Glass v^-\^.:0'^ Book _EA "/ '.'^ MiifSiJ AMERICAN HUSBANDMEN, ^nmmwiU'QATmim PENNSYLVANIA ^U^tuUtnvM &t^tUt^^ BY ORDER OF THE DIRECTORS. PHILADELPHIA : Printed by Clark ^ liaser, 33 Carter's Alhij 1 827. CONTENTS. NOTICES ON NEAT CATTLE. On the profits and general advantaf^es arising from Improved Breeds of Cattle. By Charles Jl. Burnilz, Esq., of Pcnnsyicani.a. On the Dairy and Feeding Properties of Improved Short Horns. Bij IVUIiam Ehner, JH. D., ofJS'.J. On Devon Cattle — On Short Horns for the Dairy and Sliambles — their vigour and fitness for labour. By T. Towner, Esq., of Connecticut. On the extraordinary pro.duct, early maturity, and value of Improved Short Horns. By the Rev. Henry Berry, of Acton Bcrtory, England — His Ex- cellency Gov. Lincoln, of Mussuclnisetts — Col. Lloyd, of Maryland — Wil- liam Harris, M. D., IVilso7i JerneU, M.D., The Rev. J. H. Kennard, Ro- berts Vaux, Henry A. Carpenter, Alexander Reed, and John P. Milnor, Esquires, of Pennsylvania. On the extraordinary product of one of Mr. Powel's improved Short Horned Cows, yielding butter at the rate of 20^ pounds per week. By Reuben Haines, Esq., IVm. S. Warder, Recording Secretary of the Philadelphia Agricultural Society, and John P. Milnor, Recording Secretary of the Penn- sylvania Agricultural Society. SHEEP. On various breeds — Teeswater, Dishley, and Southdowrn — their characteris- tics, form, flesh, and fleece. On early maturity — its importance — value not determined by great size. By John Hare Powel, Esq. On Southdown Sheep — tlieir properties, hardiness, tendency to become fat — the excellence of their fleeces and delicacy and flavour of the mutton. By William Phillips, Esq., of Pennsylvania. On Southdown Sheep — their fleeces, carcasses, and fine points. By James Sykes, Esq., of Maryland. On Southdown Sheep — tlieir characteristics, forms, points, properties, and vigour — on the quality and close staple of their fleeces. By Mr. Aaron Clement, of Pennsylvania. CROPS AND MANURES. On the ill effects of soiling Cattle — the failure of Salt as Manure — the excel- lence of Mangel Wurtzel, as winter food for Live Stock. By Major Rudd, of Marton Lodge, England. On Woad— its culture, product, and value. By Mr. J. Athcrstone, of Philadel- phia County. On Guinea Corn — its cultivation, product, and value as food for Cattle. By a practical Farmer. On Woad— its cultivation in Europe. By John Hare PoidcI, Esq. On the failure of European systems of Husbandry in America—Manures, re- cent and old — composts, their application and cost. By the same. (..ONTKNTS. On deep {'loiigliiui; — in slcr-shell lime — the management and application ot vegetable and animal luanuros. Bijthesamr. On making- Hay — Hay Houses — Pemisylvania Barns — arrangements of the Fold Yard. Jiij tin some. SUBSTITUTES FOR HAY. On Indian Corn, sown broadcast on tallow — its farinaceous product, ajid value as long fodder. Hi/ John Hare FoiccL Eaq. On Indian Corn, sown broadcast on rye stubble and sward — its product ami value. Bij the so inc. On Millet — its product and value as fodder — injurious etfects when cut late. By the same. GRASS LANDS. On Orchard Grass or Cocksfoot — cultivation — securing the seeds — quantity sown. vtc. — iciusrs of fiiiluri — product and value for pasturage and hay — its nutritive qualities and superiority over timothy, both when green and dry. By Loijil Jones. Esq., of Feniisylninia. On the ill etlects of close feeding at certain seasons — advantageous results of repeated experiments in protecting the soil by aJ\er grass — its value and use. By John Hare Powel, Esq. On Clover — sowing — management, &c. By the same. On Substitutes for Red Clover, Lucerne and Saintfoin — management, product and value. By the same. On Oyhard Grass, Timothy, and Red Top. or Herd's Grass — their compara- tive values for pasturage and hay. By the same. On Rape — its cultivation and product in seed — its value as green food for Neat Cattle and Sheep. By the same. On Grasses. From Sinclair's Hortiis Gramineus U'oburnensis. ART OF BREEDING. On the degeneracy produced by breeding in and in too closely — the advantage- ous results of judicious crossing. By Major Rutlil, of Marton Lodge, England. On Breeding — misapprehension of terms — Mr. Meynel's practice, breeding in and in — crossing — selection — objects — elFects — Sebright's Theory, &c. By John Hare Foicel, Esq., in reply to .Major Kudd. Prize Essay, on the question, whether the male or female parent, have tJic most intluence upon the properties or points of the otfspriug. By the Rtr Henry Berry, of .-icton Reetory, England. On the principles of Improved Breeding. From Sinclair's Code of .-igricuUMre, lAindon's Encyclojiedia of .-igriculture. Sir John Sebright's Letter to Sir Joseph Banks, and Memoirs of the Fcnnsylcania .dgrieultural Society. ROOT CROPS. On Mangel Wurtzel — its cultivation, product, and value on Dairy and Breed- ing Farms — causes of failure. «!tc. By John Hare Foicel, Esq. On growing and securing Root Crops — tlicir appUcation and value. By James Uillian>s, Esq., of Ftnnsylrania On the Saccharum of the Sweet Potato (Convolvulus Battatas). By Robert Hare. M D OKJGINAL NOTICES mvn without any other manure. Bones have become an article of commerce, and large quantities are imported fiom various ])ai1s of Europe. Crops — Woad — Culture — Product — Value. I shall always be happy to be honoured by your correspondence, and I remam, Dear Sir, Most respectfully yours, Bart'w. Rudd, P. S. — You have my enth'e permission to pul) lish this letter. To John Hare Powel, Esq., Powelton, {U. S.) Philadelphia County, Feb. 1, 182r. John Hare Powel, Esq. Sir, — I cultivated some acres of woad in the State of Ohio, which I cut six times during the season; it produced about 30 cwt. to the acre, for which I received, when brought to market, 12i cents per pound, equal to S420 per acre. I have been accustomed to its cultivation in England, where I used it for tliirty years, as a manufacturer. The soil of America is quite as well adapted, and the climate of the middle, southern and western states, is better suited to its growth, than that of Great Britain. The co- louring matter was nuich stronger — the plant was more vigorous and I'apid in its gro\^ th, and its product was larger than that to whicli I liave Ijcen accustomed in Great Britain. It prefers a deep, rich, and light alluvial soil — its tap root extends a considerable distance below the surface. Fine tilth is necessary, but it may, like Indian corn, be grown upon a sward reversed. I have found it a better practice to sow the seeds in beds, late in the Autumn, or early in the Spring, if the climate be severe in Crops — Woad — Management, ipc. winter. When the plants have tap roots about four inclies long, they sliould be set out, at the distance of 8 to 10 inclies in rows — sufficiently wide apail to admit either a horse and cultlva- toi', or a ten incli hoe, as the husbandman shall determine, to keep them free from weeds. When tlie leaves are about 9 inches long, but always before tlieir colour begins to change in any part, tliey must be cut as spinacli with a knife — placed in baskets, and carried into a barn, w lie re they must be chopped fortliwith, by means of a chatf cutter, or similar instrument, into pieces of about a quarter of an inch. So soon as they have been thus prepared, they must be bruised by a roller or bark mill, before they shall have suffered from heating, wliich a very few hours would cause. Tlie bruised mat- ter must be rolled by the hand into balls of two or three inches diameter, according to the heat of the weather. Care must be taken to expose it to the free operation of air, whilst protected from moisture. When dry, it may be stored in i heaps. The subsequent crops may be twisted off, without the use of the knife, as the roots at the latter stages of their growtli-are sufficiently strong to resist the necessary force to remove the leaves. It may be sown broadcast, but from the extreme lightness of the seeds, great difficulty is found in distributing them equally. In this mode, of consequence, bare patches disfigure the field, and materially affect the amount of its pro- duct. The question whether the broadcast or drill system should be employed, must be deter- mined by the relative vahie of labour and land. Crops — Guinea Corn— Product. I shall be very glad to communicate with any gentleman on its cultivation, as its importance to manufactures makes it an object of great interest at this time in America. One bushel of seeds, if sown in drills, is suffi- cient for five acres — if sown broadcast, for one acre. It is to be observed, that the woad must undergo the process of couching^ before it is fit- ted for the manufacturer. J. Atherstone. On Guinea Corn — its cultivation, great product^ and value as food for Cattle. By a Practical Farmer. Guinea Corn has been found a valuable crop in South Carolina. It is believed that the cli- mate of the eastern parts of Pennsylvania is well adapted to its gi'owth. Its product on very rich land is said to exceed an hundred bushels per acre — its weight is greater than that of wheat — its farinaceous matter is exceedingly nutritious — its stalks and leaves are useful as food for cat- tle. Light alluvion is considered the best soil for its growth. It should be planted and culti- vated in lows, as Indian corn. In July the heads appear — in August a part of them become ripe — in the course of September, the principal part of the crop is matured. The portions wiiich have become mature, are harvested in succession by cutting the stems. They are carried in baskets to a convenient po- sition at the end of the rows — thence to a pro- per house or barn, where they are stirred occa- f)n f'Foad — i/s Culture. sionuUy until tliey have become so dry as to be secured against fermentation. An half peck of seeds is sufficient for an acre, if it should be pre- ferred to drill them as turnips. In the early stages of its growtli, it appears feeble. After it has arrived at the height of two or three feet it grows vigorously, and becomes hardy as hidian corn. The success of the crop depends much upon the fertility and preparation of the soil — upon frequent and light stirrings, and proper quanti- ties of manure for tlie support of the plant. A Farmer. On Woad — its culture in Europe. Woad is a biennial plant usually cultivated on the Continent of Europe, on liglit soils, reduced to line tilth, and manured in the pre- ceding autumn. The seeds are sown in March or April, generally broadcast, and are harrowed and rolled as those of grass. Great attention is given to free the land from weeds in previous seasons, and to carefully destroy them as they appear during its growth. Tlic leaves are ga- thered from June till September in the lh*st year, and from June till August in the next, v/hen the plant puts forth its flower stems. Tlic process hy which woad is converted into the state fitted lor the manufacturer, requires much experience and minute attention. I have the honour to be, ^x. John Hare Powel. Feb. 1, 182r. To the President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society. Substitutes for Hay. On substitutes for Hay — Indian Corn sown broad- cast on Fallow — its farinaceous product^ and value as long fodder. By John Hake Powel, Esq. Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827, The drought of the last Spring so much di- minished the crops of hay, tliat various substi- tutes were suggested for long fodder. A field was ploughed early in June — part was manured with ashes — part with rotten horse dung — pait with bones broken and strewed, at the rate of 250 bushels per acre — the ashes at the rate of 200 — the horse dung in quantities equal to 350 Ijushels per acre. Upon one acre of the field, three bushels of Indian corn, and a bushel of millet seeds, were sown together — the land was heavily harrowed and rolled. As the millet seeds were bad, and the Indian corn had been a long time thrashed, twice the quantity was sown, which it was sup- posed would vegetate. The millet seeds princi- pally failed — Not more than a third of the com appeared above the ground. Upon adjoining portions of the field, ruta baga, yellow Scotch, and flat red top turnip seeds were sown witli Bennett's trough, at the rate of five pounds per acre. Tlie turnip seeds were lightly harrowed and rolled — the portions of the field so occupied, were in a state of as higli cidtivation as a garden. When the leaves were about an inch and an half long, all the turnips were lianowed with a light seed haiTow. For some Umii they appeared Substiiutes/or Hay — Indian Corn broadcast. feeble, but they revived in forty-eight hours, and grew more hixiiriautly than I had hoped. I caused a hue to be stretched akmg tlic field, by which a man \a as enabled to scuille rapidly, a space equal to twelve inches, as he advanced in a strmght direction. The line was removed until ro^^ s 6 inches wide were made in succession, throughout tlie Held, leaving the j)lants as if they Iiad been regularly drilled, thus diminishing tlie expense of hoeing, which, by American labour- ers, is little understood. It will be obviously remarked, tliey might have been drilled by a regular machine. I had so often been disappohitcd hi growing tm-nips in drills, from the iailure of the plants, tliat I was determined to secure the crop if practicable, at tJie expense of the larger quantity of seed. The plants were subsequently thinned. The ruta baga yielded at the rate of about 400 bushels per acre — neitlier tlie yellow Scotch tur- nips nor white turnips \^ere ^vortli gathering. The hidian corn, although intended to be taken whilst green for long fodder, ^^'as allowed to be- come mature, as it promised to produce much grain. It was cut close to tlie ground, and bound in the usual mode in smidl stacks. It yielded thirty bushels of corn — a very large quan- tity of long fodder, ^^ hich was estimated at tlie time, and has since, by the number of cattle which it has supported, been considered equal to two and an half tons of hay. No labour was applied to the Indian corn after it was rolled, until it was gatliered. These experiments w ith Indian corn, Swedish turnips, yellow Scotch and \^ liite turnips, have Substitutes for Hay — Indian Corn broadcast. confirmed the opinions I liave held, that tur- nips are not profitable in an Indian corn coun- try, except with particular objects — more espe- cially, as in this cUmate mangel wiirtzel supply, at much less cost, the purposes which they are intended to meet. I have the honour to be, ^c. John Hare Powel. To the President of the Pennsylvania Jigricultural Society. On substitutes fen" Hay — Indian Coim sown broadcast on Rye stubble and sward — its product and value. By John Hare Powel, Esq. Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827. After a rye crop had been taken, the richest part of the field was ploughed — yellow Scotch and white turnip seeds were sown witli Ben- nett's trough, and wei'e managed as before. One acre of the same field was at the same time ploughed — four bushels of Indian corn were sown and ploughed under, with a- very shallow furrow — an adjoining acre, which had not been previously ploughed, was sown with the same quantity of the same com, wliich was in the same manner ploughed under with the stubble — it was all han^owed and rolled. The land had been limed five years since, and was in fine tilth. The turnips failed entirely — the corn vegetated regu- larly — covered the ground thickly, and put out tassels when five feet high. It was mown \^hen in full blossom — treated exactly as hay; but from the succulence of the stalks, it required much Substitutes for Hay — Indian Corn broadcast. more time and attention, before it could be housed. I found my cattle to-day contending for it ea- gerly, wiien portions of it were thrown before them in the midst of the most fragrant clover hay. TJie quantity was estimated at two tons per acre. Upon another field,whicli, after having been fif- teen years in common, was manured with oyster- shell lime at the rate of an hundred bushels per acre, I caused six bushels of corn to be sown immediately after the sward and lime had been reversed. The land was harrowed closely, and heavily rolled — the crop was mown and managed as tliat of the last field — its product was esti- mated at two tons and an half per acre. In another pait of the same field, manure taken /r HORTUS ORAINIINEUS WOBURNENSIS EXTRACTS. On Grasses — Orchard — Kt/e — Clover — Sainfoin, t^'i*. — their pro- duct!:, comparative values, constituent parts, modes o/ sowings mnna^ins: — quant it y, qualitii of Seeds, and adaptation to jmr- ticular Soils. In some plants tlierc is a comparative excess of saline matter, and when such plants are given unmixed with any other to cattle, they are most subject to disease, or continue tor a lencjth of time before they improve, however abundant the supply. The followmg facts, which came within my own im- mediate observalion, may serve as an instance to point out the importance of a mixture of such grasses as possess some difference in the qualities of their nutritive matter ; and at the same time they will show, tJiJit the bitter extrac- tive is efficacious in correcting the over-s\icculency, or laxative nature of green tood. without tiie aid of ilnj vegetable tibre. Two fields were sown down for pasture ; one with white clover and trefoil only, and the otlier witJi a variety of tlie natural grasses, for experiment, with a portion of white clover. The two fields were depastured with sheep. In the enclosure of white clover a considerable quantity of cocksfoot grass grew on the edge of the fence, it was of a very harsh quality, trom its unfavourable situation, and consisted almost entirely of cvilms. In a few days the sheep went to this grass, and ate it down entirely, though there was a profusion of the white clover. In the course of time many of the sheep became affected with the disease termed rui-icatcr, of which several died. But in the adjoin- ing field, which contained the natural grasses, cocksfoot grass, rougii-stalked meadow grass, rye-grass, fo.xtail-grass, and white clover, the sheep were not affected with that, nor any other disease, and they letl untouched the stems of the cocksfoot, which were here of a more tender succulent nature, than those on the edges of tlie otlier field, which were so greedily devoured by the clover sheep. It may remain only to observe, that if the hard stalks of the cock's-foot in the clover field had been in sutlicient quantity, they would most probably have prevented the disease tVom attacking the sheep; but this could not have been by virtue of the dnj jihrc only of llie culms, because in the adjoining field, where every thing was contrary to disease, the sheep rejected the culms alto- gether. The dry. or mechanical action of the culms, was here wanting; yet the animals continued healthy, and fattened, because the bitter extractive was in greater proportion in the leaves or herbage than in the culms which they rejected ; ami also proved beneficial, though combined with succulent food, which could have nothing of the action of the dry hay or straw before mentioned. «-<'.**»-.*»»i. The proportion,'il value which the grass at the time of flowering bears to that at the time the seed is ripe, is as 11 to 10: and to the grass of the latter- math, as 5 to '.2. There has ot"^en been occasion to observe, that though grass, when left till the seed be ripe, may alVord a greater quantity of nutritive matter, neverthe- less the value of the latter-math which is lost by this means is often greater than the extra quantity of nutritive matter thus obtained ; .add to tliis the im- poverishing effects of the plants on the soil by the process of ripenincr the seed, and t^io less palatable nature of the hay. The pl.ants of crass are like- wise much weakened by the production of seed, for in all the experiments I have m.ide the produce of latter-math proved always less, in many instances one-half less, in a given time after the seed crop, than at\er the crop taken at the time of flowering; 1 never could perceive, however, that the bnd effects Grasses — liye — Cocksfoot, 8fc. — their comparative values. extended in any degree to the next following season, the weight of produce being then as frequently superior as equal or less. Hye-irraHS appears to Iiave been cultivated previous to the year 1G77; be- sides which, red clover, sainfoin, spurrey, trefoil, and nonsuch, were the only plants then cultivated a« grasses, or termed such. And it is only of late years that any other species of the natural grasses has been tried as a substitute for it in forming artificial pastures — as cat's-tail grass ( Pfdeum j/raUnnc) ; cocks- foot grass (Dactylis gLomerata) ; and fox-tail grass {Jlltrpecaruis pralensis). The cat's-tail grass appears to have been made trial of before cither of the other two, not more than fifty years ago, by Mr. Rocque, a farmer at VValham- green, near London. The seed of the cocksfoot grass was introduced about the same time from Virginia, by the Society of Arts, ra<««5«5) - - . . 2 Meadow fox-tail grass {Alopecurus pratensis) - - - 2 Rough-stalked meadow-grass (Poa trivialis) - - 2 Tall oat-Uke soft-grass Hotcus arcnaceus) - - - {}i Meadow caVs-tail (P/Ueum jjralense) - . . . l^lbs. Hard, or smooth fescue (Ffsluca duriuscula, vel glabra - 2 bushels Creeted dog's-Wi] (Cynosurus cristalus) - - - 1 Nerved meadow-grass (Poa nervata) - - - - Oi Wood meadow-grass {Poa ncmoralis) . . . . \ Narrow-leaved rneadow-grass {Poa angustifolia) - - Oi Broad-leaved creeping bent, or fiorin {Jigroslis stolonifera, var. } ,*. latifolia) - - . . . . . ( ^2 Rye-grass (Lolzumperenne) - - . . . i White or Dutch clover {Trifolium repens) - - - LI lbs. Bush vetch {Vicia sepium) - . . . . A bushel Hweet-scented vernal grans {Jjnthoxantkum odMratum) OJ Perennial red clover {Trifolium fratensi: pcrennr) - 12 lbs Achillea milltfolivm, yarrow - - ... 4 Grasses — Seeds — quaniities and modes of sowing. The proper quantity of grass seeds to sow, per acre, is a point of the great- est importance, as regards the expense of the seed, and the speedy formation of tho most valuable sward. s.'^***** When land is to be sown for permanent pasture, no admixture of any annual or grain crop, or broad-leaved clover, should be admitted with the grass seeds. F^xperience proves that they are highly injurious to the intention of speedily forming a solid productive sward; and that the profit that may accrue from a grain crop thus obtained, will be much overbalanced by the loss of grass in the two following seasons. Every plant of these annual crops occupies a place, to the detriment of the expected sward ; besides rendering the surface porous by the decay of their roots in the end of autumn, much mischief, likewise, is done to tho sward by portions of the crops being beat down with heavy rains. The above mixture should be sown in the autumn or spring, at the rate of four bushels and a half to the acre ; much less will form a good pasture, but when tho seeds can be had from the farm at a moderate expense, the maxi- mum quantity should be adopted. If sown in spring, it will be found highly useful, in the following autunm, to give the surface a slight top-dressing with rotten dung or compost, in which the seeds or roots of weeds are not suspected, and to sow inunediately after lialf a bushel, more or less, of the mixture of seeds, according as the sward appears to be deficient of plants ; after which, (the top-dressing being previously well reduced by a slight bush-harrow,) the roller should be liberally used ; and rolling, for the first two years, should never be neglected at any favourable opportunity. If the seeds are sown in autumn, the top-dressing, re-sowing, and rolling, will be found equally requi- site and beneficial in the following month of May ; and even if repeated in the following autunm, they will greatly forward the intention. This is imitating the process of nature in forming pastures — with this advantage, that for one seed of a valuable species of grass supplied to the soil by the slow and gradual process of nature, in one season, a thousand are supplied in the same space of time ; and tlius take possession of their natural soil, without the danger and inconvenience of expelling its usurpers. There has been some difl'crcnce of opinion respecting the manner of reap- in"' the produce of seedling grasses; whether by depasturing with sheep, or by mowing after the plants have perfected their seed. The manure supplied by sheep to the young grasses is of great advantage ; but the animals are apt to bite too close to the root, and sometimes tear up the young plants altoge- ther. I have found, on repeated trials, that cropping seedling grasses before they had produced llowers, had the effect of retarding and weakening the after-growth of the plants for that season very much. 13ut after the period of flowering, cropping was found to strengthen, and rather encourage the growth of plants. In the same way I found, that old plants of grass, when cut very close after the first shoots oi' the spring made their appearance, afforded about one-third less weight of i)roduce in the whole season than those plants of the same species which were left uncut till the flowering culms began to appear. As the advantages of the manure of the sheep may be supplied by top-dress- ing, and the disadvantages resulting to the tender seedling plants from early and close cropping cannot so speedily be removed, the practice of suffering the grasses to produce flowers before they are cut, with the application of top-dressincfs, and the use of the roller, till the spring of the second year, ap- pears to be far more profitable than the former practice of depasturing the seedling grasses at an earlier period than the spring of the second year. But in this, no doubt, as well as in other particular modes of management recom- mended for general practice in the culture of plants, local circumstances may interfere so nmch as often to render some modification of them necessary. The superior value of sainfoin for soils on a porous or dry sub-soil is there- fore manifest. * ^ * * * * * * *. * Sainfoin grows wild in all the clialky districts in England : but it was first introduced to Engli. lu cacu omer wii Kohlrabi - - - 14 [ weight of produce. Swedish Turnip - - 13 I Carrots - - - - 1 1 j The proportions which they bear to each other with respect to • I have found this variety less nutritious and less haidy than the pink or light red mangel wurtzel. Seventy-eiglit thousand four hundred and forty, eight pounds of the pink kind were produced, in 1823, upon one acre and fourteen perches of faim land in Philadelphia County. — .im. Ed. On Mangel IVurlzel — Its cullivutloa, product, and value on Dairy aiid Breeding Farms — Causes of failure — Quality of Butter — Application of Cultivators — Ad- vantages of aflat surface in this climate — Superiority of Indian Corn for the general purposes of American Farms. By John Hare Powel, Esq. Powelton, Philadelphia County. I enclose certificates, showing that sixteen hundred and thirty-four bushels of mangel wurtzel, weighing seventy-eight thousand four hundred and forty-eight pounds, were produced at Powelton, upon one acre and fourteen perches of farm land, accurately measured by a regular surve3-or. I selected a parallelogram, containing thirteen contiguous rows, which w-ere drawn and measured in mj^ presence, to ascertain the largest quantit}^, which had grown upon the richest part of the field. One hundred and forty-three bas- kets, equal to one hundred and seventy-four bushels, were produced upon thirteen and an half perches, at the rate of two thousand and sixty-five bushels per acre, weighing 44 tons, 5 cwt. 27 lbs. I am satisfied that the account of my farmer is correct, and as the roots had been drawn ten days, had been closely cut beneath the crowns, were dry, and entirely free from dirt, both the measurement by the basket, and the estimate by weight, must be fair. If a barrel had been used, or any other large vessel, o[ similar shape, the crop w^ould appear greater, as the measure would not have been so often filled, and con- sequently not so often heaped. ^Ir.i JNIilnor, the Recording Secretary, was good enough to superintend the measurement of the basket, and saw the man- ner in which it was filled. I submit to 3'ou the shingles containing the original scores, and refer you to him for corroboration of the facts. It may be well to state, that however great this crop. may appear, in England a larger product has been obtained. My soil was not naturally strong; it has been gradually so much deepened, as to enable Wood's plough, No. 2, drawn by four oxen, to plough fourteen inches deep. Fresh barn-yard manure was equally spread upon the surface, and ploughed under in the early part of April, in quantities not larger than are generally used for potato crops in this coun- ty. Early in May the land was twice stirred with Beatson's scarifier — harrowed — rolled — after stirred — harrowed, and rolled again in the opposite direction. The holes for the Muni:^cl Wnrtzcl — I'uluc on Dtiiri/ Farms. seeds were made by a wheel containing pegs in its circum- feience, which penetrated the ground about an inch, leaving intervals o( four inches; the rows were made two feet asun- der; two capsules were dropped into each hole; the wheel of a common barrow was passed over them, thus compressing the earth, and leaving a slight rut, for the retention of mois- ture. A small cultivator, which I had contrived for the purpose, was drawn between the rows soon after the weeds appeared; a three-inch triangular hoe removed the alternate plants, leaving the others at distances, varying from S to 12 inches asunder. The cultivator was twice used before tiie 20th of July. The heavy rains of August made another hoeing ne- cessary, and surcharged the ground so much with moisture, that all roots increased much less in that month, than during the same time, in the two last jears. In order to convey an idea of a mangel wurtzel crop, to some of the membcis who are not acquainted with its usual product, it may not be improper to stale, that three-fourths of the root extend above the ground — that 1 last year obtained one, which at Mv. Landreth's shop weighed, some days after it was drawn, 17 lbs. 10 oz. I this 3'eai- desired smaller roots, which might grow so closely, as by their leaves to protect the soil as much as pos- sible from the exhalations of the sun. JNIy cultivator, by its peculiar form, enabled me to cut olf the weeds when the plants were so young, that if I had applied the plough, their crowns must have been covered in many instances by earth, occasionally tailing from its land side. The failure which attends the cultivation of most root crops in drills, proceeds from the neglect of weeds in their early stages. Four or live days of delay, frequently make the difference of fifteen days in the labour of making clean an acre of ground. The same weeds which a boy with a sharp shingle could remove at the commencement of one week, ma}', before the end of the next, require the application of an implement drawn by an horse. I ascribe my success, in great measure, to the use of Wood's extraordinary plough, wiiich enters the soil more deeply, and pulverizes it more perfectly than any other I have ever seen with equal force in any country — to the use of cultiva- tors, which complete the production of fine tilth — to the de- struction of the weeds on their first appearance — to leaving the smallest space upon which a horse can walk between the rows, and above all io plaiiting the seeds of a proper kind upon a surface which is kept perfectly flat. In proof of the advantages of this invaluable root, I exhibit Root Crops cannot supplant Indian Com. cream obtained from one of my cows, which has been fed for several weeks, exclusively upon mangel wurtzel and millet fodder. You will fmd that its colour and flavour are perfectly good ; the butter which it affords, is more like that produced in June, than any I have used, excepting such as had been derived from cows fed on carrots and corn meal. Notwithstanding the large product, I am confirmed in the opinions, which I have repeatedly expressed, that in this country, nothing can supplant the king of vegetables, Indian Corn. I would recommend mangel wurtzel, in preference to all other roots, for dairy and breeding farms: and to a limited extent, where labour and manure are not too dear, in compa- rison with the value of land, it should be cultivated upon all farms. The expense of preparation for a mangel wurtzel crop is not so great as might be supposed. The labour of four oxen, a ploughman and driver in ploughing one acre, fourteen inches deep, costs $3.00 Three stirrings with Beatson's improved scarifier, which two oxen managed by one man, can readily pass over five acres in good condition, in one day, 1.25 Two harrowings and two rollings, .... 1.25 Dibbling with a wheel, ...... 1.00 Dropping seeds, (if performed by men,) . . 5.00 Pressing them under by a wheel, .... 1.00 Hoeing and thinning, ...... 15.00 Cleaning with Blockley cultivator, drawn by one horse, 3.00 ^30.50 I am, very obediently, yours, John Hare Powel. To the President of the Peniuylvania Agricultural Society. Philadelphia County. At a meeting of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, held in November, Mr. Powel exhibited a bottle of cream, produced by a cow, which he stated, had been fed solely on mangel wurtzel roots, and millet hay. It was pro- nounced by all who examined it, to be equal, in richness and flavour, to any they had ever seen. His Durham Short-horn heifers, fed upon these roots, yield very large quan tities of milk, affording the richest cream I have tasted. JoHS P. MrLNOR, Recording Sec'y. Penn. Ag. Sac. We have counted the scores, examined William Powell the farmer, and are satisfied, that the piece of land at Powelton, measured by Mr. Henry Serrill, produced thirteen hiindred and forty-one baskets of mangel wurtzel, and that the part thereof containing thirteen and an half perches, produced one hun- dred and forty-three baskets, all the roots having been closely cut below the crowns John P. Milnor, Hfnry Sr.RRitt Mangel fVurtzel — Product — Certificates — Oaths. JS'ovember 19. I have carefully measured the basket used by William Powell, and referred to in the foregoing certificate, and find, that it contains precisely one bushel and seven quarts. A basket of this size, wide at top, and of sutFicicnt height, was selected, in order that the beets might bo fairly measured, by being placed singly, T\ea.Y\y pcrpiniliruUnhj, their necks extending above the sides, upon which others wore afterwards laid horizontally until the usual heaped measure was given ; thus leaving as few interstices as possible. John p. Mii.xoR. Having measured the above piece of ground, I certify it contains one acre and fourteen square perches. A part of whicli, containing thirteen and an lialf square perches, had been staked out in order to ascertain the exact quan- tity of mangel wurtzcl tlicreon. Hesrv SKKiiii.r,, Surveyor. I have measured the mangel wnirtzel, taken from farm land at Powolton, surveyed b}' Mr. Serrill, and am convinced from the careful manner in which I scored upon shingles with a knife every basket as it passed, from my hand, and as I was checked in my account by the person who assisted me, it is not possible an)' mistake conld arise. Upon one acre and fourteen square perches, thirteen hundred and forty-one baskets were produced. From the piece which had been staked out, in order to ascertain the exact quantitj' of mangel wurt- zcl thereon, I took one hundred and forty-three baskets. The strip included thirteen adjoining rows, which were measured from the edge towards the cen- tre of the tield without any break. William Powell, Fanner at Puicclton. Philadelphia County, ss. Personally appeared before me, the subscriber, one of the justices of the peace, in and lor the county aforesaid, the above named William Pnwell, who being sworn, according to law, sailli, that the foregoing statement is true, to the best of his knowledge and belief. Sworn and subscribcil, this twenty-eighth d.iy of November, A. D. l.'