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The Story 
 
 ...OF... 
 
 sIEW ENGLAND 
 
 Illustrated 
 
 Being a Narrative of the principal events , 
 from the arrival of the 
 
 PILGRIMS IN 1620 
 
 and of the 
 
 PURITANS IN 1624 
 
 to the present time 
 By 
 
 Edward Oliver Skelton 
 
 Member New England Historic Society 
 
 and 
 
 The Old Planters* Society 
 
 published by 
 Edward O. Skei^ton 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS 
 
 I9IO 
 
'/ 
 
 
 Copyright, 1909 
 
 BY 
 
 Edward Oi,ive;r SkeIyTon 
 
 Boston, Massachusetts 
 
 ©CIA259294 
 
K. 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 E have now entered upon the tercentenary of the 
 inception of the movement, which in a-few short years, 
 insignificant in the beginning, crystalHzed itself into 
 what has proven to be up to the present time the greatest 
 power in humanizing the world that has ever been witnessed. 
 That little band of people, vv^ho in defence of their convictions 
 of religious freedom, left England and sought an asylum in 
 Holland in 1609, a land where the people lived under a written 
 constitution, expounded by an independent judiciary, worship- 
 ping in a religious freedom that received its promptings from 
 the consciousness of the soul, was the haven they reached. It 
 was there that they saw and imbibed the principles of Repub- 
 licanism that became ingrafted into their conscience and 
 which even before their feet pressed upon the soil of New 
 England gave birth to that compact — the foundation of the 
 constitution of the greatest Republic the world has ever 
 known. It was there that they lived in an atmosphere per- 
 meated with religion, where the Bible was read several times 
 a day in every house, where, while they were among them, the 
 people printed twenty-four editions of the New Testament and 
 fifteen of the Bible. Where education was of the supremest 
 importance, and the golden rule the principle under which the 
 people lived. It was with such inherent ideas that the Pil- 
 grims came to Plymouth in 1620, and on that bleak December 
 day landed on that rock, which was the stepping-stone to a 
 
land of freedom, bringing to the shores of New England a 
 civic liberty, as exemplified in self-government such as they 
 instituted, and which has endured these three hundred years in 
 all the states which make this union. For in the constitution 
 of each state it is written that those things which are forbidden 
 by the moral law and the law of justice shall not be enacted in 
 the government of the state by any human authority or ac- 
 complished by any human desire. But it was something more 
 than the love of civic freedom, of religious freedom, that actu- 
 ated these people. It was their obedience to the laws of God, 
 as from their very souls they interpreted the Scriptures, not 
 with bigotry, not with harshness, but with a sense that to all 
 should be accorded the right to worship God as the individual 
 pleased. No better illustration of this is afforded than their 
 tolerance of Roger Williams for a long time and their final 
 dismissal of him in mildness and love, a fact recognized in 
 after years by Mr. Williams himself, and thus it was that they 
 began, passing through privations and dangers without a mur- 
 mur, meeting death with calmness, with an absolute submis- 
 sion of personal will to the will of God, and that spirit of 
 mildness which in a few years began to blend with the coura- 
 geous Puritan spirit. It served to soften and subdue the 
 harshness that was so characteristic of the PuritaM, for he was 
 vital in force and in character, uncompromising, dogmatic, in- 
 tolerant of any religious opinion that did not agree with his 
 OAvn, and yet it was only duty as he saw it that caused him to 
 be bigotted. It was that forceful Puritan spirit, carried down 
 the years, that caused the throwing off of the British yoke, and 
 resulted in the long years of war before the independence of 
 the nation w^as gained. It was that same Puritan sgnse of 
 right that caused the abolition of slavery in this country and 
 
four years of that deplorable fratricidal war, which enabled 
 them to keep indissoluble the union of states. It is that great 
 Puritan courage which enabled their sons to wrest from the 
 west the conquest of lands and people that great country with 
 their bone and sinew. It was the Puritan love of freedom 
 that led her descendants to go to the aid of those people living 
 on the little isle near our shores and aid her to throw off the 
 shackles of despotism. ^ It was the Puritan spirit, inherent, of 
 justice that led the people to interpose in the frightful deci- 
 mating war between two nations and cry " Peace." It is the 
 all-conquering, persistent spirit of the Puritan that has led the 
 onward march to the world's axis. And it is to that Puritan 
 love of freedom that she has stretched forth her hands in glad 
 welcome to the oppressed of other nations. And so it is that we 
 of to-day owe a debt of gratitude that is beyond estimation to 
 the Pilgrim and Puritan fathers, blessed as we are above all 
 other peoples. Let us not forget the inscription on Governor 
 William Bradford's monument at Plymouth: " Do not basely 
 relinquish what the fathers with difficulty attained." 
 
 This work was not undertaken with the idea of its being a 
 history, for of histories of the early days there are many, but 
 it was begun and has been completed as a historical narrative, 
 touching upon the principal events that go to make up the 
 history of New England, without treating at wearisome length 
 any portion of the country's history. The illustrations com- 
 prise many which are for the first time published. The repro- 
 duction, in Governor Bradford's own handwriting, of pages 
 from his history of the Pilgrims, and which include the com- 
 pact, signed that November night in the cabin of the May- 
 flower, and the list of those who came first in that historic ship. 
 The copy of the charter, the oldest state paper in America. 
 
The first order in America for establishing trial by jury. The 
 first Custom House order in America. The first export order. 
 The order prohibiting thatched roofs to the houses. The page 
 from the church records, dismissing Roger Williams from the 
 church. The several deeds from Governor Bradford, Governor 
 Wins'low, Elder William Brewster, Myles Standish and others 
 of the Pilgrims, all in th^'original handwritings, serve to make 
 this work of a great historic value in an illustrative sense, and 
 to the illustrations of the story of the Puritan, and of Boston, 
 the same applies, as the story of the unfoldment of New Eng- 
 land's growth is pictured by many illustrations w^hich also 
 receive their first publication in this work. If in the reading 
 of these pages by people far away from Boston it serves to 
 give them a better knowledge of the great eastern metropolis, 
 of its wealth of historical scenes and associations, of its great 
 commercial growth and power which is ever on the increase, 
 the aims of the writer will have been accomplished. 
 
 EDWARD O. SKELTON. 
 January^ nineteen hundred and te?i. 
 
STORY OF THE PILGRIMS 
 
 KABLY H0U3B 
 
GOVERNOR I^DWARD WINSI.OW 
 
STORY OF THE PILGRIMS 
 
 NEW ENGLAND, hallowed name the world over 
 wherever there is an American ; and entwined in the heart 
 strings of every descendant of its early settlers with 
 a love and veneration impossible of description. Whence 
 came its name? And what of and when its birth? Fortu- 
 nately the answers can be given, not from indistinct mytholog- 
 ical haze, but from musty, yellowed tomes, v^herein are the 
 records of the founding of what is to-day the greatest nation 
 on the face of the globe. It was in the year 1614 that Capt. 
 John Smith, the celebrated traveler and 'navigator, explored 
 the coast from Monhigan, an island near the Penobscot River, 
 Maine, to Cape Cod. He made this trip in a boat with eight 
 men for the purpose of bartering with the native Indians and 
 making such discoveries as might be of future advantage to 
 his employers and his country. On his return to England he 
 formed a map from the rough drafts he had made, which he 
 presented to Prince Charles, who was so pleased with his 
 description of this newly discovered region that, turning to 
 Capt. Smith, he said, ''Why, this is of a verity New England, 
 and let, it so be named." Particularly enthusiastic was Capt. 
 Smith in his report of his observations along the sea coast. 
 He says: "I have seen at least fortie severall habitations 
 upon the sea coast, and sounded about five-and-twenty 
 excellent good harbours. Of all the four parts of the world 
 I have yet seen uninhabited, could I have but means to 
 transport a colony I would rather live here than anywhere ; 
 and if it did not maintain itself, were we but once indiffer- 
 ently well fitted, let us 'starve. Here are many" isles planted 
 with corn groves, mulberries, savage gardens, and good 
 harbours. The sea coasts as you pass them, show you all 
 along large cornfields and great troops of well proportioned 
 people." This voyage, which Capt. Smith completed within 
 six months, produced for the promoters of the expedition 
 a profit of $6000; and it was doubtless owing to this result 
 of commercial enterprise, rather than the glowing wonderful 
 
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description of the country which the Captain gave which 
 led to the fitting out of vessels, for several years, by mer- 
 chants of Dorchester for taking fish and trading with the 
 Indians for furs. But Capt. Smith was not the first known 
 discoverer of New England and its coast. Lief, the Norse- 
 man, and his people were here at an age so remote that 
 scarcely anything is known of it, excepting it may be the 
 inscriptions of rocks which have been discovered, and that 
 wonderful stone tower at Newport, Rhode Island, attributed 
 to their handiwork, for it is of an age that its origin or tradition 
 was unknown to the Indians, who possessed the land in 1600. 
 But of its earliest discovery by a white man, the first English- 
 man, we have the record, that Bartholomew Gosnold sailed 
 from Falmouth, March 26th, 1602; he took a direct course 
 and made land about Monhigan Island on the 14th of May. 
 He did not enter Massachusetts Bay, but steered directly 
 from Cape Ann to the opposite cape, where he took vast 
 numbers of cod fish and gave to that part of the country 
 the name of Cape Cod. Thus was the fame of the land on 
 the Western Continent shore line made known, and with 
 ship after ship returning to England laden with fish and 
 furs and woods of rare quality, it is not remarkable that 
 there was instilled into the people a restless desire for explora- 
 tion and adventure. Companies of large capital were formed, 
 and expedition after expedition, under charters from the 
 Crown, were dispatched to settle the land, to fish and hunt 
 and secure from the Indians furs, all to the great financial 
 profit of the companies, and it was not until 1620 that the 
 real beginning, the real foundation of New England, occurred. 
 The events leading to this will be given as briefly as possible. 
 
 During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries England 
 throbbed with an intensity of the religious convictions which 
 governed its people, that we of to-day cannot realize. There 
 had been much progress made in the great reformation when 
 Parliament, under Henry VIIL, ea.rly in the sixteenth century, 
 divorced the National Church from the Roman and substi- 
 tuted the Reigning Sovereign for the Pope of Rome as its 
 head. While this act gave much satisfaction to the reformers, 
 there was but little change made except in the head of the 
 Church, however, and nearly all the forms and ceremonies 
 of the Roman Church were retained, a matter which gave 
 great disappointment to the very large numbers of the people 
 who were eager for a thorough reformation in church forms 
 
 13 
 
MOOJEL. C)/" MAYf^LOWEH 
 
and customs, and they were known as non-Conformists, even 
 by their opponents held up to scorn and derisively termed 
 Puritans — as being too pure to live upon this planet. They 
 did not object to the doctrines of the Church, but strove for 
 its reformation; so strongly did they object to the obnoxious 
 forms and ceremonies of the Church that large numbers of 
 the clergy refused to conform to them in their service. Laws 
 were passed to enforce attendance at church and ob- 
 servance of all its forms and ceremonies. As a- result of 
 this attempted proscription, which failed in its purpose to a 
 great degree, hundreds of the clergy were driven from their 
 churches, they having upheld their own faith and that of 
 the rest of the non-Conformists in the belief that the forms 
 and ceremonies were the inventions of men, and sinful to 
 observe and not authorized by Scripture. During the reign 
 of Elizabeth there was a sect known as Separatists, and some- 
 times as Brownists, from the name of its founder. These 
 people defied the authority of the National Church, declaring 
 it was not a true church, that it was sinful and wrong: to 
 
 TV ^ 
 
 attend its worshipping assemblies and listen to the preaching 
 of the word of God therein. These people were opposed by 
 both Conformists (Nationals) and non-Conformists, and they 
 united in having passed by Parliament the most severe laws 
 against those who refused to accept the supremacy of the 
 National Church. The enforcement of these was performed 
 with such strictness that one settlement of the Separatists 
 at Scrooby, in the north of England, were so harassed that 
 for their own safety and peace of mind decided that as they 
 could not continue to worship in their form, without dire 
 results, they would leave England, which they did in 1609, 
 going first to Amsterdam, and on the first of May found 
 refuge in Leyden, in Holland, where they were in subsequent 
 years joined by many others. They were known and termed 
 by all as Pilgrims, and thus was begun a movement, insignifi- 
 cant at its inception, but fraught with most momentous 
 results to the entire civilized world, and, as has been demon- 
 strated, of a deep and profound humanitarian enlightenment. 
 Here in Leyden this heroic band of exiles found a haven 
 of refuge, they found employment in the spinning of cloth, 
 
 15 
 
for they were skilled m this, and as their religious worship 
 was not interfered with, they were happy and content. As 
 the years passed their numbers increased until over three 
 hundred were in membership, and these exiled Pilgrims 
 rejoiced in what they thought a permanent home — vain hope. 
 Upon the horizon of Europe began to loom the dark clouds 
 of the coming thirty years' war, and the industries of I^eyden 
 began to wane, and as the decline in them accentuated, 
 employment was taken from the exiles that the Hollanders 
 themselves might have such as was possible. Then began 
 the first of the hardships which this noble band of men and 
 women were for years to endure, privation became semi- 
 starvation, and yet under the strong leadership of William 
 Brewster, Pastor Robinson, John Carver, and Robert Cush- 
 man, they held together, never wavering in their faith. 
 Representations being made to the Crown, permission was 
 granted the company to land upon the Crown's property in 
 Virginia and make settlement. Arrangements were also 
 effected with the Merchant Adventurers Company of London 
 to fit out a ship to convey the Pilgrims to the Virginia col- 
 onies and to furnish them with means of sustenance 
 for one year after they had reached their new home. To 
 recompense the company for this, the Pilgrims were to repay 
 the money advanced for this voyage within seven years, with 
 an interest that far exceeded the principal sum employed. 
 These terms were presented to the Pilgrims and caused 
 great discussion. Upon a vote being taken as to removal to 
 Virginia and acceptance of the terms of the Adventure Com- 
 pany, a majority was adverse and decided to remain with 
 their Pastor Robinson, but the minority, which was quite 
 large, listened to- the exhortation of their eloquent and faith- 
 ful leader, William Brewster, who had proven to be stanch 
 and true to them in all their trials and perplexities, and with 
 loyalty they stood by him, agreeing to throw life itself into 
 the balance and accompany him to the new land, and this, 
 notwithstanding that no patent had been granted to them at 
 that time by the Crown, and on July ist, 1620, an agreement 
 was drawn up ^and approved, whereby every one who went 
 over should have an interest in the project, everything should 
 be carried on in common for seven years, when it would be 
 divided, houses, lands, goods, chattels ; everything being 
 agreed upon, preparation for the emigration of the Pilgrims 
 went on apace. It was agreed that the youngest and strong- 
 
 17 
 
est should go, and that Pastor Robinson should remain in 
 Leyden, for the present, with the majority, and that those 
 who were going should be under the charge and control of 
 William Brewster, the ruling elder. The ship Speedwell was 
 sent to bring them away. They all gathered at Delfthaven, 
 where, amid a sorrowful leave-taking, the small band went 
 aboard ship and sailed from the harbor on July 23, 1620, for 
 Southampton, where the ship Mayflower, which had been 
 engaged at London in taking on the stores that were to be 
 transported, was to meet them. Upon arrival there of the 
 Pilgrims, as many as could be accommodated were taken 
 aboard the Mayflower, but it was seen that the capacity of 
 the ship was inadequate to carry all of those who were to go, 
 and so the Speedwell was pressed into service as an auxiliary. 
 One reason for this overcrowding of the Mayflower was that 
 the London company had on their own account sent aboard 
 many persons whom they desired to send over, and who were 
 not members of the Pilgrims' society; how many there were 
 of these it has never been ascertained, but when the ships 
 sailed from Southampton, August 15th, there were one hun- 
 dred and two Pilgrims aboard, every heart burdened with 
 deep sorrow at thoughts of leaving the dear friends of a life- 
 time, and yet with hope that in the new country they would 
 find that liberty of religious life and thought which their 
 hearts hungered for and for which they were ready to make 
 all sacrifice. Anticipations of a pleasant voyage were soon 
 rudely dispelled; the ships had but just cleared the English 
 Channel when a terrific storm arose and both vessels sought 
 the harbor of Dartmouth for safety, as the Speedwell proved 
 unseaworthy. On the storm abating, they continued on and 
 entered Plymouth harbor, where the passengers on the 
 Speedwell were transferred to the Mayflower, densely over- 
 crowding it. This historic vessel, which has for ages been 
 the subject of song and story, was a small ship of but one 
 nundred and eighty tons, but seaworthy in every way. On 
 the i6th of September they sailed from Plymouth and headed 
 out into the Atlantic. One can in mind see those noble 
 souls as they stood upon the deck gazing at the fast receding 
 land, what were their thoughts of loved ones left behind, and 
 as the tears rolled down their cheeks. It was the baptism 
 of the new life that was now dawning, a life brief to most of 
 them and fraught with unknown perils and dangers to all. 
 The Pilgrims numbered one hundred and two, of which 
 
 19 
 
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seventy-three were males and twenty-nine females. There were 
 twenty boys and eight girls additional, being mostly children 
 of the emigrants. It was a long and stormy voyage. Storm 
 after storm beset them, and driven far from her course, the 
 little vessel with its precious freight fought the elements 
 sixty-seven days, when with rapturous joy the little band 
 beheld the promised land, and on November 21st, 1620, the 
 Mayflower cast her anchor in Provincetown harbor. During 
 the voyage those who had been sent over by the Londoii 
 company and who were not in sympathy with the Pilgrims 
 in their religious views, endeavored to sow the seeds of 
 discord and were at times turbulent, and as the ship neared 
 land became somewhat fractious. Winslow, in his Journal, 
 says: ''This day, November nth (old style) we came to 
 harbour, observing some not well affected to unity and con- 
 cord, but gave some appearance of faction; it was thought 
 good there should be an association and agreement that we 
 should combine together in one body, and to submit to such 
 government and governors as we should by common consent 
 agree to make and choose, and set our hands to this that 
 follows, word for word." It was the compact he referred to, 
 which the night before the landing was drawn up, and in 
 the cabin of the Mayflower under the weird rays of the 
 swinging candle lamps was read, discussed, and signed, and 
 as Young in his Chronicles says, ''Here for the first time in 
 the world's history the philosophical fiction of a social com- 
 pact was realized in practice," and that compact became 
 immortal for the reason that it constituted the Pilgrims, a 
 body politic, the first in America, and down through all the 
 coming ages will that compact be ever memorablCo 
 
 On the opposite page is presented a photographic illus- 
 tration of the page in Gov. Bradford's handwriting, in his his- 
 tory, of the compact. It seems so wonderful to be able to look, 
 after a lapse of about three centuries, on the handwriting of the 
 author of that compact and know that it is so well preserved. 
 The history of the final disposition of the compact, with all 
 the signatures of that blessed company attached, is not - 
 positively known, but it is believed that it, with all the other 
 records, excepting those of the Church, of the Pilgrim colony, 
 were stored in the attic of the County Court House at 
 Plymouth, and that early in the nineteenth century, when 
 that building was greatly damaged by fire, the debris was 
 
 21 
 
collected and' without being examined thrown into the bay, 
 and in addition to the compact it is presumed that the 
 patent or charter shared the same fate, although, singularly, 
 the box in which it came is still preserved. 
 
 Following the signing, the company chose John Carver 
 as their first governor. William Brewster, although not 
 ordained, was chosen elder, the spiritual head of the Church, 
 and Myles Standish was made captain and military com- 
 mander. The morning following the signing of the compact 
 the first landing on American soil was made at Provincetown 
 by Capt. Myles Standish and sixteen men. Exploration of 
 the territory within a few miles, during which signs of 
 Indians were observed, convinced them of the undesirable 
 nature of the location, and upon reporting it to the com- 
 pany, it was decided to take a small shallop and cruise along 
 the -coast ; this was done and the first night's stop was at what 
 is now AVellfleet. Here they were attacked by Indians, who 
 fled at the first fire from Standish's men. Exploring still 
 further along the coast, they finally reached an island, and the 
 view of land a short distance away led them to sound the 
 depth of water in the harbor. Finding it sufiicient for 
 ships of good draught, they made the historical landing 
 December 21st, 1620, and New England was born. The 
 longed-for haven of peace was at hand, and what gladness 
 of heart and reverence must those brave explorers have felt 
 as, kneeling down with uncovered head, they poured out 
 their thanks to Almighty God for the safe delivery into this 
 land of promise, a second Kadish Barnea. Five days later 
 the Mayflower sailed into the harbor with the company of 
 Pilgrims, and casting anchor, the historical voyage was 
 ended and a new life was begun in the, to them, new world. 
 As their eager feet touched first upon that revered granite 
 rock, they gave to it a consecration which will ever more 
 cause it to be looked upon as the most hallov/ed spot on 
 the Western Continent, for upon that very rock on that very 
 day, there landed — unconscioush^ — a state free born, full 
 grown, exercising all local municipal and national functions 
 through the voice of the whole people, and with a perfected 
 plan or mechanism for a perfect representative government, 
 which was the foundation of the Great Republic of the 
 United States (since amplified as the nation's needs required). 
 There landed that day an independent church, having a direct 
 connection with Christ, as did the Church in the beginning, 
 
 23 
 

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but without human link or mediation. All this was accorded 
 through the terms of that wonderful compact signed that No- 
 vember night in the darkened cabin of the Mayflower by a peo- 
 ple who later proved themselves to be peaceful, affectionate, 
 moderate in government, just one to another, strong of cour- 
 age, and in both men and women inherent refinement, to 
 whom education and noble behavior were a part of their 
 very selves. It is to such people, who, as they progressed, 
 enacted laws, fundamental but mild, which to-day serve to 
 control in part our great country. To them we owe the first 
 law for the ballot, for trial by jury, for registry of lands in 
 public books, of taxation, of the first customs order, and 
 of the first laws ever enacted in the world, relative to an 
 equal distribution of inheritance among their children. It 
 was with, such wise beneficence they formed their colony, and 
 it is under that and the beautiful loving shadows that the 
 Pilgrim father and the sweet tender Pilgrim mother casts 
 upon us that we are living to-day, honored, based upon those 
 principles, by every nation on the globe. It was December 
 26th, 1620, just one hundred and two days from its departure 
 from Plymouth, England (with singular coincidence, one 
 hundred and two Pilgrims aboard), that the Mayflower 
 dropped anchor in Plymouth harbor. Immediately they 
 planned for their settlement. A street called Leyden was 
 laid out — the original draft is still in existence — where was 
 allotted to various men who desired them lots of ground 
 upon which to build their houses ; but first they erected 
 a common house, which was about twenty feet square; this 
 was occupied in January, and as the records state, "the house 
 was as full of beds as they could lie one by another." Rapidly 
 other houses were erected, and by spring the people who 
 survived were well housed. But that first winter was ter- 
 rible in the extreme; the sufferings and heartaches in that 
 desolate region, as one after another of that brave band 
 passed away are indescribable. The records tell us that in that 
 awful winter nearly every one was ill, one-half of the 
 noble band died, and as Bradford in his history says, "at 
 the time of their most distress there were only six or seven 
 persons left who were in condition to care for the helpless 
 and sick. Of those not afflicted with sickness or lameness 
 two who were so helpful that they furnished a rare example 
 and worthy to be remembered were William Brewster and 
 Myles Standish." The causes which led to this great mor- 
 
 25 
 
tality were acute pulmonary tuberculosis, pneumonia, con- 
 gestions, brought on by wading day after day from boat 
 to shore and back again, tramping through rain, snow, and 
 sleet, camping out and sleeping in wet clothing, with scarce 
 any protection from cold or storm; this, with lack of suitable 
 remedies to attack the disorder, was the cause of the burial 
 of so many on Coles Hill that winter and following spring. 
 
