BF 161 S33 -opy 1 ■Hmam ^T-Y THJ -*, ..r^fr-v-^ '\NIMAL i- EK \ X I l~ Ml M ,* SOCRATES SCROLHEJ..D Object of Knin)gl Fxistence BY SOCRATES SCHOLFIELD ' Pkovidence. SNOW & FARNHAM 189A ./ Copyrighted, i8q6 Socrates Scholfield INTRODUCTION. From certain analogies that exist between the func- tional characteristics of inanimate machines of human origin, and similar characteristics pertaining to the animal mechanism, we may be able to determine what may be properly considered, as constituting the special object of animal existence. And such knowledge may be con- sidered as a legitimate object for scientific attainment, if we can conclusively show that the animal organism is a fabricating machine, and that the fabric produced there- by is in some degree included within our capabilities of sense-perception. To this important end, the arguments adduced in these pages are thought to be worthy of con- sideration. Socrates Scholfield. Providenxe, R. I., June, 1S96. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from The Library of Congress http://www.archive.org/details/objectofanimalexOOscho THE OBJECT OF ANIMAL EXISTENCE. " So far as we know animals are conscious automata." — Huxley. As the result of scientific investigation, the conclusion has been reached that the animal organism is a machine, the operation of which is in accordance with the specific nature of its materials and the mechanical arrangements of its parts. We may therefore postulate, that the general laws which are applicable to the analogous correlated elements of inanimate machines, are also applicable to the corre- sponding correlated elements of the animal organism. The objective portion of the animal organism is mainly formed of protoplasmic cells, each cell having a separate individual life of its own, but also conserving the life interest of the whole community of cells with which it is connected, and by multiplication, building up the material body in the proper form, for the concomitant development therewith of the subjective gov- erning element, which serves to control and * From a series of Lectures before the Providence Franklin Society. THE OBJECT OF ANIMAL EXISTENCE. regulate the action of the organism in its en- vironment. The visible material body constitutes the dy- namic enginery of the organism ; whereas, an unseen element, which serves to determine the proper direction and application of the mechan- ical power of the organic enginery, to suit the varying circumstances of the environment, con- stitutes the governing mechanism. And in every machine made by man in which a gov- erning element is combined with a dynamic enginery, under such conditions that the ma- chine will act automatically to suit the varying conditions of the environment, as determined by the indicating action of a governor, the gov- erning mechanism has, in all cases, an inde- pendent and removable relation to the enginery of the organization, and may perform its in- herent indicating function, when so removed. But the dynamic enginery will in this case be rendered incapable of discriminating action, and inoperative for the purpose designed. Therefore, if it can be shown that a mechan- ical analogy exists, between the corresponding functional elements of the animal organism, and inanimate mechanisms, the governing ele- ment of the animal organism must, as in ANALYSIS OF GOVERNING .MECHANISM. 7 analagous inanimate machines, be capable of performing its inherent functions when re- moved from the organic enginery with which it is connected. Hence, if the hypothesis that animals are machines is in accordance with fact, we should expect to find in some of the many machines made by man, a true analogy, adapted to throw light upon the relations that exist between the organic enginery, and the governing element of the animal organism. And in following out this assumed analogy, we must, as far as prac- ticable, restrict ourselves to the mechanical terms commonly applied to the related ele- ments of the known inanimate mechanism, in order to prevent confusion and misunderstand- ing, when thus making a comparison, between the functional elements of inanimate machines, and the corresponding elements of the animal organism to which a terminology, not applica- ble to the parts of inanimate machines, has been heretofore applied. An analysis of the governing mechanism, in those machines made by man, which are capable of discriminating action in the highest degree, indicates, as a specific member of the organiza- tion, a stable embodiment of balanced opposing b THE OBJECT OF ANIMAL EXISTENCE. forces, adapted for resistance and reaction, when subjected to the action of an external impinging energy. And that member of the organization in which the balanced opposing forces are in- herent, and capable of reactive resistance to external energies which tend to disturb the in- herent equilibrium, may in all cases be con- sidered as a governor of the mechanical organi- zation ; and such governor is in every instance, distinct and removable from the dynamic en- ginery. The separable relation which exists between the dynamic enginery, and the governing mechanism, is illustrated in the mechanism of a clock, wherein, upon the removal of the governing pendulum from the dynamic en- ginery of the organization, the suspended pen- dulum will vibrate uniformly, in seconds, as before, whenever its static equilibrium is dis- turbed, by the action of external forces. But the power of the enginery will be soon ex- pended by the rapid running down of the dynamic weight, without useful effect, the hands of the clock having, by the removal of the governing pendulum, been rendered inca- pable of indicating uniform intervals of time. We find upon analysis of the clock median- WW, VMS OF GOVERNING MECHANISM. 