^23. Georgk HoWAKTir, Justice of the Feace. West Philadelphia. A farm basket, properly filled with mangel wurtzcl, was brought to my store, by Mr. Powel's tanner. The roots alone, weighed rather more than fifty-eight and an half pounds. David Hoopes. The Committee appointed to examine the papers relative to a crop of man- gel wurtzcl raised last season by John Hare rowel, I'^sq., after inspecting the certificates, are nnaniraousl}' of opinion, that Mr. Powel at Powelton raised on one acre and fourteen perches of ground, thirteen hundred and forty-one baskets, equal to sixteen hundred and thirty -one bushels of mangel wurtzel, weighing seventy-eight thousand four hundred and forty-eight pounds ; and that he is justly entitled to a premium therefor from the Pennsylvania Agri- cultural Society. George W. Holstein, Elijah Lewis, ^pril2ith, IS'U. Maniel Eyre. Premium relinquished. E.Ttract from the minutes of the Pcnnsjivania Agricultural Society. John P. Milnor, Recording Secretary. Manures — Lime — Deej:> Plovghing. On Deep Ploughing — Oyster-shell Lime — the manage- ment and application of Vegetable and *finimal Ma- nures. By John Hare Powel, Esq. rowelton, I have reclaimed, by oyster-shell lime and deep plough- ing, a farm, made sterile by a series of the most exhaust- ing crops, whicii the cupidity or folly of bad tenants could suggest. I am not ignorant of the objections which have been often brought, and not less ingeniously supported, against breaking the "pan," and reversing the sub-soil; but I have seen few instances, where ultimate success has not at- tended deep ploughing, in a Judicious course of manage- ment, except on arid sands. I have turned up sub-soils, of different hues, mixed with substances, varying, from tena- cious clay, to loose gravel, or sparkling sand, and have found, that those who condemned my "burying fertile mould be- neath sterile clay," confess, that at the end of five years, I obtain great crops, by means of deep and fine tilth, from a chesnut ridge, and gravel bottom, originally covered with barren oak and cedar trees. Some of my friends, who are in the habit of hauling manure to the distance of twelve miles, may imagine, that my proximity to the town, affords a re- medy for all the defects of soil. Within twelve years, I have expended but six hundred dollars in the purchase of manure, although during part of the time, large quantities of hay were sold from my farm. Where the mould was five inches deep, I ploughed ten in the autumn — applied caustic oyster-shell lime, in quantities, equal to eighty or an hundred bushels per acre. In the spring, I ploughed six, reversed the sub-soil, and took a white crop. In the next autumn, I ploughed nearly eight for a winter crop — in the succeeding year, the original depth of ten inches was reached by the plough. In some instances, for root crops, it has been gradually increased. This day with Wood's Plough, No. 2, drawn by four oxen, my land has been ploughed for mangel wurtzel more than fourteen inches deep. The " caput mortuum" or sub-soil, after having in the first instance been corrected by the caus- ticity of lime, and the expansion of frost — improved by the atmosphere, and the calcareous matter which remained, was turned below the depth of an ordinary furrow. The first crop \ Manures — t^nimal — Season and Mode of Jipplieation. was certainly better than that whicli had preceded it, as the advantages derived from the lime, the larger supply of mois- ture, secured by the greater capacity of the loose soil for its deposite, and the increased depth of tilth, more than compen- sated for the injury, that might be apprehended, from the ad- mixture of small portions of " sour soil." The next crop was nearly as good — the succeeding crops have gradually in- creased in quantity, weight, and value. The ingenious in- ventor of the sub-stratum plough, has added much to our means of improvement, in this, as he has done by the appli- cation of his skill to the production of various implements, valuable by their simplicity and cheapness — but whilst I ac- knowledge the benefit he has conferred, by placing a substi- tute for deep ploughing within the reach of those, who cannot be tempted to reverse the sub-soil, I cannot avoid thinking, that if the sub-soil in all cases be deleterious to vegetation when brought to the surface — when meliorated by the chemi- cal action of lime — by the expansion of frost — by exposure to the influences of heat and light — by the operation of various agents and manures, employed for the mechanical separation of its particles, or the supply of its deficiencies, it must in most cases, be injurious to the tender radicals, which have been led to a "caput mortuum;" whither they never coulu have been seduced, but by the attractions of water, to vege- tate, for a time — soon after to die, and disease or debilitate the plant. I have never had apprehension of the loss of animal manure by sinking, as its component parts are generall)'- so insoluble in water, as to cause them to be left by filtration sufficiently near to the surface for all our purposes : but I have had many motives to guard against its escape by evaporation, and there- fore invariably deposite it deeply, and generally in its fresh- est state, beneath the surface of the land. My experience during nearly twenty years has taught me that in this cli- viate, ivhere the exhalations of the sun during one season, the influence of wind — the efiects of melting snow, and tor- rents of rain, during another, upon a surface made impervious by frost almost to the edge of an axe, top dressing, except when principally composed of calcareous matter, should sel- dom be applied. Old pastures remarkable for the excellence of their herbage, or gi'ass lands within the reach of large towns, may be profitably enriched by the application of ani- mal manure to the surface in the spring, when the soil is open, and the grass by pushing forth its leaves, soon affords some protection, from the sun, whilst they imbibe to a certain extent, the fertilizing princij}le, passing oft' in a gaseous form. The expedients which Ihe dearncss oC la nd, and the rhcap- tSlercorarics — " Compost Pies'' — Foreig'n Pruclices. ness of labour, have coerced certain Europeans to adopt, can- not for ages become profitable, where the farmer tills gene- rally his own soit; and the labourer is paid, and protected, as being worthy of regard, and the wages of his toil. Com- post heaps, in certain situations, may be advantageously form- ed. In very few would they repay the cost of chopping, turning, and scientific commixing, without noticing the loss, in this climate, at each operation, of animal matter, by the escape of its volatile parts — not the least essential of which it is formed. I am satisfied, that all animal manures should, if practicable, be applied in their freshest state — that where this cannot be done, they should be covered with earth, and exposed in the fold yard, to the treading of beasts, in order, that the mass may be made compact — the air be excluded — and consequently, decomposition retarded, until its influence shall be directly applied, to stimulate plants, and enrich the soil. The curious sheds, ingenious stercoraries, and mellow com- post "pies," of which prints are given, and on which long essays have been written, I have been convinced, are adapted neither to the climate of Pennsylvania nor to our purses nor plans. I should be unwilling to shake off some of the prejudices, which we have imbibed, with our mother tongue: but al- though I do not object to cut a heavy cloth coat, in an Au- gust day, after a foreign winter fashion, I am not prepared to remain a colonist in thinking, that we cannot manage our farms, without European precedent or rule. If any man were to cultivate a large farm in this state, after the most approved scientific mode, which the agricultural Doctors would have us adopt, he might expect to have an empty barn, and ere long a light pocket. Science is essential to the agricultural art — chemistry aids it at every turn, — cooking is a chemical process; yet I should be unwilling to be fed, with soup from the laboratory of the great Davy himself, unless he had been practised in season- ing his broth — even if with the aid of the whole college of physicians, it were scientifically compounded, as Smollett's feast of the ancients, and served in classic vases of gold. I am, very obediently, yours, &c. John Hare Powel. To the President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, }lai/ — Making and Securing. On viaking Hay — Hay Houses — Pennsylvania Barns — ^Arrangements of the Fold Yard. By John Hahe Powel, Esq. Powclton, July 1, 1824, Sir, — Your profitable management, much more tlian the high state of cultivation, in which the officers of the so- ciety found your farm, leads me to desire a statement of the system you pursue, in the preparation of j^our soil — the ar- rangement of your fields — the rotation of your crops — the mode of securing fodder — feeding cattle — and the application of their manure. I was struck by the appearance of your stock, and gratified at finding that our opinions and practice coincide, in the preparation of hay, and distribution of it in hay houses, instead of huge 7nows. I have thought the parade of Pennsylvania barns not more profitable than the decoration of our fine blue waggons, or the musical bells attached to our teams. The ingenious mode adopted to deprive grasses of their most valuable and nutri- tious parts, is so absurd, that it long since would have been abandoned, I should hope, had not our prejudices in favour of old usages, which generally keep practical farmers right, in this instance put us all wrong. In good weather, most crops of grasses can in this state be secured wiihout h^xw^ shaken from the swarth. My uniform practice for many years has been to allow grass to remain nearly two days untouched, to gather it by an horse rake, cock it in the hot part of the day, salt it, and place it in an hay house, which admits a free circulation of air. My clover, like yours, retains much of the colour of its blossoms and leaves. The advantage of pilching hay from the carriage, into "a bank barn," does not counterbalance the expense of labour in preparing, the loss of nutrition in drying, and the great danger of fire from heating, as well as from the escape of moisture, which so often in this climate attracts lightning, to the utter destruction of the building, and all the hopes of the farm. The convenience of feeding, has also been brought to aid the arguments, in favour of a great Pennsylvania barn. We owe much of our success to the industry, care, and skill, of our excellent German population, but I think it may be ques- tioned, whether the expense they incur, in the arrangement of their farm buildings, is not very often mischievous, not merely useless, in making tender their cattle, and diseasing Hay Houses — Cattle Sheds ^ 8cc. them by bad hay. It is scarcely possible in this state, where the changes of climate are sudden and severe, to guard farm stock from suffering, when they are made warm throughout the night, and are necessarily exposed to pelting storms during part of the day. I am convinced, that milch cows, and very young calves, require protection from cold — all other cattle, if guarded from wet, and currents of wind, feed with more appetite, digest with more ease, work with more vigour, and encounter accidental exposure, with less danger of harm, than if they be confined within thick stonewalls, in- haling an impure atmosphere, from which by the instinct of nature, if not thwarted by the ill-judged contrivance of man, they would fly. I would suggest, that the position for the farm yard be se- lected, as usual, at the foot of a small hill, of which the southern side, should be cut in such manner, as to admit the erection of a barn sufficiently large for all its usual purposes, except that of holding hay, and feeding cattle. Roofs pitch- ing to the south, and sufficiently capacious to protect all the hay, straw, fodder, and stock of the farm, should be extended at both gable ends. For the support of the fodder lofts, and roofs, pillars of brick, or stone, should be erected at proper intervals; for the security of the bank, and the road at its edge, a wall somewhat higher than it, should be built — a space of two feet should be left, between the northern side of the loft and the wall. Racks should be placed perpendicularly, with their outer edges exactly corresponding, and parallel with the wall, and side of the loft. Thus a space of two feet would remain between them and the wall, to be filled vvith hay. A long shutter, sufficiently wide, may be secured by hinges, attached to posts, on the outer side of the wall, in order that when the rack shall have been filled, by pitching from above, it may be closed at a proper angle, to exclude rain or cold air. Stalls for cattle, pens for sheep and calves, should be at fit distances placed beneath the hay — palings, and gates, might secure them on the southern, or outer side. The hay being exposed on two of its sides, would require infinitely less dry- ing, than if pressed closely, in a great mass, within the thick walls of a barn. It is scarcely to be believed, by those who have not seen the experiment, how little drying grass requires, when it is to be salted, and thrown lightly into an open hay house. By beginning at one end of a long loft, and dis- charging the loads, so as to not more than half fill it, until the hay be extended to the other, by the time that the end at which the farmer began, shall he quite filled, his hay, in de- Jioof Crops — JVJiiie Turnips. spite of the state in which it had been hauled, will be suffi- ciently dry. The advantages I propose, are the saving of labour in making the hay, of money in building the barn, of nutrition from not exhausting the grass by unnecessary exposure, to the rays of the sun ; and to practical farmers, what to them is of consequence, a return in profit, on cattle, which after being fed from January to July upon hay, and grass alone, may be exposed on Philadelphia shambles with credit to the feeder, as yours have been shown. I am yours, &.c. John Hare Powel. To John G. Watmough, Esq, On, Root Crops — Groiuing — Securing — Their application and value. By Jamf.s Williams, Esq. Philadelphia County. My present observations will be chiefly confined to the culture and use of the common field turnip, the value of which, I apprehend, is not sufficiently appreciated in this country. I have frequently been told by farmers, that unless near market, they are scarcely worth raising, and as to fattening cattle with them, that was a thing utterly im- practicable. Having seen that in England fat beef is made from turnips, with very little other food, and believing there was the same nutrition in them here as there, I resolved to satisfy myself. I, therefore, about the beginning of January last, purchased and stalled a pair of young oxen, or rather what the drovers would term coarse, poor, rough stags. They cost me S25. You may judge, by the price, they were no great things, as fair store cattle of the same weight were selling at the same time and place, for 17 to IS dollars per head. I had two bushels of turnips chopped up morning and evening, and three quarts of ground oats and corn meal, or buckwheat meal, mixed with each mess, which I divided be- tween them. In the middle of the day and at night they had alternately, oat straw, and corn fodder. In three months and an half they were good beef, but I kept them another month for a better market, and the latter end of April turned them out to pasture with the cows, still feeding them night and morning, but more sparingly. On the 25th of May, I sold them for §70.20, which was six dollars per hundred. A steer fattened by Mr, John Risden, at Hopkin's ferry, near Holmesburg, was slaughtered at the same time, and was put up about the same time that mine were. His was fattened on White Tnridps — Nutritive Propertiea. il2 quarts of Indian meal, about \ bushel potatoes, and as much good clover hay as he could eat per day. There was very little difference in the quality of the meat; indeed I believe they would have commanded the same price at the shambles — and look at the difference of feed. The quarters weighed as follows : One Stag .... 605 lbs.— gut fat, 65 lbs. One do 565 — do. 60 Mr. Risden's Steer, . . 650 — do. 75* * We shall at all times be glad to receive the coinmunioations of this intel- ligent and zealous cultivator, and we trust he will pardon our exhibiting, in a condensed view, the result of his very satisfactory experiment. He states that " about the beginning of January, he purchased and stalled a pair of young oxen, which cost twenty-five dollars." " Two bushels of tur- nips chopped up morning and evening, and three quarts of ground oats and corn meal, or huckwkcnt meal, mixed with each mess," were " divided between them — in the middle of the day and at night, they had alternately, oat straw and corn fodder." In the " latter end of April they were turned out to pas- ture," " stiil feeding them niglu and morning, but more sparingly." " On the twenty-fifth of May," he " sold them for $70.20." From the .5lh of January to the 25th of May is 140 days. They con- sumed daily, that is morning and evening, 6 quarts of ground oats and corn meal, or buckwheat meal, = 840 quarts or 2G^ bushels at 50 cents $13 12 They ate oat straw or corn fodder, which within five miles of Phila- delphia, was worth, it is presumed, at least 15 cents per cwt., or $3 per ton. Allowing each ox to consume or waste 2 cwt. per week, the two oxen consumed or wasted, in 140 days, or 20 weeks, 4 tons at $3 per ton 12 00 Original cost of Oxen 25 00 $50 12 Price obtained for the Oxen when fatted 70 20 20 08 They ate 2 bushels of turnips chopped up morning and evening, that is, 4 bushels per day, during 140 days = to 560 bushels, which at 3 cents 4-7ths per bushel would amount to 20 08 Thus if our calculation be correct, it is established, that white turnips, when chopped and manufactured into messes, are worth three cents and four-se- venths of a cent per bushel. How much the labour of preparation is worth, we venture not to decide, but suppose it to equal at least the value of the ma- nure. To determine the comparative values or nutritive properties of vegetables, a series of experiments are necessary. They must be made upon various ani- mals of the same breed — of similar ages — reared, fed, housed, managed, and even watered under similar circumstances. — Editor. fVhiic Turnips — Nutritive Properties. This establishes the fact, I think, that there is some virtue in a white turnip, although a celebrated writer, in eulogizing his favourite plant, tlie rutabaga, contemns it as the "poorest of all roots of the bulb kind, cultivated in the fields." Again, he says, " hogs are the most able tasters in all creation ; they will eat nothing that is poor in its nature; a white turnip they will not touch unless they be on the point of starving." My hogs, however, were not such epicures ; I have abun- dance of proof, that I kept 13 hogs and pigs, last winter, al- most entirely on white turnips; they had no other food be- sides a bucket full, containing less than a half bushel of rye shorts to a hogshead of water, and the sour milk from three tolerable cows. They were always ready for the turnip, and kept in excellent condition. The fat hogs fed on corn for five weeks before they were killed, ate them with avidity, until the day before they were slaughtered. I sometimes chopped up carrots, beets, and turnips together, to see if a preference was given. The larger swine ate indiscriminately; the smaller ate the turnips first, perhaps because they were more easily masticated. My milch cows had from h to | bushels per day each, with three or four handfuls of meal, which kept up a flush of milk, and I have at no time had sweeter butter. Now, after what I have stated, you will readily conceive it would be as difficult for the aforesaid writer to convince me, that the white turnip is so very poor a thing as he represents, as it was for him to persuade the generous inhabitants of the Emerald Isle, that nine-tenths of the Irish potato is composed of " earth, straw and water." Yet this same writer admits, alluding to the devastation of the turnip- fly in England — "that if any man could find out a real reme- dy, and could communicate the means of cure, while he kept the means a secret he would be a much richer man than he who should discover the longitude, for about Jifty thousand farmers would very cheerfully pay him ten guineas a year each.''*' What would Great Britain do with her numerous flocks, and herds, w'ithout her turnip crop; and this subject, I sin- cerely believe, is daily becoming of more importance to the people of this country, and lo the state of Pennsylvania in particular. Our population is constantly and rapidly in- creasing; manufactures are increasing in the same or greater proportion, and wool-growers will multiply in the same ratio. Sheep, of which it is computed there are already about 2,000,000 in this state, are now decidedly the most profitable stock farmers can keep. Wool is 7ioiv brought all the way from the state of Ohio to the Philadelphia market. Let the ■ The Fly attacks Ruta bajja as well as White turnips. — Editor. White Turnips — Mode of Cultivation. sheep proprietors, then, if they wish to keep their flocks on cheap, succulent and wholesome food, during the winter months, look to the turnips, although the climate of this country may not be so congenial to the growth of this escu- lent as that of England. I have never found much difficulty in raising a crop, even in unfavourable seasons. The plan that I adopt and recommend is this: if, for instance, I wish to sow three or four acres, I begin early in the season, and pare half an acre or more, according to the state and appear- ance of the weather ; as soon as the ground is well ploughed and harrowed, I immediately sow whilst fermentation is at work; this is of more importance than many people imagine. Always sow and plant on fresh ground, if possible. I then run a roller over, if the ground is not too wet, to press the seed to the earth, which I also consider of consequence, as vegetation will more speedily ensue. I would also advise that a harrow should be run over the seed before the roller, as it may give the plant two chances against its most formi- dable enemy, the fly. I fancy it has been pretty clearly as- certained that this seed will bear a deep covering. I gene- rally sow about 1| lbs. per acre. In two or three days, or as soon as convenient, and the weather permits, I prepare another half acre or more, and so on to the end. If, per- chance, any particular sowing should have been cut off" by the fly, or from drought or some other unforeseen cause did not succeed, I stir well the ground afresh and sow again. After the ground is prepared, the labour necessary to bestow on a turnip crop, compared with its value, is not worth men- tioning. Sowing, pulling, topping and housing comprises the whole. I last year sowed some purple top amongst four acres of corn, broadcast; I presume 1 had two hundred bush- els to the acre; what I sold in market I got 18| to 25 cents for. But supposing them to have been worth 10 cents for farm use, my turnips were of more value than my corn of 40 bushels to the acre, at the price of that article last year. Some of the turnips weighed 4 lbs., and cultivated and har- vested at less than one-fourth the expense of corn. If al- lowed to arrive at maturity, two men and two boys will pull, top and secure from the frost even in the field, put in heaps of 40 or 50 bushels each, and covered with earth, from 80 to 100 bushels, or more, according to their size; and still more, if thrown into vaults or cellars, in the course of a day. The objections made by many, that turnips are not worth attending to in an Indian corn country, because they are a precarious crop, appears to me to be an unfounded prejudice. Corn, doubtless, is an excellent crop, and where justice is done to it, entitled to all those eminent qualities emphatically Suctess/iil Kxperiments zvith Rape ur Cote. ascribed to it, of "meal, meadow and manure." But corn, as well as the turnips, has its enemies, and requires constant attention, from the time it is planted until the ears begin to appear. I have shown to the best of my judgment and that of others, that where land is capable of producing 40 bushels of corn to the acre, that the vacant spaces between have yield- ed 200 bushels of turnips in a favourable season. But sup- posing the turnips fail entirely, which is not probable, if the method 1 suggest be adopted, what is there lost in this case but a little labour and a little seed; a consideration, I should hope, too insignificant to deter any husbandman, who studies his interest, from hazarding the experiment. I am, dear Sir, Your most obedient servant, James Williams. John Hare Powel, Esq. Corves. Scc'ry of the Penn. As^ricul. Society. On Rape — Its cultivation and pvodtice in Seed — Its value as Green Food for Neat Cattle and Sheep. By John Hake Powel, Esq. Powelton, Philadelpliia County, 1827. Dear Sir, — In accordance with your request, I have prepared a notice on tlie cultivation, uses, and vahie ol" cole or rape. I am not aware that rape had been cultivated extensively in any part of the United States, until 182 1, wlien Mr. Miller and Mr. Pliillips of this county, obtained crops so extraordinary in pro- duct and value, as to induce them to reconniiend it to the notice of tlieir neighbours, by the only sort of evidence, which operative iarmei's will receive. I have no knowledge of its cultivation, excci)t from my observations al)road. It is higlily valued in many parts of Europe, as well for its product in seeds, as for the large quantity of green food Rape. — Cultivation — Hoeing, St'C. which it affords throughout the greater part of the year. It may be sown either broadcast, or as turnips, in drills — or, in beds, and be transplanted as other varieties of the Brassica or cabbage genus. The usual and most successful mode, is to sow from two to three quarts of seeds broadcast in June or July, when intended for green food, but in August or September, when destined to pro- duce seeds in the next year. The process of transplanting is too expensive in this country — the necessary hand-Iioeing, un- less the land has been well prepared by previous cleansing crops, would make rape, in the broadcast system, much more troublesome, than if culti- vated in rows, admitting the introduction of a horse-hoe. In favourable seasons I should not hesitate, where land is cheap and labom- is dear, to allow it, Avhen intended for green food, to take its chance, without the aid of either hand or horse-hoeing. It produces in ordinary seasons on rich allu- vial, or other deep friable soils, from forty to se- venty bushels of seeds, determined in quantity, very much, by the accuracy of tillage and the condition and nature of the land. Great care and precision are necessary in harvesting the seeds in June or July, of the year succeeding that in which they are sown. When tlie pods as- sume a brownish cast, and some of the seeds become black, the crop is reaped with sickles — laid regularly in handsful or grips in rows, where it continues until the straw becomes somewhat white — the seeds of the colour of which we lind them in the shops. If they ])e allowed to be- come too dry, they fall out on the slightest mo- Jiape — Vahie — Effects upon Neat Cattle and Sheep. lion — when carried too green, they are liable to be heated. At the proper time they must be thrashed in the field upon old sails or cloths, to which tlie crop should be carried upon sledges prepared with cloths, or by similar means. The seeds must be carefully spread in small quanti- ties in granaries or on barn floors, and be oc- casionally moved. Sheep and neat cattle are extravagantly fond of it — but of all plants, perhaps it is the most likely to cause them to be blown. There is much difference of opinion as to its nutritive properties in the green state. I be- lieve, that it quite equals the common cabbage, and very far exceeds turnips of all kinds in the quantity of nutrition it contains — in the value of tlie oil for various manufacturing purposes, and the excellence of the cake, after it Jias been ex- pressed, for cattle food and the manure of drill crops, no question can be entertained. It is not a certain crop — as it is exposed to all the enemies vvhicli attack turnips and cabbages — and is liable to ])c injured at the season of blos- soming ])y mildew and sometimes by frost.* * This excellent plant and mangel wurtzel, were as early as the year 1788, hrouorht into the view of our fanners, by llie original Philadelphia Society, which having two years before reconiniendod clover and gypsum, continued its career of exertion and usefulness, until tlic year 17'.K{, when tiic President, and with him that Society, died. Extract from the Report of a Committee appointed hij the present Philadelphia Society in 18^(>, to inquire into the proceedings of the Old Philadelphia So- ciety. " The Committee beg leave further to report, that of all the members who composed the old Philadelphia Society, none of the officers of the present Phi- ladelphia Society" -,»,»»-« " But it does appear that Mr. Bordley, Mr. Povvel and Mr. Clymer, were the most active officers of the association — that Mr. Powel as President attended every meeting but Cn'c from the organization of the Society in 1785, until March 17'.):^ — that in the summer of l7iK5, lie having died, no other meeting of the Society was ever lield. . Philaclelpliia County, February 1, 1837. TO JONATHAN ROBERTS, Esq. Prn^idc7it of tke Pcnnsijlvania Agricultural Society. Dear Sir, By the frequent discussions which have appeared on jyarticular breeds of cattle, among gentlemen whose liberal efforts must vindicate them from all susjoicion of deception, I apprehend that some mistake has arisen from their estimates having been formed on specimens of the respective breeds, varying so much in character and properties, as to make it essential that they be classed as varieties of a race, or even as individuals of distinct breeds. lam the more confirmed in this impression, as some of these gentlemen are separated by hundreds of miles, and it is probable that many of them who have been most prominent in these discussions, have never had an opportunity of inspecting those individuals which my inquiries, and the examination of very extensive cor- respondence with the most eminent English breeders, ham led me to consider as fair examples of the breed which has been the subject of dispute. a* Independent of the liberal hilenlions by which vari- ous jyersons are acluated in importing, and mulliply- ing, European breeds of stocJi', the emxdation excited by Cattle Shows, and the distinction conferred upon the subject, by eminent men in many parts of the United SIcdes, cannot fail to create a strong desire in the parties and their fiends to establish the grounds which they have taken, involving the soundness of their opinions, hoivever aloof from any other views Uian those which the most generous minds might enter- tain. I am aware that this is a hacknied topic, not likely to afford interest to such as are not actively en- gaged in the employ^nent to which it refers; but as I conceive a very large portion of our community, and certainly not the least useful, arc practically occupied in pursuits with ivhich it is intimately connected, I have taken some trouble to make myself acquainted ivith its bearings, and have toiled through a mass of evidence, which has convinced me not only of the entire justice of the following statements, bid of the correct- ness of the pedigrees which I have given. In the language of the discriminating Editor of the American Farmer: — " Evei^ farmer ivho has ani- "mals loorthy of being selected and reserved as pro- " pagators of their kind, should name them, and accu- " rately note their ages and pedigrees. Extracts from "■ Stock Registers, thus furnished and recorded, would '^ effectually constitute a 'HERD BOOK' of autho- " rity for general reference, preventing impositions, ''giving greater value to the good, excluding the sjni- " rious, and serving effectually the fair purposes and " laudable objects, of both venders and buyers." I am of opinion that the pedigrees of many of the animals ivhich have been sent to America, at high prices, loill, if critically examined, prove to be defec- tive on cither side. Yet where no conceahnent has been practised — where the deficient pedigree has been given — or where none, except upon one side is shown, no intention to deceive can be imputed, nor can censure be attached to the English breeder who sends to a foreign land, animals ivhich he supposes quite good enough for its purposes, if he require not more than their value at home, and especially if he avow that he does not deem pedigree essential to establish the re- putation of his breed. With a view to make the pedigrees clear to Ameri- can husbandmen, who are not generally accustomed to the subject, and who have no means of reference to the Herd Book, the origin of each animal has been traced on both sides to its source, and hence when animals were in any degree allied, rej)clilion 2vas \mavoidable. It is not necessary to observe, that no man is expected to read the pedigrees through, and if he did not, withoid the adoption of this mode, the desired infor- mation could not he had. I am, dear Sir, Very tndy yours, John P. Milnor, Recording Secretary Venn, »9g. Soc. THE PENNSYLVANIA AGUUJULTURAL SOCIETY, AT THEIR MEETING IN 1825, NOTICE PAIITICM- LARLY THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPROVED BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK, AND UNEQUIVOCALLY DECLARE THE IMPROVED DURHAM SHORT-HORNS TO BE "THE RACE OF NEAT CATTLE AVHICH EXPERIENCE HAS PROVED TO BE SUPERIOR TO ALL WHICH WE HAVE EVER SEEN." JOHN P, MILNOR, Recordinur Sccretarij. Extract from the Report of the Committee on J\/*eat Cattle at the Feniifiylvania Shoiv of 1824. Your committee do not attempt to designate the points, or characteristics of the various animals which have been submitted to their view, as the display of nearly an iiundred and fifty neat cattle of extraordinary excellence precludes the possibility of their adhering, in the present instance, to the rule which had been observed on former occasions; but they cannot avoid ex- pressing their great satisfaction at the decided improvement which has been made in the stock, by the introduction of Mr. Powel's " Imi'koved Durham .Shout-hohns," whosk hlood can BK TRACED IN NEARLY ALL THE RREliDING ANIMALS, WllICM WERE DISTINGUISHED AS BEST KITTED FOR THE GENERAL PURFOSES OE rHK COUNTRY, BY UNITING, WITH FINE FORMS, THE REQUISITES FOR THE dairy and the stall. THOMAS SMITH, THOMAS SERRILL, MATHEW ROBERTS, RICH. B. JONES, C. CHURCHMAN,- Committee for JSi'cat Cattle. *■ Ail extCMbivc i^raziuib ui diiiiy laniiers. MARlTIiAND CATTLE SHOW. June 1, 1825. The Committee on Neat Cattle report, tliat they award to Col. Lloyd, for his bull Champion, the premium, "as the best full blood Improved Short-horn Bull. Champion having hereto- fore received a discretionary premium on his arrival in this coun- try, his owner generously declined entering him for the premium to be awarded to the best bull of any breed — believing, we pre- sume, with this committee, that to be the best bull of the Improved Shout-houn blood, is to be the best bull of any BUEED." * * * * EDWARD N. HAMBLETON, ROGER BROOKE, WM. CARMICHAEL, CHARLES K. DORSE Y, REUBEN M. DORSEY, JOHN KELSO. At the Brighton and Worcester Shows, Short-horned cattle received the highest commendation and the largest rewards. Oiiinion of a Committee of the Fhiladelphia JigriciiUural So- ciety in favour of Short -Iloims — Annual Meeting, 1827. Mr. Powel having exhibited one of his imported heifers of the Improved Durham Short-horn breed, the committee added, "she possessed, in a high degree, all the fine points for which that va- luable and beautiful breed of cattle is celebrated. — Notwith- standing she had been kept, thus far, through the winter without grain, she was in high condition ; the best evidence that could be oftered of her disposition to fatten on simple food," AARON CLEMENT, MICHAEL NEWBOLD, WILLIAM PHILIPS, Committee, Mr. Powcl adduced evidence of the dairy properties of certain families of the Improved Short-horned breed, among which were recent letters from Dr. Elmer, of New Jersey, and Mr. Carpen- ter, of Lancaster county. AT FOUR CATTLE SHOWS HELD BY THE PENN- SYLVANIA AND PHILADELPHL\ AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES, FIFTY-SIX ANIMALS OF SIIORT-IIORNED BREED, TOOK PREMIUMS EQUAL TO SUGO, although at one of the shows, the principal herd of Short-horns did not con- tend for a prize. It is believed that in no instance has any THOROUGH-BRED individual of the Improved Short-horned breed been beaten by any animal, of any other breed, at any show in the United States. .