 The colonists, as a means of protection, erected upon 
 the hill directly back'of their houses, on what is now Burial 
 Hill, a fort, upon which they mounted five cannon, which 
 they had brought wath them — fearful of and expecting attack 
 from the Indians at any time. Ceaseless vigilance was required, 
 but their fears and work were needless, for in a short time 
 the Indian Samoset came among them giving evidence of 
 peaceful intentions ; and again, a few days later, he returned 
 with Chiefs Sqanto and Grand Chief Massasoyt, with whom 
 the Pilgrims made a treaty, and peace was insured. Friendship 
 wkh the natives that was then established proved a few win- 
 ters later the means of saving the lives of so many, when the 
 crops having failed, the Indians brought to them corn from 
 their slender stores. 
 
 The four principal men of Plymouth, under whose direc- 
 tion affairs were conducted, were William Bradford, William 
 Brewster, Edward Winslow, and Myles Standish. Gov. 
 Bradford was a member of the church in Scrooby; he was 
 born in 1589, and died in Plymouth 1657. He was governor 
 thirty-one years and managed the affairs of the colony with 
 great prudence and wisdom. He wrote a history of Plymouth 
 from its first settlement to 1647, i^ which was recorded with 
 faithfulness all the events of the colony. This most valuable 
 journal was until a few years ago in England, but fortunately 
 for America the State of Massachusetts secured possession, 
 and it is now in the State Library at the State House. Wil- 
 liam Brewster was born at Scrooby, 1563; he was an elder in 
 the Pilgrim Church at Scrooby, Leyden, and Plymouth, and 
 for several years officiated, from lack of a pastor, as the 
 spiritual leader of the colonists; to him all questions upon 
 religious life were referred; he died April i6th, 1643. Edward 
 Winslow was a gentleman of fine education and breeding; 
 he was born 1594, and was governor of Plymouth three 
 years; his influence with the Indians was very great, and 
 it was principally through his diplomacy at the first interview 
 
 27 
 
PRISCII^I^A 
 
with Massasoyt that the treaty was made possible ; he returned 
 to England in 1646, and there remained and died in 1655. 
 The history of the early days at Plymouth which he wrote 
 are known under title, "Winslow's Relation." Myles Stand- 
 ish was essentially a soldier; with all the inborn elements of 
 one, commissioned a captain by Queen Elizabeth for bravery 
 in her service and placed in full charge of the military of the 
 colonists, he displayed great courage, and later, when serving 
 as assistant governor for six years and treasurer for twelve 
 years, he exercised the soundest of judgment. He was never 
 a member of the Plymouth Church, and his motives in join- 
 ing the expedition are not known. It was probabl}^ a desire 
 to gratif}'- his love of adventure. He was born, probably, 1586. 
 His wife, Rose, who accompanied him, died in just one 
 month's time after the arrival at Plymouth. While it is 
 known that he was redoubtable in war, yet he was timorous 
 in the tender feelings of love, and while fearless to face 
 alone a hundred Indians, yet quailed to stand before a 
 maiden's smiling face and wait for "yea or nay" from her. 
 Eongfellow has in muse sweetly told the story of his 
 courtship. Priscilla Mullins came in the Mayflower with 
 her father, mother, and brother; the father died during the 
 first month after arrival, the mother and brother the second 
 month. Orphaned, without a relation and nearly all her 
 friends dead or dying, the future for the dear g'v] did, indeed, 
 look black, but that good man. Elder William Brewster, said, 
 "Priscilla, 3^ou will come to my home and you will hence- 
 forth be my dear daughter." And it was to the Brewster 
 cabin that John Alden wended his way one day as the 
 messenger from Myles Standish asking for him her hand 
 in marriage. One can picture him standing there with bash- 
 ful mien, flower in hand, and with a twinge around his own 
 heart, delivering a message for another that his own heart 
 prompted him to say for himself, and wliich loyalty pre- 
 vented. And as Priscilla listened we can Imagine we see 
 the roguish twinkle in eye and sweet smile, as, turning her 
 head slightly to one side, she archly says, "Why don't you 
 speak for yourself, John?" Captain Myles Standish, in a 
 short time, as the colony increased in numbers, moved to 
 Duxbury, where he died October 3, 1656. His grave is sur- 
 mounted by four cannon. 
 
 29 
 
to V- iA^ ■jf'K-a-u.dntifx^ ./roo-Ti/j- , eci" <x.f/'^ foy~ /A&- J'iiT^&^~v*t^, 
 
 ^- \^.x-j 
 
 « 
 
 
 ^ " , ft 
 
 
 •It was ordjincd she said .Cli. uj .. i... v.. .1 ■,.-.. .,,., ..jv _..tu. uo...; ■,, 
 
 as also for fhe I'urJcring of our trade, that no corue, beans, or pease, be tr 
 noiiied, ixsbAilceu or sold to that end to be convared out of the {■.-:<"->• •> •' 
 tha leaue ^ liceuco of the Goucriioiir ^ Couasell ; tha bicacli 
 paiiiiii.-'ii v.\>^, Vl,! of the goods no takea or x>rout>d to ba - ,.- , . 
 *<■••■ , r puinshcd, or both at the disctntiou of y' C^ou' i^co-.-.n 
 
 1! v,M, agrrcd vpon bylhf whole courts held tha .tj. of .fti. <. ' 
 from Sscnccforward no dwelling-home was to bo coactcd vi''.\^ 
 ■' ■ ■ ■ ^,tr;»tt'; rettl, (fi. but with cither bord, or pde or the ni-.- : v, 
 »•■ rre to be new build Iq the towue. 
 
 F9RST CUSTOM HOUSE ORDEf^ / N 
 AMERtCA, AA/D THATCHED ROOF 
 ORDER 
 
upon the death of Gov. Carver, which occurred in the 
 spring of 1621, Bradford was appointed in his stead. The ship 
 Fortune arrived, bringing stores and thirty-five emigrants, 
 followed directly by the Anne, with thirty-one. From this 
 time on additions to the colony were many, until in 1629 there 
 were nearly three hundred people that year who witnessed the 
 last of emigration from Leyden, and between 1630 and 1633 
 many of the colonists began to seek homes outside the little 
 town of Plymouth; some moved to Duxbury, Marshfield, 
 Eastham, Scituate, Taunton, Rehoboth, Sandwich, Yarmouth, 
 and Dartmouth. Among those who settled in Duxbury were 
 Myles Standish, Love Brewster, Samuel Eaton, Joseph 
 Rogers, and Henry Sampson ; those settled in Dartmouth were 
 John Cooke, George Soule ; those in Scituate, Res'olved White, 
 the brother of Perigrene \¥hite, the first white child who was 
 born in New England, in Provincetown harbor December 
 7th, 1620, and Richard More, whose name is said to have 
 been changed to Mann; he died in Scituate, 1656. It is 
 believed that upon a portion of the land which he owned is 
 now situated the magnificent estate of Mr. Thomas W. Law- 
 son, known as Dreamwold, which is considered the most 
 beautiful gentleman's estate on the coast of America. Those 
 who went to Yarmouth were Francis Billington, Edward 
 Doty, Samuel Fuller, Giles. Hopkins. 
 
 About the year 1634 people from the Massachusetts 
 Bay colony, in Salem and Boston, began to settle within the 
 domain of the Pilgrims, and with few exceptions these 
 people were the only ones thereafter to increase the colony. 
 When the General Court, consisting of deputies from the 
 several towns, was established in 1639, so large had been the 
 emigration from the Massachusetts Bay colony that six 
 towns or settlements, besides Plymouth on the south shore, 
 were represented. 
 
 The colonists had suffered in the way of securing pas- 
 tors for the church, and in the main the religious teachings 
 were by Elder William Brewster and others, but in 1632 
 Roger Williams left the Salem church, where he was assist- 
 ant to the Rev. Samuel Skelton, the pastor, and came to 
 Plymouth, where, as Bradford records, "he exercised his gifts 
 amongst them, and after some time was admitted a member 
 of the church," but within a year he caused great dissatis- 
 faction by promulgating the views through a paper, in which 
 
 31 
 

 f 
 
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 (<-s;,*x..^^.y ^^ ^^; 
 
 ■'.1-. 
 
 
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 ^? * 1 t. (r. 
 
 
 ^.< 
 
 
he asserted that the charter gave no title to the land ; that 
 the colonists were guilty of sin in taking the land from the 
 Indians without a title from them ; that King James told a 
 solemn public lie, because in his patent he blessed God that 
 he was the first Christian prince that had discovered this 
 land, and also cast several other severe reflections upon 
 King James and King Charles. 
 
 The leaders, at an held meeting of the church, rebuked 
 him for this and by vote inscribed upon the church records 
 dismissed him from further service with them. As the years 
 passed the Pilgrim colonists and the Massachusetts Bay 
 people gradually came closer together, until finally they 
 appeared to be one people, but they continued under the wise 
 administration of Brewster, who died in 1643 j of Winslow, 
 who left for England in 1646; of Standish, who died in 1656; 
 of Bradford, who died in 1657; and from that time the orginal 
 settlers gradually passed away; Elder Cushman in 1691, leav- 
 ing a widow who was Mary Allerton, who as a girl eleven 
 years of age came over in the Mayflower, and John Cooke, 
 as the only original survivors. John Cooke passed on in i6g8, 
 and in 1699 Mary Allerton Cushman, the last survivor of the 
 Mayflower Pilgrims, was laid to rest in the land on Burial 
 Hill, which she learned to love so well. What lessons those 
 people taught us. What humanizing precepts they instilled 
 into each other, and in later years others with whom they 
 came in contact, and the spirit which they imbued in the peo- 
 ple is reflected in the present solidified patriotism of the nation. 
 Upon Governor Bradford's monument is ini«cribed these 
 words, *'Do not basely relinquish what the fathers with dif- 
 ficulty attained." The spirit of those words has come down 
 to us generation after generation, until they have become 
 a concrete part of the people and the nation. 
 
 Hallowed is the spot where these people landed, lived, 
 died. Hallowed now and evermore their memory. 
 
 33 
 
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 And -T^crer^y lf.t. ifefin^ of i^oAl -fAz -f>T^ /e^nerx^ &.^~ 
 
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 -^ 
 
THE PASSENGERS OF THE MAYFLOWER 
 
 Who these revered forefathers were and of their history 
 the interest never fails, and to their descendants the immortal 
 roster is ever welcome reading. In Governor William Brad- 
 ford's history the names of all who came over in the May- 
 flower, with their later histories, are given in his own hand- 
 writing, and are herewith given in the original phraseology, 
 and in addition, a photographic illustration from his history of 
 the first page of the list.. All the subsequent pages are in the 
 same style of writing and arrangement. It will be noticed 
 that the manner of spelling proper names was different in 
 those days than at present, and to that no doubt is attributable 
 the difficulty some experience in tracing their ancestry back to 
 the Pilgrims. 
 
 From Gov'r Bradford's History 
 
 The names of those which came over first, in ye year 1620, 
 and were by the blessing of God the first beginers and (in 
 a sort) the foundation of all the plantations and colonies 
 in New-England, and their families. 
 
 Mr. John Carver ; Katherine, his w^ife ; Desire Minter, & 2. 
 man-servants, John Howland, Roger Wilder; William 
 Latham, a boy, & a maid servant & a child yt was put 
 to him called Jasper More. 
 
 Mr. William Brewster; Mary, his wife; with 2 sons, whose 
 names were Love & Wrasling; and a boy was put to him 
 called Richard More ; and another of his brothers. The 
 rest of his children were left behind & came over after- 
 wards. 
 
 Mr. AVilliam Winslow; Elizabeth, his wife; & 2 men servants, 
 caled Georg Sowle and Elias Story; also a little girle was 
 put to him, caled Ellen, the sister of Richard More. 
 
 William Bradford, and Dorothy, his wife; having but one 
 child, a sone, left behind, who came afterward. 
 
 Mr. Isaack Allerton, and Mary, his wife ; with 3 children, 
 Bartholomew;, Remember, and Mary; and a servant boy, 
 John Hooke. 
 
 Mr. Samuel Fuller, and a servant, caled William Butten. His 
 wife was behind & a child, which came afterward. 
 
 John Crakston, and his sone, John Crakston. 
 
 Captain Myles Standish and Rose, his wife. 
 
 Mr. Christopher Martin and his wife, and 2. servants, Salamon 
 Prower and John Langemore. 
 
 35 
 
Mr. William Mullines, and his wife, and 2. children, Joseph 
 
 and Priscila; and a servant, Robert Carter. 
 Mr. William Wliite, and Susana, his wife, and one sone caled 
 
 Resolved, and one borne a ship-bord, caled Peregriene; 
 
 and 2. servants, named William Holbeck & Edward 
 
 Thomson. 
 Mr. Steven Hopkins & Elizabeth, his wife, and 2. children, 
 
 caled Giles and Constanta, a doughter, both by a former 
 
 wife and 2. more by this wife, caled Damaris and 
 
 Oceanus; the last w^as borne at sea; and 2 servants caled 
 
 Edward Doty and Edward Litster. 
 Mr. Richard Warren; but his wife and children were lefte 
 
 behind, and came afterwards. 
 John Billinton, and Elen, his wife, and 2. sons, John & 
 
 Francis. 
 Edward Tillie, and Ann, his wife; and 2. children that were 
 
 their cossens, Henery Samson and Humillity Coper. 
 John Tillie, and his wife ; and Elizabeth, their daughter. 
 Francis Cooke, and his sone John. But his wife & other 
 
 children came afterwards. 
 Thomas Rogers, and Joseph, his sone. His other children 
 
 came afterwards. 
 Thomas Tinker, and his wife, and a sone. 
 John Rigdale, and Alice, his wife. 
 James Chilton, and his wife, and Mary, their doughter. They 
 
 had an other doughter, yt was maried came afterward. 
 Edward Fuller, and his wife and Samuell, their sone. 
 John Turner, and sones. He had a doughter came some 
 
 years after to Salem, where she lives. 
 Francis Eaton, and Sarah, his wife, and Samuele, their sone, 
 
 a yong child. 
 Moyses Fletcher, John Goodman, Thomas Williams, Digerie 
 
 Preist, Edmond Margeson, Peter Browne, Richard Brit- 
 
 terige, Richard Clarke, Richard Gardenar, Gilbart 
 
 Winslow. 
 John Alden, was hired for a cooper at South-Hampton, wher 
 
 the ship victuled; and being a hopfuU yong man, was 
 much desired, but left to his owne liking to go or stay 
 
 when he came here, but he stayed and maryed here. 
 John Allerton and Thomas Enlish were both hired, the later 
 to goe mr of a shalop here, and ye other was reputed as 
 one of ye company, but was to go back (being a seaman) 
 
 37 
 
1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
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 lira: 
 
 
 
 
 
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 , ^. - /'", /■'eft < ^ -:jy~C"'*''^t ^*-*'^- "/ ^ ^'^'' 
 
 .A^V >-<-'-. 
 
 £«-t' 
 
for the help of others behind. But they both dyed here 
 
 before the ship returned. 
 There were allso other 2, seamen hired to stay a year here in 
 
 the country, WilHam Trevore, and one Ely. But when 
 
 their time was out they both returned. 
 These> bening aboute a hundred sowls, came over in this first 
 
 ship ; and began this worke, which God of his goodnes 
 
 hath hithertoo blesed; let his holy name have ye praise. 
 
 In the 3^ear 1650 Governor Bradford, feeling that his 
 histor}^, although finished as far as the record to 1648, was 
 not complete without giving all the particulars of those who 
 came over in the Mayflower, added to it as follows, and it is 
 the last that he wrote : 
 
 And seeing it hath pleased him to give me to see 30. years 
 compleated since these beginings; and that the great 
 works of his providence are to be observed, I have 
 thought it not unworthy my paines to take a view of the 
 decreasings and increasings of these persons, and such 
 changs as hath pased over them &; theirs in this thirty 
 years. It may be of some use to such as come after; but, 
 however, I shall rest in my owne benefite. I will therfore 
 take them in order as they lye. 
 
 Mr. Carver and his wife dyed the first year; he in ye spring, 
 she in ye somer; also, his man Roger and ye litle boy 
 Jasper dyed before either of them, of ye commone infec- 
 tion. Desire Minter returned to her friends, & proved 
 not very well, and dyed in England. His servant boy 
 Latham, after more than 20. years stay in the country, 
 went into England, and from thence .to the Bahamy 
 Islands in ye West Indies, and ther, with some others, 
 was starved for want of food. His maid servant maried, 
 & dyed a year or tow after, here in this place. His ser- 
 vant, John Howland, maried the doughter of John Tillie, 
 Elizabeth, and they are both now living and have 10. 
 children, now all living; and their eldest daughter hath 
 4. children. And ther 2. daughter, i. all living; and other 
 of their children mariagable. So 15. are come of them. 
 
 Mr. Brewster lived to very old age; about 80. years he was 
 when he dyed, having lived some 23. or 24. years here in 
 ye countrie; & though his wife dyed long before, yet 
 
 39 
 
ific/ccTn^ 
 
 
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 FIRST PAGE OF GOV. BRADFORD'S HISTORY 
 
she dyed aged. His sone Wrastle dyed a yonge rtian 
 unmaried ; his sone Love lived till this year 1650, and 
 dyed and left 4. children now living. His doughters 
 which came over after him are dead, but have left sun- 
 dry children alive; his eldest sone is still liveing, and 
 hath 9. or 10. children; one maried who hath a child or 2. 
 
 Richard More, (his brother dyed the first winter;) but he is 
 maried and hath 4. or 5. children all living. 
 
 Mr. Ed. Winslow his wife dyed the first winter; and he 
 maried with the widow of Mr. White, and hath 2. chil- 
 dren living by her marigable, besids sundry that are 
 dead. One of his servants dyed, as also the little girle, 
 soone after the ships arivall. But his man Georg Sowle, 
 is still living, and have 8. children. 
 
 William Bradford his wife dyed soone after their arivall ; 
 and he maried againe; and hath 4. children, 3. whereof 
 are maried. 
 
 Mr. Allerton his wife dyed with the first, and his servant 
 John Hooke. His sone Bartle is maried in England, 
 but I know not how many children he hath. His dough- 
 ter Remember is maried at Salem & hath 3. or 4. 
 children living. And his doughter Mary is maried here, 
 and hath 4. children. Him selfe maried againe with ye 
 . doughter of Mr. Brewster, & hath one sone living by her, 
 but she is long since dead. And he is maried againe, 
 and hath left this place long agoe. So I account his 
 increase to be 8. besids his sons in England. 
 
 Mr. Fuller, (his servant dyed at sea) ; and after his wife came 
 over, he had tow children by her, which are living and 
 growne up to years; but he dyed some 15. years agoe. 
 
 John Crakston dyed in the first mortality; and about some 
 5. or 6. years after, his sone dyed ; having lost him selfe 
 in ye wodes, his feet became frosen, which put him into 
 a feavor, of which he dyed. 
 
 Captain Standish his wife dyed in the first sicknes, and he 
 maried againe, and hath 4. sones liveing, and some are 
 dead. 
 
 Mr. Martin, he & all his, dyed in the first infection not long 
 after the arivall. 
 
 Mr. Molines, and his wife, his sone, and his servant, dyed 
 the first winter. Only his doughter Priscila survived, 
 and maried with John Alden, who are both living and 
 

 S^-i 
 
 9, 
 
 '«4*«. 
 
 ./,. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '^Ak^^m 
 
 
 
 «*--'-^J^; "Jh* 
 
 
 ^.«v/-' ' '--[j^ .0 , / <^L.,_.w.i ^- — "T /^x" — V'.' 
 
 
 Hi,' 
 
 
 bHl>K 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 ^fYLBS^TA^^iSH SiCNATURE 
 
have II. children. And their eldest doughter is maried 
 & have 5. children. 
 
 Mr. White and his 2. servants dyed soone after ther landing, 
 his wife maried with Mr. Winslow (as is before noted). 
 His 2 sones are maried, and Resolved hath 5. children, 
 Perigrine tow, all living. So their increase are 7. 
 
 Mr. Hopkins and his wife are now both dead, but they lived 
 above 20. years in this place, and had one sone and 4. 
 doughters borne here. Ther sone became a seaman, & 
 dyed at Barbadoes ; one daughter dyed here, and 2. are 
 maried ; one of them hath 2. children ; & one is yet to 
 mary. So their increase which still survive are 5. But 
 his sone Giles is maried and hath 4. children. His 
 doughter Constanta is also maried and hath 12. children, 
 all of them living and one of them maried. 
 
 Mr. Richard Warren lived some 4. or 5. years, and had his 
 wife come over to him, by whom he had 2. sones before 
 dyed ; and one of them is maryed, and hath 2. children. 
 So his increase is 4. But he had 5. doughters more, came 
 over with his wife, who are all maried, & living & have 
 many children. 
 
 John Billinton, after he had been here 10. years, was 
 executed for killing a man; and his eldest sone dyed 
 before him; but his 2. sone is alive and maried & hath 
 8. children. 
 
 Edward Tillie and his wife both dyed soon after their arivall ; 
 and the girle Humility, their cousen, was sent for into 
 England and dyed ther. But the youth Henery Samson 
 is still living, and is maried & hath 7. children. 
 
 John Tillie and his wife both dyed a litle after they came 
 ashore ; and their doughter Elizabeth maried with John 
 Howland, and hath issue as is before noted. 
 
 Francis Cooke is still living a very olde man, and hath scene 
 his childrens children have children ; after his wife came 
 over, (with other of his children,) he hath 3. still living 
 by her, all maried, and have 5. children ; so their increase 
 is 8. And his sone John, which came over with him is 
 maried, and hath 4. children living. 
 
