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WASPiaSroH 
 
 ITS 
 
 ORIGIN 
 
 ANTIQUITY 
 
 USES 
 
 AND 
 
 ADVANTAGES 
 
 Tbm Btos, 
 
 BROADWAY. I 
 

HERALDRY: 
 
 ORIGIN, ANTIQUITY, USES, 
 
 ADVANTAGES, 
 
 BY HENRY HAYS, 
 
 HEKALDIC PAINTEK AND ENGKAVEK, 
 327 BEOADWAY, NEW TOEK. 
 
 s* ° 
 
 ; 1876. ; 
 
 °>WaSH^ G > 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 EDWARD O. JENKINS, PRINTER 
 
 No. 26 Frankfort Street. 
 1856. 
 

 . 
 
INTRODUCTION, 
 
 In submitting the following prefatory remarks to 
 the favorable considerations of an enlightened public, 
 the author of the accompanying Treatise feels himself 
 prompted by a natural desire to enter upon a subject 
 which for many years has occupied much of his atten- 
 tion, and engrossed a large portion of his time. 
 
 In this little production he does not claim any merit 
 as regards originality ; the characteristic landmarks 
 and illustrations of Heraldry being so established and 
 defined, as to render any supposed improvements not 
 only uncalled for, but likely to prove injurious to its 
 most important uses and objects. His aim is to 
 briefly present some of the leading features of an Art 
 which, though somewhat obscured by time, and but 
 partially cultivated in this favored country, has in all 
 ages been honored and patronized by Kings, Heroes, 
 Patriots, and Sages ; and whose illustrious emblems still 
 adorn the arms and consecrate the virtues of the good 
 and great of the most enlightened nations. There is a 
 very large and most respectable class of our citizens who 
 have not the necessary facilities for acquiring that infor- 
 mation necessary to understand and properly appreciate 
 the art of " Armorial Blazonry " or Heraldry. To 
 such the author hopes this little " effort " will not be 
 unacceptable. To the scientific he cannot offer any- 
 thing new ; and yet, possibly, from even such a limited 
 
reference, memory may be enabled to rescue from 
 time some facts calculated to establish the worth and 
 value of this time-honored institution. 
 
 To those distinguished families whose wealth and 
 public spirit have so largely contributed to the en- 
 couragement of the "Fine Arts" in this country, the 
 author trusts this little work may prove acceptable. 
 Amidst the successful labors of Agriculture and Com- 
 merce, it is gratifying to find that the achievements of 
 art, and the exhibitions of genius, are everywhere to 
 be found in our community. Even over pecuniary 
 embarrassments the love of the beautiful predominates, 
 and often furnishes that tribute to art and enterprise 
 so cheerfully presented by liberal and cultivated 
 minds. 
 
 The present age is preeminently distinguished for 
 its improvements in every department of art and 
 science. The most common articles of manufacture, 
 that formerly looked only to convenience, have given 
 place to a beauty and finish hitherto unknown ; and a 
 material and astonishing change has of late years taken 
 place in the means adopted for the diffusion of a taste 
 for the refined and cultivated productions of genius. 
 In these eventful days, so pregnant with foreign dis- 
 sensions and political changes, our own favored Amer- 
 ica is not only regarded as an asylum for the oppressed, 
 but, it would seem, is likely to become the great patron 
 of those noble arts which have adorned and enriched 
 the older nations of the world. Indeed it would not 
 be a matter of surprise to find that' the Apollo, the 
 Venus, and the Laocoon had forsaken their cherished 
 location, and, like Columbus, sought to discover a new 
 
world — the only surviving representatives of that 
 genius upon which they had conferred immortality. 
 
 It is a fact which cannot have escaped observation, 
 that the taste of the present day seems to have become 
 satiated with the over-wrought adornments and un- 
 sightly embellishments of that modern frippery which 
 has so greatly obscured the simplicity and dignity of 
 true art. We are, however, happily returning to the 
 .majesty and grandeur of ancient models, now imi- 
 tated in the various orders of architecture, costume, form 
 and design ; and the adoption of these acknowledged 
 standards constitutes no ordinary tribute to the higher 
 endowments of intellectual discrimination. In this in- 
 troduction of the elaborate specimens of what are de- 
 nominated the style of the "Middle Ages," as applicable 
 to the works of art, the author with much pleasure 
 would here refer to the revival of those ancient illus- 
 trations connected with the designs and objects of 
 "Heraldry" or the "Art of Armory and Blazoning." 
 It is to this honorable, ennobled, and truly decorative 
 Art, he would most respectfully invite the attention of 
 the enlightened and the liberal, constituting, as it does, 
 the acknowledged emblems of an honored ancestry — 
 the imperishable record of heroic and valiant deeds, 
 and the just title to that inheritance which neither 
 tyranny nor the decisions of law can ever obliterate. 
 
