, the Lang- worthy Brothers crossed the river again and resumed work in the mines. Settlers flocked in and the second school in the State was established. A pioneer among the early inhabitants of this first Iowa village gives the following descrii)tion of the place in that year: "The vilhige resounded to the woodman's axe; tlit^ study oaks fell before them on every side; the branches were used for fuel, and of the trunks were constructed rude log cabins without doors or windows. Three HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 57 openings served for the entrance of light and the settler, and the egress of the smoke. The winter of that year shut us in from all community with the outside world, with a short supply of provisions and not a woman in the settlement. There was plenty of whiskey and the demon intemperance stalked everywhere during the long win- ter evenings and short bleak days. The cholera claimed many vic- tims, and the sick lay down and died with no gentle hand to nurse them, no medical aid to relieve, and no kindred or friend to mourn their untimely fate. We had no mail, no government, and were sub- ject to no restraint of law or society. Drinking and gambling were the universal amusements, and criminals were only amendable to the penalties inflicted by Judge Lynch, from whose summary decrees there was no appeal. There were stirring times in the old days in this region. Every man was the protector of his own honor. Every man was expected to defend himself when the occasion demanded. They shot on sight. One incident will suffice to give the reader an idea of the established customs and society of those days. One Smith and his son became involved in a dispute over a mining claim with Woodbury Massey. A few days later Massey was shot down in cold blood. Both father and son had emptied their rifles into him. Every man was a law unto himself. Six months later a sister of Massey's, about twenty years old, appeared in Dubuque. She had Smith pointed out to her, and without ceremony planted a bullet in him. An account book in his pocket saved the fellow from instant death. He died from the effects of the wound two years after. Some months after this affair, the girl would have been killed by young Smith had not a Smith of another tribe intercepted the son as he was taking aim at the girl. Later a brother of Massey's shot and killed young Smith in Galena. With true romantic instinct William Smith, who had saved her life, married Miss Massey. Incidents of this nature and in which the Indians figured might be recounted indefinitely. "In the spring of 1834 a transient steamer came up from St. Louis, bringing provisions, groceries, goods and newspapers. A few women came to join their husbands, and from that time on we began to ex- hibit some elements of civilization." It is claimed that the first American flag raised by a citizen of lowa was by Nicholas Carroll, July 4th, 1834. Also the first church in Iowa was built at Dubuque that year. A Mr. Johnson, a devout Meth- odist, raised the necessary funds by general subscription. The church was used by different denominations for several years. The first Catholic church erected in Iowa was a stone edifice built in Dubuque in 1835-36, through the efforts of a French priest, Mazzuchelli, and the pioneer Bishop Loras located in Dubuque in 1837. Fort Madison was next to Dubuque as one of the earliest places in the limits of Iowa ocupied by the whites. In 1833 Mr. M. Carver and Mr. White, with their families, crossed the river and took claims 58 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S where Burlington now stands. They established a ferry across the river. In the fall Wm. Ross bought a stock of goods and opened the first store. In November, 1833, the town was laid out and platted. The claim on which Davenport was laid out was made in 1833 by R. H. Spencer and A. M. Cloud. Soon after Anton Le Clair pur- chased it for $100. In 1835 it became the property of a company of eight persons, who laid out a town and called it Davenport, after Col. Davenport. A long and bitter contest was waged between Rockingham and Davenport for the County Seat. It was finally decided in favor of the latter. This proved a death blow to Rockingham. The first record to be found in which the name Iowa is applied, to the section of country which became the State of Iowa, is Lieut. Lee's report, and book description of the "Black Hawk Purchase," and a little later a writer in the "Dubuque Visitor" refers to it as the "future State of Iowa." The name of the "Dubuque Visitor" was soon after changed to the News. So far as can be ascertained, the first time the name Iowa is found in any public record is in 1829. At a session of the Legislature of the Territory of Michigan held in Detroit that year, an act was passed and approved by which all the territorv Ivinir South of the Wisconsin River, West of Lake Michigan, East of the Missis- sippi River and North of Illinois, was formed into a new county called Iowa, and the County Seat was located at Mineral Point. CHAPTER XVII. When the treaty of Aug. 4th, 1824, was made with the Sac and Fox Indians, it was stipulated that the "small tract of land lying be- tween the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers should belong to the half-breds of the Sac and Pox nations, they holding it by the same title and in the same manner that other Indian titles are held." This reservation consisted of 119,000 acres of choice lands lying in the Southeast corner of Iowa. Congress passed an act authorizing the half-breeds to pre-empt, the District Court of Lee County appointed a committee consisting of Edward Johnson, T. S. Wilson and David Brigham, to take testimony as to claimants and report to the court. Before the case was disposed of the Legislature repealed the act under which the committee was appointed. The repealing act author- ized the commissioners to bring suit against the owners of the land for their service. Suit was brought and judgment rendered in favor of the attorney for $5,773.32. It has never been explained how the at- torneys managed to get the fraction of thirty-two cents in their bill ; but it is claimed by some that it came as a result of close and careful figuring, tempered by justice and fair dealing. Still others seemed to think that their bill was outrageously high, and the United States Court seemed to take that view, for it set aside the sale made under the judgment which they obtained. • The lands were levied on, and the whole tract sold to satisfy the judgment. This case would indicate HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 59 that a great change for the better has taken place among the attor- neys. Now in such a case the average atorney woukl be willing to take a good sized farm for his fee, but the attorneys of that day took the whole tract, 119,000 acres. The judgment, so manifestly unjust, was not, however, allowed to stand. When the Territory became a State the Supreme Court was reorganized, John F. Kinny and George Greene having succeeded Mason and Wilson. The court thus con- structed, in a case brought by the purchasers to dispossess the set- tlers, held that the sheriff's deed was invalid, so the attorneys who wanted to get all lost all. It would have been better for their repu- tation, conscience and finances to have taken a farm each. In 1824 the Iowa district was divided into two counties, by run- ning a line due West from the Iowa end of Rock Island. The territory North of this line was called Dubuque County and the territory South Des Moines County. A court was organized in each county, the terms of which were held in Dubuque and Burlington. The judges were Isaac Loeffler of Des Moines and John King of Dubuque. In 1835 Geo. W. Jones, who lived at Sinsinawa Mound, was elected to represent the Michigan Territory in Congress. He secured the pas- sage of a bill creating the new Territory of Wisconsin, which also in- cluded Iowa, part of Minnesota and the Dakotas. Governor Dodge or- dered a census to be taken of the new territory in 1836, and it was found that the counties of Dubuque and Des Moines had a population of 10,531, which entitled them to six members in the Council and thirteen members in the House of Representatives of the Territorial Legislature. At the election held that year, Des Moines County elect- ed to the Council, J. Smith, Joe. B. Teas and A. B. Ingham. In the House Isaac Loeffler, Thos. Blair, John Box, Geo. W. Teas, D. R. Chance, W. L. Jenkins and John Reynolds. The County of Dubuque sent to the Council Thos. McCraney, John Foley and Thos. McKnight; to the House, Wheeler, Hardin Nowlin, H. D. Camp, P. H. Engle and P. Quigley. The Legislature convened at Belmond Oct. 25th, 1836. Peter H. Engle of Dubuque was elected Speaker of the House and H. P. Baird Prsident of the Council. An act was passed by this Legisla- ture authorizing the establishment at Dubuque of the "Miners' Bank." The charter required that the bank should have a capital stock of $200,000. The first act regulating the sale of spiritous liquors in Iowa was passed in 1836. It provided that the County Supervisor might author- ize any person to keep a grocery, under such regulations as a majority might deem expedient, by paying a dollar per month into the County Treasury. For running a grocery without a license a fine of two dol- lars for each offense was levied. The first newspaper West of the Mississippi River was established in St. Louis in 1808; it was called the Louisiana Gazette; changed to 60 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S the Missouri Gazette; the Missouri Republican, and now the St. Louis Republican. The first newspaper established in Iowa was the Dubuque Visitor, in 1836, by John King. In 1838 the name was changed to the Iowa News; in 1841 to the Miners Express; in 1855 to the Express and Herald, then the Dubuque Herald, and finally consolidated with the Telegraph, under the name of the Telegraph-Herald. In 1836 Dr. Isaac Galland established the second paper in Iowa, at Montrose, called the Western Advertiser; two years later it was moved to Fort Madison and the name changed to the Fort Madison Patriot. The first issue of the Patriot contained the text of a bill introduced in Congress by Gen- eral Geo. W. Jones, providing for the division of the Territory of Wisconsin and the creation of a new territory West of the Mississippi River to be called "Iowa." The editor of the Patriot in an article referring to the bill said: "If a division of the Territory is effected, we propose that lowans take the cognomen of 'Hawkeyes.' Our etymology can thus be more defi- nitely traced than that of the Wolverines, Suckers and Hoosiers; and we can rescue from oblivion a memento at least of the old chief.'* The suggestion met with favor. Hence the people of Iowa are called "Hawkeyes." The second session of the Legislature of Wisconsin Territory as- sembled at Burlington, Iowa, on the first Monday of November, 1837. Previous to its meeting a call had been issued for a convention of delegates from the West side of the Mississippi River, to assemble at Burlington on the 6th day of November, for the following purposes: First, to memorialize Congress to pass an act granting the rlgnt of pre- emption to actual settlers of government lands. Second, on the subject of an attempt by the State of Missouri to ex- tend her Northern boundary so as to embrace territory claimed as a part of Wisconsin. Third, for the organization of a separate territorial government in that part of Wisconsin lying West of the Mississippi River. The convention assembled at the appointed time, and among other business transacted, the report on the disputed boundary settle- ment, asked Congress to appoint commissioners to run the line be- tween Missouri and Wisconsin, and to adopt such measures as might be necessary to settle and establish said boundary line. The conven- tion also memorialized Congress for a division of the Territory of Wisconsin. The assembling of the Legislature at Burlington at this time was the first meeting of a legislative body in the future State of Iowa. Early in its session an act was passed dividing Dubuque County, and organizing from its territory Dubuque, Clayton, Jackson, Clinton, Scott, Lima, Johnson, Benton, Iowa and Delaware. HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 61 CHAPTER XVIII. In the fall of 1837 the United States negotiated another treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians, by which 1,250,000 acres of land along the West side of the Black Hawk Purchase was secured. The census taken in August, 1836, showed the population on the West side of the Mississippi River as follows: Dubuque County, 4,247; Des Moines County, 6,257; total, 10,531. In May, 1838, a second census taken in the sixteen counties organized from the original two counties showed a population of 22,859. In June, 1838, the bill was passed by Congress establishing the Territory of Iowa. It provided that: From and after the 3rd day of July next, all that part of the present Territory of Wisconsin which lies West of the Mis- sissippi River, and West of the line drawn due North from the head waters of said river to the territorial line, shall be constituted a sepa- rate territorial government by the name of Iowa. This territory included all of Iowa, most of Minnesota and a por- tion of Dakota. The act provided that the President should appoint a Governor to hold oflSce three years. The legislative department con- sisted of a Council and House of Representatives. The Council was composed of thirteen members, and the House of twenty-six. Mem- bers of the Council were elected for two years, and of the House one year. The courts consisted of Supreme, District, Probate and Justice of the Peace. President Van Buren appointed Brig.