9 ism, that the dynamic weight, the prime mover of the enginery, is endowed with a gravitating movement, which serves to actuate the wheels of the (dock in one continuous direction, but has no inherent power of movement in the opposite direction. Hence the energy of the downward movement, is wholly expended, without possi- bility of recovery. But on the contrary, the energy acquired through the action of gravity upon the pendu- lum weight, at one side of its line of static equilibrium, is stored therein, at its succeeding upward movement upon the opposite side, and is not transmitted from the pendulum. The governing pendulum therefore, represents a con- dition of stable equilibrium, while the dynamic weight, the prime mover of the enginery, is in an unstable condition ; and similar con- ditions of stable equilibrium pertain to all dis- criminating governors in inanimate machines. Hence, the governors of discriminating au- tomatic machines are found to exist under a mechanically different condition, from that which exists in the enginery ; and by our as- sumed analogy, the same fact must hold true, in regard to the corresponding elements of the animal organism, in which the governor, 10 THE OBJECT OF ANIMAL EXISTENCE. must, as in inanimate machines, exist in a state of stable equilibrium, and therefore be separate and distinct from the unstable engin- ery of the organism. The animal organism will therefore include in its structure a mechanical combination of governing elements, which have an inherent stable equilibrium, with dynamical elements which are passing from a higher to a lower position ; the former retaining their inherent stability, when removed from the latter. Hence the subjective characteristic quality of any living organism will be determined by the characteristic qualities of its stable govern- ing elements. The discriminating action of an inanimate ma- chine is in all cases, without exception, depend- ent upon the induced mechanical resistance or reaction, which results in the governing mech- anism, when subjected to the action of external energies. And in reference to the function of mechanical resistance, in imparting conscious- ness to the governing element of the animal or- ganism, Herbert Spencer, says : " By suc- cessive decompositions of our knowledge, into simpler and simpler components, we come at last to the simplest — to the ultimate material THE SUBSTANCE OF MIND. 11 — to the sub-stratum. What is this sub- stratum? It is the impression of resistance. This is the primoidal, the universal, the ever present constituent of consciousness:" "To be conceived, mechanical force must be represented in some state of consciousness. This state of consciousness must be one directly or indirectly, resulting from the actions of things on us or our actions on them. The states of consciousness produced by all other actions than mechanical action, we already represent to our minds in states such as those produced by mechanical action. There re- mains, therefore, no available state of con- sciousness save that produced by mechanical action."' He also says : " The conception of a state of consciousness implies the concep- tion of an existence which has that state. When on decomposing certain of our feelings we find them formed of minute shocks, succeed- ing one another with different rapidities and in different combinations ; and when we con- clude that all our feelings are probably formed of such units of consciousness variously com- bined, we are still obliged to conceive this unit of consciousness as a change wrought by ♦ Principles of Psychology, Vol. •_:, pp. 232-38. 12 THE OBJECT OF ANIMAL EXISTENCE. some force in something. No effort of imagi- nation enables us to think of a shock, however minute, except as undergone by an entity. We are compelled, therefore, to postulate a substance of Mind that is affected, before we can think of its affections." * A " substance of Mind " adapted for im- pressions of resistance and capable of reactive response to varying degrees of impinging energy, will suffice to establish a characteristic analogy between variably acting inanimate machines, and the conscious animal organism. Through the action of a mechanical governor man is able to impart to material mechanism the power of discriminating movement, which is a function of his own organism, thus ena- bling the inanimate mechanism to perform cer- tain actions parallel with his own. Now, if consciousness is the result of im- pressions of resistance or reaction, in the gov- ernor of the animal mechanism, we ought to be able to point out in some of the governors of inanimate machines, a species of resisting action, which may be considered as analogous to that developed in the conscious organic gov- ernor. ♦Principles of Psychology, Vol. 1, p. 626. THE FORCES OF THE GOVERNOR. 