 Connected with " Armorial Bearings" and " Family 
 Arms," the author has here adverted to the " Order of 
 Hatchment" or "Funeral Achievement," as a neces- 
 sary accompaniment of Heraldry. 
 
 The propriety as well as the becoming solemnity of 
 exhibiting in the visitations of death, these imposing 
 
and affecting memorials of grief, cannot for a moment 
 be questioned. They are calculated not only to im- 
 press the living with deep and lasting impressions of 
 man's mortality, but powerfully awaken the sad yet 
 pleasing reminiscences of those honors and virtues 
 which consecrate the memory of departed worth. 
 
 The design of this little work is briefly explained in 
 the title-page ; and the author is not without the hope 
 that the subject embraced in the following pages will 
 merit the respectful attention and receive the favorable 
 considerations of an enlightened and liberal public. 
 
HEEALDEY 
 
 The ablest writers and most ancient historians have 
 denned the art, or more properly science, of Heraldry, 
 to be "The art of Armory and Blazoning;" or the 
 knowledge of what relates to the bearing of arms, . and 
 the laws and regulations thereof. It may be said in 
 modern terms to comprehend the knowledge of every- 
 thing which relates to the several military marks or 
 badges of any honor or dignity. 
 
 Its origin, so far as relates to any organized frater- 
 nity, may be traced to those ancient military orders, 
 established by princes, the members of which were 
 distinguished by distinctive badges, and consisted of 
 persons who had done particular service to the sover- 
 eign, or who enjoyed, by the privileges of birth, the 
 highest distinctions in the State. 
 
 These orders originated from the institutions of 
 " Chivalry" and the ecclesiastical corporations of that 
 age, and were in the beginning fraternities of men 
 who, in addition to particular duties enjoined by the 
 law of honor, united for the performance of patriotic 
 and Christian purposes. " Free birth, and an irre- 
 proachable life, were the conditions of admission." As 
 learning and the refinements of society increased, the 
 original object of these "Orders" was changed, and 
 they acquired by degrees their present character ; viz., 
 that of " Heralds." 
 
These messengers, among the ancient Greeks and 
 Romans, were held in great estimation, and looked upon 
 as sacred. The Heralds of Greece carried in their 
 hands a rod of laurel, around which two serpents, with- 
 out crests, were twisted as emblems of peace. 
 
 The origin of Heraldry is extremely ancient, and 
 the advocates of its antiquity have given us many fab- 
 ulous accounts of its early history, which it is not 
 necessary here to relate. 
 
 The word " Herald," according to Du Cange, comes 
 from the Saxon words here, an army, and aid, a servant, 
 because chiefly serving in the army. 
 
 Heraldry has been traced to the antediluvian world, 
 and even to the posterity of Seth, who are said to have 
 been thus distinguished from the children of Cain. 
 Eabbinical writers allege that the Divine command 
 to the children of Israel, " To pitch their tents 
 every one by his own 'Standard,' with the ensigns of 
 their father's house," is undeniable proof of the exist- 
 ence and use of armories among the Egyptians, at the 
 time of the departure of the Israelites ; and they even 
 pretend that their antiquity is ascertained by the 49th 
 chap, of Genesis, where notice is taken of the patriarch 
 Jacob blessing his children, and also by the breast- 
 plate of the high priest, with the twelve precious stones 
 of different colors. 
 