-Gen. Henry Atkin- son Governor of Iowa Territory because of his intimate acquaintance with the Indian affairs in the Mississippi Valley. But he declined. The President then made the following appointments for the new Ter- ritory: Robert Lucas, Governor; W. B. Conway, Secretary; Francis Gabon, Marshal; C. S. Jacob, United States Attorney; Chas. Mason, Chief Justice: Joseph Williams and Thomas S. Wilson, Associate Judges; A. C. Dodge, Registrar, and J. P. Van Antwerp, Receiver, and Thomas M. Knight, Receiver of the Land Office at Dubuque. Cyrus S. Jacobs was killed in a political affray and the vacancy was filled by the appointment of Isaac Van Allen, who also died soon after his appointment, and was succeeded by Chas. Weston. When Governor Lucas arrived at Burlington, Aug. 13, 1838, he was surprised to hear that Wm. B. Conway, the Secretary, when no- tified of his appointment at his home in Pittsburg, had hurried to the Territory and assumed the duties of Governor, and had issued a proclamation for an election, signing the document "Acting Governor.*' Governor Lucas quietly ignored this presumptuous act of the Secretary, and at once entered upon the discharge of his duties. The first official act of the Governor was to issue a proclamation dated Aug. 13, 1838, dividing the territory into eight representative districts, and appor- tioning the members of the Council and House among the counties organized. The Legislature met at the old Zion church in Burlington, Nov. 12th 1838. James W. Grimes, who was the youngest member 62 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S of the House, being but 22 years old, became Governor of the State and later a distinguished United States Senator. S. Hempstead, a member of the Council, 26 j^ears old, became the second Governor of the State in 1350. S. C. Hastings, member of the House, 24 years old, was afterwards elected to Congress, and in 1846 chief justice of the State Supreme Court. The laws enacted by this Legislature in the main were satisfactory and worthy of men of greater experience. The only discreditable act was that i^rohibiting free negroes from set- tling in the Territory, unless they r ive a bond of $500 as security for good behavior, and against their 1 ^coming a charge on the county. This act provided that any negro who should settle in the Territory without giving such a bond, should be arrested and forcibly hired out to the highest bidder for cash, to serve six months. Any citizen who sheltered or employed a colored man, who had failed to give a bond, was subject to a fine of $100. Any slaveholder was authorized to come into the Territory to procure their arrest and surrender to him, by an Iowa officer, of any slave who had escaped from bondage and sought freedom on Iowa soil. The House Journal shows no opposition to this infamous law, but in the Council, Jas. M. Clark, Robert Ralsom and J. W. Parker voted against it. An unpleasant contest soon arose between the Governor and the Legislature, A joint resolution was passed directing the Secretary to pay certain officers and employes. The Governor held that a law must be enacted and approved by the Governor before the Secretary would be warranted in paying out money. This dispute became warm and culminated in a majority of the House joining in an effort to induce the President of the United States to remove him. Governor Lucas explained the matter to the President and it was dropped. The Missouri boundary line was set- tled by act of Congress March 6th, 1820, as follows: The parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the River Des Moines, then along said parallel of lattitude to the middle of the channel of the main fork of said River Des Moines; then down along the middle of the main channel of said River Des Moines to the Mouth of the same, where it empties into the Mississippi River. In 1837 the State of Missouri appointed commissioners to run the Northern boundary line and mark it. In a search for rapids in the Des Moines River, they found ripples near Keosauqua, which they as- sumed to be the "Rapids of the Des Moines" named in the act of Con- gress defining the boundary in 1820. But these ripples had never been called the "Rapids of the Des Moines," until so designated by those Missouri commissioners. The conflict first arose over a disputed ter- ritory when Clark County, Mo., enrolled the citizens within its limits, and placed their names on its tax lists. When the Missouri tax officer undertook to collect the taxes for Clark County, the settlers who lived in the territory in dispute refused to pay. The collector levied upon HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 63 their property, was arrested on a warrant issued by a magistrate of Van Buren County, and delivered into custody at Muscatine. CHAPTER XVIV. Governor Boggs of Missouri sent Gen. Allen, with 1,000 armed men, to aid the officer of Clark County in collecting the tax. Gov. Lucas promptly ordered Gen. Browne to call out the militia and march to the defense of Van Buren county officials; 1,200 men responded to the call. Before proceeding to hostilities. Gen. Browne selected A. C. Dodge, of Burlington; Gen. Chaurchman, of Dubuque, and Dr. Clark, of Fort Madison, to act as commissioners to negotiate a peaceable set- tlement. In the meantime the sheriff of Clark County had been di- rected to postpone the collecting of taxes, and a delegate had been sent to Gov. Lucas to propose an amicable adjustment of the contro- versy. Gen. Allen had withdrawn his army and awaited the result ot negotiations. The Iowa militia was disbanded. Col. McDaniels and Dr. Wagland, the Missouri commissioners, went to Burlington and con- ferred with the Governor and Legislature then in session, and it was agreed that hostilities should be postponed, and the matter in dispute be referred to Congress for settlement. On the 18th of June, 1838, Congress authorized the President to cause the Southern boundary of Iowa to be ascertained and marked. Lieut. Lee was appointed for the United States and Dr. Davis by Gov. Lucas for Iowa. Missouri had no representative on the commission. The matter was not finally settled until 1848, when the Supreme Court gave Iowa the boundary it claimed. The commissioners, John Rey- nolds of Louisiana, Robert Ralston of Des Moines, and Channey Swan of Dubuque, appointed to locate the Capitol, fixed the point on the East bank of the Iowa River, where six hundred and forty acres were procured. It was named Iowa City. The six hundred and forty acres were divided into lots, and the sale of the lots was well advertised for Aug. 18th, 1839. A few log houses had been built before the sale. The first sale lasted three days and was then postponed until October. Two hundred and sixty lots were disposed of at these sales for $28,854.75, which amount was estimated to be about one-fourth the value of the entire plat. There were no roads leading into the new Capitol, and in order to guide travelers to it from the Mississippi River, the enterprising citizens employed Lyman Dillon to run a furrow across the prairies and through the groves, to guide strangers to the new seat of government. Dillon started a two-horse immigrant wagon, carrying provisions, cooking utensils and bedding. The ox team dragged the plow patiently all day, turning over the prairie sod, to mark the way for the travelers. At noon and night the oxen were turned out to graze on the rich prairie grasses, while the men cooked their food and slept in the wagon. It was the longest furrow of record, being about one hundred miles; and soon a well beaten road was 64 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S made beside it by the white-topped wagons of the new settlers. Dur- ing the fall of 1839 Gov. Lucas, accompanied by his two daughters, with Gen. Fletcher of Muscatine, as guide, all traveled on horseback, visited the new Capitol. They met a most cordial reception, the hos- pitality of the best house in the village, the only one having an attic, was tendered to them. The way to their sleeping rooms was up a rude ladder through a small opening in the upper floor. Before returning the Governor purchased a claim near the city which in after years became his home. The first settlers in and about the new Capitol are described, by one who was among them, as "Mostly young men with- out families, who had left the paternal roof in the older States in search of homes on the frontier, there to work out their own way in life's battles and toils. The young pioneer is not encumbered with extra baggage; with a gun and knife, a bake-pan, tin cup, some corn meal and bacon, all packed on his back, he explores the country on foot. He selects his claim, builds a rude log cabin, cooks his coarse food, and freely shares his scant supply with any traveler who comes along. When absent, his cabin door is left unfastened, and some cooked food left in sight for any weary, hungry pioneer who may chance to come in to rest. When several settlers have taken claims in one vicinity, the first act towards civil government is to meet at one of the cabins and form a 'claim association' for mutual protection of their new homes. They select officers, record the names of the members, as well as the number of each member's claim. They pledge themselves to stand by each other in holding possession of their respective homes until they can be purchased trom the United States. In the absence of laws protecting their claims from mercenary specula- tors, they organized and enacted homestead and pre-emption laws long in advance of the legislation which was subsequently founded upon the recognition of the Justice of this principle thus first established by the necessities of the early pioneers." One of the most important and notable of the early decisions of the Territorial Supreme Court was the case of Ralph, a colored man. who had been a slave in Missouri, belonging to a man by the name of Montgomery. His master had made a written contract with Ralph to sell him his freedom for $550 and to permit him to go to the Du- buque lead mines to earn the money. Ralph worked industrially for several years, but was not able to save enough to pay Montgomery the price of his freedom. Two Virginians at Dubuque who knew of the agreement, volunteered to deliver Ralph to his fornfer owner In Missouri for $100. Montgomery accepted the offer. Ralph was seized at the mines while at work, hand-cuffed and taken to Bellevue to be sent by a stearner to Missouri. Alexander Butterworth, a farmer working in his field, saw the kidnapping and hastened to the office of Thomas S.Wil- son, one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, and demanded a writ of HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 65 habeas corpus, which Judge Wilson promptly issued and served, by which Ralph was returned to Dubuaue. The case was one of so much importance that at the request of Judge Wilson it was transferred to the Supreme Court for trial. 