LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Shelf Jk$b \% & 7 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. A Section of Diseased Lung; recent case of Lung Plague. Thin end showed black hepatization ; the centre, red hepatization ; the thick end interlobular infiltration. Several blocked vessels are shown. THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER A GUIDE TO THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DISEASE IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS / By JAMES LAW Professor of Veterinary Science in Cornell University ; Veterinary A lumnus of the Higk land and Agricultural Society of Scotland ; Fellow of the Royal College of Veteri- nary Surgeons of Great Britain ; Consulting Veterinarian to the New York Agricultural Society ; Me7nber qftlie American Public Health A ssociation ; Former Professor in the A Ibert Vet- erinary College, London, and the New Veteri- nary College, Edinburgh; Author of General and Descriptive Anat- omy of the Domestic Animals, etc. WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS Eighth Edition ITHACA PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 1887 OX * A \?\ Copyright, 1887, »r JAMES LAW. Right of 'l'ntnsUititm Reset-re*. TROW'8 PRINTING ANO BOOKBINDING COMPANY- NEW YORK. PKEFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION. The " Farmer's Veterinary Adviser " has been so favor- ably received in America, Canada, and England that I feel called upon to issue a revised edition, to cover the ground over which Veterinary Medicine has advanced in the past eleven years, since it was first published, and thereby to continue to deserve the confidence hitherto accorded it. The advances of the past decade have been marvelous indeed, but most largely in the field of contagious diseases and their prevention, and to meet this progress, I have in the present edition added two complete chapters devoted to this subject. The third chapter has also been consid- erably enlarged by the introduction of additional plagues, which either exist on the North American Continent or are specially liable to be introduced through the ordinary channels of trade. The changes in the remaining part of the book are less extensive, but they will be found to add materially to the fullness and clearness of the work as a whole. Some of the changes made may not be fully appreciated at first sight by the average farmer, yet they were consid- ered essential for two reasons, first, the adaptation of the work to the purpose to which it has been largely put as a veterinary text-book in agricultural colleges ; and second, for iv Preface to the Eighth Edition. the education of the agricultural community in the need of effective methods for stamping out animal plagues, a subject which has been so ignorantly and ineffectively dealt with in our legislative halls. The author feels warranted in bespeaking for the revised edition a continuance of those favors that have been so freely accorded to its predecessors. JAMES LAW, Cornell University. Ithaca, March, 1887. PREFACE. This work is especially designed to supply the need of the busy American farmer who can rarely avail himself of the advice of a scientific veterinarian. The author is deeply sen- sible of the low estimate placed upon Veterinary Medicine and Surgery in the United States, and the necessity of educating the public up to a better appreciation of its value. We have a property in live stock estimated at $1,500,000,000, and rapidly increasing in value, consisting of at least six different genera of mammals, besides birds, and therefore affording an almost unlimited field for the practical exercise of humanity, political economy, and scien- tific research in the pursuit of Veterinary Medicine. In the Old World millions are saved yearly to each of the Western European Nations in the exclusion and extinction of animal plagues, and many instances can be adduced of an intelligent veterinary supervision saving at the rate of $30,000 per annum on a stud of 400 horses. But in the Western Hemisphere, apart from the larger cities, the great pecuniary interest in live stock is largely at the mercy of ignorant pretenders, whose barbarous surgery is only equaled by their reckless and destructive drugging. The constantly recurring instances of absolute and painful poi- vi Preface. soning, and cruel and injurious vivisections practiced under the name of remedial measures are almost sickening to con- template. To give the stock-owner such information as will enable him to dispense with the unprofitable and peril- ous services of such pretenders, and to apply rational means of cure when he happens to be beyond the reach of the accomplished veterinarian, is the aim of this book, and this, it is confidently hoped, it will accomplish for all who will intelligently study its pages. To secure this object, and yet to place the book within the reach of all, it was necessary to sacrifice all extended discussion of diseased processes, and questions in pathology, and therefore the reader who may discover deviations from current opinions is requested to suspend his decision until he has consulted the Author's larger work, in which the reasons for these positions will be given. With this view of still further condensing the work, the doses of medicines for the different animals are rarely given in the text, but one or more agents are named as applicable to every distinct stage or phase of the disease and species of patient, and the reader must turn to the list of drugs given at the end to find the amount required for each animal. In doing this he must note particularly for what purpose the agent is given and select the dose accordingly, as the effect of large doses is usually essentially different from that of small ones. Thus common salt given in large doses to cattle is purgative and reducing, while in small ones it is alterative and tonic. Sulphur in large doses is laxative, but in small ones alterative, expectorant, and diaphoretic. Oil Preface. vii of turpentine in large doses is purgative and vermifuge, in small ones diuretic, stimulant, and antispasmodic. Atten- tion must also be given to the age and size of the patient, as more fully set forth in the Appendix. Illustrations have been freely introduced to render the text more lucid, and, being selected from those prepared for the Author's larger work, may be implicitly relied on. In the list of contagious diseases are included not only those that are habitually developed on American soil and those already introduced from abroad, but also such as pre- vail in Europe, and are liable at any time to be brought into our midst by importation. It is no less imperative that the American farmer should be forewarned of pesti- lences that threaten him from abroad, than of those that beset him at home. For all such affections the principles that should guide us in preventing and extinguishing the disease are concisely but clearly set forth. All the important parasites are introduced, and their con- ditions of life and individual metamorphoses in and out of the bodies of domestic animals referred to, as well as their migrations from man to animals and from animals to man wherever such exists. The vast importance of animal para- sites is only beginning to be realized in connection with their frightful ravages in countries (England, Australia, Buenos Ayres, Egypt, Abyssinia, Iceland, India, etc.) into which they have been introduced, or where they have been allowed to increase unchecked, and a concise state- ment of their forms, habits, and results is therefore im- peratively necessary for the protection of the stock-owner. viii Preface. This subject has accordingly been brought up to the date of present observations, and though short enough for the perusal of the busiest, it will furnish a sound basis for the limitation and destruction of each of these noxious pests. JAMES LAW, Cornell TJnwersity. Ithaca, May, 1876. CONTENTS. Inflammation and Fever, . Contagious and Epizootic Diseases, . Specific Contagious and Epizootic Diseases, Larger Parasites, .... Dletetic and Constitutional Diseases, Diseases of the Resplratory Organs, Heart, Blood-vessels and Lymphatics, Digestive Organs, Liver, Pancreas and Spleen, Urinary Organs, Organs of Generation, Mammje (Udder) and Teats, Eyes, Nervous System, Skin Diseases, General Diseases of Bones, Joints, and Muscles, Special Injurles of Bones, Joints, and Muscles, Diseases of the Foot, Diseased Growths, Appendix : Action, Doses, etc., of Medicines, . Index, PAGE. . 1 . 32 . 83 . 143 . 155 . 164 . 198 . 209 . 216 . 274 . 291 . 293 . 310 . 328 . 332 . 339 . 356 . 385 . 407 . 457 . 484 . 488 . 499 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. CHAPTER I. INFLAMMATION AND FEVER. Inflammation. Its phenomena. In vascular tissues. Changes in blood- vessels ; in blood ; in cells ; in tissue ; in function. Exudations. Migra- tion of globules. Reparatory processes. Inflammatory fever. Inflammation in non-vascular tissues. Deranged nutrition ; cloudy swelling ; exudations ; cell multiplication ; cell migration ; formation of blood-vessels ; purpose of cell multiplication. Exudations and effusions — serous, mucous, fibrinous, bloody, croupous. Results of inflammation. Resolution. Delitescence. Metastasis. New formations, plastic, aplastic. Suppuration. Pyogenic bacteria. Pus, cells, liquid. Abscess, acute, chronic. Diffuse suppuration. Fistula. Healing by first and second intention. Granulation. Granule corpuscles and masses. Development of lymph into tissue. Degenerations of new growths. Softening. Ulceration. Death by molecules. Gangrene ; death of a part. Fever ; definition ; stages ; symptoms ; premonitory ; chill ; reaction ; defervescence, crisis, lysis. Temperature in health and disease. Retention of water in system. Tissue waste. The typhoid con- dition. Types of fever. Treatment of inflammation and fever. Regimen. General fever remedies. Bleeding — general, local ; leeching, cupping. Warm baths — in chill and hot stage. Cold baths. Diaphoretics. Laxa- tives. Diuretics. Sedatives. Alkalies. Tonic refrigerants — in convales- cence ; in typhoid states. Local treatment of inflammation — cold, astrin- gents, antiseptics, hot applications. Stimulating embrocations and lotions. Blisters. Firing. Treatment of abscess. INFLAMMATION. Inflammation forms the essential part of so many diseases, and a concomitant of so many more, that a brief statement of its features and phenomena appears desirable, even in a 1 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. condensed manual like the present. From the days of Hippocrates inflammation has been recognized by redness, heat, pain, and swelling, followed by resolution or indura- tion, suppuration, or gangrene. Such a definition is, how- ever, sadly insufficient in view of modern discoveries as to the different phases of the inflammatory process. Redness occurs in the transient blush, heat in the feverish system, pain from simple passing nervous disorder, swelling from dropsy, induration from the formation of tumors, and gan- grene from the blocking of blood-vessels or other exclusion of blood and the means of nutrition from a part, and in no one of these cases need there be an element of true inflam- mation. Perhaps no definition can be given which will cover all the phenomena of inflammation. INFLAMMATION IN VASCULAR TISSUES. These phenomena, as seen in a transparent membrane like the web of the frog's foot or the mesentery may be stated as follows : 1st. Disturbed circulation evinced by contrac- tion, quickly followed by dilatation with elongation of the capillary blood-vessels, and a rapid, followed by a slow, and even oscillating or backward movement of the blood within them, branching redness. 2d. The blood-globules become sticky and adhere together and to the walls of the capilla- ries so as to block them in points. 3d. The fibrin of the blood coagulates around these masses of globules, forming points of complete obstruction, and constituting those minute spots of deep redness which cannot be effaced, even for an instant, by the pressure of the finger on inflamed skin. 4th. The liquid parts of the blood ooze out in excess through the capillary walls into the tissues, causing the swelling. 5 th. Blood-globules and granules escape through the walls of the vessels and degenerate into pus-cells or become the centres for the growth of new tissue in the exudate. 6th. The nuclei {cells) presiding over the nutrition, etc., have Inflammation and Fever. their functions impaired or lost ; the inflamed skin in the frog has its pigment-cells unchanged while all the body be- side has changed color, the inflamed retina no longer sees, the inflamed nose no longer smells, the inflamed mamma no longer yields milk, the inflamed finger has no more the proper sense of touch, and the inflamed cells that control nutrition no longer build up the tissues amid which they lie, but tend rather to a simple multiplication of their own cell forms, as do the cells of the early growing embryo. 7th. In an extensive inflammation the large arteries pro- ceeding to the diseased part have their coats abnormally rigid, giving a harder beat to the pulse and determining a more abundant flow of blood than in the corresponding ves- sels of the healthy part. This doubtless results from the disorder of the vaso-motor (sympathetic) nerves, and this disorder is involved in the causation of the derangement of the capillary circulation as well, since the cutting across of a branch of these nerves going to a part promptly induces in- flammatory changes in such part. This tendency to the production of inflammation through nervous influence is further shown in the extension to the other of a violent in- flammation of one eye caused by a mechanical injury. Yet the essential changes may be induced in the tissues by irri- tants, though the nerves proceeding to the part have been cut or the blood-vessels tied. It is worthy of notice that in extensive inflammations in otherwise healthy systems the circulating blood acquires a great increase of fibrinogen (often doubled), and the blood- globules become abnormally adhesive, so that before the drawn blood has time to coagulate the globules adhere to- gether in masses and precipitate toward the bottom, leaving the upper layers of the clot of a dull yellow hue (buffy coat). This is shown in the blood of the healthy soliped, but in other animals it implies inflammation, apart from the condi- tions of plethora, anaemia, pregnancy, or over-driving. In The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. the horse suffering from inflammation the normal buffy coat is increased. The blood of inflammation also coagulates more firmly and contracting most toward the centre assumes a cupped appearance on the surface. These changes in the blood and nervous system are asso- ciated with an increase of body temperature and other mani- festations of fever proportionate to the extent and violence of the inflammation. Again, in both inflammation and fever, the disease process may be of a strong type (sthenic), or of a low type (asthenic, adynamic). INFLAMMATION IN NON-VASCULAR TISSUES. Inflammation in tissues unprovided with blood-vessels may be observed in the irritated transparent cornea of the eye, or the cartilage covering the ends of bones in joints. Each when inflamed has its nutritive function impaired and loses its clear, translucent aspect, so much so that in the case of the eye one can no longer see into its interior. There may be as yet no real thickening, and no film of exudation formed on its surface. It is the pre-existing structures that have become opaque by change in the process of their nutri- tion. If a thin slice of this inflamed cartilage is treated with picric acid and placed under the microscope it is found that the nuclei within the cartilage-cells have become indi- vidually larger, that the cells embedded in the cartilaginous matrix are more numerous than is normal, and that, when the inflammation is most active, even cell-walls are no longer formed, but that a mass of rapidly multiplying nuclei is taking the place of the solid transparent matrix. As in the vascular tissue, so in the non-vascular, the power to build up the sound tissue (cartilage, corneal tissue) has been tem- porarily lost, while there is a mere growth of a cellular or embryonic tissue at the expense of the pre-existing struct- ure. It remains to be added that in the inflamed cartilage or cornea there is an abundant infiltration of wandering Inflammation and Fever. white blood-cells, which have escaped from the vessels in the adjacent vascular tissue and made their way into the in- flamed and softened cornea. Thus in both types of inflammation, in the vascular and non-vascular tissues alike, there is this abundant concentra- tion of plastic cells (white blood-cells and tissue nuclei), which assume for the time the functions of the cells of the early embryo from which all the varied tissues of the future animal are to be developed. Hence these cells, whicli grow so abundantly in inflamed parts with the size, form, and functions of embryonic cells, are not inaptly called em- bryonic cells, and the tissue, which they first form, embry- onic tissue. These cells may be looked upon as the guardi- ans of the system, charged with the duty of removing from the part all noxious, useless, or extraneous matter, and build- ing up new tissue to repair the breach resulting from the injury. No sooner is the injury sustained than there is es- tablished an increased flow of blood through the vessels of the injured part (or through the nearest blood-vessels in case the injured structure has no vessels), the white globules are delayed in the capillary vessels and passed through their walls, and at the same time the tissue nuclei increase in size and numbers, abandon their habitual work of building up tissue, and together with the wandering blood-cells devote every power to the removal of the irritant and the repair of the breach. A similar work is effected in an entirely natu- ral way in the tail of the tadpole when developing into a frog. Embryonic or lymphoid cells increase enormously in the tail, feeding upon the tissues of the now superfluous organ, and gradually absorbing and removing the whole mass. So it is, too, in the case of offensive living organisms introduced into a tissue. When bacteria have been thus in- oculated inflammation is at once set up, and the accumulat- ing cells, if numerous enough relatively to the micro-organ- ism, take the bacteria into their substance and gradually 6 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. dissolve and digest them, thereby rendering the inoculation harmless. If, however, the bacteria are too numerous or too poisonous (in themselves or their products) to be thus easily devoured, the opposite result ensues, the cells of the blood and tissues sent to dispute their invasion are them- selves destroyed, and there takes place the death and re- moval of a circumscribed portion of tissue, an extensive suppuration and abscess, a spreading gangrene or ulcer, or a fatal general infection. A small dose of such bacteria is devoured, removed, and rendered harmless by the de- fensive work of these exudation-cells; a larger dose may establish a temporary stronghold in the tissues, which is finally circumscribed, loosened, and thrown off as a slough by the active agency of the investing animal cells around it, while a still larger dose conquers the defending army, and extends its sway over the entire body with grave or fatal effect. INFLAMMATORY EXUDATIONS AND EFFUSIONS. These vary much in different cases according to the grade and stage of the inflammation, the part affected, and the subject of the disease. 1st. Serous Exudations. These consist of the liquid ele- ments of the blood, with only a limited amount of the fibrine-forming element (fibrinogen), and consequently little tendency to clot firmly. The effused fluid is distinguished from the liquid of mechanical dropsy by the presence in it of the fibrinogen, of albumen, of cells, and of nuclei. The dropsical fluid does not coagulate unless heated, and con- tains less common salt and phosphates than the inflamma- tory effusion. Serous exudations are characteristic of the early stages of inflammation, and of inflammations of serous membranes (pleura, peritoneum, joints) in strong, vigorous subjects. They are especially dangerous by reason of inter- ference with the functions of organs by pressure, as with Inflammation and Fever. the dilatation of the lungs, the movements of the heart, the movement of joints, or the integrity of the brain or spinal cord. When the disease that caused them has subsided they are usually speedily reabsorbed, though not invaria- bly so. 2d. Mucous exudations are formed wherever mucus is produced in health, as in catarrhs of nose, eyes, throat, and other mucous membranes. They contain filaments of precipitated mucin insoluble in acetic acid or alcohol, and globular cells in all stages of change from the mucous to the pus-corpuscle, the latter recognized by its bipartite or tri- partite nucleus, manifested by contact with acetic acid. 3d. Fibrinous Exudations. Inflammatory lymph. This oozes out through the vessels in a liquid state and afterward coagulates by reason of its contained fibrinogen or plasmin, which exists ready formed, but in solution, in the blood. It is the excess of plasmin which distinguishes this from the serous exudation. The coagulation of plasmin may result from the ferment globulin escaped from the blood-globules, and it always coagulates promptly on contact with inflamed tissues, probably from the presence of the same or an allied ferment. If, on the other hand, the exudation es- capes into a healthy cavity, and comes in contact with healthy tissues only, it may, like blood in similar circum- stances, remain liquid for months. It is specially injurious by enveloping organs (lungs, heart, bowels, iris) and hamper- ing their movements, or by binding them to adjacent struct- ures by false membranes. In coagulating it becomes first fibrillar, then granular, and finally undergoes molecular dis- integration (Cornil and Ranvier) or development into new tissue (Paget). When organized it usually takes the form of the adjacent tissue; in granulating wounds and between serous membranes it is fibrous, and between the broken ends of bones it is bon} 7 . Fibrinous exudations are especially seen in a high grade 8 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. of inflammation, in connection with fibrous tissues and in strong vigorous subjects. 4th. Blood Exudations. As already stated, blood-globules escape through the walls of the vessels in all inflammations, though seldom in such quantity as even to stain the tissues. Minute ruptures of the capillary vessels are not uncommon with punctiform clots in the tissues, but extensive escapes of blood are usually indicative of a specially unhealthy type of inflammation, usually associated with a specific and deadly poison, as in anthrax, rinderpest, swine-plague, purpura hemorrhagica. They are further most common from newly formed vessels, which are yet soft and possessed of little power of resistance. 5th. Croupous Exudations. These are deposited on dis- eased surfaces in the form of false membranes, composed mainly of cell-elements, epithelium, and pus-corpuscles in a thin network of fibrine, mucin, or both. To these belong the membranous products of croup and diphtheria, and the false membranes that appear independently of these poisons on violently inflamed mucous membranes (croupous enter- itis, etc.) RESULTS OF INFLAMMATION. Resolution. This is the condition in which a slight in- flammation, which has not advanced beyond the stage of liquid effusion, has the exudate reabsorbed, and the blood- vessels and tissues restored to their healthy condition. If this occurs with extraordinary rapidity the term delitescence is applied to it, and there is danger of its reappearance else- where by reason of clots from the capillaries being suddenly loosened and washed onward to block other capillaries in the lungs or other distant organs. This occurrence of a sec- ondary disease at a distance, when a first has suddenly sub- sided, has been named metastasis, and is usually due to the blocking of the capillaries by blood-clots. Inflammation and Fever. Inflammatory New Formations. Of the growths in lymph there are two principal kinds : first, the plastic, fibrinous, granular, or molecular y and second, the aplastic, croupous, or corpuscular. The first form tends to develop into new structure, the second to disintegrate and decay. The tendency to one or other form depends largely on the strength or weakness of the system's health, on the deficiency or excess of corpuscles in the exuded fluid, and on the dis- tance of the latter from living tissues and blood- supply. Much also depends on the predisposition of the genns, the tendency to suppuration in lymph being in a descending series from horse, ass, and mule, through ox and sheep, to dog, pig, and, finally, the bird, in which latter suppuration is quite exceptional. Suppuration. In inflammations of a high type, in those occurring on the skin or mucous membranes in which there is an extraordinary increase of nuclei and embryonal cells, and in lymph thrown out in excess at one point, so that its central parts are far from vascular tissue, the cell elements undergo a rapid increase and degradation into pus-corpuscles, and its solidified intercellular lymph undergoes granular decay and liquefaction into the liquid of pus. While the above conditions are favorable to the forma- tion of pus, the process of suppuration must now be recog- nized as an infective process due to the propagation of bac- teria (mainly chain forms — Streptococcus pyogenes— and cluster-groups — Staphylococcus pyogenes). These or other bacteria are found in the pus of acute abscesses, and when absent in chronic abscesses are to be considered as having perished since the abscess was recent and active. Inocula- tion of a rabbit with an excess of the pus of an acute abscess produces general purulent infection (pyaemia) and early death; from a medium dose an abscess is produced; while from a small dose there is no effect whatever. In the latter case the bacteria are overcome and devoured by the abun- 10 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. dauce of vitally potent white blood-globules and tissue-cells. This pus-forming action of these bacteria explains the great difference in results in wounds exposed to the air and those iti the interior of the body and far removed from air and its floating bacteria. A broken bone, with no wound in the skin and little injury to parts around the fracture, is readily repaired, without any formation of pus, if merely kept still and immovable ; whereas a broken bone, continuous with a wound through the skin, always tends to form pus and is extremely dangerous even to life. The tendency of every open sore is to form pus on its surface, but this may be arrested and prevented by a free use of disinfectants and a covering which shall arrest and filter out the germs. Simi- larly in an abscess the injection of disinfectants, without the formation of any perceptible permanent opening to the outer air, will put a stop to the pus-formation. The subjection of an inflamed part to the control of these pus-forming bacteria is dependent on the lowered vitality and power of resistance of the inflamed tissues, and of the white cells of their circu- lating blood. Healthy parts can successfully resist them, though they are constantly present in surrounding air and on objects, but in this, as in all other cases ; of bacterial in- fection, so soon as the tissue is injured, inflamed, and lowered in its power of vital resistance, the pyogenic bacteria assail it successfully. Hence, too, the more abundant exudations of lymph, the centres of which are farthest removed from the healthy tissues, and from the influence of their vital re- sistance, are the most prone to suppuration. That the germs can make their way to such deep-seated exudations in the substance of solid tissues is to be accounted for by their gradual advance through the inflamed and weakened struct- ures from the adjacent skin or mucous membrane, or in some instances by reason of their presence in small numbers in the blood. It is further noteworthy that those animals in which suppuration does not occur readily are such as have Inflammation and Fever. 1 1 a special power of resistance to some other organic poisons. Thus the hog, which is supposed to be proof against snake- bite, is also, to a large extent, proof against the pus-forming bacteria. For further notice of this subject see article on Pyazmia. Pus. This is a white, or yellowish-white, creamy-looking product, composed of a clear, transparent fluid, rendered opaque by numerous floating pus-corpuscles. These pus- corpuscles have the same size as the white globules of the blood (^Vrr to -3 oVir inch) and are peculiar in that each shows within it three or more nuclei, which become visible on the addition of a drop of water or acetic acid. Each of the common embryonal cells found in the inflamed tissue contains two nuclei, the indication of the active increase by division into two, but when the supply of nutriment is checked the nuclei continue to divide, while the cells remain unchanged, and thus every cell comes to contain several nuclei in addition to fatty granules, and constitute pus- corpuscles. When pus is formed in a well-maintained system and tis- sue, the outer layer of the lymph is developed into a fibrous sac inclosing the liquid pus and constituting an abscess. In an unhealthy system, or when the inflammation depends on some injurious poison, like that of erysipelas, this sac may not be formed, and the pus, burrowing into and between dif- ferent organs, destroys the connections and substance — dif- fuse suppuration. When an abscess has formed in soft tissues its investing sac shrinks as it assumes the fibrous character, and the confined pus being incapable of compres- sion, presses the membrane outward on the side in which the surrounding tissues are most loose and least resistant, hence, usually, though not always, in the direction of the skin, the soft tissues become absorbed and removed in the track of the advancing pus ; and, finally, the latter reaches a surface and escapes. Thus, an abscess usually bursts 1 2 The Farmer 's Veterinary Adviser. through the skin, but also, at times, through a mucous membrane into the lungs, bowels, etc., or through a serous membrane into chest, abdomen, etc. When an abscess is formed in bone or dense fibrous tissues which press equally on all sides, it may remain imprisoned for months and j'ears after all inflammation has subsided, constituting an indolent or cold abscess. When the imprisoned pus is inclosed by thick fibrous or resistant tissues at all points but one, it will make its way along the narrow passage of yielding tissue, but as the resulting outlet is constricted, long, and tortuous, the contents cannot readily escape through it nor the walls of the abscess contract so as to expel the confined pus, and the latter goes on forming and discharging through the narrow outlet for months or years. This is & fistula or sinus. Healing by Adhesion or First Intention. When a clean- cut wound has the blood staunched and its lips brought to- gether without exposure to the air (or contact with pyogenic germs), they adhere at once and heal without pus or any appreciable formation of new tissue. Here the lymph thrown out on the cut surfaces agglutinates them, and the cells, multiplying, form a thin layer of embryonic tissue which gradually develops into a fibrous structure and re- pairs the breach without any perceptible scar. Healing by Second Intention. Granulation. When a wound has caused destruction of tissue, or when a simple incision is left exposed to the air, the breach is filled up by new tissue through the process known as granulation. The superficial layer of lymph thrown out on the raw surface becomes oxidized and degenerates into pus, while the deeper layers become solid, fibrillated, the seat of cell-growth, and are finally transformed into a fibrous structure. New blood-vessels form in loops in the developing lymph and constitute the bright-red granulation-points which cover the raw surface. The fibrous tissue into which the lymph is transformed undergoes gradual contraction in development, Inflammation and Fever. 13 and thus, day by day, the edges of the adjacent healthy skin are drawn in, so as to cover the wound more or less perfectly, and a slight scar only is left when healing has been accomplished. Granule Corpuscles and Masses. This is another de- generative transformation in lymph and, is seen mainly in inflamed glands and brain- and lung-tissue. The cells found in the exuded lymph are made up of granules ytdto mcn m diameter, and besides these, large, irregularly shaped masses of granules are extended along the capillary blood-vessels. After the lymph has coagulated these granular masses soften and liquefy preliminary to re-absorption and removal, and the restoration of the tissue to a healthy condition. When in excess this softens and disintegrates the tissues, leading to permanent loss of substance. Development of Lymph into Tissue. This is equivalent to what takes place in the formation of the sac of the abscess or of granulation-tissue. The liquid lymph in co- agulating, becomes fibrillar, and the exuded cells and nu- clei and those of the adjacent tissue, having an abundant supply of blood and nutriment, multiply first as simple, rounded embryonic cells, then deposit around them new tissue, becoming elongated, spindle-shaped, branching, etc., and thus get imbedded in a fibrous material of their own formation. These new formations are usually of a low tj^pe of organization, like white fibrous tissue or bone, and hence, although breaches in the higher structures like muscle, nerve, gland, skin, are filled up, it is usually only by the drawing together of the remaining healthy parts by these new formations without the restoration of any of the origi- nal tissue which has been destroyed. The cicatrix (scar), alone is made up of new material. Lymph developing in this way may undergo any degen- eration to which normal tissues are subject. Thus it may undergo black pigmentary {melanotic) degeneration, it may 14 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. become impregnated with lime- salts {calcified), it may wither up into a hard gelatiniform or horny mass, or it may xmdiQYgo fatty degeneration. Fatty degeneration is the most common form, and con- sists in the excessive deposit of fatty granules, first in the cells which are in excess or badly nourished, and next in the adjacent tissue, the normal elements of which are re- placed by fatty granules. Softening is an almost constant result of inflammation. The exudate infiltrates and separates the tissue elements, de- stroying their cohesion ; its liquefaction impairs this still further, and the more or less perfect transformation of the tissue into embryonic tissue entails the loss of its rigidity and power of resistance. Thus the inflamed brain-tissue may become a mere pulp, and the inflamed bone may be cut with a knife. Ulceration is closely allied to softening. On the surface of a sore there is an excessive exudation of lymph, which loosens and disintegrates the layer of lymph that is already in process of development, and also a part of the tissue be- neath. The cells in these parts fail to develop naturally and to build up good tissue ; they become fatty, die, and together with the tissue in which they lie, break down and pass off as a pulpy debris. Thus the sore constantly deep- ens and widens, or at least refuses to contract and heal. Gangrene or death of a part is another effect of inflam- mation. It results usually from the cutting off of the blood- supply through the obstruction of the blood-vessels ; by the pressure of excessive exudation in unyielding structures, as in bone, or under the hoof; by implication of the inner coats of the blood-vessels in the inflammation, when the contained blood will clot and obstruct them ; or by block- ing with the blood-clots that have been formed at a dis- tance and washed on in the blood-current to be arrested when they reach vessels too small to admit them. Like Inflammation and Fever. 15 suppuration, gangrene is associated with a micrococcous growth. The dead mass remains as an irritant, and is slowly separated by the formation around it of embryonal tissue, granulations and pus. A second form is molecular gangrene, in which the cells and minute elements of the tis- sue die, and are cast off, leading to phagedenic (eating, ex- tending) sores, as noted above under Ulceration. When gangrene occurs on an exposed surface, that may be altered from the normal color into shades of yellow, brown, green, red, or black, according to the amount of blood and the stage of decomposition, and may be cut without pain, if the subjacent parts are not pressed upon ; it may be soft, may pit on pressure, may crackle under the hand from the evolved gases of decomposition, and may be covered with blisters (jphlyctenm) with red, grutnons liquid contents (moist gangrene) ; again, it may be white, as after freezing, or it may be dark-colored, dry, and horny, as from ergotism (dry gangrene). FEVEK. Definition. Whether occurring as an accompaniment of inflammation or independently of it, fever is an un- natural elevation of the temperature of the body, the direct result of an excess of destructive chemical change in the blood and tissues, and more remotely of disordered ner- vous function. Of all extensive inflammations fever is the constant result and accompaniment, rising as the inflammation rises or ex- tends, and subsiding as the inflammation subsides. It also occurs as a distinct affection, as in all the infectious diseases, as the result of a specific irritating poison in the system, and then is the manifestation of the disease, while a local inflammation may or may not be present as a special sec- ondary feature of the malady or as an accidental complica- tion. 16 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Symptoms of Fever. Fever is marked by certain definite stages, each of which has its own special manifestations. In the cases due to a specific disease-germ, or contagium, these are, however, preceded by a period of latency or in- cubation in which no symptoms whatever are manifest, but during this time the germ is rapidly multiplying in the system, and it is only when it has gained a certain increase that it disorders the nervous system, wastes the tissues, raises the temperature of the body, and induces the other phenomena of fever. The same may be said to hold in the fever attending on inflammation. The slight and circum- scribed inflammation is at first productive of no fever, and it is only when it gains a certain extent that the nerves and nutrition are disordered so as to bring about a feverish condition. Premonitory Symptoms. These usually last but a few hours and are often entirely absent or unnoticed. There is a lack of the customary vigor and spirit, an indisposition to exertion, a loss of clearness and vivacity of the eye, a mani- fest dullness, with hanging of the head, and frequent shift- ing of the limbs as if fatigued. Appetite is less sharp and ruminants chew the cud less heartily or persistently. Cold Stage. These are soon succeeded by the chill, rigor, or shivering fit, in which the hair, especially that along the back, stands erect (staring coat), the skin is cold and adherent to the structures beneath (hidebound), the ex- tremities (legs, tail, ears, horns, nose) are cold, and the frame is agitated with slight tremors, or even a shivering so violent that a wooden floor or building is made to rattle. The back is arched, the legs brought nearer together (crouch- ing), the mouth is cool and clammy, the breathing hurried, the pulse weak, and it may be rapid, but with a hard beat, the bowels costive, and the urine higher colored than nat- ural. The temperature of the interior of the body, taken by a thermometer in the rectum, is already found above InflammatioJi and Fever. 1 7 the normal, the excessive destruction of tissue having begun, and the blood driven from the cooler surface, and accumu- lating in the hot interior, at once favors tissue-change and maintains the extra heat thereby produced. In cattle the end of the tail is soft and flaccid from 'this stage onward. The cold stage lasts a few minutes or one or two days in different cases. Hot Stage. The hot stage appears as a reaction from the chill, the contraction in the minute vessels of the skin giving place to dilatation, so that the whole surface, including the extremities, becomes hot and burning, but still dry and parched. The burning is especially noticeable in the more vascular parts, like the roots of the horns and ears, the muz- zle or snout, the mouth, the hoofs, the bare parts of the paws in carnivora, and the mammae (udder) in suckling animals. The mucous membranes lining the nose and mouth become hot and red, the breathing freer, but not less rapid, the pulse softer but accelerated, appetite (and rumination) greatly impaired or lost, thirst great, costiveness increased, urine diminished and of a higher color, the flow of milk greatly impaired or entirely arrested, and the dullness and prostration greatly increased. The hot stage lasts longer than the cold one, usually per- sisting until death or convalescence. It may alternate with chills throughout the whole course of the illness, and in the fever of inflammation the interruption of the hot stage by a chill usually implies either a considerable extension of the inflammation or the occurrence of suppuration. Defervescence. The decline of the fever may take place by a sudden reduction of the body temperature to the natu- ral standard, or near it, and a sudden and general improve- ment in the symptoms (crisis), or by a slow improvement from day to day through a more or less tedious convales- cence (lysis). Natural Temperature. The body temperature of the 2 1 8 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. domestic animals is best taken by inserting the bulb of a clinical thermometer three inches or more into the gut (rec- tum) and leaving it there three minutes. After it has been used, the regristerino; column must be shaken down to below the natural temperature of the next animal on which it is to be employed. The natural temperature is for the fowl, 107° F. to 110° F. ; swine, 104° ; goat and sheep, 102° to 103° ; cow, 101° to 102° ; dog, 99° to 100° ; horse, 99° to 99.6°. Ranging in the fields, at work, or under a summer sun, it may be a degree higher than at other times. Female animals in heat are two or three degrees above the natural, and in advanced pregnancy and at parturition they may also be two degrees higher. Fever Temperature. A temporary rise of one or two de- grees is unimportant, but a permanent rise indicates fever. A rise of ten or twelve degrees is usually fatal. A sudden fall to or below the natural, unless with general improve- ment in the symptoms, indicates sinking. A similar fall, with a free secretion (perspiration, urination, relaxed bowels) and general improvement in symptoms, betokens recovery. Retention of water in the fevered system is as significant as the elevated temperature. The patient drinks greedily, but all the secretions are arrested or diminished, and liquids go on accumulating in the system. The sudden bursting forth of secretions (especially sweating) implies that the fever has, at least temporarily, given way. The production of waste matters in the system is necessa- rily proportionate to the amount of tissue destroyed. This appears in the blood mainly as urea, the organic acid of urine (hippuric in herbivora, uric in carnivora), together with phosphates, sulphates, and chlorides. These thrown off by the urine give it its high density. If not thus thrown off, they remain as poisons in the circulation and bring about that prostrate, sunken, debilitated condition which eharac- Inflammation and Fever. 19 terizes the advanced stages of all severe and continued fevers — the typhoid condition. This is not to be con- founded with the specific typhoid fever, in which a special fever-germ expends itself, mainly on the bowels, and that runs through a regular course. The typhoid condition is that state in which an animal system, already greatly weak- ened by a severe disease, and perhaps further prostrated by a specific disease-poison, is subjected to a species of poison- ing by the retained chemical products of the waste of the tissues. Types of Fever. These are as characteristic as the types of inflammation, and of the same kind. The strong type of fever, which attends on an acute inflammation in an other- wise healthy, vigorous system, is spoken of as a high or in- flammatory fever. The weak type, which occurs in a broken-down or debilitated system, or in connection with the action of a specific disease germ, or with the saturation of the system by waste chemical products, is known as low, typhoid (better typhous), or adynamic fever. That form which persists in the utterly debilitated system, where the power of assimilation is practically lost, is known as hectic. TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION AND FEVEE. Treatment will be guided very largely by the type of the attendant fever. If that is of a high type, with a hard, full, rapid pulse, bright red mucous membranes, a clear eye, and well-sustained strength in a strong, vigorous animal, what is known as antiphlogistic (depleting, depressing") treatment is admissible at the outset. But in many cases with a low type of fever, a weak, rapid pulse, pallid, yellow, or livid mucous membranes, a coated tongue, a dull or sunken eye, much depression and prostration, swaying on the limbs in walking, pendent head, ears, eyelids, and lips, and varying and irregular temperature of the limbs, etc., such measures are forbidden from the first, and tonics and stimulants are 20 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. demanded from the outset. Between the two extremes there are many grades, which demand a judiciously adjusted intermediate treatment. The general principles only of each characteristic form of treatment can be here formulated, it being understood that no two cases can be most advantage- ously treated in precisely the same way ; but that according to its special grade each case will demand its own specific management applied according to the skill of the physician. Regimen. An antiphlogistic diet will consist in a moder- ate or very sparing amount of non-stimulating food of easy digestion (wheat bran or oil-meal in warm, sloppy mash, carrots, turnips, beets, potatoes, apples, pumpkins ; fresh, tender, green grass, or in winter a little scalded hay, may be taken as examples). Ruminants should have no food necessitating chewing of the cud ; thus the roots, etc., should be pulped or boiled, and hay and even grass must be interdicted until rumination is re-established. When food is absolutely refused for days in succession, well-boiled gruels of oat-meal, barley-meal, linseed-meal, bran, etc., may be given from a bottle or by injection. Dogs and cats should have only vegetable mush (unbolted flour, barley, or oat- meal) with just enough beef -juice to tempt the animal to eat a little. Milk with an admixture of oxide of magnesia, or even lime-water, is often at once palatable and cooling. Drink should be pure water, cool if kept constantly fresh before the animal, but warmed to something less than tepid if supplied only at long intervals, so that the thirsty patient is tempted to drink to excess and chill himself. Rest in a clean, well-aired building, free from draughts of cold air and with a southern exposure, is desirable, especially in winter. The best temperature is usually sixty degrees to seventy degrees, especially in inflammations in the chest, and extremes of temperature are to be avoided. Clothing will depend on the weather. In warm weather it may be often discarded, while in winter it should always be sufficient to Inflammation and Fever. 21 obviate the access of chill and consequent aggravation of the disease. Whenever the atmosphere can only be kept warm at the expense of impurity, it is better to secure the comfort of the patient by the requisite clothing than to subject him to impure air. As the extremities are the first to suffer from cold, loose flannel bandages to the limbs are often imperative. Remedies. General Heeding, a great resort of our fore- fathers, has been long all but discarded from modern prac- tice. To-day it is rarely resorted to, except to save from an urgent and extreme danger, as in the plethoric cow merging into parturient apoplexy, or the fat and overdriven horse, gasping for breath and life, in general acute congestion of the lungs. There are other cases of extensive acute and dan- gerous congestions, especially in a strong, vigorous, and pleth- oric patient, in which general bleeding is beneficial in ward- ing off threatened death ; but as much sound, discriminating judgment is necessary to its safe employment, it is better for the amateur stock-owner to resort to less radical meas- ures. When resorted to at all, the blood should be drawn from a large orifice, in a full stream, to secure the desired depressant effect with the smallest loss of blood, and the patient should be kept especially quiet and apart from all excitement which would tend to counteract the sedative action. Local bleeding is more extensively applicable than gen- eral, as it usually effects the same purpose without the permanently weakening effect. It acts in two ways, first, by emptying and contracting the vessels in the skin over the inflamed organ it solicits a sympathetic contraction of the capillary vessels in that organ itself, and thus inaugu- rates a progress toward recovery ; and second, by so much as it draws blood to the surface it diminishes the blood- pressure on the deeper inflamed organ, and affords a better opportunity for the restoration of the healthy circulation 22 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. and function. Local bleeding may be practiced by simple scarification or leeches, or better, by cupping with or with- out scarification. To apply leeches, the skin must first be shaved. To cup, it must at least be greased. As a cup, an ordinary large drinking-glass may be used, the air con- tained in it being driven out by a lighted taper, and then the taper being withdrawn, the mouth of the cup is in- stantly and accurately applied on the skin and held there, until, as it cools, it draws up the skin within it and clings like a sucker. A number of these may be applied accord- ing to the extent of the inflammation, and, if desired, they may be removed, the part scarified, and the cup reapplied. The cupping usually effects more than a mere local attrac- tion of blood ; it very commonly causes a free circulation in the whole skin, a generally diffused warmth, and even perspiration. Thus we may secure the derivation of blood from the inflamed part, the cooling of a large mass of blood in the extensive cutaneous circulation, the cooling of the entire system by the return of this blood internally, the elimination of injurious waste matters through the skin, the lowering of the febrile heat and tension, and a better functional activity of all the organs of the body. Similar good results are obtained from all remedies that induce surface warmth and vascularity and a free secretion from the skin. Warm baths, for animals to which they can be applied, abstract blood temporarily from the inflamed internal or- gans, diminish the blood-pressure, and really cool the system, beside securing elimination from the skin and other secret- ing surfaces. They may be commenced warm (80° F.) and gradually cooled down to 65° F. after the skin has become freely active. In the larger quadrupeds, in which the warm bath is practically impossible, the same revulsion of blood and warmth to the skin may be secured by rags wrung out of hot {almost scalding) water, wrapped tightly round the Inflammation and Fever. 23 body covered, with two or more dry blankets, and kept tightly applied against the surface by elastic circingles. The legs may be rubbed with straw wisps till warm, and then loosely bandaged, or applications of red pepper, am- monia, or mustard, may be made prior to bandaging. In place of hot-water rags, bags loosely filled with bran, chaff, or other light agent, heated to 110° F., may be applied round the body, or, where it is available, a Turkish or steam bath may be resorted to. These hot cutaneous appli- cations, to produce glow and perspiration, are especially valuable in the chill that heralds a violent inflammation, and if that can be suddenly checked by this means the in- flammation will often oe warded off, or at least rendered slight and easily controllable. After perspiring for half an hour the patient may be gradually uncovered, rubbed dry, and covered with a dry, warm blanket. If the skin is still glowing, a slight sponging with cool or cold water may beneficially precede the rubbing and drying. Cold Baths. In cases of very high fever a full cold bath (68° F.) may be employed for fifteen minutes, and repeated as often as the temperature rises. In many cases of parturi- tion fever in cows great benefit accrues from sponging the body with cold water and allowing it to to evaporate from the burning skin. In the extreme fever of heat apoplexy (sunstroke), with a temperature of 110° F. and upward, a strong current of cold water from a hose directed on the head and body often gives the best results. In ordinary fevers in large animals the coldjpac/a will often serve a good purpose. Wring a blanket out of water (cold or tepid, ac- cording to the height of the fever and the strength and power of reaction of the patient), wrap it round the body, cover it with several dry blankets so that no part is exposed, and keep the whole in close contact with the skin by elastic circingles. In fifteen minutes the skin should be glowing and perspiring, and in half an hour the wrappings should 24 The Farmer 's Veterinary Adviser. be removed, a little at a time, the parts rubbed dry and cov- ered with a dry woolen blanket. It may be repeated as often as the fever rises. Diaphoretics. Besides these remedial methods of induc- ing a revulsion and glow in the skin with perspiration, there may be resorted to the medicinal diaphoretics. Among these may be included copious drinks and injections of warm water, acetate of ammonia, antimony, ipecacuan, or pilocarpin, or one of the sedatives, aconite, veratrum, or opixim, etc. Many a threatened acute inflammation has been to a great extent cut short and nipped in the bud — the stage of chill — by warm clothing, active hand-rubbing, and such an apparently unscientific nauseant as tobacco. When the preliminary stage has passed and the hot stage of the fever has set in, cooling and eliminating agents are especially called for. Laxatives. In many cases, and especially in those with marked constipation or bowels loaded with indigestible ma- terials, a laxative is beneficial. For the horse, aloes, or, often better, sulphate of soda, and for cattle or sheep, the latter, or Epsom salts, will at once remove an irritant, cool the general system, draw off much blood and nervous energy to the bowels, and secure a considerable depletion and elimination from the intestines. For swine, dogs, and cats castor-oil or salts may be used, and for fowls castor-oil. If the mucous membranes are yellow, the tongue furred, and faeces scanty, hard, and foetid, a dose of calomel (horse or ox, one drachm ; sheep or pig, one scruple ; dog, three grains ; chicken, one-half grain) with tartar emetic (horse or ox, two drachms ; sheep, twenty grains ; swine, one-half grain ; dog, one-fourth grain ; chicken, one-eighth grain) may be given and followed in ten hours by one of the laxa- tives named above. Diuretics. In the absence of any manifest disorder of the digestive organs, the laxative may be omitted and re- Inflammation and Fever. 25 frigerant diuretics resorted to. Acetate of ammonia or po- tassa, nitre, tartrate of potassa, carbonates of potassa or soda, may be used along with sedatives. Sedatives. Of the sedatives, aconite, bromide of potas- sium, veratrum, hyoscyamus, or chloral hydrate may be used according to the special indications. As an example the following may be prescribed for the horse : 5, • Nitrate of potassa, two ounces ; bromide of potassium, one ounce. Mix. Divide into eight powders. Give one every six hours. Alkalies: Resolvents. When the organ inflamed is a serous membrane in which dangerous adhesions or other functional disorders are likely to occur from newly formed false membranes, their formation should be counteracted as far as possible by the free use of alkalies (carbonates of soda, potash, or ammonia, nitre, iodide of potassium, muri- ate of ammonia, etc.), and in the same conditions excessive effusion should be controlled by free action on the kidneys. Tonic Refrigerants. Later, when both inflammation and fever have been somewhat reduced, temperature, breath- ing, and pulse rendered more moderate, eye clearer, and even appetite perhaps slightly improved, the sedatives may give place to refrigerating tonics, such as mineral acids (nitric, muriatic, sulphuric, or phosphoric), in combination with bitters (quassia, cascarilla, calumba, gentian, salicin), without as yet the suspension of refrigerant diuretics. Thus for the horse the following : fy . Pharmaceutical nitric acid, two drams ; infusion of gentian, ten ounces ; nitrate of potassa, two ounces. Dissolve. Give one ounce every six hours. Of the newer refrigerants antipyrin is one of the safest and best. In Convalescence. When convalescence has fairly set in, the fever has subsided, and there remains merely some de- bility with a remnant of the inflammatory exudation to be removed or organized into tissue, or when an abscess has 26 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. developed and burst, the tonics must be even more freely given, the mineral acids may even give place to prepa- rations of iron, and the diet must be made increasingly liberal. But throughout the whole progress of the disease the bowels should be carefully watched. Costiveness may quickly undo all that has been gained, hence any indica- tion of this should be met by laxative food (boiled flaxseed, etc.), or, this failing, by injections or laxatives. Similarly, if a freer action of the kidneys seems to be necessary for elimination of waste matters or to reduce fever, diuretics should be continuously kept up. Treatment of Adynamic Inflammation and Fever. In treating loio asthenic or adynamia inflammation all de- pression and depletion is to be carefully avoided. Even laxatives must be employed with extreme caution. If ab- solutely necessary it is best to give them in small (half) doses and supplement their action by liberal injections of hot water. Elimination of waste matter from the blood and system is still to be sought, but it must be by stimulat- ing diuretics (sweet spirits of nitre, carbonate, acetate, or muriate of ammonia, digitalis), and direct stimulants and tonics must be given from the first (ammonia, wine, strong ale, whisky, brandy, ether, gentian, calumba, mix vomica). For the horse the following may serve as an example : ]J . Sweet spirits of nitre, four ounces ; sulphuric ether, two ounces; tincture of gentian, ten ounces; digitalis, one dram. Mix. Dose, two ounces in a pint of cool water four times a day. When there is great debility and prostration, am- moniacal and alcoholic stimulants must be given freely, while if the fever heat rises very unduly the cooling diuretics (citrate, tartrate, or acetate of potassa, or nitre, etc.), and even sedatives (bromide of potassium, chloral hydrate, sa- licin, salicylate of soda), must be resorted to. In weak or prostrate subjects antipyrin may often be used with ad- vantage, as in moderate doses it effectually lowers the tern- Inflammation and Fever. 27 perature without decreasing the force of the circulation or affecting the blood injuriously. If there is any indication of a special depressing poison in the sj'stem, or of the ab- sorption of septic or other noxious matter from a wound, antiseptics (hydrochloric acid, or salicylic acid, sulphite of soda, quinia, or chlorate of potassa) may be advantageously added to the prescription. In these cases of asthenic inflammation, as in the ad- vanced and debilitated stages of sthenic inflammation, the diet should be as good as the patient can digest. Boiled oats, barley, or flaxseed, rich, well-boiled gruels, and beef- tea (even for herbivora) may frequently be resorted to with advantage. Local Treatment of Inflammation. In all forms of superficial inflammation the local treatment occupies an important place. The persistent application of cold (cold water in a stream, ice-bags, freezing mixtures) will some- times overcome the tendency to inflammation or arrest it. This is especially sought when a violent inflamma- tion (as in a wounded joint) threatens to destroy an im- portant organ. If adopted it must be persisted in, as if it is suspended too soon the reaction is likely to make matters worse than ever. Cold astringent applications have a similar tendency. Sugar-of lead, one-half ounce; laudanum, one ounce ; water, one quart, may be kept ap- plied by means of a linen bandage. The water may often be advantageously replaced by extract of wych-hazel. If there is an exposed surface the lotion may be made slightly antiseptic (carbolic acid, one dram ; or sulphurous acid solution, five ounces; water, one quart). Hot applica- tions, fomentations, poultices are nearly always appro- priate, and when adopted should, like cold ones, be kept up as continuously as possible. These soothe alike the super- ficial and deeper parts, the latter through sympathy, pro- ducing first a relaxation of vessels and tissues, and later a 28 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. contraction of the former attended by pallor of the surface. They greatly favor suppuration when that is already inevita- ble, though in other cases the} 7 may obviate it by checking at an early stage the acute inflammatory process on which it depends. Any bland agent that will retain heat and moisture will make an excellent poultice, though flaxseed- meal is the type of a soothing demulcent application. Yery slight inflammation may be successfully treated at the out- set with a stimulating embrocation (alcohol or camphorated spirit), yet in the more violent type of acute inflammation all local excitants tend to aggravate the disease. In these violent forms the activity of the disease should be first abated by local soothing and general sedative measures, and then the part over the inflamed organ may be safely treated with a stimulating liniment or even a blister. In such cases the liniment first acts as a derivative of blood and nervous energy from the inflamed part, and later and still more beneficially by securing in it a sympathetic heal- ing process, like that set up in the skin. In raw sores where inflammation has been set up the granulations may become dropsical or excessive, bulging beyond the adjacent skin as proud flesh. This should be repressed by touching it gently with some mild caustic (lunar caustic), so as to pro- duce a thin white film, and the remote cause of the inflam- mation (often a local irritant) should be sought and removed. In some unhealthy sores tending to excessive granulation, the compound tincture of myrrh and aloes may be applied daily with great benefit. Blistering. In subacute and chronic inflammations and in those acute forms in which the violence of the inflamma- tory action has been already subdued by soothing measures, blisters and other counter-irritants may be employed to counteract the remaining inflammatory action. These act primarily by drawing off blood and nervous energy from the inflamed organ to the skin, and secondarily, by estab- Inflammation and Fever. 29 lishing a sympathetic healing process in the diseased part, simultaneously with the work of recovery in the skin, when the blister has spent its action. But if applied above a part which is still violently inflamed, it is apt to seriously aggra- vate that, through this same sympathy with the part suffer- ing under the rising of the blister. In this way great and irreparable injury is often done through the laudations of particular blisters for the cure of given diseases, without any reference to the stage or grade of such disease. The value of a blister depends far more on the time of its appli- cation than on the ingredients of which it may be com- posed. A simple formula is as follows : Powdered can- tharides, 2 drams ; morphine, 2 grains ; lard, 1 ounce. Mix. Cut the hair close to the skin from the part to be blistered, and rub in for two or three minutes against the direction of the hair. The ointment must be rubbed in more energeti- cally in winter than in summer, when the circulation in the skin is freer and the oleaginous matters remain more liquid and penetrating. For cattle, the addition of one dram of oil of turpentine will usually be necessary. For sheep, a mixture of equal parts of strong aqua ammonia and olive- oil, well shaken together, and rubbed on the skin, will usu- ally suffice. There is no need for removal of the wool. Firing. This acts in nearly the same manner as a blister, and demands similar caution in its application. It is es- pecialty available in subacute and chronic diseases of the, joints, bones, and tendons, and may be made more or less, severe according to the nature and obstinacy of the disease. It is applied in points or in lines at intervals of pne-Jialf to one inch, and penetrating one-third, one-half, or entirely through the skin. The hotter the Iron, the less the pain, but the greater the danger of destruction of the inter- vening skin by the excess of radiating heat. Hence the, contact of the lieated iron with any onq part must be judiciously graduated to the heat of the iron and the del}- 30 The Farmer^s Veterinary Adviser. cacy of the skiu, and should never exceed a fraction of a second. But it is only in the greatest extremity that the stock-owner should himself undertake such an operation, so that any lengthened description is superfluous. Abscess. The treatment of abscess consists in warm poul- tices (flax-seed meal, wheat-bran, boiled carrots) or fomenta- tions in the early stages, to hasten and perfect suppuration, and thus to dispose of the superfluous and injurious consol- idated lymph, and prevent the threatened destruction of tissue. The poultices should be put on warm (about 100° F.) and replaced by fresh ones when they have become soured or dry. Poulticing should be kept up without intermission till the hard inflamed mass has become soft and fluctuating in the centre, and, indeed, until this liquefaction has ex- tended throughout its whole substance. If the abscess is deeply seated, it may be desirable to continue it until the superincumbent layers of tissue have become absorbed and the pus is felt to be separated from the air only by an atten- uated layer of skin. Then it is opened with a lancet or sharp knife inserted in the centre of the thinnest part, where the pressure of the advancing pus has pushed all impor- tant structures aside, so that incision is made practically without danger. The opening should be large, so that the finger, previously dipped in a carbolic-acid solution (1 : 50) or carbolated vaseline (1 : 20), may be introduced and its ex- tent ascertained. Usually the opening will be sufficiently low to secure a constant and free drainage of all pus subse- quently formed from the walls of the abscess. If, however, sacs exist beneath the level of the opening in which the pus must collect, then the incision must be extended in a down- ward direction until it will drain such sac or sacs. If this would produce too large a wound, then a counter-opening should be made leading downward and outward from the lowest part of the sac. For this purpose a curved staff is carried to the lowest part of the abscess, and pressed out- Inflammation and Fever. 31 ward so as to project under the skin, and cut down upon from without. In doing this important structures are largely pushed aside, yet they may be left in the way of the incis- ion, so that safety demands a knowledge of the parts to be cut. More than one opening may be required from differ- ent dependent sacs, though in other cases such sacs may be made continuous, and be drained from one opening by breaking down the partitions between them. Here again there is danger, as arteries and nerves sometimes pass through the centre of an abscess, and dangerous bleeding or paralysis may follow their division. If the lower or drainage opening from an abscess is neces- sarily small, or so compressed by adjacent structures as to interrupt the free and constant flow of pus, a drainage-tube of perforated caoutchouc, or a bunch of horse-hair or silk, should be inserted to secure a perfect discharge. Such agents should be clean and dipped in a solution of carbolic acid (1 : 50) before insertion. When the sac has become obliterated by contraction of its walls the canal of discharge may be allowed to heal gradually, from within outward, by withdrawing the drainage-tube a little day by day, cutting off the projecting portion, and allowing the canal to close behind it. When poultices appear insufficient to precipitate suppura- tion, more stimulating applications may at times be adopted. Blisters at times succeed, but there is a danger (especially great in specific phlegmons like those of strangles) that they may drive back the inflammatory products to form in other organs, perhaps deep-seated and vital ones. The common domestic remedy of sugar and soap is more certain and safe, or it may be replaced by a mixture of salt, soap, and crude Canada balsam. CHAPTER II. CONTAGIOUS AND EPIZOOTIC DISEASES. Their importance and classification Germs the cause of plagues. Pm-ely contagious diseases preventible. Propagation of disease-germs outside the animal body. General characters of micro-organisms causing disease. Form inconstant in different media. Viability of bacterium and spore. What they eat, breathe, and excrete. Alkaloids and ferments. Antagonism be- tween bacteria and blood-globules and tissue-nuclei. Relative susceptibility of blood, lymph, and solid organ. Effects of acid and alkaline media, of light, electricity, heat, cold. Fecundity of bacteria. List of bacteria pro- ducing animal diseases. Rendering animals insusceptible to a plague. Direct cause of acquired immunity. Exhaustion theory. Antidotal theory. Condensation theory. Vital resistance. Immunity by good hygiene ; by tonics and anti-ferments ; by a first attack ; by inducing a mild type of the plague ; by inoculation of a closely related disease ; by inoculation of a minimum amount of virus ; by arrest of the disease while still local — anti- septic ; by inoculation in an unimportant organ ; by inoculation in the veins ; by inoculation with germs weakened by passing through another genus of ani- mal ; by inoculation with germs weakened by cultivation in special media j by inoculation with germs grown for long in free contact with air ; by inoculation with germs weakened by condensed oxygen ; by inoculation with germs weakened by long rest in free air ; by inoculation with the sterilized products of germs. Advantages of the use of sterilized virus. Drawbacks. Limitation of protection by sterilized products. Radical extinction of plagues. Measures for extinction of a prevailing plague. To exclude an animal plague from a country. Disinfection. These are among the most important of the whole range of diseases of* animals, being the most destructive to the animals themselves and in many cases to man, and being at the same time, as a rule, preventible by a rigid adherence to sanitary laws. Of their devastations we have the most appalling accounts in the records of antiquity as well as in Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 33 recent times. In the time of Moses they ravaged Egypt until, says the record, " all the cattle of Egypt died ; " nor was man spared, for " boils and blains " broke out on man and beast. — Ex. IX. 3. At the siege of Troy the Grecian army was decimated by a similar infliction, animals and men perishing in a common destruction. — Iliad. So it has been down through the ages, the great extension of the plagues being usually determined by general wars and the accumu- lation of cattle drawn from all sources (infected and sound) into the commissariat parks. In the first half of the eighteenth century it is estimated that 200,000,000 head of cattle perished in Europe in connection with the Austrian wars. These plagues again entered Italy in 1793 with the Austrian troops, and in three years carried off 3,000,000 to 4,000j000 cattle in that peninsula. More recently, rapid railroad and steamboat traffic and extended commerce have taken the place of war in favoring their diffusion. Free trade between England and the Continent since 1842 has cost the former $450,000,000 in thirty years, and as much as $40,000,000 in 1865-66 during the prevalence of the Kin- derpest. A similar importation cost Egypt 300,000 head of cattle (nearly the whole stock of the country) in 1842, and others have caused ruinous but unestimated losses in Aus- tralia, Cape of Good Hope, and South America. On the other hand, some of the most exposed countries of Europe, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein, Olden- burg, Mecklenburg, and Switzerland have long kept clear of these plagues by the simple expedient of excluding all in- fected animals or their products, and promptly stamping out the disease by the slaughter of the sick, followed by thorough disinfection, when they haye been accidentally in- troduced. Exclusively breeding districts, in Spain, Portu- gal, Normandy, and the Scottish Highlands, into which no strange cattle are ever imported, also keep clear of nearly all of these destructive pestilences. 3 34 The Fanner's Veterinary Adviser. It is unquestionable that the animal plagues are propa- gated, in Western Europe and America, only by the disease- germs produced in countless myriads in the body of a dis- eased animal and conveyed from that to the healthy. It follows that the destruction of the infected subjects and the thorough disinfection of the carcass, manure, buildings, etc., is the most economical treatment of all the more fatal forms of contagious disease in live stock. For the less fatal forms, the most perfect separation and seclusion, and the thorough disinfection of all with which they have come in contact is still imperative. To the first class of exotic maladies belong : Small-pox in sheep and birds, the lung-plague or contagious pleuro- pneumonia of cattle, the Rinderpest or cattle-plague, the malignant disease of the generative organs in solipeds, and malignant cholera in all animals. These demand separa- tion, destruction, and disinfection. To the second or less fatal class of exotic maladies belongs the Aphthous fever or foot and mouth disease. This demands seclusion and dis- infection. Beside these maladies, that are foreign to our soil and which are not to be feared except as the result of importa- tion from abroad and subsequent transmission by contagion, there is a very important class which, though perhaps not generated in America, are widely disseminated over the continent and spread by contagion. Among these may be named : Glanders and farcy, canine madness, contagious foot-rot, tuberculosis, bacillar anthrax, vibrionic {emphy- sematous) anthrax, Texan-fever, swine-plague, influenza, strangles, canine distemper, and perhaps the variola or pox of horse, cow, goat, pig, and dog. All of these down to swine-plague, like foreign contagious affections, demand separation and disinfection, with destruction or not of the diseased, according to the severity and diffnsibility of the particular malady. The remainder, from influenza onward, Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 35 are either too mild to warrant such measures, or too easily spread to be satisfactorily controlled by them. GERMS THE CAUSE OF PLAGUES. Since the above was written the demonstration of the es- sential causes of a number of these plagues in microscopical vegetable ferments (microphytes) has practically opened a new field in pathology, prevention, and treatment. When a plague is found to be due to seed sown in a susceptible animal system, such seed being not a product of the animal body, but derived from a different kingdom (the Vegetable), and introduced from without the economy, it follows that every case of such disease implies that the body of the animal victim has been seeded for that particular crop as a field is for wheat, barley, or rye, and in both cases alike the seed sown has come from a preceding crop and a preceding sowing. The parallel may be put thus : No seed == no wheat ; no germ == no plague. PURELY CONTAGIOUS DISEASES PREVENTABLE WITH CERTAINTY. The moment we apprehend the fact that a particular plague is essentially dependent for its existence on a specific germ, we are compelled to the conclusion that it is quite possible to prevent the spread of such a disease and to ex- tirpate it from a country in which it has already gained a foothold. If at a given date all English sparrows on the American continent were destroyed, we would be rid of the race until specimens were again imported. So with a plague caused by a vegetable germ ; let all plague-stricken animals and all the living disease-germs be destroyed, and the plague would be certainly abolished. Ordinary hygiene makes no such radical extinction of a plague. Clean, airy, wholesome surroundings retard the progress of a plague and favor the production of a milder type of the malady, but they allow the preservation of the germ, ready to resume all its pristine 36 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. violence when conditions are favorable. As a field of wheat suffers alike in quantity and quality from poor soil and lack of cultivation, manure, rain, sunshine, and heat, but in spite of all brings to maturity a seed for a future crop, so the plague-germ languishes somewhat when the animal systems and their surroundings do not favor its propagation, yet it does not perish, but from the mild case it advances to the more severe and deadly whenever the circumstances become more favorable. As an instance of the obstinate vitality of the disease-germ, we see that in an uninterrupted open-air life, in a land of perpetual summer, the lung-plague of cattle advanced more rapidly, proved more deadly, and defied human control more successfully on the grassy plains of Australia and South Africa than in any other part of the globe. No measure less radical than the destruction of every dis- eased animal and its infecting products will furnish a guarantee of the permanent extinction of plagues spread by living vegetable germs only, but in all such plagues the de- struction of the germ gives a perfect assurance of this re- sult, and is the bounden duty of the Government. PROPAGATION OF DISEASE-GERMS OUTSIDE THE ANIMAL BODY. The absolute destruction of disease-germs and the extinc- tion of the corresponding plagues is limited by the fact that the germs of certain maladies live and increase out of the animal body. Prominent among these may be named the germs of anthrax, typhoid fever, yellow fever, and cholera, which increase not only in numbers, but often in deadliness as well, in sewers, cesspools, dung-heaps, filth-saturated soils, and undrained impervious ground which is rich in de- composing organic matter. Where a germ of a given plague is permanent^ domiciled in a soil favorable to its preserva- tion and growth it is manifest that the disposal of sick ani- Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 37 mals and the disinfection of their products will not eradicate the disease from the locality. It must be also destroyed in the soil as well, and fortunately this can sometimes be done by thorough drainage, exposure to the air, and prolonged and thorough cultivation. Most of the disease-germs heretofore discovered have been cultivated in carefully secluded glass vessels, in animal liquids (soups, etc.), or on semi-solid organic bodies (pep- tonized gelatine, etc.), showing very clearly the possibility of survival outside the animal body. On the other hand, the history of certain animal plagues (Rinderpest, lung-plague, glanders, small-pox) furnishes no instance of the outbreak of the disease without a pre-existing case as a direct cause, but gives numerous examples in which, after the immunity of a given country for a great length of time, a specific plague has been imported from without and has thereafter spread with almost unprecedented severity. In such cases, even where the soil is favorable to the preservation and multiplication of the germ, it is still necessarj' first to im- plant the seeds, as it was necessary to go abroad for the seeds of the thistle which now grows so luxuriantly in many of our fields. It follows that, instead of abandoning all effort for the ex- tinction of plagues, the germs of which can increase in the soil, etc., we should avail of every means of excluding their seeds from our shores, or, if they have already gained a foothold, we should prevent them from spreading and con- taminating new soils, and thus multiplying the permanent centers of infection. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF THE MICROPHYTES CAUSING DIS- EASE. The germs that determine specific diseases in animals nearly all belong to the lowest order of vegetable life, known as, Bacteria, Schizophytes, Schizomycetes, or Microbia. As 38 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. found in the animal fluids these may be distinguished (after Du Bary) as follows : I. Asjporece. That don't form Spores. 1. Cocci. Round or ovoid cells. a. Micrococcus. Yery minute round or ovoid cells ; singly, in chains, or in formless gelatinous masses. b. Macrococcus or " Monas." Larger round or ovoid cells. c. Diplococcus. Cells in pairs. d. Staphylococcus. Cells in groups. e. Streptococcus. Cells in fine chains. f. Sarcinse. Cells in cubes of four or eight. g. Ascococcus. Cells in larger irregular colonies or groups. II. Arthrosporece. Form Spores — by segmentation. a. Bacterium. Short rods. b. Leptothrix. Rodlike cells remaining united in very fine filaments. c. Cladothrix. Filaments with apparent branching. d. Spirochete. Long flexible sinuous filaments. III. EndosporecB. Form Spores within the mother cell. a. Bacillus. Filament short, straight, or bent ; rigid, with distinct joints. b. Vibrio. Wavy, very flexible filament. c. Spirillum. Short spiral rigid filament. Many microphytes are furnished with delicate mobile filaments by which they move actively in spite of their rigid forms, and whip into active motion small bodies (cells, granules) in their vicinity. The form and mobility of microphytes are by no means constant. The rigid bacillus may, in different media out of the body, grow out into long waving branches, forming spores, and even into beautiful net-works. Organisms, too, Contagious and JEpizootic Diseases. 