 The introduction of armorial bearings in place of 
 the images and statues of the Romans, is to be ascribed 
 to the northern tribes who overran Europe on the de- 
 cline and fall of the empire. On the establishment of 
 the feudal system, the tenants of the king, or the great 
 lords, represented on their shields the services they 
 
owed to their superiors, by way of an acknowledgment 
 of their fidelity ; whence originated those symbols yet 
 known in the ensigns of heraldry, such as roses, cinque- 
 foils, spur-roweis, bows and arrows, hunting-horns, 
 ships, &c, &c. In the days of religious enthusiasm, 
 the youthful chivalry of almost all Europe was enlisted, 
 and the sons of distinguished families left their homes, 
 about the end of the eleventh century, to conquer the 
 Holy Land. This, probably, gave rise, or at least ren- 
 dered it more common, to introduce the figure of 
 the cross, which is borne in a diversity of forms. In 
 like manner the introduction of tournaments may have 
 given rise to the fesse, pale, bend, and other ordinaries 
 which represented the fillets worn by the combatants, 
 and those who attended. 
 
 As to the era of the appointment of heralds, it was 
 supposed that the office was contemporary with the 
 distribution of subjects into nobles and commoners ; 
 while some have referred their origin to that period in 
 which princes first engaged in wars, which must have 
 been very remote. Some writers have affirmed, that 
 the institution of the office of heralds belongs to Alex- 
 ander the Great, who not only regulated the use of 
 armories, but bestowed appropriate arms, symbols, &c, 
 &c, on his principal companions in arms, as distin- 
 guished trophies of their valor, and special marks of 
 his favor and friendship. 
 
 As to the country in which heraldry originated, 
 there is hardly a nation throughout the earth to which 
 its first invention has not been attributed. iEneas Syl- 
 vius, in an epistle written in the year 1451, refers to a 
 manuscript about heralds which he had seen in St. 
 
Paul's Church, London, compiled (as he asserts) about 
 six hundred years before that period. The institution 
 of justs, tilts, and tournaments, took place in Germany, 
 and opened a new field for the employment of heralds. 
 There were held those martial sports in which gal- 
 lantry and adroitness displayed their most graceful 
 attractions, and won the rich favors of wealth and 
 beauty. The first public tournament mentioned was 
 held in the year 938, in the city of Magdeburg, at which 
 great numbers of the nobles from every part of Europe 
 were present. 
 
 " Impartial taste," says Gibbon, "must prefer a Gothic 
 tournament to the Olympic games of classic antiquity. 
 Instead of the naked spectacles, which corrupted the 
 manners of the Greeks, the pompous decorations of the 
 lists was crowned with the presence of chaste and high- 
 born beauty, from whose hands the conqueror received 
 the prize of his dexterity and courage." 
 
 Sir Henry Spelham contends that England had its 
 heralds at the commencement of the reign of Edward 
 the First, and that they were then actually divided into 
 classes. The oldest public monuments in which any 
 mention is made of English heralds, are a pell-roll of 
 the twelfth of King Edward the Third. They were first 
 incorporated by Henry the Fifth, in 1419, and were 
 formed into a College by Eichard III. The three 
 chief heralds are called kings-at-arms, the principal of 
 which is Garter ; the next is called Clarencieux, and 
 the third Norroy ; these two last are called provincial 
 heralds. Besides these there are six other inferior 
 heralds, viz., York, Lancaster, Somerset, Kichmond, 
 Chester, and Windsor ; to which on the accession of 
 
Greorge I. to the crown, a new herald was added, styled 
 Hanover herald ; and another styled Gloucester king- 
 at-arms. The primary duties of ancient heralds consisted 
 in carrying and delivering all messages of importance 
 to allies, enemies, and rebels, giving solemn defiance and 
 denunciations of war — summoning cities and castles to 
 surrender — propositions of peace — offering mercy and 
 pardon to rebellious subjects. By such prerogatives 
 they readily acquired importance, and obtained easy 
 access to the sovereign from their first introduction 
 into England. English kings anciently not only cre- 
 ated heralds with their own hands, and with magnifi- 
 cent and expressive rights, but invested them with the 
 royal military habit, or sur-coats of the sovereign's 
 arms. Hence the term "Coats of Arms/' known as 
 the common expression to the "Family Symbols" of 
 heraldry. The persons thus habited were held as sacred 
 and inviolable. 
 