•We are aware, that pattle with short horns, but without the PEDIGREE, PROPERTIES, Or POINTS of the IMPROVED BREED, al- though sometimes purchased at great cost, have been condemned as unthrifty, and ill adapted for American farms — and we are also aware that some of those, which have been imported with DEFECTIVE pcdigrccs, have been excelled, but they should not be received as specimens of the improved breed. From Bailey^s Survey of Durham, made by order of the British Jlgriciiltural Board. As a proof of the estimation in which this breed of Short-fiorned cattle is held, not only by skilful judges from distant parts of the empire, /)nt m itx otun immediate neighbourliood, it is merely requisite to adduce the catalogue of Mr. Charles ColHng's sale, which took place at Ketton, on the lllh of October, 1810, in consequence of his having declined business. Cherry, 11 years old, Kate, 4 years old, , Peeress, 5 years old, /^ J r> ,,„„«„ „1,1 old, feeress, o years om. Countess, 9 years olu, Celina, 5 years old, Johanna, 4 years old, Lady, 14 years old, Laura , 4 years old, Cathleai, 8 years old. Comet, 6 years old, Yarborough, 9 years old, Cupid. Not sold. Major, 3 years old, JMayduke, 3 years old, Petrarch, 2 years old. COWS. Guineas. K 83 \ Lily, 3 years old, 35 5 Daisy, 6 years old, 170 \ Cora, 4 years old, . 400 J Beauty, 4 years old, 200 ^ Red Rose, 4 years old, 130 5 Flora, 3 years old, • 206 \ Miss Peggy, 3 j'ears old, 210 \ Magdalen, 3 years old, . 150 I Guineas. . 410 . 140 70 . 120 45 70 60 . 170 BULLS. 1000 f JVorthumberland, 2 years old, . 55 5 Alfred, 1 year old, by Comet, . J Duke, 1 year old, by Comet, . 200 i Alexander, 1 year old, by Comet, 145 \ Ossian, by Windsor, 365 5 Harold, by Windsor, 60 110 105 60 76 50 IIITTJ, f'ALVF.S. Guineas. Ciiivedf:. Kettnn, by Gomel, . . . 50 J JN'arcissns, . . . .15 Yornig^ Favourite, . . . 140 / ^Ubion, 60 Geors^e, . . . . . 120 > Cecil, 170 Sir Dimple, . . . . 96 J HEIFEKS. Phcebc, 3 j'ears old, . . 105 \ Lucy, 2 years old, . . . 132 Young Duclidfs, 2 years old, . 183 j Charlotte, .... 136 Young Laura, 2 years old, . 101 < Jo/umna, .... 35 Young Countess, . . . 206 j HEIFER CALVES. Lu cilia, 106 ^ liuby, 50 Calista, . , , . . 50 ? Cowslip, ..... 25 Jt'/iite Rose, . . . . 75 > The total amount of the 47 lots (one being unsold) is ^6073 4s. or nearly ^130 each; To illustrate a remark in the prefatory letter, let it be sup- posed that a bull was sent to America, called "C, got by a son of B C," his dam by " B C ;" his g. d. by " P ;" his gr. g. d. by « N." The dam jpf the son of B C not being given, she was, most pro- bably, a common cow — the gr. gr. g. d. of C, on the female side, not being traced, it is to be presumed she was also a common cow — and the dam of P, which begat C's g. d. not being known, she was also, most probably, a common cow. Thus C's gr. g. d., on the female side, was half-blood — his g..d; by an half-bred bull, and out of an half-bred cow, was half-bred — his dam, by a full-bred bull, must be three-fourths bred — hence his sire being but half-bred, C can possess but 5-8ths of Improv- ed Short- Horn blood. THE ORIGIN IMPROVED DURHAM SHORT-HORNS. Extracts from "Improved Short-horns and their Pre- tensions," hy the Rev. Henry Berry, of Jicton Rectory, England — a gentleman distinguished not inerely as an interesting and scientific writer, but as a saga- cious breeder of cattle, who has gained on various oc- casions, honorary rewards for his Essays, as well as for his beasts. To the banks of the river Tees, separating the counties of Durham and York, reference is to be had for an account of the originals of the improved Short-horns, — There, upwards of eighty years ago, existed a breed of cattle, for a description of which the author is indebted to an old and celebrated breeder now living, — in colour resembling what is called the improved breed of the present day, except that the fashion- able roan was not quite so prevalent ; they are described in general character also to have differed very little from their descendants. Possessing a fine mellow touch, good hair, light offal, particularly wide carcasses, and deep fore-quarters, they were also justly celebrated for extraordinary proof when slaughtered, — resembling thus closely their descendants of the present day. * * * * From all the information which can be collected, it ap- Celebrated Male.i in M^d—Studley Bull, ^-c. pears that the breed of cattle thus described, was crossed with, and probably improved by, importations from the Con- tinent. Several spirited individuals, at that early period, had devoted much attention to the improvement of the breed of cattle then prevailing in the counties of Durham and York, and, amongst others, Sir William St. Quintin, of Scampston, imported cows and bulls from Holland. In due time, the produce ol these animals was more widely diffused, and, crossed with the best stocks of the country, which possessed the same characteristics, became distinguished as the Tees- water Short-horns, uniting, in a wonderful degree, good grazing and dairy qualities. * * * About eighty- five years have elapsed since Mr. Milbank devoted his atten- tion to this branch of rural economy. * * * * A cow, bred from his stock, and at that time tlio property of Mr. Sharter, of Chilton, slaughtered when twelve years old, having produced several calves, weighed upwards of one hun- dred and ten stones.* This cow was the daughter of the old Studky bull, one of the most celebrated ancestors of the im- proved Short-horns. He is described to the author by a per- son who often saw him, to have possessed wonderful girth and depth of fore-quarters, very short legs, a neat frame, and light offal. He was the grandsire of Dalton Duke, bred by Mr. Charge, and sold by him, at the then high price of fifty guineas, to Messrs. INIaynard and Wetherell, in whose pos- session he served cows, at half-a-guinea each. From the old Studley bull are also descended fflllican and Richard Bar- ker's, and Mr. Hill's bulls, all animals of the highest repu- tation in their day, and the originals of the improved Short- horns. * * ■ * ( H- 1 5 lU lbs. Celebrated Males — Hubhack, Sfc. Sir William St. Quintin imported several cows and bulls from Holland; and it may be added, that from him Sir James Pennyman, who possessed estates in the counties of York, Durham, and Northumberland, and was desirous to extend this breed further north, obtained the cattle necessary for his purpose. From these he presented six cows and a bull to Mr. George Snowden, of Hurworth. * * * * In the mean time, a person near Hurworth, having in his possession a cow which there was every reason to believe was bred from some of the stock which had been imported, she was on this account, and from her superior form and quality of flesh, thought worthy to be introduced to Snow- den's bull, and her produce afterwards became an object of celebrity as the bull Hubback. This cow, when removed from her usual pasture in the highways to good land near Darlington, became so fat that she did not again breed, and was consequently slaughtered. Her son evinced the same extraordinary disposition to fatten, and became useless; which was also the case with Bolingbroke, and several of Mr. Colling's best bulls, until he adopted the plan of keeping them in the lowest possible condition. * « * It shall suffice to remark, that in Mr. C, Colling's bull Fol- jambe, the Ikrningham and Hubback's blood were united ; that this bull was the great grand-sire of Comet, and ren- dered, by Mr. C. Colling's own account, the most essential service to his stock. Should the reader feel desirous to trace the pedigrees of the animals here mentioned, he is referred to " Coates's Herd Book,'' where every particular is faithfully stated. * * * * * DAIRY PROPERTIES OF IMPROVED DURHAM SHORT-HORNS. From tlie Rev. Henry Berri/'s Pamphlet. The Instances which are given as to milk, were obtained by the author on the spot; and though he would gladly have included any others, had they been furnished, it appears to him that no trifling force is afforded to his argument, b}'- the cir- cumstance of the cases which are set forth being derived from one stock, — irrefragable proof being thus furnished that they are not solitary instances, but happening in the regular course. The cows recorded, are the property of J, Whitaker, Esq.* of Greenholme, near Otley, and are of the most esteemed blood. [See Herd Book.'] They have given, and give, twice a-day, as follows: — YELLOW ROSE, AT THREE YEARS OLD, FOUR GALLONS TWO QUARTS, TWICE A DAY. YELLOW ROSE, AT FOUR YEARS OLD, FOUR GALLONS THREE QUARTS, TWICE A DAY. RED DAISY, FOUR GALLONS, TWICE A DAY. {She is the g. d. of Mr. PowePs Desdemona, and the g, d. of Mr. PoweVs Betty, on the male side.) * Mr. Whitaker has with singular liberality made great exertion to aid the selection of neat cattle and sheep for Pennsylvania, refusing on all occa- sions, when animals from liis fold were chosen, to fix tlie i)rices, leaving' them to be determined either by the agent in England, or by his friend in America. — Jim. Ed. Mr. fVhilaker's Dairy Short-horns. MAGDALENA, UPWARDS OF FOUR GALLONS, TWICE A DAY. WILDAIR, FOUR GALLONS, TWICE A DAY. {The Dam of Mr. PowePs Betty.) WESTERN LADY, THREE GALLONS TWO QUARTS, TWICE A DAY. ( The Dam of Mr. Pow- ePs Malcolm.) VENUS, SIXTEEN YEARS OLD, THREE GAL- LONS ONE QUART, TWICE A DAY. ( The g. d. of Mr. Power. 'i Volant e.) ALFREDE, THREE GALLONS, TWICE A DAY. {The g. d. of Mr. PoweV.^ Gloucester.) ADELA, FIRST CALF, THREE GALLONS, TWICE A DAY. {The Datn of the same.) YARM, THREE GALLONS, TWICE A DAY. ( The Dam of Mr. PowePs Yorkshire Belle.) THESE COWS ARE STEADY MILKERS, POS- SESSING GREAT INCLINATION TO FATTEN, AND MR. WHITAKER CANNOT BE TOO HIGHLY COMPLIMENTED ON HIS SUCCESSFUL EXER- TIONS TO COMBINE THE TWO QUALITIES. THE REMAINDER OF HIS STOCK WILL BE FOUND BY NO MEANS CONTEMPTIBLE AS MILKERS; BUT IT IS THOUGHT UNNECESSARY to REMARK UPON ANY ORDINARY QUANTI- TIES. WITHOUT ENTERING FURTHER INTO PARTI- CULARS, THIS SUBJECT MAY PROPERLY BE DISMISSED WITH A REMARK OF MR. C. COL- LING'S, THAT THE DUCHESS AND DAISY TRIBES, WITH WHOSE MERIT AS GRAZIER'S Proofs of Blood essential. STOCK, THE PUBLIC ARE WELL ACQUAINTED, WERE ALL GOOD IMILKERS, POSSESSING THAT VALUABLE UNION OF QUALITIES OF WHICH IT IS THUS OBVIOUS EVERY BREEDER OF SHORT-HORNS MAY AVAIL HIMSELF, WHO CHOOSES TO MAKE IT THE OBJECT OF HIS CARE. IT REMAINS FOR THE AUTHOR TO REMIND HIS READERS, THAT IT IS OF THE IMPROVED SHORT-HORNS HE WRITES, AND NOT OF THE GENERAL HERD OF CATTLE, WHICH ARE SOLD AS SHORT-HORNS, FROM THE NORTHERN DIS- TRICTS. * V . , [fmproxTil Shovt-hornn and their l^vete>isioni>, paifC 42. And it may be added, nor did he allude to those sent to America without pedigree, or claims to the properties of the hiu;h bred race. The success of Mr. Whitaker's breed in beating the Here- fords on various occasions, and particularly in 1524, when Wharfdale (by Enchantek, dam Miranda*) ^' beat^' all the Short-horns, and afterwards the field, as well as his triumph at the Doncaster show in 1825, when Matilda, by W^estern CoMET, beat Mr. Champion's, &c., proves that in points and feeding properties, his families of Short-horns are not less remarkable than in excellence for the churn. — ^hn. Ed. » Euchunlti- is the siro of Malculm — Western Comet was llic sire ol Wes- tern Ludj, Malcolm's dam. — (iVf Ihid Book.) mmwi m liSj^aiL^ sai-i^uifcas^ffa LAROE RETURNS FOR FOOD CONSUMED. A heifer, three years old, by a grandson of the old Stud- ley bull, bred by Miss Allen, of Grange, fed on hay and grass alone, weighed 1260 pounds. Mr. George Coates slaughtered a heifer, by Snowden's bull, the sire of Hubback, fed on turnips and hay, which weighed 952 pounds, at two years and two months old. * * * Thus much for the Tees-water cattle, the originals of the improved Short-horns. » * * * From this breed of cattle, possessing such recommenda- tions, Mr. Charles Colling selected his original stock. * * Mr. Arrowsmith, of Ferryhill, who fed his Short-horns at two years old — In 1801, sold four for jC25 each, two steers and two heifers. 1802, sold six for £17 10*. each, three steers and three heifers. 1803, sold four for £17 0^. each. 1804, sold six for £18 lOs. each. 1805, sold six for £17 lOs. each, two steers and four heifers. * *,,,»* The time for selling from the beginning to the latter end of May. 5^* Fat Cattle — Modes of Feeding. They were managed as follows : — In the first winter they got straw in a fold-yard, with nearly as many turnips as they could eat. In May they were turned to grass; in November put to turnips through the winter, and turned out to grass the first week in May. A twin heifer, belonging to Mr. Arrowsmith, calved the last week in April, being kept the first year as the common stock, was entered for a sweepstakes to be shown in June, when two years old, and was then put to grass, with other stock of the same age, in the usual pasture. In November she was estimated to weigh 392 pounds, when she was put to ruta baga, and hay and oil cake, of which she ate four hun- dred weight, with two bushels of bean-meal, and one bushel of barley. She went to grass on the first of May, and had, from that period, neither cake nor corn. On the 23d July, it was the unanimous opinion of the best judges, that she weighed 812 to 840 pounds, having gained 420 pounds in thirty weeks. * * * * Mr. Walton, of Middletown-in-Tees-dale, had been (in 1808) in the habit of selling his steers at two years and a quarter old, for M20 to £30 each, their weight being from 700 to 756 pounds. His mode of keeping is as follows: — The cows seldom calve sooner than April ; the calves get new milk for the first three weeks ; after that a moderate quantity of scalded skim- med milk, mixed with oil cake boiled in water, about two quarts of each, along with good hay, for about three weeks; after which they do very well in the pastures, without any kind of hand feeding, until the latter end of November, when they are treated in the same way as Mr. Arrowsmith's, and never get either cake or corn. Major Rudd's Steer — Cows — Deep Milking. Mr. Mason, of Chilton, in the course of an experiment to ascertain the weight of beef gained by the food given (tur- nips), found three steers, under three years old, to have gained 280 pounds each in twenty weeks. The three ani- mals averaged 980 pounds each. * » * A steer, bred by Mr. Simpson, of Aycliffe, and fed by Mr. C. Colling, on grass, hay, and turnips, weighed, when slaughtered, at four years old, 1890 pounds. * * * A cow, by Mr. Coates' bull Houghton, bred by Mr. Fol- jambe, and slaughtered at Sheffield, when twelve years old, weighed 1395 pounds. Both these animals appeared very small. Major Rudd, of Marton-in-Cleveland, obtained the pre- mium offered by the Cleveland Agricultural Society, in 1811, for the best steer, under three years old, fed on vegetable food.* The steer he exhibited was sold to the butcher for ten shillings per stone, and slaughtered when three years and thirteen days old: the weight of his four quarters 1344 pounds. ***** Sir Charles Morgan's four years old ox, by Furioso, weighed, four quarters, 2058 pounds. That Short-horned cows, of the improved breed, having high pedigrees, and the greatest tendency to fatten, not only give a sufficient, but, in many cases, an extraordinary, quan- tity of milk, the preceding account of that breed has satisfac- torily shown; and the instances of the latter are sufficiently numerous to present to any person, desirous of combining the two qualities, the opportunity of selecting a stock productive for the dairy, and inferior to none for the grazier's use. ^ * * * « * i. e. without corn, cake, or meal. Short -horns and Herefords compared. A Short-horned steer of Colonel Cooke's, fed on potatoes and straw, was slaughtered when two years and twenty-two days old. His four quarters weighed 1008 pounds. * * *' Dalkeith, Mid Lothian, Jan. I2th, 1824. " Sir, — 1 observed in your paper of the 22d December last, that an interesting exhibition of live stock had taken place at Smithfield ; the age and weight of some, you state as follows: " A Hereford ox, six years old, weighing one hundred and ninety-nine stones* six pounds. " A ditto, three years and nine months, weighing one hun- dred and forty-three stones two pounds. " In the same paper you take notice of some exhibition of a similar kind in this quarter. ***** " In reference thereto, I beg to state, that Mr. John Ren- nie, of Phantassie, produced at the show of fat cattle, before the East Lothian United Agricultural Society, in November last (of which I had the honour of being one of the judges), six steers of the pure Short-horn or Tees-water breed, from eighteen to twenty months old, for which the first premium for fat and symmetry was awarded. Three of the best he is keeping on for another year, to ascertain the improvement they will make, and the other three were sold to a friend of mine in Edinburgh; the dead weight, or four quarters, of one of these weighed one hundred and eighteen stones one pound, or 1653 pounds. • It may be proper, in this place, to remark, that whenever, throughout this work, the weight per stone is stated, the stone of fourteen pounds is intended, unless another rate of computation be particularly expressed. Short-horns and Herefords compared. ^' The same gentleman presented at the Highland Society's competition of fat stock, in November last, several of the same breed, which also carried the premiums for symmetry and fat. Two of these I purchased, viz. — one aged two years and four months, four quarters weighing one hundred and fifty-three stones seven pounds, or 2149 pounds; and one aged three years and six months, four quarters weighing one hun- dred and sixty-nine stones seven pounds, or 2373 pounds. The last mentioned had (besides) thirty stones one pound, or 421 pounds of rough fat, all Smithfield weight. Your most obedient servant, "William Plummer, " One of the judges of fat cattle, of the East Lothian Agricultural Society. " To the Editors of the Farmer'' s Journal Before this extract is dismissed from the reader's notice, let him apply the following test to the Hereford breeder's position and objection, and himself decide upon their title to public regard: — lbs. A Hereford ox, six years old, weighed - - - . 2792 A Hereford ox, three years and nine months old - 2004 A yearling Short-horned steer ------- 1652 A Short-horned steer, two years and four months old 2149 The Short-horns are uniformly docile, and gentle in the extreme, the bulls scarcely ever becoming mischievous, and the cows and heifers permitting access under all circum- stances, and for every needful purpose. The Herefords are the very reverse. Pedigree: esseyitial — 700 guiiieas for a Cow. MESSRS. COLLINGS HAVE FREQUENTLY SOLD COWS AND HEIFERS FOR 100/. AND BULL CALVES AT 100/. MR. CHARLES COLLING HAS REFUSED 500/. FOR A COW; AND IN 1807, MR. MASON REFUSED 700 GUINEAS FOR A COW. THESE GENTLEMEN LET BULLS OUT BY THE YEAR: THE PRICES FROM 50 TO 100 GUINEAS; AND THE PUBLIC ARE SO FULLY CONVINCED OF THEIR MERITS, THAT THESE CELEBRATED BREEDERS CANNOT SUPPLY THE DEMAND FROM THE PURE BLOOD, WHICH THEY ARE AS CAUTIOUS OF PRESERVING, AS THE AMATEURS OF THE TURF ARE THE BREEDS OF THEIR RACE HORSES, AND WHICH THE TAKERS OF BULLS ARE BECOME SO WELL ACQUAINTED WITH, THAT THE PRICES THEY GIVE, ARE IN PROPOR- TION TO THE GOOD QUALITIES OF THE INDIVI- DUALS, AND MERITS OF THEIR PROGENITORS- MORE REGARD BEING PAID TO THEIR PEDI- GREE THAN TO ANY THING ELSE; FOR THIS PURPOSE THEY HAVE BOOKS CONTAINING THE FULL PEDIGREE OF THEIR STOCK, SIMILAR TO THE STUD BOOK OF RACE HORSES, BY WHICH ANY PERSON WANTING TO PURCHASE ANY OF THEIR STOCK, OR TO HIRE BULLS, MAY SEE HOW THEY ARE DESCENDED. The Durham Ox was bred by Mr. Charles Colling, of Ketton, in the year 1796: his form and nice handling, indi- cated every disposition to fatten at an early age, and the ex- pectations entertained of him by the best judges, were not Durham Ox — Weight not determined by Size. disappointed: at five years old he was not only covered thick with fat upon all the principal points, but his whole carcass in a manner loaded with it, and was then thought so wonder- ful an animal, and so far exceeding whatever had been seen before, that he was purchased to be exhibited as a show, by Mr. Bulmer, of Harmby, near Bedale, in February, 1801, for 140/. : at this time he was thought to weigh 168 stones, his live weight being 216 stones, (14 lbs. to the stone): this did not arise from his superior size. Mr. Bulmer got a proper carriage made to convey him in, and after travelling with him five weeks, sold him and the carriage at Rotheram, to Mr. John Day, On the 4th of May, 1801, for - On the 14th May, Mr. Day could have sold him for . . . . On the 13th June, for . - . On the 8th July, for Mr. Day preferred keeping him, persuaded that his merits were such, as would insure him a greater return : but these prices are strong proofs of his very superior excellence, to whatever had been seen in those districts before. Mr. Day travelled with him nearly six years, through llie principal parts of England and Scotland, and arrived at. Ox- ford, in February, 1807, where, on the 19th, the ox by acci- dent dislocated his hip bone, and continued in that state until the 15th April, when he was obliged to be killed; and not- withstanding he must have lost considerably in weight, during this eight weeks of illness, yet his carcass weighed £' s. d. 250 525 1000 2000 Twenij/-eight S/iort-horns sold for ^§22,948. sts. lbs. Four quarteiij 165 12 (14 lbs. to the stone.) Tallow 11 12 Hide 10 2 This was his weight at 11 years old, under all the disad- vantages of six years' travelling in a jolting carriage, and eight weeks of painful illness : had he been kept quietly at Ketton, and properly fed until seven years old, there is little doubt but he would have weighed more than he did at ten years old, at which age Mr. Day states his live weight to be nearly 34 cwt. or 270 stones. From which if there be taken for offal 50 ditto. Leaves the weight of the carcass 220 stones. Extract from the Memoirs of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society. It appears by Bailey's Survey of Durham, that at Ceiling's sale in 1810, seventeen cows were sold for 2,802 pounds 9 shillings sterling — eleven bulls for 2,361 pounds— twenty-eight animals, thus produced §22,948 67. That Major Rudd paid 400 guineas for Lady of 9 years— for Lily 400 guineas— for Peeress 170 gui- neas— for Petrarch 375 guineas; that Messrs. Wetherill & Co. paid for Comet of 6 years, 1000 guineas. Mr. Champion, and Col. Mellish have since paid 450 guineas, for the services of Charles, during 2 years. A regular record is kept, in the Herd Book, of the pedigrees of the animals of pure blood. Although one hundred and forty breeders — 130 bulls and nearly 3000 heif- ers and cows, are enumerated in this volume, it will be seen, by Major Rudd's letter, that their cost continues to be as high as it was 17 years since. Mode of rearing — Food — Tu7mip<} — Straio. Extract of a Letter from a Gentleman distinguished as one of the 7nost successful breeders in England. " Mr. Whitaker's mode of rearing Improved Durham Short- horns is nearly the same, as that of the breeders in the north. Bull calves run with good nurses, until about six or eight months old: — from that age until about one year old, they have hay, turnips, and a little linseed cake, afterwards hay and turnips, or grass. "Heifer calves are taken from their dams when about three weeks old, are put to cows, giving about half the usual quan- tity of milk, or two calves are put to one cow "full of milk." With them, they run in the pastures until September, when they are put to " fog." So soon as the weather becomes se- vere, they have a shed, or house to run into, with straw and turnip tops, and sometimes a little linseed cake. The follow- ing summer they are put to grass, without any thing else, until the winter, when they have straw and turnips, as the dry cows; but when in milk they have straw, turnips, a little linseed cake, or a little bean meal: ^'for milk,''^ he observes, " we must have." Bean meal produces more milk than lin- seed cake, but cake answers better for producing flesh and fat. This method of rearing calves is found quite as economical as by the pail. "When the stock have fairly begun to feed, he considers it most profitable to give them as much of the. best food as they will eat, taking care that the food of all kinds is consumed before they have a fresh supply ; and that every thing about them is kept clean. "First in the morning a little hay is given, next a {^\v tur- Western Comet — Excellence as a Sire, nips, after, about six pounds of cake — in the afternoon, the same routine is observed. "No apology, I assure you, was necessary in addressing your letter of December last to me, on agricultural subjects. The perusal of it, and the book which you were so kind as to send, gave me great pleasure. My experience justifies me fn saying that I coincide with your observations in general. Comet certainly gained great celebrity, yethts produce were mostly unequal to himself. It is sf.'d 'like begets like,' but this bull never was the father of as g,ood a one as himself; it was otherwise with his sire. Favourite stamped all his off- spring as superior to himself — perhaps no bull ever begat so many good bulls and cows. •' Hubback stands first with most breeders, but from all I can collect from the oldest breeders, particularly Mr. , who has excellent judgment, and had a better opportunity of seeing the stocks of the Collings, Charges, Maynards, &c. than any other man, being at that time a breeder, and almost daily with .them, I believe the Studley White Bull was unequalled by any of his day. Mr. says he had the best and greatest fore-quarters he ever saw, with as great an inclination to fatten. Mr. Charge used him five or six years, and till of late years all his stock were descended from him. "I am happy to confirm your opinion, {I speak from long experience,) that selections may be made of good milkers from the purest blood. Mr. Whitaker is largely concerned in the cotton business, and having to provide milk for a large establishm-ent in 1810, he attended Mr. Charles Col- ling's sale. At the same time he saw a yearling bull at Mr. Charge's, which he bought, and afterwards named Western Comet. This bull, I may say, never begat a bad animal — they all proved great graziers, with the best backs, quarters, crops, &c. &c., of any I ever saw. Frederick — Western Lady, ^'C. "*I agree with you, that when a full blood dairy cow has rest, she will lay on fat as quick as the grazing tribe — conse- quently for most purposes, this kind is undoubtedly the best, and in the end most profitable. " Mr. Whitaker's Frederick* is much admired, and answers your description. His head is good — horn small and beautiful — neck fine — shoulders lay well — breast good and prominent — girth and crops good — barrel very good — hind qxiarters long and handsome — tail fine and tapering — huggins and flank extraordinary — touch mellow, and hide not too thin, with an excellent quality of meat under it — plenty of hair, mossy, &c. — and to conclude, he stands upon fine boned legs. ^'I should prefer a cow yielding about three -gallons a meal (i. e. 24 quarts a day) ale measure, to one giving more. The best milkers have descended from the Daisys, Duchesses, and Wildairs. " When I was in search of a bull for you in March last, 1 informed Mr. what I wanted. He replied^f I wanted one, I should go to Mr. Whitaker's fold, for we have no- thing so good in this country as Frederick's stock. "Western Lady exceeds all Mr. Whitaker has overbad, for both purposes, i. e. milking and feeding." Thus it appears from various sources, " that there is a dairy, as well as a grazing or feeding tribe of Improved Short- horns;" that the Studley Bull — Hubback — Foljambe — and Favourite, were the most celebrated bulls of their day — that yrow them have descended the very best animals of the race; and that to them, the breeders are most anxious to trace the origin of their Short-horn stock; and it will be found, * Frederick is the sire of Gloucester — Bolivar — Yolante — Yorkshire Belle — Lady Betty — and Desdemona. Deej) Milking — 24 to 32 quart fi per day. on reference to the Herd Book, thatSwowDEN's — Robson's — Waistell's — Brown's — Barker's — Smith's — Jolly's — Alcock's and Masterman's bulls, were the males from which tiicsc bulls were derived. It may be seen by the Rev. Mr. Berry's pamphlet — the foregoing extracts — and by other sources, that the Duchess, Daisy, and Wildair strains, are evidently those which are considered the most valuable for dairy purposes. And to the same pamphlet reference may be had to prove, how com- pletely this opinion is established, by the dairy troper- TiEs OF Mr. Whitaker's cows, many of them yielding from 24 to 32 quarts per da}'. Extract. " We have also examined the Durham Short-horned cattle. Wc have never seen animals better fitted for the yoke in gait; the bull, although appearing heavy from his round shape, moves with great vigour, and places his feet so accu- rately, that the tracks made with his fore feet, are occupied by his hind feet as he advances. The heifers also move with alacrity, and have very straight legs. " We are all dairj- farmers, and have visited Powelton at our own suggestion, to satisfy our minds as to the dairy pro- perties of the females. Wc do not hesitate to say that they have all the appearance of great milkers, having also yellow skins. We tiiink the heifers excel in these points, all which wc have seen. Lloyd Jones, Isaac W. Roberts, Paul Jones, David Roberts, John Roberts, Joseph Trasel, George W. Roberts, Isaac Heston. Philadelphid Comily, Jan. 10, 1826. [See Amcricun l-'uinicr, vol, 7, pajifc 361. ON THE PROFITS AND GENERAL ADVANTAGES ARISING FTIOM XBIPROVZSD BRZSEOS OF CATTUS. Forky (Penn.) September 23, 1826. Sir, — I write to give you some idea of my pro- gress in the stock way. and I can now speak largely of my profits arising from Yorkshire* and Hebe ;t enough to satisfy any farmer that they are much the most profitable investment of so much money that can be obtained. Within the last eighteen months, the services of Yorkshire have brought, according to an account kept by the person v»^ho has the charge of him at the farm, S200 clear of expenses. I have also one noble bull calf from Hebe, now eight months old, * YORKSHIRE, got by Mr. Carpenter's Lothario, dam an imported cow selected in England expressl}' for dairy purposes. Mr. Carpenter's Lothario, begotten in England by Mr. Ashcroft's George, dam Moss Rose, imported in 1821, by Fish and Grinnell. t HEBE, got by Rob Roy, dam by Sampson ; g. d. Betty ; gr. g. d. Old Betty. Hob Roy, got by Young Denton, dam Brindle by Mr. Lee's imported bull. Sampson, by son of Ossian, dam by Comet. H Pennsylvania Forest Lands adapted to Breeding. which I think I may value at S200. 