'T'he court consisted of three judges. Charles Mason, Chief Justice. with Thomas S. Wilson and Joseph Williams, associates. After a full hearing it was unanimously decided that Montgomery s contract with Ralph, whereby he was permitted to become a citizen of a free terri- tory, liberated him. as slavery did not and could not exist in Iowa. Judge Mason, in delivering the opinion, said: "Where a slave with his master's consent becomes a resident of a free State or Territory he could not be regarded thereafter as a fugi- tive slave, nor could the master under such circumstances exercise any rights of ownership over him. When the master applies to our tribunals for the purpose of controlling as property that which our laws have declared shall not be property, it is incumbent upon them to refuse their co-operation." When it is remembered that the three judges (all Democrats), thus early enunciated the doctrine of humanity and equity, that slav- ery was local and freedom a natural right, the liberty loving people of Iowa will forever honor these pioneer judges who, in their sturdy manhood and love of justice, immortalized their names in an opinion in direct conflict with the infamous later decision of the National tribunal in the case of Dred Scott. The corner stone of the new Capitol building was laid July 4th, 1840. The principal address was by Governor Lucas. The cost of this building was not to exceed $51,000. A general depression in business prevailed during the time of Van Buren's term as President. The Whigs charged the hard times to the financial policy of the Demo- crats. Seeing a favorable condition for the overthrow of their adver- sary, the Whig politicians called the first Political National Convention ever held in Iowa and proceeded to nominate Gen. W. H. Harrison for President. The Democrats nominated Van Buren for re-election. The Whigs rallying cry was "hard cider" and "log cabins," and with songs, public meetings and rallies, throughout the country. Gen. Harrison was elect- ed on a wave of popular enthusiasm. The first call for a Democratic convention in Iowa was written by Edward Johnston, in January, 1840, and is as follows: "The undersigned, members of the Democratic party of the Ter- ritory of Iowa, conceiving it highly necessary that immediate steps should be taken to effect an organization of the party, hereby pledge themselves to use all honorable means in the several counties where they reside to bring about that result, and they further agree to use their exertions to have Democratic candidates sent from their rpspec- 66 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S tive counties to a territorial convention to be held in the ensuing sum- mer for the purpose of nominating a candidate to Congress. "Edward Johnston, Shepherd Loeffler, Laurel Summers, Jos. T. Fales, G. S. Bailey, John B, Lash, Jacob L. Meyers, Daniel Brewer, W. G. Coop, S. C. Hastings, J. M. Robertson, Jacob Minder, H. Van Antwerp, Thomas Cox, J. W. Parker. "January, A. D. 1840." Pursuant to this call a convention was held, and General A. C. Dodge was nominated for Delegate in Congress. The Whigs held a convention and nominated Alfred Rich. Dodge was re-elected by a majority of over five hundred. A proposition had been submitted to the people of the Territory at this election to call a convention for the framing of a constitution, preparatory to the admission of Iowa as a State. It was defeated by a vote of 937 for the convention, to 2.907 against it. The census of the Territory taken in 1840 showed a population of 43,112, of which 172 were negroes. The Legislature having created the offices of Auditor and Treasurer, on the 14th of January, 1840, Morgan Reno was appointed Treasurer, and Jesse Williams, Auditor. By the federal census of 1840 it was shown that Iowa had pro- duced, corn, 1,406,241 bushels; wheat, 154,693; oats, 216,385; buck- wheat, 6,212; rye, 3,792; barley, 728, and potatoes, 234,$63. Corn was the principal grain crop for many years and was largely used for bread by the pioneers. Prairie grass furnished pasture for stock and all of the hay required for many years. In pioneer days most of the houses were built of logs and covered with staves held in place by other logs, puncheons of hewed logs were used for the floor, and all done without the aid of a carpenter. Grain was stored in rail pens lined and covered with straw, and stables were built of logs or slabs, with roofs of prairie hay or straw held in place by poles. The Third Territorial Legislature assembled at Burlington on the 2nd day of November, 1840. In his message. Gov. Lucas gives a report of his action in relation to the boundary controversy with Missouri; recommends the organization of rifle companies to protect settlers from the Indians; urges the Legislature to provide a plan for raising revenue to meet expenses not provided for by the general government. CHAPTER XX. The Legislature created the office of Superintendent of Public In- struction; changed the time of meeting of the Legislature to the first Monday of December; provided for a Superintendent of Public Build- ings, and an agent to conduct the sale of lots in Iowa City. It pro- vided a law for raising revenue, and authorized a loan of $20,000 to aid in the completion of the Capitol building, to be repaid from pro- ceeds of lots in Iowa City. Chauncey Swan was appointed Superin- HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 67 tendent of Public Buildings with an annual salary of $1,000, and Jesse Williams was appointed Territorial Agent at a salary ol $700 per year. The election of Gen. Harrison, the Whig candidate for President, was speedily followed by a removal of Democratic federal officers and the filling of their places by Whigs. Gov. Lucas was superceded on the 13th of May, 1841, by the appointment of Hon. John Chambers, of Kentucky. Gov. Lucas retired after nearly three years' service and settled near Iowa City, where he spent the remainder of his life. In looking back over his stormy administration, the verdict will be that he gave to the new Territory wise, able and faithful service. He brought to the office large experience in public affairs, sterling integ- rity and firm convictions of duty. Tenacious in his opinions, dignified in bearing, strong in purpose, he became involved in numerous sharp controversies and conflicts with the first Legislature over the exer- cise of the veto power, but he acted strictly within the letter of the law. In his firm and prompt resistance to the claim of Missouri to a strip of Iowa Territory, Gov. Lucas was sustained by the final decis- ion of the United States Supreme Court. He was largely instrumental in procuring the establishment of a liberal public school system, at that early day one of the most advanced in operation in the West. On the 20th of June, 1841, a steamer, the "Ripple," ascended the Iowa River to Iowa City and was welcomed by a great assemblage of people who hoped this was the beginning of regular navigation of the Iowa. On the 22nd of June, Gov. Chambers made his first visit to the new Capitol and was cordially received by the citizens. He was past middle age, plain, cordial in manner, and made a favorable im- pression on the pioneers. Gov. Chambers, who was Superintendent of Indian Affairs, in September, 1842, negotiated a treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians by the terms of which they ceded to the United States all of their re- maining lands in Iowa, to the Missouri River, and agreed to move to their Kansas reservation at the expiration of three years. Before this treaty was ratified by Congress adventurous settlers crowded into the newly purchased Territory to secure the choice claims. The War Department was called on for troops to expel them. The squatters were removed to the South side of the Des Moines River. The year 1842 brought to the people of Iowa severe financial de- pression, which had begun in the East two or three years earlier. Specie payment had been suspended and many banks failed. The Miners' Bank of Dubuque was the only one in Iowa. It had been poorly managed and was soon compelled to suspend. Throughout the Territary money was very scarce, and exchange of products was the only method of carrying on business. The winter of 1842-3 was one of the severest known by white men. Snow began to fall early in November and continued at frequent in- tervals throughout the entire winter, the first snow remaining on the 68 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S ground until April. The cold was intense, with fierce winds, and be- fore spring, in many parts of the country, snow reached a depth of from three to four feet. The settlers were poorly prepared for such a winter, their cabins were cold and little shelter had been provided for live stock. Great suffering ensued. Provisions became nearly ex- hausted; cattle perished by the thousands; deer, prairie chickens and quail were nearly exterminated. Half-starved wolves prowled about the settlements, seizing pigs, sheep and poultry wherever they could be found. The failure of banks had left the people without money; business was prostrated and the collection of debts became almost im- possible. The only market for farm produce was the limited demand from immigrants moving into the Territory. Good cows could be pur- chased for ten dollars each: pork for one dollar per hundred, wheat twenty cents a bushel, corn and oats for ten cents. Money command- ed from twenty-five to forty per cent and was of doubtful value. Under these conditions the Sixth Legislature met at Iowa City, Dec. 4th, 1843. The census of 1844 showed a population of the twenty- one counties organized of 75,150. An attempt was made to repeal the charter of the Miners' Bank, the only one in the Territory, because it had suspended specie payments, and being badly managed. The Territory had borrowed $5,500 of the bank, which it was unable to pay, and under these circumstances a majority of the members refused to drive it out of business. At the election held in April, for a convention to frame a consti- tution, the vote stood 6,719 for and 3,974 against. Gov. Chambers called an election for seventy-two delegates. Among the number chosen to frame a constitution were: Ex-Gov. Lucas, S. Loeffler, J. C. Hall, J. Grant, S. Hempstead and F. Gehon, Democrats; R. . Low, B. Sells, E. Cook and S. S. Shelledy, Whigs. The convention met at Iowa City, Oct. 7th. 1844, framed a constitution and fixed the boun- dary of the proposed State to include a large proportion of Southern Minnesota, as follows: The South line as it now stands; the West line the middle of the Missouri River, North to the Mouth of the Big Sioux, thence in a direct line Northwest to the middle of the St. Peters River, where the Blue Earth enters the same, then down that river to the Mississippi River, then down the Mississippi to the North Missouri line. This boundary excluding the County of Lyon, part of Sioux and Osceola, about half of Plymouth and a small fraction of O'Brien and Dickinson, and it took from Minnesota about seventeen counties. The growing conflict between the pro and anti-slavery parties was renewed with bitterness when the application was made for the admission of Iowa. Finally it was agreed that Iowa be admitted a free and Florida a slave State, TTarch 3rd, 1845. The Capitol building at Iowa City cost $123,000, and was not completed until 1855, a little over fifteen years having been occupied in its construction. And in 1857 on the re- HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 69 moval of the Capitol to Des Moines, it was given to the State Uni- versity. The Iowa boundary fixed by Congress, would have taken eleven Counties from South Minnesota, but the Western boundary cut ofC thirty-one counties on the Missouri River slope and the Des Moines Valley. It brought the Western boundary of the State within forty miles of Des Moines. It made the State alone one hundred and eighty miles wide and two hundred and fifty miles long. This would have made Cedar Falls the geographical center. The Iowa delegates in Congress, Hon. A. C. Dodge, opposed the change, but in vain. How- ever, after Congress had approved it, thinking it was the best that could be done, he approved its adoption and issued an address to his constituents, in which he said: CHAPTER XXI. ADDRESS OF HON. A. C. DODGE. "A majority of the Committee on Territories was composed of members from the slave-holding portion of the Union. The delegate from Florida, supported by the members from the South, brought for- ward a proposition for a division of that State, although its whole ter- ritory was three thousand square miles less than that embraced within the Constituional boundaries of Iowa. The object of this move being to increase the number of slave states, and the weight of slave repre- sentatives in Congress. It met with warm opposition from the non- slave-holding states, and as a counter movement they came forward with a similar proposition in regard to Iowa. After being fully, freely and even angrily discussed at various meetings of the Committee, the proposition to divide f lorida was carried, and that to divide Iowa was rejected by a strictly sectional vote. When the bill came into the House, where the relative strength of the sectional parties was re- versed, the action of the Committee was overruled by a large majority. The clause for the division of Florida was stricken out, and the boundaries of Iowa, in opposition to my earnest protest, were sub- jected to considerable curtailment. "This was effected by votes of members from North, East and West, irrespective of party divisions. The amendment to reduce was opposed by Mr. Duncan (Democrat) from Ohio, and supported by Mr. Vinton (Whig), who in a lucid and cogent manner represented the injury which the creation of large states would inflict upon the West- ern country. He forcibly exhibited the great wrong done to the West in times past by Congress in dividing its territory in overgrown states, thereby enabling the Atlantic portion of the Union to retain supremacy in the United States Senate. He showed that it was the true interest of the people of the Valley of the Mississippi that new states