Cl.iss liiioK I'UtsiiNTi-i) m r New Jersey as a Colony and as a State .JUKI. I'AKKKH. JOiX,-£ARKKE,~I.JuJ^- Born Freehold, >'. J., Nov. 24, 1816; grad. Princeton College 1839. Member State Assembly 1847-51; prose- cuting attorney 1852-57; presidential elect- or 1860; brigadier-general State militia 1857; major-general 1861. Governor of New Jersey 1863-66 and 18lr2-75; nominated Democratic candidate for President 1868; attorney-general of N^w Jersev 1875; appointed justice of the State Supreme 'Court 1880^^nd 1887.^ med Philadelphia, Pa., J&Ji. 2, 1888. NEW JEESET AS A COLONY AND AS A STATE One of the Original Th ir t e en BY FKANCIS BAZLEY LEE \\ ASSOCIATE BOARD OF EDITORS WILLIAM S. STRYKER, LL.D.: WILLIAM NELSON, A.M. GARRET D. W. VROOM: ERNEST C. RICHARDSON, Ph.D. VOLUME FOUR THE PUBLISHING SOCIETY OF NEW JERSEY IslEW YORK MDCCCCIIl WD5 CoPTRiOHT, 1902, By The Publishino Society op New Jersey All Rights Reserved Gin Kont Law Boo . jan.22. 193^ PUBLICATION OFFICE 41 LAFAYETTE PLACE NEW YORK, N. Y., U. 8. A. DEDICATED TO JOEL PARKER AND CHARLES S. OLDEN THE ORIGINAL THIRTEEN COLONIES. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS CHAPTER I THE RISE AND FALL OF SLAVERY IN NEW JERSEY 23-48 Attitude of Continental Europe toward Slavery — A Question of a Commercial Character— Slavery Among the Dutch and Swedes— Lewis Morris and His Bondmen The Institution Established in New Jersey in 1675— A Supreme Court Opinion — The Instructions to Lord Cornbury — Early Acts regarding Slavery based upon an Economic View — Duties laid on Negi-oes Imported into East and West Jersey— The Beginnings of Ethical Con- siderations — John Woolman and the Society of Friends— The Abolition Influence before the Revolution— A Rev- olutionary View of the Matter — The Declaration of the Legislature in 1786 concerning Importation of Africans —The General Slave Law of 1798 and its Purpose— The Gradual Abolition Act of 1804— The Effort of Organized Societies — Legislation growing out of the Act of 1804 — The New Jersey Constitution of 1844 in its Relation to Slavery— The Liberty Party— The Policy of "Travelling" Friends— Colonial Censuses of Slaves — The Number of Bondmen in New Jersey in 1800 — The Rapid Decrease in Numbers — New Jersey occupies a Unique Position among the Northern " Free " States — The Government Slaves before 1702— Stringency of East Jersey Statutes The Barrier between Whites and Blacks — The Supreme Court Records— Negro Plots— The Question of Manu- mission—Protection Offered the Slave— The Negroes and their Churches— The Social Position of the Slave. CHAPTER II THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD 49-58 The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 and What it Attempted to Accomplish— The Position of West Jersey and the 8 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Relation of that Part of the State to the South — The Society of Friends and their Efforts — The Underground Railroad comes into Existence — How the Railroad was Operated in New Jersey — Routes across the State — Dangers at the Raritan River — ^The Rev. Thomas Clement Oliver, of Salem City — Harriet Tubman and her Charges — The Slave Chasers — The Case of Johnson v. Tomkins — Points Eventually Reached by Fugitive Slaves — New Jersey not an Asylum. CHAPTER III THE NATION IN 1860 59-68 Slavery in the States carved out of the Territory Acquired from Mexico — Marshall, of New Jersey, Dis- covers Gold — Legislation in Congress Following the Gold Fever — Issues at the Outbreak of the Civil War Clearly Defined — The Power of the South lay in being Politically on the Defensive and in Unity of Sentiment — The North- em View of the Case — The Uneven Front of the Republican Party at the Outbreak of Hostilities — The Democratic Argument — " Uncle Tom's Cabin " and Clai- borne's " Life " of General Quitman — Southern Sympa- thizers in New Jersey — The Four National Tickets in the Presidential Election of 1860 — The Struggle between the " Northern " and " Southern " Wings of the Democracy — ^The Change Effected by the Attack on Fort Moultrie — Compromises and Temporizing Fail — An Ethical and Economic Inheritance. CHAPTER IV THE POSITION OF NEW JERSEY IN THE CIVIL WAR 69-78 What Lincoln Said in 1861 — Some in New Jersey hope for Reconciliation — The State and her Quota under the "First Call" for Troops— The Exposed Situation of Philadelphia — Prospective Defenses on Delaware Bay — The Cities of the State Empowered to issue Bonds — ^New Jersey Creates a War Debt — The Advent of Joel Parker and his Policy — His Services as Governor — ^The Legisla- ONY AND AS A STATE ture of 1863 Suggests " Commissioners " to meet those of the Confederacy — The Emancipation Proclamation — George B. McClellan and his Candidacy for the Presiden- tial Office — The Failure of Lincoln's Plans for " Recon- struction " — What Peace meant in the Industrial Life of New Jersey. CHAPTER V NEW JERSEY TROOPS IN THiii CIVIL WAR 79-91 The Olden Guards — The Brigade Commanded by Theo- dore Runyon — The " Second Call " for Troops — The Second Brigade — The " Olden Legion " — Principal Offi- cers of the Regiments — The Presidential Call of July 7, 1862 — How the Regiments were Officered — New Jersey Escapes the Draft of 1862 — New Regiments are Formed and the Men who Commanded Them — The Batteries of Artillery — " Company A," of Trenton, as a " School for the Soldier " — The Invasion of Pennsylvania — The Mary- land Emergency Company — New Jersey Men in the Regiments of other States — Famous Camps in New Jersey — Statistics of Service. CHAPTER VI NEW JERSEY AND THE POST-BELLUM AIMEND- MENTS TO THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION 93-105 How the Thirteenth Amendment was Treated by the Legislature of New Jersey — The House of Assembly Ex- presses its Sentiments — New Jersey's Attitude toward Slavery as a National Issue — Failure of Colonization Projects — New Jersey and the Peace Convention of 1861 — The New Jersey Resolutions — The Fourteenth Amend- ment and Governor Ward's View — A Consent and a Withdrawal — The Unseating of United States Senator John P. Stockton — The Legislature Strenuously Opposes the Amendment — Some Vigorous Resolutions and how They were Treated by Congress — The Fifteenth Amend- ment and the Attitude of the Republican Party — The Final Passage of the Amendment. 10 NEW JERSEY AS A COL CHAPTER VII THE PANIC OF 1873 107-122 The Industrial Activity of New Jersey from 1865 to 1873 — The Extension of Metropolitan Influence — The Corporation of the Day and its Relation to the " Trust " —The Absorption of the Military into Civil Life — The Era of Speculation — Special Charters and their Advan- tages — Some of the Industrial Lines Exploited by Capital — ^The Riparian Interests of the State Receive Attention —Real Estate Speculations—The Spirit of Municipal Development — The Consolidation of Competing or Par- tially Affiliated Lines of Railroads — Political Upheavals of the Period— The " One Idea " Parties— The Labor Movement — Horace Greeley in Politics — A Comparison between the Period of Inflation and the Jackson Period of Unrest — Architectural Abominations and False Taste in City and Country — What Caused the Panic of 1873 — Land Speculations in New Jersey — The Effect of the Panic in the State. CHAPTER VIII THE DAYS OF " CAMDEN AND AMBOY " 123-138 The Consolidation of the " Joint Companies " with the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company — The Struggle to reach New York City — Jersey City holds the Key to the Situation — What the Camden and Amboy Railroad Company had Acquired between 1830 and 1867 — The Fight against " Monopoly " — The Development of the Morris and Essex and the Elizabethtown and Somer- ville Railroads — How these Roads were Dependent upon the Camden and Amboy Railroad — Early Traffic Arrange- ments — The Corporate Control of Old Paulus Hook — Stevens and the Bergen Hill Timnel — The Erie and its Projects— The " Frog War "—The Central Railroad of New Jersey Secures and Reclaims Lowlands south of Paukis Hook — A new Phase of the Opposition directed against the Camden and Amboy — New Railroads Pro- jected between Philadelphia and New York City — The Theory of a Direct Route from the South across Dela- ware Bay, thence to Port Monmouth, and Finally to New ONY AND AS A STATE 11 York City— Its Lack of Success — The New Jersey- Southern Railroad — A New Plan, uniting Bound Brook and a Point in the Vicinity of Trenton, Devised — The Struggle of the Promoters of the " Air Line " before the Legislature — " Equal Taxation " becomes an Issue — The Mercer and Somerset Company — The Appearance of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company and its Lease of the Joint Companies that the Camden and Amboy System Embraced — The Genesis of the West Jersey and Sea Shore System— Politics and the Railroads— The Struggle for Control of the Legislature — The Passage .of the Gen- eral Railroad Law. CHAPTER IX CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS OF 1875 139-148 The Demand for Constitutional Reform — The Attitude of Governor Joel Parker — The Burden of Special Legis- lation — Jersey City and her Municipal Troubles — The Constitutional Commission of 1873 — Senatorial Repre- sentation Based upon Population Defeated — The School Question — The Death of Special Legislation — The Action of the Legislature — Partisan Politics and the Adoption of the Amendments — A Religious Controversy — New Em- barrassments for Jersey City — The General Effect of the Work of the Commissioners. CHAPTER X RECENT CHANGES IN THE CONSTITUTION 149-158 Racing at Monmouth Course — Guttenberg and Gloucester Racetracks and their Appearance in Politics — The Anti- Racetrack League — Legislation Favorable to the Tracks — Trenton as a Storm Center — Other Racing Projects — An Attempt to Control Assembly Districts and the Su- preme Court Decisions — The Contest for the Control of the Senate — The Constitutional Commission of 1894 — The Three Amendments to the Constitution, and the Vote by which the Amendments were Passed. 12 NEW JERSEY AS A COL CHAPTER XI A STATE BATTLE OF BALLOTS— 1862-1885 159-173 The General Current of Political Thought traced by Ab- stracts of the Platforms Adopted by the Republican and Democratic Parties upon the Occasion of each Guberna- torial Convention — Those who were Candidates for Gov- ernor and those who Secured the Nominations — The Re- lation between State and National Issues — The Success- ful Candidate and the Vote cast by all Parties — ^The Presidential Voting During the same Period. CHAPTER XII A STATE BATTLE OF BALLOTS— 1886-1902 179-202 The Treatment Developed by the Preceding Chapter Continued. CHAPTER XIII MODERN BANKS AND BANKING 203-212 The Bank a Modern Factor in Civilization — The National Banking Act of 1863 — Services Rendered by the Trenton Banking Company during the Civil War — The Depart- ment of Banking and Insurance — Abstract of the Banking Act of 1899 — The Newark Savings Fund Association — State Savings Fimd Societies during the Period of Inflation — The Savings Bank Law of 1876 and its Provisions — The Trust Companies. CHAPTER XIV NEW JERSEY IN THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 213-229 The ■ Hull Bill " and its Provisions — The Joint Resolu- tion of Congress of April 20, 1898 — President McKinley's Call for Troops — War with Spain Declared — New Jersey's Quota is Three Regiments of Infantry — ONY AND AS A STATE 13 The National Guard Called out for Service — Detail of Companies — Sea Girt becomes the Place of Rendez- vous — Rapid Mobilization of the National Guard — The Regiments are Mustered into the Service of the United States— Detail of the First Kegiment^The Third Regi- ment goes to Pompton Lakes and to the Defense of New York Harbor — The Second Regiment proceeds to Camp Cuba Libre, Jacksonville — The National Government Calls upon New Jersey for One Thousand Additional Men — Recruits for Regiments in the Field — The Fourth Regiment at Sea Girt — The Regiments Discharged from Service — The Signal Corps — The Formation of the " Mosquito Fleet " — The Naval Reserves called into Action — The " Montauk " Fitted out for Service — The " Resolute " and her Record in Southern Seas — The " Badger " and her Cruises — Prominent Officers of the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Regiments and of the Battalions of the East and West Naval Reserves. CHAPTER XV JERSEY CITY, NEWARK, PATERSON, AND THEIR ENVIRONS 231-255 Jersey City's Genesis to be Found at Paulus Hook — The bit of Upland amid the Ditch-pierced Meadows becomes an Important Center of Transportation — The " Stage Waggons " between New York and Philadelphia — John Stevens in Hoboken — Anthony Dey, Agent, Purchases Paulus Hook from Cornelius Van Vorst — This Tract Embraces the Jersey City Terminal of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company — Thirteen Residents in 1804 — The Sale of Lots — New York Asserts a Claim as to Title and Withdraws her Hostile Attitude — The " Articles of Asso- ciation " and the Distinguished Incorporators — Robert Fulton and his Interests — The " City of Jersey " falls upon Evil Days — The Threefold Elements Retarding Municipal Growth were the Contention of New York as to Ownership of Riparian Lands in New Jersey, the Difficulties Arising from Ground Rents and an Irredeem- able Mortgage, and the Union of Divergent Powers in one Corporation, which was both a Land Company and a Municipality — " Taxation Without Representation " — Jersey City is Incorporated in 1820 — Early Expenditures 14 NEW JERSEY AS A COL of the Board of Selectmen — A Surplusage of Domesti- cated Animals — The New Charter of 1837— Statistics concerning Growth of Population 1840 to 1900 — The Smaller Municipalities of Hudson County — Date of Incorporation — Hoboken's Remarkable Grow'th from 1850 to 1860— Her Development from 1850 to 1900— Bayonne and West Hoboken and their Remarkable Increase in Population — Newark is Governed by Town Meeting from Settlement to 1836 — A Replica of Certain Phases of New England Life — Past Memories of the Young City — The Panic of 1837 and its Effect upon local Industries, par- ticularly the Leather Trade — Statistics as to Population 1820 to 1900 — The Oranges, Irvington, Bloomfield, and Llewellyn Park — Bloomfield, Newark, and Orange Wards Created in 1806 — Alexander Hamilton and the Protection of American Manufactures — His Policy of an Object Lesson and of Effective Federal Legislation — " The Society for Establishing Manufactures " is Incor- porated in 1791 — The Cotton Industry — Water Power at the Great Falls of the Passaic and the Coming of the New Society — Rights and Privileges of the Society — Paterson is Established and Incorporated in 1831 — What the Census Shows for Paterson and Passaic City. CHAPTER XVI TRENTON, ELIZABETH, NEW BRUNSWICK, CAMDEN, AND SMALLER CITIES 257-269 Mahlon Stacy, at his Assanpink Mill, founds the City of Trenton — The State Capital shifts between Burlington and Perth Amboy — Trenton Selected in 1790 and the Capitol Completed in 1796 — Trenton Incorporated as a City in 1792 — The Aristocratic Type of the Act Erecting the Municipality — A Government for the People, but not of or by Them — Comparison between the Trenton Charter of 1792 and the State Constitution of 1776— Elizabeth- town, Conspicuous in Colonial Days, becomes the Home of Revolutionary Patriots — Its Early Charters and Indications of Industrial Growi^h — It Assumes Place as a Residential City — A Comparison between Elizabeth and Tienton in the Matter of Growth of Population 1820 to 1900 — New Brunswick and its Dutch settlers from Albany — The Old World Spirit in Local Architecture on ONY AND AS A STATE 15 the Streets near the Raritan River — Rutgers College Triumphs over Early Vicissitudes — " Cooper's Ferries " the Beginning of Camden's Life — What Railroad Ter- minals and Manufacturers Accomplished — Some Com- parisons of Growth — The Remarkable Development of Atlantic City — A Glance at the Seaside Resorts — How the Smaller Cities have Grown — Some that have Re- mained Stationary — The Borough Governments. CHAPTER XVII THE GROWTH OF THE COUNTIES AND THEIR CAPITALS 271-287 Hunterdon County in Population Leads the List in 1790 — Sussex takes First Place in 1800 — Essex forges to the Front in 1810 — Sussex Reaches her Zenith in 1820 — Warren County Created in 1824 — Essex again Leads in 1830— The New Cities of East Jersey— Between 1830 and 1840 Gloucester, Hudson, Mercer, and Passaic Counties are Organized — They Drain Population from the Territorial Subdivisions from which they are Created — A Study of Population in 1850 as Related to Hudson and Essex Counties — Camden and Ocean Counties Erected — The Distinctively Rural Counties Practically Remain Stationary — Union County is Established — The Overflow into the Metropolitan Area of New Jersey between 1850 and 1860 — In Spite of the Civil War Hudson and Essex grow with Marvelous Rapidity — Sussex County Decreases in Number of People — Three Characteristics of the Closing Quarter of the Nineteenth Century — The Growth of the Greater Metropolitan Area — Tnat Affected by New York City and of the Lesser Metropolitan Area — That Affected by Philadelphia — The Development of the Sea Coast Counties and the Stagnation of the Distinct- ively Rural Centers — From 1890 to 1900 Bergen County has the Largest Percentage of Increase — Other Counties in the Greater Metropolitan Area — The Geographical Extent of Philadelphia's Influence — How the Counties in Central and Southern New Jersey have Grown — These Embrace one-fifth of the total Population of New Jersey, the New Jersey Area three-fifths, and the Counties in Association with both Cities the Remaining one-fifth — The Coastwise Coimties and tlieir Increase from 1870 to 16 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 1900 — The Remaining Counties— County Capitals Ex- clusive of the Large Cities — Cape May Court House and its First Jail — The Whaling Settlement at Town Bank — John May and May's Landing — Tom's River the Center of Industries Characteristic of the " Pines " — These, Re- spectively the Shire Towns of Cape May, Atlantic, and Ocean Counties, form a Distinctive Group — Another Group of Shire Towns are Bridgeton, of Cumberland County, Salem, of Salem County, Woodbury, of Glouces- ter County, Mount Holly, of Burlington County, and Freehold, of Monmouth County — Bridgeton's early rapid Growth and her Industries — Woodbury becomes a Resi- dential Center for Philadelphians — Salem and her Former Prestige — Mount Holly Before the Civil War — Freehold and Village Improvement — These two Groups Reflect, to a Greater or Less Degree, Southern Influence — Flem- ington, Hunterdon County, Belvidere, Warren County, Somerville, Somerset County, Morristown, Morris County, and Hackensack, Bergen County, Represent the Third and Last Group — Flemington and Belvidere and their Enterprises — Somerville as a Manufacturing Commimity — Morristown and the Experiments with the Electro- Magnetic Telegraph — Newton's Prominence — Hacken- sack and the Johnson Library. CHAPTER XVIII NEW JERSEY AND HER PUBLIC SCHOOLS 289-300 The Slow Growth of the Idea of Popular Education — Acts Promoting Literature before 1800 — The Influence of Thomas JeflFerson's " Notes " — John Parker, of Perth Amboy, Urges the Cause of Popular Education in the Legislature 1806 to 1817— The First " Free School" Act — The Riparian Land Interests — Propagandists of the New Movement — The " Friends of Education " Meet in Trenton — Agitation for the Establishment of a Normal School — Various State Schools — The Present Law Gov- erning Public Schools — Manual Training, Libraries, and Ventilation — A Constitutional Guarantee as to Free Edu- cation — Sources of Funds for Support of Public Schools — Academies and Secondary Institutions — A Review of these Institutions by Counties — Tlieological Seminaries. ONY AND AS A STATE 17 CHAPTER XIX NEW JERSEY'S TOPOGRAPHY AND ECONOMIC GEOLOGY ^^^"^^^ Statistics as to the Area of New Jersey-Practically One-hall of the State as yet in Forest, in Tracts of Ten Acres or Over— The Four Topographic Zones—What the Appalachian Zone Includes— Characteristics of the Kittatinny Valley-The Highlands Zone and its Lakes— The Red Sandstone or Piedmont Zone and its irap Rocks-The Coastal Zone and its Clay Beds, Gravels, and Marls— The Various Geological Surveys— All the Larger Geological Formations, Except Coal, Occurring in the United States are Found in New Jersey—The Crystalline Rocks of the Highlands are the Oldest For- mation^Iron and Zinc Ores-The Paleozoic Rocks, Magnesian Limestones, and Slate are Characteristic— The Mesozoic Formations and Trap Rocks— The Cre- taceous Rocks and the Formations of the Coastal Plane— The Terminal Moraine of the Last Glacial Ice— Magnetic Iron Ores of Morris and Warren Counties— Decline of the "Bog Iron" Industries— Zinc and Copper Ores- Graphite and Minor Formations— The Extent of the Clay Deposits and of Building Stone Quarries— Miscellaneous Formations. CHAPTER XX THE FERTILE FARMS OF NEW JERSEY 315-327 New Jersey's Support given Agricultural Interests, before the Civil War, Largely of an Indirect Character —Colonial Legislation Directed toward the Offering of Rewards for the Heads or Pelts of Destructive Animals, Prohibiting Firing of Woods and Meadows, and enabling Owners to Bank and Drain Marsh Land— Andrg Michaux, Botanist of the French King, and the Plan to Establish a Botanical Garden near Bergen— A System of Botanical Exchange in 1786— The Projec^. Probably Failed by Reason of the Advent of the French Revolution— The New Jersey State Agricultural Society anJ its Incorpo- ration in 1840_Later Phases of State Encouragement to Voluntary Associations— Cumberland County in 1827 Leads in Organization— Societies of Agriculturists and [Vol. 4] 18 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Horticulturists Considered by Counties — The Dairy- Interests — The Camden and Amboy's " Pea Line " be- fore 1840 — The Peach District and where Small Fruits are Grown — Huckleberries and Cranberries — The Poultry Industry of Central Southern New Jersey — Truck Farming for the Philadelphia Market — Statistics Concerning the Corn, Wheat, Rye, Oats, Buckwheat, Hay, and White and Sweet Potato Crops — The State Agricul- tural College— The Efforts of Charles K. Landis in South Jersey — The Advent of the Russian Jews — Woodbine in Cape May County — The Colony Established by Fund of Baron de Hirsch the most Conspicuous of these Settle- ments — The Work that the Hebrews have Accomplished in South Jersey. CHAPTER XXI THE BEGINNINGS OF THE UNITED STATES LIFE- SAVING SERVICE 329-342 Ex-Governor Newell speaks the Last Word Concerning the United States Lifesaving Service — He Witnesses, in 1839, the Wreck of the " Count Perasto " on Long Beach — The Story of the Disaster — The Wreck Suggests Methods to Save Human Life — Some Primitive Experi- ments — The Struggle for a Congressional Appropriation — Governor Newell, as a Member of the House of Repre- sentatives, offers a Resolution and at First is Totally Ignored — Some of Those who Refused to Concur — A World-Renowned System Saved by a Small Appropria- tion—The Wreck of the " Ayreshire " in 1850— The Suc- cess of Newell's Plan — A Sad Story of Suffering and Death — Dangers Upon the New Jersey Coast — The Sys- tem Extended Along the Coasts of New Jersey and Long Island — The Services of Capfain Douglass Ottinger — What Governor Newell Lived to See — The " New Era " Monument at Asbury Park — Resolutions of the Legisla- tures of the States of New Jersey and Washington. CHAPTER XXII NEW JERSEY AT THE OPENING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 343-350 The Material Advancement of New Jersey Vastly Pro- ONY AND AS A STATE J^ moted by her Industries and her Systems of Transporta- tion—Statistics as to the Extent of the Following Great Industries of the State: Silk, Brick, Terra Cotta, Window and Bottle Glass, Men's Felt and Wool Hats, Celluloid, Jewelry, Pottery, Rubber, Leather, Shoes, Woolen and Worsted Goods, Chemical Products, Refined Oils and their by-Products, Iron, and Steel— Special In- dustries: Soap, Tallow, Perfumery, Sugar, Machinery, Shipbuilding, Breweries, Wall Paper, Sheet Metal, etc.— Transportation — Mileage and Statistical Information Concerning the Following Railroad Systems: Pennsyl- vania, West Jersey and Seashore, Central Railroad of New Jersey, Philadelphia and Reading, Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, Erie, New York, Susque- hanna and Western, Lehigh Valley, and Unclassified Roads Canals: the Delaware and Raritan and the MoiTis Canals and their Feeders — Cable, Electric, and Horse Railroads. CHAPTER XXIII GENERAL INDEX 351-402 ILLUSTRATIONS Parker, Joel Frontispiece Dayton, William L. Facing p. 64 Frelinghuysen, Frederick T Facing p. .M Hamilton, Alexander Facing p. 250 Hobart, Garret A Facing p. 194 Little Falls on the Passaic Facing p. 348 Monument at Springfield Facing p. 348 Morristown in 1828 Facing p. 260 Newark, view of Facing p. 114 Olden, Charles S Facing p. 82 Old State House at Trenton Facing p. 260 Trenton, view of Facing p. 294 Weehawken Bluff Facing p. 310 PAGE Abbett, Leon 185 Acquackanonk, view of 254 At a county fair 324 Atlantic cable, section of 346 Basking Ridge, school house at 294 Bedle, Joseph D 146 Blaine, James G 178 Breckinridge, John C 86 Campbell, William H 266 Centennial Exposition, the New Jersey building at.... 122 Cockloft Hall and summer house 24S Coles, Abraham 297 Colfax, Schuyler 11(5 Communipaw 235 County buildings at Flem- ington in 1840 285 County fair, at a 324 Crane Tavern, the 349 Douglas, Stephen A 65 Dynamite cruiser " Vesu- vius " 220 Elizabethtown in 1840 263 Ericsson's "Monitor" 84 Ewing, Charles 293 Farragut's flagship " Hart- ford " 89 PAGE First telegraph line 286 Flemington, county build- ings at, in 1840 285 Foot stove, an old 42 Frelinghuysen, Frederick T. 97 Grant, U. S 171 Green, Robert Stockton 188 Hamilton, Alexander, tablet. 25J " Hartford," Farragut's flag- ship SS) Hoboken in 1776 244 Irving, Washington 248 Jersey City in 1820 243 Kemble arms 246 Kilpatrick, Judson 165 Lincoln, Abraham 68 Ludlow, George C 178 Maclean, John 47 Marshall, James W 61 McClellan. George B 76 "Monitor," Ericsson's 84 Monmouth Court House 278 New Jersey building at the Centennial Exposition 122 New York in the eighteenth century 30 Newark in 1832 274 Original thirteen colonies, map of 6 22 NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY PAGE Paterson, William 253 Paulding, James Kirke 247 Phelps, William Walter 156 Rahway, central part of 26S Randolph, Theodore F 166 Runyon, Theodore 81 Rutgers, Henry 265 School house at Basking Ridge 294 Seward, William H 52 Seymour, Horatio 169 Slave market in New York.. 26 Stevens, Commodore 128 Stevens, Thaddeus 334 Stone house at South Or- ange 249 FAOB Tablet on Alexander Hamil- ton's monument 250 Telegraph line, the flrst 286 Tliirtecn colonies, map of the original 6 Tilden, Samuel J 174 Van Vorst homestead, the.. 237 " Varick, R., Esq., Mayor, 1796" 238 " "Vesuvius," the dynamite cruiser 220 Views ..26, 30, 35, 217, 235, 237, 243, 244, 246, 249, 254, 263, 268, 274, 276, 279, 285, 286, 294, 299, 318, 321, 323, 327 Ward, Marcus L 99 Wilson, Henry 118 CHAPTER I The Rise and Fall of Slavery in New Jersey THE institution of slavery had early- lodgment within the limits of what is now New Jersey. For a proper understanding of the ethical and economic relation the State bore to slavery, the history of the institution in New Jer- sey may be reviewed. As a broad, general proposition it may be said that the most advanced minds of Continental Europe during the first half of the seventeenth century held that there was no moral wrong in the holding of slaves, the important question being: "Does it pay to introduce bond-labor in place of free in new colonies T' Whether it would pay or not depended upon the cost of importing negroes and their maintenance on the American continent under adverse conditions of soil and climate. These questions both the Hollanders on the Hud- son and the Swedes on the Delaware answered to their own satisfaction. They brought to the shores of those rivers blacks from the west coast of Afri- ca and enslaved members of various tribes of the great Algonkin nation, with whom they came in contact, thus establishing the institution at the very beginnings of European settlement in New Jersey. Although enjoying a more favorable climate upon the Delaware, the Swedes held fewer slaves than the Dutch in the valley of the Hudson pos- 26 NEW JERSEY AS A COL sessed. Slave owning meant expense, which the poor Swede planter was not so well able to as- sume as the more wealthy Hollander. The Swedes were also more given to forest-ranging and to pel- try hunting than were the Dutch, who, while they dealt in furs, gave more attention to agriculture, in which pursuit the services of the slaves were in demand. But while slavery was a recognized feature in the social customs of the two colonizing nations it by no means came as prominently to the fore as it did during the times of the English occupancy. The earliest allusion to slavery after the trans- fer of Holland's political control of the territory, then for the first time called New Jersey, is to be found in the ''Concessions and Agreement" of the Lords Proprietors, Berkeley and Carteret. In the provisions of this document, promulgated in 1664, slaves are mentioned as a basis for the al- lotment of land to their owners, prospective colo- nists. That slaves were brought into the then proprie- tary colony of New Jersey contemporaneously with the advent of the English settler is unques- tionably true. It was as early as 1675 that an act forbade individuals from harboring, transporting, or entertaining apprentices, servants, or slaves, while Secretary Nicolls reported to the Duke of York in 1680 that Colonel Lewis Morris, of Shrews- AN EARLY SLAVE MARKET IN NEW YORK. ONY AND AS A STATE 27 bury, ironmaster and plantation owner, had sixty or seventy "Negres about the mill and Hus- bandries in that Plantation. ' ' Again, in 1682, an act was passed prohibiting trading with slaves, not only negroes in servitude but Indians being especially designated. Thence for a hundred years the laws of the State of New Jersey recognized full blooded negroes, mulattoes, and '' half-breeds " — mixed Indian and negro stock — as being slaves. Abundant evidence of this is to be found in a long list of newspaper ex- tracts, relating to runaway slaves, reprinted in the New Jersey Archives. As late as 1797, in an habeas corpus proceeding, the chief justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey delivered this opin- ion, in which he speaks of the Lenni-Lenap^ ; They (the Indians) have been so long recognized as slaves in our law, that it would be as great a violation of the rights of property to establish a contrary doctrine at the present day, as it would be in the case of Africans, and as useless to investigate the manner in which they originally lost their freedom. With the passing of the proprietary govern- ment in 1702 and the coming of Governor Corn- bury, charged with a multitude of special ''In- structions," slavery in New Jersey assumed a somewhat altered political aspect. One of them directed him to encourage the Royal African Company, of which company James II, as Duke of York, but a few years before had been 28 NEW JERSEY AS A COL president. It was desired that, through the in- strumentality of the Royal African Company, there should be ''a constant and sufficient supply, of merchantable negroes, at moderate rates," to be had in New Jersey. In this matter the govern- or was instructed to prevent any encroachments which might be made by citizens of New Jersey upon the trading privileges of the company, the Royal African Company being practically a ''trust" engaged in kidnapping negroes and sell- ing them to the colonists, and thus to a degree regulating the supply of labor on the American continent. Governor Cornbury was further di- rected to report annually the number and value of slaves in the province. It was in 1714 that an act was passed laying a duty of ten pounds upon every slave for sale imported to New Jersey, which law remained in force until 1721. This re- strictive legislation, following a Pennsylvania precedent, was needful to stimulate the plan of populating the colony by white servants. From this act may be traced two lines of anti-slavery agitation— one ethical, whose leading exponent was Woolman; the other economic, based upon the consideration that slavery in New Jersey, owing to a variety of causes, was in itself com- mercially unprofitable. What may be termed a political view, that a race of whites partially en- dowed with the right of suffrage must eventually ONY AND AS A S TATE 29 come into conflict witk an alien race— either In- dian or negro— having no political rights, had not yet arisen. With the expiration in 1721 of the act laying a duty of ten pounds upon imported negroes there came nearly a half century of conflict between the House of Assembly and the Council concerning the question of regulation of the slave trade. In 1739 and 1744 the Assembly passed bills the tendency of which was toward an entire prohibition of im- portation of slaves from abroad. The act of 1744 laid a duty of ten pounds upon West India slaves and five pounds upon those from Africa. The West Indian expedition, the allurements of priva- teering, the establishment of linen industries in Ireland, and the Silesiau War had in various ways caused high wages and a lack of labor, both do- mestic and foreign. Once more, in 1761, the As- sembly passed a bill fixing duties upon slaves, which Governor Hardy, when the measure reached Council, refused to sign in accordance with the tenor of his "Instructions." In 1762 the Assembly succeeded in securing the consent of Council to an act levying upon negroes an im- port duty of forty shillings in the eastern division and six pounds in the western division of New Jersey, a form of legislation apparently discrimi- native, but which was necessitated by the fact that in New York a duty of two pounds was laid 30 NEW JERSEY AS A COL and in Pennsylvania ten pounds. But the meas- ure never reached the King for his approval, be- cause the Lords of Trade, disclaiming ' ' any oppo- sition to the policy of an import duty, ' ' discovered some ''technical faults" in the measure. The desire on the part of the House of Assembly to secure the regulation of slave trade by prohibit- ive duties was an expression of both the commer- cial and the ethical sentiment of the time. In 1761 the House of Assembly had been partially influ- enced in its action by the desire to secure revenue from slaves whe were "landed" in New Jersey and then ' ' run into ' ' New York and Pennsylvania for the purpose of escaping duties laid by those provinces. Experience had taught the colonists that many parts of New Jersey were not fitted for the employment of slaves, particularly in the new- ly settled regions of the northern central and northwestern parts of the State, where the winters were too severe for unacclimated Africans. Be- sides the plantations of the Hollanders of the Rari- tan Valley and of Bergen County, as well as the jfarms of Monmouth County and South Jersey, were "overstocked." Added to this the doctrines of John Woolman, while not essentially novel, were at least so vig- orously and convincingly presented that he had W03r&ver many members^f the Society of Friends to an Tinqualified support (Sb^p^ttesfevery^senti- ONY AND AS A STATE 31 ment. Although the Society in America, in Eng- land and in Ireland, had repeatedly declared itself as opposed to human slavery in any form its in- junctions had rested lightly upon some of its most influential members — the wealthy plantation owners of West Jersey. This ethical influence was already being felt in the House of Assembly, and unquestionably had crept into Council. From 1769 until the close of the colonial period an act was in force imposing a uniform duty for the entire province. The preamble of the law in- dicates that its spirit was both commercial and political. New Jersey took action under the stimu- lus of other colonies, which provinces had found such duties were beneficial in leading to the emi- gration of ' ' sober, industrious foreigners, ' ' in pro- moting a general spirit of industry, and in com- pelling those who purchased slaves to ''contribute some equitable proportion of the public burdens. ' ' Fifteen pounds was laid upon the purchaser of every slave who had not been in the colony a year, or whose duty had not been paid. The last quarter of the century may well be designated as the period of agitation concerning the abolition of slavery in the State of New Jersey. The movement had grown slowly, and was un- questionably inaugurated as early as 1696, when the yearly meetings of the Societies of Friends in Pennsylvania and New Jersey recommended their 32 NEW JERSEY AS A COL members cease from further importation of slaves. J. W. Dally, in his ''Woodbridge and Vicinity,'* says that one of the monthly meetings of Friends in Woodbridge, held in 1738, reported slavery practically abolished among Quakers in that re- gion. For several years no negro had been im- ported or purchased by Friends. This may have grown out of a recommendation made by the yearly meeting of 1716, when it was desired ''that Friends generally do as much as may be to avoid buying such negroes as shall hereafter be brought in * * * . Yet this is only caution, not cen- sure." In 1758 the Philadelphia yearly meeting endeavored to induce Friends to set their slaves at liberty, ''making a Christian provision for them. ' ' This fell hard upon some masters, under the colonial manumission law, which required owners to enter into security to provide for their manumitted negroes in case the former slaves needed aid. Under such circumstances those de- siring to manumit slaves held them until the ne- groes had reached thirty years of age, compelling them to work without wages. The rising wave of democracy which swept over the colonies previous to the Revolution brought a sentiment in favor of restriction of slavery by the prohibition of importation and the regulation of manumission. In 1773 the Counties of Cumber- land, Burlington, Monmouth, Middlesex, Hunter- ONY AND AS A STATE 33 don, and Essex presented eight petitions to the House of Assembly, ''all setting forth the evils arising from human slavery." In 1775 fifty-two inhabitants of the township of Chesterfield in the County of Burlington, many of whom were mem- bers of the Society of Friends, prayed that the Legislature ''pass an act to set free all the slaves now in the Colony." Again, in 1778, Governor William Livingston urged the House of Assembly to make provision for the manumission of slaves, and that in a time when some negroes deserting their masters were joining Tory raiders in their devilish deeds committed among the farmers of the tidewater regions of the State. Governor Liv- ingston, who could not be said to be in religious sympathy with the Society of Friends, was "con- vinced" that the practice of slavery was inconsist- ent "with the principles of Christianity and hu- manity, and in Americans, who have almost idol- ized liberty, particularly odious and disgraceful." During the Revolution the vast and momentous questions of self-preservation, and the establish- ment of those national and State governments so auspiciously inaugurated, were so continuously present as to cast into secondary importance any more or less theoretical proposition such as the restriction or abolition of slavery. But in 1785, with the return of peace, a monster petition from the inhabitants of New Jersey reached the House [Vol. 4] 34 NEW JERSEY AS A OOL of Assembly urging gradual abolition and pre- vention of importation. During the following year, in a preamble to an act passed to restrain slave importations, the ethical phase of the ques- tion appeared, when the statute openly declared that the custom of bringing ''unoffending Afri- cans" from their native country into a condition of slavery was "barbarous." The act itself im- posed a penalty of fifty pounds for bringing slaves into New Jersey imported from Africa since 1776, and a penalty of twenty pounds for all others im- ported. Those having but a transient residence in New Jersey were permitted to bring slaves into the State, but were not allowed to sell them in New Jersey. In 1788 the fitting out of slave ships was prohibited by forfeiture of vessels, cargoes, and appurtenances, while the export trade was ab- solutely forbidden, but the act did not apply to those emigrating from the State accompanied by their slaves. In 1798 the subject was embraced in a general slave law. In 1812 and in 1818 there was addi- tional legislation, the act of the latter year being directed against kidnapping of blacks. The stat- ute imposed fine and imprisonment for those who illegally exported life or ''term" slaves or serv- ants of color. Those having resided in New Jer- sey for five years and then removing from the State might take away any slave which had been ONY AND AS A STATE 35 his property for five years preceding the date of removal. To this removal the consent of the slave, who must be of full age, was required. A license from the county court of common pleas was also required. Any inhabitant of New Jersey might be accompanied by his slave on a journey to any part of the United States, but if the slave was not returned by his master the owner was subjected to a heavy penalty. Of all slave legislation in the State of New Jer- sey the ''gradual abolition" act of 1804 was by far the most important as well as the most interest- ing. It was the culmination of an organized move- ment to abolish slavery, which in 1786, according to Henry Scofield Cooley, led to the establishment of the New Jersey Abolition Society for that pur- pose. This society was formed in Trenton, and embraced a small but influential membership, largely drawn from the Society of Friends. In the constitution adopted at Burlington, ''27th of 2d month," 1793, the society declared its abhorrence of "that inconsiderate, illiberal, and interested policy which withholds those rights from an un- fortunate and degraded class of our fellow creatures. ' ' But a few years before the founding of the New Jersey Abolition Society Rhode Island had taken like action in 1789 and Connecticut in 1790, while a pro slavery movement was influencing public f^/^^ 36 NEW JERSEY AS A (X)L thought in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. In 1794 ten States were represented in the Philadel- phia convention of anti-slavery societies, the presi- dent of the convention being Governor Joseph Bloomfield. This body recommended the institu- tion of annual discourses on the subject of slavery, says Henry Wilson in his ** History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America,*' and sent forth an address to the citizens of the United States from the pen of the philanthropist, phy- sician, and statesman. Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia. Governor Bloomfield signed a me- morial of the convention praying that Congress pass a law to prohibit the traffic carried on by American citizens to supply slaves to foreign na- tions and to prevent foreigners from fitting out vessels in this country for the African slave trade. Local societies also existed in Trenton, Salem City, and probably in other places, all seeking to ameliorate the condition of the slaves by constitu- tional and honorable means. Thus the Trenton society's standing committee was charged with superintending the morals and general conduct of the free blacks, and with advising, instructing, and protecting them. Their children were to be instructed, properly apprenticed, and encouraged in good morals and habits of temperance and in- dustry, while men and women of color were en- ONY AND AS A STATE 37 couraged to work and to bind themselves out to a trade. The '^ gradual abolition" act of 1804 had for two years been before the Legislature, and when passed was signed by Governor Joseph Bloom- field, president of the New Jersey Abolition So- ciety. The act provided that every child born of a slave after the Fourth of July, 1804, should be free, remaining the servant of the owner of the mother until the age of twenty-five if a male, of twenty-one if a female. A similar provision had been defeated by a bare majority in the general slave law of 1798. The right to the services of such child could be assigned or transferred, be- coming a species of personal property according to an opinion rendered by the Supreme Court of New Jersey in 1827. A certificate of the birth of a child of a slave was required from all masters, such certificate being filed with the county clerk, while after a year the owner of the mother of a child might abandon it upon giving proper notice. Such a negro or mulatto child became a township or county charge, and was bound out to service by the overseers of the poor. This latter provision led to fraud, and by 1807 the disbursements from the State treasury for abandoned negro children "amounted to half as much as all other disburse- ments whatever." In 1811, after much supple- 38 NEW JERSEY AS A COL mentaiy legislation, this door to treasury raiding was closed by the repeal of the provision. Under the first section of the first article of New Jersey's constitution of 1844 the State de- clared that all men are by nature "free and inde- pendent," that their natural and inalienable rights include, among others, ''those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possess- ing, and protecting property, and of pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness." Under a similar provision of the Massachusetts constitution of 1780 the courts of that State held that slavery in that coimnonwealth was abolished. Not so in New Jersey. The New Jersey Supreme Court held that the section was a ''general proposition," and "did not apply to man in his private, individual, or domestic capacity. ' ' Slavery, in name and large- ly in fact^ was abolished in New Jersey during the year 1846, and marks another manifestation of that period of social unrest characteristic of the Jacksonian era. The abolition law turned ev- ery slave into an apprentice, without manumis- sion, being bound to service to his owner, execu- tors, or administrators until properly discharged. Much of the old slave legislation was reenacted, particularly as to the imposition for harboring such apprentices, or their sale to non-residents. Absolute freedom from birth was given to chil- dren bom of such negro apprentices, the children ONY AND AS A STATE 39 to be supported by their masters for six years after birth. During the decade preceding the adoption of the abolition law the Anti-Slavery or Liberty party had grown in strength. In Philadelphia during the year 1833 the American Anti-Slavery Society had been formed. The constitution, as Professor McMaster shows, declared that each State had the exclusive right to regulate slavery within its bor- ders, that the society endeavored to persuade Congress to stop the inter-State slave trade, to abolish slavery in the territories and the District of Columbia, and to admit no more slave States into the Union. Instantly there was an effort made by the South to suppress the society. The aboli- tionists began a '' campaign of education,'' which the federal administration attempted to suppress by permitting postmasters to remove newspapers, pamphlets, monographs, and other printed docu- ments from the mails. Mobs attacked abolition meetings, insulted the speakers, destroyed news- papers, while Congress, from 1836 to 1844, en- forced a *'gag" rule forbidding any paper relat- ing to slavery or its abolition to be received. In April, 1840, driven to extremes, yet not deviating from a path so rugged and tortuous, the Anti- Slavery men met and nominated a presidential ticket, and in 1844 the new organization was named the ** Liberty party." 40 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Then the spirit of John Woohnan appeared among the ** travelling Friends." In their jour- neys to preach among the meetings of the Society in New Jersey many Quakers refused to drink sugar in their tea or coffee, because such sugar came from plantations where slave labor was em- ployed. As to the number of slaves held in New Jersey until the taking of the census of 1737 there is no definite information. A customs house report made from Perth Amboy in 1726 states that from 1698 to 1717 none was imported, and only one hun- dred and fifteen from 1718 to 1726, yet in 1737, according to Gordon's ''Gazetteer of New Jersey," there were four thousand slaves in the province, forming eight and four-tenths per cent, of a total population of forty-seven thousand four hundred and two. In 1745 the number of slaves had in- creased to four thousand six hundred, or seven and five-tenths per cent, of the total population of sixty-one thousand four hundred. Until 1790 figures are by no means accurate. Some idea of the prevalence of slave labor may be gained from a statement made by the late William A. White- head, who preserved a report that in 1776 only one house in Perth Amboy was ** served by hired free white domestics." The census of 1790 shows that there were in New Jersey about eleven thousand five hundred slaves, ONY AND AS A STATE 41 or six and two-tenths per cent, of the total popu- lation. Although in 1800 the number of slaves in- creased to about twelve thousand five hundred the percentage was only five and eight-tenths. This gave New Jersey a larger slave population than any slave State north of Mason and Dixon's line except New York. During the year 1790 the distribution of slaves among the counties of the State may be of interest and is herewith presented. The County of Bergen, with twelve thousand six hundred people, contained twenty-three hun- dred slaves, or one-sixth of its population, practi- cally the same ratio being held by Somerset Coun- ty. One twenty-fifth of the sixteen thousand two hundred inhabitants of Morris County were slaves. In Middlesex County the number was one-twelfth, in Essex and Hunterdon Counties one-fifteenth, and in Monmouth one-tenth. In Cape May County the ratio was one-twentieth, in Sussex County one- forty-fifth. The influence of the Quaker sentiment is apparent in the large South Jersey counties, where the Society of Friends was most influential. In Gloucester County, with a population of thirteen thousand three hundred, there were only three hundred slaves ; in Burlington County, with eight- een thousand people, there were but two hundred and twenty-five slaves; and in Cumberland, with eight thousand inhabitants, but one hundred and twenty slaves. 42 NEW JERSEY AS A COL AN OLD FOOT STOVE. In 1810, owing to the operation of the ' ' gradual emancipation" law, the number of slaves had been reduced to about ten thousand nine hundred, and in 1820 to seven thousand five hundred, form- ing in the latter year but two and seven-tenths per cent, of the population. By 1830, with a gen- eral State population of 321,000, there were still twenty-two hundred slaves in New Jersey, more than were owned in all New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio. In 1840 there were but six hundred and seventy-four. The year 1850 found two hundred and thirty-six slaves, legally apprentices for life under the ''abolition" act of 1846, and in 1860 this number had been reduced to eighteen out of a population of 672,000. It is the presence of these eighteen ''slaves," or apprentices, that has given rise to the oft-repeated tale that New Jersey held her slaves until the thirteenth amendment was adopted. Especially throughout the colonial period, and even until the early decades of the nineteenth century, the government and social condition of slaves in New Jersey is a matter worthy of consid- eration. From the trend of legislation before the "Union of 1702" it was evident that slaves were not allowed to travel from plantation to planta- tion without passes. In 1675 "ten shillings for ev- ery day^s entertainment and concealment" was ONY AND AS A STATE ^^ the penalty imposed upon those who wilfully har- bored slaves who ran away, not only to friends, but to nearby Indians, with whom the negroes associated and established more or less regular domestic relations. This legislation in 1694 was made more stringent. In 1714 slaves from an- other province travelling without a license were ''taken up" and whipped, and as the years went by the laws became more rigid. Escape from masters was not the only subject of early police regulations. In East Jersey as early as 1682 all traffic with slaves was forbidden; an act to prevent larceny. In 1694 no slave was per- mitted to carry a gun or pistol, or to take a dog into the woods or plantations unless his master also hunted with him. In 1685 the sale of rum to slaves was prohibited by West Jersey legislation. As early as 1751, and by similar legislation in 1798, large or disorderly meetings of slaves were prohibited, and in the same years certain hours of the night were designated at which time all slaves must be at home. On Sunday slaves might bury their dead, attend places of worship, or do any other reasonable act with their master's con- sent, but they could not hunt or carry a gun. Nor was begging pennitted. In 1754 a special law applicable to the borough of Elizabethtown pro- vided that slaves and servants committing mis- demeanors, or indulging in **rude or disorderly > 44 NEW JERSEY AS A CX)L behavior," could be committed to the workhouse or receive corporal punishment not exceeding thirty stripes. In 1799 this act was made applica- ble to the entire State. Through the operation of criminal laws it was early apparent that racial prejudices and lack of trustfulness had created a barrier between whites and blacks. In 1695 East Jersey passed an act creating a special court for the trial of crime-com- mitting slaves constituted by a statute, a prac- tice in use until 1768; nor was it until 1788 that special punishments inflicted upon slaves were abolished. Andrew D. Mellick, in his ''Story of An Old Farm," instances a death sentence pro- nounced in Monmouth County sessions, where a justice condemned a negro to having his hand cut off and burned before his eyes, to being hung, and his body burned to ashes. There are a large number of references in the unpublished records of the Supreme Court, as well as in contemporary newspapers, to death and lesser penalties inflicted upon slaves who had committed arson, rape, may- hem, and grand larceny, and attempting to encom- pass the life of their masters by the use of poison. "When slaves were executed their owners were recompensed by a payment of certain sums raised by a poll-tax upon all slaves in the county between the ages of fourteen and fifty. Burning at the stake as punishment for murder committed by a ONY AND AS A STATE 45 slave was a form of execution, instances occur- ring in Perth Amboy in 1730 and 1751, in Somer- set County in 1739, and in Hackensack in 1741. , The severity of all this legislation was un- doubtedly due to the constant fear of "negro plots.'* As early as 1734 an attempted insurrec- tion in the vicinity of Somerville was quelled, and of thirty negroes apprehended one was hanged, some had their ears cropped, and others were lashed. The plan was said to have included mas- sacre, arson, and flight to the Indians and the French. As a result of the "Negro Conspiracy'* which so alarmed New York in 1741 two negroes were burned in Essex County after a large part of the population of the vicinity was under arms. Other plots were unearthed or supposed to be un- earthed in 1772, 1779, and 1796. The subject of manumission was a troublesome one to the colonial Legislatures. Fearing that free negroes would become "idle and slothful," a law of 1714 provided that every master manu- mitting a slave must pay, under bonds of two hun- dred pounds, an annuity of twenty pounds to such negro. This legislation, in spite of petitions, prac- tically remained long in force, and all slaves sound in mind and body, between twenty-one and thirty-five years of age, could be emancipated in legal form without security being given. All other cases required security. To this act as well as 46 NEW JERSEY AS A COL to more liberal emancipation legislation the courts of New Jersey gave a broad construction, the Supreme Court in 1794 going to the point of holding that mere general declarations of an in- tention to set negroes free, imaccompanied by any express promise or understanding, were sufficient authority for the court to declare the negroes free. Although the rights and privileges extended to slaves were few, in 1682 owners of negroes in East Jersey were required to allow them victuals and clothing, while Lord Cornbury was instructed to secure the passage of a law providing capital punishment for those who wilfully killed Indians and negroes. In 1786 and in 1798 'inhumanly treating and abusing" a slave on the part of a master could lead to the owner's indictment by grand jury and the infliction of a fine. Masters were compelled to support their slaves, and any one selling by fraud ' ' an aged or decrepit slave to a poor person unable to support him" was liable to a fine. In 1788 a statute directed, under fine, that all slaves for life or years bom after the pub- lication of the act, be taught to read before attain- ing the age of twenty-one years. A slave was al- lowed by the acts of 1714 and 1798 to testify in criminal cases where his evidence was for or against another slave. By reason of color he was presumed to be a slave, and the burden of proof ONY AND AS A STATE 47 lay upon him. ''Free negroes were commonly re- ceived as witnesses," says Cooley, although in the colonial period freedmen were denied the right of holding real estate. In religious matters, with the help of the whites, the negroes of New Jersey endeavored to secure for themselves separate places for worship. This effort was largely the outgrowth of the Methodist Episcopal movement, and began to take form as early as 1810. In that year a negro congregation was organized in Salem City, and thereafter in West Jersey other churches were es- tablished. Trenton followed in 1817, Gouldtown, near Bridgeton, in 1818, with Evesham and Mount Holly in 1826. In the thirties Bridgeton, Allen- town, Burlington, Camden, and Port Elizabeth were made centers for worship. The presence of many students in Princeton college, registering from the Southern States, accompanied by their body-servants, was one of the elements which led to the formation of a negro congregation in Princeton in 1832. By 1827 the negroes had built a church in New Brunswick, which was followed in 1836 by a similar edifice in Rah way. Yet in spite of religious liberty, and the fact that the slaves sometimes voted under the pro- visions of the State constitution of 1776, their ad- vantages even in New Jersey were limited. As to racial co-independence public opinion was an JOHN MACLEAN. John Maclean, D.D., LL.D., tenth president of Princeton College, 1853-6S ; son of Dr. John Maclean, first professor of chemistry in the college, and Phoebe Bainbridge ; 6. Princeton, N. J. ; grad. Princeton ISIU : tutor of Greek there 1S18 ; later professor of math^- maticR and ancient languages ; published sever;tl works ; d. at Princeton, Aug. 10, 1S86. 