 Thomas Rogers dyed in the first sicknes, but his sone Joseph, 
 is still living, and is maried, and hath 6. children. The 
 rest of Thomas Rogers (children) came over & are 
 maried & have many children. 
 
 Thomas Tinker, his wife and sone all dyed in the first sicknes. 
 
 43 
 
PL YM O U TH C/iA f^ TER 
 
And so did John Rigdale and his wife. 
 
 James Chilton and his wife also dyed in the first infection. 
 
 But their daughter Mary is still living and hath 9. 
 
 children ; and one daughter is maried, & hath a child ; 
 
 so their increase is 10. 
 
 Edward Fuller and his wife dyed soone after they came 
 ashore; but their sone Samuell is living, & maried, and 
 hath 4. children or more. 
 
 John Turner and his 2. sones all dyed in the first siknes, 
 but he hath a daughter still living at Salem, well maried 
 and approved of. 
 
 Francis Eaton his first wife dyed in the general! sicknes ; 
 and he maried againe, & his 2. wife dyed, & he maried 
 the 3. and had by her 3. children. One of them is maried, 
 & hath a child; the other are living, but one of them 
 is an ideote. He dyed about 16. years agoe. His sone 
 Samuell, who came over a suckling child, is allso maried, 
 and hath a child. 
 
 Moyses Fletcher, Thomas Williams, Digerie Preist, John 
 Goodman, Edmond Margeson, Richard Britteridge, Rich- 
 ard Clarke. All these dyed sone after their arivall, in 
 the generall sicknes that befell. But Digerie Preist had 
 his wife & children sent hither afterwards, she being 
 Mr. Allertons sister. But the rest left no posteritie here. 
 
 Richard Gardinar beame a seaman, and dyed in England or 
 at sea. 
 
 Gilbert Winslow, after diverse years aboad here, returned 
 into England and dyed ther. 
 
 Peter Brone maried twise. By his first wife he had 2. chil- 
 dren, who are living, & both of them maried, and the 
 one of them have 2. children ; by his second wife he had 
 2. more. He dyed about 16. years since. 
 
 Thomas English and John Allerton dyed in the generall 
 siknes. 
 
 John Alden maried with Priscila, Mr. Mollines his doughter, 
 and had issue by her as is before related. 
 
 Edward Doty & Edward Litster, the servants of Mr. Hop- 
 kins. Litster, after he was at liberty, went to Virginia 
 and ther dyed, but Edward Doty by a second wife hath 
 7. children, and both he and they are living. 
 
 45 
 

 "^^J^^l 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ^^Fi 
 
 ^M 
 
 HK^ 
 
 V' 
 
 ;i;!fi' 
 
Of these lOO. persons which came first over in this first ship 
 together, the greater halfe dyed in the generall mortaHty; 
 and most of them in 2. or three monthes time. And for 
 those which survived, though some were ancient & past 
 procreation, & others left ye place and countrie, yet of 
 those few remaining are sprunge up above 160. persons, 
 in this 30. years, and are now living in this presente 
 yeare, 1650, besids many of their children which are dead, 
 and come not within this account. 
 
 And of the old stock (of one & other) ther lire yet living this 
 present year, 1650, nere 30. persons. 
 
 Let the Lord have ye praise, who is the High Preserver of 
 men. 
 
 To the Bradford history was later added by some un- 
 known hand the following: 
 
 Twelfe person liveing of the old stock this present yeare 1679. 
 Two persons liveing that came over in the first shipe, 1620, this 
 
 present yeare, 1690. Resolved White and Mary Cushman, 
 
 the daughter of Mr. Allerton. 
 '^And John Cooke, the son of Francis Cooke that came in the 
 
 first ship is still liveing this present yeare 1694. 
 And Mary Cushman is still living this present year 1698. 
 
 And so ends this precious memorial of the forefathers. 
 Written by hands long since at rest, the record brings to the 
 heart as we read it emotions of the greatest reverence. To 
 perfect the chronology, it may be noted, that of the three 
 last survivors mentioned above. Resolved White died in 1680, 
 John Cooke in 1694, and Mary Allerton Cushman, the last, 
 in 1699. 
 
 As an appendix to this list by Governor Bradford, of the 
 Mayflower Pilgrims, it has been thought advisable to give 
 such additional matter as could be obtained relative to whom 
 these people were married and their removals. It is to be 
 understood that after a lapse of three centuries the authen- 
 ticity cannot be guaranteed, but it has been procured from 
 the best obtainable source and is believed to be correct : 
 
 47 
 
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John Alden, was the last survivor of those who signed the 
 compact, and died September 12, 1687, aged 87 years; 
 married Priscilla Mullins and had eleven children. 
 
 Isaac Allerton, married first in 161 1 Mary Norris of New- 
 bury, England; she died in 1621 ; second, Fear Brewstei, 
 daughter of Elder William Brewster; she died December 
 12, 1634, leaving one son ; third, he married Joanna 
 
 , whose name and death date are unknown. He 
 
 died 1659. 
 
 Mary Allerton, who married Elder Thomas Cushman, was 
 the last survivor, and died 1699. ^^^^ ^^^ four children. 
 
 Remember Allerton, married Moses Maverick of Salem, and 
 died at unknown date, leaving four children. 
 
 Eleanor Billinton, the widow of John, who was hanged for 
 murder in 1630, married Gregory Armstrong in 1638, and 
 died in 1650. 
 
 Francis Billinton, son of Eleanor and John, married the widow 
 of Christian Eaton, by whom he had eight children; he 
 removed in 1645 to Yarmouth, and died there in 1650. 
 
 William Bradford, the author of the priceless history, was 
 married first to Dorothy May, who was di owned in the 
 harbor at Provincetown, December 7, 1620. He married 
 a second wife, Alice Carpenter Southworth, the date of 
 whose death is unknown. He died May 9, 1657. 
 
 William Brewster, married Mary , who died 1626. He 
 
 died April 16, 1643. 
 
 Love Brewster, son of William, married, 1634, Sarah, daugh- 
 ter of William Collier. He removed to Duxbury, where he 
 died 1650, leaving ten children. 
 
 Wrestling Brewster, son of William, died when quite young; 
 never married. 
 
 Peter Browne, married the widow Martha Ford, and died in 
 1633, leaving four children, all of whom married. 
 
 Jams Chilton, died in Provincetown harbor, December 8, 1620, 
 and his wife early 1621. 
 
 Mary Chilton, their daughter, married John Winslow, and 
 had ten children. 
 
 Francis Cooke, by his wife Esther had one son, John. He 
 had severe differences over religious matters with the 
 leaders and removed to Dartmouth, where he espoused 
 the Baptist faith, and became a minister, but later he 
 returned to Plymouth, where he died 1663. 
 
 ^ 49 
 
John Cooke, his son, removed to Dartmouth, with his father, 
 where he died, it is supposed, about 1694, leaving four 
 children. 
 
 Humility Cooper, returning to England died there unmarried. 
 
 Edward Doty, married Faith Clarke, who was probably his 
 second wife; they had nine children, some of whom re- 
 moved to New Jersey, Long Island, and elsewhere. He 
 removed to Yarmouth, where he died August 23, 1655. 
 He came as a servant to Stephen Hopkins, and was 
 headstrong and wild in his youth. He was one of the 
 principals in the first duel ever fought in New England. 
 
 Francis Eaton, and his first wife Sarah, who came with 
 him, had one son, Samuel. He married the second time, 
 and also a third time to Christian Penn, in 1627. He 
 died 1633, leaving three children. 
 
 Samuel Eaton, his son, married in 1661, Martha Billington. 
 He removed to Duxbury in 1663, and later to Middle- 
 boro, where he died 1684, leaving one child. 
 
 Moses Fletcher, married a widow named Sarah Dingby in 
 1613. He died February, 1621. 
 
 Edward Fuller, and his wife both died about 1635, leaving 
 one son, Samuel, and a daughter. 
 
 Samuel Fuller, the son of Edward, married in 1635, Jane, 
 the daughter of the Rev. John Lothrop; he removed to 
 Barnstable, where he died October 31, 1683. He left 
 many descendants. 
 
 Dr. Samuel Fuller, a brother of Edward, was the first physi- 
 cian ; he married three times ; his first wife was Elsie Glas- 
 cock, his second Agnes Carpenter, his third Bridget Lee. 
 He died in 1633, leaving a son named Samuel, who settled 
 in Middleboro, married and left in that section numerous 
 descendants. 
 
 Stephen Hopkins, who came with his second wife Elizabeth, 
 and two children, Giles and Constanta, by his first wife. 
 On the voyage over a child was born to them, whom 
 they named Oceana, but she died in 1621. His wife died 
 about 1642, and he died 1644. By his second wife he had 
 one son and four daughters, the latter all married. 
 
 Giles Hopkins, son of Stephen, married, in 1639, Catharine 
 Wheldon. He removed to Yarmouth and later to East- 
 ham ; he died about 1690, leaving four children. 
 
 Constance Hopkins (or Constanta), daughter of Stephen, 
 married Nicholas Snow; they settled in Eastham and 
 
 51 
 
had twelve children. Constance died in 1677. He died 
 in 1676. 
 
 Damaris Hopkins, was a daughter, born to Stephen and 
 Elizabeth at Plymouth shortly after their arrival ; she 
 married Jacob Cooke. There is no record of them to be 
 found other than their marriage. 
 
 John Howland, married Elizabeth, daughter of John Tilley. 
 He died February 23, 1673, over 80 years of age ; his 
 wife died December 21, 1687, aged 80 years, leaving ten 
 children and eight grandchildren. 
 
 Desire Minter, returned to England and died there. 
 
 Richard More, removed to Scituate and changed his name to 
 
 Mann. He died there in 1656. He was married and left 
 
 five children. 
 
 William Mullins, came with his wife, son Joseph, and daugh- 
 ter Priscilla. He, his wife, and son died the first winter, 
 and 
 
 Priscilla Mullins, daughter of William, married John Alden, 
 
 1623, and they had eleven children ; date of her death ; 
 
 John's 1687. Their eldest daughter in 1650 had five 
 children. 
 
 Digory Priest, married widow Sarah Vincent, sister of Isaac 
 Allerton. He died January i, 1621. 
 
 Joseph Rogers, son of Thomas, who died in 1621, married 
 and removed to Duxbury, then to Sandwich, then to 
 Eastham, where he died in 1678, leaving six children. 
 
 Henry Sampson, settled in Duxbury, where he married in 
 1636 Ann Plummer; he died 1684, leaving seven children. 
 
 George Soule, married Mary Becket, removed to Duxbury, 
 was Deputy Governor six years, owner of land in Bridge- 
 water, Dartmouth and Middleboro; his wife died 1677, 
 and he died 1680, leaving eight children. 
 
 Myles Standish's first wife. Rose, died February 8, 1621. He 
 married a second time and at his death, in 1656, he left 
 four sons. He owned considerable land at Duxbury, 
 where he lived and died. 
 
 Richard Warren, married widow Elizabeth Marsh, by whom 
 he had several children; he died in 1628; one of his 
 sons married and had two children. The others mar- 
 ried, but their offspring is not recorded. 
 
 William White, had two sons by his wife Susanna ; Resolved 
 and Peregriene, who was the first white child born in 
 
 53 
 
New England. William, the father, died February 21, 
 1621 ; his widow married three months later Edward 
 Winslow, afterwards Governor, whose wife had died two 
 months previous to his marriage to widow White. 
 Resolved White, married first, Judith, daughter of William 
 Vassall. He lived at Scituate, where he owned consider- 
 able land; he also at one time resided at Marshfield and 
 lastly at Salem, where he married on October 5, 1674, 
 widow Abigail Lord, and died 1680, leaving five chil- 
 dren. He was a prominent member of the Scituate Mili- 
 tary Company. 
 
 Peregriene White, died 1704, leaving two children. He went 
 to New York state. 
 
 Edward Winslow, was married in Leyden, England, 1618, to 
 Elizabeth Barker; she died March 24, 1621, and he mar- 
 ried his second wife, the widow of William White, in 
 May following. By her he had two children, who mar- 
 ried and had children. He was Governor of the colony 
 three years. He returned to England in 1646, and re- 
 mained. Died 1654. 
 
 i? 
 
 
 one -^ ^. //f^/ ^„i. , ^J^ -K^At'^ Az fo c<parfi&i ft^^n/e^c, as ^t^ -^tX: ttrt/imer -Acit* 
 ^^Pjnxcnh 4Atxv^- fe^ as /« /tec(A-?toM' J^eym c^^c-n-^c :&iis J--- years'- -yuA^'c^A 
 
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 GOVERNOR BRADFORD'S HISTORY 
 54 
 
STORY OF THE PURITANS 
 
 REPLICA OF ST. GAUDENS STATUE OF DEACON CHAPIN 
 OWNED BY THE HOTEL PURITAN, BOSTON 
 
^^^^^\A)\Wm^^U 
 
STORY OF THE PURITANS 
 
 THE Puritan was in himself and in all that he did a vital 
 and distinct power in founding and building the insti- 
 tutions of New England, supplementing the Pilgrims' 
 work and carrying it forward with that energy and force so 
 characteristic of the Puritan nature, a force acquired during 
 nearly a century, beginning early in Elizabeth's reign, about 
 1558, and exemplified in its predominance b}^ the creation of 
 English freedom. Historians accord to the Puritans the 
 creation of the English Constitution and the establishment 
 of the Modern House of Commons, that House that was so 
 feeble when the Puritans came into power in it that it was 
 the cringing agency and timid instrument of despotism. He 
 built that House to be the strongest, freest, most respected 
 body the world had ever had. \\hen he came into power 
 that body was naught but a register of the King's will. When 
 he left his seat in it, it was supreme in registering the national 
 will. All who opposed him in his reformation of the nation 
 he brushed aside or crushed. Stopping at nothing in his 
 onward sweep, king, ministers, prelates, all bent their heads 
 over the block as the axe fell. And in one brief century he 
 made the name of Englishman the highest title of honor 
 that any man on earth could hold. It was Macaulay who 
 said, ''The dread of his invincible army was on all the inhabit- 
 ants of the island." And it was that invincible spirit, un- 
 conquerable in all that it determined upon, that was brought 
 to New England by those Puritan pioneers in the spring of 
 1624, when Thomas Gardener, John Tilley, and a few others 
 set sail in a small ship of but fifty tons and made settlement 
 on Cape Ann, now Gloucester. They were the agents of the 
 Dorchester Company, engaged for one year, instructed to 
 establish a plantation and trading post in connection with the 
 fishing industry. The company had in contemplation the 
 idea that by establishment of a plantation during the time 
 the men were not engaged in fishing, they could cultivate the 
 land, raising sufficient cereals, with the wild game and fish,, 
 as would give them support the year round, and would enable 
 
them to also use the products in their trading for furs with 
 the Indians, and so an arrangement was eitected with Gov- 
 ernor Bradford of the Plymouth colony, who owned the 
 land (which was a part of the territory granted them by Lord 
 Sheffield under a patent), to occupy for this purpose the land 
 at Cape Ann. 
 
 In the spring of 1625 the Dorchester Company engaged 
 Roger Conant, who was then living at Nantasket, having 
 through disagreement left the Plymouth colony, to be their 
 Governor, taking full charge of the enterprise at Cape Ann. 
 Notwithstanding that the company sent many vessels, men, 
 stores, and cattle, the project, for one reason or another, failed 
 to develop the success hoped for, and in the fall of 1626 
 the company abandoned the enterprise, selling their vessels, 
 and many of the planters returned to England, but about 
 thirty, which included women and children, and among whom 
 was John Woodberry, John Balch, Peter Palfrey, Goodman 
 Norman, William Allen, and Walter Knight, at the earnest 
 solicitation of Roger Conant, decided to remam, and under 
 his direction they removed to Naumkeag, now Salem, erected 
 houses and began preparation for planting, in which for the 
 next two seasons they were fairly successful. A patent was 
 granted March 19th, 1628, by ''The Council for New Eng- 
 land," so called by the company, whose legal name under 
 the charter was "The Governor and Company of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay in New England," for land several miles in 
 extent around Salem to Henry Roswell, John Young, John 
 Endicott, and others. A new company being formed, with 
 many substantial men joining the enterprise, ships, men, and 
 supplies were provided, and John Endicott placed in com- 
 mand of the expedition with instructions to proceed to 
 Naumkeag, take over and in charge the late Dorchester Com- 
 pany's effects, carry on the plantation and to make "way 
 for the settling of another colony on Massachusetts Bay." 
 Sailing June 20th, 1628, in the ship Abigail, from Weymouth, 
 England, they arrived at Naumkeag September 6th with 
 thirty men aboard. Their arrival made the total number of 
 colonists about sixty. But this expedition had a greater 
 intent behind it than the mere planting, fishing, and trading, 
 as was generally supposed. The interest in the patent and 
 new company, which was held by Roswell, Young, and some 
 others, was purchased b}^ John Winthrop, Isaac Johnson, 
 Gofife, Dudley, Craddock, Saltonstall, and others, and their 
 
 59 
 
purchase of these interests was for the sole purpose of provid- 
 ing an asylum for the persecuted non-Conformists, beyond the 
 reach of ecclesiastical tyranny. It is then to religious 
 considerations entirely that we must attribute the settling of 
 the Puritans' colony in America. No country in the world 
 can deduce its origin from men so guided by pure and 
 disinterested motives as those which influenced the first 
 settlers of Massachusetts and New England; for neither the 
 country in its wildness, which they proposed to inhabit, nor 
 the success of the former adventurers, held out sufficient 
 inducements to stimulate either avarice or ambition. They 
 were men of firmness and resolution, ready to endure every 
 suffering for the sake of civil and religious freedom, to level 
 forests, where savage beasts and men had roamed in undis- 
 turbed possession for centuries, and make dwelling places 
 amid such surroundings — and they did. Upon Endicott's 
 arrival and superseding Conant in the governorship, there 
 was great discontent manifested by the first planters, but 
 Conant's moderation and wisdom soon overcame this. . 
 
 The favorable accounts that Endicott sent to England 
 of his success and the prosperous condition of the plantation, 
 gave such encouragement that the interest of several persons 
 of competent estates was awakened and they agreed to 
 embark themselves for a voyage to New England, and to 
 make up a large company, which should^ consist of skilled 
 workmen and artisans of all crafts, besides large quantities 
 of stores of subsistence, swine, cattle, and horses, and also 
 to send over ministers to afford religious instruction to the 
 vast number who would emigrate. Mathew Cradock, who 
 was the Governor of the colony in England, wrote Endicott 
 in February, 1629, "that in the spring they would send in 
 four ships, about three hundred people, and one hundred 
 cattle and requests that he have houses built for as many as 
 possible ; that three ministers at least would be sent, to 
 whom was left the manner of exercising their ministry, and 
 that the council have confirmed him as Governor of the 
 colony and have appointed as his council the Rev. Samuel 
 Skelton, Rev. Francis Higginson, Rev. Francis Bright, Mr. 
 John Brown, Mr. Samuel Brown, Mr. Thomas Graves, and 
 Mr. Samuel Sharpe." 
 
 The twentieth of April, 1629, the expedition was started^ 
 On that date the ship George Bonaventure sailed from 
 Gravesend, carrying twenty cannon, with fifty-two planters 
 
 61 
 
and the Rev. Samuel Skelton, his wife, an-d three children. 
 Mr. Skelton, who had been the rector of the old Sempringham 
 Church for several years, was an extreme non-Conformist, 
 for which he had been removed from his church, and as those 
 in charge of the sending out the colonists were well aware 
 of this, it is to be supposed they were of the same faith. The 
 ship George arrived at Salem, June 22d. The ship Talbot 
 sailed April 25th, carrying twenty-four cannon, one hundred 
 planters, cattle, and provisions, and also Rev. Francis Hig- 
 ginson and family, arriving at Salem, June 29th. The Lion's 
 Whelp sailed and arrived the same day as did the Talbot, 
 bringing over eight cannon, stores, and provisions, and about 
 fifty planters, also Rev. Francis Bright. These ships were 
 followed by the Four Sisters and Mayflower, the historic 
 ship which brought over in 1620 the little band of Pilgrims 
 who landed at Plymouth and made the first settlement of 
 New England. 
 
 Upon the arrival of the ships at Salem, they found that 
 Endicott had built several houses, and had erected a church 
 for their spiritual use (this church, it is claimed, is the one 
 which now stands in the rear of the Essex Institute in Salem) ; 
 the question whether it is such or a house used by the 
 Quakers or was a stable, has been much mooted, and has 
 never been satisfactorily determined and probably never will 
 be, as there does not exist a shred of documentary proof 
 that it was the original first church. In fact, its construction 
 bears every evidence that it was not ; it is of a size that would 
 scarcely hold a hundred people, and its conformation inside 
 resembles precisely that of a stable. The timbers of which 
 it is constructed are too finely finished for the period when 
 supposedly, or as all the records tell us, the houses and 
 buildings of this period were all built of logs or stone with 
 crevices filled with clay. But the strongest evidence that it 
 was not the original church lays in the fact that Governor 
 Endicott was aware that over three hundred planters were 
 coming in the spring of 1629, and that immediately following 
 them large numbers would in addition be sent as rapidly as 
 possible, and these added to the sixty already with him would 
 make such a population that it would require a house many 
 times larger than the little affair, which at this late day it is 
 endeavored to exploit as the first church. To believe that it 
 was, is to believe that Governor Endicott was void of com- 
 mon sense, and surely history gives us the evidence that of 
 
 63 
 
1^^' 
 
 o 
 
 % 
 o 
 
 fir* 
 
 
 
that he was most plentifully endowed. Another strong argu- 
 ment against it being the first church and which many- 
 consider conclusive, is that Young in his Chronicles of Mas- 
 sachusetts, on page 259, says : ''Mr. Higginson, a short time 
 after his arrival, wrote a most glowing account of the 
 plantation," and said, "When we came first to Naumkeag we 
 found half a score of houses and a fair house, newly built, for 
 the Governor; and there are in all of us, both old and new 
 planters, about three hundred, whereof two hundred of them 
 are settled at Naumkeag and the rest have planted themselves 
 at Massachusetts Bay, beginning to build a town there which 
 we do call Charlestown." 
 