should be of reasonable size, and he appealed to Western members to check that legislation which had neretofore deprived the Western country of its due representation in the Senate. I advert to the remarks of Mr. Vinton, because their irresistible force was admitted by all except the delegates from the South. The Hous? had a few days previous to this discussion passed a law for the annexation of Texas, by which five new states may be added to the Union. This furnished an aaditional reason why my protest was disregarded, inasmuch as our fellow citi- 70 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S zens from the non-slave holding states were desirous by moderate division of remaining free territory of the Union to give to the free states a counterbalancing influence." On the question of admission, the Territory soon divided into two l)arties. The Democrats as a rule favored the admission under the boundary fixed by Congress, and the Whigs opposed it. At this junc- ture E. W. Eastman, T. S. Parrins, and F. D. Mills, all young men and Democrats, seeing the mistake of dividing the State in that manner, commenced an aggressive campaign against admission. Leffler and Wood joined them and a thorough canvass was made. The Constitu- tion was rejected by a majority of nine hundred and ninety-six. Those young public-spirited men deserve all honor and praise, as but for them our Western boundary would not now be the Missouri River. The new Legislature met May 5, 1845. An act was passed providing for the submission of the rejected constitution. The Governor vetoed it but it was carried over his veto by a two-thirds vote, and it became a law. Among the important acts of this legislation was the repeal of the charter of the Miners' Bank of Dubuque; abolition of the office of Territorial Agent conferring his duties on the Incorporation of a University at Iowa City; changing the name of Louisville to Ottumwa; the organization of Iowa and Marion Counties. Dodge in his canvass for re-election advocated the adoption of the rejected Constitution of 1844. The result was 7,235 for and 7,656 against it. Thus it was rejected a second time by a majority of 421. Gen. Dodge was elected over his Whig opponent, R, P. Lowe, by a majority of 831. In 1846 the prevailing prices were: Horses from $50 to $60; Oxen $40 to $60 per pair; Wagons $75; Plows $8 to $20; Sugar 10c; Coffee 10c; Tea 75c to $1.50 per pound; Flour $4 per barrel; Unbleached cotton sheet 18c; calicoes 10c to 20c per yard; Good board was furnished from $1.50 to $2.00 per week; the wage of common laborers was from 75c to $1.00 per day; Government land sold at $1.25 per acre, and an ordinary log cabin cost from $50 to $75. The State Government was organized with a population of 96,088. The total votes polled at the first election was 15,005; the Governor's salary was $1,000; Secretary of State $500; the Treasurer $400; and the State Librarian $150 per annum. The annexation of Texas brought on a war with Mexico in 1846. Iowa was called on to furnish a regiment, and soon twelve companies of volunteers were organized. The Iowa Volunteers gave a good account of themselves in the Mexican War. Many of the brave boys were laid to rest there, while many are still alive, at this writing (1904), The thirty-two delegates chosen at the election in 1846, to frame a State Constitution, met at Iowa City on the first Monday of May, and by the 19th of the same month had con- cluded their labors. The boundaries of the State were fixed as they now exist. With that exception it was almost an exact copy of the rejected one. The only important change was the prohibition of the HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 71 establishment of a bank. On August 3rd it was adopted by a vote of 9,492 to 9,036. The prohibition of the bank aroused a strong opposition to it, which came near defeating it. The Democrats nominated A. Briggs for Governor. The platform adopted by the first Democratic State Convention was as follows: 1. Endorsed the administration of James K. Polk. 2. Approved the independent Treasury bill and settlement of the Oregon boundary. 3. Endorsed the repeal of the tariff of 1842 and approved tariff for revenue only. 4. Pronounced unalterable opposition to all banking institutions of whatever name, nature or description. 5. Favored unlimited suffrage to free men without property quali- fication or religious tests; opposed the grant of exclusive privileges to corporations. 6. Declared in favor of less legislation, few laws, strict obedience, short sessions, light taxes and no State debt. The following day the first Whig Convention met at the same place and nominated Thomas McKnight for Governor. The platform adopted decided in favor of: 1. A sound currency. 2. A tariff for revenue and protection to American labor. 3. Restraint of the Executive from exercise of the veto. 4. Distribution of proceeds of the sale of public lands among the States. 5. One term only for the President. 6. Improvement of rivers and harbors by the general Government. 7. Condemned the administration of James K. Polk. 8. Condemned the State Constitution recently adopted, with pledge to labor for its speedy amendment. S. C. Hartings and S. Leffler, Democrats, were elected to Con- gress. December 15, 1846, A. C. Dodge, delegate from Iowa, presented to the House of Representatives, the Constitution of the State of Iowa. It was referred to the Committee on Territory, and on the 17th S. A. Douglas of Illinois, reported a bill for the admission of Iowa into the Union. On the 21st the bill passed the House and was sent to the Senate. On the 24th it was taken up in the Senate, having been ap- proved by the Judiciary Committee. After an attempt to amend it had failed, the bill passed the Senate. On the 28th of December, 1846, the President signed the bill and Iowa became a State. Con- gress granted every 16th section to the new State, for the support of its schools. It amounted to 1,013,614 acres. June 5, 1846, the Pot- tawattamies ceded their lands in Iowa to the United States. The Mormons or Latter Day Saints, who were driven out o- Missouri in 1846, with great heartlessness, and in fact almost unparal- leled barbarity, found shelter in Iowa, and many of them made it their permanent home. The sufferings of those people were almost beyond description, and as the details are interesting, we will relate them as follows: 72 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S CHAPTER XXII. The first attempt to found a Mormon colony was made at Kirkland, Ohio, where Sidney Rigdon lived. Rigdon had been an eloquent minister of the Christian church in Kirkland, and was converted to Mormonism soon after Joseph Smith claimed to have found the plates on which a revelation was inscribed, and from which the Mormon Bible was produced. Rigdon assisted Smith in procuring the printing of the Bible and on the 6th of April, 1830, they organized the 'Church of the Latter Day Saints." Rigdon's eloquent preaching made converts rapidly, and on the first of Jan- uary, 1831, they had secured more than one thousand members and believers in the new religion. Smith claimed to have a second revelation commanding him to found a colony of the saints in the far West and build a temple in the New Jerusalem. A location was .chosen in the vicinity of Independence, Missouri, where a large tract of land was secured, houses built, farms opened and the foundation laid for the temple. The Mormons from all quarters gathered at the New Jerusalem until several .hundred were as- sembled. But the Missourians were intensely hostile to the new sect and finally a large mob attacked the Mormon colony, de- stroyed their printing office and other buildings and flogged some of the saints. Governor Boggs called out nearly five thousand of the State militia, under General J. B. Clark, with instructions "to exterminate the Mormons, or drive them beyond the borders of the State." Gen. Clark proceeded to execute the orders. A large number of the leaders were arrested, their families driven from their homes at the point of the bayonet and the entire colony sent destitute out upon the bleak prairie late in November, without even tents to protect them from the driving storms. The rivers and creeks were unbridged and filled with floating ice; the snow was deep, impeding their progress; many were killed, others wounded, families separated, women and children sick and dying for want of food, shelter and proper care. The oxen, which were their only teams, died of starvation. Disease and death claimed victims daily. Mothers carried their starving children, themselves weak with fatigue and hunger. The dead were thrust into rude bark coffins and sunk in the rivers. At least 1,200 emaciated people in all stages of disease and starvation reached the banks of the Mississippi River, where the strongest crossed. The people of Iowa and Illinois treated them kindly, furnished food and such shelter as was avail- able. Their leaders had been captured, such as were not killed, and paraded from one jail to another, tormented in a manner that stamps their enemies as more cruel and barbarous than Indians. At Howe's Mills twenty prisoners were confined in a log building, the door fastened and the mob, joining the State militia, fired upon the helpless prisoners through the crevices between the logs until HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 73 all were killed or wounded. One little boy, nine years of age, was dragged out and murdered in cold blood, while the savage white men cheered and danced around the dying boy and the nineteen other victims. The "Border Ruffians" who, a quarter of a century later, in- vaded the Territory of Kansas and slaughtered her citizens in a war waged to spread human slavery; and the Civil War, under the lead of Quantrell, murdered more than a hundred defenseless citi- zens of Lawrence in the presence of their families, were the pro- geny of these barbarous wretches. The authorities finally grew sick of the atrocities perpetrated by the militia that they were unable to control and permitted the escape of the survivors of the Mormon leaders, who finally reached the refugees who were find- ing shelter in Iowa and Illinois. The Mormons were expelled from Missouri in the fall of 1838. They crossed the Mississippi and erected temporary shelter for the winter. Dr. Isaac Galland, a Mormon elder, was the owner of a large tract of land on both sides of the river and sold it to the refugees on liberal terms. In February, 1889, Dr. Galland wrote to Governor Robert Lucas, of Iowa, inquiring whether their people would be per- mitted to purchase land and settle in the Territory of Iowa. The Governor replied that he knew of no authority that could deprive them of that right; that as citizens of the United States they were entitled to the same rights and legal protection as other citizens. With this assurance a few Mormon families settled in the South- east corner of the Territory in 1839 and 1840. Bishop Knight bought for his church a part of the town sites of Keokuk, Nashville and Montrose, in Lee County. In 1840 there were over one hundred Mormon families living in that County. CHAPTER XXIII. Across the river from Montrose was the little town of Commerce, started by New York speculators; this the Mormons purchased, changing its name to Nauvoo. Joseph Smith, their Prophet, came from imprisonment in Missouri and pronounced Nauvoo the seat of the church. As the Mormons gathered into it from all sides, it soon grew to be a large city and the foundation of a large temple was laid. Great numbers of converts came from England and joined the Nauvoo colony. A revelation in July, 1843, permitting a plurality of wives, raised a storm of indignation in the surrounding settlements, and it was charged tRat the Mormons harbored criminals. Joseph Smith was arrested in June, 1844, with other leaders. The arrests had been made by a company of soldiers on order of Governor Ford, of Illinois. The Mormon leaders were lodged in jail at Carthage and charged with riot. On the 27th a mob numbering about two hundred men, dis- 74 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S guised as Indians, attacked the guards at the jail, overpowered them, broke down the door, killing Joseph Smith and his brother, Hiram, and severely wounding several others. Conflicts frequently arose be- tween the citizens and the Mormons, some of whom had purchased claims and settled on the half-breed lands in Iowa. Although the Mor- mons had built a city of nearly 20,000 at Nauvoo and erected a tem- ple for public worship and had become the owners of valuable farms in the vicinity, their lives and property were almost continually in jeopardy. They finally determined to abandon all and seek safety by emigration. Their religion and peculiar social practices were so obnoxious to their neighbors, that they realized the necessity of col- onizing their people in distant, unsettled regions, if they would secure religious