48 NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY unwritten constitution, a sentiment nowhere bet- ter expressed than by Francis Newton Thorpe in his "Constitutional History of the American Peo- ple, 1776-1850," when speaking of the slave he said of the negro in bondage : He was an outcast, overlooked by the tax gatherers, refused admission to the schools, denied entrance to the trades, dwelling on the thorny edge of village life, doctored by charity, watched by a slave-holding democracy, rejected from the society of the white men, and forbidden to mingle freely with his own. CHAPTER II The Undeeground Railroad. [Vol. 4] IT WAS the passage of the ** Fugitive Slave Law" in September, 1850, that brought to the fore an institution which, during the next decade, gained a peculiar national prominence. The stringent fugitive slave law of 1793, and the abortive attempt to give greater effectiveness to the measure by the legisla- tion of 1818, had become a dead letter. This was owing to the attitude of many of the free-labor States, which passed acts forbidding their magis- trates, under severe penalties, from assuming any part in carrying the law into effect. New Jersey, however, took no action, as she deemed existent legislation sufficient to cover all cases. The law of 1850 was originally a part of Clay's famous ''Omnibus Bill," and later passed as a separate measure. In its terms, very briefly stated, the ''Fugitive Slave Law" provided that United States commissioners could surrender a col- ored man or woman to anyone who claimed the negro as a slave; that the negro could not give testimony; "commanded" citizens to aid the "slave hunters" somewhat as a sheriff's posse would search for an escaped murderer; and sought to destroy the "underground railroad" by prescribing fine and punishment for those who harbored runaway slaves or prevented their re- capture. To the people of the State of New Jersey this 62 NEW JERSEY AS A OOL act was of more than passing interest. Five per cent, of the total population of the State was of negro blood, free or slave. Many of these negroes were resident in West Jersey, their homes being upon the plantations or in the villages where their ancestors had formerly been slaves. It was into this portion of the State that the escaping negro from the South, particularly from Maryland, Northern Virginia, and the ' ' Eastern Shore, ' ' en- tered upon his way to New England or Canada. Safe out of Dover or Philadelphia, he caught his first breath of personal freedom. In its defiance of the federal statute the opera- tion of the "underground railroad" was of course unlawful. Yet among those members of the So- ciety of Friends who were most active in sending the slave to a place of security there was a special construction placed upon William H. Seward's declaration of the '* higher law," a construction that negatived the show of force presented by the armed parties of slave hunters who searched for escaping negroes along the valleys of Delaware Bay and Eiver or along the Hudson and the Rari- tan Rivers. The "underground railroad," as operated in New Jersey, like the "Topsies," who travelled ver it, "just growed. ' ' Traces of the system may be found early in the century, but it was not un- til the measure of Clay brought slavery to the WIIXIAM H. SEWARD. ONY AND AS A STATE 53 front as the paramount issue that the "railroad" was generally considered. For escaping negroes Philadelphia was ever a great center, and here converged a number of routes which led to Quaker farm houses along the Maryland border. Thence across the Delaware into New Jersey the slaves were sent under the care of trusted agents, whose most active supporters were members of the Society of Friends. Who were the "officials" of this corporation, and how funds were secured, is even now largely a matter of conjecture, for as a recent contributor to popular literature upon this subject says: "It was an enterprise where statistics were considered heretical and where know-nothingism was a religion." In its operation, however, the "underground railroad" presented no difficult problems for the slave except that of fear of detection. For this reason the "trains" of slaves were generally sent through New Jersey at night, resting by day in barns, in the recesses of the woods, in cellars, or even in the kitchens of the most enthusiastic mem- bers of the cause. With but few exceptions the negroes of the State assisted the members of their race in thus escaping from their masters, for which work the trusted colored people of New Jersey were liberally supplied with food, clothes, and money. As a broad statement it may be said that the 54 NEW JERSEY AS A COL routes were numbered, and the stations designated by letters of the alphabet. A number of houses used for this purpose still stand. It is further stated as a fact that there were twelve different routes across the State, and three of them were principal routes, over which at least forty thousand slaves were secretly conducted. Of all the routes that known as Number 1 was probably the most conspicuous. Under the general charge of Jacob Bigelow, the southern part of the route extended from Philadelphia to Washington, District of Columbia. Crossing the Delaware, it entered New Jersey in the northern part of Cam- den County, at Morris station on the Camden and Amboy division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Thence the route extended to Bordentown, to Princeton, and at points north and south of New Brunswick. In the words of a modem writer, agents of the ** railroad" were engaged in ferry- ing the escaping slaves ** across the Raritan River, for the bridges were never trusted. It was here that the slave chasers made their raids and caught in their drag nets many poor wretches. These raiders were paid well for every re-captured slave, and many unscrupulous men went into the business. Great precaution became necessary at these points, on the Raritan, so a secret service plan was put in operation. Friends of the cause, when they found the chasers too numerous, sent ONY AND AS A STATE 55 out couriers to warn the approaching 'trains' of danger. A turn was then made toward Amboy and across to Staten Island, but a blockade was soon placed there. It then became necessary for each train as it approached the Raritan to wait until it received orders which way to seek the safest place for crossing. After crossing the Rari- tan those who did not go by Staten Island kept to the small roads until Jersey City was reached, where the smartest of the New York guides were on hand to direct the route across the State to Canada. Principal among these was John Ever- ett. The routes across New York were numer- >> ous. A second route across New Jersey was one said to have been organized by the Rev. Thomas Clem- ent Oliver, of Salem City. Thither, across the head of Delaware Bay, fresh from the plantations of Maryland, came fugitive slaves to seek a few hours ' asylum in their dash for freedom. In Salem City and its vicinity were many negroes who acted as guides from the State of Delaware. Boats car- rying blue and yellow signal lights would be met on the Jersey shore, frequently at Greenwich, Cumberland County, by such negroes as the slave- bom Harriet Tubman, of whom it was said she fed the black babies on paregoric and carried them in closed baskets like puppies, or John Mason, who claimed to have helped eighteen hundred slaves 56 NEW JERSEY AS A COL to freedom. From Greenwich the route lay through Swedesboro, Woodbury, and Camden, fre- quently around by Mount Holly, and by the way of Bordentown to Princeton. This route became popular because of the favorable conditions, for there was a continuous chain of Quaker families, many free negroes, swampy lands, and pine for- ests. Another route crossed the Delaware from Bris- tol to Burlington, and then by way of Trenton and Princeton to New Brunswick. Further up the Delaware Valley there was a route that started at Phillipsburg, thence to Somerville, to Elizabeth, and then across to Staten Island. This same route took a turn toward Morristown and then around Newark to Jersey City. North of the Raritan River the system of the ''underground railroad" was diversified. Of minor routes some passed around Metuchen and Rahway, leading to Elizabethport. However, aft- er the slave chasers gathered there so thickly, the extension went around Newark and thence to New York. From time to time slave chasers, by no means Southern owners, but men from New York, Phila- delphia, and the State of New Jersey itself, tn- gaged, for hire and bounty, to attempt the secur- ing of the bodies of escaping negroes. These ex* peditions were largely unsuccessful owing to the ONY AND AS A STATE 57 vigilance of the managers of the ''railroad" and the alertness of rescuing parties. Probably the most celebrated instance in which New Jersey chasers were involved was an attempt made to capture a fugitive which occurred as early as 1833. A lawsuit, under the title of Johnson v. Tomkins, finally brought the matter to the United States District Court. According to the presentation of facts a slave owner located a slave in the under- ground railroad station of John Kenderline, liv- ing in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. The owner and a party from New Jersey attempted to get the slave over the river, but a rescuing party overtook them. Resultant physical violence was the basis of a suit for damages. Sustained by the United States Circuit Court, these damages were assessed at four thousand dollars, the judge re- marking the fact that the defendants were all Quakers and found it difficult to imagine the mo- tives of persons who were members of the Society so distinguished for their obedience to the laws. It has been frequently alleged that many of the New Jersey negroes are descendants of those slaves who escaped to the North during the ex- istence of the ' ' Fugitive Slave Law. ' ' Such, how- ever, is far from true. Wliile it may be said that an occasional fugitive negro remained in a settle- ment of his race, such as Gouldtown near Bridge- ton, Topetoy Hill on the edge of Mount Holly, or 58 NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY in Princeton, the number was most limited. There is sufficient reason for this statement. The eyes of the slave were turned toward New England and Canada; New Jersey was too near his old home. Unused to the manners, customs, and hab- its of the large towns of the North, and only par- tially acquainted with methods employed upon New Jersey farms, the "corn-field negro"— for it was he who most frequently ran away— betrayed himself at every step. Plunged from slavery into the hope of freedom, his inquisitiveness and his general lack of familiarity with his environment showed unmistakably that he had but recently *' travelled on the railroad." For this reason he was hurried forward to comparative safety, and not left to linger in a State where spies dotted the highways, and where sympathy was not always as ready for his cause as it was in the Quaker farm houses. Such were some of the characteristics of the "underground railroad," which aimed to give aid and comfort to those of a race who sought free- dom through strange gates, until at last the end was attained through the ensanguined portal of a civil war. CHAPTER III The Nation in 1860 OF ALL famous years in the history of the republic, that of 1860, with its mighty whirl of sentiment, of polit- ical and military activity, of hop- ing against hope, of seeking for re- lief, and of finding shifting sands, was in truth the most remarkable. Within twenty years the United States had acquired a vast, unknown region in the far West, snatched from Mexico. Then had followed the controversy circling around the one topic: "As Mexico, in 1827, had abolished slavery from this territory, shall the institution be reestablished?" From this empire the States of California, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyom- ing have been formed. Upon its acquisition the ''Free-Soil" party demanded that it be kept in- violate. The pro-slavery element urged that the new land should be ''open to slavery and that any slaveholder should be allowed to emigrate with his slaves, and not have them set free. ' ' And while the great leaders of the day presented their }(^ f^'m^4:^LcS^ arguments, based upon the construction of the constitution, Marshall, of New Jersey, in the win- ter of 1848, found gold in California. Then came the " '49ers" to a "free" State. A period of most intense excitement followed the "gold fever." The "compromise" by Clay, the marvelous congressional debate led by Clay, James Wilson Marshall, b. Hope Township, Hun- terdon County, N. J., 1812 ; wagon builder ; emigratea to Missouri ; went to Pacific coast 1844 ; discovered gold at Culmua, near Sacramento, Cal., Jan. 24, 184S ; i. there, unmarried, Aug. 8, 1855. 62 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Calhoun, Seward, and Webster, the recommenda- tions of the ''Committee of thirteen," and the in- troduction of the ''Omnibus Bill," the District of Columbia slave law, and the "Fugitive slave law," together with the death of President Taylor, served still further to complicate the situation. In the meantime the sentiment in the South and in the North upon the question of slavery had assumed positive shape, and the issues pre- sented at the opening of the Civil War were clear- ly defined. The South contended that Northern voters refused to recognize the domestic institu- tion of slavery, which pre-existed the formation of the Union — their slave property which was guar- anteed by the federal constitution. The "per- sonal liberty laws" of some of the free States constituted a cause for separation, and as a broad and then unwarranted assumption the Southern people believed the election of President Lincoln meant the abolition of slavery. The Southern Democrats, as well as Whigs, under the leader- ship of Calhoun complained that it was with diffi- culty slaves could be recaptured when they had made good their escape to free States; that the constant agitation of the abolitionists tended to cause internal dissension; and demanded that the territories should be open to slavery. The power of the South lay in the fact that, act- ing politically upon the defensive, she was also a ONY AND AS A STATE __63 Tinit in sentiment. Into the vortex of Southern enthusiasm, of mistaken though sincere convic- tion, were drawn both the apathetic and luke- warm. While the North vainly essayed compro- mises the South was preparing, unconsciously perhaps, for that struggle which she knew was inevitable. The North held that two or more republics could not exist upon federal soil, for if the logical se- quence of the doctrine of secession was recog- nized States could secede until each common- wealth became a republic. The fundamental prin- ciple of all democratic forms of government, rule by will of the majority, would thus become a mere fiction, and the coercive power of society become lost. Yet judged by the modern industrial stand- ards agreement must be had with a recent mono- graphist, who says : The South, unquestionably, in the realization of her possibilities had been greatly retarded by the plan of slave ownership. While the North and Northwest had prospered, the Southern States had failed to develop their mines, clear their forests, or multiply their lines of transportation. Plantation life had led to static social conditions. The census of 1860 showed 4,000,000 negro slaves and 8,000,000 free whites between the Rio Grande and the Dela- ware. In the North there were but sixty-four slaves, of whom eighteen were in New Jersey, the remainder being in Kansas, Ne- braska and Utah. Upon the other hand the white population in the Northern States amounted to 16,800,000, with 226,000 free blacks. The North had learned to dignify labor ; the South had relied upon those who were held in bondage. 64 NEW JERSEY AS A COL And it was thus, says one of the students of the period, that the close of the year 1860 found senti- ment in New Jersey divided upon questions of public policy. He continues : The Republican party in the State, embracing every element of the older, disorganized political associations, together with some disaffected Democrats, leaned toward war. But the party did not present an even front. Some oi its Whig adherents had themselves been slave owners in New Jersey, while yet practically every other Northern State was " free soil." Others who were largely of the Society c^. Friends deprecated the resort to arms, and urged com- promises or gradual abolition. The Democrats embraced many men who were ready to fight and did fight, as the rosters of the New Jersey regiments show, but who, in 1860, considered that a solution of the problem was yet probable. It was believed that Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, " Uncle Tom's Cabin," overestimated the true situation for the sake of dramatic effect. Some who were inclined to take a philosophical view of the situation quoted the opinions found in Claiborne's " Life " of General Quitman. Herein it was contended that racial hatred having died out in the South, the slave as a permanent fixture, a3 an hereditary heirloom, and as a human being with an immortal soul occupied a relation to his oumer approximating that of guar- dian and ward. Public opinion more powerful than war would condemn to execration and infamy a cruel master, as interest taught the slaveholder it would be wise to cherish what was to be the permanent means of production and profit, while religion ex- acted the humane and judicious employment of the " talent " committed to the care of the South. There were in the State a small unorganized minority party which openly sympathized with the South. This element was by no means confined to the Democrats, who, as a party, charged with the responsibility of tne acts and utterances of this minority, were roundly abused by the " Opposition " press for alleged disloyalty. .iS A COL .08KI 'i')7Y/Bl.;r.i:y'.l yji^iiol) fluJ#biih*l'^fti-;9| -niio fl^iir lit ;tS-S^8l w^BtfeW^"?^.'^ : eady to fight and its show, but who, was yet probable. :n's of A i wea would .as interest at was to bo ,.hile religion ex- ■>f the "talent" ■ -:j by J party, .;«s«rged ,,»• n.; . ... ..;ty, (From an engraving by J. C. Buttre.'l ONY AND AS A STATE 65 The year 1860 found four national tickets in the presidential field. In April the Democrats as- sembled in convention in Charleston, South Carolina, where immediately a division occurred between the Northern and Southern elements of the party. The Northern delegates, being in con- trol of the convention, at once proposed that ques- tions regarding the rights of property arising un- der the federal constitution in States or territories were judicial, and that the Democratic party pledged itself to abide by and carry out the de- termination of these questions made or to be made by the Supreme Court of the United States. This proposition was immediately rejected by the ex- tremists of the Southern minority, who declared that neither Congress nor territorial legislatures had power to abolish slavery in the territories, nor to prohibit the introduction of slaves therein, and that the federal government must protect slavery wherever *4ts constitutional authority ex- tends." The extreme Southern element withdrew from the convention, while the Northern majority and a few of the Southern adherents adjourned to Baltimore. Here in convention the so-called ''regulars'* placed in nomination for President and Vice-President Stephen A. Douglas and Her- schel V. Johnson. But from the Baltimore con- vention there had been seceders, both Northern-' [Vol. 4] STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS. 66 NEW JERSEY AS A COL JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE. ers and Southerners, who nominated John C. Breckinridge for President and Joseph Lane for Vice-President. Then came the National Constitutional Union ' M^ party, composed of ''old line" Whigs, Native Americans, and disaffected Democrats. These partisans nominated John Bell for President and Edward Everett for Vice-President. This party declared for the federal constitution, union of the States, and enforcement of the laws, and, having secured brief recognition, dissolved at the close of the campaign, Bell joining the Confederacy and Everett becoming a Republican leader in Massa- chusetts. The Republican party met in Chicago in May and placed in nomination Abraham Lincoln for President and Hannibal Hamlin for Vice-Presi- dent. The party platform insisted upon free soil for the territories, declared for the admission of Kansas as a free State, repudiated the Dred Scott decision, stated that the party had no sympathy with any policy that interfered with slavery in the States, and concurred in the Democratic de- mand that a railroad be built to the Pacific coast. With the Democratic party thus rent into three factions the result was inevitable. The Republic- ans carried their national ticket; and even New Jersey, for the first time in twelve years, wavered in her Democratic allegiance, giving four electoral ONY AND AS A STATE 67 votes for Lincoln and Hamlin and three for Doug- las and Johnson— the only instance where the State has ever divided its electoral votes. Scarce had Abraham Lincoln secured his elec- tion when South Carolina, upon the 20th of De- cember, precipitated the crisis by the passage of her ''Ordinance of Secession." But a few months remained ere Anderson should cut the flagstaff on Fort Moultrie, but in those few months, with cries of "Compromise" and "Peace," the nation plunged headlong into war. Soon were to be stifled the sophistries of constitutional construc- tion, and the arguments that if the slave-holding States desired to perpetuate their policy they were at liberty to do so, provided they did not attempt the extension of the institution into embryo com- monwealths where the settlers desired "free soil." In a recent contribution to State history the writer says it was in vain that Maryland and Ohio accepted an amendment to the federal constitu- tion, which provided that Congress should have no power to abolish or interfere within any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said States. Temporizing had but delayed the declaration of hostilities between the North and South. Argument, persuasion, threat, and com- promise had all been tried and found wanting. No futile attempts to adjust, by congressional ac- 68 NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY tion, the differences between the States would avail, for beneath all superficialities lay economic and ethical considerations, which were by no means the outgrowth of environment, but which were inherited from those generations who lay sleeping in the dust. ABRAHAM LINCOLN. (Sixteenth President of the United States; b. Feb. 12, 1809 ; (I. April 15, 1865.) CHAPTER IV The Position op New Jersey in the Civir. ^Var. IT WAS upon the 4th of March, 1861, in his inaugural address, that Abraham Lincoln, newly-elected President of the United States, defined the attitude of the Re- publican party, and set forth what may be termed 'Hhe consensus of conservative opinion in the North." In brief he pledged himself and the party he represented not to interfere with the in- stitution of slavery in the States where it existed, that there would be no violence or bloodshed un- less forced upon national authority, and that the power of his office would be used to hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the federal government. In New Jersey many there were who believed that, in spite of all the ''war talk," an amicable adjustment between the conflicting interests would be made, and that if war came it would be a ' ' nine days ' wonder. ' ' This belief was shared by Democrats and Republicans alike, men who could not see that the "inevitable conflict" was so close at hand that no human effort could change the course of destiny. But the war had come, and upon the 12th of April, 1861, General Beauregard opened his bat- teries upon Fort Sumter, one of those federal "places" to which President Lincoln had alluded. Instantly, in spite of differences of opinion, Demo- crats and Republicans prepared for the conflict. 72 NEW JERSEY AS A COL To the presidential call of April 15, 1861, wliich gave New Jersey's quota as three thousand one hundred and twenty-three men out of nearly one hundred thousand liable for military duty, ten thousand signified their willingness to take up arms in defense of the national government. Near- ly a half million dollars, beside munificent private contributions, were offered to New Jersey by the banks of the State. In fifteen days the four New Jersey regiments were ready for duty on the field of battle. The somewhat intimate relations of a social and financial character existing between the southern part of the State and the eastern shore of Mary- land, as well as Delaware, led to the belief among State authorities that a ''Southern feeling" might exist in the New Jersey counties bordering upon the lower Delaware River and Bay. But certain it was that Delaware Bay was open to attack, and that Philadelphia, with its stores of wealth, was greatly exposed to invasion by sea. A small but powerful naval force, owing to the inefficiency of the navy of the United States, could have easily put the city under tribute, a course which the Con- federacy would have adopted had it been able so to do. As an essential means of protection for South Jersey and to aid Philadelphia Governor Olden directed the telegraph line to Cape May to be put in working order, prepared for the organiza- ONY AND AS A STATE 73 tion of a maritime guard along the coast, and urged the patrol of the shore by armed vessels. To keep the Delaware River open, and establish com- munication with Philadelphia, Fort Delaware, near Salem, was regarrisoned and rehabilitated. In 1861 the Republicans had secured the elec- tion of a Senate. A governor representing the principles of that party had been elected in 1859. The House of Assembly was Democratic. But in spite of political differences the executive and the Legislature were in accord. A special session of the two houses was called upon the 30th of April. Acts were passed authorizing the cities of New- ark, Trenton, Jersey City, Rahway, Camden, and Bordentown to issue bonds, the proceeds of the sales thereof to be devoted to the support of fam- ilies of volunteers. A State loan of two million dollars was created, provision was made for new regiments, for river and coast defenses, and for the purchase of arms and military stores. Under this act for supporting families of volunteers there were expended during the war two million three hundred thousand dollars. In the gubernatorial election of the autumn of 1862 the political control of the State passed into the hands of the Democratic party, where it re- mained until the close of the Civil War. With the elevation of Joel Parker to the executive chair the Democratic party became responsible for the 74 NEW JERSEY AS A COL position the State occupied before the nation, as it had been in the winter of 1862, when the two houses had been Democratic in joint ballot by a majority of three. The election of a Democratic governor, the place held by a Republican predecessor, was due largely to his great personal popularity, and was not, as stated by some writers, due to any waver- ing in loyalty to the Northern cause on the part of New Jersey. In policy Governor Parker followed close upon the lines laid down by Governor Olden. Both may be said to have been opposed to sudden emancipation of the slaves, but both looked with disfavor upon arbitrary arrests, both were re- garded by President Lincoln as stanch supporters of the national administration. True Governor Parker, in some respects, had differed from the presidential policy, and continued to differ, per- sonally and officially, until the close of the war. But Governor Parker buried all personal consid- erations and held close to the doing of his duty. His administration is replete with acts indicating his loyalty to the Union, among them being the many bounty laws, an act increasing the war loan by one million dollars, and a statute providing for a commission to report as to legislative provision for wounded and disabled Jerseymen received his signature. He was also deeply interested in the work of the "United States Sanitary Commission ONY AND AS A STATE 75 for New Jersey, ' ' and gave, by day and night, au- diences to the municipal and ecclesiastical com- mittees which called upon him. In the movements upon Philadelphia in 1863 and upon Washington in 1864 Governor Parker personally directed the transportation of the New Jersey troops, and fre- quently visited Washington upon missions of the highest political importance as well as of mercy. In 1863, during the month of March, there was introduced in the New Jersey Legislature a reso- lution which reflected the opinion of many citi- zens of the State, who were by no means sympa- thizers with the South, and yet who wished to see the return of peace. This resolution, which was adopted, urged Congress to appoint commission- ers to meet commissioners of the Confederacy **for the purpose of considering whether any, and if any, what plan may be adopted, consistent with the dignity and honor of the national government, by which the Civil War may be brought to a close. ' ' This attitude of the State was due largely to the stand taken by President Lincoln after the battle of Antietam, which occurred upon September 17, 1862. The President, in accordance with his vow taken before the defeat of Lee, issued the prelimi- nary ''emancipation proclamation" of September 22, 1862. Its terms provided that if the Confed- erate States did not return to their allegiance be- 76 NEW JERSEY AS A COL fore the 1st of January, 1863, all slaves within the Confederate lines should be forever free. The second proclamation of emancipation followed January 1, 1863. It was held by men of influence in New Jersey that the war was undertaken to restrain the extension of slavery, not for its abo- lition, and that, should the South be content to confine the ** peculiar institution'* within certain bounds, it would be well for the struggle to cease. The presidential election of 1864 brought for- ward the name of General George B. McClellan as Democratic candidate for the suffrages of the peo- ple. In New Jersey, as in other States, the policy of President Lincoln had won him both praise and blame. The administration Republicans had at- tracted to the Republican party some of the "war Democrats.*' These, meeting on common ground, united upon Lincoln and Andrew Johnson as presidential and vice-presidential candidates. But the extreme wing of the Republican party, which accused President Lincoln of lack of severity to- ward the seceding States, and whose platform embraced congressional reconstruction of the Con- federate States, confiscation of land belonging to those who had supported the Southern cause, and the absolute destruction of the principle of slav- ery, opposed the nomination, and named as their candidates John C. Fremont for President and George Brlnton McClellan, b. Philadelphia, Dec. 3, 1826 ; grad. University of Pennsylvania 1842 and West Point 1846; served in Mexican War; resigned from the army 1857; served in the Civil War 1861-64; general-in-chief 1861 ; settled in New Jersey 1868 ; elected governor 1877 ; d. Oct 29, 1886. ONY AND AS A STATE 77 General John Cochrane for Vice-President. These candidates later withdrew. A portion of the Democrats, urging that the war had been a failure, and desirous of peace, carried influence in the counsels of their party. With a popular majority among the States bal- loting for him of nearly half a million votes Lin- coln was inaugurated in 1865, only to fall by the hand of an assassin. By reason of his policy of amnesty, and the fairness of those methods with which he hoped to ** reconstruct" the South, the peace sentiment in New Jersey, in fact through- out the entire North, was rapidly gaining ground. Everywhere the question was asked: ''The South is practically crushed; why continue the strug- gle!"— a question which brought its own answer in the surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court House and of Johnson near Ealeigh. Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy, was soon cap- tured at Irwinsville, Georgia, and in a few short days the Confederacy itself, in form and substance at least, became the ' * Lost Cause. * * During this wonderful struggle, while New Jersey had been free from engagements upon her soil, she had none the less given of her treasure and of the lives of her men to sustain the cause of the Union. For four long years her industrial activity had halted, her energies bent upon meas- ures of war. To the citizens of the State, those 78 NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY who had remained at home or had returned from the "front," peace was most welcome. To the few who were still inclined to sympathize with the South the collapse of the war was proof of the utter futility of arguments designed to further se- cession policy. To the mass of the people the re- turn of peace meant the return of prosperity. It was the beginning of a new era characterized **as a time when those vast and indefinable forces which make for intellectual activity and material prosperity, and which mark the termination of great wars, were gathering. Everywhere there were indications of growth, in the chartering of railroads and manufacturing corporations, in the extension of the powers of municipalities, in the dissemination of new ideas and theories concern- ing economic relations, and in the zeal with which men applied themselves to the rehabilitation of affairs so long neglected. ' ' CHAPTER V New Jersey Tboops in the Civil Wab I,T WAS upon the 15th day of April, 1861, that the proclamation of the President of the United States was published calling for seventy-five thousand of the militia of the several States. In obedience to the proclamation Governor Charles S. Olden instantly issued a proclamation and order to detach one regiment from each of the then existing four mili- tary divisions of New Jersey. The first company, known as the Olden Guard of Trenton, reported April 23, 1861, and in seven days the four regi- ments were completed. These regiments, being organized into a brigade, were mustered into the United States service at Trenton, May 1, 1861. New Jersey possesses the distinction of sending the first fully organized brigade arriving for the defense of the City of Washington. Of this bri- gade Theodore Runyon was brigadier-general, the first regiment being commanded by Adolphus J. Johnson, the second regiment by Henry M. Baker, the third regiment by William Napton, and the fourth regiment by Matthew Miller, Jr. Having been held in reserve during the first battle of Bull Run, these ''three months' men" were discharged from the United States service at Newark and Trenton, July 31, 1861. In response to the second presidential call for troops, issued upon the 3d of May, 1861, a requi- sition was made upon New Jersey for three regi- [Vol. 4] -ir;' ) Runyon, LL.D., 6. S N'. J., Oct. .ad. Yale College 184r (6; pre."!- dentlftl elector 1860 ; mayor of en- listed In the ClTll War 1861; ch Jer- sey 1871-87; ambassador to Germany 1S'.k; iii; ; /i. Jan. 27, 1896. 82 NEW JERSEY AS A COL ments of volunteer infantry to serve for three years, or during the war. Anticipating the call, Governor Olden informed the secretary of war upon the 18th of May that the three regiments were ready for muster. The organizations were designated as the First, Second, and Third Regi- ments, while in pursuance of an act of Congress, approved July 22, 1861, the Fourth Regiment and Battery A were organized and assigned to duty with the three regiments already raised and in the field. These five regiments were generally known as the First Brigade New Jersey Volun- teers. These regiments continued in service through- out the war, participating in many prominent en- gagements in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsyl- vania. The colonels of the regiments were : First, William R. Montgomery, Alfred T. A. Torbert; Second, George W. McLain, Isaac M. Tucker, Samuel L. Buck, William H. Penrose; Third, George W. Taylor, Henry W. Brown; Fourth, James H. Simpson, William B. Hatch, William Birney, and Edward C. Campbell. The Second Brigade of New Jersey Volunteers was composed of the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Regiments of Infantry and Battery B. These regiments were raised under the third call for troops, July 24, 1861, and, as in the case of the regiments of the First Brigade, saw active AI;> A. CO I. ■i^#8i5e■ y B. aised third ^ , 1861, and, < ^^ case e First Brigai active i (From a steel plate engraved by Emily Sartain.) ONY AND AS A STATE 83 service in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. The colonels of these regiments were: Fifth, Samuel H. Starr, William J. Sewell ; Sixth, James T. Hatfield, Gershom Mott, George C. Burling; Seventh, Joseph W. Revere, Louis R. Francine, Francis Price, Jr. ; Eighth, Adolphus J. Johnson, John Ramsey. The Ninth Regiment was organized under an act of Congress approved July 22, 1861, leaving the State December 4, 1861. The regiment was in active fighting in Virginia and North Carolina. The colonels of the regiment were Joseph W. Al- len, Charles A. Heckman, Abram Zabriskie, and James Stewart, Jr. The Tenth Regiment, organized independently of State authority and known as the ''Olden Le- gion, ' ' had been formed under the act of Congress approved July 22, 1861. On January 29, 1862, the regiment was transferred to the authorities of the State of New Jersey. Its service was entirely in the State of Virginia. Its colonels were William Bryan, William R. Murphy, and Henry 0. Ryer- son. Upon July 7, 1862, President Lincoln issued a call for three hundred thousand additional volun- teers to serve for three years or until the close of the war. Of this call New Jersey's quota was five regiments. For some time a regiment had been recruiting in the State, and this, the Elev- 84 NEW JERSEY AS A COL enth, was sent upon August 25 to Washington. The colonel was Robert McAllister, the State of Virginia being the scene of its active service. The other four regiments furnished under the presiden- tial call, and known as the Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth, were recruited rapidly from the organized, equipped, and drilled militia of the State. The Twelfth participated in the prominent battles in the State of Virginia, the colonels of the regiment being Robert C. Johnson, J. Howard WUletts, and John Willian. The Thirteenth served in Maryland, Pennsyl- vania, Virginia, Georgia, and North Carolina, its colonel being Ezra A. Carman. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Regiments participated in battles upon the soil of Virginia. William S. Truex was colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment, while the colonels of the Fifteenth Regiment were Samuel Fowler, Alexander C. M. Pennington, Jr., and AVilliam H. Penrose. The Sixteenth Regiment, the First Regiment of Cavalry, was organized under the provisions of an act of Congress approved July 22, 1861, and was not under the control of the State authorities. Designated as Halsted's Cavalry, the regiment reached Washington about September 1, 1861, and served in Virginia with great distinction until the close of the war. The colonels of the regiment were William Halsted, Percy Wyndham, John W. ^- _-.. vV, ERICSSON'S •' MONITOR. ONY AND AS A STATE 85 Kester, Hugh H. Janeway, and Myron H. Beau- mont. The Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Regiments were organized from the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Eegiments upon the completion of the three months for which they had enlisted in 1861. The State of New Jersey, by its patriotic enrol- ment of volunteers, escaped the necessity of a draft of three hundred thousand men, to serve for nine months, ordered by the President upon Au- gust 4, 1862. The quota of the State under that draft was ten thousand four hundred and seventy- eight men, which was filled by the organization of the Twenty-first, Twenty-second, Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth, Twen- ty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth, Thir- tieth, and Thirty-first Regiments. The service of these regiments was almost wholly in the State of Virginia. The colonel of the Twenty-first Regi- ment was Gilliam Van Houten; of the Twenty- second, Abraham Demarest, Cornelius Fornet; of the Twenty-third, John S. Cox, Henry 0. Ryerson, Edward Burd Grubb; of the Twenty-fourth, William B. Robertson; of the Twenty-fifth, An- drew Derrora; of the Twenty-sixth, Andrew J. Morrison; of the Twenty-seventh, George W. Min- dil; of the Twenty-eighth, Moses N. Wisewell; of the Twenty-ninth, Edwin F. Applegate, William 86 NEW JERSEY AS A COL R. Taylor ; of the Thirtieth, Alexander E. Donald- son, John J. Cladek ; of the Thirty-first, Alexander P. Berthoud. The Thirty-second Regiment, known as the Sec- ond Regiment of Cavalry, was organized under authority and instructions from the federal war department dated June 30, 1863. The regiment took part in engagements in Virginia, Mississippi, Tennessee, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, and Ala- bama. Its colonel was Joseph Karg^. Under authority of the war department dated June 30, 1863, the Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, and Thirty-fifth Regiments were organized. The Thir- ty-third served in Tennessee, Georgia, and North Carolina, its colonel being George W. Mendil. The Thirty-fourth was in battles in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama, its colonels being Will- iam H. Lawrence and Timothy C. Moore. The Thirty-fifth took part in engagements in Missis- sippi, Georgia, and South Carolina. The colonel of the regiment was John J. Cladek. The Thirty-sixth Regiment, Third Regiment Cavalry Volunteers, also known as the First Regiment United States Hussars, was organized under a proclamation of the President of the United States dated October 17, 1863. The service of this cavalry regiment was entirely in the State of Virginia. Its colonels were Andrew J. Morri- son and Alexander 0. M. Pennington, Jr. ONY AND AS A STATE 87 The Thirty-seventh Kegiment came into exist- ence under a presidential call for troops to serve one hundred days. The details of the call were fully set forth by the proclamation of the governor of New Jersey, under date of May 16, 1864. The colonel of the regiment was Edward Burd Grubb. Under an act of Congress approved July 4, 1864, the Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Regiments were organized. The service of both regiments was confined to Virginia. The colonel of the Thir- ty-eighth was William J. Sewell; the colonel of the Thirty-ninth was Abram C. Wildrick. The Fortieth Regiment was organized under the last mentioned act, the regiment taking part in the Virginia campaign of 1865, its colonel being Stephen R. Gilkyson. The Forty-first Regiment was commenced, but owing to the termination of hostilities was discon- tinued and consolidated with the Thirty-ninth Regiment. Of the batteries of artillery that of the First Regiment, known as Battery A, was a part of the militia force of the State, and was attached to the Third Regiment, Hudson Brigade. Although the tender was made the governor of New Jersey he was unable to accept the services of this battery until permitted to do so by the provisions of an act of Congress approved July 22, 1861. The battery served in Pennsylvania and Virginia, its captains 88 NEW JERSEY AS A COL being William Hexamer and Augustine N. Par- sons. In September, 1861, Battery B, First Regiment, formerly known as Company F, First Regiment, Independent Essex Brigade, tendered its services to the State. Its participation in battles was con- fined to Virginia. The captains of Battery B were John E. Beam and A. Judson Clark. Batteries C, D, and E, First Regiment, were or- ganized under instructions from the federal war department dated June 30, 1863, serving in Vir- ginia. The captain of Battery C was Christian Woemer, of Battery D, George T. Woodbury and Charles K. Doane, and of Battery E, Zenas C. Warren. A notable military organization in New Jersey was Trenton's Company A, of the State militia. Thoroughly drilled and disciplined, on the 16th of April, 1861, a meeting of the company was called for the purpose of responding to President Lin- coln's call for seventy-five thousand militia. Be- fore action could be taken Company A was sent to the southern part of the city of Trenton to guard a large amount of mili- tary stores there collected in the State ar- senal. This was the first company in the North to perform military duty under arms. The company later volunteered as Company A, First Battalion, Pennsylvania Emergency. The boast ONY AND AS A STATE 89 of the company remained unchallenged that it sent more men to the war than any other organi- zation in the North, while serving as a school for officers. The captain of the company was Will- iam R. Murphy. Following the appeal made by Governor Curtin, of Pennsylvania, upon the 15th of June, 1863, that neighboring States come to the relief of Pennsylvania and ward off the in- vasion contemplated by the confederate general, Robert E. Lee, upon the 17th of June, Governor Parker called for volunteers, particularly from among the nine months' regiments. The Twenty- third and Twenty-seventh volunteered for the service, as did four companies from Trenton, two from Newark, and one each from Lambertville, Morristown, Mount Holly, and Camden, and a light battery from Rahway. These ten companies were organized into two battalions, one of which was commanded by Captain William R. Murphy, of Trenton, the other by Captain J. Fred Laumas- ter, of Mount Holly. At the end of thirty days* service at and near Harrisburg the companies re- turned to New Jersey and were discharged. The Maryland Emergency Company, mustered into service for thirty days upon July 12, 1864, was called out for service in Pennsylvania, Mary- land, or the District of Columbia. The company, under the captaincy of Richard H. Lee, was sta- tioned near Baltimore. ^ FARRAQUT'S FLAGSHIP " HARTFORD.' 90 NEW JERSEY AS A COL From time to time New Jersey men enlisted in the regiments of other States. Thus there were soldiers from this State in the regiments of Con- necticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois (cavalry), Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania (artillery, infantry, and caval- ry), and Wisconsin (heavy artillery). New Jersey men also found representation in the Veteran Reserve Corps, instituted April 28, 1863, and in Hancock's corps, established Novem- ber 28, 1864. There were no regiments of colored troops in New Jersey, such as enlisted being sent to the general rendezvous in Philadelphia. In facilitating the mustering of troops rendez- vous were established in August, 1862, at Tren- ton, Beverly, Freehold, Newark, and Flemington, while post commandants and disbursing officers were located in 1862 at Camp Perrine, Trenton; Camp Stockton, Woodbury; Camp Vredenburgh, Freehold; Camp Fair Oaks, Flemington; and Camp Frelinghuysen, Newark. In 1863 an agent of the State of New Jersey was sent to Washing- ton to care for the troops going to the front as well as those in the hospitals in the vicinity of the capital. In this connection it may be said that during the Civil War hospitals were established in Jersey City, in Newark ''Ward" or ''Center Street" in Beverly, and at Trenton Barracks, ONY AND AS A STATE 91 while there are two national cemeteries in the State— one in Beverly, the other in Newark. In the call for troops whose service ranged from four years to one hundred days, New Jersey fur- nished 79,348, with 8,957 additional men not cred- ited to her. The total call was 78,248, whereas the total number furnished was 88,305, being 10,057 in excess of the number required. The State paid no bounties, but county, township, and municipal authorities offered bounties amounting, it is be- lieved, to twenty-three million dollars. CHAPTER VI New Jersey and the Post-Bellum Amend- ments TO THE Federal Constitution ^ LTHOUGH by an appeal to arms and the A^L defeat of the Confederacy slavery A— -m had been extinguished within the J^ _^^ limits of the United States, no guar- antee existed in the federal consti- tution that at some future time the ''peculiar institution " might not be reestablished within the limits of the nation. To provide against such a possibility the thirteenth amendment to the orr ganic law of the United States was sent to the several States for their ratification. During the legislative session of 1866 the amendment appeared before the House of Assem- bly and Senate, both of which were Democratic, in the form of Assembly Joint Eesolution No. 2, which was adopted by the house January 17th, the vote being forty-two to ten. Like action was taken by the Senate January 23d, the vote stand- ing thirteen to eight. The resolution was ap- proved by the Governor January 23d. When news of the approval reached the house that body, upon the same day, by a vote of thirty- three to fourteen, adopted a further resolution as expressive of its sentiments. This resolution stated that ''New Jersey is gloriously redeemed in her political and moral history from the dis- graceful stigma of being in sympathy, through her legislators, with the 'sum of all villainies,' " and that the course of New Jersey "will be hailed 96 NEW JERSEY AS A COL with sincere joy and shouts of praise by all the freedom-loving people of New Jersey, as well as by the people of her sister States." The attitude of the State of New Jersey toward slavery as a national issue is of interest. So far had the then prevalent theories of colonization affected New Jersey that the Legislature, by a reso- lution of December 3, 1824, considered a system of foreign colonization feasible in effecting entire emancipation. This plan, it was claimed, made convenient provision for free blacks, and cast upon the United States the duties and burdens incident to the evil of slavery. But colonization had been a failure. As an instance the project of inducing free negroes to emigrate to Hayti, in the year 1824, drew a number of New Jersey negroes to that island. This party of blacks, going from Port Elizabeth in the County of Cumberland, returned disgusted in a short time to their former homes, and to the employment of those in the village who had aided them in their efforts to locate in a new land. Following the passage of the act of 1846, abol- ishing slavery by name in New Jersey, the Legis- lature of the State in 1847 resolved "that the New Jersey delegation in Congress be requested to use its best efforts to secure the exclusion forever of slavery or involuntary servitude from any terri- tory to be annexed to the United States, except as ONY AND AS A STATE 97 a punishment for crime. " In 1849 the subject mat- ter of the resolutions was repeated, and the speedy abolition of the slave trade in the District of Co- lumbia was urged. As late as the practical beginning of hostilities there assembled in Washington, in February, 1861, in response to the call of Virginia, which was trying the part of peacemaker, one hundred and thirty-three delegates of twenty-one States, who met for the purpose of proposing a remedy for the ' ' unhappy controversies ' ' which threat- ened to disrupt the nation. This was the Peace Conference, composed of men of national reputa- tion. New Jersey sent as her representatives at this congress on the 29th of January, 1861, by virtue of a joint resolution of the House of Assem- bly and Senate, Governor Charles S. Olden, Peter D. Vroom, Eobert F. Stockton, Benjamin Wi\l-c^r7. x^.c^,^yc^^^i. iamson, Joseph F, Randolph, Frederick T. Freling- huysen, Rodman M. Price, William C. Alexander, and Thomas J. Stryker. The New Jersey resolutions accompanying the appointment of these representatives were no- table. The preamble recognized that the people of the State ''consider the unity of the government * * * a main pillar in the edifice of their in- dependence," declaring that the govermnent of the United States is a national government, that the Union is not a "mere compact or league," and [Vol. 4] 98 NEW JERSEY AS A COL that the constitution ''was adopted in a spirit of mutual compromise and concession by the people of the United States, and can only be preserved by a constant recognition of that spirit." While the right of the general government to maintain its authority and enforce its laws in all parts of the country was undoubted the resolutions held that ''forbearance and compromise are indispen- sable at this crisis to the perpetuity of the Union, and that it is the dictate of reason, wisdom, and patriotism peacefully to adjust whatever differ- ences exist between the different sections of our country.*' It was further held that the Critten- den resolutions, or any other constitutional meth- od that, by compromise, "will permanently set- tle the question of slavery," would be acceptable to the people of New Jersey. "As a last resort," continued the resolutions, Congress was urged to call a convention of the States to propose amendments to the federal con- stitution, and States having in force laws which interfered with the constitutional rights of citizens of other States were urged to repeal such legisla- tion. The governor, upon the 30th day of August, 1866, called the Legislature of New Jersey in spe- cial session to meet in Trenton upon the 10th of September, to accept or reject the fourteenth amendment to the federal constitution. This ONY AND AS A STATE 99 amendment dealt with citizens and their rights, the apportionment of representatives, the disabil- ity of persons engaged in the Civil War, and the validity of the public debt. These matters, sec- ond only in importance to the question of slavery, gave to New Jersey a marked prominence in the political history of the day. Although according to the view of the Republican governor, Marcus L. Ward, the fourteenth amendment was the ''most lenient amnesty ever offered to treason," it was quite evident that to many members of the two houses the amendment was highly unsatisfac- tory. In the Senate there were ten Democrats who refused to vote. Eleven Republican senators cast their votes in the affirmative, thus insuring the affirmative action of the upper house upon the 11th of September. In the House of Assembly upon the same day the vote was thirty-four ayes to twenty-four noes. With the approval of the gov- ernor from this hour the fourteenth amendment became to the State of New Jersey a cause for political strife. The session of the Legislature of 1868 was made memorable by the withdrawal of the consent on the part of New Jersey of her ratification of the much discussed amendment. Upon the 20th of February, 1868, the house passed a joint resolution rescinding New Jersey's previous action by a vote ^ IW lAt cui c '- ly < Marcus Lawrence Ward, l>. Newark, N. J., Not. 9, 1812 ; mercbant ; known In the CItU War as the " Roldlerf' friend " ; founder of the " Ward " U. S. general hospital, which became the New Jersfy Home for Disabled Soldiers ; governor of the Stat* 1864-69 ; chairman National Republican Conunlttse 1866 ; member of Congress 1873-7S ; d. Newark, April 26, 1884. 