13 Considering" the rotary pendulum-governor as a suitable illustration, we find, that it in- cludes a ballot' matter, acted upon by the force of gravity, an opposite force of suspension, and a force of rotation, which develops a centrifu- gal force, tending to carry the ball outwardly from under the point of suspension, until a complete balance of the gravitating, suspen- sory, and centrifugal forces, has been attained. We thus have in the pendulum-governor a balanced series of forces, two of which are ca- pable of reaction against external impinging energies which tend to disturb the equilibrium. Tf we consider the sliding collar of the pen- dulum-governor, as the representation of an organ of sense, by means of which the balanced forces of the governor may be mechanically influenced to a state of resistance or reaction ; and impart an impulse to the sliding collar from an external source of energy, then the equilibrium between the forces of the governor will be disturbed, with the resulting develop- ment of resistance and reaction, which has been considered as the basis of consciousness in the animal organism. Hence, mechanical analogy indicates, that animal consciousness may pertain to a stable 14 THE OBJECT OF ANIMAL EXISTENCE. system of equilibratory forces, which character- ize the organic governor, consciousness result- ing from a disturbance of the inherent equili- brium of these forces. Certain illusions of sense, to which all are subject, absolutely prevent a true concep- tion of the present existing condition, and the real function of the animal organism. The most radical of these illusions, consists in the common conception of the nature of sensible light, as something which really exists, pre- cisely as recognized by visual consciousness, exteriorily, in the environment ; whereas, on the contrary, it should be considered as a man- ufactured product, existing exclusively within the limits of the animal organism. The normal sensation of light is produced by the vibratory movement of the ether, which pervades all space ; the particular number of mechanical vibrations required therein, to im- part to the governing element of the animal organism, the sensation of light, as distin- guished from the number of vibrations which result in a sensation of darkness, in no wise changing the physical constitution of the me- dium itself. Hence between the animal eye, and the objects in the environment, there THE ILLUSIONS OF SENSE. 15 must always exist the total darkness of mere mechanical motion. The sensation of sound is also produced in the animal organism by the effect of undula- tory motion in the environing air, which un- dulatory motion though silent in itself, pro- duces the sensation of sound in the sense-sub- stance of consciousness. Herbert Spencer, upon this important subject, says: "After learning that when a tumbler is struck, the blow causes in it a change of form, instantly followed by an opposite change of form, after which there recurs the first form and so on — after perceiving that each of these rhythmical changes of form gives an im- pact to substances in contact with the tumbler, generating visible waves on the surface of its contained liquid, and waves having like periods in the surrounding air — when it has been proved to us that the feeling of tone results only when such mechanical oscillations of ad- jacent matter recur with a certain speed — when, further, we find that these mechanical oscillations produce this feeling only when they fall on a particular structure, and that, when they fall on other structures, they pro- duce feelings of totally unlike kinds ; we be- 16 THE OBJECT OF ANIMAL EXISTENCE. come full J convinced that the form of objec- tive action we call sound, has not the slightest kinship in nature to the sensation of sound it arouses in us. Similarly with modulations in the ethereal medium. Now that we know heat and light to be nearly allied forms of insensible motion, which may arise by transformation of sensible motion and may be retransformed into it, we are convinced that among the outer ac- tions which arouse in us the feelings of light, heat, and sensible motion, there can be no such intrinsic differences as among the feelings we know by these names ; and that hence these feelings cannot be like them. There follows irresistably the conclusion that the same holds of tastes and smells — that a bitter flavour implies in the substance yielding it nothing like what we call bitterness, and that there is no intrinsic sweetness in the exhaled mat- ter which we distinguish as a sweet odour ; but that, in these cases as in the others, the objec- tive action which sets up the subjective state, no more resembles it than the pressure which moves the trigger of a gun resembles the ex- plosion which follows." ..." All the sensations produced in us by environing things CONDITION OK THE ENVIRONMENT. 17 are hut symbols of actions out of ourselves the natures of which we cannot even conceive." The animal organism must therefore be con- sidered as a machine performing its functions in the dark and silent enveloping mediums of ether and air, which mediums are mechanically disturbed by waves of motion, certain sets of which are capable of concentration by the mechanism of the eye and the ear, with the consequent fabrication of light and sound, inte- riorilyof the organism. And it is only through individual apperception of the fact, that the entire outer world must exist unchangeably in the absolute darkness and silence of mere me- chanical motion, that we can be at all prepared to realize the ultimate object of the present state of animal existence upon the earth, and the nature of the immediate future condition of the governing elements of the animal organ- ism, when they are separated from the organic enginery with which they are mechanically connected. It has been recently shown that each nerve cell of the brain together with its processes and fibers is a separate entity, and not organically • Principles of Psychology, Vol. l. pp. 20C-6. 