liberty. In 1845 they began to dispose of their property and prepared to emigrate Westward into Iowa. Brigham Young, who had succeeded Smith, led the main body across the river, beginning the journey in February, 1846. A large number, including many sick, aged and poor, had to be left behind until a new home could be provided. The trans- fer of 16,000 into Iowa was finally completed. The line of 3,000 wagons, 30,000 head of cattle, horses and mules, large herds of sheep, and the thousands of men, women and children made up such a caravan as had never before been seen in America. Heavy cold rains fell and the rich black soil was converted into deep mud. But two or three miles could be made some days be- fore the weaker gave out, and a camp had to be made on the wet ground where death came often to end the suffering of the sick. The burials were pathetic. In place of a coffin the body was enclosed in bark stripped from green logs and buried in a hollow trench and the grave was marked by a post. In April, 1846, the first party stopped in what is now Decatur County and built rude log houses for shelter, while breaking up the prairie to raise crops upon which to subsist when they should re- sume their march. This settlement they named Garden Grove, and here several hundred made a temporary home for such as were too weak to travel. When the high bluffs of Grand River were reached, in what is now Union County, on the 17th day of June, seven hundred of the Mormons determined to stop and raise crops to supply pro- visions for themselves and those who were to follow them. They selected a ridge on the Bast side of Grand River. Here they built log cabins and dug caves in each side of the long street on the summit of the ridge. A mill was built by their mechanics ; native boulders were dressed into mill stones and the machinery run by horse power. They erected a tabernacle in the grove and provided a cemetery in which their numerous dead were buried. A great spring on the East slope of the HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 75 ridge furnished an abundance of pure water for the entire population of "Mount Pisgah," the name they gave to the place. During the two and a half years the Mormons occupied this place, thousands of their brethren found it a most welcome resting place on their journey Westward. The remnant left at Nauvoo were perse- cuted beyond endurance by the people who had flocked into the city after the mian body of the Mormons had left, and on the 17th of September they were driven out. Crossing the river under the lead of Heber C. Kimball, wagons and hand carts were procured and in October they started West. The women and children suffered from insufficient clothing and food. Traveling over the prairie, fording swollen streams, amid floating ict and fierce snow storms, camping nights on the snow- covered ground, protected only by tents, their sufferings were fearful. Sickness from exposure prevailed to an alarming extent, and death by the wayside ended the misery of hundreds. CHAPTER XXIV. Their route was made conspicuous by the graves that marked their journey through Van Buren, Davis, Appanoose, Decatur and Union counties. No such scenes have ever been witnessed in Iowa as marked the winter march of the Mormon refugees over its un- settled prairies. When Mount Pisgah was reached they found rest and shelter and kind hands to minister to their wants. More than four hundred men, women and children who died from the effects of exposure and hardships of the exodus of 1846-7 were buried in the Mormon cemetery at that place. The Mormon authorities at Salt Lake caused a monument to be erected here in 1888 to the memory of the dead, who for the most part sleep in unmarked graves in this inclosure. On the monument are inscribed the names of William Huntington, the First Presiding Elder of Mount Pisgah, and sixty-seven others. The cemetery has long been in charge of C. A. White. It is often visited by high offi- cials of the Latter Day Saints and surviving friends of those who perished during the exodus of 1846-7. A number of the Mormon fam- ilies remained at Garden Grove, Mount Pisgah, Lost Grove, Sar- gent's Grove and Indiantown. Others made claims along the line of march, built cabins and opened farms. But the main body pushed on to the Missouri River, where a village was built in the Southwest corner of Mills County. The greater number, however, went North- ward and located on Indian Creek and built a town near where Council Bluffs now stands, which they named Kanesville. In the persecution which the Mormons endured in the early years of their residence in the Western States and Territories, Iowa never joined. Our people and State officials have respected the right of American citizens to hold such religious opinions as they chose and 76 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S to enjoy the protection of our laws. Narrowness and bigotry has never flourished in Iowa. Her citizens claim the utmost freedom of religious opinion for themselves, and accord the same rights to others. The kind treatment of the Mormons by Governor Lucas is in marked contrast with that of the officials and citizens of Missouri and Illinois. In 1847 Brigham Young led an expedition over the plains to Salt Lake, where he selected a location for the future home of the Mor- mons. In June, 1848, the second expedition, consisting of six hun- dred and twenty-three wagons and nearly two thousand persons, joined the colony at Salt Lake. Elder Orson Hyde was their leader. A large tabernacle of logs was erected for their religious meetings and another for school purposes. The farmers among them settled along the creeks and in the groves, and opened farms to supply provisions for the colony. During the year 1849 cholera of a deadly type was brought into their settlements and prevailed for nearly two years. The people, who had neither experienced physicians nor suitable medicines, living in poor cabins, were but illy prepared to en- counter this terrible pestilence. Hundreds died without medical at- tendance. The bluffs were thickly dotted with newly made graves. Each year large parties of Mormons left the Iowa settlement to join the Salt Lake colony. An imperative order was issued, in 1852, for all to emigrate to Utah, and, disposing of their houses and farms, and under the lead of Elder Orson Hyde, they crossed the great plains. Some, however, who were opposed to polygamy, remained in Iowa and reorganized the "Church of the Latter Day Saints," and finally established head- quarters at Lamoni, in Decatur County, under the lead of Joseph Smith, Jr., son of the founder of the Mormon Church. The first State Legislature convened at Iowa City on the 30tli of November, 1846. The Senate consisted of nineteen members, and elected Thomas Baker, of Polk County, President. The House con- sisted of forty members, and elected Jesse B. Browne, of Lee County, Speaker. The Democrats had a majority in the Senate and the Whigs a majority in the House. But local issues had, in Lee County, overshadowed party considerations to such an extent that it was doubtful whether the Democrats would be able to command a majority on joint ballot for their candidates for Supreme Judges and United States Senators. The Salaries were fixed as follows: Governor, $1,000; Auditor, $600; Secretary of State, $500; Treasurer, $400; Judges of the Su- preme and District Courts, $1,000 each. For the purpose of defraying the expenses of the State government an act was passed authorizing the issue and sale of bonds to the amount of $55,000. bearing interest at ten per cent and payable in ten years. The first report of State Officers, made at the close of 1847, HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 77 showed taxable property valued at $11,277,139, on whicli a tax of two mills should raise a revenue of $22,554.25; only $15,788, however, had been collected. The report of the Treasurer showed the total revenue from all sources to be $50,782.36, and the amount paid out on warrants $59,184.36. The children of school age were 20,928, of which only 2,429 were attending school. Congress adopted the policy of granting lands for public improvements as early as 1802, long be- fore a railroad was built. When a grant was made for a turnpike from the interior of the State of Ohio to the Ohio River, a grant was also made to aid the construction of a canal in Indiana. Other grants were made to Ohio and Illinois for similar purposes. In 1829 the first railroad on which steam was used was built. The first grant of public lands to aid in the construction of a railroad in the United States was in 1833. The first grant of public lands in Iowa for internal improvement was in 1846, to aid the navigation of the Des Moines River. It was every alternate section for five miles on each side of the river from its mouth to its source. Congress made the first grant of public lands to aid in the con- struction of a railroad by authorizing the State of Illinois to use the land theretofore granted to aid in the construction of canals. As early as 1837 the people of Iowa had, through the efforts of John Plumb, become interested in a project for building a great trunk line of railroad to connect the Atlantic States with the Pacific Coast, to be aided by a grant of public lands along the route. Such a route would be likely to pass through Iowa and open up its inland prairies to settlement. Asa Whitney, of New York, who projected a line of railroad across the great plains and Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast and had written able articles showing the feasibil- ity of such a line. The proposed route passed through Iowa and the citizens of our State felt a deep interest in the project and some of the far-seeing men believed that the benefits of this commercial high- way might be secured to Iowa by prompt action in obtaining a valua- ble land grant for a railroad to the Missouri River. In 1854 a strong movement had been organized in the State by the Prohibitionists for the enactment of a law prohibiting the manufac- ture and sale of intoxicating liquor. The State Temperance Alliance had delegated to Hiram Price, D. S. True and John L. Davies the preparation of a bill to be presented to the Legislature, similar to the "Maine Liquor Law." The bill was drafted with great care and sent to Dr. Amos Witter, a Democratic Representative from Scott County, who, on the 13th of December, 1854, introduced it into the House. It met with active opposition, but finally passed both houses and was approved by Governor Grimes. One of its provisions required the act to be submitted to a vote of the people at the following April elec- tion. The vote stood 25,555 for the law, to 22,645 against. Having thus been adopted by a majority of 2,910, it went into effect on the 78 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S first of July following. The act prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors, excepting for mechanical or medicinal pur- poses. The penalties were fine and imprisonment. With some amend- ment and modifications this law remained upon the statute books for more than forty years. CHAPTER XXV. Ansel Briggs was the first Governor of the State of Iowa. He was inaugurated December 3, 1846, and the first legislature convened In 1848 the report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction showed children of school age 41,446, of which but 7,077 were in the public schools. There were 124 teachers employed, of which 101 were men and 23 women. The average salary of the men was $16.00 per month, and of the women but $9.00. There were 673 organized school dis- tricts. The State Library contained 1,660 volumes, one-third of which were law books. The expense of maintaining the Library in 1847 was $109.31. The first homestead law, exempting the home to the heads of families from sale for debts was enacted by the Second General As- sembly. The usual rate of interest was 40 per cent. Governor Briggs on retiring, congratulated the General Assembly and the people, on the settlement by the Supreme Court of the United States of our Southern boundary. The claim of Iowa being allowed. During this session the following Counties were created: Union, Adams, Adair, Cass, Montgomery, Mills, Bremer, Butler, Grundy, Hardin, Franklin, Wright, Risley, Yell, Greene, Guthrie, Audubon, Carroll, Fox, Sac, Crawford, Shelby, Harrison, Monona, Ida, Waukon, Humboldt, Poca- hontas, Buena Vista, Cherokee, Plymouth, Floyd, Cerro Gordo, Han- cock, Kossuth, Palo Alto, Clay, O'Brien, Sioux, Howard, Mitchell, Worth, Winnebago, Bancroft, Emmet, Dickinson, Osceola and Bun- comb. The Code of 1851 was also adopted. The volume consisted of six hundred and eighty-five pages. The report of the Commission with dia- gram and fieldnotes of the survey of the boundary between Iowa and Missouri was also filed and entered of record in the House Journal. The entire length of the line, so established, was two hundred and eleven miles