100 NEW JERSEY AS A COL of forty-four to eleven, tlie Senate having taken a like action on the 19th of the same month by a vote of eleven to eight. In adopting such a course the Legislature of New Jersey, in a series of reso- lutions of national interest, declared that the basis of all government is the consent of the governed, and that all constitutions are contracts between the parties bound thereby. It was further held that any State assenting to a proposition to alter the fundamental law might withdraw before such number of States as might be necessary to bind the amendment had consented, which withdrawal be- comes a duty, when, after consideration, it seems best for the safety and happiness of all that such action be taken. Three-fourths of the States not having yet consented, the ''natural and constitu- tional right" of New Jersey *'to withdraw its as- sent was undeniable. ' ' In further discussion of this subject the New Jersey Legislature asserted that the authors of the fourteenth amendment excluded from the House of Representatives and Senate eighty representa- tives of eleven States in the Union ''upon the pre- tence that there were no such States in the Union. ' * This was to attain the end of securing the two- thirds of both houses of Congress necessary to pro- pose an amendment. Furthermore, finding that the remaining two-thirds could not be brought to assent to the amendment, the "authors" of the ONY AND AS A STATE 101 amendment ''deliberately formed and carried out the design of mutilating the integrity of the United States Senate, and without any pretext or justification other than the possession of the pow- gj, * * * ejected a member of their own body representing this State, and thus practically de- nied to New Jersey its equal suffrage in the Sen- ate, and thereby nominally secured the vote of two-thirds of the said houses. ' ' "The object of dismembering the highest rep- resentative assembly in the nation and humiliat- ing a State in the Union faithful at all times to its obligations" was ''to place new and unheard of powers in the hands of a faction, that it might absorb to itself all executive, judicial, and legis- lative power necessary to secure for itself im- munity for the unconstitutional acts it had al- ready committed, and those it had inflicted on a too patient people. ' ' Denouncing the exercise of military law in the Southern States, and the errors of the plan of "Reconstruction, "the New Jersey Legislature con- demned the fourteenth amendment for a variety of other reasons, none of which, however, has been successfully maintained in the highest tribunals of the nation. The absurd and incoherent pro- visions are as follows: It absurdly declares naturalized citizens of the 102 NEW JERSEY AS A COL United States shall be citizens of the several States. It lodges with the Legislature the executive power of pardon. It adopts the principle of ex-post facto legisla- tion. It gives to the people in their sovereign capac- ity the judicial power of punishment. It degrades the honesty and morality of the nation. It alarms public creditors by placing ''consti- tutional guards against the repudiation of the public debt"— a libel on the American people and a stigma upon the present generation. It prohibits the States from passing laws inter- dicting the execution of such parts of the com- mon law as the national judiciary shall deem in- consistent with the vague provisions of the amend- ment. It brings State and common law, relating to life, liberty, and property, within the jurisdiction of federal tribunals. It ''gerrymanders" representation to secure to a faction "a sufficient number of the votes of a servile and ignorant race to outweigh the intelli- gent votes" of whites. It sets up a standard of suffrage dependent en- tirely upon citizenship, majority, inhabitancy, and manhood, and any "interference whatever by the ONY AND AS A STATE 103 State" imposing ''reasonable qualifications * * * causes a reduction of the State's repre- sentation. ' ' The claim of the supporters of the amendment that Congress could compel New Jersey to adopt "impartial suffrage" would transfer to the fed- eral Legislature the right of a State to regulate suffrage within its own limits, a power fundamen- tally reserved to the States, a vital principle of self-government. The New Jersey Legislature finally declared that the amendment was designed to overthrow self-government by conferring the elective fran- chise "upon a race which has never given the slightest evidence at any time or in any quarter of the globe of its capacity for self-government." The erecting of "an impracticable standard of suffrage, which will render the right valueless to any portion of the people," made the amendment "unfit to be incorporated in the fundamental law of a free people." This resolution, passed upon March 27, 1868, was presented to the House of Eepresentatives on the 30th of the same month. By a vote in the na- tional Legislature of eighty to seventeen, there being ninety-two members not voting, the House of Eepresentatives ordered that the New Jersey resolutions should be returned to the State, that only their title should be referred to in official 104 NEW JERSEY AS A COL publications, and that the house denied the con- stitutional right of any State Legislature to withdraw its assent to the amendment. New Jer- sey, with Ohio, which State had also withdrawn its assent, were included in the joint resolution of Congress in the list of ratifying States, and their acts withdrawing their assent were treated as null and void. This attitude of Congress has never been successfully questioned in the Supreme Court. The State election of 1867 had been one of in- tense political struggle. The Republican party had pledged itself to remove the word "white" from Article II, Section I, of the State constitu- tion of 1844, throwing down any racial barriers to suffrage. The Democratic party in New Jersey was politically opposed to the extension of negro suffrage, and in consequence the Democrats ob- tained control of the Legislature. The contention that each State had the exclusive right to regulate the qualifications of its own voters, and the un- seating of United States Senator John P. Stock- ton, whose seat was declared vacant by the Senate March 27, 1866, by a vote of twenty-three to twen- ty, were the two elements that led New Jersey to pass her famous resolutions of withdrawal of as- sent. Mr. Stockton had been ousted upon the grounds that he had been elected by less than a majority of all the votes in the New Jersey Legis- ONY AND AS A STATE 105 lature. It was in consequence of the questions raised on this contest that the present federal statute was enacted regulating the manner of electing United States senators. The fifteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States had been rejected by New Jer- sey in 1870, in the House of Assembly on the 1st of February, by a vote of thirty-three to twenty- seven. Like action was taken by the Senate on the 27th of February by a vote of thirteen to eight. The joint resolution of rejection was approved on February 15th. This amendment to the constitution, which de- clared that the right of the citizens of the United States to vote should not be abridged ' ' on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, ' ' later received the assent of a Republican House of Assembly and Senate, being approved by a Democratic governor. The amendment ap- peared in the form of Joint Resolution No. 2, which was passed by the House of Assembly by a vote of thirty-four to twenty-four upon February 8, 1871. The Senate passed the joint resolution by a vote of twelve to seven on February 15, and it was approved by the governor upon February 21, 1871, so rapidly had events moved since 1867. I CHAPTER VII The Panic of 1873 ROM the close of the Civil War until the fateful ''Black Friday" of 1873 New Jersey was the theater of an in- tense industrial activity. Within those few short years the State was almost revolutionized. Everywhere the signs of that intensity of thought and action characteris- tic of the close of a war were apparent. It was the beginning of the period of consolidation, when capital more than ever wielded an all-potent in- fluence; when the great captains of industry forged to the front, and struggled for political con- trol ; when cities grew ; when population from New York and Philadelphia overflowed the constricted boundaries of those great cities and built their homes in the counties bordering the Hudson and the lower Delaware; when men strove passion- ately, not for the ideals of the period of unrest of the days of Jackson, but for the more material ideals that come with the sudden acquisition of personal wealth. It was the commencement of that phase of in- dustrial life that marked the close of the nine- teenth century. These were the vast consolida- tions of capital, the concentration of utilities, the formation of the ' * trusts. ' ' That plan of organiza- tion which made the later ** trust" a possibility was shaping throughout the State. New Jersey, from 1866 to 1873, became the home of corpora- 110 NEW JERSEY AS A COL tions, not of a few great industrial organizations, but of a host of smaller ones. These, taking ad- vantage of the special legislation then character- izing the method of incorporating companies in New Jersey, forced hundreds of charters through the House of Assembly and Senate, stimulated by the influence of a powerful ''lobby." It was in those days of special privileges, says a recent prominent State historian, that intense rivalry for precedence and enthusiastic exploitation brought men into every field of enterprise. Thou- sands of discharged soldiers returning to their homes from the Civil War sought and secured peaceful occupation, while the ever increas- ing torrent of immigration swept over the cities and into the country districts. The province of labor became more and more divided; capital, as represented in individuals, was vastly increased. The Civil War, largely through the operation of government contracts, had made capitalists enormously wealthy, and with labor seeking em- ployment and capital seeking investment the cor- poration, in the modern sense, became a necessity. In the corporation men avoided the dangers inci- dent to the laws regulating copartnerships, and gave to their enterprises far wider scope. It was in truth a period of speculation. As in the days of the confederation, and in the few years following the second war with England, so in the ONY AND AS A STATE 111 period following the Civil War men must needs find outlet for their energies and their dollars. The outward swing of the pendulum from the strain and stress of bloodshed and sororw carried people to strange excesses. All the old issues had been settled, and those that came to the front were new ones of an economic character, except that of the demand for ''general amnesty" for the late secessionists. Money, or rather fiat money, was plentiful, and every project, no matter how chimerical, found supporters, both moral and financial. To incorporators New Jersey, by reason of its nearness to the great financial centers and the favorable conditions underlying the securing of charters, was a chosen resort for those engaged in ''floating" a variety of "schemes," good, bad, and indifferent. The special laws grew in volume day by day. Companies were promoted to exploit the oil fields of Pennsylvania, perfect various pro- cesses for canning and preserving fruits and vegetables, the construction of patent pavements, improvements in locomotives and passenger coaches, the development of the iron and glass in- terests, the establishment of the brick and pottery industry, these being but a few of a hundred mani- festations of activity. Two of New Jersey *s products, marl and cran- berries, proved attractive, if later disastrous, ob- 112 NEW JERSEY AS A COL jects for ''promotion." In the case of marl, from colonial times small ''pits" had been dug in that fertile portion of the State extending from Free- hold to Salem City. As early as 1863, owing to the need of fertilizers and the demand upon New Jersey farmers for food supplies, to be used in the Civil War, the West Jersey Marl and Transporta- tion Company had opened large and profitable "pits" near Woodbury. In less than a decade eleven competing companies had been organized. Even the prosaic and neglected cranberry was subjected to capitalistic influence, for within ten years no less than thirty-two companies were in- corporated for its development in New Jersey. In 1869 an extreme was reached, when an oyster and stock raising company was formed under one and the same charter. From these minor indications of the spirit of development and speculation the incorporators of companies turned to more attractive fields of en- terprise. As early as 1864 a party of New York capitalists, chartered as the American Dock and Improvement Company, had endeavored to secure from the Legislature a free grant to the Hudson County water front, extending from South Cove to Cavan Point. It was then that men of influence associated with the free public school movement offered the State of New Jersey one million dol- lars for the riparian lands which the American ONY A ND AS A STATE ^ Company wished to obtain without payment of money. Thence arose, from legal opinions which were naturally incident to the contention, two essential conditions : first, that the American Com- pany must pay for so great a privilege, and, sec- ondly, that the State must determine, in view of her valuable water front privileges, what rights she possessed in her riparian lands and what methods should be used in the disposal of such rights. Hence, upon the occasion of the creation of a riparian commission, began a long period of discussion as to the relation the State bore to railroads seeking terminal facilities, and indus- trial corporations desiring locations upon tide- water fronts. The disposal of the case of the American Com- pany in no manner cooled the ardor of those seek- ing privileges for warehouses, docks, and ferries. Then with the transfer of an urban population to New Jersey, and the influence of the ''commuter,'' came the incorporation of land and improvement companies. In Burlington, Camden, and Glouces- ter counties enterprises which had felt the blight- ing effects of the Civil War were rejuvenated, and new projects launched in the quiet river towns contiguous to Philadelphia. From New Brims- wick to Pater son the real estate speculators "laid out" thousands of acres contiguous to the grow- ing cities, and in attractive advertisements in the [Vol. 4] 114 NEW JERSEY AS A COL local and metropolitan press set out the merits of new homes, free from taxes, from malaria, from city noise and heat, free from everything— except mortgages. In the cities new market houses were being con- structed, streets were in process of pavement and extension, public buildings were being erected, general municipal improvements were being insti- tuted. In this period of inflation the desire for betterment led to later disaster. Smaller towns, notably Elizabeth and Rahway, possessed nat- ural advantages and desiring to emulate the prog- ress of their greater rivals, plunged into ill-fated plans of improvements. Streets were paved with wooden blocks, not only in the congested portions of the towns, but far into the country, making pro- vision for a population which would not occupy the territory for at least a future half century. It was in the incorporation of railroads and the union of existing smaller lines, bringing minor towns into direct communication with the great cities, that the period of development was strik- ingly marked. The Camden and Amboy Railroad, by securing control of the stock of lesser lines, or by a practical system of absorption, had extended its sphere of influence throughout Central New Jersey. The West Jersey Railroad virtually reached every town of importance in the southern part of the State. Under the influence of direct .cf *'%!., I M.J- pSfi,, VIKW OK OLD NKWARK. 4 i ONY AND AS A STATE 115 commuiiication the old towns of Woodbury, Salem, Bridgeton, Cape May, and the new- er Atlantic City had been stimulated, while the remarkable growth of the New England settle- ment in Vineland attracted much attention to a long neglected portion of the State. In North Jer- sey during 1869 the Legislature passed an act validating and confirming the lease of the Morris and Essex Eailroad to the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, while the New York, Lake Erie and Western and the Central of New Jersey became possessed of those interests which, under their care, have tended so largely to develop the towns and cities in the northern and eastern parts of the State. As to the general character of industrial cor- porations it may be said that many of these pro- jects were exploited in the best of faith, and it would be as senseless as it would be unjust to charge aginst this vast body of incorporators sin- ister motives. They were overzealous and misled, capital became diffused through too many barren channels, and labor soon felt the evil effects. Thus when the crash came it was quite as much by rea- son of a mistaken policy of overproduction as it was by wilful and persistent stock jobbing. The period from 1866 to 1875 showed political changes quite in keeping with this newer period of unrest. From 1850 to 1866 the Senate had re- SCiiu I uf-. I 116 NEW JERSEY AS A COL mained Democratic, with the exception of 1861, when the Republicans had control of the upper house, and in 1862, when there was a tie. The House of Assembly since 1850 had been Demo- cratic, with the exception of but a few years. In 1865 there was a tie vote in the House of Assem- bly. Thence until 1873 there was almost constant change. In 1866 and 1867 both houses were Re- publican. In 1868, 1869, and 1870 both houses were Democratic ; and in 1871, 1872, and 1873 both houses were again Republican. In 1865 a Repub- lican governor, Marcus L. Ward, had been elected, but in 1868 the governorship was wrested from the Republican party by Theodore F. Randolph, whose successor, in 1871, was the former governor, Joel Parker, whose great popularity remained un- shaken. The presidential contest of 1868 found the Re- publicans with General Ulysses S. Grant and Schuyler Colfax as their nominees, and a platform declaring in favor of a reduction of the national debt, the encouragement of immigration, and the use of coin in the payment of bonds. The Demo- crats nominated Horatio SejTiiour and Francis P. Blair, and declared for universal amnesty, a uni- form paper currency, the payment of the national debt in irredeemable paper currency ("green- backs"), and the abolition of the system of land grants to railroads. As in 1864, so in 1868, New ONY AND AS A STATE 317 Jersey declared herself in favor of the Democratic candidate. It was in 1872, during the presidential contest, that a resident of New Jersey was brought for- ward as a vice-presidential candidate. Among minor political organizations which had sprung into existence was the National Labor party, de- claring for paper money, an eight-hour law, Chi- nese exclusion, and the abolition of land grants to corporations. This party had nominated Joel Parker for the vice-presidency. While he declined the honor the very use of his name gave the party some local strength. Besides this movement the ''Greenback" or ''Ohio" idea had swept in from the Middle West; from 1865 to 1870 National La- bor congresses had met, the restriction of immi- gration of the Chinese agitated the Pacific slope, while the moral question of prohibition of the liquor traffic assumed formidable proportions. Added to this the Republican and Democratic parties were divided. The death of Lincoln and the failure to carry out his plan of reconstruction upon broad and permanent lines had produced much bitterness in the South. The schemes adopted by professional politicians had split the Republicans in Missouri, from which arose a new party called the "Liberal Republicans," owing to its doctrine of more generous consideration for the Southern States. In the national convention of US NEW JEKSEY AS A COL .rff'^S^ HENRY WTLSON. the party in 1872 Horace Greeley, of New York, and B. Gratz Brown, of Missouri, were nominated for President and Vice-President on a platform which for the first time in the politics of the repub- lic declared for civil service reform. The ''regu- lar" Eepublicans, unaffected by this movement, nominated General Grant and Henry Wilson. The nomination of Greeley and Brown was endorsed by the Democrats, but to many of the "old line*' Democrats of New Jersey this endorsement was most distasteful, in that Horace Greeley, as ''war editor" of the New York Tribune, had but recently accused many of his new political associates in New Jersey of disloyalty and even treason. The breach in the party widened, and General Ulysses S. Grant was elected President, the State of New Jersey giving him that remarkable majority of fifteen thousand two hundred, a majority since nnequaled in a presidential contest, until 1896, when McKinley and Hobart, Republicans, received a plurality of 87,692. The distinctive type of social development dur- ing the period preceding the panic of 1873 was different from that during the Jacksonian period of unrest. Then it was the betterment of human- ity ; later it tended more toward the personal com- fort of the individual. But with newly-acquired wealth there was much ostentatious display, and attempts to attain a superlative degree of ele- ONY AND AS A STATE 119 gance in dress and house furnishing. New men had come to the front with new ideas as to a stand- ard of living, with new plans to spend their own —and other people's— money. Upon the wide acres of New Jersey's farms which had been cut up into building lots new homes could be found, often with no apparent thought as to a desirable location. Square masses of brick or wood, with mansard roofs, treeless and forlorn, indicated a too common type of the ''mod- ern" house, while smaller residences, fearfully and wonderfully designed by ambitious archi- tects, were to be found on country roads. In the family homes by peaceful country sides, with all their associations, the old gave place to the new. Mahogany was supplanted by gaudily decorated ''cottage sets," while more ambitious housewives painted, in gorgeous blues and greens, antique bird's-eye maple chests. Old silver, with its graceful shapes, was packed away, and "plated" ware, with a wealth of flowers and scrolls and fanciful designs, appeared upon the tables. "Art," struggling for existence, found its expression in hanging baskets made of pine cones, and in bunches of dried grasses and autumn leaves dipped in alum water to produce a "frost effect." Mottoes and chromos were to be found on the walls, and family portraits were hung in the garrets. 120 NEW JERSEY A9 A COL In the cities there were like crudities. Men sought great hotels and their ornate ''bars,'* where the common parlors, dazzling in red and yellow silk, walnut furniture, and cheap paintings, attracted attention and called forth praise. In the summer there was an exodus to ''fashionable watering places"— to Saratoga, Lake George, and various springs, but notably to Long Branch. Gambling and drinking were common,— much more common than at present,— and wealth, so quickly gained, was lavishly displayed. It was, indeed, an era of false taste, of striving for an artistic effect with little or no knowledge of how that effect should be obtained. Even the railroad trains were not exempt. The engines were gay with color and brasswork, the coaches were paneled with mirrors, or decorated between the windows with scenes of tropical life —these, by the way, being often more artistic than more pretentious efforts. Newspaper advertising type felt the effect of this spirit and lacked both dignity and grace. From the midst of this whirl of color, excite- ment, and money-spending the country was plunged into a short period of financial disturb- ance and then into the panic of 1873. This was largely caused by over-production, as that of 1857 by a lack of capital preceding the failure of the Ohio Land and Trust Company. That ONY AND AS A STATE 121 of 1873 was due to altered industrial condi- tions. It was the over-development of the new "West that was largely responsible. It has been most truthfully said that, while the spirit of specu- lation had been rampant in New Jersey, and ten companies had been engaged in exploiting a given industry when one would have sufficed, the condi- tion of affairs in the State, bad as they were, had no parallel to the rioting with money and credit which had taken place in the Mississippi Valley. That over-stimulation had its necessary reaction was well proved. Three transcontinental roads had been wholly or partly contructed, with scores of feeders and dependent lines. In the feverish markets of the United States and in Europe bonds and stocks of these corporations had met with ready sale in spite of the fact that none of them could show permanent earnings within a decade. There were constant defaults in interest, and at last the capitalists, gorged with unremunerative securities, refused to take more. Devastating fires in Boston and Chicago demanded money for muni- cipal rehabilitation, and to add to the discontent a contest between the farmers and the common carriers arose. In New Jersey, land speculations had become topheavy. The mortgages fell due, taxes were un- paid, improvement assessments had been neg- lected by property owners. Local banks, to aid 122 NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY their depositors, withdrew their money from city institutions, which also demanded their loans. Then came rumors of the end, and upon that "Black Friday" of September, 1873, the crash came. Men, plunged from affluence to poverty, be- came wrecks of their former selves. Their indus- tries were paralyzed, their workmen beggars. In 1873 and 1874 there were nearly eleven thousand failures, and the nation learned anew that old les- son that in spite of political conditions he who would dance must pay for his pleasure. The effect in New Jersey was disastrous. Rail- roads, manufactures, and the farmers were alike crippled. There were but few who did not feel the evil that had fallen upon the nation. Municipali- ties which had engaged in expensive and often useless improvements were either bankrupt or were closely approaching that condition. Every- where were but the flotsam of personal fortunes. From these conditions the State and the nation emerged to once more enter upon a career of pros- perity, and to see the world, in a new light, in the Centennial Exposition held in Philadelphia in 1876. TIIK NKW .TKRSKY BUILDING AT THK CENTENNIAL KXPftS^ITTOV CHAPTER VIII The Days of "Camden and Amboy' IT WAS upon February 27, 1867, that the capital stock of the joint companies, con- sisting of the Delaware and Raritan Canal Company, incorporated 1830, and the Cam- den and Amboy Railroad and Transporta- tion Company, also incorporated in 1830, was con- solidated with the capital stock of the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company, which lat- ter corporation was chartered in 1832. Under the inspiration of Dudley S. Gregory and Russell H. Ivins the New Jersey Railroad had secured from the ''Associates of the Jersey Company" a con- trol of their stock, which gave to the railroad company the enjoyment of the ferry privileges, the undeveloped possibilities of which, in 1804, had proved so attractive to Alexander Hamilton. Even before the middle of the nineteenth cen- tury the directors of the joint companies had real- ized that neither South Amboy nor the town of Perth Amboy, about whose commercial interests the East Jersey proprietors had once been so act- ive, would ever become a commercial rival to Jersey City. To reach the then heart of New York City a new and more convenient spot must be chosen. But Jersey City held the key to the situa- tion. In addition to the yearly traffic relations be- tween the joint companies and the New Jer- sey Railroad the acquisition of the bridge across 126 NEW JERSEY AS A COL the Delaware River at Trenton, and the absorp- tion of the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad, extending from Morrisville to Kensington, now the northern part of the City of Philadelphia, had given to the Camden and Amboy interests an all- rail route from Philadelphia to New Brunswick, while the New Jersey Railroad controlled the one route thence to Jersey City and a monopoly of the ferries at the mouth of the Hudson River. Thenceforth until the passage of the general railroad law of 1873 political and legislative war- fare against the united companies was constant and bitter. The spirit of contest permeated every stratum of society. Most apparent in State and municipal affairs, the fight against "monopoly" seriously affected social and mercantile relations, and even in the pulpit the wickedness of the united companies was the subject of discourses by the ** sensational" ministers of the day. While the domination of the Camden and Am- boy Railroad over Central and Southern New Jer- sey was complete other railroads had been pro- jected and partly constructed, which had for their object the development of all that portion of New Jersey north of the Raritan River not contiguous to the New Jersey Railroad. Of these railroads the two most conspicuous were the Morris and Essex Railroad, chartered in 1835, now a part of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western system. ONY AND AS A STATE 127 an act confirming a lease having been passed in 1869, and the Elizabethtown and Somerville, char- tered in 1831, long since absorbed into the Central Railroad of New Jersey. Although both these cor- porations with subsequent affiliations had entered and developed a region of New Jersey rich in mines and exceedingly fertile, neither the iron or zinc ores, nor the freight and passengers, carried by these railroads could reach New York City un- less tribute was paid to the New Jersey Railroad. In the earliest days neither the Morris and Essex Railroad nor the Elizabethtown and Somerville was possessed of terminals within the limits of Hudson County. Thus it was that what is now the Central Railroad ran its cars over the New Jersey Railroad from Elizabeth to Jersey City, while the Morris and Essex trains were drawn by horses from its station in Newark to the Center Street station of the New Jersey Railroad, and there attached to Jersey City trains. At best such traffic arrangements were unsatis- factory. There were disputes concerning mileage of cars and fares of passengers which assumed both corporate and personal phases. Later came the attempts of both the Morris and Essex Rail- road and the Central Railroad of New Jersey to secure frontage upon the Hudson River and inde- pendent access to New York City. In its control of the lowlands of old Paulus 128 NEW JERSEY AS A COL COMMODORE STEVENS. Hook nature had vastly aided the plans of the New Jersey Railroad. South of the Hook lay the "Mud Flats" of South Cove, while to the north, in Hoboken, were available terminal facil- ities, but separated from the Hackensack Mead- ows by the rocky heights of Bergen Hill. To overcome such natural obstacles and to compete with the New Jersey Railroad Company were the problems presented to the Morris and Essex Rail- road and the Central Railroad of New Jersey. Of the many projects advanced by Commodore Stevens, of Castle Point, none was closer to his heart than the construction of the Morris and Essex Railroad. He had entered into traffic ar- rangements with the "great monopoly" under a protest, and had long been engaged in an endeavor to solve the engineering problem of constructing a tunnel through Bergen Hill. By this means his railroad would reach the Hudson by an independ- ent line, with a terminal on a part of his vast Ho- boken estate. He had, indeed, compromised with the New Jersey Company in making the Newark- Jersey City traffic agreement, but later had be- come identified with the promoters of the New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad Company when they endeavored to construct a tunnel. As a result of this acomplishment of his desire both the Morris and Essex and the Erie Railroads jointly secured an outlet to New York City ONY AND AS A STATE 129 through Bergen Hill. It was this joint use of the tunnel that led to the still famous ''Frog War" between the two companies, when Governor Ran- dolph was compelled to call out the militia in or- der to quell the rioters. In this ''war" the Erie forces were under the direction of the magnate "Jim" Fisk, of Long Branch fame. Subsequent- ly the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Rail- road Company, as successor to the Morris and Es- sex Company, blasted its own tunnel through Ber- gen Hill. As an engineering enterprise the effort of the Central Railroad of New Jersey to gain a frontage upon the Hudson Rier was of equal if not greater moment. But one point was left for occupancy —the South Cove,— where sluggish tides, sweep- ing inward from the sea, submerged flats long sacred to oyster planters, gunners, and masters of river craft. To fill South Cove with refuse from New York City was the task undertaken by John Taylor Johnson and his associates of the Central Railroad. Years of toil, the expenditure of vast sums of money, the angry protests of residents of Jersey City justly annoyed by foul odors and con- sequent sickness, resulted in the reclamation of this tract. Docks, with miles of tracks, facilities for storing and handling coal and freight, and a terminal station erected upon ancient fishing grounds gave the Central Railroad of New Jersey [Vol. 4] 130 NEW JERSEY AS A OOL an outlet of its own, where, as in the case of the Lackawanna and Erie Railroads, ferryboats plied between the terminals in New Jersey and its piers in New York City. In part the terminal and ferry monopoly of the New Jersey Company had been broken. It is necessary to thus briefly survey the physical condition of these great interests preparatory to a review of the passage of the general railroad law ere the full import of that measure be understood. This plan was necessarily adopted by William Ed- gar Sackett in his ' ' Modern Battles of Trenton. ' ' With the close of the Civil War, the great in- crease of business, the movement of population, the rapid growth of New York City, and the metro- politan area in New Jersey, the incorporation of successful industrial companies, the rapid flux of money and the overweening spirit of specula- tion—the feeling of opposition to the Camden and Amboy Railroad assumed a new phase. Before the great struggle between the North and the South the opposition to the monopoly had been based to a degree upon ethical considerations. It was a protest against a monopoly as such, and its political influence, rather than against its commer- cial aspect. By 1865 the railroad had become the dominant feature in the industrial life of the United States, and thenceforth opposition to the assumption that its monopoly features were a bar- ONY AND AS A STATE 131 rier to the natural and proper development of the State. The company was conservative, and hesi- tated to extend its lines; at the same time it ex- ercised its legal right to prevent this invasion of its territory by rival companies, and, most of all, by its chief competitor, the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company. The near approach of the expiration of the monopoly feature of the charter of the former stimulated new competitors to enter the field. Chief among these was the Cen- tral Railroad of New Jersey, which was looked upon as the main dependence in aid of a series of opposition enterprises. These, under various auspices and in various guises, appeared before the New Jersey Legislature as applicants for special charters, the only method in this State then employed to secure incorporation of railroads. Before the Civil War a plan had been devised to construct a railroad in opposition to the Camden and Amboy Company. In 1854 a charter had been secured by the Torrey interests for the Raritan and Delaware Bay Railroad, designed to start at Port Monmouth on the north shore of Monmouth County, and thence extending in a general south- easterly direction to Cape May City. On the op- posite side of Delaware Bay the railroad was pro- jected along the ''Eastern Shore" of Maryland and Virginia to Norfolk, and a branch line to a point opposite Baltimore. The enthusiastic pro- 132 NEW JERSEY AS A OOL jectors of this railroad hoped to capture trade from the Southern States, with powerful steam- boats transferring passengers across Delaware Bay and from Port Monmouth to New York City. In New Jersey the course of the road was later ex- tended through the heart of the ' ' Pines, ' ' unculti- vated and unsettled. With the exception of Bridgeton no town of importance lay upon the route, and small wonder it was that the railroad was ultimately built in sections, and in spite of the later influence of Jay Gould, with his New Jersey Southern Eailroad of 1870, never realized any of the bold aims of its promoters. It was up- on this railroad scheme that the Torrey interest borrowed nearly a half million dollars from the Bank of England, and the foreclosure of the mort- gage created as great an interest in European financial circles as it did in the New Jersey court of equity. The plan of constructing a rival railroad through the inhospitable ** Pines" having failed to accomplish its purpose, the ** anti-monopolists " turned to that territory lying between Trenton and Bound Brook. The Central Railroad of New Jersey in its road from Jersey City to Easton ex- tended southwesterly from the Hudson to Bound Brook, at which point it was nearest to the City of Philadelphia. In the meantime the so-called "National Line" or "Air Line" had been pro- ONY AND AS A STATE 133 jected from Philadelphia to Yardley, Pennsyl- vania, a village situated on the Delaware four miles northwest of Trenton. To connect Yardley with Bound Brook was the problem which tore the State into dissenting factions and made New Jer- sey the ''battleground of railroad giants." Not only New Jersey but New York and Philadelphia were aroused. The press of the great cities com- plained bitterly of the policy of New Jersey, which required the Camden and Amboy Railroad to pay transit duties, "taken from the pockets of its New York and Philadelphia patrons," in lieu of taxes. So intensely were the people stirred that Governor Randolph, in a special message sent to the Legislature in 1869, urged the principle of a just and uniform rate of taxation upon all rail- road and canal companies, a doctrine later ad- vocated under different conditions by Governor Leon Abbett, and which led to the railroad and canal uniform taxation act of 1884. Under the stimulus of the governor's recommendation a tax of one-half of one per cent, was imposed upon the cost of the Camden and Amboy and other com- panies, in lieu of transit duties, to remain oper- ative until a general railroad tax law should be passed. The session of 1870 saw the introduction of a bill, introduced under *' anti-monopoly "in- terests, designed to unite the Central Railroad and the National line. This legislation was rivalled 134 NEW JERSEY AS A COL by an act incorporating the now abandoned ' ' Mer- cer and Somerset Railroad Company," which named Camden and Amboy men as directors. They sought to construct a railroad in the same location designed to be occupied by the ''anti- monopoly" promoters. The contest ended with the Camden and Amboy Company still in power. In the year 1871 the united companies and the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad Company, with all their vast interests, passed by lease for nine hundred and ninety-nine years into the hands of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. The transfer of these properties marked the culmina- tion of the political power of the old "monopoly." Nearly forty years had passed since the "John Bull," with its whisky barrel on its tender, had steamed over the bit of track east of Bordentown. Under the stimulus of the "monopoly" the State of New Jersey south of the Raritan River had se- cured direct methods of transportation. Thus by 1869 there had been absorbed into the "Camden and Amboy" the Camden and Burlington County Railroad, branch lines to Vincentown, to Med- ford and Marlton, with connections from Kinkora to New Lisbon. A fertile agricultural county be- tween Pemberton and Hightstown had been opened to the world. In the valley of the Raritan the Perth Amboy and Woodbridge Railroad had been built in 1855, a branch line to Rocky Hill ONY AND AS A STATE ^^^ had been constructed, while as early as 1851 the Freehold and Jamesburg Agricultural Railroad had been chartered. In 1836 the Belvidere and Delaware Railroad was incorporated, and in 1849 a branch from Lambertville to Flemington was au- thorized. While some of these corporations for years retained a positive identity their affiliations with the joint companies were always of a most intimate character. To Camden and Amboy influences were due the extension of that system of roads through the southern part of the State, now embraced within the West Jersey and Seashore system. The West Jersey Railroad was incorporated in 1853, with power to construct a line from Camden to Cape May. Allied interests built the Millville and Glassboro, chartered in 1859, the Cape May and Millville, incorporated in 1863, with branches later constructed to Salem, Swedesboro, and Bridgeton. By 1869 the system was complete, while a single opposition line, the Camden and Atlantic, char- tered in 1852, found Atlantic City's business so un- profitable that in 1858 the Legislature authorized the sheriffs of those two counties to sell the road. In the central and northern portions of the State the united companies had acquired other valuable interests. Under its direction had passed the af- fairs of the Orange and Newark, the Belleville and Newark, and the Trenton horse car lines, the 136 NEW JERSEY AS A COL bridges used by the New Jersey Eailroad Com- pany over the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers, the Newark plank road, the Newark turnpike, the Essex and Middlesex turnpike, and the Trenton and New Brunswick turnpike, with the Camden and Philadelphia and the West Jersey ferry com- panies. Within half a century these various en- terprises had been instituted, and then by lease, by control of stock, or by representation upon boards of direction under plans for what has later been known as '* community of interests" the Camden and Amboy and New Jersey Railroads grew into a powerful, vigorous organization— an iron link between the two most influential cities in the United States. The consolidation of capital stock of the joint companies and the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company, upon February 27, 1867, led to a change of name of these allied interests. The new corporation was henceforth officially called the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company. These three companies, together with the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad Company, on June 30, 1871, executed to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company a nine hundred and ninety-nine year lease, which lease was validated upon March 27, 1873. Thus begins the history of the Pennsyl- vania Railroad in the State of New Jersey. The advent of the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- ONY AND AS A STATE 137 pany threw that corporation into the midst of a political strife which was being waged between the Democrats and the Republicans. In 1870 the Democrats had controlled both legislative houses, and, fearing their opponents, had prepared a ** gerrymander" to obtain a majority of the sixty members of Assembly, the apportionment being based upon the returns of the federal census of 1870. The Democratic Legislature, owing to polit- ical causes, having failed to carry out the pro- posed ** gerrymander," the Republican party plunged into the fight for immediate political con- trol, as well as to secure a successor for United States Senator Alexander G. Cattell. Into this contest the Pennsylvania Railroad Company en- tered, and the roll call of the House of Assembly and Senate in 1871 showed a majority of Repub- lican members. Owing to the activities of partisan legislation, of which the creation of the Hudson Coimty ** Horseshoe" was a notable example, the ''oppo- sition" railroad interest contented itself with at- tacking the Camden and Amboy-Pennsylvania lease, and boldly but hopelessly demanded a char- ter for a line connecting Philadelphia and New York. The time-honored policy of the "National" influence, that of securing charters for piecemeal roads and finally uniting them in a single sys- 138 NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY tern, was forever abandoned. Thus the issue was joined. The session of 1872 was devoted largely to rail- road legislation, both houses being Republican. At the outset the anti-Pennsylvania Railroad ele- ments relied upon filibustering tactics. The sentiment of the State was drifting toward the en- actment of a general railroad law and the aboli- tion of special charters, whether granted to com- panies engaged in transportation or industrial en- terprises. A familiar resolution was adopted call- ing for an investigation of the lease entered into between the united companies and the Pennsylva- nia Railroad Company. This motion was vrith- drawn but a short time before the Philadelphia and New York Railroad rushed through the House of Assembly its charter in opposition to the Penn- sylvania Railroad Company, a measure which met defeat in the Senate, during the month of March. Then came the crucial test. The session of 1873 was made memorable by the contest between great corporations, and after a long struggle there was finally enacted, upon the 2d of April, the general railroad law, which gave to the competi- tors of the united companies the right to cross the State and construct their lines between the Cities of New York and Philadelphia. CHAPTER IX CoNSTITUTIONAIi AMENDMENTS OP 1875 IT HAD become evident to far-sighted men as early as the close of the Civil War that a revision of the then existing State con- stitution was necessary. The abolition of special privileges, as exemplified in the charter of the Camden and Amboy Eailroad Com- pany, was the main object to be secured, although a similar objection had arisen concerning special legislation authorizing the existence of industrial corporations. Other reforms were in contempla- tion—collateral reforms incident to any period, when a people seek to rid themselves of a single evil, the existence of which is either real or as- sumed. Governor Joel Parker, in his diplomatic but resolute way, brought the subject to an issue in his annual message submitted to the Legislature during the session of 1873. He briefly stated the gist of the matter when he wrote: ''The State Constitution should require general laws and for- bid the enactment of all special or private laws embracing subjects where general laws can be made applicable." During the session of 1872 one hundred pages of the pamphlet laws contained all those of a public character, while the special and private laws occupied over twelve hundred and fifty pages of the same book. Equal taxation and general laws for the government of munici- pal corporations were also recommended. 142 NEW JERSEY AS A COL The Republican Legislature of that year so far concurred in Governor Parker's suggestion as to provide for the appointment of a bipartisan con- stitutional commission by the governor. Based upon a Democratic precedent, in 1870, when that party had created a police conunission in Newark, and had re-introduced the ancient principle of selection of municipal officers by the joint meeting, the Republicans had taken a like course regarding Jersey City, with most disastrous results. From the maladministration of certain officials the municipal affairs of Jersey City were becoming a scandal, and the various ''Boards'* governing the town were charged with corruption, fraud, and extravagance. The advisory constitutional commission ap- pointed by Governor Parker, under a resolution of April 4, 1873, consisted of fourteen representative men, two from each of the congressional districts. On the 24th of that month the governor nominated these members of the commission: Benjamin F. Carter, Woodbury; Samuel H. Grey, Camden ; Mer- cer Beasley, Trenton; John C. Ten Eyck, Mount Holly; Robert S. Green, Elizabeth; John F. Bab- cock, New Brunswick; Martin Ryerson and Jacob L. Swayze, Newton; Augustus W. Cutler, Morris- town; Benjamin Buckley, Paterson; Theodore Runyon and John W. Taylor, Newark; Abraham 0. Zabriskie and Robert Gilchrist, Jersey City. ONY AND AS A STATE 143 From the commission there were several resigna- tions and declinations. Mercer Beasley was suc- ceeded by Philemon Dickinson, of Trenton ; Martin Ryerson by Joseph Thompson, of Somerset ; Theo- dore Runyon by George J. Ferry, of Orange ; Rob- ert Gilchrist by William Brinkerhoff, of Jersey City ; and John W. Taylor by Algernon S. Hubbell, of Newark. Ex-Chancellor Abraham 0. Zabriskie had been unanimously chosen as president of the convention, but, his death occurring, his place was filled by Dudley S. Gregory, of Jersey City. The secretaries of the convention were Joseph L. Naar and Edward J. Anderson, both of Trenton. The commission sat from May 8 to December 23d, 1873. Although strongly pressed to take action upon the question of senatorial representation the com- mission failed to act. The intense conservatism of the rural portions of the State had developed a spirit of ** county rights, " which had found expres- sion even during the colonial period, when the crown's governors recommended the distribution of members of their Councils, as equally as possi- ble, among the more influential counties. "With the revolutionary constitution of 1776 each county was entitled to its member of Council, in this man- ner securing an equal voting privilege for every county represented in the Council, a custom con- tinued by the constitution of 1844. There were, however, but few questions, affecting New Jer- 144 NEW JERSEY AS A COL sey's interests, connected with, constitutional re- form that the commission did not discuss. A sug- gestion favoring biennial sessions of the Legisla- ture was lost, and the proposition that a two- thirds vote should override the governor's veto was killed by a tie vote. The school question also appeared for discussion. Under the provisions of the statute school moneys are raised by tax based on valuations returned from the several counties of the State, and are redistributed by the State among the various counties, the children of the counties forming the basis of computation. Epi- grammatically this idea was well expressed by William Edgar Sackett in his "Modern Battles of Trenton," when he said that in its practical oper- ation the county that has more dollars than school children contributes to the maintenance of schools in counties that have more children than dollars. Opposition was expressed on the contention that the moneys, having been raised on valuations, should be re-apportioned on valuations. But no recommendation was made. Although an amendment authorizing the Legis- lature to take from any persons and corporations any special privileges they enjoyed was defeated, the commission recommended, and saw adopted, an amendment forbidding the Legislature to pass any private, local, or special laws regulating the internal affairs of towns and counties. An amend- ONY AND AS A STATE 145 ment was also advocated, and later adopted, pro- hibiting the appointment of local officers or com- missions to regulate municipal affairs, concern- ing which subjects the House of Assembly and Senate were directed to pass general laws. It is upon these two provisions that a large amount of litigation has arisen, every word and phrase, as well as the spirit of these provisions, having been subjected to judicial determination. With the discussion of these most important and many minor matters the constitutional com- mission submitted its report to the Legislature of 1874, a body, on joint ballot, overwhelmingly Re- publican. The commissioners, said Governor Parker in his annual message, had been animated by patriotism, wisdom, and discretion, and were particularly free from local prejudice and par- tisanship. The Legislature rejected a number of the com- mission's recommendations, but accepted the pro- visions prohibiting special legislation for munici- pal corporations, directing that taxable property shall be assessed under general laws and by uni- form rules, according to its true value, and pro- hibiting State grants to any municipal corpora- tion, society, association, or industrial corporation. Before the constitutional amendments reached the Legislature of 1875 the State was plunged into a gubernatorial contest, and in spite of the wealth [Vol. 4] 146 NEW JERSEY AS A CX)L and influence of the Republican nominee, George A. Halsey, he was defeated by Joseph D. Bedie by a large majority. While George A. Halsey was unquestionably opposed to the methods employed in the administration of Jersey City's affairs Joseph D. Bedle presiding in the Hudson County courts as a justice of the Supreme Court, had sent many of the participants in jobbery to State Prison. As a result the excitement caused by political misdeeds in Jersey City, and subordi- y nate issues, led to the election of a Democratic ir/House of Assembly, the Republicans remaining in fiontrol of the Senate. The subject of constitutional revision was dis- cussed by Governor Bedle in his inaugural ad- dress. He had noticed the failure of legislative commissions selected by the States of New York and Pennsylvania, for the purposes of governing municipalities, and summed up the situation in trite phrase by hoping to see the day when every city in the State should be governed by a general law, guaranteeing to it local self-government. The session became vastly stirred concerning the so-called ''Catholic Protectory" bill and the ''Lib- erty of Conscience" act, two measures which later precipitated a violent religious controversy and which, reflected at the special election held Sep- tember 7, 1875, led to the adoption of every con- Joseph Dorsett Dedle. LL.D.. b. lliddletowu Poin* (Matawan), N. J., Jan. 6, 1821; lawyer IKS; ap- pointed associate justice New Jersey Supreme Court 186B ; governor of the SUtc 1876-78 ; d. Oct 51 1«W ONY AND AS A STATE 147 stitutional amendment by a majority of forty thou- sand. The abolishment of special legislation and the attempt to meet the situation led to the passage of general laws to meet the requirements of the constitution and the needs of municipalities. "Poor, afflicted Jersey City," said one of those who had made a special study of the period, * 'found herself in fresh embarrassments. There was no other city in the State whose affairs were administered by legislative commissions, and any act intended to relieve her of hers was neces- sarily special and local and consequently re- pugnant to the new constitutional require- ments. ' ' Subsequently relief came to Jersey City, when an act was passed under which, by the appli- cation of the principle of home rule, the great municipality upon the Hudson River became freed from those political conditions to which her citi- zens objected. The line between general and special legisla- tion, particularly in matters affecting municipal corporations, was at first broad and often ill-de- fined. A score of devices, apparently innocent, so cleverly were they formulated, were adopted to secure some favored locality special privileges under the guise of a general act. The matter dis- turbed the State, and was presented at every ses- sion of the Legislature until, under legislative au- 148 NEW JERSEY AS A CX)LONY thority, provision was made for further amend- ments to the constitution. Conmiissioners for that purpose were appointed in 1881; Leon Abbett H. N. Congar, and John T. Bird. To act with these commissioners Barker Gummere and Holmes W. Murphy had been selected by the House of Assem- bly and John J. Gardner and Thomas S. McKean had been chosen by the Senate. The recommenda- tions of the commission were never adopted. Three acts, the outgrowth of the work of the constitutional convention of 1873, are of essential interest and importance. These are a series of stat- utes passed for the classification of counties, ap- proved February 7,1883 ; of cities, approved March 4, 1882 ; and of boroughs, approved March 23, 1883. Under these acts groups of counties are classed by population, there being four classes. There are four classes of cities, and three classes of bor- oughs. Thus the first class of counties are those having a population exceeding one hundred and fifty thousand, Hudson and Essex being thus in- cluded, as Newark and Jersey City are the only municipal corporations represented among first- class cities. Legislation, it has been held by the courts, may affect such classes without being un- constitutional. CHAPTER X Recjent Changes in the CoNeTirvnoN FOR many years a racetrack, attracting fashionable folk and their money, had been established near Long Branch, not to mention minor tracks which from time to time, in various parts of the State, had experienced transient and sometimes locally brilliant careers. Although there was betting upon the speed of horses at Mon- mouth racecourse, nevertheless the laws against gambling were but lightly enforced. Monmouth racetrack had become an institution, in that legis- lative protection in the matters of pool selling and racetrack betting had been extended to these mid- summer ''meets." The success of Monmouth course had led, before 1891, to the establishment of two other racetracks in New Jersey— one at Guttenberg, with a large New York City patronage, the other at Gloucester, which attracted the attention of Philadelphians. The two tracks became extremely profitable ven- tures, so much so, indeed, that they were politically powerful, and consequently met with censure from the press and from the bench. Moreover, whereas the racing at Monmouth had been generally re- garded as "respectable" and honest contests of horseflesh, the exhibitions at Guttenberg and Gloucester were particularly denounced as the merest travesties of racing, and largely as acces- sories to the betting at pool-rooms all over the 152 NEW JERSEY AS A COL country. In the meantime Monmouth course had been deprived of such legislation as had been bene- ficial, and sought to reopen its gates by the intro- duction, in 1891, of a bill removing racecourse bet- ting booths from the category of disorderly houses. Then followed a movement as remarkable as it was spontaneous. The act which would exempt Monmouth course also applied to a racetrack be- ing laid out at Linden, near Elizabeth. The stat- ute of 1891 had moved quietly through both houses, had gone to Governor Abbett unopposed, and was ready for his action. In Elizabeth was the Eev. Dr. Kempshall, a Presbyterian minister, actively opposed to gambling, who, being informed of the state of affairs, within three days organized the Anti-Racetrack League, of which he was presi- dent, and by its influence persuaded Governor Ab- bett to withhold his signature from the measure. In the legislative session of 1893 there was a ma- jority of members favorable to the influences of the Guttenberg and Gloucester racetracks. To secure permanency of gambling at horse races it was necessary that effective legislation be passed. First an offer was made that one half of the gate money should be paid to the State for racetrack licenses, this act being defeated by a popular demonstration made in the capital. Then three bills were introduced— one permitting authorities of a county or town to license a racetrack located ONY AND AS A STATE 153 within its limits, another which declared that a racetrack where bets were made was not a disor- derly house, and a third imposing light fines upon those who violated the anti-gambling laws of New Jersey. The acts had been passed, with great rapidity, by the House of Assembly, had been but slightly delayed by the Hoffman-Riddle contest in the Senate, and, having been passed by that body, went to Governor George T. Werts for his ac- tion. He promptly vetoed the bills. But before the Anti-Racetrack League and its allied kindred organizations could be represented en masse in Trenton the House of Assembly and Senate passed the three bills over the governor's veto. Trenton became a storm center. The leaguers, early in March, came to Trenton, filled the House of Assembly, overflowed to a local theater, where State and county organization was effected, and speeches were made amid intense en- thusiasm, in which the racetracks, their interests, and their legislation were subjected to the bitter- est invective and denunciation. As a result of this meeting a notable committee of citizens went before the House of Assembly to urge the passage of "repealers"— acts which never left the commit- tees to which they had been committed. Then came disagreement, so it is said, between the man- lociTi/^Tifq of Gnttenberg and Gloucester courses, the former having its profitable season only in 154 NEW JERSEY AS A CX)L the winter, owing to competition in spring, sum- mer, and autumn. Thus it was that the act forbid- ding winter racing was prepared, on the authority of Mr. Sackett, under the direction of the Glouces- ter influences. But temporarily at least the racetracks had won the battle. Attempts were being made to open tracks under permission from town and county au- thorities. Clifton, in Passaic County, the old Mon- mouth course, Guttenberg, Gloucester, and pos- sibly Linden were preparing for racing. Then came the gubernatorial election of 1892, resulting in the election of George T. Werts, Democrat, by a plurality of 7,625. The Democrats had, in 1891, ingeniously redistricted the State in such a man- ner as to secure, as they believed, forty-four of the sixty Assembly districts, but the Republican party was swept into power in the session of 1894 with a popular majority of nearly thirty thousand and thirty-nine members of the Assembly. Following the election came a decision from the Supreme Court, from which tribunal an opinion con- cerning the legality of the redistricting bill had been sought, that the system of electing as- semblymen within district lines was not lawful, and that to be in consonance with the require- ments of the State constitution the Assembly dele- gations must be elected on a ** general county ticket*'— the system at present (1902) in use. ONY AND AS A STATE 155 Now came a contest for the control of the Sen- ate with its one Republican majority. The claim was made by the Democrats that the Senate was a continuous body, that the nine Democratic and four Republican ''hold over" Senators were the constitutional judges of the qualifications and cre- dentials of the newly-elected members of that body. The story of the manner in which the Re- publicans obtained control of the Senate is but re- cent history ; of how physical force was opposed by physical force in the broad entrance to the Senate, and how eventually eleven Republican senators, the seven newly-elected and the four ''hold overs,'* forced their way, on that January afternoon in 1894 to their seats. Then it was that, organiza- tion having been effected, by both "Senates"— Governor George T. Werts decided to recognize only the "Continuous Senate," and a memorable deadlock ensued. Promptly came an appeal to the Supreme Court, which held that the Senate of the State of New Jersey was not a con- tinuous body, that the credentials of the newly- elected members constituted a title to their seats, and that the president of the "Continuous Sen- ate" was not president of that body. It was under such political conditions that a constitutional commission was selected by Gov- ernor George T. Werts in the early summer of 1894. The Legislature had responded to a call for 156 NEW JERSEY AS A GOL t&t 17, 1864. ^ ;i>4> NEW "' "Y AS A COL ('hanges in the organic law, thr- demand being mader/^p/^JS Mtexadi lt^flemTof>|'dl Ji^^lttidfektte and forfto;giEgtiQli.v> ^ ' '''' ''''"■ ^ It vrfasi'i "'♦^^'-' \„... to ^to8.i 'W2^1s?t vestigres c er v4i;e ot a 7;T-, - Mr..i,. .,-.