39 which at one stage of their existence are perfectly motion- less, are at other stages endowed with powers of active movement. The spores, like dried grain as compared with the cereal plant, have a greatly enhanced vitality, can sur- vive indefinitely without change, and in some cases resist even a boiling temperature for a length of time. All bacteria live upon organic matter, and some use up a large amount of oxygen by way of respiration — the acerobia of Pasteur. Others can adapt themselves to a comparative privation of oxygen, and some, it would appear, can live alto- gether apart from the air, obtaining the oxygen necessary to their existence from the decomposition of the nitroge- nous animal or vegetable substances on which they feed : These last are the anwrobia of Pasteur. A large class of the air-breathing bacteria are mere scavengers (saprophytes) feeding upon decomposing organic matters and resolving their component parts into carbon dioxide and other simple bodies which constitute food for plants. Thus they exer- cise a most important function in nature, in transforming into plant-food the products of vegetables and animals which would otherwise accumulate in endless quantity. A fer- menting manure-heap or a decomposing carcass or plant is a grand exhibition of this beneficent work, and the nitrifi- cation in soils is equally the work of these invisible servants of nature. The products of bacteria growth are very numerous and vary much with the species and the medium in which they grow. The products of those growing in free air are, how- ever, usually simple and comparatively harmless, while those that have only a limited supply of air and that obtain their oxygen by breaking up nitrogenous matters are usually, in part at least, more complex in chemical composition and are more likely to prove poisonous. Thus it is that disease- germs increase in virulence and in their fatal power after they have been grown for several generations in the tissues 40 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. of animals with a very limited supply of air ; and thus, too, it is that some maintain and even increase their infectiousness when grown in organic matter out of the body, but apart from the action of the atmosphere; for example, in close spaces beneath barn floors, in cesspools, closed drains, in privy-vaults, in graves, in dense or clay soils, in marshy ground, and in soils rich in organic matter and in which the gases resulting from decomposition drive out the air. (See Author's article in New York Medical Record for June 18, 1881). Flugge gives the following list of the chief products of bac- teria : " Gases, as C0 3 , II, CH 4 , H 2 S, KTI 3 ; water ; sulphur ; volatile bodies, such as triinethylamin, alcohol, formic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid ; fixed acids, as lactic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid ; sulpho-acids, as taurin, amides of the fatty acids, especially leucin, alanin, etc. ; bodies of the aromatic series, as tyrosin, phenol, cresol ; redaction products, as indol, hydroparacumaric acid ; com- plex molecules, as carbohydrates, pepton, hydrolytic fer- ments ; finally, coloring matters and poisonous alkaloid substances." Of these the simplest bodies, at the head of which are the gases, are especially the products of bacterial growth in free air, and these, under the circumstances of their pro- duction, are usually harmless to the animal organism. The more elaborate and complex bodies, however, represented especially by the poisonous alkaloids and the hydrolytic ferments, are, par excellence, the product of bacteria growth in albuminoid substances, and in comparative absence of air ; and these are the products which are especially poisonous to the animal organism. In attacking the animal economy, and above all the living cells of the lymph, blood, and tis- sues, the alkaloid and other poisons destroy their life, or at least impair their vital powers, so that they can no longer with sufficient force exercise their own protective power of Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 4 1 digesting and assimilating such organic matter as is pre- sented to them, and in this weakened state they are readily acted upon by the hydrolytic ferment of the bacterium and reduced to a soluble product which the bacterium can take into its substance and assimilate. This explains why so many bacteria can grow in the animal tissues that can not grow in the blood. In the solid tissue the cell is fixed and immovable, and must sustain the whole force of the undi- luted bacteria product (alkaloid and ferment). If at all susceptible to these, it is therefore liable to succumb. But in the circulating blood, the constantly moving liquid speed- ily dilutes and weakens the bacteria poisons, so as to fre- quently render them harmless, and meanwhile the bacteria themselves are constantly assailed by new streams of the digesting product of the blood-globules, and are nearly always weakened or even digested by the blood-globules. Hence, too, the preference shown by the disease-producing bacteria for the lymphatic system over the blood. In the lymphatic system the circulation is slow, especially in the microscopic net-works in which the lymphatics originate in the tissues, and in the glands in which the lymph is delayed and its cells multiplied. Here, accordingly, we have a con- dition approximating to that of the cells in the solid tis- sues. The comparatively stagnant lymph-cells in the radical net-works and glands are attacked by the concentrated poi- sons of the bacteria, no longer diluted and weakened by the active circulation of liquid that takes place in the blood- vessels, and the bacteria, living and multiplying at their ex- pense, invade the surrounding tissue as well, and can per- haps after a time carry their invasion even into the blood with good prospect of success. It should be noted that even in the solid tissues an attempt is made to meet and conquer the invading army of bacteria. As soon as the irritant products begin to act on the tissue, inflammation is set up and large numbers of the white globules of the blood 42 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. are passed out of the vessels, into the affected tissue, and meanwhile the original fixed cells of that tissue also undergo a rapid multiplication, so that the inflamed part soon becomes a centre of extraordinarily active cell-growth. In many cases the defence is successful and the invading bacteria are devoured or thrown off in a mass of pus, or in a circumscribed slough. In others, the accumulating cells which constitute the army of defence sink under the lethal power of the bacteria products, and the bacteria invasion is carried into the entire system. That bacteria attack the vital powers in other ways is undoubted. The production of the poisons above named, by the decomposition of the albuminoid tissues of the body, implies the destruction of these important tissues, the im- pairment of function and of the strength, and, it may be, death or long-standing debility. In other cases, as in the case of the Bacillus anthracis, they abstract oxygen from the red blood-globules, and reduce the blood to a venous con- dition in which it can no longer nourish the body nor maintain the vital functions, and hence speedy death is the rule in that infection. In still other cases, illustrated again by the Bacillus anthracis, the bacteria accumulate in the lymph- and blood-vessels in such numbers as to block the vessels and stop circulation in the part affected, and bring about a corresponding train of evil consequences. Wyssokowitsch found that, in case of a survival of bacteria injected into the blood, they passed in part into the -white blood-globules, and were arrested mainly in the liver, spleen, kidney, and marrow of bone ; unless, indeed, the particular germ had a predilection for a special organ. In these dif- ferent organs they had passed into the cells (endothelial) lining the capillary blood-vessels. He even attributes the prolonged latency of certain contagious diseases to the lodg- ment of the germs in an inactive condition for a length of time in these endothelial cells. This, however, lacks con- Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 43 firmation, and is rather improbable, considering the assimi- lating power of the animal cell. It remains to be noted that other conditions than the presence and absence of air (oxygen) affect the develop- ment and pathogenic power of the bacteria. Thus, as the animal fluids generally are alkaline (the secre- tion of the stomach and contents of the large intestine ex- cepted), the bacteria that live in them are those adapted to an alkaline medium, and are at once debilitated or killed by being placed in an acid medium. Hence, most patho- genic bacteria, taken in with the food, are either killed or rendered harmless by passing through the acid stomach, and those only successfully run this gauntlet that are taken in in the condition of spores, or that pass through during an at- tack of gastric indigestion, when the acid is defective. For the same reason these bacteria require, for their survival out of the body, a medium (soil, fermenting heap) that is naturally alkaline by reason of the presence of lime, or by the artificial production of ammonia, which is so constant a product of fermentative decomposition. The saturation of the fermenting mass, therefore, with a powerful acid, not only checks the alkaline fermentation but also usually disin- fects the mass if infectious germs are present. Light, too, has a marked influence on bacteria growth, the disease-producing forms being especially those that thrive in darkness, while their virulence is more or less im- paired by exposure to sunlight. Hence the great value of light as well as of oxygen as a means of purification and dis- infection. Electricity, too, has a potent influence on their develop- ment, though it seems to act differently according to the par- ticular kind of germ and the strength of the electric current. Thus everyone knows the effect of a thunder-storm in rap- idly souring milk, a* process which is directly caused by the Bacillus lactis ; and the rapid decay of vegetables, and even 44 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. of eggs, the result of the action of various bacteria, is equally familiar. Yet Dubois shows that the effect of a strong electric current is fatal to the Micrococcus prodigiosus. Heat is another important agency. Each bacterium has a given range of temperature within which its propagation is most active. All excepting those that have produced spores are destroyed by exposure to a high temperature — from that of boiling water down. Different spores will re- sist boiling for different periods. Cold arrests the growth of bacteria, but does not neces- sarily kill tliem, many reviving after prolonged freezing. Plague-generating bacteria that are destroyed by cold pro- duce those plagues which, like cholera, Texas cattle fever, and yellow fever, do not survive the winter in northern latitudes. The possibility of the action of bacteria for evil may be deduced from their power of rapid increase in suitable sur- roundings. They multiply their numbers by fission — one enlarging and dividing into two, and thus some of them can, under favorable conditions, double their numbers every hour. A single bacterium increasing at this rate would, in twenty-four hours, have produced 16,777,216. These, again, multiplying at the same rate would, at the end of twenty- four hours more, amount to 282,584,976,710,656. A single Bacterium termo (of putrefaction), one-thousandth of a millimeter in diameter and a five-hundredth of a millimeter in length, would produce in forty-eight hours a sufficient progeny to nearly fill a half-pint measure. The increase attained in five days at the same rate is so enormous that to state it would only arouse incredulity. The curious can calculate it for himself, doubling the product every hour. Fortunately for the world the bacteria cannot find such opportunities for unrestricted increase, but they perish in unlimited numbers by starvation, by the action of light, heat, cold, oxygen, electricity, chemical poisons, by the ac- tion of other living organisms, and even by preying on each Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 45 other, so that their numbers are generally kept within benef- icent bounds. In the case, however, of those that can live in animal and vegetable bodies, the limit is manifestly set by the number of such susceptible bodies furnished ready to be attacked. Hence the danger of a plague is always proportionate to the number of live-stock susceptible to it, and with continual intercourse between these there can be no limit to the rapid progress, the extent, and the deadly effects of the infection. LIST OF DISEASE-PRODUCING BACTERIA. The following is a partial list of the bacteria found in diseased states in animals : Micrococcus. Hound or Ovoid Bacteria. Micrococcus Vaccinae in Cow-pox and Horse-pox. " Variolse Ovinse in Sheep-pox. '•' Urese in Ammoniacal Urine (Cystitis). " of Erysipelas. " " Ulcerative Endocarditis. " " Croupous Pneumonia in Horse (Pneumo- coccus). " " Lung-plague in Cattle. " " Suppuration. " " Septic Wounds. " " Gangrenous Wounds. " " Fowl Cholera. " " Diphtheria. Diplococcus of Swine Plague. Sarcina Yentriculi of Stomach. " Urinse of Bladder. Bacterium. Short Rods. Bacterium Syncyanum (Cyanogens) in Blue Milk. " Synzanthinum (Zanthogens) in Yellow Milk. " (Eruginosum in Red Milk. 46 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Leptothrix. Filaments of Connected very Small Cells. Leptothrix Buccalis of Mouth and Carious Teeth. " Vaginae of Generative Organs in Enzootic Abortion in Cattle. Bacillus. Straight or Bent Filaments. Bacillus Anthracis in Anthrax. " of Malignant (Edema in Horse. " " Glanders. " " Tuberculosis. " " Septicaemia. " " Swine Plague. " " Carious Teeth. " " Leprosy. Vibrio. Linear, Wavy, Flexible Filament. Vibrio of Emphysematous Anthrax (Black quarter). " " Cholera (Comma Bacillus, Koch). Spirillum. Spiral, Rigid Filament. Spirillum of Relapsing Fever of Horse (" Surrse "). " " Milk-sickness. " " Gums and Teeth (Spirochete Cohni). BENDERING ANIMALS INSUSCEPTIBLE TO A PLAGUE. So much has been done of late in the direction of pro- tecting the individual animal against a contagious disease by reducing its susceptibility thereunto, that it seems needful to furnish a short general statement of the various processes adopted to secure this, and their explanation. Direct Cause of Acquired Immunity. It has long been well known that for a certain class of contagious diseases a first attack protects its victim for many years, or even for a lifetime, against a second. This knowledge was availed of in inoculating exposed animals with virulent matter from a mild case of a dangerous disease (small-pox, sheep-pox), Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 47 and thus inducing a disease which, in the great majority of cases, was slight and comparatively harmless. In the same way children have been voluntarily exposed to the infection of measles or scarlet fever when that particular disease was prevailing in an unusually mild form, and by passing through such mild form of the malady have been empowered to resist the infection when at a later date the disease had assumed a malignant and fatal type. Of late years facts have accumulated which tend to throw light on the real cause of such acquired immunity. To comprehend these it is necessary to state one or two fundamental truths. 1. A contagious disease is maintained and propagated in an animal body, and from one animal to another, by the multiplication and transference of a living organism, having the property possessed by all living bodies of increase by natural generation, of assimilation of food, and of the ex- cretion of waste material. In a certain number of conta- gious diseases these have been shown to be infinitesimal cellular organisms (bacteria) allied to the ferments which produce alcohol, vinegar, the carbonic acid which raises bread, and the offensive liquids and gases of putrefaction. It is not necessary to claim that all contagious diseases are caused by bacterial ferments ; it is enough for our present purpose to assume that every contagious disease is due to the presence of a distinct microscopic living particle which feeds, excretes, and increases by generation as do ferments. The only other alternative, that it is due to a chemical agent which acts injuriously on the tissues of the body, dis- proves itself ; for every chemical agent expends its power in exercising such chemical action, and can by no means re- cruit its substance nor strength, but will act with greater or less effect according to the amount originally applied, and must be more speedily exhausted in exact ratio with the bulk or the number of the animals attacked ; whereas the disease- 48 The Farmer 's Veterinary Adviser. germ (contagium) constantly increases in quantity and force with the increasing number of the susceptible victims upon which it is allowed to operate. 2. Each particular kind of disease-germ lias but a limited sway over the animal creation, one or more genera proving completely insusceptible to it. Thus measles, scarlatina, and mumps are peculiar to man, lung-plague to the ox, Rinder- pest to ruminants, and strangles to solipeds. Other races of animals have by nature a stronger resistance to each par- ticular disease than the susceptible races acquire even by a first attack. 3. This antagonism or power of resistance to a particular disease is especially inherent in the living animal and in different instances solutions or gelatinous compounds made from the bodies of insusceptible animals have been found to support the life and multiplication of disease-germs that were entirely harmless to the living animal. 4. In the life of bacterial ferments (and disease-germs) there are two main considerations bearing on the question of the causation of disease : a y The ferment abstracts from the liquid element in which it lives the food elements necessary for its nutrition and growth ; and, b, the ferment throws out of its system into the liquid in which it lives the waste products of its own bodily life. Thus the beer- yeast consumes the sugar in the malt, and after using it for its own nourishment, throws out into the liquid carbonic acid and alcohol. So it is with the disease-generating bacteria. They draw upon the animal fluids for their food materials, thus ab- stracting from the system materials that may be essential to health, and they pour back into the animal fluids products that may be injurious to health. 5. The disease-producing bacteria or other germs are liable to be arrested in the capillary blood-vessels, the lymphatic radical net-works of the different tissues and the lymphatic Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 49 glands, to block these passages to a greater or less extent, and to derange healthy processes by obstructing the flow of blood or lymph or by irritating the parts and producing local inflammation. These may serve as principles in the light of which to consider the various theories of the mode of operation by which a first attack gives immunity from a second. Four hypotheses have been advanced to account for this immunity, which may be considered seriatim. a. The Exhaustion Theory. This assumes that in the susceptible animal the disease germ finds its appropriate food, which has been accumulating from birth, that it uses up this and is starved to death when this supply has be- come exhausted. The theory holds that the presence of the living germ in the system causes the fever, that the fever subsides when the germ dies, and that the disease cannot again recur in the same animal because all the food of the disease-germ which it contained has been used up. This view was naturally adopted by Pasteur, whose chemical experience with beer and wine had accustomed him to gauge the growth of the yeast by the amount of sugar in the malt or grape-juice. It is, however, utterly untenable as applied to the growth of a disease-germ in an animal body. In the animal system the disease-germ lives in a medium which is constantly changing, new food material is taken in several times a day, this new food is being continually built up into living tissues, and from the living tissues so constructed waste materials are being constantly abstracted and carried out of the body. The new- born animal readily contracts a contagious disease, though the whole period of its pre-existence from its inception in the ovum does not exceed one month to one year in the dif- ferent domestic animals ; yet, after a first attack, it may live for many jears exposed at frequent intervals to the same contagion, and never again submit to its malign influence. 4 50 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Is it conceivable that in these many years of active life and nutrition this same animal system has been unable to elab- orate even a fraction of that particular food which was so abundantly produced in the first short year or months of its existence ? But this is not all. If the muscles or other tissues of this animal, rendered insusceptible by a first attack of a given disease, are boiled and made into a soup, it sup- ports the life of the specific germ of that disease, and even secures its rapid increase. It follows that there is no lack of food in the living body for this germ which finds such a fertile field in the soup made from its elements. b. The Antidote Theory. This supposes that some chemical substance is produced during the progress of the disease which is laid up in the living tissues of the animal body, and acts as a direct poison to the germ. This, adopted by Ivlebs and Klein, has, like the first-named hypothesis, a basis in the action of ferments in simple chemical solutions out of the animal bod}\ Bread that has risen once or twice under the action of yeast is raised less effectually on each successive occasion, though more flour is added every time. So with many other ferments ; their growth is rendered less active in proportion to the accumulation of their own chemical products in the liquid in which they are. But the germ is not killed by the ac- cumulation of its chemical products ; it remains alive and active so long as it finds food in its surroundings. Were it otherwise, it is not conceivable that these chemical products should remain in the tissues for years in a soluble condition, in which alone they would be taken in by the germ, so as to poison it. If entirely insoluble they might remain in the tissues indefinitely, like the particles of charcoal in the tattooed skin, but they could not affect the composition of the animal fluids nor hinder the growth of any germs in these liquids. If, on the contrary, they were soluble in these animal fluids, they would, like other dissolved pro- Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 51 ducts, be carried to the kidneys, skin, bowels, etc., and thrown out of the system in a few days or weeks, so that the system would be no longer protected by them against a new attack. But aside from this, as seen under our last heading, a soup made of the tissues of an animal which has been protected by a first attack of a given disease will readily support the life, growth, and reproduction of the germ which is the cause of that disease. This is conclusive ; for the infusion of the tissues will contain the chemical pro- ducts which were the alleged cause of the destruction of the germ. c. The Condensation and Filtration Theory. Tous- saint found that during an attack of anthrax the lymphatic glands were congested and swollen, and that on the sub- sidence of the disorder the exuded matter which caused the swelling, developing into fibrous tissue, contracted upon the lymphatic ducts in such glands, compressing them and lessening their calibre, so that he supposed they no longer admitted the passage of the germs (bacteria) of the disease. This view was thought to be supported by the absence of bacteria in the foetus in many instances where the dam had perished from the disease, the filtration having presumably been effected by the placenta. But, as I have shown else- where, the foetus partakes of the nature of carnivorous ani- mals which are insusceptible to many germs producing disease in the herbivora. The filtration theory becomes untenable when we consider that the lymph-corpuscles, which are in- comparably larger than any lethal bacteria, continue to find their way through the constricted tubes of the glands, so that there can be no insuperable obstacle to the passage of the germs as well. Again, this condensation of the glands would not prevent the development of a local anthrax 6ore in the skin in the seat of inoculation, yet a first attack usu- ally prevents the subsequent formation of the local disease as well as of the general infection. The resistance to the 52 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. *- germ is inherent in every tissue of the body, and not merely in those parts that must be reached through an indurated gland. Finally, this condensation of the gland, caused by the infection of one disease, gives no protection against that of a second. If the protection were due to a mere mechani- cal obstruction, then the immunity acquired by an attack of one disease would extend to all others having germs of equal size ; whereas, with rare exceptions (cow-pox and small- pox), no one contagious disease is vicarious of another. (D) The Vital Resistance Theoey. This hypothesis assumes that the living cells and nuclei of the blood and tis- sues of the body, having once been subjected to the attack of a specific disease-germ, acquire a power of tolerance or resistance of that particular germ or its products which pre- vents them from readily succumbing a second time to its evil influence. The habit of tolerating an injurious agency without harm is a matter of common experience. Exposure to the sun after long seclusion in-doors blisters the face and hands, but after continued exposure and tanning, it has no such effect. Rowing, hoeing, or chopping will at first blister the hands, but after some experience it only hardens and strengthens them. The boy's first cigar or pipe of tobacco sickens him, while the practised smoker can consume the poison from morning; to night. So with the drinker, the opium-eater, the victim of the chloral-habit, and the arsenic-eater. Each of these comes to take with impunity that which would have proved fatal in his early experience. So it is with the morbid products of the life of a disease- germ. Coming for the first time in contact with the living cells and nuclei of the body, they prove more or less potent poisons, whereas later these can bear their presence with comparative impunity. But in both cases alike the power of resistance is limited. It is quite possible by an overdose to kill the smoker, the drinker, the opium-eater, the chloral- Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 53 guzzler, or the arsenic-eater. Equally possible is it, by an excessive dose of a specific disease-poison, to lay the best protected system under the fatal influence of that disease. There is no such thing as conferring absolute immunity. Hence the occasional occurrence of a second attack of small- pox, or other plague, on occasions when the disease has be- come unusually virulent, or acts on a specially depressed system. But this cannot be the whole measure of the antagonism. "Were it to rest here the multiplication of the disease-germ might be as great as before, the system might become satu- rated with these germs, and trouble would inevitably come from the exhaustion of the blood and animal fluids of their oxygen, the blocking of capillaries, etc. The germs and their products would tend to increase till the vital resistance was overcome, and a fatal result might ensue. The important feature of the resistance is that it prevents the survival and increase of the germs introduced into the body. In the pro- tected animal system, therefore, there is not simply a vital insusceptibility of the cells and nuclei to the action of the chemical products of disease, but there is in addition an active antagonism between the living animal cell and the living disease-germ. There is a certain similarity between the bacterial ferment and the plastic animal cell, in that both are engaged in taking in and using up organic matter for their own nourishment, or, in the case of the animal cell, for the building up of tissue. Each finds in the other organic matter by the devouring of which it can support its own life. Each would feed upon the other but for the vital re- sistance offered by its antagonist. If one is killed, or has its vitality depressed as compared with the other, the latter will destroy and devour it. If, then, the nuclei of the tissues have had their vitality lowered by the action for the first time of the poisonous chemical products of the disease-germ, they meet the attacks of that germ at a disadvantage, for a 54 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. time the germ triumphs in the struggle for existence, and a grave or mortal disease is the consequence. When, how- ever, the animal cells and nuclei are inured to the action of this disease-poison by a former attack, they have acquired an insusceptibility to it, and in spite of it retain all their native vitality and vigor, so that the disease-germs which are introduced fall easy victims to the devouring animal cells. This position is further sustained by the fact that many virulent liquids, introduced in small amount into the blood, quickly perish, whereas if introduced into the tissues they survive, multiply, and generate disease. In the blood, the attacking party of disease-germs is confronted in rapid succession by the endless myriads of actively moving blood- globules, and in the resultant struggle the countless num- bers of strong animal cells triumph, and the invading dis- ease-germs are devoured. When the disease-germ is planted in the tissues the case is reversed. Here the animal cells (nuclei) are immovably fixed in the tissues which they serve to build up, so that the whole force of the invading germs is thrown upon a few. The poisonous chemical products (ptomaines) lower their vitality, so that they can no longer successfully resist the morbid germs, and the latter increase rapidly, pour their depressing products onward through the lymphatic vessels into the blood and system at large, and finally debilitate the whole, so that the germ finds no effec- tive resistance at any point, not even in the blood itself. Thus the disease, which is at first local, becomes general, be- cause the animal cells at the point where the virus was im- planted, had not the power to resist the depressing influence of the germ products, and the germ was allowed to increase in numbers and force. Another consideration sustains this theory. The protec- tion conferred upon a system by a first attack of a disease- germ is to be trusted even where the diseased processes Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 55 have been strictly local. Thus a vaccination on the arm protects the whole system against a second occurrence of the disease. A single malignant pustule on the hand fortifies the whole body against anthrax. A swelling no larger than a peach, caused by the insertion of lung-plague virus on the tip of the tail, protects the lungs from attack as if the first manifestation of the disease had been in the lungs themselves. This is the more remarkable, that the intro- duction of lung-plague virus into the blood causes no local disease in the lungs nor elsewhere. The germs introduced into the tail caused disease in the tail, but none in the lungs, and as the germs could only reach the lungs by pass- ing through the blood, and as the blood is destructive to these germs, it follows that the germs could never have reached the lungs, and that the vital resistance conferred upon the lungs by this inoculation in the tail must have been secured by contact with the chemical products of the growth of the germ, which were thrown into the blood and carried to the lungs and the whole body continuously through the whole progress of the disease. Still another fact favors this view. With some disease- germs (chicken-cholera), dilution of the virus till you can guarantee that no more than one or two germs are intro- duced into the sore by inoculation secures a local and non- fatal in place of a general and lethal disease. The small number of germs introduced have no advantage in point of force over the living nuclei with which they are brought in contact in the tissues, and in the resulting struggle the tissue elements triumph and the germs are destroyed. Yet here again the general system is protected against a subsequent attack of the disease, the inoculated germs having diffused enough of their chemical products (ptomaines) through the body to secure this before the} 7 died. This hypothesis of acquired vital resistance and antago- nism meets the case at every point, and of the four theories 56 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. named is the only one that makes full explanation of the phenomena. We can now proceed to intelligently consider the different modes of seeking immunity from contagious diseases. I. IMMUNITY BY GOOD HYGIENE. We have seen above that the animal system is conquered by any contagious disease in ratio with the debility of the living animal cells and their feeble power of resistance. The system, therefore, in which these cells are weak from living in impure air, damp buildings, darkness, on poor or deficient food, on foul water, from overwork, from old- standing or debilitating disease, from excessive drains on the vitality, as heavy milking, etc., is more ready to suc- cumb to the attack of a disease-germ than is one in the strength of the most vigorous health. So it is with the individual that has descended from weak or debilitated ancestors, or from such as were too young and imperfectly developed, or too old and worn out. Hence it is that all that contributes to robust health favors the resistance to contagious disease. But this resistance is extremely limited in its scope. We constantly see the strongest and healthiest men and animals fall under the blight of a plague, while their weak and debilitated compeers that have already passed through this affection successfully resist. In many cases, too, the unusual vigor of an animal system, while failing to completely throw off the disease-germ, yet modi- fies the affection so that it passes in a milder form. This may save the individual, but it does not hinder the multi- plication of the germs and the propagation of the plague. The robust system, like a barren field, produces a stunted crop of disease-germs, a crop, however, which is amply suf- ficient to keep the contagion constantly progressing from animal to animal, and from herd to herd. Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 57 II. IMMUNITY BY TONICS AND ANTIFERMENTS. The use of tonics is based on their tendency to produce a more vigorous health. Like good hygiene, therefore, they will sometimes assist in warding off infection, or in rendering the resulting attack more mild. A long course of sulphate of iron will do much to fortify against lung- plague, and is not without influence even on rinderpest ; but a certain number of victims suffer after all, and too often the plague continues to extend. The free use of sulphites, bisulphites, and hyposulphites was long ago shown by Polli to counteract the dangers of inoculated septicaemia, and has undoubtedly the effect of retarding the growth of certain disease-germs within the animal body, but at best they but mitigate the disease and do not prevent the progress of the infection to other animals. III. IMMUNITY BY PASSING THROUGH THE PLAGUE BY EXPOSURE. In a country where a deadly animal plagne is generally prevalent, a measure of security is sometimes secured by passing the young and comparatively valueless through the disease. Those that die are but a trifling loss, while the survivors resist this plague for their whole life-time. This has been especially adopted in lung plague. IV. IMMUNITY BY INOCULATION FROM A MILD TYPE OF THE PLAGUE. Before the days of Jenner this was employed for small- pox, and to the present time it is largely resorted to for sheep-pox. Sheep in good health, inoculated from a mild case of the disease, usually have the pox in a mild form ; nearly all recover, and the flock is thereby preserved. 58 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. V. IMMUNITY BY INOCULATION FROM A CLOSELY RELATED DISEASE. This was inaugurated by Jenner, who observed that the Gloucestershire milkers who contracted cow-pox never suf- fered from small-pox, and to-day his beneficent method is followed all over the civilized world. No two other dis- eases have been yet shown to be vicarious of each other. VI. IMMUNITY BY INOCULATION WITH A MINIMUM AMOUNT OF VIRUS. This consists in diluting the virus in water or saline solu- tion of the density of the blood, until the drop or drops in- oculated contain but one, or at most two germs (bacteria). Dr. Salmon has employed this extensively in chicken-cholera producing a local slough only, followed by recovery and subsequent immunity from the disease. VII. LIMITATION OF LOCAL DISEASE BY ANTISEPTICS AND CAUSTICS. Jenner recognized that an excessive inflammation in the seat of vaccination could be cut short by the caustic appli- cation of the sulphate of zinc or nitrate of silver. In the light of to-day we can recognize in these, antiseptics which destroyed the living germs in the seat of inoculation and prevented their further increase. Similarly, in all those af- fections that are for a time limited to the seat of superficial infection, the general infection may be prevented by the application of caustics or antiseptics to the affected part. This applies to local anthrax, septic poisoning, inoculated lung plague, and even canine madness, and in proportion to the chemical products thrown off into the system before the local disease was arrested will be the measure of protection from a future attack. Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 59 VIII. IMMUNITY BY INOCULATION IN AN UNIMPORTANT ORGAN. This lias been especially resorted to in lung plague after the mode of Willems, of Hasselt, Belgium. The liquid exudate from the diseased lung, recently attacked and still gorged with an uncoagulated liquid, is inserted into the tail near the tip. In fifteen days, on an average, it becomes in- flamed, swollen, and it may even slough, but after recovery the system is fortified against the disease. Inoculated else- where in the body where there is an abundant connective tissue beneath the skin it is usually fatal, but in the tail, with its dense texture and deficiency of lymphatic tissue, it rarely extends to dangerous dimensions. IX. IMMUNITY BY INOCULATON IN THE VEINS. In 1879 Burdon-Sanderson inoculated cattle with the lung- plague virus by injecting the same into the veins, without any contact with the adjacent tissues. The inoculated cattle showed no special disorder, but when afterward inoculated in the tissues with fresh virus they proved to be entirely in- susceptible of it. Later, Gal tier adopted the same measure with the saliva of canine madness, injecting it into the veins of rabbits and sheep with no direct evil result, and the sub- jects afterward resisted the infection by inoculation in the tissues. Lussano long before, and Pasteur later, made in- travenous injections in dogs, but with the result of inducing rabies. The method, then, must have a very limited appli- cation, being restricted to such disease-germs as do not sur- vive in the blood. It is utterly inapplicable to diseases in which the blood is habitually infecting, such as syphilis, glanders, tuberculosis, rabies in dogs, anthrax, etc. 60 The Fa?"nier > s Veterinary Adviser. X. IMMUNITY BY INOCULATION WITH GERMS MODIFIED BY ANOTHER GENUS OF ANIMAL. In 1878 Burdon-Sanderson and Duguid inoculated anthrax on guinea-pigs for several generations of the poison, and from the guinea-pigs inoculated several cattle, all of which passed through a mild form of the disease and without ex- ception recovered in five days. The same cattle, afterward inoculated with very virulent anthrax fluids, again sickened, but in no case with a fatal result. These experiments were repeated and confirmed by Greenfield a year later. In 1879 I inoculated swine-plague matter on a lamb and a rat and conveyed the infection from these animals back to pigs, the latter taking the disease in a mild form, and show- ing the characteristic lesions on post-mortem examination after the recovery had been well advanced. As a first at- tack protects against a second, we assume that these pigs had been rendered insusceptible. In 1884 Pasteur inoculated the virus of canine madness on monkeys, and inoculated it from the apes back on rabbits and dogs, producing in the latter a non-fatal disease which protected the system against a second attack. This method is doubtless capable of very great extension in other plagues. XI. IMMUNITY BY INOCULATION WITH GERMS GROWN IN DIF- FERENT LIQUIDS OR SOLTDS. It is well established that ferments produce different pro- ducts and assume varied forms as grown in different liquids. So with disease-germs. In 1878 I found that the virus of swine-plague preserved in wheat-bran was constantly fatal, and in 1880 that similar virus cultivated in previously steril- ized milk, egg albumen, and urine, respectively, produced only mild attacks, which protected against the usual infec- tion. Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 61 XII. —IMMUNITY BY INOCULATION WITH VIRUS GROWN IN FREE CONTACT WITH AIR. The same principle operates in this as in the last method, the bacterium or other germ living in free contact with air acquires the habit of using more oxygen than it can secure in the animal tissues, and when transferred to these it grows in a sickly manner and is easily thrown off by the living animal tissues. This is largely operative in slowly disin- fecting buildings freely open to the air, infected yards, parks, and other open places, while it determines that virulent matters closely shut up in sewers, manure-heaps, cess-pools, close areas under floors, compact, water-logged, or filth-satu- rated soils, or indeed wherever the air cannot freely reach it, retain their infecting qualities for a much longer time, and at times, as in cholera, yellow fever, and typhoid, have them materially enhanced in potency. In my experiments with swine-plague and septic matters I invariably found that material the most deadly which had been grown in closed flasks with a very limited supply of air, while that which was grown in thin layers and with free access to air steadily lost in potency, and finally produced a disease so mild that it could be resorted to as a means of preventing losses in herds. XIII. — IMMUNITY BY INOCULATION WITH VIRUS WHICH HAS BEEN EXPOSED TO COMPRESSED OXYGEN. This is based on the same principle with the last, only in place of a lengthened exposure to the oxygen in the air there is a temporary exposure to pure oxygen under extra pressure. Chauveau has especially labored in this field, and found that, by carefully graduating the pressure and the pe- riod of exposure, he could secure such debility or lessened potency in the germs as would determine a mild and non- (32 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. fatal disease, which would prove vicarious of the more severe form. One drawback to this method is that, if applied to a virus which has been some time removed from the system and has produced spores, the latter still retain their potency. XIV. IMMUNITY BY INOCULATION WITH VIRUS WEAKENED BY BESTING INACTIVE (STARVED) IN FREE CONTACT WITH AIB. This is the far-famed method of the brilliant Pasteur. He began his work on the virus of chicken-cholera, setting aside his cultures of the virus in vessels unfurnished with any more food for their nourishment and freely exposed to the air. After a sufficiently long exposure he found that the virus had lost somewhat of its deadly character, and after a three months' rest it could be inoculated on healthy fowls without a fatal result, and proved protective against another attack of the disease. Later, with anthrax virus cultivated in chicken-soup at 41° C, so that it would not pro- duce the unimpressible spore, he produced by delay a debil- ilated virus which could be safely inoculated on healthy sheep and cattle, and would protect them from a second at- tack. Later still the method has been successfully applied to canine madness and other diseases. The one great draw- back to the method is the fact that, though the individual is preserved, yet the virus is multiplied in its system and scat- tered in the surroundings, ready to resume its virulence at any time under favorable circumstances. Pasteur himself has secured this reversion to the deadly type by inoculating the weakened virus of fowl-cholera on the chick, and suc- cessively on older and older animals. It is easy to conceive how a diffusion of germs, by a general inoculation with the weakened virus, may become the means of starting many new centres of deadly infection. Pasteur's system is therefore not one that can be adopted Contagious and Ejjisootic Diseases. 63 with any confidence for the extinction of an animal plague ; the highest good that can be expected from it is the protec- tion of the system of the particular animal inoculated, against an ordinary attack of the disease. The living germs are, however, propagated in the system of the animal operated on, and unless the animal and all its products are carefully secluded for a time sufficient to allow of the escape of the germs from the system, and unless such escaped germs are suitably disinfected, each protected animal may start a new focus of infection and plague. In connection with this it is not a little suggestive that, since the general adoption of the Pasteurian method for hydrophobia in France, the disease has become unusually prevalent in that and neigh- boring countries, and though nearly all the subjects inocu- lated by M. Pasteur have escaped the disease, the num- ber of people dying from hydrophobia in a given time has in no way decreased, even in Prance (Colin). The truth is that the Pasteurian inoculation should be surrounded by greater safeguards than even its author has yet appreciated the need of. While the great majority of those bitten by rabid animals may, by its adoption, be pro- tected against rabies, they cannot safely be set at large im- mediately after, as practised by Pasteur, but should be quar- antined until time shall have assured us of the destruction of the potent virus introduced into their system, and should, with all their belongings, be disinfected before final liberation. In the case of herds, too, the same precaution is imperative, and on no account should animals kept on uninfected lands be inoculated with these less potent germs as a preventive against the more potent germs to which they are to be sub- sequently exposed in an infected pasturage. Such a course would only be the sowing of a previously wholesome soil with a deadly seed which would be preserved and intensi- fied in any portion of that soil favorable to its maintenance and increase. The extensive adoption of Pasteur's method (34 The Farmer's Yeterinary Adviser. of protection against anthrax has undoubtedly been the means of planting that deadly disease on many soils hitherto wholesome and safe, and this evil cannot fail to be extended wider and wider, so long as the method is pursued in the present indiscriminate manner. For animals pastured on fields that are already infected, Pasteur's protective inoculation against that infection may be safely allowed, but for those on fields as yet uninfected, but of a nature favorable to the preservation of that poison when planted, such inoculation must be unequivocally con- demned. In such a case the animals should be housed for inoculation, or confined on a porous soil which will not pre- serve the germs, and should only be set free when all dan- ger, from living germs within their bodies, has passed, and after a perfect disinfection. XV. IMMUNITY BY INOCULATION WITH STERILIZED PRODUCTS OF A CONTAGIOUS DISEASE. As we have already seen, in the development of bacte- ridia, whether in or out of the animal body, there are two distinct bodies, living and dead, the multiplication of the living germ and the increase of its chemical products. Thus the beer-yeast (saccharomyces cerevisise), growing in a sweet organic fluid, like malt, multiplies its own numbers enor- mously, but it also produces an amount of carbon dioxide and alcohol proportionate to the amount of sugar origi- nally present in the liquid. So the disease-germ, operating in the animal body, not only increases its numbers but elaborates a variety of chemical products of which a solu- ble digestive ferment and a poisonous organic alkaloid (ptomaine) are especially important as attacking the integ- rity and life of the tissues. Apart from these chemical poi- sons the living germ probably could not destroy the vital- ity of the blood-globules and tissue-cells (nuclei). It is their place to rob the living tissues of their vital power of resist- Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. (55 ance, and to digest and dissolve them in preparation for their consumption by the ravenous bacteridia. In their turn the well-nourished bacteridia produce the ferment and poison in increasing amount, and thus the strength of the invading germs is increased relatively to the waning power of vital resistance in the body until the whole economy is fatally invaded and the victim perishes. The overwhelming action of these chemical products is seen in the sudden death which ensues when a large dose of virulent fluid is thrown into the body, no time being allowed for the development and increase of the living germs. On the contrary, when a small dose only is intro- duced, illness is delayed much longer until the germs have had time to multiply and produce their chemical products, and death, if it occurs at all, is at a much later date. Some germs, when thrown at once into the veins, produce no dis- ease at all, but are destroyed by the ferments of the vital fluid and the myriads of living blood-globules with which they are brought rapidly into contact, and over the whole body of which their chemical products can exercise no ap- preciable effect. Yet the virus of lung-plague or of black- quarter, deadly when introduced into the tissues but harm- less when thrown into the blood, have, nevertheless, in the latter case, the effect of conferring upon the entire system the power of subsequent resistance to the same poison, so that if later introduced into the tissues it rests innocuous. Again, in the animal that has passed through anon-recurring contagious disease without dying, a similar exposure to the same poison later is harmless. This cannot be due to a greater vigor of constitution, for the system, permanently weakened by a first attack of a plague, still fails to contract the same disease on exposure to even a more potent virus. It can only be that the system has learned by its previous experience to resist the organic poison which proved so hurtful to it before. 66 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. Acting on this suggestion, I, in 1880, inoculated two pigs with swine-plague liquids, after I had sterilized them by heat, and had the satisfaction of seeing developed but a slight and temporary fever only. Later I repeated the inoculation with sterilized liquids, and finally exposed the same animals to contact with pigs sick with swine-plague, and to repeated inoculations with virulent liquids which proved fatal to unprotected pigs, yet they successfully re- sisted all such exposures. Since that date I have availed myself of the same method for lung-plague in cattle, having first carried it out on ten experimental cases in 1881, which subsequently successfully resisted all my inoculations with fresh virus that proved fatal to unprotected animals used as test cases, and were finally sent, to the number of six, into infected premises in Brooklyn, ~N. Y., and Baltimore County, Md., but came through all without showing a sign of illness. Since that time I have successfully inoculated with sterilized lung-plague virus a considerable number of cattle that had been exposed to the contagion, or were to be, with, in the main, thoroughly satisfactory results. In two cases only were the results unsatisfactory, in the first, where the inoculating matter had been taken from a lung which did not show a sufficiently active development of the lung-plague lesions, and in the second, where no thermometer could be had marking over 120° F., so that the sterilization remained incomplete and living germs were inoculated. Similarly Toussaint inoculated against anthrax in 1880 : I tested it on two herds, in July, 1884, and in 1885. In the first herd one heifer was left without inoculation as a test case, and in two days she died of anthrax, while the remainder of the herd, twelve in number, successfully resisted. The second, a large herd, escaped without a loss. In these cases the virulent liquids were heated to 160° F., and even higher, for an hour, and when time permitted this Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 67 was repeated some time later. The inoculations were made at least twice, with intervals of one or several days. The results in the case of the swine have been criticised mainly, it would appear, because similar attempts on pigeons proved unsatisfactory, unless a greater number of inocula- tions with the sterilized virus were resorted to. Such criticism is, however, entirely unwarranted. 1st. Results obtained in one genus of animals will not necessarily be secured in another genus. 2d. No acquired immunity is absolute, not even though it may have been secured at the expense of a violent attack of the disease. In every case a large dose of powerfully virulent material will cause the best protected system to succumb. All such protection is only relative, and the fact that my inoculated pigs were unharmed by ex- posure to infection and by inoculations with fresh virulent liquids that proved fatal to other and unprotected pigs, sufficiently attests that I was working on the right principle, which even my critic and follower in the same line of exper- iment has found satisfactory in his own hands. He need not begrudge me the mead of priority in the work of estab- lishing this great principle as applicable to swine-plague. Superiority of Principle of Protection by Sterilised Virus. In comparing the method of protection by sterilized virus with the other inoculation methods, its great superiori- ty becomes at once manifest. With the single exception of Jenner's inoculation of a harmless disease (cow-pox) to protect against a deadly disease (small-pox), all other inoculation methods consist in the introduction into the animal system of the living germs of the disease which it is sought to pro- tect against. They are, one and all, but the production of a mild form of the disease in question. Fundamentally, they are but a return to the pre- Jennerian principle of inoculating from a mild case of small-pox, to protect against a deadly form of the same disease. They all result in the multipli- cation of these weakened germs by myriads in the animal 68 The Farmer 's Veterinary Adviser. system, and too often in their distribution on surrounding objects, where they maybe preserved indefinitely to infect other susceptible animals. As in the case of all germs, there is the certainty of reversion to the original deadly type when- ever the medium in which they grow is favorable to such transition. Pasteur himself has shown this to be the case, when his weakened anthrax virus is passed through a suc- cession of young guinea-pigs ; and what is true of one germ is true of all in this respect. All have the power, within given limits, of adapting themselves to varying conditions of life. That the weakened virus (misnamed vaccine) has the power of reversion to the deadly type is assured to us by the fact that already a change of culture has robbed it of its deadly potency without destroying its life ; it has merely acquired a new habit of life, and the recurrence to the origi- nal habit is just as certain under a reversal of the condi- tions. Nothing, then, short of the absolute seclusion and disinfection of the inoculated animals, and their habitations and belongings, will render such inoculations reasonably safe. With the use of sterilized virus, on the other hand, all such possibilities of diffusion of the disease-germ are en- tirely done away with. 1st. No living germ is introduced into the animal sys- tem. 2d. No multiplication of germs can occur on nor in the animal. 3d. The inoculated animal can convey no living germs to surrounding objects. 4th. The material inoculated agrees with ordinary chem- ical poisons in affecting the system only in ratio with the dose. It has no power of self-multiplication, with conse- quent augmentation of its power for evil. 5th. The dose can be graduated as easily and safely as can a dose of morphia. 6th. By a succession of small doses we can keep up the Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 69 effect on the system, without at any time endangering life by any sudden increase of germs, and their deadly products within the body. 7th. The inoculated animal may be kept throughout among the uninoculated, or may be sent at once to any part of the country to mingle with other, stock without a shadow of risk to such stock. It carries no living germ. 8th. Neither the inoculated animal nor its surroundings is in any need of seclusion during the process, as there is no living germ present which visitors may carry away with them. 9th. Neither inoculated animals nor their surroundings are in any need of disinfection before contact with suscepti- ble animals can be allowed. Drawbacks to the Method of Protection by Sterilized Yirus. 1st. The main objection to the method is the neces- sity of keeping up a constant cultivation of the germs in their virulent form. This must be done either in living animal bodies or by means of culture-fluids and solids out of the body. In either case we must maintain a centre of infection to supply the inoculating material, and there is al- ways the risk that germs escaping from such centres will start new outbreaks of the plague. 2d. Such cultures must be conducted with the greatest care, as, alike in and out of the animal body, there is always the liability that the germ may change its habit somewhat, lose its potency, and produce an ineffective virus only, lack- ing in either quantity or quality. Even if grown out of the animal body, therefore, a continuous chain of test cases, in inoculated animals, must be kept up to test the efficacy of the cultures. This makes the centres for culture extremely dangerous centres of infection. 3d. Extreme care is requisite in the sterilizing of the virus, as the slightest failure here is fatal to the procedure, and unless the precautions are extreme there is the strongest 70 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. probability of the conveyance of germs on instruments or on the person and clothes of the operator or his assistants. 4th. Then, too, as the practice is often called for in herds, among which the plague in question has already appeared, there is always the probability of the presence of germs on the surface of the animal inoculated, and unless the skin is first thoroughly cleansed and disinfected (say with chloride of mercury, 1 to 1,000 water) such germs are liable to be car- ried in with the instrument and deposited in the tissues. 5th. In all such infected herds, too, a given number of animals will usually have the germs already in their sys- tems, and in such cases the sterilized virus, weakening the vital resistance of the blood and tissues, will too often con- tribute to intensify the already implanted disease. 6th. With a general application of the principle it would inevitably happen that blunders would be made by the owners and others as to the precise nature of the disease to be prevented, and thus the products of one plague would be inoculated to prevent the irruption of another, and in the consequent failure the whole system would receive un- merited discredit. To avoid this, and in the absence of the requisite skill for diagnosis, the virus should be obtained from one of the victims in the herd, and prepared with all due precaution on the spot. In such case a failure would be unlikely, unless the subject furnishing the virus showed only an imperfectly developed type of the malady, or unless two diverse maladies existed in the same herd at the same time. 7th. Another obvious precaution is to take virus only from typical cases of the disease to be prevented, and not from those which show any defect in development (as the chemical products are then liable to be wanting in strength) nor from advanced nor complicated cases (in which there may be superadded germs of other poisons and other deadly products). Thus in the advanced stages of disease the propagation of septic germs is not at all uncommon. Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 71 - Limitation of Protection by Sterilised Products. While it is evident that there is a large field as yet uncul- tivated in which the fruits of this method maj T be gathered, yet there are obvious limitations to its application, some of which may be shortly stated. 1st. A certain number of animal plagues will recur in the same system at frequent intervals. Thus aphthous fever not unfrequently attacks the same herd twice in the course of a single year, and the same apparently holds with some forms of equine influenza. It would be folly, therefore, to expect any permanent protection from inocu- lating the chemical products of these diseases. 2d. A certain number of infectious diseases cannot be said to have any limit set to their duration. Thus tuber- culosis and glanders may go on for a life-time, the inflamed and embryonic tissue produced under the influence of the poisonous products of the germ furnishing continual acces- sions of new food for the slowly developing germ, and thus determining a constant extension of the colonies of bacilli. It is absurd, therefore, to expect protection by the use of the chemical products in these cases. 3d. It may turn out that the ptomaines of given dis- eases are volatile and would be dissipated by heat, so that the final sterilized product will be deficient in the essential element in which its preventive virtue resides. In the inorganic kingdom we have the alkali ammonia volatile at ordinary temperatures, and it would not be surprising if in the organic kingdom a certain number of alkaloids should also prove volatile. In such cases the product sterilized by heat would be useless. 4th. It is not at all improbable that chemical or physical changes may be effected by heat in the ferment or alkaloid produced by a disease-germ, as egg albumen is coagulated. Here again the method would be at fault. 5th. In other methods of sterilization similar difficulties 72 T/is Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. would at times be met with. Thus the life of the germ may be destroyed by oxygen under a pressure of three atmospheres, but in too many cases it is to be feared such intensified oxygen would oxidize the chemical products, and thus rob them of all their virtue. In cases where these limitations are found to operate, there may perhaps still be devised, in the future, other methods of sterilization which will not affect the chemical condition nor virulent potency of the disease-products, and thus the grand principle of prevention by sterilized products may receive a much wider application than can be effected by the methods of sterilization by heat or compressed oxygen. Radical Extinction of Animal Plagues. The public appreciation of preventive medicine is still at a very low ebb. It has been aptly said, people will give " millions for cure, but not a cent for prevention." It is incomprehensible how, year after year, and generation after generation, we can see the human race dying off from preventable diseases, and yet with true fatalism accept it all as the inevitable. It is astounding to contemplate the thousands of tons of quack remedies^ so called, which mankind yearly swallow, for maladies chargeable only on their own ignorance or neglect of available means of prevention. Still more astounding is it to see the plagues of animals imported into a new country, and by the most criminal negligence allowed to acquire a general prevalence, when the prompt sacrifice of one animal, or one hundred, or one thousand, could at the different stages have put a final end to the contagion. Yet all radical measures for the extirpation of animal plagues are habitually treated with neglect or active opposition ; the advocate of such measures is told that " his duty is to cure, not kill," and his reasoning is scouted as the " logic of the pole-axe." And all this not by the common people alone, but by those whose position would entitle us to expect Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 73 from them better things. The editors of powerful news- papers, who can surely never have given five minutes' sober and intelligent consideration to the question, join in this cry, and quite recently Mr. Clare Sewell Read, M.P., in an agricultural address, bewails that " veterinary science can only advise them to kill." Now in view of all that is set forth above, our readers must see that all this talk is but the fruit of ignorance and slander, and that for the plagues of animals we are to-day in a better position to offer pre- ventive measures than is the practitioner of human medi- cine for the pestilences of man. It is true that we cannot exercise omnipotence and extin- guish infection with a word, nor can we mail to any point a much desired, and very generally believed in, panacea, which will cure the victims of all contagia from ringworm to rinderpest. But we can in suitable cases procure such conditions of life and such power of resistance in the animal economy as will render the assaults of given plagues harm- less. As veterinarians, however, and as citizens, it is not for us to advocate especially those measures which would protect the individual animal or the individual herd at the cost of danger to the herds around them, when more radical, and, in the end, cheaper measures can be availed of to obviate all necessity for these partial and dangerous methods of pro- tection. Veterinarians have been freely slandered for an alleged desire to feed luxuriantly from the public treasury. The wonder is rather that more of the profession have not pandered to the public prejudice, and advocated and engi- neered public culture establishments from which the vari- ously modified virus could have been sent out everywhere at a handsome profit. Have our detractors ever thought of how many millions it would cost yearly to inoculate the hogs of the United States as a protection against swine- plague ? And of how many millions more it would cost to 74 The Farmer' 1 s Veterinary Adviser. inoculate against each of the other animal plagues now exist- ing in the land ? The radical and thorough extinction of these plagues, which, to their credit be it said, the better class of our veterinarians have consistently advocated, has for its purpose the speedy removal from the land of all need for preventive measures apart from those aimed at the pre- vention of renewed importation of infection, and such ex- tinction is therefore the only method that looks toward the lessened remuneration of veterinarians as a body. In the face of these facts does not their consistent advocacy of ex- tinction of contagion savor more of public-spiritedness than of the selfishness so slanderously attributed ? For the instructed and high-minded veterinarian the ques- tion is mainly one of political economy. It is simply a ques- tion of how we can, at the cheapest rate and in the shortest period, rid ourselves for ever of our pestilential enemy, and at once abolish all future loss and worry coming from this source. There is only one answer : By the prompt and remorseless extinction of every germ of contagion. We need make no account here of the sadredness of life. The killing of an infected and infecting animal is not murder. We entertain no such feelings concerning the tens of thou- sands of animals that die daily under the knife of the butcher, and the lives of which might have been prolonged with safety to others. Why should we hesitate to sacrifice the few, whose systems are multiplying by inconceivable myriads the germs that are so deadly to others of their race, and which in the case of several plagues are now costing the country more every year than it would take to exterminate them once for all ? The question is essentially one of dol- lars and cents. The only moral elements that enter into it are the questions of the remuneration of the stockowner for the animals expropriated for the public good, and the pro- tection of the public at large from the consumption of dis- eased and often dangerous meat and milk. The last ques- Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 75 tion is more effectually met by thorough extinction of pesti- lence than by any other method, and the indemnity of the owner in no niggardly spirit is a simple matter of justice on the part of the nation toward the citizen. Measures for Extinction of a Prevailing Plague. It is not within the province of this book to treat fully on the en- tire subject of veterinary sanitary administration, yet it seems desirable that the public at large should be made ac- quainted with the leading principles that must guide such administration. The measures will necessarily vary with each animal plague, and to some extent according to the nat- ure of the local animal industry, yet some general princi- ples must dominate in all cases, and these may be stated un- der separate headings. Setting aside the preliminary discovery of the plague in a State or district toward which investigations must often be made on the merest suspicion, in a country where move- ment is so free as with us, and in which the plague in ques- tion already exists, we may note those fundamental meas- ures that look especially toward extinction. 1st. The infected district must be proclaimed. 2d. All movement of animals susceptible to the plague in question must be temporarily stopped in the infected dis- trict. 3d. All mingling or contact of separate herds of suscepti- ble animals within said district must be put a stop to. 4th. All exposure of susceptible animals on public high ways or on unfenced pasturages must be vigorously inter- dicted. 5th. Insusceptible animals mingling with suspected herds must be prohibited from passing into other herds of suscepti- ble animals. 6th. Attendants on suspected herds must be rigidly kept from all other susceptible animals. Visitors except such as attend officially must be excluded from all suspected herds. 76 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 7th. Markets or fairs in infected localities must not be held. 8th. The expiration of the period of incubation will lead to the development of cases of disease, and wherever these appear the herd must be even more rigidly segregated. 9th. In the case of deadly contagia the whole herd should be at once condemned, appraised at not less than two-thirds their sound value, and promptly slaughtered. The carcases of animals that show no disease after death may be sold as human food, in the case of certain diseases, but not in all. To making such into canned food there is no objection. Hides should only be removed after a prolonged steeping in solution of chloride of lime. The carcases of the diseased are best destroyed by fire, or disinfected by boiling, but they may, when necessary, be deeply buried in a dry, porous soil, where the free circulation of air will secure an early disin- fection. 10th. The building, utensils, yards, etc., with which the infected herd has come in contact must be subjected to a thorough disinfection. (See below, Disinfection.) 11th. The infected buildings must be left empty until all danger has passed. This may entail thorough aeration for several months after disinfecting applications have been made. 12th. Hay, fodder, feed, litter, etc., in infected buildings should be destroyed. 13th. Manure from infected places must be burned or dis- infected with chloride of lime. To exclude an Animal Plague from a Country. 1st. Prohibit all importation of animals susceptible to the plague in question, and of their products. 2d. Disinfect the surface of all imported animals of a genus insusceptible to the plague, but that may have cohab- ited with those that are susceptible. 3d. Disinfect all blankets, or other clothing and utensils Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 77 imported with such animals, the clothing of their attendants, and the clothing of all emigrants who have had to do with susceptible animals. 4th. In place of absolute prohibition, as called for in No. 1, susceptible animals must be imported under careful re- strictions, including a quarantine after arrival for a period equal to the longest known incubation of the plague which it is desired to exclude. 5th. Prohibit the importation of baled hay, straw, or other farm product, in the preparation or removal of which the domestic animals are usually employed, or which is usually stored in buildings beside the dwellings of such animals. These headings are only given as illustrative of the gen- eral principles which must be carried out in such cases. In putting them in practice they must be elaborated materially in various directions. But in thus elaborating and adminis- tering them no laxity and no exceptions must be admitted. In many of the concerns of life a blunder or neglect results in an immediate loss, the extent of which can be at once seen and the after-effects of which are nil. But in dealing with the invisible but unspeakably prolific bacteria of animal plagues, a blunder is quite likely to prove fatal, and anything like laxity is almost of necessity the road to failure and ruin. It is in this respect that the man of business usually fails. The dealer demands that live stock shall be examined at a particular point and a certificate of health shall be given if no disease is discovered. The magistrate carries out the law in (what he calls) its spirit (?), ignoring its letter, and undoes everything which it was designed to effect. The legislator insists that his constituent and supporter has selected his stock with extreme care, and that there can be no danger in making the quarantine merely nominal in his particular case. The city magnate finding that his animals from an infected locality cannot be admitted to a public sale, makes a ficti- tious sale to some one outside in order that his stock may 78 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. ostensibly come from another district and thus gain admit- tance. The agents of great live stock interests are sent into Congress and to foreign lands to deny point-blank the ex- istence of animal plagues that are simply notorious in their prevalence. The patriotic citizen demands the appointment of two or three microscopists to examine and certify to the soundness of our meat-products in a centre where many thousands are butchered daily and where a whole army of microscopists could not satisfactorily carry oat such work. In no other field of human activity is a most thorough know- ledge of the subject and a most unbending and impartial administration demanded than in this. DISINTECTION'. Disinfection cannot be treated fully in the short space that can here be given to it, yet the general principles and some of the more potent of the agents employed may be noticed. The first and main object in disinfection is to secure per- fect cleanliness. From the buildings, cars, loading banks, ships, quays, yards, manure-pits, drains, cesspools, harness, clothing, utensils, etc. , all decaying organic matter should be removed, by scraping, washing, emptying, etc., as such decom- posing organic matter is the food which sustains and pre- serves the disease-germs out of the body. Even the water and air must be carefully seen to, since in close places they are usually charged with invisible particles of organic matters in a state of decay, the most suitable field for the growth of contagious principles. These, too, tend to purify themselves in a free circulation of air, and ventilation may be largely relied upon for this purpose, unless the deleterious supplies are too abundant from some adjacent putrid accumulation, as dung-heaps, cesspools, leaky drains, or soil saturated with filth. Purity of the surroundings kills many contagious ele- ments on the principle of starvation. Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 79 Some disinfectants operate by destructive oxidation of the infecting material. Simple aeration often acts thus, and much more when the aerial oxygen is combined in the form of ozone, so abundant after thunder-storms, and developed to a lesser extent by camphor and some of the essential oils. Ozone is, however, rapidly used up in filthy stables, in cities, and in connection with decomposing organic matters gen- erally. A much more prompt, thorough, and reliable oxidizing disinfectant is fire. Burking is the best of all disinfect- ants. Rotten and filth-saturated wood-work, infected ma- nure, fodder, litter, and even the infected carcases of animals may be safely disposed of in this way. It may be used in a plumber's charcoal stove placed in all parts of a stable in succession, or over the opening of a drain, or as a lamp in the ventilating outlet of an infected building. Certain oxygen-bearing agents, like running, rippling, or falling water, and inert powders (charcoal, plaster-of-Paris) which condense oxygen on their surface, and bring it into closer contact with the adjoining germs and their products ; also chemical agents which liberate oxygen (chlorine gas, chloride of lime, permanganate of potassa, peroxide of hydrogen, iodine, bromine, hyponitric acid, bichromate of potass a, etc.), are more or less effective in the same way. Other agents act on the germs in different ways, such as by abstracting the oxygen requisite to the life of the germ, by coagulating its albuminous substance and otherwise. To this class belong the fumes of burning sulphur, the salts of zinc, iron, manganese, copper, and mercury, also carbolic and cresylic acids, creosote, thymol, menthol, and allied agents. Among these none holds a higher place than chloride of mercury, but its highly poisonous nature forbids its general use. In its place chloride of lime may be confidently and safely used in the proportion of four ounces to every gallon of a lime whitewash. Such a preparation has the advan- 80 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. tage of showing clearly the extent of its application, insur- ing that no part shall be missed, and thus it becomes even, a more certain disinfectant than the more potent salt of mercury. As a powder it may be sprinkled on floors, yards, manure-heaps, and in drains, cess-pools, etc. For dairies, in which the smell of the chloride of lime will injure the milk, chloride of zinc may be substituted. Chlorine gas, set free by pouring sulphuric acid on com- mon salt, with a slight admixture of black oxide of man- ganese, is one of the most effective purifiers of the air of buildings. Doors and windows should be closed, though light is beneficial to its action. The salt and black manga- nese should be placed in a bowl in the centre of the floor, and the operator, taking a full breath, should pour in the sulphuric acid and retreat outside the door before taking another breath. The gas is a violent and suffocating irri- tant, and if inhaled is promptly fatal. Sulphurous acid gas, obtained by burning sulphur in a metal pot, may be fairly started, then left in the centre of the room and all outlets closed for from five to ten hours. The same precautions are necessary as with chlorine, for though it is somewhat less irritating it is equally suffocating. Both gases will act on solids as well as on the air, and to make sure of their action the air and surfaces should be charged with moisture. Perfectly dry germs will often survive, whereas moist ones are quickly destroyed. Hence, a current of steam may be sent into the building, or all exposed surfaces may be watered before the gas is set free. Some disinfectants act by merely changing the physical condition of organic matter, and thereby destroying the vitality of the living germ, without any chemical abstraction from, or addition to, its constituents. Thus heating to the boiling-point (212° F.) coagulates albuminous matters and destroys infectious principles generally. But it must be prolonged for a variable time, according to the size of the Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 81 object, to allow of the heat penetrating to all parts alike. In the case of germs which have formed resting spores, it may be further needful to repeat the boiling on several successive days, time being allowed in the interval for the development of the spore into the more destructible bac- terium. Clothing may be heated in an oven to 300° F., or, safer, boiled, and even the prolonged application of hot transparent steam, directed from a hose upon wood-work, etc., previously well cleaned, is found effectual. Some poisons, like those of Texas fever, cholera, and yellow fever, are destroyed by freezing, while the majority are merely imprisoned in the ice, but resume their evil work as soon as they are thawed out. Carbolic acid may also be used in occupied buildings, being allowed to evaporate from shallow basins, alone or mixed with ether or alcohol, from saturated rugs hung up at intervals, or from cloth-lined ventilating inlets, kept saturated with the acid, or, finally, it may be diffused through the air of a building by an atomizer. It is, how- ever, rather an antiseptic than a germicide, preventing the propagation and increase of germs, while it really fails to kill them. Carbolic and cresylic acids may also be used for disinfecting solids and liquids, being poured into drains or sprinkled on the floors, walls, and other parts of the building. For the latter purpose the strong acid may be diluted with one hundred times its weight of water. The cheap impure acid is usually preferred for dung-heaps, yards, and other outside purposes but is disagreeable indoors. Coal-tar and wood-tar, from their contained carbolic acid and allied products are also good for out-door uses. The following are especially applicable to solids and liquids : Chloride of lime sprinkled on floors, yards, dung-heaps, etc., or applied to walls, wood-work, etc., or poured into drains, as a solution of £lb. to a gallon of water. 82 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Chloride of zinc is equally efficient but more expensive, and chloride of aluminium (choralum) is somewhat less potent. Sulphate of iron (copperas) is one of the most efficient and cheapest disinfectants for drains, manure, floors, yards, etc., and may be applied either in fine powder or in solu- tion . The sulphate of copper and zinc and perchloride of iron are efficient, but much more expensive. Saturated solutions of caustic potassa and soda are satisfactory for wood-work, harness, and utensils, but they are useless if diluted. Lime is useful in graves by absorb- ing the water and uniting with the organic debris, but is very unsatisfactory as a general disinfectant. Permanganate of potassa promptly changes putrefying organic matter, rendering it sweet and wholesome, but it is questionable how far it can destroy living organic germs, of which many of the contagious principles are composed. The same remarks apply to charcoal, animal and vegetable, and to earth, especially that containing a considerable pro- portion of clay or marl. CHAPTER III. SPECIFIC CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. Variolain animals. Horse-pox. Cow-pox. Sheep-pox. Goat-pox. Swine pox. Dog-pox. Bird-pox. Aphthous fever, foot-and-mouth disease. Rinder pest. Lung-plague. Contagious pleuro-pneumonia. Strangles. Influenza, Typhoid or bilious fever. Canine distemper. Asiatic cholera. Swine-plague Hog-cholera. Texas fever. Canine madness, rabies. Bacillar anthrax Vibrionic anthrax. Pyaemia. Septicaemia. Bird-cholera. Chicken-cholera Actino-mycosis. Milk sickness. " The trembles." Glanders and farcy. Venereal disease of solipeds. Tuberculosis. Quebra-bunda. Beri-beri. VARIOLA 72V" ANIMALS. HOKSE-POX. • This is identical with cow-pox, being indistinguishable when inoculated on men and cattle. It most frequently at- tacks the limbs, but may affect the face or other part of the body. There is usually some little fever, which, however, passes unnoticed by the owner. Then swelling, heat, and tenderness supervene, commonly in a heel, and firm nodules form, increasing to one-third or one-half inch in diameter, the hair bristles up, and the skin reddens unless previously colored. On the ninth to the twelfth day a limpid fluid oozes from the surface and agglutinates the hairs in yellow- ish scabs, on the removal of which a red, raw depression is seen with the scab fixed in its centre. In three or four days the secretion ceases, the scabs dry up, and the parts heal spontaneously. It is easily transmitted from horse to horse, to man, or to cow. No treatment is required beyond weak astringent lotions (carbolic acid 1 dr., water 1 quart) or bland ointments. 84 The Farmer 's Veterinary Adviser COW-POX. This is the same disease appearing in the cow. There is a preliminary slight fever, usually overlooked, succeeded by some diminution and increased coagulability of the milk and the appearance of the pox on the udder and teats. The ud- der is hot and tender for a day or two, then little pale red nodules, about as big as peas appear, growing to three- fourths to one inch in breadth by the eighth or tenth day, acquiring liquid contents, and often a central depression on the summit. The liquid in each pock is contained in several distinct sacs and cannot be all extracted without a succession of punctures on different parts. It contains a micrococcus. The liquid, at first clear, changes to yellowish white (pus) and soon dries up, the whole forming a hard crnst which is gradually detached. On the teats the blisters are early ruptured and raw sores form, often proving very obstinate, and even leading to inflammation of the udder, abortion, or death. Treatment is scarcely ever demanded further than to ob- viate sores on the teats. A mild laxative of Epsom salts is, however, usually desirable. The teats may be smeared with an ointment formed of an ounce each of spermaceti and al- mond oil, and half a drachm of myrrh. Milking-tubes may be necessary to avoid injury by drawing the teats. In many localities the disease appears in all newly calved heifers on particular farms, in which case it would be well to purify the barns by a thorough disinfection. SHEEP-POX. Though unknown in America there is no improbability of this disease reaching us through importations of sheep, hides, or wool. Like small-pox of man, it is only known as a contagious disease. The incubation or latent period of Specific Contagious Diseases. 85 the poison, after it enters the system, is from three to six days in summer, and from ten to twelve in winter. Then there is loss of appetite, dullness, dropping behind the flock, and stiffness of the hind parts. This is followed by trem- bling, increased temperature, very manifest on the bare and delicate parts of the skin on which the eruption usually takes place, loss of appetite and rumination, costiveness, red, weeping eyes, a discharge from the nose, and the appear- ance of red patches inside the limbs and along the abdomen. Soon minute red points appear and increase to papules, with a firm base extending into the deeper parts of the skin. These are flat on the summit (rarely pointed or indented), and become pale or clear in the centre, from the effusion of liquid beneath the scurf -skin, with a red margin. With the appearance of the eruption the fever moderates, but in- creases again in three or four days witli the development and irritability of the vesicles. These may remain indi- vidually distinct {discrete), in which case the attack is mild, or they may run together into extensive patches {confluent), when the result is likely to be serious. The pocks will even appear on the visual, digestive, or respiratory mucous mem- brane. The eruption passes through the same course of exu- dation, suppuration, drying, and dropping off as in cow-pox. The duration of the disease is three weeks or a month. The mortality in the milder forms may not exceed seven per one hundred, in the more severe it may destroy almost the whole flock. But the losses of lambs by abortion, of wool, sight, hearing, hoofs, digits, flesh, and general vigor often render recoveries anything but unmixed blessings. The germ is a micrococcus. Treatment. Keep in cool, dry, well-aired and littered sheds, shelter from rain, and feed roots, or, if very weak, oat- and bean-meal gruels, with a drachm of saltpetre to each sheep. Common salt may be supplied to be licked, and the drinking-water may be slightly acidulated with 86 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. vinegar. The bowels should be opened by injections of milk-warm soapsuds, or 3 oz. sulphate of soda if necessary. Avoid heating agents. In the advanced stages support by quinia, gentian, nitric acid, and nutritious gruels, even animal broths. The pustules may be treated with the ointment advised for cow-pox, or, if unhealthy, with weak solutions of chloride of zinc. Prevention. Nothing short of general infection will justify the treatment of this disease. It should be excluded from our country by the most stringent supervision over the importation of sheep and their products, and when it does appear should be promptly stamped out by the de- struction and disinfection of the sick and the purification of all with which they have come in contact. Inoculation as a measure of prevention is unwarrantable except in the case of wide-spread infection, a contingency which ought never to arise in this country. GOAT-POX. This is a rare and mild affection, with an eruption on the udder and teats closely resembling that of Cow-pox. It has been thought to be spontaneous in the goat, but is known to be derived from sheep suffering from /Sheep-pox. It follows a mild course and requires the same care as Cow- pox. Seclusion or destruction and disinfection are, how- ever, imperative when danger is likely to arise for sheep. SWINE-POX. This is more frequent than Goat-pox. It is communica- ble to man and goat. Young pigs are thought to be most liable. The eruption appears inside the forearm and thighs, and is usually preceded by considerable fever. It is discrete or confluent like Sheep-pox, and the severity corresponds. Specific Contagious Diseases. 87 The duration of the mild forms is twelve to fifteen days. Treatment is similar to that of Sheep-pox and the same precautions should be taken to prevent its dissemination. DOG-POX. These animals sometimes contract Small-pox or Sheep- pox, and have been supposed to have their own specific form besides. The young suffer most frequently and se- verely. There is the usual preliminary fever, with an eruption on the sides and belly passing from pimples to vesicles and pustules, and finally drying up into crusts which drop off. The eruption may be discrete or confluent, the latter being very fatal. Similar preventive measures are demanded, as in the other forms of pox. BIKD-POX. Birds seem susceptible to different forms of variola, hav- ing contracted the disease from man in some cases, and in others conveyed it to the sheep. Chickens failed to con- tract Cow-pox in the experiments of Roll and myself. It has proved very fatal in chickens, but very slightly so in pigeons, turkeys, and geese. The eruption appears mainly on the head, under the wing, on the tongue, or in the pharynx. In fatal cases death ensued in four or five days. Treatment would rarely be desirable, the great point being to stamp out the malady by destroying the diseased and disinfecting the place. APHTHOUS FEVER. FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. A contagious eruptive fever, attacking cloven-footed animals and communicable to other warm-blooded animals, including even man. Its special feature is the eruption of blisters in the mouth, on the udder and teats, and on the 88 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. feet. It is only known as communicated by contagion, whether in Western Europe, in Great Britain and Ireland, where it was introduced in 1839-42, or in North and South America, which it reached in 1870 by imported stock. Like the other animal plagues it follows in the track of great armies and in the channels of commerce. The con- tagion does not readily spread on the air, a river or common road being often sufficient to limit it, but no poison is more certainly transmitted by contact, direct or through the medium of human beings, tame or wild animals, fodder, litter, manure, clothing, drinking- troughs, etc., etc. Milk is one of the most frequent sources of contagion to pigs, dogs, and even to infants, producing the most dangerous intestinal irritation and diarrhoea. Symptoms. The poison may remain latent in the system for one or two days, or, in exceptional cases, perhaps as many as six. Then there is roughness of the coat or shivering, in- creased temperature, dry muzzle, hot red mouth, teats, and interdigital spaces, lameness, inclination to lie, and shrink- ing from the hand in milking. The second or third day blisters arise on any part of the whole interior of the mouth, one-half to one inch in breadth, or on the teats and between the digits about one-half inch across. Saliva drivels from the mouth, collecting in froth around the lips, and a loud smacking is made with the lips and tongue. Swine champ the jaws. Sheep and swine suffer more especially in the feet, often losing the hoofs or even the digital bones, a con- tingency not unknown in neglected cattle. Among the consequences may be named the loss of milk, inflamed udders, blind teats, a habit of vicious kicking, abortions, permanent lameness, and a lengthened incapacity for the dairy, for feeding, or work. If well cared for the disease passes in fifteen days, leaving no ill consequence, ex- cepting the poison hidden away in the building. The aver- age loss in flesh is $5 to $10 ; in dairy cows it is much more. Specific Contagious Diseases. 89 Treatment. A laxative (Epsom salts) ; astringent mouth- wash (borax and tincture of myrrh 1 oz. each, Water 1 qt. ; or carbolic acid 1 dr., honey 2 oz., vinegar 1 pt., water 1 pt.) ; a lotion for the teats (carbolic acid \ dr., glycerine 10 oz.) ; and a dressing for the feet (oil of vitriol 1 oz., water 4 oz., to be applied with a feather after cleaning the space between the hoofs by drawing a cloth through it). After dressing, tie up the feet in a tar bandage. The hind feet are easily dressed if two men raise each separately with a long, stout fork-handle passed in front of the hock. In dressing the feet all detached horn should be removed and a poultice applied if inflammation runs high. Soft cold mashes or thinly sliced or pulped roots are the best food throughout. Prevention. Importation of diseased animals should be sufficiently guarded against. Diseased stock should be rigidly secluded from all but the necessary attendants, who ought to be disinfected on leaving the enclosure. Wild ani- mals, even birds, should be excluded. Every place where the diseased have been should be closed for a winter or dis- infected, the milk should be buried in a safe place, or boiled and given to pigs ; manure, infected litter, etc., may be burned, or disinfected, removed, and ploughed under by horses. Ko diseased animal should be moved until fifteen days after full recovery, and it should first be sponged over with a carbolic- acid wash. RUSSIAN CATTLE-PLAGUE. RINDERPEST. A contagious fever of cattle communicable to other rumi- nants and characterized by a general congestion of the mu- cous membranes, but, above all, those of the stomach and intestines, and an excessive growth and shedding of the superficial layers of cells on the skin and mucous mem- branes. It is only propagated by contagion, at least, out of the Kirghiz steppes and Kherson district in Southern Rus- sia, but spreads farther on the air than Aphthous Fever. 