 The present duties of English heralds are the arrang- 
 ing and conducting royal processions, assisting at the 
 creations of nobility, and the ceremonies of knight- 
 hood ; publishing the declarations of war, not to the 
 enemy, but at home ; proclaiming peace ; recording and 
 blazoning armorial bearings; and regulating abuses 
 in arms, under the authority of the earl-marshal, by 
 whom they are created. When family arms were in- 
 troduced, and became the external criterion which dis- 
 tinguished the gentleman from the peasant, it was 
 necessary, in any feat of arms, that persons should prove 
 themselves to be gentlemen of coat-armor ; on this ac- 
 count the nobility took care to have their arms em- 
 broidered on their common sur-coats. 
 
Wars and contests between nations soon induced the 
 necessity and utility of elevating in armies some con- 
 spicuous figure or sign, to which the people of each party 
 might resort or fly in cases of great emergency. The 
 repetition of this practice established the use of ensigns, 
 banners, and standards ; and the superstition of man- 
 kind in the early ages induced them to adopt the images 
 and symbols of their deities, together with the figures 
 of such animals as were among them deemed sacred. 
 In process of civilization, and the progress of free and 
 enlightened governments, each nation assumed its own 
 peculiar standard or banner, as the proud emblem of 
 its rights, its honors, and its chivalry. 
 
 So much for the "Union- Jack of Old England, the 
 Fleur-de-Lis of ancient France, and our own illustri- 
 ous ' Star-spangled-Banner' — the true heraldry of free- 
 men," and the honored "Armorial Bearing" of a great 
 and prosperous people. 
 
 The uses of heraldry yet remain to be considered; 
 and it will be seen, that independent of those external 
 advantages which render it a permanent record of na- 
 tional and individual honors and elevations, it has 
 been regarded as a great conservative principle in 
 maintaining the just rights, as well as the moral rela- 
 tions of civilized society. 
 
 In the first place it may be, and formerly was, 
 considered a constituted " Genealogical Table," from 
 which authentic pedigrees were regularly deduced. 
 
 In the administration of law, and the decisions of jus- 
 tice, the lost or broken link in the chain of descent from 
 a series of ancestors is often in vain sought for in the 
 family Bible, the parish register, or the city and county 
 
court. The College of Heraldry has been known to 
 supply these defects from its well-authenticated and un- 
 mistakable records. From the memorials of past trans- 
 actions and events there recorded, chronologists and 
 historians have derived great assistance, and these uner- 
 ring landmarks and emblems have, in various in- 
 stances, operated to the detection of forgeries and impo- 
 sitions. The Jews were anxious to preserve their 
 genealogies entire and uninterrupted, and in the cer- 
 tainty of an unbroken lineage, and in personal identity, 
 their history affords an argument of considerable import- 
 ance with respect to the accomplishment of those pro- 
 phecies which pertain to the Messiah. Accordingly, in 
 their sacred writings we find genealogies carried on for 
 above 3,506 years. The testimony of " Heraldic Ar- 
 mory" has established the lawfulness of marriages, 
 which time and the lapse of years had rendered doubt- 
 ful ; proved and maintained affinity and consanguinity ; 
 vindicated and corroborated the titles of lands to their 
 proprietors, and furnished effectual evidence for settling 
 claims and rights of doubtful inheritance. 
 
 The custom of adopting and preserving "Family 
 Coats of Arms" as a necessary appendage or ornament 
 of the Castle, the Manor-house, and the private Man- 
 sion, arose from the pride of military renown. 
 
 The brave who fought under the Ducal banners of 
 William I., took every possible means to have their 
 names well known and remembered by future ages ; 
 not only because they and their descendants, on that 
 account, would be enabled to plead for favors from the 
 reigning family, and secure to themselves and their 
 heirs the estates they had gained ; but from the pride 
 
inherent in human nature, as founders of families in a 
 country they had won by their prowess. For these 
 reasons the names of every person of any consideration 
 were inscribed upon a roll, and hung up in the ''Abbey 
 of battle," as the persons there registered were the 
 patriarchs or founders of most of the English gentry 
 for many ages, and up to the present day. 
 
 The descendants of these honored families, as well 
 as those of other nations, still survive in various por- 
 tions of this great and honored country; and though 
 not the legal heirs of titles and ancestral rank, yet 
 are the lawful and honored sovereigns of an immense 
 and almost boundless empire. 
 