18 THE OBJECT OF ANIMAL EXISTENCE. continuous with anything else.* It is therefore evident that sensory impulses do not pass by an uninterrupted pathway from one nerve-cell to another, or from a nerve-cell to other cells of the brain. And in every inanimate fabric-manufactur- ing machine, the special mechanical elements which occur at the place of fabric-manufac- ture, are likewise not continuous with each other. But there invariably exists a space be- tween these elements which is occupied by the material from which the fabric is to be formed. Mechanical analogy therefore indicates that the material, from which the subjective sense- fabrics are to be formed in the animal organ- ism, must be found between the terminations of the discontinuous fibers and the opposite cell-processes, whereby, upon the passage of the sensory impulse from the one to the other, through an intervening medium, the required fabrication will be effected. Furthermore, in all inanimate machines for the production of useful fabrics, the manufac- tured fabric, is, without any exception, re- movably distinct from the machine by means of which it was formed. Analogy therefore * Popular Science Monthly. Vol. 43, p. 372. MECHANICAL ACTION OF THE BRAIN. 19 demands that the subjective sense-symbols fab- ricated in the animal organism, must also he separate and removably distinct from the or- ganic enginery by means of which they were fabricated. The sensory nerve-cells of the brain are not capable of independent movement, but the neuroglia-cells, which are richly scattered throughout the brain tissues are amoeboid, and provided with very numerous fine pro- cesses occupying the space between the nerve- cells and blood-vessels or capillaries. These cells are enabled to expand or retract their fine hair-like processes and are thus adapted to cause a change in the space between the intersecting fibers and processes of the nerve- cells, and the blood-vessels.* One of the physiological conditions of any mental action is an increased supply of blood to the brain, which is accompanied by a dilata- tion of the cerebral blood-vessels, and this dila- ation will also operate mechanically to cause a change in the relative position of the fibers and processes of the sensory nerve-cells. The structural elements of the brain are therefore adapted for mechanical operation. ♦Scientific American, Vol. 73. p. 186, 20 THE OBJECT OF ANIMAL EXISTENCE. The materials of which the animal organism is constructed are derived wholly from the vascular system, the blood-vessels of which ex- tend to every part of the brain, between the nerve-cells and fibers. The circulating blood is supplied with minute animal organisms, a large proportion of which have the power of amoeboid movement and discriminating action.* They must, there- fore, by mechanical analogy, be composed of both stable and unstable elements, and thus be capable, upon their dissolution, of providing the required stable molecules for the manufac- ture of the subjective fabrics of the animal organism. Hence, such fabrication may be effected upon the passage of a nerve-impulse at the intersections of the fibers and processes of the nerve-cells, with the blood-vessels. In support of this theory, we have the fact that for every thought or emotion, however slight, which occurs in the animal organism, a fresh supply of blood material is required in the brain. And at every pressure upon the brain, by means of which the circulation is im- peded, all consciousness of self-existence is an- nihilated. The continuous manufacture of * Smithsonian Report, 1893, p. 456. ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE. 21 sense-fabrics upon which such consciousness depends being thereby suspended. In reference to the classification of occurring states of consciousness with before-experienced states. Spencer says : "But we have also seen that states of consciousness successively arising, can become elements of thought only by being known as like certain before-experienced states. If no note be taken of the different states as they occur — if they pass through conscious- ness simply as images pass over a mirror there can be no intelligence, however long the pro- cess be continued. Intelligence can arise only by the classification of these states."' The classification of states of consciousness with before-experienced states, pertains to their registry in an organized fabric. Hence, it appears that intelligence is possible in the animal organism, only as an accompaniment of fabric-manufacture. In the fabrication of sense-symbols of light in the animal organism, a moving object in the environment causes the transmission of a laterally-shifting sensory impulse, through the optic-nerve, to the governing sense-substance of conscious sight, thus producing the idea of ' Principles of Psychology, Vol. 2, p. 300. 