90 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Symptoms. Incubation lasts about two days until the temperature of the body is elevated, or four days until the ap- pearance of outward signs of illness. By this time the mouth, inside the lips, on the dental pad of the upper jaw, or around the gums of the lower front teeth, shows minute white elevations, like the aphtha of the mouths of children, calves, and lambs suffering from thrush (muguet). This may be exceedingly slight and transient, but is most characteristic. The other mucous membranes, (eye, vulva, rectum, nose) show a more or less dark flush, and concretions may ap- pear around these and on other parts of the skin, especially the teats. These are solid aggregations of epithelial cells, not vesicles nor pustules. In twenty-four hours they undergo fatty softening and are easily detached, leaving small pink erosions, and by the sixth day a great part of the mouth and muzzle may have become raw, and the surrounding mucous membrane of a deep red. About the fourth day the skin feels greasy, and dullness and impaired appetite and rumination appear. In cows the milk is diminished, is richer in cream, and even slightly coagulable. Urine becomes scanty and of a high color and density. These signs increase until the sixth day, when the mouth is often raw, saliva drivels, appe- tite and rumination gone, bowels relaxed, the dung passed with much straining and pain, the everted gut appearing of a deep red or port- wine hue, the ears are drawn back, head pendent, eyes half-closed and watery, back arched and often insensible to pinching, abdominal muscles tense and resist- ant, and there is a peculiar check in the act of expiration, the breath being suddenly arrested with a flapping sound and concussion of the entire body, to be exhaled a second or two later with a grunting noise. Sighing and whistling sounds are heard in the chest and it becomes unnaturally drum-like to percussion. A sudden lowering of temperature is usually the precursor of death, which happens on the seventh or eighth day. Specific Contagious Diseases. 91 Nervous symptoms appear in some outbreaks, with de- lirium, butting, shivering, and tenderness of the loins, while in the milder cases the peculiar eruption may be almost altogether confined to the skin. The symptoms in other ruminants are essentially the same as in the ox, and in the peccary there is sufficient re- semblance for recognition. The mortality out of its native habitat usually amounts to forty per cent, and upward. Treatment. The treatment of this plague should be legally prohibited under all circumstances. All the at- tempts of the different schools of medicine and of empiri- cism have only increased its ravages, while nations and even countries and districts that have vigorously stamped it out and excluded it have saved their property. Prevention. The advent of this plague should be pre- vented by a sufficient supervision of our ports and fron- tiers and a quarantine of stock. If admitted, the victims should be ruthlessly destroyed, deeply buried, and all places and things with which they have come in contact disinfected in the most perfect manner. THE LUNG-PLAGUE OF CATTLE, CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. A specific contagious fever of cattle, with extensive ex- udation into the chest and lungs containing a micrococcus. Like the other plagues already noticed this is only known in Europe and America as a contagious disease. Its impor- tation into the different countries of Europe has always been traceable to the introduction of diseased beasts or their products. The assertion of the immortal Ilaller, more than a century ago, that it is propagated by contagion, has re- ceived the amplest confirmation in recent times. It invaded Ireland in 1839-40 by Dutch cattle, England in 1842 by Irish and Dutch cattle, Sweden and Denmark in 1847 by 92 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. English stock, and later again by English and Dutch, Nor- way in 1860 by infected Ayrshires, Oldenburg in 1858, and Schleswig in 1859, in each case by Ayrshires, the Cape of Good Hope in 1854:, Australia in 1858 by an English cow, Brooklyn, L. I., in 1818 by a Dutch cow, and again in 1850 by an English one, New Jersey in 1847 by English stock, and Boston, Mass., by Dutch cattle in 1859. In Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Oldenburg, Schleswig, Massachusetts, and New Jersey it was stamped out, in the last- case by the importer, Mr. Richardson, sacrificing his whole herd and voluntarily assuming the loss, but in the other places named it was left to itself and spread disastrously. Symptoms. The period of latency of the poison in the system is from four to six weeks, and in exceptional cases perhaps three or four months, or as short as ten days. In- creased temperature of the body usually appears a week or two before other symptoms. Then there is a slight cough, erection of hair along the back, sometimes shivering and always tenderness of the back to pinching, the animal crouching and groaning. Soon breathing and pulse become accelerated, bowels costive, urine scanty and high-colored, milk diminished, appetite impaired, rumination irregular, nose alternately moist and dry, and legs and horns cold and hot. If in the field, the sick leave the herd. The cough increases in harshness, depth, and painfulness, and all the symptoms are aggravated until the animal stands in one posture, with head extended on the neck, mouth open, and every breath accompanied by a loud moan. From the earliest stages the ear applied to the sides of the chest de- tects an absence of murmur over particular parts of the lung, or lungs, with a line of crepitation (fine crackling) around it, and occasionally rubbing, wheezing, and other unnatural sounds. On percussion over the silent parts the natural resonance is found to have given place to dullness, and the animal winces and groans. Other peculiar sounds Specific Contagious Diseases. 93 may follow later, into which we caimot enter here, and exhausting liquid discharges from the bowels and kidneys, tympanies and abortions are frequent results. Death may take place early, from suffocation, when both lungs are involved, or may be delayed six weeks or more. Slight attacks, common in the Northern States in winter, may only cause a few days of fever, but usually leave encysted masses of dead, diseased tissue in the lungs, that render the apparently recovered animal dangerous to others for long after. The percentage of deaths and permanent destruction to health is fifty or sixty, or when all the more susceptible animals have perished it may be reduced much lower. Treatment. This disease is much more amenable to treatment than rinderpest, but to preserve the sick is no less reprehensible, as the poison is more subtle, more dif- fusible through the atmosphere, is hidden unsuspected for a greater length of time in the body of its victim, and when manifested is far more liable to be mistaken for other diseases (pneumonia, pleurisy, bronchitis). No treatment should ever be allowed, except in perfect^ secluded build- ings, far from roads, where no strange men or animals can get access, and in a constantly disinfected atmosphere. In the early stages, refrigerant and diuretic salts (liquor of the acetate of ammonia, nitre, bisulphite of soda) with aconite may be given ; injections of warm water or mile! laxatives (Epsom salt), used to regulate the bowels, and blisters applied to the sides of the chest (mustard and oil of turpentine). Later, when prostration sets in, stimulants (sweet spirits of nitre, wine, aromatic ammonia, etc.) and tonics (gentian, cinchona, cascariila, boneset, sulphate of iron or copper, mineral acids, etc.) are called for. Anti- septics are useful, especially such as can be inhaled in the air (sulphur fumes, carbolic acid vapor or spray) and thus reach the seat of disease. 94 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. The hydropathic treatment, by a rug wrung out of water applied next the skin and covered by several dry ones kept closely applied by elastic surcingles for an hoar and fol- lowed by a cold douche and active rubbing till dry, has proved very successful, but demands intelligence, enthusiasm, and activity on the part of the attendants. The pack is repeated as often as the temperature rises. Prevention. Importation should only be allowed from countries free from the plague, in ships that have carried no suspected stock for at least three months, and after inspection and, if thought necessary, quarantine at the port of entry. But the disease already exists in New York (Connecticut), New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Illinois, and District of Columbia. This ought to be rooted out by measures executed by the central government and defrayed out of the public treasury. Little good must be looked for from isolated action by States, counties, townships, or individual owners; the dan- ger threatens the entire country, and for the general safety all must pay. It is absurd to expect the unfortunate pos- sessor of sick animals to beggar himself for the public good. There should be destruction of the sick, partial re- muneration of the owners, thorough disinfection under pro- fessional supervision, and the most perfect control and con- stant inspection of all suspected herds and places until the malady has been eradicated from the land. This is the most insidious of all our animal plagues, the one which now most urgently presses for active interference, and which, if neglected, will bring a terrible retribution in the future. Inoculation, as a preventive, like medical treatment, is suicidal unless where a country is very generally infected, and in this case even sterilized virus should be used. (See Lung Plague in Appendix.) Specific Contagious Diseases. 95 STRANGLES. DISTEMPER IN YOUNG HORSES. A specific fever of young solipeds, usually attended with swellings and formations of matter between the bones of the lower jaw, or elsewhere in groups of lymphatic glands. Causes. Early age, change from field to stable, from grass to dry feeding, from idleness to exciting work, the ir- ritation of teething, and, above all, change of locality and climate. Repeated attacks will occur in the same horse under the influence of the last-named cause. Exposure to cold and wet, impure air, sudden thaws, etc., contribute to hasten its development. Lastly, contagion is a common cause, and, in some cases, the malady may even be conveyed to man. Symptoms. The disease is often preceded by a period of unthriftiness, staring coat, loss of condition, dullness, and languor. Then there appear cough, redness of the nasal membrane, and watery flow from the nose and eyes, slaver- ing, accelerated breathing and pulse, costiveness, scanty high-colored urine, and increased thirst. Soon a swelling rises between the bones of the lower jaw, hot, tender, and uniformly rounded and smooth, at first hard with soft, doughy margins, later soft and fluctuating in the centre from the formation of matter. Water is often returned from the nose in drinking and food dropped after chewing. The throat may even be closed so as to make breathing laborious, difficult, and noisy, or quite impossible. With rupture of the abscess and escape of the matter, relief is ob- tained and a steady recovery may usually be counted on. Irregular Forms. The swelling may harden in place of softening, and maintain the disease for an indefinite time, or it may disappear and be followed by the formation of matter in other and more vital organs. Thus matter may form in the groups of lymphatic glands about the shoulder, 96 The Farmer 's Veterinary Adviser. groin, the roots of the lungs, the mesentery, the brain, etc. Sometimes no swelling nor suppuration takes place beyond the discharge from the nose, while at others a pustular erup- tion on the skin is the manifestation of the disease. The disease may be over in ten days, or, in cases of indolent action in the swelling, it may be protracted for months. If properly treated, the regular form generally does well, but the irregular is fatal in proportion to the vitality of the organ affected. In protracted cases and in those subjected to impure air and weakening treatment, dropsical and san- guineous swellings in the dependent parts of the body {pur- pura liaimorrhagicd) is a frequent result. Treatment. Sustain the strength of the patient by abun- dance of soft, nourishing mashes and pure air, and promote the formation of matter between the jaws by fomentations, poultices, and steaming of the nostrils. A poultice may be applied by a square of calico with holes for the ears and eyes, tied down the middle of the face and sewed up a little at the chin to prevent any from dropping out. Bran or oil meal may be used along with hot water. Steaming may be done by feeding hot bran mashes from a nose- bag hung on the head. When matter points it should be freely evacuated with the lancet, and the poultices con- tinued to complete the softening. If suffocation is threat- ened, the windpipe must be opened in the middle of the neck and a tube inserted to breathe through. Medicine is rarely required. Yet costiveness may be counteracted by warm water injections, and weakness by stimulants (muriate and carbonate of ammonia) and tonics (gentian, calumba, willow-bark). Complications must be treated according to their nature. INFLUENZA. A specific epizootic fever of a low type associated with inflammation of the respiratory mucous membrane, or less Specific Contagious Diseases. 97 frequently of other organs. It has prevailed at intervals over different parts of the world in man, horses, dogs, and even cats. Causes. Nothing can be definitely stated as to the pri- mary cause of its development, as all peculiar conditions of soil, volcanic action, atmospheric electricity, aerial moisture or dryness, density or levity, season, temperature, winds, calms, ozone, and antozone fail to account for its appearance. The great American epizootic of 1872 was preceded and ac- companied in Michigan by an excess of ozone, but the excess did not determine its appearance in other States, which it invaded by a gradual progress and with a rapidity propor- tional to the celerity, of communication. Again, insular and sequestrated places escaped, as Prince Edward's Island, (frozen out), Vancouver's Island (quarantined), Key West, Hayti, St. Domingo, Jamaica, La Paz, by the non-importa- tion of horses (Cuba suffered through imported American horses). It stopped at Panama, where there is no horse traffic, owing to the state of the country. (See the author's report to Government, and report of New York Board of Health.) Symptoms. The disease conies on suddenly with extreme weakness and stupor. There is often pendant head, half- closed, lustreless eyes, great disinclination to move, with swaying gait, and cracking joints. Appetite is lost, mouth hot, clammy, bowels costive, urine scanty and high-colored, pulse accelerated and weak (sometimes hard), a cough, deep, painful, and racking comes on, crepitation or harsh blowing- sounds are heard in the chest, and the membrane of the nose assumes a bright pink or dull leaden hue. The ears and limbs are alternately cold and hot, the hair rough, the skin tender and frequently trembling. Soon the nose discharges a white, yellowish, or greenish matter, and the animal may recover, or an increasingly heavy breathing, depth and painfullness of cough, and changed or 9 » 98 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. absent respiratory sounds in the chest, with dullness on per- cussion show that the lungs are seriously involved. Thus there may be the symptoms of pneumonia, pleurisy, bron- chitis, hydro thorax, pericarditis, hydropericardium, etc. Clots sometimes form in the heart, modifying the heart- sounds and proving rapidly fatal. In other cases the abdominal organs suffer, and with great torpor, stupor, tension and tenderness of the abdominal walls there are colicky pains, ardent thirst, coated tongue, yellowness of the membranes of nose and eyes, yellow or reddish urine, costive bowels and dung in pellets thickly coated with mucus. Sometimes rheumatic swelling and tenderness take place in the muscles and joints of the limbs, and may even last for months. At others, paralysis or delirium will ensue, or, finally, severe inflammation of the eyes. Treatment. Overcome costiveness by injections of warm water, or by one-third the usual doses of linseed oil or aloes. Give mild febrifuge diuretics (liquor of acetate of ammonia, spirit of nitrous ether), with anodynes (extract of bella- donna), and when fever subsides or great prostration comes on, stimulants (nitrous ether, aromatic ammonia, carbonate of ammonia) and even tonics (gentian, calumba, quassia). Counter-irritants (ammonia and oil, equal parts, mustard, etc.) may be used from the first to the throat, sides, or ab- domen, according to the seat of the inflammation. Soft mashes, roots, or green food, pure air, without draughts, and warm clothing are essentials of treatment throughout. If the abdominal organs are the main seat of disease, supplement the medicines above named by demulcents (slip- pery elm, mallow, boiled linseed) and anodynes (opium, hydrocyanic acid) with, in some cases, a gentle laxative (olive oil). Nervous symptoms may demand wet cloths to the head, blisters to the sides of the neck, purgatives, unless Specific Contagious Diseases. 99 contra-indicated, and bromide of potassium. The rheu- matic complication must be treated like ordinary rheuma- tism, with colchicum, salicin, salicylate of soda, propylamine, acetate of potassa, turpentine, warmth, counter-irritants, etc. TYPHOID, GASTEIC, OE BILIOUS FEVER. This strongly resembles the abdominal form of influenza and sometimes occurs in the same place at the same time. It also appears independently in horses weakened by shed- ding their coats in spring and autumn, in those kept in a hot, close, impure, and unwholesome atmosphere, fed insuffi- ciently or on badly -preserved, musty, or otherwise injured aliment, supplied with water containing an excess of decom- posing organic matter, fed irregularly, subjected to over- work, etc. Finally it proves contagious in confined, insalu- brious buildings, and to a less extent, in those that are wholesome and well aired. Some unknown, generally acting influence makes it more virulent at one season than at an- other. Symptoms. There are a few days of dullness and lassi- tude followed by the general signs of fever: Staring coat, shivering, alternate heat and coldness of the surface, rest- lessness, hot, dry mouth, and elevation of the internal tem- perature of the body. There is a yellowish tinge of the mucous membranes, costiveness, colicky pains, full, tense,* tender belly, passage of a few dark, hard pellets of dung covered with a mucous film, urine scanty, reddish, and de- positing a sediment, pulse rapid and weak, and there may or may not be sore throat, excited breathing, and discharge from the nose. In the more favorable cases, signs of im- provement are noticeable in eight or nine days, and a per- fect recovery is made. In the unfavorable, the pulse be- comes small, weak and rapid (eighty to ninety per minute), the mouth hotter, more clammy, and covered by yellow- 100 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. ish, brownish, or greenish blotches, the abdominal walls more tender, the bowels more irritable, sometimes with a f cetid diarrhoea, and the strength is rapidly exhausted. The head is constantly pendant, the eye sunken, the expression of the countenance stupid and haggard, and the stupor or in- sensibility may become so great that pinching or even prick- ing of the skin may pass unnoticed by the animal. Death usually takes place from the tenth to the twentieth day. Treatment. English veterinarians rely much on calomel, and with a firm, full pulse, not too rapid, a general warmth of surface and extremities, a bright eye, cheerful counte- nance, whitish, foetid dung, and much yellowness of the eye, nose, or mouth, a few doses of calomel (10 grs.) and opium (30 grs.), repeated twice daily, may be useful in stimulating the liver and throwing off injurious agents from the blood. But it is to be avoided when there is a weak, rapid pulse and great prostration and debility, and in no case should it be given over two or three days, or until the system is satu- rated with the drug. Severe costiveness may be obviated by 2 or 3 drs. of aloes and a drachm of calomel, or by a daily dose of 2 or 3 Ozs. of Glauber's salt until relax- ation occurs. Soft feeding and copious injections of warm water must be continued to maintain the bowels in a healthy state. A drachm each of chlorate or nitrate of potassa and muriate of ammonia may be given three or four times 'daily with the water drunk, or in case of great dullness and debility an ounce of oil of turpentine, sulphuric ether, sweet spirits of nitre, or carbonate of ammonia may be given as well. Great tenderness of the belly may be met by persistent hot fomentations and mustard poultices, and if necessary by half-drachm doses of opium. Tympany is treated by hand rubbing and by aromatic ammonia or oil of peppermint. During recovery 3 or 4 ozs. of tincture of gentian or cinchona may be given twice daily with mu- riate of iron and stimulants. Feed throughout on soft Specific Contagious Diseases. 101 bran mashes, sliced roots, boiled oats or barlej', green grass, oil-cake, etc., giving from the hand if necessary. Secure pure air and water, cleanliness, warm clothing, and general comfort until restored to health. CANUTE DISTEMPER. A specific fever of the young domestic carnivora, affect- ing the respiratory organs, and it may be the abdominal viscera, the brain, the muscular system and joints, or the skin. One attack usually protects from a second. Causes. Connected, like strangles, with domestication, it is most severe on pet dogs kept in hot, close rooms, on spiced food, or confined in kennels. Change of climate, teething, and contagion are other causes. Symptoms. Dullness, peevishness, loss of appetite, dry nose, watery eyes, elevated temperature, increased pulse (110 to 120), sensitiveness to cold, shivering, cough and glairy or yellowish discharge from the nose. The cough becomes paroxysmal and is often followed by vomiting, the matter not being licked up again, the breathing is disturbed, and the chest-sounds on auscultation and percussion imply disease there. The animal is weak, debilitated and ema- ciated, and diarrhoea, ulceration of the mouth, and nervous symptoms usually precede death. The complications are marked by symptoms of bronchi- tis, pneumonia, enteritis, hepatitis, conjunctivitis, phrenitis and skin-disease. Diseases of the brain (cramps, convul- sions, chorea, paralysis) and skin-eruption are exceedingly common in the advanced stages. The ernption is peculiar, consisting of small blisters, containing often a reddish or purple fluid. Treatment. A warm, comfortable bed, pure air, and a milk, or bread and milk diet are important. The diet should not be so exclusive in dogs having had animal food only. 9* 102 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. A mild emetic (antimonial wine) or a slight laxative (castor oil) may be followed by tonics (gentian, quinia), febrifuges (saltpetre), and expectorants (ipecacuanha), with perhaps an anodyne (belladonna). As fever subsides, tonics must be given freely (wine, quinia, sulphate of iron, Fow- ler's solution). In all the various complications treat as for the different diseases, but avoid weakening remedies, and keep up tonics, stimulants, and a nutritious diet. MALIGNANT CHOLEKA. ASIATIC CHOLERA. This attacks the domestic quadrupeds and birds simul- taneously with man, and has been produced experimentally by feeding the dried bowel discharges. These were found to increase in virulence for several days then to decrease (Sanderson). The germ is a curved (comma) bacillus. Symptoms. Muscular cramps, great prostration, partial loss of motor power and excitability, great lowering of the body temperature (80° F.), deathly cold, bloodless extremi- ties, viscid tardily-flowing blood, and lastly, violent abdom- inal pains and fluid bowel dejections, often having the specific rice-water appearance. Treatment. The disease is mainly important as propa- gating a poison so fatal to the human being, hence the most perfect disinfection of all bowel dejections is imper- ative, together with the seclusion and burial of the sick 'and dead. As an example of current treatment may be named, aromatics (oil of anise, oil of cajeput, oil of juni- per, tincture of cinnamon), stimulants (ether)/ and acids (sulphuric acid), mixed and given every quarter of an hour. In the early stages add opium to check diarrhoea. To overcome surface coldness and collapse, use hot fomenta- tions, rubbing, inhalation of nitrite of amyl ; to sheath the intestines, demulcent drinks (linseed tea, mallow, slippery elm), and to meet other states according to in- Specific Contagious Diseases. 103 dications. Every separate case would demand special treatment. SWINE-PLAGUE. HOG-CHOLEBA. A specific contagious fever of swine, attended by conges- tion, exudation, blood extravasation, and ulceration of the membrane of the stomach and bowels, by liquid foetid diar- rhoea, by general heat and redness of the surface and by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of spots and patches of a scarlet, purple, or black color. It is fatal in from one to six days, or ends in a tedious, uncertain re- covery. The germ is in some epizootics a diplococcus, and in others a bacillus, implying two distinct diseases. Symptoms. Incubation ranges from a week or fortnight in cold weather to three days in warm. It is followed by shivering, dullness, prostration, hiding under the litter, un- willingness to rise, hot, dry snout, sunken eyes, unsteady gait behind, impaired or lost appetite, ardent thirst, in- creased temperature (103.2° to 105° F.) and pulse. With the occurrence of heat and soreness of the skin, it is suf- f lised with red patches and black spots, the former disap- pearing on pressure, the latter not. The tongue is thickly furred, the pulse small, weak, and rapid, the breathing ac- celerated and a hard dry cough is frequent. Sickness and vomiting may be present, the animal grunts or screams if the belly is handled, the bowels may be costive throughout, but more commonly they become relaxed about the third day and an exhausting foetid diarrhoea ensues. Lymph and blood may pass with the dung. Before death the patient loses control of the hind limbs and is often sunk in complete stupor, with muscular trembling, jerking, and involuntary motions of the bowels. The lymphatic glands swell in all cases. Causes. It is propagated by contagion, though faults in diet and management may prove accessory. The poison 104 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. will blow half a mile or more on the wind, and is with diffi- culty destroyed in hog-pens, fodder, etc. Treatment ought not to be permissible, unless in a con- stantly disinfected atmosphere. Feed well-boiled gruel of barley or rye, or, in case these raise the fever, corn-starch made with boiling water ; give to drink fresh cool water, slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid. For the early con- stipation give a mild laxative (castor oil, rhubarb) and in- jections of warm water, following up with fever medicine (nitrate of potassa and bisulphite of soda). If the patient survives the first few days and shows signs of ulceration of the bowels (bloody d ung, tender belly), give oil of turpentine, fifteen to twenty drops night and morning. Follow up with tonics, and careful soft feeding. Prevention. Kill and bury the diseased ; thoroughly disinfect all they have come in contact with ; watch the survivors for the first sign of illness, test all suspicious sub- jects with the thermometer in the rectum, and separate from the herd if it shows more than 103° F., destroying as soon as distinct signs of the disease are shown. Feed vegetable or animal charcoal, bisulphite of soda, carbolic acid, or sul- phate of iron to the healthy, and avoid all suspected food, places, or even water which has run near a diseased herd. All newly purchased pigs should be placed at a safe dis- tance, in quarantine under separate attendants, until their health has been proved. TEXAS FEVER. A specific fever, rising in the low, malarious grounds of the States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, and communi- cable to the cattle of the elevated lands of the same and other States in a more fatal form. It is characterized by enlarged spleen, profound changes in the blood, escape of the blood-elements into the substance of the various tissues Specific Contagious Diseases. 105 and with the urine causing bloody discharges from the kid- neys, yellowness of the mucous membranes and fat, great prostration and debility. Symptoms. There seems to be an incubation of four or five weeks, ending in elevated temperature (103° to 107°) and followed in five to seven days by dullness, languor, drooping head till the nose reaches the ground, arched back, hind legs advanced under the belly and bent at the fetlocks, cough more or less frequent, muscular trembling about the flanks, jerking of the neck muscles, heat of horns, ears, and general surface (limbs cold, in exceptional cases) and im- paired appetite and rumination. Soon weakness compels lying down, by choice in water, eyes are glassy and fixed, secretions lessened, dung hard and coated with mucus, or with clots of blood, and the urine changes to a deep red or black and coagulates on boiling. The mucous membranes are of a deep yellow or brown, that of the rectum, seen in passing dung, is of a dark red, as in Rinderpest. All these symptoms become aggravated, weakness be- comes extreme, and the patient dies in a state of stupor, or sometimes in convulsions. The disease usually passes unnoticed in the Texan cattle, but is exceedingly fatal in Northern beasts. Contagion takes place through the bowel discharges, and roads, pastures, water-courses, etc., become efficient bearers of the virus. It is destroyed at once by frost, and has never been satisfactorily demonstrated to be conveyed from one Northern animal to another. Sucking calves rarely suffer. One attack does not protect against another. There is a strongly refrangent micrococcus in the bile and blood. Det- mers has also found a bacillus. Prevention. It should be enforced by United States law that no Gulf-coast cattle should be moved north excepting after the first frosts of autumn, or before the last frosts of spring. Then would the traffic be safe for all the North. 106 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. The time would vary for the different States, but the ear- lier or later traffic for the extreme North should be by direct route without intermediate unloading. A general restric- tion of this sort, with the expense levied on all the States, would be more economical and satisfactory than a supervision by each State of its own frontier. Treatment should never be called for. It may, however, be resorted to with less danger than in the case of a true plague. In some cases emollient drinks and enemas, soft food, and stimulating fever medicines have been followed by recovery. Chlorate of potassa, nitre, iodide of potassium, and carbolic acid have evidently been of advantage. "Wet- sheet packing, as for Lung-fever, should be beneficial, and refrigerant or stimulating diuretics (digitalis, nitre, or ni- trous ether), according to the indications of the particular case. Peculiarities in different cases would demand a vari- ation of treatment. The diet throughout should be of soft mashes, and a return to ordinary fibrous aliment made slowly and carefully, patients being liable to be cut off by gastro- enteritis. CANINE MADNESS. BABIES (hYDEOPHOBIA). A specific bacteridian disease of the genus canis (dog wolf, fox) and the cat, and transmissible by inoculation to all the domestic animals and to man. It is marked by dis- orders of intellectual, emotional, and nervous functions, al- tered habits, irritable temper, optical delusions, spasms of the muscles of the eyeballs and throat, paralysis, and more or less fever. Causes. Inoculation by bite is the usual (almost invari- able) cause, yet cases arise also from other channels of con- tagion. Season, climate, abuse, privation of water, improper food, muzzling, etc., have no effect further than they serve to produce a febrile state and hasten the development of Specific Contagious Diseases. 107 the disease when the seeds are already implanted in the sys- tem. A constantly increasing mass of testimony points to the conclusion that the restraint of an ungovernable sexual desire is one cause of the development of the malady, and it is even supposed that the maternal instinct has had a sim- ilar effect after the puppies have been removed. Males chiefly suffer, partly, no doubt, from their special liability to common accessory causes, but mainly because the rabid dog is far more likely to bite a male than a female. Dowdes- well finds a micrococcus in the brain and spinal cord. The poison is resident in the saliva and blood, but not always in the milk. The saliva of rabid herbivora, om- nivora, and men is equally virulent with that of carnivora, though in all animals it varies in intensity according to the stage of the disease. Of animals bitten by a violently rabid dog nearly all contract the disease, whereas among men the proportion is five to fifty-five per cent. This ap- parent immunity is largely due to the cleaning of the teeth on the dress before they reach the skin. Incubation varies in dogs from five to eighty days, the majority showing symptoms thirty to forty days after the bite ; in the horse fifteen to ninety days (usually thirty) ; in cattle twenty to thirty days ; sheep twenty to seventy- four days ; swine twenty to forty-nine days. In man it ranges about the same, exceptional cases extending over years being manifestly instances of disease resulting from fear, a common occurrence in the human being. Symptoms. In the Dog. Any sudden change of habits, or instincts — dullness, restlessness, watchfulness, tendency to pick up and swallow straws and other small objects, con- stant desire to smell or lick the anus or generative organs of themselves or others, to lick a stone or other smooth, cold object, to rub the throat or chops with the fore paws, silent endurance of pain, rubbing or licking of a scar, the seat of the bite, liability to sudden passion and attempts 108 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. to bite at sight of another dog or cat, may be looked on as very suspicious, if rabies exists in the country. Soon the characteristic howl is omitted. The voice is hoarse, low, and muffled, and there is one loud howl, followed by three or four more, successively diminishing in force and uttered without closing the mouth. Some dogs appear unusually fond of their owners and fatally inoculate them by licking their hands and face. Others turn the head and eyes as if following imaginary objects and snap as if at flies. Bark- ing without object, a constant searching, or tearing of wood, etc., to pieces, a seeking of darkness and seclusion and a disposition to resent disturbance, or a pilgrimage of several days' absence from home are among the most common pre- cursors of the disease. Furious Rabies. Following some of the above symptoms there is a redness and fixed glare in the eyes, squinting, rolling of the eyes after fancied objects, more frequent howling, and increasing irritability with a tendency to worry all animals that come in their way, the respect for, and immunity of former friends being lost in the violence of a paroxysm. The victim can no longer rest, but under- takes long journeys at a slouching trot, ready to fly at all that cross his path, especially if they make any noise or outcry. He may die during one of these journeys, or re- turn dirty, careworn, and sullen, with the rabid glare in his eye and ready to resent any interference. Each paroxysm of violence or wandering is followed by a period of depres- sion and torpor proportionate to the preceding excitement, during which dark and seclusion are preferred, though any disturbance will arouse to violence. From the fourth to the eighth day paralysis sets in, first in the hind limbs, then in the jaw and the whole body, the certain precursor of ap- proaching death. Paralytic Babies. In this case paralysis with dropping of the lower jaw is shown at the outset, and gradually ex- Specific Contagious Diseases. 109 tends to the whole body. The animal cannot bite, eat, nor drink, rarely barks, and dies early. Lethargic {Tranquil) Rabies. Palsy of the jaw is less marked, but there is complete apathy, the patient remain- ing curled up in one position, and is not to be roused by any effort. He becomes daily more emaciated and dies in ten to fifteen days. In addition to these typical forms there are others hold- ing an intermediate place. The furious form is especially common in bulldogs, hounds, and the less domesticated varieties, the paralytic and tranquil in the house and pet dogs. Popular Fallacies. I name these because of the evil re- sults of entertaining them. 1. Mad dogs have no fear of water {hydrophobia). On the contrary, they swim rivers, plunge their noses in water or lap their urine without hesi- tation. 2. Appetite is not lost, only depraved, and the stomach after death is found to contain an endless variety of improper objects. 3. There is rarely froth at the mouth, though saliva may run from it when the jaw is paralyzed. 4. The tail is not carried between the legs but is rather held erect during a paroxysm. Foxes and wolves have symptoms like those of the dog, the animals losing their natural shyness or fear, and attack- ing man and beast indiscriminately. Cats attack with claws and teeth, flying at the face and hands, and utter hoarse loud cries, as in heat. The horse bites, kicks, neighs, draws his yard, rolls his eyes, jerks his muscles, and dies paralyzed. The mischievous propensity distinguishes from delirium. The ox is restless, excitable, everts the upper lip, grinds his teeth, bellows loudly and as if in terror, scrapes with his fore feet, and butts and kicks all who approach. There is jerking of the muscles and finally paralysis. Sheep are similarly excited, show sexual appetite, stamp, butt, and bleat hoarsely. They die paralytic. Swine are 10 110 The Farmer 's Veterinary Adviser. excitable, restless, grunt hoarsely, champ the jaws, bite in- truders, tear objects to pieces, gape, yawn, become weak and die paralytic. Recoveries are extremely rare. Treatment This can only be warranted in the lower animals in hope of discovering a curative method for man, and then with extreme precautions and in iron cages. Theoretically, vapor baths, with sulphites and antispas- modics (datura, atropia, chloral-hydrate, etc.), would promise the best results. The boasted curative agents have all broken down when tried on well-marked cases in the lower animals, in which diseases of the imagination are not to be looked for. Prevention. When bitten, at once check the flow of blood from the part, in the limb by a handkerchief or cord with a piece of wood through it twisted tightly around the member a little higher than the wound, — in other parts by sucking, or by cutting open the wound to its depth and squeezing or wringing as if milking to keep up a free flow of blood, soaking it meanwhile in warm water if available. Drinking liquids to excess will also retard absorption. But as soon as caustics can be had apply them thoroughly to all parts of the wound, making sure that its deepest recesses are reached. The compression by handkerchief or fingers should not be relaxed until this operation is completed. A hot skewer, nail, or poker serves admirably, and if at a white heat is less painful. But oil of vitriol, spirit of salt, nitric acid, caustic potassa or soda, butter of antimony, chloride of zinc, nitrate of silver, blue stone, copperas, in- deed any caustic at hand should be at once employed. The wound should be thoroughly cauterized, though some time has elapsed since the bite, as absorption does not always take place at once. All dogs should be registered, taxed, and furnished with a collar bearing their own and their owner's names and Specific Contagious Diseases. Ill that of their residence. During the existence of rabies in a country all clogs found at large unmuzzled should be de- stroyed. Suspected dogs should be shut up under super- vision for three months unless rabies is developed earlier. Dogs that have bitten human beings should be similarly shut up for a week to test the existence of the disease or otherwise. Pasteur's method of rendering the system insusceptible is by preserving the spinal cord of a rabid animal in a sterilized bottle, with free access of air, but protected against all germs by a filter of sterilized cotton- wool, until inocula- tion with its substance is no longer fatal. Beginning with this, say twelve days old, he inoculates his patient and the following day he operates again using virus which has been kept one day less, and so on daily, using the progressively stronger virus until he has inoculated with that of the full strength. A number of recent failures have led him to adopt his intensive method, by which this series of inocula- tions is practically repeated several times. That the process is generally protective must be acknowledged, as otherwise all his subjects must have died of the last and strongest virulent injection, whereas less than one per cent, have ac- tually perished. On the other hand, to laud such protection as constant and absolute is to contradict all that we know of acquired vital resistance to specific disease-poisons, and is to contradict the results of Pasteur's own inoculations. Add to this that a constant succession of cases must be kept up to obtain the requisite amount of virus of the different required potencies, and that after the inoculations the sub- jects carry away in their bodies the most virulent virus that Pasteur has been able to produce, to the danger of any other susceptible animals with which they may come in contact, and the method must be held to be pregnant with danger. It is a notorious fact that since Pasteur began in- oculating rabies has become extraordinarily prevalent in 112 The Farmer 's Veterinary Adviser. France and England where Lis protected animals have mostly gone. Galtier found that in rabbits and sheep protection with- out visible disease was secured by injecting the rabid saliva into the veins without contact with the tissues. Fernandez shows, from extensive statistics and numerous experiments that dogs bitten by vipers are proof against rabies. I have had the following results with rabid brain matter, sterilized and diffused in water : English terrier had three injections of twenty drops each on successive days, then in- oculated with virulent matter on the brain ; proved fatal, but death delayed till the twenty-fifth day instead of the sixteenth. Two rabbits had three hypodermic injections of one drachm each on successive days ; afterward inoculated with virulent brain matter, but resisted for nine months. One rabbit after four injections of one drachm each of steril- ized rabid brain matter, inoculated with fresli rabid brain matter, but survived nine months. Three control rabbits inoculated with fresh rabid brain matter, one on the brain, and two hypodermatically, all died of paralytic rabies, the first on the sixteenth day, the second on the seventy-second, and the third on the one hundred and eightieth day. In- oculation of any kind, however, which demands the propa- gation of the germ is not to be commended. BACILLAR ANTHRAX. A contagious disorder, prevailing in rich, damp localities, in herbivora and swine, and communicable by inoculation to other animals and to man. It shows itself in many dif- ferent forms, all characterized by extreme changes in the chemical and vital properties of the blood, breaking down of the blood-globules, extravasations of blood or albuminous fluids in different parts of the body, with a tendency to Specific Contagious Diseases. 113 gangrene, yellow or brown mucous membranes, enlarge- ment or even rupture of the spleen (milt), and a very high mortality. The germ is a bacillus viable out of the body in damp soils, etc. Causes. It is propagated by contagion but tends to die out when produced in this way only. It is transmitted by contact with the blood, liquid exudations, portions of the diseased carcase, fat, skins, hair, wool, bristles, feathers, and bowel evacuations, and rarely or not at all through the at- mosphere. Simple contact of these matters with the healthy skin of a susceptible subject is at times enough to produce the disease. The virus is most potent when received from an animal still living or only recently dead, and yet may be preserved for months in all conditions of climate, tempera- ture, and humidity. Eating of the flesh of animals killed while suffering in this way has often conveyed the disease despite the cooking to which it was subjected. Fifteen thousand of the inhab- itants of St. Domingo once perished in six weeks from this cause, and a whole family was poisoned a few years ago in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The Tartars perish in great num- bers from eating their anthrax horses. Mosquitoes and other insects with perforating apparatus to the mouth help to com- municate it, as nearly all cases in man occur on exposed parts of the body, and inoculation of the insects' stomachs has caused the disease. Its preservation in a locality is determined : 1. By the rich surface soil abounding in organic matter, and the im- pervious subsoil preventing natural drainage. 2. The fre- quent inundations of banks of rivers flowing through level countries and the drying up of ponds and lakes leaving much organic deposit in their basins. 3. A continuation of warm, dry weather, which favors organic emanations from such places as the above. 4. A condition of the system of the ani- mal predisposing to the reception and growth of the poison, 10* 114 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. and consisting in the loading of the blood with plastic or waste organic matter, as in overfed plethoric animals, in those making flesh most rapidly, in the young and rapidly growing, in those rendered unhealthy by overwork, impure air, unsuitable food or water. 5. Sudden chills when the poison is already present ; hence, extreme variations in the temperature of night and day. 6. A close, still atmosphere. General Characters. In the typical cases the blood is black, tarry, and incoagulable, and in all it shows broken- up globules, and microscopic rod-like bodies, bacillus anthracis, 3.5 fi ( t^qo inch) long, and one-fourth as broad. The spleen, lymphatic glands, and liver are enlarged, the mucous mem- branes of the stomach and intestines are usually reddened, thickened, and softened, and any other part of the body may be the seat of bloody or albuminous effusion with a tendency to death, decomposition, the extrication of gases in the tis- sues and a crackling sound when handled. When it com- mences in one point on the surface (malignant pustule) there is first an unhealthy eruption of minute blisters, which burst, dry up, and become gangrenous, while new blisters appear around as the unhealthy action spreads. Divisions. The bacillar anthrax may be manifested by external disease, or swelling, or without such appearances. To the first class belong the carbuncular erysipelas of sheep and swine, malignant sore throat of hogs, gloss-anthrax or black-tongue, one form of black-quarter or bloody murrain, the boil-plague of Siberia, and the malignant pustule of man. To the second belong all those forms of the disease in which there are the specific changes in the blood, with engorge- ment of the spleen, blood-staining, and exudations into inter- nal organs, only. ANTHRAX WITH EXTERNAL LESIONS. (A) In Horses. — (1) Siberian Boil-plague. This is un- questionably an anthrax disease, and though named from Specific Contagious Diseases. 115 Siberia is not unknown in other lands. A slight shivering and fever are followed by a swelling on the udder, sheath, breast, throat, or elsewhere, which rapidly increases, some- times to the size of an infant's head. At first soft, it hard- ens, assuming a yellow, bacon-like appearance, with red streaks and spots. The animals die in twelve or twenty-four hours, rarely surviving three days. The blood is in the state so characteristic of anthrax, with bacteria, enlarged spleen, and sanguineous effusions. In cattle similar tumors appear, mainly on the throat, neck, or dewlap, in sheep and goats on the bare surfaces and in pigs around the throat. In all cases the disease, when conveyed to man, produces the blue-pox (malignant pustule). At the outset all cases prove fatal ; later, recoveries occur under the local use of cold water, or the hot iron or other caustics pushed to the depth of the tumor, and mineral acids internally. (2) Anthrax with Diffused Local Swellings / Typhus. This is usually confounded with the purpura hcemorrhagica, which occurs in weak conditions of the body, as a sequel of debilitating diseases (influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc.). Our limits forbid extended treatment, hence the general symptoms will be named, and the observer left to distinguish the two diseases according to their origin, communicability, and prevalence. Symptoms. Shivering, lassitude, stupor, impaired appe- tite, whitish discharge from the nose, accelerated pulse and breathing, costiveness with slimy dung or scouring, high- colored, odorous, or bloody urine, swellings the size of a walnut or closed fist on different parts of the body, or a continuous swelling beneath the chest and belly, or extreme engorgement of the limbs or head. These are at first hot and tender, and easily indented with the finger, but soon be- come hard, the skin gets rigid and exudes drops of a yellow serum or pure blood. They may render the patient unable to walk, see, feed, drink, urinate, or breathe, according to 116 The Farmer 's Veterinary Adviser. situation. The mucous membranes become swelled, puffy, dusky or yellow, with red spots and streaks, and a viscid, bloody, and finally foetid discharge flows from the nose. Breathing may become labored and quick in connection with exudations into the chest, or violent colics may supervene from effusions in the abdomen. With internal effusions death ensues in forty-eight hours, with external only, the ef- fects may last for weeks or months before ending in recovery or death. In the latter case the swellings may suddenly dis- appear to reappear elsewhere, they may subside permanently in connection with free action of the bowels or kidneys, or they may slough, leaving extensive and sluggish sores and scars. (B) In the Ox. — (1) Black Tongue / also in the Horse. This is manifested by the eruption of blisters, red, purple, or black, on the tongue, palate, and cheeks, increasing individ- ually often to the size of a lien's egg, bursting, discharging an ichorous, irritating fluid, and forming unhealthy sores with more or less tumefaction. There is a bloody discharge from the mouth, active fever sets in, and death ensues in twenty-four to forty-eight hours. (2) Black-quarter ; Bloody Murrain. This is some- times anthrax, with extensive engorgement of a shoulder, quarter, neck, breast, or side. It is most frequent in young and rapidly thriving stock, attacking first the finest of the herd or those thriving most rapidly, and runs its course so quickly that its victims are usually found dead in the field as the first indication of anything amiss. If seen during life there are the general symptoms of plethora, fever, with halt- ing on one limb, stiffness, and excessive tenderness of some parts of the skin, to be promptly followed by swelling of such parts, with yellow or bloody oozing from the surface. These swellings become firm, tense, insensible, and even cold, and if the subject survives may finally slough open and leave large, unsightly, and inactive sores. Recoveries are the ex- ception and too often slow and tedious. Specific Contagious Diseases. 117 (C) In Sheep. — Carbuncular Erysipelas. This strongly resembles black-quarter of cattle. Like that it attacks the finest of the flock and the bodies of its victims are found dead in the field. There is first halting on a limb, then a red or violet swelling, beginning inside the leg and rapidly extending over the body. The feeling, appearance and course of the swelling agree with those of black-quarter and death occurs in a few hours, or in exceptional cases in two days. (D) In Swine. — These suffer from Anthrax of the Mouth comparable to black-tongue, carbuncular erysipelas, like that of the sheep, pharyngeal anthrax, and tumors about the throat, which sometimes, at least, have the anthrax char- acters. (1) The Carbuncular Erysipelas has been constantly con- founded in systematic veterinary works with swine-plague, but is a distinct disease, being derivable from other anthrax patients and communicable to other genera of animals and to man, whereas hog-cholera is mainly confined to swine. (2) Malignant Sore-throat • Pharyngeal Anthrax. This is perhaps the most frequent form of the disease in swine, often appearing to arise from eating the carcasses or ex- cretions of other anthrax animals. There is active fever with redness and swelling of the throat, neck, breast, and even the fore limbs. This is at first hard, elastic, warm, and tender, but becomes purple, cool, insensible, and pits on pressure. There is loss of appetite, retching, vomitino-, purple patches and black spots on the eyes, snout, and skin, difficult breathing through the mouth, livid tongue, de- creasing temperature, great weakness, and death in one or two days. (3) In the guttural tumors the swelling is circumscribed to the size of a kidney-bean or egg, on one or both sides of the throat, extending to involve the throat generally, causing vomiting, difficult breathing and swallowing, the 118 The Farmer 's Veterinary Adviser. general symptoms of anthrax, and death from suffocation often under twenty-four hours. It attacks pigs of five or six months. (E) In Dogs and Cats. — These suffer when they have eaten the carcasses of anthrax victims. The disease usually lo- calizes itself in the mouth, throat, and digestive organs, giving rise to bloody vomiting and purging, with high fe- ver and often death. (F) Bieds suffer from the primary disease and more frequently from eating the debris of anthrax victims. The susceptibility of birds is slight, but may be easily developed by a chill or other cause of low vitality and lessened power of resistance. In addition to the fever, characteristic swellings appear mainly on the comb, beak, and feet. (G) In Man. — Malignant Pustule. There is itchiness of the affected part, with a minute red spot, increasing in twelve or fifteen hours to the size of a millet-seed, bursting and drying with a livid appearance in thirty-six hours. Next day a new crop of vesicles surround the seat of the first and p*ass through the same course, to be succeeded by an- other and still wider ring. The whole is surrounded by a puffy, shining swelling, the central dry part passes through the shades of red, blue, brown, and black, becomes gan- grenous and insensible and in case of recovery is sloughed off. At first the disease is quite local, but as it advances a violent fever sets in, which too often proves fatal. Bacillar Anthrax without External Swellings. Apoplectic Form. In all animals there is a form in which the victim is cut off after a few minutes' illness, with or without discharge of blood from the natural openings of the body and before time has been allowed for any of those changes in the blood and internal organs which char- acterize the disease. These are often to be distinguished from apoplectic seizures and sunstroke only by their occur- Specific Contagious Diseases. 119 rence simultaneously with other forms of anthrax and in the same places. Anthrax Fever in Horses. Vigorous health is replaced by dullness, muscular weakness, stupor, hanging on the halter, leaning on the side of the stall, if at work unsteady movement, colicky pains, lying down and rising, turning the head toward the flank. The hair is dry and erect, the hide tense, and may even crepitate on handling ; the skin trembles or sweats about the ears, elbows, or thighs. The eyes and nose assume a yellow or reddish or brownish- yellow tinge, with oftentimes dark red or black spots. The pulse is weak, the heart's impulse behind the left elbow strong, breathing labored or quick and catching. A frothy, bloody fluid may appear at the nose. The bowels are costive, the dung covered with mucus, or loose with streaks of blood. The rectum, everted, is of a dark red and puffy. Great weakness comes on and the patient dies in convulsions or during the subsequent calm. Death usually occurs in twelve to twenty-four hours. Anthrax Fever in Oxen/ Splenic Apoplexy. The*patient ceases feeding and ruminating or does so irregularly, trem- bles, has partial sweats, staring coat, varying heat of the body, arched back, quarters rested on the stall or fence, or lies with the head turned to the flank. A high tem- perature (105° to 107°) precedes the outward symptoms by hours or days. The eye is sunken, dull, watery, with the shades of brown and yellow, and dark spots, remarked in the horse ; breathing hurried, heart's action violent, pulse weak, loins and back tender or even crepitating, urine bloody, bloody liquids escape from nose, anus, or eyes, and the dung is streaked with blood. As the disease advances the temperature of the body decreases and the patient dies in convulsions or quietude, or makes a rapid recovery. The fatal result usually takes place in from twelve to twenty- four hours. 120 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Anthrax Fever in Sheep; Blood- striking ; Braxy. Is very promptly fatal, the dead and already foetid carcasses being usually found in the morning though the flock was apparently well at night. The black, tarry blood brighten- ing very slowly on exposure, the enlarged spleen and mesen- teric glands, the red, puffy, softened membrane of the bowels, and the bloody and gelatinous exudations show the true nature of the disease. AVhen seen during life there are signs of plethora, fever, red eyes, costiveness, bloody, mucous dung, bloody urine, colicky pains, unsteady gait, breathlessness when driven, flattened fleece, deep-snnken eyes, stupor, convulsions, and speedy death. Many cases of so-called braxy are not communicable to other animals, hence not genuine anthrax. Anthrax Fever in Swine. There are dullness, thirst, in- appetence, a tardy, unsteady gait, hot, pendent ears, droop- ing tail, deep, dull brownish-red eyes, hurried breathing, small pulse, violent heart's action, and tense, tender abdo- men. Nervous tremors, twitching, or cramps come on, the body cools, bloody urine is passed and sometimes bloody dung. Dark or black spots appear on the skin and mucous membranes, as in hog-cholera, and if the animal survives, these are sloughed off, often leaving sores. If swelling- appears externally it is often a herald of improvement. Anthrax Fever in Birds. There is inappetence, ruffling of plumage, sinking of the head in the shoulders, foetid diarrhoea, drooping, trailing wings, tenderness to the touch, muscular weakness, unsteady walk, inability to perch, livid or black comb and wattles. Sometimes the feathers drop off and swellings appear about the head, throat, or feet. Treatment of Bacillar Anthrax. This is unsatisfactory, owing to the rapidly fatal action of the poison. The first cases usually die, the later ones may often be treated with fair success. Specific Contagious Diseases. 121 General Treatment. In very plethoric subjects bleeding may prove beneficial at the outset, but in advanced stages, in poor and weak subjects, and in those with feeble con- stitutions, like sheep, it is to be strongly condemned. Act on the bowels, kidneys, and skin to eliminate the poison (sulphates of soda, or magnesia, acetate, nitrate, or tartrate of potassa, common salt, oil of turpentine). Sponge with cold water and rub actively till dry. E,ub with camphor- ated spirit or oil of turpentine. Give tonics (quinia, sali- cin, etc.), antiseptics (mineral acids, nitro-muriatic acid, tincture of the muriate of iron, chlorate of potassa, car- bolic acid, bisulphite of soda, tincture of iodine, iodide of potassium, biniodide of mercury, salicylate of soda, bichro- mate of potassa). In the Genesee outbreak of 1875 I had admirable results from the use of nitro-muriatic acid sixty drops, bichromate of potassa three grs., and chlorate of potassa two drachms, twice daily by the mouth, and two or three drachms of a saturated solution of sulphate of quinia, iodide of potassium and bisulphate of soda injected at equal intervals beneath the skin. Of fifty very sick oxen only four died. In the advanced and weak conditions stimulants (alco- hol, turpentine, ether, valerian, angelica, camphor, etc.), are useful. Local Treatment. This is very successful with inocu- lated forms of the disease (malignant pustule, boil-plague, gloss-anthrax, malignant sore throat) if employed before the poison has passed into the system and produced fever. For these, free cauterization, and especially with the anti- septic caustics (crystallized carbolic acid, the mineral acids, chloride of zinc, chloride of iron, sulphate of iron or cop- per, tincture of iodine), is successful. But the whole dis- eased tissue must be reached, and in the case of the tongue the blisters must be first laid open and. the agent ap- plied in small quantity with a brush, or more freely in a di- ll 122 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. luted condition. In some external cases the hot iron is used with advantage. Such treatment may still be applied to circumscribed tumors accompanied by the fever, being fol- lowed by poultices to encourage suppuration. For extensive engorgements use astringents (cold water, vinegar, etc.), weak antiseptic lotions, and, above all, in- jections with a hypodermic syringe of antiseptics (diluted tincture of iodine, diluted carbolic acid — 1-100, etc.). The hypodermic treatment is equally applicable to the circum- scribed tumors, but we must saturate their whole substance, otherwise absorption of the poison will lead to general dis- order. Prevention. 1. Drain the soil thoroughly. 2. When a soil cannot be drained, soil the stock in-doors or on other pastures rather than graze them. 3. Remove the stock from pastures known to be dangerous as soon as summer heat and dryness of the soil favor malarious emanations (late summer and autumn). 4. Shelter the stock at night and secure the shade of trees or sheds during the day, when, after a hot, dry season, there comes an extreme difference between the day and night temperature. 5. Se- cure abundance of pure water, avoiding such as is stag- nant or putrid. 6. Keep always in good thriving condi- tion, and avoid sudden accessions of plethora. Artificial feeding in dry times is often necessary to secure this, or, in case of an over-luxuriant pasture, seclusion in a barn- yard for four or five hours a day. Sheep may be shut up on moonlight nights, to prevent feeding, in dangerous localities. 7. Overwork, exhaustion, close-aired buildings, ill-health, or whatever tends to load the blood with waste matter should be avoided. 8. Exposed animals may have a little nitro-muriatic, sulphuric, or carbolic acid daily in the water or food. 9. Diseased animals must be separated from the healthy. ' 10. Carcasses, secretions, dung, litter, etc., of diseased animals should be burned or otherwise per- Specific Contagious Diseases. 123 fectly destroyed. Buildings, yards, sheds, etc., occupied by the diseased should be thoroughly disinfected. Pastures should be abandoned for that season, and graves fenced safely from trespass for two years. 11. None but the at- tendants should approach the diseased. 12. Before hand- ling, cauterize all raw sores on hands or face with lunar caus- tic and wash the hands in a weak solution of carbolic acid both before and after. 13. Shut up all dogs, cats, and pigeons. 14. Never allow the flesh or milk to pass into consumption. By way of prevention I have had excellent results from two hypodermicinjections, at intervals of a week, of a drachm of the diseased blood or exudate, after it had been exposed for an hour to a temperature of 150° F. Pasteur's method of injecting the weakened virus is only permissible on soils already charged with the poison. Elsewhere it endangers the permanent implanting of the germ in new soil. Vibrionic Anthrax. Emphysematous Anthrax. Bloody Murrain. Milzbrand-Emphysem. Charbon Symp- tomatique. From the time of Chabert till recently this has been classed with bacillar anthrax, but is now shown to depend on a vibrio or motile rod, shorter and broader than that of anthrax, rounded at its ends and furnished with a clear re- frangent nucleus near one end (rarely in the middle, though there may be two, one at each end of a long vibrio). The nucleus is easily mistaken for a micrococcus, as the filament has the same index of refraction with the surrounding liquid. In its active movements too it often presents but one end, and thus appears spherical. The germ is fatal to guinea-pigs, and in large doses to cattle, sheep, and goats, but can be inoculated with difficulty only on rabbits, horses, and asses, while dogs, cats, swine, and chickens successfully resist it, 124 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. It is further distinguished from bacillar anthrax, in that animals insusceptible to that by reason of a previous attack or inoculation are not thereby rendered exempt from vibri- onic anthrax. The blood is not usually infecting, as it rarely contains the germ save in the advanced stages. The vibrio is found above all, in the liver, but also in the lymphatic glands, spleen, kidney, lung, and intermuscular connective tissue when the seat of the exudate. The disease is ushered in by high fever and much depres- sion, followed in a few hours by a swelling on some part of the body, at first soft and doughy, but soon crackling under pressure from the formation of gases under the skin. The ear laid on the swelling detects a fine crepitating sound caused by the bursting of fine bubbles of gas. The surface may be the seat of blisters with reddish contents, or it may discharge drops of a bloody or straw-colored serum which concretes on the surface, and the swelling, at first hot, may finally become cold and the skin dry and leathery should the animal survive. The skin may, further, crack open or slough off, together with part of the tissue beneath, forming an indolent, unhealthy sore. More commonly the fever advances rapidly, with rapidly increasing weakness and de- bility, and death ensues in a period varying from six hours to two days. It is only in the mildest cases that treatment can be of any avail, and then it need not differ materially from that advised for bacillar anthrax. The early appearance of the general fever would suggest the prompt use of internal antiseptics (salicylate of soda, iodide of potassium, quinia, bichloride of mercury, biniodide of mercury, bichromate of potash). For the local swelling, too, the free use of acid astringents (acetic, or hydrochloric acid) largely diluted, and antiseptics superficially and by hypodermic injection is to be recommended. Internally tincture of muriate of iron, Specific Contagious Diseases. 125 four drachms, every four hours, and locally equal parts of tincture of iodine, aqua ammonia, and oil of turpentine (Dr. Phares) is very successful. By way of 'prevention specific care should be given to the young and plethoric as the most susceptible. Keep- ing always in good condition and avoiding sudden acces- sions of plethora proves very beneficial. ]STo less useful is the maintenance of free action of bowels and kidneys, by a moderate ration of flaxseed or other laxative. The avoidance of night frosts alternating with hot noons, of un- wholesome or insufiicient food, of impure water, or, indeed, of any cause of debility is desirable. On infected soils the avoidance of damp grass, by seclusion in houses at night, or even by soiling the cattle altogether, may be resorted to. Antiseptics (copperas, carbolic acid, sulphites of soda or lime, and iodide of potassium) may be useful. It is a common practice on infected lands to insert a seton through the dewlap of each of the young cattle, with the view of preventing undue plethora. The beneficial result is probably rather due to the fact that the germ is planted in the wound, where, in connection with active suppuration, it produces a mild infection only, the germs remaining con- fined to the sore, and the animal recovering enjoys a subse- quent immunity. A similar protection may be secured by inoculation with a weakened specimen of the virus, or still better, by the virus that has been sterilized by heat. PYJEMIA. PURULENT INFECTION (BLOOD-POISONING ?). It has long been known that in connection with wounds, which have become unhealthy or suddenly dried up, a se^ vere general fever often sets in, accompanied by the devel- opment of abscesses in different parts of the body and early death. It is now known that suppuration is usually or al- ways associated with the presence in the seat of its forma- tion of bacteria, and that, when sec.on4ary abscesses appear 126 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. in different parts of the body, these micro-organisms are constantly found in such parts. Why all suppurations do not produce this general infection is not well understood, but there is doubtless a varying power of resistance in dif- ferent subjects, and a varying potency of the alkaloids and other poisons produced by the bacteria under slightly dif- ferent conditions of life. The frequent formation of ab- scesses filled with these micro-organisms in the deepest and most solid tissues of the body, is evidence enough that they may exist in an apparently healthy system and only operate for serious evil under certain conditions of local or general debility. The poison acquires greater potency when grown in the body apart from air, as in the generative passages after parturition, etc. There are various micro-organisms in the different forms of suppuration, all of a spherical form, though one is ar- ranged in form of a chain. Kranzfeld, who has experimented largely on the subject, describes, first, those found in groups — Staphylococcus Pyo- genes (aureus, albus, and citreus), and second, the chain form, Streptococcus Pyogenes. The swelling and suppuration caused by the first-named type tend to appear in the seat of injury, while those due to the second tend to affect the nearest communicating lymphatic glands. Both may cause general infection, the abscesses from the first appear- ing by preference in the internal organs, and those from the second in the joints, marrow of bones (Osteo-myelitis) and serous membranes. Symptoms. If following on an external wound, the ac- cess of fever is usually coincident with a drying of the wound and a dark-red, glistening, unhealthy appearance of its sur- face. A chill is constant, and following this the body tem- perature is high and variable, the breath strong or mawkish in odor ; the tongue red, furred ; the teeth covered with in- crustations ; the eye sunken, hopeless ; there may be diar- Specific Contagious Diseases. 127 rhcea or bleeding from the nose, and soon there are indica- tions of the formation of the secondary abscesses in the lymphatic glands, joints, bones, or internal organs. Pyaemia does not at once follow a surface wound, but usually appears a week or two later, after suppuration has been freely estab- lished. Treatment, Prevention. The treatment of pyaemia is so generally unsatisfactory that attention should rather be given to prevention. At the same time antiseptics (sulphate or muriate of quinia, salicylate of soda, hyposulphite of soda, benzoate of soda, etc.) may be given, together with elimi- nating diuretics, and stimulants. Secondary abscesses should be opened, and dressed with antiseptics. Its prevention is to be sought mainly in avoidance of injuries, and in the maintenance of a pure antiseptic atmosphere, for surgical patients especially. Filthy stables, with close, polluted cavi- ties under the floor, rotten woodwork and soft brick charged with all manner of septic products, is but an invitation to this class of diseases (pyaemia, septicaemia, erysipelas, sep- tic puerperal fever, etc.), while perfect cleanliness, pure air, and antiseptic dressings for wounds are the best antidotes. A dressing of carbolic acid (1 part to 50 parts of water or 1 to 15 of vaseline), or of bichloride of mercury (1 part to 5,000 water), covered by a thick layer of absorbent cotton also charged with the same dressing, and dried, may fail to exclude germs from the wound, but will rarely fail to retard their growth and keep them from attaining a dangerous development. SEPTICAEMIA. SEPTIC INFECTION (BLOOD-POISONING). This is the exact counterpart of pyaemia, the tissue or the system at large being poisoned by the entrance of septic bacteria or their poisonous products. Like pyaemia, also, it is not dependent on one invariable micro-organism, but in different cases depends on distinct germs, giving rise to more 128 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. or less variable symptoms. It is, therefore, in its causation not one disease, but rather a group of allied diseases, and this is one reason why one attack will not necessarily pro- tect against a second. Among the micro-organisms may be named a micrococcus of septicaemia in rabbits, fowls, rats, and gninea-pigs ; a mi- crococcus from the mouths of certain men, fatal to rabbits ; two bacilli of septicaemia in the mouse, 1.6 fi (y^-jr o - mcn ) and 1 /a (jjttq- i ncn ) i n length. It is clear that different germs are present in different cases and in different animals, and that a germ proving fatal to one genus of animal is often comparatively harmless to another genus. As in the case of pyaemia, ill-health, an impure condition of the blood and animal fluids, foul, close atmosphere, overcrowding of patients, and a special potency of the poison, from previous growth in given media, and above all in the animal body, strongly conduce to an attack. Septicaemia may appear at any time, from the moment of the infliction of a. poisoned wound to any stage of its pro- gress, whereas pyaemia occurs only after the onset of suppu- ration. Again it may remain exclusively local or it may produce at once general fever with little local inflammation and destroy the patient in two to four days. The differ- ence depends largely on the varying strength of the poison and on the difference in the power of resistance in different individuals. The local form affects, especially, the lym- phatic vessels, giving rise to local, boggy, dark-red swelling, and in white, delicate skins to a branching redness, lead- ino- along the lines of the lymphatics and veins. It appears to be generally through these lymphatics that the poison enters .the blood to produce the constitutional disease, whereas in micrococcus pyaemia the distribution appears to take place mainly through the veins, and in tire substance of minute floating blood-clots. Septicaemia usually sets in without a chill, but sequent to Specific Contagious Diseases. 129 a putrid state of the wound. The body temperature runs very liigb, lowering, sometimes even to the natural, especi- ally in the morning, but only to rise again, and it becomes abnormally low only in the last stages. The wound becomes of a dark red with dirty grayish spots and black edges. The breath is mawkish or fetid, the mouth dry, thirst ar- dent, skin moist but without free perspirations, mucous membranes dusky yellow ; expression of countenance dull, listless, stupid, heartless, and there is much muscular weak- ness or lethargy. A very offensive, watery diarrhoea is a marked symptom ; and vomiting may occur in pigs and car- nivora. There is no tendency to secondary abscesses, and after death there may be little change, save enlarged, engorged spleen, softened liver, and an incoagulable condition of the blood. The blood of pyaemia coagulates firmly. Though occurring separately pyaemia and septicaemia often co-exist, when the symptoms of both diseases are combined. Treatment is not satisfactory in the general disorder, though it consists in support by antiseptic tonics (quinia, salicin) and alcoholic stimulants. The mineral acids (mu- riatic, nitro-muriatic) are also febrifuge, and general anti-fer- ments (salicylate of soda, hyposulphite of soda, etc.) may be resorted to. [Nourishing feeding, and pure air are, above all, important. For the wound, lotions of antiseptics — hyposulphite of soda, permanganate of potash, carbolic acid, chloride of zinc, chlorinated soda, boro-glycerine, etc. — may be freely used in the form of lotion on sterilized cotton. Prevention is essentially the same as for pyaemia, which see. In no case should an operation be performed On a subject in a low state of health, as the system is then much more open to attack, and no surgical patient should be kept in an impure atmosphere. (For Erysipelas see Skin Diseases.) 130 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. BIKD CHOLERA. CHICKEN CHOLERA. This is one of the most destructive of our indigenous ani- mal plagues, and causes greater losses in the United States than can be well conceived of, considering the relatively low- value of the individual animal. The susceptibility is not confined to chickens, though, as usually seen, it proves espec- ially destructive to these. By inoculation Renault conveyed it in fatal form to pigeons, ducks, geese, and parrots, and during its prevalence in a district we frequently see dead thrushes and other wild birds manifest victims of the same infection. Renault and Toussaint have conveyed it in fatal form to rabbits ; and the latter, supported by recent German observers, considers it identical with rabbit septicaemia, so that rats and mice must be added to the susceptible list. Renault inoculated both dog and horse, with fatal result, but Toussaint found that in horse, ass, dog, and sheep inocula- tions produced local swelling and abscess with much consti- tutional disturbance, but the blood did not become virulent and recovery ensued. The germ is a slightly ovoid micrococcus found in the dis- charges and in the blood. It is evident that infection may be conveyed by birds, wild and tarne, by rabbits, rats, and mice. In the summer season it is also propagated by insects. Symptoms; Course. Inoculation is variable, averaging five to eight days, and proving shortest in winter. The bird becomes dull, listless, trails its wings, drags its limbs, sits a great deal, head sunken between the wings, and feathers ruffled. It seeks sunshine, and if several suffer they huddle together for heat. Temperature rises to 109°. Appetite is lost, but thirst continues, and abundant yellowish or yellowish-green discharges are passed, with in some cases a whitish flow from the bill and nostrils. The comb and wattles become flaccid, and of a dark livid or blue color, at first in spots and later throughout, weakness and prostra- Specific Contagious Diseases. 131 tion advance rapidly and death ensues after two or three days of illness. In the later stages of an epizootic, the deaths are delayed by several days and a considerable pro- portion recover. Treatment is not satisfactory, though the use of antisep- tics (sulphuric, benzoic, or salicylic acid, chloride of lime, car- bolic acid) in the water may be resorted to. Prevention has not been secured through inoculation with sterilized virus, but can be attained by using virus so diluted that but one or two bacteria are inserted under the skin (Salmon), or by the use of virus that has rested inactive in free air for three to five months (Pasteur). In either case a small slough forms in the skin and muscles around the puncture. The simplest and cheapest preventive is sulphuric acid of a strength of not less than 60 drops to the pound of water (1-150) freely sprinkled on the buildings, yards, and feed- ing-grounds. When the range is too extensive to sprinkle thus, restrict it till it can be, and on the subsidence of the outbreak keep up the restriction, or remove the fowls to new land. ACTINOMYCOSIS. This is a parasitic disease of animals and man, caused by the growth in the bones or soft tissues of a fungus which grows in tufts, consisting of cells converging to a central stem, like the seeds of a composite plant (daisy), and appear- ing on section to radiate, and hence the name — Actinomyces — star fungus. The individual tufts may reach the size of a small pin's head, and reflect a yellowish color in the midst of a pinkish or dirty white soft exudate. The tufts are further extremely hard, so that they cannot be cut in slices for the microscope until they have been softened in a weak acid. The fungus usually invades the interior of the jaw-bone, upper or lower, or the soft parts adjacent (tongue, cheeks, 132 The Fanner's Veterinary Adviser. face, throat) bnt is also found in the lungs and other inter- nal organs. About the head it seems to start from slight sores of the gums or mucous membrane or cavities by the side of decaying teeth and to extend slowly into the solid tissues. The affected jaw-bone swells out into a large rounded mass, and the outer dense bone becoming absorbed before the advancing soft growth within, the diseased mass finally reaches the surface and gives rise to running sores. This was formerly known as "lump-jaw" or " osteo-sarcoma " but the presence of the gritty yellow granules in the open sores betrays the true nature of the malady. When the tongue is attacked the growth takes place as a rounded hard swelling which has given rise to the name of wooden tongue. As it advances it approaches the surface and forms a raw ulcerating sore in which the yellow tufts may be found. At times the whole face may be involved, the lips and nostrils becoming thick, firm, rigid, and comparatively immovable, and the mucous membrane as well as the skin is swollen so that breathing is snuffling and difficult. Around the throat it forms similar hard resistant swellings, more or less round as it invades especially the glands. In the lungs the deposit causes modification or loss of the respiratory murmur over circumscribed areas, with cough and expectoration, but un- less the yellow tufts can be found in the expectoration the exact nature of the disease may escape recognition. Prevention. — As the fungus appears in grass and grain fed animals in omnivora and carnivora, no precautions as to diet can be suggested, except the avoidance of very coarse fibrous food likely to wound the mouth or throat, and of hard flinty corn and other seeds likely to cause injury to the teeth. Vegetation grown on pastures where the disease prevails should especially be avoided. I have known the affection recur in three generations of cattle on the same soil. Dis- eased teeth and ulcerated gums which might form a seed- bed for the germ should be extracted, filled, or healed. Fi- Specific Contagious Diseases. 133 nally the badly diseased should be promptly destroyed and burned or boiled, as they are necessarily important propa- gators of the poison. The burning of mangers, racks, and other woodwork that may harbor the germ is an obvious necessity, and the saturation of floor's with carbolic acid or chloride of lime may be resorted to. Treatment. — This is only advisable where the disease is local and superficial. In the parts about the mouth, and even in the jaw-bone, the diseased masses may be scooped out with a knife and the cavities stuffed with iodized carbo- lic acid. This we have known to succeed even where the enormous jaw-bone was hollowed out in many great cavities opening alike externally and into the mouth. » MILK SICKNESS. " THE TREMBLES. A specific infectious disease peculiar to some unimproved agricultural districts in Ohio, North Carolina, and other States, usually occurring in cattle, and communicable through meat, milk, and cheese to warm-blooded animals generally. A spirillum existing in the blood has been de- scribed as the specific germ. Symptoms. In cows in full milk the disease is said to be productive of scarcely any constitutional disorder, the poison being eliminated by the milk and proving very fatal to the consumers. In cattle that do not yield milk, and in other animals, the symptoms are torpid bowels, trembling, great muscular weakness, swaying in the walk, inappetence, drooping head and eyelids, utter listlessness and stupidity, some fever, and rapidly advancing debility and marasmus. In man the moral sense is practically abolished as a mani- festation of the general hebetude, and after death the large intestines are found blocked with dry concretions not unlike sawdust. The malady has been attributed to rhus and other vege- table poisons, and to nickel among the mineral products, 12 134 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. but the conveyance of the affection through a quantity of milk so small as that used in a coffee-cup, and the trans- mission of the disease through successive subjects, argues the multiplication of a living organism in the system. The malady usually disappears with the clearing of the forest and cultivation of the soil, and is chiefly important in that the meat, milk, butter, or cheese furnished by the infected animals may be sold and shipped to distant parts of the country to find human victims in the large cities un- less due care is taken to prevent it. GLANDERS AND FARCY. A specific bacteridian disorder originating in solipeds, and transmissible by contagion or inoculation to dogs, cats, goats, sheep, swine, rabbits, and men. Glanders is char- acterized by a peculiar deposit with ulceration on the mem- brane of the nose, and in the lungs, etc., and farcy by deposits of the same material and ulcerations of the lym- phatics of the skin. Each has its acute and chronic form. The acute form usually results from inoculation, or in weak and worn-out systems. Besides the common cause — conta- gion — overwork, exhausting diseases, and impure air are especially injurious. The specific germ is a bacillus. Symptoms of Acute Glanders. Languor, dry, staring coat, red, weeping eyes, impaired appetite, accelerated pulse and breathing, yellowish-red or purple streaks or patches in the nose, watery nasal discharge, with sometimes painful dropsical swellings of the limbs or joints. Soon the nasal flow becomes yellow and sticky, causing the hairs and skin of the nostrils to adhere together, and upon the mucous membrane appear yellow elevations with red spots, passing on into erosions and deep ulcers of irregular form and varied color, and with little or no tendency to heal. The lymphatic glands inside the lower jaw, where the pulse is felt, become enlarged, hard and nodular, like a mass of peas Specific Contagious Diseases. 135 or beans, and are occasionally firmly adherent to the skin, the tongue, or the jaw-bone. The lymphatics on the face often rise as firm cords. An occasional cough is heard and auscultation detects crepitation or wheezing in the chest. The ulcers increase in number and depth, of ten invading the gristle or even the bone, the glands also enlarge but remain hard and nodular, the discharge becomes bloody, fetid, and so abundant and tenacious as to threaten or accomplish suf- focation, and the animal perishes in the greatest distress. Symptoms of Chronic Glanders. This is characterized by the same unhealthy deposits and ulcers in the nose, varying extremely in size and number, often, indeed, situ- ated too high to be seen ; by the same viscid discharge, but usually much less tenacious than in the acute form ; by the same hard, comparatively insensible nodular glands on the inner side of the jaw-bone ; and a cough, which, however, is much more rare. Excepting at the very outset, the ani- mal usually appears to be in the best of health, with the apparently insignificant drawback of the nasal discharge, and hence he is often kept and used till he contaminates a number of horses or even men. The case is easily recog- nized unless where the ulcers are invisible or the enlarged glands removed. It is sometimes needful to inoculate a use- less animal to decide as to the nature of the malady. It usu- ally proves fatal to the inoculated animal in about ten days. Symptoms of Acute Farcy. The premonitory symptoms resemble those of acute glanders, of which it is but another manifestation. The local symptoms consist in thickening of the lymphatic vessels, which feel like stout cords, painful to pressure ; and the formation of rounded inflammatory swellings (farcy-buds) along the course of these corded lymphatics. There follow ulceration of these buds, raw sores, discharging a glairy, unhealthy pus, and dropsical engorgement of the limb or other part affected. It is usu- ally seen to follow the line of the veins on the inner side of 13f) T lie Farmers Veterinary Adviser. the hind or fore limb, but may appear on any part. The cording usually extends from the feet toward the body, and is most likely to be confounded with lymphangitis, in which the swelling begins high up in the groin. It usually proves fatal, becoming complicated with glanders before death. Symptoms of Chronic Farcy. This may follow the acute form or come on insidiously. First there is some swelling of a fetlock, usually a hind one, and a round, hard, nut-like mass may be felt, which gradually softens, bursts, and dis- charges the characteristic serous or glairy matter. The lymphatics leading up from it meanwhile become corded, and farcy-buds appear along their course. Or the round, pea-like buds appear first on the inner side of the hock, or on some other part of the body, soften, burst and discharge before any cording of the lymphatics can be felt. By-and-by, dropsical swellings appear in the limbs and elsewhere, at first soft and removable by exercise, later, hard and permanent. Sometimes the farcy-buds fail to soften, but remain hard and indolent for months. Glanders in the dog is a comparatively mild affection, but as deadly if it is conveyed back to the horse or to man. Glanders in man presents the same general symptoms as in the horse, and need not be further described. Treatment of Glanders. The acute disease is fatal. The chronic form occasionally appears to recover, though more commonly the symptoms are covered up to reappear when- ever the animal is put to hard work. The treatment of glanders in all its forms and of acute farcy with open sores should be legally prohibited, because of the danger to man as well as animals. For glanders the most successful agents have been ar- seniate of strychnia (5 grs.), bisulphite of soda (2 drs.), biniodide of copper (1 dr.), cantharides (5 grs.), with vege- table tonics, sulphate of copper (6 drs. in mucilage), sul- phate of iron (4 drs.), chloride of barium, copaiva, cubebs, /Specific Contagious Diseases. 