 It cannot be supposed that the great founders of our 
 Republic were indifferent to the principles inculcated, 
 and the sentiment inspired by the true uses of heraldry, 
 as the just emblem of patriotism, public virtue, and pub- 
 lic honors ! Many of them possessed these honored 
 charts of family distinction, and their descendants still 
 cherish them as the Lares, or household divinities of 
 ancestral honors and hereditary virtues. Each State of 
 this mighty Union has its distinctive "Armorial Bear- 
 ing," and its appropriate device and motto ; while over 
 the national iEgis, the Bird of Liberty proudly unfolds 
 that terrible truth, so fatal to tyranny — " E Pluribus 
 Unum" 
 
 The author of this little sketch of a science so ancient 
 and honorable ; so pregnant with the pleasurable recol- 
 lections of former generations and their buried great- 
 ness ; and so intimately associated with the triumphs 
 of intellect, the refinements of art, and the display of 
 moral greatness, has not been without encouragement 
 
in his professional labors as an artist, in bringing into 
 general use this somewhat neglected branch of the 
 fine arts. 
 
 Many of the wealthy and distinguished families of 
 New York, and those of other States, have visited 
 and honored him with commissions for their family 
 Coat of Arms. 
 
 Before concluding this Essay it may be proper to 
 notice that branch of "Heraldry" known as "Hatch- 
 ment," or " Armorial Escutcheon;" usually placed over 
 the door, or in the hall or passage-way of a person of 
 distinction, deceased, and which points out the sex, 
 conjugal connexion, and dignity of the person. 
 
 An anxious and religious desire of giving some pub- 
 lic testimony of respect and esteem for deceased friends 
 and relations, appears to have been strongly implanted 
 in mankind from the earliest ages, of which history 
 furnishes many accounts. 
 
 The Egyptians embalmed the bodies of their kings 
 and heroes, and even Christians of a more modern 
 date adopted the same custom with the remains of 
 their saints and martyrs. Euneral rites among many 
 nations have in all ages been characterized by unusual 
 manifestations of pomp and sepulchral magnificence. 
 In their processions were carried the arms and stand- 
 ards of those warriors who had fallen in battle, and 
 the badges of professional distinction of those who had 
 in civil capacities served and honored the State. These 
 badges, standards, banners, &c, were, after the solem- 
 nity of sepulture, carried by the friends of the deceased 
 and affixed against the pillars or walls of the church. 
 Of later date it was reduced to a system and painted 
 
in Escutcheons, and placed in some appropriate place 
 in the mansions of deceased persons previous to inter- 
 ment. The custom still prevails in the present day 
 among the families of wealth and distinction in many 
 parts of England, and in Eoman Catholic countries. 
 Even in the United States, in the city of New Or- 
 leans, it is believed the practice still prevails of placing 
 before the dwellings of persons recently deceased, spe- 
 cimens of " Funeral Escutcheons," those shaded and 
 mournful memorials which affectingly recall the worth 
 and virtues so faithfully cherished by a profound and 
 sincere sorrow. 
 
 In conclusion, the writer would here observe, that 
 in this feeble attempt to refer to the antiquity of 
 Heraldry, and inculcate a proper appreciation of its 
 true uses, he has carefully avoided any matter irrele- 
 vant to the subject. He again desires to say, that the 
 prominent facts herein stated, have been drawn from 
 the most authentic historical sources, clothed in his 
 own language, and accompanied by original remarks 
 and observations not inapplicable, he trusts, to the 
 present design. 
 
 HENRY HAYS, 
 Heraldic Painter and Engraver, 
 
 327 Broadway, K Y. 
 
 College of Aems. 
 
Batcrielor. JjJQHAXlDRY Married MaiL 
 
 has been known to further 
 the ends of justice. 
 "I know three famiiiesTsays 
 Carter Bigland. "who have 
 acquired estates fay virtue of 
 preserving the arms &eseut^ 
 eheons of their ancestors] I re- 
 peat therefore, without the fear 
 of eontradietioh.that Heraldry ^^ do ^ 
 is a useftit seienee , 
 
 Maid . 
 
 Ihe sculptured ' sfrwr ortlee emb'lazoned 
 shield often speaks when tke written records 
 of History car 'silent. 
 
 HENRY HAYS, 
 
 HERALDIC ARTIST 
 
 Heires 
 
 S2^Bjoadwm\ JVJ. 
 
 Quarterly. 
 
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