1 have also twelve half bloods whicli I can dispose of a) fi*om S20 to S 10 each under a year old, making an income of at least S400 on a capital of about S400, and that capital itself improved one half moie in value. This is not mere paper prolit, but substantial value that can be tested, and 1 am well satisiied that with a little enterprise, every county in the state would afford three or four establishments as protitable as mine, and ol great public utility. Pennsylvania now pays a large annual sum to Viiginia, Kentucky, Ohio and New York, for the finer kinds of stock cattle. I am informed that we pay to New York alone not less than Si 50,000 annually for cattle ; and owing to the ciicum- stance that breeders of cattle in tlie western parts of New York have, for some years past, attended to the selection and improvement of their stock, it finds a ready market, and commands one- fourth more per hundred, than cattle raised in the interior of Pennsylvania. We iiave vast bo- dies of waste lands in this state, even in our mountainous districts, which are well adapted, as the lands in New York, for rearing neat cattle and sheep, and certainly have the advantage in climate. I am persuaded, nothing more is want- ing to render us altogether independent of our more enterprising neighlDOure, than two or three years' attention to oiu' breeds of stock. Profits of good Breeds. Of all the differ e?it races of cattle to be found in Pennsiflvania^ none can compare with the Dur* ham Short-horns in the essential qualities of good stocky earhj maturity^ easy keep^ &c.; am! al- though it would be impossible for many indivi- duals to obtain the full blood, yet I am confident that a few full blooded males in each county, would soon realize handsome profits to the en- terprising owners, and in the course of a few years would perpetuate an improved stock to the exclusion of the miserable stunted race which now lumbers our farm yards. This, sir, is a subject of no common impor- tance, and if the great exertions and sacrifices you have made were properly seconded by the enterprise of our farmers, we should soon have reason to hail your introduction of this fine race into our state, as a most important era in our agricultural economy. I shall from time to time trouble you with an account of my improvements in the article of stock, and shall be happy in receiving any occa- sional hints on the subject that you may deem usefid. I am, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, Chaeles a. Barnitz. John Hare Powel, Esq, Cw. ft/ec'y Ve.nn. Jig, Soc, On Cattle for the Dairy and Stall. On the " dairy and feeding'' properties of Im- proved Short-horns, by Dr. Elmer, Bridgeton, (JV. J.) January 9th, 182r. Sir, — It affords me mucli pleasure to be able to communicate to you tlie result of my labours to improve my stock, and the liigb opinion which I entertain of the Improved Short-horns for the dairy and stall, confirmed by personal obsei'vation, and actual experience, with those in my posses- sion. In making a selection of animals for the pur- pose of improving my stock, I commenced by purchasing of Col. Powel, in the year 1823, a cow of one-fourth blood — the next year one of tliree-fourtl>s blood, and a full blooded male — since that, others of different degrees of blood, and some of pure blood, both male and female; thus gradually progressing from year to year through different grades of blood, until I have attained the pure stock . * In pui-suing this course, I have observed that the nearer I approached the pure blood, I found them to he more hardy, subsist on less, and keep in better condition on short pas- ture, than any of my other stock. From them I * JILT, got by Bishop, dam Lucinda by Young Denton ; g. d. Star ; gr. g. d. Milker. KATE, got by Bishop, dam by Sampson ; g. d. Betty ; gr. g. d. Old Betty. OSAGE, light roan, bull, calved in 182G, by Wye Comet, dam Virginia (See the pedigrees of Virginia and Wye Comet.) FLIRT, by Young Denton, dam Julia by Young Donton; g. U. an im- ported Devon cow. Dr. Elmer^s trial of Short-horns. have bred calves of the most promising appear- ance, and greatly excelling those of any other breed that I have seen. I have at this time three half blood yearling steers which are remarkable for size and condi- tion, very docile, and in their general appear- ance are superior to any other cattle in this part of the country. They gi^azed during the last season (from May until the middle of Novem- ber) on high land pasture, and continued im- proving so fast as to attract the attention of many of the neighbouring farmers, notwithstand- ing the severity of the drought, and the great annovance of the flies and moschettos wliich li- terally swarmed with us during the season. In. regard to their dairy properties^ they are equal to those of any other breed. I am, with much esteem. Yours, ^c. WlI.LIA>f E LMEK . John P. Milnor, Rec. Sec. Pemi. Js:. Soc. 0?i the Excellence of Devon Cattle for the Yoke — On the superiority of Improved Shoj't-hornsfor the dairy and shambles, and their vigour and fitness for labour. By a successful practical farmer of Connecticut. Goshen, (Conn.) January 9,2d, 1827. Sir, — I live in a section of the country where the dairy forms a very conspicuous part of th( Mr. Towner on Devons and Short-horiu. income of the farmer, and where very consider- able attention is paid to the raising of cattle of the finest description, and possessing the most valuable and useful qualities. I have been ac- quainted whh a number of distinct breeds of cat- tle of English importation. I have been very intimately acquainted with Devons imported from M»^ Coke's stock in 1817, having myself pro- cured and kept some of the best blood in the possession of Messrs. Patterson and Caton, of Baltimore, importers of the stock. I have had considerable acquaintance with the Improved Durham Short-horned stock — have visited the farm of Mr. Powel, and viewed tlie stock in his possession, and by him imported — and do not hesitate to express my opinion de- cidedly in favour of that breed of cattle as pos- sessing more valuable and intrinsic qualities than any other which have ever come under my ob- servation. For the yoke I do not consider them superior to Devons, and yet I see no reason \\ hy they are not very well calculated for the labour of the yoke, as they certainly possess good constitu- tions, are vigorous in their motions, and walk with speed and facility. But for the more com- mon and useful purposes of fattening and the dairy, they far surpass any description of their species, coml^ining great symmetry of form with superior size — rapid gi'owth and an unusual apt- Mr. Carpenter^ s trial of Short-horns. ness to fatten. Such is my entire conviction of their great superiority and excellence, that I have procured a bull* from Mr. Powel's stock, with whose progress and improvement I am extreme- ly well satisfied. Very respectfully, I remain youi's, ^c. T. Towner. To the Secretary of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society. Carpenter Hall, Lancaster, {Pennsylvania,) January 22rf, 1827. Dear Sir, — After a period of nearly five years in breeding Short-horned cattle, I venture to give my opinion, as far as my experience will allow. The crosses between the Short-horns and our native cattle, and the continuation with the Short- horns until we get seven-eighths or fifteen six- teenths of the blood, all appear to be well adapt- ed to our chmate, and are remarkable for the thickness of their coats.f Most of the Short- * WARWICK, calved in 1825, red roan (bred by Mr. Powel) got by Wye Comet, dam Belle, imported in 1824 (bred by Mr. Taylor) ; g. d. Lady (bred by Mr. Taylor) ; gr. g. d. by Comet. Belle's calf Beau, took the first premium at the Pennsylvania Cattle Show of 1825, and also a premium at the Cattle Show of 1826. [See Wye ComeVs pedigree. t Long and close hair is one of the characteristic marks of the Improved breed. Improved Hhort-horns ^' easili/ wintered." horn COWS that 1 have seen have all the marks of deep milkers. One of my half blood cows by Denton, brouglit forth a calf in May last, and the calf for some weeks continued to suck but two teats, both on the same side of the udder, which was one-half the milk. From the re- maining two teats, I saw draw n regularly every day two buckets of milk, containing about three gallons each. This cow got nothing but the grass, and grazed witli my other cows. The next thing to be considered is the fitness of these cattle for the shambles, of which I could not give an opinion without seeing some of them slaughtered, as it would be impossible to say how they would cut ; but as it regards their apti- tude to fatten, and their early maturity, 1 give it as my opinion, that they surpass every other breed of catde that I liave ever seen. My steers of three years old were perfectly fat last summer on the grass, and some rising two years were quite fat; they are much more easily wintered, and will feed much better on straw and rough food, than any other l)reed of cattle. I am, 6)X. Most sincerely yours, H. A. Carpenter. Eotlraordinary CoWj yielding tO| lbs. qf Butter per week Jonathan Roberts, Esq. President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society. Philadelphia County, May 31, ISSr. Dear Sir, — My residence, as you know, ad- joins Powelton. My intimacy with Mr. Powel, and ttie interest I take in his agricultural pur- suits, particularly in the breeding of live stock, have made me familiar with the details of his farm, and the management of his cattle. I en- close various depositions taken by George C. Lentner, Esq., of Blockley, showing that an im- proved Durham Short-horned cow, called Behna, produced milk between Thursday morn- ing the 24th inst. and Saturday evening the 26th, i. e. in three days, from which eight pounds thir- teen ounces of butter were obtained by the usual process^ at the rate of 20^ pounds per week. This cow has had no other food than slop of Indian meal, clover and orchard grass, and has yielded repeatedly by measurement, and so far as can be ascertained by the bucket, continues to yield, twenty-six quarts within the twenty-four hours. I carefully superintended the trial recorded, and sufficiently know the parties who were em- ployed in the operation^ to believe their statements^ independently of the ocular demonstration which I have had. I am, dear sir. Most faithfully yours, John P. Milnor, Kecordivg Secretary. Improved Short-horned Cow— product in Milk and Butter. Philadelphia County.^ ss. Personally appeared before me the su])scriber, one of the Justices of the Peace, in and for the County aforesaid, Thomas Morrison, who being duly affirmed according to law, deposeth and saith — That he has been employed as foldman at Powelton for neaily nine years; that he has milked the cow called Belina, since she was im- ported in 1825; that he has never seen nor heard of any extraordinary management, either of this or of any other cow, nor of the milk upon the Powelton farm; that all the jnilk given by Belina, from Thursday morning the 24th ult. until Saturday evening following, was drawn and kept separately; tliat no mistake could be made, as all the cows which were not dry, had been, and are yet, upon distant meadows, excepting Belina, and another, whose milk supplied her calf, a month old, running at her side, and the family, during the time mentioned, which milk was always sent immediately into town from the field. Affirmed before me this first day of June, in the year of our Lord one tliousand eight hun- dred and twenty-seven. George C. Lentner. Philadelphia County, ss. Personally appeared before me the subscriber, one of the Justices of the Peace, in and for the County aforesaid, Sarah Sterhng, who being duly affirmed according to law, deposeth and saith : — That she received from Thomas Morrison Depositions on the product of an Improved Short -horned Cow. Belina's milk from Thursday morning the 24th inst. until Saturday evening following; that it was merely strained and put into common milk pans in the Spring House, from which every drop of milk had been previously removed; that there could be no mistake, as the key of the Spring house door was kept by her, and no per- son was allowed to enter, excepting witli her; that several persons on the farm daily counted the milk pans, and noticed all that was done. Affirmed before me this thirty-first day of May, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-seven. George C Lentner. Philadelphia County^ ss. Personally appeared before me the subscriber, one of the Justices of the Peace, in and for the County aforesaid, Maria Sturgis, who being duly affirmed according to law, deposeth and saith: — That on Monday night the 28th inst. she skimmed the milk which Sarah Sterling had re- ceived from Thomas Morrison between Thurs- day morning and Saturday evening immediately preceding; that she churned it the next day (Tuesday) and ol)tained eight pounds and tJiir- teen ounces of butter, which was weighed by Mr. Milnor in her presence. She further saith that slie measured, on Wed- nesday the 30th inst., a quart of cream taken from Belina's milk, that she churned it, and ob- tained one pound five ounces and a quaiter of an ounce of butter, which was also weighed by Mr. Milnor in her presence. Affirmed before me this thirty-first day of Extraordinary Cream of an Improved Short-horned Cow. May, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eiglit hundred and twenty-seven. George C. Lentner. Extract from the M'mutes of the Phieadelphia Society for promoting Agriculture, May 15, 1827. John Hare Powel having presented some crean), accompanied by the following statement, R. Haines, Esq., was ap[)ointed by the Chairman to ascertain, by a stop-watch, the time necessary to convert it into butter. Whereupon he report- ed that it required tlu'ee seconds, which was re- ceived unanimously, as the members witnessed the fact. II. Haines stated that he had questioned the servants, and was satislied that no preparation had been required. The cream was produced from an Improved Durliam Short-liorncd cow, bred by J. Whitaker, Esq., of Ikuley, England, and now in the posses- sion of John Hare Powel, Esq. W. S. Warder, Secretary. Philatlelph'u, .Jino. 31, lvS27. "This cream was skimmed by me on Sunday morning, from milk which was taken from the cow on Saturday evening. It had stood from eight o'clock until seven the next morning. No- thing was done to it but as common. I strained it with the milk used for the family, and placed it in a common milk pan in the vault. "EiJZA Tausias." Extraordinary Cream of an Improved Short-horned Cow. From Wilson Jewell^ M. D. West Philadelphia, June 11, 1827. John P. Milnor, Esq. Dear Sir — It affords me pleasure to answer your polite note, dated the 8th inst., and I do not hesitate to add my testimony for the correctness of the statement published a few days since, in reference to the Improved Short-horned Durham Cow, owned by J. H. Powel, Esq. Attracted by an account of so extraordinary and novel a nature, 1 visited Powclton, in com- pany with two of my friends, and had the grati- fication of converting cream into butter in less time than two minutes,* in a teacup, aided by a spoon. TJie cream was of the consistence of curd, and the quantity of milk shown, Ijeing the morning's production from one cow, as far as I was competent to judge, appeared little short of fourteen quarts, far exceeding my most sanguine expectations, both as regards richness and quan- tity. Very respectfully, your friend, Wilson Jewell. Fro7?i the Rev. Joseph H. Kennard. Hamiltonville, June 16, 1827. John P. Milnor, Esq. Respected Sir — My visit to Powclton, in com- pany with Dr. Jewell and Rev. D. Jones, was short but very gratifying; every thing we beheld gave us the impression, tliat the proprietor was judicious in his plans and persevering in their accomphshment. With regard to my convictions of the truth of what has been published in relation to the extra- • It required, on this occasion, a longer time than usual, as the creann w«i very fresh. On the Saccharum of the Sweet Potato. ordinary cow, I am free to say, that from all I saw, and from the statement of Mrs. Sturgis, the accoimt published in the Saturday Evening Post, of the 9th inst., appears to be a correct statement of facts. And further, it appears of the greatest impor- tance to the interests of our farmers, that the Im- proved Durham Short-horned breed of Cows be extensively propagated. Cordially wishing Col. Powel success in his laudable efforts, I am Sir, very respectfully, yours, Joseph H. Kinnard. On the Saccharum of the Sweet Potato (Convol- vulus battatas). By Robert Hare, M. D. Professor of Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Tidyman. of South Carolina, lately supplied me ^^ith some sweet potatoes, of a kind in ^^ Inch sweet matter is peculiarly abun- dant, and requested that 1 would ascertain if there were any sugar in them. Having pared, and by means of the instrument used tor slicing cabbages or cucumbers, reduced them to very thin slices; aI)out a pound was boiled in alcohol of the specitic gravity of .8 15, which appeared to extract all the sweetness, yet on cooling yield- ed no crystals of sugar. I'he solution being subjected to distillation, till the alcohol was re- moved, an uncrystallizable syrup remained. In like manner, when aqueous infusions of tlie po- tatoes were concentrated, by boihng or evapo- Sweet Potatoes — mode of preparation for Beer. ration, the residual sirup was unciystallizable. It appears therefore that the sweet matter of this vegetable is analogous to molasses, or the sac- charum of malt. Its resemblance to the latter was so remark- able, that I was led to boil a wort, made from the potatoes, of proper spissitude, say s. g. 1060, with a due quantity of hops, about two hours. It was then cooled to about 65 degrees, and yest was added. As far as I could judge, tlie phenomena of the fermentation, and the result- ing liquor, were precisely the same as if malt had been used. The woit was kept in a warm place until the temperature 85 F. and the fall of tlie head showed the attenuation to be suffi- cient.* Yest subsequently rose, which was re- moved by a spoon. By refrigeration a further quantity of yest precipitated, from which tlie liquor being decanted became tolerably fine, for new beer, and in flavour, exactly like ale made from malt. I have computed that five bushels, of potatoes, would produce as much wort as three bushels of malt ; but I suppose that the residue would, as food for cattle, be w orth half as much as the po- tatoes employed. I believe it possible to make as good liquor from malt in this country, as in England, but that in our climate much more vigilance is required to have it invariably good, principally because the great and sudden changes of temperature, render malting much more precarious. Should the saccharum of the sweet potato, prove to be a competent substitute for that of germinated * In passing to this state, there should be a loss in gravity ut' about 4 per cent. Sweet Potato Vest, fitted to raise Bread. grain, the quality will probably be less variable, since its development requires but little skill and vigilance. Besides, as it exists naturally in the plant, it may be had where it would be almost impossi- ble to make, or procure malt. Hops, the other material for beer, require only picking and dry- ing to perfect them for use. They are indigenous in the United States, and may no doubt be raised in any part of our terri- tory. I have dried in my evaporating oven, some of the sweet potatoes in slices. It seems to me that in this state they will keep a long while, and may be useful in making leaven for bread. They may take the place of the malt necessary in a certain proportion, to render distiller's wash fermentable. The ycst yielded by the potato beer, appeared in odour and flavour, to resem- ble tliat from malt beer surprisingly, and the quantity, in proportion, was as great. In raising bread it was found equally efficacious. I propose the word suavin, from the Latin suavis, sweet, to distinguish tjie sirup of the sweet potato. The same word might, perhaps, be advantageously applied as a generic appella- tion to molasses, and the uncrystaUizable sugar of grapes, of lioney, and of malt. Crystallizable sugar might be termed saccha- rin, since tlie terminating syllable of saccharum is appropriated in chemistry to metals. John Hare Powel, Esq. Cor. Sec^ry of the Pennsylvania Jigricultural Society. Dairy Short-horns — Cream, SfC. — Tried in America. American Proofs of Dairy Properties. Philadelphia, 5d Mo. 1, 1826. Esteemed Friend, I thank thee for the pitcher of cream, the pro- duct of one* of thy Short-horned Cows. No sti'onger proof of the value of that family of ani- mals for the dairy, need be furnished, than the specimen before me. A portion of tlie cream was subjected to friction, by means of a spoon and plate, and it yielded butter of fine flavour, in rather more than a minute. 1 could scarcely credit, vv^hat my own hand had effected. The far- mers of our country will surely adopt tliis pro- fitable race of stock, for the introduction of which into Pennsylvania, they, as well as our fellow citizens generally, are indebted to thy practical judgment, and disinterested zeal. With great regard and respect, I am, ^x. Roberts Vaux. John Hare Powel, Esq. From Dr. Harris, Vice President of the Pennsyl- vania Agricultural Society. Chester County, Jipril 2, 1826. Jonathan Roberts, Esq.. President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society. Dear Sir, — The interest you take in all mat- ters connected with the improvement of farm It was from three cows. B Dairy Short-horris — Trial of their Cream. Stock, makes it unnecessary for me to apologize for giving a detail of an experiment to test the richness of cream afforded by Mr. Powel's Im- proved Short-horn Cows. The cream was evidently fresh, and was stated to have been taken from milk twenty-four hours old. It was converted into butter in my pre- sence, in a quarter of a minute, whilst I held the watch in my hand, although it had been skun- med but lialf an hour. I have interrogated the person by whom it had been skimmed, and under whose inspection the milk had been deposited. I am satisfied from her statement, and that of the person on the farm, that no extraordinary care, nor management, nor food, have been em- ployed to produce sucli result. Very truly, yours, Wm. Harris. Letter to the Editor of the New England Farmer. My residence adjoins Powelton. I visit it al- most daily. I have duiing nearly five years been in the habit of inspecting the stock. I am famihar with all the arrangements of the farm, and have in the present instance, interrogated the foldman. The cream to which Mr. Vaux adverts was produced by three cows — one Mr. Whitaker's Short-horns, tined in America. of them Belina, noted in the certificate of the keeper of the Herd Book to have given daily 32 quarts in England — another, the second best milker on the farm, none of them having been fed at any time in an extraordinary way. Be- lina has a large fat male calf, produced in Fe- bruary, constantly at her side, and which, at this time* cannot take all the milk, although the pasturage is so bare from the excessive drought, that two Maryland farmers yesterday observed it was like that of Cecil county. They have no other food than that which it affords. Similar experiments to that made by Mr. Vaux, were made by myself, Dr. Harris, and se- veral others. From Mr. Vaux most probably, not having been directed as to the mode of ap- plying the friction, the butter was not obtained so rapidly, as in other instances. I saw it pro- duced in less than ten seconds. The cows had been fed upon bran, what is generally called shorts at the Pennsylvania mills, (mth twenty double bushels of which, two bushels of corn meal had been mixed), small portions of mangel wurtzel, and orchard grassf hay. The milk was drawn night and morning, simply deposited in pans, in a deep cold cellar, having been subjected to no other treatment than that of straining and skimming. It may be proper to observe that Mr. Powel jocosely remarked he did not flatter * May 23d. \ Cocks-luot. Cattle for general Purposes. himscir, that this cream if amalganiated in a churn witli the cream of other cows, would, Ukc the Aklerney cream, come first,* nor w ould he imply that all Short-horn cows are good milkers, nor that such extraordinary propeilies are often to he found in the hest trihcs of tlie Im- proved Short-horns, hut tluit they are hetter fit- ted for the general purposes of the country than any race whh which he is acquainted, and that certain families of Improved Short-horns are deep milkers. He further remarked that it wiis not the value of a wool hearing, nor hutter yielding hrute, but the " SOUNDNESS OF iiis oriNioNs," he was anx- ious to establish, and that he firndy believes that there are various " native cattle," as tliey are called, of excellent properties, with which, (as • Extract of a Letter from Reuben Haines, Esq. of Germantou-n. — " I have long been of the opinion, that in England particularly, the great breeding country, whence we derive our (inest slock, too much attention was paid, and vast sums oxpendcil, in tiie vain endeavour to procure a race that shall f xcel in all the three great points of " the i)ail, the yoke, and the knife," as they are technically termed; and whilst other gentlemen were selecting the finest forms to feast the eye, and a carcass, which if well fed, would grow to an enormous size, I wanted a small animal, whose carcass was too valuable for beef,f that would subsist on a small quantity of food, bear the heat and drought of our sunmicr and autumn, and produce the greatest quantity of rich and delicious butter, in proportion to the food consumed. • » • One remarkable property of the cream of the Aklerney cow is, the readi- ness with which it is converted into butler. The week in which we kept it separate, " it came," as the phrase is, in five minntes; and in churning it, mixed with the cream of other cows, we usually have had the Alderney but- ter come first, ^ be taken out of the churn, and the operation continued half an hour or more before a second gathering of butter has taken place." — Mem. f'enn. .Ii^. Soc. pp. 20, 22. \ If the carcaSvS be too valuable for beef, how is it to ))i' used ? ; Hv what means could this be asrertaint'd .'' — Kn. Excellence of Jlalf-Brccds. I know,) he has nuidc i^Tcat cn'orts, and at no small expense, to have erosses by means ol imj)rovcd bulls. -huiN 1*. MiLNOK, Ih'C. Si'.c. Peun. Jiir. Sor Extract of a Letter' from Colonet lAoyd. Talbot County, (Mnryland,) f^Vyc House, May ?>, 1 8i25. My DtiAii Sir, — Many ol'my hall'bred (Cham- pion heilers,* (now two years old,) have, had calves this spring, and, contrary to my expecta- tion, arc 50 per cent. su[)erior tor milk to any breed I have ever liad. Tliey have liad only tiie Tare otthe common cattle on my estate. All oi' tlie mixed blood are so much superior to my coimnon stock, that I consider myself well paid for my purchase,! I)y tlie nvixed blood alone which I have reared. My haJi' l)l()od younp; bull which you admired^ is now a noble animal. I luive given my mixed Devons a lair trial wiUi my mixed Short-liorns, and it would be; only necessary ibr the most ])rejudiced or scep- tical to sec them to decide in favour of the Shoit-horns. In size and form tliere is no com- parison, and the Shoit-horns are vastly sui)crior for milk. Yours, truly, EnwAito Li.oviK John I[aj\vki., Ks(i. * Cliaiiipion, an improved Diiiliiiin Sliort-liorn Ijtill. f i'A)\. I.loyil piiiil 5^1500 rorlhrcc lni|iruv((l Sliorl-liunis, Iwo yciirs old Milking Properties — Temper, Sec Bucks County, Februai'y 2, 1825. Dear Sir, — It is now about three months since I purchased of you a cow and bull calij since wlicn, I have given great attention to them, in order to ascertain their value as compared with the common cattle of the country, and have come to tlie following conclusion: The cow, considering her age, (3 years) and the food to which, at this season, she is necessa- rily restricted, is a deep milker — the most so of any animal in my possession — a small consumer, and easily kept fat, (surprisingly so, taking into view the quantity of milk yielded,) and is per- fectly gentle and docile in her disposition. The bull, without any extraordinary keep, is much larger than calves of his age, and in his form and appearance more resembles a grown steer than calves of his age (7 months). He keeps very fat upon a moderate allowance, and like the cow, is extremely docile. I feel per- fectly satisfied that the Improved Short-horns will keep in fine order upon the same quantity of food which, when given to animals of three- fouilhs their weight, will not be found sufficient to produce the same effect. This I state from actual experiment, and consider the observation perfectly just, as applied not only to my own animals, but to the breed generally. Quality of Butler. My improved stock have been viewed by a number of my neighbours, and have been uni- formly admired, and as you know, from my ex- perience of their vahiable properties, I have been induced to increase the number by addi- tional purchases from among your very extraor- dinary stock. John Hare Powel, Esq. Cor. Sex^y Penn. Ag. Soc. Extract of a letter from Henry Jl. Carpenter^ Esq.^ an extensive practical farmer, in one of the most fertile^ and best cultivated parts of Pennsylvania^ to the Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Jigrimltural Society. Lancaster County, June 14, 1823. Dear Sir, The two half blood heifers by the Short-horn bull Denton, which you stated had calved last July, produced through the course of last w inter, butter of a better quality^ than any I ever saw made in the month of May, and it was always obtained in about ten minutes churning. One of these heifers produced a calf the begimiing of June; the other (the three year old,) has sup- plied nine lal)ouring men all spring with a suffi- ciency of milk, and butter once a day; which production exceeded that of a fresh milch cow Milking and Feeding Properties. of the common stock, which / had selected with great care, and proved to be as good a milker as the neighbourhood conld prodiice. 1 am sorry that I cannot give you an accomit of the produc- tion of Ixitter from the imported cow Moss Rose, in a given time, as her calf had got so old hefore the trial was made, that it would not take to other co\\ s ; but I do not hesitate to give it as my opinion, that twelve or fifteen pounds of but- ter of the finest quality, can be made from her in one week, as she possesses the power of se- creting rich milk, in a greatei' degree than any animal I have ever seen. I expect that tliis is enougli to satisfy you, that as milkers, tlie Dur- ham Sli(^rt-horns are not to be surpassed. The bulls arc docile and quick feeders. From Mr. Joseph Kersey. Chester County, 2d Month IQth, 1825. I purchased an half l)red improved Durham Short-] loni bull, wliich 1 sold at pu])lic vendue for one hundred dollars, and I am happy to learn that he has had, during the last season, near one hundred cows. His docility, his apti- tude to fatten upon little provender, are admira- ble. 1 luised two of his calves, ■^^ hich, when four weeks old, were generally supposed to be two months old, from their being so remarkably fleshy and well gro^^ n, although they had not f'alue of Improved Breeds. rec(jived any thing but the milk from their dams. Robert Clemmens raised one from a cow that would not weigh more than three hundred pounds. He killed the calf at six months old, the meat of which weighed three hundred and thirty -four pounds, for which he obtained 4en cents per pound. There was a cow exhibited at the Paoli; her calf was, at that time, one year and three days old, and had been kept from her for one night, and the next morning I mUked from her at least two gallons of beautiful rich milk, and owing to her not being accustomed to being milked, it was impossible to get it all from her. Taking this breed in every point of view, I consider them better adapted to the use of farm- ers than any other breed I am acquainted with. They arrive at maturity early, feed quick, arc good milkers, and are exceedingly kind and do- cile; they have more weight in the most impor- tant points, viz: the standing ribs, the sirloin, the rump, ^c, and have much less offal than cattle in common. Take one of this breed, and ano- ther of the common kind, of equal weight; slaughter them and sell them at the different prices the different pieces command in the mar- ket, and it ^\ ill be found that the Short-horn will j'eturn considerably the most money, merely be= Juxpvoveti Short-horns —tJght Offal — Det'it Milking. caiwc it has more of the hiu;h piiciMl pieces, and IcHS olllil. I am, verv truly, thy IVieiul, JoHi:i'ii KmtsKY. John V. Mii.nok, //fr. iSVi'j/ Venn. A^. Soc. I'roiii Davit! Coin/cr/, t>/ PliihuU'lphui i'mnthi. Ui'iseijeTMi* Kitii:Ni>, — I ha\e this morning 8ceii the *'()\\ (o which Josi^ph Kersey aUudes in the Ibreuioinu; UMter. She has all tlu; appearaiu.e of a deep milker. Her eall' has heeii miiniuu; at her side, I am assured, from its hirth; it ap|)ears healthy ami ol" t^cjod si/.e; it sucked, I aui as- sured, last nii;ht aiul this moruiuii;. The cow was also milkt (I last niu;ht. She yieldiul this moruiuii;, in my presence, in addilion io tJie cou- Humption ol the call', a (|uantity of rich milk which I supp<»sc (() he ecjual to ahout eiii;ht quarts. My Ijusine^ss is that of a practical liuin er. I have therefore pmchased her calf of the last year, at a laru;e price, with a view of raising anr tile kind that has heen known in this county. We have a ricli valley, fiiglily culti- vated, extending through York county, and al- most evGvy farmer has one or two choice cows of the native stock, which he considers of a su- perior kind; hut from all that I have seen in my own examination, (and I liave token pains in tlie matter,) as well from what I heai*, they fall far short of H(ihe in b(;auty, size, shape, and other points of value. Karly last summer I ohUinwl from a neighbouring farmer a beautiful heifer of the native stock, of the finest shape and promise, and of the same age with Hebe. I kept tljcm together u})on the same i'vAt(\ until new year, when the difference was so great, that allowing for a small original difference in hi7a\ Hebe ap- peared at least two years ahead in inifirovenieni. Supet'ioriiy of Improvtd Stock. Yorkshire is an uncommonly fine animal, aiul although not two years old, has the weight and size of tlie best common bulls at fiye years old. The great breadth and perfect symmetry of his frame is most extraordinary; his skin is covered with a coat of hair almost as fine as fur, and his fine handling shows an elasticity, which in the course of another year will advance him to the first rank of fine animals. Our farmers, who generally know the leading points of good stock, have formed the highest opinion of this breed, and all agree on the great importance of extending them as rapidly as pos- sible. — The great difficulty of obtaining them, and the high prices they command, will for some years retard the progress of the full blood; but even the half blood, which almost every farmer may obtain, must make a sensible improvement in the course of two or three years. The calves got by Yorkshire when he was only a year old, from common cows, indicate the great superiority of the breed in a remarkable degree. A heifer calf, got by him on a common cow, was lately sold for 820, when common calves of the same age and best appearance, will not command five dollars. 1 hope, my dear sir, your exertions to pro- mote the improvement of our farm stocks, may b» rewarded as well in value as in what I know to be much more gratifying to you, the satisfac- Improved Short-horns — Quantity and Qiialily of Milk. tion of contributing so largely to the substantial wealth and comfort of your fellow citizens. I am, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, Charles A. Barnitz. John Hare Powel, Esq. Extract from a communication^ made by his Ex- cellency Levi Lincoln^ Governor of Massachu- setts — President of the Worcester County Jign- cultural Society, (Memoirs Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, p. 14.) "Upon the subject of Denton's progeny, I should fear to write to any one less observing and sanguine than yourself. With nineteen of them, of different grades and ages, in my pos- session, I can safely say, that my most confident anticipations have been entirely answered. I have now seven heifers in milk, four of them 3 years, and three 2 years old, and for richness in quality and abundance in quantity, they are not excelled by the very l)est cows of any age, of the native stock. A heifer of 3 years, with her second calf, has not been dry since slie dropped her first, having given four quarts on the morn- ing of her second calving. " Next to the Merino sheep, I consider the introduction of the Short-horns, in the blood of Hardiness — Dairij Qualities. Benton^ as the riciiest acquisition to the country which agriculture has received. For the dairy and the stall I speak with tlie utmost confidence of tlieir pre-eminence. From my tlii'ee years old heifers I have calves of the most promising; appearance, and greatly excelling any 1 have be- fore seen. One of the heifers gives from 1 6 to 20 quarts of the richest milk, by tlie day, since calving ; the other a little less, from the circum- stance of having been in milk continually for more than a year; but her milk is in no degree inferior in quality. The last season she gave eleven quarts at a milking, with grass only, and this not unfrequently. They keep as easily as the native stock, and are as hardy. I have this year a three-fourths heifer calf from a Jialf blood of Denton by Mmiral, the famous bull sent out by Sir Isaac Coffin last year, to the Massachu- setts Agricidtural Society, and two others by tlie celebrated bull -Cielebs'" on Denton's half blood. They are fine promising animals, although in no respect superior to the tkree-foiirths of Denton. I Iiave no knowledge of tlie properties of this stock for labour, never having altered but one of the males. I cannot, however, perceive any reason to doubt their value in this particular. Their form indicates great power, and they Iiave much quietness and docility." Half Brezds at six times the price of eommon Slock. Washington, {Pa.) December 3d, 1825. John Hare Powel, Esq. Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society. Dear Sir, I have seldom paid S200 in a manner more to my satisfaction, than that paid for the young bull.* The object I had in purchasing wds the improvement of my own stock. I am now per- fectly satisfied that tliis will be accomplished equal to my most sanguine expectations ; and I have the additional gratification of seeing my neighbours' stock also rapidly improving. You will probably recollect, that at the time I pur- chased, I attributed tl>e line appearance of your stock in some degree to extraordinary keep. The little experience I have had is calculated to do away this impression. 1 have sold every calf I could spare, to experienced farmers, from six to eight times the price of common calves; and reserved the best. Several of my next spring calves are already bespoke. Nonsuch took the highest premium at our exhibition of 1824 — at our last show I entered all my stock for exliibi- tion only, and not for premiums. The commit- tee on cattle reported Nonsuch the finest ani- mal they had seen. They noticed his calves in the same handsome manner. There were 12 of them on the ground. 