and thirty-two chains. The census of 1847 gave Iowa a population of 116,454. The Demo- crats carried the State, at the Presidential election of 1848 by a small majority. Hon. Geo. W. Jones and T. S. Wilson were candidates for United States Senator, Jones receiving the nomination and election. The contract had been let for rendering the Des Moines River navi- gable, by building dams and locks, from the Raccoon Forks to the Missouri River, to be completed March 1, 1850. Much was expected from this improvement, but it was not realized. Efforts were also HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 79 made to induce Congress to make appropriations to improve the Ma- quoketa. Skunk, Wapsipinicon and Iowa Rivers. The first Exemption Law, providing for the exemption from debt of the home to the head of each family, was passed by the Legisla- ture of 1848. The Democrats carried the election in 1849 by a small majority. In this year the California gold fever set in, and for three or four years the Iowa prairies were lined with immigration wagons bound for the gold fields. In 1850 the election was in favor of the Democrats. The plurality being about' 2,000. Stephen Hempstead of Dubuque, was elected Gov- ernor. The financial report of the money on hand and received for the year ending November 4, 1850, showed amount received $90,444.33, paid out $90,442.94. The year 1851 was remarkable for the vast amount of rain fall all over the State. The average precipitation was about IZYz inches. Rivers were very high all summer and low lands were converted into lakes. In order to keep the Sioux Indians at bay. Fort Dodge was selected as a site for a tort. The fort was erected and manned in 1849. It was abandoned in 1863 and the troops sent to Minnesota to build a new fort on the North line of the new purchase made from the Sioux Indians. At the Presidential election in 1852 the Democrats carried the State, Pierce securing 17,762 and Scott 15,856. Geo. W. Jones was elected Senator for six years. February 22, 1854, thousands assembled at Rock Island to witness the arrival of the first train. At five o'clock P. M. the whistle of the engine St. Clair was heard. A great shout went up from the crowd. The booming of cannons and sky rockets were the response. Two other trains followed in rapid succession. Speeches of welcome fol- lowed and a big time was had which lasted away into the night. In 1853 the Illinois Legislature incorporated a bridge company, to build a bridge across the Mississippi River at Rock Island. The construction of a bridge was opposed on account of its being an obstruction to navigation, but the courts decided in favor of the bridge. The work was begun in 1853 and finished in 1856. In 1852 the census showed a population of 229,929. At the election of 1854 the Whigs won. J. W. Grimes was elected Secretary of State. The last contest between Democrats and Whigs occurred in 1855. The Whigs won by a majority of nearly 5,000. But before the next election the Whig party was largely absorbed by the New Republican party. The contest in Kansas over slavery had become very bitter. Thousands of people from slave States had entered the territory to aid in making it a slave state. Immigration from the Northern States poured in, and the contest between the Slavery and anti-Slavery par- ties was bitter and bloody. Armed collisions were frequent. In 1856 the Legislature passed a joint resolution in opposition to the extension of slavery. But our member in Congress took no part in the fierce 80 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S discussion, until Harlan and Thorington were elected by the free soil Whigs and Abolitionists. Those were the first Iowa Congressmen to oppose the aggressions of the slave powers. May 15, 1856, Congress made a grant of every alternate section for three railroads running from Burlington, Lyons and Davenport, respectively, Westward through the State. The grant to be subject to the disposal of the Legislature. At the Presi- dential election in 1856, the vote stood for John C. Fremont (Republican) 45,196; James Buchanan (Democrat) 37,663; Filmore (Whig) 9,669. The vote in favor of a Constitutional Convention was 32,790 against 14,162. The most important changes made in the Con- stitution were as follows: No lease of agricultural lands valid for more than twenty years; second. Biennial Sessions of the Legislature were to begin on the second Monday in January after the election of members; third, time of the general election changed to the second Tuesday of October; fourth, a majority of the members elected in each branch of the General Assembly was required to pass a bill; fifth, local or special laws not to be passed on certain subjects, and in no case when a general law could be made applicable; sixth, no money to be appropriated for local or private purposes, unless by a vote of two-thirds of the members of each branch of the general assembly; seventh, the Senate was limited to fifty, and the House to one hundred members; eighth, the office of Lieutenant-Governor was created; ninth, the office of Supreme Judge was made elective; tenth, the limit of State indebtedness was increased from one hundred thou- sand to two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. In case of insurrec- tion, invasion or defense or in time of war this limit might be ex- ceeded; eleventh, banks could be established under laws enacted by the Legislature, provided such laws were approved by a majority of the whole, at a general or special election; twelfth, a State Board of Education was created; thirteenth, the Capitol of the State was per- manently fixed at Des Moines, and the State University was perma- nently located at Iowa City; fourteenth, to submit to a vote of the people a proposition to strike out the word "white" from the article on Suffrage. The census of the year 1856 gave Iowa a population of 517,875. Iowa was now very prosperous. Railroads were building rapidly; im- migration was rushing in rapidly; crops were good and prices satis- factory. The Committee appointed to investigate the office of Super- intendent of Public Instruction, reported a deficit of $65,150.8. Al- though the Sioux Indians had sold the lands about the head water of the Little Sioux, they were reluctant to leave it. When the land was being surveyed by Mr. Snarsh of Dubuque, a band of Sioux Indians attacked him, and compelled him and his party to cross the river and leave the country, after destroying his wagon and instruments and capturing their horses. In the war between the Sioux and Pottawat- HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 81 tamies the last battle was fought on the Lizard in Webster County. The Sioux were in ambush and the Pottawattamies were led into the trap. They fought bravely but were defeated with great slaughter. The survivors who reached their own country were so few that they made no more raids into the Sioux district. CHAPTER XXVI. In 1847 a desperado named Henry Lott, built a cabin near the mouth of Boone River, which became a rendezvous for horse thieves and outlaws. Horses were stolen from the settlements below and from the Indians, secreted on Lotfs premises and from there taken to the eastern part of the State and sold. In 1848, Lott's marauders stole a number of ponies from the Sioux Indians, who were hunting along the river. Si-dom-i-na-do-tah and six of his party tracked the ponies to Lott's settlement, found them concealed in the woods, re- covered them and the chief ordered Lott to leave the country within five days. This he failed to do and, when the time was up, the Sioux chief ordered his men to burn the cabin and kill the cattle. Lott was now alarmed and fled down the river with a stepson, abandoning his wife and small children. Upon reaching the Pea settlement in Boone County, he spread the report that his family had been murdered by the Indians. The settlers at once organized a party to punish the Sioux. Che-meuse, a Musquakie chief, was at Elk Rapids, sixteen miles below, with several hundred of his band. He furnished twenty- six warriors for the expedition, which was placed under his command and piloted by Lott. When they reached his claim the Sioux had gone, and the wife and children of Lott were there without food or shelter. A son twelve years old had attempted to follow Lott when he fled, but after wandering twenty miles alone had perished from cold. Lott re- mained on his claim, where his wife died during the year, as Lott re- ported, from exposure and abuse from the Indians. Lott swore ven- geance upon the Sioux chief, but made no haste to execute it. In the fall of 1853, he and a son passed through Fort Dodge with an ox team and a wagon loaded with provisions, goods and three barrels of whis- key. He went into what is now Humboldt County and built a cabin on the bank of the creek which has since been named Lott's Creek. Here he opened trade with the Indians in goods and whiskey. In January, 1854, Lott learned that Si-dom-i-na-do-tah and family were camped on another creek since named Bloody Run. Lott and his son went to the camp of the Sioux chief. Finding the chief did not recog- nize him, Lott professed friendship for the Indians. He told the chief that there was a large herd of elk on the river bottom and induced him to set off to find them. Lott and his son started toward their own cabin, but as soon as the old chief was out of sight, they skulked back, hiding in the tall grass, and as the chief returned from the hunt they shot him dead as he rode by on his pony. Then they stripped 82 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S him and, disguising themselves as Indians, waited until night, when, returning to the Indian tepees ,they gave the war cry, and when the Indian women and children came out in alarm, they butche:ud them one by one. The victims were the wife, children and aged mother of the dead chief, and two orphans living with them. One little girl hid in the grass and escaped, and one little boy, terribly wounded and left for dead, recovered. They plundered the camp of every article of value and left the mutilated bodies of their victims to be devoured by wolves. Returning to their own cabin, they burnt it, to throv/ sus- picion on the Indians, loaded a wagon with plunder and fled down the river. Ink-pa-du-tah, a brother of the murdered chief, was encamped with another band of Sioux Indians a few miles from the scene of the massacre. A few days later he discovered the dead and mangled bodies of his mother, brother and his entire family. A careful examination by Major Williams, of Fort Dodge, and Ink- pa-du-tah, led to the discovery of facts which left no doubt that Lott was the perpetrator of the murders. His heavily loaded team was tracked down the river on the ice to the mouth of the Boone. Lott stated that he had been driven from his claim by the Indians, and he here sold to the settlers the pony, gun, furs and other property be- longing to his victims. Lott hurried on his flight down the river, leav- ing one of his children at T. S, White's, six miles below Fort Dodge, and his two little girls at Dr. Hull's in Boone County. Major Williams, with several of the Indians, followed rapidly on their trail, hoping to overtake and arrest them. But they having sev- eral days start, left the Des Moines River, struck out westward upon the unsettled prairie, crossed the Missouri River north of Council Bluffs and disappeared on the great plains. Several years afterwards, it was learned by a letter from his son that Henry Lott met his fate at the hands of the "Vigilance Commit- tee" for crime committed in the gold regions. Ink-pa-du-tah brooded sullenly over the cruel murder of his mother and brother, believing that some of the white settlers were parties to the massacre and had aided Lott and his son to escape. The head of the murdered chief was taken to Homer, by some unknown barbarous wretch and nailed on the outside of a house. Upon learning this the Sioux were highly incensed and threatened revenge. These facts were all procured from Major Williams, who had been active in his efforts to bring the murderers to justice, and was familiar with the true history of the massacre. fQ)i-pa-du-tah never manifested friendship for the whites after this mur- der of his relatives, but looked upon them as treacherous enemies. There can be no doubt that he determined to bide his time for retalia- tion, which resulted a few years later in the Spirit Lake massacre. HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 83 CHAPTER XXVII. During 1855-6, adventurous pioneers explored the valley of the Little Sioux and made claims at different places near the river. They built cabins and settled with their families at Correctionville, Wood- bury County, Pilot Rock, in Cherokee; Peterson and Gillett's Grove, in Clay County. An Irish colony located near Medium Lake, on the west fork of the Des Moines River, in Palo Alto, and a Mr. Granger had built a cabin in Emmet County, near the north