22 THE OBJECT OF ANIMAL EXISTENCE. movement, while at the same time the cells and fibers which are related to this governing sense-substance, are in a relatively fixed posi- tion. The phenomena of movement, in sight, therefore depends, upon a lateral change in the position of a specific sensory impulse, which is passing through the optic-nerve. And this change of position, with respect to the sta- tionary cells and fibers pertaining to the sense of sight, indicates that the source from which the specific impulse originates, is endowed with movement. The field of sight in the brain pertains to a definite location, and the con- sciousness of a specific movement across this field, can only be produced by a change in the position of the specific sensory impulse, rela- tively to the cells and fibers of the brain, and to the governing sense-snbstance. In the subjective phenomena of dreams, a sensory impulse moving across the field of sight is produced by peripherally presented sense- images, which have a movable relation to each other and to consciousness, like that pertaining to the natural objects in the outer world. The sense-symbols from which these dream-images are formed in consciousness, must, therefore, be movably distinct from the governing sense- THE GOVERNOK AND SENSE-SYMBOLS. '23 substance, and the relatively fixed cells and fibers of the brain, by means of which they were originally fabricated. The relatively fixed cells and fibers of the brain, cannot, therefore, be considered as con- stituting the organic elements of sense-images, but as pertaining only to the enginery, by means of which the sense-symbols are originally fabricated. It thus appears that the hypothesis that ani- mals are machines, cannot be logically enter- tained, without the acceptance, as a fact, that a complete separable relation must exist be- tween the organic enginery and the governor, and that the manufactured sense-symbols have a movable relation to both the enginery, and the removable governor of the organism. To illustrate the relation, which in this view may reasonably exist, between the removed governor of the animal organism, and the sense- symbols fabricated in connection therewith ; reference may be made to the phonograph, the rotary wax-cylinder of which has upon its surface various indented symbols of sound, fabricated by the transmission of the proper vibrations from an outer source of energy, to the resilient diaphragm which has the charac- 24 THE OBJECT OF ANIMAL EXISTENCE. teristics of a true governor. This wax-cylinder of indented symbols of sound, when readjusted, and supplied with rotary motion in a new en- vironment, is capable of reproducing in the governing diaphragm, the specific impressions of molecular resistance, formerly produced therein, by the impinging undulations set in motion by the removed outer source of energy ; "impressions of resistance," constituting, as Spencer affirms, the "substratum" of animal consciousness. In the production of a mechanical result a combination of three elements is necessary ; and given these three elements, a fourth element may be fabricated by their conjoint mechanical action. If the three mechanical elements, comprising a lever, fulcrum, and power, are employed to raise a weight, constituting a fourth element ; then upon the removal of the original element of power, we still have a com- bination of three elements, including the raised weight, which may be caused to act reversely with useful effect. In the animal organism we have the organic enginery, the governor, and the environing energies by means of which special sense- symbols are manufactured ; and upon the RECURRENCE OF SENSE-SYMBOLS. 2- r ) removal of the organic enginery, there remains the governor, the manufactured fabric of sense- symbols, and the environing energies, which are amply sufficient for continued organic fabrication. Hence, mechanical analogy indicates, that in the scientifically known future environment of etherial and molecular motion; into the darkness and silence of which, the removed governor of the animal organism — wholly de- prived of its present peripheral organs of sense — must inevitably pass; the previously acquired sense-symbols of the organism, may, under the action of environing molecular and etherial energies, provide a basis for continued fabrication, and conscious individual exist- ence. The involuntary recurrence of sense-symbols in the animal organism, has in all ages, con- stituted the basis of a belief in a future state of existence ; and in reference to the mechan- ism by means of which these symbols are auto- matically presented to consciousness, Draper says : " Savage or civilized, we carry about within us, a mechanism intended to present us with mementoes of the most solemn facts with which we can be concerned, and the voice 26 THE OBJECT OF ANIMAL EXISTENCE. of history tells us that it has ever been true to its design. It wants only moments of repose or of sickness, when the influence of external things is diminished, to come into full play, and these are precisely the moments when we are the best prepared for the truths it is going to suggest. Such a mechanism is in keeping with the manner in which the course of nature is fulfilled, and bears in its very style the im- press of invariability of action. It is no re- specter of persons. It neither permits the haughtiest to be free from its monitions, nor leaves the humblest without the consolations of a knowledge of another life. Liable to no mischances nor loss, open to no opportunity of being tampered with by the designing or inter- ested, requiring no extraneous human agency for its effect upon every man, but involuntarily ever present with each wherever he may go, it marvelously extracts from the vestiges of the impressions of the past, overwhelming proofs of the reality of the future."* Every animal organism at some time in its development is subject to physical transforma- tion ; and it is a general law of nature that for ♦Apparitions and Visions, by John W. Draper, Harper's Magazine, Vol. 11, p. 383. LAW OF ANIMAL TRANSFORMATION. 