 Immediately upon the arrival of these immigrants 
 arrangements were begun for forming a church organization, 
 which Was to be entirely independent of the Church of Eng- 
 land; this under their charter they had a right to do, and 
 as they had come away from the forms and ceremonies of 
 the church at home, they determined to free themselves from 
 it. On July 20th following, the colonists after fasting, pray- 
 ing, and listening to a sermon, chose the Rev. Samuel Skelton 
 as their pastor and Rev. Mr. Higginson as teacher. After 
 a prayer by Mr. Higginson, he and several of the gravest 
 men consecrated Mr. Skelton. by the imposition of hands, 
 after which Mr. Skelton consecrated Mr. Higginson in the 
 same way. August 6th following was a day of fasting and 
 prayer, the selection and installing of deacons and elders, 
 and the presentation and adoption of a covenant according to 
 their interpretation of the Scriptures. And now they estab- 
 lished a church which excluded all other church organizations. 
 They did not leave the Church of England or its ordinances, 
 but they abandoned the book of common prayer and its cere- 
 monies, believing them to be sinful corruptions in the worship 
 of God. It was thus that the foundation and organization 
 was made of the first Congregational Church in America. At 
 a meeting of the company in England on October 20th, 1629, 
 Mr. John Winthrop was chosen to be the Governor for the 
 ensuing year, and transfer of the government to New Eng- 
 land was made, and in March following the great exodus be- 
 gan, some thirteen vessels landing at Salem over fifteen hun- 
 dred immigrants, among whom was Governor Winthrop, who 
 came in the Arabella, arriving June 12th, 1630, as did Thomas 
 Dudley, Richard Saltonstall, Isaac Johnson, John Endicott, 
 Increase Nowell, William Vassall, William P3mchon, Roger 
 
 65 
 
Ludlow, Edward Rossiter, Thomas Sharp, John Revell, Ma- 
 thew Cradock, Simon Bradstreet, Samuel Aldersey, John 
 Venn, Briar Jansen, William Coddington, and Thomas Adams, 
 all chosen assistants to Governor Windirop, 
 
 Within a few days of his arrival, Winthrop and some of 
 his assistants selected Charlestown as being suitable for 
 settlement as the principal seat of government, but upoa 
 further exploration being made by others, it was agreed that 
 Newtowne, now Cambridge, was preferable, and it was chosen, 
 but owing to sickness from scurvy and fevers contracted on 
 the voyage, it was decided to defer the removal to Cambridge, 
 that some should remain at Charlestown and others select 
 locations in the neighboring country, erect houses and pre- 
 pare for the coming winter. Winthrop, Rev. Mr. Bright, and 
 some others took residence in the great house Endicott had 
 built at Charlestown for the Governor. Saltonstall, Phillips, 
 and a company went to Watertown; Pynchon and others to 
 Roxbury; Cradock and others to Medford, Boston, Dor- 
 chester, and Lynn. Upon landing the supplies from the 
 vessels it was found that a great quantity had become spoiled 
 during the passage over. Knowing that want and privation 
 would exist before the winter was over, Winthrop sent the 
 Lion to England for supplies, requesting that great expedition 
 be made in the journey. 
 
 There were many deaths among the immigrants before 
 the winter was half over, more than two hundred having died 
 from disease contracted on the journey over and from lung 
 troubles contracted from insufficient housing and food, for the 
 winter was very severe and the stock of provisions so ex- 
 hausted that hundreds of the people sustained life only by dig- 
 ging and eating clams and muscles and bread made from 
 acorns, but dire disaster was averted by the return of the Lion, 
 February 5th, 1631, with an abundance of provisions for all. 
 During the month of August, 1630, Mr. Isaac Johnson moved 
 over to and settled in Boston ; he is accredited with being 
 the principal cause of settling the town of Boston and so of its 
 becoming the metropolis of New England. He chose for his, 
 lot the great square that lay within what is now Washington, 
 Tremont, Court, and School streets, and at his death, Sep- 
 tember 30th, he was buried in that portion of his lot where 
 now stands King's Chapel, and thus began the first cemetery 
 in Boston. Soon after Mr. Johnson's death Winthrop and 
 his assistants decided to remove to Boston, taking with him 
 
 66 
 
his partially built house frame, and in November a company 
 of goodly numbers had erected houses there; these houses 
 were constructed with logs and the open places filled in with 
 clay, while the roofs were thatched; one room sufficed for the 
 family, with one fireplace, earthen floor, and scarcely any 
 furniture other than that roughly hewn from the logs. Surely 
 th'e establishment of a home in the Boston of 1630 is not 
 sufficiently attractive in 1910 to excite emulation upon the 
 part of any one, and yet those Purrtans with a steadfast 
 purpose in mind were happy and contented in their primitive 
 surroundings, and endured untold sufferings without com- 
 plaint. The selection of Boston as a capital town was made 
 after due deliberation. Salem they had found not pleasing; 
 Cambridge, Watertown, Medford were too far inland, while 
 Charlestown did not in its location offer so good a place 
 for defence as did Boston, where, by building a fort out on 
 the neck, they could well and successfully defend themselves 
 from any attack made by the Indians on the land side, while 
 one made by water was not to be apprehended from a fleet 
 of birch bark canoes, as none could approach from any 
 point without being at the mercy of the cannon on the 
 several hills, which overlooked both the harbor on the sea 
 side and the Charles river on the other. But as ultimately 
 decided, the fortifications were not erected, as Chicatabut, 
 the Indian chief, assured the settlers of the peaceful inten- 
 tions of the Indians, and instead of attacking and repelling 
 them from his domains by force of arms, he administered 
 to their comfort and even salvation, for upon knowledge 
 being given to them of the dire want of the settlers and 
 their famishing condition, the Indians brought to them all 
 the corn they could spare from their own stores. This 
 evidence on the part of the Indians created in the minds 
 of the settlers the warmest feelings of friendship, which 
 was reciprocated and continued without a break. The set- 
 tlers buying from them the land, and paying for the same in 
 such goods as the Indians required, to show them that their 
 friendship was not of a pretended nature, Governor Winthrop, 
 at the order of the General Court held September 7th, caused 
 one Thomas Morton to be placed in the stocks, then to be sent 
 back to England. All his goods were seized and sold for the 
 payment of his debts and to satisfy the Indians for a canoe 
 which he had stolen from them, and his house burned in their 
 sight as part compensation for the wrongs he had done to them. 
 
 67 
 
In February, 163 1, Roger Williams, a Separatist minister, 
 arrived in the ship Lion, and instead of gomg to Plymoutii 
 where the Pilgrims, the main body of Separatists, were 
 located, he went to Salem, and was elected to the office of 
 assistant to Rev. Samuel Skelton, the pastor of the Salem 
 Church, taking the place of the Rev. Francis Higginson, 
 who had just died. As the planters at Salem and Boston 
 were non-Conformists, this action by the Salem people met 
 with condemnation by the Assistants' Court, and Mr. Wil- 
 liams at once resigned and departed for Plymouth. In 
 September the Rev. John Eliot arrived and was assigned to 
 
 ytrKty. i ^er^ 
 
 the planters in Roxbury, where he at once became the closest 
 of friends with the Indians ; **he learned their language and 
 preached the Gospel in it to their perfect understanding;" 
 he translated the English language into the Indian and wrote 
 it in a Bible for them, as well as several other books during 
 his long life among them. 
 
 The first session of the General Court was held at 
 Boston, May i8th, 1631, when Winthrop was again chosen 
 Governor, and the first meeting-house erected upon what is 
 now State street, at the corner of Devonshire, with John 
 Wilson as pastor. In 1632 some three hundred immigrants 
 
 68 
 
came over, and in 1633 nearly eight hundred, among whom 
 was the Rev. John Cotton, who was chosen teacher of the 
 Boston Church. The year 1634 was somewhat of a momentous 
 one. Wilham Blackstone, the first white settler of Boston, 
 had resided there a few years previous to the arrival of Win- 
 throp, and laid claim to the land by right of previous pos- 
 session, but entering into an agreement with the Governor 
 and Court of Assistants to dispose of the main portion which 
 he held, a tax was laid on every householder of six shillings, 
 which not being sufficient, others added to the amount until 
 thirty pounds was secured, when it was paid over and Black- 
 stone released all but six acres, which he retained for his 
 own use, to the town, who immediately laid it out for a 
 training field and pasture ground for the cattle of the people, 
 which to the present time has been known as Boston Com- 
 mon; and although since its acquisition by the town many 
 attempts have been made to encroach upon it, they have been 
 successfully resisted and Boston Common remains, prac- 
 tically, as it originally came from Blackstone. 
 
 There had for a year past been great discussion among 
 the planters as to the method by which the Governor should 
 be elected each year. It had been customary for the Court 
 of Assistants alone to do that, but the freemen insisted upon 
 their right to participate in so important a matter, and the 
 General Court this year agreed that the contention of the 
 freemen was well founded, and they passed a law that "the 
 Governor, Deputy Governor, and assistants should every 
 year be chosen by the whole court of Governor, Deputy 
 Governor, assistants, and freemen." The freemen elected this 
 year Mr. Dudley as Governor, Mr. Ludlow, deputy, and Mr. 
 Coddington, treasurer, and also elected Mr. Winthrop as 
 assistant. 
 
 As immigration was heavy and increasing each year, 
 Boston seemed to be the place where the majority settled, 
 and it became a s'erious matter with the town officials in the 
 way of apportioning land to the newcomers, so by order 
 of the General Court, a book recording the location and own- 
 ership of all lands was begun. It is unfortunate that the 
 very earliest pages of the town's records are missing and that 
 many of the pages are now almost illegible, yet from 1634 
 these precious pages are in a fair state of preservation. As 
 far as they are now decipherable they begin as follows : 
 
 69 
 

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"16345 month 7th, daye present, Jo Winthrop, Wm Cod- 
 dington, Capt Underbill, Tho Oliver, Tho Leverett, Giles 
 Firmin, Jo Coggeshall, Wm Pierce, Robt Hardinge, Wm 
 Brenton. Whereas it hath been founde that much damage 
 hath already happened by laying of stones and logges near 
 the bridge, and landing place, whereby diverse boats have 
 been much bruised; for prevention of such harmes for time 
 to come, it is ordered that whosoever shall unlade any stones, 
 timber or logges, where the same may not be plainly seen 
 at high water, shall set up a pole or beacon to give notice 
 thereof, upon paine that whosoever shall faile so to doe, 
 shall make full recompense for all such damage as shall 
 happen to any boats or other vessels by occasion of such, 
 stones, timber or logges, the same to be recovered by way 
 of action at the court; and this order to be in force from 
 this day forwarde. It is also ordered, that no person shall 
 leave any fish or garbage near the said bridge or common 
 landing place, between the creeks, whereby any annoyance 
 may come to the people that passe that way, upon payne to 
 forfeit for each such offence, five shillings, the same to be 
 levied by distress of the goods of the offender. And for 
 the better execution of these orders, the aforesaid Giles Fir- 
 min is appointed overseer of said landing place, to give notice 
 to suche strangers and others as come hither with boats, and 
 to take knowledge of all offences committed, and to levye 
 the penalties which shall be forfeited. And if, after notice 
 shall be given by the said overseer, to any person that shall 
 have any timber, logges, or stones, being without such pole 
 or beacon, the said offender shall (after making recompense 
 to the person damnified, if any damage happen) forfeit to 
 the towne for^every day the same offence shall continue, five 
 shillings to be levied by distresse." An illustration, in the 
 original handwriting, which shows the quaint style of 
 chirography of those da3^s, is given with this. It shows a part 
 of the order as given above, and is particularly interesting as 
 being the very first of the official records as given by the 
 Puritan forefathers that is in existence. Orders were given 
 this year, 1634, empowe'ring the sale of land by the Gov- 
 ernor and others to newcomers, "That the towne allot two 
 acres to every man able and fit to plant and one acre to every 
 able youth ;" "that none but the General Court hath power to 
 make and establish laws, to raise money and taxes ; that 
 four General Courts should be held each year; that taxes 
 
 71 
 
p^SfasessEw;^ 
 
should be laid on property; that no trial shall pass upon 
 any for life or banishment, but by a jury summoned by the 
 General Court, that lands granted and not built upon in 
 three years should be forfeited ; that no houses or lands be 
 sold or transferred to any newcomer without consent of the 
 assistants." 
 
 A great movement at this time in England among the 
 friends of religious liberty sent additions to the colony of 
 over three thousand persons. The discipline which at this 
 time was maintained over the colonists was severe in the 
 extreme; offences against ordinances of the General Court 
 were punished by fines, setting in the stocks, banishment from 
 the colony, and in one case for ^'uttering malicious and scan- 
 dalous speeches against the government and the church at 
 Salem," Ratcliffe was fined, had his ears cut off, and was 
 banished ; Richard Hopkins, who violated the order pro- 
 viding the sale of firearms or ammunition to the Indians, was 
 branded upon the cheek, and Nicholas Frost was branded 
 upon the hand for stealing from the Indians. It seems at 
 this date as though too much cruelty was exercised in the 
 punishment of offenders against the orders of the General 
 Court, but it should be remembered that it was during a 
 period when England, as well as France, was exercising 
 the most diabolical, inhuman, and cruel methods of punish- 
 ment. One has only to turn to Lingard's History of Eng- 
 land to read of the cruelties practised, such as the cutting 
 oif of hands and ears, slitting the nose, this for slight 
 offences ; and particularly cruel does the punishment seem 
 that was inflicted upon the Rev. Mr. Leighton, a non-Conform- 
 ist minister in England, who for issuing a book taking issue 
 with the church, , from his non-Conformist view, was con- 
 demned by the House of Lords to pay a fine of ten thousand 
 pounds, to be deposed from his church, publicly whipped, 
 placed in the stocks, an ear cut off, his nose slit open, cheek 
 branded, and at the expiration of one week to be again 
 whipped publicly, placed in the stocks, his other ear cut off, 
 his other cheek branded. Upon this being done he was 
 then sentenced to life imprisonment, and for ten years he 
 was thus confined until Cromwell, upon coming into power, 
 released him. Blackstone in his Commentaries says that 
 ''Parliament at this time had in eifect instant death as the 
 penalty for committing any one of one hundred and sixty 
 offences which men are liable daily to commit." And so 
 
 73 
 
View in Public Garden, Boston. Mas 
 
with the knowledge of the prevalence of such severe laws 
 in England, it is not to be wondered at that those of the 
 Puritans were severe, not any excuse for them it is to be 
 admitted, but it must be remembered that they were of a 
 stern and unbending character, without the leaven of mild- 
 ness that was ingrain with the Pilgrim whose methods of pun- 
 ishment were absolutely free from cruelty, although at times 
 severe. 
 
 At this time the enemies in England to the non- 
 Conformist planters sought to destroy them if possible ; they 
 induced the King to assume control over all and promise 
 to send a Governor, in his name, over all New England, but 
 which Jie failed to do. The colonists in this action realized 
 that if it succeeded, the cause for which they had dared and 
 suffered so much would be crushed, and disaster to the 
 colony inevitably the result. They met the situation with 
 firmness and confidence ; they ordered forts built at various 
 points, construction of carriages for their cannon, enroll- 
 ment and drill of the men able to bear arms, and distribution of 
 all arms and munitions of war among the several plantations. 
 The first known stoppage of specie payment in this country 
 occurred at this time, when it was "ordered that hereafter 
 farthings shall not pass for current pay, and that musket 
 bullets of a full bore shall pass current for a farthing each." 
 These actions were not intended as a defiance of the King, 
 but it was hoped he would realize from them the necessity of 
 a milder form of action towards the colonists than had been 
 indicated in what they had learned from England as his 
 intentions, and yet they were determined to resist to the 
 last degree any attempt to take from them what they had 
 so far accomplished, if in that taking the religious liberty 
 so dear to them must be relinquished; hence preparations 
 were made to defend themselves to the last if the occasion 
 demanded it. 
 
 In August of this year, 1634, the colony at Salem was 
 thrown into deep sorrow and anxiety; the Rev. Samuel 
 Skelton, the pastor, who had been one of the great leaders; 
 who had been stricken with that arch enemy consumption, 
 died, and the church was without a leader. In the emergency 
 they called again Roger Williams to preside over them ; 
 
 75 
 
^5 
 
 t 
 
upon the Governor and assistants learning of this, they were 
 much wrought up over the matter and summoned him to 
 appear before them and make answer to the written declara- 
 tion he had made at the Plymouth Church (particulars of 
 which will be found in the "Story of the Pilgrims"). 
 
 Mr. Williams assured them that he had intended this pa- 
 per only for the Plymouth people, and that he in no wise con- 
 tended against the forms of the church. His defence being 
 satisfactory, the matter was dropped, but in 1635 he was 
 again called before the assistants and charged with promul- 
 gating dangerous views, such as "that a magistrate ought 
 •not to tender an oath to an unregenerate man ; that a man 
 ought not to pray with such, though wife or child ; that a 
 man ought not to give thanks after the sacrament, nor after 
 meat," and various other heresies. These accusations Mr. 
 Williams could not successfully deny and he was given until 
 the meeting of the next General Court to reflect and retract 
 or to be removed from his ministerial office. Williams never 
 after this officiated in the church, refusing all communion 
 with the churches, even going to the extent of refusing to 
 pray with his wife because she continued in her attendance 
 at the church, and as a consequence the General Court at its 
 next session ordered that "Roger Williams shall depart out 
 of this jurisdiction within six weeks, next ensuing," but the 
 order was later modified and he was permitted to remain 
 through the winter, but upon spring coming he refused to 
 leave, and when the Court of Assistants met in January, 
 1636, it was ordered that he be taken and placed aboard a 
 ship which was ready to sail for England, and when a small 
 sloop was sent to Salem to bring him to Boston to place him 
 aboard the ship, it was found that he had fled with twenty 
 adherents to Narragansett Bay, and passing the winter there 
 he moved to what is now Providence, assisting in establish- 
 ing a plantation there and presiding over the church until 
 his death. 
 
 ;, At the meeting of the General Court in 1635, John 
 Haynes was chosen Governor, and Mr. Bellingham deputy. 
 At this session, for the first time in America, the ballot was 
 brought into use in an election, the freemen depositing 
 
 77 
 
each a ballot upon which they had written the name of their 
 preference for Governor and Deputy Governor. 
 
 In October, Henry Vane, afterwards upon the death of 
 his father, Sir Henry Vane, arrived and was well received. 
 Although but twenty-three years of age, he showed such 
 wisdom that he rapidly endeared himself to the people, and 
 the following year, 1636, he was unanimously elected Gov- 
 ernor. It was this year that great excitement was caused 
 by the new heresy that spread through the church and colony 
 which was caused by Mrs. Ann Hutchinson, who had come 
 over in 1634. Governor Winthrop in his book says : "One 
 Mrs. Hutchinson, a member of the church of Boston, a woman 
 of ready wit and bold spirit, brought over with her two 
 dangerous errors, that the person of the Holy Ghost dwells 
 in a justified person, and that no sanctification can help to 
 evidence to us our justification." This new belief was the 
 cause of an increase in the differences held and it extended 
 throughout the colony, causing alienation, and the contention 
 aroused was akin to that of discussion between Conformist and 
 non-Conformist ; the spark had been fanned into a flame and 
 the colonists were set one against the other in matters sep- 
 arate from religion, factions grew, and at one time seriously 
 threatened to disrupt the entire organization. At the time 
 of the meeting of the General Court in May, 1637, Governor 
 Winthrop was again chosen Governor, after a stormy ses- 
 sion, in which Governor Vane and his faction were ignored, 
 much to the distress of Vane, who the following August 
 returned to England, where he remained. 
 
 Mrs. Hutchinson continued to hold meetings in her own 
 house, and the antagonism became so pronounced that it 
 threatened to become a revolution throughout the colony. 
 Winthrop seemed powerless in suppressing the intense feeling 
 aroused, and at the meeting in November of the General 
 Court strenuous action was taken. "It was found that two 
 so opposite parties could not contain in the same body with- 
 out apparent hazard of ruin to the whole, and it was agreed 
 to send away some of the principals." Aspinwall, Oliver, 
 and Coggeshall, who were deputy governors, were removed 
 from their positions. Aspinwall and Wheelwright were dis- 
 franchised and banished from the country , Coggeshall 
 disfranchised, Mrs. Hutchinson banished, and over a dozen 
 others fined and disfranchised. Thus was averted the near 
 disruption of the colony, only severe action prevented, and 
 
 78 
 
such action was later, after calmness possessed the people, 
 seen to be that of wisdom. No half-way measure would have 
 answered, and with those people only stern, severe treatment 
 of a factional question saved the day. No departure from 
 the original belief and practice of the non-Conformist Church 
 could or would be allowed. There was only salvation to the 
 colony in upholding the tenets of its religion, which was 
 primarily independent of the government of the established 
 National Church, and permitting a semblance of departure 
 from this would have proven the death of the colony then 
 and there. In 1636 the colonists, some three hundred in 
 number, who had settled in Connecticut, \\ere upon every 
 possible occasion assailed by the tribe of Indians known as 
 Pequots, capturing, torturing, murdering any who ventured 
 for any distance from their houses. So great was the uprising 
 that the colonists at Boston sent an expedition with all dis- 
 patch to punish the Indians ; with them went a number of 
 allies from the Mohegan and Narragansett tribes. The first 
 attack on the Indian fort at Mystic resulted in destruction of 
 fort and village and the killing of over six hundred. The 
 expedition continued on to Hartford and what is now New 
 Haven, attacking at every opportunity and so reducing the 
 number by killing, that in the fall of 1638 the remainder of the 
 band of Pequots, about two hundred, surrendered and the 
 war cam^e to an end. The colonists who returned from the 
 war organized themselves with some others into a military 
 company, which became known as the Ancient and Honorable 
 Artillery Company, and which still possesses its organization. 
 While events of a warlike nature were taking place in New 
 England, the crisis in England in religious affairs was rapidly 
 drawing near. Charles found that the Scotch covenanters had 
 invaded England with an army of about thirty thousand. Par- 
 liament refused to aid the King in any way, and feeling that 
 the time was now come for reformation in civil affairs, they 
 arrested, tried, condemned, and executed the principal mem- 
 bers of the advisory council of the King. Financial distress 
 came upon England, which was quickly reflected in the colony, 
 and immigration ceased. No new money or supplies came, 
 prices of all products, as well as cattle, declined, and as no 
 money was obtainable to purchase supplies or to pay their in- 
 debtedness, their condition was precarious. The General 
 Court in 1640 ordered that ''No man should be compelled to 
 satisfy any debt, legacy, fine, or make any payment in money, 
 
 79 
 
 ^ 
 
but satisfaction shall be accepted in corn, cattle, fish, or other 
 commodities at a rate appraised by an appointed officer." 
 The court also ordered that, as the coming winter would 
 show a deficiency in clothing, the wild hemp be gathered ; 
 it grew wonderfully abundant everywhere, and that all 
 members of families employ all the time possible in working 
 out hemp and flax for clothing; even the children, who 
 watched cattle, to be set at spinning and weaving. 
 