1 herewitli send you the printed report. * * * * No fact appears • Nonsucli, a half bred Short-horn hull, iiv Denton. Short-horn Yearlings — Holstein Cattle. to me more obvious tlian that tlie best possible mode that could be devised to call the attention of our farmers to the improvement of our native stock, is to exliibit amongst them the best speci- mens of what has been done in otlier countries. The estimation in wliich the '• Improved Short- Iiorns" are held by the practical men in England, u ithout taking into view our own experience, ought at least to procure for them SQine indul- gence until they have a fair trial. I am so tho- roughly satisfied of their excellence, that I do not mean to stop until I have some of the pure blood. I forgot to tell you in its proper place, that my yearlings are easily kept in good order, and excel in those points that indicate deep milkers. I am sincerely yours, Alexander Reed. Extract of a Letter from E. JVolcott, Esq.. a skil- ful practical farmer. East Windsor, Conn., June 17, 1825. In January last, 1 journeyed to Vermont, and saw the descendants of the Holstein (Short Horns,) cattle, imported by Wm. Jarvis, Esq., about fourteen yeare ago. Satisfied of the ex- cellence of this stock, I purchased of Mr. Jarvis a few heifei's. In March, 1 travelled into Massa- chusetts, and ^aw the imported bulls Denton, Improved Short-honis and Native Cattle compared. Ccelebs, and Admii-al, of the Improved Durham Short-horn breed, and many of then- progeny. Recently I have seen more of the same breed in yom- possession, and in Baltimore: and should think no lover of fine cattle could see them, without acknowledging their excellence. — How fully I am persuaded of their superioritv over any other breed of neat cattle, you may well know by the piice I paid for a young male of pure blood. Witli sentiments of much respect and esteem, I am, su', your most obedient humble servant E. WoLCOTT. John Hare Powel, Esq. Cor. Sec'y Penn. Jig. Sue. Fassyunk, Philadelphia County, January 27th, 1825. Sir, — In answer to your inquuies. I state that my father and myself keep generally one hun- dred milch cows. He has usually fed, annually, from four hundred tp six hundred head of cat- tle; my business is exclusively that of a gi*azier and daily farmer. I have had in my possession cows of various breeds, imported into Pennsyl- vania, and have seen some of the best milch cows purchased by order, in Ne^v England and New York State. In addition to my other em- ployments, my business as superintendent of the District of Meadow at Schuvlkill Point, leads me D The best Cow in Maasachuseits. constantly among the cattle grazed upon it. I have no hesitation in declaring, after a minute examination of the Improved Durham Short- horn cows at Powelton, that I have never seen any animals which I would prefer, as dairy stock. The position and shape of their udders, theu' thin necks and very small bone, together with their wliole form, give as much appearance for milk, as any thing I have ever seen. I have often sold cows from sixty to eighty dollars, of the best breeds, which could be found before the late impoilations of Short-horns. William Bradley. John P. Milnor, Rec. Sec. I'enn. Jl"-. Soc. Extract from the Report of the Committee on Neat Cattle^ at the Cattle Shorv at Waixes- ter, Massachusetts, in 1835. Governor Lincoln offered for exhibition three half Denton* cows, all of excellent quality, but one of them particularly noticed as an extraor- dinary animal of her kind. She has often given from 24 to 27 quarts of milk per day, of excel- lent quality, yielding a large proportion of cream. The least quantity of milk given by her in any one day during the summer drought, on grass feed only, was 13 quarts! The committee considered her the most valuable milch cow EVER EXHIBITED IN THE COMMONWEALTH. * Dcivlon, Mr. Williams' Jniprovcd Sliotl-lionicd Bull. tiheep — Merino — Characteristic Marks ^ Sfc. Sheep — Merino — O71 the necessity of attending to Yolk — The characteristic marks and peculiari- ties of the best varieties. By James Caldwell, Esq. Philadelphia, October 2d, 1826, My Dear Sir, — To the queries whicli you have done me the honour to address to me, I have no hesitation in answering generally in the affirmative, viz. I liave generally found the finest fleeces to contain the most yolk. Yet I have known exceptions to this general rule, in sheep that appeared to have a peculiar secretion, and CONCRETION of thc yolk; those exceptions, how- ever, have been so rare, as to establish in my opinion the correctness of the general rule. It is also, in my opinion, a characteristic of the Merino fleece to have an abundance of yolk. * * * * * * * I have no hesitation in saying, that all who have paid attention to the subject, must be aware of the fact, that an individual of an ordinary breed might accidentally be endowed with qua- lities superior to the generality of its race. A horse, for instance, might possess uncommon speed, but it would be imprudent to hi^eed from such an animal for tlie purposes of the course, without the corroboration of marks, which good judges coidd not mistake, to ascertain with pre- cision the stock to which it belonged. ******** I beg leave to present to you an engraving of one of my ewes, which, in my opinion, has all the characteristics of thc best variety of the Mc- rinp. iSheep — Meritio — besi varieties. It must be peifectly well known to you, that Dicmy varieties of the Merino were impoiled from Spain. I have examined most of these im- portations, and found none equal in value, in my estimation, to the variety, of which this engraving shows the characteristic marks. I would not have exchanged that ewe for the best Saxon Merino I have ever exammed. You will observe that the head is covered with wool down to the nostril. Bare heads are apt to be accompanied by bare bellies and light fleeces. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ -s^ ^ With the greatest regard and respect, Your obedient servant, James Caldwell. John Hare Powel, Esq. Corres. Sec'ry of the Penn. Agricid. Society. Extracts from Dr. Parry'' s Essay on the Nature, Pro- duce, Origin, and Extensio?i of the Merino breed of Sheep. "In the year 1765, Augustus Frederick, Elector of Saxony, introduced into his dominions from Spain 100 rams and 200 ewes, chosen from the most noted flocks. Part of these were estahlished at the Electoral farm at Stolpen, on the frontiers of Bohemia, six leagues from Dresden. Three other secondary sheep farms were instituted, at Rennersdorf, Lohm, and Hohenstein, in order chiefly to improve the native breeds by the Spanish cross. At the end of ten years, these establishments were found to have had all possible success. The sheep of the pure blood had preserved every valuable quality, and the ultimate crosses had wool fully equal in fineness and beauty, to that of the pure Meri- noes." ********** '• According to Lasteyrie, the pure Merinocs belonging to the Elector, amounted in 1802, to 3400." «****» " The sheep of these flocks are larger or smaller, and yield more or less wool, according to the nourishment which is given them, and the mode in which they are treated On the whole, they are smaller and less productive, than the original ones in Spain." * * * * * "The winter food of tiie Saxon Merinocs consists of hay, lattermath, clover, oat or rye straw, haulm of peas, vetches, lentils, &c. which are distributed twice or thrice a day, according to their quality. Some cultivators give oil cake, and bran or corn bruised, or ground into meal. They mix these articles in a tub with the water which they give the sheep to drink, and afterwards divide among them the more substantial sediment. This mixture, which they find singularly beneficial to the lambs, shoiild be made with hot water ; and ■even or eight pounds of cake or meal are divided among 100 sheep" "O^" '^^M^^ m ^misiMii On various breeds — Teeswatcr — DisJdcff — and Southdown — their Characteristics — Form — Flesh — and Fleece, On early Maturity — Its Importance — Value not determined by great Size. By John Hare Powel, Es<^ Powclton, Feb. 20, 1827. In a communication which I had the honour to present to the society, I remarked — Tlic Teeswater sheep are the largest in Europe — are slow feeders — tallow well within — carry more flesh, and less fat without; but produce much worse mutton, and mucli coarser offal, than the Dishley breed. Their fleeces arc lieavy, and afford, in common with the Dishley, what is called combing wool, fitted lor tlie manufacture of camlets, and various articles of worsted. The Southdown sheep are much smaller than the Dishley — they are more hardy — theii* wool is short, equal in quality to that of half-bred Meri- no — their fleeces are not so heavy — they cany more fat within, and much more flesh witliout, than either the Dishley, Tunisian, Irish, or Tees- water sheep. By their activity and vigour, both of muscle and constitution, they are fitted to en- counter eveiy difficulty, as well as to endure the extremes of heat and cold. They occupy, in England, one of the most exposed and least fer- tile portions of the island — their mutton is of the finest kind, and commands the highest price, al- though from the properties of the sheep it can be produced at least cost. tiUeep — Form — Fleece tests of excellence. There is no mistake more prevalent, and none more egregious, than that >Yhich ascribes excellence to great size. Unless it be had early, and at comparatively small expense, large size does not more determine the extent of useful- ness in the quadruped, than in the man. Weight is not ah\ ays ascertained by size — It is affected more by compactness and squareness in certain parts, with rotundity of the barrel, than by mere extension of the frame. If the liind quarters be long^ deep, and zvide — the shoidders be placed well back — the breast be ample — the brisket be protruded — tlie back be broad — the loins wide — the girth behind the fore legs and over the chine, be large, tlie animal must possess not merely the frame which weighs most, but the form which carries most weight in the valuable parts, and affording sufficient room for the action of the lungs; witliout which, health and thrift can be seldom found. Some animals have good forms, but are ^'shelly,'' as it is teclmically termed, conveying the idea of the absence of the due quantity of flesh. Some breeds produce too much fat, in propor- tion to flesh : those which carry comparatively a large quantity of flesh, 'marbled when ripe,' with the propensity to become ilit at an early age, and in the shortest time, are those best fit- ted for grazing purposes. These remarks apply to neat catde as well as to sheep. It is evident that the product, Avhether in beef, mutton, butter, cheese, or milk, must be estimated by the qiian- titij of food, belbre tlie result can be had. Early maturity not only saves food, but spares capital and gains time. Tlie quantity and quality of the wool is a matter of serious importance, when the Sheep — Yolk essential to fine Wool. value of sheep is to l)e determined. I do not mean by quality, the fineness of the fibre alone, nor do I mean to confine tlie remark to sheep whose wool is of the finer sort. The filaments of combing wool should part readily — those of fine wool should be soft and clastic^ as if it had been frizzled. The mere fineness of the fibre, or length of the staple, is not the only test of excel- lence: a diseased, or lialf starved sheep, produces fine wool, but not an elastic, nor useful material. The sheep which produce the finest fleeces, are not necessarily the best to form a breeding flock. If their constitutions be not good — if their forms be bad, the secretion of yolk, which is es- sential for the support of tlie fleece, must be small; the off*spring, consequently, will be a de- generate race. Thus, in selecting merinoes, re- gard should lie given to their forms, even in those parts of the country where the demand for the carcass is so small, as to make mutton of little value. It has been objected that the mutton of South- down sheep may be good — tliat its excellence, if it exist, must be ascribed to tlieir extensive ranges of pasturage — that the ewes when four or five years old are almost invariably destitute of wool on flieir bellies — that they afford at that age about 1^ pounds, that the wetliers afford 2 to 2^ pounds of wool — ^that they can be found in almost every flock of common slieep through- out a considerable ])ortion of Pennsylvania and New Jersey — that their wool is not very visibly finer, and that their mutton from tlie same jias- turage is not know n to be better tliaii that of common sheep. The following notices will determine how far Sheep — Soitthdowns — Fleece, its quality. the assertions as to the hardiness of the animal — the excellence of the flesh — the quantity and quality of the wool are established by the opi- nions of manufacturers, woolstaplers, graziers, and men of taste. I have the honour to be, ^c. John Hare Powel. To the President of the Pennsylvania .Agricultural Sotiety. Smithdown Sheep — On their Properties — Hardi- ness — Tendency to become fat — On their Fleeces^ close, heavy, and sufficiently fine for General Purposes — On their Flesh — Its delicacy — Fla- vour, and superionty to all other Mutton. By William Phillips, Esq. Philadelphia, February 12th, 1827. Dear Sir, — Agreeably to your request, I give you my opinion of the Southdown sheep, exhi- bited to a committee of the Philadelphia Agri- cultural Society, of whicli I was a member. Al- though the fleece in fineness is not equal to Me- rino, yet I ascertained from dealers that a small PART OF THE FLEECE WOULD MAKE GOOD BROAD- CLOTH, AND THE REMAINDER IS IN HIGH ESTI- MATION FOR INFERIOR FABRICS. Considering all their estimable properties, I am of opinion that such Southdown sheep as you exhibited, are as valuable a stock, if not more so, than any other tliat have been kept in this countiy. The fleece is close, heavy, and suffi- ciently FINE FOR GENERAL PURPOSES, AND A SMALL PART FINE ENDUGH FOR ANY PURPOSE to which wool is likely to be applied for many vears to come. Sheep — Sou thdowns — Mutton — lis excellence. To the excellence of the Southdown mutton, I can with pleasure testify, as well as several gen- tlemen whose judgment of the luxuries of the table, will not be doubted by those who know them — They were so w ell pleased with it, that they cordially gave the annexed certificate of their opinion of the saddle of an imported we- ther, which was a present to Mr. David Lewis, who kept it upon his farm, on common pasture, without GRAIN OR ANY PARTICULAR ATTENTION, and it was the finest saddle of mutton, in appear- ance, delicacy, and flavour, I ever saw or tasted. It was greatly admired by many others. Their thriving properties, and tendency to become fat, are very important recommendations. I remain, witli much esteem, Yours, William Phillips. John Hare Powel, Esq. We the subscribers having partaken of a sad- dle of mutton from Mr. David Lewis' farm, of the Southdown breed, the qualities of which are not generally known liere, are of opinion that it is much superior in delicacy and flavour to any other mutton we have eaten. WILLIAM PHILLIPS, JOHN CLEMENTS STOCKER, JOHN SMITH, LAWRENCE LEWIS, J. K. WUCHERER, L. CLAPIER, ANTHONY STOCKER, ROBERT TOLAND, Philadelpiria, February 12, 1827. Sheep — Sonthdowns — Form and Fleece. Southdoxvn Sheep — On their Fleeces^ Carcasses, and fine Points. By James Sykes, Esq. (An extensive manufacturer of Maryland.) Baltimore, October, 182G. Dear Sir, — In reply to your inquiries upon the subject of Southdown sheep, I take leave to state, that I carefully examined the Southdown sheep exhibited by Colonel Lloyd at the late Maryland cattle show, and have samples of wool, fairly taken from them, together witli samples from Merino sheep, exhibited at the same time. I have no hesitation in giving, as my opinion, that the Southdown wool is equal in quality to the wool of the Merino sheep, shown upon that occasion (with the exception of the sheep exhi- bited by Wm. Patterson, Wm. R. Dickinson, Es- quires, and General Mason) but, I would here remark, that I considered none of the sheep ex- liibited (except tliose owned by the aforemen- tioned gentleman) full blood Merinoes. judging from the fleece. 1 believe the Soutlidown wool shown me at Powelton, and the wool upon the Southdown sheep of Col. Lloyd, equal in quality to the ge- neral average of three-fourths Ijlood Merino of this country, and superior to much wool offered for sale, as full l)lood Merino. I consider tlie Southdown wool to be best adapted to tlie sattinett manufacture, the fleece being generally a close, short pile. I think the Soutlidowns at Powelton possess- ed of remarka))ly good carcasses and tine points, and especially the ram last imported by you, wliich, in those respects, 1 think supeiior to any sheep I have ever seen. Sheep — Southdowns adapted to general purposes. I esteem the Southdowns a valuable race, taking into consideration both carcass and fleece, and, were I to engage in sheep husl)andry upon the sea-board, where mutton is an object, should prefer them to any other kind I have yet seen; on the other hand, were I to keep sheep in the interior, where fleece would be my object, I should prefer the finest woolled Merino or Saxon, and would make my commencement from the flocks of Wm. R. Dickinson, Esq. of Ohio, as I am now of opinion he has sheep equal, if not superior, to the general race of Saxon sheep lately imported. I am, with great respect, Your obedient servant, James Sykes. Southdown Sheep — Mr. PoxveVs Inquiries, ad- dressed to Mr. Aaron Clement, one of the most successful breeders in the United States. Bear Sir, — You have bred sheep for many years — have travelled in various states — have manifested great zeal for the improvement of live stock — have been rewarded by the highest prices, and highest premiums for sheep of the mixed Dishley, Teeswater and Southdown race, and have aided me in procuring the very best animals of that variety. I thus rely especially upon your judgment and ask your replies* to the following questions. JOHN HARE POWEL. Mr. Aaron Clement. • Ml*. Clement's replies and the subsequent certWicates are adcluccd in refutation of the assertion, that Southdown sheep can be found in the com- inon flocks of Pennsylvania, &c. Sheep — Soiithdoians — Excellence in Points, SfC. Southdown Sheep — On their Characteristics — their Fornis^ Points^ Properties^ a?id Vigour — On the quality and close staple of their Fleeces. By Mr. Aaron Clement. Have you ever seen such sheep as my miport- ed Southdown sheep? A?is. I have seen slieep, whose faces and legs have some resemblance to yours, but entu-ely different m form, yours being decidedly superior. Do you tliink sheep so peculiar in form and appearance, could exist in Pennsylvania or New Jersey, without your having seen them? A71S. I have never known any of the pure Southdowns to be in existence, in either of the above named states, with the exception of those said to have been imported by Captain Beanes into New Jersey, and they have been crossed with other breeds until they bear but little re- semblance to tlic original stock. Have these Southdown sheep close fleeces, covering well their bellies with wool of line qua- lity? Ans. Your Southdowns are clothed with wool of fine quality, and close staple, their bellies well covered. Have they good forms, with the appearance of vigour and liardiness. Ans. Their form I think superior to most sheep that I have seen. They appear to be vi- gorous and hardy. Have they wide chests, wide loins, heavy liind quarters, long frames, exhibiting a good carcass for a grazier? Jlfis. They possess tlie above named fine points in a very eminent degree. Very respectfully, youis, AARON CLEMENT THE On the adaptatio7i of particular Breeds to the foodf cli- mate, and face of the country in which they are reared — The necessity of breeding in, to fix Varieties, or to establish Improved Breeds — The injurious effects of breeding in-and-in too closely. By John Hare Powel, Esq. Powelton, October 5, 1826. Dear Sir, — I have never considered any race of sheep fitted for all the ch' mates, soils, and objects of our vast terri- tory;* and I have endeavoured to show, that "particular breeds have been for ages retained in certain parts of Europe, where the shape of the animal has been made conformable to the purposes, to the climate, to the food, and face of the country upon which it has been reared. On the mountains of Scot- land and Wales, on the bare chalk hills of the southern and western parts of England, races of sheep have always been bred, which, by the lightness of their carcasses, and the acti- vity of their muscles, are enabled to find sustenance, and by the closeness of their fleeces, are fitted to endure the ex- posure, which, in mountainous regions, must always be met. In the rich vales of Leicestershire, and highly cultivated marshes of Lincolnshire, and other counties in the north, fa- milies, the very opposite to these, have been as carefully bred, possessing heavy carcasses, long wool, shorter legs, very small bone, with the most sluggish dispositions, without either the desire or the power to make exertion to obtain food." And with these impressions, you will perceive I have not given up long woolled sheep, but have repeatedly ordered them from England, in addition to several imported parcels, which I had obtained here, or in Massachusetts; more espe- cially as I consider combing wool essential to certain manu- factures about to be introduced. '* Memoirs of tlie Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, page 135. N Breeding — Varieties are fixed by breeding in. M}' success in crossing Tunisian long woolled sheep with *'Beane's mixed" family of Dishley blood, was sufficiently manifest in the fine rams which you so much admired, on their way to my friends in Maryland and Virginia. In cross- ing these animals of diffei'ent breeds, but not of distinct RACES, both being of the long woolled race, I did not expect to obtain the good qualities of both, tvithout the de- fects of either ; I but hoped to procure the hardiness and fine mutton of Tunisian sheep, and some of the attributes, not of pure Dishley, but merely of " Beanes' mixed" family of Dishley blood. I expected from mongrels but the degree of excellence possessed by rnongrels, until after a succession of years, by proper selection and repeated crosses, I might have fixed certain varieties in one family, constituting thus an im- proved breed.* I might have pursued my object for many years, without danger of breeding too closely in, even if I had begun with but two sheep. It is admitted by most of the opponents of breeding in-and-in, that with certain views the father may be united with the daughter — with the granddaughter — g. grand- daughter — and g. g. granddaughter: for the g. g. grand- daughter is supposed to retain one-sixteenth of the blood of the original dam. But a brother and sister should very rarely be joined, as they are both oi precisely the same blood. Much confusion has arisen from the want of proper tech- nical language to convey the principles upon which the art of breeding has been established. The use of the words, family, breed, and race, indiscriminately, causes no little difficulty in communicating precise impressions on this subject: and to prevent cavil in the use of terms, I will endeavour to illus- trate the acceptation in which they are taken by me. I have called all the old " Bakewell" sheep derived from Beanes' importation, "a mixed family, ^^ as they are mon- grels, derived from his importation of Dishley, Tceswater, jumbled, in most cases, with Southdown, Irish, and common American siieep. Tlie term family is used, to designate their close affinity in all cases; yet the absence of determined cha- racteristics, denies to them the appellation of "a breed," which, I suppose, must be marked by points, properties, or general conformation so distinct, as to leave no hesitation in regard to immediate origin or descent. But " race," I conceive, in the language of breeders, cm- * At the time thia experiment was made, my attempts to procure sheep from England had been dereatcd by tlie penaJtiea opposed to tlieir exportation by the British statutes. Breeding in — How far expedient. braces many breeds; thus sheep are classed under the gene- ral terms, " long woolled and short woolled race." By the term variety, I apprehend that breeders mean a pro- duct fortuitous, or the result of design, exhibiting peculiar characteristics, either in form or j)roperties, or both, and which are so decided, as to prevent its being assigned to any known family, or particular breed. * NEW VARIETIES ARE OBTAINED BY CROSSES —THEY ARE FIXED BY SELECTION, AND BREEDING IN. WHEN THEIR BLOOD HAS BEEN COMMIXED, AND THEIR OFFSPRING HAS BEEN JOINED DURING MANY GENERATIONS, WITH REFERENCE TO THE APPROXIMATION OF THE INDIVIDUALS SO JOINED TO THE POINTS OR PROPERTIES DESIRED, PRODUCING AN UNION OF THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PECU- LIARITIES, THEY ARE SAID TO BE ESTABLISH- ED OR FIXED IN ONE FAMILY, CONSTITUTING THUS AN IMPROVED BREED. The first cross produces a variety called an half breed — the second, three-fourths — the third, seven-eighths — the fourth, fifteen-sixteenths, and so on. The variation of the blood in each cross is designated by figures to a certain point only, because there is a point where all sagacious breeders acknow- ledge, that the blood of the original sire or dam, is so nearly sunk or expelled, as to be little estimated, leaving them at that point, in possession of animals, usually equal to pure blood. If it were not received among breeders, whose experience has led to the conclusion — if it were not sanctioned by men, whose habits of investigation, and general knowledge cannot fail to lead them to truth, it might be questioned whether an improved breed could be found, whose attributes could be re- tained without danger of some sudden transition, destructive of all the objects, in the promotion of which, it had been sought. This position may be illustrated by the success which the breeders of dogs, and even of birds, have attained. The term " breeding in-and-in" appears to have been re- ceived by some writers in a different sense from that in which 1 apprehend it should be applied. I have considered Sir John Sebright's essa}-, published at the desire of the President of the Royal Society, decidedly the best which has appeared upon this subject; and in my impressions I am supported by Sinclair and Young, the one quoting Sebright in the " Code * It will be recollected that this notice is intended for American husband- men, who are not generall}' familiar with this subject. Brep.ding in-and-in too closely — Effects. of A,£;riculture," the other establishing his positions in the " Survey of Sussex," by giving the highest authorities — facts, as well as the opinions of practical men. By opposing "breeding in-and-in," Sebriglit does not in- tend to exclude the union of animals nearly allied, for he justly remarks — "Mr. Bakewell had certainly the merit of destroying the absurd prejudice which formerly prevailed against breeding from animals, between whom there was any degree of rela- tionship; had this opinion been universally acted upon, no one could have been said to be possessed of a particular breed, good or bad ; for the produce of one year would have been dissimilar to that of another, and we should have availed our- selves but little of an animal of superior merit, that we might have had the good fortune to possess." And he continues, that brother and sister may even be joined with certain views, " should they both be very GOOD, and particularly should the same defects not PREDOMINATE IN BOTH, BUT THE PERFECTIONS OF THE ONE PROMISE TO CORRECT, IN THE PRODUCE, THE IMPERFEC- TIONS OF THE OTHER." Yet he opposes its being carried so far, as some writers have i?7iagitied, it was pursued by Bake- well, whose practice has never been traced. I have contended that the effects of breeding closely in, are injurious; my practice, independent of any expression in fa- vour of Sebright's doctrine, will determine that I do not ob- ject to the union, to a certain point, of animals nearly allied. One of my finest bulls (Malcolm) wliich I imported at the time I possessed many high-bred males of the same breed, is derived from a cow begotten by Western Comet, upon his g. g. granddaughter. And that I am confirmed in this opinion by ]\Ir. Coates, one of the oldest breeders of Great Britain, is evident in his de- claring, that he has seen no bull which he would prefer to Mal- colm as a sire. The celebrated Knight, Mason, Rudd, Whitaker, Berry, and Sommerville, might be quoted in aid of that which has been advanced; but more pointedly to bring tiie soundness of Se- bright's doctrine to your view, I would recal your own, and your brother's experience in flocks of sheep made decrepid by too close adherence to the same blood. John Hare Powel. To the President of the Pennsylvania .Agricultural Society. ON THE PJIXNOZPLES Iwi#ir^l»fiif i^rfflffii®* (Extracted from Sinrlair's Code of Ag;nculture, page 104.) On the advantages of well-bred Stock — Breeding iti — How Jar essential — Breeding in-and-in too closely, ruin- ous — Consequent decrease of size — Loss of character- istics — aiid procreative power. "The art of breeding consists in making a careful selection of males and females, for the purpose of producing a stock, with fewer defects, and with greater properties than their parents, by which their mutual perfections shall be preserved, and their mutual faults corrected.* "The objects of improved breeding, therefore, are, to ob- viate defects, and to acquire and to perpetuate desirable pro- perties; hence, when a race of animals have possessed, in a great degree, through several generations, the properties which it is our object to obtain, and any tendency to produce * Sir John S. Sebriglit's Essay on the Art of Improving the Breed of Do- mestic Animals, p. 5 and 8. All breeding proceeds on the presumption, that the tendency of any individual animal is, to transmit to its offspring, the form, constitution, and qualities which it possesses; and as two animals are concerned in the production of one offspring, that one is expected to inherit, a form and constitution, compounded on the joint qualities of its two parents. Thus it is found, in numerous breeds of animals, as in deer, in the West Highland Cattle, in the North Devon, and in the wild cattle of Chillingham Park ; the offspring, for an indefinite number of generations, have borne the same general characters. — Observations by C. Masov. Esq., of Clifton, co. Durhavi. Breeding in-and-in too closely — Effects. unwished for properties, has beon extirpated, tlieir progeny are said to be ivell-hred, and their stock may be relied on.* "It was upon this princij)le of selection, that Bakewell formed his celebrated stock of sheep, having spared no pains or expense, in obtaining the choicest individuals, from all the best kinds of long or combing woolled sheep, wherever they were to be met with ;t and it cannot be doubted, that any breed may be improved in the same manner, namely, that of putting the best males to the finest females. After a superior breed, however, has thus been obtained, it is a point that has been much disputed, whether it is proper to raise stock, 1. From the same family; or, 2. From the same race, but of different families; or, 3. From races entirely different. " 1. Breeding from the same family. — This method is called breeding in-and-in, or putting animals of the nearest relationship together.^ Though this plan was for some time in fashion, under the sanction of Bakewcll's authority, yet experience has now proved that it cannot be successfully per- severed in. It may prove beneficial indeed, if not carried loo far, in fixing any variety that may be thought valuable, § but on the whole, it is so only in appearance. Under this system, the young animal comes into the world, on, compa- ratively, a very small scale. By keeping it f;\t from the fiist moment of its existence, it is made to attain a greater size than nature intended ; and its weight in consequence will be very great in proportion to the size of its bones. • Thus a ge- neration or two of animals of an extraordinary form, and sale- able at enormous prices, may be obtained; but that does not prove that the practice is eligible, if long persisted in.|| On the contrary, if the system be followed up, the stock get ten- der and delicate, they become bad feeders; and though they retain their shape and beauty, they will decrease in vigour and activity, will become lean and dwarfish, and ultimately incapable of continuing the race. The instances of this are * Sir John S. Sebriglit's Essay, p- 7. Incessant care and attention, how- ever, are necessary, to keep tlieni up to tlic mark; and this is rather fortu- nate than otlierwise, since it perpetuates the virrit of breeders, and the com- petition of stock. t Young's Lecture, p. 9. X It having been found, that this system produced animals quite deficient in vigour, those who are now possessed of a capital stock, keep two or three streavis of blood, quite distinct, that they may avoid a consanguinity. § Sir .John S. Sebright 's Essay, p. 13. ' Paper by Henry Cline, Esq., Comm. vol. iv. p. 442. II Paper by T. A. Kniglit, Esq., Comm. to the Board of Agriculture, vol. ii. p. 185. These dwarfish males, however, may not have an injurious effect on the stock of another i)crson, especially tiie first cross, if the females be of a coarser quality, and, on Mr. Ciines principle, if tliey are of a larger size than the males put to tlieiii. Breeding in-an-in — How far expedient. numerous. The celebrated breeder, Prinsep, found, that de- crease of size unavoidable, in spite of all his endeavours, by keeping his young stock well, to prevent it.* Sir John S. Sebright tried many experiments by breeding in-and-in, with dogs, fowls, and pigeons, and found the breeds uniformly de- generate.! A gentleman who tried the system with pigs, brought them at last into such a state, that the females gave over breeding almost entirely, and when they did breed, their produce was so small and delicate, that they died as soon as they were born. Nay, Mr. Knight's experiments with plants have fully convinced him, that in the vegetable, as well as in the animal kingdom, the offspring of a male and female, not related, will possess more strength and vigour, than where they are both of the same family.:]: This proves how unprofitable such connexions are. That is no reason, however, why a breeder may not manage a particular family of animals to great advantage, by shifting or changing, in- stead of breeding directly from parents to ofrspring.