137 etc. Pure air and rich food are perhaps even more impor- tant. To the nose may be applied sulphur fumes, fumes of burning tar, carbolic acid solution in spray, etc. The en- larged glands may be treated with astringent solutions, and later with iodine injections, or may even be excised with the knife. Treatment of Chronic Farcy. Active local inflammation may demand a purgative (aloes), diuretics (iodide of potassi- um), with warm fomentations or astringent lotions, exercise, and a soft, non-stimulating diet. In the absence of such indication use the tonics advised for glanders, choosing in the order named. The corded lymphatics and unbroken farcy-buds may be blistered or rubbed with iodine or mercu- rial ointment. The raw sores should be treated with caustics (carbolic acid, nitrate of silver, corrosive sublimate, chloride of zinc, or even the hot iron). Use iodine, diuretics, exer- cise, rubbing, etc., to reduce the swelling, and feed liberally. Prevention. 1. Destroy all glandered horses, and all with acute farcy and open sores, and bury deeply. 2. There should be a high penalty attached to the exposing of glandered horses in public places. 3. Suspected animals should be secluded under veterinary supervision until they can be pronounced sound, or destroyed. 4. The stable, manure, litter, harness, clothing, utensils, etc., with which the diseased has come in contact should be thoroughly dis- infected. 5. Neither strange animals nor men should be admitted, and attendants should disinfect before leaving. 6. Horses should be protected as far as possible from ex- hausting work, chronic wearing-out affections and above all impure and rebreathed air. VENEREAL DISEASE OF SOLIPEDS. This is a curious disease of unknown origin, existing in Arabia, North Africa, and Continental Europe, bearing a strong resemblance in many points to Syphilis, and prop- 13* 138 The Farmer 's Veterinary Adviser. agated by copulation. I name it here because of the probability of its importation with European or Arabian horses. (It is already reported in Percherons, in Illinois and Montana.) Symptoms. From one to ten days after copulation, or in the stallion sometimes after some weeks, there is irri- tation, swelling, and a livid redness of the external organs of generation (in stallions the penis may shrink), followed by unhealthy ulcers which appear in successive crops, often with considerable interval. In mares these are near the clitoris, which is frequently erected, with switching and rub- bing of the tail ; in horses on the penis and sheath. In the milder forms there is little constitutional disturbance and the patients recover in a time varying from a fortnight to two months. In the severe forms the local swelling in- creases by intermittent steps. The vulva is the seat of a deep violet congestion and extensive ulceration, pustules- appear on the perineum, tail, and between the thighs, the lips of the vulva are parted, exposing the irregular, nodular, puckered, ulcerated, and lardaceous-looking mu- cous membrane, abortion ensues, with emaciation, lameness, paralysis, and death after a wretched existence of five months to two years. In horses swelling of the sheath may be the only symptom for a year, then there may follow dark spots of extravasated blood, or swellings of the penis, the testicles may swell, a dropsical engorgement extends forward beneath the abdomen and chest, the Lymphatic glands in different parts of the body may swell, pustules and ulcers appear on the skin, the eyes and nose run, a weak and vacillating movement of the hind limbs gradually increases to paralysis, and in a period varying from three months to three years death puts an end to the suffering. It is needless to speak of treatment. This disease ought to be stamped out at once, as its insidious nature enables it to spread to the great destruction of stock. Specific Contagious Diseases. 139 TUBERCULOSIS. CONSUMPTION. PINING. This is a specific bacteridian affection, due to a bacillus, and characterized by a specific deposit of cells, large and small, in a special network, but without blood-vessels. It is situ- ated by preference in the groups of lymphatic glands, or in the microscopic gland-like tissue of the different organs, and may be seen in all stages, from the simple redness and con- gestion in which the deposit is only commencing, through the solid grayish tubercle to the soft yellowish, cheese-like mass resulting from the softening of the latter. There are also the open cavities (vomica) resulting from their rupture and discharge of the tuberculous matter, and chalky masses from the deposit of earthy salts within them. They may be no larger individually than a millet-seed (miliary tuber- culosis), or in the chest of cattle one may measure a foot long and five or six inches in thickness. They are most common in cattle, especially heavy milkers, with long legs, narrow chest, attenuated neck and ears, and horns set near together. Fowls and swine with a corresponding conforma- tion are next in order of liability, while horses, dogs, and sheep are comparatively exempt. Oft-repeated experiment has shown that tubercle is communicable to healthy animals by inoculation, or by eating the raw, diseased product, and that it is superinduced in any predisposed individual by set- ting up a local inflammation. It has also been transmitted by the warm, fresh milk, but probably only when the dis- ease has invaded the mammary glands ; in many experi- ments, including those conducted by the author, the milk has proved harmless. Close, badly-aired buildings (as town cow-sheds) are among the most prolific causes of the disease, as are also changes to a colder climate, to a cold, exposed locality, or from a dry to a low, damp, undrained region. Finally, any cause which tends to wear out the general health tends to tuberculosis in a predisposed subject. 140 The Farmer 's Veterinary Adviser. Tubercles may be developed in any part of the body, as the lungs, their serous covering, the membrane supporting the bowels, the coats of the intestines, the throat, the spleen, the liver, the pancreas, the ovaries, the kidneys, the bones, especially the ends of long bones, and in rare cases, the muscles and connective tissue. /Symptoms vary according to the seat of the deposit, yet there is a constitutional condition common to all, and the lungs are almost always involved in the later stages, giving rise to a great similarity of symptoms. The disease may be acute but is usually chronic. The onset is insidious and easily overlooked, tubercles being often found in animals killed in prime condition, and I have seen them in parturi- tion fever, which is always attributed to plethora. There is some dulness, loss of vivacity, tenderness of the withers, back, and loins, and of the walls of the chest, occasional dry- ness of the nose, heat of the horns and ears, want of pliancy in the skin, slightly increased temperature (102°), weak, accelerated pulse, mawkish breath, stiffness of the limbs, wandering perhaps from one to another, slight, infrequent, dry cough, and blue, watery milk, often abundant but with cheesy matter, fat, and sugar decreased and soda and potassa in excess. The lymphatic glands about the throat are often manifestly enlarged. Swellings of the joints may appear, or a murmur harsher than natural may be heard over the lower end of the windpipe or in the chest. With deposits in the abdomen and especially in or near the ovaries of cows the desire for the male is often constant (bullers), though conception and the completion of gestation are usually im- possible. Working oxen are easily overdone and become visibly emaciated from day to day. As the disease advances the eyes sink in their sockets and lose all animation, the skin is hidebound, harsh, dry, and scurfy, the hair dull, dry and erect, the membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth of a pale, yellow, bloodless aspect, though often streaked with Specific Contagious Diseases. 141 pink vessels, a whitish discharge often takes place from the nose, and with it an increased repulsiveness and often dis- tinct foetor of the breath ; if the bowels are involved scour- ing is common, and if the bones, swelling and lameness in- crease. Exhaustion with profuse perspiration and labored breathing occur on the slightest exertion, the appetite fails, tympany follows each meal, and the milk is at once poorer and lessened in quantity. The cough increases, becomes rattling, the discharge profuse, fetid, mixed with cheesy- like or chalky particles, crepitating, wheezing, gurgling and other abnormal noises are heard in the chest, and percussion shows dulness in particular parts with wincing. All of the symptoms become steadily aggravated, and the animal usually perishes from the difficulty of respiration or the profuse fetid diarrhoea. In cases affecting the bones, the patient may be unable to stand, and the bony prominences may make their waj^ through the skin or even crumble under the pressure thrown upon them. If the tubercle is deposited in liver, pancreas, or kidneys, there are symptoms of disease of these respective organs. Recoveries sometimes ensue in connection with healing of vomicae or calcification of the tubercles in strong subjects, but more frequently the disease progresses to a fatal issue. Treatment. This is unsatisfactory as being rarely suc- cessful, and even then in preserving an animal which is dan- gerous as a breeder for producing a progeny predisposed to this disease, and for slaughter and dairy purposes as possi- bly conveying the malady to man. The most promising course is to secure dry, pure air, sunshine, a genial temperature, rich and easily digestible food, containing abundance of fat (linseed, corn, beans, peas, potatoes), a course of tonics (linseed or cod-liver oil in small doses, sulphate of iron, hypophosphite of iron, quinia, gentian, etc.), and antiseptics (fumes of burning sulphur, bisulphite of soda, sulpho-carbolate of iron, etc.). 142 The Farmer's Veterinary Ad/uiser. Prevention. This would include drainage, shelter of pas- tures by trees, avoidance of changes to cold or damp locali- ties, a warm, sunny location for farm buildings, suitable feeding and watering, the prevention and cure of all debili- tating, and especially chronic diseases, protection against overwork, or excessive secretion of milk on a stimulating but insufficiently nutritious diet, securing young, undeveloped animals against breeding and milking at the same time, re- jection of tuberculous subjects from breeding, the prompt removal of all such animals from pastures or buildings used for the healthy, and the thorough disinfection of all places where they have been kept. The flesh and milk of tuberculous animals are always to be viewed with suspicion, but this poison, like others, can be destnyyed by the most thorough cooking. QTJEBKA BUNDA. BEEIBEEI. This affection of horses is said to have been developed in the island of Marajo, in the mouth of the Amazon, as the result of the slaughter of the immense herds of predatory wild horses, and the decomposition of the carcasses under the tropical sun. It has extended to the adjacent mainland, and might easily be imported in the bodies of cheap Bra- zilian horses. It has even been thought to be identical with the Beriberi of man, in which case its introduction, and domestication in our Gulf States would appear to be a still more imminent contingency. The main symptoms of the malady are a progressive paralysis of the hind limbs, which renders the animal absolutely and permanently worth- less. The Portuguese name, given above, means literally broken buttock. Our principal danger consists in the pos- sibility of the germ being implanted and perpetuated in the rich alluvial soils of our semitropical Gulf States, and the consequent destruction of the equine races there, as they now are cut off in Brazil. CHAPTER IV. LARGER PARASITES. Parasites — their numbers. Tapeworms. Taenia Coenurus. Ccenurus Cer- el ralis and their effects, Staggers, Turnsick, Gid, Sturdy, Water-brain in calves and limbs. Taenia Echinococcus, Echinococcus Veterinorum (Horn- inis), Echinococcus disease. Taenia Solium. Cysticercus Cellulosa, Para- sitic measles in swine. Taenia Mediocanellata, Cysticercus Mediocanellata, Parasitic Measles in cattle. Taenia Expansa, tapeworm in sheep and cattle. Lard Worm, Kidney Worm of hogs. Eustrongylus Gigas, Kidney Worm. Trichina Spiralis, Trichinosis. PARASITES. The domestic animals harbor no less than two hundred species of parasites which will be found treated in the au- thor's larger work, but the limits of the present book will restrict us to a few of the more injurious. For convenience of reference most of these are noticed in connection with the organs (skin, bowels, liver, air-passages,) which they infest, and here we will only name such as having a more general diffusion through the body cannot well be referred to any one organ. TAPE-WORMS. These are flat-bodied worms made up of small segmenta joined end to end, and when full grown varying in length from one inch to one hundred feet. The narrow end ter- minates in a small globular head furnished with circular sucking discs, and a proboscis usually encircled by one or more rows of hooklets. From the other end the ripe seg- ments are continually detached and expelled from the body, and may be recognized as little, white, flattened, 14-fc The Farmer 's Veterinary Adviser. oblong objects progressing over soil and vegetables by i\ worm-like movement, and depositing an endless number of microscopic eggs with which they are literally filled. Some tape-worms are estimated to lay as many as 25,000,- 000 eggs. Taken with the food or water into the body of a suitable host these eggs open and set free an ovoid six- hooked embryo, which bores its way through the tissues until it reaches that organ or tissue which is the natural habitat of its species in the young or larval state and there encysts itself. It may survive indefinitely or even die in this situation or if its host is eaten by a carnivorous ani- mal it may develop in its bowels into a mature tape-worm and reproduce its species as before. Fortunately nearly all the eggs perish from failing to be taken into the body of a suitable animal in which they can develop into the cystic form, or this peril escaped, because the first animal host is not devoured by the right species of animal in which the young cystic worm can grow into its mature tape-worm form. But from the enormous fecundity of these tape-worms in eggs it is manifest that there may be scarcely any limit to their increase when the different ani- mals which form their hosts in the cystic and mature con- dition abound together in the same locality. STAGGERS. TURN-SICK. GID. STURDY. WATER-BRAIN IN LAMBS AND CALVES. The Tcenia Ccenurus of the bowels of the dog, a tape- worm of one to three feet long, has its cystic form — Ccenu- rus Gerebralis — in the brain and spinal cord of sheep and cattle, giving rise to nervous disease, varying much in character according to the exact site of the cyst. Symptoms. Great nervousness and fear without appar- ent cause, or dullness, stupor and aberration of the senses, and disorderly muscular movements. The sheep is found apart from the flock with red eyes, dilated pupils, blindness and unsteady gait, but with a tendency to move restlessly in one direction. Left to itself, it neglects tc Larger Parasites. 145 eat or drink and wastes daily. But, if well-fed and ex- citement avoided, it may even gain flesh. If the cyst is situated on one side of the brain, the lamb turns to that side, moving in a circle and making a beaten track. The limbs on the opposite side of the body act in a disorderly manner, being partially paralyzed. If there is one on each side of the brain, the sheep will turn to one side or the other, according to the relative activity of the para- sites at any given moment. When the cyst is directly in the median line, the sheep elevates its nose and advances in a straight line until stopped by some obstruction. When located in the back part of the brain, (cerebellum), Fig. 1. Fig. I — Ccenurus Cerebralis. Showing the sac with its many heads (re< duced). Also a single head magnified. the host lifts its limbs in a jerking, uncertain manner, sets them down in a hesitating way, stumbles perpetually, falls and struggles for some time ineffectually in its efforts to rise. If 'situated in the spinal cord, difficult breathing and paralysis are marked symptoms. The disorders are often extreme at first, and afterwards undergo a temporary im- provement, the remissions and aggravations being proba- bly due to the varying activity of the parasite at different periods. Simple tumors, maintaining a steadily increasing pressure rarely give rise to such intermittent symptoms. The ccenurus mostly affects sheep under two years old 10 140 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. and those that are out of condition. Yet the finest ani- mals, kept for show, will sometimes suffer. So it is in cattle, the young, weak and ill-thriven are the most ex- p@sed, but all may suffer. For the same reason, poor, damp and exposed localities suffer more than the rich, dry and sheltered. Prevention. Destroy the dogs, or, if they must be kept, deny them sheep's heads until cooked. Examine them at frequent intervals and expel all tape-worms by vermifuges, (oil of turpentine, male-fern, kousso, areca nut, etc.) Keep the young sheep at all times in good, thriving con- dition. Drain all wet pastures, shelter exposed ones. Treatment. In rare cases, spontaneous recovery may follow rupture of the cyst in connection with a blow on the head or a fall. Hogg passed a long knitting wire through the nose into the brain, and Youatt advises a small trocar for the same purpose. But the cyst is more easily punctured and extracted through the upper part of the skull. In advanced cases, the internal pressure of the cyst has sometimes caused absorption of the bones and the formation of a soft spot on the upper part of the skull. This should be laid open with a sharp lancet or penknife, just enough to introduce a trocar and cannula one-eighth inch in diameter, through which the liquid may escape slowly. The animal may be turned on its back to complete the evacuation, but held firmly so that no struggling can take place. As the cyst is emptied, a membrane will be found projecting through it, and should be slowly drawn out. This is the parasitic cyst, and from its inner surface will be found projecting one hundred to two hundred little elevations like pin-heads, each representing the head of a tape-worm and being ca- pable of development into the mature parasite if swal- lowed by a dog. The wound should be covered with a pitch plaster and a leather hood, and the patient placed in a dark, quiet, secluded box, on soft, laxative diet for a Week. Larger Parasites. 147 If the bones are not softened the point to be perforated must be ascertained from the symptoms. If the sheep turns to one side, open a little in front of the correspond- ing ear and about half an inch from the median line of the skull. If the head is elevated and the walk straight forward without much terror or disorderly movement, open at the same level but in the median line. If there is awk- ward, hesitating movement, much terror, flurry and stumbling, open in the median line further back. A flap of skin is to be dissected up from the bone, large enough to admit a trephine one-eighth inch in diameter (in an emergency a gimlet will do) with which the bone is to be perforated. After this the cannula and trochar is used as above advised. If more than one cyst should be present the operation may require repetition, and with care recoveries often en- sue. A bag of ice on the head may remove symptoms but does not kill the worm. ECHINOCOCCUS DISEASE. The Tcenia Echinoooccus, a tapeworm of the dog, not ex- Fig. 2. Fig. 2 — Taenia Echinococcus magnified (CobbolcT. Fig. 3. Fig. 3 — Portion of cyst and heads of Echinococcus. ceeduig one inch in length, lives in its cystic form ae 1 43 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Echinococcus (E. Hominis, E. Veterinorum), in the most varied internal organs of men and animals. As the cystic form of this parasite has the power of increasing its num- bers almost indefinitely, and growing into enormous mul- tilocular cysts, it becomes extremely injurious and even deadly to its brute, and, above all, to its human victims. One-sixth of the human mortality in Iceland has been at- tributed to this parasite, and a fatal case in a child has re- cently come under my notice in Tompkins Co., N. Y. Many of the cysts of water found in the liver and other internal organs of the domestic animals are specimens of echino- coccus, and that they are not more frequently fatal may be attributed largely to the shortness of the lives of animals raised for slaughter. They may inhabit almost any organ (liver, lungs, spleen, abdominal walls, kidneys, brain, eye, etc.,) and the symptoms will vary accordingly. Treatment. Spontaneous recovery may take place from death or rupture of the sac. Otherwise the true nature of these fluctuating tumors can rarely be recognized, but if they should, they may be punctured with a very fine needle-shaped nozzle, the liquid evacuated with a syringe, and compound tincture of iodine injected into the sac. Prevention. Destroy all superfluous dogs. Keep others from slaughter-houses and deny raw flesh and especially offal. Examine frequently and if segments of tape-worm are passed, clear them away with vermifuges (see gid). Burn the dung of all dogs suffering from tape-worms, the contents of evacuated hydatids and all offal containing cysts. MEASLES IN SWINE. Fig. 4. Fig. 4 — Head of Taenia Solium, magnified. Cobbold. The bladder- worm of pork, (Cysticercus Cellulosa, Fig. Larger Parasites. 149 5), is the immature form of a tape-worm of man, (Tcenia solium), and is only caused by pigs having access to hu- Fig. 5. Fig. 5 — Cysticercus Cellulosa, magnified. man excrement, or to places near privies, etc., from which the segments of the human tape-worm may travel. The cysts, respectively about the size of a grain of barley, are found in the muscles, in the loose connective tissue be- tween them and under the skin, in the serous membranes, in the eye, under the tongue, in the brain, etc., of swine. They are also found in this undeveloped form in the mus- cles, brain, etc., of man, causing disease and death. To man the parasite is usually conveyed by eating under- done pork, or in the cystic form he receives it as the egg in his food (salads, etc.,) and water. Symptoms. In pigs the cysts can usually be seen under the tongue or in the eye. In man there are the general symptoms of intestinal worms and the passage of the ripe segments. Other symptoms may attend the presence of the cysts according to the organ which they invade. Thus when passing into the muscles there are pains and stiffness resembling rheumatism, when into the brain, coma, stupor, imbecility, delirium, but when they have once become en- cysted they may continue thus indefinitely without further injury. Treatment. The cysts scattered through the body are beyond the reach of medicine. Prevention. Human beings harboring tape-worms should be compelled to take measures to expel them. Their stools should be burned or treated with strong mineral acids. Swine should be kept far apart from all deposits of human excrement ; no such manure should be used as a top-dress- 150 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. ing on pastures open to swine, or on land (market gardens, orchards, etc.,) devoted to the raising of vegetables to be eaten raw. Avoid raw meat, especially pork, even if salted and smoked, and underdone meat and sausages, also well-water from gravelly soils in the vicinity of habi- tations. MEASLES IN CATTLE. This consists in the presence in the muscles of cattle, especially young ones, of a cystic parasite two to four lines in length, ( Cysticercus Mediocanellata) which as a mature tape-worm (Taenia Mediocanellata) inhabits the human Fig. 6. Fig. 6 — Head of Taenia Mediocanellata, magnified. bowels. When the eggs were given experimentally to calves they caused stiffness, wasting and death in three weeks. Or improvement began at the end of a fortnight and ter- minated in apparent recovery, the live cysts of course re- maining in the muscles and ready to develop into their adult form when eaten by man. Under prevention and treatment might be repeated what is stated under measles of swine, merely substituting the word cattle for pigs. The current practice of eating raw beef ham is especially reprehensible. TAPE-WORM OF SHEEP AND CATTLE. Taenia Expansa is the name of this worm, which causes great loss in some localities in America, as well as in Aus- tralia, Germany, etc. Its cystic form is unknown, there- fore we can only check its increase by watching what Larger Parasites. 151 sheep pass the ripe, detached segments, shutting them up, expelling the worm by vermifuges (oil of turpentine in milk, male-fern, etc.,) and burning both it and the sheep's droppings. LAED-W0KM OF THE HOG. This worm (Stephanurus Dentatus) is from one to one and Fig. 7. Fig. 7 — Stephanurus Dentatus ; a, male ; d, female ; c, head, magnified. Ver rill. three-fourths inches long by one-thirteenth inch broad, and is found in almost all parts of the body of swine. It Fig. 8. Fig. 8 — Eustrongylus Gigas. Cuvier. is frequent in the liver, kidney and the fat about the spare- 152 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. rib, but lias been found in the air-passages, the heart, the veins, the mesentery and elsewhere. In many cases no impairment of the health is observed. But irritation of important organs like the kidney or liver may lead to weak- ness of the hind parts, diarrhoea, or even blood-poisoning and sudden death. It seems not improbable that the at- tacks of this worm in the liver may produce a disorder which is confounded with Hog Cholera. Its presence in the kidney may sometimes be recognized by the existence of microscopic eggs in the urine. The same results from another worm — Eustrongylus Gigas. But without the ob- servation of such eggs weakness of the hind parts cannot be ascribed to the kidney -worm. Treatment is unsatisfactory. Small doses of salt and oil of turpentine may be given with no great hope of success. The favorite dose of arsenic only escapes killing the hog because he rejects it all by vomiting. If beneficial at all it must be in small doses, one-eighth to one-sixth grain, so that it may be taken up into the system. •Prevention is to be sought by keeping the healthy and diseased apart, and especially by raising young pigs apart from the ground occupied by the old. TRICHINA SPIRALIS. This worm, which is capable of being reared in all the domestic animals, is especially common in man, the hog Fig. 9. Fig. 9 — Adult Intestinal Trichina Spiralis, magnified. and the rat. Trichinae are almost microscopic, vary- Larger Parasites. 153 ing from one-eighteenth to one-sixth inch in length, yet they are among the most deadly worms known. The ma- ture and fertile worm lives in the intestines of animals, the immature in minute cysts in the muscle. The latter can only Fig. 10. Fig. 10 — Muscle Trichina encysted, magnified. reach maturity and reproduce their kind when the animal which they infest is devoured by another and they are set free by the digestion of their cysts. "When thus introduced into the bowels they grow and propagate their kind, giv- ing rise to much irritation for the first fortnight, diarrhoea, enteritis ox peritonitis. The symptoms caused by their bor- ing through the bowels and into the muscles last from the eighth to the fiftieth day. There are violent muscular pains like rheumatism but not affecting the joints, a stiff, semiflexed condition of the limbs and sometimes swellings on the skin. In man the affection is often mistaken for rheumatism or typhoid fever, in the lower animals the symptoms are usually less marked but are the same in kind. There are loss of appetite, indisposition to move, pain when handled and stiffness behind. If the patient sur- vives six weeks recovery may be expected because the worms no longer irritate after becoming encysted in the muscle. Treatment. In the first six weeks, but especially for the first fortnight, use laxatives and vermifuges. Glycerine, benzine, Diippel's animal oil, chloroform, alcohol and pic- ric acid are fatal to them in about the order named. Prevention. Never eat underdone meat. Trichina sur- 154 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. vive 140° F. Hams thoroughly smoked or salted for three months are safe. Slightly smoked hams and those steeped in creosote or carbolic acid are most dangerous. Pigs should not be kept near slaughter-houses, and especially should the waste of these places be forbidden them. Such hog-pens, indeed all piggeries, should be kept scrupulously clean and clear of rats and mice. The carcasses of swine fed near slaughter-houses or where rats abound should be subjected to a thorough microscopic examination before passing into consumption. Whenever a case of trichinosis occurs in a human subject the pork should be traced to its source if possible, and the pigs reared in the same place killed and subjected to prolonged boiling. The rats and mice should be eradicated and the hog-pens and manure burned. CHAPTER V. DIETETIC AND CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES Ergotism. Goitre. Rheumatism. Acute Anasarca. Purpura Iloemor- rhagica. Anaemia. ERGOTISM. From time immemorial animals and men have suffered from eating the cereal grains which have been attacked with ergot. This was especially the case when agriculture was in its infancy, for then a damp, cloudy season would cause this affection to spread after the manner of a plague. The same holds still to a less extent, and in the New World as well as the Old. Not only the ergot but even the smut of maize will bring about untoward effects. These results may be divided into three categories according as the poison acts on the brain producing convulsions, paraly- sis or profound lethargy ; on the womb tending to abortion ; or on the extremities causing dry gangrene. Symptoms of the Nervous Form. Unsteady gait, a great tendency to lie down and to remain in a torpid state little conscious of what is passing around, loss of lustre of hair or feathers, coldness of skin, dilatation of the pupils of the eyes, and dullness of the special senses mark the early stages. This may go on to paralysis or deep lethargy without any active nervous excitement. Or paroxysms supervene, during which the special senses become more acute, the animal very excitable, and twitching of the mus- cles or spasms like those of lockjaw or epilepsy convulse the patient. Then there is a relapse into the former stupor and drowsiness, with palsy of the hind limbs or knuckling 156 The Farmer 's Veterinary Adviser. forward at the fetlocks. Death may ensue in a few hours or days, or the affection may become chronic, the patient remaining with variable appetite, but getting no good of his food, with spasms of the pharynx, vomiting or diar- rhoea. He usually passes off in a convulsion. Symptoms of the Abortion Form do not differ from those of abortion from other causes. (See Abortion). Symptoms cf tlte Gangrenous Form. Nervous symptoms may or may not usher in the disease. Then follow swell- ing, heat and tenderness of the extremities, usually the hind feet but sometimes the fore, or the tail, ears or roots of the horns. Lameness usually first draws attention to this condition. Soon the extremity becomes cold, insen- sible, of a deep brownish-red appearance and dry, hard or almost horny. The swelling, heat and tenderness persist higher up, but the lower part is dead including even the bone up to a given point. At this level a red, circular crack appears in the skin separating the dead from the living, and if the patient should survive long enough the whole gangrenous part drops off. It usually occurs in winter from the dry hay fodder but is distinguished from frost-bite by implicating the deep as well as the superficial parts and attacking the feet in pref- erence to the more exposed tail and ears. Treatment is only successful in the mildest cases, and the earliest stages. Change to wholesome diet, including plenty of roots or potatoes. Clear offensive matter from the bowels by laxatives, and give tonics (cinchona, gen- tian,) stimulants (ammonia, valerian, angelica, musk,) and antispasmodics (opium, chloral-hydrate, chloroform, or nitrite of amyle). Use soft, warm poultices containing camphor. Prevention. Ergoted hay, known by the black, spur-like growths out of the husks, should be withheld, or fed only in limited quantity in conjunction with roots and potatoes. Be careful in selecting seed clear of ergot. Seed may be protected to a large extent by sprinkh'ne' with a strong Dietetic and Constitutional Diseases. 157 solution of blue-stone or bisulphite of soda before sowing, and drying with quicklime. Contaminated soil should be used for other crops. Drainage, and open sunshine are conducive to healthy growth. Hay from affected pastures must be cut early, before it has run to seed. GOITRE. This is a diseased enlargement of the thyroid body, sit- uated beneath the throat, and is common in animals and in man wherever the water is charged with the products of magnesian-limestone. Hence, its frequency on the limestone formations of New York and Pennsylvania. Weakness, from any disease, poor feeding, abuse, over- work, etc., aggravates the affection. In solipeds there are two distinct swellings, one on each side, but in other animals and, above all, in swine, the swelling is single and in the median line. At first it is soft and even doughy, but afterwards it is firm, tense and resistant, and if cut into may even be gritty. In lambs it may form a great en- gorgement from the jaw to the breast-bone, and the whole produce of the year may be still-born or die soon after birth. Treatment. Give rain-water and use iodine freely, both internally, on an empty stomach, and over the swell- ing. Persist in this for months. Weak solutions of iodine may be thrown into the tumor by a hypodermic syringe, or the nutrient blood-vessels may be tied. The destruction of lambs by goitre may be obviated by giving the ewes rain-water, good feeding and plenty of ex- si cise in the open air during the winter. RHEUMATISM. This is a peculiar form of inflammation attacking the fibrous structures of the body (muscles, tendons, joints, bursae, etc.,) and dependent on a constitutional predispo- sition transmitted from parent to offspring. It often shifts from place to place, rarely results in suppuration, 158 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. and shows a great tendency to implicate fatally the valves and other fibrous structures of the heart. Besides the constitutional predisposition, it owes its development to accessory causes, such as cold and wet, cold draughts, and disorders, especially those of the digestive or respiratory organs which load the blood with abnormal and probably acid elements. Symptoms. Acute Form. Dullness, languor or indispo- sition to move is followed by extreme lameness in one or more limbs, and heat, swelling and tenderness of a joint, tendon or group of muscles. If this tenderness moves from joint to joint or muscle to muscle it is very charac- teristic. The swelling is at first soft and afterward hard and resistant ; it may fluctuate from excess of synovia in a joint, but rarely from the formation of matter. With the onset of the inflammation comes active fever, with full, hard pulse, increased temperature, hot, clammy mouth, dry muzzle, hurried breathing, costiveness, and scanty, high-colored urine, sometimes with a neutral or even acid reaction. Cattle often remain down and refuse to rise. If the disease extends to the heart, the pulse has a sharp, often intermittent or irregular beat, and one or other of the heart sounds may be accompanied by a hissing or sighing murmur. (See diseases of the heart.) Chronic Form. This resembles the acute, excepting that it is less severe, usually unattended by fever, and may even appear only on exposure, and disappear in the warm sunshine. It is liable to induce fibrous and even bony en- largements, and in cattle suppuration, especially about the joints, and in such cases the disease is more stable and less inclined to shift from place to place. Treatment. Give a laxative (horse, aloes ; ox or sheep, Epsom salts ; pig or dog, castor oil,) with anodynes (opium) if pain is extreme, and follow up with alkalies (bicarbonate of potassa or soda; acetate of potassa or ammonia ; cream of tartar,) and diuretics (colchicum, mu- riate of ammonia, nitrate of potassa). Sudorific s (hot Dietetic and Constitutional Diseases. 159 room; warm clothing; rugs wrung out of boiling wator closely applied to the skin and covered with dry ; bags of dry grain, bran or sand ; rubbing with hot smoothing-irons over a thin covering ; hot air or steam baths ; aconite ; acetate of ammonia ; guarana, etc.,) are in the highest de- gree beneficial. Some agents, like propylamine and muri- ate of iron, have been very serviceable in certain hands. Local treatment consists in the application of warmth, etc., as above indicated, and also blisters (strong aqua ammonia and olive oil) which may be applied several times a day and the inflammation followed up as it re- cedes from structure to structure. ACUTE ANASAKCA. PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA. The affection to be described here is altogether different in its nature from the dropsies which result from obstruc- tion of veins, in phlebitis, or because of pressure by a dis- eased structure, as also from those dependent on suppres- sion of the secretion of urine, on heart-disease or a watery state of the blood with deficiency of blood globules. It is not at all inflammatory nor of the nature of malignant an- thrax as is generally assumed. It is exceedingly common after influenza and other affections of the respiratory organs, in ill-ventilated stables where animals are compelled to use rebreathed air, and in very open, cold barns where they are liable to be chilled after being heated at work. Sud- den excessive lowering of temperature or exposure to cold rain or wind storms, especially when hot and perspiring, are efficient causes by reason of the sudden check to the secretions of the skin. The disease is much more fre- quent under the extreme vicissitudes of temperature of the Northern States than in the more equable climate of ihe British Isles. Symptoms. The disease is manifested abruptly by ap- pearance of tense, painful, rounded or diffuse swellings on the nose, lips, face, neck, inner sides of the limbs, belly or indeed anywhere over the body. These tend to enlarge, 1G0 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. to run together and to gravitate downwards into the limbs and the lower parts of the trunk, where they form extend- ed, tolerably smooth swellings, pitting on pressure and subsiding abruptly into the sound skin at their upper mar- gins. The membrane lining the nose usually shows dark blood spots and patches, ineffaceable by pressure, even at this early stage, sometimes indeed before any swelling of the skin, but always as the disease advances. Similar spots may be seen on the skins of white animals. The urine is usu- ally dense, thick, ammoniacal and often brownish-red. Shivering often marks the period of effusion but there is at first little change of pulse, temperature, breathing 01 appetite. As the swellings increase, the animal becomes unable to see, to eat, or even to move, almost, and breath- ing may be carried on only with the greatest difficulty, through the swollen and closed nostrils. Transverse cracks and yellowish liquid oozing, appear in the bends of the joints ; little blisters with yellowish or bloody con- tents rise, especially in the hollow of the heel behind the pastern, and, bursting, continue to discharge. Yellowish serum or dark blood may ooze from the general surface of the swelling ; patches of skin die, drop off and leave un- healthy, weak sores with a serous discharge ; the exuda- tions may even soften the muscles, and loosen and detach the tendons from the bones leading to turning up of the toe or other distortions. Sometimes the superficial swell- ings suddenly subside, and unless a critical diarrhoea or diuresis occurs, serous infiltration of some internal organ like the lungs or bowels is apt to ensue, cutting off the pa- tient suddenly, with great oppression of breathing or vio- lent and persistent colicky pains, and, at times, a bloody foetid diarrhoea. The symptoms and dangers vary with the seat of the effusion. The result is most favorable when this is under the skin, the main danger then being from suffocation, ex- tensive death and sloughing of skin, and softening and de- tachment of tendons and ligaments. Unless improvement Dietetic and Constitutional Diseases. 1G1 is shown by the third or fourth day the disease will usually last over twelve or fourteen days, and the resulting sores even for months. Prevention. Keep in strong, vigorous health, and avoid the various causes (exposure, etc.,) known to precipitate the malady. Drainage of damp localities is not without its influence. Lastly, avoid weakening treatment in dis- eases of the respiratory organs, especially such as are at- tended with a low type of fever like influenza, and, above all, avoid exercising such animals to fatigue, or exposing to inclement weather. Treatment. Give a mild laxative (olive oil, linseed oil, aloes,) and follow up by diuretics (sweet spirits of nitre, oil of turpentine, buchu, nitrate of potassa,) carefully gradua- ted in amount to the strength of the patient, and use freely agents calculated to increase the viscidity of the blood (tincture of muriate of iron 1 dr., chlorate of potassa 2 to 4 dr., bichromate of potassa ^ grain,) with bitter tonics (quinia, cascarilla, camomile,) and, if necessary to moderate suffering, anodynes (belladonna) or in very pros- trate conditions stimulants (alcoholic liquors, oil of tur- pentine). Locally, the swellings should be often bathed with tepid lotions of tincture of muriate of iron, carbolic acid, or chloride of zinc diluted so as to be non-irritating. Astringent solutions should be assiduously employed about the head, and, if suffocation is threatened, tubes of gutta-percha may be inserted in the nostrils to keep them open. Tracheotomy is to be avoided if possible, together with scarifying of the swellings, because of the risk of un- healthy sores resulting. Modified Forms. The mild forms of this affection have been described as scarlatina, the distinction being based on the punctiforn mature of the blood-staining, the sever- ity of the sore-throat and the more moderate exudation. But there is no contagion nor, indeed, anything that seems to warrant the distinction claimed. This form may be es- pecially benefited by poultices and counter-irritants to the 11 1G2 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. throat, by the inhalation of warm water vapor, and by as- tringent electuaries (chlorate of potassa, 2 oz. ; vinegar, 2 oz. ; linseed meal, 5 oz. ; syrup, sufficient to form a pasty mass. Smear one-eighth of the mass on the back teeth twice a day). Otherwise, the treatment is the same as for purpura. ANEMIA. This term is used to imply a deficiency of red globules in the blood, a result which may be determined by a vari- ety of causes described in other parts of this work. Among these may be named : worms, profuse bleeding, excessive se- cretions from the udder, kidneys, bowels, etc., chronic dis- eases of digestion, or of the mesenteric glands, feeding on aliment deficient in some essential element, on what has been grown on poor, sandy soils, restriction for a length of time to one kind of food, starvation, diseases of the jaws or teeth, damp, dark, badly-aired buildings, seclusion from sunlight, etc. Some cases, however, are not traceable to any defi- nite cause, and it appears that they set in and progress, in spite of good hygienic arrangements, and in the absence of any obvious disease of structure. Symptoms. Great and increasing paleness of the mu- cous membranes, and in white animals of the skin (paper skin) ; lack of fullness or roundness of the veins ; slow, weak pulse ; heart's beat slow and heard with difficulty, but excited to palpitation when the patient is subjected to violent exertion; there is great lack of life and energy, and hurried breathing, perspiration and fatigue are easily induced. As the blood becomes poorer all these symp- toms are aggravated, movement becomes unsteady, the hair or wool is easily detached, appetite fails, the dung is passed in small quantities and very hard, and a very clear urine of a low density is secreted in excess. In the ad- vanced stages the pale, dull, sunken eye, the puffy appear- ance of the membrane of the eyelids, the dropsical swell- ings beneath the jaws or body or in the limbs, the inability Dietetic and Constitutional Diseases. 163 or disinclination to rise, the staggering gait, the hurried breathing becoming quick and wheezing on the least exer- tion, and the palpitations are highly characteristic. Towards the end the urine may pass involuntarily or diarrhoea may supervene. Death sometimes occurs early, before there is much emaciation, and horses will even die in harness. Prevention. Avoid everything calculated to reduce the sys- tem unduly. Severe depletive treatment of disease (bleed- ing, purging, diuretics,) should only be resorted to under necessity. Hard work, excessive yield of milk, etc., can only be warranted under a rich, abundant food, and in an animal of great powers of digestion and assimilation. Kegularity in feeding, watering and work are essential. The effect of a spare diet, even in idleness, must be care- fully watched, as well as a long-continued feeding on one variety of plant. If evil effects are shown there should be a prompt change to natural hay or grass, consisting of a variety of plants grown on a dry soil, and a liberal supply of grain. In cases due to parasites or other removable cause, atten- tion to these is manifestly the first step to prevention. Treatment. After removal of the causes, support by nour- ishing, easily-digested food in small bulk to avoid exhausting the powers of the stomach. Ground oats, barley, oil-cake, and a little natural hay may be especially mentioned, though, for weak subjects, thick, well-boiled gruels and beef tea (even for herbivora) may be resorted to. Tonics are all-im- portant (iron, gentian, quassia, cascarilla, cinchona, common salt, pepsin,) but should be given in small doses to the weaker subjects. Iron and gentian, given as tinctures, are espe- cially useful. In extreme cases, health may be speedily re- vived by the transfusion of blood from a healthy animal. In all cases, the patient should be allowed rest in a dry, warm, well-aired place, and should have light, sunshine, and groom- ing. CHAPTER VI. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. General causes of diseases of the breathing organs. Physical examination of these organs : — Auscultation, percussion. Bleeding from the nose. Nasal Catarrh. Cold in the head. Collection of matter in the nasal sinuses. Al> scess of the false nostril. Abscess in the guttural pouches. Tumors in the nose. Malignant catarrh of cattle. Sore-throat. Croup. Roup. Diphthe- ria. Chronic roaring. Bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis. Glander heaves. Acute congestion of the lungs. Pneumonia. Inflammation of the lungs. Pleurisy. Inflammation of the membrane lining the chest. Pleuro-pneu- monia. Broncho-pneumonia. Broncho-pleuro-pneumonia. Hydro-thorax. Water in the chest. Pneumo -thorax. Air or gas in the chest. Abscess of the intercostal spaces. Dropsy of the lung. Apoplexy of the lung. Pleu- ro-dynia. Rheumatism of the walls of the chest. Asthma in dogs. Heaves. Broken- wind. Bleeding from the lungs. Haemoptysis. Parasites in the upper air-passages. Grub in the head. Larva of GLstrus Ovis. Pentasto- ma Taenioides. Parasites in the lower air-passages. Lung-worms of sheep, etc Lung-worms of horses and cattle. Gape-worm of fowls. Verminous, bronchitis in calves, sheep, swine and birds. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. These are of the first importance in domestic animals alike as regards their frequency and the mortality and other serious consequences they entaiL In young horses especially they are far more common and more destructive than any other class of diseases. Among the general causes of diseases of this class of organs the following may be stated in brief : 1. The great extent of the respiratory surface in the lungs = 200 to 500 square feet. 2. The ex- treme tenuity and delicacy of the membrane covering this surface, protective cells (epithelium) being almost wanting in the air cells, contrary to what exists on every other mu- cous surface in the body. 3. The extraordinary work tc Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 165 which the lungs are subjected in the rapid paces and se- vere efforts made by the horse. 4. The close, impure air of the stable in contrast to the clear bracing air of the fields to which the colt has been accustomed. 5. The effect of the hot relaxing air of the stable is not only on the lungs directly but on the skin with which the lungs and all in- ternal organs so closely sympathize. 6. The heats and chills, and violent nervous excitement to which young horses are subjected in passing into training and work. 7. The changes of locality, feeding and management to which young horses are subjected on leaving the breeder. 8. The variable weather and sudden, extreme changes of spring and autumn. 9. The susceptibility which results from the want of habitude of bearing extreme heat and cold, and which tells especially at the above seasons. 10. The draughts of cold air to which animals are often sub- jected, and particularly when warm and perspiring. 11. The frequent exposure to cold drenching rains, night dews and the like, after the excitement and relaxation consequent on a hard day's work. 12. The arrest of circulation through the lungs owing to imperfect seration of the blood when an animal out of condition is driven at a pace beyond his power of endurance. Modes of Physical Exploration of the Respiratory Organs. Auscultation and percussion are the most essential. The first is the application of the ear alone or with a stetho- scope to the surface over some part of the respiratory or- gans (nose, throat, windpipe, chest,) to listen to the natural sounds of breathing and to detect any unnatural change or absence of these sounds. The natural sounds must be studied on the healthy animal, and then the different mod- ifications followed on the diseased. In general terms there is a blowing sound to be heard in health over the nose, throat, windpipe, and between the upper and middle thirds of the chest. In the rest of the chest is a soft, rus- tling murmur which has been compared to the gentlest zeuhyr stirring dry leaves. Just behind the left elbow m 1GG The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. horses this murmur is absent and replaced by the sound? of the heart. Between the upper and middle thirds of the chest it mingles with the blowing sound anteriorly, but is unaccompanied by that over the few last ribs. Percussion consists in drawing out the resonance of any part by strik- ing it gentle taps with a hard object, the blows falling per- pendicularly to its surface, and of a force proportioned to the depth of the organ it is meant to sound. Thus, for the surface, the gentlest taps with the tip of the finger are wanted, while for the centre of the chest in large animals, the closed fist may be advantageously used. For inter- mediate depths the four fingers and thumb may be brought together, in a straight line at their tips, and the surface tapped with this. When a cavity, enclosed by a hard bony surface, such as the nose, is being sounded, it is well enough to tap this direct, but if the surface is soft, as in the chest of fat and fleshy animals, a hard, solid body should be pressed firmly upon it and the taps delivered upon this. As the different parts of the right hand maj be used for delivering the taps, so may the two middle fin* gers of the left hand be employed to compress the soft parts and receive them. The front of the fingers should be applied against the surface and the hard bony backs turned out to receive the taps. If percussion is made over a hollow space, like the nose or windpipe, the sound is drum-like ; if over an open, spongy tissue, like the lung, it is much less so but still full and clear, but if over a solid body, like the thigh, it is dull, dead, or quite wanting in resonance. Behind the left elbow such dull sound is met with in the horse and, to a less extent, in cattle ; and on the last ribs on the right side in cattle, sheep and pigs a similar dullness is found in accordance with the position of the liver. Any increase, diminution or loss of reso- nance over particular parts thus becomes of great value as indicating the healthy or unnatural state of the parts. But the observer must learn this matter by experience on the healthy and diseased. These hints are merely thrown out to make what will follow intelligible. Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 167 BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE. Bleeding from the nose is rather rare in animals, an 3 usually results from disease or injury to the mucous mem brane or to violent exertions in coughing, sneezing, draw- ing heavy loads uphill, or with a tight collar, and espo cially in animals with a plethoric habit. Symptoms. Bleeding in drops (rarely in a stream) from one nostril only, accompanied by sneezing, and without frothing or sour odor. Bleeding from the lungs comes from both nostrils, is bright-red, frothy and accompanied by a cough. Bleeding from the stomach also comes from both nostrils, and is black, clotted, sour, and attended bj retching. Treatment. Tie the head short up to a high rack or beam sover head and neck with bags of ice or rugs wrung out of cold water, and blow matico powder or strong alum water in spray into the nose during inspiration. In obstinate casss, the nose may be plugged with pledgets of tow, tied with a soft cord by which they may be withdrawn when the bleeding subsides. Both nostrils must not be plugged in horses unless tracheotomy has first been performed. Internally, may be given gallic acid, acetate of lead, per- chloride of iron or ergot of rye. NASAL CATARRH. COLD IN THE HEAD. This results from the general causes above mentioned and from irritant gases, vapors, etc. Symptoms. Sneezing, redness and watering of the eyes, and redness of the membrane of the nose which is at first dry, afterwards discharges a clear watery fluid and finally a yellowish-white muco-purulent matter. In mild cases there is little or no fever, in the more severe fever may run high. Treatment. In mild cases rest in a clear, airy, warm building with suitable clothing and warm bran mashes is all that 'is necessary. In the more severe steam the nose is for strangles, and slightly charge the air with the fumes 168 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. of burning sulphur, give warm water injections or even a mild laxative, (horse, ox or sheep, Glauber salts ; dog or pig, castor oil), followed by refrigerant diuretics (nitre, acetate of potassa, etc.). If debility ensues feed well and Fig. 11. Fig. II — Syphon for injecting the nose. give tonics (gentian, etc.,) and stimulants (spirits of nitrous ether). Chronic discharges may usually be promptly checked by injecting the nose with a weak astringent solution (sulphate of zinc \ dr., glycerine 1 oz., tepid water 1 qt.) This is thrown in with a syphon having one arm sixteen inches long and the other leaving that at an angle of 45°, three and a half inches long and narrowing to half an inch at the point. The short limb is inserted into the nostril, having first been passed through a hole in the centre of a piece of sole leather intended to prevent the return of the fluid from the nose. The adaptation is perfected by pledgets of tow, and the head being brought into a vertical position the liquid is poured into the long end of the syphon until it rises in that nasal chamber and escapes by the opposite nostril. One or two such in- jections are usually sufficient. COLLECTION OF MATTER IN THE NASAL SINUSES. This is common after severe colds in the horse ; and as the result of blows on the forehead or horns in oxen, of injuries from the yoke, etc. ; in sheep from grub in the head (larva of (Estrus Ovis) ; in dogs and horses from the pentastomata, and in all animals from diseases of the upper back teeth. Symptoms. A more or less constant discharge fron Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 1G9 the nose, fetid if long retained, and above all if from a dis- eased tooth, a dullness on percussion on that side of tht face between the eyes or just beneath the eyes, and occa- sionally heat, tenderness and even swelling of these pans, especially below the eye. Treatment. Trephine the bone to one side of the median line of the forehead, in the interval between the eyes, and again, an inch above the end of the bony ridge which extends down beneath the eye, and wash out daily, at first with tepid water and finally with the injection recommended for the nose. In the case of parasites these must be rinsed out. Sometimes a slight collection of this kind will recover under injections for the nose and the persistent use of sulphate of iron or copper, or other tonic. If there is a diseased tooth it will be recognized by the dropping of food half-chewed, by the swelling and tenderness around the fang of the tooth and by the intolerable foetor which clings to the fingers when a balling iron has been placed in the mouth and the tooth examined with the hand. Such a tooth must be extracted with large forceps, if already loosened, or if not, an opening should be made upon its fang with a trephine and the offending tooth driven out with a punch and mallet. But there is much danger of injuring impor- tant vessels and nerves unless the operator is thoroughly conversant with anatomy. ABSCESS OF THE FALSE NOSTRIL. This is common in young horses and appears as a slowly increasing, inactive, tense, round swelling in the outer part of the nostril. It is so firm as to feel solid but col- lapses at once when opened. It should be laid open from within the nose along its whole length and plugged witl v tow till the raw edges have skinned over. ABSCESS IN THE GUTTURAL POUCHES. These are two cavities situated above the throat and pe- 170 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. culiar to solipeds. Each has a small opening at its ante- rior part through which any liquid within them can escape only when the head is depressed. Hence a collection oJ matter in these sacs, consequent on a sore throat, escapes- and is discharged through the nose intermittently when the head is down drinking, or still more in grazing or nib- bling roots. The discharge comes from both nostrils and there may or may not be swelling beneath the ear. Many such cases will recover if sent to grass or fed from the ground and treated with some of the tonics recommended for chronic catarrh or glanders. But should these fail the sac must be laid open, setoned and washed out daily with % weak astringent lotion. This operation requires the most accurate knowledge of the parts to avoid the many important structures in the region. (See the author's lar- ger work.) TUMOKS IN THE NOSE. Tumors of almost every kind grow in the nose and must be removed by surgical means. MALIGNANT CATARRH OF CATTLE. This appears mainly in cold, damp, marshy situations where the vitality is impaired, or in unusual seasons. Il the cold early summer of 1875 I met with it in cowfc in several marshy places. Low, damp river-bottoms are most subject to it and probably it is due to deleterious agents taken in with the food and water as well as to chills and exposure. Symptoms. A slight diarrhoea may be followed by cos- tiveness, the dung being black, firm and scanty. The hair is rough and erect, shivering ensues, the head is de- pressed, the roots of the horns and fcrehead hot, eyes sunken, red, watery, with turbidity in the interior and in- tolerance of light, muzzle dry and hot, mouth hot with much saliva, the membranes of mouth, nose and vagina bluish-red, pulse rapid, impulse of heart weak, breathing Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 171 hurried, cough, urine scanty and high-colored and surface of the body alternately hot and cold. In twenty-four hours all the symptoms are aggravated, the nose discharges a slimy fluid, the forehead is warmer, and duller on percus- sion, the mouth covered with dark-red blotches from which the cuticle soon peels off leaving raw sores, appetite is completely lost, dung and urine passed with much pain and straining and there is general stiffness and indisposi- tion to move. From the fourth to the sixth day ulcers appear on the nose and muzzle, swellings take place be- neath the jaws, chest and abdomen, and on the legs, the skin may even slough off in patches, a foetid saliva drivels from the mouth and a stinking diarrhoea succeeds the cos- tiveness. Death usually ensues from the eighth to the tenth day, preceded perhaps by convulsions or signs of suffocation. The disease strongly resembles the Russian Cattle Plague but is rarely contagious. Treatment. Clear out the bowels by a laxative (olive oil and laudanum), following this up by slightly stimulat- ing diuretics (sweet spirits of nitre, liquor of acetate of ammonia,) with antiseptics (chlorate of potassa, bichro- mate of potassa, hydrochloric acid). "Wet cloths may be kept on the head, the mouth and nose sponged with very weak solutions of carbolic acid, and only soft mashes and sliced or pulped roots allowed. SOEE-THEOAT. This may be confined to the larynx or upper end of the windpipe (laryngitis), or the pharynx or membranous pouch through which air and food both pass at the back of the mouth (pharyngitis), or the whole may be involved (laryngo-pharyngitis). There are, besides, the sore-throats connected with specific diseases (croup, diphtheria, in- fluenza, strangles, distemper and purpura). The causes of simple sore-throat are the same as those of nasal catarrh. Bots in the throat may cause it ir horses. 172 The Farmer } s Veterinary Adviser. Symptoms. The nose is raised and protruded, the heac being carried stiffly and more in a line with the neck than usual, and there is swelling of the throat or beneath the roots of the ears. There is cough, hard in laryngitis, and dry and husky in pharyngitis, and, later, loose and gur- gling in both diseases. With laryngitis there is much ten- derness to touch, and, in the early stages, a loud, harsh blowing sound which may become loose and rattling as the disease advances. With pharyngitis there is a little tenderness, but difficulty in swallowing, chewed morsels being often dropped again and water rejected through the nose. The discharge from the nose is more glairy than in nasal catarrh or bronchitis, and on its appearance the act- ive fever usually subsides in great part. If there is much redness of the membrane of the nose, and high fever, the case is likely to be severe, and the same is true of cases with a painful, paroxysmal cough. In Chronic Sore-throat there may appear to be general good health, but a cough comes on in paroxysms when the patient comes into the cold air, drinks cold water, eats dry oats or dusty hay or undergoes active exertion. There are also more or less tenderness and wheezing or rattling in the throat, and sometimes slight swelling. Treatment. Rest in a clean, dry, airy stable or box. Clothe warmly and flannel bandage the legs if cold or tending to shiver. Tie a rug or sheep-skin with wool in around the neck. Steam the nose as for strangles. Unless the fever and pulse are low or the affection of an influenza type, a laxative is usually beneficial (horse, aloes; ox and sheep, Glauber salts ; dog and pig, castor oil ;) following up with nitre or acetate of potassa in the water, and ano- dynes as electuaries. Solid extract of belladonna 4 drs. ; tannic acid 1 dr. ; bisulphite of soda 4 drs. ; honey or syrup 5 oz. ; mix. Dose — horse and ox a piece as large as a hickory nut ; sheep one-fourth, dog one-tenth of this bulk, thrice daily. To be smeared on the back teeth and swal- lowed at leisure. Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 173 In most cases, a thin pulp, made with mustard and water, should be well rubbed in around the throat as soon as the bowels respond, and covered up for two hours, but. in the most severe, this may be preceded for a day or twc by a linseed poultice. The diet throughout must be green, soft mashes or roots. CROUP. Especially seen in young animals (calves, lambs, foals,) in cold and damp or high exposed localities. The symp- toms are those of severe sore-throat (laryngitis) coming on very suddenly with hard croupy cough and dry wheezing breathing, worse at one time than another or heard only at particular times of the day (morning, night,) when spasms of the larynx come on. But the most characteris- tic symptom is the formation of albuminoid false mem- branes as white films or pellicles in the throat, and which are discharged in shreds on the second or third day. Fever runs very high, pulse ninety to one hundred, tem- perature 107°, and even higher. Treatment. Give a warm, well-aired building, with water- vapor set free in the atmosphere, if possible ; warm clothing, a laxative (sulphate of soda) with antispasmodic (laudanum, aconite, chloral-hydrate, lobelia) ; follow up with small doses of sulphate of soda, chlorate of potassa and antispasmodics, giving each dose in well-boiled linseed tea, slippery elm or marsh-mallow. Blister the neck ac- tively (mustard, with or without oil of turpentine,) and, if necessary, swab out the throat with a solution of nitrate of silver ten grs., water one oz., applied by a small sponge immovably tied on a piece of whalebone. In the worst cases suffocation must be obviated by opening the wind- pipe in the middle of the neck and inserting a tube to ^reathe through. In horses a ring must not be completely cut across, but a semicircular piece cut out of each of two adjacent ones. Sometimes stimulants (wine whey, car- bonate of ammonia,) and tonics (gentian, cinchona,) must be used to sustain the failing strength. 174 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. CROUP OK ROUP VS. FOWLS. Causes. Probably similar to those acting on quadrupeds. Exciting diet (wheat, buckwheat, oats,) seems at times in- jurious. ISFewly- arrived fowls are most liable to contract it, yet it does not always seem contagious in the ordinary sense, but rather inherent in soil, locality or conditions of life. Syjwptoms. Dullness, sleepiness, neglect of food, ruffled feathers, unsteady walk, quickened breathing, with a hoarse wheeze, and an occasional loud crowing noise. On the tongue, at the angle of union of the beak, or in the throat appear yellowish white films {false membranes) firmly adherent to a reddened surface, and raw sores where these have been de- tached. The nostrils may be completely plugged with swell- ing and discharge so that breath can only be drawn through the open bill. The inflammation may extend along the wind- pipe to the aerial cavities and lungs, or along the gullet to the intestines. In the first case, death may take place from suffocation, and in the second, from diarrhoea, and as early as in twenty -four hours. Toward the end of an outbreak, the malady may last twenty days and still prove fatal. False membranes may form on other distant parts of the body, but especially the comb, wattles, eye, or on accidental sores. Treatment. Disuse raw grain, and feed on vegetables, and puddings made of well-boiled oat, barley or Indian meal. Dissolve carbonate or sulphate of soda, or chlorate of potassa freely in the water drunk, remove the false membranes with a feather or forceps and apply to the surface with a feather the nitrate of silver lotion advised for croup in quadrupeds. If diarrhoea supervenes, give a teaspoonful of quinia wine thrice a day. It is all-important to change the run of the chickens for a time at least. DIPHTHERIA. This is seen in calves, pigs, horses, rabbits, mice, rats, kit- tens, guinea-pigs, hens and ducks. It is undoubtedly con- tagious, yet one attack does not protect against a second. In the false membranes, blood, and internal organs (spleen, liver, kidney, etc.) are found spherical and rod bacteria (strepto- Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 175 coccus and bacillus), which convey the disease to susceptible animals after a •number of artificial cultures (Loeffler). Though not always inoculable from one genus to another, there are many cases of such interchange, accidental and ex- perimental, and in these man has reciprocated freely with the lower animals. The special potency of the poison, the re- ceptivity of the subject, and the unwholesome condition of the surroundings have much to do with the result. Close, filthy pens, and want of care, strongly predispose. The poi- son is easily carried in milk. Symptoms. Sudden illness, with sore-throat and extreme weakness and stiffness of back and loins. The pig moves slowly and crouchingly with raised head, open dry mouth, hoarse nasal grunt, livid tongue, and red swollen throat with grayish-white patches of false membranes. The eyes are dull and sunken, and the appetite gone. In a few hours all the structures of throat and nose are involved, there is much swelling and threatened suffocation and shreds of false mem- brane are coughed up. The patient remains down, sits on his haunches, or leans on the fence and usually perishes in a fit of coughing. In other genera there is violent sore- throat (at first often without fever), swelling of throat and glands, difficult swallowing and breathing, and later cough- ing up of false membranes. The false membranes also ap- pear on superficial sores, while in some cases the poison acts especially on the internal organs. Muscular pains, weakness and paralysis often follow. Treatment. Must be early to succeed, hence, examine the throat for false membranes in all cases of sore- throat in pigs, holding the animal with a noose around the upper jaw. If white patches are seen, apply at once and freely the nitrate of silver lotion advised for croup, and repeat as often as may seem necessary to keep the diseased growths in check. Tinct- ure of muriate of iron, with as much chlorate of potash as it will dissolve, may be diluted in water to a strong astringent wash and given every hour. The bowels may be freely opened by a purgative, and tincture of the muriate of iron and nitre given thrice a day in a tablespoonful of cold water. 176 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Great attention must be given to the comfort and to secure pure air, and soft, easily-digestible food for some time. CHRONIC ROARING EST HORSES. This is a wheezing, whistling, or hoarse rasping sound made in the upper part of the windpipe (larynx) in breath ^ ing and especially when excited. It is usually due to pa- ralysis and wasting of the muscles on the left side of the larynx and which open the channel for the air, and in such cases the noise is only made in drawing air in. But any obstruction in the large air-tubes will give rise to roaring, heard most commonly in both inspiration and expiration. Thus palsy of the nostrils, fracture and depression of the bones of the nose, tumors in the nose, throat, windpipe or bronchi, false membranes extending across* the air-passages, dropsical swelling about the throat, and in stallions undue accumulations of fat, may give rise to it. In the typical form with palsy of the laryngeal muscles the animal grunts (groans) when led up to a wall and a feint is made to strike him on the ribs. If galloped up a steep hill or over a newly- plowed field, or even for some distance on level ground, the roaring is strikingly brought out. The same holds good if made to draw a heavy load or one with the wheels dragged. Treatment. In incipient cases with simple thickening of the mucous membrane, benefit may arise from swabbing out the larynx with nitrate of silver solution, as recommended for croup, or firing the skin over the throat with a red-hot iron. But if the muscles are wasted and fatty these means will be fruitless, and we must look to mechanical or surgical measures for help. Pads attached to the nose-band of the bridle, and so arranged that they will lie on the false nostrils and check somewhat the ingress of air, will enable many roarers to do moderate work with comparative comfort. In the worst cases, in which the animal is rendered useless, tracheotomy may be performed and the animal made to breathe through a tube inserted in the middle of the neck. Or finally, the larynx may be laid open with the knife, and Diseases of the Hesjnratory Organs 177 the flap of gristle (arytenoid), which is drawn in, valve-like, over the opening by the current of air, cut off. Some cases of roaring due to feeding on vetches (Za- thyrus Sativa or Cicero) may be cured by changing the feed, and giving some doses of nux vomica. Others due to dropsical effusions appear intermittently and may be bene- fited by tonics and iodide of potassium, with hard, dry feed- in o- and exercise. Tumors and other mechanical obstructions must be removed with the knife. Finally, roaring is often hereditary in horses with a nar- row space between the jaws and thick, short neck, with badly set on head, and such should be rejected for breeding pur- poses. BRONCHITIS. Inflammation of the large air-tubes within the lungs. It may be looked upon as an extension downward of nasal ca- tarrh or sore-throat and frequently supervenes on one or the other of these. Otherwise it owns the same general causes with these affections. It may also attend on influenza, strangles, contagious pleuro-pneumonia, distemper in dogs, tuberculosis, and parasitic diseases of the lungs. Symptoms. In mild cases there are dullness, impaired appetite, hot dry mouth, red membrane of nose, accelerated pulse and breathing, and a cough at first hard but becoming soft and rattling as discharge is established from the nose. Such may recover in a few days without treatment. In severe cases there is dullness, inappetence, hot dry mouth, increased temperature, rapid pulse, labored breath- ing with loud blowing; sounds over the lower end of the wind- pipe and behind the middle of the shoulder-blade. The cough is dry, hard, sonorous, and painful (barking), often occurring in fits and seeming to come from the depth of the chest. Percussion detects no change of resonance at any part of the chest, as in pneumonia. The membrane of the nose has a dark red or violet hue, varying in proportion to the general implication of the bronchial tubes and especial- ly the smaller ones, and there is drowsiness and drooping of the head in the same ratio. 178 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. From the second to the fourth day a whitish discharge sets in from the nose, the cough becomes soft and rattling, the noise over the windpipe and behind the shoulder-blade less harsh and blowing, but with a slight rattle from burst- ing bubbles, and the symptoms of fever abate. From this time improvement dates, and recovery may be complete in two or three weeks. Solipeds stand obstinately throughout the disease, other animals may lie. There is no tenderness on punching the ribs, as in pleurisy. Treatment. Rest in a warm, dry, airy building, clothe warmly, bandage the limbs in cold weather and give warm sloppy mashes of wheat bran. A laxative is often useful but if there is weakness, small pulse, prostration or any yellowish tinge of the mucous membranes, is to be rejected and warm water injections used in place to move the bowels. Give frequent diuretics (nitre, sweet spirits of nitre), anodynes (belladonna, lobelia, aconite), and expectorants (liquor am- monia acetatis, oxymel of squill, guaiacum, ipecacuanha, anti- mony, muriate of ammonia). The nose should be frequently steamed, as if for strangles, and inhalations of sulphur fumes mixed with the air, and not too strong, may be added. Mustard or other blisters should be applied to the sides of the chest, and repeated if any renewed access of disease seems to demand it. When fever has nearly subsided and there is left only a white discharge from the nose tonics should be used. (See those recommended for glanders?) When there is much prostration and weakness, stimulants (aromatic ammonia, carbonate of ammonia, wine, etc.,) may be required, even in the early stages. GLANDER HEAVES. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS IN HORSES. This arises from the same causes as the acute disease and often follows it. It is characterized by a frequent weak wheezing, husky, almost inaudible cough, often occurring in fits ; a white discharge from the nose, with white flocculi, like buttermilk ; great shortness of breath in exertion ; and a mucous rattle in the lunscs. Percussion shows increased Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 1 79 resonance over the lower and posterior borders of the lungs. The right side of the heart may be enlarged and easily felt beating behind the right elbow. Treatment is not very satisfactory in cases of old standing. Feeding should be mainly of soft mashes, roots and other laxative agents, but never bulky. Linseed, oat, barley or corn meal may be given wet and hay replaced by corn-stalks or good fresh grass. Finally give tonics, mainly arsenite of strychnia, or sulphate of iron or copper and tannic acid. Muriate, carbonate or benzoate of ammonia is often valuable. ACUTE CONGESTION OE THE LUNGS IN HORSES. This is always the first stage of Pneumonia but may oc- cur in a sudden and fatal form from overexertion in fat or otherwise ill-conditioned horses. An animal that has stood idle in the stable or has been rapidly fattened for sale, when taken out and driven or ridden at the top of his speed soon hangs heavily on the bit, slackens his speed, and if not stopped, staggers and falls ; or the exertion is passed through but the animal is seized when returned to the stable. He then stands with dilated nostrils, quick, labored, convulsive, wheezy breathing, extended head, staring bloodshot eyes, agonized expression, deep red or blue nasal membrane, and rapid, weak pulse often almost imperceptible at the jaw. Auscultation detects a loud respiratory murmur and the finest possible crepitating sound. The heart is felt behind the left elbow beating tumultuously and the limbs are cold, though perspira- tion may break out at different parts of the body. If blood is drawn it flows in a dark, tarry-looking stream and the lungs after death might be compared to a dark-red jelly. Treatment. Remove girths, saddles, and whatever may hamper breathing, turn the head to the wind, give an active stimulant (alcohol or alcoholic liquors, ammonia or any of its compounds, oil of turpentine, ether, sweet spirits of nitre, ginger, pepper), the first that comes to hand, in a full dose, following up with warm water injections and active hand- rubbing. In extreme cases prompt relief may often be ob- tained by bleeding from the jugular, but this should not re- 180 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. place the measures already advised but should be added to them. An excellent resort when available is to wrap from head to tail in rugs wrung out of hot water and cover thickly with dry ones, the limbs being meanwhile actively hand- rubbed to bring the blood to this part of the skin which the rug cannot reach. If the patient survives and does not at once entirely re- cover the case becomes one of pneumonia. PNEUMONIA. INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. Causes. The same as in other acute diseases of the chest. Also the result of overexertion and acute congestion, or of parasites in the lung. Lobular pneumonia has a micrococcus. /Symptoms. If not following an acute congestion as above described there is shivering, more or less severe according to the gravity of the attack, and usually a dry cough. This is followed by hot skin, with increased temperature, quick but deep labored breathing and a full but oppressed rolling pulse, redness of the membranes of the eye, nose and mouth ; the cough is deep as if from the depth of the chest but not so hard nor so painful as in bronchitis. The horse always, and the ox, in bad cases, obstinately stands with legs apart, elbows turned out, nose extended and usually approached to a door or window. In cattle expiration is generally accom- panied by a moan. With the fever there is costiveness, high-colored, scanty urine, in cattle, heat of horns and ears and dryness of muzzle, and hide-bound. Auscultation de- tects a very tine crackling (crepitation) over the affected part of the lung or there may be an area of no sound en- circled by a line of crepitation and beyond that by the nor- mal murmur slightly increased. Or over the dull spot the blowing sounds from the larger tubes or the beating of the heart may be detected. Percussion causes flinching or even groaning when the affected part is reached ; the space where sound was wanting in auscultation sounds dull and solid and the remainder of the chest retains its healthy resonance. There is no tenderness on merely pinching the spaces be- tween the ribs. By auscultation and percussion the increase Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 181 or decrease of solidification {hepatization) of the lung may be followed from day to day excepting in the parts covered by the thick, muscular shoulder. In this way aggravation and improvement can be noticed. A yellowish or whitish dis- charge from the nose comes on as the disease advances. Treatment. Give a pure, dry, airy box with windows or doors turned to the sun or away from the direction of prevailing winds, clothe warmly, and flannel-bandage the limbs, or even rub them with ammonia and oil. The hot rugs advised for congested lungs may be applied, and when removed let it be done a little at a time, and the part rubbed dry and covered by a dry blanket. Or a mustard poultice may be applied to the sides of the chest. Large injections of warm water and drinks of warm gruel may also be given. A laxative is often beneficial in the more active forms of the disease, but should be given cautiously as in bronchitis, and rejected when there is low fever, and much depression. Neutral salts (nitre, acetate of potassa, bicarbonate of soda,) should be given with sedatives (bella- donna, henbane, tincture of aconite, digitalis or white helle- bore; in pigs and dogs, tartar emetic), or if there is much prostration, or when the fever has in the main subsided, stimulant diuretics (sweet spirits of nitre, liquor of acetate of ammonia,) repeated three or four times a day. The sides should be blistered with a pulp of the best ground mustard in water, or Spanish flies, or in cattle and swine, mustard and turpentine, and the blister may be repeated with advantage in protracted cases. "When in severe cases the blister refuses to rise, the skin may be first warmed with rugs wrung out of boiling water and then the applica- tion of the blister made. Or a hot shovel held near the blistered surface may determine an active flow of blood to the skin and the rising of the blister. When well risen the surface must be kept soft by sweet oil or fresh lard to favor healing. In chickens it is advised to open the bowels by a teaspoonful of castor-oil, and shake one-twelfth grain of tartar emetic on the tongue twice a day. If very weak or prostrate give a teaspoonful of sherry thrice a day. 182 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. PLEUEISY. INFLAMMATION OF THE MEMBRANE LINING THE CHEST AND COVERING THE LUNGS. This is common in all domestic animals and particularly in cold, exposed localities, which suffer at the same time from rheumatism. Otherwise it owns the general causes of chest disease. Symptoms. Shivering, followed by heat of the skin and even of the limbs, and partial sweats of the surface, un- easy movements, pawing and sometimes looking at the flanks, lying down and rising. If one side of the chest only is involved that fore limb is often advanced in front of the other. The pulse is rapid, hard and incompressible, and the breathing highly characteristic. It is hurried, carried on chiefly by the abdominal muscles, and has the inspiration short and suddenly checked, while the expira- tion is slow and prolonged. This character of the breath- ing may be well observed with the ear placed on the false nostril, on the windpipe or on the side of the chest. There is a prominent ridge on the abdomen from the outer angle of the hip bone to the lower ends of the last ribs. By handling the spaces between the ribs a point is reached which is exceedingly tender, the patient flinching and even groaning when it is touched. The ear applied to the same spot detects a soft, rubbing sound during the movements of inspiration and expiration. There is at first no other change in auscultation or percussion.. The animal often changes his posture or place as if seeking an easier position, and emits a short, hacking, painful cough. There is much less redness of the nose than in pneumonia or bronchitis, less heat of the expired air and no nasal discharge. In twenty-four to thirty-six hours effusion ensues in the cavity of the chest, the rubbing sound ceases, the catching breathing and ridge on the belly disappear, the pulse becomes soft, the anxiety of countenance passes away, and the patient may begin to feed as if well. But soon the pulse loses its fullness, and gains in rapidity, Diseases of the Bespiratory Organs. 183 breathing becomes labored and attended with a lifting of the flank and loins, the nostrils are widely dilated, the nose protruded, the elbows turned out, the skin sweats, and there may be signs of imminent suffocation. Auscul- tation detects no sound over the lower part of the chest up to a given horizontal line, and up to the same level there is dullness on percussion. This shows the extent of wa- tery effusion. The pulse becomes weak, with a peculiar thrill at each beat, the limbs and lower aspect of the chest swell, the patient moves unsteadily and falls sud- denly to die. In other cases the effusion is re-absorbed and a good recovery is made. In others it ceases to increase but fails to be taken up and remains as a cause of short wind ; it may even give off gases, in which case a gurgling sound may be heard in the chest, or a sound as of drops falling into a half-empty barrel, after the patient rises from the recumbent position. In other cases still there remain false membranes attaching the lung to the inner sides of the ribs, or enveloping the lung in whole or in part, and in either case impairing respiration. Treatment. Give the same general care as in bronchitis and pneumonia. In the early stages of chill treat as for congested lungs. Later give a laxative (horse, aloes ; ox and sheep, Glauber salts; swine and dogs, castor-oil,) following it up with neutral salts (nitre, acetate of potassa, liquor of the acetate of ammonia,) in full doses, and ano- dynes (digitalis, aconite). These may be used in the fullest doses after effusion has taken place, and in weak subjects stimulants (sweet spirits of nitre, ether, alcoholic liquids, tincture of gentian,) should be added. Iodide of po- tassium may also be given internally and tincture of iodine rubbed on the chest. If from exposure use salicylate of ammonia. In very severe cases, a large linseed poultice may be applied over the chest, or it may be shaven and subjected to dry cup- ping, or an active blister may be applied as for pneumonia. 