 This year, 1640, Dudley was again elected Governor. 
 There had up to this time come to the New England 
 shores in both Pilgrim and Puritan colonies upwards of 
 thirty thousand people, and during the twenty-year period 
 from 1620 there had been established nearly twenty towns, 
 which, under rule of the General Court, had the right to make 
 and enforce such orders as would result in the well con- 
 ducting of the towns, thus carrying into practical use and 
 effect the principles laid down in the Mayflower compact, and 
 it is remarkable that in this twentieth century the principles of 
 that compact were the foundation of government of every 
 town, state, and even the national government, as exemplified 
 in that later document, the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 It is interesting to know how the people lived in the 
 early days. The houses were built of logs, with spaces 
 between filled with clay, roofs thatched, one story in height, 
 the room divided by log partitions into two or three smaller 
 ones, the large room used for a living room, kitchen, and 
 sleeping; floor generally earthen, large fireplace and chimney 
 of small branches lined with clay. These houses were warm 
 and gave good protection in the severe winters. The churches 
 were one story, thatched roof, with benches arranged on the 
 sides ; worshippers were seated, men on one side, women on 
 the other, in the relative order of age, rank, and wealth; the 
 services were simple — forms and ceremonies of the Episcopal 
 Church discarded — and all feast and fast days of the church 
 forbidden, even Christmas not being permitted to be cele- 
 brated, but there was inaugurated what has since been 
 perpetuated as thanksgiving day. Ministers were not allowed 
 to celebrate marriage, magistrates performing that oflice. 
 Schools were established and the younger generation com- 
 pelled to attend, and so much was thought of an education 
 that even the older ones, who were deficient in learning, 
 availed themselves of every opportunity to attend, and when 
 the Rev. John Harvard, a Cambridge minister, died in 1637, 
 
 81 
 
he left seven hundred pounds (which to-day is the equivalent 
 of about five thousand pounds, for the pound sterHng of 
 to-day is about eight times of greater value than of that 
 period) for the establishment of an educational institution 
 which in 1639 was ordered to be called Harvard College, and 
 which in 1642 graduated the first class, who numbered nine 
 students. In 1641 Mr. Bellingham was chosen Governor, and 
 in 1642-1643 Mr. Winthrop. In 1642 there was called a con- 
 sultation of the leaders of the colonies in New England; those 
 from Plymouth were Mr. Winslow and Mr. Collier; Mr. 
 Winthrop and Dudley, Boston; Mr. Haynes, Connecticut; 
 Mr. Gorges, Maine; Providence, Roger Williams. Winthrop 
 says that after two or three meetings they lovingly accorded 
 to the articles of confederation presented, signed the same 
 and later upon their being ratified by the General Court, they 
 became the United Colonies of New England. In fact, these 
 articles of confederation were the very foundation of the 
 Constitution of the United States. Article after article of 
 this agreement was literally adopted by the authors of the 
 Constitution, thus showing at this day the wise prescience 
 of the fathers in building a republic on this Western Conti- 
 nent. It was novv^ apparent to the central body of the Con- 
 federation, to wit, the great and General Court, that to 
 maintain in close relation the settlements, or quasi states of 
 the colony, that the cause of Congregationalism, which was 
 established by Rev. Samuel Skelton at the first immigration 
 to Salem in July, 1629, must be advanced both here and in 
 England, and to the people in England was made known 
 fully the system of church government as exemplified here 
 in the Congregational churches. . That system met with the 
 instant approbation of the masses, a majority of whom 
 organized into an independent section, who were opposed 
 to the National Church on the religious side and to the 
 abolition of the monarchy upon the civic, and as the years 
 wore on the battle became fiercer and fiercer, involving 
 Episcopalian, Presbyterian and Independent, until the 
 influence of that sectarianism, known as Congregationalism, 
 born that July day in 1629 at Salem, rose to irresistible 
 ascendancy, sweeping through the country to such degree 
 that when Cromwell raised his banner the people by thou- 
 sands flocked around it, and as the army moved additions 
 were so large that finally it overcame, as is well known, 
 
 82 
 
every obstacle, and Oliver Cromwell became the gre^.t'est 
 ruler that England had ever had. 
 
 The death of Governor Winthrop, 1649, practically closes 
 the story of the original Puritans and their government as 
 individuals, but which later was gradually merged into the 
 broader system developed and told by "The Story of Boston." 
 But what is the verdict at this later day as we look backward? 
 We see in those planters the fathers of New England, a people 
 who were remarkable for their piety and moral rectitude ; 
 they were men of courage and strength, endured every priva- 
 tion, even starvation, for the cause of religious freedom; 
 they were men of erudition, of genius, of literary attainments, 
 who were conspicuous in affairs of state and church, and ac 
 they hewed out of the wilderness a country free born and inde- 
 pendent, a nation the most blessed upon the face of the 
 globe, their deeds with those of the Pilgrims will go down 
 to farthest posterity as deeds fraught with greatest blessings 
 mankind has ever had bestowed upon it. 
 
 PIUIC-TKSB BUILXJNO 
 
 «3 
 
THE LIST OF THE ORIGINAL PURITANS 
 
 Who resided at Salem, Massachusetts, between the years 1624 
 and 1650. Of those who arrived previous to 1634, and who 
 remained in Salem, there is no record in the church records, 
 but there was a list made of the first arrivals, 1624-1630. The 
 latter year, upon the arrival of Governor Winthrop, many of 
 the colonists w^ere not pleased with Salem and departed to 
 Charlestown, Boston, Cambridge, Watertown, Medford, and 
 other places, and in those towns, which they settled, their 
 names are recorded. After 1634 the arrivals in New England 
 were generally at Boston, although many came to Salem. 
 The dates at the right of the names signify the year those 
 persons were recorded as being residents of Salem. From 
 1636, in addition, is given under each year the names of 
 those who joined the First Church, ending with 1650. 
 
 The term "Goodwife," frequently attached to a name, 
 was the ancient way of designating the wife of a person, in- 
 stead of, as is now the custom, saying "Mrs." 
 
 Abby, John, 1637 
 Adams, Richard, 1637 
 Adams, Robert, 1638 
 Aimedoune, Roger, 1637 
 Antrum, Thomas, 1637 
 Alford, Mary, 1636 
 Alford, William, 1635 
 Alderman, Jane, 1636 
 Allen, Robert, 1637 
 Allen, Elizabeth, 1636 
 Allen, William, 1626 
 Allerton, Isaac, 1633 
 Amyes, John, 1637 
 Amyes, Ruth, 1638 
 Archer, Samuel, 1630 
 Auger, Alice, 1631 
 Auger, William, 1631 
 Avery, Thomas, 1643 
 Babson, Isabel, 1637 
 Baker, Robert, .1637 
 Barber, William, 1639 
 Baxter, Daniel, 1639 
 Bai toll, John, 1648 
 
 Bayley, Guydo, 1644 
 Bayley, Henry, 1638 
 Beard, Thomas, 1629 
 Beaumont, John, 1640 
 Beeve, Phillip, 1637 
 Belknap, Joseph, 1644 
 Beman, William, 1637 
 Bennet, John, 1633 
 Bennet, Richard, 1636 
 Bennet, Henry, 1630 
 Bennet, William, 1637 
 Berry, Christopher, 1C40 
 Best, John, 1638 
 ^ixby, Thomas, 1636 
 Blancher (widow), 1638 
 Blomfield, Henry, 1638 
 Boggust, John, 1630 
 Bourne, John, 1637 
 Bowditch, Wm., 1643 
 Bowen, Thomas, 1648 
 Brand, Thomas, 1629 
 Bravely, John, 1638 
 Bridgeman, John, 1637 
 
Brittell, John, 16.37 
 Brown, Hugh, 1628 
 . Brown, John, 1629 
 Brown, Samuel, 1629 
 Bryan (widow), 1639 
 Bryant, Thomas, 1642 
 Bufifum, Robert, 1638 
 Bullock, Henry, 1643 
 Burdet, Rev. George, 1635 
 Burdsall, Henry, 1638 
 Burrows, John, 1637 
 Burstow, Anthony, 1637 
 Burton, John, 1637 
 Burwood, Thomas, 1640 
 Bushnell, John, 1637 
 Bushnell, Francis, 1639 
 Buxton, Anthony, 1637 
 Buxton, Thomas, 1639 
 Canterbury, Wm., 1639 
 Gary, Nicholas, 1637 
 Chadwell, Thomas, 1637 
 Charles, Wm., 1637 
 Chickering, Henry, 1640 
 Chilson, Walsingham, 1648 
 Ching, George, 1638 
 Chubb, Thom.as, 1636 
 Chusmore, Richard, 1636 
 Clark, Arthur, 1640 
 Clark, William, 1630 
 Claydon, Barnabas, 1629 
 Claydon, Richard, 1629 
 Clud, goodwife, 1647 
 Cock, Richard, 1645 
 Codman, Robert, 1637 
 Coite, John, 1638 
 Colburne, Samuel, 1637 
 -Cole, Robert, 1636 
 Cole, Thomas, 1649 
 Collins, John, 1643 
 Comyns, William, 1637 
 Concklin, John, 1640 
 Conant, Roger, 1626 
 Conant, Sarah, 1636 
 Conant, Roger, Jr. 
 
 (He was the first child born in 
 Salem.) 
 Convers, Allen, 1639 
 Cook, Henry, 1638 
 Cornish, Samuel, 1637 
 Cornish, Samuel, Jr., 1638 
 Cornhill, Samuel, 1641 
 Corwin, George, 1638 
 Cory, Gyles, 1649 
 
 85 
 
 Cotta, Robert, 1635 
 Cromwell, Philip, 1647 
 Curtis, Zacheus, 1646 
 Curwithen, David, 1644 
 Daliber, Joseph, 1640 
 Daniels, Mrs. Alice, 1637 
 Davis, Isaac, 1637 
 Davis, William, 1639 
 Devereux, John, 1630 
 Dike, Anthony, 1631 
 Dike (widow), 1639 
 Dill, George, 1639 
 Dixy, Thomas, 1637 
 Dodge, William, 1629 
 Downing, Theophilus, 1643 
 Draper, Nicholas, 1637 
 Dresser, Samuel, 1638 
 Easty, Jeffry, 1637 
 Eborne, Samuel, 1639 
 Edes, William, 1629 
 Edmonds, James, 1629 
 Edson, Samuel, 1639 
 Edwards, Rice, 1643 
 Elford, John, 1636 
 Elston, John, 1631 
 Ewstead, Richard, 1629 
 Fairfield, Daniel, 1642 
 Farr, George, 1629 
 Felton, Benjamin, 1636 
 Fernis, Benjamin, 1640 
 Fisk, John, 1637 
 Flatman, Thomas, 1637 
 Flint, William, 1645 
 Foote, Pasha, 1637 
 Franklin, Goodm.an, 1645 
 
 Freeman, , 1636 
 
 Friend, John, 1637 
 Frj^ar, Thomas, 1639 
 Fuller, Robert, 1639 
 Gaily, John, 1637 
 Gardner, John, 1643 
 Gardner, Joseph, 1649 
 Gardner, Richard, 1643 • 
 Gardner, Samuel, 1638 
 Gerry, lienry, 1648 
 Goldsmith, Thomas, 1643 
 Goodall, Robert, 1637 
 Gott, Charles, 1628 
 Grafton, Joseph, 1637 
 Grafton, Joshua, 1649 
 Granger, Bryan, 1637 
 Graves, Richard, 1637 
 Graves, Thomas, 1629 
 
Gray, Thomas, 1626 
 Greenfield, Samuel, 1637 
 Greenway, Richard, 1637 
 Grover, Edward, 1633 
 Guppy, Robert, 1647 
 Hackford, William, 1637 
 Haggett, Henry, 1642 
 liall, John, 1637 
 Hanscombe, Thomas, 1629 
 Harbet, John, 1637 
 Hardy, John, 1634 
 Hardy, John, Jr., 1637 
 Harris, George, 1636 
 Harris, William, 1635 
 Haskell, Roger, 1637 
 Haughton, Henry, 1629 
 Harvard, Richard, 1629 
 Hawkes, Thomas, 1648 
 Hayward, Nicholas, 1643 
 Herson, Christopiier, 1643 
 Hewlett, Mr., 1636 
 Higginson, Rev. F., 1629 
 Higginson, J., 1629 
 Higgins, Alexander, 1637 
 Hill, John, 1650 
 Holliman, Ezekiel, 1637 
 Hollingworth, Richard, 1635 
 Hull, Joseph, 1637 
 Hulline, Obadiah, 1639 
 Huson, William, 1631 
 Ingersoll, Richard, 1629 
 Ingersoll, George, 1639 
 Ingersoll, John, 1639 
 Ingersoll, Nathaniel, 1644 
 Ingraham, Edward, 1638 
 Isabell, Robert, 1637 
 James, Rosamond, 1638 
 James, William, 1637 
 James, Erasmus, 1637 
 James, Thomas, 1638 
 Tarrett, John, 1640 
 Jeffrey, William, 1628 
 Jeggles, Daniel, 1639 
 Jeggles, Thomas, 1647 
 Johnson, Richard, 1637 
 Keene, William, 1638 
 Kelham, Austin, 1637 
 Knight, Walter, 1626 
 Knight, Ezekiel, 1637 
 Knight, William, 1637 
 Lambert, Richard, 1637 
 Langford, John, 1645 
 Lathrop, Mark, 1643 
 
 Eeavit, Captain, 1630 
 Leech, John, 1637 
 Leech, John J., 1637 
 Leech, Robert, 1637 
 Leech, Richard, 1639 
 Leeds, Richard, 1637 
 Legge, John, 1635 
 Linsey, Christopher, 1648 
 Listen, Nicholas, 1637 
 Lockwood, Searjeant, 1637 
 Lovell, Thomas, 1640 
 Lovett, John, 1639 
 Luff, John, 1637 
 Lyford, Rev. John, 1626 
 Lyon, John, 1638 
 Malbon, John, 1629 
 
 Manning, , 1631- 
 
 Mariott, Nicholas, 1636 
 Marshall, William, 1638 
 Marston, William, 1637 
 Mason, Emma (widow), 1637 
 Mason, Elias, 1649 
 Miller, Sydrach, 1629 
 Moore, Ann, 1637 
 Moore, William, 1639. 
 Moulton, Robert, 1629 
 Mousar, John, 1639 
 Neal, John, 1642 
 Nichols, William, 1638 
 Nicks, Mathew, 1639 
 Nixon, Matthew, 1639 
 Noddle, William, 1630 
 Norman, Richaid, 1626 
 Norman, Richard J., 1626 
 Norman, John, 1637 
 Norris, Edward, Jr., 1639 
 Norton, John, 1637 
 Oliver, Thomas, 1637 
 Olney, Thomas, 1637 
 Page, Robert, 1637 
 Parminter, Benjamin, 1637 
 Patch, Edmund, 1639 
 Patch, James, 1650 
 Pattin, Thomas, 1643 
 Panly, Benjamin, 1647 
 Paine, Thomas, 1637 
 Peach, John, 1630 
 Peas, John, 1637 
 Peas, Robert, 1637 
 Peirce, Anthony, 16.34 
 Peirce, William, 1630 
 Penny, Robert, 1638 
 Percie, Marmaduke, 1637 
 
 86 
 
Perry, Francis, 163T 
 Perry, John, 1637 
 Pester, William, 1637 
 Petford, Peter, 1641 
 Phillips, Rev. John, 1638 
 Pickering, John, 1637 
 Pickton, Thomas, 1639 
 Pickworth, John, 1637 
 Pitman, Nathaniel, 1639 
 Pitman, Thomas, 1648 
 Plaise, William, 1637 
 Pollard, George, 1646 
 Porter, Nathaniel, 1637 
 Porter, George, 1647 
 Pride, John, 1637 
 Pryor, Matthew, 1638 
 Prince, Robert, 1649 
 Ray, Daniel, 1634 
 Raymond, William, 1648 
 Reeves, John, 1643 
 Reynolds, Henry, 1642 
 Rickman, Isaac, 1629 
 Ringe, Thomas, 1637 
 Robins, Thcmias, 1650 
 Roots, Joshua, 1637 
 Roots, Thomas, 1637 
 Ropes, George, 1637 
 Rowland, Richard, 1648 
 Ruck, John, 1630 
 Rumball, Daniel, 1644 
 Russell, John, 1638 
 Ryall, William, 1629 
 Sallowes, Michael, 1635 
 Sallowes, Benjamin, 1637 
 Sams, Thomas, 1638 
 Sandon, Arthur, 1639 
 Sawyer, William, 1643 
 Scarlet, Benjamin, 1635 
 Scarlet, Robert, 1635 
 Scudder, Thomas, 1648 
 Scudder, William, 1650 
 Scale, Edward, 1038 
 Scares, Richard, 1638 
 Shepley, John, 1637 
 Silsby, Henry, 1639 
 Simson, Francis, 1648 
 Singletary, Richard, 1637 
 Skilling, Thomas, 1643 
 Skelton, Rev. Samuel, 1629 
 Skelton, Benjamin, 1639 
 SkeltQ-n, Nathaniel. 1648 
 Small, John, 1643 
 Smith, Edith (widow), 1637 
 
 Smyth, George, 1635 
 Smyth, James, 1635 
 Smyth, Matthew, 1637 
 Smyth, Samuel, 1637 
 Smyth, Thomas, 1637 
 Sprague, Ralph, 1629 
 Sprague, Richard, 1629 
 Sprague, William, 1629 
 Stackhouse, Richard, 1638 
 Stacy, Hugh, 1640 
 Stone, John, 1637 
 Stratton, John, 1637 
 Sv/eet, John, 1631 
 Sweet (widow), 1637 
 Talby, John, 1635 
 Taylor, Thomas, 1637 
 Temple, Abraham, 1637 
 Temple, Richard, 1644 
 Thatcher, Anthony, 1635 
 Thomas, John, 1646 
 Thomas, James, 1649 
 Thorndike, John, 1633 
 Throgmorton, John, 1639 
 Thurston, Richard, 1637 
 Thurston, John, 1640 
 Tidd, Joshua, 1637 
 Tillie, Hugh, 1629 
 Tomkins, John, 1637 
 Tomkins, Ralph, 1638 
 Tompson (widow), 1638 
 Tomson, Archibald, 1637 
 Townde, William, 1640 
 Tracie, Thomas, 1637 
 Trew, Henry, 1649 
 Tuck, Thomas, 1637 
 Tuck, Robert, 1639 
 Tucker, John, 1644 
 Turland, Mrs. Ann, 1635 
 Turner, Charles, 1643 
 Vanderwood, James, 1637 
 Vassal, William, 1640 
 Verin, Joshua, 1635 
 Vermaise, Alice (widow), 1639 
 Vicary, George, 1638 
 Wake, William, 1637 
 Wakefield, John, 1638 
 Walcot, William, 1637 
 -Walker, Richard, 1637 
 Waller, Matthew, 1637 
 Waller, William, 1645 
 Waller, Christopher, 1649 
 Walton, Rev. Wm., 1638 
 Ward, John, 1641 
 
 87 
 
Warren, Abraham, 1637 
 Warren, Ralph, '1638 
 Waterman, Richard, 1629 
 Waters, Richard, 1637 
 Watkins, John, 1641 
 Watson, John, 1633 
 Webb, Francis, 1629 
 Webb, Henry, 1637 
 Webster, John, 1638 
 Weeks, Thomas, 1639 
 Wescot, Stukely, 1636 
 West, Thomas, 1640 
 Weston, Francis, 1633 
 Wheadon, Robert, 1638 
 Wheeler, Thomas, 1642 
 White, James, 1633 
 White, John, 1639 
 
 To give further information relative to the settlers of 
 Salem, the following names are given as taken from the records 
 of the First Church, they being recorded previous to 165 1, 
 as havins: united with the Church. The record begins with : 
 
 Whitehaire, Abraham, 1638 
 Wickenden, William, 1639 
 Williams, Rev. Roger, 1631 
 Williams, William, 1637 
 Wilson, Dr. Lambert, 1629 
 Wilson, Edward, 1647 
 Wincoll, Thomas, 1631 
 Winthrop, Gov. John, 1630 
 Winthrop, Stephen, 1638 
 Wood, William, 1638 
 Woodbury, Nichols, 1638 
 Wotes, Richard, 1637 
 Wright, George, 1637 
 Young, Christopher, 1637 
 Young, Joseph, 1639 
 Young, John, 1640 
 
 1636 
 Balch, John 
 Balch, Margery 
 Barney, Jacob 
 Batter, Edmund 
 Batter, Sarah 
 Bishop, Townsend 
 Black, John 
 Blackleach, John 
 Bownd, William 
 Bownd, Anne 
 Brackenbury, Richard 
 Brackenbury, Ellen 
 Bright, Margery 
 Cotta, Joanne 
 Davenport, Richard 
 Davenport, Elizabeth 
 Dixy, William 
 Dixy, Anne 
 Eborn, Thomas 
 Ellerd, Gertrude 
 Endicott, John 
 Endicott, Elizabeth 
 Felton, Ellen 
 Fogg, Ralph 
 Fogg, Susannah 
 Gardner, Thomas 
 Giles, Edward 
 Herrick, Henry 
 Herrick, Edith 
 
 Holgrave, John 
 Holgrave, Elizabeth 
 Florn, John 
 Horn, Ann 
 Hutchinson, Alice 
 Ingersoll, Anne 
 Johnson, Francis 
 Johnson, Edward 
 Johnson, Joanne 
 Kendall, Presea 
 .„---King, William 
 Larkin, Hugh 
 Lathrop, Thomas 
 Leach, Lawrence 
 Leach, Elizabeth 
 Massey, Jeffrey 
 Maurie, Roger 
 Moore, Samuel 
 Moore, John 
 Moore, Hannah 
 Norton, George 
 Palfray, Peter 
 Pope, Joseph 
 Raymond, Richard 
 Raymond, Judith 
 Reade, Thomas 
 _^oots, Richard 
 Saunders, John 
 Scruggs, Thomas 
 Sharpe, Samuel 
 
 88 
 
Sliarpe, Alice 
 Sibby, John 
 Skarlet, Anne, widow 
 Stillman, Elias 
 Trask, William^ 
 Veren, Philip 
 Veren, Dorcas 
 Watson, Joanne 
 Williams, George 
 Wolfe, Peter 
 Wolfe, Martha 
 Woodbury, John 
 Woodbury, Agnes 
 
 1637 
 
 Alderman, John 
 Amyes, Joan 
 Banks, Lydia 
 Bartholomew, Henry 
 Brayne, Agnes, widow 
 Brown, John 
 Brown, Ales 
 ^Browning, Thomas 
 Garford, Ann 
 Gedney, John 
 Gedney, Mary 
 Goldthwait, Thomas 
 Goodwyne, Susannah 
 Goose, William 
 Hart, Mary 
 Hathorn, William 
 Holfgrave, Joshua 
 Holme, Deborah 
 Humphrey, John 
 Jeggles, Mary 
 Lord, Abigail 
 Marshall, Edmund 
 Marshall, Miilesent 
 Maverick, Moses 
 Moore, Ann, widow 
 Moulton, James 
 Norman, Arabella 
 Norton, Mary 
 Peters, Rev. Hugh 
 Ray, Bethiah 
 Robinson, Anne, widow 
 Robinson, Isabella 
 Skerry, Francis 
 Turner, Elizabeth 
 Williams, Eleazer 
 