- ,.. J. ,.._„../ -. ^-l'.^^';. yy At Large— John P. Stockton, McDermot , Cam- ^' -tricts were I Oarrow, ',dward . JOJQIl . v^iidolph, MorristoTv ^on ; John D, Probst, Engiewood ; Ed^rard Balbach, Jr., and Frederick Frelinghnysen, ' 5i]dwin A. Stevens, Hoboken; Joseph B. r'eaie, jersey City; John Kean Jv T^K nT^-oth; Johr^ Afpf!. Morrow, Newark i and . declined to serve on the conimirt;3ion, and their places were filled by the t of Engene Emley, of Paterson, anc! r, ; '" v ^ •" i^ Ob Taeft'i;'< ■ ,c.f in ^,Z^. qJ- J'l^-^^0^^'^c^^^-^----^ cf. ONY AND AS A STATE 157 the Senate chamber at Trenton, and organized by the election of Samuel H. Grey as president; George C. Ludlow, vice-president, and Joseph L. Naar, of Trenton, secretary. The last session of the commission was held on September 25th. Sev- eral amendments were suggested by the commis- sion and submitted, through the governor, to the Legislature, none of which were adopted by that body. The anti-racetrack agitation found its filial ex- pression in one of three amendments to the consti- tution adopted at a special election held in Sep- tember 28, 1897. Upon that day by a vote of 70,443 to 69,642— a majority of 801,— the foUow- ing amendment was adopted : No lottery shall be authorized by the legislature or otherwise in thia State, and no ticket in any lottery shall be bought or sold within this State, nor shall pool-selling, book-making or gambling of any kind be authorized or allowed within this State, nor shall any gambling device, practice or game of chance now prohibited by law be legalized, or the remedy, penalty or punishment now provided therefor be in any way diminished. To restrain the appointing power of the gov- ernor another amendment was adopted the same day by a vote of 73,722 to 66,296. It was as fol- lows: No person who shall have been nominated to the Senate by the governor for any oflBce of trust or profit under the government of this State, and shall not have been confirmed before the recess of the legislature, shall be eligible for appointment to such office during the continuance of such recess. 158 NEW JERSEY AB A COLONY The same election also disposed of the question of woman's suffrage. An amendment authorizing women to vote at any school meeting held in any school district of this State, in which she might re- side, for members of boards of education and all other school officers was defeated, the affirmative vote being 65,021 and the negative 75,170. The amendments adopted became a part of the consti- tution on October 26, 1897, the date of the gov- ernor's proclamation to that effect. CHAPTBK :XJ A State Battlb of Balixwcs— 1862-1885 N THE setting forth of the general yet salient features of the political history of New Jersey from 1862 to 1902-in this and the following chapter — it must be rec- ognized that platforms presented by the Democratic and Republican parties during guber- natorial contests present a discussion of every subject of vital State interest. To trace the cur- rent of political thought, to note the intensity of popular feeling, to ascertain, in short, the ''stand- ing" of the two great parties, such platforms dur- ing a period of forty years have been carefully ex- amined. In their presentation, which has been done largely in abstract and partially in citation of the language used, the thought of the framers has been essentially preserved. The result is an outline of twenty-eight platforms adopted upon the occasion of fourteen gubernatorial conven- tions. That perfect impartiality might be secured the files of the Trenton State Gazette, an official Re- publican organ, and the Trenton True American, an official Democratic organ, were consulted. The files of these old-established daily newspapers which were used are those in the custody of Henry C. Buchanan, librarian of the State of New Jer- sey, in the capitol, at Trenton. Not only for the student of State and national history, but for the working partisan, these plat- [Vol. 4] 162 NEW JERSEY AS A COL forms contain a mass of data not elsewhere com- piled. Therein may be found the changes of atti- tude toward questions of moment, which have been taken by the Republicans and Democrats ; therein are presented mi^tters once of pressing interest, now by the younger generation all but forgotten. Many of the candidates whose names are men- tioned have fought their last political battles, and after the toil and conflict incident to the sustain- ing of their great organizations have left names by which future adherents to their principles may conjure. Many remain to conduct the tests of party strength, to render service, until they, too, shall pass the mantle of power to younger and more active shoulders. Thus freed from the spirit of partisanship the story of New Jersey's political life during forty years is mirrored from the best documentary evidence. 1862: Republican.— The Republican convention of 1862, by acclamation, nominated Marcus L. Ward for governor of New Jersey after the names of Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, Ephraim Marsh, Joseph T. Crowell, and William A. Newell had been presented and withdrawn. The platform adopted was to the effect that the delegates to the convention had met pursuant to a general public call, *'at a crisis in our history grave and momentous beyond expression." The resolutions in scathing terms denounced rebellion, ONY AND AS A STATE 163 endorsed the previous State and the existing Fed- eral administrations, asserted the loyalty of New Jersey, and expressed gratitude to the Union sol- diers for their services on Southern battlefields, declaring that in case of intervention on the part of foreign governments a ''persistent and uncom- promising war" would be waged against such na- tions. The platform was devoid of reference to State issues. 1862: Democratic— The Democratic convention of 1862 had no dearth of candidates. The follow- ing nominations were made: Peter D. Vroom, Moses Bigelow, Joel Parker, Charles Skelton, J. R. Sickler, Jacob R. Wortendyke, Alexander Wurts, Robert Adrian, R. M. Smith, Joseph N. Taylor, Benjamin Williamson, and Phineas B. Kennedy. Upon the fourth and intensely exciting ballot Joel Parker received the nomination. The platform of the party deplored "the demor- alizing tendency of the Higher Law teachings of the Republican party," and reiterated the faith of the Democracy in the doctrine that ''Constitu- tional Law" is the only true basis of action. A "plank" extended a cordial support to the federal administration in its efforts to overcome rebellion. The suppression of the writ of habeas corpus, the restriction of freedom of speech and of the press, were declared to be dangerous infringements of constitutional rights. The platform contained a 164 NEW JERSEY AS A COL protest against "reckless extravagance, infamous peculation, and political outrages, of which the party in power" was said to be guilty in its con- duct of the Civil War. The idea was rejected that an object of the war should be the "emancipa- tion of the slaves. ' ' The services of the volun- teers were applauded, while the deaths of Major- General Philip Kearny and General G. W. Taylor and other brave men were mourned. Parker's vote was 61,307, Ward's 46,710, giving a Democratic majority of 14,597. The Democratic party in New Jersey in 1862 was still affected by the complications resulting from the presidential election of 1860. Although the Democratic fusion ticket, with a State vote of 62,869, had secured a majority of 4,523 over the 58,346 votes cast for the Republican ticket, never- theless four electoral votes of New Jersey were cast in 1861 for Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin, Republican candidates for President and Vice-President, while three electoral votes of the State were cast for the fusion Democratic candi- dates, Stephen A. Douglas and Herchel V. John- son. At the same time 56,237 votes were polled for Breckinridge, indicative of the prevalence of "Southern" sentiment in New Jersey. But by 1864, during the administration of Governor Parker, the State of New Jersey returned to her Democratic affiliations, being the only State north ONY AND AS A STATE 165 of Mason and Dixon's line to give a popular ma- jority for the Democratic candidate, General George B. McClellan. In the presidential election of 1864 General McClellan opposed Abraham Lin- coln, New Jersey's vote for McClellan being 68,- 024, for Lincoln 60,723, giving the Democratic nominee a majority of 7,301. 1865: Republican. — Four ballots were required in the Republican or "Union" convention of 1865 before Marcus L. Ward received his party's nomi- nation for governor. The opposing candidates were Alexander G. Cattell and Major-General Judson Kilpatrick. The platform, in general tenns, congratulated the country upon the return of peace, deplored the death of Abraham Lincoln, and endorsed the administration of Andrew John- son. Against the Democratic ''influential leaders and presses" of the State it was charged that the Democrats had issued a manifesto, "through an ex-governor of the State," advising that New Jer- sey should cast her lot with the South, that the Democratic party prolonged the war by "evidences of s^Tupathy with treason," and had "discouraged volunteering, ' ' thus contributing to the burden of large bounties. The Democrats were accused of opposing as unconstitutional a draft, and opposing also the enlistment of negro troops. They were charged with exciting popular opposition to na- ^^-^ ffifftf^^^ I Judsou Kilpatrick (known encyclopecll<;ly as Hngh Judson Kilpatrick), 6. Deckertown, N. J., Jan. 17, 1836; grad. Weet Point 1861; entered the artHlory eervioe ; wounded Big BetheJ 1861 ; lieutenant-colonel of cavalry Sept, 1S61 ; brevetted major-gen jrul V. 8. A. ; appointed mlnteter to ChlH 1865; d. Dec. i. l«a 166 NEW JERSEY AS A COL tional taxes, of refusing the elective franchise to the citizen soldiery when in service, and of in- creasing since 1850 the ordinary expenses of State government. The convention pledged the sup- port of "Union" men of New Jersey in the effort to secure the adoption of the constitutional amendment abolishing slavery, deploring the posi- tion taken by New Jersey * ' as the only free State that has refused to ratify the amendment." For the honorably discharged soldiers the convention pledged itself to secure bounties, as well as to re- duce State expenditures, to sustain the "Monroe Doctrine," and to support a policy of rigid econ- omy. 1865: Democratic— Aiter four ballots Theodore unyon was nominated by the Democratic con- |^?ifention of 1865. The other candidates were Gen- feral Gershom Mott, Theodore F. Randolph, Moses ^ Bigelow, and S. J. Bayard. //The State platform was lengthy, charging the l^CJi^y^SLT to the abolitionists of the North and the se- —-'-i^ cessionists of the South. A return to the bimetal- lic standard was endorsed, and opposition to negro suffrage expressed upon the ground that the peo- ple of each State had the right to control the sub- ject as they deemed best. This doctrine, broadly advocated, led to the adoption of a "plank" de- claring the right of each State to control its own militia. The "Monroe Doctrine" was endorsed Theodore Frelinghuyaea RauUoU'fi. (>■ New Brun:s- wlck, N. J., June 24. 1816 ; edu. Rutgers grammar Bchool ; president Morrla and E.ssex Railroad ; mem- ber New Jersey Assembly 1859-80; Btate senator 1861-66 ; governor 1869-72 ; IF. 9. sonator 1875-81 ; a founder and president of the Waahingtoa Head- quarters Association at M orriatown ; d. there Nov. 7. 1883. ONY AND AS A STATE 167 and the federal administration adversely criti- cised for its plan of subordinating civil to the military power. The payment of equalized boun- ties due State soldiers was also advocated. The claim was made that the Democrats were the first in New Jersey to advocate and establish the prin- ciple of equal taxation. Ward received 67,525 votes, Runyon had 64,737, giving a Republican majority of 2,789. 1868: Republican.— J ohn I. Blair was the unani- mous choice of the Republican convention of 1868. The State platform endorsed the national plat- form, which congratulated the country upon the success of the ''Reconstruction" policy, and the guarantee, by Congress, of equal suffrage to all loyal Southerners. Repudiation was denounced, and equal taxation in the interest of labor advo- cated. It was urged that the national debt be ex- tended "over a fair period for redemption," and that Congress reduce the interest thereon ''when- ever it can honestly be done," thus improving na- tional credit. Reversing the attitude of the plat- form of 1865, New Jersey Republicans, by endors- ing the national platform, violently denounced An- drew Johnson's administration and the "corrup- tions which have been so shamefully nursed and fostered." Protection to naturalized citizens was granted, bounties and pensions for soldiers were promised, as well as the protection of their widows 168 NEW JERSEY AS A COL and orphans, foreign emigration encouraged, while removal of restrictions and disqualifications upon those "reconstructed" was advocated. The State platform, in addition, urged that the Democrats in New Jersey be driven from power, they being charged with "attempting to undo the ratification of the 14th article of the Constitution. ' ' 1868: Democratic— In 1868 the Democratic party selected as its gubernatorial nominee Theo- dore F. Randolph. Two ballots were taken, those presented in nomination beside Mr. Randolph be- ing Isaac V. Dickinson, Amos Robbins, Nehemiah Perry, General Theodore Runyon, Henry S. Lit- tle, and Moses Bigelow. The platform was marked by brevity and direct- ness. The "Republican proposition" of striking the word "white" from the State constitution and establishing political equality between the races in New Jersey led the Democrats to "congratulate the people of the State upon their spontaneous repudiation" of such a course. Accepting the de- cision of the war and the consent of Southern States to the constitutional amendment as the practical abolishment of the institution of slav- ery, the Democrats of New Jersey insisted upon the right of all the States to regulate their do- mestic affairs without congressional interference. In spite of the fact that New Jersey in 1868 had a Republican governor Horatio Seymour, Demo- ONY AND AS A STATE 169 cratic nominee for President, secured in New Jer- sey 2,870 votes over Ulysses S. Grant, the Eepub- lican nominee and successful contestant for the oflSce. Seymour's vote was 83,001, Grant's vote 80,131. 1871. Republican.,— Before the Republican con- vention of 1871 there were the following nomi- nees : Cornelius Walsh (who was nominated by South Jersey), Major-General Judson Kilpatrick, John Davidson, Marcus L. Ward, Theodore Little, Ellston Marsh, John Hill, Colonel A. D. Hope, and James M. Scovel. The platform endorsed the fifteenth amend- ment to the federal constitution, and commended the national administration in its effort to reduce the public debt and the adjustment of the contro- versy with Great Britain. Civil service reform was recommended, and the claims of Jersey City to be made a port of entry as the seat of an inde- pendent custom house were endorsed. Popular education, the ' ' passage of a general law of incor- poration and of the abolition, as far as practicable, of all special and private legislation" were recom- mended. Upon such a platform Cornelius Walsh was nominated upon the second ballot, but prac- tically by acclamation. 1871: Democratic— Although. Joel Parker had positively declined the honor, nevertheless the Democratic State convention of 1871 forced upon HORATIO SEYMOUR. 170 NEW JERSEY AS A COL him on one ballot the nomination for governor. There were many candidates— Thomas D. Arm- strong, Benjamin F. Lee, Nehemiah Perry, Theo- dore Runyon, Joseph D. Bedle, Leon Abbett, Gen- eral Charles Haight, David Naar, Austin H. Pat- terson, and Isaac V. Dickinson. Once more State issues occupied the attention of the platform builders. The party pointed to its record in New Jersey. It had, said the plat- form, urged the adoption of general laws, under which there would be no further "enterprises born of special legislation and maintained by cor- ruption." An honest judiciary had been main- tained, State and constitutional rights had been guaranteed, the sinking fund had been increased, riparian laws had been enforced, and three hun- dred thousand dollars had been collected from the federal government since the recent governor had proclaimed that the accounts between the State of New Jersey and the United States had been substantially settled. Upon federal questions the Democratic party declared for a prompt and complete amnesty of all persons charged with political offenses, and a tariff based upon the principle of taxing lux- uries, and the abolishment of taxes upon the ne- cessities of life. All conspiracies against law and good order, North and South, were denounced, while the government of the United States was ONY AND AS A STATE 171 declared to be a ''government of limited powers," prescribed and enumerated in the federal consti- tution, and not a "supreme, unlimited, imperial, consolidated" government. Legislative commis- sions for the regulation and government of munici- pal corporations were declared to be ''hostile to the principles of self-government," while recent legislation prohibiting the use of money at elec- tions was commended to the attention of the Dem- ocrats in townships throughout the State. In spite of success in 1871 the Democrats were unable in 1872 to overcome Ulysses S. Grant's re- markable majority of 15,200 over Horace Greeley, Democratic nominee for President of the United States. The State of New Jersey for the first time, in 1872, cast its entire electoral vote for a Republican candidate. Grant's vote was 91,656, the vote of Greeley being 76,456. 1874: Republica7i.— The gubernatorial contest of 1874 was distinctively upon local affairs. The Republican State platform declared its faith in the policy of the national administration. Upon national issues the platform advocated a tariff and a plan of equal internal taxation such as would protect and encourage the domestic manufactures and industrial interests of New Jersey. The es- tablishment of a custom house in Jersey City was also favored. In special instances the Rep>ub- licans commended, and stated they would piirsue, U. S. Gl^..V.N 1 (Eighteenth President of the United Stales ; 6. April 27. 1822; d. July 2:i. 1S«:V. 172 NEW JERSEY AS A COL the policy of a general railroad system, the judi- cious amendment of the constitution, the advance- ment of the cause of popular education, and the wise management and liberal extension of penal, sanitary, and charitable institutions. George A. Halsey was nominated for governor by acclamation. 1874: Democratic— Joseiph D. Bedle was the unanimous choice of the Democratic party in its State convention of 1874, although scattering votes upon the first and only ballot were cast for Charles Haight and John T. Bird. The Democratic platform presented no novel or characteristic features in its treatment of national issues. Strict construction of the federal consti- tution, condemnation of "carpet bagging" in the '* reconstructed " States, the restoration of gold and silver as the ''only true basis of the currency of the country," the advocacy of resumption of specie payment, the adoption of a " tariff for reve- nue, ' ' and opposition to the ' * Civil Rights ' ' bill were the subjects under review. The platform de- nounced the Republican policy of attempting to subject the ''free press of the country to a new censorship" and condemned the doctrine of a "third term" for any presidential candidate. Once more in State issues the Democratic party opposed government of municipalities by legisla- tive commissions, and advocated a system of gen- ONY AND AS A STATE 173 eral laws, wliile tke "assumption by the Repub- lican convention of credit for the passage of the general railroad law is as impudent as it is false, this measure * * * having been originated and sustained in both branches of the Legislature by distinguished Democrats." The "store-order system" and the illegal issue of paper promises in forced payment of wages were declared to be an "unjustifiable imposition upon the laboring man." The Eepublicans were charged with falsely as- serting that they saved the Union and abolished slavery, ' * when but for the Democracy of the coun- try, and its men and means, every Republican ad- ministration would have miserably failed." Against the Republican administration were charged fraud, "hard times," the burden of a vast public debt, a failure to make the flag of the United States respected abroad, leniency in pun- ishing dishonest officials, the use of military pow- er, "carpet bagging," and wholesale robberies in the administration of affairs in the District of Co- lumbia. The Republicans, said the platform, had been enabled to continue their career "by compla- cent assumptions of superior patriotism, integ- rity, and intelligence." Bedle received 97,283 votes, Halsey 84,050, giv- ing a Democratic majority of 3,233. Two years subsequently, in the memorable con- test of 1876, the State of New Jersey gave 115,962 174 NEW JERSEY AS A COL SAMUEL J. TDLDKN. votes to Samuel J. Tilden, the Democratic candi- date for President of the United States. His op- ponent was Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican, who received 103,517 votes. Tilden 's majority was 12,445. 1877: Republican.— But one ballot was required in the Republican gubernatorial convention of 1877 to decide upon William A. Newell as the party nominee. The other candidates were Fred- .erick A. Potts, William Walter Phelps, Gardner Colby, Thomas N. McCarter, John Hill, and eral Judson Kilpatrick. The platform reaffirmed the national platform in its cardinal doctrines that the United States was not a league, that all citizens should equally enjoy civil, political, and public rights, endorsed civil service reform, with due regard to represent- ing the party in power, advocated such a tariff for revenue as would promote the interests of la- bor, opposed the granting of the public domain to corporations, and embraced a general endorsement of the federal administration. The Democratic party was accused of nominat- ing for governor one unidentified with the State or its interests, one who had twice in the past two years been a candidate for office in another State. The Democrats were charged with nine years of extravagance in administering State affairs. The reforms demanded by the Republicans were the ONY AND AS A S TATE I75 simplification and reduction of official powers and perquisites, a reduction of fees, particularly those of the clerk of the Supreme Court, the clerk in chancery, and the secretary of state, a revision of the tax laws, a reduction of the rate of interest from seven to six per cent., and an enforcement of the constitutional provision prohibiting the use of the school fund for any sectarian purpose, being opposed to the interference of religious sects in civil affairs and any division or diversion of the school funds for their benefit. 1877: Democratic— Amid scenes of the wildest enthusiasm the Democratic convention of 1877 nominated General George B. McClellan as their candidate for governor of New Jersey. The can- didates were numerous, being W. A. Eighter, John McGregor, B. F. Carter, Leon Abbett, John T. Bird, John P. Stockton, John Hopper, Wright Robbins, and Augustus Hardenberg. The platform denounced the ''frauds and crimes" by which the Democratic candidates for President and Vice-President ''are prevented from occupying the positions to which they were chosen by a decided majority of the popular and electoral vote." Special legislation advanc- ing corporate or individual interest was de- nounced, and legislation was recommended by which "statistical information relating to the in- terests of capital and labor" could be secured. 176 NEW JERSEY AS A COL The reduction of the rate of interest to six per cent, and the abolition of excessive salaries, fees, and costs in litigation was recommended. In the contest McClellan received 97,837 votes, Newell 85,094. Hoxsey, the Greenback candidate for governor, had 5,069, and Bingham, Tax and Prohibitionist, 1,439 votes, giving a Democratic plurality of 12,746. 1880: Republican.— The Republican convention of 1880 nominated by acclamation Frederick A. Potts, with a short platform denouncing the ''tariff for revenue" measures of the Democratic party, advocating biennial sessions of the Legis- lature, and commending the action of successive Republican Legislatures in so reducing State ex- penditures that by 1880 no State tax was laid. 1880: Democratic— The Democratic convention of 1880 placed George C. Ludlow in nomination upon the fourth ballot, with the following candi- dates appearing: Augustus A. Hardenberg, An- rew Albright, Orestes Cleveland, George C. Lud- f^ow, John T. Bird, W. W. Shippen, John P. Stock- ton, and Augustus W. Cutler. The platform was short, declaring for such a tariff ''as will best preserve our home industries," favoring protection for labor, and condemning the defalcation of a Republican State treasurer and the loss of forty thousand dollars of State money deposited in two defunct banks, in which the fund Ooorge Craig L>udlow, gov-emor of Now Jorxey 1S81-84 ; b. MUford, Hunterdon County. April C, 1830*; grad. Rutgers CoUego 1850; admitted to the bar 85S: practiced in New Brunswick; State senator 1Hl»; member constitutional convention 1894 ; justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey 1896 ; d. Dec.. 190ft. ONY AND AS A STATE 177 had been deposited by a Republican State treas- urer at liis own discretion. The vote for Ludlow was 121,666, for Potts 121,015. Hoxsey, the Greenback candidate, re- ceived 2,759, and Ransom, Prohibitionist, 195 votes. The Democratic plurality was 651. The presidential election of 1880 gave Winfield Scott Hancock a majority in New Jersey of 2,010, his total vote ]>eing 122,565. The vote of James A. Garfield, his Republican opponent, was 120,555. 1883: Republican.— The Republican convention in 1883 had before it the names of Jonathan Dixon, John Hill, Israel S. Adams, and Frederick A. Potts. Associate Supreme Court Justice Dixon was nominated upon the first ballot. A brief platform endorsed the national Repub- lican administration, "genuine civil service re- form," "protection to home labor and industry," development of State and national resources, pro- tection of "honest labor from unfair compe- tition," equal taxation, the control of oppressive monopolies, and the "adequate protection and further developrhent of our fisheries." 1883: Democratic— There were nine candidates before the Democratic convention of 1883: Leon Abbett (who secured the nomination), Andrew Al- bright, Jonathan S. Whitaker, Charles E. Hen- drickson, Augustus W. Cutler, Clayton Black, Augustus A. Hardenberg, and Lewis Cochrane. [Vol. 4] ITS NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY The name of Cliaiicellor Runyon was also pre- sented, but withdrawn. The party platform declared for proper sover- eignty of the States, and. with the usual charges against the opposition, denounced the ''sham methods of the Civil Service Commission." The aboKtion of internal revenue taxes, "a nursery of spoils and informers." was recommended, and the preservation of public lands for settlers was urged. An anti-monopoly tariff for revenue was advo- cated, as was equal taxation ''on all properties within the State, whether that of individuals or corporations." Abbett secured 103.856 and Dixon 97.047 votes. Umer, the ''National" candidate, had 2.960, and Parsons, Prohibitionist, 4,153 votes. The Demo- cratic plurality was 6,809. The following year (1884) Grover Cleveland, Democratic nominee for President received 127,- 784 votes, and James G. Blaine, his opponent, 123,433. Cleveland's majority was 4,351. JAMB8 6. BLAINE. CHAPTER XII A State Battlz of Balixtts— 1&86-1902 THE delegates to the Eepnblican con- vention of 1886 selected a= the party's candidate Benjamin F. Howev, the names of Frederick A. Potts. John Hart Brewer, and Gard- ner Ft. Colby being also presented as nominees. But one ballot was required to select Mr. Howev. The platform declared that the Eepnblican party had ''ever stood the unflinching champion and firm defender of American labor against the assaults of the Democratic party and its demands for free trade, cheap labor, and foreign competi- tion." The introduction by monopolies and cor- porations ' • of European paupers under contract to take the places of .American workingmen'' should be presented by stringent legislation. "Inflexibly hostile to anarchy, socialism, and conmrnnism," the platform declared that the Eepnblican party ''has placed on the statute books of the State most of the existing laws" befriending the working- man. Arbitration, inspection of factories and workshops, regulation of the hours of labor of women and children, compulsory education, and e^jual taxation were advocated. The platform also approved of State and national legislation ''re- stricting the manufacture and sale of bogus but- ter. "' The national policy concerning the granting of pensions to disabled veterans of the Civil '^ar was approved. 182 NEW JERSEY AS A COL The protection by legislation of fishing interests "from the menhaden piracy" was endorsed, while the party was pledged to a ''non-partisan judici- ary.'* ** Honest money" and the redemption of the outstanding trade dollars were advocated, while the Democratic interpretation of civil serv- ice laws and unjust discrimination in freight rates by common carriers were denounced. The sub- mission to popular vote of the question of *'the regulation, control, or prohibition of the liquor traffic" was favored. 1886: Democratic— The Democratic convention of 1886 had a long array of candidates. The choice of the bodj^ upon the first ballot fell upon Robert S. Green, although there had been placed in nomi- nation Rufus Blodgett, Augustus W. Cutler, John McGregor, John W. Westcott, Charles E. Hendrickson, Andrew Albright, John Hopper, David C. Dodd, and John T. Bird. The platform strongly endorsed the administra- tion of Governor Leon Abbett, especially as to legislation affecting the State treasury, and the adoption of a portion of a general system of taxa- tion of corporations to save the people from the imposition of a general State tax. His efforts to protect labor from convict competition were ap- plauded. The resolutions demanded the amend- ment of immigration laws to prevent the im- portation of convict and pauper labor, while "the ONY AND AS A STATE 183 public lands of the United States should breed homesteads, not railroad stock." A fair educa- tion, at public expense, for every child was advo- cated. Arbitration, legislation favoring the farmer, and self-government for Ireland were also recommended. Regarding the priority of claim in introducing legislation providing for equal taxation the platform stated that Governor Abbett, in his inaugural message and in each of his annual messages, had demanded that property should be assessed by uniform rules and an equal rate of taxation imposed upon corporations as upon individuals. A Democratic measure of 1884 had passed the House of Assembly, being amended in the Senate, in favor of taxation of railroad and canal corporations, while bills providing for equal taxation introduced in Republican Legislatures of 1885 and 1886 had been defeated. Green with 109,939 overcame Howey with 101,- 919 votes and Fiske, Prohibitionist, with 19,808— the largest Prohibition vote ever cast in the State. The Democratic plurality was 8,020. 1SS9 : Republican.— Y^dv^ard Burd Grubb was the choice of the Republican party in its conven- tion of 1889. During two ballots the delegates had voted for General Grubb, Frank A. Magowan, George A. Halsey, John Kean, Jr., John Hart Brewer, and John W. Griggs. The campaign was one of State issues, the plat- KOBKRT STOCKTON GREE>f. Robert Stockton Greea, UL.V., b. Princeton, N. J., M«rch 25, 1831 ; grad. Princeton College 1850 ; lawyer 1853 ; settled in Elisabeth 1856 ; presiding judge Union County courts 1888; elected to Congress 1884; goT- emor of New Jersey l«87-90; vice-chancellor 1S»0; judge of the C^urt af Rrrors and Appeals 1894 ; d. May ?, 1895. 184 NEW JERSEY AS A COL form declaring the Republican party to be pledged to local self-government in township, city, and county, which policy, said the Republicans, had been ''flagrantly violated" by the Democratic Legislature of 1889. The Democrats were severe- ly arraigned, and were charged with being ''par- tisan, arrogant, and profligate," enacting laws re- districting the State, creating new charters for municipalities, and establishing new offices "only after deals and promises of appointment made be- tween the legislative and executive branches of the State government. ' ' The Republicans favored stat- utes reforming the election laws, ' ' to prevent fraud and false registration, and for the purpose of es- tablishing the Australian or other like system of voting." The "reorganization and simplification of the courts of civil procedure of the State" was promised, while the compulsory education law, passed by a Republican Legislature, was designed to be extended to provide proper school facilities for children between the ages of eight and four- teen years. The Republicans claimed priority in the enactment of the child labor law, and criti- cised as "an insult to united labor" the course of the Democratic party in making partisan the labor bureau. Reasonable hours of labor and a "defi- nite portion of each week for recreation" were promised the labor interests, while the law of 1884, regulating the taxation of corporate property and ONY AND AS A STATE 185 franchises for State purposes, had met public ap- proval. Such legislation the Republicans claimed to have enacted. A demand for economy in State expenditures was made, while the platform re- sented ' * the intinision of the liquor power, as an or- ganized force, into the politics of the State," the Republican party, as stated, standing ''for purity, for temperance, and the preservation of the home. ' ' 1889: Democratic— B J acclamation Leon Ab- bett was nominated by the Democratic convention of 1889. In brief the platform adopted by the party in 1886 was reaffirmed, the only essential elements worthy of special mention being the first declara- tion in this State against ' ' trusts, ' ' which the plat- form defined as ''combinations to control prices without regard to the natural rules of supply and demand." The "attempt made by Republican leaders of the Legislature of 1889 to impose a gen- eral State tax, as tending to extravagance in State affairs, ' ' was denounced, and it was declared that "the undercurrent of the movement was a desire to relieve corporate property from the payment of its fair proportion of taxation." Regarding education the platform declared: "It is the duty of the State to see that every child receives a fair education, and is protected from employment in pursuits calculated to injure the LEON ABBETT. Leon Abbett, 6. Philadelphia, Pa., Oct 8, 183r,; lawyer 1868 ; settled in Hoboken, N. J.. 1869 ; moved to Jersey City 1866 ; member Legislature 1865-66 anil 1868-70; speaker of the House 1869-70; State senator tS74-77 ; governor of New Jersey 1884-87 and 1890-lt» ; 4. Dec. <, 1894. 186 NEW JERSEY AS A COL physical or mental value of future citizenship.'* Reforms regarding increase in municipal expen- ditures and a secret ballot were advocated. Abbett's vote was 138,245, Grubb's 123,992, La Monte 's, Prohibitionist, 6,853. The Democratic plurality was 14,253. During the previous year (1888) Grover Cleve- land, with 151,493 votes, had secured a plurality in the State of 7,149 as Democratic candidate for the office of President of the United States. His opponent, Benjamin Harrison, received 144,344 votes, while Fiske, who in 1886 ran for governor of New Jersey, had 7,904 votes. 1892: Republican.— Two ballots and four nomi- nees—John Kean, Jr., Edward Burd Grubb, Frank A. Magowan, and Franklin Murphy— character- ized the nominating features of the Republican convention of 1892, which selected John Kean, Jr., as its candidate. In national matters the platform endorsed its belief ''in the doctrine of a tariff for the protec- tion of American industry, supplemented by re- ciprocity, inaugurated under the present adminis- tration by the McKinley tariff act, and we are op- posed to the pernicious doctrine of free trade, whether presented in its own true name or dis- guised as tariff reform.'* The policy of the Democrats in legalizing "an unconstitutional and pernicious combination of ONY AND AS A STATE 187 corporations engaged in the production and carry- ing of coal" was declared to be "vicious and con- trary to public policy. ' ' Arbitration, reduction in the hours of labor, tenement house and factory in- spection, and the restoring of the proceeds of the . sale of riparian lands to the State school fund were advocated. The Democracy of New Jersey were charged with legislation making the Legislature and courts subservient to the executive department; with abolishing home rule; with multiplying public offices and increasing salaries ; with the ' ' appoint- ment of public officers for a stated consideration to be paid to the party campaign fund"; witl^ par- doning, indiscriminately, convicts in the State prison; with wastefulness in State expenditures; with creating "unnecessary boards and commis- sions for partisan purposes, investing them with arbitrary powers, and placing them beyond the control of the people by making their term of office subject to the will of the governor"; with evading and misconstruing the constitution; with counte- nancing and supporting "race track gambling, with all its attendant evils"; and with destroying "the right of suffrage by false registry, ballot-box stuffing, and fraudulent count of votes. ' ' 1892 : Democratic— But one ballot was required to nominate George T. Werts in the Democratic convention of 1892. The remaining candidates 188 NEW JERSEY AS A COL were E. F. C. Young, Augustus W. Cutler, and Richard A. Donnelly. The platform stated that in response to Repub- lican allegations of wastefulness it could be proved that the salaries of the new officers created in the State during Governor Abbett's administra- tion had been less than fifteen thousand dollars, and that the expenses of the departments of bank- ing and insurance and commission of electric sub- ways had been legitimately paid by the corpora- tions interested. No State tax had been levied, and in three years a State floating debt of four hundred thousand dollars had been entirely paid. Over two hundred and fifty thousand dollars had been expended for the improvement of public buildings and in the purchase of the military camp ground at Sea Girt. The platform further pre- sented a long list of statutes of a beneficial char- acter passed by Democratic Legislatures and ap- proved by Governor Abbett. These embraced acts securing beyond the reach of fraud the payment of wages to mechanics and others engaged in the erection of buildings, an act creating sixty free scholarships in the State Agricultural College, and acts establishing free public libraries and reading rooms in cities and towns. There was an act giv- ing silk workers a lien for wages due for work per- formed and materials furnished, a Saturday half- holiday act, an extension of the mechanics' Hen ONY AND AS A STATE 189 law, an act prohibiting corporations from forc- ing their employees to contribute to relief funds, statutes creating a State board of arbitration, and a commissioner of mines, insuring the secrecy of the ballot, and incorporating trades unions, all of which were passed between 1889 and 1892. The creation of the boards of public works governing cities of the first and second classes was a part of Democratic legislation of the period. Mr. Werts secured a plurality of 7,625, all can- didates receiving the following votes : "Werts, 167,- 257; Kean, 159,362; Kennedy, Prohibitionist, 7,750; Keim, Socialistic Labor, 1,338; Bird, Peo- ple's, 894. The presidential election which occurred in this year gave Grover Cleveland, Democratic candidate for the presidency, his largest plurality during his three contests for the office, being 14,965. His total vote was 171,066, that of his Eepublican op- ponent, Benjamin Harrison, being 156,101. Bid- well, Prohibitionist, received 8,134 votes; Wing, Socialistic Labor, 1,337; and Weaver, People's, 985 votes. 1895: Republican.— Three ballots were required in the Republican gubernatorial convention of 1895 before the convention chose John W. Griggs as its candidate for governor. Votes of the dele- gates had been cast for these nominees: John Kean, Jr., Foster M. Voorhees, Maurice A. Rogers, 190 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Elias S. Ward, John J. Gardner, and John J. Tof- fey. The platform upon national issues declared the Republican party to be opposed "to any attempt to impose upon this country a debased or depre- ciated currency," and a firm belief in the wisdom **of a tax on imports which will afford protection to American industry and adequate revenue." The Republican party, said the platform, in the triumph of that political organization in State elections had removed from the statute books laws "under which the most infamous form of racetrack gambling had brought ignominy to the State," the "gerrymandering scheme" had been defeated in the courts, the State institutions had been "delivered" from the "domination of boards appointed solely for partisan purposes and re- stored to public usefulness by the establishment of non-political boards for their control," home rule had been assured "to the people of the sev- eral counties," while an exposure had been made of abuses connected with the State treasury. The Republicans pledged themselves to oppose any attempt to impose a State tax, or any attempt "to impair or divert from its proper use the fund for the support of the free public schools." The "abolition of unnecessary offices and the reduc- tion of official salaries" were also assured. The ONY AND AS A STATE 191 Republican platform further presented this para- graph to the consideration of voters : The redemption of the State, committed to our hands, is not yet complete. It will not be complete so long as there remains a reform to be effected, a wrong to be righted, an enemy of good government to be defeated and overthrown. 1895: Democratic— The Democratic State con- vention of 1895 selected on the first ballot Alex- ander T. McGill as its gubernatorial candidate, although the names of Philip P. Baker and Augus- tus W. Cutler had been presented in nomination. The platform declared that it was the intention of the national administration to protect the people of this country from the debasement of the national currency. Industrial depression was "chargeable to the national legislation enacted by the Republican party. The purchase of silver to be stored in the treasury and the enactment of un- just tariff laws, to enrich a few favorites by the op- pression of millions of consumers, were the main causes of paralyzation of our markets." Regarding the charges that the Democratic party had been dishonest or extravagant the plat- form stated that the Senate investigation of 1895, "costing thousands of dollars," had reported that in the purchase of State supplies "there had been extravagance or malfeasance on the part of two or three State employees." The fact that the State was without debt, that millions of dollars had 192 NEW JERSEY AS A COL been spent in the past twelve years in the improve- ment of State institutions, and that no State tax had been levied was a "sufficient answer to the charge of extravagance." No dishonest Demo- cratic official, intrusted with the administration of the law, had been protected from prosecution and punishment, while under a Democratic governor the State's credit during twenty-five years had given New Jersey * ' a deserved fame. ' ' The Democratic party favored the * ' adoption of a constitutional amendment that will render im- possible any law for the legislation of gambling in any form." "Trickery and deceit," said the platform, had characterized the course of the Re- publicans upon the subject of legalizing betting upon horse races. Every bet made upon horse races in New Jersey during fourteen years had been made "under the protection of Chapter one hundred and forty-seven of the Laws of 1880, en- acted by a Republican Senate and House. ' ' A " plank " favored equal taxation in amend- ing the tax laws so as to embrace all property "not used for religious, charitable, or educational purposes. ' ' The platform also declared against the control of potable waters of the State by industrial cor- porations, the instance of Jersey City being cited, where, it was said, "the choice that is now pre- sented to that city of bankruptcy or depopulation, ONY AND AS A STATE 193 of buying water by the gallon, or receiving a sup- ply from polluted streams, will within a few years be presented to every populous municipality in New Jersey." In support of this view the atti- tude taken upon this subject by Governor Lud- low in his annual message to the Legislature of 1882 was cited. The Republican Legislature of 1895 was con- demned for its course, ''which ridiculed every re- quest made for legislation in the interest of or- ganized labor, and repealed laws passed by Demo- cratic Legislatures for the protection of the wage workers of New Jersey." This Republican Legis- lature was also accused by the Democrats "with attempting to drag the judiciary into the field of politics." By the largest plurality ever received by any governor of New Jersey John W. Griggs was elected. His vote was 162,900, his plurality being 26,900. McGill, Democrat, secured 136,000 votes. Wilbur obtained a normal prohibition vote of 6,631. Ellis, the candidate of the People's party, had 1,901, and Keim, Socialistic Labor, obtained 4,147 votes. Upon February 1, 1898, Governor Griggs retired from the governorship to accept the position of at- torney-general of the United States. His succes- sor was Foster M. Voorhees, president of the Sen- ate. [Vol. 4] 194 NEW JERSEY AS A COL For the first time in the history of the State, since the election of President Grant in 1872, New Jersey in 1896 gave its popular vote to William McKinley, of Ohio, and Garret A. Hobart, of New Jersey, Republican candidates for President and Vice-President of the United States. McKinley had the unprecedented plurality of 87,692, with 221,367 votes cast for him. William J. Bryan, his Democratic opponent, received 133,675 votes. Pal- mer, the National Democrat or '"Sound money" candidate, received 6,373 votes. Levering, Prohi- bitionist, obtained 5,614, and Matchett, Socialistic Labor, secured 3,985 votes. 1898: Republican.— The Republican convention of 1898 selected as its nominee Foster M. Voor- hees, the choice being made by acclamation. The platform declared ''undying opposition to any proposition to debase the national currency," while the war policy of President McKinley was heartily commended, as well as the course of New Jersey ^s representatives in the national Legisla- ture, and the administration of Governor Griggs and of Acting Governor Voorhees. The special revenue law, as a "necessary measure," said the platform, should be repealed as soon as the re- duced expenses of the national government justi- fied such a course ; the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands and the construction of the Nicaragua Canal being also recommended. IH ILi VV ,..[.,,...,. ^,;■■. •'^OT^ij on L the iiioal sible de- ■ (iiS- m of could 1)0 dtimi.!;^! object lesson; the '>ther b; ssage of etfective federal legisla- tion. By til St .supplying the home market under .u. ....... ,v ... ,. . .,.