184 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. If there is extreme effusion threatening suffocation the liquid must be drawn off by a small cannula and trocar (see Tympany) inserted at the anterior border and near the lower end of the ninth rib, the skin haying first been drawn aside to form a valvular wound, and great care being taken to prevent the entrance of air. The liquid should be drawn off only in part at first to avoid shock, and the operation repeated in a day or two. It should be followed by tonics (sulphate of iron, tincture of gentian,) stimulants (sweet spirits of nitre) and diuretics (iodide oi potassium). PLEUEO-PNEUMONIA, BBONCHO-PNEUMONIA, AND BE0NCH0- PLEUBO-PNEUMONIA Are common complications of the three diseases, bronchitis, pneumonia and -pleurisy and their respective symptoms and treatment may be inferred from the description of the uncomplicated affections. HYDEOTHOEAX. WATEE IN THE CHEST. Beside the effusion of liquid into the cavity of the chest in pleurisy, dropsical effusions may take place into it in connection with weak, bloodless conditions, as in flukes in the liver, disease of the heart, enlarged bronchial lym- phatic glands and other morbid states. The symptoms re- semble those of hydrothorax following pleurisy, only there is no fever, and there are the indications of those other diseases on which it is dependent. The treatment is es- sentially the same after the morbid condition which has caused the effusion has been removed. If that is incur- able neither can this be remedied. PNEUMOTHORAX. ATE OE GAS IN THE CHEST. This often attends on hydrothorax when the contained liquid has undergone some decomposition. More fre- quently it is the result of a wound penetrating the walls of the chest with its edges pressed inward so that they ad- Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 1S5 mit the air from without while the chest is dilating, but close like a valve when it is contracting. A little thus entering with each breath and none escaping, the lung is soon compressed into a small solid mass against the lower end of the windpipe. The same may happen from a broken rib having torn the surface of the lung even without any external wound. A little air escaping from the lung with each respiration the cavity soon becomes filled and the lung compressed and collapsed. Treatment is limited to the prevention of the introduc- tion of air through an external wound, should such exist ; the relief of pain by opium and other anodynes ; the man- agement of the resulting pleurisy on ordinary principles ; and the drawing off of the accumulated air by a needle- like tube and aspirator, or even by a small cannula and trocar. Spontaneous recovery often takes place, the wound being closed by inflammatory exudation and the air absorbed. In cases dependent on decomposition of the products, both gas and liquid should be drawn off and a weak solution of carbolic acid (one part to two or three hundred water) thrown in, in small quantity. ABSCESS OF THE INTERCOSTAL SPACES. This occurs especially in the horse as a result of pleu- risy, a diffuse swelling appearing at some part of the walls of the chest, tender and pitting on pressure, and, finally, Boftening in the centre, bursting and discharging a yellow- ish or whitish matter. The patient should be well fed, and poultices or warm fomentations continuously applied to the part until there is softening in the centre, when it may be freely laid open. Continue to support the patient by nourishing food, stimulants and tonics. DROPSY OF THE LUNG. This is mainly a result of valvular and other diseases of the heart. To percussion and auscultation it gives nearly the same symptoms with pneumonia, but there is an ontire 186 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. absence of fever. The coexisting heart - disease also serves to reveal its true nature. Its cause being usually incurable, it terminates fatally in the majority of cases. Treatment must be altogether directed to the disease of the heart. APOPLEXY OF THE LUNG. In the lower animals extravasation of blood into the substance of the lung is usually the result of profound al- terations in that liquid as in Malignant Anthrax, Purpura Hemorrhagica, Typhoid Fever or Intestinal Fever. A por- tion of the lung tissue gives way and the blood escaping raises the membrane covering it (pleura) from a half to three inches above the natural level. The extravasation has the appearance of a fine jelly and often preserves the shape of the pulmonary lobules — a cone with the apex turned in. Being usually a complication of another dis ease, treatment must be directed to that rather than the local lesion. PLEUEODYNIA. This is a term applied to rheumatism of the muscles be- tween the ribs, which bears a strong resemblance to pleu- risy. It may be distinguished by the coexistence of rheu- matism in other parts and by the comparative absence of fe- ver, cough, rubbing sounds and effusion. Treat it like other forms of rheumatism. ASTHMA IN DOGS. A spasmodical affection of the circular muscular fibres of the bronchial tubes, occurring in paroxysms with irreg- ular intervals and associated with corpulence and disordered digestion, distended or ruptured air-cells, mucous dis- charges from the air-passages and dilatation of the right side of the heart. Causes. Usually in pet dogs pampered with highly sea- ginned articles of food, in excessive quantity, and deprived Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 187 of exercise. A change of food or temperature, a smart walk or run or indeed any exercise will bring it on. Symptoms. Corpulence is a constant condition at the outset though the subject may be emaciated and worn out in the advanced stages. A slight cough becomes frequent, hard and sonorous, with habitually labored breathing ag- gravated at intervals so as to threaten suffocation. Then the patient stands with open mouth, pendent tongue and staring eyeballs panting for breath and having his condi- tion rendered still more threatening by every change of position or cause of excitement. The frequency and se- verity of the attacks serve as a means of estimating the danger of the patient. In the intervals between these paroxysms may be noticed signs of indigestion, in a varia- ble appetite, perhaps vomiting, a tumid tympanitic (bloated) abdomen, constipation and piles. The skin is dry, harsh and bald in patches, the teeth covered with tartar and the breath foetid. Treatment. 1. During a paroxysm. Cause to inhale ether, chloroform, the fumes of burning stramonium or of burning paper which has been steeped in a strong so- lution of nitre ; or one or two teaspoonfuls of laudanum with 2 oz. castor-oil may be thrown into the gut as an in- jection. Or if there is reason to suspect overloading of the stomach shake a grain of tartar emetic on the tongue. 2. In the intervals between tlue paroxysms. Check any ex- isting bronchitis or pneumonia as advised in the earlier pages of the book, and restrict to a very moderate diet of oat meal or corn meal mush, with skim-milk or buttermilk. Exercise well but in no case for three hours after feeding. Give a laxative of castor-oil twice a week. Wash fre- quently with soap, drying afterward by rubbing, and brush daily. A daily sedative (stramonium, tartar emetic,) is beneficial, but in advanced stages and weak conditions, vegetable tonics (quinia, gentian,) will be demanded 188 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. HEAVES. BROKEN WEND. This is closely allied to asthma, but is more continuous hi its symptoms, and less paroxysmal. Causes. Overfeeding on clover hay, sainfoin, lucem and allied plants : on chaff, cut straw and other bulky and in- nutritious food. In Arabia, in Spain, and in California where there is no long winter feeding on hay, and in our Territories where clover is not used, heaves is virtually unknown ; it has advanced westward just in proportion as clover hay has been introduced as the general fodder foi horses, and it has disappeared in England and New En- gland in proportion as the soil has become clover sick and as other aliment had to be supplied. The worst condi- tions are when a horse is left in the stable for days and weeks eating clover hay, or even imperfectly cured, dusty hay of other kinds, to the extent of thirty pounds and up- wards daily, and is suddenly taken out and driven at a rapid pace. Violent exertions of any kind, and diseases of the lungs are also potent causes. It is mainly a disease of old horses but may attack the colt of two years old. Finally, horses with small chests are most liable and thus the disease proves hereditary. Symptoms. There is a double lift of the flank with each expiratory act, there being first a falling in of the abdom- inal walls and then, after a perceptible interval, a rising of the posterior part of the belly to complete the emptying of the chest ; also a short, dry, weak, almost inaudible cough, followed by a wheeze in the throat, and occurring in paroxysms when violently exercised, when brought from the stable into the cold air, or after a drink of cold water. The breathing is accompanied by a wheezing noise above all evident when the patient is excited by work, or when the ear is applied on the side of the chest. In- digestion is also a prominent symptom and manifested by. a ravenous appetite, even for filthy litter, by the fre- quent passage of wind from the bowels, and often by swelling and drum-like resonance of the abdomen . When Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 189 starting on a journey the subjects pass dung very frequently at first and after traveling some distance may go much better. Their muscular systems are soft and flabby and they run down rapidly in active work. Frequent aggrava- tions of the symptoms may be seen in connection with overloaded stomach, costiveness, a hot close stable, a thick muggy atmosphere, or a very severe day's work. The symptoms may be temporarily masked or hidden by restriction in diet, abstinence from water and the use of sedatives, but there remains an unnatural action of the nostrils, and a full drink of water, and above all a free supply of water and hay will bring back the symptoms in all their intensity. Treatment. Turning out on natural pastures or feeding cornstalks or other laxative food will relieve, and even cure mild and recent cases. Feeding on dry grain with carrots, turnips, beets, or potatoes and a very limited supply of water will enable many broken- winded horses to do a fair amount of work in comfort. Hay should never be allowed except at night and then only a handful clean and sweet. The bowels must be kept easy by laxatives (sulphate of soda 2 or 3 oz.), the stable well aired, and sedatives (digitalis, opium, belladonna, hyoscyamus, stra- monium, lobelia,) used to relieve the oppression. If a white discharge from the nose coexists tonics should be given as for chronic bronchitis, to which wild-cherry bark may be added. Tar water as the exclusive drink is often useful and a course of carminatives (ginger, caraway, cardamoms, fennel, foenugrec,) may be added with advan- tage. But nerve tonics and above all arsenic in 5 grain doses daily, and continued for a month or two, are esper cially valuable. No broken-winded horse should have food or water for from one to two hours before going to work. BLEEDING EKOM THE LUNGS. May occur in any of our domestic animals as a result of 190 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. excessive plethora, overexertion, disease of the heart or tuberculosis. If in limited quantity, the blood comes from the nostrils and mouth of a light red and frothy and with coughing. If in greater amount it may fill the bronchial tubes and cause death suddenly by suffocation without much escape by the nose. Treatment. When brought on by severe exertion per- fect rest and quiet will check. Keeping the head elevated, cold applied to the head and neck, iced drinks acidulated with vinegar or mineral acids, are useful. Opium benefits by checking the cough, and in obstinate cases acetate of lead, ergot of rye, matico, tincture of muriate of iron, or oil of turpentine may be given internally three times a day. Remove costiveness with Glauber salts and keep in a cool airy place at rest for at least a fortnight. PARASITES IN THE UPPEE AIR PASSAGES. The Grub in the Head of Sheep is the larva of a small gadfly (CEstrus Ovis) which deposits the live embryo on the Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 12 — CEstrus ovis, Clark. Fig. 13 — Larva of ditto. margin of the nostril, whence it creeps up into the nasal si imses. It stays there during the winter and spring, often proving harmless but sometimes causing much irritation, redness of the nostrils, and a white, muco-purulent dis- charge, with dullness and stupor from sympathetic disease of the brain. To prevent the attacks of the fly the sheep should be fed salt from two-inch augur holes bored in a log, the surface of which is smeared with tar, so that they get a dressing every time they partake. A less satis- Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 191 factory method is to turn up a furrow in the pasture so that the sheep may push their noses into the ground when attacked. Treatment. Place in a warm building to tempt the larvae from the sinuses and introduce snuff, solutions of salt, vinegar or tobacco, weak solutions of turpentine, etc., into the nose to kill them or cause their expulsion by sneez- ing. For such as remain in the sinuses the only success ful treatment is to trephine the bones of the face between the front of the eye and the median line of the face, or just in front of the root of the horn should that be present. The sinus is then to be syringed out freely with tepid water until the parasites are washed out. The pentastoma t^nioides is a species of acarus which Fig. 14. Fig. 14 — Pentastoma Tsenioides. lives in the nasal sinuses of horses and dogs, and in the mesenteric glands of sheep and other herbivora. If pro- ductive of much irritation in the nose it must be expelled by a current of water after trephining the sinus. PAEASITES IN THE LOWER AIR PASSAGES. The most common are the different forms of round worms which in certain animals (lambs, calves, pigs, birds,) may assume the dimensions of a plague and cause enormous yearly losses to a country. The sheep, goat, dromedary and camel harbor two round worras in their air passages and lungs : the small Stron- gylus Filay ia, a thread-like worm of one to three and one- 192 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. half inches long, and S. Rufescens of considerably greater length. The calf, horse, ass and mule have the Strongylus Micrurus of from one and one-half to three inches long. The pig, the Strongylus Elongatus of eight lines to one and one-half inches long. Finally the bird (hen, turkey, pheasant, black stork, magpie, hooded wow, green tvood- Fig. 15. Fig. 15 — Strongylus Filaria, male, enlarged. When adult, should be at least ten times the length for this thickness. pecker, starling, swift, etc.,) have the Syngamus Trachealis, male one-eighth inch, and female one-half to five-eighths inch in length, always found united together, so that the male appeal s like a process from the neck of the female. The Strongyli in their mature condition inhabit the air passages within the lungs but they may be reproduced either in or out of the body. In the first mode the female worm creeps into an air cell and there encysts her- self and produces eggs or young worms already hatched, or she dies and the myriad eggs, hatching out amid the debris, the young worms finally migrate into the adja- cent air passages, grow to maturity and reproduce their kind. In the second mode the impregnated female worm is expelled by coughing, and perishes in water 01 in moist earth or on vegetables, and the eggs, escaping from her decomposing remains, may lie unhatched for months or even a year, or, in genial weather, may rapidly open and allow the escape of the almost microscopic embryo worms. These, in their turn, may live an indefinite length of time in the water, or moist -soil, or on vegetables, and only begin to grow to their mature condition when taken in by a suitable host with food or water. This is true of those of the sheep, goat and camel, of that of the ox, horse and ass, and of that of the pig. Only those of Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 193 the sheep, once introduced into the system, will maintain their place in the lungs for the whole lifetime of the host, though no more young worms should be taken in. That of the ox, etc., on the other hand, is more likely to be ex- pelled, and, therefore, often infests its host but for a lim- ited period. The Syngamus of the bird has probably the same history out of the body, but this has not been so carefully studied. Within the chest the Strongyli live in the small terminal air passages in their young or embryo state, in the larger air tubes when mature, and in cysts in the lung siibstance when laying their eggs or when about to die that the eggs may be set free and hatched. In the air passages they give rise to bronchitis, in the lungs to pneumonia and deposits resembling tubercles but distinguishable under the microscope by the presence of the elliptical eggs and the embryo worms. The Syngamus of birds inhabits the air passages and gives rise to bronchitis. In all cases the parasites are most fatal to the young. Although old animals continue to harbor them they prove much less destructive and are often unsuspected. SYMPTOMS IN CALVES AND FOALS. VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS. HOOSE. HUSK. These are essentially those of bronchitis, with the dif- ference that the whole herd is affected and mucus coughed up, containing worms either singly or rolled up in bundles. There is at first only a slight rather husky cough repeated at irregular intervals. There follows dry staring coat, embarrassed breathing and advancing ema- ciation. Soon the cough becomes frequent, paroxysmal and suffocating, with expectoration of mucus and worms. Or the cough is soft, loose and wheezing, and the patient is weak, hide-bound, with sunken eyes and pale, thin or puffy membranes, dropsical swellings beneath the jaws, chest or belly, and no appetite ; the sufferer may be found 13 194 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. apart from its fellows in a corner or under a tree, covered with flies and sinking rapidly into extreme debility and death. Intestinal worms (in cattle, Strongylus Badiatus, Sclerostomum Hypostomum, Ascaris I/iimbricoides, Tcenie Expansa, etc., in foals, Sclerostomum Equinum, S. Tetra- canthum, Ascaris Megalocephala, Oxyuris Curvula, etc.,) usually coexist to a most injurious extent, causing diar- rhoea and other irregularities of the bowels. In the worst cases death may result ten or fifteen days after the onset, though more commonly it is delayed two or three months and recovery may take place. Prevention. In localities and countries to which the disease is new the parasites should be killed out by the continuous medical treatment of the diseased animals, or if necessary their destruction, and the separation of all horses, asses, mules and cattle, from the infested pasture or its vicinity and from any stream of water running through or close to it ; as well as from all fodder, roots, grain, etc., grown on such land, for several years after. In infested localities calves and foals should never be pastured on land recently occupied by older stock of the same kind or allowed access to water used by such stock. Sheep, goats or pigs may be safely fed on such land. Avoid overstocking. Drain the land to clear off pools or wet spots. Keep the young stock from infested or sus- pected pastures while wet with dew and rain, and from clover and allied plants which by their moisture are liable to harbor the worm. Suspected beasts should be kept apart from the healthy and from healthy pastures until subjected to thorough and continuous treatment. The carcasses of the dead should be very deeply buried, or better, the lungs and windpipe removed and burned to ashes. All exposed animals should be well fed on a diet including dry grain, and should be allowed salt to lick at will, this being destructive to the young worms. Treatment. Feed liberally on linseed cake, rape cake, cotton cake, roots, maize, oats, beans or other sound nu- Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 195 tritious diet to which may be added a mixture in equal parts of sulphate of iron, gentian and ginger, in proportion of four ounces to every ten calves of three months. To destroy the intestinal worms, give every morning, fastirjg, a tablespoonful of table salt or an equal amount of oil of turpentine shaken up with milk. For the lung parasites, place the affected animals in a close building and burn pinch after pinch of flowers of sulphur on a piece of pa- per laid on an iron shovel, until the air is as much charged with the fumes as they can bear without coughing vio- lently. The administrator must stay with them in the building to avoid accidents and keep up the application for half an hour at a time. It should be repeated several days in succession, and at intervals of a week for several weeks, so as to kill the young worms as they are hatched out in successive broods, and not until all cough and ex- citement of breathing have passed should the animal be considered as safe to mix with others or to go on a healthy pasture. SYMPTOMS IN SHEEP, GOAT AND CAMEL. VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS. These are the exact counterpart of those in the calf. There is a short, dry, sonorous cough, with a frothy dis- charge from the nose containing worms or their eggs, loss of appetite, rapid wasting, diarrhoea, shedding or drying and flattening of the wool, excessive thirst and irregular or depraved appetite, there being a disposition to eat earth. In the advanced stages the cough becomes very harassing and death may ensue from suffocation. Intes- tinal parasites (Strongylus Contortus, S. Radiatus, S. Fill- colis, Sclerostomum Hypostomum, Taenia Expansa, and per- haps Sderostomum Duodenale,) are even more numerous and injurious than in calves. Prevention. All the measures advised for the disease in calves will apply equally well here, with this proviso, that the parasites only affect sheep, goat, dromedary and camel, so that they only must be kept apart, while infested past- 196 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. ures may be safely grazed by cattle, horses, asses 01 mules. Nathusius obviated the attacks by keeping the early lambs in sheds and boxes until May, and the late ones until autumn, and by feeding in the same places on roots and hay in wet weather. Abundant dry feeding and a free access to salt are especially desirable. Treatment. This is precisely the same as for calves. The tonic mixture (iron, ginger and gentian,) may be giv- en to the extent of two ounces to every ten three months lambs daily. For the intestinal parasites, a teaspoonful each of salt and oil of turpentine may be given in milk every second day, before eating if possible. Fumigate precisely as for the calf. SYMPTOMS OF VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS IN PIGS. Rayer and Bellingham supposed these parasites to be harmless to pigs, but my experience agrees with that of Deguileme, that they will accumulate in such numbers as to cause bronchitis and death. The symptoms are essen- tially the same as in other animals — the coughing up of worms and eggs being the only reliable evidence of the disease. Prevention and treatment are essentially the same as for lambs and calves. SYMPTOMS IN BIRDS. GAPES. Young turkeys or chickens a few days old frequently open the mouth wide and gasp for breath, sneeze and make efforts at swallowing. These movements become more 3onstant and severe, breathing is oppressed and wheezing, and the little patients grow languid and dispir- ited, droop and die. It is especially prevalent on old-es- tablished farms with large flocks of fowls. Treatment. The worms may be partly removed by a feather stripped of all its plumes except at the tip, or still better by a horse-hair twisted up so as to have a very fine loop. The mouth being opened the feather or hair is Diseases of the Resr)iratory Organs. 197 passed into the opening seen in the middle of the tongue, pushed to the lower end of the windpipe, turned round several times and withdrawn, when a few worms will be found attached. It may be repeated at intervals and is still more effectual if the instrument is first dipped in oil, salt water, or a weak solution of carbolic acid, tobacco or sulphurous acid. The treatment is only partially success- ful as it fails to remove worms lodged in the bronchial tubes or air sacs. Cobbold made an incision in the wind- pipe and extracted the worms with forceps, while Bartlett succeeds with turpentine (or, better, camphorated spirit) Fig. 16. Fig. 16 — Syngamus Trachealis. Gape-worm, nat. size, and enlarged. smeared on the neck and which is of course inhaled. A removal from the contaminated ground, the supply of pure water (boiled if necessary) and an abundance of nourishing diet are essential elements of treatment. Prevention. Burn all the worms extracted from the air passages. Keep fowls from ground and houses which are known to be infested, until they have been soaked in a strong solution of salt or with crude carbolic acid or pe- troleum. Suspected water must be withheld or boiled. Avoid all green food from an infested locality. The car- casses of the dead must be burned. Young fowls may be raised safely indoors on the worst infested farms. CHAPTER VII. DISEASES OF THE HEART. Frequency in different animals. General symptoms. Palpitation, thumps Displacement of the heart. Cyanosis. Enlargement, hypertrophy. Wast- ing, atrophy. Dilatation. Pericarditis, inflammation of the heart-sac. En- docarditis, inflammation of the lining membrane of the heart. Carditis, in flammation of the structure of the heart. Chronic disease of the valves. Fatty degeneration of the heart. Tumors and parasites of the heart. Rupt- ure of the heart. These are much more common in domestic animals than is generally supposed. Though protected in animals from the strain consequent on the upright position of man and excessive mental efforts, the heart suffers from the severe physical exertions of dogs and horses and in all animals from its contiguity to diseased lungs and pleurae, from the increased force necessary to propel the blood through the lungs or general circulation when disease offers mechan- ical obstructions, and above all from the settling of rheu- matism on its valves and other fibrous textures. Dairy cows suffer greatly from pins, needles and other sharp- pointed bodies swallowed with the food and afterward di- rected toward the heart by its movements. High-bred oxen, sheep, pigs and even pampered horses are very sub- ject to fatty degeneration of the muscular substance of the heart and consequent dilatation of its cavities. GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF HEART-DISEASE. 1. The -pulse in full grown animals at rest may be set lown as follows per minute : — horse 36 to 46 ; ox 38 to 42. )r in a hot building or with full paunch, 70 ; sheep, goat Diseases of the Heart. 199 and pig 70 to 80 ; dog 80 to 100 ; cat 120 to 140 ; goose 110 ; pigeon 136 ; chicken 140. In old age it may be five less in large quadrupeds and twenty or thirty in small ones. Youth and small size imply a greater rapidity : The new-born foal has a pulse three times as frequent as the horse, the six-months colt double and the' two-year old one and a quarter. It is increased by hot, close build- ings, exertion, fear, a nervous temperament and pregnancy. In large quadrupeds there is a monthly increase of four to five beats per minute after the sixth month. Independently of such conditions a rapid pulse implies fever, inflamma- tion or debility. 1 The force of the pulse varies in the dif- ferent species in health, thus it is full and moderately tense in the horse; smaller and harder in the ass and mule; full, soft and rolling in the ox ; small and quick in sheep ; firm and hard in swine ; and firm and with a sharp (quick) beat in dogs and cats. In disease it may become moie fre- quent, slow, quick (with sharp impulse), tardy (with slow, rolling movement), full, strong, weak, small (when thread- like but quite distinct), hard (when with jarring sensation), soft (when the opposite), oppressed (when the artery is full and tense but the impulse jerking and difficult as if the flow were obstructed), jerking and receding (when with empty, flaccid vessel it seems to leap forward at each beat), intermittent (when a beat is missed at regular intervals), unequal (when some beats are strong and others weak), ir- regular (when without any distinct intermission for a pe- riod equal to an entire beat the intervals between success- ive beats vary in length). Beside these a peculiar thrill is usually felt with each beat in very weak, bloodless states. 1 The pulse may be felt wherever a considerable artery passes over a super- ficial bone : thus on the cord felt running across the border of the lower jaw just in front of its curved portion : beneath the bony ridge which extends up- ward from the eye : in horses inside the elbow : in cattle over the middle of the first rib or beneath the tail : in dogs in a groove running down the inne side of the thigh. 200 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Of these the jerking, intermittent, unequal and irregular pulses are especially indicative of heart-disease. The jerking pulse is associated with disease of the valves at the commencement of the great aorta which carries blood from the left side of the heart, and is accompanied by a hissing or sighing noise with the second heart sound. The intermittent pulse implies functional derangement of the heart but not necessarily disease of structure. The unequal and irregular pulse is met in cases of fatty degen- eration, disease of the valves on the left side, cardiac dila- tation, etc. A retarded pulse in which the beat of heart and pulse follow each other with a perceptible interval implies imperfect closure of the valves at the commence- ment of the aorta, or an aneurism on the aorta. A venous pulse seen in the jugular veins in the furrow near the lower border of the neck attends imperfect valves between the auricle and ventricle on the right side of the heart, or congested lungs but may exist in health. Palpation. The application of the hand over the chest behind the left elbow will detect any violent and tumultu- ous beating, irregularity in the force of successive beats, etc. Auscultation. The ear applied to the same part will detect a slight rubbing sound with each heart-beat in the early stages of pericarditis. It will also detect any mod- ification of the heart sounds. In health each beat of the heart is characterized by two distinct successive sounds, the first somewhat dull and prolonged, the second short, sharp and abrupt. The first sound is simultaneous with the contraction and emptying of the ventricles, the closure of the valves between the ventricles and auricles and the flow of blood into the arteries. The second corresponds to the completion of these acts, the recoil of blood in the arteries and the closure of the valves between them and the heart. The following table will show the significance of the various superadded sounds (blowing, sighing, purr- ing or hissing murmurs,) to any one who will acquaml himself with the course of blood through the heart : Diseases of the Heart 201 BLOWING. HEAET SOUNDS. Narrowing of the auriculo - ventricular orifice. Clots or growths on the valves. Strongest toward thi base of r Narrowing of the the heart. Heard along the < opening of the aorta, large arteries. V. Blowing murmur before the first sound. Blowing murmur with the first sound. Strongest toward the left of the heart. Not heard over the < great arteries. Narrowing of the pulmonary artery, or imperfect action of the auriculo-ventric- ,ular valves. Blowing murmur i Double rushing sound heard r Imperfect action with the second-; over the great arteries at each< of the valves at the sound. V heart beat. I opening of the aorta. Blowing murmur r Double rushing sound in the r Aneurism (dilata- after the second ^ arteries with each beat of the 1 tion) of the aorta, sound. I heart. I Besides these the second sound may be doubled in hy- pertrophy of one ventricle of the heart. The sounds are like whispered ivJio, awe, ss, or r, very low but exceedingly characteristic. Other Symptoms, Besides the fever attendant on in- flammatory affections there are characteristic phenomena present in the chronic form of heart-disease. These are shown at rest or only developed under exercise. There are habitually cold extremities, dropsies in the limbs, and be- neath and within the chest and abdomen, difficult breath- ing especially during exertion, unsteady gait when hurried, vertigo, partial paralysis or cramps of the limbs. In most cases there is sluggishness, dullness and a tendency to lay on fat. Patients may be lively when at rest, but flag at work and are liable to sudden fainting or death. PALPITATION. THUMPS. This is sudden violent convulsive beating of the heart not connected with structural disease. Palpitations also accompany most acute diseases of the heart. The func- tional disorder comes on very abruptly, usually under 202 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser, some excitement, has perfect intermissions, is manifested by abrupt knocking and visible jerking of the abdomen with the heart-beats, by regularity in force and intervals of successive beats, and by the absence of redness of the mucous membranes, abnormal sounds of the heart and dropsy of the limbs. If connected with structural heart dibease it comes on more slowly, is constant though ag- gravated at intervals, with a heavy, prolonged or irregular and unequal impulse of the heart, with red mucous mem- branes and dropsy of the limbs. The first form is bene- fited by gentle exercise, stimulants and tonics, the latter aggravated by them. Some excitable horses and dogs suffer under any cause of fear, and pigs as a result of many acute diseases, (inflammations, intestinal worms, etc.) Treatment. Quiet, avoidance of all excitement, and sedatives (digitalis) thrice a day will usually arrest. Then the weak excitable condition should be overcome by exer- cise, tonics and substantial feeding. In structural dis- eases these must be attended to as well. DISPLACEMENTS OF THE HEART. These are not very infrequent in the newly-born, the heart being sometimes lodged altogether out of the chest. There is no remedy. COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE TWO AURICLES. CYANOSIS. This is the natural condition before birth, but some- times the directing of the blood through the lungs fails to secure its closure, or some obstruction to the circulation in these organs (tuberculosis, congestion, etc.,) leads to its reopening and the arterial and venous blood mix. The blood being equally unfit for nutrition and the mainte- nance of animal heat, there is surface coldness, staring coat, puny growth, blue mucous membranes, and op- pressed breathing and irregular heart's action when sub- jected to exertion. A murmur usually precedes the first heart sound. The subjects die young or prove worthless Diseases of the Heart. 203 when mature. Nothing can be done to remedy unless the disease is due to some remediable affection of the lungs. ENLAEGEMENT (HTPEETEOPHY) OE THE HEART. This is a simple increase of the muscular substance and may be confined to one side of the heart or to one ventri- cle. It is usually caused by some obstruction to the cir- culation through the arteries, or in horses or dogs by ha- bitual violent work. Symptoms. The heart's beats are more forcible and prolonged and the interval of silence shortened ; the pulse is full and rolling ; the first sound is low, muffled and pro- longed, the second sound unnaturally loud, and sometimes repeated if one ventricle only is affected ; the heart sounds may be heard over an unusually large area, the lungs be*- ing sound, and the dullness on percussion is equally ex- tended. The pulse is usually regular and if excited to ir- regularity or intermission soon returns to its normal stand- ard if the patient is left at rest. Pure hypertrophy rarely implies imminent danger and many hard-worked horses survive to an old age with greatly enlarged hearts. But if associated with dilatation, impaired strength, livid mucous membranes, blowing mur- murs with the first heart sound, and paroxysms of diffi- cult breathing it may prove fatal at any time. Treatment. If possible remove the obstacle to the cir- culation. Then adopt a restricted, gently laxative diet, perfect rest in fattening animals or only light work in horses, and the daily use of digitalis or aconite, unless there is extreme dilatation. Arsenic is also given with benefit, but in advanced cases, or those due to irremedi- able obstruction, no treatment is of any avail. WASTING (ATEOPHT) OP THE HEAET. This is much less frequent than hypertrophy. It may be due to compression of the heart and its nutrient vessels by effusion into the pericardium, or the formation of false 204 The Farmer 's Veterinary Adviser. membranes, or it may coexist with a general wasting ana imperfect nutrition of tlie body. The Symptoms are the opposite of those of hypertrophy. There are the general signs of chronic heart-disease, but percussion which gives satisfactory results only over the breast-bone and in carnivora gives almost the sole reliable symptom — a decreased area of dullness. Little can be done to relieve, and that little directed to the removal of its causes. By keeping fattening animals quiet they may be preserved for slaughter. DILATATION OF THE HEART. This like hypertrophy usually results from some ob- struction to the circulation, but especially from a sudden extreme obstruction, whereas hypertrophy results from a slowly increasing obstacle. It is also exceedingly common in cases of fatty degeneration in overfed stock (cattle, sheep, pigs). Symptoms. Loss of appetite, spirit and endurance, faintness and difficulty of breathing on the slightest exer- tion, habitual coldness of the limbs, dropsy, unsteady gait, venous pulse, palpitations, weak tremulous heart impulse, murmur with the first sound, small weak irregu- ular and often intermittent pulse, and lividity of the membrane of the nose. Treatment. Unless the causes can be put a stop to in the early stages no treatment will be satisfactory. Ar- senic is sometimes useful in horses. Fattening animals should be kept very quiet and their progress hastened if possible. PERICARDITIS. This is inflammation of the fibrous covering of the beart and its reflection on the pleurae, and is due to similar causes with diseases of the lungs. It is also induced by influenza, pleuro-pneumonia, rheumatism, and wounds with sharp-pointed bodies (pins, needles, nails, broken ribs, etc.) Diseases of the Heart. 205 Symptoms. General fever, staring coat, hot dry mouth (muzzle, snout,) dilated nostrils, excited, difficult breath- ing, double lifting of the flank with each expiration, the formation of a ridge on the abdomen as in pleurisy, ten- derness when pinched or percussed behind the left elbow (in ruminants and small quadrupeds over the breast-bone), a rubbing sound with each beat of the heart and the im- pulse of the heart strong. Soon, effusion takes place, the rubbing sound is lost, the impulse of the heart and its sounds are weakened and the area of dullness in percussion is increased. This dullness does not maintain a horizontal line along the chest as in hydrothorax, but is like an in- verted cone and changes its position with a change of pos- ture which is easily effected in small animals. Difficulty and oppression of breathing, protruded nose, staring eye- balls, pinched, haggard countenance, venous pulse and obstinate standing mark the advanced stages. Dropsies of the limbs and other dependent parts are also frequent. A painful cough is sometimes though not constantly pres- ent throughout the disease. Death may ensue in five days to three weeks, or the disease may become chronic or end in recovery. The chronic form is seen in the ox without any preced- ing acute attack. There is slight fever, oppressed breath- ing aggravated by exertion, weak, irregular, intermittent pulse, distant heart sounds, absence of respiratory mur- mur, dullness on percussion over an increased, cone-like area behind the left elbow, venous pulse and general dropsy. Treatment. In the preliminary shivering, treat as for congested lungs. Later, bleeding may sometimes be ben- eficial in strong subjects by relieving extreme difficulty of breathing and high nervous excitement. Usually it would be injurious. Give a purgative (horse, aloes; ox and sheep, Glauber salts ; dog and pig, castor-oil ,) foment the walls of the chest and envelop in a large mustard poultice until the fakin is well thickened, moderate the heart's ac- 206 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. tion by digitalis four times a day and follow the action oi the purgative by diuretics (nitre, acetate of potassa, etc.) Ointment or tincture of iodine may be applied to the walls of the chest. In cases of extreme danger from effusion the liquid should be drawn off with cannula and trocar or needle-like tube, as in hydrothorax, the puncture in the horse or ox being made between the cartilages of the fifth and sixth ribs. In case of rheumatic complication use alkalies, colchi- cum, acetate of potassa and other agents advised for rheu- matism. ENDOCAKDITIS. Inflammation of the serous membrane lining the cham- bers and covering the valves of the heart. Causes. Inflammation of the valves in connection with undue strain in severe exertions or obstructions to the flow of blood, the rheumatic constitution or certain other un- healthy states of the blood. Symptoms. The general symptoms resemble those of pericarditis. There are besides, violent but unequal im- pulse of the heart against the left side, accompanied by a metallic tinkling, a blowing murmur with the first, or even the second sound, as soon as the contraction of the valves, or the clots formed on them, render them insufficient to close the orifices, and, if the disease exists on the right side of the heart, venous pulse, general venous congestion and dropsical swellings. The pulse, at first strong and sharp, becomes weak with the imperfection of the valves, in marked contrast with the continued strong impulse of the heart. The patient may perish from obstruction to the heart's action by clots on the valves, or from such clots carried on with the circulation and blocking arteries at a distance ; or diseases of other organs may supervene from the latter cause, or a recovery may take place with or without permanent alterations which render the valves unable to close their respective orifices. Diseases of the Heart. 207 Treatment is in the main the same as for pericarditis, rest, laxatives, sedatives and blisters being mainly relied upon. As there is less danger from effusion diuretics need not be pushed to the same extent. In rheumatic cases, adopt antirheumatic treatment, and in case of clots on the valves use iodide of potassium and alkalies. CAEDITIS. Inflammation of the muscular substance of the heart can only take place to a limited extent in connection with endocarditis and pericarditis, or with punctures from sharp bodies and the like. Were the entire organ involved death would be prompt. The symptoms are those of acute heart-disease generally, modified by the exact seat of the injury, and treatment need not differ materially from that adapted to the two diseases just described. CHRONIC VALVULAR DISEASE. With the general symptoms of chronic heart-disease, there are blowing murmurs as described in the table under auscultation of the heart. This is a very common result of endocarditis and is irremediable. Yet affected cattle, sheep and pigs may often be prepared for the butcher by liberal feeding and perfect quiet. FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE HEART. , This is most frequent in high-bred stock (Shorthorns, Berkshire and Essex pigs, Leicester and Southdown sheep,) but may exist in any pampered animal. Some- times it is complicated by degeneration of the entire muscular system, especially in pigs. There are the gen- eral phenomena of chronic heart-disease and dilatation, and the condition is irremediable, though it rarely kills animals kept in perfect quiet. RUPTURE OF THE HEART. If from severe exertion this usually takes place througt. 208 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser, the fibrous structure at the base of the ventricles connect- ing them with the large arteries. If from a fall or violent concussion the muscular walls usually give way, when found in a relaxed condition, or the laceration happens at the point of connection with the veins (vena azygos). Perfo- ration from ulceration is seen in cows in connection with sharp-pointed bodies that have been taken into the stom- ach. Death is sudden in all such cases. OTHER HEAET-DISEASES. The heart is further subject to a great variety of dis- eased growths and deposits and to parasites — Echinococcus, Cysticercus Tenuicollis (sheep and calf), Gysticercus Cellulosa and Trichina Spiralis (pig), JRainey s Cysts (cattle), and Filaria Intimitis (dog). CHAPTER VIII. DISEASES OF BLOOD-VESSELS AND LYM- PHATICS. Wounds of arteries — punctured, cut, torn. Arteritis, inflammation of ar- teries. Embolism, plugging. Aneurism, dilatation. Wounds of veins. Phlebitis, inflammation of veins — circumscribed, diffuse. Varicose — dilated veins. Lymphangitis, inflammation of lymphatics. Weed. Poisoned and irritated wounds. DISEASES OF ARTERIES. WOUNDS OF AETEEIES. Punctured wounds are rarely dangerous, as the walls quickly close and the few drops of blood which escape help to plug the orifice ; but there is danger of inflamma- tion and plugging of the vessel, and cold or warm fomen- tations with rest are desirable. Gut wounds, if only implicating the outer coats, soon heal and are rarely followed by dilatations as in man. If all the thickness of the wall is incised the result will be according to the direction. If in a line with the course of the vessel there is little risk and slight pressure will usu- ally check bleeding. If transverse or oblique the elastic- ity of the walls of the vessel holds the orifice open and bleeding is severe, the blood flowing in jets and of a bright red color. If cut completely across, the arterial coats re- tract and curl within themselves and in small vessels will often close the opening. To check bleeding the end of the vessel may be sought and tied, or a piece of silver wire may be passed through to the soft parts beneath it by the aid of a curved needle, 14 210 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. and tied over a cork placed on the surface of the skin. It may be untwisted and drawn out in twenty-four hours. Or a pad of tow may be made with a sharp firm point and gradually increasing to a considerable bulk (graduated compress) and tied over the wound with the narrow point pressing on the vessel. Or the orifice may be seared with an iron at a dull red heat. Tearing, stretching, hoisting, and scraping through arteries usually lead to retraction of their coats and complete clos- ure and these measures are sometimes adopted to check htemorrhage. ARTERITIS. Inflammation of an artery may be external or internal according as it affects the fibrous sheath or the inner lin- ing membrane. In the external inflammation there may be little danger, even if matter is formed, as the vessel will continue to transmit the blood so long as its inner coat is sound. But in internal inflammation the blood coagulates, layer after layer, on its inner surface until the channel be- comes impervious. This may cut off the blood entirely from the part to which the artery was distributed, leading to loss of power and substance, and in the case of the limbs to a lameness, which comes on whenever the animal is exercised, and increases with the exertion, but disap- pears with a short rest of ten or twenty minutes. Or small clots may be loosened from the mass and passing on block smaller trunks, causing circumscribed inflamma- tion at distant parts. Causes. Over-stretching of arteries. Plugging by clots from the heart in endocarditis, or from inflamed veins. Wounds, parasites, etc. Symptoms. Loss of muscular power and coldness of the parts beyond the seat of plugging, extreme tenderness over the line of the vessel at the inflamed point, and sometimes general fever. Treatment. Perfect rest, warm fomentations laxatives, Diseases of Blood-vessels and Lymphatics 211 (horse, ox and sheep, linseed oil or Glauber salts ; pig and dog, castor oil,) and afterward diuretics and sedatives. The persistence of the plugging and lameness must be met by patience, the animal being turned into a small yard or paddock where he can take gentle exercise and live well, until the collateral vessels have had time to en- large and carry on the circulation. Three or four months will sometimes secure a tolerable recovery. DILATATIONS OF THE AKTERIES. ANEURISMS. These are mostly seen in the horse among domestic an- imals, and even in him much more rarely than in man. The causes are generally severe strains in the vicinity of an artery, or over-stretching of the vessel itself. They are also common in the mesenteric arteries of horses from the presence of immature worms ( ' Sclerostomum Equinum) in the circulating blood. Injuries to the walls of the ves- sels are much less liable to be followed by aneurism than in man, because of the greater plasticity of the blood, and the speedy formation of a covering of coagulable lymph. They are soft, fluctuating, pulsating tumors, effaceable by pressure, but reappearing at once. Being usually situated internally, treatment can rarely be adopted. But when superficial, compression has been most successful alike in the horse and dog. It is needless to recount the many other modes of treatment for such an unusual affection. DISEASES OF VEINS. WOUNDS OF VEINS. These give rise to the escape of a dark red blood in a steady stream. This is commonly to be arrested by pin- ning up the lips of the wound evenly, taking hold of each by one-eighth inch and tying them together by a little tow, twisted round the two ends of the pin in the form of the figure 8. Or several pins may be placed near each other and the tow twisted round them and from pin to pin in the same manner. Veins may be tied but this risks the 212 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. occHrrence of dropsy unless you know that there is a free circulation by other collateral trunks. They may be com- pressed for a time until the wound is closed with lymph, a simple pad and compress being used, or the silver wire and cork as advised for arteries. PHLEBITIS. INFLAMMATION OP VEINS. This usually results from opening a vein with a rusty fleam or lancet, making the incision at the dilated part, just above a valve, pulling out the skin in inserting the pin so as to cause a flow of blood into the tissues beneath, leav- ing hairs or other irritants in the wound, or pinning the lips awry. Symptoms. Swelling of the wound, gaping and redness of the lips, and the formation of a hard painful cord along the line of the vein in an upward direction where the blood is necessarily stagnant and in contact with the clot al- ready formed. The exudation may be fibrinous with a tendency to contraction and obliteration of the vein, or suppuration may occur, in which case the matter must es- cape externally. Clots may be detached and washed on to plug the arteries in the lungs, and rouse pneumonia. or perfect recovery may take place with loss of the vein, and a tendency to swelling of the part from which it comes, when that is in a dependent position. Treatment. If from an inflamed wound after bleeding, take out the pin, remove hair, pus, clotted blood or other irritant, and foment with warm water. Then rub in, at au inch distant from the wound and along the course of the hardened vein, an active blister (Spanish flies 2 drs., lard 1 oz.,) and tie the animal to the two sides of the stall, so that he cannot rub the part. If a vein is lost in the neck, never again turn out to grass. DIFFUSE PHLEBITIS Resulting from an irritated or poisoned external wound, or in the womb after parturition, is usually fatal, the clots Diseases of Blood-vessels and Lymphatics. 213 forming on the inflamed lining membrane being washed on in greater or less amount, to set up inflammation in the lungs and elsewhere. DILATED (VARICOSE) VEINS. These are common over the distended hock joint in bog spavin and I have seen them in the posterior tibial and other veins but they are rarely or never injurious. ENTRANCE OF AIR INTO VEINS. If veins are opened in the lower part of the neck or else- where in the vicinity of the chest the suction-power may draw ini air in such quantity as to work the blood in the heart into a frothy mass, and block the minute vessels in the lungs, causing sudden death. There is heard a gurg- ling sound as it enters the vein and afterward tumultuous heart's action and a fine squeaking sound in the lungs, while the animal falls in a faint. The danger is not so great as is usually supposed, as it takes several quarts suddenly introduced to kill a horse. Care is requisite, however, to close promptly all large veins opened in the vicinity of the chest. DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATICS. LYMPHANGITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE LYMPHATICS. This occurs in two forms, one a constitutional disease and the other a simple local affection due to irritation of a wound or the absorption of poisonous matter. CONSTITUTIONAL FORM. WEED. SHOT OF GREASE. This is seen mainly in heavy lymphatic fleshy-legged horses, kept at hard work on heavy feeding, and in the midst of this left in the stall for two or three days without any exercise or change of feed. Thus it is common on Monday morning or after one or two stormy days that have kept the horses indoors. It is the result of a sudden access of plethora, but it may occur in similar 214 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. circumstances in over-worked and rather reduced horses. In either case it is due to an accumulation in the blood of deleterious products that should have been worked off by exercise. Symptoms. There is shivering to a variable extent, but very severe in the worst cases, greatly accelerated breath- ing, rapid hard pulse, general fever and stiffness in one or both limbs. Examination high up in the groin, by the side of the sheath or udder, detects enlargement and great tenderness of the inguinal glands, the patient usu- ally raising and drawing out his limb till he seems ready to fall over on the other side. Soon the shivering gives place to the hot stage, the surface burns and sweats, and the limb swells, the swelling extending cord-like down the course of the vessels on its inner side, and its lower part becoming the seat of an excessive exudation, which may fill it up to the body, and of two, three, or four times its natural size. If allowed to go on, abscess, sloughing and unhealthy sores may result, the patient may perish, or the fever may subside leaving the limb permanently thickened to almost any extent, and correspondingly liable to future attacks. Treatment. Mild cases may be entirely restored by giving the animal a fair amount of exercise. In those that are somewhat more severe, a smart purgative (aloes 6 to 8 drs.) must be given, warm fomentations applied continuously to the limb, and walking exercise enforced as soon as the patient can be made to move. The purgation should be followed up by active diuretics (nitre, iodide of potassium,) and when the inflammation has somewhat subsided tincture of iodine may be applied over the swol- len glands. In the worst cases in vigorous plethoric subjects a prompt effect should be secured by a free bleed- ing from the jugular, until the pulse is softened, and the same treatment followed out as in other cases. Diet should be light and laxative (bran-mashes, roots, scalded hay, etc.,) and the water given with the chill off. For the chronic thickening of the leg, regular feeding Diseases of Blood-vessels and Lymphatics. 215 and exercise, a bandage smoothly applied from the foot up when in the stable, the application of tincture of iodine every four days to the limb, and the internal use of tonics (iron, Peruvian bark, columba, gentian, nux vomica, etc.,) and diuretics (iodide of potassium, liquor of acetate oi ammonia,) will be beneficial. Some use veratrum. LOCAL FOEM. This results mainly from wounds, bruises (saddle or shoulder scalds), from injuries of unyielding parts (pricked foot, tendon or fascia,) and above all from the absorption of putrefying animal matter or other poison by these ves- sels. The same occurs from the specific poisons of gland- ers, farcy, etc. There are slightly swollen cords (red in white skins) extending along the course of the lymphatics and veins from the point of irritation or poisoning ; nod- ular, painful enlargement of the lymphatic glands along their course, and more or less surrounding pasty swelling, or even erysipelas. It may go on to abscess or diffuse suppuration, it may leave induration of the glands, or even the vessels and surrounding parts, or a perfect re- covery may be made. Treatment Rest, a purgative, and astringent lotions (acetate of lead 1 dr., opium |- dr., carbolic acid 1 dr., wa- ter 1 qt.) If the inflammation runs very high it may be expedient to use warm poultices to hasten suppuration. In case it arises from a poisoned wound, cauterize the sore thoroughly with lunar caustic or crystallized carbolic acid, and keep the affected parts wrapped in cloths con- stantly wet with a saturated solution of bisulphite or hy- posulphite of soda, and enough carbolic acid to give a sweetish taste. The bisulphite may also be taken inter- nally. In case of suppuration, open early and freely with the lancet. If the affection becomes chronic and threat- ens permanent induration use iodine ointment or tincture, well applied bandages, giving an equable pressure, and even blisters. Iodide of potassium, or in weak subjects, iodide of iron may be given internally. CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OE THE DIGESTIVE OEGANS. Their frequency and gravity in different animals. Stomatitis. Inflamma- tion of the mouth, — of the palate, — of the gums, — of the tongue. Thrush, Aphthous Stomatitis. Mercurialism. Warts on the lips. Laceration of the tongue. Cysts under the tongue. Tumors of the mouth. Cancroid of the lips. Cancer of the tongue. Supernumerary teeth. Wolf-teeth. Parrot- mouth. Crib-biting, wind-sucking. Displaced teeth. Overgrown and une- ven teeth. Carious teeth. Disease of the membranes of the teeth. Tartar on teeth. Dentition-fever. Salivation, slobbers. Salivary calculi. Salivary fistula. Inflammation of the parotid gland. Choking. Stricture and dila- tation of the gullet. Impaction of the crop. Tympany in cattle. Hoove. Bloating. Overloaded paunch. Impaction of the third stomach. Gastritis in cattle. Indigestion in oxen. Indigestion in calves, lambs and foals. White scour. Acute gastric indigestion in the horse. Acute intestinal indi- gestion in the horse. Windy colic. Impaction of the large intestines in horses. Chronic indigestion — catarrh of the stomach and bowels in horses. Vomiting. Depraved appetite. Foreign bodies in the stomach and intes- tines. Spasmodic colic. Acute hemorrhagic enteritis. Acute muco-enteri- tis. Croupous enteritis. Inflammation of the rectum. Diarrhoea, scour- ing. Dysentery. Obstruction of the bowels, — impaction, invagination volvulus, etc. Hernia, — diaphragmatic, mesenteric, umbilical, inguinal, fewi oral, ventral, vaginal. Eversion of the rectum. Piles. Fistula in anus. Imperforate anus. Peritonitis. Ascites. Gastric and intestinal parasites. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE OKGANS The importance of these diseases in the domestic ani- mals follows an ascending series from the carnivora, through the omnivora and solipeds to the ruminants. The small capacity of the digestive organs in carnivora (dog and cat), the completion of the greater part of the digestive process in the stomach, and the facility with which vomiting is accomplished sufficiently account for their comparative immunity. Pigs stand next in these re- Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 217 spects and last come the herbivora with their enormously long and capacious digestive organs, the slow digestion as the food passes through the bowels and the difficulty 01 impossibility of getting quit of irritating agents by vomit- ing. In the ox and sheep there is the further complica- tion of the four stomachs, the first three of which are lit- tle more than macerating and triturating cavities, and in which an enormous bulk of food is continually stowed away. From their rapid collection and swallowing of food poisonous, irritating and unnatural objects appear more liable to be taken in by oxen, while horses suffer more from hurried feeding and from hard work immediately after feeding. Horses, too, suffer much from faults in wa- tering, as excess of cold water when hot and fatigued, causing stomachic and intestinal congestions, an excess after feeding grain, washing that on undigested to ferment in the bowels, etc. Again, all of the herbivora are espe- cially subject to digestive disorders from food that is un- naturally grown, or spoiled in harvesting, so that in unfa- vorable seasons affections of the stomach and bowels may spread like an epizootic. INEIAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. Causes. Mechanical and chemical irritants. There may be wounds, bruises, injuries with bit or twitch, irri- tant vegetables, scalding food, snake and leech bites, stings of insects, injuries from ropes tied round the lower jaw and tongue, from giving "weak lye" and other irritants, especially to the horse, which can resist swallowing liquids as long as he chooses, from pricks with thorns, needles and other sharp-pointed bodies, from cutting, decay, over- growth or irregularity of the teeth, from rough dragging upon the tongue, from the use of mercury and other sali- vating drugs, from parasitic growths, and from some spe- cific fevers (aphthous fever, Rinderpest, etc.) Symptoms of General Infiammatior. of the Mouth. Diffi- culty in taking in food and water ; swollen, rigid tender 218 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser lips and cheeks ; red membrane of the mouth ; slavering ; saliva often foetid; swelling between the bones of the lower jaw ; the formation of blisters or sores inside the month ; and sometimes swelling of the glands beneath the ears. Abscess or even gangrene may result. Treatment. Remote the cause whether irritants in food, drugs, sharp bodies lodged in the tissues, injuries by the bit, twitch or otherwise. If injured by lye, wash with weak vinegar ; if by acids, with calcined magnesia, lime water or bicarbonate of soda ; if by caustic salts, white of egg, boiled linseed, slippery elm or the gluten of wheat flour. Give the same agents as a draught. If from the bite or sting of venomous animals apply ammonia to the part and give it internally. In all the severer animal poisons the wound should be cauterized (see ca- nine madness). In simple inflammations open the bowels by injections of warm water with soap or other laxa- tives, or, if it can be done, give a mild laxative (olive oil). Wash the mouth frequently with cool astringent lotions (vinegar and water ; vinegar and honey ; borax, alum or tannic acid, honey and water ; water slightly sweetened with carbolic acid, etc.) Have fresh cool water constantly present to drink at will, and feed with boiled gruels, or soft mashes cold, or pulped or thinly sliced roots. Poultices beneath the throat and lower jaw are often very useful. If erosions and ulcers appear touch them repeatedly with a feather dipped in a solution of 10 grains lunar caustic to 1 oz. distilled water. If fluctua- tion shows the presence of matter lance at once. If sloughing takes place wash with a solution of permanga- nate of potassa 1 dr., water 1 pint. If there is much swell- ing keep the head tied up. CONGESTED PALATE. LAMPAS. A red swollen state of the soft parts behind the upper front teeth, attendant in young animals on shedding of the teeth, or in older ones on digestive disorder. The taking Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 219 in of food may be painful and awkward from the tender palate projecting beyond the teeth. Treatment. Feeding hard unshelled Indian corn has often a good effect. Scarify slightly with knife or lancet, for half an inch back from the teeth. Follow with astrin- gent lotions if necessary. If with costiveness or disorder of the stomach give a dose of physic. INFLAMMATION OF THE GUMS. If connected with the shedding and cutting of teeth, re- move those that hang partly detached and scarify the gums. For the other causes — diseased teeth and mercurial poisoning — see below. INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. There are the signs of general inflammation of the mouth, with great difficulty in taking in food, chewing and drinking, and a swollen red tender state of the tongue which often hangs out of the mouth. Treatment. Search carefully for any sharp irritant body that may have penetrated the organ and remove it. Support the tongue within the mouth in a bag with tapes tied behind the ears. Otherwise treat as for general in- flammation of the mouth. THRUSH OF THE MOUTH. APHTHOUS STOMATITIS. MUGUET Is mostly seen in sucking animals. In addition to the signs of ordinary inflammation, there appear on the lips, cheeks and tongue, firm white patches, which on micro- scopic examination show the presence of a vegetable growth (oidium albicans). Wash the mouth frequently with a solution of bisulphite of soda or even of borax. MEEOURIALISM. Inflammation of the mouth, ulceration of the gums, loosening of the teeth and free salivation were formerly common results of the abuse of mercurials but are now 220 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. fortunately rare. There is likely to be disorder of stomach and bowels, loss of appetite, bloating, rumbling in the belly, badly digested, foetid stools and great languor and depression. Use washes containing tincture of iodine or chlorate of potassa, and iodide of potassium internally. WARTS ON THE LIPS Are very common in dogs. Remove with scissors and cauterize the roots thoroughly with a pointed stick of lunar caustic. LACERATION OF THE TONGUE. Causes. Especially common in horses from hard bits, nooses of ropes, or rough dragging with the hand. The lacerated tongue may hang from the mouth. Sew up the wound with catgut previously softened in water ; feed thick gruels only, and wash out the mouth frequently with a lotion of permanganate of potassa. Any dead por- tion must be removed with the knife, but it must not en- croach on the living. The whole organ may often be saved when almost entirely torn off. CYSTS UNDER THE TONGUE. These are tense elastic rounded swellings and are easily remedied by a free incision with the knife. TUMORS IN THE MOUTH. These mostly grow from the gums and tongue, and may attain the size of the closed fist in the horse. Small ones may be removed with scissors, the larger with the ecraseur. CANCROID OF THE LIPS. CANCER OF THE TONGUE. The former of these attacks the angle of the mouth in horses and cats as an eroded unhealthy sore with hard thickened margins; the latter appears in horses and cattle as an increasing hard swelling with unhealthy open sore and giant cells. It should be excised when very limited. Later it is incurable. Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 221 SUPERNUMERARY TEETH. In the case of nippers or grinding teeth these should be extracted or pinched out as they are liable to injure the gums, palate, cheek or tongue. Wolf -teeth cannDt be looked on as superfluous, being natural and harmless. They are insignificant teeth situ- ated directly in front of the upper, and less frequently of the lower grinders. Being present during the shedding and cutting of the teeth, when recurring inflammation of the eyes is most frequent, they are in very bad odor with people who cannot see the distinction between the mere coincidence and the cause and effect. They are useless, however, and may be extracted without injury, though if broken they may irritate the gums. PARROT MOUTH. Abnormal length of the upper jaw may lead to inordi nate length of the upper front teeth which project over the lower like a parrot's bill. If this interferes with graz- ing the extra length should be removed with a saw or with tooth-shears. But parrot-mouthed horses usually do well fed in-doors. CRIB-BITING. This is a distortion rather than a disease of the teeth, these being worn away on their anterior edge so as to show more or less of the yellow dentine in place of the clear pearly enamel. It is associated with the serious vice of loind-sucking (swallowing), and eructation, which leads to tympany, digestive disorder, and rapid loss of condi- tion. The horse seizes the manger or other solid object with his teeth, arches and shortens the neck and makes a grunting noise. The wind-siceking may, however, exist without crib-biting. It may be learned by standing idle, near a crib-biter, and alway goes on to disease and loss of condition. . . Treatment. Smear the front of the manger with aloeg 222 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. or otliei bitters. Cover all exposed woodwork witli sheet- iron. Place a small revolving roller above the front of the manger so that the teeth may at once slide off. Apply the muzzle shown in the adjoining cut. In pure wir.d- Fig. 17. Fig. 17 — Muzzle for crib-biter. suckers a strap may be tied tightly round the upper part of the neck, though at the risk of inducing roaring. DISPLACED TEETH. Though loosened and partially displaced, teeth will often grow firm if at once replaced in their sockets and the animal fed for some time on soft mashes. If they cannot be returned to their natural situation they should be at once extracted, as any faulty direction will be a source of after trouble. OVERGROWN AND UNEVEN TEETH. The teeth of herbivora are liable to become overgrown into sharp hurtful processes along the outer margin of the upper grinders or the inner border of the lower, because the lower jaw is always narrower than the upper. In old animals and those having broken teeth, extensive over- Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 223 growth will ensue from the absence of wear. In other cases a tooth is displaced and failing to meet with a tooth in the other jaw gets overgrown, cuts the soft parts and sets up disease of these or of the jaw-bone. There ensue the usual symptoms of disease of the teeth, with swelling of cheek or tongue, tumefaction of the jaw or eTeira run- ning sore, or a foetid discharge from the nose. The over- grown teeth must be reduced with the tooth-rasp, cut with Fig. 18. Fig. 18 — Tooth-rasp. tooth-shears, or with a guarded tooth-chisel. CARIOUS TEETH. Caries is quite common in the grinding teeth but rare in the incisors. Symptoms. Slow, careful mastication, and dropping from the mouth of half-chewed food (hay, green fodder,) which, impelled by hunger, the animal takes in but fails to swallow. Greedy swallowing of soft food, indigestions and colics from imperfectly chewed aliment irritating the stomach and bowels. The presence in the dung of undi- gested grain which has been swallowed whole. Un- thrifty, staring coat, hide-bound, pale mucous membranes, weak pulse, weakness, emaciation, and liability to sweat- ing, and swelling of the legs are marked features. The more specific symptoms are : swelling of the jaw-bone over the diseased fang or even a running sore if in the lower jaw, the accumulation of partially chewed food around the tooth, and especially between it and the cheek, tenderness of the tooth when touched or gently tapped with the finger, the presence of a black spot on some part of its surface, or of an excavated channel, leading from the wearing surface down to the fang, or between the 224 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. tooth and the jaw-bone, this cavity being filled with putrid elements and giving out a most offensive and persistent odor. In some cases the tooth is broken in pieces. In examining the mouth draw out the tongue and turn it up between the jaws, or better keep the jaws apart with a balling iron. If the diseased tooth belongs to the upper jaw and is behind the first grinder there may be a very fcetid discharge from the nose, which with its attendant nodular enlargement of the glands beneath the jaw have led to the destruction of many such horses as glandered. Treatment. When there is much inflammation of the gums clear out the cavity of the tooth with the aid of a bent flattened wire and a syringe with bent nozzle, feed soft bran mashes only, and give a dose of laxative medi- cine (horse, aloes ; ox or sheep, sulphate of magnesia ; dog and pig, jalap ;) lance the gums and protect from cold for a few days. When inflammation is less severe, scrape from the diseased cavity all black, softened or diseased tooth, and plug it with gutta-percha softened by heat, moulded into the cavity and hardened by a stream of cool water. If there is a tender spot from exposure of the nerve this should first be deadened by caustic (crystallized carbolic acid and powdered opium). Where the destruc- tion is too great to allow of success by stuffing, the tooth must be extracted, and the cavity syringed out after each meal, until it heals up, and then filled with gutta-percha to prevent the adjacent teeth deviating from their proper di- rection. If very loose, the grinding teeth of large quadru- peds may be extracted with large tooth forceps, but if at all firm an opening must be made over the fang and the tooth driven into the mouth with a mallet and punch. This oper- ation requires accurate anatomical knowledge, especially in young animals. In small animals the teeth may be re- moved by ordinary dentist's forceps. After the removal oi a tooth in herbivora the opposing teeth on the other jaw must be occasionally cut or rasped down to prevent injury from overgrowth. Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 225 DISEASE OF THE MEMBRANES OF THE TEETH. The membrane surrounding the fang or that lining the pulp cavity may become the seat of disease. There may be loosening, suppuration or shedding of the tooth, devia- tion from its true direction so that the outer edge of the upper grinder or the inner edge of the lower may get overgrown and injurious, or a hard deposit may fill up the pulp cavity, or surround the fang wedging it into its socket and setting up disease and swelling of the adjacent jaw- bone. These conditions may often be relieved in the early stages by soft feeding, protection from cold, lancing the gums, a dose of physic, and daily sponging of the gums with tincture of myrrh. DENTINAL TUMORS. These occur from the action of any irritant applied to the tooth ivory. Some years ago I removed a large mass of this kind attached to the second upper temporary grinder of the horse. It is usually necessary to remove the teeth from which they grow. TARTAR ON TEETH. This is common in dogs and may be removed by a wooden probe with a small pledget of tow dipped in water rendered slightly acid with spirit of salt. DENTITION FEVER. Considerable irritation and fever often attend on the cutting of the teeth in animals. Horses are most liable to suffer in the third year when they cut four front teeth and eight back ones, and in the fourth year when they cut four front, eight back, and four tushes. Cattle suffer less and mainly from the second to the third year. One of the first grinders which come up at this period is some- times entangled with the crown of its predecessor, causing much loss of appetite and condition and foetid breath. Pigs usually cut thirty-six teeth from the sixth to the 15 226 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. twelfth montli and are most liable to suffer at this age. Puppies and kittens suffer even to convulsions, between the third and the sixth months. The temporary tushes, should always be extracted if not shed before the perma- nent ones come up. The redness, swelling and tenderness of the gums in such cases may extend to the throat, causing fits of cough- ing, and retained temporary teeth are to be sought for and removed. Otherwise treatment consists in a slight lancing of the gums, washing with tincture of myrrh, using soft food, keeping the bowels open, and avoiding hard work in horses and dogs. SALIVATION. SLOBBERS. This is often a symptom of some other affection (aph- thous fever, dumb rabies, epilepsy, stomatitis, pharyngitis, dentition, caries and other diseases of the teeth, wounds and ulcers of the mouth, gastric catarrh, etc.,) or caused by irritant food and drugs (rank aqueous rapidly-grown grass, musty mow-burnt fodder, lobelia, wild mustard, colchium, pepper, garlic, ginger, irritants, caustic alkalies, acids and salts, and the compounds of mercury used in- ternally and externally). Mercurials are especially hurtful to cattle. Paralysis of the lips will cause a free flow of saliva, as will also irritation with the bit, and especially from chemical agents attached in bags to the bit. Symptoms. Free discharge of saliva in stringy filaments or frothy masses, frequent deglutition, increased thirst and disordered digestion. For mercurial salivation see stomatitis. Treatment. Discover and remove the cause, use astrin- gent washes as advised for stomatitis, and give access to cold water. In obstinate cases give a course of tartar emetic, opium, chlorate of potassa, or iodide of potassium. Rub the glands beneath the ears and between the jaws with iodine ointment Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 227 SALIVAEY CALCULI. These are small concretions of earthy and organic mat- ter usually around some foreign body (a grain of oats 01 barley, or a particle of sand) which has accidentally en- tered the canal. They obstruct the ducts and give rise to the feeling as of a tense elastic cord extending round the border of the lower jaw and upwards on the side of the cheek, or forward along the inner side of the jaw-bone. The pea-like concretion may be felt at the anterior end of the cord, and if there is more than one they may be made to rattle on each other. Sometimes matter forms and bursts and the concretion may be felt in the depth of the wound. Difficulty in chewing and swallowing, and indigestions arise from the lack of saliva. Treatment. Pass the calculus onward to the mouth by manipulation with the fingers, or this failing lay open the duct and extract it from within the mouth if possible. If it must be opened through the skin, first shave the part, make a small incision with a sharp knife, extract the mass and cover the wound with layer after layer of collodion, allowing as little exposure to the air as possible. Allow no food whatever for twelve hours and then only soft mashes and gruels until healing is completed. SALIVAEY FISTULA. This is found wherever a wound penetrates a duct of any of the salivary glands. It is especially liable to oc- cur from opening abscesses in strangles and from wounds about the lower jaw. Symptoms. A free discharge from the wound during feeding, of a clear, slightly glairy liquid, especially abun- dant where the food is dry and fibrous. Chewing is slow, difficult, and carried on on the opposite side of the mouth only. Digestion and general health are gradually im- paired. Treatment. If recent, shave the edges of the wound, bring accurately together and cover with collodion, layei 228 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. after layer, until strong enough to prevent it from burst- ing open. If of older standing, a smart blister over and around the wound will often close it. Should this fail, the edges must be made raw by paring and the wound firmly closed by carbolated catgut or twisted suture. If the channel between the wound and the mouth has be- come impervious, a new one must be made and kept open by a thread passed through it and retained by being fixed to a flat button outside and in, until the walls are no longer raw and likely to adhere. Then the thread is to be withdrawn and the external wound closed by stitching, blister or collodion. In all such cases the patient must be tied to both sides of the stall, high up, so that he cannot possibly rub the wound, and diet must be restricted absolutely to soft mashes and gruels. In obstinate cases a forcible injection into the duct of the gland of a solution of 2 grs. lunar caustic in 1 oz. of alcohol, will usually destroy its secreting power. INFLAMMATION OF THE PAROTID GLAND. This gland, situated behind the ear, is liable to inflam- mation from mechanical injury and obstruction of its duct, as well as in strangles and other specific diseases. Symptoms. A hard but painful tumefaction beneath the ear, with more or less soft doughy feeling at its mar- gins, stiff carriage of the head, slow difficult chewing, and more or less general fever. Treatment. First remove any obstruction in the duct or mechanical cause of irritation, then purge (Glauber salts), wash the mouth with weak solutions of vinegar or chlorate of potassa, and cover the affected gland with a soft poultice, with a little sugar of lead added. Feed soft cool mashes and sliced or pulped roots only, and when the bowels have settled give cooling diuretics (nitrate of potassa). If matter forms let it approach the surface and point before opening, to avoid cutting any of the ducts Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 229 and establishing a fistula. If it gets hard and insensible use iodine externally and internally. CHOKING. This is especially common in cattle feeding on roots, potatoes, apples, pears and the like, because of the habit of jerking up the head to get the object back between the grinders. Pieces of leather, bone, etc., chewed wantonly often slip back in the same way. Horses suffer mainly from badly shaped balls or sharp -pointed bodies, dogs from bones. Ravenous feeders will choke on dry chaff, cut hay, etc., being imperfectly mixed with saliva, and the same will happen in cases of diseased teeth or salivary fistula or calculus. Symptoms of pharyngeal and cervical choking. When the object is arrested in the throat or neck there is great dis- tress, staring eyes, slavering, violent coughing with expul- sion of dung or urine, continuous efforts at swallowing, and in cattle tympany of the first stomach, which may suffocate the animal in fifteen or twenty minutes. I have seen an animal die in five minutes when the object was lodged directly over the opening of the windpipe. In horses there is in addition an occasional shriek, and wa- ter returns by the nose when drinking is attempted. In omnivora and carnivora retching and vomiting are promi- nent symptoms. A careful examination along the furrow on the left side of the neck will usually detect the offend- ing object. Symptoms of thoracic choking. If the object is lodged in that part of the gullet which lies within the chest, cough, slavering and gulping may be absent, but there are efforts at regurgitation and the discharge of liquids by the mouth (in horses the nose). This, with the inabil- ity to swallow solid food, is very characteristic. Tympany is usually slight, and there may be tremors at intervals. Symptoms of choking with finely divided dry food. These are the same as for solid masses, according to the situa- 230 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. tion, but in addition there is in the groove on the left side of the neck, a diffuse soft yielding swelling, provided the obstruction is situated above the chest. Treatment Sharp-pointed bodies lodged in the throat must be carefully sought for and extracted. Solid object-- in this region can usually be withdrawn with the hand Have the animal held with the head elevated into a line with the neck and the mouth held open with a balling iron ; then the tongue being drawn out with the left hand, the right is passed through the mouth into the throat and the middle finger hooked over the offending body so as to withdraw it. If lodged still lower it may often be worked up into the throat by pressure beneath it with one hand in each furrow along the lower border of the neck. A vigorous jerk at the last seconded by the action of the pharynx will often lodge it in the mouth, but if not it is easily extracted as above advised. Should this fail and tympany prove threatening lose no time in gagging the animal. A smooth roller of wood two inches in diameter is tied into the mouth by cords carried from its ends around the top of the head — behind the horns in cattle. Swelling never increases dangerously with this applied, and in a few hours the obstruction usually passes on. More prompt relief may be obtained by using a probang of leather or other material with a spiral spring wire in- ternally, the whole two-thirds of an inch in diameter, six feet long, and with one end enlarged to one and a half inches in diameter and cup-shaped. This is oiled and the head having been brought into a line with the neck, the balling iron introduced and the tongue drawn out, the cup-shaped end is introduced and pushed on until the obstruction is reached. Steady pressure must be kept up on this for a few seconds, when it will yield and should be passed into the stomach by introducing the probang to its whole length. If it resists leave the animal for an hour or two gagged, and try again. In the horse the probang Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 281 cannot be safely passed without casting, and it should never be passed on until by examination in the furrow on the side of the neck, the operator has ascertained that it has entered the gullet and is clear of, and above the windpipe. For the small animals the probang must bo made correspondingly small. The use of whips and such like objects is very repre- hensible as being liable to tear the gullet. An effective probang may be constructed out of a piece of stiff new rope, a few of the bundles of the end of which have been opened out and tied back so as to form a cup-shaped extremity. After being used this may be hung up straight on several nails driven into the wall and will be ready for the next occasion. In choking with finely divided food the probang only packs it firmer, and gagging and time will rarely dislodge it. Pour water or well-boiled gruel down, and seek by manipulation to break up the mass and allow it to pass on little by little. Instruments have also been devised for extracting the obstructing mass. Faihng otherwise, the gullet must be laid open, the offending matter extracted, the wounds sewed up, and the animal fed for a time on liquids only. Horses are sometimes choked by eggs given by foolish grooms. These may be punctured with a needle and then crushed between two solid bodies on different sides of the neck. Prevention. Besides the more obvious resort of with- holding dangerous articles, the mere tying down of the head will prevent choking in cattle feeding on turnips, apples, etc. A loop of rope fixed to the ground is to be hung over the horn when such food is supplied. Solid food should be to a large extent withheld for a week aftei' the relief of choking, until the slight irritation or inflam- mation has subsided. 232 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. STRICTURE AND DILATATION OF THE GULLET. Tliese usually coexist, the first giving rise to the second, because of habitual accumulation of food above the nar- row part. The narrowing results from mechanical injury in choking, etc., or from the presence of a worm (spirop- tera) which lives in galleries on the mucous membrane. The symptoms are the formation of an extended diffuse soft swelling along the furrow on the left side of the neck, when the animal feeds or drinks, and the subsidence of this swelling during abstinence. The only permanent treatment is by bougies or probangs passed daily, begin- ning with those that will just pass the stricture, and using them larger as the former ones begin to pass easily. The food must be restricted to soft mashes and gruels. Cattle are usually slaughtered when attacked in good condition. IMPACTION OP THE CROP IN BIRDS. Symptoms. Want of appetite, dullness, sinking of the head between the wings, ruffled plumage, and enormous and firm distension of the crop, easily recognized when the bird is handled. Treatment consists in pouring down tepid water and moulding the crop so as to force its contents a little at a time back into the mouth. This failing, cut the crop open, empty it, sew up the wound, and feed gruels or soft mush for a few days. TYMPANY OP THE FIRST STOMACH FN RUMINANTS. HOOVE. BLOATING. Causes. It is especially common in weak, ailing, or under- fed stock when put on rich luxuriant food, especially green food, in spring. Some food is dangerous, such as clover (white and red) ; green food covered with dew or hoar frost, soaked by inundations or drying after a shower ; diseased or frosted potatoes or turnips (roots or tops) ; partially ripened but uncured grain and crowfoots and other acrid Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 233 plants. It may be caused by overloading the stomach with sound fodder, by the presence of hair-balls and other foreign bodies in the stomach, by fever, choking, stricture or parasites in the gullet, tuberculosis, etc. Symptoms. Swelling of the whole left Fig. 19. side of the belly, often rising above the level of the hips and backbone, tense and elastic recoiling at once when pressed in, and drum-like on percussion. There is great difficulty of breathing, distended nos- trils, bloodshot eyes, open mouth, driveling of saliva, occasional belching of gas with loud noise, and frequent passage of dung and urine. The patient stands to the last and falls to die with ruptured diaphragm, or stomach, congested lungs and profound nervous shock. Treatment. Gagging is alleged to suc- ceed as in choking, but I have not tried it. Dashing a bucket of cold water on the body may give temporary relief by condens- ing the gas and favoring eructation. The hollow probang passed into the stomach as for choking will allow the escape of the gas. In urgent cases the paunch must be punctured with the first instru- ment that comes to hand, and the open- ings in the stomach and the skin kept in apposition until the gas flows out. The most suitable instrument is a cannula and trocar at least six inches long which may be plunged without fear into the left side in a downward and inward direction, from a Fig. 19 -Trocar and p 0m t equidistant from the hip bone, the last rib and the lateral processes of the backbone. The trocar being withdrawn the cannula may be tied in and left for hours or days. In the absence? 