 1638 
 Amyes, Ruth 
 
 Avery, Thomas 
 Bachelder, Joseph 
 Barney, Anna 
 Blackleach, Elizabeth 
 Burdsall, Henry 
 Downing, Emanuel 
 Downing, Lucy 
 Hart, John 
 Hindes, James 
 Jackson, John 
 Jackson, Margaret 
 Marrit, Triphene 
 Moulton, Mary 
 Norman, Arabella 
 Pickworth, Ann 
 Robinson, William 
 Shafflin, Michel 
 Skerry, Henry 
 Spooner, Thomas 
 Spooner, Amy 
 Standish, Sarah 
 Symonds, John 
 Symonds, Mary 
 Venner, Thomas 
 
 1639 
 
 Antrum, Thomas 
 Barnardistone, Catherine 
 Batchelder, John 
 Batchelder, Mary 
 Beauchamp, Edward 
 Bishop, Richard 
 Concklin, Ananias 
 Dixy, Catherine 
 Dunton, Elizabeth 
 
 Edwards, 
 
 Fairfield, John 
 Gardner, Thomas, Jr. 
 Gardner, Margaret 
 Garford, Jervas 
 Gascoyne, Sarah 
 Gait, William 
 Green, widow 
 Harbert, Mary 
 Harnett, Sicilla 
 Higginson, Francis, Jr. 
 Holgrave, Lydia 
 Holme, Obadiah 
 Holme, Catherine 
 Kenestone, Dorothy 
 Kitcherill, Joseph 
 Lemon, Mary 
 Lord, William 
 
 89 
 
Marsh, John 
 Moore, Thomas 
 Moore, Martha 
 Norris, Rev. Edward 
 Osborn, William 
 Page, Lucy 
 Pease, widow 
 Pickering, Elizabeth 
 Porter, Mary 
 Robinson, John 
 Shafflin, Mary 
 Skarlet, Mary 
 Southwick, Lawrence 
 Southwick, Cassandra 
 Standish, James 
 Stephens, William 
 Stillman, Elias, Jr. 
 Swan, Henr}^ 
 Swinnerton, Job 
 Swinnerton, Elizabeth 
 Tompson, Edmund 
 Trusler, Thomas 
 Trusler, Eleanor 
 Vermayes, Mark 
 Ward, Miles . 
 Walker, Prescis 
 Watson, Thomas 
 Weeks, Alice 
 Williams, Ann 
 Woodbury, William 
 
 ' 1640 
 
 Barber, Goodwife 
 Barnett, Alice 
 Bartholomew, Richard 
 Beacham, Mary 
 Bowditch, Sarah 
 Bulfinch, John 
 Byam, George 
 Cook, John, Mrs. 
 Corning, Samuel 
 Curwin, Elizabeth"* 
 Eastwick, widow 
 Estick, Goodwife 
 Geere, William 
 Glover, Charles 
 Good, Abigail 
 Graves, Richard, Mrs. 
 Hapcott, Sarah 
 Howard, Rose 
 Lawes, Francis 
 Marston,John 
 Marston, Thomas 
 
 Moody, Deborah 
 Moulton, Robert, Jr. 
 Peters, Deliverence 
 Porter, Jonathan 
 Read, Alice 
 Reed, Esdras 
 Reeves, Jane 
 Rennolls, William 
 Ruck, Thomas 
 Sanders, Elizabeth 
 Scudder, Elizabeth 
 Veren, Jane 
 Vermayes, Abigail 
 Ward, Margaret 
 Woodbury, Elizabeth 
 
 1641 
 Bacon, Rebeckah 
 Blanchard, William 
 Boyce, Joseph 
 Bulfinge, Ann 
 Cleark, Arthur 
 Concklin, Susan 
 Cook, John 
 Devinish, Thomas 
 Devinish, Mary 
 Dickerson, Philemon 
 Fairfield, Mrs. 
 Fenn, Deborah 
 Fisk, James 
 Fisk, Phincas 
 Fisk, William 
 Gardner, George 
 Glover, Elizabeth 
 Gutch, Robert 
 Harwood, Goodwife 
 Hunt, Mary 
 Kelly, Abel 
 Lemon, Robert 
 Mauny, Elizabeth 
 Monsall, Ruth 
 Norcross, Nathaniel 
 Osborn, Freywith 
 Pacy, Catherine 
 Perry, Jane 
 Pettingill, Richard 
 Putnam, Priscilla 
 Rabbe, Catherine 
 Read, Sarah 
 Shattuck, widow 
 Veren, Philip, Jr. 
 Ward, Alee 
 Waters, Joyce 
 
 90 
 
Wathen, George 
 Wright, Elizabeth 
 
 1642 
 
 Allen, Robert 
 Barber, John 
 Blown, William 
 Button, Robert 
 Kenniston, Allen 
 Moore, Richard 
 Price, Walter 
 Price, Elizabeth 
 Prince, Richard 
 Putnam, Thomas 
 Ropes, Mary- 
 Scarlet, Margaret 
 Shattuck, Samuel 
 Tcmkins, Catherine 
 Vermayes, Benjamin 
 
 1643 
 Bacon, William 
 Bennet, Jane 
 Blanchard, Ann 
 Corwithen, Grace 
 Dixy, Thomas, Mrs. 
 Edwards, Thomas 
 Elwell, Robert 
 Goyte, Mary 
 Harnett, Edward 
 Harwood, Henry 
 Hathorn, John 
 Kitchen, John 
 Kitchen, Elizabeth 
 Peas, Robert 
 Putnam, Eliza 
 White, John 
 
 1644 
 Bourne, John 
 Dodge, Richard 
 Hathorn, Sarah 
 Porter, Mary 
 
 1645 
 Bishop, Edward - 
 Dodge, Elizabeth 
 Skerry, Bridget 
 Vaile, Catherine 
 
 1646 
 
 Gascoyne, Edward 
 Grover, Margaret 
 
 Harnett, Edward, Jr. 
 Hibberd, Robert 
 Hibberd, Joan 
 
 1647 
 
 Allerton Isaac 
 
 (He came from the Ply- 
 mouth colony.) 
 Charles, Sarah 
 Downing, Lucy 
 Ellenwood, Ralph 
 —Hutchinson, Richard 
 Loofe, Bridget 
 Mason, Jane 
 Montague, Abigail 
 Neal, Mary 
 Nean, widow 
 Putnam, John 
 Scudder, John 
 Scudder, Mrs. John 
 Smith, Ralph 
 Veren, Mary 
 
 1648 
 
 Brown, William 
 Brown, Sarah 
 Dickerson, Mary 
 Eborn, Catherine 
 Ellenwood, Goodwife 
 Emory, Dr. George 
 Felton, Nathaniel 
 Field, Alexander 
 Giles, Bridget 
 Haines, William 
 Hardy, Joseph 
 Jeggles, William 
 Leech, Sarah 
 Marsh, Sussannah 
 Masse>% Ellen 
 Pigkett, John 
 Porter, Unice 
 Prince, Mary 
 Putnam, Elizabeth 
 Putnam, Nathaniel 
 Rootes, Josiah 
 Stackhouse, Susannah 
 Towne, Goodwife 
 Veren, Hilliard 
 Waller, Sarah 
 Weston, John 
 Wheeler, Mary 
 Woodbury, Humphrey 
 
 91 
 
1 649 
 Concklin, Elizabeth 
 Corwithen, David 
 Gardner, Hannah 
 Haynes, Sarah 
 Pope, Gertrude 
 Porter, John 
 Read, Mary 
 Scudder, Rachel 
 
 1650 
 
 Bridgman, Elizabeth 
 Chichester, Mary 
 Cole, Ann 
 Cooper, Rebeckah 
 Curtis, Sarah 
 
 Felmingham, Francis 
 Gray, Elizabeth 
 Hardy, Goodwife 
 Lovett, Mary 
 Maskall, Ellen 
 Moore, Christian 
 Morgan, Robert 
 Pacy, Nicholas 
 Patch, Nicholas 
 Payne, Elizabeth 
 Payne, William 
 Rix, Thomas 
 Smith, Mary 
 Southwick, Mary 
 Vincent, William 
 Woodbury, Hugh 
 
 9?. 
 
THE STORY OF BOSTON 
 
 First House in Boston 
 
THE STORY OF BOSTON 
 
 BOSTON, the oldest city in the new world, what a history 
 it has, and with what interest it is read the world over. 
 Its influence and that of its institutions have spread 
 throughout this country; yes, even across the seas, and in the 
 old world the standards it has raised have served for the 
 foundation there of republics and institutions. 
 
 Its original name was Shawmut, signifying a peninsula. 
 By the old planters, who first occupied Charlestown, it was 
 called Tremont, from its three hills, which to them appeared 
 in a range. They were the three cones on what is now known 
 as Beacon Hill, but which has been since then leveled more 
 than one-half its original height. The rise of this hill began 
 at a point on the north side where Hanover street now inter- 
 sects with Washington street, on the west at about Cambridge 
 street, on the east at Washington and School streets, thence 
 forming an inverted circle around the westerly side of the 
 Common; on the south it extended to the water (a creek, 
 pond, and marsh), where is now the Public Garden; beyond 
 this was low land, covered in part by the waters of the Charles 
 river and creeks which wound their way inland from the 
 sea, between South Boston and Roxbury, crossing at various 
 places the narrow neck of land which connected Boston and 
 Roxbury, and on both sides of this neck was marsh land, cov- 
 ered in places by large-sized bodies of water, forming basins. 
 It received the name of Boston from the affection which many 
 of the planters entertained for Boston in England, from which 
 they had departed. The name was bestowed legally by the 
 General Court, on September 7th, 163c, and that time is con- 
 sidered as foundation day of the city. 
 
 . The original outline of the city is very diflicult to 
 distinguish to-day; the settlement at first was at that portion 
 of the city which is now about bounded by Washington, 
 Court, Hanover, and Prince streets, but later grew to the 
 section within School, Milk, Federal, State, and Dock Square, 
 
the latter so named from the fact of the first dock being 
 erected here on che easterly side and which was the common 
 landing place for the oyster and fishing boats. It was filled 
 up' in 17 10. At this time the sea came up to what is now 
 Kilby street, and what is now Congress street was made by 
 filling in. It is this reclamation from the sea that renders 
 it so difficult to-day to define the exact eastern and southern 
 boundaries of the city; the northern and western sections 
 remain practically as they were when the old planters first 
 came. 
 
 At the time of Winthrop's death, 1649, the colony was 
 greatly exercised over witchcraft. There had for some two 
 or three years previous been earnest efforts to ''eradicate the 
 devil from among them." Misfortune of whatever nature was 
 attributed solely to the machinations of a witch among them, 
 who was controlled by the devil, and Winthrop in his journal 
 says that ''when Mrs. Hutchinson w^as in Boston her acts 
 gave cause of suspicion of witchcraft," and he also records 
 the trial and execution of a woman for practising it (the 
 witchcraft of those days is akin to the clairvoyance or spir- 
 itualism of the present). It was the first execution in this 
 country for witchcraft, but not the last. For years throughout 
 New England, particularly in Salem, the tortures inflicted on 
 those suspected of witchcraft are horrible. Burning at the 
 stake, hanging, and secret murder were not of rare instance, 
 and it was many years before the colonists became disbur- 
 dened of their fanatic ideas relative to it. 
 
 By 1645 the land produced m.ore than was necessary 
 for their consumption and the excess was exported to the 
 West Indies and the building of vessels was begun. Ship 
 yards, weaving of sail cloth, wagon and iron manufacturing 
 were the new industries, and by 1660 the condition of trade 
 was in a very prosperous condition. Free trade was exempli- 
 fied by permitting from all countries the free admission 
 of vessels and their cargoes. No restraint whatever upon 
 any importation. The ship building industry so pros- 
 pered that by 1665 there had been built by the colonists 
 about eighty ships of from twenty to forty tons, and about 
 twelve of over one hundred tons. By 1670 the trade between 
 the colony and the outside world had doubled over that of 
 1660, and yet no custom house was established, as the people 
 learning from experience saw that with no restrictions estab- 
 lished, they could induce immigration, importation and export 
 
 96 
 
of greater volume than ever before, and it was to immigration 
 that they particularly bent their energies, for between 1640 
 and 1660 it was very light, and the colony grew mainly from 
 its own natural increase. In the latter year the people 
 in England began to show evidences of great interest as the 
 news of the wonderful progress and the results of the old 
 planters' labors became known, and in 1670 it was found that 
 in Boston alone there were fifteen hundred families and over 
 a thousand single men, or those without families ; there was 
 little of poverty and not a beggar; there were fifteen mer- 
 chants at this time whose estate was valued at about fifty 
 thousand pounds and more than five hundred whose property 
 was estimated at least three thousand pounds each. This is 
 not to be wondered at, for ships were leaving heavily laden 
 with the products of these shores and wealth was pouring in 
 upon all. In 1673 there were in operation five iron works, 
 whose principal output was used exclusively by the people. 
 The opulence thus thrust upon them led some to lead a life 
 that w^as condemned by many and the church failed, in a 
 measure, in its control over such. It was in marked contrast 
 to the great strictness maintained under Winthrop in the 
 execution of the laws when vice and crime were crushed 
 under both by civil and church authorities. Extortion then 
 in profit on goods or work was punished severely; a profit of 
 thirty-three per cent was unholy and a fine on the one guilty 
 
 STOCKS 
 
 was the result. In 1640 the town authorized Edward Palmer 
 to build a pair of stocks, in which violators of the laws might 
 be placed. The price which he charged was considered so 
 excessive that the fathers compelled him to inaugurate them 
 by ordering him to be confined in them for one hour. One 
 Captain Stone was sentenced to pay one hundred pounds 
 
 97 
 
o 
 
 w 
 
 Pi 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 M 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 
 W 
 
 w 
 «u 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 1-J 
 o 
 
and prohibited coming within the patent without the Gov- 
 ernor's permission upon pain of death, for calHng one of the 
 officials (a justice of the peace) a Justass. Josias Plastow, 
 for steaHng four baskets of corn from the Indians, was 
 ordered to return them eight baskets, fined five pounds, and 
 ordered that hereafter he be called Josias and not Mr. Josias 
 Plastow, as previously called. 
 
 Sergeant Perkins was ordered to carry forty squares of 
 turf to the fort for being drunk; John Wedgewood, for being 
 in company with drunkards, was set in the stocks ; John Daw 
 was severely whipped for breaking the seventh command- 
 ment, and a law was passed inflicting death as a punishment 
 for breaking it; Robert Coles, fined ten pounds, put in the 
 stocks, a white sheet of paper upon his back whereon was 
 written ''drunkard." But as the severity of the laws was for 
 the exemplary purity of morals and religion, which should 
 extend to every person in society, it, of course, necessarily 
 reached them in their more private actions. 
 
 In 1675 there came a break in the peaceful atmosphere 
 of New England, the Indians had become troublesome and 
 numerous murders upon their part led the authorities to 
 proceed against them. This war, which is known as ''King 
 Phillips' War," continued for about two years, and was of 
 quite a sanguinary nature. All the colonies in the confedera- 
 tion participated in it, and their losses were quite severe, 
 while the decimation of the Indians was sufficient to deter 
 future aggression on their part. In 1676 occurred the first 
 fire of importance, on November 2J, forty-five dwellings, 
 the North Meeting House, and several large warehouses and 
 contents being destroyed. The abrogation of the charter to 
 the colonists in 1685 and the appointment of Andros as Gov- 
 ernor by King James II. stirred the colonies to their 
 profoundest depths. King James empowered the royal Gov- 
 ernor with the approval of four of his council to make laws 
 and raise moneys without consulting with or obtaining the 
 consent of the people. Andros prohibited the holding of town 
 meetings, except on one day in the year; he made laws which 
 he would not have printed ; he extorted heavy fees from the 
 people for every act possible ; he claimed and insisted that as 
 the charter had been withdrawn, all the lands and estates of 
 the people were forfeited to the King, and that if they desired 
 to retain them they must pay such sums as he might name 
 before a new patent, or as it is now termed, deed, would be 
 
 99 
 
v?K';%» 
 
 r V 
 
 
 Aif 
 
 / 
 
given to them. The colonists saw that they were now de- 
 prived of all that they had struggled for during the past sixty- 
 five years ; that freedom, either civic or religious, was for them 
 a thing of the past, and deep was the resentment towards 
 the new order. Meetings were held in secret and means 
 to overthrow the new order of government discussed without 
 reaching any definite conclusion, until early in 1689. A 
 report reached them that the Prince of Orange had invaded 
 England. When all the pent-up indignation was given freedom 
 of expression, which was shown in an armed revolt against 
 Governor Andros and such of his council and others as had 
 been most obnoxious in their oppression of the liberties of 
 the people, they seized Andros, Randolph, and about fifty 
 others and imprisoned them, later sending them from the 
 country, and the government of the colony resumed by the 
 reinstatement of the Governor, deputy governor, and assist- 
 ants, who were sworn in and served part of their term of 
 office in 1686. For some years there was an estrangement 
 between the colony and the home government, but in 1692 a 
 new charter, with a new Governor, was sent over with 
 instructions to not oppress the people and that laws that 
 were just were only to be enforced. Harmony was resumed 
 and the development of the country made of first importance. 
 Fine buildings for residence, imposing warehouses, were 
 erected, streets in some localities paved, the dress of the ladies 
 was made of the richest materials, shoes of silk and satin 
 elaborately embroidered, very high heels and a green ribbon 
 tied in large bows at the instep of the shoe ; their dresses 
 were cut very low at the neck and monstrous hoops were 
 worn; their hair, by the aid of ''crape cushions," was built to 
 an enormous height, in some instances two feet, and when 
 they were to attend some function they would have their 
 hair arranged the day previous and sit up all night in a chair 
 that no disaster might befall what had been the labor of 
 hours. The men wore silk and satin coats, lace at neck and 
 wrists, silk stockings, low shoes with enormous buckles ; both 
 men and women wore powdered wigs at various times. The 
 social life and its customs are in marked contrast with those 
 of to-day. Weddings were important from the ceremony 
 attached at the time and afterwards, for there were no bridal 
 tours taken, but they went at once to their residence, and 
 for four succssive weeks the bride was daily visited by rela- 
 tives and friends. At funerals, both public and private invita- 
 
 lOI 
 
The Boflon News-Letter. 
 
 From ^HUaV ApriT 17. to ^Onfiftf April ^4. 1704, 
 
 LuidonJl/ing-P^ Qom DM^ *«?. *'4>t "705 
 
 -ftiijiiiahli . 
 
 Pvm aGfniUmen in ihAiiy, to his^frjt^i in 
 tS/t Ctuntryy concerning the frefcn:' Dinger «f 
 tie ksTigdim *nd 4 the l^ eteHertt Helij^m. 
 
 rhis Letter ukh Notrce, That Fapifh fvrann in 
 thai; Nation, tbj(t they traffick'more avp'*edly ifian 
 fontierly, & ftial; of |ate many Scored of Prieus and 
 Jefuites are come thither from Frencf', and gone ca 
 :ihe l>'Drth,to Ac Highlands & ocher plicea of the 
 dqurttry. That ihc Minl/len of the Hi^landi icd 
 North gav« ia large Lifts of thoa to ih? Copmit- 
 jec of the Gcptx^ Affemfely, tp be kid before the 
 ;^iv^.CounciJ. , 
 
 Itiikcwi^ohfervft.-that a great Kumbrt'bf o 
 iher iU affeftyfl perfons v? come over, from ■ Frenee, 
 'Under^pretence of acccwing her Majefty's Gracic/tis 
 InJennnlry J but, tn reality, to increafe DiviGonsin 
 thtr.Nacion, and to entertain a Coiicfoondti^^ wi^h 
 l'''<««ci: Thar thcix ill iMeqtionsjwe cvideflt froa* 
 their talking big, tb<'ir owning the Inteteft of the 
 pretended King Jamei Vfll. their fecrtt Cabilj, 
 and their buying up of Anas and AaBflsui^idon, 
 vhcrever (hsy can find (hem. 
 
 To ib;Oie'i(lds the Ujc Writings 'atvl AiSangJ 
 c di'uHe<2?d pcrfc>nj, jfiar.T .ct vtiam ere lor 
 
 BT/onic 
 
 Sat Pretender, that fevpral of tficja tios 
 cy bad rath»r embrace Poppry than cctxform to 
 !ht prefent Government , tha( they rc(ufc to pny 
 or the Queen, but ufe the an^biguous word. Sove- 
 taign, and fotr.c of thepi ^srav b exprefs Words for 
 iht'Kvng ana Royal Family; and ihe chiritable 
 end ger.erQui Rfincc who has Qicw'd them Co much 
 lUhahciis. Vie likcwife t?kcs aotice of Letters not 
 lOOg 5ieo fouad in Cypher, 'and oirected to ai 
 PcrTooTitcly cogie thuher (rom St. Gtmaicf. 
 
 He favs thflt the greateft JacoV)itt3,,who will nor, 
 pu»ili£e themTvlves by taking the Oaths to HerMi- 
 rtpfty. do now .With the Papuls ;md th^r Comjani- 
 \pns from Til.Geipiaivj fft up for t lie Libenyof tht; 
 Subjeft, contTafv to thti: ov/n Principles, bi« mcer- 
 V to \i.f.ep up alDiviGon in the Nation. He adds, 
 mat they iRgrava^ ihofe thincs which the Pcopie 
 Lbhiplain cifT i$ to Erglainfs rejujing to ^Uow chem 
 a hecdom Of Trade, (iff and do all they can to fo- 
 ment Divifions h twixt ;he Nations, and to obftruift 
 8.Rcdrcfs of iho& tKin?,i corr.p'.iin'd of. 
 
 The Jacobites, he fays, do" all they can to ptr- 
 r.vade the Nation that, their pretended Kiog is a 
 Prcteftant in liijHein.tho" h^ dares not dfedarc it 
 while ucdcr the Pc.vri; cf f^^^jr.- , that i»c is ac» 
 <j'jainted with the Miflikcs of his Fathti's Qo- 
 Vc,rnrnep,t, Will govern us tnorf accorcJiMio Xs,vi, 
 tndcndeai huufelf to bis Sub'.e ds. 
 