§ Hence the propriety of procuring males, from the flocks and herds of those who have the same or a similar breed. It has been remarked, that those farmers have in general the worst flocks, who breed from rams produced on their own farms, and that an Interchange of males is mutually beneficial. || " With respect to the doctrine, ' that when you can no longer find better males than your own, then by all means breed from them, for that best can only beget best ;' it is ably refuted by an intelligent author, who has devoted much attention to the art of breeding. He observes, that there never did exist an animal without some defect in constitution, in form, or in some other essential quality; and such defect, however small it may be at first, will increase in every suc- ceeding generation, and at last predominate in such a degree, as to render the breed of very little value. IT Breeding in-and- in, therefore, would only tend to increase, and to perpetuate that defect, which might be eradicated, by a judicious selec- tion, from a difierent family, in the same race. * Paper by T. A. Knight, Esq., Comm. to the Board of Agriculture, vol. ii. p. 185. t Sir John S. Sebright's Essay, p. 13. X Paper by T. A. Knight, Esq., Comm to the Board of Agriculture, vol. ii. p. 186. § Husbandry of Scotland, vol. ii. Appendix, p. 100. The same rule holds good regarding the human species. By a train of unfortunate circumstances, a brother and sister, german, ignorant of their close connexion together, were married. They had ten children, all of whom died before their parents. II Paper by T. A. Knight, Esq., Comm. vol. ii. p. 172. IT Sir John S. Sebright on Improving the Breeds of Domestic Animals, p. 11 and 14. Crossing dislhict races injudicious. " 2. The breedinc; I'rom different families of the same race, is therefore a preferable system. When these have been for some time established in different situations, and have had some slight shades of difference impressed upon them, by the influence of different climates, soils, and treatment, it is found advantageous, to interchange the males, for the purpose of strengthening the excellencies and remedying the defects of each family. On this principle, the celebrated Culley con- tinued, for many years, to hire his rams from Bakewell, at the very time that other breeders were paying him a liberal price for the use of his own ; and the very same practice is followed by the most skilful breeders at present. " 3. Any attempt at improvement, by crossing two dis- tinct breeds or races, one of which possesses the properties which it is wished to obtain, or is free from the defects which it is desirable to remove, requires a degree of judgment and perseverance, to render such a plan successful, as is very rarely to be met with. Indeed, though such crosses may, by great attention, answer at first, yet it is generally found, that great singularities attend such mixtures: and, in breeding bulls, though some of them may apparently do, yet their breed is not to be trusted." ON IMPROVING THE BREED OF ANIMALS. (Extracted from Loudon's Encyclopedia of Agricvilture. — 1826.) By improvc7nent of a breed is to be understood the pro- ducing such an alteration in shape or description, as shall ren- der the animal better fitted for the labours he has to perform; better fitted for becoming fat; or for producing milk, wool, eggs, feathers, or particular qualities of these. The funda- mental principle of this amelioration is the proper selection of parents. Two theories have obtained notice on this sub- ject, the one in favour of breeding from individuals of the same parentage, called the in-and-in system, and the other in favour of breeding from individuals of two different off- springs, called the system of cross breeding. As is usual in such cases, neither theory is exclusively correct,* at least as far as respects agricultural improvement; for, as will after- wards appear, the principles on which a selection for breed- ing so as to improve the carcase of the animal dej)ends, will lead occasionally to either mode. • Spbripht's positions arc thus confirmed. Sec his remarks upon Mr. Meyncrs breeding " from the father and the daughter and the mother and the son," and even " from brother and lister ;" to which Sebright does not object, " if they should both be very good, and particularly siiould the same defects not predoininate in both,' but the perfections of the one promise to correct in tjte produce the imperfections of the other."— Le/^rr A;/ Sir John Saundcn Sebright, Bart; M, P., on the Art of Improving the Breeds of Domestic Animals. On Breeding — Misapprehension of Terms — Mr. MeyneVs Practice — Breeding in-and-in — Cross- ing — Selection — Objects — Effects — Sebright' s Theory — On fixing varieties — Sheep — Fleece — Form — Its influence upon the Constitution and Secretions of the Jlnimal. By John Hare Powel, Esq. (In Reply to Major Rudd, of Marton Lodge, England.) Dear Sir, On the degeneracy produced by breeding too closely in-and-in^ I consider myself peculiarly fortunate in having your conclusive testimony. This fi'uitful subject of misapprehension had not till recently excited attention in this country among writere, although the evil tendency of fol- lowing any stream of blood into too close affi- nity, has always been deprecated, and' has been uniformly avoided, in the practice of successful husbandmen. The subject is difficult, and the misuse of terms, or the want of precision, has in some in- stances been the source of discussion where little difference of opinion in fact prevailed. In the language of Sebright, on various occa- sions, " I have freely stated my opinions without considering them as conclusive," and I venture to give the arguments which I have adduced in support of his essay, in order that I may be cor- rected by yon^ if I be wrong. I apprehend, that his theory is founded upon the belief, that all domesticated animals are dis- posed " to go back,'' as having some tendency towards constitutional defects ; and inferring that those of the same family are likely to be afiected by tendency towards the same point, he thinks, Breedirig from the Sire and Daughter. that by the union of animals so situated, and having mch tendency^ the defects will in the off- spring be increased. If he had defined his acceptation of the terms ^'crossing,'' and '-^breeding in-and-in^'' less difli- culty might have prevailed. It is evident that the common application of these terms is very different from that in which I conceive them to be correctly used by him. He observes — " Mr. MeyneVs fox-hounds are likewise quoted as an instance of the success of this practice; but upon speaking to that gentleman upon the subject, I found that he did not at- tacli the meaning that I do, to the term in-and-in. He said he frequently bred from the father and the daughter, and the mother and the son. This is not what I consider breeding i7i-and-in ; for the daughter is only half of the same blood as the father, and will probably partake, in a great degree, of the properties of the mother." "Mr. Meynel sometimes bred from brother and sister: this is certainly what may be called a little close; but should they both be very good, and particularly should the same de- fects not predominate in both, but the perfections of the one, promise to correct in the produce the imperfections of the other, 1 do not think it objectionable: much further than this, the system of breeding from the same family, cannot, in my opinion, be pursued with safety." * * * * "Although 1 believe the occasional intermixture of diffe- rent families to be necessary, I do not, by any means, ap- prove of mixing two distinct breeds, with the view of uniting the valuable properties of both: this experiment has been frequently tried by others as well as by myself, but has I be- lieve never succeeded. The first cross frequently produces a tolerable animal, but it is a breed that cannot be continued."* " If it were possible, by a cross between the New Leices- tershire and INIerino breeds of sheep, to produce an animal uniting the excellencies of both, that is, the carcase of the one, with the fleece of the other, even such an animal, so produced, would be of little value to the brceder;t a race of \.\xo same description could not be perpetuated; and no de- pendance could be placed upon the produce of such animals; they would he mongrels, some like the New Leicester, some like the Merino, and most of them with the faults of both." • Slioukl not tlic jjioiUict oftlic /Tcs^ cross be called a variety? f Should not the term breed be used? Breeding — Sehrigk/'s Theory. Sebright asserts, as we all kn(3w, tliat varieties even of pigeons are established l)y selection and breeding in-and-in. The first cross produces an animal called an half-bred — the second, three- fourths — the third, seven-eighths — the fourth, fif- teen-sixteenths, and so on. Of consequence, the variety ol)tained by the first cross could not he perpetuated, as the proportions of l)lood would annually vary, producing new varieties j winch, after a long time and great vigilance in selection, might be established, constituting that which is technically called " an improved breed." It cannot be denied, that the offspring of a male and female, of precisely the same degree of affinity to two distinct breeds, w ould not ge- nerally exhibit precisely the same characteristics, nor would they show^ precisely those of the sire and dam- In some, the attributes of one of the breeds would predominate, whilst in many, those of the other would in different degrees most pro- bably appear. Do we not find facts, corroborative of this, in the human family? But when the most desira- ble points and properties have, throughout many generations, been determined ])y the skill of the breeder in selecting the animals, which most nearly approximate the excellence whicli he seeks — in uniting those whose union would, by " the perfections of the one promise to correct in the produce the imperfections of the other," " a new variety is fixed." The Leicester sheep has long and coarse wool, with an open fleece — the Merino has short and fine wool, with a close fleece; the properties, points, and general conformation of tliese ani- mals, are opposed as much as those of any Breeding; — Distinct Races should not be crossed. beings, of the same species, with which we are acquainted. The product of the first cross, between a Me- rino and New Leicester sheep, Avould be covered, prol)ably, with wool of medium texture; but when carried fartlicr, it miglit l)ecome too short for combing, too long for tlie general manufac- tures of the country. Sebright does not approve of crossing " dis- tinct races," and gives an histance to show, what he means l)y distinct races. It is evident that the term race, is not always used in the same sense, nor should I have used it as he has done. The quadruped race embraces all ani- mals having four legs, yet we find the term race applied frequently to a variety of a parti- cular species; the improved Leicester sheep are called New Leicester, or the Dishley race. It is evident, Sebright did not object to mixuig animals of races, which he does not qualify by the term distinct; as he asserts, that Merino rams are frequently put to Southdown and Rye- land ewes, all being of the fine xvoolled race, which he approves with certain views. Nor would he object to uniting the Arabian ^vith the turf horse — he knows that the l)est turf horses had been so produced; but he would oppose the union of a Welsli pony with a drauglit horse, or an Arabian courser w ith a Suffblk punch, if he desired animals either for the turf or the road. He is aware that varieties, sometimes fortuitous, sometimes the product of design, afford tlie means of estabhshing improved breeds of animals, or of meliorating cultivated fruits. He urges — " The effect of breeding in-and-in may be accelerated or retarded by selection, particularly in those animals who pro- Breeding — Effects of Climate and Food, duce many young ones at a time. There may be families so nearly perfect, as to go through several generations, without sustaining much injury from having been bred in-and-in; but a good judge would, upon examination, point out by what they must ultimately fail, as a mechanic would discover the weakest part of a machine before it gave vvay. " Breeding in-and-in will, of course, have the same effect in strengthening the good as the bad properties, and may be beneficial, if not carried too far, j^a^'ticularly in fixing any variety which may be thought valuable."* "I have tried many experiments by breeding in-and-in upon dogs, fowls, and pigeons: the dogs became from strong spaniels, weak and diminutive lap dogs, the fowls became long in the legs, small in the body, and bad breeders." He justly remarks — "Many causes combine to prevent animals, in a state of na- ture, from degenerating; they are perpetually intermixing, and therefore do not feel the bad effects of breeding in-and- in: the perfections of some correct the imperfections of others, and they go on without any material alteration, except what arises from the effects of food and climate. "The greatest number of females will, of course, fall to the share of the most vigorous males ; and the strongest indivi- duals of both sexes, by driving away the weakest, will enjoy the best food, and the most favourable situations, for them- selves and for their offspring. *^ A severe winter, or a scarcity of food, by destroying the weak and the unhealthy, has all the good effects of the most skilful selection. In cold and barren countries no animals can live to the age of maturity, but those who have strong constitutions; the weak and the unhealthy do not live to pro- pagate their infirmities, as is too often the case with our do- mestic animals. To this I attribute the peculiar hardiness of the horses, cattle, and sheep, bred in mountainous countries, more than to their having been inured to the severity of the climate; for our domestic animals do not become more hardy by being exposed, when young, to cold and hunger: animals so treated will not, when arrived at the age of maturity, en- dure so much hardship as those who have been better kept in their infant state. "If one male, and one female only, of a valuable breed, could be obtained, the offspring should be separated, and placed in situations as dissimilar as possible; for animals kept together are all subjected to the efi'ects of the same climate, * Here the evil tendency must be corrected by the In-ceder's skill in "se- lection." Jlr ceding — Form indicative of Properties. of the same food, and of the same mode of treatment, and consequently to the same diseases, particularly to such as arc infectious, vvhicli must accelerate the bad effects of breeding in-and-in." His observations upon sheep entirely agree with those \\\\yq\\ I had made in England as well as here. He continues — " IN COMPARING THE MERINO SHEEP WITH THE SOUTHDOWNS, WHICH ARE ALLOWED TO IJE THE BEST OF OUR SHORT-WOOLLED BREEDS, THE FORMER HAVE VERY MUCH THE ADVAN- TAGE, BOTH AS TO QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF WOOL; BUT, I BELIEVE, THE LATTER WOULD PRODUCE BY FAR THE GREATEST QUANTITY OF MEAT, FROM A GIVEN QUANTITY OF FOOD, WHICH IS THE CRITERION BY WHICH WE DE- TERMINE THE RELATIVE VALUE OF ALL ANI- MALS AS GRAZIER'S STOCK. " Taking the gross produce, both of wool and of carcase, at the present prices, the Merino breed may perhaps be the most profitable : but should it be generally introduced, fine wool would become cheaper, and mutton dearer; it is therefore not easy to form a conclusive opinion upon this subject. " Great improvements may undoubtedly be made in the Merino breed, as to their disposition to get fat. Their advo- cates say, with truth, that the Southdown sheep were but a few years ago as imperfect in shape as the Merino now are; but they should recollect, that a disposition to fatten at an early age was always the characteristic of the Southdown breed, even in its most unimproved state, and that it was from its possessing this very essential quality that so much attention has been paid to it. " It is well known that a particular formation generally in- dicates a disposition to get fat, in all sorts of animals; but this rule is not universal, for we sometimes see animals of the most approved forms, who are sloiu feeders y and whose flesh is of a bad quality, which the graziers easily ascertain by the touch. The disposition to get fat is more generally found in some breeds tlian in others. The Scotch Highland cattle are remarkable for being almost d\\ quick feeders, although many of them are defective in shape. The Welsh cattle liave but little disposition to get fat: not from being particularly ill- shajicd, but becinisc they are almost invariably what the gra- ziers call had lumdlcrs. " We must not therefore suppose, that the bad shape of the Breeding — Yolk essential to fine Wool. Merino sheep is the sole cause of its being so ill calculated for the purpose of the grazier. "An observation which Dr. Genner made to- me about ten years ago, (the truth of which has since been confirmed by my own experience — that no animal whose chest was narrow could easily be made fat,) applies particularly to the Merino sheep, who are in general contracted in that part, and is well worth the attention of those who wish to improve this breed, " PERHAPS THE GREAT SECRETION OF YOLK, SO ESSENTIAL TO THE PRODUCTION OF FINE WOOL, AND WHICH IS EXCESSIVE IN THE MERI- NO SHEEP, MAY BE INCOMPATIBLE WITH THE FATTENING QUALITY. " I HAVE ALWAYS FOUND THE FINENESS OF THE FLEECE IN EXACT PROPORTION TO THE QUANTITY OF YOLK IT CONTAINED. THOSE WHO ARE UNACCUSTOMED TO EXAMINE WOOL, MAY CONSIDER THIS AS A CERTAIN CRITERION OF ITS QUALITY: FOR ALTHOUGH THE HAIR OF SOME DRY FLEECES MAY BE FINE, IT WILL AL- WAYS WANT THE ELASTICITY WHICH I§ SO MUCH VALUED BY THE MANUFACTURER." •^ 7^ ■5ri '^ ^ -^j yf: "The fineness of the fleece, like every other property in animals of all kinds, may be improved by selection in breed- ing. The opinion, that good wool could only be produced in particular districts, is a prejudice which fortunately no longer exists. " Climate, food, and soil, have certainly some effect upon the quality of wool, but not so much as is generally supj)0scd. The fleece is affected by the degree of nourishment which the animal receives, not by the quality of the pasture on which it is fed. If sheep are highly kept, their wool will become less flne, but in other respects its quality will not be deteriorated. The wool of a starved sheep may be apparently fine, but it will be brittle, and of little value to the manufacturer. " A regular supply of food to the sheep is essential to the growth of good wool; for that part of the hair which grows when the animal is in a high state of flesh, will be thick, and that which is grown when it is reduced by hunger, will be weak and thin; and consequently the thickness of hair will always be irregular, if the animal passes from one extreme to the other. "The alteration which may be made in any breed of ani- mals by selection, can hardly be conceived by those who have not paid some attention to this subject; they attribute every Breeding — Males kept for hire. impi'ovcment to a cross, when it is merely the effect of judi- cious selection. " I have often been told, that from the beautiful shape of Mr. Elman's Southdown sheep, they must have been crossed with the New Leicester; and that from the fineness of their wool, they must have been crossed with the Merino breed; but I do not conceive, that even the skill of this very distin- guished breeder could have retained the good shape of the former, without any appearance of the coarseness of its wool, or the fine fleece of the latter, without the deformity of its carcase, had he crossed his flock with either of these breeds. "It may as well be contended, that the white pheasant, which is now become very common, was produced from a cross with a Dorking fowl, whereas it was one of those acci- dental varieties, which sometimes occur, and which has been perpetuated by selection. The same may be said of the end- less variety in the colour, shape, and size, of rabbits, ducks, and pigeons, in a domesticated state; a variety produced by the art of man, and which did not exist in these creatures in their natural state. " A greater proof, I conceive, of what may be effected by selection and perseverance, cannot be adduced "There is, perhaps, no means by which the breeds of ani- mals can be so rapidly, and so effectually improved, as by its being the particular business of some breeders to provide male animals for the purpose of letting for hire. Our horses could never have arrived at the degree of perfection which they have now attained, but from the facility which has been afforded to every one, by the public stallions, of breeding from tl^e best horses of every description, at a moderate ex- pense. •' The breeds of sheep to which this practice has been ap- plied, have attained great perfection, while those which have never been attended to by persons in this particular business, show no signs of improvement. "No trouble or ex])ensewill be spared by those who expect to derive profit, not from the quantit}', but from the quality of the animals which they breed. The competition, which must always exist between breeders of this description, will be a never-failing stimulus to exertion. " The common farmer, who seldom sees any stock but his own and that of his neighbours, generally concludes, that his own have arrived at the summit of perfection : but the breeder who lets for hire, must frequently submit his male animals to the inspection of the public, and to the criticism of his rivals, who will certainly not encourage any prejudices he may entertain of their superiority." Breeding — Sebright sujiporfed by facts. In illustration of Sebiight's positions, various authorities might be adduced; but I consider the successful practice of Messrs. Colling, Charge, Maynard, Bates, Mason, Coates, Whitaker and yourself, affords the most decided evidence of the validity of his assertions, triumphantly sus- tained by the records of the Herd and Stud Books, wherein it will be found, that the best individuals have been the result of occasional mid judicious crosses, and that the most valuable varieties have been established by skilful selec- tion, and breeding in-and-in to a limited extent, I am, my dear sir, with great respect. Most truly yours, John Hare Powel. Extracts from Loudon's Encyclopsedia of Agriculture. That the breed of animals is improved by the largest males, is a very gene- ral opinion ; but this opinion is the reverse of the truth, and has done conside- rable mischief. The great object of breeding, by whatever mode, is the im- provement of form, and experience has proved that crossing has only succeed- ed in an eminent degree, in those instances in which the females were larger than in the usual proportion of females to males ; and that it has generally failed where the males were disproportionally large. Culley's Introduction, &c. The following epitome of the science of breeding, is by the late emi- nent surgeon, Henry Cline, who practised it extensively on his own farm at Southgate. The external form of domestic animals has been much studied, and the pro- portions are well ascertained. But the external form is an indication only of internal structure. The principles of improvhig it must, therefore, be founded on a knowledge of the structure and use of internal parts. The lungs are of the first itnportance. It is on their size and soundness that the strength and health of animals principally depend. The power of converting food into nourishment, is in proportion to their size. An animal with large lungs is capable of converting a given quantity of food into more nourishment than one with smaller lungs ; and therefore has a greater aptitude to fatten. The chest, according to its external form and size, indicates the size of the lungs. The form of the chest should approach to the figure of a cone, having its apex situated between the shoulders, and its base towards the loins. Its capacity depends on its form more than on the extent of its circumference ; for where the girth is equal in two animals, one may have much larger lungs than the other. A circle contains more than an ellipsis of equal circumfer- ence ; and in proportion as the ellipsis deviates from the circle it contains less. A deep chest, therefore, is not capacious; unless it is proportionably broad. The pelvis is the cavity formed by the junction of the haunch bones with r* Breeding — Form how improved. the bono of the rump. It is essential tlial this cavity bhould be large in ths female, that she may be enabled to bring forth her young with less difficulty When this cavity is small, the life of the mother and her oflfspring is endan- gered. The size of the pelvis is chiefly indicated by the width ot the hips, and the breadth of the twist, which is the space between the thighs. The breadth of the loins is always in proportion to that of the chest and pelvis. The head should bo small, by which the birth is facilitated. Its smallness affords other advantages, and generally indicates that the animal is of a good breed. Horns are useless to domestic animals, and they are often a cause of accidents. It is not difficult to breed animals without them. The breeders of horned cattle and horned sheep, sustain a loss more extensive than they may conceive ; for it is not the horns alone, but also much bone in the skulls of such animals to support their horns, for which the butcher pays nothing; and besides this there is an additional quantity of ligament and muscle in the neck, which is of small value. The skull of a ram with its horns, weighed five times more than a skull which was hornless. Both these skulls were taken from sheep of the same age, each being four years old. The great difTerence in weight depended chiefly on the horns, for the lower jaws were nearly equal; one weighing seven ounces and the other six ounces and three-quarters, which proves that the natural size of the head was the same in both, independent of the horns and the thickness of bone which supports them. In horned animals the skull is extremely thick. In a hornless animal it is much thinner, espe- cially in that part where the horns usually grow. To those who have reflect- ed on the subject, it may appear of little consequence whether sheep and cat- tle have horns; but on a moderate calculation it will be found, that the loss in farming stock, and also in the diminution of animal food, is very considerable, from the productions of horns and their appendages. A mode of breeding which would prevent the production of these, would afford a considerable profit m an increase of meat, wool, and other valuable parts. The length of the neck should be proportioned to the height of the animal, that it may collect its food with ease. The muscles, and the tendons which are their appendages, should be large ; by which an animal is enabled to travel with greater facility. The bones, when large, are commonly considered an indication of strength; but strength does not depend on the size of the bones, but on that of the mus- cles. Many animals with large bones are weak, their muscles being small Animals that have been imperfectly nourished during growth, have their bones disproportionately large. If such deficiency of nourishment originated from a constitutional defect, which is the most frequent cause, they remain weak during life. Large bones, therefore, generally indicate an imperfection in the organs of nutrition. To obtain the most improved form, the two modes of breeding described aa the in-and-in and crossing modes, have been practised. The first mode may be the belter practice, when a particular variety approaches perfection in form ; especially for those who may not be acquainted with the princijdes on vihich improvement depends. When the male is much larger than the female, the offspring is generally of an imperfect form. If the female be proportion- ately larger than the male, the offspring is of an improved form For instance, if a well formed large ram bo put to cwcs proportionately smaller, the lamba will not be so well shaped as their parents ; but if a small ram be put to larger ewes, the lambs will be of an improved form. The proper method of im- proving the form of animals consists in selecting a well formed female, pro- portionately larger than the male. The improvement depends on this princi- ple, that the power of the female to supply her offspring with nourishment, is m proportion to her size, and to the power of nourishing herself from the ex- cellence of her constitution. The size of the foetus is generall}' in proportion to that of the male parent; and therefore, when the female parent is dispropor- tionately small, the quantity of nourishment is deficient, and her offspring has all the disproportions of a starveUng. But when the female, from her size and good constitution, is more than adequate to the nourishment of a fcetus of a. smaller male than herself, the growth must be proportionately greater. The larger female has also a larger quantity of milk, and her offspring is more abundantly »upplicd vith nourishment after birth. JBreedhig — Good ejfects of crossing. Abundant nourishment is necessary to produce the most perfect formed ani- mal, from the earliest period of its existence until its growth is complete. As already observed, the power to prepare the greatest quantity of nourishment from a given quantity of food, depends principally on the magnitude of the lungs, to which the organs of digestion are subservient. To obtain animals with large lungs, crossing is the most expeditious method ; because well form- ed females may be selected from a variety of large size, to be put to a well formed male of a variety that is rather smaller. By such a mode of crossing, the lungs and heart become proportionately larger, in consequence of a pecu- liarity in the circulation of the foetus, which causes a larger proportion of the blood, under such circumstances, to be distributed to the lungs than to the other parts of the body ; and as the shape and size of the chest depend upon that of the lungs, hence arises that remarkably large chest, which is produced by crossing with females that are larger than the males. The practice, ac- cording to this principle of improvement, however, ought to be limited ; for it may be carried to such an extent, that the bulk of the body might be so dia- proportioned to the size of the limbs as to prevent the animal from moving with sufficient facility. In animals, where activity is required, this practice should not be extended so far as in those which are intended for the food of man. ««*«**<;« Examples of the good effects of crossing may be found in the improved breeds of horses and swine in England. The great improvement of the breed of horses arose from crossing with the diminutive stallions. Barbs and Ara- bians; and the introduction of Flanders mares into this country was the source of improvement in the breed of cart horses. The form of the swine has been greatly improved, by crossing with the small Chinese boar. The pliancy of the animal economy is such, that an animal will gradually accommodate itself to great vicissitudes in climate, and alterations in food; and by degrees undergo great changes in constitution; but these changes can be effected only by degrees, and may often require a great number of suc- cessive generations for their accomplishment. It may be proper to improve the form of a native race, but at the same time it may be very injudicious to attempt to enlarge their size ; for the size of animals is commonly adapted to the soil and climate which they inhabit. Where produce is nutritive and abun- dant, the animals are large, having grown proportionally to the quantity of food which, for generations, they have been accustomed to obtain. * * * The Jirahian horses are, in general, the most perfect in the world ; which probably has arisen from great care in selection, and also from being unmixed with any variety of the same species ; the males, therefore, have never been disproportioned in size to the females. The native horses of India are small, but well proportioned, and good of their kind. With the intention of increasing their size, the India Company have adopted a plan of sending large stallions to India. If these stallions should be extensively used, a disproportioned race must be the result, and a valuable breed of horses may be irretrievably spoiled. From theory, from practice, and from extensive observation, the last more to be depended on than either, " it is reasonable," Cline continues, " to form this conclusion: it is wrong to enlarge a native breed of animals, for in propor- tion to their increase of size, they become worse in form, less hardy, and more liable to disease." {Communications to the B. of Jig. vol. iv. p. 446.) The above opinions may be considered as supported by the most eminent practical breeders, as Bakewell, Culley, Somerville, Parry, and others, and by most theorists, as Coventry, Darwin, Hunt, Young, «S:c. T. A. Knight writes in the Communications to the Board of Agriculture in favour of cross breed- ing, as do Pitt and others in the County Surveys, but mostly from very limited experience. * * * * * * * * " 0/ the general Principles of Rearing, Managing^ and Feeding Domestic Animals. After the birth, the first interference on the part of man should be that of supplying the mother with food of a light and delicate quality, compartid to Rearing — Food — t/9ir— Exercise, fyc. that whicli slie liad been in tlie habit of nsinj, and also of administering the same description of food to llic offspring, so far as it may by its nature be able to use it. The gentlest treatment should accompany these operations ; and the opportunity taken of familiarizing both parent and offspring with man, by gently caressing them, or at least, by familiar treatment on the part of the at- tendant. As the animals increase in size and strength, they should have abundance of air, exercise, and food, according to their natures; and whatever is attempt- ed by man in the way of taming or teaching should be conducted on mild and conciliating principles, rather than on those of harshness and compulsion. ******* Food, though it must be supplied in abundance, ought not to be given to satiety. Intervals of resting and exercise must be allowed according to cir- cumstances. Even animals grazing on a rich pasture have been found to feed faster when removed from it once a day, and either folded or put in an inferior pasture for two or three hours. Stall-fed cattle and swine will have their flesh improved in flavour by being turned out into a yard or field once a day ; and many find that they feed better, and produce better flavoured meat when kept loose under warm sheds or hamraels, one or two in a division, a practice now very general in Berwickshire. * * * * * \^ general it may be observed, that if the digestive powers of the animal are in a sound state, the more food he eats, the sooner will the desired result be obtained ; a very moderate quantity beyond sufficiency constitutes abundance ; but by withholding this additional quantity, an animal, especially if young, may go on eating for several years, without ever attaining to fatness. ******* In young growing animals, the powers of digestion are so great, that they require less rich food than such as are of mature age ; for the same reason also they require more exercise. If rich food is supplied in liberal quantities, and exercise withheld, diseases are generated, the first of which may be excessive fatness. ***** Common sense will suggest the pro- priety of preferring a medium course between very rich and very poor nutri- ment. ***** ^ * Salt, it appears, from various experiments, may be advantageously given to most animals, in very small quantities ; it acts as a whet to the appetite, pro- motes the secretion of bile, and, in general, is favourable to health and acti- vity. In this way only can it be considered as preventing or curing diseases ; imless perhaps in the case of worms, to which all saline and bitter substances are known to be injurious. ****«» Where a sufficient degree of warmth to promote the ordinary circulation of the blood is not produced by the natural climate, or by exercise, it must be supplied by an artificial climate. Houses and slieds are the obvious resources both for this purpose, and for protection from cotrcmcs of tccathcr. Cold rains and northerly winds are highly injurious, by depriving the external sur- face of the body of caloric more rapidly than it can be supplied from within by respiration, and the action of the stomach; and also by contracting the pores of the skin, so as to impede circulation. When an animal happens to shed its covering, whether of hair, wool, or featlicrs, at such inclement seasons, the effects on its general health are highly injurious. The excessive heats of summer, by expanding all the parts of tlic animal frame, occasions a degree of lassitude, and want of energy even in the stomach and intestines; and while the animal eats and digests less food than usual, a greater waste tiian usual takes place by perspiration. Nature has provided trees, rocks,, caverns, hills and waters, to moderate these extremes of heat and weather, and man imi- tates them by hovels, sheds, and other buildings, according to particular cir- cumstances. Good air and water it may seem unnecessary to insist on ; hut cattle and horses, and even poultry pent up in close buildings, where there are no facili- ties for a change of the atmosphere, often suffer on this account. A