234 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. of these a pocket-knife may be used, and should be kept in the wound until a large quill can be obtained and held in its place. A smaller trocar like that used for hydro- thorax in horses is suitable for sheep and goats. When urgent cases have been relieved in this way, and in milder cases without any such surgical resort, antifer- ments and antacids must be given ; aromatic spirit of am- monia, (ox 3 oz., sheep 1 oz.,) crystalline sesquicarbonate of ammonia (ox 1 oz., sheep 3 drs.,) oil of turpentine, (ox 2 oz., sheep % oz. in oil, milk or eggs well mixed,) whisky, brandy or gin, (ox 1 to 2 pts., sheep ^ pt.,) ether, pepper, ginger, oil of peppermint, etc., in full doses, wood tar (ox 2 oz., sheep ^ oz.,) carbolic acid or creosote, (ox 2 drs., sheep |- dr. in a pint of water,) sulphite, hyposulphite or bisulphite of soda, (ox 1 oz., sheep 2 drs.,) chloride of lime or chlorate of potassa. Antacids (potassa, soda, ammonia, and their carbonates ; soapsuds and lime-water,) check the fermentation by neutralizing the acidity. Care should be taken to see (by tasting) that they are not used in too strong and irritating solutions. A dose of physic is usually necessary to clear off the offensive food, and should be accompanied by a stimulant (sulphate of soda and ginger). Chronic tympany due simply to indigestion may be remedied by careful dieting and a course of tonics, (foenu- grec, oxide of iron, carbonate of soda and common salt in equal parts, nux 7omica 2 drachms to every pound of the mixture. Dose : ox 1 oz., sheep 2 drs., daily in food). For chronic tympany due to foreign bodies in the paunch Bee below. OVERLOADED PAUNCH. This differs from the last in that the paunch is over- loaded, overstretched and paralyzed by excess of solid food, rather than gas. Rich, tempting and unusual food (lus- cious grass, clover, lucern, vetches, tares, beans, peas, .grain,) is especially dangerous, as is food which ferments Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 235 with the formation of a fine frothy mass, (potatoes, espe- cially diseased or frosted ones,) food containing a narcotic or paralyzing principle, (green Indian corn, partially ripened wheat, barley, oats, beans, peas, tares and grasses,) bulky, dry, fibrous, innutritious aliments, (aftermath mixed with old withered stems of a former growth, hay that has ripened before being cut, dried sedges and rushes, stalks of ripened beans, peas, etc.,) and finally musty, rusty or otherwise injured hay. Salivary fistula or obstruction and worn or diseased teeth may contribute to it. Symptoms. Develop more slowly than in tympany. There is dullness, sluggishness, raised back, hurried breath- ing, and frequent moaning. The abdomen swells, espe- cially the left side, but it hangs downward, has no absolute drum-like resonance on tapping, and pressure leaves a temporary indentation. As the disease advances there is the same difficult breathing as in tympany, frequent pas- sage of dung and urine, stupor and finally suffocation or death from nervous shock. If due to green food, diarrhoea usually precedes death, and a spontaneous cure may be effected by this or by vomiting, but only in rare cases. Treatment. In the first stages give stimulants and anti- ferments, as for tympany, with active but not irritating purgatives to unload the stomach. A pound each of Epsom and Glauber salts, 2 oz. oil of turpentine, and ^ drachm of nux vomica will be a suitable dose for an ox, to be followed up by stimulants, and in seven hours, if no relief, by a second dose of the same strength. If drum-like resonance at the upper part of the left side shows the pressure of free gas, draw it off by puncturing, and dash cold water over the body to encourage contraction of the paunch. Give active stimulants every two or three hours. If there is no sign of improvement but rather stupor and sinking, the only hope is in opening the stomach in the left side where it is punctured in tympany, enlarging the opening until the hand can be introduced, having two assistants hold the edges of the wound in the stomach 236 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. against those in the skin, taking out at least two-thirds of the contents of the paunch, sewing up the wound in the stomach with the edges turned in. and that in the skin, and keeping on a little gruel and soft mashes for a week. This operation can be performed standing, the right side of the animal applied against a stone wall, and the nose held by bull-dog pincers or even by the fingers. It usually succeeds if resorted to early enough. IMPACTION OF THE THIED STOMACH. DRY MUREAIN. GRASS STAGGERS. A dry baked state of the contents of the manifolds is found in all feverish conditions, in torpid or inactive states of the paunch, with impaired or suspended rumination, in case of feeding on dry, fibrous, indigestible elements (bleached with- ered hay or that which has been over-ripened, or a mixture of fresh and dry grass in autumn,) on a sudden change to the over-stimulating fresh grass of spring, on smutty maize, cornstalks or wheat, on a deficiency of water, or a sudden change from soft to hard water, or on taking lead into the sys- tem in a metallic condition or otherwise. The most rapidly fatal cases result from green food, over-ripe but uncured grain, vetches, or rye-grass, and from lead poisoning. Breed- ing ewes when fed grain become impacted, stupid, delirious. Symptoms. Slight cases may be marked by failure to chew the cud regularly when recovering from a fever, a poor appetite, dry muzzle, dull eyes, spiritlessness, quickened breathing with a moan at intervals roused at any time by forcibly punching the closed fist beneath the short ribs on the right side. If it has lasted several days the fist pressed into the left side may detect the contents of the paunch col- lected in hard masses, and tympany is likely to be present. The dung is usually scanty and hard, but in cases occurring from fibrous or irritating food, this costiveness is preceded by more or less diarrhoea. The beast leaves its fellows, reclines on its left side, with the head in the right flank, and tends by-and-by to show palsy of the hind limbs, drowsiness and stupor, or delirium and convulsions. Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 237 In the more acute cases, death may ensue in six hours. The animal is found apart, lying with his hea Fig- 43 — Hair with spores of Achorion Sch3nleini, from the horse. — Megnin DIFFUSE BALDNESS (TINEA DECALVANS). PARASITIC PITYRIASIS Two other forms are seen in the horse, one attacking any part of the body, and recognized by the agglutination of five or six hairs together in a white crust, and the other attacking the heads of old horses, and characterized mainly by the scurfy product. Both are exceedingly inveterate, though not attended with excessive itching, and demand the persistent use of tincture of iodine or corrosive sub- limate lotions in order to effect a cure. Fig. 4A. Fig. 44 — Microsporon Adouinii from Parasitic Pityriasis in the horse. — Megnin. In all those cases the harness, brushes, combs and wood- work must be washed with a solution of caustic potassa or soda, and then wet with iodine ointment or a solution of corrosive sublimate, otherwise all treatment may be fruit- less. Horse blankets should be boiled for a length of time. Skin Diseases. 360 PARASITIC GREASE. CONTAGIOUS FOOT-ROT IN SHEEP. In inflammation of the horse's heel, attended with fungus-like growths {grapes), a vegetable growth is often present and seems to be a main cause of the disease. The contagious foot-rot in sheep presents the same appear- ance of the skin, and is presumably due to a similar para- site. With or without an abrasion, the matter from a diseased foot produces in the healthy one swelling, excori- ation and fungous growths round the top of the hoof, as well as an excessive growth, softening and loss of cohesion of the horny elements below. Fig. 45. /ig. 45 — Oidium Batracosis from parasitic grease. — Megnin. Treatment consists in laying bare the diseased surface, and applying active caustics and parasiticides. Pare the horn to the quick and apply tow soaked in tincture of muriate of iron, butter of antimony, solution of blue-stone or nitrate of silver, bind up firmly, and repeat the dressing daily. All overgrown horn must be carefully removed, and means taken to prevent irritation from dried mud, etc. MANGE. SCAB. ITCH. SCABIES. ACARIASIS. These names among others are given to diseases of the skin caused by acari. Of parasitic acari there are three principal species : Sarcoptes, which burrow in canals in the scarfskin and are difficult to find and eradicate, and derma- tophagus and dermatocoptis which live on the surface or among the scabs and are more easily disposed of. Another 24 S70 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Fig. 46. Fig. 48. Fig. 50. Fig. 51. Fig. 46 — Sarcoptes Equi. Female. Fig. 47— Dermatophagus Equi. Female. Fig. 48 — Dermatocoptes Equi. Female. Fig. 49 — Dermanyssus. (Hen louse.) Fig. A- 1 Tff Allowance must also be made for a nervous tempera- ment which usually renders an animal more impressible 490 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. for habit or continued use which tends to decrease the susceptibility for individual drugs, for idiosyncrasy which can only be discovered by observing the action of the agent on the particular subject, and for the influence of disease when that is likely to affect the action. Thus in most diseases of the brain and spinal cord and in some impactions of the stomach, double the usual quantities of purgative medicine will be necessary, while in influenza and other low fevers half the usual doses may prove fatal. In acute congestion of the brain, stimulating narcotics (opium, belladonna, hyoscyamus,) would aggravate the symptoms, etc. 3. FREQUENCY OP ADMINISTRATION. Anodynes, Antispasmodics, Narcotics, Sedatives and Stimulants may generally be repeated once in four or six hours in order to maintain their effect. Alteratives, Dia- phoretics, Febrifuges, Eefrigerants and Tonics may be administered twice daily. Purgatives should only be given when necessary and should never be repeated until from the lapse of time we are assured that the first dose is to remain inoperative. Thus unless in urgent need, a horse should not take a second dose of physic under thirty-six hours after the exhibition of the first, and in all cases, until the medicine has worked off, he should be kept at rest and allowed only warm bran mashes and water with the chill taken off. In ruminants a second dose may be ventured on in twelve or sixteen hours, and in carnivora and onmivora in from seven to ten hours. Emetics should be given in full doses and repeated in five or ten minutes if they fail to take effect, their action being further solicited by copious draughts of tepid water and tickling of the back of the mouth with a feather. 4. FORM TO ADMINISTER. Drugs may often be given as powder or solution in the food or water ; they may be made into a soft solid with Appendix. 491 syrup and linseed meal, rolled into a short cylinder and covered with soft paper ; they may be converted into an infusion with warm or cold water, or into a decoction by boiling ; or they may be powdered and suspended in thick gruel or mucilage. They may be given, in a liquid form, from a horn or bottle ; or, as a short cylinder or pill, may be lodged over the middle of the root of the tongue ; or, as a sticky mass, they may be smeared on the back teeth ; or they may be given as an injection into the rectum ; or finally, in the case of certain powerful and non-irritating agents, they may be injected under the skin. No agent should be given until sufficiently diluted to prevent irritation, if retained a few minutes in the mouth, and irritants that will not mix with water (oil of turpen- tine, croton oil, etc.,) should be given in a bland oil, in milk or in eggs after having been thoroughly mixed. 492 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. DKUGS AND DOSES. When not otherwise stated, the doses- for the horse may be given to ox, ast and mule, and those of the sheep to the goat and swine. Acetic acid, antidote to acids, cooling astringent: Horse I dr; ox 2 drs ; ass I dr ; sheep I scr ; dog 2-3 drops. Tincture of aconite, sedative, diaphoretic: Horse 20-30 drops; 0% 30-40 drops; ass 15-20 drops; sheep 3-5 drops; dog 1-3 drops. Alcohol, stimulant, diuretic, narcotic: Horse 1-3 oz ; ox 3-6 oz; ass I oz ; sheep % oz ; dog 2 drs. Locally cooling astringent. Brandy, whisky and gin, stimulant; diuretic, narcotic . Horse 3-6 oz ; ox 6-12 oz; ass 2-5 oz; sheep 10 oz; dog % oz. Locally cooling astringent. Strong ale, stimulant, diuretic, narcotic: Horse 1-2 pts; ox 2-4 ptsj ass I pt ; sheep ^ pt ; dog 2 oz. Locally cooling astringent. Barbadoes aloes, purgative : Horse 4 drs ; ass 3-4 drs ; dog %, dr. Cape aloes, purgative : Horse 5 drs ; ass 4-5 drs. Alum, astringent: Horse 2-3 drs; ox 3-4 drs; ass 2 drs; sheep ^-l dr; dog l / 2 -\ scr. Ammonia, liquid, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, antacid, diuretic: Horse l / z oz; ox l / z -\ oz ; ass 2-4 drs; sheep %-\ dr; dog 10 drops. Lo- cally blister. Aromatic ammonia, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, antacid, diuretic : Horse 1-2 oz ; ox 2-4 oz ; ass 1-2 oz ; sheep %-i oz ; dog 1 dr. Locally blister. Carbonate of ammonia, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, antacid, di- uretic: Horse 2-4 drs; ox 4-6 drs; ass 2 drs; sheep l / z -\ dr; dog 10-15 grs. Locally blister. Muriate of ammonia, stimulant, discutient, alterative, diuretic : Horse 2-4 drs; ox 4-6 drs; ass 2 drs ; sheep ^-1 dr; dog 20 grs. Locally cool- ing discutient. Acetate of ammonia, solution, diaphoretic, diuretic, stimulant : Horse 2-3 oz; ox 3-4 oz ; ass 2 oz; sheep %-! oz; dog 2 drs. Anise-seed, stomachic, carminative: Horse I oz ; ox 1-2 oz; ass I oz, sheep 2-4 drs ; dog 1-3 scr. Antimony, tartarized (tartar emetic), emetic : Swine 5 grs : dog 2-4 grs. Sedative, diaphoretic : Horse 2 drs ; ox 2-4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 1-2 scr; swine y z -\ gr; dog %-%, gr. Locally blister. Areca nut, vermifuge, tseniafuge : Horse I oz ; ox I oz ; ass I oz ; sheep 3 drs ; dog %-\ dr. Arnica tincture, stimulant, diuretic: Horse 1 dr; ox I dr; ass % dr; sheep 1 scr; dog 10 drops. Locally cooling, soothing. Arsenic, alterative, nerve tonic: Horse 5 grs; ox 5-8 grs; ass 3-5 grs; sheep 1 gr ; swine ^ gr ; dog \ gr. Locally caustic, parasiticide. Asafoztida, diffusible stimulant, carminative, vermifuge : Horse 2 drs ; ox 4 drs; ass 1-2 drs; sheep y^-\ dr; swine ^ dr; dog 10-20 grs. Azedarach, vermifuge: Horse %-l oz; ox I oz; ass 3-4 drs; sheep 1-3 drs ; swine I dr ; dog 20 grs. Appendix. 493 Belladonna, anodyne, antispasmodic, narcotic : Horse 2 oz ; ox 2 o; ; ass 1-2 oz; sheep }£ oz; dog 5 grs. Belladonna, extract, anodyne, etc.: Horse2drs; ox2-3drs; ass 1-2 drs; sheep % dr; dog 1-3 grs. Atropia (alkaloid of Belladonna), anodyne, etc.: Horse 1-2 grs; ox 1-2 grs ; ass I gr ; sheep % gr; dog tV gr. Balsam of Peru, stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant : Horse I oz ; ox 1-1^ oz; ass *4-i oz ; sheep 2 drs ; dog J4 dr. Benzoin, stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant: Horse 1 oz; ox l-i}4 oz; ass }£-! oz; sheep 2 drs; dog }£ dr. Borax, nerve sedative, uterine stimulant: Horse 2-6 drs; ox }&-i oz; ass 2-4 drs; sheep^-ldr; swine j£ dr; dog 5-10 grs. Locally astringent, parasiticide. Bismuth, subnitrate, soothes irritation of the stomach and bowels : Horse 2 drs; ox 2-4 drs; ass 1-2 drs; sheep 20 grs; swine 10-20 grs ; dog 5- 10 grs. Locally soothing, healing. Blackberry root, astringent : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox ^ oz ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 2 scr ; dog % scr. Blue-stone (copper sulphate). Boneset, stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic: Horse j£-l oz; ox I oz ; ass % oz; sheep 2-3 drs; swine 2 drs; dog j^-i dr. Bromide of potassium, nerve sedative : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4 drs ; ass 2-3 drs ; sheep j£ dr; dog 5-10 grs. BuCHU, stimulant, diuretic : Horse 4 drs ; ox %- 1 oz ; ass 3 drs ; sheep I dr ; dog 10-20 grs. Buckthorn syrup, purgative: dog y£-i oz. Calomel, purgative: Horse 1 dr; ox 1-2 drs; ass 1 dr; swine 1 scr, dog 34 grs. Alterative: Horse I scr; ox 1-3 scr; ass I scr; swine 3-4 grs; dog Yz-\ gr. Camphor, calmative, antispasmodic: Horse 1-2 drs; 0x2-4 drs; ass I dr; sheep 1 scr; dog 3-10 grs. Cantharides, stimulant, diuretic: Horse 5 grs; ox 5-10 grs; ass 3-5 grs; sheep 1-2 grs; dog Ye-]/i gr. Locally blister. Capsicum, Cayenne pepper, stimulant, aromatic : Horse 2-3 drs ; ox 2-4 drs; ass 1-2 drs; sheep I scr; swine ^-1 scr; dog 2-5 grs. Locally irri- tant. Caraway seed, stomachic: Horse 1 oz; ox 1-2 oz; ass 1 oz; sheep 2-3 drs : swine 2 drs ; dog I scr. Cardamoms, stomachic : Horse I oz ; ox 1-2 oz ; ass I oz ; sheep 2-3 drs ; swine 2 drs ; dog 1 scr. Cascarilla, stimulant, bifter tonic: Horse ^-1 oz; ox 1 oz; ass 4-6 drs ; sheep I dr ; dog 10 grs. Carbolic acid, sedative, anodyne, astringent, antiseptic, disinfectant: Horse }i-i dr; ox 1 dr; ass % dr; sheep 10 drops; dog 5 drops. Castor-oil, purgative: Horse 1 p|t; ox 1-1^ pts ; ass 1 pt; sheep 3-4 oz; dog %-i oz. Catechu, astringent : Hqrse2-5dr$; ox 3-8 drs; ass 2-3 drs; sheep 1-? drs ; dog 10-30 grs. 494 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Chamomile, stimulant, tonic: Horse I oz; ox 1-2 oz; ass 1 oz; sheep 2 drs ; dog J4 dr. Cherry bark, wild, expectorant : Horse % oz ; sheep 2-3 scr ; swine 2 scr; dog 1 scr. Chloral-hydrate, sedative, antispasmodic : Horse, % oz ; ass %-% oz ; sheep I dr ; dog 20 grs. Soporific : Horse I oz ; sheep 2-3 drs ; dog Vz dr. Chloroform, stimulant: Horse 1-2 drs; ass I dr; sheep I scr; dog 5-10 drops. Anaesthetic. Cinchona, Peruvian bark, bitter tonic, antiseptic, antiperiodic : Horse 1-3 oz; ass I oz; sheep 2-4 drs; dog 1 dr. Cinnamon, stomachic: Horse 4-6 drs; ox^-ioz; ass 4-6 drs; sheep 1-2 drs ; dog 10-20 grs. Cod-liver oil, tonic : Horse 4-6 oz ; ox 6-8 oz ; ass 4-6 oz ; sheep 1-2 oz ; dog }i, oz. Colchicum, diuretic, sedative: Horse %-l dr; ox 1-2 drs; ass % dr; sheep %, scr ; dog 2-8 grs. Colocynth, bitter purgative : dog 2-5 grs. Columbo, bitter tonic : Horse 4-6 drs; ox^-1 oz; ass 2-3 drs ; sheep y 2 -\ dr; dog 10 grs. Conium, extract, sedative : Horse I dr; ox 1-2 drs; ass y z -\ dr; sheep 10-15 grs ; swine 10 grs; dog 2-5 grs. Copaiva, stimulant, diuretic, expectorant : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 3-4 drs ; ass 2-3 drs; sheep y z -\ dr; dog 10 drops. Copper, ammoniated, tonic, antispasmodic, astringent : Horse 1-2 drs ; ox 1-2 drs ; ass I dr : sheep 10-20 grs ; dog 1-5 grs . Copper, iodide, tonic, discutient : Horse 1-2 drs. Copper, sulphate, tonic, astringent: Horse J^-i dr; ox 1-2 drs; ass y z dr ; sheep 10 grs ; dog 2-4 grs. Croton seeds, purgative : Horse 10-12; ox 15-20; ass 8-10; sheep 2-3; dog 1-2. CROTON oil, purgative: Horse 15-20 drops ; ox 20-30 drops ; ass 12-18 drops ; sheep 5-8 drops ; dog 3-4 drops. Cream of tartar, diuretic : Horse 1 oz ; sheep 4-6 drs ; dog 1 jdr. Laxative: Horse 5 oz; ox5-8oz; ass5oz; sheep 1-2 oz ; dog y 2 oz. Dandelion extract, taraxacum, diuretic, laxative, bitter: Horse I-i^ oz; ox 2 oz; ass I oz; sheep 3 drs; dog I dr. Digitalis, sedative, diuretic: Horse 15-20 grs; ox %-\ dr; ass 15 grs; sheep 5-15 grs; swine 2-10 grs; dog 1-3 grs. Dover's powder, sedative, diaphoretic : Horse 3 drs ; ox 3-4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 2 scr ; swine I scr ; dog 2-4 grs. Ergot, checks bleeding, parturient: Horse %-\ oz; ox 1 oz; ass % oz; sheep 1-2 drs; dog % dr. Ether, diffusible stimulant : Horse 1-2 oz; 0x2-3 oz; ass l oz > snee P Yz oz ; swine 2-4 drs ; dog 1 dr. Fennel seed, stomachic: Horse 1 oz; ox 1-2 oz; ass I oz; sheep 2-4 drs ; dog y^ dr. Appendix. 493 FlLlX MAS., EXTRACT, MALE SHIELD-FERN, vermifuge, tseniacide : Horse I oz; sheep %, dr; dog 10-20 drops. Galls, oak, astringent: Horse 4-6 drs; ox 1-2 oz; ass 4 drs; sheep j£-i scr; swine 1-2 scr; dog 1-3 grs. Gallic and tannic acid, tannin, astringent: Horse 1-3 scr; ass 1-2 scr; sheep 5 grs; dog 1-3 grs. Gentian, bitter tonic : Horse 4 drs; ox %-i oz; ass 4 drs; sheep 1-2 drs ; dog 10-20 grs. Ginger, stimulant, stomachic: Horse I oz ; ox 2 oz; ass J^-i oz; sheep ^2 oz ; swine 2 drs ; dog 2 scr. Glauber salts (soda sulphate). Henbane, hyoscyamus, extract, sedative, antispasmodic : Horse 2 drs ; ox 2-4 drs ; ass 1-2 drs ; sheep %-\ dr ; swine % dr ; dog 5 grs. Hemp, Indian, extract, antispasmodic, soporific, narcotic: Horse %-\ dr; ass ^ dr; sheep 10-15 grs; swine 5-10 grs; dog 1-2 grs. Hydrocyanic acid (prussic). Iodine, alterative, discutient : Horse 10-20 grs ; ox 20-30 grs ; ass 10 grs , sheep 5-10 grs; swine 5 grs; dog 1-2 grs. Iodide of potassium, alterative, diuretic: Horse %-\ dr; ox 1-2 drs; ass ^ dr; sheep 3 scr; swine 1-2 scr; dog I scr. Ipecacuanha, emetic, sedative : Swine 1-2 drs; dog 15-20 grs. Diapho- retic, expectorant : Swine y^ dr ; dog 3-5 grs. Jalap, purgative: Swine 1-2 drs; dog %-i dr. Iron, peroxide, tonic : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 1 dr j dog 5-10 grs. Antidote to arsenic. Iron, sulphate, tonic: Horse 2-4 drs; ass 2 drs; sheep 1 dr; swine j£ dr; dog 2-5 grs. Iron, carbonate, tonic : Horse 2-4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep I dr ; swine y 2 dr; dog 2-5 grs. Iron, iodide, tonic, discutient: Horse %,-2. drs; ox 1-2 drs; ass j£-l dr; sheep 15-30 grs; swine 10-20 grs; dog 1-8 grs. Iron, tincture of muriate, astringent, checks bleeding: Horse %-\ oz; ox 1-2 oz; ass ^ oz; sheep %-X dr; swine 10-30 drops ; dog 5-10 drops. Kino, astringent; Horse }& oz ; ox %-i oz; ass 2-4 drs; sheep 1-2 drs; swine j£-i dr; dog 10 grs. Kousso, vermifuge : Sheep 2-3 oz ; dog 1 oz. Laudanum (opium). Lead acetate (sugar of lead), astringent, sedative: Horse 1-2 scr; ox 2-3 scr; ass 1 scr; sheep 10-15 g rs > dog 2-5 grs. Lime-water, antacid, astringent : Horse 4-5 oz ; ox 4-8 oz ; ass 4 oz ; sheep 1 oz ; dog 1 dr. Lime, carbonate, chalk, antacid, astringent : Horse 1-2 oz ; ox 2-4 oz ; ass I oz ; sheep 2-4 drs ; dog 8-12 grs. Lime, chloride, chlorinated, checks tympany, disinfectant: Horse 2-4 drs; ass 2 drs; sheep 1-2 drs. Linseed oil, laxative: Horse 1-2 pts; ox 1-2 qts; ass 1 pt; sheep l A pt. 496 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Lobelia, sedative, antispasmodic, expectorant: Horse 1-2 drs; 0x1-3 drs; ass I dr; sheep 15 grs; swine 5-15 grs; dog 1-5 grs. Magnesia, antacid, laxative, antidote to arsenic: Horse I-2oz; 0x2-4 cz ; sheep I oz. Magnesia, sulphate, Epsom salts, laxative . ox 1-2 lbs ; sheep 4-6 oz. Mallow, demulcent: Freely. Mentha piperita (peppermint). Mercury with chalk, hydrargrum cum creta, antacid, laxative: Calf 10-15 grs; dog 5-10 grs. Mercurial pill, blue pill, laxative : Dog 5 grs. Mercury, subchloride (calomel). Muriatic acid, hydrochloric acid, tonic, astringent, caustic, disin- fectant: Horse I dr; ox 2 drs; ass I dr; sheep 20 drops; dog 2-5 drops. Myrrh, stimulant, tonic : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4-6 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs; dog 15-20 grs. Nitre (potassa nitrate). Nitric acid, tonic, astringent, caustic: Horse 1 dr; 0x2 drs; ass I dr; Bheep 20 drops ; dog 2-5 drops. Nux VOMICA, nerve stimulant, tonic: Horse 10-30 grs; ox 20-40 grs; ass 10-20 grs ; sheep 5-15 grs ; dog ^-3 grs. Oak bark, astringent : Horse 1 oz ; ox 2-4 oz ; ass I oz ; sheep 4 drs ; swine 2-3 drs ; dog 1-2 drs. Olive oil, laxative: Horse 1-2 pts ; ox 2-3 pts; ass I pt; sheep 3-6 oz; dog 1-3 oz. Opium, narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic: Horse %-2 drs; oz 2-4 drs; ass y 2 -\ dr; sheep 10-20 grs; dog ^-3 grs. Opium, tincture, laudanum, narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic: Horse 1-2 oz; ox 2 oz; ass^-l oz; sheep 2-3 drs; dog 15-30 drops. Morphia, muriate, narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic: Horse 3-5 grs; ox 5-10 grs; ass 3 grs; sheep^-l gr; dog %.y z gr. Peppermint, oil, stomachic, antispasmodic : Horse 20 drops ; ox 20-30 drops ; ass 20 drops ; sheep 5-10 drops ; swine 5 drops ; dog 3-5 drops. Peruvian bark (cinchona). Pepper, black, white, stomachic, stimulant: Horse 2 drs; ox 3 drs; ass 2 drs; sheep 1-2 scr; dog 5-10 grs. Pimento, stomachic, stimulant : Horse 2 drs ; ox 3 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 1-2 scr; dog 5-10 grs. Podophyllin, purgative, sedative : Horse 1-2 drs ; ox 2 drs ; ass I dr ; sheep 10-20 grs ; swine 6-8 grs ; dog 1-2 grs. Pomegranate root bark, vermifuge : Horse 1 oz; ox 1-2 oz; ass 1 oz; sheep 2-3 drs; swine 1-2 drs; dog 20-30 grs. Potassa acetate, antacid, diuretic, diaphoretic : Horse 6-8 drs ; ox 1 oz ; ass 4-6 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs ; dog 10-20 grs. Potassa nitrate, diuretic, febrifuge: Horse, 6-8 drs; ex 1 oz; ass 4-6 drs; sheep 1-2 drs; dog 10-20 grs. Potassa bicarbonate, antacid, diuretic : Horse 6-8 drs ; ox 1 oz ; ass 4-6 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs; dog 10-20 grs. Potassa chlorate, stimulant, diuretic, refrigerant, antiseptic: Horse 1-4 drs; ass 1-2 drs; sheep 20-40 grs; dog 5-15 grs. Appendix. 497 Potassium iodide (iodine). Potassium bromide, nerve sedative : Horse j£ oz ; ass 2-4 drs ; sheep 2 drs ; swine I dr ; dog 20 grs. Potassium cyanide, sedative, antispasmodic : Horse 1-2 grs ; ox 2 grs ; ass 1-2 grs; sheep ]/ z gr; dog X-K g^ Prunus Virginiana (wild cherry). Prussic acid, sedative, antispasmodic : Horse 20-30 drops ; ox 30-40 drops; ass 15-20 drops; sheep 5-8 drops; swine 5 drops; dog 1-3 drops. Pumpkin seeds, vermifuge, tseniafuge : Dog ^ oz. QuiNlA, SULPHATE, bitter tonic: Horse 20 grs; ox 20-30 grs; ass 15-20 grs; sheep 6-10 grs ; swine 5-10 grs; dog 2-6 grs. Rhubarb, laxative, tonic : Horse 1 oz ; ox 2 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep I dr ; dog 20 grs. Resin, diuretic: Horse 4-6 drs; ox %-i oz; ass 4-6 drs; sheep 2-4 drs; swine 2 drs ; dog 20-30 grs. Soap, diuretic, antacid, laxative : Horse 1-2 oz ; ass I oz ; sheep 2-6 drs ; swine 2-4 drs ; dog 20-60 grs. Soda, bicarbonate, antacid, diuretic : Horse 4-6 drs ; ox 4-8 drs ; ass 4 drs; sheep 1-2 drs; dog 5-30 grs. Soda, sulphite, bisulphite, hyposulphite, antiseptic, disinfectant, alterative, relieves tympany : Horse I oz ; ox 2-3 oz ; ass I oz ; sheep 2-6 drs ; swine 2-4 drs ; dog 20-60 grs. Soda sulphate (glauber salts), purgative: Horse 1-1% lbs; ox 1-2 lbs; ass %,- 1 lb; sheep 6 oz. Sodium, chloride (common salt), tonic, vermifuge, purgative : Horse 1-2 oz; ox 2-4 oz; ass I oz; sheep 2-4 drs; swine 1-3 drs; dog 10-30 grs. Santonin, wormseed, semen contra, vermifuge : Horse %-i oz ; ass 4 drs; sheep 2-4 drs; swine 1-3 drs; dog 10-60 grs. Squill, diuretic, expectorant: Horse ^ dr; ox }i-\ dr; ass 20-30 grs; sheep 10-15 g^; dog 1-5 grs. Silver, nitrate (lunar caustic), nerve tonic: Horse 5 grs; 0x5-8 grs; ass 2-4 grs; sheep 1-2 grs; dog l /i-yi gr. Spanish flies (cantharides). Spigelia, vermifuge : Horse y 2 -\ oz; ox 1-2 oz; ass ^-1 oz; sheep 2-4 drs ; swine 2-3 drs ; dog I dr. Strychnia, nerve tonic : Horse 1-2 grs; ox I -3 grs; assigr; sheep %-l gr; swine ^ gr; dog ^-i'o gr- Sulphur, laxative : Horse 3-4 oz ; ox 5-6 oz ; ass 3 oz ; sheep 2 oz ; swine \\-2 oz ; dog 2-8 drs. Expectorant, diaphoretic, alterative : Horse 1 oz ; ox 1-2 oz ; ass I oz ; sheep 6 drs ; swine 4-6 drs ; dog %-l dr. Parasiticide. Sweet spirits of nitre, spirit of nitrous ether, stimulant, antispas- modic, diuretic, diaphoretic : Horse 1-2 oz ; ox 3-4 oz ; ass I oz ; sheep 3-6 drs; dog %-2 drs. Stramonium, narcotic, sedative: Horse 20-30 grs ; ox^-ldr; ass 15-30 grs; sheep 5-10 grs ; swine 4-6 grs ; dog 2 grs. Sulphuric acid, tonic, refrigerant, caustic : Horse I dr ; ox 2-4 drs ; ass I dr; sheep y^ dr; swine 20 drops; dog 5-10 drops. Tobacco, sedative, antispasmodic, vermifuge : Horse 4 drs ; ox 4-6 drs j ass 4 drs ; sheep 1 dr ; swine j£ dr ; dog 5-6 grs. 32 498 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Tar, expectorant, antiseptic: Horse %-i oz; ox %-2 oz; sheep % oz. Turpentine oil, stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic : Horse 1-2 oz ; o? 1-1% oz; ass ]/ z oz; sheep 1-2 drs; swine 1 dr; dog ^ dr. Vermifuge. Horse 2 oz ; ox 2-3 oz ; ass 1-2 oz; sheep 4 drs; swine 2-3 drs ; dogi-2dis. ValeriAn, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, vermifuge : Horse 2 07 ; ox 2-4 oz ; ass 2 oz ; sheep % oz ; swine 2-3 drs ; dog 1-2 drs. Valerianate of iron, nerve tonic : Dog 4-5 grs. Veratrum, sedative: Horse I scr; ox y 2 -i dr; ass %-i scr; sheep 5- 10 grs ; swine 5-8 grs ; dog 2 grs. Wild cherry bark, expectorant : Horse 1 oz ; ox 1% oz ; ass I oz ; sheep 3 drs ; dog 30 grs. Zinc carbonate, astringent, tonic : Horse 2 drs ; ox 2-4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep yi-\ dr; swine y 2 dr; dog 10-15 grs. Zinc, sulphate, astringent, tonic: Horse 1-2 drs; ox 2-3 drs; ass I dr; sheep 15-30 grs ; swine 10-20 grs ; dog 2-3 grs. Emetic : Swine 15 grs to I dr; dog 8-15 grs. BLISTEKING, ETC. As an example of a simple blister for the horse the fol- lowing may be given : — Powdered Cantharides 2 drs. Camphor 5 grs. Oil of Lavender 10 drops. Lard 1 oz. Mix thoroughly. When applying it, first cut the hair from the part,- then rub the ointment well in with the palm of the hand and against the direction of the hair, for four or five minutes. The animal should be tied short to a high rack or otherwise prevented from reaching the blistered surface with his lips until it is well raised. Then the application may be washed off with soap-suds and the part smeared daily with lard. The blister should not be repeated until the effects of the first have passed off. For cattle, £ oz. oil of turpentine or 10 grs. tartar emetic may be added to the above blister. . For pigs can- tharides and turpentine may be used alone, 1 of the for- mer to 4 of the latter. For dogs and sheep equal parts of strong aqua ammonia and olive-oil may be used and rubbed in &p often as may seem requisite. INDEX. Abductob femoris displaced, 441 Abortion, 315 Abortion from ergot, 156 Abscess, 11 Abscess, treatment of, 301 Abscess, drainage of, 31 Abscess in bone, 388, 391 Abscess in bone, symptoms of, 389 Abscess in the false nostril, 169 Abscess in the guttural pouches, 169 Abscess of the walls of the chest, 185 Acariasis, 369 Acari, parasitic, 369 Achorion Schonleini, 367 Actinomycosis, 131 Action of medicines, 488 Acute enteritis, 247 Acute farcy, 135 Acute gastric indigestion in horses, 240 Acute glanders, 134 Acute inflammation of the bowels, 247 Acute intestinal indigestion in horses, 241 Acute muco-enteritis, 249 Adynamic fever, 26 After-birth, retained, 322 Ages, doses for different, 489 Air in the chest, 184 Air in veins, 213 Albuminoids in the blood, im- perfect oxidation of, 277 Albuminous urine, 298 Albuminuria, 298 Alkalies, 25 Amaurosis, 338 Ansemia, 162 Anasarca, 159 Anchylosis, 399 Aneurisms, 211 Animal plagues, radical extinc- tion of, 72 Animals, doses for different, 489 Anthrax, bacillar, 112 Anthrax, apoplectic, 118 Anthrax, emphysematous, 123 Anthrax fever, in birds, 120 ; cattle, 119 ; horses, 119 ; sheep, 120 ; swine, 120 Anthrax in dogs and cats, 118 Anthrax in man, 118 Anthrax of the throat, 117 Anthrax, prevention of, 122, 125 Anthrax, treatment of, 120, 124 Anthrax, vibrionic, 123 500 Index. Anus, fistula in, 260 Biliary calculi, 287 Anus, imperforate, 261 Bilious fever in horses, 99 Aphthous fever, 87 Bird acari, 372 Apoplectic anthrax, 118 Bird cholera, 130 Apoplexy, 345 Bird-lice, 376 Apoplexy of the lung, 186 Bird-pox, 87 Appendix, 488 Birds, impacted crop in, 232 Appetite, depraved, 245 Birds, pulse in, 199 Arm-hone, fracture of, 422 Bistouri cache, 331 Arterial haemorrhage, 209 Bit and curb, injuries by, 409 Arteries, dilatation of, 211 Black pigment tumors, 485 Arteries, diseases of, 209 Black-quarter, 116, 123 Arteries, inflammation of, 210 Black-tongue, 116 Arteries, wounds of, 209 Black water, 279 Arteritis, 210 Bladder, eversion of, 302 Arthritis, 399 Bladder, inflammation of, 300 Ascites, 262 Bladder, paralysis of, 300 Ascites in parturition, 322 Bladder, spasm of its neck, Asiatic cholera, 102 299 Asthma, 186 Bladder, stone in, 306 Atrophy of the heart, 203 Bleeding, general, 21 Auscultation, 165, 200 Bleeding, local, 21 Azotsemia, 277 Bleeding from arteries, 209 Azoturia, 277 Bleeding from the lungs, 189 Bleeding from the nose, 167 Back and loins, fractures of, Bleeding from the womb, 322 413 Bleeding from veins, 211 Back and loins, sprains of, 414 Bleeding in the bowels from Back tendons, sprains of, 430 liver disease, 275 Bacteria, 37 Blistering, 498 Bacteria, how they live, 38 Bloating, 232 Bacteria and blood-globules, Blood exudations, 8 battle of, 40 Bloodlessness, 162 Baths, 22 Blood-poisoning from imper- Beef tape-worm, 150 fect oxidation of albumi- Bellyache, 246 noids, 277 Belly, dropsy of, 262 Blood spavin, 453, 454 Beri-beri, 141 Bloody flux, 253 Big-head, 394, 131 Bloody milk, 328 Index. 501 Bloody murrain, 116, 123 Bowels, obstruction ©f, 255 Bloody urine, 296 Brain, inflammation of, 346 Blow-flies, 374 Breech presentation, 321 Blowing murmurs in the heart, Bright 's disease, 298 201 Bristle-balls, 245 Blue disease, 202 Broken-down, 431 Blue milk, 328 Broken knees, 426 Bog spavin, 361 Broken ribs, 185, 415 Boils, 365 Broken wind, 188 Bone, death of, 388, 391 Bronchitis, 177 Bone, induration of, 388 Bronchitis from worms, 193, Bone, results of inflammation 195, 196 in, 388 Bronchocele, 157 Bones, general diseases of, Broncho - pleuro - pneumonia, 385, 387 184 Bones, inflammation of, 387 Broncho-pneumonia, 184 Bones, softening of, 388, 393 Buckwheat as a cause of skin Bone spavin, 452 disease, 361 Bone, suppuration in, 388, Bullae, 359 391 Bullers, 140 Bone, symptoms of abscess in, Burns, 383 389 Bursas, inflamed, 402 Bone, symptoms of death of, Burst, 256 389 Bone, symptoms of inflamma- Calcifications near inflamed tion in, 388 bones, 388 Bone, symptoms of ulceration Calculi in the gall-ducts, 287 of, 389 Calculi, salivary, 227 Bone, thickening of, 388 Calculi, urinary, 303 Bone, treatment of inflamed, Callosities of the skin, 366 390 Calves and foals, lung worms Bone, tubercle in, 392 in, 193 Bone, tumor of, 388 Cancers, 366, 410, 486 Bone, ulceration in, 388, 391 Cancer of the orbit, 410 Bots, 263 Cancer of the tongue, 220 Bots in the throat, 171 Cancroid of the lips, 220 Bowels, foreign bodies in, 244 Canine distemper, 101 Bowels, impacted, 242 Canine madness, 106 Bowels, inflammation of, 247 Canker, 480 502 Index. Capped hock, 448 Choking, 229 Carbolic acid as a disinfectant, Cholera, Asiatic, 102 81 Cholera, hog, 103 Carbuncular erysipelas, 117 Chorea, 341 Carditis, 207 Choroiditis, 335 Carious teeth, 223 Chronic bronchitis, 178 Carpitis, 424 Chronic farcy, 136 Castration, evil effects of, 313 Chronic glanders, 135 Castration of males, 312 ; fe- Chronic indigestion in horses, males, 314 ; birds, 315 243 Cataract, 337 Chronic roaring, 175 Catarrh, malignant, 170 Cirrhosis, 287 Catarrh, nasal, 167 Classification of contagious Catarrh of stomach and bow- diseases, 34 els, 243 Clots on the valves of the Catarrh of womb or vagina, heart, 206 323 Cleanliness as a disinfectant, Cat-flea, 376 78 Cattle, lung plague in, 91 Cerebral meningitis, 346 Cattle, malignant catarrh in, Cerebritis, 346 170 Cerebro-spinal fever, 347 Cattle, measles in, 150 Cerebro-spinal meningitis, 347 Cattle plague, 89 Coal-tar as a disinfectant, 81 Cattle, tape-worm in, 150 Coenurus cerebralis, 144 Caustic potassa and soda as Coffin-bone, distortion of, 476 disinfectants, 82 Coffin- joint lameness, 463 Chafing of the skin, 358 Cold drink, indigestion from, Charcoal as a disinfectant, 79 239 Chest, air or gas in, 184 Cold in the head, 167 Chest diseases, signs of, 164 Colic, spasmodic, 246 Chest, water in, 182, 184 Colic, tympanitic, 241 Chest, wounds of, 416 Collapse of the lung, 185 Chicken cholera, 130 Colloid cancer, 486 Chigoe, 375 Coma somnolentum, 344 Chloride of lime as a disin- Congestion of the lungs, 179 fectant, 81 Conjunctivitis, 333 Chloride of zinc as a disin- Consumption, 139 fectant, 82 Contagious diseases, classifi- Chlorine as a disinfectant, 180 cation of, 34 Index. 503 Contagious diseases, losses Cysticercus medio-canelata, from, 32 150 Contagious diseases prevent- Cystitis, 300 able, 35 Cysts under the tongue, 220 Contagious diseases, propaga- tion of, 32, 44 Defekvescence, 17 Contagious diseases, their im- Deformities, 319 portance, 32 Demodex, 370 Contagious lung plague, 91 Dentinal tumors, 225, 410 Contraction, 478 Dentition fever, 225 Convalescence, 25 Depraved appetite, 244 Convulsions, 344 Dermanyssus, 370 Convulsions from ergotism, Dermatocoptis equi, 370 155 Dermatophagus, 369 Convulsions from teething, Dermatophagus equi, 371 226 Desquamative nephritis, 293 Coraco-radial tendon, sprain Diabetes insipidus, 295 of, 420 Diabetes mellitus, 276 Cornea, ulcers of, 334 Diaphoretics, 24 Corns, 472 Diarrhoea, 252 Coronet, fistula of, 479 Diet, 20 Coronet, wounds of, 478 Dietetic and constitutional dis- Cow-pox, 84 eases, 155 Cracked heels, 362 Difficult parturition, assistance Cranium, fracture of the base in, 319 of, 410 Diffuse baldness, 368 Cresylic acid as a disinfectant, Digestive organs, diseases of, 81 216 Crib-biting, 221 Dilatation of the heart, 204 Crop, impaction of, 232 Diphtheria, 174 Croup, 174 Disease as affecting the action Croup, fracture of, 414 of medicines, 490 Croupous exudations, 8 Diseased teeth, 223 Croupous enteritis, 251 Diseases of the digestive or- Curb, 455 gans, 216 Cutting, 434 Diseases of the foot, 457 Cyanosis, 202 Diseases of the heart, 198 Cystic calculus, 306 Disease of the membranes of Cysticercus cellulosa, 148 the teeth, 225 504 Index. Diseases of the respiratory or- gans, general causes of, 164 Disinfection, 78 Dislocation of the fetlock, 434 Dislocation of the hip, 442 Dislocation of the knee, 425 Dislocation of the knee-cap, 445 Dislocation of the lower jaw, 410 Dislocation of the shoulder, 420 Dislocation of the tail, 415 Displaced teeth, 222 Displacements of the heart, 202 . Distemper in dogs, 101 Distemper in young horses, 95 Distomum lanceolatum, 288 Diuresis, 295 Diuretics, 24 Diuretics, poisoning by, 295, 296 Dog-pox, 87 Doses, 489, 492 Doses, graduation of, 489 Double-headed monster, 321 Down in the hip, 439 Drainage in anthrax, 122 Dropsy of the abdomen, 262 Dropsy of the lung, 185 Dropsy of the scrotum, 311 Dry gangrene from ergot, 156 Dry murrain, 236 Drugs and doses, 490, 492 Dysentery, 253 Echtnococcus hominis, veteri- norum, 147 Ecthyma, 360 Eczema, 87, 359 Eggs of tape-worms, 144 Elbow, diseases of, 420 Elbow, fracture of, 421 Elbow-joint, disease of, 422 Elbow, tumors of, 420 Elbow, wounds of, 421 Emasculation, 312, 315 Embolism, 8, 210, 212 Embryo tape-worms, 144 Encephalitis, 346 Encephaloid, 485 Encephaloid of the face, 410 Endocarditis, 206 Enlargement of the heart, 203 Enteritis, 247 Enteritis, croupous, 251 Enzootic hsematuria, 279 Enzootic myelitis, 349 Epilepsy, 339 Epithelial cancer, 366 Epithelioma, 485 Epizootic aphtha, 87 Epizootic cerebro-spinal men- ingitis, 347 Epizootic diseases, their im- portance, 32 Epizootic influenza, 96 Ergotism, 155 Erysipelas, 378 Erysipelas, carbuncular, 117 Eustrongylus gigas, 151 Eversion of the bladder, 302 Eversion of the rectum, 259 Eversion of womb or vagina, 325 Examination, of the urine, 294 Exostosis, 388 Index. 505 Extinction of animal plagues, Fever, types of, 19 75 Fever, treatment of, 19 Eye, diseases of, 332 Fever, cerebro-spinal, 347 Eye, foreign bodies in, 333 Fibrinous exudations, 7 Eye, inflammation of the in- Fibula, fraoture of, 446 terior of, 335 Firing, 29 Eyelashes turned in, 332 Fistula, 383 Eyelids torn, 332 Fistula in ano, 260 Eye, recurring inflammation Fistula of the coronet, 479 of, 336 Fistula of the poll, 411 Eye-socket, cancer of, 410 Fistula, salivary, 227 Eye, superficial inflammation Fistulous withers, 412 of, 333 Fits, 344 Eye, tumors on, 334: Fleas, 375 Eye, ulcers of, 334 Fleas, attacks of, 376 Eye, white specks on, 334 Flooding, 322 Flukes in the liver, 288 Facial paralysis, 351 Foot and mouth disease, 87 Falling sickness, 339 Foot, causes of diseases of, False quarter, 471 457 Farcy, 134 Foot, diseases of the, 457 Fasciola hepatica, 288 Foot, inflammation of, 468 Fatty degeneration, 14 Foot-rot, 481 Fatty heart, 207 Foot-rot, contagious, 369, 482 Favus, 367 Foot-rot, tuberculous, 483 Fecundity of tape-worms, 144 Foot, sesamoiditis of, 463 Fetlock, blows on the inside Foot, fractures in the, 467 of, 434 Forearm, fracture of, 422 Fetlock, disease of, 434 Foreign bodies in stomach and Fetlock, dislocation of, 434 bowels, 244 Fetlock, puffs in front of, 433 Foul in the foot, 392, 481, 483 Fetlock, swelling in front of, Founder, 468 433 Fractures, 395 Fever, 15 Fracture at the base of the Fever, premonitory symptoms, cranium, 410 16 Fractures, bandages for, 396 Fever, cold stage, 16 Fractured ribs, 185, 415 Fever, hot stage, 17 Fracture inside the hock, 451 Fever temperature, 18 Fracture of the arm-bone, 422 506 Index. Fractures of the back and loins, 413 Fracture of the group, 414 Fracture of the face-bones, 409 Fractures in the foot, 467 Fracture of the forearm, 422 Fractures of the hip, 439 Fracture of the knee-cap, 444 Fracture of the leg, 446 Fracture of the lower jaw, 408 Fractures of the neck-bones, 412 Fracture of the neck of the thigh-bone, 443 Fracture of the nose, 409 Fractures of the pastern bones, 435 Fracture of the point of the elbow, 421 Fracture of the point of the hock, 451 Fracture of the poll, 409 Fracture of the shank, 429 Fracture of the shoulder-blade, 420 Fracture of the splint bones, 429 Fracture of the upper jaw, 409 Fragility of bones, 393 Frog, canker of, 480 Frog, discharge from, 480 Frog, inflammation of, 480 Frontal bones, fracture of, 409 Fungi in milk, 328 Furuncle, 365 Gadfly, 374 Gadflies of horses, 263 Gall-ducts, stones in, 287 Gall-stones, 287 Gamasus of fodder, 370 Gangrene from ergot, 156 Gapes, 196 Gape-worm, 197 Gangrene, 14, 156 Gangrene, dry, 15, 156 Garget, 329 Gas in the pleurae, 184 Gastric fever in horses, 99 Gastric parasites, 263 Gastritis in oxen, 238 Generation, diseases of the or- gans of, 310 Germs the cause of plagues, 35 Germs, where propagated, 36 Germs, characters of, 37 Germs, products of, 40 Germs, how they poison, 40, 52 Germs of specific diseases, 45 Germicides, 78 Gid, 144 Glander heaves, 178 Glanders, 134 Glass eyes, 338 Gleet, 301 Gloss anthrax, 116 Gluteus, sprain of, 440 Goat-pox, 86 Goitre, 157 Gonorrhoea, 30 Granulation, 12 Granule corpuscles, 13 Grapes, 363 Gravel, 303 Grease, 361 Grease, parasitic, 369 Index. 507 Grub in the head, 168, 190 Gullet, dilatation of, 232 Gullet, stricture of, 232 Gums, inflamed, 219 Gut-tie, 255 Guttural pouches, abscess of, 169 Guttural tumors in swine, 117 HeMATOPINUS, 376 Hsematuria, 296 Hematuria, enzootic, 277, 279 Haemoptysis, 189 Haemorrhage from arteries, 209 Hsemorrhagic enteritis, 247 Hair-balls, 245 Hamstring, rupture of, 448 Hamstring, sprain of, 448 Hard cancer, 485 Healing by first intention, 12 Healing by second intention, 12 Heart, atrophy of, 203 Heart, auscultation of, 200 Heart, blowing murmurs in, 201 Heart, clots on its valves, 206 Heart, dilatation of, 204 Heart, diseases of, 198 Heart, disease of its valves, 207 Heart, enlargement of, 203 Heart, fatty degeneration of, 207 Heart, hypertrophy of, 203 Heart, parasites in, 208 Heart, rupture of, 207 Heart-sack, inflammation of, 204 Heart, wounds of, 204 Heat apoplexy, 354 Heat as a disinfectant, 79 Heaves, 188 Heels, bruises of, 472 Heels, diseases of, 361 Heels, distorted, 476 Helophilus, 266 Hemiplegia, 351 Hen-louse, 370 Hepatirrhoea, 283 Hepatitis, 284 Hereditary epilepsy, 340 Hereditary heaves, 188 Hereditary ophthalmia, 336 Hernia, 256 Herpes, 359 High breeding and heart dis- ease, 207 Hip, dislocated, 442 Hip, fractures of, 439 Hip-joint, disease of, 442 Hippobosca ovina, 375 Hip, sprain of the, 440 Hock, dropsy of, 454 Hock, elastic swelling in front of the outer side of, 450 Hock-joint, inflammation of, 453 Hock, fractures of, 442, 452 Hock, fractures of point of, 451 Hock, sprain behind the, 455 Hock, sprain of the flexor be- hind the, 450 Hock, sprain of the flexor of, 447 Hock, tendon displaced from the point of, 459 508 Index. Hock, thorough-pin of, 450 Indigestion in horses, 240, Hog cholera, 103 241, 243 Honey-dew as a cause of skin Indigestion, intestinal, 241 disease, 361 Inflammation, 1 Hoof-bound, 478 Inflammation, treatment of, 19 Hoofs, contracted, 478 Inflammation in vascular tis- Hoofs, loss of, from eating er- sues, 2 got, 156 Inflammation, phenomena of, Hoof, natural state of, 460 2 Hoof- wall, cracks in, 470 Inflammation, blood in, 3 Hoof-wall, powdery degenera- Inflammation, blood-vessels in, tion of, 480 2 Hoose, 193 Inflammation, types of, 4 Hoove, 232 Inflammation in n on -vascular Horn, natural state of, 460 tissues, 4 Horny tumor in the heel, 472 Inflammation, cell-production Horny tumor of the lamina?, in, 5 471 Inflammation, cell-migrations Horse-pox, 83 in, 5 Husk, 193 Inflammation, exudations in, 6 Hydrocele, 311 Inflammation of the lungs, Hydi'ocephalus in parturition, 180 321 Inflammatory new formations, Hydrorachitis, 349 9 Hydrophobia, 106 Influenza, 96 Hydrothorax, 184, 182 Injuries to the loins, 296, 419 Hypertrophy of the heart, 203 Intercostal abscess, 185 Internal ophthalmia, 335 ICTEKCS, 281 Intestinal catarrh from liver Impacted crop, 232 disease, 275 Impacted large intestines, 242 Intestinal fever of swine, 103 Impacted third stomach, 236 Intestinal worms, 266 Imperforate anus, 261 Intestinal worms, symptoms Impervious teat, 330 of, 271 Impetigo, 360 Invagination, 255 Indigestion from cold water, Iritis, 335 239 Irregular strangles, 95 Indigestion in calves, foals, Itch, 369 etc., 239 Ixodes, 374 Index. 509 Jaundice, 281 Lathyrus sativa as causing Jaws, open j®int between, 410 palsy, 177 Joints, diseases of, 398 Laxatives, 24 Joints, eburnation in, 399 Lead poisoning, 353 Joints, general diseases of, Leptus Americana, 371 385 Lethargy from ergotism, 155 Joints, inflammation of, 399 Leucorrhcea, 323 Joints, matter in, 400 Leukaemia, 292 Joints, tuberculous disease of, Lice, 376 400 Lime as a disinfectant, 82 Joints, ulceration in, 399 Lips, cancroid of, 220 Lips, warts on, 220 Keraphyllocele, 471 Liver, atrophy of, 287 Kidneys, inflammation of, 297 Liver, cancer of, 287 Kidney-worm, 151 Liver, chronic inflamrmation Knee, bruise on inner side of, of, 286 425 Liver, congestion of, 283 Knee-cap, fracture of, 444 Liver disease, general symp- Knee-cap, dislocation of, 445 toms of, 274 Knee, dislocation of, 425 Liver, fatty degeneration of, Knee, inflammation of, 424 287 Knee, puffs in front of, 423 Liver, fibrous degeneration of, Knee, sprains behind, 423 287 Knee, synovial swellings be- Liver, hypertrophy of, 287 hind, 423 ; in front of, 423 Liver, inflammation of, 284 Knee, wounds of, 423 Liver, parasites of, 288 Liver-rot, 288 Labor, premature, 318 Liver, softening of, 287 Lameness, 385 Liver, tubercle of, 287 Laminae, horny tumor of, 471 Lock-jaw, 342 Laminitis, 468 Loins, injuries, to 296 Laminitis, chronic, 470 Loins, laceration of the mus- Lampas, 218 cles beneath the, 414 Lard-worm of swine, 151 Losses from contagious dis- Large intestines, impaction of, eases, 32 242 Loss of veins, 212 Laryngitis, 171 Lower jaw, dislocation of, 410 Lateral cartilages, ossified, Lower jaw, fracture of, 408 466 Lump jaw, 131 510 Index. Lung, apoplexy of, 186 Lung, collapse of, 416 Lungs, bleeding from, 189 Lungs, congestion of, 179, 202 Lung fever of cattle, 91 Lungs, inflammation of, 180 Lung-worms, 191 Lymph, 7 Lymph developing, 13 Lymph degenerating, 13 Lymphadenoma, 292 Lymphangitis, 213 Lymphangitis, local, 215 Lymphatics, diseases of, 213 Lymphatics, inflammation of, 213 Maceococcus, 38 Madness in dogs, 106 Maggots, 374 Malignant anthrax, 112 Malignant anthrax, local treat- ment of, 121 Malignant anthrax, prevention of, 122 Malignant anthrax, treatment of, 121 Malignant anthrax with exter- nal swellings, 115 Malignant catarrh, 170 Malignant cholera, 102 Malignant pustule, 118 Malignant sore-throat, 117 Mallenders, 364 Malleolus, fracture of, 451 Mal-presentation, 319 Mammae, diseases of, 328 Mamma, tumors of, 331 Mammitis, 329 Man, anthrax in, 118, 113 Man, aphthous fever in, 88 Mange, 369 Man, glanders in, 134 Man, hydrophobia in, 106 Manifolds, impacted, 236 Matter in the guttural pouch- es, 169 Matter in the nasal sinuses, 168 Maxims, obstetric, 319 Measles (parasitic) in cattle, 150 ; in swine, 148 Medicines, action of, 488 ; as affected by age, 489 ; as af- fected by disease, 490 ; as affected by idiosyncrasy, 490 ; as affected by genus, 490, 492 Medicines, doses of, 492 Medicines, explanation of names of, 488 Medicines, form to administer, 490 Medicines, frequency of ad- ministration of, 490 Megrims, 341 Melanosis, 366, 13 Mellituria, 276 Melophagus ovina, 375 Membrane lining the chest, inflammation of, 182 Membrane of the abdomen, in- flammation of, 261 Mercurial sore mouth, 217, 219 Mesenteric glands, pentasto- ma (linguatula) in, 191 Index. 511 Metacarpus, periostitis of, 428 Neck-bones, fractures of, 412 Metritis, 325 Neck of the bladder, spasm of, Microbes, 38 299 Micrococcus, 38 Necrosis, 388, 391 Microphytes causing disease, Necrosis, symptoms of, 389 38, 45 Nephritis, 297 Microsporion Adouinii, 368 Nephritis, desquamative, 298 Miliary tuberculosis, 47 Nervous diseases, general Milk, bloody, 328 causes of, 339 Milk, blue, 328 Nervous disorder from ergot- Milk, concretions from, 330 ism, 155 Milk fever, 326 Nervous disorders from liver Milking tube, 330 disease, 275 Milk sickness, 133 Nervous irritation of the skin, Milk, viscid, 328 365 Milt, diseases of, 291 Nervous system, diseases of, Moon-blindness, 336 339 Moor-ill, 279 Neurosis of the skin, 365 Morbid growths, 484 Nodular swelling of the skin, Mouth, inflammation of, 217 364 Mouth, tumors in, 220 Non-presentation of head or Muco-enteritis, 249 members, 320, 321 Mucous exudations, 7 Nose, bleeding from, 167 Muguet, 219 Nose, fracture of, 409 Muscles, diseases of, 404 Nose, parasites in, 190 Muscles, general diseases of, Nose, pentastoma in, 191 385 Nose, tumors in, 170 Muscles, inflamed, 404 Nostril, abscess of, 169 Muscles, ruptures of, 404 Muzzle for crib-biting, 222 Oat-hair calculi, 245 Myelitis, 347 Obstruction of the bowels, 255 Myelitis, enzootic, 349 (Estrus bovis, 374 Myositis, 404 (Estrus equi, 263 CEstrus ovis, 190 Nails, pricks and binding with, Oidium batracosis, 369 474 Open coffin- joint, 475 Nasal catarrh, 167 Open joint, 400, 401 Nasal sinuses, matter in, 168 Open joint, between upper and Navicular disease, 463 lower jaw, 410 512 Index. Ophthalmia, enzootic, 334 Parasites in arteries, 210, 211 Ophthalmia, internal, 335 Parasites in the heart, 208 Ophthalmia, recurring, 336 Parasites in the lower air-pas- Ophthalmia, simple, 333 sages, 191 Optic nerve, palsy of, 338 Parasites in the stomach, 263 Orchitis, 310 Parasitic acari, 369 Ostitis, symptoms of, 388 Parasitic grease, 369 Ostitis, treatment of, 390 Parotid, inflammation of, 228 Overgrown teeth, 222 Parotitis, 228 Overloaded paunch, 234 Parrot-mouth, 221 Ox-tick, 373 Parturient apoplexy, 326 Ozone as a disinfectant, 79 Parturition, assistance in, 319 Parturition, difficult, 317 ; dis- Palate, congested, 218 orders following, 322 Palpation, 200 Parturition fever, 326 Palpitation, 201 Parturition, premature, 315 Palsy, 350 Pastern, bony growth on the, Palsy, local, 351 436 Palsy of the lateral half of the Pastern, fractures of the, 435 body, 351 Pastern, sprains behind the, Palsy of the ear, 351 438 Palsy of the face, 351 Patella, dislocation of, 445 Palsy of the hind limbs, 351 Paunch, overloaded, 234 Palsy of the nerve of sight, Paunch, tympany of, 232 338 Pedal bone, distortions of, Pampering a cause of liver 476 disease, 275 Pedal sesamoiditis, 475 Pancreas, diseases of, 291 Pelvis, fractures of, 439 Paralysis from ergotism, 155 Penis, amputation of, 312 Paralysis from lathyrus sati- Penis, disease of, 311 vus, 176 Penis, ulcers on, 312 Paralysis, general, 350 Pentastomatsenioides, 168, 191 Paralysis of the bladder, 300 Percussion, 165 Papules, 358 Perforans, sprain of, 450 Paraphymosis, 314 Pericarditis, 204 Paraplegia, 351, 413 Periodic ophthalmia, 336 Parasites, 143 Periosteotomy, 428 Parasites in the nose, 190 Periostitis, symptoms of, 389 Parasites on the skin, 366 Periostitis, treatment of, 398 Index. 513 Peritonitis, 261 Pleurodynia, 186 Pharyngeal anthrax, 117 Pleuro-pneumonia, 184 Pharyngitis, 161 Pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa, Phlebitis, 212 91 Phlebitis, diffuse, 212 Plugging the nose, 168 Phosphatic calculi, 245 Plugging of arteries, 210, 212 Phrenitis, 346 Pneumonia, 180 Phymosis, 314 Pneumothorax, 184 Physical signs of chest dis- Podo-trochilitis, 463 eases, 165 Poisoning by lead, 353 Pigmentation, 13 Poll-evil, 411 Pigs, lung- worm in, 196 Poll, fracture of, 409 Piles, 259 Polypus in the vagina, 319 Piles from liver disease, 275 Polyuria, 295 Pimples, 358 Porcelaneous deposit, 499 Pin-worms in arteries, 211 Pork tape-worm, 149 Pining, 139 Premature labor pains, 318 Pityriasis, 364 Presentations, abnormal, 319 Pityriasis, parasitic, 368 Prevalence of contagious dis- Plague, Russian cattle, 89 eases, 33 Plagues of Egypt, 33 Pricks, 474 Plagues, propagation of, 33 Profuse staling, 295 Plagues, to protect the system Prolapsus uteri vaginae, 324 from, 46 Propagation of animal plagues, Plagues, immunity from, by 33 hygiene, 56 ; by tonics, etc., Protection against a plague, 57 ; by a first attack, 57 ; how effected, 46 by passing through an al- Protective inoculations, 57 lied disease, 58 ; immunity Proud -flesh, 28, 382 by a minimum inoculation, Prurigo, 365 58 ; by local caustics, 58 ; by Puffs in front of the knee, inoculating unimportant or- 423 gans, 59 ; in veins, 59 ; in Pulmonary congestion, 179 modified virus, 60 ; in ster- Pulmonary inflammation, 181 ilized products, 64; radical Pulse in disease, 199 extinction of, 72 Pulse, its characters, 198 Pleurae, gas in, 184 Pumice feet, 470 Pleurae, inflammation of, 182 Purgatives, administration of, Pleurisy, 182 490 514 Index. Purpura, 186 Purpura, hseruorrhagica, 18, 67 Purulent infection, 125 Pus, 11 ; in globules, 11 Pustules, 360 Pustules in the heels, 362 Pysemia, 125 Quadrupeds, pulse in, 198 Quarter-crack, 470 Quebra bunda, 142 Quittor, 472, 479 Babies, 106 ; dumb, 108 ; fu- rious, 108 ; lethargic, 109 ; paralytic, 109 Rabies, fallacies concerning, 108 Rat-tailed maggots, 266 Eectum, eversion of, 259 Rectum, inflammation of, 252 Recurring ophthalmia, 336 Red-water, 278 Refrigerants, 25 Regimen, 20 Remedies for inflammation, 21 Renal calculus, 305 Resolution, 8 Resolvents, 25 Respiratory organs, diseases of, 164 Retained after-birth, 322 Retinitis, 335 Rheumatism, 157, 186 Rheumatism of the heart, 204, 206 Ribs, fractures of, 185, 415 Rickets, 393 Rinderpest, 89 Ring-bones, 436 Ringworm, 366 Ringworm, honey-comb, 367 Ripe grain, effects of, 236 Roaring, 175 Rot, 288 Roup, 174 Rupture, 256 Rupture of the heart, 207 Russian Cattle Plague, 89 Saccharine urine, 276 Saccular gullet, 232 Sacrum, fracture of, 414 St. Guy's dance, 331 St. Vitus' dance, 331 Salivary calculi, 227 Salivary fistula, 227 Salivation, 226 Sallenders, 364 Sand-crack, 470 Sand-like deposit in the blad- der, 308 Sarcoptes, 369 Sarcoptes equi, 370 Scab, 369 Scabies, 369 Scald-head, 367 Scalds, 383 Scaly skin affections, 364 Scarlatina, 161 Scirrhus, 485 Scouring, 252 Scratches, 362, 364 Scrofulous disease of bones, 392 Scrotum, dropsy of, 311 Index. 515 Seedy toe, 480 Skin disease from buckwheat, Sensation, loss of, 350 361 Septicaemia, 127 Skin disease from honey-dew, Septic infection, 127 361 Serous Exudations, 6 Skin diseases, divisions of, 356 Sesamoiditis, 432 Skin diseases, general causes Sesamoiditis of the foot, 463 and treatment, 357 Sesamoiditis, pedal, 475 Skin, inflammation of, 358 Sesamoid ligaments, sprains Skin, nervous irritation of, of, 433 365 Shank-bone, fracture of, 429 Skin, nodular swellings of, 364 Shank-bone, inflammation of, Skin, parasitic diseases of, 366 428 Skin, scaly affection of, 364 Sheath, swollen, 313 Slavering, 226 Sheath, tumors of, 311 Sleepy staggers, 344 Sheep and goats, lung-worms Slings, 398 in, 195 Slobbers, 226 Sheep, carbuncular erysipelas Softening, 14 in, 117 Sole, bruises of, 473 Sheep-pox, 84 Sole, wounds of, 475 Sheep, tape-worm in, 150 Soles, convex, 470 Sheep-tick, 375 Sore mouth, 217 Shoeing, effects of, 457 Sore shins, 428 Shoeing, maxims for, 461 Sore teats, 331 Shot of grease, 213 Sore-throat, 171 Shoulder, abscess in, 416, 420 Sore-throat, malignant, 117 Shoulder-joint, disease of, Spasmodic colic, 246 419 Spasm of the neck of the blad- Shoulder lameness, 416 der, 299 Shoulder slip, 418 Spavin, blood, 453, 454 Shoulder sprain, 417 Spavin, bog, 453 Shoulder, tumors on, 416 Spavin, bone, 452 Siberian boil plague, 112 Spavin, occult, 452 Side bones, 466, 472 Spaying, 315 Simple ophthalmia, 333 Speedy-cut, 333 Sinuses of the head, matter Spermatic cord, strangulated, in, 168 313 Sitfasts, 366 Spermatic cord, tumors on, Skin, congestion of, 358 314 516 Index. Spinal cord, inflammation of, 347 Spinal meningitis, 277, 347 Spleen, diseases of, 291 Spleen, enlarged from liver disease, 275 Splenic apoplexy, 119 Splenic fever, 104, 119 Splint-bones, fracture of, 429 Splints, 427 Sprains, 405 Sprain above the knee, 423 Sprains behind the fetlock, 432 Sprains behind the pastern, 438 Sprains below the fetlock, 433 Sprain of tendon in front of the hock, 450 Sprains of the back and loins, 413 Sprains of the back tendons, 430 Sprain of the flexor of the hock, 447 Sprain of the hamstring, 448 Sprain of the hip, 440 Sprain of the muscles outside the shoulder, 418 Sprain of the radial ligament, 423 Sprain of the shoulder, 417 Sprain of the suspensory liga- ment, 431 Sprain of the tendons behind the knee, 423 Staggers, 341 Staggers, parasitic, 144 Staggers, sleepy, 344 Stephanurus dentatus, 151 Stiff-joint, 399 Stifle, disease of, 446 Stifle, fracture into the, 444 Stocking, 362 Stomach, foreign bodies in, 244 Stomach and bowels, catarrh of, 243 Stomachs in oxen, inflamed, 238 Stomach staggers, 352 Stomatitis, 218 ; aphthous, 219 Stone in the bladder, 303 Strangles, 95 Strangulated cord, 313 Stricture of the gullet, 232 Stricture of the urethra, 302 String-halt, 455 Strongylus elongatus, 102 Strongylus filaria, 191 Strongylus micruris, 192 Strongylus rufescens, 192 Sturdy, 144 Sulphate of copper as a disin- fectant, 82 ; of iron, 82 ; of zinc, 82 Sulphur fumes as a disinfec- tant, 80 Sun's rays as a cause of skin disease, 358 Sunstroke, 354 Superfluous limbs, 321 Supernumerary teeth, 221 Suppuration, 9 Suppuration, bacteria of, 10 Suppuration, diffuse, 11 Suppuration, circumscribed, 11 Index. 517 Suppuration, tendency to, in different animals, 382 Suspensory ligament, sprain of, 431 Sweeny, 418 Swelled legs, 362 Swelling of the sheath, 313 Swine, carbuncular erysipelas in, 117 Swine, guttural tumors in, 117 Swine, intestinal fever of, 103 Swine, lard-worm of, 151 Swine, malignant sore-throat in, 117 Swine, measles in, 117, 148 Swine-plague, 103 Swine-pox, 86 Syngamus trachealis, 192 Synovitis, 399 Syphon for injecting the nose, 168 Taenia ccenurus, 144 Taenia echinococcus, 147 Taenia expansa, 150 Taenia mediocanellata, 150 Taenia solium, 148 Taeniae, 143 Tail, amputation of, 415 Tail, fracture and dislocation of, 415 Tape-worm, embryo, 144 Tape-worm from measley pork, 149 Tape-worms, 143 Tape- worms, fertility of, 144 44 Tape-worm of sheep and cat- tle, 150 Tape-worms, transformations of, 144 Tar as a disinfectant, 81 Tartar on teeth, 225 Taurocholic acid, poisoning by, 278 Teat, closure by a membrane, 330 Teat, polypus in, 330 Teats, scabs on, 331 Teat, stricture of, 238 Teat, thickening of its walls, 330 Teat-tube, 330 Teats, warts on, 331 Teeth, caries of, 223 Teeth, disease of, 168 Teeth, displaced, 222 Teeth, overgrown, 222 Teeth, supernumerary, 211 Teeth, tartar on, 225 Teeth, tumors of, 225 Teething, fever from, 225 Temperature of body, 17 Temperature in fever, 18 Tendinous sheaths, inflamed, 402 Tendons, calcification of, 406 Tendons, shortening of, 406 Tendons, thickening of, 406 Terms, explanation of, 488 Testicle, inflammation of, 310 Tetanus, 342 Texan fever, 104 Thecae, inflamed, 403 Thigh-bone, fracture of, 443 518 Index. Thigh, long muscle of, dis- placed, 441 Thorough-pin, bandage for, 450 Thorough-pin of the hock, 450 Thorough-pin of the knee, 423 Thrush, 219, 480 Thumps, 201 Tibia, fracture of, 446 Tick of sheep, 375 Ticks, 374 Tinea decalvans, 368 Tinea favosa, 367 Tinea tonsurans, 366 Tongue, cancer of, 220 Tongue, cysts beneath the, 220 Tongue, inflamed, 219 Tongue, laceration of, 220 Tooth-like tumors under the ear, 410 Tooth-rasp, 223 Tooth-socket, inflamed, 225 Tracheotomy, 96 Treads on the coronet, 478 " Trembles," 133 Trembling, 349 Trichiasis, 151, 332 Trichina spiralis, 152 Trichodectes, 376 Trichophyton tonsurans, 367 Trismus, 348 Tubercle, 139 Tubercle in bone, 392 Tubercles, 364 Tuberculosis, 139, 202 Tuberculous foot-rot, 483 Tumor of bone, 388 Tumors in the mouth, 220 Tumors in the nose, 170 Tumors, malignant, 485 Tumors of teeth, 225 Tumors of the cornea, 334 Tumors of the elbow, 420 Tumors of the mamma, 331 Tumors of the sheath, 311 Tumors on the shoulder, 416 Tumors on the spermatic cord, 314 Tumors, simple, 485 Turn-sick, 144 Tympanitic colic, 241 Tympany of the rumen, 232 Tympany of the stomach in horses, 240 Typhoid fever, 186 Typhoid fever in horses, 98 Typhus, 115 Tyroglyph, 371 Udder, congestion of, 329 Udder, inflammation of, 329 Ulceration, 14 Ulceration in joints, 399 Ulceration of bone, 388, 391 Ulceration of bone, symptoms of, 389 Ulceration of the neck-bones, 412 Ulcers of the eye, 334 Unripe seeds, their effects, 352 Upper jaw, fracture of, 409 Urea in fever, 18 Urethra, inflammation of, 301 Urethral calculus, 307 Index. 519 Urethra, stricture of, 302 Urethritis, 301 Urinary calculi, 303 Urinary diseases, general causes of, 293 Urinary diseases, general symptoms of, 293 Urinary organs, diseases of, 293 Vagina, catarrh of, 323 Vagina, eversion of, 324 Vagina, polypus in, 319 Valves of the heart, insuffi- ciency of, 207 Varicose veins, 213 Variola avis, 87 Variola canina, 87 Variola caprse, 86 Variola equina, 83 Variola ovina, 85 Variola suilla, 86 Variola vaccina, 84 Veins, air in, 213 Veins, dilated, 213 Veins, diseases of, 211 Veins, inflammation of, 212 Veins, wounds of, 211 Venereal disease of solipeds, 137 Verminous bronchitis, 193, 195, 196 Vertigo, 341 Vesicles, 359 Vetches, a cause of roaring, 176 Viscid milk, 328 Voluntary motion, loss of, 350 Volvulus, 255 Vomiting, 243 Warbles, 374 Warts, 366 Warts on the lips, 220 Wasting in fever, 18 Wasting from ergotism, 156 Wasting of the heart, 203 Water-brain, 144 Water in the abdomen in par- turition, 322 Water in $he chest, 182, 184 Water in the head in parturi- tion, 321 Water-stones, 311 Watery blood, 162 Weed, 213 White scour, 239 Wind-broken, 188 Windgalls, 432 Wind-sucking, 221 Wolf-teeth, 221 Womb, bleeding from, 322 Womb, catarrh of, 323 Womb, eversion of, 324 Womb, indurated neck of, 318 Womb, inflammation of, 325 Womb, twisting of the neck of, 318 . Wood-evil, 272 Wood-tar as a disinfectant, 81 Wood-balls, 245 Worms in the digestive canal, 266 Worms, treatment of, 273 520 Index. Wounds, 381 Wounds, bruised, 382 Wounds, healing of, in differ- ent animals, 381 Wounds, irritated, 215 Wounds, lacerated, 382 Wounds of the chest, 185, 416 Wounds, poisoned, 383 Wounds, punctured, 382 Wounds of the heart, 204 Wounds of the sole, 475 Wounds of veins, 211 Wounds, putrefying, 215 Wrong presentations, 319 Yellows, 281 THE END. THE LinSTG PLAGUE CATTLE, CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNETJMONIA, JAMES LAW, Professor of Veterinary Medicine, etc., in Co nell University. toitl) Jlltistratitftts. ITHACA : PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 1887. Copyright, 1S79, vs JAMES LAW. Trow's Printing and Bookbinding Compan*, 201-213 East \2.th Street, NEW YORK. r THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. THE BOVINE PNEUMONIC PLAGUE.— PLEUKO- PNEUMONIA CONTAGIOSA. Nomenclature. — Generally known in English veterinary literature as Pleuro-pneumonia, this affection has been consequently largely misapprehended by the medical mind. It is naturally assumed that the malady, like other inflammations of the organs within the chest, is caused by exposure, inclement weather, changes of cli- mate or season, imperfect ventilation, etc., etc. There is, however, no proof that such is the case, and hence it is impolitic to retain a name which is misleading to the ed- ucated mind, and conveys no definite conception to the uneducated. Other names that have been at different times employed are equally objectionable : Peripneumo- nia, Peripneumonia pecorum enzootica or epizootica, Peri- pneumonia exudativa enzootica or contagiosa, Peripneumonia pecorum epizootica typhosa, Pleuro-pneumonia interlobularis exudativa, Pneumonia catarrhalis gastrica asthenica, Pleu- ritis rheumatico-exudativa. If we add the term contagious (contagiosa) to any of these definitions we only remove the difficulty a short step, for the physician still con- cludes that the affection is due to local or general causes, and that if it arises in one animal under such circum- stances, it may in one million subject to the same condi- tions, that its general prevalence at any time or place 1 The Lung Plague of Cattle. may be altogether due to the environment ; and that the doctrine of contagion is either founded on insufficient data, or true only in a restricted sense and entirely sub- sidiary to the generally acting causes. But the malady as known to veterinarians of to-day is always and only the result of contagion or infection, therefore we should select a name better adapted to set forth this character without the risk of misleading. This we have in the Lung Plague of Cattle, the near counterpart of the Lungen- seuche by which it has been long known in Germany. The old term Pulmonary murrain is equally good. The German Lungenseuche is especially apposite, the real meaning being Lung-contagion, which conveys the idea of transmission by contagion only. Definition. — A specific contagious disease peculiar to cattle, and manifested by a long period of incubation (ten days to three months), by a slow, insidious onset, by a low type of fever, and by the occurrence of inflammation in the air-passages, lungs, and their coverings, with an ex- tensive exudation into lungs and pleurae. History. — As in the case of all genuine plagues, small- pox, cholera, rinderpest, aphthous fever, etc., we know nothing of the original source of the lung-fever contagium. We know the disease only as it is introduced into a country or herd by a diseased animal or some of its in- fecting products. In ancient as in modern times, in the Old World as in the New, the malady can ever be traced in connection with the aggregation of cattle in herds made up from different districts and countries. Aristotle, writing three hundred and fifty years before Christ, says . "The cattle lohich live in herds are subject to a malady during which the breathing becomes hot and frequent. The ears droop and they cannot eat. They die rapidly, and the lungs are found spoiled." Here the facts that cattle alone suffered, that large herds suffered most, that the lungs were the seat of the diseased changes, and that Prevalence in Holland and Britain. 3 the mortality was high, all point toward the probable ex- istence of this plague at that remote epoch. Equally in- definite are the reports of the ancient Greek veterinari- ans, and still more so those of the Roman writers on bucolics. At a later date Valentini describes a fatal lung disease of cattle which all acknowledge to have reference to the Lung Plague, and from this time onward the rec- ords of the disease become more frequent and definite. The modern history of the malady may, however, be all summed up in this, that whenever the commissariat de- mands of a large army led to the aggregation of cattle from all quarters, and especially from the east of Europe, then this and other animal plagues have gained a wide extension. Into Holland the Lung Plague was imported in 1833 from Prussia by a distiller, Vanderbosch in Gelderland. In 1835 it was conveyed thence to Utrecht, thence to South Holland, North Brabant, West Flanders, Drenthe, Groningen, Overyssel, and finally in 1842 to Friesland. Destruction of the sick, by order of the government, was resorted to, and Friesland was freed from the plague un- til 1845, when it was again introduced in cattle from Overyssel in connection with the active trafiic established by the demands for the British trade. Another effort was made to kill out the disease, but the trade had grown to great proportions, and as often as it was crushed in one district it re-appeared in a new locality. After 1847 the attempt was abandoned, and the malady spread with increasing rapidity. In the last six months of 1847 there were but 16 stables infected ; in 1848 58 different out- breaks occurred. By 1863 between 5,000 and 6,000 of the 14,000 cow-stables in Friesland had suffered from the disease, and the annual mortality had risen from 5.25 per thousand in 1850 to nearly 40 per thousand. From Holland it was imported into Cork, Ireland, ir 1839 by Dutch cows sent by the British Consul at the The Lung Plague of Cattle. Hague to an Irish friend. In Ireland it met with the most favorable conditions for its propagation, the great mass of the young store cattle having been in the habit of changing hands and pastures several times a year, of passing on each occasion through public markets where they mingled with herds from all quarters, and of being transferred after every sale to common pastures where the cattle of different owners are turned out together at so much per head. (See Prof. Ferguson's Eeport to The Privy Council, 1878.) In two years the whole island was infected, and diseased stock were being exported to the adjacent island of Great Britain. The following year the Free Trade Act was passed, and immediately Great Brit- ain was deluged with a steady influx of infected cattle from Holland, Belgium and France on the one side, and from Ireland on the other. Since that period England has been ravaged continually, excepting only in those districts (the Highlands) which breed their own cattle and never admit strange stock. The yearly losses from this plague alone have been no less than $10,000,000 per annum. (Gamgee). From England the plague was carried back to the Con- tinent, infecting at different times the more northern countries of Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Schleswig-Hol- stein, Oldenburg and Mecklenburg-Schwerin ; also to the more distant lands of Long Island in 1843 and 1850, to New Jersey in 1847, and to Australia in 1858. From Holland it was conveyed in the systems of in- fected cattle to the Cape of Good Hope in 1854, and to Massachusetts in 1859. The introduction of the disease into the more distant countries has been so fruitful in evil results that it de- mands to be noticed in greater detail. Into Brooklyn, Long Island, it was introduced in 1843 in the system of a ship cow, purchased by Peter Dunn from the captain of an English vessel. From Dunn's Lung Plague in Massachusetts. herd it spread to others adjacent and speedily infected the whole west end of the island, as will be noticed later at greater length. Into Massachusetts the plague was introduced on the 23d of July, 1859, in the bodies of four Dutch cows, im- ported by Winthrop W. Chenery, of Belmont, near Bos- ton. These cows were procured from Purmerend and the Beemster, and were kept in stables for several days at the port of Rotterdam — an infected city — before being put on board the vessel. They were shipped April 6th, passed forty-seven days at sea, and were ill during the last twenty days, one of the number having been unable to stand. On landing two were able to walk to the farm, while the other two had to be carried in wagons. The worst cow was killed May 31st, and the second died June 2d. The third did well till June 20th, when she was severe- ly attacked and died in ten days. The fourth recovered. On August 20th another cow, imported in 1852, sickened and died in a few days, and others followed in rapid suc- cession. In the first week of September Mr. Chenery isolated his herd, and declined all offers to purchase, being now convinced that he was dealing with the Bovine Lung Plague of Europe. Unfortunately, on June 23d he had sold three calves to Curtis Stoddard, of North Brookfield, Worcester Co., one of which was noticed to be sick on the way to Curtis's farm. Several days later Leonard Stoddard (father of Curtis) took this calf to his farm to cure it, and kept it in his barn with forty cattle for four days, when he re- turned it to his son. It died August 20th. Curtis Stod- dard lost no more until November 1st, when he sold eleven young cattle to as many different purchasers, and wherever these went the disease was developed. In one case more than 200 cattle were infected by one of these Stoddard heifers. Of the nine cattle which he retained, seven were killed and found to be badly diseased. 6 The Lung Plague of Cattle. An ox of L. Stoddard's sickened two weeks after he had returned the diseased calf to his son, and soon died. Two weeks later a second was taken ill and died ; then a dozen in rapid succession. From this herd were infect- ed those of the following : Messrs. Needham, "Woodes, Olmsted, and Huntingdon. Olmsted sold a yoke of oxen to Doane, who lent them to assist with twenty-three yoke of cattle in removing a building in North Brookfield. These belonged to eleven different herds, all of which were thereby infected. This will suffice to show how the disease was dissem- inated. In the next four years it was found in herds in the following towns : Milton, Dorchester, Quincy, Lin- coln, Ashby, Boxborough, Lexington, Waltham, Hing- ham, E. Marshfield, Sherborn, Dover, Holliston, Ashland, Natick, Northborough, Chelmsford, Dedham, and Na- hant, and on Deer Island. By the spring of 1860 the State had been roused to its danger, and in April an Act was passed " to provide for the extirpation of the disease called pleuro-pneumonia among cattle," which empowered the Commissioners to kill all cattle in herds where the disease was known or suspected to exist. With various intervals this and suc- ceeding commissions were kept in existence for six years, and the last remnants of the plague having been extin- guished, the last resigned definitely in 1866. The rec- ords show that 1164 cattle were slaughtered by orders of the Commissioners, in addition to others disposed of by the Selectmen of the different towns in 1863, when the commission was temporarily suspended. The money disbursed by the State was $67,511.07, and by the in- fected towns $10,000, making a grand total of $77,511.07, in addition to all losses by deaths from the plague, de- preciation, etc. Dr. E. F. Thayer, Newtown, was the professional Commissioner who brought this work to a successful end. Lung Plague in the Atlantic States. 1 An importation into New Jersey in 1847 is recorded, to check which the importer, Mr. Richardson, is said tc to have slaughtered his whole herd, valued at $10,000, for the good of the State. Unfortunately all New Jersey men were not so public-spirited, and subsequent impor- tations from New York and mayhap also from Europe have since spread this pestilence widely over the State. From New Jersey it spread to Pennsylvania and Dela- ware, and thence to Maryland, District of Columbia and Virginia, in all of which it still prevails Of the progress of the disease southward from New York the records are somewhat imperfect, yet sufficient to show a steady advance. Robert Jennings records its existence in Camden and Gloucester Counties, N. J., in 1859, and its introduction into Philadelphia in 1860. It spread to " The Neck " in the southern part of the coun- ty, killing from 30 to 50 per cent, of infected herds, and spread in 1861 into Delaware, and into Burlington Co., N. J. In 1868 Mr. Martin Goldsborough assured Pro- fessor Gamgee of the extensive prevalence of the disease in Maryland, infection having been introduced by cattle from the Philadelphia market. The professor personally traced the disease in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary- land, District of Columbia, and Virginia, and makes the following assertions : " That the Lung Plague in cattle exists on Long Isl- and, where it has prevailed for many years; that it is not uncommon in New Jersey ; has at various times ex- isted in New York State ; continues to be very prevalen in several counties of Pennsylvania, especially in Dela ware and Bucks ; has injured the farmers of Maryland, the dairymen around Washington, D. C, and has pene- trated into Virginia." He adds a table compiled by Mr. G. Reid, Ingleside Farm, Washington, D. C, and showing that in an average of 471 cows kept in Washington and vicinity, 198 had 8 The Lung Plague of Cattle. died of Lung Plague since its introduction, 39 head per- ished in 1868, and 16 in 1869 up to the date of report. More recently illustrations of the existence of the dis- ease in these States have been frequent, and among com- paratively recent cases the author has been consulted concerning a high class Jersey herd near Burlington, N. J., in 1877, and a herd of imported Ayrshires in Staten Island, later in the same year. In 1878 the town of Clinton, N. J., was invaded, the infection coming through a cow that had staid for some days in New York city. This was alleged to be an Ohio cow, but had staid long enough in New York to have contracted the affection. In 1847 Ayrshire cattle taken from Scotland to Den- mark conveyed the plague into that country. The in- fected cattle were, however, at once placed in quarantine and the spread of the malady was prevented. Mr. R. Fenger, whom I met at Edinburgh in 1862, stated that there had been but three dairies attacked, all by reason of infected cattle imported, and that all had been crush- ed out so that for three years the kingdom had been free from the disease. Schleswig-Holstein has repeatedly imported the plague by the introduction of foreign cattle, but has invariably stamped it out by quarantining the infected places and destroying the sick cattle. One of these importations consisted of Ayrshire cattle brought from Scotland in 1859. A still more serious invasion took place on the occasion of the late Prusso-Danish war ; the commissariat parks of the invading army having been supplied from infected districts carried the plague wherever they went, but true to her record, on the return of peace, the province went vigorously to work, drove out the pestilence, and foi years past has been free from the infection. In 1860 Norway was infected by a cargo of Ayrshire cattle, imported for the Agricultural College at Aas. The Lung Plague in South Africa. disease broke out three months after their arrival, and was limited by the slaughter of all native cattle with which the Ayrshires had come in contact, and by the strict quarantine of the Ayrshires themselves. Since that time Norway has remained sound. Sweden imported the Lung Plague from England, by cattle imported in 1847. By stringent measures of sup- pression it was speedily exterminated, and this impunity has since been maintained. Oldenburg derived the disease from England through Ayrshires imported for breeding purposes in 1858. This, together with other invasions, she has crushed out by the remorseless use of the pole-ax. The same remark applies to Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Switzerland. For the history of the introduction of this plague into Australia see "Infection through Pastures." Its convey- ance to the Cape of Good Hope was described by Rev. Daniel Lindley, missionary to South Africa, before the Massachusetts Legislative Committee, in 1860. The importation took place in 1854 in the body of a bull brought from Holland by a gentlemen of Cape Town with the view of improving his stock. The bull was about two months on the passage, and had been six weeks at the Cape before any sign of sickness appeared in him. He died, but conveyed the disease to a great number of cattle, and it had spread very widely before the colonists suspected its true nature. The Cape is a great unwooded and unfenced pasture-land, dotted with thickets and jungles, and over this the cattle, the source of the colonist's wealth, are scattered in herds of from one to five hundred head on an average. Wherever lions and tigers have been exterminated these cattle are allowed to roam day and night where they please ; they accord- ingly wander long distances, and herd mingles with herd from one side of the country to the other. All the prod- uce of the country is brought from the interior to tho 1* 10 The Lung Plague of Cattle. seaports in ox-wagons, and all imported goods are carried inland in the same way. This describes a country ol 2,400 miles across destitute of railroads and navigable rivers, and which is being constantly traversed from side to side by hundreds of ox- wagons and thousands of work- ing oxen. The disease once introduced and favored by such conditions speedily spread in every direction and bade defiance to any attempt at suppression. Mr. Lindley related various instances from his own knowledge of the disease having been conveyed by ox- teams two and three hundred miles, and of its wide ex- tension in the new localities, and contrasted them with ex- amples in which chief and people, warned of the ap- proach of the pestilence, resorted to spear and shield to exclude all traveling teams and cattle, and thereby saved their own herds, though only a half a mile off the victims of the plague lay unburied in great numbers. Causes of the Disease. — The known cause of the disease may be summed up in one word, contagion. All sorts of causes have been invoked to account for the spontaneous appearance of the disease ; but the theorists should first assure themselves that they have seen a spontaneous case before attempting to account for it. Delafond attributed it to : 1. Impurity of the air in stables ; 2. Excessively rich food; 3. Secretion of milk to excess; 4. Chills of the skin in inclement weather, and the breathing of cold air when suddenly taken from a warm stable ; 5. Drinking iced water; 6. "Waters charged with corrupting organic matter ; 7. Overwork in summer ; 8. Hereditary predis- position; 9. Some unknown atmospheric and telluric conditions usually referred to as epidemic influences. The answer to one and all these allegations is this : that these have all prevailed to an equal extent at different times in different parts of the world, and do so still ; but no one of them, nor all put together, can be shown to have pro- duced this disease in any country from which cattle, and Alleged Causes. 11 cattle products, from an infected country have been rigidly excluded. In many cases, indeed, we find these alleged causes operating with the greatest intensity in isolated countries where this malady has never been known. The cow-stables of England were far worse ventilated at the beginning of the nineteenth century than they are to-day ; yet .this disease was unknown in Great Britain until Dutch and Dutch-infected Irish cattle were imported in 1842. None feed with a more lavish hand than dairymen, yet the dairy coun- tries of Denmark and Schleswig have only known this disease as the result of importation, and have long since freed themselves from the pest. The Channel Isl- ands, which produce the richest milkers in the world, have never known this disease, but only because all land- ing of foreign cattle is criminal. Inclemency, variability and extremes of the weather are above all characteristic of the Highlands of Scotland, yet the Highlands, which breed their own stock and suffer a large egress but no ingress of cattle, have never been ravaged by this affec- tion, whereas in the mild and equable Lowlands it has decimated the herds yearly. The immunity of countries with the rigorous climates of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and above all our Western plains, where the cattle are often wintered without shelter, is even more striking in this re- spect. Iced water and corrupt malarious water are all that the cattle can obtain in many of our Western States, but there is no evidence that this disease has ever existed anywhere in the West, and no danger whatever attaches to our Western cattle until they have entered infected localities in the East. Similar remarks may be made of overwork and hereditary predisposition, as also of epi- demic and telluric conditions, which are but cloaks for ignorance, and a persistent adherence to an unfounded idea. 12 The Lung Plague of Cattle. The same is true of distillery feeding, of low, damp marshy pastures, of fodder spoiled by wet, or decompo- sition, or covered by cryptogams, of extreme changes ol climate, etc., etc. All these are brought into play in many of our Western States ; no climatic change could be more severe than that to which our Texan cattle are subjected in being transferred to Nebraska or Minnesota, yet not all of these conditions combined have ever gene- rated de novo the germ of the Bovine Lung Plague. Had it done so in a single instance on our unfenced cattle ranges we must inevitably have passed through the same experience as Australia and the Cape of Good Hope, each infected by a single sick animal and each speedily rav- aged throughout by this most insidious and unrelenting pestilence. The incontrovertible fact that we can point to no coun- try (out of the centre of the eastern continent) in which this disease prevails, into which we cannot also trace its introduction in the system of an infected animal, or some of its products, must put to silence all claims to its spon- taneous development in those countries. This grand truth, that the disease is only known to-day as the result of contagion, dawned upon some of the best medical minds of the last century. The renowned physiologist, Haller, writing in his native Switzerland, the mountains of which had been maligned as the source and native home of the plague, claimed that, on the contrary, it was utterly un- known save as the result of importation. The last quarter of a century has sustained Haller's representation of a century before ; the disease has been exterminated and the herds of the Alpine and Jura mountains and valleys freed from the pest. A list of other states which have expelled this disease from their borders deserves to be mentioned in this connection ; these are Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein, Oldenburg, and Mecklen- burg-Schwerin in the Old World, and Massachusetts and The One Known Cause. 13 Connecticut in the New. To the same purpose speaks the immunity of Spain and Portugal, guarded by their peninsular position, the bold walls of the Pyrenees, and the entire absence of cattle-traffic; of parts of -Brittany and Normandy, of the Channel Islands, and of the High- lands of Scotland, that breed their own stock and nevei import. To the same end speaks also the absence of the disease in our Western States, and in Massachusetts since 1864, when she crushed out the imported plague. The disease, then, is only known as a contagious malady, and the unhygienic conditions above referred to only favor its propagation so far as they favor the preservation of the morbid germ already in existence, or weaken the animal vitality and power of resistance and lay the sub- ject more open to disease. Faulty surroundings will greatly favor the dissemination of the disease, but have never been known to generate it. The primary origin of its germ is as great a mystery as in the case of small-pox or plague. But for some readers this is not enough; it may be conceded that the true Lung Plague of European cattle is only propagated by contagion, and that in the absence of importations of sick cattle and their products no coun- try need fear an invasion of this disease, and yet doubts and objections of all kinds are raised ; 1. Is the present lung disease of cattle in certain of our Eastern States the genuine Lung Plague of Europe ? 2. Conceding that it is the same disease as respects its origin, has it not lost much or all of its virulence in being transplanted to the New World? 3. Allowing that it is at once the Lung Plague of Europe and that its virulence is preserved on the American Continent, is it not the case that its infec- tion can only be propagated by the direct contact of the sick with the healthy cattle, while the transmission of the virus through any intervening medium renders it inope- rative ? 2 14 The Lung Plague of Cattle. 1. Was the New York disease imported ? (a) From different old residents (including Wm. Ged- des, of Brooklyn, and Hugh. T. Meakim, of Flushing) who were in the milk business in Brooklyn at the time of the importation the following facts have been obtained. The first diseased cow was introduced from England on the ship " "Washington," in 1843, and was purchased by Peter Dunn, a milkman, who kept his cows in a sta- ble near South Ferry. This cow soon sickened and died, and infected the rest of his cows. From this the disease was speedily conveyed into the great distillery stables of John D. Minton, at the foot of Fourth street, and into the Skillman street stables, Brooklyn, through which my in- formant, Fletcher, showed the Massachusetts Commis- sion in 1862. In this long period of nineteen years the plague had prevailed uninterruptedly in these Skillman street stables, and the Commission reported that they "found some sick with the acute disease," and having killed and examined one in the last stages of the affec- tion, stated that it " showed a typical case of the same malady which existed in Massachusetts." As dealers found it profitable to purchase cheap cows out of infected herds and retail them at a sound price, the malady was soon spread over Brooklyn and New York city. One or two cases will enable us to trace one unbroken chain of infection down to the present time. (b) In 1849 Wm. Meakim, of Bushwick, L. I., kept a large dairy, and employed a man with a yoke of oxen in drawing grains from the New York and Brooklyn distill- eries. A milkman on the way who had lung fever in his heard, persuaded the man to use his oxen in drawing a dead cow out of his stable. Soon after the oxen sicken- ed and died ; and the disease extending to his dairy cows, Mr. Meakim lost forty head in the short space of three months. The stables having thus become infected, Mr. M. continued to lose from six to ten cows yearly for the Never Spontaneous in America. 15 succeeding twenty years, or as long as he kept in the milk business. This, which is but one instance out of a hundred, covers fifteen years of the plague in the Skill- man stables and brings the record down to 1869. It will be observed that this was the first occurrence of any such sickness in Mr. Meakim's herd ; it commenced, not in the cows cooped up in hot buildings and heavily fed on swill, but in the oxen that were almost constantly in the open air, but which had been brought in contact with a dead and infected cow ; the infection of the cows followed, and for twenty long years no fresh cow could be brought into these stables with impunity. (c) Dr. Bathgate, Fordham Avenue and 171st si, New York, informs us that twenty years ago (1859) his father kept a herd of Jerseys, which contracted the disease by exposure to sick animals, and that all efforts to get rid of it failed, until when, several years later, the barns were burned down. The devouring element secured what the skill of the owner had failed to accomplish — a thorough disinfection. For some time so prevalent was the disease that Dr. Bathgate did not dare to turn his cattle out in the fields lest they should be infected by contact with cattle ovei the fence. Since the period of the infection of his own herd, he knows that the pestilence has been constantly prevalent in many of the dairies around him. This bridges over the time from the Skillman street and Meak im cases down to the present day. (d) Twenty years ago (1859) Mr. Benjamin Albertson, Queens, Queens Co., L. I., purchased four cows out of Herkimer County herd which had got belated and had been kept over night in a stable in Sixth street, New York, where the cattle market then was. These cows sickened with lung fever, and infected his large herd of 100 head, 25 of which died in rapid succession, and 19 more slowly. He was left with but 60 head out of a herd, 1 6 The Lung Plague of Cattle. after purchase of the four, of 104 animals, and honorably declined to sell the survivors at high prices to his unsus- pecting neighbors, but sold a number at half price to a Brooklyn milkman, who already had the disease in his herd, and knew all the circumstances. (o) Twelve years ago (1867) Lawrence Ansert, Broad- way and Bidge st., Astoria, bought of a dealer two cows which soon after sickened and died, and infected the re- mainder of his herd of 18. Eight of them died of the disease, and he fattened and killed the remaining ten, and began anew with fresh premises and stock. He has lost none since. (/) The next case, like the last, affords a most instruct- ive contrast to the first two, as showing how the disease may be permanently eradicated by proper seclusion. In 1872, Frank Devine, of Old Farm House Hotel, West Chester, purchased from a dealer a cow which soon sick- ened and died. The disease extended to the rest of his herd, and in seven months he lost thirty-six cows He appreciated the danger of contagion, and began again with new stock, keeping them rigidly apart from the in- fected beasts and premises, and from that time onward avoided all dealers and bred his own stock, with the happy result that in the last six years he has not had a single case of lung fever in his herd.. These are but examples of what has been happening all over the infected district for the last thirty-six 3'ears. 2. Has the Affection become less virulent in America ? The above mentioned cases may be referred to as a partial answer to this question, yet it will be more satis- factory to adduce some more recent cases as showing that the lapse of time has not modified the virulence of the contagion. (a) The Blissville distillery stables are alleged to have contained 800 to 900 cattle when visited late in January, Virulence in America. 