 They masniijcth? Str?np,ih ofthe*r own P^y\ 
 ind the Wcakncfs and bivii'ions of the ofhcr, ia 
 ^rdcr to Jaciliute and haA 
 
 thitbeV this Winter, i. 'i^mfiift^e.Uht" ^ ^^"^^ 
 wjU pot ihen be afSca^ to oppofe ebein. '.v.'Hi''-Rfi 
 then Deft fparethtm. the Safwi of Af^iuT. JbcyusJ • 
 Sea being pvsr. ?. The .Expe£htion g.i<w-f{^M y ' 
 conlidenhle nujspbcr tojo^n them, may i)\:^tivitK- 
 h.'rr. CO the untjcrtaking v/!th fewer Mo :» T.f .'Jti" 
 but (end ai'CT a Rifhcieju number of (^t "r . v'th'^ 
 Anoj and Atjitnunition. .. < '• ^ 
 
 He endeavours m chc,Kf^ at his LcPrn ■»; so- 
 fwer ch? focluh Pr-tenccs of the Pf^tendtr' K-^'a^-^ 
 Protellam. a&d that hc-wil.i ^vcm us sfvoiJi.-r', ^ 
 Law He fays, that be'usg bH up in ViC F'o" 
 gion and Pohticks of fraXte, hi ft, by E'l-c vi- n. 1 
 dated Encoiytooilr Liberty and Rplig ;9, fli 
 the Obligations which he iad his Fim ? i(i,%j> 
 the frric/. Kiog, muft'n«jeCa^v' sijake 
 wholly at his Devotion, abd tofoUow hi. 
 that if he Ct upo/i,tbe Throse; the. thrr» 
 n-uil be oblig'4 to pay iht Debt which b 
 frestfr^^ng Tor the Education of hffclc 
 Eacertastung his, fuppofed Father- and |< 
 And fince the King rauft rt(h>re him by \ 
 \i ever he be fpflored, he wU ftfl 
 his own Of bi bfiorc r'lV- fe T-.cc.ii: im-. 
 
 
 ThePrettHlderbcing-a.-^podl^oficient i> "' ■ 
 
 fuSkicncIy avcne'dibut by rhe utrer Rip''^;. 
 Protcftant Subjc Jh, botJi as Jieretlcts atHi. 
 The larfcgQneeh, 'hjs pretended Mot'ri X ^ 
 cold Bloera whenfte was Siuan of E^'J^^ 
 to turn (he Weft of Stotland into a hb^^' 
 ^pilibethen for doing fo iby the great<)u^ 
 Nation ; aini, no do^Jjt, ii at Paina to hipf. 
 tended 3ou educated to her own Miw>:,, Sfc^' 
 he fays, it were a great Mjdnefs ia A 'rW^T' '■ ' 
 take a Prince breti up inihe LorriJ xhirf^^ .•' ' ' 
 titude, Pcrfecutica_and Crue'^f' and 'm •'*' ''' 
 R-age apd Effvy- 
 
 Scoiian 
 their 
 fhmc 
 
 prefent, are the more inclinable. £Q tht t i'-^i-s'aj 
 He adds. That the French King |rno\vs t Viil * 
 be a more effe£^ way forhimlelf t'!; i ?♦ - 
 UnivrrfaJ Monarchy, ^d to i-yinc till !*.<>';;{ 
 Intcicft.thanby letting up tftePreteod] ' •? 't 
 1 bone ol Great B=ir/j?:, he Wlli in ^ll I ^ tba'- 
 attempt it, and tho' he foOulS he pcri/'i 
 the Deiign would mifcury in/Ae clolei '■^^i^ 
 not but reap fomc Advantage by iml \'"'^i -^'f 
 thrceNaiions. ■ * . .-. 1 
 
 FrPOJ all this ihe.Author cbadudc: 
 Iptcrefl of the Nation, CQ provide for '. 
 and fayi, that zs wanV havc^^read 
 ^»rtn, ^nd are iurnifhir.g rhi^mtcJyej' 
 and Ammunitioi^ hf wpci the Gov' 
 
 en their Undertaking ; 
 
 ;hcy argue thcmfelvc- out w^icit Fea.r3, and inroj dotcmlp allow jt^bS 7^>< 
 Hi a:^jx alTurincc of accompiiCbingihei/^urpqie. j p3 iwgW.*llt& j^ 
 
 Bo()i3n : Printed by H. Green . fold bv Nickoloj Bouru, at his Shop near ihc Old Meeting Houle. 
 
tions were given, and it was expected that those invited would 
 attend ; a long line of carriages and great numbers afoot, but 
 in line, made imposing processions to the grave. 
 
 The use of ardent spirits was universal ; they were offered 
 upon every possible occasion — at weddings, funerals, calls, 
 births, and at the dedication of a church ; to refuse to drink, 
 either young or old, was considered an affront. This con- 
 viviality was not a new custom, but was one of long standing, 
 having prevailed from the first landing. It was carried to 
 such an extreme, however, that later the custom was much 
 modified, by the Governor and leading men refusing to either 
 offer or partake of it publicly, and as it finally became unfash- 
 ionable to indulge as much as heretofore, the practice grad- 
 ually died away, much to the physical and material health 
 of the people. For a punishment to those who persisted in 
 "the evil practices of sundry persons, by exorbitancy of the 
 tongue in railing and scolding, such offender shall be gagged 
 or set in a ducking-stool and dipped over the head and ears 
 three times in some convenient place of fresh or salt water 
 as the court or magistrate should judge meet." 
 
 The religious spirit and control was well administered, 
 and no tolerance given to any religion that was considered 
 heresy. The Baptists and Quakers were harassed in every 
 possible way, and upon their giving the slightest offence in 
 speech were severely punished, death not being infrequently 
 the sentence, though later that form was superseded by whip- 
 ping. As late as 1734 two Quakers were served with twenty 
 lashes upon the bare back, marched to Roxbury where they 
 received ten more, then to Dedham where a final ten was be- 
 stowed, and yet some writers claim that the forefathers were 
 not bigoted men ! 
 
 In 1704 the first newspaper in America was issued in 
 Boston, its publisher being John Campbell, giving it the name 
 of *'The Boston News-Letter." The date of publication was 
 April 24, 1704, and the first number is in possession of the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin was born in the little house that 
 stood at No. 17 Milk street, in the year 1706. This house 
 remained an object of interest for one hundred and twenty 
 years, when in the great fire of 171 1 it was destroyed. Frank- 
 lin served his apprenticeship in his brother's printing estab- 
 lishment, located at the corner of Court street and Franklin 
 avenue, directly opposite the old court house. 
 
 103 
 
Franklin's Birthplace, Milk Street 
 
in the year 1708, on December 8th, the selectmen of 
 the town of Boston made a proposal to the citizens respect- 
 ing a charter of incorporation, which they desired to have 
 adopted, as the laws could not be properly enforced under 
 the present form of administering the town's affairs, owing 
 to not having a head or officers empowered as town officers 
 to so conduct and rule, the execution of all laws and town 
 orders being in the hands of the justices only. Accordingly, 
 a committee of thirty, composed of the most prominent 
 citizens, was chosen to draw up a charter of incorporation, 
 which they did and presented at a town meeting March 
 14th, 1709, b^it upon being put to a vote it was rejected. In 
 1784 the same matter was again brought to the front, and 
 in June, at a meeting of the town, it was again defeated by 
 a large majority. In 181 5 the question of incorporation again 
 was considered by the people, the debate was acrimonious 
 in the extreme, and after long consideration it was voted 
 not to proceed any further in the matter, but those who 
 greatly desired the incorporation continued their efforts until 
 on February 22d, 1822, the Legislature passed the act estab- 
 lishing the City of Boston, and on May ist, 1822, Boston 
 became a city, electing as its first mayor John Phillips. 
 
 In 1728 the General Court was removed to Salem, it 
 being deemed proper that as the town of Boston was under 
 separate control that the best interests of the colony as a 
 whole would be better served if the seat of general govern- 
 ment w^as removed. 
 
 In 1735 Boston's population was sixteen thousand, and 
 in 1742 eighteen thousand. In 1740 it had five public schools 
 and fifteen churches and nearly eighteen hundred dwelling 
 houses. Shortly after this there began exciting displays of 
 opposition to the oppression of the home government and tne 
 tyranny of its officials here. The people had grown to be 
 jealous of their rights, and remembering their victory in the 
 Andros affair, they were not backward in making their views 
 known, and when in 1747 Commodore Knowles, of the British 
 navy, being short of men, openly impressed sailors in the 
 streets of the town, they revolted and a lively riot immediately 
 ensued. Some British officers were seized and held as host- 
 ages by the people until their fellow-townsmen were released, 
 which was at once done. It was such affairs that early caused 
 a spirit of unrest to prevail, and when in 1750 the burdens 
 imposed on them by the heavy duties on tea and other articles 
 
 105 
 
of necessity had become onerous, they held indignation meet- 
 ings and passed resolutions of protest, but without avail. As 
 the years passed they grew more insistent for the lowering 
 of the duties. The towns comprising the colony instructed 
 their representatives to urge the repeal of the stamp act, and 
 the people began at the same time to organize. The citizens 
 
 LIBBKTY TREB 
 
 of Boston met under a large tree, which was situated on 
 Washington, directly opposite Boylston street, and formed 
 themselves into an organization known as ''Sons of Liberty" 
 — the tree thtfs acquiring the name of "Liberty Tree." Under 
 its branches nearly all the meetings that were called to resent 
 the stamp act were held. These meetings were so largely 
 attended that the great open space around it was packed. 
 Instead of the remonstrances of the people having any effect 
 upon the Crown, the odious taxes were in instances increased, 
 and by 1770 the people were wrought almost to a state of 
 frenzy, which culminated on the 5th of March, when on State 
 street seven citizens were killed and several wounded by the 
 British soldiers, who fired upon them. The affair grew out 
 of a trivial incident, but such was the feeling which grew 
 from this massacre that the British troops were withdrawn 
 from the town. From this time on meetings, which were 
 
 107 
 
THE OlyD SOUTH CHURCH 
 
addressed by Hancock, Adams, Otis, Warren, and others, 
 were held in various places. The old South Church was most 
 frequently used. This church is one of the most historical 
 buildings in the country, and the associations which cluster 
 around it make it dear to every American heart. 
 
 The first South Church was built in 1670 on the land 
 which was a part of Governor Winthrop's home, his house 
 being a few feet north of the church, about where is the 
 entrance of the Old South building. The present structure 
 was erected in 1729. Benjamin Franklin was baptized in it the 
 day he was born. Warren made his famous speech in it on the 
 anniversary of the massacre, and on December i6th, 1773, was 
 held the meeting which preceded the destruction of the tea, at 
 which time the organization of the party was effected. Dis- 
 guised as Indians, some ninety citizens repaired to Griffin's 
 Wharf, which was located at the north corner of what is now 
 Atlantic avenue and Pearl street, and from the ships there 
 they threw into the sea three hundred and forty-two chests of 
 tea. In retaliation the Crown within the year closed the port 
 of entry. Fortifications were erected on the neck, and other 
 acts done, which apparently were to anger the people, and in 
 this they succeeded. 
 
 A Provincial Congress convened at Concord, October 5th, 
 1774, "to act upon such matters as might come before it, as 
 shall be most conducive to the true interests of the colonies 
 and likely to procure the liberties of all America," with the re- 
 sult that the towns were ordered to form military companies 
 to be known as "Minute Men" — those ready to respond upon 
 one minute's notice. 
 
 In March, 1775, Governor Gage exasperated the people 
 by sending troops to Salem for the seizure of cannon and 
 stores belonging to the Province, and couriers were stationed 
 by the patriots at Charlestown, Cambridge, and Roxbury to 
 detect and give warning should the British make any move- 
 ment towards Concord, where was being collected great stores 
 of ammunition and guns. The desirability of this caution was 
 soon apparent. The British began preparations to advance 
 on Concord and capture these stores, and on the i8th of 
 April began sending troops across the river to Cambridge ; 
 instantly from the North Church lanterns were hung out 
 announcing that fact, and mounted messengers left for the 
 interior spreading the news that "the British are coming!" 
 as they sped on their way. At Lexington, in the old belfry, 
 
 109 
 
was the town's bell ; its clear, powerful tones soon aroused the 
 people for miles around, who, quickly grasping musket and 
 powder horn, hurried to the Common. On April 19th, form- 
 ing into a line on the green, they stood awaiting the coming 
 of the ''Red Coats," as they were termed. Upon their coming 
 around a bend in the road, they quickly discerned these 
 ''Minute Men" drawn up in line and ready for action.^ Upon 
 the demand to disperse being ignored, the British fired upon 
 them, which fire was immediately returned by the patriots 
 and the Battle of Lexington was on. With such vehemence 
 did the patriots fight that the British fell back and retired 
 for awhile from the engagement, awaiting reinforcements. 
 Knowing that the destination of the British was Concord, 
 and aware of the fact that patriots from all the country around 
 were hurrying to that place, ready to make armed resistance, 
 the little company themselves marched in advance of the 
 British and joining their fellow patriots awaited at the little 
 bridge which spanned the Concord river the coming of the 
 enemy, who upon making their appearance were at once fired 
 upon, and the battle of Concord was fought that day — a battle 
 which inaugurated that eight-year-long War of the Revolu- 
 tion, which finally gave to the country the independence which 
 it has ever since held. Upon the defeat of the British they 
 retreated over the same route they had come, harassed every 
 little while by volleys being poured into their ranks by the 
 patriots, who in little bands would collect and from behind 
 stone walls pour out their greetings. 
 
 It was with considerable loss that the troops returned 
 to Boston, and at once Gen. Howe began preparations to 
 attack and punish those who had had the temerity to oppose 
 him and his troops. Expecting that Cambridge would be 
 the place attacked, the Minute Men from the country around 
 were summoned on false alarms, three different times, 
 to rally there. Finally it was seen, on June 17th, that the 
 attack was coming by the way of Charlestown, and instantly 
 the patriots gathered at Breeds, now Bunker Hill, and as 
 the British advanced, they were met with a fire that at 
 first disconcerted them, but with aid of fresh troops who had 
 been landed and the fire from the ships anchored in the 
 Charles river, they again advanced with determination, car- 
 rying the redoubts that the patriots had erected and driving 
 them from their position. They could not pursue them into 
 the interior, neither could they remain at Charlestown, so 
 
 III 
 
returning to Boston, they surrendered such advantage as they 
 had gained. The patriots at once placed Boston under siege 
 from all land sides, and rapidly, under competent general 
 officers, began the formation of an American army, contribu- 
 tions to which came from every direction; New York, Penn- 
 sylvania, Virginia, and the Carolinas all sent arms and men. 
 So effective were the plans of Washington, and so advan- 
 tageously did he place his troops, that Gen. Howe saw that 
 if he risked a conflict he would surely be defeated, and as no 
 supplies, other than such as could reach him by water, could 
 be procured, his situation was indeed precarious ; realizing 
 this, in March, 1776, he decided to evacuate the town, and 
 placing on his ships all his troops and supplies, with over a 
 thousand Tories, so called because of their support of the 
 British in all matters, he sailed away, and the seat of war 
 was transferred from New England to the present Middle 
 States, where, after long years, the final victory was won 
 by Cornwallis' surrender to Washington at Yorktown, Vir- 
 ginia, in 1783. What suffering and privation that noble army 
 met with in those years so fraught with anxiety and fear, 
 vve cannot at this day conceive, but we can realize that it 
 was the. indomitable spirit of the Pilgrim and the Puritan 
 descended in them that gave them the fighting spirit in heart 
 and soul which was exemplified so well in the motto on the 
 only flag that was carried at the battle of Concord bridge, 
 which was ''Conquer or Die." (This flag, which was the only 
 one carried in any of the battles in New England, belonged 
 to the Bedford Minute Men, and is now safely preserved in 
 the town library at Bedford, Mass. They felt that what the 
 fathers had built it was their duty to protect and maintain, and 
 with that courage and faith so essential, they proved them- 
 selves — invincible. 
 
 At the State House, in the presence of a vast multitude 
 and amid great cheering, the Declaration of Independence 
 was read from the balcony on July i8th, 1776, by Colonel 
 Crafts. 
 
 Immediately after the close of the war for independence 
 Boston entered upon a prolonged period of prosperity. It 
 met with rapid growth in population and the erection of many 
 imposing structures, while the vacant land was improved 
 by the building on it of hundreds of fine residences. The first 
 bridge over the Charles river was opened for travel; the 
 
 113 
 
new State House, on Beacon street, dedicated and occupied; 
 the Boston and the Haymarket theaters, the first to be erected 
 in New England, opened their doors, and when the eighteenth 
 century closed there were about thirty-five hundred dwellings 
 and a population of about thirty thousand. 
 
 Shortly after the opening of the nineteenth century the 
 government at Washington caused an embargo to be laid upon 
 commerce with England, which was greatly deplored by the 
 people of New England, and was opposed strenuously by the 
 leading and influential citizens, but without avail, although 
 they had shown the authorities that it was blasting to the 
 interests of Boston and Massachusetts, as over one-third of 
 the shipping in the United States was owned in this state. 
 And when the news of the declaration of war against England 
 was received in 1812, their indignation knew no bounds. But 
 yet, when the government called upon the state for troops, she 
 responded loyally by sending a regiment which was raised in 
 Boston alone. Upon peace being declared with England in 
 181 5 there was great rejoicing. 
 
 In 1824 the population of the city had increased to fifty- 
 eight thousand, and between this date and 1830 ferries had 
 been established between Boston, East Boston, and Chelsea ; 
 the new Warren bridge completed; gas mains laid and gas 
 brought into use; new court house, new custom house, and 
 the Tremont, Federal, and Warren theaters. The city cele- 
 brated its second century anniversary with a population of 
 sixty-three thousand. 
 
 In 1833 Andrew Jackson visited Boston and received a 
 great ovation, and in 1840 the first steamship line between 
 Boston and Liverpool was established. In 1844 was the most 
 severe winter in the history of Boston ; a long period of most 
 intense cold froze the water in the harbor as far down as 
 the lighthouse; sleighing and skating from the wharves to 
 the light was indulged in. Vessels could not enter the harbor 
 and discharged their cargoes upon the ice, whence it was 
 transfererd to the warehouses in the city by teams. Hundreds 
 of booths for eating and drinking were erected on the ice, and 
 a long period of holiday frolic indulged in. Fearing that the 
 detention of the Cunard steamship at her dock would result 
 in the abandonment of the service, the merchants of the 
 city raised a fund and caused a channel to be cut in the ice 
 seven miles long, and the imprisoned steamship was released 
 and sent on her way. 
 
 115 
 
In 1847 3- great conflagration destroyed over one hundred 
 and fifty buildings at the north end of the city. Many of them 
 were of a historic character, dating back to the time of the 
 Pilgrims. In 1848 the hearts of the people were gladdened 
 when water was brought into the city from Lake Cochituate 
 and danger from pestilence caused by impure drinking water 
 was averted, although the next year the city was scourged by 
 cholera, with a mortality that was alarming. At this period 
 the question of slavery was uppermost in the minds of the peo- 
 ple, both in the Eastern States and Middle. Anti-slavery 
 meetings were constantly held in Faneuil Hall, Old South 
 Church, and other public places. William Lloyd Garrison, 
 Wendell Phillips, J. G. Whittier, and others were constant 
 speakers, and in 1854 was reached the climax to the intense 
 agitation. Anthony Burns, a fugitive slave, was arrested and 
 held by the courts for a trial, which reached a decision that he 
 should be delivered to his owner, who came for him. Upon 
 efforts being made to again liberate him, a riot ensued, in 
 which one man was killed and several wounded. From this 
 time to the outbreak of the Civil War, in 1861, the fight for the 
 abolition of slavery was maintained with all the power com- 
 manded by eloquence and wealth. 
 
 When the news reached Boston, April 19th, 1861, that 
 Sumter had been fired upon, the fires of patriotism were 
 alighted to such an extent that before the sun set on that 
 day a regiment of troops from Massachusetts was on its way 
 to the defence of Washington. Recruiting began instantly and 
 regiment after regiment was organized. This great fratricidal 
 war lasted until 1865, and during that time Boston sent into 
 service over twenty-six thousand men, and gave immense 
 sums of monev to aid the government in carrying on the 
 war. When in 1865 the news came of the surrender of 
 Lee to Gen. Grant at Appomattox, the rejoicings over the 
 victory and the knowledge that now and forever the great 
 Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln would be 
 sustained, and that slavery as an institution had passed into 
 history, were great, but soon turned into mourning when the 
 death by assassination of President Lincoln was announced. 
 The grief of New England was of the same depth as it was 
 all over the country, and expression of this feeling was given 
 by all the great orators. In 1869 there was inaugurated the 
 greatest musical festival that was ever held in America. A 
 
 117 
 
Iinute Man Statue, Lexington, Mass. 
 
huge coliseum was erected and under the direction of Mr. P. S. 
 Gilmore, ten thousand vocahsts and musicians for five days 
 in June gave a musical feast that was indescribable. 
 
 On the 9th day of November, 1872, at quarter after seven 
 in the evening, a fire started in the building at the corner of 
 Summer and Kingston streets and spread with fearful rapidity. 
 The fire department was unable to cope with it, and as it 
 spread northeasterly into the very heart of the great com- 
 mercial district, aid was summoned from cities as far away 
 as Portland, Maine, and special trains upon all the railroads 
 brought engines and men to the city's aid Buildings were 
 blown up in the effort to stay the flames, hoping that their 
 destruction would leave the fire fiend nothing to prey upon. 
 When the fire finally stopped, it had burned over sixty-five 
 acres, entailing a' loss of nearly one hundred millions of dollars 
 and the loss of many lives. The territory which was laid 
 waste was within the boundaries of Washington and Broad 
 and Summer and Milk streets. Notwithstanding such an 
 enormous loss, Boston refused financial aid from other cities, 
 but among her own citizens raised a fund of several hundred 
 thousand dollars to aid those who needed it and had suffered 
 from the conflagration. The rebuilding of the burnt district 
 was begun and in an incredibly short time it was covered with 
 imposing structures, and it is to-day a great commercial and 
 financial center. 
 
 In April, on the 19th, 1875, and on the 17th of June was 
 celebrated the one hundredth anniversary of the battles of 
 Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. The enthusiasm of 
 the people had for weeks previous grown to a state of expec- 
 tation that is difficult to describe. All the patriotism that had 
 been inherited from the heroic fathers of those battles was 
 poured out into the greatest demonstration that was ever 
 witnessed in this country. All the resources of state and city, 
 reinforced by public citizens, was utilized to make these events 
 a grand success. Vast crowds of visitors from all over the 
 nation poured in on every train, filling the streets with patriotic 
 throngs, every building displaying the flag, and when the 
 procession of the day started there were in line the entire 
 militia force of the state, regiments from New York, Baltimore, 
 Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Providence, and companies from 
 Rhode Island, Connecticut, Virginia, New Hampshire, Maine, 
 and South Carolina; hundreds of governors, generals, and 
 distinguished men from all sections of the country, civic, trade 
 
 "9 
 
and other associations, nearly five hundred vehicles and fifteen 
 hundreds horses. The procession was four hours in passing 
 the reviewing stand. 
 