27 every transformation which occurs in the life of an animal organism, there must have been a preceding preparatory stage, in which the necessary materials for effecting the coming change were collected from the environment, and assimilated by the organism. It is also a general law of animal transforma- tion, that the newly developed organs required for initial action at the opening of the changed life condition, must have been first built up, and their functions in a more or less restricted degree exercised, prior to the full completion of the transformation. Or in other words, for the most essential functions to be immediately performed in any changed state of existence, such function must have been in some limited degree performed, in the immediate prior con- dition of the organism. Hence, if the death of an animal organism, implies a transformation from one life condi- tion to another, through the removal of the organic enginery from the governing mechan- ism, a prior physical preparation for such a transformation is necessary. And since death may happen to the animal organism at any time, the preparation for this event should be constant and unremitting. 28 THE OBJECT OF ANIMAL EXISTENCE. Therefore, if we cannot point out the re- quired constant and unceasing physical prepar- tion for a future state of existence, at death, the fact of such future existence cannot be scientifically admitted, but must remain a mat- ter of faith, without the support of scientific evidence. When we come to realize that the apparent beauty and harmony, developed in nature and art, is not an external reality, but is simply an original fabrication, effected entirely within the limits of the animal organism, through the dynamic effect of the mechanical undulations, which occur directly between the external ob- jects and the organs of sense ; and to know that these undulations are being constantly em- ployed during the entire conscious existence of the animal organism in the manufacture of sense-symbols which have a peripheral relation to consciousness, we can clearly see that the first mentioned law, which requires an inces- sant constructive preparation for a coming transformation at death, may, in the fabrica- tion of such sense-symbols, be fully complied with in the animal organism. But we have also to apply the test of the law of prior lim- ited exercise, in this life, of those peripheral PERCEPTION OF SENSE-SYMBOLS. 29 functions which will be required in their full perfection in a continued conscious state of ex- istence, from which the present objects of sense, and the peripheral organic enginery of sensation and motion, are wholly separated. And in this respect we are able to point out the required preparatory exercise of the fabri- cated sense-symbols, in the dreams and visions which occur with varying degrees of vividness and coherence, in the animal organism, from infancy to extreme old age, in which the sense- symbols appear peripherally to consciousness, in various combinations, with all the observed attributes of the natural and artificial objects, from which they were fabricated ; these sense- symbols being often perceived, with practically the full vividness of light and sound, and with all the minuteness of mechanical detail, per- taining to the material objects, from which they were derived. During the involuntary presentation of these symbols, in this preparatory experimental con- dition of consciousness, the various sensations are reproduced in the organic governing- mechanism, that were primarily produced therein by the material phenomena of the outer world ; the resulting desires and emo- 30 THE OBJECT OF ANIMAL EXISTENCE. tions being such as might occur in a state of existence, in which the organic governor was removed from its present dynamic enginery and material environment. May we not, therefore, reasonably conclude, that the present existence of animal organisms, is for the purpose of fabricating from the dark and silent energies of the physical world, po- tential sense-symbols of light, sound, and form, which are to become active elements for reproducing the sensations of light, sound, and form, in a subsequent state of existence, in which, each organic governor removed from its enginery, will be actuated to self-consciousness, through its own manufactured sense-fabric ? To die — to sleep — To sleep, perchance to dream — ay — there's the rub — For in that sleep of death, what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause. — HamleVs Soliloquy. The existence of an inanimate fabricating machine, implies an independently existing manufacturer, for whose use and benefit the machine was constructed, and by whose applied motive power the machine is actuated. The manufacturer, by the employment of his ma- chines, being able to produce desirable fab- rics that could not be produced from the pro- vided fabric material without their aid. THE SUPREME MANUFACTURER. 31 Now, if the existence of an inanimate fabri- cating machine implies an independently ex- isting manufacturer, we may analogically infer that the existence of an animate animal organ- ism must imply an independently existing Supreme Manufacturer, whose use and benefit the animate machine is to subserve, in the proper production of its appropriate fabric. Hence the acceptance of the hypothesis that animals are machines, employed in the produc- tion of sense-symbols, enjoins a definite theo- logical conclusion. I III I II I 020 207 183 1