line of the State. A small colony had ventured farther up the river and made a settlement in Minnesota, called Springfield. Asa C. and Ambrose A. Call, brothers, had settled near the present town of Algona, on the east fork of the Des Moines River, in 1854. The settlements of Okoboji and Spirit Lake, in Dickinson County, had been made in 1856, and embraced about fifty persons. Most of the Indians had by this time removed from Northwestern Iowa, but parties frequently returned to hunt and fish at their favorite resorts of former, years. Ink-pa-du-tah, who often came with his band, had professed friendship for the whites in these isolated settlements, but those who were best acquainted with the treachery of the Indian, were apprehensive that some day he would take revenge upon them for the murder of his relatives by Lett. The winter of 1856-7 was one of unusual severity. Continuous storms swept over the prairies, covering them with a depth of snow that made travel very difficult. They continued late into March, filling the ravines with drifts so deep that communication between the scat- tered settlements was almost impossible for weeks and months. The colony was short of provisions and it was difficult to replenish. Ink- pa-du-tah had carefully noted the condition of the settlers and with the ferocious and relentless cruelty of his race, laid his plans to visit an awful retribution upon the countrymen of Henry Lott. It mattered not that these settlers were innocent of any part, knowledge, or sym- pathy with the murders; they were of the white race to which Lott belonged and their lives must atone for his crime. During the summer of 1856, Ink-pa-du-tah, with his band, had visited most of these frontier settlements and carefully noted their helplessness in case of a sudden attack. In February, 1857, the Sioux chief selected about thirty of his warriors and, accompanied by their squaws, to allay suspicion on the part of the settlers, started up the l^ittle Sioux Valley. The chief sent detached parties to the settlers' cabins to take their arms, ammunition, provisions and cattle, and leave them defenseless and destitute. The weather was cold and the snow was deep, the settlers few and widely separated, beyond reach of aid, and were compelled to submit to every outrage the Sioux chose to per- petrate. Resistance would have brought certain death. As the Indians advanced their depredations began to assume a savage character. At Gillett's Grove ten armed warriors forced an 84 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S entrance into a house occupied by two families, seized the women and girls and subjected them to horrible outrages. They destroyed the furniture and beds, killed the cattle and hogs and robbed the terrified families of every article they took fancy to. Near midnight the set- tlers fled through the deep snow wandering for thirty-six hours, thinly clad, until they reached the house of Abner Bell, the nearest neighbor, utterly exhausted and nearly frozen to death. The Indians went from cabin to cabin, perpetrating outrages too horrible to relate, carrying off some of the girls to their camps where they were held until the savages moved on. Up to this time, however, no one had been killed. Fort Dodge was seventy miles distant and Abner Bell, Mr. Weaver and Wilcox started through the deep snow for that town. Their story of the Indian outrages created great indignation and excitement, as all realized that the frontier settlements were in imminent danger. The pioneers who built the first cabins in the beautiful groves that line the shores of Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, were Rowland Gardner and Harvey Luce, his son-in-law. They had recently emigrated from the State of New York. Crossing the prairies in their canvas-covered wagons drawn by oxen, they found no settlement west of Algona, but continued on westward until the evening of July 16, 1856, when they camped on the beautiful shore of West Okoboji. They were so en- chanted with the beauty of the lakes, forest and prairie that they decided to here make their homes. They explored the country about them and found the clear blue waters of Okoboji fringed by alternate stretches of sandy beach, pebble shores, walls of bowlders and forests reaching down to the water's edge. Away in the distance were prairies, while eastward were other lakes and groves. Not a sign of human habitation or smoke of camp fire was to be seen in any direc- tion from the highest point on the lake shore. They were the sole inhabitants of the paradise they had discovered, far distant from the haunts of men. Elk and deer were grazing on the prairies. Water fowls were coming and going from lake to lake. Great flocks of prairie chickens were seen and squirrels and birds were on every side. They selected a site for their cabin on the southeast short of West Okoboji, near the rocky projection since known as Pillsbury Point. The families consisted of Rowland Gardner, his wife, son and three daughters; also Harvey Luce, his wife and their two little children. The first human beings they saw after locating their new home, was a party consisting of Dr. I. H. Herriott, Bestell Snyder and William and Carl Granger, who camped on the strait separating the two Oko- boji lakes. They were the first white men to paddle a canoe on these lakes. Fascinated by the beautiful aspect of the country each took a claim and built a cabin on a peninsula, now known as Smith's Point, The next settlers were from Delaware County, Iowa; James H. Mattocks, his wife Mary and four children. They built a cabin HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 85 opposite Granger's on the slope extending down toward the straits from the South side. Robert Mathieson and a son lived with them. Both of these cabins overlooked East and West Okoboji Lakes. Some weeks later Joel Howe, his wife Millie, with six children, settled on the east shor^ of East Okoboji. A daughter, Lydia, had married Alvin Noble, and they had a son two years old. This family, with Joseph M. Thatcher and his young wife Elizabeth, with their infant daughter, occupied a cabin a mile north of Howe's, at the upper end of the grove. A trapper, Morris Markham, boarded with Noble and Thatcher. These people were all from Hampton, in Franklin County. CHAPTER XXVIII. Six miles northeast, on the west shore of Spirit Lake, William Marble and his young wife, Margaret, recently married in Linn Coun- ty, had taken a claim and built a cabin. These made a settlement among the lakes, separated by distances of from one-half to six miles, of six families, in which were living sixteen men, eight women and fourteen children. This little colony came to the lakes in the summer of 1856. Early in February their supply of provisions was nearly exhausted. It was a long perilous journey to the nearest settlements where provisions could be procured. But with starva- tion staring them in the face, Harvey Luce and Joseph M. Thatcher started for Waterloo with an ox team and sled for supplies. After a journey over trackless prairies, working their way through snow drifts, they reached Waterloo, loaded their sled, started on their re- turn and reached a cabin ten miles below Emmetsburg, where their team gave out. Thatcher remained here several days to rest the oxen, but Luce, feeling anxious about his family, determined to go on. Here he found Jonathan Howe, Enoch Ryan and Robert Clark, who joined him on his homeward journey. Jonathan was a son of Joel Howe; Clark and Ryan were young men. After a fatiguing journey through snow drifts and blizzards, Luce and his three companions reached the Gardner cabin on the evening of March 6th. The day after their arrival the weather moderated, and Mr. Gardner concluded to go to Fort Dodge for provisions. As the family sat down to an early breakfast, the cabin door was opened and fourteen Indians walked in, led by Ink-pa-du-tah. They professed friendship until they had eaten all of the food in the house, when they attempted to seize the guns and ammunition. Luce resisted them and a most unequal struggle began. Dr. Herriott and Carl Snyder now entered and seeing four determined men the savages withdrew. Believing that the settlement was in danger, Mr. Gardner urged the young men to notify all of the neighbors to assemble at the Gardner house, which was the largest and strongest, and there defend themselves, should the Indians become hostile. The young men thought there was no danger and soon after went to their cabin. 86 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S The Indians prowled around until near noon when they ap- proached the Mattocks cabin, driving Gardner's cattle and shooting them on the way. Gardner, Luce and Clark now foresaw the danger and made a heroic effort to warn their neighbors. Mr. Gardner re- mained to protect his family, while Luce and Clark started, about two o'clock, to give the alarm. Soon after, the rapid firing of guns at the Mattocks house and the screaming of the terrified women warned the Gardner family that the work had begun. Mr. Gardner now barricaded the door and prepared to defend his family to tne last, but his wife, who still had hope that the Indians would spare them for the many acts of kindness in times past, begged of her husband not to fire upon them. The Indians now forced their way into the house and shot Mr. Gardner, killing him instantly. They then turned upon the women and children and beat their brains out with clubs; the only one spared was Abbie, the daughter, fourteen years of age. The terrified child begged of the savages to kill her, too, as she could not endure the thought of the terrible tortures and outrages inflicted on helpless prisoners. But heedless of her entreaties, they dragged her away, while the moans of her dying mother, sister and brother, filled her with anguish and horror. At the Mattocks house a brave resistance was made. When the attack began Dr. Herriott and Carl Snyder seized their guns and hastened to the assistance of their neighbors. But outnumbered five to one as they were by the Sioux warriors, there was no hope of successful resist- ance. The five men fought here with bravery unsurpassed, to save the women and children, and as they fell one by one, with rifles grasped in their nands, the terror of those remaining, for whom their lives had been given, was appalling. When Abbie was dragged to this scene of slaughter the mangled bodies of the five men, two women and children were lying about the burning cabin, while the shrieks of other children roasting in the flames, made a succession of horrors too hideous for description. No witness survived to tell the fearful story of the heroic fight and bloody massacre here, but eleven mutilated bodies were left to mark the spot. A careful examination of the vicinity later, by the party who buried the dead, throws some light upon the struggle. Dr. Herriott and Carl Snyder doubtless heard from their cabin the shrieks of the women and children, when the attack began at the Mattocks house. Then came the reports of firearms as Mr. Mattocks, Mathieson and the young man seized their rifles and fought desperately against the savages. Dr. Herriott and young Snyder might have escaped now by flight but, heroic men as they were, no such attempt was made. With rifle in hand they hurried to the rescue, regardless of overwhelming numbers. At the first fire Dr. Herriott brought down one of the Sioux warriors; then rushing into the thickest of the fight, the two brave men shattered their empty HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 87 guns over the heads of the savages in a vain effort to save the terror-stricken women and children. How many Indians were killed or wounded in the conflict can never be known. Abbie Gardner be- lieves that none were killed and but one was wounded. But Major Williams, the veteran commander of the relief expedition that buried the dead, is of a different opinion. In his report to Governor Grimes, made on the 12th of April, immediately after the return of the burial party to Fort Dodge, he writes: "The number of Indians killed or wounded must be from fifteen to twenty. From the number seen to fall, and judging from the bloody clothes and clots of blood left in their encampments, the struggle at the lakes must have been severe, particularly at the house of Esquire Mattocks. Eleven bodies were found at this house, together with several broken guns. They appear to have fought hand to hand." Luce and Clark, who started from the Gardner house to warn the settlers, went toward Mr. Howe's. They were overtaken, shot down and scalped. This closed the first day's horrid work of March 8, 1857. That night the Sioux warriors celebrated the butchery of twenty men, women and children, keeping time in their war dance to the beating of drums, circling over the blood-stained snow with unearthly yells among the mutilated bodies of their victims, until exhausted by their horrid orgies. Crouched in an Indian