 The year 1878 is memorable as the date of the introduc- 
 tion of the electric light into the city; it was not at first 
 received with much favor, but in 1881 it began to be more 
 commonly used. 
 
 On September 17th, 1880, the citizens of Boston enthusi- 
 astically celebrated the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary 
 of the settlement of Boston. Great preparations for this occa- 
 sion had been making for many months. A statue of 
 Governor John Winthrop, the founder, was unveiled. There 
 were exercises and orations in various parts of the city, and an 
 imposing procession, civic, military, and trades, with an illum- 
 inated procession consisting of tableaux in the evening. The 
 succeeding quarter of a century has not been marked by any 
 special occurrence that calls for notice. The city has grown in 
 every way ; in population it has over seven hundred thousand 
 inhabitants, and within a radius of twenty miles the popula- 
 tion is close to two millions. In ten years more, when the 
 tercentenary of the landing of the Pilgrims is celebrated, Bos- 
 ton's population will unquestionably exceed one million souls. 
 ' The historic love of Boston is one of its greatest attrac- 
 tions to the one whose ancestors helped to mark out and 
 build this metropolis. Every foot of ground is venerated and 
 the old structures which still survive, as well as the localities 
 where historic ones once stood, are objects of a strong attach- 
 ment. "The Story of Boston" would be incomplete without 
 a sketch of these and it may serve to impart to those who 
 are strangers to the city the reason why Bostonians consider 
 there is no place worth living in but Boston. 
 
 The first church or meeting house in Boston was erected 
 in August, 1632, on what is now State street, at the corner 
 of Devonshire ; it was built of logs with thatched roof, and 
 for several years was used as a house for worship and a place 
 where the Governor and assistants met and directed the affairs 
 of the colony. In 1639 ^ larger one, on the present site of 
 the Rogers building, Washington street, opposite State, was 
 erected. Its present location is at the corner of Berkley 
 and Marlboro streets, where a magnificent edifice has been 
 erected, costing about three hundred and fifty thousand dollars. 
 
 Extracts from the early records serve to inform us of 
 
 121 
 

First Meeting-house m Boston 
 
 the strictness in which those people of that day were held. 
 ''Ann Walker, the wife of one Richard Walker, having before 
 this day (29th, 2d month, 1638) been often privately admon- 
 ished of sundry scandals, as of drunkenish, intemperate, and 
 unclean of wantonish behavior, also of manifold lies and 
 still persisting impentiently therein, was by joint consent 
 cast out of the church." ''Our brother Richard Wayte, having 
 purloyned out of buckskin leather brought unto him so much 
 thereof as would make three men gloves to the scandall of 
 sundry without as well as of his brethren, and also having 
 been by some of the brethren dealt withall for it, did often 
 deny and forswear the same, without hearkening, was there- 
 fore cast out of the church." "Our sister. Temperance Jewette, 
 was by our pastor in the name of the Lord and with the con- 
 sent of the congregation, taken by their silence, admonished 
 for having received into her house and given entertainment 
 unto disorderly company and ministering unto them wine 
 and strong waters, even unto drunkenness, and that not with- 
 out some iniquity in the measure and practice thereof." 
 "26th 9th month, 1639, being a day of publique fast for our 
 congregation, our brother Mr. Robert Keayne was admon- 
 ished by our pastor, in the name of the church, for selling his \ 
 wares at excessive rates, to the dishonor of God's name, the 
 offence of the General Court, and the publique scandal of the 
 country." 
 
 The first market home was erected at the head of State 
 street, on the site of the old State House, about 1635. This ; 
 was simply a shed over a log flooring. In a few years a ' 
 building upon pillars ten feet high was erected, the open space i 
 below being the market, while the second story was used as ; 
 the offices of the Governor and assistants. In 1657 the market 
 
 123 
 
Nl 
 
was removed to what is now Dock Square, a.rA that section of 
 the town was devoted—as it is to-day — to the traffic in pro- 
 visions. In 1740 Peter Faneuil, an opulent merchant, made 
 an offer to the town to erect at his own expense a suitable 
 market house at Dock Square. In 1742 the building, with 
 market stalls below and a large hall in second story, was 
 finished and presented to the town. In 1761 it was seriously 
 damaged by fire, but repaired. The history of the "Cradle 
 of Liberty" is intimately connected with that of our country 
 in that revered edifice. Adams, Hancock, Lee, Otis, Quincy, 
 and others of the patriots have poured forth their soul's over- 
 flow of patriotism and moulded public opinion as to the 
 people's rights and the necessity of vigilance against foreign 
 encroachments and domestic duplicity. It became the center 
 where resolutions were formed, and measures adopted, which 
 were quickly responded to throughout New England and the 
 nation and terminated in the establishment of American 
 independence. As the town grew in size the hall was found 
 inadequate to hold the large gatherings at the public meetings, 
 and in 1805 the building was enlarged with a more spacious 
 hall as the result. At one end of it is a portrait of Washinp-ton 
 by Stuart, another of Peter Faneuil by Sargent, and the great 
 painting by Healy of Webster replying to Playne in his 
 memorable speech in 1830 in the United States Senate. 
 
 f,i " II. 
 
 
 125 
 
O 
 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 o 
 
In 1656 Capt. Robert Keayne died and left the town 
 three hundred pounds for the erection of a town house. Such 
 magnanimity must have impressed the people, coming from 
 one upon whom they had but a short time previously cast 
 opprobrium, placing him in prison and from the pulpit of 
 the church given him a verbal castigation, all upon the charge 
 that he had collected excessive profits upon his merchandise. 
 The town accepted the gift and in 1657 the erection of a new 
 town house was begun at the head of State street. It was 
 occupied by the colonial officers until 171 1, when in the great 
 fire of that year (previously referred to) it was destroyed. 
 Without delay a new building was erected of brick, one 
 hundred and ten feet in length and thirty-eight in width, three 
 stories in height. It was occupied by the Senate and Repre- 
 sentatives of the General Court, by the justices of the Supreme 
 Judicial Court and their clerks and became the State House 
 in 1742. Throughits situation it early became the point where 
 the people resorted upon any public meeting where their 
 liberties were encroached upon. In 1766 a mob burned the 
 ''clearances" as a protest against the infamous stamp act. 
 Here were tried the British soldiers who fired upon the people 
 at the massacre in 1770, and in consequence from here Samuel 
 Adams demanded the removal of the troops from the town 
 to the fort. 
 
 ' P'rom its balcony until 1775 the appointment of all the 
 Royal Governors was proclaimed, and within they were sworn 
 into office. John Adams has well said, "In it independence 
 was born." July i8th, 1776, from its balcony was read to a 
 throng which filled the street below the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, and from it was given the news of the adoption 
 of the Constitution of the United States, which was drafted 
 within its walls by the convention whose delegates later 
 adopted it in the church on Federal street. The inauguration 
 of John Hancock as the first Governor of the state took place 
 here. Again from the balcony was read, in 1783, the Procla- 
 mation of Peace. From here, in 1789, General Washington re- 
 viewed the procession which passed in his honor. Upon the 
 completion of the State House upon Beacon Hill, in 1798, the 
 historic building came into possession of the City of Boston, 
 from whom at the present time it receives tender care, and its 
 rooms are filled' with relics of the "by-gone days," 
 
 127 
 
I 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
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 King's Chapel, at the corner of Tremont and School streets, 
 was erected in 1754 and was the first Episcopal Church in 
 Boston. In the year 1686 a number of people met at the home 
 of Mr. Ratcliffe and formed an Episcopalian Society, and by 
 order of Governor Andros, 1688, a building was erected which 
 he named King's Chapel, a full Episcopal service intro- 
 duced, and continued as such until 1776, when the British 
 evacuated Boston. Until 1782 no service of Episcopalian form 
 was held in it, when that year the remaining proprietors 
 resumed worship in it, but they adopted the Unitarian liturgy, 
 altered from the common prayer book of the Church of 
 England, which form of service is still continued. It is a very 
 quaint and interesting church; the interior, with its high old- 
 fashioned pews, its tall pulpit, the massive pillars, the beautiful 
 stained-glass windows, impress one at once hat here, at 
 least, they are in the atmosphere of the Puritan forefathers. 
 
 Christ Church, Salem street, is the oldest church edifice in 
 the city, being erected in 1723. The beautiful chime of bells, 
 which was brought from England is the oldest ^n America. 
 The Bible prayer books and silver now in use were given by 
 King George II. in 1733. The first Sunday schoolman America 
 was established in this church in 181 5. Its interior still 
 retains its old-time appearance. The tablet on the front bears 
 this inscription, *'The signal lanterns of Paul Revere displayed 
 in the steeple of this church April i8th, 1775, warned the 
 country of the march of the British troops to Lexington and 
 Concord." 
 
 In no other city in America is the historic lore so abund- 
 ant as it is in Boston. Within the radius of Boylston street 
 and the water front at the north end, every rod is freighted 
 with the history of the founding of New England. Few 
 buildings yet remain of the earliest period, and such as do 
 are in Roxbury, Dorchester, and Medford, places where the 
 commercial growth has been moderate, but in the City of 
 Boston, as one wanders through its streets, the eye meets 
 tablets placed at various localities, which tell the story in 
 brief of an event coincident with the life of the forefathers, 
 and as we read them our mind conjectures what those brave 
 pioneers would ga^ gould they witness the change? as existing 
 to-day. 
 
 139 
 
V \ 
 
Let us take a little journey through the streets and read 
 the inscriptions placed in various localities by the Antiquarian 
 and Historical societies ; it will prove interesting, at least : 
 
 At No. 409 Commercial street is Constitution Wharf, so named 
 
 from the fact that here the Frigate Constitution (old 
 
 Ironsides) was built. 
 At No. 379, the North Battery, a fortification was built here 
 
 in 1646, and not removed until after the Revolutionary 
 
 War ended. 
 At corner of Pearl street and Atlantic avenue was located 
 
 Griffin's Wharf, where the citizens in 1773 threw into the 
 
 sea the cargoes of tea with which the three British ships 
 
 lying there were laden. 
 At No. 19 North Square Paul Revere resided from 1770-80. 
 At corner of Hanover and Clark streets is the site of the 
 
 new North Meeting House, 1714. 
 At North Square and Moon street stood the meeting house of 
 
 the Second or old North Church, built 1650, burned 1676, 
 
 rebuilt 1677, and destroyed for fircAvood by British soldiers 
 
 during the siege of Boston, 1776. 
 Salem street, Christ Church (the story of which is told in 
 
 these pages) ; from belfry Paul Revere displayed the 
 
 lanterns April i8th, 1775. 
 Salem, corner Charter street, was located the residence of Sir 
 
 W^illiam Phips, the first Royal Governor of the Province, 
 
 under the second charter, 1692. 
 Hanover, corner North Bennet street, the home of Rev. In- 
 crease Mather, 1676, and later the home of Andrew and 
 
 John Eliot, father and son, ministers of the new North 
 
 Church, 1 742- 1 81 3. 
 No. 298 Hanover street. Home in 1655 ^^ Rev. John Mayo, 
 
 minister of Second Church to 1672, and of Rev. Cotton 
 
 Mather, minister, 1685- 1728. 
 Hanover, near Richmond street, stood the meeting house 
 
 known as ''New Brick Church" and Cockerel Church," 
 
 1721-1844; new building erected 1845. 
 Hanover street, where the American House now stands, lived 
 
 General Joseph Warren, physician, orator, patriot, who fell 
 
 at Bunker Hill, 1775. 
 No. 130 Prince street was site of the Stoddard House, which 
 
 was used as a hospital by the British after the battle of 
 
 Bunker Hill. Major John Pitcairn died there. 
 
 131 
 
The Old B^^fry 
 Xexinqfon^ _Mass. 
 
Cambridge street and Lynde is the site of the old church 
 (now used as a branch of the PubHc Library) that was 
 erected in 1737, occupied as barraclcs by the British troops 
 during the siege of Boston ; they removed the steeple to 
 prevent the patriots from signaling to the camp in Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 Nos. 17 and 19 Tremont Row stood the house in which John 
 Endicott, Governor of Massachusetts Bay colony, 1629, 
 died in 1665. 
 
 Pemberton Square was the site of the house of Daniel Maude, 
 who kept the first free school established in Boston, 1636. 
 Also here was located the house in which resided Henry 
 Vane, Governor of the colony in 1636, and of Rev. John 
 Cotton, minister of First Church. 
 
 Court street, corner Co.urt Square, is the old Court House, 
 which was erected in 1836 on the site of the old prison, 
 which was erected in 1635, and in which Captain Kid, the 
 pirate, was confined. In the present building Anthony 
 Burns, the fugitive slave, was a prisoner in 1854. 
 
 Court street, corner Franklin avenue. On the east corner stood 
 the printing office of James Franklin, the publisher of the 
 the New Bngland Courant. It was here that Benjamin 
 Franklin served his apprenticeship. In an upper room 
 were held the meetings of the ''Long Club," whose mem- 
 bers were most active patriots. It was here *'iat the 
 leaders in secret planned resistance to Britisl^^ jthority 
 from the time of the stamp act to the Declaration of 
 Independence. 
 
 No. 39 Tremont street. Here stood the mansion of Peter 
 Faneuil and his brother Andrew; also the residence of 
 Lieut. Gov. Phillips. 
 
 No. 173 Washington street was the location of Paul Revere's 
 shop in 1789. Here he did engraving and gold and silver 
 manufacturing. 
 
 No. 209 "Vashington street. The site of the second building 
 erected by the First Church in 1639; burned 171 1, rebuilt 
 1712, removed 1807. 
 
 Washington street, opposite School, stood the house of John 
 Winthrop, Governor of the colony, erected in 1644, ^^^ 
 in which he died in 1649. It became the property of Rev. 
 John Norton, minister of the First Church, and his widow 
 gave it to the Third or Old South Church. The home was 
 
 133 
 
used for a parsonage for many years, but during the siege 
 of Boston it was torn down for firewood by the British 
 in 1776. On the site was erected the first business block 
 in Boston, consisting of five stores with dweUing above. 
 Washington street, north corner of School, is the old building 
 erected in 1712 and known as the "Old Corner Bookstore," 
 for which purpose it was used for over a century, until 
 about five years ago, when the character of the business 
 was changed. 
 Washington street, southwest corner of School, was known as 
 ''Hough's Corner." The town records of March 30, 1634, 
 record the order, ''Also it is ordered that the street 
 (School) from Mr. Atherton Hough's to the Centry Hill 
 (Beacon) to be layd out and soe kept open forever." 
 School street, at No. 19, was the site of Cromwell's Head 
 Tavern, 1705 ; here, were visitors at various times, Gen. 
 Washington, Gen. Lafayette, and Paul Jones. 
 School street. City Hall. In 1635 was erected by the town a 
 building for the use of the Boston Public Latin School, 
 an institution which has continued in the city since its 
 establishment in 1748. The school was removed opposite 
 to the corner of Chapman place, where it continued until 
 1850. Also upon the present site of the City Hall was the 
 house occupied by General Haldimand, to whom the boys 
 of the Latin School made complaint that their coast on the 
 Common was destroyed. He ordered the coast restored 
 and reported the affair to General Gage, who remarked 
 that "it was impossible to beat the notion of liberty out of 
 the people, as it was rooted in them from childhood." 
 Washington street, at 327, stood the Province House, the 
 official residence of the Royal Governors ; it was erected 
 in 1679. After the Revolution it was occupied by state 
 officers until completion of the new State House in 1798. 
 A part of this old house is still standing and can be seen 
 from Province court, directly in the rear of 327. 
 Washington street, corner Milk, is located the Old South 
 Church, particulars relating to which have already been 
 given. 
 Washington street, corner Essex, was the site of the Liberty 
 Tree, planted in 1646, and cut down by the British for fire 
 wood in 1775. Events of a patriotic nature which took 
 place under its branches have been recorded in former 
 pages. 
 
 235 
 
Tremont street, corner Hollis, stood until about six years ago 
 the house in which Nathaniel, David, Thomas, and Josiah 
 Bradlee, with John Fulton, assisted by Sarah Bradlee 
 Fulton, disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians and 
 took part in throwing the tea into Boston harbor in 1773. 
 ''Hurrah for Griffin's Wharf, the Mohawks are coming!" 
 
 State street, at the corner of Washington, south, was the resi- 
 dence of Robert Keayne, the merchant who bequeathed 
 to the town three hundred pounds for a town hall. He 
 was also the founder of the Ancient and Honorable Ar- 
 tillery Company in 1638. 
 
 State street, at the corner of Washington, north, was the house 
 of John Coggan, and in it he opened the first store in 
 Boston. 
 
 State street, the old State House. This has been fully de- 
 scribed in the previous pages. 
 
 State street, at the corner of Devonshire, east, was the location 
 of the first meeting house erected in Boston — the par- 
 ticulars of which have been given. 
 
 State street, north side, where Devonshire street is continued, 
 was situated the home of Rev. John Wilson, pastor of 
 the First Church, 1632- 1667. 
 
 State street, corner Exchange, was the site of the Royal 
 Custom H^ouse, where the onerous burden of taxes was 
 imposed upon the people. 
 
 State street, on the north side and west corner of Exchange, 
 was the shop of Anthony Stoddard, 1644, occupied as a 
 residence in 1646, and during the period of the Royal 
 Governors the Royal Exchange Tavern occupied it. From 
 here the stage coaches for all points departed. The first 
 coach from Boston to New York left this tavern Septem- 
 ber 7th, 1772. It was scheduled to leave every two weeks. 
 
 State street, corner of Congress, west, was the site of the resi- 
 dence of Elder Thomas Leverett, of the First Church, 
 and his son, Governor John Leverett. It is now a stately 
 building, in which are the offices of that eminent financier, 
 Mr. Thomas W. Lawson. Directly in front of this build- 
 ing is that historic spot where occurred, on March, 1770, 
 what is known as the Boston massacre ; the exact location 
 where the first blood of the American Revolution was 
 shed is marked by the paving stones being arranged in 
 a circle. 
 
 137 
 
Devonshire street, corner of Milk, now occupied by the post- 
 office, was the site of the hrst Roman Catholic cathedral 
 in New England, erected in 1803. It also marks the spot 
 where the great fire of 1872 was stopped. 
 
 Winter street, corner Winter place, stood the home of Samuel 
 Adams; he died here in 1802. 
 
 Dorchester, Edward Everett Square, stood the mansion of 
 Robert Oliver in 1745, and in it Edward Everett was born 
 April nth, 1794. 
 
 Dorchester. There are numerous places of great historical 
 interest where tablets have been placed, reciting the events 
 with which they have been connected, and the same is true 
 of South Boston, Roxbury, and Charlestown. Any of the 
 numerous street guides of Boston will give their location. 
 
 UINUTB-MAJf 
 
 138 
 
BOSTON TO DAY 
 
 It is a great manufacturing, commercial, and financial center. 
 In 1908 its total assessed valuation was one billion and a 
 half dollars. Its twenty national banks have a capital of 
 nearly thirty million of dollars, and about two hundred 
 million of dollars on deposit. Its bank clearings reach 
 ten billion of dollars annually. Its Stock Exchange clear- 
 ances are over thirty million shares annually. 
 
 It has over three thousand manufacturing establishments with 
 a capital of one hundred and forty million of dollars ; 
 seventy-five thousand employees, who earn in wages each 
 year forty-five million of dollars ; and has total manufac-. 
 turing products of two hundred million dollars yearly. 
 
 It is the largest shoe, leather, and hide center in the world. 
 
 It is the greatest wool market in the United States. " 
 
 It is the leading confectionery manufacturing center of the 
 country. 
 
 It is the country's greatest domestic dry goods market. 
 
 Its sales of rubber boots and shoes are the largest in the world, 
 amounting to over thirty-two million pairs yearly. 
 
 It manufactures over twelve million dollars' worth of clothing 
 annually, under the best hygienic conditions, which are 
 superior to any in the country that are devoted to this in- 
 dustry. 
 
 It is the world's greatest automobile selling center, all of 
 New England and the British Provinces receiving mainly 
 their supplies from this city. 
 
 It has within the city, and in its immediate suburbs, the 
 largest manufacturing establishments in the world, which 
 are devoted to producing boots and shoes, shoe machinery, 
 watches, electrical works, and other industries. 
 
 Its population is one and a quarter million in the greater city. 
 It has a population within a fifty-mile radius of over three 
 millions of people, exceeding any other city in the country 
 excepting New York. 
 
 It is the metropolis cTf New England, which comprises a popu- 
 lation in total of six million people. 
 
It has one-fifteenth of the English-speaking and English- 
 reading buyers who reside in the United States, that live 
 within fifty miles of its center. 
 
 It is the second commercial port of the continent with imports 
 and exports which yearly amount to, in round numbers, 
 three hundred millions of dollars. 
 
 It is the natural port of the northwest and of the Dominion of 
 Canada. 
 
 Its splendid harbor channels are being improved daily. Over 
 eight millions of dollars have been so far expended in this 
 work. 
 
 It is nearer to Europe and all Mediterranean ports than any 
 other large city on the sea coast, and is the favorite point 
 of departure and arrival for travelers to and from Europe. 
 
 It is the terminus of three great railroad systems, connecting 
 with the Northwest, West, South, and Canada. 
 
 It has the two greatest passenger terminals in the world. 
 
 It has millions of square feet of vacant land adjacent to the 
 water front or railroads, which is suitable for manufac- 
 turing purposes of all kinds. 
 
 It is the ideal and popular convention city in the United States. 
 Each 3^ear many of them are held here. 
 
 It has ample high-class hotel accommodations. 
 
 It has magnificent ocean beaches in its immediate vicinity. 
 
 It is within a short ride by steam, trolley, boat, or motor of 
 Lexington, Concord, Salem, Plymouth, Cambridge, and 
 many other famous places. 
 
 It is the great gateway and the clearing house of summer 
 tourist travel to the coast places of Massachusetts and 
 Maine ; to the White and Green mountains ; to the lakes of 
 New^ Hampshire and Maine ; to Bar Harbor, and the 
 Canadian Province resorts. 
 
 It is the great educational center (which includes Cambridge 
 and all New England). 
 
 It is the finest residential city, with its magnificent suburbs, of 
 any city in the w^orld. 
 
 And finally, it will in time (with the efiforts now being put 
 forth to make it so) become the best city on the continent 
 in every respect. 
 
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 140 
 
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