^-„.. o.if^ i\^Q people of the ! out for the world- iect les- laid be- .ju.iOLo his plai:> I M ^^^'?rt^cyC^ ONY AND AS A STATE 251 for the creation of a great industrial community. Both ridiculed and applauded, this scheme of many factories, thousands of employees, in short this community to supply, with manufactured goods the country, if not the world, was as stu- pendous as it was novel, as shown by William Nelson in 1887 in his monograph on " The Found- ing of Paterson as the Intended Manufacturing Metropolis of the United States, ' ' and later in his ''History of Paterson." Men of means were dazzled by its possibilities. But while they dis- cussed the plan Alexander Hamilton had se'^ured from the Legislature of the State of New Jersey **An Act to incorporate the contributors to the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, for the encouragement of the said Society," a statute which was passed upon the 22d of Novem- ber, 1791. In view of so auspicious a beginning the House of Assembly and Council, largely Fed- eralistic, gave the promoters of the plan a charter containing plenary powers. The ''contributors" to the society had already subscribed to five thou- sand shares of stock at one hundred dollars per share, while over two hundred thousand had been paid into the treasury. Toward the "Articles not prohibited by law," which the society proposed to make, the energies of the contributors were first directed. All cotton yarn in the United States had been spun by hand. Sir Eichard Arkwright's 252 NEW JERSEY AS A COL ideas were not yet generally adopted, cotton fab- rics were selling at the rate of fifty cents per yard, and under such conditions this one field of opera- tion for the society was well nigh limitless. In the selection of a site for this new industrial com- munity an examination of several localities was made, the choice being the Great Falls of the Pas- saic, where abundant water power and nearness to tidewater and the New York market were pow- erful factors in influencing this decision. Except for the farms and their mansions the site of Paterson in 1791 was barren of all industrial en- terprise. In the charter of the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures the capital of the company was designated as one million dollars, there being ten thousand shares at one hundred dollars each. Authorized to hold real and personal property to the value of four million dollars, the society was permitted to deal and trade in ''such articles as itself shall manufacture and the materials there- of, and in such articles as shall be really and truly received in payment or exchange therefor." To encourage ''so useful and beneficial an establish- ment" the society was to be exempt from all "taxes, charges, and impositions" during a period of ten years. Those in the immediate service of the society were also exempt from all taxes and assessments. ONY AND AS A STATE 253 Of the franchises granted to the society one of the most important was the right conferred of dig- ging canals and improving river channels, with power of condemning land and collecting tolls. To the stock of the company the United States or the State of New Jersey was authorized to sub- scribe to the amount of ten thousand dollars by means of a lottery. The erection of a municipality comprising g,^]. inhabitants within a territory ' ' six miles square, ,j, to be called Paterson— in honor of Governor Wil^ iam Paterson, who had signed the act incorporat- ing the society,— was an essential provision offthe statute. Of the new corporation the municipal officers were a mayor, recorder, twelve aldermen, twelve assistants, and a town clerk, appointed by joint meeting of the Legislature, while all other officers were elected by the qualified voters. The officers appointed by the joint meeting, except t town clerk, were made justices of the peace, wmie any seven were authorized to hold a court of quar- ter sessions as well as to act as a court of common pleas. In 1792 the composition of the two courts was reduced to the twelve aldermen— this char- ter in general terms being similar to that granted to Trenton during the latter year. But the elaborate charter designed for the City of Paterson was never carried into effect, and it was not until 1831 that Paterson Township was a^^ 254 NEW JKKSr.Y AS A COL cut off from the old township of Acquackanonk, of which it formed a part, while the city itself was incorporated in 1851. There was in the United States at the time of the incorporation of the society a French engi- neer, Major L 'Enfant, who had but recently laid out the plans of the new federal city— Washing- ton. Major L 'Enfant was an enthusiast, a dream- er, who saw in Paterson the possibilities of an in- dustrial capital. He seized upon the broad rights of the charter as an excellent field for ox>eration, and involved the society in endless expense, par- ticularly in attempting to construct a canal be- tween Paterson and the City of Passaic. In 1840, by the federal census, taken of the town, Paterson had a population of seven thousand six hundred, which increased in 1850 to eleven thou- sand. Until 1870 the increase was practically seventy per cent, each decade, the population of the city in 1870 being thirty-three thousand six hundred. From 1870 to 1890 the rate of increase was practically fifty-two per cent, per decade, while from 1890, when the city had seventy-eight thousand, to 1900, when the population was one hundred and five thousand, the percentage of growth was thirty-four per cent. One of the most remarkable instances of growth in New Jersey is Passaic City. In 1880 the city had six thousand five hundred, and in 1890 thir- EASTERN VIEW OP ACQUACKANONK IN 1M4. ONY AND AS A STATE 255 teen thousand, an increase of ninety-nine per cent. ; in 1900 twenty-seven thousand, in the latter dec- ade an increase of one hundred and thirteen per- cent., identical with the increase of Atlantic City, although the causes of development were totally different. CHAPTER XVI Tbentof, Elizabeth, New Bbunswick, Cam- den, AND Smaller Cities IVoL 41 FROM the days when the mill of Mahlon Stacy, at the mouth of the Assan- pink, marked the beginnings of the settlement of Trenton its century of growth, until 1790, was slow. It was upon the 25th of November in that year that Tren- ton, by act of the Legislature, became the capital of the State. As early as September, 1776, Governor Living- ston recommended that the capital of the State of New Jersey be conveniently located, but in spite of the suggestion no definite action was taken. During the Revolution the Assembly and Coun- cil met at such points as convenience and safety required, occasionally visiting Burlington, the old capital of West Jersey, and Perth Amboy, the old capital of East Jersey. However, with the establishment of peace, interest in the subject was revived, stimulated by the presence of Congress in Trenton and Princeton, and by the efforts of Trenton to secure the federal capital. Thereafter that city made several endeavors to become the capital of the State. A conservative spirit desired the retention of both Burlington and Perth Amboy, or, in their places, Woodbury and New Brunswick. From the contentions arising upon the subject a compro- mise was effected, and Trenton, conveniently lo- cated, was chosen as the seat of government. 260 NEW JEKSEY AS A COL To secure suitable buildings for the accommo- dation of the Legislature and State officials com- missioners were chosen to purchase or accept a suitable tract of land. This tract was obtained, the plot embracing the present capital, under con- dition that if the seat of government were removed from Trenton the land should revert to the heirs of the grantors. The citizens of Trenton contrib- uted three hundred pounds toward the erection of a State house, and added to this a State appro- priation was secured. By 1796 the capitol was erected at a cost of three thousand pounds. The front of the first State house stood upon a line drawn through the present executive recep- tion room, while in the " yard " were poplar and other trees, which were from time to time used for fuel when the Legislature was in session. Sub- sequently the offices of the clerk of the Supreme Court and the secretary of state were located in separate buildings on the front corners of the capitol *' yard.'^ The choice of Trenton as the seat of government led to the settlement of a contest which had been of long duration, the granting of an inhabitants' petition of the then Township of Trenton that they be incorporated as a city. Trenton received her charter upon November 25, 1792. In the act which constituted the city may be found the general type of legislation characterise- MOHRISTOWN IX 1828. THE FIRST STATE HOUSE AT TRENTON. (Erented before 1800.) ONY AND AS A STATE 261 tic of all municipal corporations of the period. To the inhabitants was left as little freedom of polit- ical action as they generally possessed under the constitution. The trammels of Old-World doc- trines regarding borough towns rested heavily upon the Legislature. Not yet could the people be trusted, and it was with sparing hand that the Council and House of Assembly doled out a right here and a privilege there, retaining to themselves in joint meeting, the essentials of local self-gov- ernment. As in Trenton so it was for many years to come in all specially chartered municipal cor- porations throughout the State. The body corporate of these early cities, allow- ing for slight divergences from the Trenton form of government, consisted of a mayor, who was also keeper of the city seal, a recorder, who was vice- mayor, three aldermen, six assistants, and a town clerk, who, known by the name of '' The mayor, alderman, and assistants of the City of Trenton," were entitled to hold both real and personal prop- erty, sue and be sued, and use a common seal. In addition the mayor, recorder, and aldermen were ex-officio justices of the peace, duly commissioned by the joint meeting of the Legislature. To the freeholders and inhabitants of the city was given the right of electing at town meeting the six as- sistants and town clerk, together with a tax asses- sor and collector. 262 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Common council, under this dual system, was composed of the mayor, recorder, aldermen, and assistants, who had the power to make by-laws, pass ordinances, and appoint a city treasurer, city marshal, clerk of the market, * * and such other sub- ordinate officers as they may think necessary," to which offices the common council could annex fees and impose fines for malfeasance. Fines could be further imposed by the mayor, recorder, or one alderman for violation of ordinances, appeal lying to common council, to which body appeals in tax assessment matters also lay. Vacancies in the of- fices of mayor and recorder were filled by the al- dermen selecting one of their number, while in case of vacancy in any office whose incumbent was elected by the voters the mayor was directed to call, ** by advertisement or otherwise," a special election, giving at least five days' notice to the freeholders and inhabitants. Furthermore all liquor licenses were granted by common council. A striking similarity may be observed in a com- parison between the act creating the City of Tren- ton and the State constitution. There was the centralization of power in the hands of a select legislative body, responsible to no one in the exer- cise of its functions. The New Jersey constitution and the Trenton charter created special tribunals, the former making the governor and State council a court of appeals, and the latter vesting in the ONY AND AS A STAIE 263 mayor and aldermen of the city the powers of justices of the peace. Only minor officials were elected by the voters, as in the case of the State constitution. The prevailing spirit of one was the spirit of the other— the restriction of the franchise and the perpetuation of a privileged class. Under such conditions it was that Trenton be- came the capital of New Jersey and a city of the commonwealth. As Elizabethtown, the City of Elizabeth played so conspicuous a part in colonial affairs that no movement of a political, social, religious, or eco- nomic character in the Jerseys but had its ex- pression in the life of the village. In the Revolu- tion the barest mention of the names of those dis- tinguished in the patriot cause reflects every phase of that struggle. William Livingston and his home, '' Liberty Hall," Elias Boudinot, William Burnet, Jonathan Condit, Elias Dayton, Oliver Spencer, Matthias AVilliamson, Aaron Ogden, Will- iam de Hart, the Rev. James Caldwell, and Abra- ham Clark are but a part of that brilliant galaxy of Jerseymen. In 1789 the Legislature confirmed Elizabeth's borough charter, under which government the town continued its existence until 1855, when its city charter was granted. In 1812 one of the State banks was established in the town, and during the industrial activity preceding the panic of 1837 two m ELIZABKTHTOWN IN 1840. (From the Broad street bridgei.) 264 NEW JERSEY AS A COL new enterprises were chartered by the Legislature, the location of the '* plants " being in Elizabeth. One was the Elizabethtown Silk Manufacturing Company, the other the New Jersey Gum Elastic Manufacturing Company, in the years when experi- ments were being made with sewing machines, an enterprise which has given Elizabethport world- wide fame. Elizabeth has been distinctively a residential community, and it was in the city that the system of daily '' commuting " to New York found its earliest permanent manifestation. In matter of growth an interesting comparison may be made between Elizabeth and Trenton. In 1820, when the federal census made the first re- turns for these cities, Trenton contained four thou- sand inhabitants, Elizabeth three thousand five hundred, and Newark six thousand five hundred. Until 1850 the growth of Elizabeth and Trenton was almost identical, but in 1860 Trenton, with an increase of one hundred and sixty-six per cent, during the previous decade, forged ahead. In 1870 Trenton had twenty-three thousand, being two thousand more than Elizabeth. In 1880 Tren- ton contained thirty thousand, the excess over Elizabeth being about two thousand. In 1890, owing to the annexation of the contiguous bor- ough of Chambersburg and the Township of Mill- ham, Trenton forged ahead to fifty-seven thou- ONY AND AS A STATE 265 sand, an increase of ninety-two per cent., while Elizabeth advanced to thirty-eight thousand. Trenton in 1900 had seventy-three thousand, Eliza- beth fifty-two thousand. The City of New Brunswick received its first incorporation in 1784, after nearly a century of ex- istence as a community strongly marked by char- acteristics of a group of Hollanders, who about 1730 came from Albany, New York, and settled on the Raritan. This element gave to New Bruns- wick a type of life as respectable as it was con- servative. To-day the streets nearest the river, with their remnants of Dutch architecture, have a distinctive touch of the Old World spirit nowhere else to be found in the State. As the home of Rutgers College, the Theolog- ical Seminary of the Reformed Dutch Church, and the Grammar School, New Brunswick has been closely identified with the progress of secondary and higher education in America. After vicissi- tudes incident to the Revolutionary "War, and the lack of financial support, James Parker, of Perth Amboy, presented a plot of ground to Queen's Col- lege, upon which, in 1811, the main building of the college was completed. In 1825 the Legislature of the State, in honor of Colonel Henry Rutgers, a patron of the institution, incorporated '* The Trustees of Rutgers College in New Jersey." New Brunswick grew slowly, and by 1840 had / /l>rvu4 /U-^'*'^. 266 NEW JERSEY AS A COL only five thousand eight hundred and sixty in- habitants. A half century later the city had trebled its population, having eighteen thousand six hundred and three, which in 1900 had in- creased to twenty thousand and six. From 1840 to 1870 New Brunswick was a point of distribu- tion. As the northern tidewater terminal of the Delaware and Raritan Canal, with extensive rail- road connections, her river trade was large. Later specialized industries, such as wall paper, rubber, and medical supplies, were established in the city. From the " Cooper Ferries " Camden, the me- ,. tropolis of South Jersey, has grown from a mere hamlet to a position of importance. For nearly one hundred and fifty years, the few houses on the " Jersey shore " opposite Philadelphia, were the homes of plantation owners, the quiet of whose farms was broken only by the cry of the ^Lt^x. /(/. Scuy**y/i/if£j^^^^ hunters, the snap of the duelling pistol, or / ^^'^the music and dancing of pleasure parties who came '* over the river." With the construction of the Camden and Amboy, the West Jersey system, the Burlington County roads, and finally the Cam- den and Atlantic, Camden City, like Jersey City, spread beyond its confines, but, unlike Jersey City, was not hampered by marsh land and rocks. Manufacturing sites along the creeks, deep water, and speedy transportation attracted Philadelphia capital until, with the coming of great shipbuild- William Henry Campbell, president of RutgAri College 1S63-82; b. Baltimore, Md.. Sept 14, IMS; grad. Dickinson College 1828; licensed by the Secund Presbytery of New York 1831 ; principal Erasmus Hall, FlatbuRb, L. I., 1834-39 ; professor of Oriental Literature In Theological Seminary, New Briuuwick. N. J.. 1851-63 : d. there Sept 7, 1890. ONY AND AS A STATE 267 ing interests, the city has developed with a rapid- ity that can best be told by figures. When the census enumerators set down the in- habitants of Camden in 1840 there were in the town three thousand four hundred residents. By 1850 these had increased to nine thousand five hundred, a gain of one hundred and eighty-one por cent. In 1860 there were fourteen thousand, and in 1870 twenty thousand, in which year Camden, Hoboken, Elizabeth, and Trenton were of nearly the same population. But in 1880 Cam- den jumped to forty-one thousand, slackening this great percentage of growth by 1890 to fifty-eight thousand and in 1900 to seventy-six thousand, be- ing slightly larger than Trenton. Of the cities upon the seacoast the most notable is Atlantic City, a town combining the attractions of every known resort, yet unique. When the cen- sus was taken in 1860 Atlantic City had but seven hundred inhabitants, which by 1900 had increased to twenty-eight thousand. In the decade between 1870 and 1880 the increase amounted to four hun- dred and twenty-five per cent., and from 1890 to 1900 to one hundred and thirteen per cent. In this last decade, of the more important seaside resorts Cape May City, with two thousand five hundred inhabitants, had a permanent increase of only one hundred, although in the same county Holly Beach borough had increased one hundred 268 NEW JERSEY AS A COL per cent. Ocean City rose from four hundred and fifty to thirteen hundred, while Sea Isle City lost somewhat heavily. Upon the upper New Jersey coast Asbury Park is credited in 1900 with four thousand, Seabright borough with one thousand, while Long Branch town increased from seven thousand in 1890 to nine thousand in 1900. Exclusive of the incorporated cities in the State to which allusion has been made, some of the smaller cities have shown marked growth. Since 1890 Perth Amboy, owing to the establishment of great industrial enterprises, has risen from nine thousand five hundred to seventeen thousand seven hundred ; the increase being largely foreign born. Bridgeton has grown during the same pe- riod from eleven thousand five hundred to four- teen thousand, East Orange from thirteen thou- sand to twenty-one thousand five hundred, Orange from nineteen thousand to twenty-four thousand, and Plainfield from eleven thousand to fifteen thousand. Of other smaller cities a number show little or no growth. These are Beverly, Bordentown, Burlington, Cape May, Egg Harbor, Gloucester, Larabertville, Millville, Rahway, Salem, and Woodbury. There are in the State of New Jersey one hun- dred and ninety incorporated cities, towns, bor- oughs, and villages, although of these sub-divis- ions one only possesses a village government — CENTRAL PART OP RAHWAV (From an old print, i ONY AND AS A STATE 269 South Orange. In Bergen County the borough form of government is apparently the most popu- lar, as of fifty-four incorporated places thirty-six are boroughs. A similar proportion of boroughs may be found in Cape May County, where of four- teen incorporated places eight are boroughs, and all of which are seaside resorts. In all of Hudson County there are but two boroughs, containing but four thousand inhabitants. Mercer, Burling- ton, and Passaic Counties contain boroughs with but three thousand, and Cumberland County and Warren County but one thousand each. In popu- lation the boroughs of New Jersey embrace a wide range from Surf City in Ocean County, with its nine inhabitants, to North Plainfield, with five thousand population. CHAPTEB XVII The Growth of the Counties and thehi Capitals r HE development of the counties and the earlier phases of growth of their capitals show, as much as the story of the evolution of the great cities, the development of the State. The movement of population is not lacking in interest, in showing the changes that have taken place, by decade, during a period embracing the nineteenth century. Of the thirteen counties of which New Jersey was composed in 1790 Hunterdon, with its twenty thousand inhabitants, was the most populous, al- though Sussex was only slightly less inhabited. A group containing between sixteen thousand and eighteen thousand embraced Burlington, Essex, Middlesex, Monmouth, and Morris. Between ten thousand and thirteen thousand were Bergen, Gloucester, Salem, and Somerset. Cumberland had eight thousand and Cape May two thousand five hundred. In 1800 Hunterdon dropped to fourth place, be- ing slightly exceeded by Sussex, Essex, and Bur- gen, the most populous county being Sussex, with twenty-two thousand five hundred. In 1810, with twenty-six thousand inhabitants, Essex led the list. Following closely were to be found Bergen with twenty-five thousand, Hunterdon with twen- ty-four thousand five hundred, Sussex with twen- ty-five thousand five hundred, Monmouth with [Vol. 4] 274 NEW JERSEY AS A COL n twenty-two thousand, Morris with twenty-two thousand, and Middlesex and Gloucester each about twenty thousand. The increase of the re- maining counties had been slow. In 1820 Sussex County reached the zenith of growth in population. With thirty-two thousand SQyen hundred it attained the position of the most populous county in the State. Even Essex was two thousand less, and Burlington a thousand short of Essex. Hunterdon, however, had a popu- lation of twenty-eight thousand and Monmouth of twenty-five thousand. In the year 1830 a new element came into the calculations, namely, Warren County, which was reported as having a population of nineteen thou- sand. Its creation in 1824, from Sussex County, tended greatly to reduce the population of that territorial sub-division, throwing Sussex to twen- ty thousand. During the decade the increase in the County of Essex had been most marked. With its forty-two thousand inhabitants, of which twen- ty-five per cent, were in the City of Newark, it ex- ceeded by ten thousand its nearest rivals, Bur- lington, Hunterdon, and Monmouth. Gloucester since 1790 had succeeded in doubling its popula- tion; Salem and Somerset had in ten years but slightly increased. The tide was turning ; the new cities of East Jersey, although scarce commenced, b^' MUVVAlUv IN lik32. ONY AND AS A STATE 275 were overshadowing in point of increase of popu- lation the rural counties. In the census of 1840 four new counties appear : Atlantic, cut off from Gloucester in 1837 ; Hudson, the southern part of Bergen, established in 1840; Mercer, comprising parts of Hunterdon, Burling- ton, Somerset, and Middlesex Counties, erected in 1838, and Passaic, the northern portion of Essex County and the western part of Bergen County, or- ganized in 1837. In these new allotments Bergen County suffered heavily, being reduced in popula- tion from twentj^-two thousand five hundred in 1830 to thirteen thousand in 1840. Atlantic, with its eight thousand five hundred inhabitants, re- duced Gloucester from twenty-eight thousand five hundred to twenty-five thousand five hundred. Hudson had about nine thousand five hundred people, of whom a third were in Jersey City. In the erection of Mercer County, which contained twenty-one thousand five hundred inhabitants, Hunterdon shrunk from thirty-one thousand to twenty-four thousand eight hundred. Of this dif- ference four thousand were in the City of Tren- ton. Essex, in spite of its growth, was visibly af- fected by the loss of Passaic and by the disasters of the panic of 1837, increasing but two thousand five hundred during the decade. From 1830 to 1840 Burlington, Cumberland, Morris, Salem, Somerset, and Sussex remained almost stationary. 276 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Middlesex lost about one thousand, and Cape May, after half a century had succeeded with five thou- sand three hundred inhabitants in doubling her population, the same being true of Monmouth with thirty-three thousand people. The enumeration of 1850 presents in the status of Essex and Hudson Counties some striking con- trasts. From forty-five thousand Essex had leaped in ten years to seventy-four thousand ; Hud- son with twenty-two thousand had more than doubled its population. Passaic County, in an increase of four thousand, showed the influence of Paterson. Two new counties— Camden, estab- lished in 1844, and Ocean, in 1850— had drawn largely from Gloucester and Monmouth Counties, from which they were respectively set off. Cam- den County commenced life with twenty-five thou- sand five hundred inhabitants, Gloucester there- by having been reduced from twenty-five thousand five hundred to fourteen thousand five hundred, having in 1850 but slightly more population than she had in 1790. There were ten thousand people in the new County of Ocean. The seashore Coun- ties of Atlantic and Cape May remained almost stationary. Of Mercer's growth during the decade from twenty-one thousand five hundred to twenty- eight thousand, Trenton furnished two thousand five hundred. Morris, owing to the completion of the Morris Canal and the development of the iron OLD MONM' KT HOnSK. ONY AND AS A STATE 277 mines, increased five thousand in population. Warren and Sussex were equal in population— twenty-three thousand. The decade between 1850 and 1860 was made conspicuous by the creation of a new county, Union, formed in 1857, which was created from Essex and Middlesex, and started its territorial existence with twenty-eight thousand inhabitants, of which about eleven thousand five hundred were in the City of Elizabeth. In spite of such a drain Essex County advanced from seventy-four thou- sand to ninety-nine thousand, Newark in the same period increasing thirty-three thousand. Hudson County advanced from twenty-two thousand to sixty-three thousand, practically triplicating its population. The overflowing of people from New York City increased Bergen County from fourteen thousand five hundred to twenty-one thousand five hundred ; Camden also felt the same influence from Philadelphia and gained ten thousand. Mercer, with thirty-seven thousand five hundred, had also gained ten thousand, which was Monmouth's in- crease. Passaic had about six thousand five hun- dred new inhabitants to her credit. The rural counties made normal gains. The period from 1860 to 1870, in spite of the dis- tractions of the Civil War, marked stupendous growths in those counties of East Jersey lying within the metropolitan area, even then well de- 278 NEW JERSEY AS A COL fined. Hudson doubled its population, having reached in 1870 the total of one hundred and twen- ty-nine thousand. Essex, with one hundred and forty-four thousand, had increased forty-five thou- sand, Bergen had reached thirty thousand, Pas- saic had gained fifteen thousand. Union four- teen thousand, Morris eight thousand, while Mid- dlesex had ten thousand additional population. Camden showed a gain of eleven thousand. Typi- cal rural counties such as Salem, Somerset, and Sussex, whose populations ranged between twen- ty-three thousand and twenty-four thousand, had gained but little, while Sussex had actually lost. Cumberland, however, owing to the development cf Vineland, Millville, and Bridgeton, had gained twelve thousand, Gloucester and Hunterdon each about three thousand, and Warren six thousand. The closing quarter of the century is distin- guished by three characteristics. One finds the marvelous growth of the greater and lesser metro- politan areas, the territory of New Jersey affected by the contiguity of New York City and Philadel- phia; the development of the seacoast counties, and the practical stagnation of the distinctively rural counties. Of the counties within the New York metropolitan area Bergen rose between 1870 and 1900 from thirty thousand to seventy- eight thousand, and of all counties in the State between 1890 and 1900 Bergen, with sixty-six and ONY AJS'D AS A iSTATE 279 one-tenth per cent., had the largest percentage of increase. Essex advanced from one hundred and forty-four thousand in 1870 and one hundred and ninety thousand in 1880 to two hundred and fifty- six thousand in 1890, and to three hundred and sixty thousand in 1900— a brilliant record of growth eclipsed by that of Hudson County, which by 1890 had doubled its population of 1870, then one hundred and thirty thousand, with three hun- dred and eighty-six thousand in 1900. Essex's and Hudson's increase between 1890 and 1900 was forty per cent. From 1870 to 1900, the growth of Union County was less dramatic, ranging between forty-two thousand and one hundred thousand. Passaic during these thirty years increased from forty-six thousand five hundred to one hundred and fifty-five thousand, and Middlesex County from forty-five thousand to eighty thousand. Morris added twenty-two thousand to her population of 1870. Briefly and generally stated, in the Coun- ties of Bergen, Passaic, Morns, Essex, Hudson, Middlesex, and Union, comprising the area of di- rect New York metropolitan influence, are to be found three-fifths of the residents of New Jersey. The lesser metropolitan area, that of Philadel- phia, is much less definite in its direct boundaries. By implication it may be made to include all of Southern and Central New Jersey, although the New York influence is strong in Atlantic City and 280 NEW JERSEY AS A COL along the " shore " of Ocean County, and is felt in Vineland and Bridgeton. Trenton marks the point of separation between the influences of New York and Philadelphia, although the towns of the Delaware Valley between Trenton and Phillips- burg are in closer touch with Philadelphia than with New York City. Warren and Sussex Coun- ties are unassociated, however, with Philadelphia. Strictly speaking the metropolitan area of Phila- delphia embraces Burlington County, Trenton in Mercer County, Camden, Gloucester, Cape May, and Salem Counties, and a large portion of Cum- berland County, together with Atlantic City. In cities, towns, and villages within these counties there are those who daily transact business in Philadelphia, are in fact of the well-defined '^ com- muter " class. It has been from 1870 that the in- fluence of Philadelphia has been felt most directly, as it has only been within the past thirty years that Philadelphians have sought residences in New Jersey. From 1870 to 1890 Mercer County has doubled its population, increasing from forty-six thousand to ninety-five thousand, of which in 1890 there were seventy-three thousand in Trenton. Bur- lington County -has increased bat four thousand five hundred in these thirty years, and from 1890 to 1900 has actually lost. Camden County has risen since 1870 from forty-six thousand to one ONY AND AS A STATE 281 hundred and seven thousand five hundred, Glouces- ter County from twenty-one thousand five hun- dred to thirty-two thousand, Cumberland County from thirty-four thousand five hundred to fifty- one thousand, and Salem County from twenty-four thousand to twenty-five thousand five hundred. Thus it may be said that, excluding that portion of Mercer County outside of Trenton, in Burling- ton, Camden, Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland Counties, together with Atlantic City, one-fifth of the people of New Jersey are within the Phila- delphia metropolitan area. The coastwise Counties of Cape May, Atlantic, Ocean, and Monmouth have developed by no means regularly between 1870 and 1900. Thus Atlantic County, under the inspiration of Atlantic City, doubled its population between 1870 and 1890, and from the latter year with twenty-nine thousand inhabitants reached forty-six thousand five hundred in 1900. Cape May County in these thirty years rose from eight thousand to thirteen thousand, and Ocean County from thirteen thou- sand to nineteen thousand, a growth largely stimulated by the development of Lakewood be- tween 1890 and 1900. Monmouth rose from forty- six thousand to eighty-two thousand in the thirty years, increasing eighteen per cent, from 1890 to 1900. The counties not included in the metropolitan 282 NEW JEUSEY AS A COL areas or in the seashore list are largely rural. Their growth has been slow, Hunterdon in 1900, with thirty-four thousand six hundred, having lost two and four-tenths per cent, since 1900, and hav- ing but a thousand more than in 1860. Somerset, with thirty-three thousand, has gained ten thou- sand since 1870, while Sussex, with twenty-four thousand, has made a slight gain since 1890, al- though the county still has less population than in 1820. Warren County shows three and four-tenths per cent, increase since 1890, having thirty-eight thousand inhabitants against thirty-six thousand five hundred, both in 1880 and 1890. The county capitals, outside the large cities of Newark, Jersey City, Elizabeth, Paterson, New Brunswick, Trenton, and Camden, may be grouped by similarities in social and industrial conditions. Those of the three coast counties. Cape May, At- lantic, and Ocean, fall under one division. Of these Cape May Court House, the county seat of Cape May, first appears in history in 1705, when the grand jury of the county decided to build a small jail '' upon the Queen's Highway, eastward- ly of Gravelly Run." Stocks and whipping posts were ordered at the same time. Previous to 1705 county affairs were transacted at the whaling set- tlement of Cape Town or Town Bank, a location since swept away by the encroaching waters of the ONY AND AS A STATE 283 sea. Subsequently the ' * Court House ' ' was known as Middletown, but return was made to the pres- ent designation. May's Landing, the town of John May, was cre- ated the county capital upon the erection of At- lantic County. It was a place of trade, the center of those industries characteristic of the '* Pines,'* and, like Tom's River, the county capital of Ocean, had a large seafaring population. Of another group the shire towns of Cumber- land, Gloucester, Salem, Burlington, and Mon- mouth were similar. In its early and comparatively rapid growth Bridgeton, shortly after the Revolutionary War, attained the distinction of being the most active town in the southern portion of New Jersey. By the close of the second war with England water power had been employed by the iron industries centering at the ** Bridge," while in 1816 the Cum- berland Bank came into existence. In 1836 came the Bridgeton Glass Company, and by 1839 two fire companies had come into existence. The city was incorporated in 1864. In 1787 the inhabitants of the Township of Deptford were authorized to build a market house in the main street of Woodbury. In 1854 Wood- bury was incorporated as a borough, having grown under measures taken to improve the navi- gation of the creek and in the establishment of 284 NEW JERSEY AS A COL easy conununication with Philadelphia. In 1870 Woodbury was chartered as a city. Like Salem and Mount Holly, Woodbury was the center of a number of small industries, but, being nearer Philadelphia than the other towns of the group, earlier became a residential town for those who sought homes in New Jersey. It may be said of all the shire towns in the two groups that the type of social life was affected by manners and customs of the South, this being still particularly noticeable in Salem. Founded in 1676, it was during the three dec- ades of the nineteenth century that the ancient city of Salem was the most active town south of Burlington, and a formidable rival of Bridgeton. In 1822 the Salem Steam Mill and Banking Com- pany and in 1825 the Salem Steam Mill and Manu- facturing Company were incorporated. In the lat- ter year two fire companies were also incorpo- rated. In the later fifties gas and water were in- troduced into the city, Salem being chartered in 1858. Mount Holly, the county capital of Burlington, has no separate government, being a part of the Township of Northampton. In spite of the lack of autonomy Mount Holly became a center of im- portance early in the last century. With the or- ganization of the Farmers Bank in 1815 Mount Holly extended its influence to Tnckerton, Wood- ONY AND AS A STATE 285 bury, Freehold, and Trenton. For all the bog iron industries in the '* Pines *' the village was the center. Before the opening of the Civil War two fire companies, an insurance company, and water, gas, and telegraph companies had been organ- ized, and efforts had been made to curb and pave the streets. For the benefit of Mount Holly there had been passed an act— which legislation char- acterized the development of nearly every town in New Jersey,— a statute preventing swine and animals from runing at large in the public streets. Freehold, the shire town of Monmouth County, in 1869, under the provisions of an act for the im- provement of the town, felt the spirit of progress characteristic of the period. Twelve years pre- viously a gas light company had been organized, while as early as 1837 the Monmouth Insurance Company had been incorporated, a fact in itself indicative of the prominence that Freehold en- joyed as a center of county life. The remaining group of county capitals, lying in the northern portion of the State, are Fleming- ton, Hunterdon County ; Belvidere, Warren Coun- ty; Somerville, Somerset County; Morristown, Morris County; and Hackensack, Bergen County... Between 1850 and the opening of the Civil War'-;^ Flemington enjoyed a large measure of prosperity^-i; Copper mining near the village, the establishment;:! of a bank in 1855, with gas light and water com-;i( ■'V'i» THE COUNTY BUILDINGS AT FLEMINGTON IN IMO. 28G NEW JERSEY AS A COL panies chartered in 1859, were evidences of prog- ress. In 1870 an act for the improvement of the town was passed. Belvidere was incorporated in 1845, although as early as 1828 a manufacturing company had been located in the town and in 1830 the Belvidere Bank had been chartered. The advantageous position of Somerville made it a distinctively manufacturing community. When the Somerville Water Power Company came into existence, in 1840, there had been incorporated in the town an aqueduct company, in 1807, a manu- facturing and a mining company, and a plant for making pins and types. Between 1840 and 1860 such enterprises as rope and bagging, cotton and woolen, and gutta percha were located in the vil- lage. In 1863 an act for the improvement of Som- erville was passed, gas having been introduced in 1853. The incorporation of Morristown in 1865 fol- lowed late in the period of permanent growth of the community. In 1799 the Aqueduct company had come into existence, followed in 1812 by the State Bank. In 1836 came the Morris County Bank and in 1862 the Morristown Bank. By 1856 gas was used, while nearly twenty years before a fire engine company had been incorporated. And to the credit of Morristown it may be said that the machinery of the '' Savannah," the first steam- THE FIRST TELEGRAPH LINE. ONY AND AS A STATE 2b7 ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean, was constructed at the Vail Works at Speedwell, near Morristown, in 1825, while the first successful experiments with the electro-magnetic telegraph, based upon the discoveries of Professor Henry, of Princeton College, were made by Vail and Morse at Speed- well Works, in 1838. Although the Sussex Bank had been established at Newton as early as 1818 it was not until 1864 that Newton was incorporated. In 1850 the Legis- lature chartered the fire department, the gas com- pany coming into existence in 1860. With the act of 1853, authorizing the inhabit- ants to enclose the public green, an era of public improvements was inaugurated in Hackensack. Three years thereafter the citizens were given leg- islative right to improve their sidewalks. In 1861 a gas light company was incorporated, in 1864 the fire department was chartered, and in 1869 the water company came into being. Further stimulus was given the development of the town by the incorporation, in 1868, of the Improvement Commission, while in 1870 the Bergen County Sav- ings Bank received its charter. The town now has three or four banks and trust companies. But it takes greater pride in the handsome Johnson Pub- lic Library building, costing nearly $70,000, the gift in 1901 of First Assistant Postmaster-General William M. Johnson. CHAPTER S:VTII New Jkbsey and Hrs Public Schools £VoL 4] F ^ROM the time of the colony with its haphazard methods of education the State of New Jersey moved slowly toward a plan of governmental con- trol of public education. Many years were to elapse ere the doctrine became prevalent that the State '' owes " its children an education, years in which men who fought for some uniform- ity in methods of instruction and State aid were regarded as visionary if not fanatical. In the evo- lutionary growth positive signs of future develop- ment appear in the period between the close of the Revolution and the opening of the new century. As early as 1783 ** an act for the promotion and encouragement of literature ' ' was passed, while in 1794 a statute provided for the incorporation of trustees, not exceeding seven, who were empow- ered to organize societies for the advancement of learning. Under this act several academies, some of which are still existent, were organized, while others received special charters. Among these in- stitutions were the academies at Hackensack and Trenton, while later academies were established in Belleville, Bridgeton, Newark, and Paterson. The actual beginnings of the public school sys- tem, as pointed out in Dr. David Murray's *' His- tory of Education in New Jersey," began as early as 1803. In that year there was reprinted in Tren- ton an edition of Thomas Jefferson's '' Notes,'' 292 NEW JERSEY AS A COL wherein, for Virginia, was urged a three-grade system of public schools. Among men in New Jer- sey to whom Jefferson's arguments appealed with great force was John Parker, of Perth Amboy, who from 1806 to 1819, with the exception of on© year, represented Middlesex County in the House of Assembly. During that period he continually urged the cause of popular education, and after the defeat of several plans saw the goal gained, when upon the 5th of February, 1817, there was introduced in the Legislature '* An act to create a fund for the support of free schools," which passed the House of Assembly on the 11th of that month and Council upon the following day. The statute was hedged in by a provision, adopted in the constitution of 1844, that the school fund was to be sacredly devoted to the purposes intended, and not subject to legislative borrowing, appro- priation, or use for any other object, and its con- trol was placed in the hands of the governor, the vice-president of Council, the speaker of the House of Assembly, the attorney-general, and the secre- tary of state. Certain United States bonds, bank stocks, and other securities were set apart for the fund. In 1871 the moneys received from the sale and rental of lands under water owned by the State were made a part of the fund, which now amounts to three million seven hundred thousand dollars. The fund is under the control of the ONY AND AS A STATE 293 ''Trustees of the Fund for the Support of Free Schools," the board being composed of the gov- ernor, attorney-general, secretary of state, state comptroller, and state treasurer. In 1820 the Legislature authorized the several townships to levy a tax for the education of ' * such poor children as are paupers, belonging to the said township, and the children of such poor parents, resident in said township, as are or shall be, in the judgment of said committee, unable to pay for schooling the same." This law remained in force for some years, being amended from time to time and in such a manner as to provide for free schools for such time as the moneys received from the school fund and from local taxation would permit, and allowing tuition fees for the remain- der of the year. Under the stimulus of the law of 1820 the American Bible and New Jersey Mission- ary Societies also engaged in an educational propaganda which included the building of schools and the hiring of teachers. These organi- zations employed an agent to gather statistics con- cerning illiteracy in the State and to arouse public sentiment. It was in the latter part of 1828 that, in response to a call, " friends of education " met in Trenton. In a widely circulated report, the data for which were secured by Chief Justice Charles Ewing, Canal Commissioner John Neely Simpson, and JtocaxLo^ 294 NEW JERSEY AS A COL United States Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen, as well as by local sub-committees, most of the coun- ties were treated in detail. From this report it is learned that in 1828 Morris probably enjoyed more than any other county " the advantages and bless- ings of education. ' ' It was a lamentable fact that there were in New Jersey no less than twelve thou- sand children destitute of instruction, while to remedy the general evil of incompetent instractors a member of the Essex County sub-committee rec- ommended the establishment of a normal school for the special training of teachers. The contest for a system of popular education then broadened. For nearly thirty years came the demand for teachers especially trained, and it was in 1855 that the State Normal School was established in Trenton. With it was created a Model School, in which the normal students, pledging themselves to teach for two years after graduation, find an opportunity for practice teaching. At Beverly shortly before the opening of the Civil War the Farnum Preparatory School was presented to the State by virtue of the provisions of the will of Paul Farnum. Another State educational institution is the School for the Deaf, which is located in Trenton, and which was established in 1882. Prior to that date the deaf children of New Jersey were educated at the expense of the State in institu- tions in N^vf Jork and Pennsylvania. <%K> Was-'^ ■ -S^--':- ■' ■ •■...'.■>-v., .si^~''yiiw...'i''''"' •■■■" ■ THE OLD SCHOOL HOUSE AT BASKING UIDOK < m OJSY AND AS A STATE 295 The Manual Training and Industrial School for Colored Youth, located at Bordentown, was estab- lished in 1894, and was under the care of a sepa- rate board of trustees. In 1900 it was placed un- der the care of the State board of education. It was not until 1871 that legislation was had provid- ing for a State school tax, and making the schools absolutely free to all the children in the State of New Jersey. As delineated by J. Brognard Betts, in the '* New Jersey Hand Book," the school system of New Jersey, as at present established, consists of a State board of education, appointed by the gov- ernor, which board appoints the county superin- tendents of schools, makes rules for the holding of teachers' institutes, the examination of teachers, and for carrying into effect the school laws of the State. The State superintendent of public instruction, an office created in 1846, has general supervision over the schools, and by law is made a court of private jurisdiction, having the power to investi- gate and decide, subject to appeal to the State board of education, all disputes that arise under the school laws, and may enforce his decision by withholding all school moneys from the district until his decision has been obeyed. The county superintendents have supervision over the schools in their respective counties, ap- 296 NEW JERSEY AS A COL portion the school moneys, license teachers, and, together with the local boards of education, pre- scribe the courses of study for their respective counties. The entire State is divided into school districts, each city, town, and township constituting a sepa- rate district. There are two classes of districts. The first class includes the cities and large towns. In these districts members of the boards of educa- tion may be appointed by the mayor or elected by the people. The second class includes the town- ships and small boroughs. In these districts the members of the boards of education are elected and all appropriations are made by direct vote of the people. The Legislature, recognizing the value of man- ual training, passed a law in 1881 providing that whenever a school district established a manual training school, or added manual training to the course of study pursued in the public schools of the district, the State would appropriate each year an amount equal to the sum raised in the district for that purpose, provided that the total annual appropriation by the State to a district should not exceed five thousand dollars. The State gives to each school annually ten dol- lars, provided such school raises a like sum, to be used for the purchase of apparatus or to maintain a library for the use of the pupils; also to each ONY AND AS A STATE 297 county a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars annually, upon like conditions, for the purpose of providing pedagogical libraries for the use of the teachers. In order that the health of the children may be protected the law provides that all school houses shall have at least eighteen square feet of floor space and two hundred cubic feet of air space per pupil; that the light area must equal at least twenty per cent, of floor space ; that there must be an approved system of ventilation; and that tlie light must be ad/nitted only from the left and rcnr of classrooms. In order that these provisions of the law shall be obeyed all plans for school houses must be submitted to the State board of education for approval. Each district is also authorized to employ a medical inspector, whose duty it shall be to look after the sanitary condition of the school property, to inspect the pupils, and to give instruc- tion to the teachers. The constitution provides that the State shall provide free education for all children between the ages of five and eighteen years, but the Legis- lature, recognizing the value of kindergarten and higher education, has provided that children be- tween the ages of four and twenty years may be admitted to the public schools. Funds for the support of public schools are de- rived from five sources, viz.: State school fund. Abraham Ooloe, M.D., Ph.D., LL.D.. b. Scotch Plains. N. J., Dec. aS, 1S13 ; gracl. Jcfferuon Medical College, Philadelphia, 1S36 ; practiced In Newark; became a dieitingulshed author and tranHlator, not aWjr of "Diets Irae," "The Microcosm," "Old Oems in New Bettings," " The Evangel," etc. ; d. near Uoaiercy. Cal., May 8, 1691. 298 NEW JERSEY AS A COL State fund, State school tax, interest of surplus revenue, and local tax. The appropriation from the State school fund amounts to two hundred thousand dollars per annum. Aside from the public school system the acade- mies and secondary schools of New Jersey have given the State prominence as an educational cen- ter in America. Considered by counties, a plan followed in a recent monograph issued by the United States bureau of education, schools of eminence in Bergen have been the Bergen Colum- bia Academy, 1790-1813; Lafayette Academy, 1825-1853; and Washington Academy, 1769-1871. In Burlington City, as early as 1722, Bishop Talbot urged the establishment of a free school, and it is greatly to the credit of the Episcopalians that both Saint Mary's Hall, a school for girls, founded in 1837, and Burlington College, for boys, chartered in 1846, were under the auspices of that denomination. In Mount Holly the Lancaster sys- tem of teaching was introduced at the old acad- emy. Cumberland County has at Bridgeton both the West Jersey Academy, opened in 1854 under Pres- byterian auspices, and the South Jersey Institute, incorporated in 1866. In 1792 the famous Newark Academy was opened in Essex County, while a number of pri- vate institutions are located in the towns nearby. ONY AND AS A STATE 299 In Hudson County the Hasbrouck Institute, es- tablished in 1856, and the Hoboken Academy, chartered in 1860, are prominent. At Hoboken is located the Stevens Institute of Technology, opened in 1871 through the munificence of Edwin A. Stevens, who by will richly endowed a prospec- tive institution of learning. In Mercer, in the city of Trenton, was located an academy founded in 1781, and continued until 1885. Here are established the Normal School and its adjunct, the Model School. Near the city in Lawrenceville, is the Lawrenceville School, which is one of the three leading preparatory schools of the United States, and which was mag- nificently endowed by the trustees of the estate of the late John C. Green. At Hightstown is located Peddie Institute, under the auspices of the Baptist Church, its endowment being largely the gifts of the late Thomas B. Peddie and Mrs. Peddie, of Newark ; and at Pennington is a famous seminary under the control of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Monmouth County has had in Freehold the academy founded in 1831, the Boys' Institute, es- tablished in 1847, and the Young Ladies' Semi- nary, created in 1844, while Morris County has had academies in Morristown and Succasunna, beside many private schools. At Somerville, in Somerset County, an academy ^ flfflL 300 NEW JEKSEY AS A COLONY was founded in 1801, while a similar institution was erected in Bound Brook in 1800. In Warren County are the Blair Presbyterial Academy, at Blairstown, the gift of the late John I. Blair, which school was originally established in 1848, and the Centenary Collegiate Institute of the Methodist Episcopal Church, located at Hack- ettstown. The institute was dedicated' in 1874. The theological seminaries in the State are those of the Reformed Church in America, located at New Brunswick, the Princeton Theological Seminary, the Drew Theological Seminary at Mad- ison, and the German Theological School of Newark. CHAPTER XIX New Jebsby's Topoqeaphy and Economic Gbology Ootitrttiated by J«hu C. 8»M>k, from » iM<>uo«r*(>h in ' er»w J«raey Handbook." THE State of New Jersey, practically lying between 39° and 41 1-3° of latitude and 74° and 75^° of longi- tude, has an extreme length of one hundred and sixty-six miles and an extreme breadth of fifty-seven miles. Within this area are 8,224 square miles, of which the land sur- face is about 4,810,000 acres, the water surface 455,000 acres. Of the upland as distinguished from tide marsh, but including all swamp and fresh meadows, there are practically 4,500,000 acres. Nearly 300,000 acres are tide marsh, and 18,000 acres represent the beach (coastal dune) formation. It is a curious fact that, in spite of nearly three centuries of human occupancy by members of the Caucasian race, with all the vast influence of the contiguity of metropolitan centers, there are in forest, in lots of ten acres and upwards, 2,070,000 acres, with only 2,000,000 acres of improved land in farms. The entire acreage of cleared upland amounts to 2,425,000 acres. Briefly it will be no- ticed that the forest area exceeds one-half of the acreage of improved farm land, due largely to the presence of the vast afforested tracts in the coastal plain and the Appalachian zone. By geologists New Jersey is characterized as being on the Atlantic slope of the continent and is divided into four topographic zones : 1, the Ap- 304 NEW JERSEY AS A COL palachian zone, including the Kittatinny Moun- tain and the Kittatinny Valley ; 2, the Highlands ; 3, the red sandstone or Triasoic area; 4, the coastal plain. These divisions are based on both the geology and the topography, the geologic structure and the topographic features being closely related and explanatory of the surface con- figuration and conditions. The Appalachian zone includes the Kittatinny or Blue Mountain, and the Kittatinny Valley oc- cupying the northwestern portion of the State. This level-topped and narrow range is rough, rocky, and heavily wooded, and extends across New Jersey from the New York State line, where it is known as the Shawangunk Mountain, to the Delaware River at the Delaware Water Gap. At High Point, near the northernmost point of the State, it is 1,804 feet high, which is the greatest elevation of the State. The Kittatinny Valley, ten to thirteen miles wide, is shut in by the Kittatinny Mountain on the northwest and by the Highlands on the southeast. It is characterized by high, roll- ing hiUs and minor valleys, pleasing landscapes and beautiful farming country. This valley is con- tinuous, on the northeast, with the valley of Orange County in New York, and to the southwest stretches away into the great Cumberland Valley of the Atlantic slope of the continent. The Highlands cross New Jersey in a general ONY AND AS A STATE 305 north-northeast and south-southwest direction. The surface of this zone is hilly-mountainous, and is made up of several parallel ridges, separated by deep and generally narrow valleys. The latter are like the Kittatinny Valley— smooth— and are largely cleared and in farms. The mountain ranges are remarkably uniform in height. This division may be considered as a seaward-sloping tableland, whose northwest side has an elevation of one thousand to fifteen hundred feet above the ocean and its southeastern side six hundred to nine hundred feet above the sea. In the northern part there are several well-known lakes elevated amid the mountains— Hopatcong, Greenwood, Macopin, Splitrock, Green, Wawayanda, and Budd's being the more important of these natural upland sheets of water. The red sandstone plain or Triasoic area, also called the Piedmont Plain, on its northern border is bounded by the Highlands. On the southeast this third great topographic zone merges into the clays and marls of the coastal plain. It is sixty- seven miles long and thirty miles wide at the Delaware River. The trap-rock ridges, known as Palisades, Watchung, Sourland, Cushetunk, and other mountain ranges, rise abruptly above the general level of the sandstone plain. They are generally forested, whereas the sandstone country is nearly cleared and in farms. These mountains [Vol. 4] 306 NEW JERSEY AS A COL rise four hundred to nine hundred feet above sea level. The drainage is largely by the Hackensack, Passaic, and Raritan Rivers and their tributaries. The last of the zones, known as the coastal plain, includes all the country southeast of the Triasoic sandstone area and borders the ocean. This zone is one hundred miles long from Sandy Hook to Salem City and is ten to twenty miles wide. The surface is hilly in part, but with gentle slopes, except where some of the streams have cut their way through its earthly beds and formed steep-sided stream valleys. The Navesink High- lands and the Mount Pleasant hills are the high- est lands in this zone. The drainage is by many tributaries westward into the Delaware and by the Atlantic coast streams into the Atlantic Ocean. In the northwestern part of this zone there are clay beds and greensand marls, which make the outcrop on the surface in places ; on the southeast there are sands, clays, and gravels, and fringing the sea a narrow range of sand hills or coastal dunes. GEOLOGICAL FOEMATIONS In 1836 began the first geological survey of the State of New Jersey, which had been ordered by act of the Legislature during the preceding year. Both in 1836 and 1840, under the direction of the 0\Y AND AS A STATE 307 late Professor Henry D. Rogers, the results of this survey were published. In 1854 the survey was reorganized under the direction of former State Geologist William M. Kitchell. This survey was continued until 1857. Since 1864 the work of the survey has been uninterrupted, the late Pro- fessor George H. Cook being, by the act of organi- zation, constituted State geologist. The ye^^rly re- ports of the work of the survey indicate a close study of the geologic structure and intelligent mapping of the formations. In general the geologic structure of the State is so related to the topography that observations concerning the physical features give a satisfac- tory clue to such structure. All of the larger geological formations of the United States, except coal, occur in parallel zones, as has been indicated. These formations extend from northeast to south- west, and a section line across the State from Port Jervis southeast to the ocean crosses them nearly at right angles to their trend. The oldest geolog- ical formations in the State are the crystalline rocks of the Highlands. Granite, gneisses, and other crystalline schistose rocks and beds of mag- netic iron ore make up the mass of these mountain ranges. These rocks are generally much tilted in position, almost on edge, and are also much faulted. They strike northeast and southwest and dip to the southeast or northwest. The iron ores 308 NEW JERSEY AS A COL and zinc ores which are mined in the State are found in these formations. The granite, gneiss, and crystalline limestone or marble, used in build- ing, are also from these Highland formations. The Paleozoic rocks are found in the valleys in- eluded in the Highlands, in the Kittatinny Valley and Kittatinny Mountain, and in the Green Pond and Copperas Mountains. Cambrian, Silurian, and Devonian are represented, and the rocks are limestones, slates, sandstones, and siliceous con- glomerates. The magnesian limestones and the slates constitute wide belts in the Kittatinny Val- ley, the Musconetcong, Pohatcong, Pequest, and other valleys. The Kittatinny Mountain mass consists of sandstones and conglomerates of the Oneida and the Medina epochs of the Silurian age. In the valley of the Upper Delaware, west of this mountain, there are narrow belts of waterlime, Lower Helderberg and Upper Helderberg, fossil- iferous limestones, with Marcellus shale as the highest member of the Devonian within the State. The Green Pond Mountain rocks also have been refered to the Oneida horizon. The limestones and slates are the formations on which the rich wheat lands of Warren County and the dairy farms of Sussex are situated. Stone for building, slate for roofing and flagging stone, and limestone for lime and cement, are quarried in the Paleozoic areas. Copper, lead, and zinc ores, and barite, ONY AND AS A STATE 309 limonite, or brown hematite, and glass sand have been worked in many localities. The red shales and sandstones and the included trap-rocks of the northern-central part of the State are referred to the Jura-Trias of Mesozoic time. The sandstone beds dip in general toward the northwest, at a low angle of inclination in the sandstone. The erupted trap-rocks form long ranges of steep-sloping hills or mountains, often crescentic in form. A great deal of excellent sand- stone for building and stone for road-making is quarried in this formation. Copper ores occur in the sandstone near the trap-rock or at their junc- tion. Barite also has been mined in the sandstone at one locality. The cretaceous rocks of the State include the clay district of Middlesex County and the green- sand marl developed in Monmouth County and thence southwest to Salem County. A large amount of clay is dug in the Raritan clay district. The green sand marl, dug in shallow pits general- ly, and in numberless localities, has had a wide use locally as a fertilizer. The formations of the coastal plain zone, later than the cretaceous beds, are greensand marls of the Eocene, clays and sands of the Miocene, and the clays, sands, and gravels of the Post Tertiary. They are recognized in a fourfold division, and are known as Beacon Hill, Bridgeton, Pensauken, 310 NEW JERSEY AS A COL and Cape May formations. Clays and sands for brick, terra-cotta, and pottery, marls for fertilizer, glass sands, and gravel for road-building are dug in these formations. In the northern part of the State there are sur- face formations of glacial epochs, and the ter- minal moraine of the last glacial ice is traced from Perth Amboy by Morristown and Hackettstown to Belvidere on the Delaware. Alluvial deposits of recent time are recognized in the river valleys and in the tidal marshes and in some of the fresh-water swamps. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY Of the iron-mining industry, largely located in Morris and Warren Counties, the magnetic iron ores form the basis. Of about seventeen active iron mines, in 1900, the output amounted to about 342,000 gross tons, while the mines of limonite, or brown hematite, and of red hematite are not worked. Since the decline of the bog iron indus- try in the southern and central portions of the State such ores have had no market since the mid- dle of the last century. The output of zinc, in 1900, amounted to 195,000 tons, the ores being red oxide, silicate, and frank- linite. The zinc deposits of Ogdensburg and Franklin Furnace in Sussex County are the most ONY AND AS A STATE 311 famous, although other localities where zinc blende occurs have been exploited, but have not been developed into mines. Copper ores, usually of low grade, are widely distributed throughout the red sandstone zone. Lead, in the form of galena, has been mined in Sussex County. Arsenical and nickeliferous pyri- tes also occur, but not to any workable extent. Graphite is disseminated widely in the crystal- line schistose rocks of the Highlands. Mines have been opened and worked, irregularly, at Bloom- ingdale. High Bridge, and near Peapack. Molybdenum occurs in form of molybdic sul- phide at the Ogden mines and at the Hude mine, Sussex County, but is not worked. Barite has been found in quantity for mining near Newton, Sussex County, and at Hopewell, Mercer County. Clays are found throughout New Jersey. There are numerous beds of fire clay, stoneware or pot' ter's clay, and clay used in the manufacture of paper, terra-cotta, pipes, and bricks. The district at the mouth of the Raritan River produces, for its own establishments and more distant points, a vast tonnage of fire and ware clay. The large openings are near Woodbridge, Perth Amboy, Sand Hills, South Amboy, Sayreville, and Ches- quake. Clays for ware and for terra-cotta are ob- tained at various points, notably near Trenton and 312 :new jeksey as a cul at Palmyra. Fire clays are found along the line of the New Jersey Southern Railroad, a large works being located at Winslow. Brick-earth, or brick-clay, is found in thick beds along the Raritan River and Raritan Bay, along the Delaware, on the Hackensack, and there are very large brickyards on these navigable, tidal waters, which make a large part of the brick used in structural work in New York and Philadel- phia. Fire-sand, kaolin, and feldspar, as well as fire-clay, are also dug extensively in the Raritan clay district and put into fire-brick. The supply of glass sand in the coastal plain is practically inexhaustible. Of building stone granite has been quarried at Charlottenburg in Morris County, and Pochuck Mountain in Sussex County. Gneisses, for heavy bridge work, are quarried at Dover. Sandstone quarries at Avondale, Newark, Paterson, Little Falls, Haledon, Stockton, and Greensburg, or Wil- burtha produce brownstone for cut work, while trap-rock, widely distributed and accessible to railroads and canals, has been most successfully used on State roads. The marbles of the State are not at present worked, while slate for roofing has been quarried at the Delaware Water Gap, and at Newton and Lafayette in Sussex County. Flagging-stone quar- ries are opened near Deckertown in Sussex Coun- ONY a:>d as a state ty, at Milford on the Delaware, and at Woods- ville in Mercer County. The Green Pond Monn- tain range also affords a flagstone. Limestone, suitable for the manufacture of Portland cement, is quarried extensively near Phillipsburg in War- ren County. Lime is made from limestone in large quantities at McAfee Valley, Sussex County, and at other points in the northern part of the State. The natural fertilizers, as greensand marl, white calcareous marls, muck, or peat, are common, MISCT FT .T.A X EOirS FOBMATIOXS Infusorial earth occurs in workable quantity near Drakesville, Morris County, while manganese ore has been mined near Clinton, Hunterdon Coun- ty. Two mines for mica have been opened, both in TTarren County, and steatite occurs in Marble Mountain, and in Jenny Jump Mountain in War- ren County. Apatite, with magnetite, makes a large deposit near Ferromont, Morris County. CHAPTER XX The PBBTn.E Fabms of New Jersey UCH support as the State and colony of New Jersey gave her agricultural in- terests previous to the opening of the Civil War was largely of indirect and generally unsatisfactory charac- ter. Such acts as were passed fall naturally un- ier certain well-defined classes. There was a long series of statutes offering rewards for the heads or pelts of wolves and other destructive animals, another list of acts prohibiting the firing of woods and meadows, while a third series embraced laws of a special character enabling owners of marsh [and to bank and drain their properties. It was Qot until the opening of the Eevolution that the falsing of sheep received the attention of the coun- ty committees of correspondence, unless the act of 1775 to prevent rams from running at large be ex- cepted. One may search in vain for colonial laws creating bounties to be paid for the cultivation of Qew and useful crops— legislation which would probably have been throttled by the advisers of the King. One act of the immediate post Eevolutionary period has been quite forgotten, but which in its days promised a new era for the State. That it failed of its purpose was probably due to the ad- vent of the French Revolution, although the act itself shows that as cordial relations existed in 1786 between New Jersey and the French people 318 NEW JERSEY AS A COL as later existed when Joseph Bonaparte cultivated his gardens in Bordentown. Upon March 3, 1786, the Legislature of the State of New Jersey passed an act enabling Andr^ Michaux, * * Botanist of His Most Christian Majesty," to purchase a tract of land not exceeding two hundred acres, to be ap- propriated to the sole ** Purposes of a Botanical Garden." Michaux, who was an alien and unable to hold land except by express act of the Legisla- ture, according to the preamble of the statutepiad been ** employed for several Years in the Investi- gation of natural Curiosities in Persia and other Parts of Asia." Commissioned by the King of France to travel through the United States and ^* establish a botanical Intercourse and Corre- spondence " between France and the new repub- lic, Michaux was fully empowered to obtain from France, at the expense of the King, '' any Tree, Plant, or Vegetable that may be wanting " in the United States, and to send in exchange *' all the Curiosities which may serve to extend botanical Knowledge and increase the Enjoyments of the Gifts of Nature." Michaux desired to establish *' near Bergen " a botanical garden of about thirty acres " in order to make useful experiments with Eespect to Agriculture and Gardening," intend- ing, at that point, ** to make a Depository not only of French and American Plants, but of all other ONY AND AS A STATE 319 Productions of the World, which may be drawn from the King's Garden at Paris." It was in 1855 that the Legislature passed an act directly promoting the agricultural interests of the State, while in 1840 the New Jersey State Agricultural Society was incorporated. In 1873 the State board of agriculture was organized, its membership including representatives of all agri- cultural and horticultural societies, farmers' clubs, granges of the Patrons of Husbandry, and other agricultural associations. In the same year the State grange was founded, while the State Horticultural Society came into existence in 1875. With elaborate investigations and excellent re- ports, the State board of agriculture has extended, since 1890, its scope of influence by the organiza- tion of what are termed Farmers' institutes. In addition to these the county boards of agriculture, which are auxiliary to the State board and are peculiar to the New Jersey system, hold meetings quarterly or oftener throughout the year. Of many local agricultural societies in the State of New Jersey the earliest of which any record has been preserved is the '' Cumberland County Agricultural Society," which lived from 1821 to 1827. In 1856 an agricultural and horticultural society was incorporated for that county. Throughout the southern portion of the State there were a large number of such organizations. 320 NEW JERSEY AS A COL In Atlantic County, in 1859, the German vint- ners were organized, the rights of which associa- tion in 1888 were merged into a society incorpor- ated in 1875. In 1860 Cape May County had an in- corporated agricultural association, and in 1871 a new society for that county was established. Salem County in 1854 had such an association, while the West Jersey Association, chartered in 1872, em- braced both that county and the County of Gloucester. The "Farmers' Association " of Cam- den County came into existence in 1872, while the '' People's " Society, in 1860, embraced the five counties in the old first congressional district. The Burlington County Association was incor- porated in 1852, although organized in 1847, while Ocean County had a similar organization in 1872. As early as 1838 Monmouth County had a short- lived Society, and in 1857 a new society was or- ganized. The first association of this character in Middlesex County was established in Jamesburg. In Mercer County Princeton had a society in 1835. From this agricultural association in 1839 a movement grew which led to the formation of the State society in 1840. The county association was incorporated in 1865. In 1867 the " Central " Association embraced the interests of this and nearby counties. Hunterdon County's Agricultural Society was incorporated in 1856, while Somerset's was char- ONY AND AS A STATE 321 tered in 1855 and the " Franklin," of the latter county, in 1857. Morris in 1858, Sussex in the same year and reorganized in 1880, Warren in 1859, Bergen in 1859, and Passaic in 1862 were the counties in which agricultural societies were in- corporated upon the respective dates, some of these having racetracks on their grounds. In 1867 Union and Middlesex Counties each had an incorporate society. The '' Essex County Socie- ty for the Promotion of Agriculture, Horticulture, and Manufactures," organized in 1844, became the ** Essex County Institute " in 1847, while in 1864 the agricultural society for the county was char- tered by the Legislature. In the latter year the Hudson County society was incorporated. New Jersey, with her diversified soils, early sup- plied the Philadelphia and New York markets. From the beginnings of "river trade" the sloops and shallops of the farmers of this State could be found at the wharves along the Delaware and Hudson. This was particularly noticeable by the year 1830, when the pressure of urban population had made by this time a demand for country prod- uce. From Bergen County, with a soil well adapted for vegetables, apples, and strawberries, Hackensack and Harrington supplied a part of the New York market, dairies being located in various parts of old Franklin township. So important had the industry become that as early [Vol. 4] 322 NEW JERSEY AS A COL as 1833 the New York and Bergen Dairy Company was chartered. From North Bergen came vege- tables, while the butter of Sussex County found a ready sale. Prom Salem County Philadelphia drew much of her supplies— wheat, rye, oats, Indian corn, and vegetables. With the completion of the Camden and Amboy Railroad stimulus was given to farmers to turn from the cultivation of cereals and pork to market gardening. As early as 1838 an occasional two-car train called the ' ' Pea line ' ' was run over the road from Camden to New York. During 1839 it ran daily, with such good results that the directors of the road, in 1840, reporting to the Legislature, proudly alluded to the fact that the train was frequently laden with peas, potatoes, asparagus, and live stock, ' ' and, ' ' continues the re- port, '' upon one occasion (as incredible as it may seem) 30 tons of green corn." Since that time the market for small fruits and vegetables has been vastly extended. Peaches are found in every portion of the State, the special area being northwest of a line beginning north of Trenton, thence to Summit, Caldwell, Pompton, and Ringwood. Of this section Sussex and Hun- terdon Counties lead. A conservative estimate places the value of the crop of 1900 at $1,100,000. Apples are produced with greatest profit in this area and in the western parts of Burlington and ONY AND AS A STATE 323 Gloucester Counties. Monmouth, Camden, and parts of Burlington and Gloucester grow immense quantities of pears. Strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries are stimulated to profitable production wherever a nearby market is found, but the large commer- cial acreage of these fruits is in Cumberland, At- lantic, and Salem Counties. The large plantations of cranberries are chiefly within Ocean and east- ern Burlington Counties. Grapes are extensively grown in Atlantic County and in parts of Cape May and Cumberland. The unfermented juice of the grape, bottled at Vineland, has an extensive market. Plum culture is increasing, and many tons are annually put on the market in fruit-grow- ing sections. Cherries are a profitable crop, and are grown on most fruit soils. Huckleberries grow spontaneously in the wooded areas of the State, especially in the southern part, where forest trees are not so tall as to prevent their development. Millions of quarts of this fruit are annually gath- ered and marketed, and are a source of profit to the pickers, who also pick cranberries and who are mainly Italians from Philadelphia and resi- dents of the ' ' Pines. ' ' The lighter or sandy soils of New Jersey fur- nish ideal natural conditions for the poultry busi- ness, which has been developed in particular lo- calities, as Berlin and Brown's Mills in the 324 NEW JEKSEY AS A COL *' Pines." Market gardening is a more intensive form of crop production than truck farming. The great system of New Jersey's macadam roads has extended the area of market gardening from fif- teen to twenty miles from metropolitan centers. Truck farming in New Jersey, owing to its prox- imity to large consuming populations, is profitable. A large proportion of the yearly product is con- veyed to market by the farmers' teams in their own truck wagons. During summer and autumn fifteen hundred teams, loaded with New Jersey fruit and produce, cross the Camden and Glouces- ter ferries daily into Philadelphia, and a similar traffic prevails in the neighborhood of New York City, Jersey City, and Newark. Gloucester, Cum- berland, and Burlington Counties devote large acreages to the production of watermelons and cantaloupes or muskmelons of fijie quality. Be- ing brought to perfsction before shipping, their texture and flavor exceeds that of those brought to Northern markets from the far South. Thus the Hackensack muskmelons have a reputation for richness not surpassed by the Colorado fruit. In commercial floriculture New Jersey, situated as it is between New York and Philadelphia City markets, makes the largest showing of any State in the Union in proportion to its size. Dairying in this S^ate is commercially con- ducted bv two classes of farmers,— those who AT A COUNTY FAIR. ONY AND AS A STATE 325 eater to a local trade in the towns and cities, and those who ship the product to distant markets by- railroad or dispose of it in co-operative or other nearby creameries. Dairy farms may be found in every county in the State, although the mar- kets furnished by Cape May, eastern Atlantic, and Ocean Counties are distinctively local. In mixed farming Xew Jersey produces corn, wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, hay, and white and sweet potatoes. The farm value of these crops for 1900 according to returns made in the State, was $18,700,000, of which hay was valued at $8,000,000, corn at $4,000,000, wheat at $2,000,000, white potatoes at $2,000 000, and sweet pota- toes at $1,300,000. Less than $100,000 worth of buckwheat was raised. The milch cows of Xew Jersey at the same period were worth $9,000,000, horses $7,600,000, while mules, sheep, and cattle brought the total stock valuation to $18,800,000. The agricultural industry of Xew Jersey has been greatly promoted by the establishment of the State Agricultural College at Xew Brunswick, with its free scholarships, created by act of the Legislature in 1864. Associated with the college are two experimental stations, thoroughly equip- ped, with a State weather service. These institu- tions are closely allied with the work of Rutgers College. In the development of the southern interior of 326 NEW JERSEY AS A COL New Jersey the pioneer work of breaking down adverse prejudice and subsequent efforts at colo- nization upon a large scale was led by Charles K. Landis, best known as the founder of Vineland. The success of this and similar, though less im- portant, enterprises led to the emigration into South Jersey of the persecuted Russian Jews. The first movement toward occupancy of tracts pur- chased by benevolent associations for the use of the Hebrews was made at Alliance, six miles from Vineland, where the prospective farmers secured their homes, payments to be made during thirty- three years. This was in 1881. In the following year other Rusian and Polish Hebrews came to Rosenhayn, between Millville and Bridgeton, while in 1883 Carmel was founded. The most conspicuous of all these settlements is Woodbine, founded through the liberalit}'^ of Baron de Hirsch. Woodbine is midway between Millville and Cape May City. Here in the oaks and pines a settlement was mapped out in 1891, the tract consisting of five thousand three hundred acres, of which two thousand acres are improved, having twelve miles of farm roads, twenty miles of streets, lighted by electricity, pure artesian water, and well drained. In the town site is situ- ated the Baron de Hirsch Agricultural and In- dustrial School for the advancement of secondary education, which was recognized by the Paris Ex- ONY AND AS A STATE 327 position, which conferred upon this school the hon- ors and privileges connected with the highest re- ward of the exposition— the Grand Prix. The school was conducted first as an experiment on a comparatively small basis, but gradually it was increased, and at present it comprises an area of one hundred and forty acres of cultivated land, a considerable number of cattle, poultrj^ yards, greenhouses, dairy, and apiary, and, besides this, there is a dormitory for the pupils, as well as a school building equipped with the most modern improvements. It is a matter of interest to recall the fact that ex-Governor William A. Newell, who, as congressman in 1851, was the father of the lifesaving service, was also the author of a plan which later led to the establishment of the federal department of agriculture. F""^'' (J H A P 1^ E R .X X 1 The By>GiHNiNGS of thk Uwited States Lipb- SAVTHO SHRVTCH IT WAS at a meeting of the Monmouth Coun- ty Historical Association held during the autumn of the year 1900 that the late Gov- ernor William A. Newell, in the last his- torical address which he delivered, spoke the final word concerning the organization of the United States lifesaving service. This subject, so intimately connected with the maritime history of New Jersey, was exhaustively discussed by Gov- ernor Newell, and from his address the story of this important branch of the service may be told, largely in his own words, from his hitherto un- published manuscript : * ' My identification with this important meas- ure," said the governor in his address, *'was acci- dental, and was the result of a marine disaster of which I happened to be a spectator during the summer of 1839, when the Austrian brig "The Count Perasto" was wrecked near the Mansion House on Long Beach, Monmouth (now Ocean) County, New Jersey, whereby the captain and crew, thirteen in all, were drowned, and their bodies thrown on the strand. These sailors were buried at public expense in the cemetery of the Baptist Church at Manahawkin, in a single row, close to the north side of the church, where their mounds are still visible. "The 'Perasto' was wrecked at midnight, hav- ing struck a sand-bar three hundred yards from 332 NEW JERSEY AS A COL the shore, and was driven by force of the violent winds through the snrf to the strand where, when the tides receded, she was left entirely beached npon the banks. The sailors were drowned in en- deavoring to pass, by swimming from the bar, where the ship lodged for the time, to the main, and were found scattered along the surf for more than a mile. The bow of the ship being elevated and close at hand after the storm was over, the idea occurred to me that these unfortunates might have been saved could a rope have been thrown to their assistance over the fatal chasm, a few hun- dred yards to the bar, and they be hauled through or over the surf thereby. This reflection was fol- lowed quickly in my mind by the suggestion of a projectile force for that purpose by some mechan- ical means. The dead row in the churchyard was at my very door, the residence of my uncle. Dr. Hankinson, whom I was visiting after my gradua- tion in medicine at the University of Pennsyl- vania. **Thus situated I could not resist pondering over means for rescue of the shipwrecked mariner, and to that end I instituted experiments in throw- ing light lines, by bow and arrow, by rockets, by a shortened blunderbuss, all with comparative success. But my idea culminated in perfection by using a mortar or carronade with ball and line. ONY AND AS A STATE 333 by means of whicli I found it to be an easy mat- ter to effect my much desired purpose. "In 1846 I was elected representative in Con- gress from the second district, whicli at that time included the maritime region from Sandy Hook to Little Egg Harbor. In my place on the first resolution day of the first session of the Thirtieth Congress, upon call of the States, on the 3d day of January, 1848, I offered the following resolu- tion of enquiry; a motion which then and there laid the foundation of the United States lifesav- ing service. This system had no existence before, and to this day has no counterpart or parallel upon any other shores of the world, and with the appropriate legislation which followed has be- come and will remain one of the chief features of our governmental system with three hundred res- cue stations, manned by two thousand brave and skilful wreckers and lifesavers^ and for which the government appropriates annually two million dollars. This is the text of my original resolu- tion: " ' RESOLVED, that the Committee on Commerce be instructed to enquire whether any plan can be devised whereby dangerous navigation along the Coast of New Jersey between Sandy Hook and Little Egg Harbor may be furnished with additional safa guards to life and property from shipwreck, and that they report by bill or otherwise.' ''Washington Hunt, of New York, Joseph H. Grinnell, and William R. King, of Massachusetts, 334 NEW JERSEY AS A COL representatives of preeminently commercial and maritime States, with, the complement of others, were members of the committee on commerce, but no report whatever was vouchsafed for or against my resolution, which they utterly ignored. I made frequent calls at their rooms and they listened to my arguments, but made no sign, and were under- stood to be unfavorable. Not one member of the House or Senate, from New Jersey or any other State, gave one favorable word. It was regarded as chimerical, expensive, and useless. Hoping and expecting nothing from the committee, I ad- dressed my earnest efforts to personal explanation and appeal to all senators and members whom I could reach or influence, among whom were J. Quincy Adams, Thaddeus Stevens, Webster, Clay, Calhoun, Davis, Douglas, Benton. Indeed I sought to interview every member of either house, and personally solicited their support should I not obtain a favorable report from the commit- tee to an amendment which I proposed to offer to some appropriation bill, as opportunity might pro- vide. I considered my case lost when the commit- tee on commerce bill and other bills involving ap- propriations came before the committee of the whole House for action. I endeavored to attach my amendment, but failed at every House bill, but had better fortune at the heel of the session. THADDKUS STEVENS. ONY AND AS A STATE 335 when the Senate lighthouse bill came to the House for consideration. ' ' It was upon the 9th of August that Governor Newell offered the folowing amendment to the lighthouse bill, which was unanimously adopted: For providing surfboats, rockets, carronades, and other neces sary apparatus for the better preservation of life and property from shipwreck along the coast of New Jersey, between Sandy Hook and Little Egg Harbor, $10,000, to be expended under the supervision of such officer as may be designated by the Secretary of the Treasury for that purpose. Having secured governmental support, the sys- tem devised by Governor Newell rendered the most complete satisfaction in the rescue of two hundred and one passengers, the entire crew and passengers from the wreck of the Scottish barque ''Ayreshire" on Squan Beach. The ship foun- dered on Absecom Beach in the midst of a blind- ing snow storm during the night of the 29th of December, 1849, and drifted to Squan Beach, near the woodland, where she beached on the 12th of January, 1850. The vessel was stranded upon the inevitable bar and the passengers were landed in sections. Dr. Robert Laird, who witnessed the rescue, was deputized to give a gold medal to John Maxen, who threw the first life line ever fired over a vessel to save perishing humanity. This dramatic incident was described in a let- ter of March 13, 1850, written by Maxen, the pio- neer wrecker : 336 NEW JERSEY AS A COL I was present and superintended and sent the line by the mortar on board the ship " Ayreshire " on the 12th of January, 1850. We landed her passengers in safety, in all two hundred and one, which could not have been otherwise saved. We attached the line to the shot and fired it from the mortar. It fell directly across the wreck and was caught by the crew on board. Everybody came through the terrific foaming surf. Every soul, men, women, children, and infants, came through that cold snow storm dry and comfortable. For the consideration of the members of Con- gress in support of an appropriation Governor Newell presented the following statement : **The coast of New Jersey is more famous for shipwrecks, attended with loss of life, than any other part of our country, not even excepting the Florida reefs, and owing to a peculiar condition must always exist. The vast commerce which centers in New York is exposed to this danger, and the wonder is, when we consider its great ex- tent, not that so many wrecks occur upon our coast, but that there are no more. ''From the 12th of April, 1839, to the 31st of July, 1848, there were known to be wrecked on this and the adjoining coast of Long Island sixty- eight ships, eighty-eight brigs, thirty barques, one hundred and forty schooners, and twelve sloops, an aggregate of three hundred and thirty-eight vessels in less than nine years; of this number there were cast away on the coast of New Jersey, between the points already designated, twenty-five ships, forty-eight brigs, seventy-three schooners, ONY AND AS A STATE 337 eight barques, two sloops, and two pilot boats, making in all one hundred and fifty-eight vessels. Of the whole one hundred and twenty-two have occurred since February 20, 1846, thus showing the number of wrecks to be greatly increased over those of former years. ' * The New Jersey shore, as may be seen by run- ning an eye upon the map, lies in a direction of northeast and southwest, or nearly with these points, and vessels approaching our coast bound for the harbor of New York are often carried to- ward this shore by the strong northeasterly winds which prevail in the winter, and which art fre- quently accompanied by the thick weather which is the especial dread of the mariner. **The condition which makes the New Jersey coast especially dangerous is this: that for the greater part of its whole extent there lies a bar, nearly parallel with the beach, and at a distance from it, varying from three to eight hundred yards ; upon this bar there are not more than two feet of water, so that a vessel, driven by stress of weather, must inevitably be stranded long be- fore she gets near enough to the beach to enable those on board to take any measure for the preser- vation of life. Not even a ship's ordinary long boat can float over this bar. ''In some cases of shipwreck there are some fortunate escapes, and the chance of life is al- fVol. 4] 338 NEW JERSEY AS A COL ways increased in proportion as the distance from terra firma is lessened. But here the mariner sees the land before him with a perilous space between the shore and the treacherous bar beneath him, and without assistance from that shore he can never reach it, but must perish in the very sight of land which, during his weary voyage, he has longed for by day and dreamed of by night. ''This assistance the small appropriation is de- signed to render. Although a ship's boat cannot cross the bar a surfboat will do this, and will live in a sea, and come to the shore when the keelboats would be swamped. These surfboats, then, it is proposed to provide at suitable stations along the coast, where the approach to the shore is most dangerous. ''In addition to this it is proposed to furnish, at each station, a carronade of sufficient caliber to throw a ball, with a rope attached, over the vessel in distress, so that those on board may 'bend a hawser' to this rope and thus effect a communication with the land. There should be deposited at each station a certain number of rockets, so that in a dark night a signal from the shore may be made to apprise those on board the distressed vessel in what direction they may look for aid." This argument Governor Newell sustained by holding that it was the bounden duty of the gov- ONY AND AS A STATE 339 emment to protect the lives of its citizens engaged in perilous pursuits from which the revenues of the nation are derived. This proposition had al- ready been recognized in the erection of light- houses and breakwaters and in the anchoring of buoys to mark harbor channels. Upon the opening of the second session of the Thirtieth Congress Governor Newell offered an amendment for the extension of his system from Little Egg Harbor to Cape May, thus including the entire Atlantic shore of New Jersey and also the Atlantic coast of Long Island. The amend- ment provided for buoys at Barnegat Inlet and the mouth of Tom's River and the re-opening of the lighthouse at Tucker's Beach, as well as for stations at Plum Inlet and East Hampton, Con- necticut. The appropriation called for was fifty thousand dollars. To Captain Douglass Ottinger, who recently died in Mount Holly at an advanced age, and who was then an officer in the revenue marine serv- ice, was given the supervision of the physical es- tablishment of the lifesaving service. Under date of October 18, 1848, Captain Ottinger thus wrote to Governor Newell : We have erected eight stations within the limits of the law for the preservation of life and property from shipwreck on the coast of New Jersey, and design to have at each one of them a substan- tial frame house, furnished with galvanized surfboats with ten separate air chambers, 160 fathoms of hawser, 360 fathoms of haul- 340 NEW JERSEY AS A COL ing rope, 600 yards of rocket lines, rockets, stores, etc. Stoves and fuel will be placed in the buildings, which will be sufficiently large to shelter passengers and goods. In addition to the surfboats I propose to have a life-car in each station, which is dasigned to carry a line to the stranded vessel, where the wind and sea are too heavy for the best constructed boat to live. I have made some experiments in throwing a line from the shore to a vessel with a rocket, and threw it 250 yards, with which wc tested the practicability of sending a hawser from the beach to a boat or vessel. In 1861 President Lincoln appointed Governor Newell superintendent of the service for the coast of New Jersey. During his four years of tenure he made quarterly official journeyings along the ** shore" so that when he was again elected to Con- gress at the presidential election of 1864 he was enabled to advance still further the usefulness of the system. When Governor Newell left the service he had seen it grow to twenty-eight stations on the New Jersey coast and twelve on the Long Island shore. Each House was provided with a surfboat, a lifeboat, which is a metallic elliptical vessel holding six passengers, who lie down when the hatch is fastened, and the car made impervious to water. At the end of each car is attached a large iron ring, through which runs a cable extending from the vessel to the shore on which the car plays through the surf, being pulled backward and for- ward, by a rope attached to each end, by the crew ONY AND AS A STATE 341 and wreckers alternately, communication being established by a ball thrown from a mortar. To the ball is attached a small line with which a cable is drawn to the vessel, on which the car plays. A truck or braced wheeled wagon to con- vey the surfboat, lifecars and other necessary ap- pliances to the point of danger, blue lights used to notify the wrecked of approaching aid, or to warn them off a dangerous point of shore, lan- terns, axes, spades, speaking trumpets, life pre- servers, lines, ropes, cables, stores, a full supply of wood, cut up, and provisions complete, com- prise the furniture and contents of a station nouse. During all these years the wreckers had served gratuitously, and, considering that such generous and dangerous labor should be compensated by the government. Governor Newell in a speech be- fore the House of Representatives deliverd June 14, 1S66, urged that the crews of lifeboats, who endanger their own lives, should be paid a regular salary, and also be rewarded for any acts of dan- gerous or successful duty in saving life and prop- erty. This course was subsequently adopted. As the honor of the organization of the life- saving service belongs to Governor Newell, an enduring monument erected by the Hon. James A. Bradley stands on the seashore of Asbury Park bearing an inscription signifying that near the spot the large packet ship **New Era" was 342 NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY wrecked in 1854 and over three hundred persons lost their lives. The monument was erected to commemorate the zeal and energy of Governor William A. Newell, of New Jersey, who, as Con- gressman, succeeded in securing the passage of the law establishing the United States lifesaving service, and to commemorate the fidelity of the lifesaving crews whose efficiency renders such to disaster at this day almost impossible. By resolutions of the Legislature of New Jersey, in 1896, the State officially recognized that Gov- ernor Newell had been solely instrumental in es- tablishing the United States lifesaving service, which resolutions were endorsed by the Legisla- ture of the State of Washington. CHAPTEli XX U New Jebsey at the Opening op thk Twbn TiETH Century CLEAR eyed, expectant, and resolute, the State of New Jersey stands at the opening of the twentieth cen- tury the inheritor of vast activi- ties, the agency through which some of the problems of the future may be solved. Through all the long years, stimulated by metro- politan influences, encouraging her industries, ex- tending her public beneficences, educating her peo- ple, and strengthening her administrative func- tions, New Jersey may well take her place among those States whose life is optimistic, whose deeds are creditable, whose influence makes for the good of the nation. But the nineteenth century brought many changes to the State, converting a population dis- tinctively affected by rural influences into one whose life was largely urban. In other words, in 1800, scarcely two per cent, of the people of New Jersey lived under city influence; in 1900 eighty per cent, of the population of the State resided in great municipalities or were in daily communica- tion with Philadelphia or New York. And the two great factors that have brought about this change were the development of manufactures and the growth of systems of transportation. Of the great industries of New Jersey— silk, brick and terra cotta, window and bottle glass, men's felt and wool hats, celluloid, jewelry, pot- 346 NEW JERSEY AS A COL tery, rubber, leather, shoes, woolen and worsted goods, chemical products and refined oils and their by-products, iron and steel in every form— the '^ plants" devoted to these manufactures may be geographically designated. The one hundred and fifty silk mills of New Jersey are to be found in Paterson— the "Lyons of America, ' '—West Hoboken, and Jersey City. In this industry $22,500,000 is invested, twenty-eight thousand operatives are employed, and ten million dollars is annually paid in wages. In Paterson there are twelve large machine shops producing silk and other special machinery. Brick and terra cotta works are located in the vicinity of Perth Amboy, although there are small plants throughout the central part of the State, notably between Trenton and Camden. This in- dustry embraces about seventy plants, in which six thousand five hundred men are employed, and wages amounting to two million dollars are paid. The making of window and bottle glass is char- acteristic of the region between Medford, Burling- ton County, and Bridgeton, Cumberland County. Twenty-five factories are to be found in this sec- tion. Six thousand hands are employed and $2,- 500,000 is invested. In Newark and Orange are to be found the fifty establishments devoted to men's felt and wool hats. Two million dollars is invested in this industry ONY AND AS A STATE 347 and five thousand six hundred operatives are fur- nished employment. In Newark are three great plants of the Celluloid Manufacturing Company, representing two million dollars of capital and giving work to seven hundred men. As a jewelry manufacturing center Newark oc- cupies a position first among all cities. Sixty-five establishments represent this industry, two thou- sand seven hundred operatives being employed and three million dollars capital invested. With East Liverpool, Ohio, Trenton vies for first place as a pottery manufacturing center. Here thirty plants are engaged in every branch of the business, including the making of drain-pipe, sani- taiy ware, common china, decorative art objects, and floor and mural tiles. The operatives number three thousand seven hundred, and $5,500,000 capital is represented. At Trenton, Jersey City, and New Brunswick the rubber mills of the State are located. Two thousand men are employed. Among other in- dustries at Trenton are oilcloth and linoleum, car- riages, brass lamps, and bedding. In Newark the leather industry of New Jersey is centered. There are in the State fifty-five plants, with a capital of six million dollars and four thou- sand employees. Forty-eight plants are engaged in the manu- facture of shoes, many being in Newark, nearly 348 NEW JEIISEY AS A COL five thousand operatives being employed and $2,- 300,000 capital being invested. Passaic City is the center of the woolen and worsted manufactures of New Jersey. In that city are located nearly the greatest of the thirty- eight mills of the State, eight million dollars capi- tal being invested in this enterprise in New Jersey and seven thousand six hundred persons being em- ployed. Throughout the State are forty-two "plants'* devoted to the manufacture of chemical products, three thousand five hundred operatives being em- ployed and fourteen million dollars capital being invested. The number of establishments engaged in refin- ing oils and their by-products is fourteen. The capital invested is seventeen million dollars and the number of men employed is two thousand eight hundred. Of iron and steel manufacture every stage of the industry is represented in the State. In New Jer- sey the ore is mined, blast furnaces reduce the pig, puddling works convert it into steel and refined iron, and rolling mills work it into bars, nearly all of which are located north of Trenton. In the latter city are the John A. Roebling's Sons Com- pany's works, employing two thousand men. In Paterson are two locomotive works, a great rolling mill, and many machine shops. ONY AND AS A STATE 349 Of special industries Jersey City has the Loril- lard Tobacco Company, six establishments devoted to the making of soap, tallow, and perfumery, of which Colgate's is representative, and the Ameri- can Company's sugar refinery. At Elizabethport is located the Singer Sewing Machine Company, with its five thousand hands, and the Nixon ship- building yards. Trenton, Paterson, and Newark have large breweries. New Brunswick has "plants" devoted to such particular industries as wall paper and sheet metal, while at Camden are chemical plants and several shipyards. Altogether the number of wage-earning men and women in the State amounts to two hundred thousand, and the annual product of their labor is about four hundred million dollars. Of steam transportation in New Jersey the num- ber of miles owned and operated by the following systems on the 1st day of January, 1901, was: Pennsylvania, 409.02; West Jersey and Seashore, 332.57; Central Eailroad of New Jersey, 440.30; Philadelphia and Reading, 230.89; Delaware, Lack- awanna and Western, 206.16; Erie, 149.90; New York, Susquehanna and Western, 126.73; Lehigh Valley, 111.61; unclassified roads, twenty-eight companies, 280.78-total mileage, including un- classified roads, 2,287.96. The aggregate number of persons employed on the railroads whose duties are performed within the limits of the State of THK CKANR TAVERN. (Stte of Ihe Blngw Sewing Maohlne Compiwy a otatuiT ago.; 350 NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY New Jersey is 32,405. The aggregate amomit paid in wages is $18,023,604:; the average wages per day is $1.82, and the average yearly earnings $566.11. The canals of the State include the Delaware and Earitan, with its feeder, 66.86, and the Morris Canal, with its two feeders, 106.48, giving a total canal mileage of 173.34. The reports of the cable, electric, and horse rail- road companies for the year ending January 1, 1901. give 771.45 miles of track (all but a few miles operated by electricity), with total capital stock of $80,875,000. These roads have cost $142,428,000. Thus from the humble l3eginnings of the "cot- tage" industries of the colony, and from the "fly- ing machines" of the Revolution, have arisen the great enterprises and the systems of transporta- tion giving Xew Jersey such power and influence as to make her most important among the sister- hood of States. CHAPTEB XXIII Genbbal Ikdkx GENERAL INDEX Abbett, I-eon, IV, 133, 148, 152, 170, 175, 177. 182, 185, 188. Abbott, Benjamin, II, 101; III, 316. Dr., I, 48. Family. Ill, 66. Abercrombie, General, II, 203. Abert, William, III, 357. Abolition movement, the, I, 338. Society, the New Jersey, IV, 35, 37. Aboriginal occupancy, I, 29-50. Abraham, James, III, 104. AbPOcom Beach, II, 197; IV, 335. Achter Coll, I, 140. Acquackanonk, I, 356, 357; II, 51, 57, 210, 312; III, 254; IV, 254. Bridge, II, 133, 337. Landing, II, 96; III, 17. " Acquickananick," I, 274. Acrelius, Israel, I, 293; III, 63. Acton, Benjamin, I, 299. Adams. Israel S., IV.. 177. John, II, 176. 340, 344; III, 30. 32, .^.3. 36, 39. Adjustment of land titles, I, 135. Admissions to the bar, I, 309-311. Adolphus, Gustavus, I, 87, 88, 97. Adrain, Robert, IV, 163. Adultery, I, 323-326. Adventurers, colonial, I, 221-223. Advertisements, early, I, 366. Agriculture, I, 193-199; IV, 317- 327. Ahasimus, I, 114; II, 324; IV, 234. Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, I, 375. Albany, I, 106, 110, 117, 118, 127, 374. 375, 379, 381, 382, 384; II, 67, 69. Albion Knights, the, I, 78-79. Albright, Andrew, IV, 176, 177, 182. Alderman's Kil, I, 96. Alexander, James, I, 170, 313. Mrs. James, II, 70. [Vol. 4] Alexander, Joseph, I, 362, 363. William. II. 66. 70. 82, 171. William C. III. 391. 397; IV, 97. Sir William, I, 124-125. Alexandria Township, II, 109. Algonkin Indians, I, 55, 241. Alien and Sedition Laws, III, 37-38. Allaire. III. 252. Allegiance, oath of, II, 122. Allen, Ephralm, I, 177. Experience, I, 177. Isaac, II, 95. J. W., Ill, 398. Jedediah, I, 177. Joseph W., IV, 83. Judah, I, 177. Patience, I, 177. William R., Ill, 2S0. Allentown, II, 154; III, 254, 256; IV. 47. Alliance, I, 288; IV, 326. Allison, Richard III, 120. Allisons, The, I;l, 64. Alloways, I, 147. Alloway's Bridge, II. 340. Creek, I. 93, 95: II, 180. Allowaystown, III, 220, 256. Almanacs, I, 365, 367. Almonesson, III, 254. Alummingh, I, 96. Amboy, I, 188, 200, 203, 230, 232, 233, 372, 395; II, 98, 136, 159, 161, 163, 169, 203, 206, 337, 340; III, 117, 203; IV, 54. Barracks, I, 384. Point, I, 162. American Company, the, I, 92. Dock and Improvement Com- pany, IV, 112. House at Haddonfleld, I, 303. House at Trenton, TT, 146. American Weekly Mercury, I. 232. Ammunition for the Revolution, II, 77. 354 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Amsterdam, I, 112. Amwell, I, 332, 379; II, 4S, 345. Township, creation of, I, 276. Anabaptists, the, I, 344. Anderson, Edward T., IV, 143. Family, III, 77. John, I, 377, 378, 392. John I., II, 224. Andover, III, 253. Andre, Major, II, 177. Andrews Family, III, 60. Andros, Sir Edmund, I, 142, 146, 147-148, 152. 155, 156, 157, 164, 165, 166; III, 340. Andruss, Isaac, III, 103, 105. Andrustown, II, 222. Angell, Colonel, II, 239. Animals, prehistoric, I, 47-50. Anne, Queen, I, 211, 212, 217, 248, 394. Anti-Federalists, III, 25-41, 160, 3S6. Anti-Masonic agitation. III, 222. Antiquity of man, I, 29-50. Apgar Family, III, ,70. Applegate, Edwin F., IV, 85. Apprentices, I, 199, 202. Appropriations for the Revolu- tion, II, 77. Arawamus, III, 63. Arbuthnot, Admiral, II, 235. Architecture, Early, III, 59-61. Argillite implements, I, 30-31, 33, 35, 41-42, 46. Arms for the Revolution, II, 77. Armstrong, Thomas D., IV, 170. General, III, 102. Arnett, Shelly, III, 54, 55. Arneystown, III, 65. Arnold, Benedict, II, 169, 331. House, the, II, 231. Jacob, II. 160. Lewis Golding, III, 358. Arrest of Governor Carteret, I, 155. of Governor Franklin, I, 406, 410. Arrow making, I, 30-31. Arrowsmith, Thomas W., Ill, 391. Articles of Confederation, II, 365-381. Artificial lakes, I, 40. Artillery in the Revolution, II, 73, 79, 84. Arts, Indian, I, 58. Arwaines, I, 96. Asamo Hackingh, I, 96. Asbury, III, 77, 254, 255. Bishop, III, 316, 317. Park, IV, 268, 341. Asgill, Charles, II, 251. Ash Swamp, II, 338. Ashes, manufacture of, I, 286. "Asia," the, II, 110. Asomoches, the, I, 82. Assanpink, II, 337. Creek, I, 152, 265, 266, 312; 11, 145, 153, 154, 427; III, 177; IV, 259. Assembly, the, I, 135, 136, 150, 217-225, 399-411. of East Jersey, I, 154-155 of West Jersey, I, 163. last colonial, I, 406. rebukes Cornbury, I, 211-212. under Carteret, dissolved, I, 157-15S. Associate justices, the, I, 312- 313. Assunpink Falls, I, 96. AssveLicons, I, 95. Atkinson, Clarence T., IV, 196. Atlantic City, II, 189; IV, 115, 135, 245, 255, 267, 2S0, 281. Atlantic County, I, 205, 266, 268, 282: IT, 94; III, 109, 251, 254, 280; IV, 275, 276, 281, 282, 320, 323. creation of, I, 268. Attack of the Dutch on New Sweden, I, 94. Attorney-generals, I, 313. Attorneys-at-law, I, 307-317. " Augusta," the, II, 195, 197. Australian Company, the, I, 87, 88. Avondale, IV, 312. Axions, the, I, 82. Axwamus, I, 266. ONY AND AS A STATE 355 Aycrigg, John B., Ill, 329. " Ayreshire," The, IV, 335. Babcock, John F., IV, 142. Back Creek, 1, 266. Bacon, Andrew, II, ISl. Bacon Family, HI, 61. Bailey, Clayton J., IV, 229. Bain bridge, Absalom, II, 101. family. III, 66. Joseph, II, 101. medal, III, 96. William, II, 101; III, 66. Baker family. III, 74. Henry M., IV, 81. Philip P., IV, 191. William S., II. 133, 330. Balbach, Edward, Jr., IV, 156. Balch, Hezekiah James, I, 362. Baldwin family, IV, 249. Jeduthan, II, 73. Matthias, III, 200. Ballard, Jeremiah, II, 224. Ballinger, Ives, I, ISO. Banks, III, 361-374; IV, 205-212. Banns, marriage, I, 322-324. Baptist Church, the, I, 344, 345; III, 315. Barber, Francis, I, 363; II, 322. Barcalow, Daniel, III, 391. Barclay, David, Jr., I, 159. Governor, III, 340. Robert, I, 159, 160, 166. Thomas, II, 141. Bard, Edwin Milford, III, 357. Peter, I, 180. Samuel, II, 118. Barker, Thomas, I, 159. Barnegat Bay, II, 243, 244; III, 60. Creek, I, 146. Inlet, IV, 339. Barnes, John, II, 96, 153. Barracks erected, I, 3S3-384. Barren Hill, II, 179. Barton, Joseph, II, 95. Bartow, Thomas, II, 97. Basking Ridge, I, 351; II, 142; HI, 69, 319. Basnett, Elizabeth, I, 299. Richard, I, 298. Bass River, II, 321. Basse, Jeremiah, I, 310, 391. Bateman family, HI, 61. Battalions in the Revolution, II, 66-73, 79-81. Battery, the, II, 127, 130. Battle Monument, Trenton, II, 147. Battle of Monmouth, II, 203-211, 215. of Princeton. II, 153-156, 159. of Trenton, II, 141-153, 156. Battles of the Revolution, II, 309-340. Batsto, III, 252. Bauer, Herman O., IV, 229. Bayard, S. J.. IV. 166. Bayle's Mills, HI, 172. Bayley, Bishop, HI, 320. Baylor, George. II, 73, 3l«. Bayonne, IV, 244, 245. Bayward, HI, 68. Beach. Ephraim, III, 183. William, II, 225. Beaches, the, I, ?S0-282. Beacon Hill, IV 309. Beads, Indian, ^ , 242. Beam, John E.. IV, 88. Bears, I, 287. Beasley, Frederick, III, 239. Jonathan, II, 205. Mercer, IV, 142. Beatty, John, HI. 102. Beaumont. Myron H.. IV, 85. Beaver Brook, II, 338. Run, II, 118. Beavers, I, 287. Beckett, Henry, HI, 238. Bedford, Gunning. I, 363. Bedle, Joseph D., IV, 146, 156, 170. 172. 173. Bedmlnster Township, creation of, I. 276. Beeston, Father Francis. Ill, 319. Beginning of New Jersey as a colony, I. 128. Belcher, Governor, I, 375, 380; III. 70. Jonathan, I, 360, 395-396. 356 NEW JEKSEY AS A COL Belcher. William, I, 300. Bell, John, II, 281. Tom, I, 237. Bellerjeau family, TIT, 66. Belleville. I, 134; II, 338; III, 75, 171, 254, 255, 317, 3iS; IV, 135, 284. Belvidere. Ill, 77, 106, 208, 209, 253, 372; IV, 135, 280, 310. Benckes, Jacob, I, 139. Benezet. , I, 339. Bennett's Island, II, 338. Bergen, I, 133, 135, 137, 110, 156, 225, 263, 274, 294, 351: II, 338. church at, I, 344, 345. first school in, I, 349-350. Bergen County. I, ISl, 243, 263, 267, 344, 408, 409; II, 48, 55-5fi, 57, 58. 61, 98, 99, 105, 109, 258, 2G0, 310, 411, 412, 439; III, 75, 87, 103, 105, 106, 107, 172, 195, 248, 251, 255, 256, 270, 280, 297, 320, 322; IV, 29, 41, 2?8. 244, 269, 273, 275. 277, 278, 279. 298, 320, 321. creation of, I, 2K?. militia, II. 75, 79. 80, 81, 83, 84. townships in, I, 274. Bergen Hill, IV, 128, 129. Neck, II, 323. Point, III, 372. S(juare, 1, 115. Township, I, 274. Town of, I. 114. Berkeley Creek, I, 266. Berkeley, Lord John, I, 66, 129- 131, 145, 146, 185; IV, 26. Berlin, IV, 323. Bernard, Francis, I, 356, 383, 396. Beriiard.