slight de- gree of fever is produced at first, and afler a time, when the habit of the ani- mal becomes reconciled to such a state, a retarded circulation, and general decay or diminution of (he vital energies takes place. Rearing — Cleanliness — Comfort , S^'c. Moderate exercise ought not to be dispensed with, where the flavour of ani- mal produce is any object ; it is known to promote circulation, perspiration, and digestion, and by consequence to invigorate the appetite. Care must be taken, however, not to carry exercise to that point where it becomes a labour instead of a recreation. In some cases, as in feeding swine and poultry, fat- ness is hastened by promoting sleep and preventing motion, rather than en- couraging it ; but such animals cannot be considered healthy fed ; in fact their fatness is most commonly the result of disease. Tranquillity is an obvious requisite, for where the passions of brutes are called into action, by whatever means, their influence on their bodies is often as great as in the human species. Hence the use of castration, complete or partial separation, shading from too much light, protection from insects, dogs, and other annoying animals, and from the too frequent intrusion of man. Cleanliness is favourable to health, by promoting perspiration and circula- tion. Animals in a wild state attend to this part of their economy themselves ; but in proportion as they are cultivated, or brought under the control of man, this becomes out of their power ; and to insure their subserviency to his wishes, man must supply by art this as well as other parts of culture. Combing and brushing stall-fed cattle and cows is known to contribute materially to health ; though washing sheep with a view to cleaning the wool often has a contrary effect from the length of time the wool requires to dry. * * * * . * Comfort. An animal may be well fed, lodged, and cleaned, without being comfortable in every respect ; and in brutes, as well as men, want of comfort operates on the digestive powers. If the surface of a stall in which an ox, or a horse stands, deviates much from a level, he will be continually uneasy ; and he will be uneasy during night, if its surface is rough, or if a proper bed of litter is not prepared every evening for it to repose on. The form of racks and mangers is often less commodious than it might bo. A hay rack which pro- jects forward is bad ; because the animal in drawing out the hay is teased with the hay seeds falling in its eyes or ears; and this form, it may be added, is apt to cause the breath of the animal to ascend through its food, which must after a time render it nauseous. For this reason hay should lie as short a time as possible in lofts, but when practicable be given direct from the rick. Extract from the Memoirs of the Pennsylvania *8.gricul- tural Society. The tendency towards fat proceeds, I should presume, from the power of the animal's stomach and intestines, to separate the nutritious from the excre- mentitious parts of its aliment. Nature wisely destines certain portions of nu- tritious matter, at proper times, for the secretion of milk. That milk is an unctuous and very nutritious fluid, cannot be questioned — much therefore of nutrition, is withdrawn by the milk, from the formation of fat — but does it follow, that such portions as have made butter, or produced fat in the calf, when no longer directed towards the secretion of milk, must necessarily lose all their properties and pass off" in urine or in dung .' Do we not invariably find, that all cows, when dry, become more readily fat, than when they give milk ? Is it not then to be inferred, that the matter, which would have passed off" in milk, may be made to produce fat .'' Does not our experience show, in all fa- milies of wild cattle, where the perverseness of man has not interfered with the dispositions of nature, that when kept quiet, and well fed, they exhibit great tendency towards the secretion of fat.' In the cattle even of Asia, and China, in the Kyloes of Scotland, in the wild breeds of Louisiana, and in the little mountain cows of America, such disposition is generally shown. The mistaken ingenuity of the breeders of Holland, whence all the deepest milkers, whether Holderness, " Old Short Horns," Ilolstein, or whatever they may be termed in America, are in some measure derived, led them into an absurd cross, which produced unthrifty animals, affording excessive secre- Union of Properties for the Dairy a?id the Stall. tiona of bad milk — thus not only prematurely exhausting the cow, by which they are given, but requiring great quantities of food for her support. That disease, peculiar tendency towards fatness or leanness, or copious supplies of tJiin, or lesser quantities of rich milk, or even the determinationof a particular colour to any definite part of the body, as white at the end of a Devon's tail, may be established, by perseverance and art, every man conversant with the subject will readily believe. Because a Hollander chooses to wear out hia cow, or have a race ef animals, which will not readily become fat, even when dry, and the cupidity of the venders of milk, in the neighbourhood of large towns in England, or America, has led them to propagate for one object this unthrifty breed of cattle, is it to be inferred, that the efforts of Colling's coad- jutors could not obtain, by crossing, a race adapted to the general purposes of the country — fitted, at different times for the production oj rich milk and the secretion of fat ? Murray's Si/stejn of Chemistry. — " The blood is a compound of this kind," &c. — " And if we suppose a fluid thus passing through tubes of different dia- meters, and undergoing successive decompositions, we may easily conceive that very different products may be formed from the same compound. Thia affords a simple view of the nature of secretion. No complicated apparatus ia necessary for the performance of the change ; all that is necessary being the propulsion of the blood through minute vessels capable of contraction. It has accordingly frequently been observed, that new products are formed without the intervention of glands ; such is the formation of the fat or of muscular fibre. It is easy to conceive that the formation of these may take place in the extreme vessels where these products are deposited, and in like manner in the mere course of the circulation, may be formed the gluten, albumen, and other principles of the blood itself From secretion a variety of products are form- ed, as the bile, milk, fat, the bony matter, the matter of membranes, and a va- riety of others. These complete the formation of animal matter, and compre- hend its several varieties. Such are the different steps of the process of ani- malization. The food is digested in the stomach, mixed with animal matter in the intestinal canal, and converted into chyle ; this mingles with the blood, and loses a portion of carbon in the lungs : in the extreme vessels it is con- verted into the general principles of animal matter, and in the glands, is con- verted into various secreted products." White, on the Formation of the Digestive Organs of the Cow. — Vol. 4. chap. 1. page 13. — "The stomach then maybe considered both as a muscular and as a vital organ. If we vie-v it in another light, we shall consider it as one con- tinued bibulous surface, sucking up the cliyle as it is formed, and conveying it by means of tlie milk vessels, to the four receptacles which are named the quarters of the udder. There is another order of absorbent vessels in the sto- mach, and in the small intestines also, especially in the upper part, named lacteals, which ramify through the mesentery, and terminate in the thoracic duct, having previously passed through what are named the mesenteric glands ; that is for the most part, for some are seen going over their surface. These lacteals are subsidiary, in their office, serving to convey chyle when the mesenteric glands are inflamed and obstructed. Chyle, as we find it in the lac- teals, is exactly like milk in every respect, and is, in fact, the same thing. The fluid of the thoracic duct is different ; it is semitransparent, has always a little oil floating on it, and is now and then found mixed with a little blood, which probably falls into it after death from the great vein in which it termi- nates. Thia depends on the valve of that part giving way, in consequence of death. Chyle and milk are then precisely the same thing, and in the cow there are three thoracic ducts, two going to the udder and conveying milk, and one to a great vein near the heart, conveying that fluid from which the blood is formed. When the animal has young, the lactiferous vessels, for so the minute branches of the two former thoracic ducts should be named, have a predominant aptitude to absorb the chyle, and a sufficient quantity only i« taken up by the chyliferous vessels going to the third thoracic duct, to supply the heart." • JilOJl TBH BRITISH FAHMKU a MAKAZlKt.. AN ESSAY* ON THE QUESTION *^ fVhether the Breed of Live Stock, connected with Agri- culture, be suscepHhle of the greatest Improvement from thi qualities conspicuous in the Male, or frorn those conspicuous in the Female Parent ?'' Bv THE Rev, Henry Berry, Acton Beauchamp, Worcestershire. It will be acknowledged by every competent judge, that the question proposed by the Highland Society is one abound- ing in difficulties, but it is hoped that the facts and arguments, which will be hereafter used, will prove that the writer has bestowed upon the subject a considerable degree of attention, and that he has not presumed to intrude visionary opinions, unconfirmed by the test of experience, or adopted without the previous labour of investigation and reflection. That the discovery of an independent faculty (if such exist) in the male or female parent, to confer peculiar properties on the offspring, would be attended with beneficial results to the breeders of animals connected with agriculture, must at once be admitted; and this impression, generally entertained, is probably one of the causes which have led to the assignment of such peculiar faculty to the sexes alternately, as circum- stances have occurred which appear to justify such opinion. No fact is more notorious than this, that many breeders con- sider certain horses or mares to confer striking characteristic traits on their offspring. The same also is asserted respecting neat cattle, and it may be added, that such peculiarity is prin- cipally assigned to the male. In order that the writer may render more effective his arguments against the correctness of such opinion, it is purposed briefly to state what are conceived to be the circumstances which have led to its adoption, and to exhibit them in their true light — as not justifying the con- clusions to which they have led. During all periods since agriculture has obtained any con- siderable degree of attention, greater or less care, according to circumstances, has been paid to the different breeds of ani- mals, whose improvement formed an important branch of * The Highland Society of Scotland awarded Mr. Berry their Honorary Medal for his Essay on this subject ; but as by the rules of the Society we could not avail ourselves of the Paper for our first Number, the Essay has been kindly rewritten for us, which circumstance will account for any literal ■yarianon, though the matter will be found the same. — Editor. O Characteristics deter?ninc(l alike bij the Sire (tnd Dam. rural economy. An obvious consequence of this care, result- ing scarcely less from a laudable degree of emulation, than from a desire of lucrative improvement, would be the produc- tion of an improved race oi males ; the male animal affording advantages superior to the female for the improvement of the species, inasmuch as he is available to a number of the latter, while the services of the female must be restricted to her sin- gle, or little more numerous produce of the year, as the case might be. Further, it may be observed, that in earlier times, as in the present, the majority of breeders would pursue their object of improvement with the less expensive and easily ac- quired herd of ordinary females, looking to the selected males for the accomplishment of their wishes. Few would possess mares calculated to breed a stallion, as few also would have a cow sufficiently good in quality to produce a bull for the improvement of stock. The ideas entertained respecting the requisites of a sire would probably be similar, and lead to the adoption of a general standard of excellence, towards which it would be required that each male should approximate, and thus there would exist, among what may be termed fashion- able sires, a corresponding form and character, different and superior to those of the general stock of the country. This form and character, it may be observed, would in most in- stances have been acquired by jJcrseverance in breeding, from animals which possessed the important or fancied requisites, and might therefore be said to be almost con- firmed in such individuals. Under these circumstances, striking results would, doubtless, follow the introduction of such sires into a common stock; results which would induce superficial observers to remark, that individual sires possessed properties as males, which in fact were only assignable to them as improved animals. A horse of the foregoing de- scription, bred from ancestors of qualities similar to his own, would impress his offspring strongly, the mares with which he bred possessing no determinate character or form, as re- garded their descent, being the produce of heterogeneous con- nexion, of the co-mingling of perhaps a hundred different shapes, and consequently possessing no tendency to any one in particular. Further, the female's produce, one annually, would be presented too rarely to afford a conviction similar to that entertained in favour of the male, among whose nume- rous colts of the year, there must be, even by chance, a con- siderable number bearing his features. In these, and in si- milar circumstances, it seems not unreasonable to suppose that the opinion originated of our breeds of cattle being more sus- ceptible of improvement from the male than from the female parent. Breeding— High Blood — Importance and effects. In the present day, effects of the same nature have produced the E::me opinions, and the highly improved state of some of our agricultural stock has contributed greatly to strengthen and confirm them. It is observable, however, that the as- signment of this intrinsic property is not made now, so ex- clusively as formerly, to the male. The female has also ob- tained her advocates, who, without advancing any argument in support of their doctrine, maintain it nevertheless with considerable pertinacity. It is presumed that the cause of this partial change in public opinion may be easily assigned. To persons conversant with improved breeding, it is well known that of late years numerous sales have taken place of the entire stocks of celebrated breeders of Sires, and conse- quently that the females, valuable for such purpose, have passed into a number of hands. Unfortunately, persons, who have on these occasions become possessed of a fine female, have not always been equally successful with regard to a male; the high prices at which such animals have sold, having placed an impediment in their way; or a disposition to deem one step towards improvement adequate to the promotion of their views, having led them to remain contented with a mea- sure, which, to a certain extent, would benefit their stocks; but which must also as certainly be considered a sacrifice of the high-bred female in question. Such persons have intro- duced a cow so acquired, to a bull, inferior in point of de- scent, and general good qualities; and the offspring has proved superior to the sire, by virtue of the dam's excellence, to which by certain degrees it would approximate; and thus has arisen an opinion that particular females, also, possessed the property of impressing their characteristics upon the off- spring. THAT HIGH BLOOD, OR, IN OTHER WORDS, THAT ANIMALS LONG AND SUCCESSFULLY SE- LECTED, AND BRED WITH A VIEW TO PARTI- CULAR QUALIFICATIONS, IMPRESS THEIR DE- SCENDANTS IN THE MANNER HERE INTI- MATED, is a fact too well established in experience to be overthrown by any of the chance exceptions which may, no doubt, be taken against this, as well as against other rules; and TO HIGH BLOOD it is, that the writer ascribes the quality, whether in the male or female parent, which the Highland Society has been desirous to assign correctly; and he is not without a hope that it will be thought he has shown in as satisfactory a manner as a case, where much must de- pend on conjecture, will admit of, how it has happened that the opinions prevalent on this subject ever came to be enter- tained. Breeding — Crossing — effects. The next object will be to support his opinion by the evi- dence which certain facts present, as he thinks, conclusively in its favour. The blood stallion, Militiaman, covered several seasons at Bromyard, in Herefordshire. His colts were generally of a chesnut colour, and partook in a striking degree of his pecu- liar form. He was consequently pointed out as a horse im- pressing his stock with his own characteristics; and instanced as a proof of the existence of this peculiarity in the male. But it should be remarked, that in no district, where a tole- rable number of colts are bred, are worse mares to be found than around Bromyard. They are promiscuously and ill- bred, and deficient in good form and character. Militiaman is a chesnut horse, bred from a tribe also principally chesnut. Is it then surprising that this horse, crossed with mares desti- tute of characteristic features, and bred in such a manner as to possess no predisposition to any particular form or colour, should impress his colts with his own peculiarities, derived from breed, or particular descent. -* It is presumed that no other result could reasonably be anticipated. Mr. John Ileming, of Acton Beauchamp, Worcestershire, had for some years a stock of common Hereford cows, of red colour, with white faces, which uniformly produced calves of the same colour. To this stock Mr. Heming used a bull, of the improved breed, one season only. The consequence was, that the bull's marks, dark spots on the face, appeared in almost all his calves, and are prevalent in his descendants, to the present day. Mr. Heming's originals were indiscri- minately collected, and deficient in breed or uniformity of characteristic, except in the white face. They were gene- rally improved by the introduction of the well-bred bull; and his breed, it is suggested, manifested its influence by the man- ner in which he conferred his peculiar colour. Mr. Woodward, of Birlingham, Worcestershire, purchased twelve deep-milking Yorkshire cows, without pretensions to breed, or disposition to fatten. With these cows he used a high-bred Hereford bull, and in the produce lost the disposi- tion to rnilk, acquiring that of laying on fat. In a similar experiment with the same cows and another Hereford bull, in the following year, he experienced precisely the same results. Comment is hardly necessary on these strong cases. The writer has been some years in possession of an im- proved breed of pigs, which arc chiefly of a sandy or brown colour. His sows of this breed, crossed with common coun- try boars, almost invariably produce litters of their own co- lour. Size only has been obtained by the cross. The same results have followed the use of his boars with country sows ; Breeding — Influence of Dam and Sire. * "^ but the fact which speaks most forcibly for his argument is, that a litter of pigs from one of these half-bred sows, by a high-bred boar, he is now using, of a white tribe, are all white; blood thus strikingly evincing its efficacy in confer- ring characteristic traits. The writer's brother was also lately in possession of well- bred pigs, whose peculiarity consisted in a short pricked ear. The produce of these pigs, when crossed with the large pen- dent-eared swine of North Wales, was invariably similar in the ear to the better-bred animal, whether male or female. Hitherto, the instances and arguments adduced have been confined to the structure, or external marks of animals, and if a satisfactory conclusion may be drawn respecting these, the question proposed by the Highland Society as to disposition, must be involved in it. A brief remark shall therefore suf- fice, offered more with a view to show that opinions are very erroneously entertained on this subject, than from a convic- tion that the proceeding is necessary. The writer has known many tribes of animals disposed to break from their pastures, and has consequently heard it as- serted that particular cows conferred the disposition on their offspring. Now, the fact is, this was no matter of disposi- tion at all, but was a consequence of the animals in question having very thin hides, which rendered them impatient of heat and the attack of flies. It is thus too frequently that, for want of due attention, effects are ascribed to wrong causes. To suppose that either the male or female parent possess an independent inherent propensity to impress their off- spring, is to embarrass the pursuit of breeding in no trifling degree. Most persons can judge of the fitness of that pro- ceeding which aims to improve the produce of an inferior animal by the introduction of one superior. That like will produce like, or, that, in ordinary instances, two good ani- mals will breed a third good one, appears probable to every capacity, from a consideration of very common principles, notwithstanding admitted exceptions to general rules. But to suppose that an independent sexual ability exists in either male or female, appears calculated to unsettle the doctrines of skilful men, and to lead to the adoption, in their stead, of opinions unsupported by a reference to any known princi- ples, leaving very important interests to the dangerous con- duct of a blind guide. If it could be proved that stock are more susceptible of im- provement from the male parent, the question then would be, how is a male, possessing the requisites, to be obtained? Surely it will not be replied, that his being begotten by such a male would alone be sufficient, without the possession of excellence on the dam's side. It is possible that a good male Breeding — Pedigree essen Hal. may beget a son equally good as himself in externals^ from an ill-bred bad female, but it is certain that such son will prove comparatively an inferior stock-getter, it being an es- tablished fact that animals 6reef/ hack in point of resemblance, and it is therefore considered necessary, for the object of im- provement or to retain excellence, to have a pedigree as little dubious as possible, for several generations. SO IMPOR- TANT, INUEF:D, is this fact of correct DE- SCENT, THAT MANY BREEDERS, WHO HAVE, FROM CAUSES WHICH IT IS DIFFICULT TO AS- CERTAIN, A WELL-BRED ANIMAL OF DEFEC- TIVE FORM, VENTURE TO USE HIM, RELYING ON HIS BLOOD, AND EXPERIENCE NO REASON FOR REGRET THAT THEY HAVE DONE SO. But what, in such circumstances, is the mode of proceeding? Is such male used indiscriminately to all the females, or is it considered necessary to check his tendency towards defective form, by good points counteracting in the females? Un- doubtedly such care is taken, and thus the system of judi- ciously counteracting defects on either side, whether male or female, is successfully practised, in preference to one adopted on the belief of the existence of an independent sexual capa- bility. It has already been remarked, that the great improvement made during late years in our breeds of stock, has tended greatly to promote the agitation of the question at issue. This is easily accounted for. Various circumstances have combined to rouse the attention of farmers to the unprofitable state of their stocks. The consequence has been, that well-bred males have been resorted to, and the produce of the first cross has so far exceeded the most sanguine hopes, taking its character in externals, as well as in positive utility, in a great measure from the well-bred male, that new advocates for the opinion in his favour have thus been added to the number which pre- viously existed. A reference to the stock of any professional bull breeder would serve to show how erroneous is the opinion founded on such grounds. It would there be seen that, upon the whole, the produce of different years are subject to but little fluctua- tion in point of excellence, supposing the requisite skill to be practised by the breeder. The system of crossing the diffe- rent males and females being correctl}- understood, and above all, the females also being well-bred, the standard of excel- lence is supported wit'i tolerable uniformity; and though oc- casionally an extraordinary animal makes its appearance, none of the effects are ap])arcnt which excite surprise when the male only, or female, happens to be well-bred. Contrast this state of things with that which n^ill be apparent in the infp- Breeding — High Blood prcdominales. rior stock, to improve which the well-bred bull is put in re- quisition. There it is that the produce astonishes, for there the sire impresses characteristics peculiarly his own. If it be inquired, why he does so? The answer is easy, for the reason is obvious. His excellencies are the accumulated ac- quisitions of many ancestors; they are positive, and in com- parison fixed; while the cows, with which he has been used, possess little or no character, and have been bred without re- gard to any point, but the production of animals to increase the stock upon the farm. It is conceived that a few facts in corroboration of this rea- soning may be here appropriately introduced. They will be derived from the history of the Improved Short-Horns, a breed of cattle with which the writer happens to be best ac- quainted. Mr. Colling's bull. Comet, impressed the generality of his stock with his own peculiar traits in so remarkable a degree, that it was easy for a stranger to select them from a great number of animals. But in Comet, it should be remembered, centered what was called the best blood, and it ought to be remarked, that, at that period, good short-horns were not very numerous; and Comet, except in his owner's and Mr. Charge's stocks, was introduced to cows comparatively infe- rior. It is not, therefore, singular that from such a bull a stock very superior to the dams should spring; but in Mr. Colling's own stock, where the cows were also superior, and in Mr. Charge's, to which the same remark applies, no such striking effects followed the use of this bull. The cows pos- sessed positive characteristics, the effect of improved breed- ing, as well as Comet; and if his traits did predominate in a more than usual degree in the offspring, it was principally only where the cows bore a near affinity to him. The same remarks are applicable to Major, a son of Comet. With well-bred cows he proved himself a good bull, but it was when he came to be used with inferior cows that his excel- lence, as a stock-getter, was fully revealed; but his merit in this respect is well known. High breed here again predomi- nated in the usual extraordinary manner, for Major was by Comet out of the celebrated Cow-Lady, all whose produce sold at prices so high, as strongly to evince how they were regarded in public estimation. Here then existed positive qualities, transmitted by descent, on the bull's side, before which the indeterminate character of ill-bred cows gave way; and it led to the production of a race better than the females, an improvement to be ascribed to Major's blood, and not to any sexual superiority. The same remarks may be made as to Western Comet, a son of Major, out of a capital cow of Mr. Charge's, All his stock were mdst excellent, but the Pedigree tnust have the support of excellence. bull's breeding was most pre-eminently evinced in his de- scendants from ordinary cows. Tims it appears that when a male and female are equally well bred, and of nearly equal individual excellence, it is not probable that their produce will exhibit any general proof of a preponderating power, in either parent, to impress peculiar characteristics. But should the contrary appear to be the case, upon diligent inquiry it will seldom fail to be ascertained, that peculiar characteristics have been derived from ancestors, which, under certain cir- cumstances of contact or crossing, have become prominent features in the offspring. A simple case will illustrate this remark. Suppose the ancestors of a bull in the third or fourth generation, to have possessed defective shoulders, but that defect not to exist in himself, in consequence of close atten- tion to this point on the part of his breeder. Cross such bull with a cow defective in her shoulders, and, probably, the de- fect will exist in the offspring in an increased degree, and will obtain for the dam the character of breeding a produce similar to herself. Whereas, in fact, this is an injudicious cross, made in ignorance or disregard of the facts that animals bt^eed back; that they possess a greater tendency to defect than to perfection ; and that the only safe mode of breeding is that of strictly scrutinizing the pretensions of ancestors. With regard to the bulls which have been instanced, Comet, Major, and Western Comet ; had they been bred from cows of very inferior blood, although they might have possessed excellent form, with other good qualities, experience assures us that they could rot have deserved regard as sires. Comet's sons, from well-bred cows, begot good animals; but such as were descended from inferior females, left no reputation be- hind them, but as so7is of Comet. In order tliat the foregoing reasoning may be understood, and a ver^"^ common and fatal error guarded against, it is thought necessary to explain, as to the terms high-blood and highly-bred, that the writer does not me^n to attach unme- rited value to mere pedigree, unsupported by solid preten- sions to excellence; he would only recommend to public es- timation, that long descent from animals all individually pos- sessed of valuable qualities, which qualities are prominent in their descendants. If what has been advanced shall appear to be founded in reason, then, it is submitted, that, with our present stock of information on this subject, one only rational course of pro- ceeding can be adopted by breeders, viz. that of resorting to the best males; at once a simple and efficacious mode of im- proving such stocks as require improvement, and the sole mode by which stocks., already good, can be preserved iu their excellence. OF MR. POWEL'S SELECTED EXPRESSLY FOR DAIRY PURPOSES, BY MR. COATES, The keeper of the Herd Book, and one of the oldest and most celebrated breeders in Great Britain, To luliom a stmiding order had been given to obtain the best animals, and ■without liviitation as to price, luhen they could be procured from Mr. Whit- aker's folcL [The following animals can be traced in the Herd Book.] XIXA£COLBX, ImjDorted in 1825, calved in 1S23 (bred by J. Whitaker, Esq.) got by Enchanter, dam Western Lady,* by Western Comet; g. d. by Western Comet; gr. g. d. by Western Comet; gr. gr. g. d. by Western Comet ; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Haughton, Enchanter, light grizzle (bred by Mr. T. Bates) got by His Grace, dam Fairy (bred by Mr. Hustler) by Duke ; g. d. Old DAisyt by Favourite, the sire of Comet; gr. g. d. by Punch ; gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback. Western Comet (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Mr. C. Col- ling's Major, dam Gentle Kitty, by Mr. Charge's Grey Bull; g. d. by Favourite. Hubback, calved in 1777 (bred by Mr. John Hunter) got by Snowden's Bull, dam (from the stock of Sir James Pennyman, and these from the stock of Sir William St. Quintin, of Scampston) by a bull of Mr. Banks of Hurworth ; g. d. bought of Mr. Stephenson of Ketton. His Grace (bred by Mr. Bates) got by Ketton the Second, dam Duchess the Second, by Ketton the First, g. * Western Lady gave 28 quarts per day. f Old Daisy gave 32 cjuarls per day. MalcoLni's Pedigree traced in Ihc Herd Book. (1. Duchess* the First (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by Comet; gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. g. d. by Daisy Bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by James Brown's Red Bull. Duke, by Comet, dam Duchess by Favourite; g. d. by Daisy; gr. g. d. by Favourite: gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by James Brown's Red Bull. Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbrokc, dam Phocnix by Foljambe; g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's Bull ; gr. g. d. by Smith's Bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Jol- ly's Bull. Punch (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Broken Horn, dam by Broken Horn; g. d. bred by Mr. Best. Major (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comet, dam Lady, b}' Grandson of Bolingbroke; g. d. Phocnix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. Maynard) by R. Alcock's Bull. Grey Bull (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Favourite, dam Fleck'd Lady, by Young Bartle ; g. d. First Lady, byBartle; gr. g. d. Old Simmon, descended from the SruDLEY Bull. Snowdcji^s Bull (bred by Mr. George Snowden) got by Mr. William Robson's Bull (bred by Mr. Waistell, near Darlington) dam Barforth. kVilliani Bobsp7i's Bull (or Waistell's Bull) got by Mr. James Masterman's Bull. James Mastcrmaris Bull (bred by Mr. Walker) got by the Studlky bull. * Mr. C Colliiip remarked "Uie Duchess ami ))ar.y tribes were all good milkers." (Bcni/'s I'nmphUl.) Malcolm's Pedigree. Ketton the Second, got by Ketton the First, dam by Grandson of Favourite; g. d. by Mr. James Brown's red bull. Ketton the Fh^st, got by Favourite; d. (g. d. of Old Duchess) by the Daisy Bull (by Favourite) g. d. by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. James Brown's red bull. Comet* (sold for 1000 guineas) red and white roan, calved in 1804 (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam Young Phoenix, by Favourite ; g. d. Phoenix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite, (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Mr. R. Alcock's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. Jacob Smith's bull ; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. Jolly's bull. James Brown's red bull (bred by Mr. John Thompson of Girlington Hall) got by Mr. William Barker's bull. Daisy bull (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam by Punch; g. d. by Hubback. Bolingbroke, red and white, calved Nov. 12, 1788 (bred by Mr. Charles Colling) got by Foljambe, dam Young Strawberry (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Dalton Duke; g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Mr. R. Alcock's Bull; gr. g. d. by Mr. Jacob Smith's Bull ; gr. gr. g. d. by Jolly's bull. Foljambe, white with a few red spots, calved in 1787 (bred by C. Colling) got by Richard Barker's bull, dam Haughton, the gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. of Malcolm (bred by Mr. Alexander Hall) by Hubback; g. d. by a bull of Charles Colling; gr. g. d. by Waistell's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. Tripes, bred by C. Pickering. * See Bailey's Survey of Durham, and Strickland's Survey of Yorkshire, for the British Board of Agriculture. Gloucester's Pedigree traced in the Herd Book. R. ^Icock's bull, bred by Jackson. Broken Horn, red roan, calved in 1787 (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Hubback, dam by Hubback; g. d. bred by Mr. Watson. Grandson of Bolingbroke (bred by C, Colling) got by O'Callaghan's Son of Bolingbroke, dam Old Johanna, by CoUing's Lame Bull. Bartle (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Dalton Duke, dam de- scended from the Studley White Bull. William Barker's bull, yellow, red, and white, got by Lakeland's son of the Studley bull. Dalton Duke, red and white (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Mr. W. Dobson's bull, dam by the Studley bull. Richard Barker's bull, sire of Foljambe, calved in 1784, got by Mr. Hill's red bull, dam by a son of Lake- land's bull. Lakeland's bull by the Studley bull. O'Callaghan's So?i of Bolingbroke, red and white, got by Bolingbroke, dam a red poll'd Galloway cow. Lame Bull (bred by Mr. George Best — got by James Brown's White Bull. Hill's Red Bull, got by Brother of Ualton Duke, dam red cow. James Brown's White Bull, got by Dalton Duke. GLOUCESTER, Imported July IS^ti, calved February 2S, 1825 (bred by J. Whitaker, Esq.) by Frederick, dam Adela* (bred b}-^ Mr. Whitaker) by Orpheus; g. d. Al- FREDEt (bred by Mr. Hustler) by Alfred; gr. g. d. by Windsor; gr. gr. g. d. Old DaisyJ (bred by Mr. • Adela giivc with licr first calf 24 quarts per day. f Alfrede gave 24 quarts per day. '{See the liev. Henry Jiern/s Pamphlet.) \ Old Daisy gave 32 quarts daily. Gloucesic7'^s Pedigi'ee. C. Colling) by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Punch; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback. Frederick, roan (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Hulton, dam Orbit, by Comet; g. d. Splendor by Comet; gr. g. d. Flecked Twin by Major; gr. gr. g. d. Red Sim- mon by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Flecked Simmon by Bartle; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. Old Simmon (bred by Mr. Charge) descended from the Studley White BULL.