17 1879, by Professors Liantard and McEachran, whereas, on the occasion of my first visit, February 10th, there were only between 600 and 700, and up to the time they were quarantined, some days later, a large number had been culled out and slaughtered in anticipation of State interference. Of those that remained 64 were found so badly diseased that they were killed and sent to the offal dock, while from 100 to 150 showing slight symptoms, were sold for beef. Here we have one-tenth of a large herd severely attacked, and if we add those that were picked out by the owners in anticipation of quarantine, and the infected animals disposed of for beef, there is considerably over a third of the whole that were under the influence of the disease. (6) In the course of last year (1878), William Post, Old Westbury, Queens Co., L. I., bought a cow out of a passing herd that had been brought by Levy, a dealer, from Brooklyn stables. She infected his whole herd and his brother's to such an extent that they had to slaughter both herds, and, after a time, begin anew with fresh stock. From that time, as before, they have kept sound. (c) Mrs. Murphy, Brooklyn, last year bought a cow from McCabe, a New York dealer, which infected all of her herd, so that she had to slaughter the whole, and has given up the milk business. (d) In January, 1879, Mr. Judson, "Watertown, Conn, (and Gramercy Park Hotel, New York), bought two cows of Hecht, a New York dealer. They took ill soon after, and infected his original herd of ten. All were placed in quarantine by the Connecticut authorities, but were smuggled off by Hecht (who had purchased them at a ridiculously low figure), and shipped to New York, where they were slaughtered by order of the authorities. This is a case of the introduction of disease into a hitherto sound locality and State, and has therefore a special sig- nificance 18 The Lung Plague of Cattle. (e) Mrs. Kelly, Hazleton, Jamaica, L. I., bought a ccw from a Williamsburgh dealer named Brown, in the latter part of 1878. This cow sickened and died, and fatally infected the remaining three cows of her herd, so that she is now without any, and has resigned the milk busi- ness. (/) Mr. Wheelock, Eoslyn, L. I., late in 1878 bought two cows from a New York dealer. They sickened soon after, infected the rest of his herd, and six were lost be- fore the plague could be stayed. (g) Mr. Kenyon, Eoslyn, was so satisfied it was not the lung fever that he purchased two of Mr. W.'s cows. One of these sickened and died, and infected several others of his herd, one of which had to be destroyed by order of the State authorities. (h) Mr. Gilbert Miller, Cantito, Westchester Co., in July, 1878, took in a Jersey cow sent from Motthaven as a present to his son-in-law. Three months later his herd was generally infected, and the Jersey cow and two others died. (i) The herd of M.'s sister-in-law, Mrs. Bobertson, which was kept across the street, sickened in October, and, up to the time of my visit, early in March, five out of twelve had died. (j ) Mr. Collins, of 50th street, New York, had a Jersey cow which suffered, in August, 1878, from some disease of the lungs that was denied to be the lung fever by the veterinarian who attended her. On September 20th her calf was sent to Solomon Mead, Greenwich, Conn., who had agreed to keep it two years. The calf died two weeks after arrival, and infected ten of his herd, five of which had died, and five were recovering at the period of my visit (March 21). The herd at that time numbered thirteen. (k) Mr. Griffin, Greenwich, Conn., occupied a farm alongside Mr. Mead's, and had his herd infected hy a Virulence in America. IS cow winch broke out of Mead's herd and got, for a very short time, into his (Griffin's). At the time of my visit Mr. G. had lost one, and had two in course of apparent recovery. As he was just over the Connecticut line, and out of the jurisdiction of New York, the sick had to be left, and the result has been that a number of his remain- ing herd of twenty-six have been infected and have died since. (I) Mr. Carr, 146th street, New York, had a cow sent on trial, last February, by Geissmann, a Yorkville dealer. She stood but one night in his stables ; was removed next day because she looked bad, and another cow sent in her place. Three out of the five remaining cows con- tracted the lung fever, and, when slaughtered by the State authorities, May 12th, showed most extensive dis- ease of the lungs. Since that time the whole herd has been slaughtered. (to) Mr. Tone, 114th street, New York, purchased a cow of Kramer, a New York dealer, early in October, 1878. She took ill and finally died in February, 1879. At the time of our visit, May 14th, two other of his cows "were suffering from the lung plague in a chronic form, and their destruction had to be ordered for the protec- tion of the herd. (n) About January 1st, 1879, Isaac Billard, dealer, of Cutchogue, L. I., took a drove of 112 calves and year- lings from the infected sheep-house, 60th street, New York city, to which we have traced a number of outbreaks. He sent them by cars to Bridgehampton, and sold them to farmers in the towns of Southampton and Easthampton. In April a floating rumor of disease in these towns reached us ; but, on inquiry, its correctness was denied, and it was only later that definite information could be obtained. May 6th to 8th I visited these towns, in com- pany with another member of the Veterinary Staff, and condemned and ordered to be slaughtered 16 head out 20 The Lung Plague of Cattle. of 6 herds into which calves of the Billard drove had been taken. Taking the first herd visited as an illustra- tive case : John E. White, of Sagg, bought of Billard one bull calf, which sickened soon after, but apparently recovered, or, rather, as is too often the case, the disease subsided into a chronic form. This strange calf infected 13 more of his herd, 5 of which had died before our ar- rival, while 9, including the bull calf, were destroyed and paid for by the State. In this case 6 of the condemned animals were supposed by their owner and his neighbors to be in good health, and it was only when they had been destroyed, and the extensive diseased changes in the lungs had been shown, that they became convinced that a serious blunder had not been committed. This is an every-day experience with us, and illustrates how the disease is spread by cattle which an ordinary observer would consider to be perfectly sound. Since that date more of Mr. White's herd have con- tracted the disease, and he is now left with but 13 out of his original stock of 30 cattle. Outbreaks took place in no less than ten different herds into which calves from the same drove were taken, and but for the energetic measures adopted in stamping out the disease, the losses in Suffolk County must have prov- ed most extensive. Mrs. Erath, 73d street, New York, bought a cow from Seaver, a dealer, who then kept his cows in the infected sheep-house, 60th street. This cow sickened on Febru- ary 15th, and notwithstanding active suppressive meas- ures, five out of her remaining herd of nine were lost be« fore the plague was stayed. Patrick McCabe, 72d street, New York, had five cows in 1871. He bought a fresh cow of a dealer named Mc- Donald, which sickened six weeks later, and infected his cows, all of which perished. He bought four new cows, but he lost the whole in two months. Then lie got a Virulence in America. 21 fresh stable and new cows, which have kept sound until the present year. One fresh cow, bought this year, suf- fered, but was carefully kept apart until disposed of by the State inspectors. Joseph Schwab, 149th street and Southern Boulevard, seven years ago, bought of a dealer a cow said to have come from New Rochelle. She sickened and infected his herd, of which he lost twenty-three in a few months. Seven of the herd recovered. A year later he again be- gan to buy, but only from sound herds, and since that time has escaped, until recently when an infected calf was taken in from a dealer. Udell Cohen, 14th street, New York, kept 14 cows, and in March, 1879, bought 3 of Jacob Strauss, a dealer. One of them was sick from the first, but after a few weeks improved. Then two others sickened and died. In June 5 others sickened and the whole were sold to a butcher. Cohen moved to New Jersey and started anew. Cases like these ought to convince all that this disease is eminently and most dangerously contagious. No one who has studied the plague in Europe can truthfully claim that it is less infectious here than in the old world. What misleads many is, that during the cooler season many of the cases assume a subacute type, and others subside into a chronic form with a mass of infecting material (dead lung) encysted in the chest, but unat- tended by acute symptoms. But this feature of the dis- ease renders it incomparably more insidious and danger- ous than in countries where the symptoms are so much more severe, that even the owners are roused at once to measures of prevention. In moderating the violence of its action, the disease does not part with its infecting qualities, but only diffuses them the more subtilely in proportion as its true nature is liable to be overlooked. A main reason why unobservant people fail at first sight to see that the lung fever is contagious is, that the seeds 2* 22 The Lung Plague of Cattle. of the disease lie so long dormant in the system. A beast purchased in October passes a bad winter, and dies in February, after haying infected several others. She lias had a long period of incubation, and when the disease supervenes actively, she has passed through a chronic form of illness, so that when others sicken people fail to connect the new cases with the infected purchase. Then, again, in an ordinary herd of 10 or 20 head, the deaths do not follow in rapid succession, but at intervals of a fortnight, a month, or even more, and those unac- quainted with the nature of the disease suppose that it cannot be infectious, or all would be prostrated at once. Pertinent to this point are the following remarks ex- tracted from a letter of the author which appeared in the New York Tribune, March 12th, 1879 : " THE DISEASE NEVER ARISES EST THIS COUNTRY BUT AS THE RESULT OE CONTAGION. " That this malady is contagious is shown every day in the course of our work. Wherever we find it existing in a herd we obtain a history of a recent purchase, or of some other form of exposure by which the herd has been infected. To give illustrations would be to record the whole history of our course in stamping it out so far. But this is not enough. The disease is not only contagious, but in this country it is only propagated by contagion. Throughout the immemorial ages of this, the oldest of continents, the herds of buffalos roaming over its plains never contracted this affection. Yet buf- falos are susceptible to this disease, as well as our domes- ticated cattle. And if the buffalos on the unfenced plains had once developed the malady it would have remained as a permanent plague, as it has throughout all historic periods in the open steppes of Eastern Europe and Asia, since 1854 in Southern Africa, and since 1859 in the wide stock ranges of Australia. During the long period that has elapsed since the colonization of America the cattle have been subjected to all the conditions of life that have beset them since ; but until 1843, when an infected cow Contagion the One Known Cause. 23 was imported into Brooklyn, the malady was unknown Since that date it has never at any time been absent from Brooklyn and Long Island. "On the contrary, Massachusetts, which imported this animal plague in 1859, set herself vigorously to the work of exterminating it. In the next five years she killed and paid for over 1,000 cattle, but in so doing she killed the contagion, and since 1865 has not known this disease. Cattle have lived in innumerable herds in the Western States, subjected to all possible privations and to the greatest trials in the way of travel, crowding, filth and starvation, but on no occasion has this lung plague been developed, and to-day I believe the cattle of those States are as sound as are the buffalos of the plains. In Europe this plague always extends on the occasion of any great war, and devastates the countries through which the armies pass, but only because the commissariat parks are supplied from infected districts. During the late Ameri- can war our commissariat herds were subjected to as great privations, with the additional drawback of the absence of the smooth-paved roads of the Old World, but the plague never broke out in those herds nor rav- aged the States where the armies were operating. The explanation is that the cattle supplies were drawn from uninfected regions, and in the absence of the specific imported disease-germ no abuse was capable of produc- ing it in America. The swill-milk stables of the West are as much crowded, as filthy and as ill- ventilated as those of New York and New Jersey. But the swill- stables of the West never produce this disease, while those of the seaboard into which the germ has been in- troduced are ravaged to a ruinous extent. If more proof is wanted of the purely contagious nature of the malady, it is to be found in the entire absence of the plague from the Highlands of Scotland, the Channel Islands, Brit- tany, much of Normandy, Spain, Portugal, Norway and Sweden. These places breed their own stock and rarely or never import strange cattle, therefore this poison ex- otic to their soil has never gained a foothold. Norway and Sweden have, indeed, imported the plague, but speedily expelled it by the only effectual method of ex- terminating the poison. The same is true of a numbei 24 The Lung Plague of Cattle. of other European nations, as well as Massachusetts and Connecticut. The remark is as true to-day of Western Europe and America as it was a century ago when made by the immortal Haller of his own native Switzerland, that the disease never appears but as tJie result of the intro- duction into a country or district of an animal from an in- fected place." Can the Bovine Lung Plague be Teansmitted by Mediate Contagion? This question will be best answered by adducing a few instances of the infection of animals otherwise than by immediate contact. These will be arranged under dif- ferent headings according to the channel through which the contagion was conveyed. A. Contagion through the Atmosphere. — Some years ago, the hypothesis was advanced in England that this disease could not be conveyed from animal to animal by mediate contagion, but that, in order to its transmis- sion, the sick animal must be brought into direct con- tact with the healthy. It is difficult to see how such an absolute claim can be advanced in the face of the every-day observation that, when a sick animal is intro- duced into one end of a stable, the plague often skips many intervening ones to strike down a beast near the farthest end of the building. In such a case the air is the medium through which the virus is carried, and the contagion is unquestionably mediate. The experiments conducted at the Brown Institution, in September, 1876, March, 1877, and August, 1878, in which healthy cattle were exposed to the emanations from diseased lungs without any ill result, are quoted as dis- proving contagion through the air. But one or several failures to convey a disease is no proof that the disease in question is not contagious. I might quote the example of the enthusiastic non-contagionists who clothed them selves with the linen fresh from the bodies of cholerj Contagion Through Attendants. 25 patients, lay with them in the same beds, and even drank their blood with impunity. The results did not prove that cholera was non-virulent, but only that they did not furnish the conditions necessary to induce contagion. We now know that if they had experimented with the bowel dejections of cholera patients cholera would have been produced, in all susceptible subjects, on given days after their passage. It seems highly probable that a flaw no less serious entered into the experiments conducted at the Brown In- stitution. If the emanations from the lungs of a sick animal can infect a healthy cow at the farther end of a long stable, there seems no good reason to conclude that the fresh lungs, warm from the sick beast, cannot give off emanations virulent to any susceptible animal. This question of the susceptibility of the healthy animals exposed is the first that suggests itself; and in the report of the experiments in question there is not a hint that this susceptibility had been tested. Had the animals that resisted exposure to the diseased lungs been after- wards infected by contact with sick cattle, the claim that the lungs could not convey the disease after their removal from the body would have been rendered much more plausible. At present, the thousand cases of the convey- ance of the virus through the air of a stable must be held as more authoritative than the three negative results from the diseased lungs at Brown Institution. B. Contagion by Pulmonary Exudation Introduced into the Nose. — Prof. Baldwin, of Glasnevin, informs me that, many years ago, he soaked a sponge in the liquid from a diseased lung and stuffed it into the nostril of a sound animal, which, in due time, showed all the symptoms of the lung fever. C. Contagion Carried by Attendants. — As this has been warmly debated on the other side of the Atlantic, I shall record three cases which ought of themselves to settle the question. 26 The Lung Plague of Cattle. 1. In the winter of 1847-8 infected oxen were unwit- tingly purchased to be fed on the farm of Pitcox, East Lothian, Scotland. The disease spread through the whole herd, causing most extensive losses. The cattle- man on the farm was the son of the steward on the neigh- boring farm of Pleasants. The buildings and feeding- courts on the one farm were about a mile and a half apart from those on the other, and at the season named the cattle on the two places were closely confined in their respective yards. The man attending the sick cattle on Pilcox paid a weekly Sunday visit to his parents at The Pleasants, and never failed on such occasions to go in to see how his father's cow was doing. In the course of a few weeks the father's cow contracted the plague, and from her the malady spread to all the cattle on the farm, entailing heavy losses on the owner. Here the cow first attacked on The Pleasants was not an animal that had been recently introduced, for her owner had been steward under the former tenant several years before and had staid on under the new tenant, keeping the same cow throughout. A bull was kept on the farm, so that his cow was never taken from the premises. There was no plague in the district prior to the outbreak at Pitcox. The new tenant's own cows had never been sick, had all been a year or more in the place before the plague broke out, and were kept in a stable at the oppo- site side of the farm buildings, and about fifty paces from where the steward's cow stood in a stable alone. Infec- tion from that source was, therefore, out of the question. Finally the feeding bullocks on The Pleasants were black West Highland cattle, from a race and locality in which this disease had never prevailed ; they came on the place in sound health, and remained more than long enough, before contracting the disease, to have developed the symptoms of it had they brought the germs in their sys- tems ; they maintained excellent health until weeks aftet Contagion Through Visitors 27 the steward's cow had been attacked, and finally they, as well as the farmer's cows, almost without exception con- tracted the plague, showing clearly that they had not acquired that immunity which comes from a previous attack of this affection. The facts recorded are vouched for by the author, who was resident on The Pleasants at the time and personally watched the developments. These facts will warrant but one conclusion, viz. : that the infection was carried by the steward's son "who -was in daily attendance on the sick cattle at Pitcox, and weekly visited his father's cow at The Pleasants. 2. William "Walker of Quincy, Mass., was present at Squantum when cattle suffering from Lung Plague were slaughtered there by order of the Commissioners. He closely examined portions of the diseased lungs and walked through the blood of the slain animals. He then rode home a mile and a half, went to his barn and fed his cattle. These in due time developed the disease. He sold two of his cattle to E. B. Taylor, and of his herd of 21 all but three fell victims to the pestilence. (See Report of Cattle Commissioners of Massachusetts for 1863). 3. In February, 1879, when we began the stamping-out of the plague on Long Island, a gentleman of the name of Ditmas Jewel took a great interest in the welfare of the suffering milkmen, and visited one or more of the worst-infected stables daily. He owned one favorite family cow, a Jersey, which was kept alone in a private stable, separated by ample grounds from all adjacent herds. She was never removed from these premises, nor were other cattle admitted, yet, towards the end of March, she sickened, and soon perished, presenting the most characteristic lung-plague lesions. These cases are conclusive, as in no one instance was there any possibility of direct contact with sick animals, while in all there was the mediate contact through the per- sons and clothes of the visitors. 28 The Lung Plague of Cattle. D. Contagion through the Infected Buildings. — This form of contagion is so exceedingly common that an apology would be needed for referring to it were it not for the hardihood of some in denying all mediate contagion. Dis- tillery stables, where the cattle of many owners mingle, soon become infected in infected localities, and from that time onward they remain infecting, though all sick ani- mals are excluded. Dealers' stables suffer in a similar way ; and thus, after a dealer has kept an infected animal in his place, he continues for months or years to dissemi- nate cattle that infect others, though it may be impossible to find a sick beast on his premises at any time in the in- terval. One or two cases may, however, be particularized : John Miller, Farniingdale, L. I., traded with a Brooklyn dealer, January 1st, 1879, for a cow, which, soon after, fell ill and died. He shortly after purchased an- other cow, and placed her in the same stable, but she also sickened and died. After this, he placed a calf in the stable, but this also perished; and at present the stable remains unoccupied. Mrs. P. Gregory, 12th street, Brooklyn, had two cows and one calf in her stable in the end of February, 1879. When visited, one cow was very sick, and both were destroyed, the stable being afterwards washed with dis- infectant liquids. The calf was disposed of for veal. Two months later, Mrs. G. purchased a new cow from a man who had kept her as a family cow for some years, and put her in the same stable in which the first had stood. Ten days after, she showed symptoms of disease, and, when slaughtered, showed the characteristic lesions of lung fever. Mr. Addick, Sunnyside, near Dutchkills, L. I., kept on an average 22 cows, and for two years has lost heavily. Early in the present year he left the place, and the stable was let to Patrick Hollihan, who bought in fresh cows. Borne of these he got May 1st of J. & J. Wheeler, dealers Contagion Through Infected Buildings. 29 and some July 3d of Patrick McCabe, dealer. In both cases the fresh cows came from the country and went to the stables, with our permits, furnished after examination. Aug. 19th four cows were found to have the lung plague and were slaughtered. Patrick Greene, West Farms, New York Co., took his present place in April, and stocked it with 32 fresh cows. ' About May 1st sickness appeared in his herd and then for the first time he learned that his predecessor had lost heavily during the past year. In company with Dr. Hopkins I visited his place May 14th and found seven sick cattle, which were accordingly slaughtered. On two subsequent occasions, four more diseased cows had to be disposed of, in spite of the fact that the buildings had been disinfected with chloride of lime and carbolic acid. Fumigation of buildings and animals twice daily with the smoke of burning sulphur was now enjoined, and up to the time of writing (three months) no new case has appeared. Messrs. Niedlinger, Schmidt & Co., brewers, 406 E. 27th Street, New York, had a cow die a year ago (August 1878) with symptoms implying lung plague. Another was put in the same stable three months later, has done poorly since, and Aug. 18th was found to have lung plague, and sacrificed accordingly. E. Infection through the Manure. — Mrs. Power, Franklyn Avenue, Brooklyn, kept 8 cows, and had made no purchase since the autumn of 1878. On March 26th one of her cows was found to be affected with lung fever, and was killed in consequence. The only appreciable source of contagion was the manure, which had been drawn from infected city stables, and spread on a lot where these cows were turned out on fine days for exercise. In spite of the plowing under of the manure as soon as the frost would allow, three more of her cattle have sickened, and had to be killed May 12 th. As further evidence of the con- 3* SO The Lung Plague of Cattle. tagious nature of the affection in this case, Mr. K., her neighbor, who had visited and handled her first sick cow, has since lost one out of his herd of eleven, with unequiv- ocal symptoms and lesions. P. Contagion through Infected Pastures. — It is to an ex- ample of this medium of contagion that Australia owes her present bovine lung pestilence. In 1859 a short-horn cow was imported by Mr. Boodle from England into Mel- bourne, and was found to be affected with the lung plague. All of Mr. Boodle's cattle were killed and paid for by pri- vate subscription ; his farm was then quarantined, and the colonists fondly hoped that the danger had been averted. It happened, however, that a teamster who worked his ox-teams on the streets during the day, turned them into these proscribed pastures at night under cover of the darkness, and when later these animals perished, they had already infected large numbers belonging to dif- ferent herds and districts. What was thus begun by the cupidity of the teamster, was repeated again and again in quick succession, and on every side, for the herds of dif- ferent owners roamed at large on the unfenced pastures, the healthy grazed where the sick and infected had pre- ceded them, and soon the greater part of that immense island-continent lay in the grasp of the relentless pest. This method is a fruitful source of infection around our cities and villages. The cattle of different owners are turned out in summer on the commons and unbuilt lots of the city and suburbs, and even if herded by an attend- ant or staked on a given spot, they go in successive days on places where infected stock have been before them, and inhale the deadly contagium, from which the owner thinks he has been carefully guarding them. Wherever the practice of pasturing the cattle of differ- ent owners on unfenced lots is allowed, the work of ex- terminating the disease is most seriously retarded, if not rendered altogether futile, the expense to the State is in- Mediate Contagion. 31 definitely enhanced and prolonged, and the hope of any future riddance of the pestilence is rendered extremely problematical. G-. Contagion through Pasture or Fodder. — An instance which came under the author's observation in East Lothian, Scotland, in the years from 1856 to 1862 was nearly allied to the above. On the Beil estate the deer- park was not fully stocked with game, and the right of pasturage for a certain number of cattle was let yearly. Prior to the date mentioned cattle affected with the plague had been placed in this field, and after this the affection developed year after year in the herds there turned out. That the infection came from the field was unquestionable, as the stock turned out on the deer-park were often from farms near by, where they had been kept all winter and where there had not been a trace of the disease for years. As the park was vacated by all but the deer and sheep for four or five months of the year, it is hardly credible that the contagium survived in the soil for that length of time through all the changes of a Brit- ish winter, and it seems more reasonable to conclude that it had been covered up under great accumulations of dried leaves, or in hay stored for the use of the animals. In conclusion it is well to add that this denial of medi- ate coiitagion is sustained by but very few living veterinari- ans, who cling to this as others still obstinately claim the absence of all contagion whatever, direct or indirect. But the best authorities, including Delafond, Bouley Eeynal, Gerlach, Eoloff, Bychner, Boll, Lafosse, Flem ing, etc., etc., advance the doctrine of mediate conta- gion as amply proved and indisputable. Bychner says / " The affection breeds a disease-germ — a contagion of a volatile nature. That it attacks the cow that stands in an uncleansed, infected stable, the many proofs of its con- veyance through men, and through horses that have 32 The Lung Plague of Cattle. stood in stables as mates with cattle, its constant exten- sion in a stable or in a herd, and finally its sure arrest by the seclusion of stables and localities afford the most conclusive evidence of this." (Bojatrik.) Roll says, " Contamination occurs from the contact of sound animals with the sick on roads, pastures, in stables, through the medium of food, of straw that has been breathed upon and soiled by infected beasts, by the utensils that have been used for the latter and by the persons who have attended them." (Pathologie und Therapie.) Fleming says, "Healthy cattle have been contaminated after being lodged in stables that were occupied by diseased ones three or four months previously. Hay soiled by sick cattle has induced the disease after a longer period ; and pastures grazed upon three months before have in- fected healthy stock. The flesh of diseased animals has also conveyed the malady ; and it is recorded that the contagion from cattle buried in the ground infected others fifty or sixty feet distant." (Veterinary Sanitary Sci- ence.) Vitality of the Vibus. There is much difference of opinion with regard to the power of the virus to resist ordinary destructive influ- ences. In many cases the free exposure of an infected place for three or four months to the action of the air has purified it so that fresh stock have been introduced with impunity. On the other hand, instances can be ad- duced in which cattle have been infected by being placed in stables in which sick cattle had been kept at least four months previously. Other things being equal, it will be preserved longest where it has been dried up and covered from the free access of the air. Thus, in very dry and close buildings, in those having rotten wood-work, or deep dust-filled cracks in the masonry, and in those with a closed space beneath a wooden floor, it clings with the Vitality of the Virus. 33 greatest tenacity. Again, when the "buildings contain piles of lumber, litter, hay, fodder or clothing, the virus is covered up, secreted and preserved for a much longer time than if left quite empty. In these last it is pre- served just as it is in woolen or other textile fabrics and carried from place to place by human beings. As carried through the air the distance at which the virus retains its infecting properties varies much with varying conditions. The author has seen a sick herd separated from a healthy one by not more than fifteen yards and a moderately close board fence of seven feet high, and in the absence of all intercommunication of attendants, the exposed herd kept perfectly sound for six months in succession. On the other hand, infection will sometimes take place at a much greater distance without any known means of conveyance on solid objects. Boll quotes 50 to 100 feet, while others claim to have seen infection at a distance of 200 and 300 feet. But it may well be questioned whether in such cases the virus had not been dried up on light objects, like feathers, paper, straw or hay, which could be borne on the wind. This, from being in thicker layers, would escape the destruc- tion that would have befallen it had it been carried in the air only as invisible particles. How does the Infection enter the System ? The seat of the disease, its progress, and the results of all attempts at inoculation favor the presumption that the virus is usually taken in with the air breathed. Not only are the lesions concentrated in the lungs, but they begin with cloudiness and swelling of the smaller air tubes and surrounding connective tissues. The exuda- tion into the interlobular tissue, the congestion of the lung tissue itself, and the implication of the lung cover- ing, are secondary phenomena. In other words, the dis- ease begins where the inspired air must lodge the germs. Thus the inoculation of the virulent lung products on dis- 34 The Lung Plague of Cattle. fcant parts of the body of a sound beast rarely determines the characteristic lesions in the lungs, in place of which it induces in the seat of inoculation an exudation, less abundant, as might be expected from the greater density and resistance of the integument, but which can, like the morbid lung products, be inoculated on sound animals with protective effect. It seems probable that the poison is multiplied in both cases, but that the special loose and susceptible texture of the lung renders its production in- comparably more abundant, as the continuous ingress and egress of air through the diseased organ renders it immeasurably more infecting. JSoiv Long is a Diseased Animal Infecting ? Proof is wanting as to the infecting nature of the dis- ease during the incubation stage. If negative evidence were of any value in a case of this kind it would be easy to adduce cases in which the removal of an animal as soon as it showed symptons of the plague had apparently saved the rest of the herd. In other cases the malady has been eradicated from a herd by careful watching and the prompt removal of every animal as soon as sickness appeared. The period of greatest virulence is that at which the fever runs highest and when the lung is being loaded with the morbid exudation. But it must not be inferred that with the subsidence of the fever the danger is removed. It is a matter of every day observation that animals which have passed through the fever, that are now thriving well or giving a free sup- ply of milk, and to ordinary observers would appear iu pei feet health, retain the power of transmitting the dis- ease to others. This may continue for three, six, nine, twelve or according to some even fifteen months after all signs of acute illness have disappeared. This is easily explained : The tendency of the disease is to interrupt the circulation in the most severely affected parts of the lung ; this accordingly dies, and the exudation immedi- Infecting Animals, Susceptibility. 35 ately around this becomes developed into a tough fibrous envelope, which closes off the dead mass from the adja- cent lung and from all communication with the external air. The dead and imprisoned mass now undergoes a process of breaking down, liquefaction and absorption, commencing at the surface and slowly advancing toward the centre. The encysted portion of dead lung is one mass of infecting material, and as it undergoes no change, except that of liquefaction, and exhales at no time any putrid odor, it remains infecting so long as it retains the solid form. At the outset more than half a lung may be thus encysted, and five or six months after alleged recov- ery we still find masses of from one to two pounds weight, waiting for the slow process of solution. "Whenever there are indications of the existence of such encysted masses the animal should be looked on as infecting and disposed of as summarily as if in the acute stages of the disease. Peecentage of Animals Susceptible to the Disease. The number of animals that contract the disease by exposure to the contagion is somewhat irregular. The French Commission of 1849 found that of 20 animals drawn from a healthy locality and exposed to infection, 16 contracted the plague, 10 of them severely. Twenty per cent, remained refractory. In warmer climates the mortal- ity is greater. Dr. Lindley quotes examples from his South African experience, in which whole herds of 80, 130 and several hundred died without exception. "We find ap- proximate results in the hot summer of New York, and a reference to cases quoted above will show the destruc- tion of whole herds without exception. During the win- ter season the disease is far less violent in its manifesta- tions and a greater number of exposed cattle resist it. Alleged Insusceptibility of the Digestive Organs. In 1868-9 at the Veterinary College at Alfort, portions of the diseased lungs and several pints of the liquid ex 36 The Lung Plague of Cattle. pressed from them were administered to animals without any bad result. Even if we could rely on such negative testimony, they would be of slight significance, as the food devoured by the ox is at the same time breathed upon, and any existing virus is likely to be directly in- haled. Animals Susceptible. Unlike the other great cattle plagues (Rinderpest and Aphthous Fever) this confines its ravages to the bovine genus. Currency has at different times been given to re- ports of the infection of sheep, goats and deer, but the transmission of the malady to these animals has never been satisfactorily proved. In Great Britain sheep have mingled in the fields with infected cattle for thirty-seven years without any observed transmission of the malady to the sheep. The same is true of Australia and the Cape of Good Hope, where the plague has driven many colonists to replace their cattle by sheep. Goats live in a large proportion of the stables in New York and Brook- lyn, yet we have never seen a goat infected. As respects deer, the lung plague prevailed for a series of years in the deer park at Biel, Scotland, but the deer never suf- fered. These, it is true, are but negative proofs ; they show only that in certain climates and conditions expo- sure fails to produce infection ; what might occur in a dif- ferent environment which materially modified the disease, remains to be shown. At present there is no reliable testimony that other animals than cattle will contract the affection. Among cattle no race, breed nor age materially modi- fies the susceptibility. In countries where the malady has prevailed for centuries the attacks are somewhat less severe ; but this holds true of all plagues of man or beast. In time the more susceptible races die off, and by a natural selection the survivors have the disease in a Immunity After One Attach. — Mortality. 37 milder form. Sex gives no immunity; bulls suffer as much as cows, and oxen and calves, if equally exposed, furnish no fewer victims than bulls and cows. Immunity Confeeeed by a Fiest Attack. Like the different forms of variola (small-pox, sheep- pox, cow-pox, etc.), rinderpest, measles and scarlatina, the lung plague is usually taken but once by the same individual. Some claim that the immunity lasts but about two years, after which the disease may be con- tracted anew; but the mass of evidence goes to show that second attacks are exceptional, and they are proba- bly no more common than second attacks of small-pox, measles or scarlatina. The acquired immunity in infected districts gives a special value to animals that have passed through the disease, and upon this are based the prac- tices of protective inoculation, and of the exposure of young and valueless calves to the infection, that the losses from the plague may be materially reduced. Moetality. In recording the mortality caused by the plague the most varied figures are set down by authors. Much of the discrepancy arises from the point of view taken. Thus if we estimate the losses as a percentage of all the cattle in a district, they will appear very small inasmuch as it is rare to find all the herds affected. Thus Loiset states the losses for the entire bovine race of the department du Nord, France, at 4 per cent, per annum. For distillery stables, sugar factory stables, etc., it was 12 per cent., and for farms but 2 per cent. This is accounted for by the frequent changes in the former and the inevitable in- troduction of contagion. The same applies to city dairies where he found a mortality of 25 or 26 per cent. In the Nord in 19 years it had killed 212,800 beasts of a total value of 52,000 000 francs (over $10,000,000). 4 33 The Lung Plague of Cattle. Yvart, estimating for infected herds only, stated the losses in Aveyron, Cantal and Lozere at 30, 40, 50, 68, and even 77 per cent., the average being at least 35 per cent. Gamgee secured records of 88 dairies in the city oi Edinburgh for the year 1861-2 and found that with au average holding of 1830 the plague cut of 1075 or over 58 per cent. The yearly loss was £14,512 ($70,000). The actual losses in Dublin and other large cities were found to correspond, those of London alone being estimated at £80,000. The losses for the British Isles, computed from agricultural statistics, the records of insurance com- panies, etc., were close upon £2,000,000 ($10,000,000) per annum. Finlay Dunn shows from the English Cattle Insurance Co.'s statistics that from 1863 to 1866 the losses from this plague were 50 to 63 per cent, per annum. In Holland Sauberg records a yearly loss of 49,661 head, while in Wurtenberg it amounted to 39 per cent. Mr. Lindley's observations in South Africa show that in that hot, dry climate the disease was most virulent even in cattle kept in the open air, and it was no uncommon thing for entire herds of several hundreds to be carried off by the pestilence. This is precisely in keeping with what we see in the hot summers of New York ; the dis- ease at this season becomes unusually violent, all cases are acute and run a rapid and often fatal course and it is not uncommon to see a whole herd swept off without ex- ception. This is a fact of supreme importance in view of the continued neglect of the plague in the more southern of our infected States. Should it be allowed to spread farther south and west where the semitropical summers will increase its severity and death rate, we shall have ourselves to blame for the results, and can no longer plead excuse on the ground of ignorance. Incubation. 39 Peeiod of Incubation. Latency. The time that elapses between the receiving of the germs into the system and the manifestation of the earliest symptoms of the disease, varies greatly. Dela- fond sets it at from six to sixty days, Verheyen from ten to sixty days, the French Commission extends the period to sixty-seven days, Reynal has seen it exceed ninety days, and Roll and Gamgee quote from eight days to one hundred and twelve. It is true that Gamgee qualifies this by the statement that when an animal sickens four months after purchase, two or three latent instances of the diseases have preceded the obvious one. Australia, South Africa and Norway were each infected by cattle that had shown a period of incubation of three months. I have frequently seen cases in which cattle have passed three or four months after the purchase in poor health, yet without cough or any other obvious diagnostic symp- tom, and at the end of that time have shown all the symptoms of the lung plague. But, as such cows are considered by the ordinary observer to be well, and as many of them will Convey to the mind of the veterinarian nothing more than unthriftiness, we must, as a working rule, accept as possible an incubation of three or even four months. All quarantine regulations for this dis- ease must be based on this occasionally long period of latency. As regards the real or regular period, we may deduce something from the exudation and swelling in the tail in inoculated cases. The average period is on the ninth day, though it may appear as early as the fifth, or it may be delayed till the thirtieth or fortieth day. In the ex- perimental transmission of the disease by cohabitation, under the French Commission, a cough — the earliest symptom- -appeared from the sixth to the thirty-second day, and sometimes continued for months, though no acute disease supervened. 40 The Lung Plague of Cattle. It should be added that hot climates and seasons abridge the period of latency ; thus, the disease will de- velop more rapidly in summer than in winter, and in the south than in the north. Any febrile condition of the system will also favor its rapid development ; therefore, symptoms are often hastened by parturition, by heat, (oestrum), and by other exciting conditions. Symptoms. These vary in different countries, latitudes, seasons, altitudes, races of animals and individuals. They are caeteris paribus, more severe in hot latitudes, countries and seasons, than in the cold ; in the higher altitudes they are milder than on the plains ; in certain small or dwarfed animals, with a spare habit of body, like Brittanies, they appear to be less violent than in the large, phlegmatic, heavy-milking, or obese short-horn, Ayrshires and Dutch ; a newly infected race or cattle in a newly infected coun- try suffer much more severely than those of a land where the plague has prevailed for ages ; and finally certain in- divduals, without any appreciable cause, have the disease in a much more violent form than others which stand by them in precisely the same conditions. Sometimes the disease shows itself ' abruptly with great violence and without any appreciable premonitory symptoms, resembling in this the most acute type of or- dinary broncho-pneumonia. This, however, is mostly in connection with some actively exciting cause, such as exposure to inclement weather, parturition, overstock- ing with milk, heat, etc. Far more commonly the symptoms come on most in- sidiously, and for a time are the opposite of alarming. For some days, and quite frequently for a fortnight, a month or more, a slight cough is heard at rare intervals. It may be heard only when the animal first rises, when it leaves the stable or when it drinks cold water, and hence Symptoms. 41 attracts little or no attention. The cough is usually small, weak, short and husky, but somewhat painful and attended by some arching of the back, an extension of the head upon the neck, and protrusion of the tongue. This many continue for weeks without any noticeable de- viation from the natural temperature, pulse or breathing, and without any impairment of appetite, rumination or coat. The lungs are as resonant to percussion as in health, and auscultation detects slight changes only, perhaps an unduly loud blowing sound behind the middle of the shoulder, or more commonly an occasional slight mucous rattle, or a transient wheeze. In some cases the disease never advances further, and its true nature is to be recognized only by the facts that it shows itself in an infected herd or on infected premises, and that the victim proves dangerously infecting to healthy animals in unin- fected localities. It may be likened to those mild cases of scarlatina which are represented by sore-throat only, or to the modified variola, known as chicken-pox. In the majority of cases, however, the disease advances a step further. The animal becomes somewhat dull, more sluggish than natural, does not keep constantly with the herd, but may be found lying alone ; eats and ruminates more tardily and less frequently ; breathes more quickly (20 to 30 times per minute in place of 10 to 15) ; retracts the margins of the nostrils more than formerly ; the hair, especially along the neck, shoulders and back, stands erect and dry ; the muzzle has intervals of dryness, and the milk is diminished. The eye loses somewhat of its prominence and lustre, the eyelids and ears droop slightly, and the roots of the horns and ears and the limbs are hot or alternately hot and cold. By this time the tem- perature is usually raised from 103 degrees, Fahrenheit, in the slightest or most tardy cases to 105 degrees and upward to 108 degrees in the more acute and severe. Auscultation and percussion also now reveal decided changes in the lung tissue. 42 The Lung Plague of Cattle. The ear applied over the diseased portions detects in some cases a diminution of the natural soft breathing murmur, or it may be a fine crepitation which has been likened to the noise produced by rubbing a tuft of hair between finger and thumb close to the ear. Where this exists it is usually only at the margin of the diseased area, while in the centre the natural soft murmur is en- tirely lost. In other cases a loud blowing sound is heard over the diseased lung, which though itself impervious to air and producing no respiratory murmur is in its firm, solid condition a better conductor of sound and conveys to the ear the noise produced in the larger air tubes. Percussion is effected by a series of taps of varying force delivered with the tips of the fingers of the right hand on the back of the middle finger of the left firmly pressed on the side of the chest. Over all parts of the healthy lung this draws out a clear resonance, but over the diseased portions the sound elicited is dull as if the percussion were made over the solid muscles of the neck or thigh. All gradations are met with as the lung is more or less consolidated, and conclusions are to be drawn accordingly. In other cases we hear on auscultation the loud, harsh, rasping sound of bronchitis with dry, thickened and rigid membranes of the air tubes, or the soft, coarse, mucous rattle of the same disease when there is abundant liquid exudation and the bursting of bubbles in the air passages. In others there is a low, soft, rubbing sound usually in jerks when the chest is being filled with or emptied of air. This is the friction between the dry, inflamed membrane covering the lungs and that covering the side of the chest, and is heard at an early stage of the disease, but neither at its earliest nor its latest stage. Later there may be dull- ness on percussion up to a given level on one or both sides of the chest, implying accumulations of liquid in the cavity. Or there is a superficial dullness on percus- Symptoms 43 sion, and muffling of the natural breathing sound with a very slight, sometimes almost inaudible, creaking due to the existence of false membranes (solidified exudations) on the surface of the lung or connecting it to the inner side of the ribs. This is often mistaken for a mucous rattle that can no longer take place in a consolidated lung in which there can be no movement of air nor burst- ing of bubbles in breathing. The mucous rattle is only possible with considerable liquid exudation into the bronchial tubes and a healthly, dilatable condition of the portion of lung to which these lead. In rare cases there will be splashing sounds in the chest, or when the patient has just risen to his feet a succession of clear ringing sounds becoming less numerous and with longer intervals until they die away altogether. These are due to the falling of drops of liquid from shreds of false membrane in the upper part of the chest through an accumulation of gas into a collection of liquid below. It has been lik- ened to the noise of drops falling from the bung-hole into a cask half-filled with liquid. Peculiar sounds are some- times heard as wheezing in connection with the superven- tion of emphysema and others which it is needless to mention here. In lean patients pressure of the tips of the fingers in the intervals between the ribs will detect less movement over the diseased and consolidated lung than on the op- posite side of the chest where the lung is still sound. As seen in America, in winter, the great majority of cases fail to show the violence described in books. The patients fall off rapidly in condition, show a high fever for a few days, lie always on the same side (the diseased one), or on the breast, and have a great portion of one lung consolidated by exudation, and encysted as a dead mass, and yet the muzzle is rarely devoid of moisture, the milk is never entirely suspended and may be yielded in only a slightly lessened amount as soon .»s the first few days of active fever have passed. 44 The Lung Plague of Cattle. During the extreme heats of summer, on the other hand, the plague manifests all its European violence. The breathing becomes short, rapid, and labored, each ex- piration is accompanied by a deep moan or grunt, audi- ble at some distance from the animal. The nostrils and even the corners of the mouth are strongly retracted. The patient stands most of its time, and in some cases without intermission, its fore legs set apart, its elbows turned out, and the shoulder-blades and arm-bones, rapidly losing their covering of flesh, standing out from the sides of the chest so that their outlines can be plainly seen. The head is extended on the neck, the eyes prom- inent and glassy, the muzzle dry, a clear or frothy liquid distils from the nose and mouth, the back is slightly raised, and this together with the spaces between the ribs and the region of the breast-bone are very sensitive to pinching, the secretion of milk is entirely arrested, the skin becomes harsh, tightly adherent to the parts beneath and covered with scurf, and the arrest of digestion is shown by the entire loss of appetite and rumination, the severe or fatal tympanies (bloating), and later by a pro- fuse watery diarrhoea in which the food is passed in an undigested condition. If the effusion into the lungs or chest is very extensive the pallor of the mouth, eyelids, vulva, and skin betrays the weak, bloodless condition. The tongue is furred and the breath of a heavy, feverish, mawkish odor, but rarely foetid. Abortion is a common result in pregnant cows. Couese. Tekmination. In summer, when the disease shows its greatest vio- lence, the mortality is not only high, but early. " Cattle will die after a few days' illness from the great prostra- tion attendant on the enormous effusion into the organs of the chest, the impairment of breathing and the im- pairment or suspension of the vital functions in general, Course. — Termination. 45 Others die early from distension of the paunch with gas. In others, still, the profuse scouring helps to speedily wear out the vital powers. In severe cases, that survive for some time, the rapid loss of flesh is most surprising. A loss of one-third of the weight in a single week is by no means uncommon, and even one-half may be parted with in the same length of time in extreme cases. In fatal cases, with a moderately rapid course, all the symptoms become more intense for several weeks, the pulse becomes more and more small, weak and ac- celerated and finally imperceptible, the breathing be- comes rapid and difficult, the mucous membranes of the mouth, eyes, etc., become pale and bloodless, emaciation goes on with active strides and death ensues in from two to six weeks. In other cases and especially in cold and dry weather a portion of dead lung may remain encysted in the chest, submitting to slow liquefaction and removal, and such animals will go on for months doing badly, only to sink at last into such a state of debility that death ensues from exhaustion and weakness. In others, still, the retention of such diseased masses and the consequent debility, determines the appearance of consumption (tuberculosis), which cuts off the animal. Purulent infection and rupture of abscesses into the chest are other causes of death in this disease, but neither of these has so far come under my notice. In cases about to recover, the symptoms gradually sub- side, life and appetite are re-acquired, and a more or less rapid recovery takes place. In the most favorable the exudations are slowly re-absorbed and the lung may be restored to its natural state. In others, the exudation, which is mostly in the interlobular tissue, becomes in part organized into fibrous material which, in contract- ing, compresses the lobules of lung tissue, lessening their capacity for dilation, and leaving the animal short-wind- ed and predisposed to emphysema and other lung 46 The Lung Plague of Cattle. troubles. If kept quiet, such convalescents fatten rap- idly. # ' Far more frequently, in this country at least, a mass ol lung is entirely lost, being divested of its vitality, enclosed in a fibrous cyst, and slowly liquefied and absorbed through a course of several months. These continue to do poorly for a number of months and may yet entirely recover, the whole dead mass having been finally re- moved and the sac having contracted into a dense fibrous structure. Erven in this case if the patient has been able to bear up under the continued drain, and has escaped consumption and other risks, it may finally be successfully fattened. Appearances or the Chest and Lungs after Death. If the disease is seen in its earliest stages the changes are altogether confined to the tissue of the lung. From the examination of the lungs of several hundred diseased animals I can confidently affirm that the implication of the serous covering of the lung (pleura) is a secondary result. In all the most recent cases we find the lung substance involved and the pleura sound, while in no one instance has the pleura been found diseased to the exclu- sion of the lung tissue, or without an amount and char- acter of lung disease which implied priority of occurrence for that. Yet in all violent attacks the disease will have proceeded far enough to secure implication of the pleura as well, and hence we may describe the changes in the order in which they are usually seen when the chest is opened. The cavity of the chest usually contains a quantity of liquid varying from one or two pints to several gallons, sometimes yellowish, clear and transparent, at others slightly greenish, brownish-white and opaque or even ex- ceptionally slightly colored with blood. This effusion contains cell-forms and granules, and gelatinizes more ot less perfectly when exposed to the air. Post-Mortem Appearances. On the surface of the diseased lung and to a less ex- teat on the inner side of the ribs is a fibrinous deposit (false membrane), varying from the merest rough pellicle to a mass of half an inch in thickness, and in the worst cases firmly binding the entire lung to the inner side oi the chest and to the diaphragm. These false membranes are usually of an opaque white, though sometimes tinged with yellow, and in the deeper layers even blood-stained, especially over an infarcted lung. A noticeable feature of these false membranes and one that serves to distin- guish them from those of ordinary pleurisy is that they are commonly limited to the surface of the diseased por- tion of lung, or if more extensive that portion which cov- ers sound lung tissue is much more recent, and has prob- ably been determined by infection from the liquid thrown out into the chest. In the lung itself the most varied conditions are seen in different cases and at different stages of the disease. The diseased lung is solid, firm and resistant, seems to be greatly enlarged because it fails to collapse like the nealthy portion when the chest is opened, is greatly in- creased in weight and sinks in water. When cut across it shows a peculiar linear marking (marbling) due to the excessive exudation into the loose and abundant connect- ive tissue which separates the different lobules of the ox's lung from each other. This exudation is either clear, and therefore dark as seen by reflected light, or it is of a yel- lowish-white, and when filled with it the interlobular tis- sue appears as a net-work, the meshes of which vary from a line to an inch across, and hold in its interspaces the pinkish-gray, brownish-red, or black lung tissue. "When only recently attacked the lung may present two essentially different appearances : 1. Most frequently the changes are most marked in the interlobular connective tissue, which is the seat of an abundant infiltration of clear liquid, a sort of dropsy, 48 The Lung Plague of Cattle. while the lung tissue, surrounded by this, retains its normal pinkish-gray color, and is often even paler and contains less blood than in health. It has, in short, be- come compressed by the surrounding exudation, and air and blood have been alike in great part expressed from its substance. (See Heliotype.) This extreme change in the tissue surrounding the lobules and the compara- tively healthy appearance of the lobules themselves, have led many observers to the conclusion that the dis- ease commenced in this connective tissue beneath the pleura and extended to the proper tissue of the lung. There is, however, as pointed out by Professor Yeo, a co- existent disease of the smaller air tubes corresponding to the lobules, that are circumscribed by this infiltration, and there is every reason to believe that the infiltration in question is the result of antecedent changes in the air tubes. 2. Less frequently we find the lobules of the lung tissue presenting the first indications of change. The lobules affected are of a deep red and more or less shin- ing, yet tough and elastic. They do not crepitate on pressure, yet they are not depressed beneath the level of the adjacent healthy lung tissue as they would be if col- lapsed. The interlobular connective tissue, devoid of all unhealthy exudation, has no more than its natural thick- ness, and reflects a bluish tint by reason of the subjacent dark substance of the lung. Here the lung tissue itself is manifestly the seat of the earliest change — congestion — and the interlobular exudation has not yet supervened. Specimens of this kind may be rare, but a number have come under the writer's observation, and in lungs, too, that presented at other points of their substance the ex- cessive interlobular exudation. Both of these forms show a tendency to confine them- selves to particular lobules and groups of lobules of the lung. They correspond, in short, to the distribution oi Hepatization. — Infarction. 49 particular air tubes and blood vessels, as will be explained further on. The fact, however, is noteworthy as charac- teristic of this disease, that it attacks entire lobules, and the limits of the diseased lung tissue are usually sharply marked by the line of connective tissue between two lob- ules, so that one lobule will be found consolidated throughout, and. the next in a perfectly natural condi- tion. The two forms just described differ also in cohesion and power of resistance. The lung saturated with the liquid exudation has its intimate elements torn apart and is more friable, giving way readily under pressure, while that in which there is red congestion but no ex- tensive exudation, retains its natural elasticity, tough- ness and power of resistance. Hepatization. — Another condition of the diseased lung tissue, more advanced than either of those just described, is the granular consolidation or hepatization. In this con- dition the affected regions of lung are as much enlarged as in the dropsical condition, but they are firmer and more friable, and on their cut surface present the appearance of little round granules. These granules are not pecul- iar to the lung tissue proper, though most marked on this ; they characterize the interlobular connective tissue as well. They consist mainly of lymphoid cell growths, filling up the air cells, the smaller air tubes, the lymph spaces and the meshes of the connective tissue. The color of these portions varies from a bright reddish-brown to a deep red, according to the compression to which the lung tissue has been subjected by the exudation in the early stages. (See Heliotype.) Infarction. — Another form of lung consolidation is of a very dark red or black and always implies the death of the portion affected. The dark aspect of the diseased lobules forms a strong contrast with the yellowish-white interlob- ular tissue, excepting in cases where that also becomes 5 50 The Lung Plague of Cattle. blood-stained, when the whole presents a uniform dark mass. This form has the granular appearance of that last described and on microscopic examination its minute blood-vessels are found distended to their utmost capacity with accumulated blood globules. This black consolidation is always sharply limited by the borders of certain lob- ules or groups of lobules which are connected with a particular air tube and its accompanying blood vessels, and the artery leading to such lobules is as constantly blocked by a firm blood-clot. The mode of causation is this : The artery being in the centre of a diseased mass, be- comes itself inflamed. As soon as the inflammation reaches its inner coat the contained blood coagulates ; the vein is usually blocked in the same way. The blood formerly supplied by the artery to certain lobules is now arrested ; that in the capillary vessels of these lobules stagnates ; nutrition of the walls of the capillaries ceases and these losing their natural powers of selection allow the liquid parts to pass freely out of the vessels, leaving the globules only in their interior. More blood continues to enter them slowly from adjacent capillaries supplied from otiier sources, and as this is filtered in the same way by the walls of the vessels, these soon come to be filled to repletion by the globules only, and hence the intensely dark color assumed. The color is often heightened by the escape of blood from the now friable vessels into the surrounding tissue, and it is by this means that the in- terlobular tissue is usually stained. (See Heliotype.) This black hepatization, or as it is technically called, infarction, is an almost constant occurrence in the dis- ease as seen in New York, and the death and en- cysting of large portions of lung is therefore the rule. If too extensive, of course the patient perishes, but not unfrequently a mass of lung measuring four or six inches by twelve is thus separated without killing the animal Encysted Masses. 51 If at a later stage we open an animal which has passed through the above condition, the following may be met with : A hard, resistant mass is felt at some portion of the lung, usually the lower and back portion, and on laying it open it is found to consist of dead lung tissue in which the hepatized lobules and interlobular tissue, the air tubes and blood vessels are still clear and dis- tinct, but the whole is separated from the still living lung by a layer of a white pus-like liquid, outside which is a dense, fibrous sac or envelope, formed by the develop- ment of the surrounding interlobular exudation. From the inner surface of this dense cyst, the firm, thick bron- chial tubes and attending vascular systems project in a branching manner like dirty white stalactites, and these with the interlobular tissue thickened by its now firmly organized exudation, may form bands extending from side to side of the cavity. (See engraving.) At a still more advanced stage the dead and encysted lung tissue is found to have been entirely softened and the sac contains but a mass of white liquid debris, or, still later, a caseous mass of its dried, solid matters, upon which the fibrous covering has steadily contracted, so as to inclose but a mere fraction of its original area. In hundreds of post mortems we have only once seen the dead and encysted lung the seat of putrid decompo- sition, and never found the cavity opening into a pervious air tube. There remains to be noticed the condition of the air tubes and accompanying vessels in the diseased lungs. In all cases where we see the starting point of the dis- ease we find in the small tubes leading to the affected lobules, a loss of the natural brilliancy of the mucous membrane which has become clouded and opaque, and the tissue beneath it infiltrated and thickened. In more advanced cases and above all, in those showing the drop- sical condition of the interlobular tissue, we find a simi- 62 The Lung Plague of Cattle. lar infiltration into the connective tissue around the air tubes and their accompanying vessels, and in the hepa- tized lung this is always seen as a thick, firm, resistant white material, having the compressed and contracted and often plugged air tubes and vessels in the centre. (See Heliotype.) These thickened masses have already been referred to as standing out in stalactite form from the inner wall of the sac in which the dead (necrosed) lung is undergoing solution. Nature of the Bovine Lung Plague. That the plague is determined by an infecting material conveyed from beast to beast there can be no doubt. The intimate nature of this material has never been deter- mined. No special anatomical element, no specific organ- ism of animal or vegetable origin has been detected as constant in the diseased organ and peculiar to it. Yet the presence of a specific contagium is demonstrated in all our experience of the disease as above recorded, and in the prophylactic value of inoculation to be referred to below. This infecting material, as will be seen by the records of inoculation, rarely affects the lungs when first lodged on a raw surface of some other part of the body, differing in this essentially from most other specific disease poisons which have a definite seat of elec- tion in which their morbid processes are invariably es- tablished, no matter by what channel they may have en- tered the body. Since the lung plague contagium does not usually affect the lungs when introduced by some other channel it follows almost of necessity that when it does attack the lungs it must have been introduced into these direct. If it has been inhaled in the air it will fall upon one of two points — the air tubes, or the air cells — ■ and there begin its baleful course. This is exactly in ac- cordance with the early lesions as described above. 1. If arrested, as it most commonly will be, in the ail Nature of the Lung Flague. 53 tubes, and if it attacks most severely the most delicate and susceptible parts, the membrane lining the smallest branches, it will determine the cloudy swelling so con- stantly seen in these. As the deeper layers and the adja- cent connective tissue is invaded, the exudation and cell ^ proliferation giving rise to the extensive thickening of the peribronchial tissue, as already described, will compress the different vessels and obstruct the flow of liquids through them. The lymphatics as being incomparably the most delicate and compressible will be the first to suffer and the obstruction of these will lead to engorgement and dropsy in the parts from which they draw the lymph. The lymphatic vessels and networks are marvelously abundant in the interlobular tissue and few and small in the lung lobules themselves, hence the obstruction of these vessels as they lead out from a given section of lung will lead to a dropsical effusion into the interlobular tis- sue while the inclosed lobules are still comparatively un- affected. This sufficiently explains the excessive liquid exudation into the interlobular spaces without starting with the assumption that this is the primary step of the disease. The subsequent congestion, exudation and cell-prolifera- tion in the lobules themselves sufficiently account for the changes which these subsequently undergo. 2. If, on the other hand, the infecting material succeeds in reaching the air cells it will, of course, make its earli- est inroads on their delicate walls. Then will follow the early congestion, redness and consolidation of the lobules, and, only later, the extensive interlobular exudation, when the disease in the air tubes and the extensive exudation around them shall have compressed the accompanying lymphatic vessels. In this way is explained the second manner of invasion which I have described above. The records of inoculation abundantly support these views. Though a number of experiments record the oc- 5* 54 The Lung Plague of Cattle. currence of cough ten to fifteen days after inoculation, yet among the multitudes of inoculated beasts, there has been no evidence of extensive disease of the lungs that can be demonstrated to have been of this nature. The local changes in the seat of inoculation are like those met with in the lungs in the ordinary forms of the disease, al- lowance being made for the natural differences of struct- ure, and that they are specific is sufficiently evidenced by the now almost universal acceptance of the prophylactic value of inoculation. The conveyance of the disease from an inoculated animal is by no means unknown. "We have seen instances in which the plague appeared to start in a stable from inoculated animals, and a very striking instance is recorded by Eeynal in which an inoculated Brittany cow conveyed the affection to two others that stood beside her in the stable of the Alfort School. There is therefore every reason to believe that the contagium propagates itself in whatever tissue of a susceptible animal it may be lodged and that there the morbid processes are localized. Peevention. Under this head we take up that phase of the affection which is vital to the interests of America. That this plague is an exotic all history testifies. That animals susceptible to its contagium (buffalos) have existed in America for immemorial ages without a single instance of the spontaneous generation of the pestilence, is un- questionable. That any such spontaneous generation of the contagium would have been propagated and perpetu- ated in the widely wandering herds of buffalo as it has in the Old World steppes, the South African ranges and the Australian plains, is indisputable. That this Old World contagion can be crushed out of the New World States and driven back to its ancient haunts in Europe and Asia, and its more recently conquered territory in Africa and Australasia, is equally certain. Prevention : Its Necessity. 55 In view of the overshadowing importance of the ex- tinction of this and other imported animal plagues, the author cannot be charged with remissness. For over a decade he has been continually sounding notes of alarm and picturing to the nation the terrible and irretrievable devastation that must overtake us should the deadly ex- otic plagues reach our western plains. Coming down to recent times he pressed the matter strongly on New York in his lectures before the State Agricultural Society in 1877 and 1878 (see Transactions). He again brought up the subject in his paper read before the Centennial gath- ering of veterinarians at Philadelphia in 1876, and at fre- quent intervals in the New York Tribune, the Farmers' Advocate and the National Live Stock Journal. The fol- lowing article from the National Live Stock Journal for March, 1878, is a sample of these, which should be stud- ied to-day by all legislators, stock-owners and good citi- zens : " The Greatest Danger to our Stock. The Lung Fever. Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia. " The Journal has frequently called attention to the great dangers that beset our live stock from imported plagues of foreign origin. During the past year the sudden in- vasion of Western Europe and England by the rinder- pest roused the agricultural community from their dream of safety, and called forth from the Treasury an order re- markable alike for its promptitude and good intentions, and for the fatal blunders which rendered it worse than a dead letter. Once more there seems a prospect of a renewal of these apprehensions, the Russo-Turkish war having led to an extension of this cattle plague into Hungary, from which the Atlantic coast and Great Britain may be any day infected, owing to the activity of the stock trade. Should this unfortunately take place, it will find us no better pre- pared than we were a year ago, and our Treasury order, now in force, will freely invite the disease to enter, provided it makes its advent respectably — in the systems of blooded stock, and not in poor cross-bred animals, which it would 56 The Lung Plague of Catth be ruimus to import, even if sound. A similar welcome is extended, by implication, to all those ruminants which are devoted more particularly to luxury, and have not been degraded to such vulgar utilitarian objects as the production of meat or wool. Yet all ruminants are sub- ject to rinderpest, and this malady was carried to Franc? in 1866 by two gazelles, as other plagues have often been carried to new countries by the privileged blooded stock. "But we started out to notice a danger which is no longer separated from us by the broad barrier of the At- lantic, and whose malign presence is not to be dismissed by any one of ten thousand contingencies, as is the case with the possible advent of the rinderpest. This danger stands in our midst, and is steadily gaining in force as it encroaches further and further, showing how certain it is, if unchecked, to lay the whole country under contri- bution, and inflict most disastrous and permanent losses. The lung fever of cattle, imported into Brooklyn, L. I., for the first time, in 1843, in a European cow, has never since been at any time entirely absent from our soil. From this center it has slowly and irregularly extended over a portion of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary- land, Delaware and Virginia, besides having repeatedly invaded Connecticut. The slowness of its extension has begotten a false sense of security, and no real apprehen- sions of serious consequences remain from an animal poison which has been for over a third of a century hid- den away in the near vicinity of the Atlantic coast. "To disturb this comfortable and restful condition of the public mind is an unpleasant task, which nothing but the imperative sense of duty would compel us to under- take. But this disease has a history, which we can only ignore at our peril ; and as its records can now be drawn from all quarters of the globe, we can have before us an unequivocal testimony as to what will inevitably happen under given conditions of climate, surroundings and treatment. "England imported the lung fever of cattle in 1842, just one year before we did, was soon very generally infected, and has continued so to the present time. Up to 1869 it is estimated that England had lost, almost exclusively from this disease, 5,549,780 head of catib, worth £33,'- Losses in England. 57 616,854 (say $400,000,000). For the succeeding nine years, up to 1878, the losses have been, in the main, as extensive, so that we may set them down as now reach- ing at least $500,000,000 in deaths alone, without count- ing all the contingent expenses, of deteriorated health, loss of markets, progeny, crops, manure, etc., disinfec- tion, quarantine, etc. With us no attempts have been made to estimate the losses, but they cannot exceed an inconsiderable fraction of those above named; and thus we have slept on in a pleasant dream of immuuity. "It is even alleged that the disease has, in a great meas- ure, been shorn of its virulent power, by being trans- planted to the shores of the New World, and that we may comfort ourselves with this and continue to ignore its presence. If, on the other hand, it can be shown that the difference is- in no material respect affected by cli- mate, but altogether determined by the surroundings, it will be well for us to attend to the facts of the case, and face the real danger. The lung fever, which had really entered England, by a special importation, some time be- fore the free trade act of 1842, was, by virtue of this act, thrown upon her in constantly accumulating accessions. The ports at which the continental cattle were landed, and the markets in which they were sold — London (Smith- field Market), Southampton, Dover, Harwich, Hull, New- castle, Edinburgh, etc. — insured the mingling of the im- ported stock, week by week, with the native store cattle. Then, if they failed to find a profitable sale, they were sent by cars to other and inland markets, where they were again and again brought into contact with numer- ous herds of store cattle, by which the germs of the dis- ease were taken in and carried all over the country. " With us, on the other hand, the disease was long con- fined to the dairies of Brooklyn and New York, where the cows were kept until they died, or were fattened for the butcher. A few, doubtless, found their way to the country, and by these the disease was carried to different farms, which were thus constituted centres of contagion from which the adjacent country became infected. But any such movement from the city dairies was necessarily of the most restricted kind, and it never took place to any grea 4 ; distance. It would have been folly tc move a 58 The Lung Plague of Cattle. common milch cow, worth $40 to $70, to the West, where she could be bought for one-half or one-third of thai sum. The same deterrent condition existed in the case of the farms on which the diseased city cows had been brought. Sales were no doubt occasionally made from infected herds, to secure the apparent value of an animal which the owner had good reason to believe to be doomed, and as such animals would, for obvious reasons, be sent as far from home as possible, this became a prin- cipal means of the formation of more distant centres of contagion and the wider diffusion of the malady. But with us the disease has hitherto had to fight against the heaviest obstacles — the current of cattle traffic having been almost without exception from the cheaply-raised herds of the West to the profitable markets of the East. The exceptions have only been in the case of thorough- bred stock, and hitherto our Western stock has escaped contamination by this means. "The wonder is not so much that the plague has failed to reach the West, but that in the face of such tremen- dous obstacles it has succeeded in invading all of the six or seven States that are now infected. In Great Britain, where some would have us believe that the disease is more virulent, we can point to a more satisfactory record. There the great body of the country has been infected for thirty-five years, but the greater part of the high- lands, exclusively devoted to the raising of cattle and sheep, has enjoyed the most perfect immunity. Here, under nearly all possible predisposing causes of lung disease — altitude, exposure, cold, chilling rains and fogs, the piercing blasts of the Atlantic and German Oceans — this contagious lung disease has never penetrated, though se- verely ravaging the lowlands immediately adjacent. The explanation is, that these hills support none but the native black cattle, and other breeds are never introduced. In spite of the alleged virulence of the disease in England, it has proved powerless to enter this magic circle from which all but the native stock is excluded. The same holds true concerning some parts of Normandy, Brittany, the Channel Islands, Spain, Portugal, Norway, Sweden, etc. "The fact that the disease has maintained a foothold The Contagion, Insidious and Tenacious. 59 among us for thirty-four years, and in spite of all obsta- cles has made a slow but constant extension, is sufficient ground for the gravest apprehensions. A disease-poison which shows such an obstinate vitality and such persist- ent aggressiveness cannot be allowed to exist among us without the certainty of future losses which will eclipse those of Great Britain by as much as our herds of cattle exceed those of that nation. A recent outbreak in Clin- ton, N. J., caused by a cow brought from Ohio, suggests the possibility of the disease having already reached the latter State, an occurrence which was inevitable sooner or later, but the actual existence of which must enormously increase our dangers. With every such step westward there is the introduction of more diseased and infected cattle into the natural current of the traffic, and the ear- lier probability of the general infection of all parts to the east of such ultimate centres of disease. There is, further, the infection of more cattle cars which, carried west, may be the means of securing a rapid extension of the plague to our most distant States and Territories. "Belattve Dangers of the Poisons of Lung Fever and other Plagues. " The persistent vitality of the lung-fever 'poison, in com- parison with that of any other animal plagues, is note- worthy. It has held a tenacious grasp on the United States for over a third of a century, though forbidden by circumstances to make a wide extension. Aphthous fever (foot and mouth disease), on the other hand, though twice imported into Canada within the last ten years, and on one occasion widely spread in New York and New England, was on each occasion easily and early extin- guished, and with little or no effort on the part of the States. It might indeed almost be said to have died out of itself. Even the dreaded rinderpest has its poison early destroyed by free exposure to the air, in thin lay- ers, at the ordinary summer temperature. Numerous ex- periments on hides hung up and freely exposed in warm weather, have shown that the infecting power is lost as soon as they are quite dried. But the poison of lung fever maintains its virulence for months in the dry state 60 The Lung Plague of Cattle. in buildings, and we have known parks, with sheds, that proved regularly infecting year after year to all cattle turned into them. In other cases we have known the virus carried for miles on the clothes of attendants, and thus introduced into new herds. "A far greater danger lies in the lengthened period dur- ing which the poison of lung fever remains dormant in the system. This averages about three weeks or a month, but may extend, in exceptional cases, to not less than two or even three months. An ox or a cow which has been exposed to the contagion may, therefore, be carried from one extremity of the continent to the other, may be exposed in a succession of markets, and may change hands an indefinite number of times, and be all the while in the best apparent health, though infallibly approaching the manifestation of the disease, and for the latter portion of the time spreading the germs of the malady to others. There is here an opportunity for the unscrupulous to sell off exposed and infected animals without the purchaser having the least suspicion of foul play. There is also the strong probability of animals that have contracted the disease by accident, in cars or otherwise, in passing to a new home, mingling with the herd of the new owner and infecting them extensively be- fore there is a suspicion that anything is amiss. This long period of incubation after the animal is infected, and the equally long period of latency of the malady in ani- mals he has infected, one or two of which only will be at- tacked at intervals of a month, lull suspicion as to the presence of contagion, and it is too often only after great damage has been done that the truth dawns on the mind. "In aphthous fever and rinderpest, on the other hand, the disease shows itself in from one to four days after in- fection, and the surrounding animals are so rapidly at- tacked after the coming of the infected stranger, that there is no room for hesitancy as to the existence of con- tagion. Nor can the victims of these diseases be carried far from the point where they have been infected and dis- posed of as sound animals, so that in the very vigor and promptitude of their action we have an excellent basis foi their restriction and control. Probable Infection of the West by Thoroughbreds. 