=:ton Township, creation of, I, 276. Bernardstown, II, 59. Bernard&ville, II, 142. Berrien family. III, 69. John, II, 2G6. mansion, II, 272. Berry family, III, 75. Grace, I, 178. John. I, 138, 178. Perejn'ine, I, 178. Berry, Richard, 1, 178. Berthoud, Alexander P., IV, 86. " Eethesda " orphan house, I, 331, 332, 333. Bethlehem, II, 322. Betts, J. Brognard, IV, 295. Beverages, early, I, 293. Beverly, I, 96; IV, 90, 91, 268, 294. Bickel, Frederick A., IV, 229. Biddle, Clement, II, 231. Big Bridge, II, 338. Big Timber Creek, I, 89, 96. Bigelow, Jacob, IV, 54. Moses, IV, 163, 166, 168. Bilderback, Peter, HI, 108. Biles Island, II, 185, 186. •' Bill in Chancery," I. 170. " Bill of Rights," the, I, 151. Billingsport, II, 172, 184, 190, 198; III, 107. 108. Billop, Christopher, II, 337. Binnoy family. III, 64. Bird, John T., IV, 148, 172, 175, 176, 1S2. Birmingham Meeting House, II, 173. Birney, William, IV, 82. Bishop family. III, 65. Black Clayton, IV, 177. family, HI, 65. John. HI, 195. wampum, I, 242. Blaokwell's Lane, II, 338. Blair, John, II, 224. John I., IV, 167. Blairstown, IV, 30O. Blauvelt, Abraham, III, 54. family, II, 317. Blazing Star Tavern, I, 234. P.lodgett, Rufus, IV, 182. Blopmrngert. Samuel, I. 88, 108. Bloomfield. I, 134; IT, 338; III, 106, 184, 254, 255, 257, 317; IV, 249. Hope, T, 178. Jeremiah, II, 304. Joseph, II. 440; III, 49, 95, 102, 107, 153, 155, 156, 158; IV, 36, 37. Moses, III, 68. Sarah, II, 304. ONY AND AS A STATE 357 Bloomingdale, II, 130; III, 170. Bloomsburg, II, 426; III, 170, 254, 255. Board of Proprietors, the, I, 1G2. of Trade, I, 209. 211. Boardville, III, 253. Boats, stage, I, 233. Bodyguard, Washington's, 11, 74. Boes, Nicholas, I, 139. Bonaparte, Charles Lucien, III, 234. Jerome, III, 71. Joseph. III. f5. 227-241. Joseph Lucien Charles, III, 237. Bondmen, I, 199-202. Bonhamtown, II, 169, 338; TTr, 171. Bonnel. James, II, 225. Book of Common Prayer, the, I, 21S. Books. I. 365. Boone, Thomas, I, 39ii; III, 343. Boonton, III; 1S4, 252. Borden, Joseph, I. 232, 233, 235; II. 82, 1S5. ■>83; III, 229. family. Ill, 65. Joseph, Jr., I, 233, 235. Bordentown. I, 96, 203, 232, 234, 2.",5. 383. 410; II, 143, 145, 153, 185, 186, 206, 272. 282, 293, 311, 338; III, 65, 117, I^S, 1S2, 191, 196, 199, 201, 203, 220, 221, 229; IV, 54, 56, 73, 134, 268, 295. Boroughs, IV, 268. Boston, Port of, cl05ed, II, 49, 50. Bottle Hill. II, 440; III, 76, 106. Boudinot, Elias. I. 54, ISO; IT, 24S, 266, 360, 431; lU, 64; IV, 263. Elisha, III. 74, 367; R', 239. family. III. 71. Boule, Marcellin, I. 47. Bound Brook. II, 59, 70, 216, 219, 338; HI, 171, 182, 208, 256; IV, 132, 133. 300. encampment at, II. 165. Bound Creek, IV, 246. Boundaries, county, I, 266-267. Boundary Disputes between the Jerseys and New York, I, 158. Bounties in the Revolution, II, 65, 114. Bout, Jan Evertsen, I, 114. Eowen family, HI, 61. Bowman, Nathaniel, II, 224. Boyd, Frank E., IV, 228. Brackenridge, Hugh, II, 287. Braddock, Charles S., TV, 229. Braddock's defeat, I, 379. Bradford, William, I. 363; HI, 64. Bradley, James A., IV, 341. Braine, James, I, 159. Brainerd (missionary), I; 70; HI, 65. Branchville, HI, 76, 256. Brandt, Joseph, II, 222. Brandywine, the, II, "0, 1/2, 183, 198. Brant Hill. IH, 110. Braun, Christian, IT, 196, 200. Brearley, David, II, S2, 226, 389, S93, 394, 402, 405; III. 30. Breda, treaty of. I, 128. Breese, Samuel II, 82. Brewer, John Hart, IV, ISl, :?; Breweries. IV, 349. Brick family, HI, 61. industries, IV, 346. Joshua, HI, 101, 217, ISO, 283. Bricksboro, HI, 61. BridgPton, I, 95. 231; II, 179, 338. 415, 453; HI, 52, 61, 220, 249, 252, 254, 255, 256; FV, 47. 57. 115. 132, 135. 268, 278. 280, 283. 2S4, 29S. 309. 316, 371. Arfjva, III, 52. Plain Dealer, IH, 52. Bndgewater Township, creation of, I, 276. Brigades in the Revolution, H, SI. Brinkerhoff, William, IV, 143. Brisbane, Albert, HI. 303. Bristol, II. 144, 145. 151, 186; IH, 202; IV, 56. British mon-of-war, II, HI. 358 NEW JERSEY AS A COL British troops, landing of, II, 128. Brittain, James, II, i)8, 99. John, II, 99. " Broad Seal War," the, III, 331-335. Broadheads, I, 378. Broclcholst, Anthony, I, 157. Broderlck, James, II, 225. Brooklyn, II, 129. Heights, II, 127. Brotherton, I, 70. Brown, , I, 339. Abraham, III, 197. George H., Ill, 281, 390, 392. Harvey, III, 357. Henry W., IV, 82. University, I, 362. Browning, Abraham, III, 280. Brown's Mills, IV, 323. Brunswick Gazette, III, 54. Gazette end Weekly Monitor, III, 54. Bryan, William, IV, 83. Bryant, Lewis T., IV, 229. Brynson, Barefoot, I, 178. Daniel, I, 178. Buchanan, Henry C, IV, 161. Buck family, III, 61. Samuel L., IV, 82. Buckley, Benjamin, IV, 142. Budd family, III, 65, 76. Thomas, I, 169, 353, 354. Bull, William, II, 225. Bull's Ferry, II. 338. Bunker Hill, battle of, II, 76. Burgoyne, General, II, 170. Burling, George C, IV. 83. Burlington. I. 96, 134, 153, 154, 166, 167, 181, 187, 193, 200, 203, 219, 231, 232, 233. 234, 235, 241, 245, 256. 265. 267. 272, 273, 275, 298, 307, 314, 315, 316, 324. 325, 331, 341, 352, 353, 360, 363, 365, 383, 395. 400, 407, 410; II, 30, 31, 54, 67, 99, 100. 110. 113. 120, 121, 144, 145, 152. 174, 179. 186. 205, 243, 279, 301. 366. 379, 453; III, 53, 64, 111, 117, 129, 196, 204, 220, 313, 319, 320; IV. 47, 56, 259, 268, 298. Burlington Advertiser, III, 53. barracks, 1. 384. capital of West Jersey, I, 163. chartered, I, 271, 272. first Friends meeting house at, I, 333. settlement of, I, 152. , College, IV, 298. Company, the, I, 235. Burlington County, I, 70, 152, 199, 231, 26U, 267, 263, 275, 276, 279, 282, 297, 406; II, 54, 58, 73. 94, 135, 260. 358, 440; III, 52, 64, 76, 88, 105, 108, 168, 178, 248, 252, 255, 256, 270, 2S0, 296, 317; IV, 32, 33, 41, 113, 269, 273, 274, 275, 2S0, 281, 320, 322, 323, 346. creation of, I. 265. In Provisional Congress, II, 105, 109, 113. militia, II, 75, 79, SO, 81, 82, 84. Burlington Island, I, 298. Burnaby, Rev. Andrew, III, 75. Burnet family, HI, 76. William, I, 363, IV, 263. William (governor), I, 391-392. William (judge), III, 74. Burr, Aaron, I. 363; III, 40, 66, 73, 74, 153, 156. Aaron, Rev., I, 359, 396; III, 66. Barzillai, III. 109. family, III, 64. -Hamilton duel. III, 156. Theodosia, III, 158. Burroughs family. III. ^. Burrowes. Eden, II, 223. John, II, 225. Burrowe's Mills, II, 338. Burrsville, HI, 109. Butcher, Benajah, III, 109. Butcher's Works, III, 109. Butler. John, II, 222. Wallace N., II, 222. Buttle, George M.. IV. 228. Buttler, William C. IV, 218. Byllynge, Edward, I, 145, 148, 149, 153. 159. 163. 164, 167, 169. Byram, HI, 253. family. III, 70, 76. ONY AND AS A STATE :^59 Cadmus family, III, 75. Cadwalader, Colonel, II, 144, 145. 151, 152, 153. Cadwallader, Lambert, III, 127. Cahierres family. III, 71. Calvert, Philip, I, 83. Calvert.s Mill.s, I, 378. Calvinism, I, 321, 322, 345, 346, 351, 359; II, 30, 31, 33. in East Jersey, I, 175-178. in West Jersey, I, 188-189. Caldwell, III, 106, 254, 255; IV. 322. David, I, 362. James, II, 238, 239; III, 70; IV, 263. Mrs., murder of, II, 238. Cambridge, Washington at, II, 77. Camden, I, 234, 235; II, 151, 184, 193, 203, 338; III, 62, 134, 204, 220, 221, 369; IV, 47, 56, 73, 89, 135, 266-267, 346, 349. Camden County, I, 96, 282; II, 94; III, 62, 255, 280; IV, 54, 113, 276, 278, 280, 281, 320. creation of, I, 268. Camden and Amboy Railroad, III, 179, 189-206, 387, 388; IV, 125-138. Camden and Atlantic Railroad, IV, 135. Camp, Caleb, II; 116. Fair Oaks, IV, 90. Frelinghuysen, IV, 90. Perrine, IV, 90. Stockton, IV, 90. Voorhees, IV, 218. Vredenburgh. IV, 90, Campbell, David, I, 357. Edward A., IV, 220, 228. Edward C, IV, 82. Lord Neill, I, 166. Blarie de Rousalat, III, 71. Peter, II, 97. William H., IV, 266. Camptown, IV, 248. Canada, grant of, I, 125. Invasion of, I, 374-375. Viscount, I, 125. Canals, III, 177-186; IV, 350. Canfield, Augustus, III, 357. S. D., Ill, 391. Canoe, the Indian, I, 229. Canton, III, 248. Cape I-Ienlopen, I, 92. Breton, I, 373. Cape May, I, 76, 82, 84, 89, 90, 92, 129, 146, 167, 170, 202, 203, 205, 206, 235, 265, 307, 374; III, 60, 100, 104, 108, 110, 315, 319; IV, 72, 115, 131, 135, 267, 2G8, 339. Cape May County, I, 108, 109, 205, 267, 279, 281, 282, 301, 307, 343, 344, 408, 409; II, 261, 311, 440; III, 59-60, 88, 105, 264, 270, 272, 280, 295, 317, 322; IV, 41, 269, 273, 276, 'M), 281, 282, 320, 323. creation of, I, 265, 206. 269. divided into precin* t:\ f, 275. in Provisional Congress, II, 105, 109. militia, II, 75, "P. 80, 81, 82, 84, S5. Cape Ma> Cour' House, IV, 28L Ca-^e May Tov^-., I, 231. Capner, Thorn ,s. III, 183. Capture of Trenton, II, 146. Carey, Mathew, III, 63. Carleton, Sir Guy, II, 250. Carman, Ezra A., IV, 84. Carmel, IV. 326. Carmichael, Isaac, IV, 196. Carnahan, James, III, 333. Carpenter family. III, 62. Carr, Sir Robert, I, 125, 127. Carrow, Howard, IV, 156, 196. 200. Cartagena, I, 372. Carter, Benjamin, F., IV, 142, 175 Jo>m, I, 325. Lydia, I, 325. Carteret, James. I, 137. Lady Elizabeth, I, 157, 158. I,ord, IV, 26. Philip, I, 64, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 155-156, 157, 153, 351. 360 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Carteret, Sir George, I, 06, 129- 131, 132, 133, 137, 133, 146, 148, 154. 155, 156, 157, 158, 165, 185. Carteret's title in New Jersey confirmed, I, 142. Cartwright, George, I, 125, 127. Caye family. III, 70. Cassedy, George, III, 383. John, III, 280, 389, 390, 391. Castle Point, I, 113; IV, 128, Cathcart, Lord, I, 372. Catholic Protectory Bill, IV, 146. Cattell. Alexander G., Ill, 281; IV, 137, 165. Jonas, III, 63. Cattletown. II, 193. Causes of the Revolution, I, 415-122. Cavalry in the Revolution, II, 73. Cavan Point, IV, 112. Cedar Bridge, II, 310. Creek, II, 338. forests, the, I, 281, 282. oils, I. 286. Celluloid industry, IV. 347. Centenary Collegiate Institute, IV, 300. Central Railroad of New Jer- sey, IV, 115, 127, 349. Chad's Ford, II, 173. Chairville, III, 256. Chambers, David, II, h2, 84. family. III. 65. Chambersburg. IV, 264. Chancellor, the, I, 210. Chandler, Thomas B.. II, 97, 101. William, II, 97, 102. Changes in geological forma- tions. 1, 36-50. Channing, , I, .341. Chaplains, loyalist, in the Revo- lution, II, 97. Characteristics of the Delaware Indians, I, 56-71. of the early taverns, I, 291-303. of the early immigrants, I, 221-223. of the settlers of East Jersey, I, 176-181. Characteristics of the settlers of West Jersey, I, 185-390. of the Swedes, I, 99-101. Charles I, I, 75, 247. Charles II, I, 123-125, 129, 130, 135, 141, 142, 164, 185, 209. recognizes the projirietors of the Jerseys, I, 160. Charles River, I, 76. Charlottenburg, IV, 312. Charlotteburg, III, 319. Charter of freedom and ex- emptions, the, I, 107. Charters, town and city, I, 271- 276. Chastellux, Marquis dc, II. 332. Chatham II, 253, 336; III, 53, 106, 169. Bridge, III, 73. Chemical products, IV, 348. Cherry Valley, massacre of, II, 222. Che.sapeake Bay, II, 172. Chesquake, I, 274; IV, 311. Chester, II, 172, 173, 190, 198; III, 130, 170. Township, I, 275, 276. Chesterfield, III, 65; IV, 33. Township, I, 275. Chestnut Creek, II, 338. Neck, II. 321. Chetwood, John, I, 313; III, 70. William, III, 377. Chcveaux-de-frise, a, II, 190, 191, 194. 195. Chew family, III, C3. Chief Justices, I. 309, 312. Child, Francis, III, 281. Christ Church, Shrewsbury, f, 340, 341. Christie, A. La Rue, IV, 229. Christina, I, 350. Queen, I, 90, 92. Church doctrine, I, 332-334. of England, the, I, 218, 220, 326: II, 97. schools, early, I, 350. Churches, early, I, 331-346. Cineinnatus of America, the, II, 218. ONY AND AS A STATE 361 Cities, I, 263-276; IV, 233-269. Civil War, the, IV. 71-78, 81-91. Cladek, John J., IV, 8G. Clamtown, II, 320. Clandestine marriagres, I, 326. Clark, A. Judson, IV, 88. Abraham, II, 69, 114, 386, 393, 395; III, 28, 30, 48, 74; IV, 263. Charles, III, 102. Peter, I, III, 280. Classic of Berpren, III, 318. Oi New Brunswick. Ill, 318. of Faramus, III, 318. Clemen ton. III, 252. Clement's Bridge, II, 193-194. " Clermont," the. III, 131, 135. Cleveland, Orestes, IV, 176. Clifton, IV, 154. Clime, Joseph F., IV, 229. " Clinker Lot Right Men," I, 170. Clinton, III, 70, 170, 172, 208, 255; IV, 313. De Witt, III, 152. General, II, 71, 203, 204, 205, "^206, 207, 208, 209, 210. George, II, 265; III, 33. James, II, 235. Sir Henry, II, 178, 179, 235, 237, 249, 328. Closter dock, II, 132. ClouRh, Alexander, II, 317. Clove, The, II, 332. Clymer, Colonel, II, 196. Coale, Elisone, I, 177. Exercis, I, 177. Jacob, I, 177. Coasting ve."=!sels, I, 204. Coate's Point, II, 243. Cobbett, William, III, 62. Cochrane, Lewis, IV, 177. Cockloft Hall, IV, 246. Coetus, the, I, 364. Cohansey, I, 147; III, 315. Cohanzy, I, 235. Bridge, I. 231. Cohen, Harry R., IV, 229. Coinage, colonial, I, 243-253. Colby, Gardner R., IV, 174, 181. Colden, Cadwallader D., Ill, 182. Coles, Abraham, IV, 297. James B., IV, 234. Colfax, William, II, 73; III, 105, 106. College of New Jersey (see also Princeton College), I, 359-363, 364, 395, 396; II, 59. 155. 267, 286, 395; III. 281. 314; IV, 47. of Rhode Island, I. 362. Collegiate Church School. I, 349. Collett, Joshua W., Ill, 357. Collin Family, III, 63. Rev. Dr., Ill, 63. Collins, Dennis F., IV, 229. Henry, II, 320. Isaac, I, 365; TI, 258, 279, 388; III, 50, 55. Colonial currency, I, 241 259. governors, the last. X. 389-39G, 399-411. plantation, the, I, 194. trade, I, 223-224. Colonies declared in>lependent, II, 114. Colonization, by the Dutch, 1. 105-119. by the Swedes, I, 87-101. Colony of New Jersey, begr-r- ning of, I, 128. Colt family. III, 77. Peter, II, 176. Colt's Neck, II, 338; HI. 67. Columbia College. II. 102. Columbus, II. 144; III, 239, 249. Colve, Anthony, I, 139, 140, 141. Colvin, Patrick. II, 426. Colvin's Ferry, II, 144. Combs, John, II, 225. Commerce, intercolonial, I, 224. Commercial development. I, 235. interests, early, I, 193-194. Commissary department, inefli- ciency of, II, 175-176. Commissioners, government by, I, 149-154. to ascertain condition of troops, II, 69. to subdue the Dutch, I, 125- 126. 362 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Committees of correspondence and inquiry, I, 400-402; II, 47-61, 136. of observation, II, 51, 52, 54. of Safety, II. 79, 91, 92, 105-123. town and county, II. 47, 50. Common law marriages, I, 321. pleas court, I, 314. *' Common Sense," II, 292. Conimunipaw, I, 114, 115; III, 75; IV, 235. Bay, IV, 235. Cove, II, 324. " Concessions and Agree- ments," I, 66, 132, 133-134, 149- 152, 270, 287, 310. Conciliatory Bills, the, II, 179. Con diet, Ira, I, 365. John, III, 75, 162. Silas, II, 412. Condit, Elias, III, 283. .Jonathan, IV, 263. Lewis, III. 292. Silas, III. 280. Confederation, Articles of, II, 365-381. Conferentie, the, I. 364. Confiscation of Tory property, II. 95. 86. 102, 121-122. Congar. H. N., IV. 148. Congregational churches, the, I. 134-135. 175. Congress. I. 406. 410. 411, 422; II, 49-53. 57. 65. 67. 68. 71, 72, 75- 80, 106, 107, 110, HI, 115, 119, 129, 136, 141, 143, 170, 171, 173. 175, 177, 179. 185. 208, 217. 218. 220, 222. 227, 240, 253-261, 265, 373: III. 30, 37. Provincial, II. 105-123. Congress's Own Regiment, II, 73. Connecticut Farms, II, 238, 338. Connolly. Bernard. III. 281. Conquest of the English, I, 123- 142. Constabularies, I, 275. "Constitution," the, II, 100, 101; III, 91. Constitution of New Jersey, II, 119-120, 409-421; III, 261-275. 279-287; IV, 38, 141-148, 151- 158. of the United States, II, 38S- 405; IV, 95-105. Constitutional Commission of 1873, IV, 142. of 1894, IV, 155. Convention of 1844, III, 280. Continental currency, II, 78. troops in the Revolution, II, G5-85. Conveyances, early, I, 231. Conway, Cabal, the, II, 176. General, II, 176. Cook, George H., IV, 307. M^lliam, III, 198. Cooke, Governor, II, 160. Cooley, Henry Scholield, IV, 35, 47. Cooper, Daniel, I, 2.34. Elijah, III, 53. family. III, 62, 77. ■Perries, IV, 266. James Fenimore, III, 67. John, I, 272; II, 111, 412; III, 30. Thomas, I, 159. William R., Ill, 329, 333. Cooper's Creek, I, 96, 248; II, 197; III, 197. Ferry, I, 234, 235; II, 151, 184, 193. 203. 338; III. 82. Copper coins, I, 246-247, 249, 250- 253. 258. ornaments, I. 59. Cornbury. Governor, T. 64, 211- 214. 217. 218. 220, 248, 309, 313, 314, 325, 326, 389, 390, 394; II, 29; III, 190, 341; IV, 27, 28, 46. Cornwallis, Lord, II, 132, 134, 135, 143, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 1E9, 173, 198, 235. 316. Corporations, IV. 100. Corson family. III, 60. Cory Family, III, 74. Coryell's Ferry, II, 135, 144, 171; III, 70. ONY AND AS A STATE Cosby, William, I, 392. Cotton industry. III, 254. Council, the, I, 217-225. and Governor Franklin, I, 399- 411. last colonial, I, 406. of Board of Trade and For- eign Plantations, I, 209. of Proprietors of West Jersey, I, 168. of safety, II, 61, 120, 122-123. Counsello^-at-law, I, 307-317. Counties, XV, 273-287. creation of, I, 263-276. Counterfeiting, I, 256-259. punishment for, II, 118-119. County committees, II, 47, 50. courts, I, 219. lines, I, 206-267. ' names, I, 267-269. Courts, the, I, 307-317. judges of, I, 219. organization of I, 131, 218, 263, 266, 275, 308, 313. Covenanters, the, I, 220. Covenhoven, John, II, 412; III, 334. Cowell, David, II, 355. Cov/enhoven family. III, 66. Cox, Albion, I, 250, 251, 252. family. III, 67. John, II, 356. John S., IV, 85. Richard, II, 224. Coxe, Charles, III, 331. Daniel, I, 167, 391; II, 102; III, 60, 319. William, I. 418. Craft. G., Ill, 261. Craig, Captain, I, 377. Craine, Joseph, I, 272. Cranbury, I, 236; II, 154, 206. Cranberry industry, II, 381. Crane, Elvin W., IV, 196. family. III, 74. Stephen, I, 400; II, 50, 116. William. I. 294; II, 440; III, TO. Cmnetown, IV, 249. Cranmer family. III, 60. Crawford family. III, 60. John, I, 307. Crayford, Richard, II, 87. Cream Ridge, III, 67. Cree, David, III, 53. Cress family. III, 60. Cripp family. III, 62. Crippletown, II, 338. Cripps, Justice, I, 225. " Crisis, The," II, 293. Croes, John, III, 318. Crosswiclcs, I, 230, 233, 236; II, 152. 153, 206. Creek, II, 206, 338; III, 229. Friends meeting house at, I, 339. treaty at, I, SJiO. Croton, II, 200. Crowell, Joseph, II, 97. Joseph T., IV, 162. Crown lands, I, 135. Point, I, 380. Cuban War— see Spanish-Amer- ican Wab. Culver's Gap, III, 169, 170, 253. Cumberland County, I, 265, 266, 268, 275, 282, 313, 344, 363; II. 31, 54, 91, 97, 115, 181, 184, 2 5, 261, 415, 440; III, 61, 88, . €, 108, 221, 251, 255, 270, 272, --. 295, 317, 330; IV, 32, 41, ii 269, 273, 275, 278, 280, 281, 298, 319, 323, 346. creation of, I, 267, 269. in Provisional Congress, II, 105, 109. militia, II, 75, 76, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85. Gumming, John N., II, 224. John Noble, III, 74; IV, 239. Currency, I, 241-259; II, 78, 220. paper, first allowed, I. 221. Customs. Indian. I, 54-63. Cutler, Augustus W., IV, 142, 176, 177, 182, 188, 191. Cuyers family. III, 71. Dagget, Mate, I, 248. Dagworthy, Captain, I, 374. Daly, William D., IV, 196. Dally, J. W., IV, 32. 364 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Danbury, 11, 216. Danby, Sir Thomas, I. 76. d'Anterroches, Count, II, 440; III, 71. Darcy, John R., Ill, r.9. r>are Family, III, 61. Dartmouth College, I, 362. Davenport, '^^ranklin, II, 440. Richard, II, 425. Davidson, John, IV, 169. Davies, Samuel, I, 360; III, 66. Davis, Thomas, I, 272. Day's Gazette, III, 261. Dayton, Colonel, II, 239. Elias, II, 67, 69, 72, 82, 224, 251, 252, 253, 437, 449; III, 30; IV, 263. Elias B., II, 101. Jonathan, II, 224, 394, 401; III, 36, 162. William, II, 101. William Lewis, III, 394, 395. De Bosen, Baron, II, 322. De Clot Family, III, 71. De Cou family, I, 180. De Fermoy, General, II, 144, 148. De Hart, John, II, 50, 111. William, IV, 263. De Kalb, General, II, 171. De la Fontaine family, I, 180. De la Valle, John, I, 180. De Lacher's Hook, Jan, I, 116. De Laistre, Terrier, III, 71. De Lancey, Stephen, II, 95. De Marole Family, III, 71. De Mauperrins, Lady Anne Renfie Defoerger, III, 71. De Miralles, Don Juan, II, 235, 236. De Ronde, Frank S., IV, 228. De Touchimbet Family, III, 71. De Vries, David Pietersen, I, 107. De Witt family. III, 77. John, I, 360. Deacon, George, I, 307. Deal, I, 279. Deane, Simeon, II, 179. Deare, Major, I, 410. Decher Family, III, 77. Dechert, Henry T., IV, 220. Decker town. III, 77, 170, 172, 255; IV, 312. Declaration of Independence, II, 128, 422; II, 210. signers of, II, 114. Decline of Holland's power In America, I, 116-119, 123. Doer, I, 287. Defense of Fort Mercer, II, 189- 200. " Delaware," the, II, 173, 243. Delaware and Raritan Canal, III, 179; IV, 125, 266, 350. Delaware Bay, I, 77, 81, 106, 129, 204, 206; III, 99. Hudson in, I, 105. Delaware Capes, I, 371. Falls, I, 230. Indians, I, 29-.50, 55-71. S80, 383. I^ackawanna and Westei*n Railroad, IV, 115, 126, 349. Delaware River, I, 29-39, 43-50, 82, 232, 294, 328, 350, 372. 377; III, 128, 177, 1S2, ISO. exploration of, I, 76-77. Hudson in, I, 105. military operations along, II, 141-156, 159-186, 189-200. Washington crossing, the, II, 143-147. Delaware Valley, the, I, 29-50, 82; II, 61. Delaware Water Gap. I, 44, 378. Delegates to the Continental Congress, II, 50, 53. Ill, 114. to the first Provisional Con- gress, II, 105. Dellman's stage patent. III, 190. Deniarest, Abraham, IV, 85. David D., I. 364. family, I, 180; II, 317. Democracy, the new. III. 45-55. Democratic party, the, HI, 9P, 329, 386, 390-400; IV, 66, 73. 95, 99, 104, 116, 118, 137, 146, 154, 161-202. Demont, William, TI, 130. Denman Family, III, 74. ONY AND AS A STATE 365 Dennis Neck, III, 60. Sybiah, I, 177. Dennisville, III, 249, 256. Deptford, IV, 2S3. Deputies to the first Continental Congress, II, 50, 53. Derrom, Andrew. IV, 85, 229. Derwent Creek, I, 266. D'Estaing, Count, II, 211, 237. Dey, Anthony, IV, 234, 238. Theunis, II, 69, 82, 239. Dick, Samuel, II, 82, 412, 414; III, 334. Dickerson. Mahlon, III, 76, 120, 154, 160, 162, 281, 283, 381. Philemon, III, 217, S29, 333, 381, 382. Dickinson, General, II, 185, 204, 205, 207, 239. Isaac v., IV, 168, 170. Jonathan. I, 358; II, 111, 301. Philemon, II, 81, 97, 357; III, 30; IV, 143. Samuels, III, S57. Dillon, William, 11, 245. Directions of Berkeley and Car- teret, I, 66. Director-generals, the Dutch, I, 107-119. Dividing Creek, Til, 61. 315. Divorce and marriage, I, 321- 328. Di.x, Dorothea Lynde, III. 291- 297. Waller R., III. 73. Warren R., II, 440. Dixon, Jonathan, IV, 177. Doane, Charles K., IV, 88. George W.. Ill, 321. Dobbins, John, III, 195. Dobb's Ferry, II, 58. Doctrine, church. I. .S32-334. of non-resistance, II, 32. Dod, Daniel, III, 135. family, IV, 249. Thaddeus, I, 362. Dodd, David C, IV, 182. John, III, 106. Dodge, Daniel, III, 54. Domestic life in the colony, I, 193-199. Donaldson, Alexander E., IV, 86. Dongan, Edward Vaughan, II, 95-96. governor, I, 162, 163; III, 340. Donnelly, Richard A., IV, 188, 196. DoNOP, see also Von Donop. Colonel, II, 145, 151, 152, 302. Douglass, Edwin, III, 181. George, III, 230. Joseph, III, 230. mansion, the, II, 154. William, III, 320. Dover, III, 76, J 70, 172, 184, 252, 253; IV, 312. Doylestown, II, 204. Drake, E. Cortlandt, r/, 156. family. III, 68, 76. Jacob, II, 82. Drakesville, IV, 313. Drew Theologicw Seminary, IV, 300. Drinks, early, \ 293. Dripps, Isaac, III, 199. Drowned lands, the, I, 236: II. 118. Drummer, Samuel R., Ill, 357 Drummond, John, I, 159. Robert, II, 96. Drunkenness, legislation re- gaiding, I, 294-303. Du Dues family, III, 71. Du Bois, Edmund, IV, 229. family. III, 62. Pu Portaile, General, II, 179. Du Simitiere, Pierre Eugene, II, 218; III, 336. Duane, Jnmes, II, 237, Duels, III, 62, 156. Dufors family. III, 71. Dnke of Cumberland, I, 268. Duke of York, I. 124, 125, 126. 127, 128, 129, 138, 142, 146, 147, 153, 154, 155, 156, 209. 23.".. becomes King James II, I, 164, 366 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Duke of York confirms the sale of the Jerseys, I, 159-150. " Duke's Laws," the, I, 127. Dumont family, III, 69. Dunham family, III, 68. Dunlap, William, III, 68, 268. Duplessis, General, II, 20S. Dupui, Samuel, I, 378. Dutch, the, I, 351. and Indians, the, I, 63-70. Calvinists, the, I, 345. church, the, I, 344, 345. in the New World, the, I, 105-119. Lutherans, the, I, 344. operations in New Sweden, I, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93-94, 98-99. patroonships, creation of, I, 109. Reformed elements, I, 422. rule renewed, I, 13S-139. settlers, III, 67, 68, 76. West India Company, I, 87, 88, 93, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 117, 126, 128. Duties on imports, I, 419. Duyckinck, John, II, 82. Dwellings, early, I, 194-1S6. Dye, Theunis, II, 331. Dyer family. III, 77. Lorenzo D., IV, 229. " Eagle," The Capture of. III, 98. Eakin, Rev. Samuel, III, 62. Earl of Camden, I, 268. of Clarendon, I, 213. of Dartmouth, I, 401. of Perth, I, 159, 162. Early transportation, I, 229-237. I ast India Companj% I, 105. ;i ast Jersey, I, 154-171, 209, 210, 211, 218, 219, 220, 230, 231, 243, 244, 245, 254, 273. 282, 283, 287, 291, 296, 298, 307, 308, 309, 310, 312. 321, 322, 323. 328, 336, 373, 391; II, 30. 47, 100, 134, 136; III, 339. counties in, I, 263-264, 267. early roads in, I, 230. formation of, I, 148. East Jersey-New York bound- ary line, the, I, 168. preparing for the Revolution, II, 47-60. purchased by Penn and his associates, I, 158-159. schools, I, 351, 352. settlers of, I, 113, 175-181, East Newark, IV, 244. Orange, IV, 249, 268. Eastern Battalion in the Revo- lution, II, 66, 82, 231. Easton, I, 377, 378; II, 225, 226, 227. / treaty at, I, 383, 396. Eaton family, III, 67. Eayre family. III, 64. Eayrestown, I, 235; III, 64. Ebelin, , I, 255. Economic conditions, early, I, 220-225. Edgepelick, I, 70; III, 65. Edict of Nantes, Revocation of, I, 179. Edsail, Joseph E., Ill, 281. Education, I, 349-368; IV, 291-30L of women, I, 196. Edwards, Jonathan, I, 359; III, 70. Jonathan, Jr., I, 363. Eglington, III, 67. '• Effingham," the, II, 185. Egg Harbor, I, 167, 168; II, 319, 338; IV, 268. Township, II, 75. Eldridge family. III, 60. John, I, 153. Elections provided in West Jer- sey, I, 149-150. Elective franchise, the, I, 219. Electric railways, IV, 350. Elizabeth, I, 157, 178, 230, 263; II, 30, 51; III, 104, 169. 171, 202, 297, 369. 372; IV. 56, 114, 127, 152, 217. 263-265, 277. barracks, I, 384. River, II, 204. Elizabethport, I, 230; II, 234; IV, 56. 349. ONY AND AS A STATE 367 Elizabethtown, I, 133, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 154, 155, 156, 170, 178, 193, 230, 236, 252, 263, 271, 274, 294, 296, 321, 325, 331, 332, 358, 361; II, 31, 51, 52, 53, 58, 66, 67, 70, 71, 92. 97, 101, 110, 164, 215, 216, 225, 235, 238, 239, 310, 311, 33S, 430, 440, 453; III, 51, 53, 70, 248, 315, 317, 320; IV, 43, 127, 233, 263. and Somerville Railroad Com- pany, III, 208. Point, I, 294; II, 238, 239, 33S; III, 134. Ellenburgh, I, 148. Ellis, Colonel, II, 184. Joseph, II, 82, 414. Elmer, Daniel, III, 280, Ebenezer, II, 415; III, 52, 107. Ell, II, 440. family, III, 61. General, III, 105, 108. Jonathan, II, 239; III, 26, 152. Lucius Q. C, III, 178, 292. Theophilus, II, 69, 412. Elsingboro Point, I, 95. Ely, Addison, IV, 229. family. III. 65. Emley, Eugene. IV, 156. Emott, James, I, 307. Encampment at Bound Brook, II, 165. at Morristown, II, 159-166. End of Dutch rule, I, 126-127. Englewood. II, 330. English Calvinists, the, I, 35L coins, value of, I, 245. conquest, the, I, 123-142. driven from vicinity of Phila- delphia, I, 91. landing of, II, 128. rule renewed, I, 141-142. Engllshtown, II, 210. Episcopal Church, the, I, 344, 345, 346; II. 30. Equipment of troops in the Revolution. II, 77-78. " Era of Good Feeling," III, ICl. Erie Railroad, IV. 115, 12S, 319. Eriwonecks, the, I, 82. Esopus, I, 127. Indians, I, 112. Essex County, I, 59, 263, 267, 268, 274, 343, 344, 356, 378, 400, 408, 409, 421; II, 48, 50, 51, 52, 56, 73, 96, 116, 2G0. 439, 440; III, 87, 103, 105, 106, 254, 255, 269, 270, 280, 296; IV, 33, 41, 45, 148, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 320. creation of, I, 263. in Provisional Congress, II, 105, 109. militia, II, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84. Estelville, III, 251. " Eumenes," III, 261. Evacuation of N'-w Jersey by the British, IJ. 169. of New York by the Ameri- cans, [I, 129. Evans, Nathaniel, II, "Hl'l. Evelln, Robert, I, 76, 80. Evertsen, Cornelius, I, 138, 139. Everett, John, IV, 55. Evesham, IV, 47. Township, I, r:s. Evidences of p.^.eolithic man, I, 30-50. Ewing, Charles, III, 220; IV, ^- General, II, 144. 145, 151. James, III, lly. William B., Ill, 2S0. Examinations for the bar, I, 31L Excise tax, I, 297. Exporting of goods prohibited, II, 57. Eyre, Richard, II, 243. Pagan, , II, 94. Fairfield, III, 61, 220, 255. Fairmount, IV, 249. Falkinburg family, III, 60. Family life in the colony, I, 193- 199. relations, Indian, I, 59. Farewell Address, "Washlng- ton's, II, 269. Farlee, Isaac, J., Ill, 390. Farmer, Captain, I, 373. Ferdinand, III, 319. 368 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Farmers' Journal and Newton Advertiser, III. 55. Farm life, early, I, 193-199. Farms. IV, 317-327. Farnsworth, Thomas, III, 229. Farnum, IV, 294. Fauna of the Delaware Valley, I, 31, 32. Federal coinaare, I, 253. constitution (see also Consti- tution of the United States), II, 385-405; IV, 95-105. Pedoralists, II, 240; 111, 25-41, 84, 88, 153, 159, 386. Fennimore, John W., Ill, 391, 307. Fenwick, John, I, 145, 146, 147, 148, 153, 159, 168-lfi9. Ferajuson, Patrick, II, 320. Fermoy, General, II, 154. Fernow, Berthold. I, 106, 110. Ferrago. Ill, 252. Ferrell, Thomas N., IV, 200. Ferries, III, 62, 190; IV, 126, 233. P'erromont, IV, 313. Ferry, George J., IV, 143. Fertilizers, early, I, 198. Field, Richard S., III. 281. Fifth Battalion in the Revolu- tion, II, 73. Financial systems, colonial, I, 24;!-2E9. Fines for drunkenness, I, 296- 299. Finley, Rev. Dr., Ill, fiO. Samuel, I, 362. Finn immigration, I, 91. Fires, forest, I, 282, 2S3. First Assembly, the, I, 135. Battalion in the Revolution, [[, 66, 67, 68, 69, 82, 99. chief justice, I, 309. class of Princeton College, I, 361-363. election of a governor, II, 119. Establishment, New Jersey line, II, 66, 67, 69, 70. governor of New Jersey, I, 132. Indian reservation, I, 70. First lawyer in New Jersey, I, 313. Legislature, the, I, 152. medical school in America, I, 362. Provisional Congress, II, 105. school in New Jersey, I, 349-350. Fish, Benjamin, III, 197, 373. Fisher, Hendrick, I, 400; II, 105, 109. Fishing interests, I, 205-206, 281, 287-288. Fishkill, II, 215. Fisk, James, IV, 129. Fitoh, John, III, 127-130, 135. Fithian, family. III, 61. Philip Vicars, I, 363. Fitzrandolph family. III, 68. Five Mile Beach, I, 2S0. Mile Run, II, 154. Fleming family. III, G9. Jacob, II, 247. Flomington, II, 332; III, 69, 317; IV, 90, 135, 285. Fleniming, John, II, 156. Flint, discovery of, II, 118. " Floreat Rex," I, 247. Force, Menning, III, ."?9. Flying Camp, the, II, 80, 128, 141 Ford, Henry A., Ill, 383, 390. house, the, II, 231, 233. Jacob, Jr., II, 82, 83, 231, Forests, original, I, 281-288. Forked River, III, 321. Forman, David, II, 250: III, 66. General, II, 73. 205. Jonathan, II, 224, 440. Samuel, II, 81. Fornet, Cornelius, IV, 85. Forrest, Thomas, II, 147. Fort Amsterdam, I, 116. Beversrede, I, 110. Casimir, I, 94, 112. Altena, I, 112. Christina, I, 89, 112. Clinton, III, 104. Dayton, II, 68. Duquesne, I, 379, 380, 381. Edward, I, 379, 384. Fish, III, 104, ONY AND AS A STATE 369 Fort, George F., Ill, 2S1, 390, 391. Hancock, IV, 220, 222. Independence, II, 170. Hope, I, 109. James, I, 139. John Franklin, IV, 156. Lee, II, 130, 132, 133, 134, 292, 312, 338; III, 208. Mercer, II, 172, 174, 338; defense of, II, 189-200. Mifllin, II, 172, 174. 189, 191, 192, 197, 198. Nassau, I, 89, 90, 92, 94, 106, 110; II, 1S9. Necessity, I, 376. New Amstel, I, 112. New Gottenburg, I, 93. Nya Elfsborg, I, 93, 95. Orange. I, 106, 107, JIO. Scbuyler, li, 98. Ticonderoga, I. 379, 380, 382. Washington, II, 130-131, 133. Wniiam Henry, I. 379, 381. Fossiliferous deposits, I, 42. Foster, Jeremiah T., HI, 108. Fourth Battalion in the Revolu- tion, II, 70, 71. Fowler, Samuel, III, 217; IV, 84. Fox Chase Tavern, 11, 148. George, I, 145, 164. France, England's wars with, 1, 371-385. treaty with, II, 179, 203. Francine, Louis R., IV, 83. Franklin, Benjamin, I, 196, 396, S99, 407, 417; II, 33, 215, 217, 236, 340, 344. Joseph, III, 395. Park, I, 410. Mrs. William, II, 117. Township, I, 243. William, I, 220, 356-357, 389, 396, 399-411, 417, 418; H. 30, 91, 94, 95, 128, 136, 249, 302; III, 64, 190, 343. William Temple, I, 3?9; II, 340. Fraser, John D., IV. 228. Fraunce, Samuel. II, 350. Fredericksburg, II, 215, 216. Free schools, I, 351. [Vol. 4] Freehold, I, 236, 275, 345; II, 48, 55, 206, 226, 3o9, 411; III, 66, 106; TV. GO, 112, 135, 285, 299. Township, II, 48. Freeholders' meetings, II, 47-49, 51, 52. Freeman family, III, 68. Frelinfhuysen, III, 33; IV, 294. Frederick, I, 363; II, S3, 105, 205, 414. 439, III, 69; IV, 156. Frederick, T., Ill, 385; IV, 97, 162. John, ITI, 69. John W , III, 106, 107. Theodore, III, 387. French alliance, the, II, 218. and Indian Wars, I, 65, 70, 340, 375-385, 395, 41/.. 408, 415, 417; II, 29, 97. family, ITI, 60. fleet, arrival of, II, 211. Huguenots, II, 33. immigration, I, 179-181. minister, arrival of, II, 221. Philip, III, 68. privateers, I, 371, 374. Samuel G., ITT, 356, 358. settlers, ITI, R4, 67, 70. Freneau, Phih:p, I, 363; II, 33, 287; III, 32, 67. FniRN'ns see Society zx Fkiexds. Friends of Liberty, IT. 106. Fries, Claude S., IV, 229. Frieshurg, III, 62. " Frog War," The, TV, 129. Fugitive slave law, TV, 51. Fulton, Robert, III, 130. Fund, school, I, 353. "Fundamental Agreement," the, I, 134. Constitutions, the, I, 160-162, 310, 321, 322. 323. Laws of West Jersey, I. 68. Furnishings, colonial, I, 195-196. Furniture, early, I, 286. Gnce, Thomas, II, 57, 115. Gaine. Hugh, ITI, 54. Galloway. Joseph, II, 143. Galloway's, II, 171. 370 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Game, early, I, 286-287. Gardner, John J., IV, 148. 190. Thomas, I, 307. Garrison, , I, 339. family, III, 61, 62. Gates, Horatio, II, 143, 222. Gaudry, Albert, 1, 47. Gaunt family. III, 60. Gazette, New Jerney, I, 365. Gazette, New York, I, 233. General Assembly, the, I, 150. 163. Congress, the, II, 115. sessions courts, I, .314. Genet, ^. C, III, 34. Genius of Liberty, The, III, 53, 55. Geolopry of New Jer.sey, I, 30. 33-50; IV, 303-313. George I, I, 390, 391, 400. George II, I, 411; II, 2;7. George III, I, 404; II, 49, 106, 152, 179, 194. Gerard, M., II, 221. Germain, Lord George, II, 152, 203. German Flats, II, 68, 222. Lutherans, the, I, 344. palatinates, II, 33. Presbyterians, the, I, 344. settlers, III, 62, 318. Theological Scliool, IV, 300. troops, the, II, 130. Valley, III, 170. Germantown, II, 70, 173. Gerrymander of 1812, III, 87. Gibbons, Thomas, III, 135. Gibbs, Waldo E., IV, 229. Gibson, Samuel, I, 299. William, I, 159. Gifford Tavern, III, 74. William, II, 224. Gilchrist, Robert, III, 280; IV, 142. Gill family. III, 67. Girard, Stephen, III, B4, 100, 193. 228. Glacial period, I, 31, 36-40, 43-47, 49. Glass industry. III, 62, 249, 251; IV, 3^6. Glassboro, III, 251; IV. 13i). Gloucester, I, 167, 2.'55, 246, 307, 332, 344, 383; II, 174, 203; IV, 151, 268. Gloucester County, I, 96, 101, 231, 266, 267, 268, 279, 2S2, 285, 297. 343, 400; II, 31, 94, 1S4, iS9, 261, 311, 453, 454; III, 62, 88, 105, 108, 109, 168, 195, 251, 254, 27fi, 280, 292, 295, 317; IV, 41, 113, 273, 274, 276, 278, 280, 281, 320, 323. creation of, I, 265. In F'rovisional Congress, II, 105, 109. militia, II, 75, 76, 80, 81, 82, 84. Gloucester Fox Hunting Club. Ill, 63. Gloucester Point, IT, 174, 184. Glover, General, II, 198. Gnadenhutten burned, I, 378. Goadsby, Thomas, I, 250, 251, 252. Goble, Luther, IV, 208. Godets family, HI, 71. Godyn, Samuel, I, 108. Goesser, Henry R., IV, 228. Golden family, III, 60. Good Intent, III, 254. Luck, HI, 321. Gordon, Charles, III, 102. Robert, I, 159. Thomas F., Ill, 169. Gordon's " Gazetteer of New Jersey," IV, 40. Gorgas, William C, IV, 218. Gould, Jay, IV, 132. Gouldtown, IV, 47. 57. Gouverneur, Abraham, IV, 246. Nicholas, IV, 246. Government, instructions for. by Queen Anne. I, 217-220. lodged in the Provisional Con- gress, II, 113. of the State perfected, II, 119. of East Jersey, I, 154-171. of New Netherland, I, 111-119. right of, by deed, I, 209, 2U. of West Jersey, I, 145-154. ONY AND AS A STATE 371 Governor, the first, I, 132. Council and Assembly, the, I, 217-225. first election of, II, 119. Governors, royal, the last, I, 3!::9-396, 399-411. Governor's Island, II, 127. Graduates of Princeton College, early, I, 363. Graham, William, I, SG2. Grand jury, the, I, 315; II, 50-51. Grandin's Bridge, III, 177. Grant, General, II, 144, 154. Grant of James to Berkeley and Carteret, I, 129-131. of West Jersey by the Duke of York, I, 153. " Grants and Concess^ions," the, I, 170. " Gravel-bed " implements, I, 35. deposits, I, 38-43. Gravelly Point, II, 247. Kun, IV. 282. Gravels, Trenton, I, 43-50. Graveyards, church, I, 346. Grazing, early, I, 280. Great Egg Harbor, I, 266. Meaclow, III, 184. Seal of New Jersey, II, 283; III, 333-344. Green, Ashbel, I, 363. Bank, II, 302; III, 64, 129. family. III, 66. Henry W., Ill, 281. Jacob, II. 257, 412. James S , III, 181, 38;^, 385. John C, IV, 299. Lake, IV, 305. Pond Mountains, IV, 313. Robert S., IV, 142, 182, 183. Greenback movement, IV, 117, 176, 177. Greene, Christopher, II, 131, 192, 193, 194, 19S, 199, 200. General, II, 132, 149, 1.50, 162, 175, 176, 179, 205, 208, 219. Mrs., II, 219. Nathaniel, II, 198. Greensburg, IV, 312. Greenwich, I, 332, 235; III, 61. 255; IV, 55. tea party, I, 422; II, 29, 37-44. Township, I, 276; II, 109. Greenwood Lake, IV, 305. Gregory, Dudley S., Ill, 395, 3SS; IV, 125, 143. Grenada captured, I, 385. Grey, Samuel H., IV, 142, 156, 157. Sir Charles, II, 316. " Griffin," arrival of the, I, 146. Griffin, Colonel, II, 151. Griffith, David, JI, 31S. William, III, 49, 155. 261. Griggs, John W., IV, 183, 189, 194 Gnggstown, III, 182. Groom, Peter, I, <;%. Groome, Samuel, /, 158, 325. Grover family. 111, 67. James, I, 177. Salty, I, 177. Groveville, III, 229. Growth of the stajre wagon and stage boat routes, I, 234. Grubb, Edward Burd, IV, 85, 87, 183, 186. family, III, 68. Guerrilla warfare, II, 93. Gulsebertson, William, II, 122. Gulf Mill, II, 175. Gum arable, I, 2S5. Gummere, Barker, IV, 148. Gustin family. III, 77. Guttenberg, II, 325; IV, 151, 244. Ilabersham, James, II, 102. Hackensack, I, 236, 274, 364; II, 65. 96, 132, 313, 330, 3:;!9; III, 75, 106, 171, 172, 191, 318, 322; IV, 45, 233, 284, 287, 324. Meadows, HI, 117; IV, 128. River, I, 230, 263, 274; II, 93, 133, 310, 316; III, 207; IV, 1S6, 244, 312. Township, I, 274. Valley, the, II, 30. Hackett, Michael, I, 299. Samuel, III, 77. Ilackettstown, I, 236; II, S32; III. 77, 184, 253; IV, 300. 372 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Haddon family, HI, 63. Haddonfleld, I, 303; II, 121, ICl, 184, 193, 197, 198, 205; III, 63, 313. 337. Haight, Charles, IV, 170, 172. Thomas G., Ill, 281, 389. Haines, Daniel. Ill, 279, 385, 3S9. Hale. Nathan, II, 165. Haledon, IV, 312. " Half Moon," the, I, 105-106, 113. Hall family, III. 62. Halsey family. Ill, 76. George A., IV, 146, 172, 183. Jacob, III, 54. William. IV. 239. Halstead, William, III, 329. Halstead's Point, It, 339. Halsted, Oliver S., Ill, 280. William, III, 181; IV, 84. Halsted's Cavalry, IV, 84, Hamburg, III, 170, 172, 253, 372. Hamilton, , I, 374. Alexander, II, 116, 147, 398; III, 30, 31, 40, 70, 157; IV, 234, 237, 250. Andrew, I. 166. 167. 392; III, 340. -Burr duel. III, 156. College, I, 362. Fowler, III, 356. John, I, 395. Morris R., Ill, 236. Samuel R., Ill, 383. Hammell, John, 11, 97. Hammond, Captain, II, 190, 191. Hariimonton, III, 251. Hampton Sidney College, I, 362. Hance, Monsieur, I, 180. Hancock family. III, 62. Judge, II. 1S2. Hancock's Bridge, II. 182-184, 339. Hand. Colonel. II, 181, 182. Edward, II, 223. Handley, George, IV, 228. Handy, Captain Levin, II, 325. Hanover, I, 163; II, 25V, 412; III, 76, 249, 255. Hanover Township, II, 54, 96. Harcourt, Colonel, II, 142. l-Iardenberg, Augustus, IV, 176, 176. Augustus A., IV, 177. Hardenbergh, Cornelius L., Ill, 3S0. Hardiston, HI, 253. Hardwick, III, 77. Hardy, Governor, IV, 29. Josiah, I, 396. Haring, Cornelius A., II, 316. family, II, 317. Harker family, III, 77. Harlem Heights, II, 130. Harmony, III, 253. Harris, Ephraim, III, 334. family. III, 61. Harrison, IV, 244. Benjamin, II, 217, 431. Charles, II, 97. Francis, III, 357. George, I, 272. Joseph, I, 272. Harsimus Bay, IV, 235. Hart family, HI, 65. John, II, 113, 114. Thomas, I, 158. Hartley, D., II, 344. Hartmann, Carl F., IV, 223, 229. Hartshorn, Hugh, I, 1F.9. Hartshorne family. III, 67. Hasbrouck, A. Bruyn, III, 285. Institute, IV, 298. Haskell, Llewellyn S., IV, 249. Hatch, William B., IV, 82. Hatfield, Cornelius, Jr.. II, 97. family, III. 74. James T., IV, S3. Hatton, John, I, 418. Haugevort, Gerardus, III, 75. Havana, I, 3S5. Haverstraw, I, 236; II, 211. Hay, Andrew K., Ill, 398. Hayes, Samuel, II, 84. Playwood, Joel, HI, 392. Ilazelwood, Commodore, II, 174» 191, 192, 197. Hnzen. General, II, 215. Moses, II, 73. ONY AND AS A STATE 373 Hazlet, John, II, 156. Heard, Nathaniel, I, 409, 110; II, 79, SO, S2, 97. Ileathcote Brook, III, 17S, 181. Hebrews?, the, I, 28S. Heckman, Charles A., IV, 83. Hadden, Dr., II, 97. Helm, fannily. III, 63. Helmes, William, II, 224. Hendtrson, Thomas, III, 68. Hendrickson, Charles E., IV, 177, 182. Hendry, Samuel, II, 224. Henry, Earl of Stirling, I, 125. Professor, IV, 287. Herrirg-, Thomas H , III, 399. Hessian road, the, II, 194. run, II, 194. Hessians, the, II, 91. 128, 137, 143, 149, 150, 151. 152-151;. 173, 179, 182, 1S9, 193, 194, 1P5, 196, 197, 198, 199, 205, 209, 257. at Trenton, II, 144. Heston, Alfred M., II, 189. Hewitt, Faith, I, 177. family. III, 60. Hexamer, William, IV, 88. Heyssen, Peter, I, lOS. Heywood, John, I, 159. Hibbler, Samuel. Ill, 281. Hicksites, III, 311-314, 380. Higbee, Joseph, II, 353. Hii?h Point, IV, 304. Highland Light House, IT, 247. Highlands, the, I, 136, II, 66, 132, 221; III, 96, 105, 106. Plightstown, III, 201, 316; IV, 134, 299. Highwaj'men, I, 236. I-Iighways, early, I, 230-231, 235- 237. Hill, John, IV, 174, 177. Hilliard, Henrj', III, 391. Hillsborough, II, 59, 121, 389; III, 255. Hinchman, John, I. 400. Hine, Edwin W., IV, 228. Hires, George, IV, 156. Hirsch, Baron de, IV, 326. " Historical Collections of the State of New Jersey," III, 251. " History of the Colony of Nova CjEsarea or New Jer- sey," I. 170-171. Hjorte Creek, I, 96. liobart. Bishop, II. 101. Garrett A., IV, 19-1, 156. Hobocan-hackingh, I, 113, 114. lioboken, I, 113, 114, 116; II, 76, 310, 325; III, ]32, 171. 172, 191, 193, 200, 371; IV, 224, 228, 234, 244, 245. Academy, IV, 299. Hoffman family. III, 63. Hoffmann, Joslah Ogden, IV, 234. Hogg Creek, I, 148. Holcomb, George, HI, lOS, 178. Holdrum family, II, 317. Holland in the New V/'/dd, I, 105-119. Hollanders, the, I, 349, 351; II, 30. operations of. I. 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93-94, 98-99. Holland's claim ro New Jersey, I, 110. power in America, decline of, I, 116-119, 123. rule renewed, I, 138-139. Hollinshead, John, II, 224. Hollj- Beach, IV, 267. Holme, John, II, 82. Holmes, Asher, II, 84. 85. Benjamin, II, 180, ISl. Daniel, III, 281. family. Ill, 61. 67. John, II, 224. Jo'^eph. Jr.. Ill, 334. Josiah, II. 414. i Thomas. IV, 203. Homan's Creek. I, 276. Homes, old. III, 59-81. Hoopes, Robert, III, 77. Hope, II, 334; III, 77, 302; IV, 169. Hopewell, II, 204; III, 65, 316; IV, 311. Township, I, 276; II, 113. 374 NEW JEESEY AS A COL Hopkins, Elliott, III, 56. George P., lit, 55. Hopkinson family, III, 65. Francis, II, 114, 185, 282, 355; III, 135, 335, 337. Joseph, III, 49. Hopper, John, IV, 175, 182. Horn. Benjamin, II, 225. Hornblower, Joseph C, III, 280, 2S2, 2S3. Josiah, III, 75. Hornerstown, III, 321. Horse thieves, I, 236-237. Hor^sehead coppers, I, 250, 252- 2.G3, 25S. "Hortentius," II, 258, 280. Ilorton family, HI, 70. Hosset, Gillis, I, 108. Houg-h family, III, 63. Houghton, Colonel Joab, III, 65. "House of the Pour Chimneys." the, Til, 75. Houses, early, I, 194-196. Houston, William Churchill, I, 363; II, 386, 393, 394, 401; HI, 127. Howe, Admiral, II, 128, 135, 172. Bezaleel, II, 268, 271. General, II, 144, 160, 161, 16S, 164. 169, 171, 173, 177, 178. Lord, II, 90, 91, 92, 93, 128. 129, 131, 134, 135, 137, 160, 161, 174. John M., II, 268. Rlohard, II, 189. Robert, II, 336. Sir William, 11, 130, 174, 189, 190, 198. Howell, III, 252. family, HI, 65. Joshua L., Ill, 103. Major, II, 184. Richard, II, 428, 437, 4S8; HI. 26, 33. 35. 40, 153. Howell's Ferry, II, 171. Howey, Benjamin P., IV, 181. Hubbell, Algernon S., IV, 143. Huddy, Joshua, II, &4, 99, 244- 253; HI. 67. Hude. Edward, I, 211. Hudson County, I, 263; HI, 280; IV, 112, 137, H8, 244, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 320. creation of, I, 268. Hudson, Henry, I, 105-106, 11; Hudson River, I, 32S, 349. military operations along, 231-240. struggle for the control of, 129-131. Hudson Valley, the, I, 381; 66. settlement of, I, 106-109. Hugg, Samuel, II, 83. Hughes, Elijah, II, 412. family, III, 60. Huguenots, the, I, 179-181; H, Hull, Hopewell, I, 178. Isaac, III, 89. Hulmstead, J., HI, 181. Humphreys, Colonel David, 168. Hunt family, HI, 77. Nathaniel, II, 82. Abraham, HI, 230. Pearson, III, 119. Stephen, II, 80. Wilson P., HI, 65. Hunt's Mills, HI, 70. Hunter, Andrew, II, 223. Robert, I, 268, 389, 390-391; 342. Hunterdon County, I, 267, 276, M, 302. 343, 344, 378, 408, 409; II. 48, 53. 93, 260, 412, 440; HI, rs, 69, 87, 103, 106, 254, 255, 256, 234, 270, 280, 319; IV, 32, 41, 273, 274, 278, 282. 320, 322. creation of, I, 267, 269. in Provisional Congress, 105, 109. last royal sheriff of, II, 96, militia, II, 75, SO, 81. 82, 83. Hunting, I, 281, 286-28S. Huston, William, HI, 65. Hutchinson family. HI, 65. Hutton, Thomas, II, 118. Huyler, John, HI, 391. Hyde, Edward, I, 124. 389. 75, 269, 33. in. in, 263. 400, 410, 105, 272. 275. II. ONY AND AS A STATE 375 Hyler, Adam, II. 250; III, 68. Ice, changes caused by, I, 36-37. supplies, early, I, 197. Imlay family, III, 67. John, II, 58. Imlay's Town, II, 57. Imlaystown, III, 67. Implements, Indian, I, 29-50. Indentured servants, I, 202. Independence, causes of, II, 29- 34. Indian campaigns, II, 71, 222-228. implements, I, 29-50. lands, purchase of, I, 90-91, 94, 107, 108. legislation, I, 136. massacres, I, 65, 377-378. massacre of Pavonia, I, 115- 116. mills, I, 70. money. I, 241-243. occupancy, I, 29-50. settlements, I, 81-82. slavery, I, 199. Indians, IV. 27. of New Jersey, I, 53-71. war with, I, 375-385. Industries, local, I, 198-199. Influence of New Sweden, I, 95, 97-101. of the Huguenots, I, 181. Inglis, Charles, II, 97. Ingoldsby. Richard. I, 389-390. Inian's Ferry, I, 230; III, 67. Inman family. III, 61. Inns, early, I. 291-303. Internal troubles in the colony, I, 112. Intoxication, I, 295-303. Insane, treatment of the. III, 291-297. Inspection, committees of, II, 52. 55, 57, 58. " Instructions " of Queen Anne, I. 217-220. Invasion of Canada. I, 374-375. Irish Tenth, I. 248. Iron industry, III, 67. 167, 252; IV, 310, 34S. Irvine, Commissary, II, 161. Irving, Washington, III, 74, 75; IV, 246, 248. Irvington, IV, 248. Islands along the seashore, I, 279. in the Delaware, ownership of, I, 163. Isle Plowden, I, 75. Ivins, Russell H., IV, 125. Jackson, Andrew, and the era of political unrest. III, 213- 224. Joseph, III. 103. Jacobs. Henry. Ill, 60. Jamaica, I. 372. 373. James I. I. 125. James II. I. 164, 165, 166. James. Duke of York. I, 124, 123, 128, 129, 209. Earl of Perth. I. 159. Jamesburg, IV. 135. 320. Janeway, Hugh H., IV, 85. Ji-ques, Moses, Ilx, 26i. Jasper implements, ., 41. " Java," the, II, 1 ' . Jay, John, II, 279, 40, 344; III, 30, 36. Sarah, II. 261. Jefferson, Thorras. I, 149; m, 32, 36. 38, 40. Jegou, Peter. I. 135, 298. Jenings, Samuel, I, 163, 164, 169, 212, 213. 325. Jenny Jump Mountain, IV, 313. " Jersey," the. III. 134. Jersey Bank, the. III. 368. '• Jersey Blues," the. III, 106. Jersey City, I, 114. 115, 116. 236; II, 324, 339; III, 75, 82. 171. 184, 191. 202. 249. 252, 255, 297, 320, 372; IV. 56, 73. 125. 126, 127, 130, 142, 146, 147, 148, 233-246, 275, 346, 347. 348. Heights. I. 114. Jersey coppers, I, 250. turnpike. III, 170. Jewelry manufacture, IV. 347. Jews, Russian. IV. 326. Jobes family. Ill, 77. "John Bull." the. Ill, 199. 376 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Johri; Lord liOvelace, I, 3R9. Jolinson, Adolphus J., IV, 81, 83. Eliphalet, I, 272. John, I, 379. John Taylor, IV, 129. Fublic Library, IV, 287. Robert C, IV, 83. Seth, II, 225. Sir William, I, 3S0; II, 222. Thomas P., IIL 178. Uzal, II, 97; III, 7t. V. Tompkins, IV, 57. William M., IV, 199, 287. Johnston, Colonel, I, 382. Eupham, I, 178. John, 1, 178. Johnstown, II, 6S. Jones, John H., Ill, 395. Jones, Paul, II, 166. Sir William, I, 154. Jouet family, III, 71. Journal of John Woolman, I, 341-342. Judges, county court, 1, 219. Juet (Hudson's mate), I, 113. Jumping Point, TI, 339. Jury trials, I, 151, 308, 314. Justice, Joseph, III, 337. Justices of the peace, I, 219. of the Supreme Court, I, 219, 312-313. Kaighn family. III, 63. Kakeate, II, 210. Karg6, Joseph, IV, 86. Kay family. III, 63. Joseph, IV, 229. Kean, John, Jr., IV, 156, 183, 186, 1S9. Peter, III, 178. Kearny, IV, 24 1. Stephen Watts, III, S49. Keble, John, I, 286. Kechemeches, the, I, 82. Keen family. III, 63. Gregory B., I, 77, 89, 95. Kt'ith, George, I, 168. William, II, 142, 143. Kemble, Gouverneur, IV, 246. Kempe, John Tabor, II, 102. Kempshall, Rev. Dr., IV, 152. Kenderline, John, IV, 57. Kennedy, Phineas B., Ill, 281, 391; IV, 163. Rolert S., Ill, ?81. " Kent," arrival of the, I, 152, Kester, John W., IV, 84. Kieft, William, I, 78, 93, llO-Ul, 112, 115. Kildorpy, I, 81. Kille, Joseph, III, 329, 333. Kilpatrick, Judson, IV, 1G5, 169, 174. King George's War, I, 373. King's attornes's, I, 307. College, II, 102. Ferry, II, 132, 210, 2il, 216, 231, 240. Highway, the, TI, 193. Kingsbridge, II, 77, 127. Kingston, II. 121, 153, 205; III, 66, 182, 191, 203. Kingwood, III, 316. Township, II, 109. Kinkora, IV, 131. Kinney, Thomas T., Ill, 103. Kinsey, Charles, III, 183. James, I, 400; II, 50; HI, 2G. Kirkbride, Colonel, II. 186. Kirkland, Samuel, I, S62. Kirkpatrick, Andrew, 1, 363; III, 40, 154. Littleton, III, .331. Kitchen, Bethiah, I, 178. family, HI, 76. William, I, 178. William M., IV, 307. Kittatinny Mountain, IV, 304. Valley, IV, 304. " Know Nothing " Movement, HI, .395. Knowlton, III, 255. Minor, HI, 356. Knox, General, II, 150, 162, 216, 218, 219. Henry, II, 248; HI, 3L Knyphausen, General, II, 131, 207, SIG. Kollook, Knox, III. 53. Shepard, HI, .53, 54. Korten Revier, I, 95. ONY AND AS A STATE 377 La Rue, J agues, I, ISO. Lafayette, I, 115; IV, 312. Academy, IV, 2PS. General, II, 70, 171, 174, 179, 198, 236, 237; III, 70, 236. LaHower family, III, 68. Laird, Robert, III, 281; IV, 335. Lake Hopatcong, III, 170, 183; IV, 305. Lakes, artificial, I, 40. Lake wood, I, 288; IV, 281. Lamb, Charles, I, 341. John, II, 73. Lambert, John, III, 70, 156, 162. John H., Ill, 28L Lamberton, II, 355, 426; III, C8, 178, 221, 256. George, I, 90, 91. Lambertville, II, 1.35, 144, 148, 171, 204; III, 70, 253; IV, 89, 135, 268. Lancaster, II, 173, 175. Land grants in East Jersey, I, 154-171. in West Jersey, I, 145-154. Land patents, early, 1, 125. " Land Pilot," the, II, 96. Land-pirates, II, 94. Land titles, I, 209-210. adjustment of, I, 135. Indian, I, 66-67. Landed interests, I, 194. Landing, the, I, 234. Landis, Charles K., Ill, 302; IV, 326. Lands, school, I, 351-352. Lanning family. III, 05. William H., IV, 156. Last colonial Assembly, I, 405. of the Indians in New Jersey, I, 70-71. Laumaster, J. Fred. IV, 89. Laurens, Henry, II, 218, 340. Lawrence, III, 66. Brook, III, 178. EliPha, II, 100. family. III, 75. James, II, 100, 101, 329; III, 108, 111-11.3. John, II, 100, 116; III, 74. Lawrence, John Brown, II, 100. William H., IV, 86. Lawrenceville, II, 134, 154, 410; IV, 299. Lawry, Gawen, I, 146, 148, 143, 15:\ 159, 160, 162, 206, 271. Laws of Berkeley and Carteret, I, 131-132. regarding the Indians, I, 64-70. Lawyers, I, 307-317. Le Conte, Pierre, I, 180. Le Fever, Hyppolite, I, ISO, 299; HI, 62. I-ead, discovery of, II, 118. League Island, II, 189. Leaming, Aaron, I, 170. family. III, 59, fio. Leather indu.ntry, IV, 347. Leddol, William, II, 439. I^eddle, William, I, 2.00, 251. Lee, Benjamin A., IV, ?,29. Benjamin F., IV, 170. Charles, II, 142. 204, 206, 207, 208. family. III, 61. General, II, 70, 131, 132, 142, 143, 179, 221. Henry, II, 2M. 325. Joseph, II, !S. " Light Horse Harry," 11 3S3. Richard H., IV, 89. Thomas, HI, 101, 217. " Lee's Legion," II, 73. Leeds. Ill, 109. Legislation, first, I, 135. creating territorial subdivi- sions, I, 263-276. financial, I, 243-24G, 248-259. for war with the French and Indians, I, 376-377, 379-380, 382. parli.iroentary, I, 22;!-224. regarding admissions to the bar, I, 309-311. regarding the forests, I, 282- 284, 286-288. regarding marriage and di- vorce, I, 321-328. regulating early taverns, I, 293-S03. school, I, 351-354. 378 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Legislature, the, I, 150, 152; II, 376; III, 29, 31, 40, 85, 118, 133, 334, 3G9; IV, 29, 95, 99, 138. 142, 145, 153, 156, 319. Of East Jersey, I, 154-155. and Lord Cornbury, I, 211-213. and Governor Franklin, I, 399- 411. Lehigh Valley Railroad, IV, 343. Leisler, Jacob, IV, 240. L'Enfant, Major, IV, 254. Lenni-Lenape, the, I, 55-71, 90, 94, 97, 100. 379; IV, 27. J^eonard, Nathaniel, II, 224. Captain, I, 374. Thomas, II, 96. Leslie, Captain, II, 159. James, II, ."17. " Levies " in the Revolution, II, 83. Lewis, Fielding, 11, 240. Henry. Ill, 69. Samuel, III, 69. Liberties of the people, I, 3C9- 411. Libert on family, III, 71. "Liberty Hall," II, 258, 261; III, 70, 71; IV, 263. Party, The, IV, 39. Pole, II, 316, 330. Licenses, marriage, I, 322-328. for schoolmasters, I, 356-357. for vessel masters, II, 110. tavern, I. 294-303. " Life Guard," the, II, 74. Life on the farm, I, 196. Lifesaving service, I, 203; IV, 331-342. Lighthouse at Sandy Hook, I, 203. LImonite deposits, I, 35. Lincoln, General, II, 162, 314. Linden. IV, 152. Lippincott family, I, 177. Freedom, I, 177. Remembrance, I, 177. Restore, I. 177. Richard. II, 99. 248. 253. Liquor drinking, I, 3.39. Liquors, early, I, 293. Literary life during the Revolu- tion, II, 277-295. Littell Family, III, 74. Little Bridge, II, 339. Egg Harbor, I, 148; II, 319; IV, 339. Falls, III, 172. 184. Henry S., IV, 168. Theodore, IV, 169. York, III, 255. Livingston. Colonel, II, 207. James, II, 73. John H., Ill, 50. Richard, II, 247. Robert, II, 328. Robert R.. Ill, 192. Sarah Van Brugh, II, 261. William, I, 170; II, 50, 98, 111, 120, 123, 166, 176, 183, 258, 278, 804, 320, 327, 334. 313. 367, 393, 400, 430; III, 26, 28-29, 33, 70, 335; IV, 33, 259, 263. Llewellyn Park, IV, 249. Lloyd. Bateman, II, 224. Commandant, I. 83. Local industries, I, 198-199. Ijocomotive industry, IV, 348. Lodi. Ill, 256; IV, 244. " Log College," the, I, 332, 359, 360. London Tenth, the, I, 265. Long Beach, I, 206, 280; III, 61; IV, 331. Branch, IV, 268. Island. I, 125, 127, 409; II, 68, 78. 129. 210. Pond, III. 319. liOngstreet, John, II, 98. Lords of Trade and Plantations, I, 249, 416; IV, 29. Proprietors of New Jersey, I, 129-132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138. 270. Louis XIV. I. 179. Louisburg. I, 373. Love Family, III, 61. Lovelace. Francis, I, 139. 141. 389. Low Dutch Church, the, I, 344, 345. Lowe, , II, 196. O^Y AND AS A STATE 379 Lowell, James, II, 176. Lower AUoway's Creek, III, 62. Brigade, the, II, 81. Freehold Township, II, 48. Penn's Neck, III, 220. Lowrey Family, III, 70. Loyalist regiments, II, 89-102. Lucas, Nicholas, I, 146, 148, 149. 153. Ludlam family. III, 60. Lucilow, Benjamin, HI, 95. George C, IV. 156, 157, 176. Ludwig, Mary, II, 208. Lum family. III. 76. Lumbering industry, I, 284-285, Lundy family, III, 77. Lutherans, the, I, 344; III, 318. Luzerne, Chevalier da la, II, 2;K. Lyon. Joseph, IV, 238. I.iyons Farms, III, 316. " Lyons of America,"' IV, 346. MacCulloch, George P., Ill, 182, 183. Mackay, John, II, 82. Maclean, John. IV, 47. Macopin, III, 320. Lake, IV. 305. Macwhorter. Ill, 74. Alexander, I, 303. Madison, III, 76. 106. 020. " l")olly,'" I. 303. James. I, 363; II. 287; III, 38. Magaw, Colonel, II, 131. Magazines, I, 365. " Magn.a Charter of New Jer- sey," the, I. 131. Magowan. Frank A.. [V. 183, 186. Maidenhead, I, 332; II, 148, 150, 410; III. 66. Maillard, Louis, III, 238. Malaga, III, 251. Malherhes family. III, 71. Manahawkin, III, 31.': IV, 331. Manosquan Beach, III, 178. Manchester, Til, 252. Manganese deposits, I, 35. Manhattan Island, I, 76. 77, 106, 107. 115, 139; II, 127, 129, 130, 131, 1,32. 134, 210. Mann, Jacob, III, 53, 54. Mannin, Hephziabiah, I, 178. Manning, Captain, I, 139. James, I, 362. Mansfield Township. I, 275; II, 58. -Woodhouse Township, II, 109. Mantees Creek, I, 96. Manteses, the, I, 82. Mantinicunk Island, I, 352. Mantua Creek, I, 94, 96. Manufactures, II, 377; III, 13»- 147, 167, 245-257; IV, 242, 248, 250. restricted, I, 223. cf wampum. I. 241-243. Marachonsicka, I. 96. Marailles. Don luan, II, 221. Marcus Hook, 11. 