* Orpheus (bred by Mr. Booth) got by Mr. C. Colling's Al- bion, dam by Lame Bull; g. d. by R. Colling's Su- vvarrow. ^lfred\ (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comet, dam Venus by Ben; g. d. PnoeNix by Foljambe: gr. g. d. Favourite^ (bred by Mr. Maynard) by R. Alcock's bull. Windsor (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam Venus by Ben ; g. d. PnoeNix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's Bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Smith's Bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Strawberry, by Jolly's Bull. Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbroke, dam Phosnix by Foljambe, g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's bull; gr. g. d. by Smith's bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Jol- ly's bull. Punch (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Broken Horn, dam by Broken Horn ; g. d. bred by Mr. Best. Hubback, calved in 1-777 (bred by Mr. John Hunter) got by Snowden's bull, dam (from the stock of Sir James * It is considered expedient to trace the pedigrees of the imported ani- mals on the male side— hence, where the same males occur in subsequent pedigrees, repetition is unavoidable, to make the descent evident, to persons who are not familiar with the subject. f For Alfred 200 guineas were refused, 4 Favourite, the dam of Comet. Gloucester's Pedigree. Pennyman, and these from the stock of Sir William St. Quintin, of Scampston) by a bull of Mr. Banks of Hurvvorth ; g. d. bought of Mr. Stephenson of Ketton. Hulton (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Newton, dam Meteor by Comet; g. d. Best Twin, by Favourite; gr. g. d. Flecked Simmon, by Bartle; gr. gr. g. d. Old Simmon. Comet (sold for 1000 guineas) red and white roan, calved in 1804 (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam Young Phoenix, by Favourite; g. d. Phoenix b}^ Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite, (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Mr. R. Alcock's bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. Jacob Smith's bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. Jolly's bull. Major (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comet, dam Lady by Grandson of Bolingbroke ; g. d. Phobnix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. Maynard) by R. Alcock's bull. Barth (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Dalton Duke, dam de- scended from the Studley White Bull. Studley White Bull, got by the Studley Bull, bred by Mr. Sharter of Chilton. Mbion, light roan, calved April IS, 1810 (bred by Mr. C. Colling, propertyof Mr. Booth); got by Comet, dam Beauty by Marske; g. d. Miss Washington. Lame Bull (bred by Mr. Booth) got by Mr. Booth's Sir Henry, dam Old Gaudy, by Mr. R. Ceiling's Su- warrow ; g. d. by Mr. Booth's Son of the Twin Bro- ther of Ben ; gr. g. d. by Twin Brother of Ben. Sutvarroiv (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Styford, dam by Favourite. Gloueester's Pedigree. Ben, red, (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Punch ; dam by Foljanibe ; g. d. by Hubback. Foljambe, white with a few red spots, calved in 1787 (bred by C. Colling) got by Richard Barker's bull, dam Haughton (bred by Mr. Alexander Hall) by Hub- back; g. d. by a bull of Charles Colling; gr, g. d. by Waistell's bull; gr. gr. g. d. Tripes, bred by C. Pickering. R. Alcock's bull, bred by Jackson. Bolingbroke, red and white, calved Nov. 12, 17SS (bred by Mr. Charles Colling) got by Foljambe, dam Young Strawberry (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Dalton Duke; g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Mr. R. Alcock's bull ; gr. g. d. by Mr. Jacob Smith's bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Jolly's bull. Broken Horn, red roan, calved in 1787 (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Hubback, dam by Hubback; g. d. bred by Mr. Watson. Newton (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Comet, dam Fanny, by Mr. Charge's Grey bull ; g. d. Lady Short-Tail by Johannot; gr. g. d. Second Lady by Favourite; gr. gr. g. d. First Lady by Bartle; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Old Simmon. Grandson of Bolingbroke (bred by C. Colling) got by O'Callaghan's son of Bolingbroke, dam old Johanna, by Colling's Lame Bull. Marske (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite. Sir Henry, red, (bred by Mr. Booth) got by Suwarrow, dam by Mr. Booth's son of the Twin Brother of Ben ; g. d. by Twin Brother of Ben. Twin Brother of Ben, red and white (bred by Mr. R. Col- ling) got by Punch, dam by Foljambe ; gr. g. d. by Hubback. Bolivar\s Pedigree traced in the Herd Book. 'v-» Styford (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Favourite, dam by Punch ; g. d. by Foljambe ; gr. g. d. by Hub- back. Richard Barker's bull, sire of Foljambe, calved in 1784, got by Mr. Hill's red bull, dam by a son of Lake- land's bull. Lakeland's bull by the Studley bull. Dalton Duke, red and white (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Mr. W. Dobson's bull, dam by the Studley bull. Grey Bull (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Favourite, dam Fleck'd Lady, by Young Bartle; g. d. First Lady, byBartle; gr. g. d. Old Simmon, descended from the Studley bull. O'Callaghan's Son of Bolinghroke, red and white, got by Bolingbroke, dam a red poll'd Galloway cow. Bed Bull, got by brother of Dalton Duke, dam red cow. Johannot (bred by C. Colling) got by Mr. C. Colling's Cupid. Cupid, calved in 1799 (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Mr. C. Colling's Son of Favourite, dam Venus by Ben; g. d. Phoenix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Alcock's bull. BOLIVAR, Imported Nov. 1826, calved May 5, 1825 (bred by J. Whitaker, Esq.) got by Frederick; dam Sweet- heart by Hermit; g. d. Buxom by Lawnsleeves; gr. g. d. Brampton by Favourite;* gr. gr. g. d. Bright Eyes by Favourite ; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Old Bright Eyes by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Fa- vourite ; gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Punch ; gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback ; gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Snowden's bull; gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. * Sire of Comet. Bolivar^s Pedigree. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Masterman's bull ; gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Waistell's bull ; Waistell's bull by Masterman's bull; Masterman's bull by the Studley bull. Frederick, roan (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Hulton, dam Orbit by Comet; g. d. Splendour by Comet; gr. g. d. Flecked Twin by Major; gr. gr. g. d. Red Sim- mon by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Flecked Simmon by Bartle; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. Old Simmon (bred by Mr, Charge) descended from the Studley WHITE bull. Hermit, roan (bred by Mr. Baker) got by Lawnsleeves, dam Manuscript by Simon: g. d, by Daisy; gr. g. d. by Duke ; gr. gr. g. d. by Bolingbroke. Lawnsleeves, got by C. Colling's Surplice; dam by George; g. d. by Simon, out of Mr. Smith's old cow. Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbroke, dam Phcenix by FoLJAMBE ; g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's bull; gr. g. d. by Smith's bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Jolly's bull. Punch (bred by Mr. Jl. Colling) got by Broken Horn, dam by Broken Horn ; g. d. bred by Mr; Best. Hubback, calved in 1777 (bred by Mr. John Hunter) got by Snowden's bull, dam (from the stock of Sir James Pennyman, and these from the stock of Sir William St. Quintin, of Scampston) by a bull of Mr. Banks of Hurworth; g. d. bought of Mr. Stephenson of Ketton. Siiowden's bull, the sire of Hubback, bred by Mr. George Snowden, got by Robson's bull. Mastermaji^s bull, by the Studley bull. WaisteWs bull by Masterman's bull. BoUvar^s Pedigree. Shnon, got by Favourite, dam by Punch; g. d. by Bo- lingbroke. Daisy hull (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam by Punch; g. d. by Hubback. Duke by Comet, dam Duchess* by Favourite; g. d. by Daisy; gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by James Brown's red BULL. Bolingbroke, red and white, calved Nov. 12, 1788 (bred by Mr. Charles Colling) got by Foljambe, dam Young Strawberry (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Dalton Duke; g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Mr. R. Alcock's bull; gr. g. d. by Mr. Jacob Smith's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. by Jolly's bull. Surplice (bred by C. Colling) got by Favourite, g. d. Phobnix by Foljambe ; gr. g. d. Favourite, by Alcock's bull. George (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comet, dam Lady by Grandson of Bolingbroke; g. d. Phoinix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. May- nard) by Alcock's bull. Comet (sold for 1000 guineas) red and white roan, calved in 1804 (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam Young Phoenix, by Favourite ; g. d. Phoenix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite, (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Mr. R. Alcock's bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. Jacob Smith's bull ; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. Jolly's bull. James Browii's red bull (bred by Mr. John Thompson of Girlington Hall) got by Mr. William Barker's bull. * " From the Daisys, Uuchosscs and Wildairs, the best milkers have descended." Lady Betty'' s Pedigree traced in the Herd Book. Foljambe, white with a few red spots, calved in 1787 (bred by C- Colling) got by Richard Barker's bull, dam Haughton, the gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. of Malcolm (bred by Mr. Alexander Hall) by Hubback ; g. d. by a bull of Charles Colling; gr. g. d. by VVaistelFs bull ; gr. gr. g. d. Tripes, bred by C. Pickering. R. Aleock's bull, bred by Jackson. Grandson of Bolingbroke (bred by C. Collin.g) got by O'Callaghan's Son of Bolingbroke, dam Old Johanna, by Colling's Lame Bull. IiADir BXSTTir, Imported in 1825 (bred by J. Whitaker, Esq.) calved in 1823; got by Alonzo, damWiLDAiR,* by R. Col- ling's Meteor; g. d. by Yarborough ; gr. g. d. by Styford; gr. gr. g. d. by Hutton's bull, from James Brown's bull. JllonzOf calved in 1821, got by Bates' Cleveland, dam Red Daisy* (bred by Mr. Hustler) by R. Colling's Ma- jor; g. d. by Windsor; gr. g. d. Old Daisy bj' Fa- vourite; gr. gr. g. d. by Punch; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback. Meteor (bred by R. Colling) by Comet, dam Diana by Fa- vourite ; g. d. Old Wildair by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Ben ; gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback ; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Snowden's bull; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Sir James Pennyman's bulL Yarborough (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Cupid, dam by Favourite; g. d. by Hubback. • Wildair and Red Daisy gave tack 32 quarts per day, {See the Jiev. Henry Berry's Pamphlet.) Lady Betty- s Pedigree. Styford (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Favourite, dam by Punch; g. d. by Foljambe ; gr. g. d. by Hubback. Hiittoii's bitll, got by a son of Bolingbroke. Cleveland, red and white, calved in 1S19 (bred by, and the property of Mr. T. Bates) got by Ketton the Third, dam UucHESs the First (bred by Mr. Colling) by Comet, g. d. by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Daisy bull; gr, gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback ; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by James Brown's red bull. Major, red and white, calved in 1S13 (bred by Mr. R. Col- ling) got by Wellington, dam b}- Phenomenon; g. d. by Favourite ; gr. g. d. by Favourite. fVindsor (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam Venus by Ben; g. d. PnoeNix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. by Smith's bull : gr. gr. gr. g. d. Strawberry by Jolly's bull. Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbroke; dam Piioesix by Foljambe, g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's bull; gr. g. d. by Smith's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. by Jol- ly's bull. Punch (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Broken Horn, dam by Broken Horn ; g. d. bred by Mr. Best. Iluhback, calved in 1777 (bred b^-JNIr. John Hunter) got by Snowden's bull, dam (from the stock of Sir James Penn3man, and these from the stock of Sir William St. Quintin of Scampston) by a bull of Mr. Banks of Hurworth ) g. d. bought of Mr. Stephenson of Ket- ton. Comet (sold for lOOO guineas) red and uliite roan, calved in Lady Betty''s Pedigree. 1804 (bred by Mr. C, Colling) got by Favourite, dam Young Phoenix, by Favourite; g. d. Phoenix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite, (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Mr. R. Alcock's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. Jacob Smith's bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. Jol- ly's bull. i?e/?, red, (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Punch; dam by Foljambe; g. d. by Hubback. Sjioiodeii's bull, got by Robson's bull; Robson's bull by Masterman's bull; Masterman's bull by the Studley BULL. Cttpid, calved in 1799 (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Mr. C. CoUing's Son of Favourite, dam Venus by Ben; g. d. Phoenix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Alcock's bull. 0^Callagha7i's So7i of Bolmghrohe^ red and white, got by Bolingbroke, dam a red poll'd Galloway cow. Ketton the Third, red and white (bred by Mr. Bates) got by Ketton the Second, dam Duchess the Third, by Ketton the First; g. d. Duchess the First (bred by Mr. C, Colling) by Comet; gr. g. d. by Favour- ite; gr. gr. g. d. by Daisy bull ; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. James Brown's red bull. Daisy bull (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam by Punch; g. d. by Hubback. James Brown's red bull (bred by Mr. John Thompson of Girlington Hall) got by Mr. William Barker's bull. fVellington, roan (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Comet; dam Wild air, by Favourite; g. d. by Ben; gr. Belindas Ptdigree traced in the Herd Book. ^. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. g. d. by Snowden^s BULL, the sire of Hubback; gr. gr, gr. g. d. by Sir James Pennyman's bull. Phenomenon (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Favourite, dam by Ben; g. d. by Hubback; gr. g. d. by Snowden's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. by Sir James Pen- nyman's bull. William Bobsoh's bull by Mr. James Masterman's bull; Masterman's bull by the Studley bull. Kef ton the Second, got by Ketton the First, dam by Grandson of Favourite; g. d. by Mr. James Brown's red bull. Ketton the First, got by Favourite; d. (g. d. of Old Duchess) by the Daisy Bull (by Favourite) g. d. by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. James Brown's red bull. BEZASTA, Imported in 1825, (bred by J. Whitaker, Esq.) calved in 1822; got by Barmpton, dam by Son of Welling- ton, out of Charlotte ; g. d. by Laird, ^^c. Barmpton (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by George, dam Moss Rose by Favourite; g. d. Red Rose by Fa- vourite; gr. g. d. by Punch; gr. gr. g. d. by Fol- jambe; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback. Wellington, roan (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Comet, dam Wildair, by Favourite; g. d. by Ben; gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. g\ d. by Snowden's BULL, the sire of Hubback; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Sir James Pennyman's bull. Laird, by Chieftain, dam Old Duchess by Daisy bull; g- d. by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Hubback ; gr. gr. g. d. by Brown's ot.h red bull. Forks/lire Belle's Pedigree traced m the Herd Book. George (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Favourite, dam Lady Grace by Favourite. Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbroke, dam Phqsnix by FoLJAMBE, g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's bull; gr. g. d. by Smith's bull; gr. gr, g. d. by Jol- ly's bull. Punch (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Broken Horn, dam by Broken Horn ; g. d. bred by Mr. Best. Foljambe, white with a few red spots, calved in 1787 (bred by C. Colling) got by Richard Barker's bull, dam Haughton, (bred by Mr. Alexander Hall) by Hub- back; g. d. by a bull of Charles Colling; gr. g. d. by Waistell's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. Tripes, bred by C. Pickering. Hubback, calved in 1777 (bred by Mr. John Hunter) got by Snowden's bull, dam (from the stock of Sir James Pennyman, and these from the stock of Sir William St. Quintin, of Scampston) by a bull of Mr. Banks of Hurworth; g. d. bought of Mr. Stephenson of Ketton. Chieftain (bred by Mr. Bates) got by Daisy bull. Daisy bull (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam by Punch; g. d. by Hubback. James BrowrCs red bull (bred by Mr. John Thompson of Girlington Hall) got by Mr. William Barker's bull. YORKSHIRE BISCKE,'^ Imported in 1825 (bred by J. Whitaker, Esq.) calved in 1824; by Frederick, dam Yarm,t by Symmetry; • Yorkshire Belle gained the prize for yearlings at Otley Show, England. i Y.irm gave 24 quarts per day. {See the Rev. Henrv Brrrii's Pampfilet.) Desdemonn'' s Pedigree traced in the Herd Book. g. d. by R. CoUing's Meteor ; gr. g. d. by Windsor; gr. gr. g. d by Grey bull. Frederick, roan (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Ilulton, dam Orbit by Comet ; g. d. Splendour by Comet ; gr. g. d. Flecked Twin by Major; gr. gr. g. d. Red Sim- mon by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Flecked Simmon by Bartlc; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. Old Simmon (bred by Mr. Charge) descended from the Studley WHITE BULL. Meteor (bred by R. Colling) got by Comet, dam Diana by Favourite; g. d. Old Wildair by Favour- ite; gr. g. d. by Ben; gr. gr. g. d. by Ilubback; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Snowden's bull ; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Sir James Pennyman's bull. IVindsor (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam Venus by Ben ; g. d. Phccnix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's Bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Smith's Bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Strawberry, by Jolly's Bull. Grey Bull, got by White bull, dam by Punch; g. d. by Fol- jambe; gr. g. d. by Hubback. White Bull, got by Favourite, dam by Favourite. See Gloucester's pedigree, for Hulton, the grandsire, "j Cotnct. the gr. g. sire, and gr. gr. g. sire, j Major, the gr. gr. gr. g. sire, ^of Yorkshire Belle. Favourite, the gr. gn gr. gr. g. sire, | Bartlc, the gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. sire, J DESDEMONA, Imported in 1825 (bred by J. Whitaker, Esq.) calved in 1824; by Frederick, dam Delia by Cleveland; g. Desdemond's Pedigree. d. Red Daisy* by Major; gr. g. d. by Windsor; gr. gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Punch; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback. Frederick, roan (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Plulton, dam Orbit, by Comet; g. d. Splendor by Comet: gr. g. d. Flecked Twin by Major; gr. gr. g. d. Red Sim- mon by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Flecked Simmon b}'^ Bartle; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. Old Simmon (bred by Mr. Charge) descended from the Studley White BULL. Cleveland, red and white, calved in 1819 (bred by and the property of Mr. T. Bates) got by Ketton the Third, dam Duchess the First (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by Comet, g. d. by Favourite ; gr. g. d. by Daisy BULL ; gr. gr. g. d. by Favourite ; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. James Brown's red bull. Major, red and white, calved in 1813 (bred by Mr. R. Col- ling) got by Wellington, dam by Phenomenon ; g. d. by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Favourite. fVindsor (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam Venus by Ben ; g. d. Phobnix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite by R. Alcock's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. by Smith's bull ; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Strawberry, by Jolly's bull. Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbrokc, dam Phocnix by Foljambe; g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's bull ; gr. g. d. by Smith's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. by Jolly's bull. • Red Daisy gave 32 quarts pet- day. {See the Rev. Hennj Berry's Pam- phlet.) P^olante\ Pedigree traced in the Herd Book. Punch (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Broken Horn, dam by Broken Horn ; g. d. bred by Mr. Best. Hubback^ calved in 1777 (bred by Mr. John Hunter) got by Snowden's bull, dam (from the stock of Sir James Pennyman, and these from the stock of Sir William St. Quintin, of Scampston) by a bull of Mr. Banks of Hurworth ; g. d. bought of Mr. Stephenson of Ketton. See Gloucester's pedigree, for Hultoji, the grandsire, ^ Comet, the gr. g. sire, and gr. gr. g. sire, | Major, the gr. gr. gr. g. sire, ^of Desdemona. Favourite, the gr. gr. gr. gr. g. sire, | Bartle, the gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. sire, J VOLANTS, Imported in July 1826 (bred by J. Whitaker, Esq.) calved February, 1825 ; got by Frederick, dam Viola* by His Grace; g. d. Venust (bred by Mr. Charge) by Charles CoUing's Major; gr. g. d. Venus by Grey bull ; gr. gr. g. d. by Favourite. Frederick, roan (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Hulton, dam Orbit by Comet; g. d. Splendor by Comet; gr. g. d. Flecked Twin by Major; gr. gr. g. d. Red Simmon by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Flecked Simmon by Bartle; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. Old Simmon (bred by Mr. Charge) descended from the Studley White BULL. His Grace (bred by Mr. Bates) got by Ketton the Second, dam Duchess the Second, by Ketton the First, g. • Viola look the prize at Olley Show, England. f Venus, when sixteen years old, gave 26 quarts per day. i^See tht Rt\ Htnry Jicny's Pamphlet, } Annahella's Pedigree traced in the Herd Book. d. Duchess the First (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by Comet; gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. g. d. by Daisy Bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by James Brown's Red Bull. Major (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comet, dam Lady, by Grandson of Bolingbroke; g. d. Fhcbnix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. Maynard) by R. Alcock's Bull. Grey Bull (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Favourite, dam Fleck'd Lady, by Young Bartle; g. d. First Lady, byBartle; gr. g. d. Old Simmon, descended from the Studley bull. Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbroke, dam Phobnix by Foljambe; g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's Bull ; gr. g. d. by Smith's Bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Jol- ly's Bull. See Gloucester's pedigree for Hulton, the grandsire, ^ Comet, the gr. g. sire, and gr. gr. g. sire, | Major, the gr. gr. gr. g. sire, J»of Volante. Favourite, the gr. gr. gr. gr. g. sire, j Bartle, the gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. sire, J ANNABELLA, Imported in July, 1826, got by Peter (bred by Mr. Booth) dam Attraction (bred by Col. Trotter) by Py ramus: g. d. Aurora by Comet, gr. g. d. Mar- cella by Son of Favourite; gr. gr. g. d. by Son of Favourite ; gr, gr. gr. g. d. Hollon. Peter (bred by Mr. Booth) got by R. Ceiling's Pilot, dam by Marshal Beresford ; g. d. by Shakspeare; gr. g. d. by Old Easby ; gr. gr. g. d, by Suvvarrow. vlnnabella''s Pedigree. Pyratnus (bred by Col. Trotter) got by Comet, dam Anna Maria, by Grandson of Favourite; g. d. Strawberry by Son of Favourite; gr. g. d. Hollon. Comet. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) Favourite, (See Malcolm's pedigree.) Pilot., red and white, calved in 1817 or 18 (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Major ; dam Red Rose by Favour- ite; g. d. by Punch; gr. g. d. by Foljambe; gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback. Marshal Bercsford (bred by Major Bower) got by Comet, dam Daisy; (bred by Mr. C. Colling) g. d. Old Daisy; gr. g. d. by Punch; gr. gr. g. d. by Hub- back. Shaksjjeare (bred by Mr. Booth) got by Easby ; dam by Mr. Ceiling's Suvvarrow; g. d. by Mr. IJooth's Son of the Twin Brother of Ben; gr.g. d. by Twin Bro- ther of Ben. Easby, roan (bred by Mr. Booth) got by Mr. Colling's Su- warrow, dam Fareholme, by Mr. Booth's Son of the Twin Brother of Ben; g. d. by Twin Brother ol Ben; gr. g. d. by Twin Brother of Ben. Suwarrow. (See Gloucester's pedigree.) Major. (See Betty's pedigree.) IVdlington. (See Betty's pedigree.) Punch. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) Hubback. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) Twin Brother of Ben. (See Gloucester's pedigree.) Ben. (See Gloucester's pedigree.) Snowden's bull, the sire of Hubback (bred by Mr. George Snowden) got by Mr. William Robson's bull. Eobson's bull by Masterman's bull. Stately^ s Pedigree traced in the Herd Book. Maaterman^ s bull by the Studley bull (bred by Mr. Sharter of Chilton). STATZSLV, Imported in 1822, calved in 1821 (bred by Mr. Wetherell) got by North Star, dam Laura by Den- ton ; g, d. Selina, bj"- Wellington ; gr. g. d. by Danby. North Star, roan (bred by Mr. Wetherell) got by Comet, dam Lady (bred by Mr. Spours) by Baronet (bred by Mr. Mason) ; g. d. by Cripple ; gr. g. d. by Irishman. Denton (bred by Mr. Wetherell) got by Comet, dam Young Red Rose, by St. John ; g. d. by Trunnell ; gr. g. d. by Danby. Wellington (bred by Mr. Wetherell) got by St. John, dam by Trunnell ; g. d. by Danby. Danby (bred by Mr. Wetherell) got by Paddock, dam by White bull. Comet. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) Baronet, roan, got by Chilton, dam Lydia by Favourite; g. d. Nell by Mr. Mason's white bull ; gr. g. d. For- tune (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by Bolingbrojce; gr. gr. g. d. by Foljambe; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. bred by Mr. Maynard. Cripple, red and white, (bred by Mr. Mason) got by Irish- man, dam Fortune, by Bolingbroke ; g. d. by Fol- jambe; gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. g. d. bred by Mr. Maynard. Irishman (bred by Mr. Mason) got by Sty ford, dam For- tune (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by Bolingbroke; g. d. by Foljambe; gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. g. d, bred by Mr. Maynard. Stately^s Pedigree. St. John, roan (bred by Mr. Mason) got by Favourite; dam Fortune, (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by Boling- broke; g. d. by Foljambe ; gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. g. d. bred by Mr. Maynard. Trunnell (bred by Mr. Mason) got by Favourite, dam Fortune by Bolingbroke; g. d. by Foljambe; gr. g. d. by Hubback ; gr. gr. g. d. bred by Mr. May- nard. Paddock (bred by Mr. James Brown) got by Mr. Robert Charge's bull (descended from the Studley breed), dam Mr. James Brown's red cow. JVhite bull. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) Chilton, roan, (bred by Mr. Mason) got by Favourite, dam Lily by Favourite ; g. d. Miss Lax (bred by Mr. Maynard), by Dalton Duke ; gr. g. d. Lady May- nard, by Alcock's bull. Favourite. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) Mr. Mason'' s white bull (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam Favourite (bred by Mr. May- nard) by Alcock's bull ; g. d. by Smith's bull ; gr. g. d. by Jolly's bull. Bolingbroke. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) Foljambe. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) Hubback. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) Studley bull. (See Gloucester's pedigree.) Simon. (See Bolivar's pedigree). Dalton Duke. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) R. Shock's bull. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) stately's offspring. Defiance, bull, calved in 1824, by Bishop, dam Stately. Raymond, white and roan, bull, calved in 1825, by Wye Comet, dam Stately. Pocahontas., white and roan, heifer, calved in 1826, by Mal- colm, dam Stately. Virginia's Pedigree traced in the Herd Book. VXRaiMTIA, Calred in 1821, begotten by General, dam Rosemary (bred by J. C. Curwen, Esq.) by Flash; g. d. Red Rose by Petrarch ; gr. g. d. by Alexander ; gr. gr. g. d. by Traveller; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Son of Bo- lingbroke. General (bred by General Simson) got by Young Star; dam Queen by Bruce ; g. d. Empress by Western- Comet; gr. g. d. Bright Eyes by Marquis; gr. gr. g. d. by Simon; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Traveller; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Colling's Lame bull. Flash (bred by Mr. Seymour) by Mr. Colling's Sir Dimple; dam Carnation (bred by Mr. Seymour) by Cripple; g. d. Moss Rose by Henry; gr. g. d. Rosebud by Misfortune; gr. gr. g. d. Red Rose by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Bolingbroke. Petrarch (bred by Mr. Charles Colling) by Comet, dam Venus by Ben; g. d. PHceNix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite by Alcock's bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Smith's bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Strawberry, by Jolly's bull. Alexander (bred by Mr. Charles Colling) by Favourite. Traveller, got by Bolingbroke, dam Old Blossom. Young Star, got by C. Colling's North Star, dam Mary (bred by C. Colling) by Favourite; g. d. Venus by Ben. Bruce, got by Jupiter, dam Rola. Western Comet. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) Marquis, got by Petrarch, dam by Daisy bull ; g. d. by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Hubback. Simon. (See Bolivar's pedigree.) flrginio's Pedigree. Colling^s Lame bull. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) Sir Bimple (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comet, dam Daisy, by Grandson of Favourite; g. d. Old Daisy by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Punch; gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback. Cripple (bred by Mr. Mason) got by Irishman, dam Fortune (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by Bolingbroke; g. d. by Foljambe; gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. g. d. bred by Mr. Maynard. Henri/ (bred by Mr. Mason) got by St. John, dam Dandy by Favourite; g. d. Lily by Favourite; gr. g. d. Miss Lax (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Dalton Duke ; gr. gr. g. d. Lady Maynard, by Mr. R. Alcock's bull. Misfortu7ie, got by Favourite. Favourite. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) Bolingbroke. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) Comet. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) Ben. (Sec Gloucester's pedigree.) Foljambe. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) Alcock's bull. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) North Star (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam Young Phocnix by Favourite; g. d. Pnoe- Nix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Alcock's bull. Petrarch (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comet, dam Venus by Ben ; g. d. Phobnix by Foljambe, gr. g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Al- cock's bull. Daisy bull. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) Hubback. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) Burley^s and Shepherdess' Pedigrees. Virginia's offspring. Monk, red roan, bull, calved in 1824, by Bishop, dam Vir- ginia. Ohio, white and red roan, bull, calved in 1825, by Wye Comet, dam Virginia. Osage, light roan, bull, calved in 1826, by Wye Comet, dam Virginia. SHEPHERDESS, Imported in 1822; (bred by Mr. Champion) got by Magnet, dam by Prince ; g. d. by a bull of the Duke of Leeds. Magnet, got by Warrior, dam Magdalene (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by Comet; g. d. by Washington. SHEPERDESS' OFFSPRING. Blyth, bull, calved in 1824, by Champion, dam Shepherdess. Romp, heifer, calved in 1825, by Bishop, dam Shepherdess. Florian, red and white, bull, calved in 1826, by Wye Comet, dam Shepherdess. BURLEV, Calved in February, 1826, white (bred by Mr. Powel) begotten in England by Frederick, dam Bclina by Barmpton (bred by R. Colling) g. d. by Son of Wel- lington out of Charlotte; gr. g. d. by Laird. Barmpton, roan, calved in 1810 (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Mr. R. Ceiling's George, dam Moss Rose by Favourite; g. d. Red Rose by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Punch; gr. gr. g. d. by Foljambe; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback. George (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Favourite, dam Lady Grace by Favourite. Chieftain (bred by Mr. T, Bates) got by Daisy bull. For Frederick, Wellington, Laird, Favourite, Punch, Fairy'^ii, Bishop's; and fVye. Comet's Pedigrees. Foljambe, Hubback, James B7'own's red bull, and Daisy J see the foregoing pedigrees. FAIRY, Calved in 1820, got by Young Denton, dam Prize by Young Denton, g. d. Buckhorn. Young Denton, got by Denton, dam by Baronet, g. d. by Cripple ; gr. g. d. by Irishman. Denton, got by Comet; g. d. by St. John; gr. g. d. by Old Danby. Comet, Fairy's gr. g. sire. (See Bolivar's pedigree.) fairy's offspring. Coquette, white, heifer, calved in 1824, by Bishop, dam Fairy. Margaret, dark roan, heifer, calved in 1825, by Bishop, dam Fairy. Bichard, light roan, bull, calved in 1826, by Wye Comet, dam Fairy. James, white, bull, calved in 1826, by Malcolm, dam Fairy. Daphne, dark roan, heifer, calved in 1826, by Wye Comet, dam Coquette. BISHOP, Now possessed by J. Worth, Esq. (bred by Mr. Curwen in England, got by Wellington, dam Arbu- tus (bred by Mr. Gibson) by Harlequin ; g. d. by Yarborough; gr. g. d. by Duke; gr. gr. g. d. by Jobling's Traveller; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Bolingbroke. WYE COMET, (Now possessed by Henry Watson, Esq. Conn.) be- gotten in England, by Blaize, dam White Rose by Warrior; g. d. by Mr. Mason's Charles; gr. g. d. by Prince ; gr. gr. g. d. by Neswick. : ** ^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS DODESfltiEbOD