61 " Danger of Infection in our Unfenced Stock Kanges. " It is needful to note the above-named insidious prog- ress and stealthy invasions of the lung fever, and to con- trast them with the more prompt and open manifestations of the other animal plagues, in order to show the great peril to which we are subjected by the presence in our midst of a pestilence which literally walketh in darkness. Let us now consider the prospective infection of our great stock ranges. That this is inevitable, though slow, at the present rate of progress of the plague, has been suffi- ciently shown. That it might occur any day by an ani- mal infected in an Eastern farm or stock-yard, or in a railroad car in which it was sent for the improvement of the Western herds, must be abundantly evident to every one who has read this article. If we now add the fact that more than one thoroughbred Ayrshire and Jersey herd has been infected with this disease during the past year, we are at once confronted with a strong probability of an early Western infection. Let us remember that thorough- breds alone are carried West for improvement of native herds, and that a bull of the Ayrshire, Jersey, Holstein, or short-horn breed, taken from a herd now or recently infected, may be carried to any of our Western Territories and mingle for a month with the native herds before his own infection is so much as suspected ; and we can con- ceive how imminent is the danger when the infection has reached our Eastern thoroughbred cattle. " To illustrate the result of the infection of our unfenced stock ranges, I must quote another page from the history of this disease in other couutries. The instance of Aus- tralia is the most recent as well as the most striking. The lung fever was introduced into Melbourne in 1858. by a short-horn English cow, which died soon after land ing. Having been confined to an inclosed place, there is every reason to believe that with her the disease would have ended, had not a teamster turned his yokes of oxen into the infected park under cover of the night. These oxen working on the streets infected others, the disease soon spread to the open country, and the mortality in- creased at an alarming rate. Vigorous measures ior its suppression were adopted, thousands of infected and dis- 6 62 The Lung Plague of Cuttle. eased cattle were slaughtered, but all proved of uo avail Not only were the free, roaming herds infected, but so many places were contaminated that it was soon per- ceived that help from this source was not to be expected. Destroy a whole infected herd, and you still left the in- fection in the station from which, in its unfenced state, other herds could not be excluded, and where they were certain to take in the germs of the malady. After enor- mous losses had been sustained by the combined opera- tions of the pest and the pole-ax, it was concluded that the remedy was worse than the disease, and the colonists reluctantly fell back on the expedient of inoculation. This is based on the fact that the disease is rarely con- tracted a second time by the same animal, and it can be practiced on all calves with losses at the rate of from two to five per cent, only, so that the mortality is insignificant as compared with the thirty to fifty per cent, which per- ish where the affection is contracted in the ordinary way. The great objection to inoculation is, that it can only be practiced at the expence of a universal diffusion of the poison, and of its maintenance in a state of constant ac- tivity and growth. "With such a universal diffusion of the virus, the stock owners are virtually debarred from in- troducing any new stock for improving the native breeds, or infusing new vigor or stamina, inasmuch as such new arrivals would almost certainly fall early victims to the plague. Australia, therefore, now suffers from the per- manent incubus of the lung plague, and can only import high-class cattle at great risk. "This is an occurrence of yesterday, but it is only a repetition of the immemorial experience of the steppes of Russia. There we find the same conditions of great herds roaming free over immense uninclosed tracts, and all the facilities for an easy and wide diffusion of animal poi sons. There, accordingly, we find the home, in all ages, of the animal plagues of the Old "World. To these end- less steppes Europe and European colonies owe their frequent invasions of lung fever, rinderpest, aphthous fever, and sheep-pox. To these are to be charged the losses, to be estimated only by many thousands of millions, which have repeatedly fallen on the other civilized countries of the world. From these steppes the disease has spread over Prospective Losses. 63 the continent on the occasion of every great European war, dating from the expulsion of the Goths from Hun- gary by Attila and his Huns, in A. D. 376, down to the present Turkish war, which has secured the extension of the rinderpest to Hungary at least. On these steppes, too, the Russian veterinarians believe the rinderpest, at least, to be an imported disease derived from Eastern and Central Asia, yet all their efforts to crush out this or the lung fever, though receiving the freest support from the Russian Government, have failed. The same conditions exist, to a large extent, at the Cape of Good Hope ; and there, too, the lung fever, imported in 1854, has acquired a permanent residence. "Preventive Measures Demanded. " Such is the history. Now comes the question preg- nant with weal or woe to our future stock, agricultural and national interests. Shall we learn from the disas- trous experience of others and extirpate the lung plague from the United States while it is still possible, or shall we sit quietly by with folded hands and await the inevit- able, early or late, infection of our open Western stock ranges, and then repeat, for the benefit of other nations, the already twice-told tale of a desperate and extrava- gant but fruitless attempt to suppress a plague which we have criminally allowed to pass beyond our control? With or without a prodigal but vain effort to crush out the poison, the results may be thus summed up : The in- fection of stock-yards, loading-banks, cars and markets, and a general diffusion of the plague over the Eastern States. This would imply a national loss, by cattle dis- ease, like that of England, but much more extensive in ratio with our great numbers of stock. Thus England, with her 6,000,000 head of cattle, has lost in deaths alone from lung fever in the course of forty years over $500,- 000,000. We, therefore, with our 28,000,000, should lose not less than $2,000,000,000 in the same length of time, allowing still a wide margin for the lower average value per head in America. And this terrible drain is for deaths alone, without counting all the expenses of dete- riorated health in the survivors, of produce lost, of loss 64 The Lung Plague of Cattle. of progeny, of loss of fodder no longer safe to feed to cattle, of diminished harvests for lack of cultivation and manure, of quarantine and separate attendants wherever new stock is brought on a farm, of cleansing and disin- fection of sheds and buildings, etc., which become abso- lutely essential in the circumstances. "We do not include the expense of supervising the trade, examining and quarantining the stock at the front- ier of every State, and of the disinfection of cars, load- ing-banks, stock-yards and markets. If such were re- sorted to, after an extensive infection of our Western herds by lung fever, the cattle trade would be virtually stopped; Thus a safe quarantine for store cattle of not less than three months would be absolutely essential. Then the quarantine yards and sheds would be continual centres of infection, and would require to be very exten- sive, thoroughly isolated from each other, and constantly and perfectly disinfected, the air as well as the solids, to prevent the infection of newly-arrived stock. Such an incubus upon the trade would amount to a virtual prohi- bition. In rinderpest, sheep-pox, and aphthous fever, quarantine is a comparatively simple and available ex- pedient, as the disease shows itself within a week ; but, in lung fever, with the germs lying unsuspected in the system for one or two months, a protective quarantine is practically impossible wherever an active cattle trade is carried on. Hence in the countries of Central and West- ern Europe, through which the active traffic from the East is carried on, a complete control is usually main- tained over rinderpest and sheep-pox, while the people have resigned themselves to the prevalence of lung fever as an unavoidable infliction. The same holds in Great Britain. Twice within eleven years has she crushed out invasions of rinderpest, and repeatedly has the same thing been accomplished for sheep- pox ; but the lung fever is accepted as a necessary evil, between which and her large importations of continental cattle she must make a deliberate choice. " Happily, in these United States, we are as yet undei no such compulsion. The lung fever on American soil is still confined to the Eastern States and to inclosed farms, from which it is quite possible to eradicate it thoroughly Stamping Out Possible. 65 Of this possibility we have abundant evidence, alike in the Old World and the New. In several countries of Western Europe, through which there is no continuous cattle traffic between nations on opposite sides, this dis- ease has been killed out and permanently excluded by an intelligent veterinary sanitary supervision. Sweden im- ported the disease in Ayrshire stock in 1847, but at once circumscribed the infected herds and places, slaughtered the diseased, disinfected all with which they had come in contact, and promptly extinguished the outbreak. Den- mark, invaded the same year from a similar source, and on several subsequent occasions from Holland and En- gland, as often quenched the poison by analogous measures. Oldenburg, Schleswig and Norway, success- ively invaded by the importation of infected Ayrshires, in 1858, 1859 and 1860, respectively, enjoyed a similar happy riddance, through the application of the same sys- tem of suppression. Switzerland, long slandered as the native home of the lung plague, has at last awoke to the truth of the statement of the immortal Haller, made more than a century ago, that this disease only occurs ' when an animal has been brought from an infected dis- trict'; and by the judicious use of suppressive meas- ures, has permanently rid the country of the pesti- lence and demonstrated that the Alpine air is as clear and wholesome for beast as for man. "In America, Massachusetts and Connecticut have fur- nished examples equally striking. The former imported the disease in Dutch cattle in May, 1859. In April, 1860, when it had gained nearly a year's headway, an act was passed, and a commission appointed, with full power tc extirpate it. After the slaughter of 932 cattle, it was believed that this had been achieved ; but new centres of infection were discovered in the two succeeding years, aud it was not until 1865 that the commonwealth was purged of the poison. Since that year the lung fever has been unknown in Massachusetts. Connecticut has had a like experience, Her proximity to Ne w Tork City and Long Island has brought upon her a series of inva- sions ; but, profiting by the experience of her neighbor, she has, on each occasion, grappled successfully with the enemy, and driven him from her midst. 66 The Lung Plague of Cattle. " What lias been done by the Scandinavian nations, by Oldenburg and Switzerland, by Massachusetts and Oon- .ecticut, can be done by all of our Eastern States. On this •>oint the teaching of history is as unequivocal as on the certainty of the irreparable results if our open "Western stock ranges were infected. The one indispensable pre- requisite to success is the vigorous and simultaneous ac- tion of the various infected States, and its persistent maintenance until the last infected beast has disappeared and the last contaminated place or thing has been puri- fied. It matters little whether controlled by State or National government, if vigor and uniformity of action can be secured; but, as such combined and unflagging work is necessary, it could be best controlled by an in- telligent central authority. The United States Govern- ment is as much called upon to defend her possessions against an enemy like this — so implacable, so relentless and so certain, if not repelled, to lay us under an incubus which will increase with the coming centuries, and dwarf the prosperity to which we are entitled — as against the less insidious one who attacks us openly with fire and sword. Let the national Congress consider this matter well. Let every stock-holder press it upon his Repre- sentative as a matter that cannot be safely ignored even for a single day. Let boards of agriculture, farmers' clubs and conventions, granges, and all citizens who value the future well-being of the nation, unite in a strong rep- resentation on the subject. If the present Congress should neglect it, let citizens make it a test question to every future candidate for their suffrages, and elect only such as are pledged to carry suppressive measures into effect. The danger threatens all classes alike, though the first sufferers will be the stock-owners ; for every tax upon production necessarily enhances the value of the product ; and, as agricultural progress must be seriously retarded, the tax will not fall upon meat alone, but upon every product of the farm. Nothing can excuse a con- tinued neglect of this subject, the dangers surrounding which increase from day to day, and the final results of which, if once it reaches our Western and Southern States and Territories, can only be computed by the prospective increase of our population and our herds of cat- Probable Losses in 1900. 67 tie. For this is not like an evil preying on our currency, banking, trade, or manufactures, the full extent of which may be, in a great measure, seen from the beginning, and the repair of which may be at any time inaugurated by legislative enactment. The animal plague only increases its devastations as we increase the numbers of our herds, and threatens soon to acquire an extension to which no legislation can oppose a check, and a prevalence in the face of which the most desperate efforts of the nation will prove of no avail. Thus, our cattle are increasing at the rate of 13,500,000 every ten years, so that, by the end of this century they may be exactly doubled, with a prospective loss, if our Western and Southern ranges are infected, of $130,000 000 yearly in deaths alone. " The choice is now in our power. So far as we know, our stock-raising States and Territories are still unaf- fected. We can still successfully meet and expel the invader; next year it may be too late." On April 15th, 1878, the New York Protective Bill be- came law, but no practical application of it was made until the present year. In the New York Weekly Trib- une for November 27th, 1878, another call for action was made in connection with the prevalence of the disease around Washington. This was immediately quoted by various English papers and a demand was made for the embargo of American cattle. It was followed by the con- demnation at Liverpool of the cattle shipped in January, on the Ontario, from Portland, Maine, by the institution of special inquiries by H. B. M. Consul-General in New York, by the mission of Professor McEachran on the part of the Dominion Government in the end of January, 1878, and his report that the plague existed in Washing- ton, Philadelphia and Brooklyn, by the author's commis- sion from Governor Robinson, February 6th, and his re- port of the presence of the plague in Kings and Queens counties, on February 9th, and by the Privy Council or- der of the same date that all American cattle should be slaughtered on their arrival at English ports. With 68 The Lung Plague of Cattle. characteristic promptitude, Governor Robinson delegated General Patrick as his representative, and invested Mm with plenary powers to crush out the contagion. This much may be allowed as showing the progressive steps that led to the inauguration of the present move- ment for the extermination of this disease on the West- ern Continent. In turning to consider specific measures for the prevention of the plague we must pass the differ- ent methods under review, consider which are adapted to our case and which inapplicable, and make references to special measures demanded by the the conditions of par- ticular localities. 1. Protection of a Country against an Invasion of the Lung Plague. (a) Total Exclusion of Foreign Cattle and their unmanu- factured Products. In the above it has been conclusively shown that no country has been invaded by this disease that has not imported cattle from without, and that countries like Spain, Portugal, the Channel Islands, the Scottish High- lands , Norway and Sweden that do not import but raise their own cattle exclude the pestilence though it may be raging fiercely at their very doors. If America were once purged of this desolating pest, and if for her permanent protection it were necessary to prohibit all importation of cattle, immunity would be cheaply bought at such a price. America can now show as good blood in her dif- ferent races of cattle as is to be found in Europe ; but if it were otherwise, what is the present or prospective value of a Duchess to the risk entailed on our 30,000,000 head of horned cattle and their offspring for all future time ? Of unmanufactured products, hides and hair are alone important, and as regards both, the risk is infinitesimal. Yet it cannot be denied that the contagium is preserved Banger from Western Europe: Quarantine. 69 for months in dried buildings, and as the same thing seems possible as regards dried hides and hair, it would seem that to insure perfect safety it must be enacted that no foreign hides should be carried in cars or other vehi- cles to be afterwards used for the conveyance of cattle or about places where cattle are found, and that cattle shall be rigidly excluded from all tanneries where foreign hides are received. That such precautions are necessary is shown by the facts, that in the past year 3,039 cattle were attacked in 38 English counties ; 1,522 in 23 Scotch counties ; and 32 in 5 Welsh counties ; that 1,932 head are reported at- tacked in Germany ; that 698 are reported in Holland ; that in France the existence of the plague is reported from the Department of the Bhine, La Rochelle, Ruen, Roubaix, Bourdeaux and Nantes ; and that Switzerland and Belgium are infected. (b) Importation subject to a Quarantine which shall insure Protection. Exeptional cases will arise when it seems of the high- est importance that foreign cattle should be admitted. This can only be done safely after a quarantine at the port of landing under the eye of an expert. The length of such quarantine must be determined by the time tliat the seeds of the plague may lie in the system un- recognized. We have seen that this cannot be safely stated at less than three months, therefore, the quaran- tine rhould last for this length of time. The infection, of Norway and Australia by cattle that had passed through an incubation period of three months and of South Africa after a period of three and a half months must set- tle this period without appeal. This having been represented to the Treasury Depart- ment an order was issued, July 19th, 1879, imposing a quarantine of 90 days on all European cattle, "except where State or municipal laws provide for the quaran- 70 The Lung Plague of Cattle tine of such cattle, and in such cases collectors will permit the proper officers to quarantine them in such manner as the State or municipal authorities require." This unfortunate exception allows the State or munici- pality to interfere so as to make the law a dead letter. There is nothing in this order to hinder the Aldermen oi Brooklyn, or Baltimore, from authorizing the importation of European cattle, subject to one or eight days quaran- tine, and thus maintaining a permanent centre of infec- tion in Long Island or Maryland. To protect the nation this law must be national and subject to no exception. If Section 2,493 of the Revised Statutes does not give the power to make it so, Congress should enact a law which shall be imperative for every port, all State and munici- pal rights to the contrary, notwithstanding. The coun- try has too much at stake in this matter to sacrifice it to an idea. (c) Restrictions on Cattle from Neighboring States having an Insufficient Quarantine or none. If we exclude cattle, etc., from an infected country it follows, of necessity, that we must apply the same rule to any country that has an unrestricted trade with infected districts, or a trade the restrictions of which afford no sufficient protection against the introduction of the dis- ease. This affects the United States in two ways : first, it will apply to importations made from Canada and Mexico, and second, it will apply to the cattle traffic be- tween the Federal States themselves. This matter was strongly urged on the Treasury De- partment, and July 11th the following order was issued : "Teeasuey Department, "Washington, D. C, July 11th, 1879. " To the Collector of Customs, Chicago, III. : " The instructions of this department of February 27th, 1879, prohibit absolutely, under the authority of Section 2,403 of the Revised Statutes, the importation of neat cat- Cattle Imports Through Canada. 71 tie from England. It is stated that neat cattle have lately been imported into Canada from England, and then shipped to the United States. You are hereby instruct- ed that on the arrival at your port of any neat cattle from Canada, they shall not be admitted to duty under any conditions unless you shall be satisfied, first, that they were not imported into Canada from England, directly or indirectly ; or second, that if imported into Canada from England, directly or indirectly, they did not arrive in that Dominion within ninety days prior to their arrival at your port. In no case shall such cattle from Canada be admitted if you have reason to suspect that they are affected with infectious cattle disease. "Very Respectfully. "A. Y. French, "Assistant Secretary." This is very well so far as it goes, but it fails to meet the case. It protects us against disease in imported En- glish cattle, but not against Canadian cattle that may have mixed with imported cattle in the same herd and thereby contracted disease. Taking into account the oc- cult forms of the disease and the occasional long incuba- tion of two or three months, security would demand that we should exclude all cattle that had within three months come in contact with English cattle imported within six months of the arrival of such Canadian cattle at an United States port. Here we must allow for two successive incubations of three months each in the En- glish and Canadian cattle respectively. It is further deficient in not imposing a similar prohi- bition on the cattle imported from the other infected countries of Europe, and stock that have come in con- tact with these. At present we have the anomaly of United States importers of Dutch cattle having to sub- mit them to a quarantine of ninety days, while the Cana- dian importer may introduce the same animals and ship them to us at once, free from all restrictions. Here the 72 The Lung Plague of Cattle. discrimination is altogether in favor of the Canadian importer, who is virtually offered a premium upon his imports. Let all Canadian cattle importations from Eu- rope be subjected to a three months' quarantine and let all cattle that have come in contact with such animals suffer a similar detention and we shall have meted out to them the same justice we apply at home, and established a reasonable protectorate over our native herds. We have at present no law to accomplish this ; and, notwith- standing the best intentions, "The Treasury Department " cannot interfere with the traffic in Canadian cattle, un- less they have been imported from Europe within three months. Here there is a field for legislation, and if Can- ada will not extend her quarantine so as to make it a protection to herself and us, Congress must step in and forbid the importation of Canadian cattle, except under a quarantine of three months. As already remarked of the fountain — Europe — so of the channel — Canada — the Uni- ted States can better afford to do without her cattle than they can risk the infection of their home herds. 2. Protection of Heeds in Infected Countries having no Legislation. While individual States decline to stamp out this pest- ilence, we must offer such suggestions as shall aid the citizens to protect themselves. The following sugges- tions are submitted : (a) Breed your own stock. All experience with this plague shows that it spreads in direct ratio with the changes of stock. Countries and districts which, like the Channel Islands, Denmark, Nor- way and Sweden, breed their own stock and never im- port, preserve healthy herds. Single herds, even, that are kept secluded, escape in the most plague-stricken countries, though the disease is raging all around them. It is the dealer, who is constantly changing his Protection of Private Herds. 73 stock, and those who buy from the dealer, that lose bj the infection. As a single instance, I may repeat what an Irish Earl (Lucan) told me of his experience. On his Irish estates he lost heavily and continuously, until he decided to exclude all strange cattle and men. The moment a beast was observed sick he removed it from the herd, and in three months his stock was healthy and continued so. This is the common experience of those who breed their own stock, and instances are given in this article of its perfect success in the plague-stricken districts in New York. (b) If compelled to buy, do so in a healthy district and transport in disinfected cars or by roads luhere there will be 'no contact with suspicious herds, and in no case through a district in which infection is known to exist. (c) When newly purchased cattle are taken in, place them in quarantine in a safely enclosed barn or lot, at least 100 paces distant from all other cattle, and under special attend- ants. The need for these precautions must be evident, as the disease sets in and makes some headway before even a watchful attendant will observe any signs of illness. 3. Measukes for Bestricting the Mortality of the Plague in Generally Infected Districts. (a) Preventive Medication. In infected herds much may be done to check the de- velopment of individual cases, by the daily administra- tion of astringent tonics, and especially if they are also disinfectant. In herds at pasture and even in those kept in close and notoriously infected city stables, the daily use of 2 drachms sulphate of iron (ferric sulphate) has frequently, in our experience, put a limit to the disease within a month. If to the sulphate is added one drachm of carbolic acid, the efficacy will be increased. The same virtue has been claimed for a number of other astrin- gents which it is needless to mention. 74 The Lung Plague of Cattle. What is better, because more prompt in its action, is the inhalation of the fumes of burning sulphur. To Dr. Dewar, of Kirkcaldy, Scotland, belongs the credit of having first tested this agent on the bovine lung plague. He selected a city stable where sickness had been continuous for 20 years, and where the last victim had been hauled off three days before. He had the herd fumigated twice a day for half an hour each time and had no other case of sickness. I can furnish a number of similar cases. Patrick Green, West Farms, put a large herd in infected stables in April last and by July had lost nine head. He began fumigating the remain- der and has not lost an animal since. Timothy Ryan, Ridgewood, kept a herd of about 25 cows and had lost 20 within a year. His place was so saturated with the infected products that our own inspectors and vet- erinarians from a distance concluded that burning would be the only effectual purifier. He began fumigating June 15th, and though 7 of his remaining 22 cows were fresh from the country, he has not had a case of sickness since — now three months. This measure must be applied most thoroughly to be effectual and cannot be trusted to check disease which has already seated itself in the lungs. It is only when the germs have been deposited on the sur- face of the air passages and have not yet made their way deeply into its substance that good results can be hoped for. The following printed instructions are distributed to the owners of infected herds : " The surviving herd should be shut up in a close building for half an hour once or twice a day, and made to breathe the fumes of burning sulphur. Close the doors and windows, place a piece of paper on a clean shovel, lay a few pinches of Flowers of Sulphur upon it, and set it on fire, adding more sulphur, pinch by pinch, as long as the cattle can stand it without coughing. Continue for a month." Isolation. 75 (b) Isolation. When a herd is infected, the arrest of the disease can- not be hoped for unless the sick are removed from the healthy. The constant breathing of the infected air is likely to be much more deleterious than the preventive medication will be beneficial. On the other hand, the prompt removal of the sick on the first appearrnce of illness will often succeed in checking the disease, irre- spective of any other measure. (c) Inoculation. Under this heading must be considered : 1st. What inoculation is. 2d. Does successful inoculation prove vi- carious of the plague ? 3d. If vicarious, when is it ap- plicable ? 4th. In what conditions is it to be condemned? Inoculation : Its Authok, Mode, Etc. In December, 1850, Louis Willems, M. D., of Hassalt, Belgium, son of a large distiller, began his essays on in- oculation. To determine the susceptibility of different animals, he inoculated with the exudation matter from diseased lungs 6 rabbits, 23 pea-fowls, a number of chick- ens, 4 dogs, 3 sheep, 7 hogs and 2 goats, but in all the wounds healed without any unhealthy action. These animals were accordingly set down as insusceptible. Ac- cidental wounds of human beings were equally harmless. He instituted experiments on several cattle which he in- oculated with the liquids from healthy lungs. The result was only slight inflammation followed by healing. He inoculated three cattle, respectively, with blood, buccal mucus and intestinal tubercle taken from sick cows. These produced but slight inflammation, followed by prompt recovery. He inoculated 108 cattle with the pulmonary exudation of diseased lungs. In a period averaging fifteeen days after inoculation a swelling occurred in most of these in the seat of inoculation, and though afterwards kept in ai7 76 The Lung Plague of Cattle. infected stable all these animals resisted the disease. 01 fifty uninoculated animals placed in the same stables, seventeen became diseased. He further re-inoculated ten cattle that had been al- ready successfully inoculated, and all the wounds healed promptly without any local swelling such as marked the other cases from the tenth to the thirtieth day. Li none of these cases was there any indication of dis- ease of the lungs, and in a number that were killed these organs were found healthy. He concluded that when the virus is inoculated on a susceptible animal, " a new disease is produced ; the af- fection of the lungs with all its peculiar characters is lo- calized in some sort on the exterior;" and that this disease is preservative against all future attacks of pleu- ro-pneumonia. Various commissions were appointed by different Eu- ropean Governments to determine the matter by experi- ment. The Dutch Commission composed of the Faculty of the Veterinary School at Utrecht reported in 1852 that out of 247 head of cattle inoculated sixteen afterward contracted the disease, these being mainly composed of such as had the least local swelling in the seat of inocu- lation. They reported that inoculation had " a power, at least temporary, of securing against the contagion of pleuro-pneumonia. The Belgian Commission, presided over by Professor Verheyen, inoculated 197 cattle, fourteen of which were afterward kept in stables with infected animals without contracting the disease. The French Commission, presided over by Professor Bouley, inoculated 54 cattle, of which 48 survived and were made to cohabit with diseased stock. But one of these contracted the plague. Meanwhile Dr. Willems and 54 veterinary surgeons inoculated 5,301 head of cattle, of which 55 afterward Inoculation: Mode. 77 contracted the lung plague on exposure to infection, and in periods varying from the 17th to the 136th day after the operation. In England a commission was appointed and after a series of experiments in 1854^5 they reported ad- versely. Since that time inoculation has been adopted exten- sively in Europe and still more largely in Australia and South Africa, until to-day it is acknowledged by all who have given attention to the subject that for the indi- vidual animal, it is as surely protective as is vaccination for small-pox, and that attacks of lung plague after suc- cessful inoculation are little if at all more frequent than are second attacks of variola. Mode of inoculating. — The material to be used in inocu- lating is the fresh liquid exudation that may be pressed from the substance of a lung in the earliest stage of the disease. If it is to be preserved for any length of time it is best done in hermetically sealed glass tubes. A glass tube one-third inch in diameter is drawn out to a point at each end and sealed in a blowpipe flame, the whole length of the tube having been heated to redness before the second end is closed. This destroys all germs that may be present in the tube and expels most of the air. When the liquid has been drained from the lung into a clean dish one end of the tube is immersed and broken off under the surface. Immediately the fluid rises in the tube and nearly fills it. The open end is again to be sealed in the blowpipe flame and the tube packed away in a safe place till wanted. The most eligible place to inoculate is the tip of the tail, since in case of excessive swelling or threatened gan- grene the diseased portion of the organ may be cut ofl and a possibly fatal result avoided. The mode of inserting the virus differs with the opera- tor. Dr. Willems plunged a lancet, charged with thf 7* 78 The Lung Plague of Cattle. virus, several times through the skin on the end of the tail. In Australia, a worsted thread charged with the pulmonary exudation is drawn through beneath the skin and left in situ. Sticker used a hollow needle with dia- mond-shaped point attached to an India rubber bag con- taining the fluid. The needle having been inserted under the skin, the bag is squeezed so as to lodge a single drop in the tissues as it is withdrawn. As a modification of the same I have always used the common hypodermic syr- inge carefully purifying it with boiling water before and after use. Nicklas and Bartels recommend that the liq- uid be lodged immediately beneath the epidermis, as be- ing less likely to cause dangerous and gangrenous swell- ings than if inserted more deeply. Aside from this, that method is the best that exposes the inserted matter least to the action of the air, there being less danger of putre- faction and dangerous swellings. In my experiments with the hypodermic syringe I have lost from two to four per cent from such swellings and there can be little doubt that even these could have been saved had the tails been amputated in time. After treatment is seldom wanted. Willems recom- mends a pound of Epsom salts on the tenth day after the operation. In case of much swelling, astringent and an- tiseptic washes are recommended, but prompt am- putation is much safer and if resorted to early enough usually prevents those extensive swellings around the root of the tail and in the pelvis which occasionally prove fatal. Can the Lung Plague be Spread by Inoculated Cattle ? Almost all advocates of inoculation deny that an inoc- ulated animal is at all dangerous to others. In this they throw the gravest doubt on the value of the operation as a preservative. The liquids inoculated are the virulent products of the lung plague, and as these do not induce disease of the lungs but only of the tissues where thoj Inoculated Cattle Infecting. 79 are inserted, it cannot be supposed that they exert any influence on the economy through any direct action on the normal seat of the disease. If protective at all it must be by reason of the reproduction of the germs in the blood or in the seat of inoculation. If in the blood there must be danger of their being given off by the vari- ous free surfaces and notably by the lungs. If in the tail, there is still the risk of the germs escaping from the wound, drying up in the building and being inhaled by other cattle with fatal results. It is true that the risks are incomparably less from germs escaping from a wound in the tail than from those exhaled with every breath from the diseased lung and diffused through the whole surrounding atmosphere. Yet even from the inoculation wound the disease has been conveyed. Eeynal mentions the case of an inoculated Brittany cow at the Alfort Vet- erinary School which infected two others standing with her. I have now under observation a stable into which the lung plague is alleged to have been introduced through the inoculation of the cows four months ago. The stump- tails attest the reality of the inoculation, the raw ends of several its recent adoption, and yet the sickness pre- vails. Again, it has been shown in localities in New Jer- sey and elsewhere when inoculation has been practiced on a previously healthy herd a certain number of animals have afterward manifested the disease. Reason and experience agree in showing that the poi- son may be thus introduced into healthy stables and there fore inoculation must be absolutely condemned whenever r speedy and effectual stamping out of the disease is de- sired. No country has ever succeeded in exterminating this plague by practicing inoculation, The most ardent votaries of the practice, Belgium, Holland, Prussia, En- gland, Australia, South Africa, New York and New Jersey have preserved the plague for decades in spite of the 80 The Lung 1'lague of Cattle. most earnest efforts of this kind. It may be conceded that by means of inoculation the disease has been quickly passed through individual herds, and that when a country or district makes inoculation universal that the mortality is greatly reduced, yet the adoption of the operation for healthy herds but multiplies the centres of infection, and when a country is subjected to this, the plague is inevita- bly kept up by the occasional contamination of young and uninoculated animals. On the other hand, there are conditions in which inoc- ulation is to be commended. On the steppes of Eastern Europe and Asia, on the open lands of Australia and South Africa, where herds mingle day by day and infec- tion cannot be rooted out by any process of slaughter and disinfection, the practice of inoculation is found to reduce the losses to a minimum. In certain other condi- tions the operation would be admissible. In the case of large herds occupying insular or equally secluded locali- ties, where the contagion is already widely diffused and still spreading from beast to beast, it may be good policy to inoculate the whole herd, and after recovery from the inoculation to subject the whole to inspection and dispose of any still showing traces of the plague. In such a case all calves born in the herd must be either destroyed or immediately inoculated as circumstances may suggest. If calves are constantly coming their destruction will be requisite, as a continuous inoculation will entail the maintenance of the plague. In this way such an insular place might be cleared of the plague in a few months, whereas the resort to a similar course in a thickly settled district has always been shown to keep it up. Passing the Young thkough the Plague. In some countries, where the plague is all but univer- sally distributed, those running large dairies have found it profitable to pass all their stock through the disease State and National Measures. 81 while calves. Mr. Harvey, of Glasgow, packed his calves in close buildings, sandwiching them between sick ani- mals, and thus passed all susceptible ones through the disease. He afterward turned these out on a farm to grow up and finally introduced them into his city daiiy as milch cows. The loss of 20 per cent, of his calves was a small outlay as compared with as many cows in milk ; so that he found the course quite a profitable one. It is needless to say that this practice is still more ob- jectionable than inoculation, and like that should be strictly prohibited wherever measures are being taken to eradicate the disease. STATE MEASURES TO STAMP OUT THE PLAGUE. 1. For Country Districts with Inclosed Farms. (a) Prevent Importation from Infected Countries or Chan- nels. This subject has been already discussed above and need only be referred to here as indispensable to the stamping out of the disease. It is needless to attempt to crush within our own borders that which we are con- stantly introducing the seeds of from abroad. As well keep sowing our land with thistles while we are toiling day and night to eradicate them. (b) Proclaim Infected Localities. This is all essential for the protection of the public who could not otherwise avoid such places in the pur- chase and transit of stock. The insertion of such proc- lamation in the local papers and the posting of it m the post-offices or other places of public resort, will usually serve every purpose. The proclaimed district may be one or more towns, counties, or states, as the case may be, and thus the proclamation may come from Governor or President, in different cases. 82 The Lung Plague of Cattle. (c) Stop all Markets and Fairs in Infected Districts. Wherever cattle are brought together from different herds, any existing contagion is spread with their distri- bution. Where lung plague exists there is the strongest temptation, and the amplest opportunity for the owner to pick out the apparently healthy from the infected lot and send them to market. Many of them will not sicken for one or two months after the purchase, and by this time they will have infected many herds in all districts, far and near. To avoid this otherwise inevitable result, all collections of cattle in infected districts, whether for sale or exhibition, must be strictly prohibited. (d) Stop all Movement of Cattle in Infected Districts ex- cept under License after Examination of the Herd by an Expert. To the movement of cattle from herd to herd there is precisely the same objection as there is to markets and fairs. The existence of the disease in a herd is often unknown to the nearest neighbors, as its publication would interfere with the sale of stock, meat or milk. It is, therefore, an easy matter for an unscrupulous owner to sell the still apparently healthy animals, one by one, to unsuspecting parties and thus realize a salvage from his own infected herd by spreading the plague widely through- out the herds of his neighbors. If, however, cattle ar Q . moved only after the herd has been examined by a veteri- narian and an assurance has been given that no conta- gious disease has been present in it for the past six months, this danger is in great part done away with. It is requisite, however, to examine the whole herd from which the animals are to be moved, as otherwise infected animals in which symptoms have not yet developed will pass the closest scrutiny and be sent on to spread the pestilence. (e) Prohibit the Pasturage together of the Cattle of different Parties except under the Affidavit of each Owner that His Unf diced Pastures to be Disused. 83 Stock has been clear of Contagious Disease for the Past Six Months Immediately Preceding. Here the danger is the same as in the case of fairs anc markets, and without the restriction named, apparently sound cattle from infected herds or premises are sent upon common pastures and when later the different herds are taken back by their respective owners they carry with them the seeds of sickness and death to others. (/) Prohibit Absolutely the Pasturage of Cattle on Un- fenced Grounds and Highways. In infected localities pasturage on roads and open lots is one of the most fertile sources of infection. Healthy herds turned out in this way come in contact with neigh- boring or passing infected ones, or with the places where they have immediately preceded them ; apparently sound cattle from infected herds carry the virus to healthy ones or breathe upon and soil the grass on which these after- ward browse, and thus the malady is spread ere any sus- picion is aroused. Many think to save their stock by having them herded or tethered, but the idea is a most fallacious one, as may be seen from the examples of the transmission of the contagium through pastures in Aus- tralia and elsewhere. The only course of safety is to exclude all cattle from open lots and highways and to utilize the products of such by mowing and soiling when this is necessary. (g) License Stud Bulls in Healthy Herds to Serve Cows from Sound Herds. The danger of contagion from sending cows from in fected herds to healthy bulls, and vice versa, necessitates this provision. Yet as the business usually demands dispatch, a license may be given for all safe bulls in the district and a running permit to the owners of sound herds of cows empowering them to take cows to the nearest of such bulls without loitering or pasturing them on the way. 84 The Lung Plague of Cattle. (h) Make it Incumbent on all Cognizant of the same to Re- port to a Designated Official all Cases of Disease in Cattle Supposed or Suspected to be Contagious. « Tliis is, of course, especially incumbent on the owners, but should be made to embrace all attendants, veterina- rians, visitors and all good citizens. The reasons for this are obvious, but they will be set forth more fully under the head of Indemnity. (i) Make it the Duty of Some Designated Local Authority to Receive this Report and to Order an Examination by a State Veterinary Inspector. Such local authority ought to be a Justice of the Peace, Police Magistrate or other Judge of the District, who can not only administer the law but promptly punish offend- ers. The judges in question will then make themselves acquainted with the law and will mete out more rigid justice to parties brought before them than if they had no such direct duty in the matter. They come to the subject already clothed with the dignity and authority of the law, and the moral influence is far better than if a State official, outside the judicial bench, had to apply the law and appear to prosecute the offenders. Besides, if a magistrate is not directly interested in the matter and specially acquainted with it, he will often decide a case in favor of the offender and to the serious detriment of the sanitary work. (j) Indemnity. If the Inspector Ascertains the Existence, of Lung Plague, he shall Estimate the Value of the Sick, or have it done by Disinterested Appraisers, and Report tlu. same to the Local Authority as tJie Basis of Indemnity. The principle of allowing indemnity for animals slaugh tered is fundamental to success, and according to the liberality of the award, is usually the success of the work of extermination. Withhold indemnity and owners withhold reports of sickness, hide away or slaughter the diseas d and throw the remainder of the infected herd Indemnity. 85 on the market with most disastrous results. The main purpose of the indemnity is not, as many suppose, the re-imbursing of the owner for his loss, but rather the speedy discovery and extinction of every centre of con- tagion. The real value of the sick animal is usually of do account, and considering the danger of immediate and prospective infection of other animals by proximity and through the infected buildings, the dangers incident to its preservation far more than counterbalance the actual worth. But the prospect of a recovery, of having ar animal that is no longer susceptible to the disease, and the many drawbacks in the way of injury to business, will usually deter the owner from making his losses pub- lic. In all countries where the disease has been rooted out it has been found that no penalty for concealment is half so effectual as a liberal remuneration for animals sacrificed. Then, again, an indemnity which will encour- age owners to report is a measure of the wisest economy. While the existence of disease is concealed, the State is thrown back on a slow and laborious examination of herd by herd and beast by beast, conducted by veterinarians, and even then there are a thousand ways of secreting the sick in out-of-the-way places and subjecting only the apparently healthy to examination. Where, on the other hand, the owners have every encouragement to report sick- ness, the skilled veterinarian is only wanted to decide as to the nature of the sickness reported, and the State is saved at least nine-tenths of the expenses for professional inspections. For these, among other reasons, I have always advo- cated a liberal indemnity : and every day's experience with the plague shows more and more clearly the wisdom of this. The sick should, therefore, be appraised at their full value as if in health and the award should be no less than half of this estimate. I would even favor a two- thirds value as more efficient and economical, as it would 8 86 The Lung Plague of Cattle. insure a more prompt report of every ease of illness The only objection to a full sound value, and it is an in- superable one, is, that it places a premium on sickness and would encourage the unscrupulous to convey infec- tion into an unmarketable herd for the purpose of dis- posing of them to the State. If this danger is guarded against it will be found that the highest award for sick animals slaughtered will prove most profitable to the commonwealth. It will assure what is almost unattain- able in any other way — a speedy and economical success. (Jc) Diseased Animals to be Slaughtered under the Eye of an Inspector, tJieir Hides Slashed and the Carcasses Deeply Buried in a Secluded Place. The importance of this need hardly be insisted on. So long as a sick beast is preserved it is but multiplying the poison, diffusing it through the air, and storing it up in the buildings. This poison it is impossible to circum- scribe, absolutely, except by its instant destruction. It may be wafted on the air, carried on straw, paper and other light bodies on which it has been dried, in the clothes of visitors, on the coats of domestic animals (horses, dogs, sheep, goats, cats), or of wild (rats, mice, skunks, etc.), and by numerous channels it will elude our vigilance and extend to neighboring herds. (On this subject see Mediate Contagion.) The only course of safety is to stop the production of the poison and bury what already exists where it can be no more exhumed. Before burial the hide should be extensively cut to prevent its removal for sale. (I) Disinfect the Premises, Utensils and Attendants. To kill the sick without subsequent disinfection of the premises is futile. Stamping out is by no means confined to the use of the pole-ax. Every place and object on which the virus may have been lodged must be subjected to an exhaustive disinfection if we would stay the prog- ress of the plague. Disinfection. 87 For stables our printed instructions embrace what fol lows : "1. Remove all litter, manure, feed and fodder fron: the stables ; scrape the walls and floor ; wash them i. necessary ; remove all rotten wood. "2. Take Chloride of Lime one-half lb., Crude Car- bolic Acid 4 ozs., and water one gallon ; add freshly- burned Quicklime till thick enough to make a good white- wash ; whitewash with this the whole roof, walls, floors, posts, mangers, drains, and other fixtures in the cow sta- bles. "3. Wash so as to thoroughly cleanse all pails, buck- ets, stools, forks, shovels, brooms, and other movable ar- ticles used in the buildings, then wet them all over with a solution of Carbolic Acid one-half lb., water one gallon. "4. When the empty building has been cleansed and disinfected as above, close the doors and windows, place in the centre of the building a metallic dish holding one lb. Flowers of Sulphur ; set fire to this and let the cow shed stand closed and filled with the fumes for at least two hours. The above should suffice for a close stable capable of holding 12 cows. For larger or very opeD buildings more will be required. "5. The manure from a stable where sick cattle have been kept must be turned over and mixed with Quick- lime, 2 bushels to every load ; then hauled by horses to fields to which no cattle have access, and at once plough- ed under by horses. " 6. The pits, where the manure has been, must be cleans- ed and washed with the disinfectant fluid ordered for the building (Sec. 2). "7. The surviving herd should be shut up in a close building for half an hour once or twice a day, and made to breathe the fumes of burning sulphur. Close doors and windows, place a piece of paper on a clean shovel, lay a few pinches of Flowers of Sulphur upon it, and set it on fire, adding more sulphur, pinch by pinch, as long as the cattle can stand it without coughing. Continue for a month. 88 The Lung Plague of Cattle. "8. Give two drachms Powdered Copperas (Green Vit- riol) daily to each cow in meal or grains ; or, divide 1 lb. Copperas into 50 powders, and give one daily to each adult animal. " 9. Do not use for the surviving cattle any feed, foddei nor litter that has been in the same stable with the sick. They may safely be used for horses and sheep." In certain cases further measures are needed, as re- moval of the flooring and soil beneath, or even the cre- mation of the entire structure. Drains must also be cleansed. (to) Quarantine the Premises for Three Months after the last sick Animal has been Killed or has Recovered. Free and continuous exposure to air is one of the best disinfectants, and after the disinfection the exposure of the empty premises with the doors and windows open for three months will usually complete the purification. (n) Hay, Fodder and Peed in Infected Buildings to be De- stroyed or Fed to Horses, Sheep or Pigs. It is needless to insist upon this as such fodder has been subjected to the fever-laden breath of the sick and should only be used for animals that are insusceptible to the contagion. (o) Manure from Infected Herds to be thoroughly Disin- fected with Chloride of Lime, or Hauled out by Horses to Fields adjoining no Cattle Pastures, and then Ploughed under. Though we cannot say that the defecations as passed are infecting, yet, as they lie in and around infected sta- bles, they are liable to take up and convey the infection, and we have repeatedly traced outbreaks to this source. Like fodder, however, it is harmless to horses, and provided these do not stand as mates with cattle they may be safely used in disposing of it. In the vicinity ol cities it can be safely applied on market gardens. (p) Pastures where Sick Animals have been to be Secluded for Three Months after their Removal. Closure of Pastures : 'Registration of Herds. 89 We have already seen the danger of infected pastures and notably in the case of Australia, and as these cannot be purified artificially we must allow time for the action of nature's great natural disinfectants. The time neces- sary will vary somewhat in different cases, thus in a mild climate with frequent alternations of rain and sunshine it may be considerably less than in the dry Australian climate, or in the winter season of our northern States when everything is for months bound up in frost. Three months may be fairly accepted as a good average. (q) Make a Register of each Infected Herd with a Per- sonal Description of every Animal. By adopting this precaution a perfect control may be kept up by non-professional inspectors, and the frequent visits of the more expensive veterinarian largely dis- pensed with. The check too is all but perfect, as, if an animal disappears it must be accounted for and no beast can be replaced by another without detection. For this purpose a personal description is usually a better safeguard than any mark or brand which may be counterfeited. NEED FOR SPECIAL MEASURES IN CITIES. The eradication of the Lung Plague from fenced coun- try districts is a very simple affair, to be easily and speedily accomplished at but little cost, but when we come to the cities we find a totally different state of things, requiring special restrictive measures. To illus- trate this I must enter somewhat into the nature of the city dairy interest. Supply of Fresh Cows. Under ordinary circumstances the fresh cows are sup- plied from country districts and most of them come in sound. When, however, disease exists in the adjacent country the city is the readiest market for animals frore 8* 90 The Lung Plague of Cattle. an infected herd, and the unfortunate farmer too often unloads his suspicious beasts on the still more unfortu« nate city milkman. Such cows pass through the ordinary channels, and in their course infect cars, ferry-boats and cattle-yards so that ere they reach their destination they have often done most material damage. Thus, when we began our work in New York we traced many outbreaks to cows from infected districts in New Jersey, and others to the infected sheep-house at 60th street, where many fresh cows were kept for sale. This was promptly stop- ped ; but we had then scarcely begun to meet the difficul- ties. The fresh cows are mostly sent to the city consigned directly to dealers, or to speculators who in their turn employ cow-dealers to dispose of them at a commission. On their arrival by boat or rail some are sold directly to the milkmen, and the others are mostly sent to dealers stables to be disposed of later. A number of the New York dealers keep their cows in the Union Stock yards at 60th street, and until the present law was enforced they kept them in the sheep-house. We must go a step further to show the dangers of this. A great majority of the city milkmen are poor, keeping from one to a dozen cows, and their losses are so heavy that they can rarely get money enough to pay for their cows when bought. The cows are accordingly left with them on trial, and the payments made in installments. If a cow fails to milk as represented she is rejected and the dealer replaces her by another, taking the first to another customer, or in the absence of a customer back to his own stables, or as was the case formerly in New York back to the Union Stock Yards. Such cows transferred from city stable to stable in many cases carried conta- gion with them, and when returned to the dealer's stable or stock-yard they infected these places and indirectly all cows that afterward passed through these. Thus i\ City Cow-Trade. 91 was that every dealer's stable became sooner or later a pest-house and a centre from which the disease was con- stantly spread in all directions. The same was the case with the Union Stock Yards where at first we found sick animals standing that had been brought in from city stables. A second dangerous practice of dealers was the ped- dling of cows which were driven from herd to herd, and too often at night or during the heat of midday, were stabled with herds where they happened to be overtaken. In this way they usually took in the disease genus if they were not already affected, or if they had already taken them in they diffused them wherever they went. Then, again, the cows that were given out on trial were too often those that were in the earlier stages of the dis- ease, or but partially recovered from it, that were doing badly in consequence, and as no one cared to keep them they made a hasty progress through a number of herds, infecting them all in turn. Pasturage on Commons. — Another prolific source of the disease in cities, is found in the abundance of open grounds intended for building and held by speculators in prospect of sale. On such unfenced grounds the poorer owner of two or three cows and Bven the holder of a score or more, turn out their cattle daily to pasture, and as herd mingles with herd the sick infect the healthy, and soon a whole neighborhood is contaminated by one sick beast. There is usually an understanding that sick cows are to be kept in, but this is often neglected, and even where adopted it but hides the danger for the slightly affected and those that are recovering, but retain in the chest an encysted mass of infecting material, are turned out and transmit the disease freely. Some seek to protect their cows by herding them on such places, and others by staking them, but all such measures must be futile so long as they are allowed to graze where sick cattle have been before them. 92 The Lang Plague of Cattle. It is from this cause, mainly, that the disease has been always more prevalent at the end of the summer than in spring, and at the present time we still find more disease in districts such as Brooklyn and its outskirts, where, owing to local obstructions, we have been unable to en- force a sound pasturage law, than in New York and else- where, where this law has been respected. In these city commons we have the counterpart, on a small scale, of the immense common pastures of the Russian steppes, and the Australian and South African ranges, and it is mainly to this characteristic and to the special features of the cow trade in the cities that the lung plague has been maintained in America for the past 36 years. Facilities for Secret Sale and Slaughter. — The preserva- tion of the plague in cities is further favored by the ease with which the sick may be thrown on the meat market. In country districts the prejudice is so strong that it is usually impossible to dispose of even a sound animal from an infected herd to any district butcher. But in the cities the source of the beef is not so easily ascer- tained and butchers are not slow to kill anything that stands upon four legs. Hence the owner will often hide the existence of the disease to save his milk business and dispose of the sick for beef. Were the city possessed of but one abattoir, this might be easily controlled ; but when slaughter houses are scattered every where and cattle are killed at all times of the day and night, this is difficult or impracti- ble and at best very expensive. I cannot do better than quote the measures we have adopted in New York to meet these conditions. 1. Control or Imports. Source. — Cows and store cattle are admitted only as they come by the Hudson River R. R. and Harlem R. R. from points north of Putnam County ; by the New Haven Source: Detention and Distribution of Cows. 93 R. R. from Connecticut ; by the Erie R. R. from points west of Rockland county and excluding stations between Goslien and the western line of Orange County, such cat- tle to be transferred from the Oak Cliff stock-yards to the Union stock-yards, N. Y., by a special boat — the Can isteo — retained for this purpose. Store cattle from New Jersey and Long Island are ab- solutely excluded, excepting in the case of private cows that have been kept apart from all other cattle, have been healthy for at least six months and are to be kept in a private stable or pasture in New York. Such are ad- mitted on permit given after examination by an inspector. Point of Arrival and Detention. — All fresh milch cows and other store cattle must come to the Union Stock- Yards and enter the yards set apart for them where they will be inspected and detained until ready to go to their final destination. "With characteristic energy, the Union Stock- Yard Company have constructed a number of new yards for this purpose on the south side of 59th street and have subjected the sheep-house to a thorough disinfection so that cows, etc., can be safely kept in the new yards and calves in the sheep-house. Thus our most prolific source of disease has been abolished. Distribution of Coios to City Dairies. — No cow is al- lowed to leave the stock-yard to go to any dealer's sta- ble in New York and be thence transferred to a milk- man's stable. If she enters a dealer's stable she must remain there until ready for slaughter and must go straight to the abattoir. Cows sold to milkmen must go from the yards on permit, direct to the milkman's stable. Once a cow has entered a milkman's stable she cannot be transferred to another milkman, to a dealer's stable nor to the Union Stock- Yards. She must be kept on from year to year or fattened and killed for beef. Here, at one blow, we do away with the infecting deal- 94 The Lung Plague of Cattle. er's stable and the pestiferous system of peddling cows from herd to herd and of placing infected cows for trial in a number of herds successively. In such a city as New York it was impracticable to stop the cow market ; but by this arrangement we can control it so as to reduce its evils to the minimum. The system as above sketched has only been perfected for a short time, but already it has given the most encourag- ing results having almost completely extinguished the plague in that city. The milkmen heartily approve it, as they now receive their cattle with a guarantee of health, and by buying at the yards they have a better choice and can make better terms than under the old system of buying from the dealer's stable and peddler's drove. Then, too, they find that the introduction of a fresh cow is not the signal for a new appearance of dis- ease, as was so commonly the case in times past. It would be difficult, to-day, to impose upon a New York milkman a cow that comes without General Patrick's permit and the inspector's marks. Most dealers who formerly kept their cows at the Union Stock- Yards like the system, for a sale is now a bona fide sale .and brings the money in place of promises to be redeemed little by little at uncertain intervals. Some grumble, but only because they can no longer pursue their calling at the expense of a constant propagation of disease. Disuse of Quarantine Notices. — In a locality controlled as New York city now is, the posting of quarantine no- tices on buildings is more injurious than beneficial. No cows can enter the premises except with a permit on which the destination is stated and none can leave except for immediate slaughter. The object of the notice is fully attained by these measures, and the notice on the building without accomplishing any good, imperils the sale of milk from the herd, and, in fear of this, the owner is liable to hide the existence of disease. For Police Control: Carcasses. l J5 the same reason that I advocate a liberal indemnity, I advocate the disuse of quarantine notices in such cir- cumstances. Here, as everywhere, the best success de- pends on the hearty co-operation of the owners of cattle. Control by the Police. — An order of the Commission of Police was obtained calling upon the force to apprehend all parties moving cows or other store cattle without a permit signed by General Patrick, and to impound all cows or other cattle pasturing on streets or unfenced places. To their credit, be it said, they have carried out this satisfactorily and have contributed in no small de- gree to the success of our work. Reference has already been made to the value of magistrates as local authori- ties, and I would here suggest the vital importance of providing in any future law, that the police and village constabulary assist in carrying out its provisions. Denying Permits, etc. — Any dealer who violates the rules is punished by the refusal of permits for the move- ment of cattle until he gives bonds to abide by the law in the future, and in ease he continues to violate, he is prosecuted by the District Attorney. Movement of Calves and Store Cattle. — These are de- tained in the yards until sold and then sent on permit to their destination. Examination of all Dead Cattle at the Offal Dock. — All animals that die in the city of New York are sent to the offal dock and thence to the rendering works at Barren Island, so that by sending an inspector daily to this dock to open all dead cattle, we can trace the existence of the disease to any part of the city and take the necessary steps for crushing it out. In this way one man can ac- complish more than five would if engaged in the exam- ination of herds, beast by beast. Systematic Inspection of Herds.— Notwithstanding the difficulties attendant on a personal inspection of the an- imals, this is vigorously prosecuted and now the greater part of the city has been overhauled. 96 The Lung Plague of Cattle. Other Measures. — Beside the above, we apply in the cities all the rules above cited for the country concern* ing pasturage, bull-licenses, reporting sickness, inspec- tion, condemnation, appraisement, slaughter, indemnity, disinfection, quarantine, disposal of fodder litter, ma- nure, etc., and the registration of herds. I need only add that since its complete adoption our progress has been most gratifying and we can now almost claim a perfect immunity for New York city. But our safety as a State depends on the safety of our neighbors, and we need to secure such action from the separate infected States as shall banish the plague from the Continent. With New York as a great centre of cat- tle trade from the South as well as from the West we must inevitably become infected anew unless we keep up an expensive and vexatious system of quarantine against New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and District of Columbia. The disease is slowly spread- ing south and west from Alexandria. I have a list of 20 herds infected in one line south of that city within the past three years. The plague threatens to reach our southern and western ranges whence it will be as impos- sible to eradicate it as from the Russian steppes, Aus- tralia and South Africa, and from which continuous ac- cessions of infection will be thrown upon our Middle and Eastern States, and shall we hesitate to call upon the National Government to interfere ? This is a question of incomparably more moment to the western and middle States than to Delaware, Maryland or Virginia. To throw the burden of the extinction of this disease on these States is as impolitic as it is unjust. If ever there was a question which in its future bearing affected the United States as a whole it is this. It would be highly appropriate that the Agriculturists of the different States, Western and Southern, as well as 1 astern, should petition Congress to take this matter up ^4 Prompt National Action Demanded. 97 and adopt such measures as would forever rid our coun- try of this most insidious of all animal plagues. At all hazards the work ought to be done and that speedily. If State rights stand in the way, let the money at least be supplied, as it rightfully ought, from the National ex- chequer, and applied by the different States through their own officials under the supervision of some re- sponsible department — say the Agricultural Bureau, a Live Stock Disease Commission, the National Board of Health, or even the Treasury Department. It is folly and worse to quarrel about the means until the plague shall have passed beyond control. Action is wanted, of a prompt and decisive nature, by the General Gov- ernment or with its assistance, and those who are most deeply interested in the subject should press this upon the Government until such action shall have been se- cured. 9 Fig. 1.— Portion op diseased lung from an advanced case of Lung Plague. The lung tissue has been softened and removed, leaving the exudate in the interlobular tissue circumscribing empty cavities — like a honey-comb. From photograph, by Rockwood, Union Square, New York. Fig 2 —Portion of diseased lung from an advanced case of Lung Plague. The lung'tissne has disappeared, leaving; the air-tubes and surrounding vessels and connec- tive tissue filled with organized exudate, and having a branching arrangement. From, photograph by Rockwood. THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. The author has accomplished his task with remarkable perspicuity and ability. In this " Adviser " we find everything necessary to be known by the amateur of the more common, and even some of the rarer, forms of disease, as well as the accidents to which quadrupeds and poultry are liable — the whole being brought up to the most ad- vanced standard of veterinary science. We know of no work on the subject in any language which, in the same space, embraces so much. While the technicalities of science are interpreted in words which must be intelligible to the meanest understanding, and the whole book is written in a terse attractive style, nothing is omitted which pertains to the most recent investigations and discoveries. We cer- tainly have no book like this in Britain; and we are of opinion that, though written for America, it shoulcLprove as useful on this side of the Atlantic. — The Veterinary Journal, London, fflig., August, 1876. The diseases of all our domesticated animals, and the more important ones of poultry, are described, and most approved treatment given. I have no hesitation in saying that this is the most useful and therefore the best work on the diseases of animals in the English language. It is wonderful how much information has been compressed within the limits of a small volume. Before the publication of this work a farmer was obliged to purchase a small library to have at command advice on different diseases to which his animals are liable, and even then it could not always be relied on. The treatment is particularly com- plete. — Dr. Salmon in Country Gentleman. We can, after a careful perusal of the work, confidently add, that it deserves to be placed at the head of all that has hitherto appeared in this line. Its 400 pages are filled with valuable, practf 3al informa- tion, concisely written and in plain popular language. — Prairie Farmer, Chicago, July 29, 1876. In a systematic way, Prof. Law classifies the various kinds of dis- ease, and speaks of each concisely, as it appears in animals of different kinds, — its symptoms, treatment and prevention. An appendix ia devoted to the action of medicines, the graduation of doses, and a table of remedies, with the quantities of each proper to be adminis- tered. Theories or pathological discussions, however interesting, are passed by, in order to give simply and exclusively just what the farmer wants to know — and that often in a great hurry — about the treatment of a particular complaint. —Country Gentleman. (2) A much needed book. Should be carefully studied and mastered by farmers. — A 7 ! Y. Times. From the pen of such an author is a sufficient inducement for every one to buy and carefully read it. Will give to the common reader as well as to the scientific man much valuable information. — Da Liatjtard, President Veterinary College, New York. It will prove of immense benefit to the farmers and stock owners generally on this continent, and at the same time it will be of great service as a book of reference to the veterinary practitioner. — Prof. Smith, President Veterinary College, Toronto. It is plain, practical and comprehensive, and will be found what its name implies, a valuable and reliable adviser in the many cases of stock ailments that farmers and stock men have so often to deal with. -^-Practical Farmer. A book that no farmer can afford to be without. — Rural New Yorker. This is a very useful work. It treats of the diseases to which farm animals are subject in a very plain, practical and thorough manner. — American Agriculturist. Though many books of veterinary science have appeared in this country, prior to the one whose title we put in our head line, they have all been so defective in comprehensiveness, and frequently so untrustworthy in their teaching, as to render it most desirable that some one fully competent for the task should undertake to furnish a satisfactory work on the diseases of domesticated animals in the United States. The republication of British authors has not supplied the deficiency, as a different manner of feeding and a different climate modify diseases, and indeed produce new ones which are entirely unknown in the British Isles. Prof. Law, whose name has for a long time been agreeably familiar to readers of The Tribune, will be generally acknowledged as the fittest possible person for such service, and we gladly commend the result of his labors to all keepers of stock. * * * * Though we have dwelt chiefly on that chapter of the "Veterinary Adviser" which treats of contagious diseases, on account of the great public interest that attaches to many of them, the succeeding chapters are not less interesting to keepers of live stock, as due attention is paid to all the minor mala- dies to which horses, cattle, sheep, and swine are subjected. The author's extensive knowledge of veterinary literature and his varied practical experience have been happily utilized by describing diseases concisely and in language intelligible to all. — New York Tribune. Plain and practical it will direct the common farmer how to re- lieve distressed animals whenever relief is practicable. Prof. Law in his book sets forth in the plainest language the knowledge he has gleaned both of the nature of the diseases which assail domestic animals, and the proper treatment of them. And what is of quite as much importance, he discusses the sanitary measures by which good health and vigor may be preserved. — The Husbandman. This is a handsome duodecimo volume of over four hundred pages, aid we are much pleased with it in the fact that the author has labored to bring it within the comprehension of that class who need it Most works of this class are lumbered up with so much learning (3) in technical language, that they fail of ever meeting the wants of laymen. Prof. Law has wisely avoided this fatal error, and has made his book what he calls it, a " Veterinary Adviser for Farmers." — Wallace's Monthly. From a careful examination of the work it impresses us as one of immense value to the live stock interest of the nation, and a copy should be in the hands of every farmer. It is comprehensive, in- cluding the diseases of horses, cattle, sheep, swine and poultry. The work is eminently practical. Some veterinary works are so tech- nical as to be of little use to the plain farmer, but this is made so plain as to be readily comprehended by any man of ordinary intel- lect. A most valuable feature of the work before us is an appendix which gives the doses of the different medicines recommended for the different species of domesticated animals. The press uniformly pronounce it the best work on the subject that has yet appeared. No farmer's library is complete without it. — Southern Live Stock Journal. I am delighted with it. It cannot fail to be exceedingly useful tc the young veterinary practitioner as well as to the farmer. — Wil- liamson Brydkn, Esq., V.S., Boston, Mass. Deserves to attain to a healthy old age. — Prof. Murray, M.R.C.V.S., Detroit, late of Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, England. " The work is especially designed to supply the need of the busy American farmer who can rarely avail of a scientific veterinarian " says the preface, and a careful examination would lead us to indorse this claim. The maladies are well described, their salient features are given in detail, and as far as may be, their causes, thus affording a guide to a rational treatment. The book is copiously illustrated and has been prepared at considerable expense. We trust it will meet with a successful sale, for we think it the most valuable book on the subject that has yet appeared. — Scientific Farmer. We think, w r hen the demand for veterinary literature is supplied by works which are mere advertisements of secret medicines, it was high time that some competent and honorable veterinary surgeon should undertake the task of writing a work on the various diseases to which the domesticated animals are subject in this country. We think we can safely say that Prof. Law has accomplished this task- in a most satisfactory manner, as the various diseases are described in as brief and plain a manner as is compatible with giving all the information that is required on the subject. We most heartily com mend this work to the farmers of Michigan who need in their daily practice just such a work. — Michigan Farmer. A very valuable book. It is full of excellent information pertain- ing to veterinary matter which every farmer should possess. It is liberally illustrated, and although the text is very clear, the cuts make it yet more easily understood by all who read it. — Western Rural. One of the most valuable books ever issued from the American press, for the general farmer, is that recently published by Prof. Law, of Cornell University, entitled "The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser." It is designed especially to supply the wants of Buch as (4) are so situated that they cannot avail themselves of the services of a scientific veterinarian, and as such it is plainly written, concise and comprehensive. — National Live Stock Journal. The country is flooded with miserable, trashy books — literary garbage, so to speak, of one sort or another. Now and then a re- ally excellent production appears — the gift, perhaps, of a brain that is nearly if not altogether inspired — and yet occasionally such, even in our day, meets at first but a poor reception. * * * But we start- ed out to call attention to a very admirable book — a book that fills a vacancy and supplies a long-felt want. The "Veterinary Adviser" is just simply a very straightforward and well written treatise, suit- ed in every way to the wants of the farmers for whom it is espe- cially intended ; and we do not hesitate to say that it should occupy an honored place in the iibrar) of every agriculturist who has any money invested in live stock. It tells all about the different diseases of our domestic animals — it discusses the best methods of treating these diseases, giving cause and cure, together with much sensible comment in relation to disinfectants, preventives, etc. No agricult- urist with the education necessary to the comprehension of plain English could possibly be the owner of the " Farmer's Veterinary Adviser " without deriving from it information to the value of many times its cost; and in the case of those owning blooded stock it should be regarded as a part of the outfit impossible to be dispensed with. — Farmer's Home Journal. It treats of a subject upon which we have a professional judgment, and a subject of importance to the public, viz : the diseases of all our domestic animals — not a few of which are communicable to man. The profound ignorance which prevails almost universally on this subject has led to more pecuniary loss, more absurd and oppress- ive legislation, more caprice and injustice in the administration of the law, than any one, not aware of the facts, would probably be willing to believe. Prof. Law has written with complete originality and marked ability. In the volume before us, though not a large book, will be found more information, and in a form more available to the non-professional man, than can be had from any other book on the science in ours or in any language. While we desire to recommend this work to every stock man and every farmer as something he cannot afford to do without, we desire at the same time to urge the great public importance of this subject. It has often been to us a matter of surprise that those who have devoted special attention to the subject of legal medicine, have so completely ignored the great light that would be thrown upon their labors by the study of this branch of science. * * In all sincerity we regard the "Farmer's Veterinary Adviser " as the best and most useful work extant on the subject of veterinary science. If whosoever is the owner of one valuable animal will be advised by us he will send and get it with- out delay. — Southern P 1 anter and Farmer. This work gives in a condensed form the plainest account of the the diseases of our domestic animals with treatment rational and of easy application. Here we find an intelligible account of all the modern contagious diseasps, some of which, happily, have not yet "eached our shores. Dr. Law unites a thorough veterinary educa- (5) tion in Europe and extensive practice in thitr country. These rare opportunities he has improved to give us a work well fitted for the American farmer, and the existence of such a book only needs to be known that it may be appreciated and adopted. All arranged so as to be easily found and with such plain descriptions as can be under- stood by the unprofessional reader. — Massachusetts Ploughman. Will be found very valuable and effective. — Columbia Co. (N. Y.) 2i?nes. Recipes and prescriptions by the thousand have been published for the cure of disease, and preparations and combinations of drugs have been advertised and sold without limit by people who are as igno- rant of the laws of health as they are unfamiliar with the anatomy of the patients they propose to cure. The " Farmer's Veterinary Adviser" is a different book. We are not personally acquainted with the author, but of this we are sure, that any one of ordinary ability can see at a glance that this book is an original production and from beginning to end the author's own work, and is written by one who understands his profession and knows just what he is talking about. Unlike many books of its class, this not only gives directions for the treatment of animals when they are sick, but bet- ter still, indicates the treatment necessary to prevent animals from becoming sick. It is a work valuable not only for reference in times of trouble, but more than that, it is a guide to the every-day man- agement of domestic animals with regard to their health and useful- ness. The " Veterinary Adviser " is designed to teach the farmer how to keep his animals healthy, how to know their diseases when they appear and how to treat them. We have seen no book on the diseases of animals which we can recommend with so much confi- dence as this of Prof. Law. It contains over 400 pages, treats upon almost every disease that animal flesh is heir to, and will pay for it- self a dozen times over in the hands of every intelligent man who owns horses, cattle, sheep or swine. — New England Farmer. He has undertaken to combine, in what may be termed a " Popu- lar Medical Adviser," scientific and familiar language. And in this he has succeeded ; that is so far as success is ever attained in such an undertaking. The general appearance of the volume is excellent, and we like its arrangement. The chapters on contagious and epizootic diseases and on parasites are concise, and may be sufficient- ly well understood by an intelligent reader, offering him a large amount of information on very important subjects. The remaining chapters, which are well classified for reference, may be advanta- geously consulted by the veterinary student and practitioner as weli as by others, who may be sure of their diagnosis. With regard to the preparation of the foot of the horse in shoeing, we support the opinion of Prof. Law in every particular, and there can be no subject of greater interest to the farmer or medical man, dependent as they both are upon the services of this animal. — Boston Medical and Sur- gical Journal. A compact and thoroughly practical guide to the prevention and treatment of disease in domestic animals. In a terse manner it describes every disease, sets forth their symptoms and prescribes the proper treatment to follow; The work is invaluable to every farmer (6) in the land and none should fail to provide themselves with a copy, The Professor through this work becomes a public benefactor. — Thi Spirit of the Times. In the briefest possible way every disease is described, its symp- toms set forth and the treatment prescribed. The man who resorts to the book does not have to wade through a sea of discussions to find what is the matter with his horse, ox, or sheep and to discover the mode of cure. A book that will enable the stock owner to dis- pense with the services of perilous quacks. The qualified veterinary surgeons will thank the Professor for his work since death to the quacks means the promotion of their business interests. — The Turf, Fieli and Farm. This is a splendid work, chock-full of valuable information, and replete with practical tests, the author being standard authority on these subjects throughout the United States. It tells all about each and every disease to which our domestic animals are subject, gives hints about the breeding management and care of animals, in a word it is just the thing for the farmer or stock breeder to have on hand for reference. — Chatauqua Farmer. This is a dangerous book so far as the interests of the professional are concerned, as it is so plain and professionally correct, that any common sense man may doctor his own animal. No farmer or horseman can afford to be without a copy. — Dr. Horne in Country Gentleman. Has been pronounced by the highest authority to be the best book on the diseases of animals published. It is absolutely a ne- cessity to farmers, treating the various diseases to which domesticated animals are subject in an able and practical manner. — The Spirit of the Times. A much needed book. It is an excellent work tersely but plainly written, and treats upon almost every ailment of domestic animals in a manner that can be understood by any farmer of ordinary edu- cation. Prof. Law is one of the most thorough of veterinary scientists of the day, and we are glad that he so well qualified should have undertaken the task of instructing farmers upon some points that it is necessary for them to know. Many a valuable animal is sacrificed and many a slight and arrestable illness becomes dangerous and chronic because in its first stages the farmer does not know how to treat it, and the aid of a qualified veterinarian is not at once attainable. For these reasons no farmer's stock in trade is complete without a work on veterinary surgery and we know of no work that fills the bill so well as this one of Prof. Law. — Canada Farmer. Much as we despise the general run of works which profess to make every man his own cattle doctor, good manuals on the veteri- nary treatment of animals are much needed to guide the stock owner. The dissemination of sound elementary knowledge in the diagnosis and treatment of disease would be a great benefit. The farmer at least should be more intelligent than the cow-leech, and should know enough to dispense with his services. A well trained intellect and logical mind may be intrusted with some knowledge of diseases oi men and animals without necessarily converting him 'nto an igno* (<) rant quack. We are tempted to make these remarks after perusing a recent American work by Professor Law, of Cornell University. No work in the English language which we have seen comes so nearly up to our ideal of what a veterinary manual for stock owners should be as this little volume. Ostensibly written for American farmers, this work will be found useful to all who have the care of live stock in the Old as well as the New World. The need for it is of course more in America than in England where the aid of skilled veterinary surgeons is more readily obtained than on the other side of the Atlantic, where they are few and far between. The work thoroughly attains the object for which it was written. The lan- guage used is of the simplest kind. All technical terms are explain- ed. There is none of the jargon of the pedant, too common in mod- ern veterinary works. The diseases of animals are classified, the symptoms, treatment, prevention and cure given in intelligible En glish. Carefully prepared illustrations accompany the text where necessary, and it contains an admirably prepared appendix of the ac- tion and doses of medicines recommended, and withal an ample in- dex. It combines a veterinary dictionary and manual and its in- structions are clear and concise. All the common diseases incident to animals in this country will be found described in its pages, for Professor Law, though an American by adoption, had extended ex- perience when residing in his native country as Professor of Veteri- nary Science in the '".ate Albert Veterinary College, Bayswater, and the New Veterinan College, Edinburgh, where he was a colleague of Professor John G-amgee's. Such a work as " The Farmers Vete- rinary Adviser " deserves an extended circulation in this kingdom, and we should be glad to see an English edition of the work brought out under the auspice- of some one of our enterprising publishers on this side of the Atlantic. — The Country, London, Eny.