172. Maritime interesis, I, 202-206. Markets established, I, 133; II, 59-60. Marksboro, III, 254, 255. Marl Industry, I, 198-199; IV. 112. Marlton, IV, 134. Marriage and divorce, I, 321-328. Indian, I, 59. Marriner, Captain, III. 68. Marsh. Comfo: i, I, I'iS. El Is ton. IV, 169. Ephraim, III, 281, 395, 398; IT, 1S2. Ephraim. Jr., II. 327. family, III. 74. Samuel, I, 17.S. Marshall, James W., IV, 61. Marshallville, III. 251. Martha. Ill, 252. Martin. Colonel. II. US. Ephraim, II, 69, 80, 83. I>uther, I, 363. Martine, James E., IV, 200. Martineau, Harriet, fl, 451. Martin ico captured, I, 385. Mary Ann, III, 252. Maskell Family, III, Gl. Ma?on, John, IV, 55. Masonic Order, II, 218. Masquenetcunk, II, 225. Massacre, Indian, I. ;'.77-378. of Pavonia, I, 115-116. 380 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Matawan, II, 290. Mather, John A., Jr., IV, 229. Matiniconk Island, I, 153. Matlack family, III, G2, C3. Matlock, Timothy, II, 31. Mauduit, M. du Ple.saJs, II, 196. Maurice River, I, 95, 100, 101, 167, 235; III, 82. Township, I, 266. Maverick, Samuel, I, 125. Mawhood, Charles, II, 155, 180, 181, 182, 183. Colonel, II, 165, 184. Maxen, John, IV, 335. Maxwell, General, II, 161, 164, H->, 173, 204, 205, 300. Jolm P. B., Ill, 329. William, II, 66, 70, 82, 101, 178, 223, 226. " Maxwell's Brigade," II, 70. May family, III, 59. John, IV, 284. May's Landing, III, 256; IV, 284. McAden, Hugh, I, 362. McAfee Valley, IV, 313. McAllister, Robert, IV, 83. McCarter, Thomas N., IV, 174. McCartyville, III, 255. McChesney, Charles G., Ill, 292. McClellan, George B., IV, 76, 165, 175. McConkey's Ferry (see also Mc- Konkey's Ferry), II, 145. McCormick, John D., Ill, 319. MrCullough, William, III, 77. McDermott, Allan L., IV, 156. McDonald, William K., Ill, 398. McDowell, David, III, 357. McGill, Alexander T., IV, 191. McGregor, John, IV, 175, 182. Mcllvaine, Joseph, HI, 160, 161, 181. McKean, Thomas S., IV, 148. McKenzie, Alexander, III, 52. McKnight, William, III, 197. McKonkey's Ferry, II, 145, 150, 153. McLain, George W., IV, S2. McLane, Allen H., 325. McMahon, Joseph H., IV, 228. McMaster, John Bach, I, 223. McMillan, John, I, 362. McWhorter, Alexander C, IV, 239. Mead, Giles, II, 224. Medal of the Albion Knights, I, 78-79. Meddaugh family. III, 77. Medford, HI, 372; IV, 134, 346. " Medicine man," the, I, 61. Meeker family. III, 74. Meeting houses, I, 313-345. Mehelm, II, 414. .John, I, 400; II, 82, 109. Mcllick, Andrew D., IV, 44. " Memorials " to the King, I, 209, 211. Mendham, I, 236; III, 76, 170, 254. Township, II, 118. Mcndil, George W., IV, 85-86. Mercer and Somerset County Railroad, IV, 134. Mercer County, HI, 281, 297; IV, 269, 276, 277, 280, 281, 311, 320. creation of, I, 268. Mercer, Hugh, I, 268; II, 128, 144, 148, 154, 155, 156, 190, 191, 323. Mercury, New York, I, 381. " Merlin," the, II, 195, 197. Mershon family, HI, 65. George, HI, 55. Methodists, the, I, 331, 334; II, 101, 456; III, 45-48, 310; IV, 47. Metuchen, I, 236; II, 169; HI, 171; IV, 56. Mew, Richard, I, 158. Mexican War, HI, 347-358. Mey, Cornells Jacobsen, I, 106, 268. Miami Indian raid, II, 443. Michaux, Andre, IV, 318. Mickle, Isaac W., Ill, 257. John W.. HI, 280. Middle Brigade, the, II, 81. Middlebrook, II, 163, 215, 216, 221. Middlesex County, I, 263, 264, 267, 268, 274, 276, 343, 344, 378, 400; II, 48, 52, 66, 260, 439, 440; III, 87, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 269, 270, 281, 296, 330; IV, 32, 41. ONY AND AS A STATE J81 Middlesex County, IV, 273, 271, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 309, 320. creation of, I, 2S3. in the Provisional Congress, II, 105, 109. militia, II, 75, 78, SO, SI, 82, 84, So. Middletown, I, 133, 135, 136, 140, 154, 156, 178, 234, 236, 271, 274, 275, 294; II, 97, 165, 206, 207, 209, 339, 412; III, 316; IV, 283. Neck, II, 310. I'oint, III, 104, 106, 372. Mifflin, General, II, 152, 153, 176. Major, II, 165 T nomas, II, 76. Miltord, III, 169, 170; IV, 313. Military Journal, Thacher's, II, 2S3. Militia in the Revolution, II, 74-77, 78, 79, SO, 81-84, 161, 162. organized, II, 56, 57, 58-59. Milledge, Thomas, II, 96. Milledoler, Philip, III. 204. Miller family. Ill, 76. Matthew, Jr., IV, 81. Millham, IV, 264. Millstone, II, 155, 159, 339; III, 69, 182. River, II, 266; III, 177. Millville, I, 2S8; III, 251, 252, 330, 331; IV, 135, 268, 278. Mincock Island, 11, 339. Mingerode, General, II, 197. Miring, Indian, I, 33. Ministers as schoolmasters, I, 350. Minnisink, I, 167; II, 339. Minors, marriage of, I, 326-327. " Minsi " Indians, I, 63. Mint, Philadelphia, I, 259. Mints, colonial, I, 252. Minuit, Peter, I, 89-90, 107, 108, 109. Minutemen, organization of, II, 75, 76, 77, 79. " Mischianza," the, II, 178, 179. Missionary work among the Indians, I, 62-64, 70. " Missouri Compromise," III, ^9. Mitchell, Alexander, II, 224. Henry, IV, 156 " Model of tne Government of the Province of East New Jersey in Americo,," I, 169. Mohawk Indians, the, I, 116. Mohegans, the, I, 70. Moleson family, III, 08. Mompesson, Roger, I, 309. Money, colonial, I, 221, 223. paper, I, 253-256. systems, I, 241-259. Monmouth, II, 144, 339; IV, 29. battle of, II, 71, 203-211, 215. Court House, I, 308; II, 206, 210; III, 66. Patent, the, I, 133, 136. racetrack, IV, 151. shore, the, I, 230. Monmouth County, I, 101, 160, 177, 178, 180, 199, 202, 236, 263, 2G7, 268, 274-275, 279, 282, 343, 344, 345, 363, 371, 400, 408, 409, 421; II. 31, 32, 48. 75. 80. 81, 82, 84. 85, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 100, 116, 122, 135, 136, 165, 206, 245, 247, 248, 250, 260, 310, 345, 412, 439, 440, 454; III, 66. 87. 96, 103, 104, 106, 107, 109, 252, 270, 281, 296, 302; IV, 32. 41, 44, 131, 273, 274, 276, 281, 309. creation of. I. 263. in Provisional Congress, II, 105. 109. Monmouth County Historical Association, II. 189. Monographs relating to the Jer- seys. I. 168-171. Monroe, III, 255. James, II, 147. Monson. Lord. I, 78. , Montcalm, General, I, 380. Montclair, IV, 249. Montgomerie, John. I, 392. '■ Montgomery," the, II, 173. family. III, 67. William R., HI. 35.^, 358; IV, 82. Monument to Colonel Christo- pher Greene, II, 199. Moody, James, II, 98-99, 329. 382 NEW JERSEY AS A COL JTcioney, William, III, 41. Moore family, III, fi2. Timothy C, IV, 86. Mooreslown, I, 235; II. 151. Moravians, the, I, 344, 377, 378; III, 77, 302. Morgan, Daniel, II, 70; III, 76. General, II. 205. James, II, 239. Mormons, III, 321. Morris, IV, 54. and Essex Railroad, IV, 115, 126. Anthony, II, 156. Canal, III, 182; IV, 350. Charles, IV, 229. Colonel, III, 67. Morris County, I, 267, 268, 343, 344, 377, 378; II, 31, 48, 53, 54, 56, 59, 77, 96, 118, 260, 411, 439; III, 76, 87, 103, 105, 106, 167, 168, 252, 253, 254, 255, 269, 270, 281, 297, 319; IV, 41, 273, 274, 275, 276. 278, 279, 294, 310, 320. creation of, I, 267, 269. in tlie Provisional Congress, II, 105, 109. mililia, II, 75, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84. Iforris County Gazette, III, 53. Morris, Eli, III, 284. family. III, 64. Ford, II, 439. Gouverneur, II, 248. Governor, I, 249, 255. Hotel, II, 2.36. John, I, 272; II, 96, 165. Lewis, I, 212, 213, 268, 390, 392, 394, 395, II, 248; IV, 26. Margaret, II, 302. Robert, II, 357. Turnpike, III, 169. Morrison, Andrew J., IV, 85, 86. Morristown, I, 236, 252; II, 34, 53, 56, 68, 121, 142, 152, 169, 171, 221. 227, 231, 235, 236, 237, 253, 257, 332, 335; III, 76, 107, 169, 170, 171, 253, 316, 369; IV, 56. 89, 233, 286, 299. headquarters at. II, 159-160, 231. Morrisville, I, 232; II, 141, 144; III, 202; IV. 126. Morrow, John McC, IV, 156. Robert, II, 317. " Morven," III, 63. Mosilians, the, 82. Mosquerons family. III, 71. Mosslander family, HI, 61. Mott, Gershom, IV, 83, 166. Mould, Walter. I. 250, 251. 252. Mount Bethel. III. 316. Mount Holly, I, 234, 235, 335, 336; II, 144, 145, 151, 175, 184, 206, 334; III, 64, 154, 195, 220, 254, 255, 371; IV. 47. 56. 57. 89. 284, 289. Mount Independence. II, 68. Pleasant, III, 67, 171; IV. 246, 306. Plowden. I, 81. Moylan, Stephen, II, '73. Muckshaw, II, 311. Mud Island, II, 172. Muddell, Jerome E., IV, 229. Mulford family. III. 61. T. W., Ill, 391. Mullica, Erick, III, 63. Hill, III, 64, 254. River. II, 321; III, 60. Municipal governments, I. 271. Murat, Madam, III, 200. Prince, III, 238. Murphy, Franklin, IV. 186, 199, 202. Holmes V.. IV. 148. Terence E.. IV. 228. William R.. IV, 83, 89. Murray, David, IV, 284. John, III, 321. Musconetong River. Ill, 183, 208. Music in churches, I, 346. Mutinies, II, 334-336. Naar, David, III, 280. 2S3; IV. 170. Joseph L.. IV, 143, 157. Naglee, Henry A., Ill, 367. Samuel, II, 224. Napoleon III, HI, 237. Joseph Lucien Charles. Ill, 23T. ONY AND AS A STATE 383 Napton, William, III, 2S2; IV, 81. Narraticon's Kil, I, 90, 96. Nassau Hall, I, 361; II, 155. National Gazette, The, III, 32. Navesink, I, 133, 263; II, 247, 339- III, 105. Highlands, III, 103; IV, 306. Navigation Act, the, I, 123, 417. Navy, the first, II, 174. Neeley, Abraham, II, 225. " Negro Conspiracy," the, IV, 45. Negro slavery, I, 199. Neighbor, David I., Ill, 280. Neil, Daniel, II, 156. Neilson family. III, 68. James, HI, 181. John, II, 393. Nelson, General, II, 211. William, I, 241; II, 99, 134, 332; III, 340; IV, 251. Neshaminy, II, 172. " Nestor," II, 388, 391. Neversink, I, 177. Nevei-.sinks, I, 371. Nevill, James, I, 308. Nevius, James S., HI, 392. New Aberdeen, III, 67. New Albion, I, 75-84. Kcw American Magazine, I, 365. New Amsterdam, I. 110, 111, 112, 116, 119, 126, 127, 12s, 271, 349. New Antrim, HI, 172. New Earbadoes, I, 274. New Brunswick, I, 49, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 236, 831, 332, 333, 362, 364, 365; II, 48, 49, 52, 53, 68, 67, 102, 110, 120, 134, 135, 136, 143, 144, 153, 154, 155, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 166, 210, 310, 313, 314, 316, 325, 338, 339, 380, 437, 453; III, 54, 67, 105, 106, 107, 117, 118, 132, 170, 171, 178, 182, 191, 194. 202, 203, 315, 320, 368, 369, 372; IV. 47, 54, 56, 113, 126, 233, 259, 265, 266, 325, 347, 349. barracks, I, 384. Gazette, II, 388. Guardian, III, 55. New Cassarea, I, 129-131. New Castle, I, 350. "New Durham, II, 325. New Egypt, HI, 321. New England, affairs in, I, 124- 127. elements in East Jersey, I, 176. immigration, I, 134. " New Era," the, IV, 341. New France passes to the Eng- lish, I, 384. New Ferry, II, 177. New Germantown, III, 172. New Hampton, HI, 106. New Haven colony, the, I, 77, 90, 91, 94. New Hope, II, 144. New Jersey Abolition Society, IV, 35, 37. Archives, IV, 27. Federalist, HI, 55. Gazette, I, 3G5; II, 258, 279, 344, 348, 355, 388: HI, 50, 55. Journal, III, 53. Magazine, III, 55. Medical Society, I, 363. Railroad, the, III, 202. Railroad and Transportation Company, IV, 125. Biate Gazette, HI, 55. State of, II, 118. troops in the Revolution, II, 65-85. Southern Railroad, IV, 132. New Lisbon, IV, 134. New Market, II, 163. New Mills, III, 65. " New Netherland," the, I, 176. New Netherland, I, 89, 92, 105- 119, 123, 351. English conquest of, I, 123-142. surrender of, to the English, I, 126-127. New Orange, I, 139. New Pile's Grove Township, cre.ation of, I, 276. New Piscataqua. I, 154. New Prospect, HI, 171, 172. New Sweden, I, 87-101, 351. Company, the, I, 92. 384 NEW JERSEY AS A COL New York, I, 110, 117, 118, 127, 128, 139, 142, 147, 153, 155, 156, 157, 102, 200, 209, 210, 221, 229, 234, 235, 243, 257, 271, 2i:i, 292, 331, 333, 349, 354, 362. 365, 3G7, 371, 372, 37C, 379, S81, 3S3, 384, 389, 390, 392, 393, 394, 411, 415, 417; II, 29, 34, 52, 58, 60, 66, 67, 76, 77, 79, 89, 91, 94, 95, 97, 99, 101, 102, 106, 108, 110, 111, 116, 129, 130, 136, 141, 144, 178, 179, 198, 203, 205, 209, 234, 235, 237, 238. New York Bay, I, 185, 202, 203, 206; II, 111. changed to New Orange, I, 139. Gazette, II, 299. Harbor, I, 271, 371, 374. Indian campaign in, II, 222-228. Mcrcurv, I, 381. urges the annexation of New Jersey, I, 165. Susquehanna and Western Railroad, IV, 349. Newark, I, 135, 137, 139, 140, 156, 178, ISS, 193, 230, 236, 263, 271, 274, 294, 351, 361, 363, 381, 396; II, 31, 51, 52, 57, 60, 61, 71, 76, 97, 110, 134, 225, 238, 301, 310, 313, 339, 453; III, 54, 74. 76, 82, 106, 171, 183, 191, 202, 220, 256, 301, 315, 317, 320, 366, 367, 369, 372; IV, 56, 73, 89, 90, 91, 127, 135, 142, 148, 217, 222, 246-249, 284, 312, 346, 349. chartered, I, 272. first church in, I, 343. .settlement of, I, 134. Newark Academy, IV, 298. Banking and Insurance Com- pany. III, 367; IV, 205. Bay, I, 140; II, 133. Ccniincl of Freedom, III, 54, 74. Daily Advertiser, III, 54. Oarette, III, 54. Rural Magazine, III, .'^4. Newbie, IMark, I, 246, 247, 248. Newbold family. III, 65. James, III, 195. Newbold, Joseph, III, 334. Newburg', II, 334. Newcomb, General, II, 192. Silas, II, C9, 80, 82. Newell, "William A., I, 204; III, 390, 395, 398; IV, 162, 174, 327, 331, 335, 336, 338, 239, 340, 341, 342. Newfoundland, III, 170. Newkirk family. III, 62. Newport, II, 211, 240. Newspapers, I, 365-367; III, 49-55, 322. Newton, I, 203, 231, 383; II, 48, 118, 332; III, 169, 172, 255, 315; IV, 287, 311, 312. Creek, I, 248; III, 197, Newtown, II, 142, 150. Niagara, attack on, I. 380, 384. Nichols, Benjamin, III, 108. Nicola, Lewis, II, 73. Nicolls, Richard, I, 125, 126, 127, 123, 122, 133, 135, 136, 139. Noe family. III, 71. Nomenclature of counties, I, 267-269. Non-resistance, doctrine of, II, 32. North American Phalanx, the, III, 303-308. North Jersey, I, 286. Lord, II, 179, 283. Plainfield, IV, 269. Itiver, I, 106, 271. " North Shore," III, 67. Northampton Township, I, 275. Nova C.-Psarea, I, 270. Nova Scotia, grant of, I, 125. Nottingham, II, 345. Township, I, 275. Nutman, James, I, 272. Nullification, III, 39. Oath of allegiance, II, 122. Obissquasoit, I, 96. O'Brien, Daniel, I, 233, 235. Ob.servation, committees of, II, 51, 52, 54. Ocean City, IV, 26S. ONY AND AS A STATE 385 Ocean County, I, 205, 263, 280, 282, 345; II, 91; III, 252, 281, 321; IV, 276, 280, 281, 282. creation of, I, 268. Odell, Jonathan. I, 363; ll, 91, 100, 299-305. Officers, appointment of, in the Revolution, II, 65-66. Ogden, Aaron, I, 363; II, 223, 224, 439; III, 26, 87, 89, 102, 103, 134, 155, 156, 159, 160, 369; IV, 263. Colonel, II, 226, 239. David, I, 421. Elias, D. B., Ill, 281, 385. family. III, 61. John, II, 238. Lewis, II, 116, 412. mansion (Newark), III, 74. Matthias, II, 72, 100, 223; III 70. Ogdensburg-, III, 253. Oglethorpe, I, 331. Oil refineries, IV, 348. Oitsessingh, I, 95. Old Ferry, II, 177. Tennent church, the, I, 345. Olden, Charles S., Ill, 395, 398, 399; IV, 72, 81, 82, 97. Guard, the, IV, 81. Legion, the, IV, S3. Oldman's Creek, I, 96, 265, 266. Oliphant, Alexander C. Ill, 345; IV, 217. Oliver, Thomas Clement, IV, 55. Ollive, Thomas, I, 163. Opposition to the stamp act, I, 418. Orange, I, 134, 365; III, 75, 106, 107, 317, 372; IV, 135, 249, 268, 346. Mountain, IV, 248. Ordinaries, I, 291-303. Organization of countie.';, I, 263- 276. Origin of the Indian, I, 53-56. Orr, John, II, 225. Ortleg, Michael, III, 178. Osborne family. III, 60. Osborn's Island, II, S22. Oswego, I, 380, 384. [Vol. 4] Ottinger, Douglass, IV, 339. Cutout, Fabrus, I, 135. Oxenstjerna, Chancellor, I, 88 Oxford, I, 236; II, 227; III, 253. Oysters, I, 281. Packhorses, I, 231. Paine, Thomas, II, 137, 252 271 291. Palatines, the, I, 75-84; II, 33. Paleolithic age, I, 29-43, 46, 48. Palisaded fort at Bergen, I, 115. Palisades, the, I, 236; IV, 305. Palmer, William R., Ill, 357. Palmyra, IV, 312. Pamphlets, I, 365. Panics, III, 14I, 217, 249, 329, 373- IV, 109-122. Papegaja, Johan, I, 93. Paper industry. III, 255. currency first allowed, I, 221. money, I, 253-256. Paramus, II, 210, 211, 216, 240, 316, 325, 339: III, 318. Parker, Captain, I, 374. family, III, 60, 68. James, III, 181, 217, 281, 283; IV, 228, 265. Joel, IV, 73, 74, 75, 116, 117, 141, 142, 145, 163, 164, 169. John, I, 381; IV, 285. Parliamentary legislation, I, 223-224, 417, 419. Parochial schools, early, I, 350. Parry, William, III, 395. Parsippany, III, 171. Parsons, Andrew, III, 281. AugTistine N., IV, 88. Parvin family. III, 61. Passaic, II, 96, 268; IV, 254, 348. Passaic County, I, 263; III, 172, 254, 281, 297; IV, 154, 220, 269, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 320. creation of, I, 268. Hotel, II, 170. Passaic Falls, II, 332. River, the, I, 134, 230; II, 93, 133; III, 76; IV, 136. Valley, the, II, 30; III, 171; IV, 247. 386 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Paterson, I, 236; II, 239; III, 82, 170, 171. 172, 1S4, 207, 208, 254, 255, 320, 371, 372, 373; IV, 113, 217, 233, 250, 255, 284, 312, 346, 348, 393, 394, 399, 403, 405. and Hudson River Railroad Company, III, 207. family. III, 61. Landing-, III, 107. Thomas, II, 444. William, II, 105, 113, 414; III, 26, 33, 48, 69, 178, 282, 334; IV, 253. Patrick's pence, I, 246-248. Patroon.ships, I, 107-109. Patterson, Austin H., IV, 170. family. III, 67. Paulding, James Kirke, IV, 246, 247. Paulius Kill, I, 379. Paulus Hook, I, 114, 115; II, 127, 323, 339; III, 103, 105, 106, 107, 117, 133, 134; IV, 127, 233. Paulusen, Michael, I, 114. Pauw, Michiel, I, 113, 114. Pavonia, I, 113-114. massacre at, I, 115-116. Payment of troops in the Revo- lution, II, 77-78. Peace of Utrecht, I, 371. Peachee, Mary, I, 324. Thomas, I, 324. Peale, Charles Willson, II, 218, 267. Pearl ashes, I, 286. Peddle Institute, IV, 299. Thomas B., IV, 299. Pedrick Family, HI, 62. Peekskill, II, 132, 170. Peltry trading-, I, 287. Pemberton, HI, 65, 315; IV, 134. Penn, William, I, 32, 56, 57, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 153, 158, 163, 185. and his associates purchase East Jersey, I, 158-159. purchases Fen-wick's title in West Jersey, I, 159. Pennington, II, 135; IV, 299. Aaron. HI. 54. Pennington, Alexander C. M., Jr., IV, 84, 86. Governor, III, 331. Samuel, HI, 154. William, III, 381, 382, 383, 384, 3S5. William S., HI, 83, 90, 91, 102, 154, 159, 160; IV, 239. Penn's Neck, I, 235. Church, III, 62. Pennsylvania Gazette, I, 234. Journal, HI, 51. Packet, HI, 51. Railroad, IV, 136, 349. Pennypacker's Mills, II, 174. Penrose, William H., IV, 82, 84. Pensauken, I, 265; IV, 309. Creek, I, 96, 266; HI. 204. " Perasto," The, IV, 331. Perry, Nehemiah. IV, 168, 170. Oliver H., Ill, 84. Perth Amboy, I, 166, 167, 193, 20S, 210, 211, 218, '219, 232, 272, 273, 274, 299, 307, 314, 316, 321, 374, 407, 418; II, 30, 66, 67, 110, 117, 128, 136, 160, 163, 292, 310, 337, 366, 379, 410, 453; HI, 68, 171, 255, 256, 317, 371; IV, 40, 45, 125, 1.34, 259, 268, 310, 311, 346. chartered, I, 271, 272. riots at, I, 395. Perth Town, establishment of, I, 162, 163. Peters, Ed-ward McClure, IV, 229. ■ Petitions, colonial, I, 209, 210. Pettit, Charles, II, 17C. Petty, Edward L., IV, 229. Petty's Island, HI, 130. Phalanx, the North American, HI, 301-308. Phelps, William Walter, IV, 156, 174. Philadelphia, I, 200, 203, 221, 229, 232, 233, 234, 243, 257, 259, 291, 312, 331, 333, 336, 354, 362, 365, 367, 395, 417; II. 34, 51, 53, 58, 61, 71, 76, 89, 93, 106, 108, 113. 135, 136, 141, 142, 144, 150, 163, 166, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174. ONY AND AS A STATE 387 Philadelphia, II, 175, 176-177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 189, 191, 192, 193, 198, 203, 209, 217; III, 63, 97, 99. military operations in and near, II, 169-186. occupation of. II, 169-186. Philadelphia and Reading- Rail- road, IV, 349. and Trenton Railroad, III, 202; IV, 126, 134. Phillips, Colonel, II, 205. Jonathan, II, 224. Phillipsburg, I, 236; III, 170, 184, 208; IV, 56, 280. Phillipse Family, III, 65. Phoenix, III, 252. "Phoenix," the, II, 111; III, 132, 193. Piatt, Jacob, II, 223. William, II, 224. Pickel, Jonathan, III, 280. Pickering, Timothy, II, 89. Pierson, David, III, 357. family. III, 74. Isaac, III, 75. Mrs. Emeline G., Ill, 71. Pike, Zebulon M., III. 68. Pikesland, III, 319. Pinckney, Charles C. Ill, 40. " Pine robbers," II, 94. " Pines." the, I, 282-2SS; IV, 132. l-intard. Antoine, T, ISO. Piracy, I, 204-205. Piscataway, I, 137, 139, 140, 156, 178, 263, 271, 274, 294; II, 52, 169, 339; III, 68, 106, 171, 269, 316. Pitcher, Molly, II, 20S. Pitney, Jonathan, III, 280, 390. Pitt, William, II, 186. Pittsgrove, III, 62, 256, 315. Pittstown, II, 121, 225. Place names in West Jersey, I, 95. Plainfleld, I, 344; III. 208, 256, 372; IV, 268. Plantagenet, Beauchnmp, I, 78. Plantation system, the, I, 194, 264-265. Pleasant Mills, III, 254. Plowden, Francis, I, 76, 82, 83. George, I, 76, 83. Sir Edmund, I, 75-84. Thomas, I, 76, 82, 83. Pluckemin, II, 59, 159, 216, 218. Plume, Joseph W., IV, 217 ns 220. Plumstead, Clement, I, 159. Plymouth Company, the, I, 125. Pochuck Mountain, IV, 312. Point Breeze, III, 65, 229. Pleasant, I, 279. Political affairs. III, 151-163, 377- 400; IV, 161-178, 181-202. agitations, I, 209-214, 220-221, 339-411; II, 29-34. parties, formation of, III, 25- 41. rights of the colonists, I, 415- 422. Political Intelligencer and Neiv Jersey Advertiser, III, 53, 54. Polifly, II, 339. Pompton, II, 170, 171, 221, 227, 3nn: III, 171, 253; IV, 322. Lake, IV, 220, 221. Pompton Plains, II, 98. encampment at, II, 170. Pond's Church, II, 170. Poor, Enoch, II, 223. General, II, 205. Richard's Almanac, I, 196. Popple, William, III, 341. Populations, I, 140; IV, 243-282. Pot ashes, I, 286. Pots family. III, 65. Frederick A., IV, 176, 177, 181. Joseph C, III, 397, 399. Stacy G., Ill, 384. Potter, David, II, 82, 84. family. III, 70. John, III, 181. Mattliew, III, 52. William, III, 104. Pottersville, III, 170. Pottery, Indian, I. 35. industry, IV, 347. Port bill, the, II, 48. Chuck, II, 118. 388 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Port Elizabeth, III, 61, 82, 101, 108, 251; IV, 47. Monmouth, IV, 131. Porter, Joseph, III, SS9, 390. Portland Point, III, 67. Portsmouth, I, 231; III, 60. Powel house, the, II, 218. Powell, Richard, I, 299. Power of the Assem.bly, I, 214. of the council of safety, II, 120-122. Pownall, Thomas, I, 396. Practice in the courts, early, I, 309-312. Prang-e, James, III, 55. Frattsville, III, 255. Preakness, II, 239, 240, 331, 332; III, 170. family, IV, 238. Precincts, creation of, I, 275. Pre-historic man, I, 29-50. Pre-Revolutionary matters, I, 399-411, 415-422; II, 29-34, 47- 61. Presbyterians, the, I, 332, 333, 334, 343, 344, 345, 359, 422; II, 456; III, 314. Preseott, General, II. 179. Press, the, III, 311-325. regulation of, I, 218. Price family. III, 77. Francis, Jr., IV, 83. Robert Freind, I, 400. Rodman M., Ill, 391, 392; IV, 97. Prince Hendrick River, I, 106. Mauritius River, I, 106. of Orange, I, 140, 141. Princeton, I, 410; 11, 34, 59, 96, 99, 108, 110, 119, 121, 133, 134, 143, 152, 159, 204, 265, 339, 345, 415; III, 55, 66, 182, 191, 196, 372; IV, 47, 54, 56, 58, 320. and Trenton, battles of, II, 141-156. Packet and General Advertiser, III, 55. Theological Seminary, I, 360. University (see also College of New Jersey), I, 342, 359-363. Printing, early, I, 170. Printz, Armgott, I, 93. John, I, 77-78, 92-94. Prior's Mill, II, S26. Private schools, I, 355. Privateers, I, 371, 372, 374; II, 319. Probst, John D., IV, 156. Proctor, Thomas, II, S3, 223. Prohibitionists, IV, 117, 176, 177, 178, 183, 186, 189, 193, 194, 198, 199, 202. Proprietary commissioners of West Jersey, I, 149-154. government, I, 209-214. Proprietors of East Jersey, I, 158-163. of West Jersey, I, 159. Prosecutors of the pleas, I, 307. Protection of the forests, I, 281- 284. to industries. III, 31. Protestant Episcopal Church, I, 344, 345, 346; III, 317. Provincial Congress, I, 407, 408, 410, 411; II, 58, 65, 66, 67, 74, 76. 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 96, 105-123, 135. Convention, II, 49. Province of New Ca3sarea, I, 129- 132. Public life as expressed in early taverns, I, 291-303. roads, early, I, 230-231, 235-237. Publications relating to the Jer- seys, I, 168-171. Pulaski, Count Casimir, II, 171, 204, 319. Pulaski's Legion, II, 73. Pulpit, the. III, 311-325. Punk Hill. II, 339. Purchase of East Jersey by Penn and his associates, I, 158-159. of John Fenwick, I, 145. of Manhattan Island, I, 107. Puritan immigration, I, 130, 134. Pursil, Joseph, Jr., Ill, 108. Putnam, General, II, 151, 171. Professor, I, 48, 49. ONY AND AS A STATE 389 Quakers (see also Society of Friends), I, 321, 323, 325, 334- 344. 346-347; II, 31, 32, 33, 89. in West Jersey, I, 148-149, 187, 189. system of education, I, 353-354. Quartz implements, I, 41. Quaternary period, I, 43-50. Quaxon, III, 65. Quebec, I, 384; II, 68. Queen's College (see also Rutgers College), I, 363-365; III, 68; TV, 265. Museum, I, 362. Qnequelle, Frederick, III, 55. Quibbletown, II, 163, 165, 169, 339. Quick, Abraham, II, S2. Quinton's Bridge, II, ISO, 181, 339. Raccoon, I, 235. Creek, I, 90, 92, 94, 96, 276. Racetracks, IV, 151, 233. Radcliffe, Jacob, IV, 238. Rahway, I, 178, 236, 343; II, 70, 71, 164, 310, 339, 340, 430; III. 74, 171, 191, 202, 255, 257, 317, 372; IV, 47, 56, 73, 89, 114, 268. Meadows, II, 339. Raids of the Revolution, II, 93- 95, 136-137, 164-165, 179, 180, 309- 340. Railroads, III, 117-124, 189-209; IV, 114, 125-1.38, 349. Rail, Colonel, II, 144. 145, 147, 148, 150, 151. 152, 153. Raraapo, II, 171, 239. Pass, II, 330. Rambo family. III, 63. Ramcocks, the, I, 82. Ramsey, John, IV, 83. Rancocas, I, 96, 410; III, 64. Creek, III, 201. River, I. 152, 407, 410 Valley, I, 335. Randolph, Carman F.. IV, 156. Daniel, II, 247. Edmund, III, 30. Jacob, I, 234. Joseph P., Ill, 281, 329; IV, 97. Theodore F., IV, 116, 133, 166, 16S. Rankokus Hill, I, 146. " Raritan," The, III, 132. Raritan, III, 201. Bay, II, 453; III, 96. Bay Association, III, 307. River, I, 168, 232, 235-236, 264, 274, 316; II, 84, 93, 102, 133, 205. 219, 225, 314; III, 177, 178, 181; IV, 54, 55, 265, 312. Raritan Valley, I, 31, 59; III, 68; IV, 29, 134. roads in, I, 236. Ray, Joseph, I, 180. Rea family. III, 70. Read, Charles, I, 313; II, 81, 82, 84. Reading- family. III, 70. John, I, 395, 396. matter in colonial times, I, 365- 367. Samuel, II, 224. Township, creation of, I, 276. Readington, II, 171; III, 70. Rebellion, the, IV, 71-78, 81-89. Reconstruction, IV, 95-105. Red Bank, I, 106, 266; II, 127, 172, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 197, 198, 399, 257, 338 III. 302-308. Ci-eek, I, 98. Redemptioners, I, 199-202. Red ford's Ferry, I, 232. Reed, Bowes, I, 411. family. III, 65. Joseph. II, 76, 79, 335. Samuel J., III. 108. Reeder, Abner, III, 119. family. III, 65. Reeves family, III, 61. Reformed Dutch Church, I, 115, 364; II, 456; III, 318; IV, 265. Reilly, Cornelius A., IV, 228. Reindeer I'eriod, I, 32. Reiser, Theodore C, IV, 228. Religion of the Indians, I, 61-62. Religious comparisons. I, 188, 190. liberty, I, 218. life in the colony, I, 331-346. Removal of Governor Cornbury, I, 213. Rensselaerswyck, I, 107, 110. 390 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Renwick, James, III, 184. Repeal of the stamp act, I, 419. Republican party, I, 394-400; IV, 66, 73, 99, 104, 116, 118, 137, 142, 145, 154, 161-202. Republican anti-Federalists, III, 25-41, 85, 160, 386. Resemblance of the Delaware to European rivers, I, 44. Reservation at Indian Mills, I, 70. Resistance to royal governors, I, 220-225. Resolutions, Revolutionary, II, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59; III, 38. Retreat, III, 256. of Washington acvos.s New Jersey, II, 133-13S. Revere, Joseph W., IV, S3. Revivals, religious. I, 331-334. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, I, 179. Revolution, causes of, I, 415-422. committees appointed before the, II, 49-61. loyalist regiments in, II, 89- 102. Revolutionary Memorial Society of New Jersey, II. 216. War, preparations for, II, 47- 61. Reynolds, Colonel, III, 05. James, III, 357. Rhea, Jonathan, II, 439; III. 103; IV, 239. Richards family. III, 76. Jesse, III, 389. Thomas, III, 38. Rigg, Ambrose, I, 159. Right of government by deed, I, 209, 211. Righter, W. A., IV, 175. Ringo, John, II, 48, 53. Ringoes, II, 121; III, 70. Ringwood, I, 236; II, 221; III, 253; IV, 322. Rivington, , II, 52, 93. James, II, 299. Roads, I, 230-231, 235-237; III, 167- 174. through the " Pines." I, 284- 285. Rotabins, Amos, IV, lOS. Wright, IV, 175. Robertson, William K., IV, 85. Robeson, William P., Ill, 389. 390. Robinson family. III, 74. Henry Crabb, I, 342. house, the, II, 240. Rockaway, III, 171, 134, 253. River, III, 183. Rocky Hill, II, 265-273, 330; III, 69, 182; IV, 134. Rode Udden Creek, I, 96. " Roebuck," the, II, 190, 195, 197. Rogerine Baptists, III, 322. Rogerines, the, I, 344; III, 76. Rogers, Bernard, IV, 229. Edward Y., Ill, 39.S. Henry D., IV, 307. Maurice A., IV, 189. Roman Catholics, III, 319. Romeyn, Theodore Dirck, I, 362. Rosa Americana coins, I, 294. Rosenhayn, IV, 326. Ross, Betsey, II, 273. Hamilton M., IV, 228. John, II, 223. Rossell, N. Beakes, III, 356, 358. William, I, 313; III, 154, 159. Rowland, Arthur, IV, 228. Roxbury, III, 253. Royal governors, the last, I, 389-396, 399-411. " Royal Greens," the, II, 222. Rubber industry, IV, 347. Rudolf, Sergeant, I, 116. Rudyard, Thomas, I, 158, 160. Runk, John, III, 390. Runyon, Orrin E., IV, 228. Theodore, IV, 81, 142, 166, 167, 170. Rural Magazine, HI, 54. Rusoo, Nathaniel, I, 377. Rush, Benjamin, I, 363; II, 159, 176. Russell, Caleb, HI, 53. ONY AND AS A STATE 391 Russian Hebrew colonists, I, 288. Jews, IV, 326. Rutgers College (see also Queen's College), I, 49, 363-365; II, 389; IV, 265, 325. Henry, III, 68; IV, 265. Rutherford, John, III, 33, 35, 120. Robert W., Ill, 103. Ryall, Daniel B., Ill, 329, 333. Ryerson, David, III, 395. Furnace, II, 170. Henry O., IV, 83, 85. Martin, III, 281, 390; IV, 142. Samuel, II, 98. Paokett, William Edgar, IV, 130. Saint Clair, General, II, 170. .John's Church, Elizabethtown, II, 101. lAicien captured, I, 385. Mary's Church, Burlington, I, 181, 363. Vincent captured, I, 385. Sale of liquor regulated, I, 294- 303. Salem, I, 76, 77, 93, 95, 100, 153, 154, 163, 179, 188, 193, 200, 203, 231, 235, 248, 272, 299. 307, 308, 383, 418; II, 92, 180-184, 311; III, 61-62, 82, 313, 315, 371, 372; IV, 36, 47, 55. 72, 112, 115, 135, 268. settlement of, I, 146-148. Salem County, I, 82, 101, 266, 267, 268, 276, 282, 297, 343, 344; II, 31, 75, 76, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 94, ISO, 181, 182, 183, 184, 261, 440. 4-54; III, Gl-62, 88, 105, 108, 168, 221, 256, 270, 295, 317; IV, 273, 274, 275, 280, 281, 309, 320. 321, 323. creation of, I, 265. in Provisional Congress, II, 105. Salem Creek, I, 91, 95, 96. plantations, the, I, 91. Salt Meadows, II, 340. works, II. lis. Saltar, Richard, I, 313. Saltpeter, manufacture of, II, 58, 78. Sand formations, I, 39-42. Sand Hills, IV, 311. Sandford, John, II, 225. Sandhay, sea, I, 81. Sandy Hook, I, 84, 133, 152, 165, 203, 204, 205, 234, 371, 374; II, m, 128, 164, 169, 210, 235, 376; III, 67, 96; IV, 220, 222. landing of Hudson on, I, 105. lighthouse, II, 165. Sandy Point, I, 146. Sanford, Nidemiah, I, 178. William, I, 178. Sappers and Miners, the, II, 73. Sassae Kon, I, 96. Sassafras oils, I, 286. Saunders, T. S., II, 193. Thomas J., Ill, 282. Savadge, Thomas, II, 243. Savings Banks, IV, 208. Sawmills, early, I, 284. Sayre family. Ill, 62. Stephen, III, 230. Sayre's mansion (Newark), III, 74. Tavern, III, 74. Sayreville, IV, 311. Scandinavian immigration, T, 87-101. Scanlan, Edward A., IV, 228. Scarborough, John, III, 322. Scheffer, Francis, II, 148. Schenck, Ferdinand D., Ill, 217. Ferdinand S., Ill, 281. Peter, II, 110. School for the Deaf, IV, 294. Schooley family. III, 76. Schools, I, 349-368; IV, 284-301. Schoenthal, Isaac, IV, 228. Schraalenburg, I, 236. Schulte, Captain, I, 95. Sehureraan family, III, 68. Jacob. II, 386. James Wall, III, 358. Schuyler family, III, 64. General, II, 67, 76, 128. John, III, 75. Peter, I, 375. 376, 379, 380, 381, 384; III, 75. Schuyler's Ferry. II. 312. 392 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Schuylkill Falls, II, 172. Valley, I, 106-109. Scot, George, I, 169. Scotch Calvinists, the, I, 351. -Irish, the, II, 31, 422. Plains, I, 236; II, 210, 227; III, 208, 316. settlers, III, 67. Scott, Austin, II, 389, 432. Charles, II, 70. General, II, 205. Joseph W., Ill, 380, 382. Scovel, James M., IV, 169. Scudder family. III, 65, Nathaniel, I, 363; II, 82. Sea Coast, the, I, 279-288. Girt, IV, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223. Isle City, IV, 268. Seabright, IV, 268. Seagrave, Samuel, III, 108. " Seahorse," the. III, 134. Seal of the Supreme Court, I, 316-317. war, the. III, 329-344. Search, right of, I, 372. Secaucus, IV, 244. Second Assembly, the, I, 136. Battalion in the Revolution, II, C6, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 82. Establishment, New Jersey line, II, 68, 69, 72. grant of the Duke of York, I, 153. River, II, 338. Sedgwick, Theodore, Jr., Ill, 337. See, Edward, IV, 229. Seeley, Elias P., Ill, 217, 380. family. III, 61. Sepa, Hackingh, I, 95. Separatists, the, I, 344. Sergeant family. III, 70. Jonathan D., II, 105, 412. Servants, I, 202. Settlement of Burlington, I, 152. of the Delaware Valley, I, 75- 84, 87-101. of Blizabethtown, I, 133. Settlement of the Hudson River Valley, I, 106-109. of Newark, I, 134. of Salem, I, 146. of South Jersey, I, 108. Settlers, characteristics of the early, I, 221-223. of East Jersey, the, I, 175-181. of West Jersey, I, 185-190. Seven Causeways, III, 252. Mile Beach, I, 280. Seventh Day Baptists, the, I, 344. Sewell, William J., IV, 83, 87. Sewing machine industry, IV, 349. Seymour, George P., IV, 229. James M., IV, 196, 200. Shafer family, III, 77. Shamong, III, 255. Shark River, II, 244, 246; III, 210. Sharp, William S., Ill, 319. Sharpe family. III, 62. Sharptown, II, 180. Shaw, J. Ernest, IV, 228. Shawanese, the, I, 380. Sheldon, Elisha, II, 73. Shell money, I, 241-242. Sheppard, Edmond, III, 108. family. III, 61. Sherard, Lord, I, 78. Sherard's Mill, III, 172. Sheriffs, I, 219. Sherman, George, III, 55. Shinn, Major-General, III, 105. William J., Ill, 392. William N., Ill, 217. Ship Company, the, I, 88. Ship building, I, 202-206, 229-230; III, 256. Shippen, W. W., IV, 176. William, I, 362; II, 156. Shirley, Governor, I, 373. Shoe industry, IV, 347. Short Hills, II, 237, 340. Shreve, Colonel, II, 184, 205, 239. Israel, II, 28, 69, 72, 224. Shrewsbury, I, 133, 135, 136, 140, 156, 177, 188, 234, 230, 271, 274. ONY AND AS A STATE 393 Shrewsbury, I, 275, 294, 340, 341; II, 91, 165, 247, 411; III, 252! 256, 313; IV, 26. Neck, II, 310. Township, II, 55. Shuman Family, III, 77. Sickler, J. R., IV, 163. John H., Ill, 280. John R., Ill, 39. Signers of the Declaration of Independence, II, 114. Sikonesses, the, I, 82. Silk industry, IV, 346. •' Silk Worm Craze," The, III, 247. Silver coinage, I, 243-253. discovery of, I, 96. Simcoe, Major, II, 181, 182. Simpson, James W., IV, 82. John Neely, IV, 293. Sinnickson Family, III, 62. Sitgraves, Charles, III, 399. Six Nations, the, I, 63; II, 222. Skellinger family, III, 60. Skelton, Charles, III. 397, 399; IV, 163. Skene, John, I, 167. Skinner, Cortlandt, I, 313; II, 91, 92, 95, 96, 99, 102. family. III, 68. Philip Kearny, II, 99. " Skinner's Greens," II, 93. Skippack, II, 191. Slabtown, III, 154. Slack, John R., Ill, 391. Thomas H., IV, 229. Slaughter family. III, 68. Slavery, I, 199-202, 337-339; IV, 25-48, 96. Sloan, Jeremiah H., Ill, 197. Sloughterdam, II, 313. Smallwood, III, 389. Smith family, III, 64. Isaac, I, 313; II, 82; III, 155, 368. James, I, 362. Joseph, III, 321. L,. A., Ill, 292. Lawrence, I, 313. Smith, R. M., IV, 163. Richard, II, 50, 111; III, 334. Robert, III, 109. Robert G., IV, 229. Samuel, I, 54, 170, 171, 343; II, 191, 192, 277. Samuel Stanhope, I, 362; III, 66. William, I, 170, 180, 313; III, 321. Smith's Clove, II, 170, 215. Island, I, 77. Smithville, III, 109, 25G. Smock, John C, IV, 301. Smyth, Frederick, II, 50. Social life, II, 447-456; III, 59-77. relation of the Indians and whites, I, 67. Socialists, IV, 189, 193, 19}. 198, 199, 202. Society of Friends, I, 62, 181, 187, 189, 199, 202, 220, 297, 322, 323, 325, 334-344, 346-347, 352, 359, 421-422; II, 31, 32, 33, S9, 108, 111-112, 172, 174, 177, 178, 182, 198, 206, 448, 456; III, 26, 47, 63, 64, 66, 83-84, 221, 301, 311-314, 380; IV, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35. 40, 41, 52, 53. in West Jersey, I, 148-149. Society of the Cincinnati, II, 162, 449; III. 26-27. Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, III, 254; IV, 250. Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, I, 354. Soldiers, New Jersey, in the Revolution, II, 65-68. Somers Point, I, 231; III, 59, 109. Richard, II, 82; III, 59. Somerset County, I, 263, 267, 268, 274, 275, 276, 344, 378, 400; II, 57, 58, 59, 60, 73, 77, 93, 162, 261, 270, 340, 345, 439, 440, 454; III, 68, 87, 104, 107, 269, 270, 281, 297; IV, 41, 45, 273, 274, 275, 278, 282. 320. creation of, I, 264. 394 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Somerset County in Provisional Congress, II, 105, 109, 113. militia, II, 75, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84. Somerset Court House, 11, 50, 159, 165. Soraerville, II, 219, 221, 311; III, 69, 170, 182, 208, 249; IV. 45, 56, 127, 286, 299. headquarters at, II, 215-222. Sonmans, Arent, I, 159. Peter, I, 391. Sons of Liberty, I, 418, 419. Sourland Hills, the, II, 162. South Amboy, II, 52; III, 191. 201, 255, 330, 331; IV, 125, 311. Brunswick, II, 52. Company, the, I, 88, 92. Cove, IV, 112, 128, 129. South Jersey, I, 285. Institute, IV, 298. roads in, I, 235. settlement of, I. 108. South Orange, III, 171; IV, 249. River, I, 106, 109, 274; II, 189, 210; III, 2^1. Southard family. III, 69„ Samuel L., Ill, 135, 160, 161, 162, 217, 377, 379, 380. Spain, England's wars with, I, 371-385. Harry T., IV, 228. Spanish-American War, IV, 215- 229. privateers, I, 372. Spanktown, II, 164, 340. Sparks family. III, 62. Sparta, III, 170, 253. Specie, colonial, I, 213. Speedwell. III. 252; IV, 287. Spencer, General, II, 223. Jonathan J., Ill, 280, 283. Oliver, II, 72, 225; IV, 263. Spermaceti Cove, HI, 96. Spicer family. III, 59, 63. Jacob, I, 170. Spinning wheels, I, 285. Spiring, Peter, I, 89. Splitrock Lake. IV, 305. Spottswood, HI, 256. Spring Garden Ferry, III, 61. Springfield, I, 236; II, 210, 227, 237, 238, 239, 340; III, 65, 74, 169, 171, 255. Township, I, 275, 276. Springsted, Charles H., IV, 229. Spy system, the, I, 224. Squan, II, 244, 246, 340; III. 256. Beach, IV, 335. Squier, Cyrus W., IV, 229. Stacy, Justice, I, 325. Mahlon, IV, 259. Robert, I, 153. William, III, 65. Stage boats. I. 233. lines. III. 189. 190; IV. 233. routes established, I, 232-235. Stamp act, the. I. 417-420. Standing committees organized for the Revolution. II, 57. Stanhope, III, 169. Stansburg, Joseph, II, 300. " Star of the West," I, 54. Stark, Amos. II, 440. Starkey, Thomas A., Ill, 325. Starr, Samuel H., IV, 83. State Agricultural College, IV, 325. Banks. Ill, 361-374; IV, 205. Model School. IV, 294. Normal School, IV, 294. of New Jersey, convention of. II, 118. Staten Island, I, 133, 138; II, 53. 67, 90-91, 92, 93, 95, 100, 110, 128, 136, 169, 210. 211, 234, 237, 239. 310. Carteret's claim to, I, 157. States-General, the, J, 140. Steamboat interests, the. III. 127-136. Steelman family. III, 60. Steenhuy.«en, Engelbert, I, 350. Steenrapie, II, 330. Stelle family, I, 180. Stephen. Adam. II. 70. General. II. 144. 148. 162, 171. Stephens, Captain, I, 374. Sterling family, HI. 64. Steuben. General. 11. 179. ONY AND A!^ A STATE 395 Stevens, Edwin A., Ill, 197; IV, 156, 299. family, I, 113; III. 69. floating battery. III, 200. Institute, IV, 299. John. III. 119, 191-194; IV, 234. John Austin, I, 123, 142. John Cox, III, 132, 133. Robert L., III. 197, 198, 200. Stevenson, William, II, 99. Steward, John, III, 106. Stewart, Charles, II, 79; III, 229, 236. Colonel, II, 207. James, Jr.. IV, 83. Stiles family. III, 60. William, III, 2S0. Stille, Morton A., III. 337. Stillwater, III, 77. Stirling. Colonel, II, 190. General, II, 129, 1.34. 144. 147. 148, 149, 162, 171, 173. 175, 178, 208, 217, 234, 2.35. Iron Works, I, 234. Lady, II, 261. Lord, I, 406, 313: 11. 06. 70, 69, 323. Viscount. I, 125. Stilwell, Nicholas, II. 84. Stocks, confinement in. I, 299. Stockton, II, 171; IV, 312. Andrew, II, 99. Annis Boudinot. I. 381. family. Ill, G6. John R., IV, 104, 156. 175, 176. Richard, I, 313, 362; II, 79, 108, 114; III, 29, 63, 155. Richard V., II, 96. Robert F., III. 180, 203, 350; IV, 97, 2.36. Stokes, Charles, III, 195, 280, 28.3. Edward D., IV, 156. Stone, Frederick D., II, 207. implements, I, 30-33. William L., I, 115. Stony Brook, II. 155, 156. Point, II, 231. Stout family. III, 65, 67. Stratton, Charles C, III, 329, 354, 386, 389. Stratton, John C. Ill, ::^j. Strawberry Hill, II. 340. Strut's Creek. I. 96. Stryker, Peter I., III. 389. Thomas J., IV. 97. William S.. II. 93. 99-; IV. 213. 216. Stuyvesant. Peter, I. 78, 93-96. Ill, 126-127. 128, 139, 349. Styles. Robert, I, 283. Succasunna, IV, 299 Succasunna, I, 236; III, 76. \fi>. 172. SulYern's Tavern, II, 170. Sullivan. General, II, 12;i, 1*3, 146, 162. 170. 171. John, II, 71, 222, 223, 226. 227. Sullivan's Indian campaign. II. 222-228. Sulphur, di.scovery of, II. UK. Summerhill, John, Jr.. III. 3*. Summit. Ill, 184; IV, 322. '■ Supremacy " oath, the, I, 218. Supreme Court. I. 219, 222. 313- 317. justices of, I, 312-313. Surf City, IV, 269. Surrender of New Jersey in the English. I, 141-142. of the Dutch, I, 126-127. of the Swedes, I, 95. of New York to the Dutch, I. Susquehanna River, I, 377. Sussex County, I, 59, 65, 267, 268. 275, 343, 344, 377, 3V8, 379. 408. 409; II. 48, 91, 118, 260, 311. 440: III, 55, 76, 87, 103, 105, 106, 168, 172, 253, 256, 264, 270, •-'72, 281. 297, 316, 317; IV. 41, 77. 273. 274, 275, 278, 280, 282, 310. 311, 320. creation of, I, 267, 269. in Provisional Congress, II. 105, 108, 109. militia, II, 75, SO, 81, 82, S3. 81. 85. Sus.scx Court House. 11. 227. 332. Swaanendale. I. 89. Swain. Joshua. III. 280. 396 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Swamptown, I, 147. Swartvv'out family. III, 77. Swayze, Jacob L., IV, 142. Swedes, the, I, 349, 350, 351. and Indians, the, I, 63-70. Swedesboro, I, 95, 100; III, 63, 254; IV, 56, 135. Swedish Church, the, I, 344. influences, I, 95, 97-101. settlements in the Delaware Valley, I, 87-101. Swift, Dean, I, 249. Joseph G., Ill, 96. Sykes, George, III, 391, 399. Syliesville, III, 65. Symmes, John Cleves, I, 313; II, 69, S3, 412, 414. Syon, I, 75. Talbot, Bishop, FV, 298. Tammany Society, The, III, 41. Tappan, II, 315. Indians, the, I, 115r Tar making-, I, 285. Tarrytown, II, 127. Tatham, John, III, 319. Taverns, I, 291-303. Taxation without representa- tion, I, 417-420; II, 49. Taylor, Augustus F., Ill, 292. Edward, I, 400. George W., IV, 82. John, II, 84, 98; III, 321. John W., IV, 142. Joseph N., IV, 163. Moses R., IV, 86. Tea Neck, II, 330. Tea prohibited, II, 54. Teachers, school, I, 349, 350, 355- E57. Tekoke, I, 96. Temperance societies. III, 221. Temple, Robert B., Ill, 356. Ten Eyck, John C, III, 280; IV, 142. Tennent church, the, I, 345; III, 67. Gilbert, I, 332, 333. John V. B., I, 362. William, I, 332, 3-59, 360, 361. William, Jr.. I, 363. Tenths, erection of, I, 265-267. occupation of, I, 152. Terr.-a. cotta industry, IV, 346. Test oath, the, I, 160, 218. Thacher's Journal, II, 233. Thanksgiving appointed, I, 141. Thatcher, Bartholemew, II, 98. " The Planters' Speech," I, 169. Third Battalion in the Revolu- tion, II, 67, 68, 69, 82, 83. Establishment, New Jersey line, I, 72. Thistle and Crown, the, I, 233. Thomas, Captain, I, 373. Edward, II, 80. Gabriel, I, 169, 281, 30S, 309. Thompson, John, I, 233; II, 243. John Edgar, III, 198. John R., Ill, 181, 281, 283, 389. Joseph, IV, 143. Mark, II, 80. Richard P., Ill, 281, 385. Thompson's Bridge, II, 340. Thomson, Aaron, I, 173. Ilur, I, 178. Moses, I, 178. Thomas, I, 178. Thorpe, Francis Newton, IV, 48. Throgmorton, Deliverance, I, 17S. John, I, 178; II, 99. Ticonderoga, I, 379, 380, 3S1, .382; II, 68, 69, 170. Tienpont, Adrian Joresson, I, 106. Timber Creek, II, 193. lands, I, 281-288. Times that tried men's souls, the, II, 127-138. Timmer Creek, I, 96. Tim.pany, Robert, II, 96. Tinicum, I, 350. Island, I. 93, 96, 118. Tinneconcif Island, I, 96. Tinton Palls, II, 340; III, 67. Titsort, , I, 3S2-383. Titus family. III, 65. Tobacco industry, IV, 348. Tod, , I, 325. James, III, 55. ONY AND AS A STATE 397 Todd, John, I, 362. Toffey, John J., IV, 190. Tomlinson, Joseph, I, 307. Tompkins, Daniel D., Ill, 107. Tom's River, II, 243, 244, 245, 310, 340; III, 3S6, 321; IV, 339. Topetoy Kill, IV, 57. Topography, IV, 303-313. Torbert, Alfred T. A., IV, 82. Torie.s, the, II, GO, 78, 89-102, 110, 116-118, 121-122, 13C, 137, 144, 165, 173, 177, 179, 180, 182, 184, 200, 203, 205, 222, 226, 245, 299, 343, 379. and Whigs, I, 403? II, 29-34. Tory Corner, IV, 248. pamphlets, II, 52, 55. Toun, Nathaniel, II, 225. Towamencin, II, 174. Town Bank, IV, 282. government, I, 140, 141. Towns along the Delaware, I, 1S6. creation of, I, 270-276. Townsend family, III, 59, 61. Township committees, II, 47, 50. Townships, division of, I, 274- 276. Trade, internal, I, 230, 235. the lords of, IV, 29. with the colonies, I, 223-224. Transportation, early, I, 229, 237. Travel, early routes of. III, 117, 168-172, 190. Treason, punishment for, II, 118- 119. 222. Treat, John, I, 272. Robert, I, 134. Treaties with the Indians, I, 380, 383, 396. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, I, 375. of Breda, I, 128. of Ghent, III, 113. with France and the United States, II, 179, 203. Trent, William, I, 312; III, 65. Trenton, I, 33, 37, 40, 44, 45, 50, 82, 92, 93, 96, 97, 153, 203, 230, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 316, 376; II, 30, 32, 34, 60, 67, 73, 74, 76, 95, 96, Trenton, II, 97, 98, 102, 108, HO, 120, 121, 133, 134, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 163, 169, 171, 185, 204, 258, 340, 345, 354-361, 426, 428, 437, 453; III, 55, 65, 106, 130, 141, 170, 178, 182, 191, 194, 196, 202, 221, 248, 249, 254, 255, 256, 282, 316, 320, 366, 368, 369, 372, 373, 394; IV, 35, 36, 47, 56, 73, 81, 88, 89, 90, 126, 132, 135, .153, 233, 259-263, 264, 275, 276, 280, 285, 346, 347, 349. and Princeton, battles of, I, 1-11-156. as the federal capital, II, 353- 361. barracks, I, 384; II, 147. battle of, II, 141-153, 156. chartered, I, 272, 273. first Provisional Congress at, II, 105. name of, I, 312. Trenton Banking Company, III, 368; IV. 205. Falls, I, 76, 96. Ferry, I, 233, 234; II, 151. gavels, the, I, 43-50. Mercury, III, 55. State Gazette, III, 398; IV, IGl. True American, III, 54, 55, 162; IV, 161. Weekly Advertiser, III. 55. Trials by jury, I, 308, 314. Tribal customs of the Indians, I, 58-66. Tjinibly's Point, II, 235, 340. Trinity Church, New York, II, 97. Triple Alliance, the, I, 138. Triyons family, III, 71. Trolley railways, IV, 350. Troops in the Revolution, II, 65- 85. Troy, II, 221. True American Inn, II, 153. Truex, William S., IV, 84. Trumbull, Governor, II, 95, 169, 411. Joseph, II, 175, 176. 398 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Tubman, Harriet, IV, 55. Tuckahoe, III, 252. Tucker, Ebenezer, III, 60. Isaac M., IV, 82. Samuel, I, 313, 400; II. 105, 109, 113, 135. Tucker's Beach, IV, 339. Tuckerton, I, 205, 231, 235; II, 310, 318; III, 60, 81, 256; IV, 284. TuRonne, Alraonde. Ill, 71. Tunkhanna, II, 226. Turner, Nathaniel, I, 90. Turner, Robert, I, 159. Turnpikes, III, 167-174, 190. Tuttle family, III, 7G. Tweed Creek, I, 266. Twenty-four proprietors, the, I, 158-159. Tye, Colonel, III, 67. Tyler, Moses Coit, II, 277. " Unalachtigs " Indians, I, 63. " Unami " Indians, I, 63. Underground railroad, IV, 51-58. Uniforms, British, II, 85. continental, II, 232. Union, III, 252; IV, 244, 245. College, I, 362. of the colonies, II, 114-115. Union County, I, 263; III, 256, 2S0; IV, 277, 279, 320. creation of, I, 269. Union Hill, II, 325. Turnpike, III, 170. United States mint, I, 259. Universalists, the, I, 345; III, 321. Upper Alloway's Creek Town- ship, creation of, I, 276. Brigade, the, II, 81. Freehold. II, 57, 413. Penn's Neck, III, 221. Usselinx Willem, I, 87, 88, 89, 105. Utrecht, peace of, I, 371. Vail Works, the, IV, 287. Valley Forge. II, 70, 74, 173, 175, 176. 178, 179, 204, 217, 232. Van Arsdale, Elias, III, 280, 283. Van Aniens, II, 170. Van Beckel, Peter J., Ill, 74. Van Berckel, Peter John, II, 269. Van Buskirk, II, 327. Abraham, II, 96, 98. .Tacob, II, 98. John, II, 99. Van Cleve family. III, 66. Van Cortlandt, Philip, II, 80, 82, 96, 97, 327. Philip, Jr., II, 99. Van Dam, Rip, HI, 340. Van der Donck, Adriaen, Jour- nal of, I, 368. Van Derveer family. III, 69. Van Deusen family, HI, 68. Van Dike, Coionel, II, 205. Henry, II, 84. Van Doren, John, II, 159. Van Dyke, Colonel, Ii, 93. Van Horn family, HI, 69, 74. Van Houten, Gilliam, IV, 85. Van Neste family. III, 69. Van Putten, Aert Teunis.sen, I, 114. Van Rensselaer, Stephen, HI, 69. Van Reypen family. III, 75. Van Tilburgh's, III, 66. Van Tile. John, I, 382, 383. Van Twiller, Wouter, I, 109, 110, 111. Van Tyll, Abram, I, 139. Van Veghten house, the, II, 219. Van Vorst, Cornells, I, 114. Cornelius, IV, 223. family, HI, 75; IV, 237. Van Winckle family. III, 74. Van Winkle family, HI, 75. Vanaman family, HI, 61. Vanderbilt, Cornelius, HI, 68. Vanderpoel, Beach, HI, 395. David, HI, 73. Vanderveer Family, HI, 66. Vanduyn's, HI, 171. Vanmeter family, HI. 62. Vanneman family, HI, 63. Varick, Richard, III, 76; IV, 238, 239, 240, 241. Varken's Kil, I, 91. Varlo, Charles, I, 83-84. ONY AND AS A STATE 399 Varnuin, General, II, 191. Vealtown, II, 142. Verckens Kill, I, 148. Vergennes, Count, II, 236, 253. Vergereau family, III, 71. Vernon, Admiral, I, 372. Verplanck's Point, II, 231. Vice-regalty, establishment of, I, 164. Villages, formation of, I, 270-276. Indian, I, 56. Vincenttown, III, 64, 220, 221; IV, 134. Vineland, I, 288; IV, 115, 278. 280, 323. Volk, Ernest, I, 40. Volunteers in the Revolution, II, 83. Von Dechow, Major, II, 149. Von Donop, Count Carl Emil Kurt, II, 193, 195, 196, 197. 199. 200. Von Knyphitusen, , II, 146, 149, 150. Von Lossberg, , II, 146, 147, 150, 152. Voorhees family. III, 70. Foster M., IV, 189, 193, 194, 198, 216, 217, 223, 225. Voorhies, Peter U., II, 224. Vought, John, II, 99. Vreeland family, III, 75. Vredenburgh, J. S., Ill, 69. Peter, IV, 229. Vroom, Colonel, III, 69. Peter D., Ill, 154, 217, 281, 283, 329, 333, 378, 380, 383. 399; IV, 97, 163. Peter D., Sr., Ill, 378. Wads-worth, Colonel, II, 219. Jeremiah, II, 176. Wages, IV, 349. Walker, Captain, II. 239. Wall, Andrew, I, 83. Garret D., III. 181, 217, 377, 378, 385. Wallace House, the, II. 216, 217; HI, 69. Walpack, I. 236. Walsh, Cornelius, IV, 169. James K., IV, 228. Wampum, I, 59, 241-243. Wantage, III, 77, 316. War of 1812, III, 81-91, 95-113. of the Rebellion, IV, 71-78, 81- 91. with Spain, I, 371-373; IV, 215- 229. War with Mexico: see Mexican War. Ward, Dishturner, I, 178. Elias S., IV, 190. Marcus L., IV, 99, 116, 162, 165, 169. Ware, Captain, I, 374. Warrell. Joseph, I, 313. Warner, Edmond, I, 153. Warren County, III, 77, 168, 281, 253, 254, 255, 297, 317; IV, 269, 274, 278, 280, 282, 308, 310, 313, 320 creation of, I, 268, 269. Warren, General, I, 268. George, I, 178. Joseph, II, 219. Tidey, I. 178. Zenas C, IV, 88. Warwick, II, 227. Washington Academy, IV, 298. Association of New Jersey, II, 231. Washington, George, II, 73, 83, 96, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 136, 141, 142, 145, 147-154, 156, 159- 1G4. 166, 169-179, 189, 192, 198, 204-208, 210, 211, 215-222, 227, 228, 231, 233-237, 239, 240, 248, 266, 330, 425; III, 30, 32, 33, 36, 41, 70. n ppointed commander-in-chief, II, 76. as military dictator, II, 143. crossing the Delaware, II, 143- 147. in Cambridge, II, 127. retreat of, across Now Jersey, II. 133-138. tour of, II, 425-432. 400 NEW JERSEY AS A COL Washington, Mrs., II, 128, 218, 226. '■ Washington," the, II, 185. Washington, William, II, 147. " Washington's Bodyguard," II, 74. Crossing, II, 146. Water, changes caused by, I, 36-37. " Water Witch," the. III, 67. Waterloo, III, 253. Watertown, II, 77. Watessing, II, 210. Watkins, David O., IV, 198. J. Elfreth, Sr., Ill, 180, 191. Watsessett, I, 76. Watscn family, III, 66. Y/illiam I., Ill, 197. Watson's Creek, II, 186. AVawayanda Lake, IV, 305. Wayne, Anthony, II, 70, 98, 180, 205, 208, 314, 317, 335. Weatherby, Benjamin, II, 225. Webb, Major, III, 45. Webster, Colonel, II, 205. Wecaco, I, 350. Weedon, Colonel, II, 147. Weehawken, II, 325, 340; III, 157, 207; IV, 244. Weekly Post Boy, I, 2-33. Wehrly, John E., IV, 229. Welch, Ashbel, III, 181. Welling family. III, 65. Wells, George E., IV, 228. Gideon Hill, III, 135. Weltner, Lewis, II, 73. Werts, George T., IV, 153, 154, 155, 187. Wesley, Charles, I, 331, 333; III, 45. John, I, ,331, 333; III, 45. We.st family, III, 59. lloboken, IV, 244, 245. 346. Indian Company, I, 92, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 117, 126, 128. West India Islands, I, 384. West India produce, prices reg- ulated, II, 60. trade, I, 284. West Jersey, I, 145-154, 163-164, 367, 210-212, 218-220, 230, 243-248, 254-256, 282, 283, 286, 287, 291, 298, 307, 30S, 310, 312, 323, 328, 332, 336, 343, 344, 391, 410; II, 54, 100, 101, 144; III, 340. counties in, I, 264-267. formation of, I, 148. granted to Penn and asso- ciates, I, 153. in the Revolution, II, 151, 159. purchased by Penn and asso- ciates, I, 159. roads in, I, 230-231. schools, I, 352. settlement of, I, 75-84, 87-101. setclers of, I, 185-190. West Jersey and Seashore Rail- road, IV, 349. Mail and Transportation Com- pany, IV, 112. Railroad, IV, 114, 135. Society, the, I, 167. West Milford, III, 253. New York, IV, 244. Orange, IV, 249. Point, II, 132, 170, 211, 215, 221, 231, 232, 240. Robert, I, 158. Westbrook family. III, 77. Samuel, II, 85. Westcott, Geoige Clinton, III, 358. .James D., Ill, 52. John W., IV, 182. Richard, III, 59. Western Battalion in the Revo- lution, II, 66, 82. Westervelt, Abraham, III, 280. Edwin R., IV, 228. Westfleld, II, 163, 169, 239, 340; III, 74, 208. Wetherill, John, I, 400; II, 82. Wethersfield, II, 77. Weyman, Abel, II, 224. Weymouth, III, 252. AVhaling interests, I, 205-206. Wheat, Benjamin, I, 307. Wheeler, Nathaniel, I, 272. ONY AND AS A STATE 401 Whigs, I, 422; II, 60-61, 89, 91, 94, 97, 98, 100, 135, 136, 137, 143, 164. 165, 174, 17S, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, 198, 206-209; III, 329, 386. 387, 390-394. and Tories, I, 403; II, 29-34, Whillden Family. Ill, 80. Wliippany, II, 239; III, 254, 255. Whiskey Insurrection, II, 435. WhitaWer, Jonathan S., IV, 177. Nathaniel, I, 362. Whitall house, the, II, 200. Job, II, 199, 200. White, Anthony Walton, II, 73, 439. Canvass, III, 181. family, III, 61, 67. Hill. I, 96: II, 185. House, III, 170, 172. John Moore, III, 155. Philip, II, 247, 249. Plains, II, 130, 211, 215. White's Tavern, II, 142. Whitefleld, George, I, 331-334, 343. 359. 360. 395; II, 102; III, 45, 67. Whitehead family. III. 74. John, I, 135, 395; IV, 247. Richard B., IV. 229. Samuel. IV, 247. William A.. I, 131; IV. 40. Whitomarsh, II, 174. Whitpain, II, 174. Whittier. John G., I, 341, WIckersham. . I, 350. Wigwam sites, changes of, I, 56. Wilburtha, IV, 312. Wilcox, Thomas. I, 158, 159. Wild cattle, the, I, 280. Wildrlck, Abram C, IV. 87. family. III. 77. Wilkins. Constantino. III. 108. Wilkinson, Nathan, II, 223. Willett family. III, 60. Willetts, J. Howard, IV, 84. William III, I, 166. 361. William IV. II. 333; III. 64. William of Orange. I. 139, 166. Williams. John H.. Ill, 54. Williamson, Benjamin, II. 439; IV. 97, 163. Williamson, Chancellor, III, 70. Isaac H., Ill, 49, 160, 161, 162, 280, 282, 283, 377, 379; IV, 239. Matthias. II. 83; IV, 263. Robert Stockton, III, 357. Williamstown, III, 252. Willian, John, IV, 84. Willingboro Township, I, 275. Wills, Moses, III, 280. Willson, James, I, 316. Wilmington, II, 172. Wilson, Alexander, III, 234. family, III, 77. George M., Ill, 55. James J., Ill, 102, 1C2. John, III, 198. Peter, III, 76. Winchester, Benjamin, III, 321. Winds, William, II, 66. Windsor, II, 52, 410. Township, creation of, I, 276. Winfleld. Charles H., IV, 233, 239. family. III, 77. Winslow, III, 251; IV, 312. Winthrop, Governor, I, 91, 139. Wisewell. Moses N., IV, 85. Wistar Glass Works, III, 62. Witherspoon. John. II, 59, 114, 267, 281, 305, 335, 390. 430; III. 26, 66. Withington's, III, 66. Woerner, Christian, IV, 88. Wolves, I, 286. Woman suffrage. III, 266; IV. 160. education of. I, 196, 358-359. in the colony, I, 197-198. in the Revolution. II, 117, 218, 219, 257-262. Wood, John, I, 307. William, I. 249. William N., Ill, 281, 390. Woodbine, I, 288; IV, 326. Woodbridge, I, 133, 135, 137, 139, 140, 156, 178, 236, 263, 271. 274. 294, 299, S32. 351. 365; II. 52, 53, 110, 340, 430; III, 68, 171, 191, 202, 320; IV, 32, 134, 311. 402 NEW JEESEY AS A COLONY Woodbury, I, 235; II, 193, 198; III, 64, 82; IV, 56, 90, 112, 115, 259, 268, 283, 284. Creek, II, 196. George T., IV, 88. Woodhull, General, II, 129. Woodrofe, Joseph, I, 307. Woodruff, Dickinson, III, 357. family, III, 61. Israel Carle, III, 357. Woods's Newark Oasette, III, 54. Woodsville, IV, 313. Woodward, Anthony, II, 122. John, II, 100. Woolen manufactures, IV, 348. Woolraan family, III, 64. John, I, 70, 199, 334-343; II, 277; 28, 29, 40. Woolwich Township, creation of, I, 276. Worcester, II, 174. Wortendyke, IV, 163. Wright, E. R. V., Ill, 391, 397, 399. William, III, 3&9. Wrightstown, III, 65. Wurts, Alexander, III, 281, 284, 391, 399; IV, 163. Wyndham, Percy, IV, 84. Wynopkie, III, 253. River, II, 170. Wyoming, massacre of, II, 222, 226. " Tankee," the, III, 98. Yard, Joseph A., Ill, 357. Yardley, II, 144. Yates, Bartholomew, II, 156. Yeoman family, III, 74. Yong, Thomas, I, 76. York, II, 175. " York," the, III, 13-1. Yorke, Thomas Jones, III, 329, 390. Yorkshire Tenth, the, I, 265. Yorktown, siege of, II, 72. Young, E. F. C, IV, 188. family. III, 60. Zabriskie, Abraham O., Ill, 395; IV, 142. Abram, IV, 83. James C, III, 281. Peter, II, 132. Zuydt Riviere, the, I, 89, 350. [THH END] The Winthrop Press, 32 Lafayette Place, New York.