tepee, Abbie Gardner, the only survivor of the first day's massacre, prostrated by grief and terror and the awful deeds she has been compelled to wit- ness, endured such anguish as seldom falls to the lot of human being. CHAPTER XXIX. While this awful butchery was going on, the neighbors on the east side of the lakes had no warning of their impending danger. Luce and Clark were lying dead on the South shore. Mr. Howe had started early in the morning of the 9th, wading through the deep snow drifts toward the Gardner cabin to borrow flour. He was met by the Indians who were going to his house to continue their work. They shot him, then severed his head from the body and hurried on to his cabin. Mrs. Howe, her son Jonathan, his sister Sardis, and three young brothers, all unsuspicious of danger, were in the house. Suddenly the door was burst open, a wild rush of yelling Indians with gleaming tomahawks and scalping knives filled the house, and a moment later, amid screams of terror and moans of anguish, the dead and dying bodies of the entire family were lying in the blood- stained snow. The Thatcher cabin was next visited. There the In- dians found Mr. Noble, his wife and child, Mrs. Thatcher and her child and Mr. Ryan. Seeing two stout stalwart men at home, the cowardly savages professed friendship as they entered the house. Noble and Ryan were thus deceived, when the Indians suddenly turned 88 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S their guns upon them and fired, killing both men before they could seize their rifles. The two children were snatched from their mother's arms and swinging by their feet against a tree near the door, dashing their brains out. They plundered the house, killed the cattle and hogs, then dragging Mrs. Noble and Mrs. Thatcher with them, started for their camp. With a refinement of cruelty, peculiar to their race, they took Mrs. Noble back to the Howe cabin, where with unspeak- able horror she saw the mangled bodies of her mother, sister and four brothers. Jacob, her thirteen year old brother, was still alive, and while the Indians were killing the cattle, she endeavored to put him in a bed in the house, hoping he might be saved, but the sav- ages discovered him and beat his brains out in the presence of his sister who was unable to protect him. The Indians remained about the lakes until the 13th, while Will- iam Marble and his young wife knew nothing of the terrible fate that had overtaken every family of their neighbors. They were several miles from any other house, and had heard nothing to alarm them. On that morning, soon after breakfast, as Mrs. Marble relates, looking out of the cabin window, a band of painted and armed Indians was seen approaching. They came into the house and professed friend- ship. One of them wanted to exchange his rifle for a very fine one belonging to Mr. Marble, who, fearing to offend them, agreed to the trade. They then proposed shooting at a mark. Mr. Marble fired first and stepped forward to examine the target, when the treacherous sav- ages shot him in the back. Mrs. Marble, who had been anxiously watching them from the window, in fear for her husband's safety, sprang out with piercing screams as he fell, and threw her arms around her murdered husband, in the agony of despair. He was dead, and she was alone, in the hands of his brutal murderers. They flung her aside and searched the body of their victim, taking from it a belt containing $1,000 in gold. This was the little fortune the young couple had brought with them to improve and stock the beautiful site for a farm they had selected on the banks of the lake. The In- dians then plundered the house, took Mrs. Marble's gold watch and placed her upon a pony. In one brief hour the young wife had lost husband and home, and was a captive, reserved for a fate worse than death. The Indians with their plunder joined the main body, and here Mrs. Marble found the other three captive women and leared the ter- rible fate that had overtaken the entire settlement. They realized now that none were left to effect their rescue. They prayed for death to end it all and save them from a fate too awful to be contemplated. They were soon separated, each being taken to a different lodge, where their hair was braided and their faces painted, the same as the Sioux Squaws. They were held as slaves and suffered treatment HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 89 as brutal as has ever befallen helpless women in the hands of sav- ages. Thus did Ink-pa-du-tah bide his time, and did, after the lapse of more than three years, wreak a fearful vengeance upon innocent white families, for the massacre of his nearest relatives by Henry Lott and his son. Not a person was left in the entire colony at the lakes to carry the news of the great tragedy to the nearest settlement. But it was discovered on the same day the Howe, Noble and Thatcher families were slaughtered. Morris Markham, who lived at Noble's, had started for the Des Moines River on the 7th, in search of some cattle that had strayed away. Returning on the evening of the 9th, cold, hungry and ex- hausted, he reached the Gardner cabin near midnight. It was cold and dark, and Markham was surprised to find the doors open and the house deserted. Upon examination he came upon the bodies of the family, some lying upon the floor and others about the yard. Horror stricken by these evidences of a terrible tragedy, he cautiously went on through the dark forest towards the Mattocks' house. When near it he discovered the Indian camps, and realized that the fierce Sioux had appeared in his absence and murdered his friends and neighbors. He saw the smouldering ruins of the Matocks cabin and the mutilated bodies of other settlers lying about. He turned back toward the Howe settlement, hoping against hope that it might have escaped the massacre. But upon reaching Howe's cabin he again came upon the ghastly bodies of women and children. Markham had walked thirty miles since morning, through deep snow without food or rest. He was exhausted and his feet were frozen. He managed to start a fire in a ravine, not far away, and here, without shelter or food, he spent the remainder of the night, not daring to lie down, lest he, too, might be murdered by the savages. CHAPTER XXX. Before daylight he started for Springfield, Minn., eighteen miles distant. He reached that place completely exhausted and spread the news of the fate of the Okoboji colony. Fortunately Markham's strength held out to warn them of the danger, else they would have shared the fate of their neighbors. After a consultation the people de- cided to gather all the families at the houses of Thomas and Wheeler for mutual protection. Messengers were sent to Fort Ridgely for aid. "^or seventeen days the settlers at Springfield were kept in suspense, ourly expecting an attack from the Indians. There were sixteen ien, women and children at the Thomas house when the attack be- gan.. Most unexpectedly the Indians found the people prepared to give them a warm reception. The savages dressed one of their number in citizen's clothes, and he approached the Thomas house in a friendly manner, calling the 90 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S people out upon a cunning pretext. The remainder of the band was concealed behind trees in the forest surrounding the cabin. They opened fire upon the settlers who had been decoyed outside. The volley mortally wounded a little boy eight years old, and severely wounded Mr. Thomas, David Carver and Miss Swanger. There were but three men now left in the house unhurt — Morris Markham, Jareb Palmer and John Bradshaw. Hastily barricading the doors, the three men, assisted by Mrs. Thomas and Louisa Church, Eliza Gardner and Miss Swanger, prepared for a vigorous defense. The wounded had succeeded in reaching the house, except little Willie Thomas, who had fallen outside, and was overlooked in the ex- citement until after the doors were barricaded. Then it was too late to rescue him without endangering the lives of all. His father was severely wounded and his mother begged piteously to be permitted to open the door and bring him in; but the others felt it would be cer- tain death to all and he was left to his fate. The Indians gradually crept nearer the house while keeping up a constant fire on the be- sieged settlers. They, however, kept in shelter of the log stable and large trees. Eliza Gardner and Miss Swanger cast bullets and loaded guns, while Mrs. Church took the place of one of the wounded men at a port-hole and fought as bravely as the men. Watching a tree be- hind which an Indian was firing upon the cabin, Mrs. Church gave him a load of buckshot as he was aiming his rifle at the house. He fell back howling into the snow. So the fight went on until sunset, and well directed shots from the cabin preventing an assault by the Indians. At dark they joined others of the band who were butchering isolated settlers. William and George Wood, who kept a store and were on friendly terms with the Indians, were confident that they would not be mo- lested and refused to unite with their neighbors in preparing for de- fense, as they discredited Markham's report of the massacre at the lakes. A party of Sioux, upon their arrival, went to Wood's store and purchased a keg of powder and a quantity of lead, which was used in the siege of the Thomas house and in the slaughter of the Stewart family. The Wood brothers suffered a fearful penalty for their folly, as some days later the treacherous Sioux returned to the store, shot the proprietors, plundered the store and, piling brush over the mutilated bodies of the victims, set it on fire. Johnny Stewart, a little eight-year-old son of Joshua Stewart, had escaped into the woods when the family was massacred by the Indians. After dark he. made his way to the Thomas house and was taken in. Soon after Mr. Sheigley arrived. There were now seventeen persons in tl, house, three of whom were badly wounded and In need of medical ai» •HI A consultation was held, and it was determined to attempt to es- cape in the night. Whether they should stay or go, there was but little hope of escape from the doom that had overtaken their neigh- HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 91 bors. They believed themselves to be the only survivors of the colony. No aid could be expected, and they determined to try to reach the nearest settlement. There was great fear that the Indians were lurking near by in the woods. Some one must venture to exam- ine. It was a dangerous undertaking and all hesitated. A volunteer soon offered himself. It was the brave Morris Markham, who had discovered the mas- sacre at the lakes, and had already saved the lives of all present by warning them of the impending danger. He told his companions that if he discovered Indians he would warn them by firing his gun, and they would immediately barricade the door and defend themselves without waiting for him. He stepped out into the darkness and dis- appeared. His comrades waited with intense anxiety. Markham crept silently through the snow from tree to tree, listening for the first movement of a stealthy foe. He cautiously made a wide circuit around the house and stable, expecting any moment to hear the crack of a rifle or the sudden rush of armed savages. Half an hour passed and the suspense of his companions in the house seemed un- endurable. Not a sound reached them, and they began to fear that he had been tomahawked by the stealthy Sioux before he could fire the gun. At last they heard approaching footsteps and hastily barricaded the door. Another moment of intense waiting and peering through the port-holes with loaded guns, when they heard the voice of Markham. He informed them that the Indians had gone and he had found a yoke of oxen which had escaped the slaughter. He had hitched them to a sled and all hands hastened to bring out the small children, the wounded, blankets and provisions, and they started on their dan- gerous journey, sorrowfully leaving the dead body of little Willie Thomas where he fell. The brave women tramped through the deep snow, following the well armed men and the heavily loaded sled. CHAPTER XXXI. There was now but one able-bodied man at the Wheeler house, J. B. Skinner. The others were Mrs. Skinner, Mrs. Nelson and her child, Mrs. Smith and her crippled husband, whose leg had recently been amputated, Mr. Sheigney's little boy and Mr. Henderson, who had lost both legs. To remain now, with but one able-bodied man to defend them, until the Indians returned seemed to be certain death for all. They had no team and no way to carry the "wounded men. Hard as it was they had to abandon Henderson and Smith and start through the deep snow, expecting to be pursued by the Indians upon discovery that they had left the house. In their haste and terror, Mr. Sheigley's little boy was also left behind. On the second day they for- tunately fell in with Markham's party, and Mr. Sheighley learning